Jesus Christ

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  <page>
    <title>Njè Ághá Jésu</title>
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Ihe ana-kpo '''Crusades''' bu agha ano ndi [[Christians]] ma ndi [[Muslim]] luru na oge 1095 ru 1291. O bidoro mgbe ndi Christian choro uzo ha nwere ike wefu ndi [[Islam]] na ala wo di kpo ''Holy Land'' (ebe [[Jerusalem]] ma [[Israel]]), ebe ndi [[Jews]] binala, mgbe gara-aga. Ha luo ogu wo, luo-luo, ndi [[Islam]] a nonye.
{{ÉdéNtạ}}

==Lee nke ozo==
* [[Efefe Kraịst]]
* [[Áláküba|Álákụba]]

[[Òtù:Éféfé Kraist]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Safiya Hussaini</title>
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'''Safiya Hussaini Tungar Tudu''' onye  amụrụ n'afọ 1967 bụ nwaanyị [[Naijiria|Nigerian]] a màrà ikpe ọnwụ n'ihi akwam iko Onye lụrụ di na 2002. Ọ mụrụ  otu nwa na-alụghị di na [[Sokoto]], steeti Naijiria  nọ́ n'okpuru iwu Sharia . A mara ya ikpe ịtụ ya nkume, mana ewepụrụ ya na ebubo ya niile na Maachị 2002 ka emechara ya .
Hussaini

== Ndabere ==
A mara Hussaini ikpe ọnwụ itugbu ya na Ọktoba 2001 maka ebubo na ya na onye agbata obi ya lụrụ nwanyị dinara. Ọ mụrụ nwa ahụ mgbe ọ gbachara alụkwaghịm. Hussaini kwuru na nwoke ahụ bụ onye dakwasịrị ya n'ike ugboro ugboro, ndị ụlọ ikpe Sharia achọpụtaghị na ọ dara ikpe n'ihi enweghị akaebe. N'oge ikpe ahụ, Hussaini enweghị onye nnọchite iwu ọ bụla ma agwaghị ya ikike onwere &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0112/08/i_if.00.html |title=INSIDE AFRICA |accessdate=2020-11-14 |archivedate=2020-02-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202081841/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0112/08/i_if.00.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; ụlọ ikpe Sokoto kpochapụrụ akaebe ya wee maa ya ikpe na 12 Ọktoba 2001.

Amamíkpé a bụ nke mba ụwa katọrọ ma dee akwụkwọ maka mgbapụta  ya.Halima Abdullahi, onye ntụziaka nke otu abụghị nke gọọmenti hiwere bụ Help Eliminate Loneliness and Poverty(HELP) kwutọkwara amam ikpe a.N'okwu ya ọ sịrị na nke a bụ ihe ihere nyere otu Muslim nke Naịjirịa. Otú  a kwuru na ikpe a ezighị ezi n'ihi amara Safiya ikpe onye nọ na di ma ọ gbala alukwaghịm . Nke ọzọkwa mmadụ anọ kwesịrị ịbụ ndị aka ebe dịka iwu Islam si dị bụ ndị ahughị .Halima kwuru na nke a bụ n'ihi enweghị ọnụ,ma kpọkwa nke a nkewa n'ógó dị elu enwere ebe nwoke na nwanyị nọ.Otua gara n'ihu ịkpọku Gọvanọ Attahiru Bafarawa ka ọ tiyee ọnụ n'izọpụta ndụ Safiya.￼

Hussaini rịọrọ, ndị ọka iwu ya na-arụ ụka na di mbụ nke Hussaini bụ nna nwa ya nwanyị dị otu afọ bụ Adama na nwanyị  ahụ kwuru okwu mbụ ya n'okpuru nrụgide. &lt;ref&gt;[https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=80054&amp;page=2 Nigerian Woman Avoids Stoning Death]&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịga n'ihu, ha rụrụ ụka na ịkwa iko a na-ebo ebubo ewerela ọnọdụ tupu etinye  iwu Sharia na steeti ahụ. E guzobere iwu sharia zuru oke na Sokoto na Jun 2000, otu ọnwa ka amụchara  Adama. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.isioma.net/sds03502.html Safiya: &quot;My crime is being a woman&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20020607182433/http://now.org/news/goodnews.html Nigerian Woman Wins Reprieve from Stoning]&lt;/ref&gt; Onye gbachitere ya bụ onye ọka iwu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Naịjirịa bụ Hauwa Ibrahim .

Hussaini meriri arịrịọ ya n'onwa Maachị 25, 2002 ma akagbuo ikpe ahụ. Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị dị na Sokoto chọpụtara na ikpe ọnwụ nke ụlọ ikpe Alakụba kpere na Oktoba, enweghị isi. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ kpebiri na enweghị ike iji ihe ịkwa iko nke iwu Sharia nke Sokoto mee ihe ḿmegide nyere Safiya, ebe ọ bụ na ịkwa ikoa ana-ebo ebubo bụ tupu ewebata iwu Sharia na Sokoto. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ntpi.org/html/safiyahussaini.html Safiya Hussaini]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afrol.com/News2002/nig015_safiya_free.htm Safiya Hussaini acquitted by Nigerian court]&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpesa Hussaini mèchàrà bụrụ ihe edekọrọ n'akwụkwọ akpọrọ, ''Safiya Hussaini Tungar Tudu: I, Safiya'' (2004).&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ_Herald_3568272&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/margie-thomson/news/article.cfm?a_id=108&amp;objectid=3568272|title=Safiya Hussaini Tungar Tudu: I, Safiya|accessdate=7 November 2011|date=28 May 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụ́ kwa ==

* Amina Lawal
* Hauwa Ibrahim
* Sharia in Nigeria

== Nrụtụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ dị na mpụga ==

* [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/26/world/nigerian-woman-condemned-to-death-by-stoning-is-acquitted.html?pagewanted=1 ''Nigerian Woman Condemned to Death by stoning is Acquitted''] - New York Times (2002-3-26)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131004012849/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=13699 Nigeria: warning over sharia court's after Safiya Hussaini Acquittal] Amnesty International, 25 March 2002.
* [https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=80054&amp;page=2 Nigeria Woman Avoids Stoning to Death]
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/muslim-woman-spared-death-by-stoning-in-nigeria-655429.html Muslim woman spared by stoning in Nigeria]
* [http://www.snopes.com/inboxer/petition/safiya.htm Safiya Hussaini case]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041127110900/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_1_34/ai_84841757/print Safiya Hussainn'iTungar-Tudu site in a jail cell in Nigeria facing a death]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Bling Lagosians</title>
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Bling Lagosians}}

'''''Ndị Bling Lagos''''' bụ ihe nkiri ejije Naijiria nke afọ 2019, nke Anthony Kehinde Joseph dere ma nduzie na nsonye mmepụta ya site n'aka Bolanle Austen-Peters . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-bling-lagosians-is-a-much-better-film-than-you-think-it-is/sxr7fbs|title=‘The Bling Lagosians’ is a much better film than you think it is|date=June 18, 2019|work=www.pulse.ng|accessdate=November 1, 2021|archivedate=October 6, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006201853/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-bling-lagosians-is-a-much-better-film-than-you-think-it-is/sxr7fbs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere na Jun16, afọ 2019 na Lagos. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/06/bn-red-carpet-fab-the-bling-lagosians-movie-premiere/|title=BN Red Carpet Fab: &quot;The Bling Lagosians&quot; Movie Premiere|first=Adesola|author=Ade-Unuigbe|date=June 18, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/bi/lifestyle/the-bling-lagosians-is-now-streaming-on-netflix-here-are-5-other-nigerian-movies/rtyr89e#targetText=Last%20week%2C%20it%20was%20%E2%80%9CThe,the%20Holloways%2C%20living%20in%20Lagos|title=‘The Bling Lagosians’ is now streaming on Netflix — here are 5 other Nigerian movies coming next week - Pulse Nigeria|publisher=Pulse.ng|date=|accessdate=2019-10-29|archivedate=2020-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603220546/https://www.pulse.ng/bi/lifestyle/the-bling-lagosians-is-now-streaming-on-netflix-here-are-5-other-nigerian-movies/rtyr89e#targetText=Last%20week%2C%20it%20was%20%E2%80%9CThe,the%20Holloways%2C%20living%20in%20Lagos}}&lt;/ref&gt; o gosipụtara Bunmi Aboderin, Toyin Abraham, Tana Adelana, [[Osas Ighodaro]], Alexx Ekubo, Ayoola Ayolola, na [[Jide Kosoko]] .

== Akụkọ Ndịnaya ==
''Ndị Bling Lagos'' gbadoro ụkwụ na gburugburu Holloway, ezinaụlọ Lagos bara ọgaranya na nne ha Mopelola, bụ onye na-achọ ime mmemme ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke afọ iri isi na otu ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/10/the-bling-lagosians.html|title=The Bling Lagosians|date=October 14, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Adebumiti|first=Adelowo|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/finally-the-bling-lagosians-hits-big-screen/|title=Finally, The Bling Lagosians hits big screen &amp;#124; The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World NewsSaturday Magazine — The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News|publisher=Guardian.ng|date=2019-06-22|accessdate=2019-10-29|archivedate=2019-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019121028/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/finally-the-bling-lagosians-hits-big-screen/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere esemokwu n'otu n'otu na ọgụ n'etiti ndị otu ezinụlọ. Nna ha Akin na-eme ihe iji gbochie mwepu azụmahịa ezinụlọ site n'aka ụlọ ọrụ njikwa ihe onwunwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://flickchat.tv/the-bling-lagosians-depicts-lagos-high-society-but-its-not-blinging/|title=&quot;The Bling Lagosians&quot; depicts Lagos' High Society but it's not blinging &gt; flickchat.tv|date=June 27, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị Sonyere n'ihe nkiri a ==

* Demidun bụ [[Osas Ighodaro|Osas Ighodaro Ajibade]]
* Tokunbo nke Sharon Ooja gosipụtara
* George bụ Jimmy Odukya
* Gbenga Titiloye, Akin Holloway
* Mopelola Holloway nke Elvina Ibru gosipụtara
* Nnamdi Agu bụ Alexx Ekubo
* [[Jide Kosoko|Jide Kosoko na-]] akpọ Baba Eko
* Oge Briggs bụ Winihin Jemede
* Adunni Fernandez aka ''Iya Oge'' nke Toyin Abraham gosipụtara

== Onyinye na Nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
! Ihe nrite
! Otu
! onye nnata
! Nsonaazụ
! Ref
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | 2020
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | Ihe nrite Nollywood kacha mma
| Ihe nkiri nwere sinima kacha mma
| ''Ndị Bling Lagos''|{{won}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=2020-12-07|title=BON Awards: Laura Fidel, Kunle Remi win Best Kiss (Full List of Winners)|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/429916-bon-awards-laura-fidel-kunle-remi-win-best-kiss-full-list-of-winners.html|accessdate=2021-06-13|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma - bekee
| Alexx Ekubo|{{won}}
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=2020-12-02|title=2020 BON: Here are 5 nominees for ‘Best Kiss’ category|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/429108-2020-bon-here-are-5-nominees-for-best-kiss-category.html|accessdate=2021-10-11|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma - Bekee
| Sharon Ooja |{{nom}}
|-
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma
| Denola Grey |{{won}}
|-
| Ihe nkiri nwere nseta ihuenyo kacha mma
| ''Ndị Bling Lagos'' |{{nom}}
|-
| Kiss kacha mma na ihe nkiri
| Alexx Ekubo/Sharon Ooja |{{nom}}
|-
| Ihe nkiri nwere ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Ndị Bling Lagos'' |{{nom}}
|}

== Nrụtụka ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sika Osei</title>
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'''Sassy Sika Osei''' (amuru 1985) bu onye omere [[Ghana]], onye na-emeputa ihe na TV onye rụworo ọrụ dị ka mmetụta akara maka ụdị ama ama gụnyere L'Oreal Paris na Woodin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage//Photos-All-you-need-to-know-about-actress-Sika-Osei-382405|title=Photos: All you need to know about actress Sika Osei|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mybiohub.com/2016/04/sika-osei-biography-age.html/|title=Sika Osei Biography – Age|date=2016-04-08|work=MyBioHub|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbu a ọ bụ onye na-akwado ihe ngosi TV ama ama na ihe omume kapeeti uhie nke gụnyere DStv's Studio 53 extra, NdaniTV's Fashion Insider, 2019 VGMA ahụmahụ kapeeti uhie, Channel O News Live na Accra na Glitz Africa Fashion Week maka Star Gist na DStv. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/859505-sexy-actress-tv-star-stuns-new-photos-speaks-secret-crush.html|title=Sexy actress and TV star stuns in new photos, speaks on secret crush and more|author=Igwe|first=H.|date=2016-06-14|work=Legit.ng – Nigeria news.|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Osei na Ghana mana n'ihi ọrụ nne ya, onye nnọchiteanya nke United Nations, ọ gàrà ibi na mba dị iche iche gụnyere [[South Africa]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|USA]] na India. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Ghana, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na SOS wee nweta akara ugo mmụta bachelor na nka na Mahadum Ghana . Ọ gara Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA) ebe ọ gụrụ Iwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/celebrity-birthdays-sika-osei-turns-a-year-older-today/f9rl7gy|title=Sika Osei turns a year older today|date=2015-06-12|work=Entertainment|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ọrụ Osei gbagharịrị na ime ihe nkiri, imepụta ihe nkiri na ihe ngosi na mmemme. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-eme ihe ngosi Phamous TV, ihe ngosi ndụ na ihe nkiri a ma ama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/ndani-tvs-fashion-insiders-new-host-sika-osei/|title=Ndani TV’s Fashion Insider’s New Host – Sika Osei – Glitz Africa Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-28|archivedate=2019-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815111213/https://www.glitzafrica.com/ndani-tvs-fashion-insiders-new-host-sika-osei/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka nke 2017 ọ bụ ihu Habiba Shea Butter mgbe ọ bụ aha onye nnọchianya maka Ghandour Cosmetics Limited, onye ịchọ mma Giant. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/40800/sika-osei-and-kalybos-named-as-brand-ambassadors.html|title=Sika Osei And Kalybos Named As Brand Ambassadors Of Ghandour Cosmetic Product|work=Modern Ghana|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanastar.com/news/podcastsonlive-sika-osei-talks-new-projects-and-career-on-live-fm/|title=#PodcastsOnLive – Sika Osei Talks New Projects and Career On Live FM|date=2017-02-21|work=The Ghana Star|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2016, o mere emume izuụka ejiji na imewe nke Africa na Naịjirịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://music.com.gh/sika-osei-lands-african-fashion-and-design-week-afdw-2016-gig-in-nigeria/|title=Sika Osei Lands African Fashion and Design Week (AFDW) 2016 Gig In Nigeria {{!}} Latest Ghana Music|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-28|archivedate=2019-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928181610/http://music.com.gh/sika-osei-lands-african-fashion-and-design-week-afdw-2016-gig-in-nigeria/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2019, ya na Giovani Kaleb kwadoro ahụmịhe kapeeti uhie VGMA. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/05/17/charterhouse-dumps-kod-picks-kwame-sefa-kayi-as-host-for-2019-vgma-giovani-caleb-and-sika-osei-for-red-carpet-hosting-roles/|title=Charterhouse Dumps KOD, Picks Kwame Sefa-Kayi As Host For 2019 VGMA; Giovani Caleb And Sika Osei For Red Carpet Hosting Roles|date=2019-05-17|work=GhanaCelebrities.Com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-28|archivedate=2019-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928181600/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/05/17/charterhouse-dumps-kod-picks-kwame-sefa-kayi-as-host-for-2019-vgma-giovani-caleb-and-sika-osei-for-red-carpet-hosting-roles/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbu a, ọ na-akwado ndị ọbịa&amp;nbsp;Ihe ngosi TV ama ama gụnyere DStv's Studio 53 extra na Ejiji Insider nke NdaniTV. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.glamafrica.com/fashion-insider-season-3-sika-osei-grabs-hosting-gig/|title=Fashion Insider Season 3: Sika Osei Grabs Hosting Gig|author=Samuel|first=Amegavi|date=2019-03-07|work=Glam Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-28|archivedate=2021-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418073827/https://www.glamafrica.com/fashion-insider-season-3-sika-osei-grabs-hosting-gig}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na-arụ ọrụ ==

Ọ mepụtala:
* ''Guilty'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/sika-osei/|title=Sika Osei: Bold and brilliant|author=|first=|date=|work=guardian.ng|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815111210/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/sika-osei/|archivedate=2019-08-15|accessdate=2019-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''3NA''

== Ihe nkiri ==

* ''Grey Dawn''
* ''3 Nights Ago''
* ''Joseph''
* ''In Line''
* ''Hustle''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/show/hustle_23/sika-osei/character|title=Sika Osei|work=Africa Magic Official Website – Sika Osei|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Counselor''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/tag/sika-osei/|title=Sika Osei|work=Ghana Film Industry|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-28|archivedate=2019-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928183143/https://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/tag/sika-osei/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Public Property''

== Ihe nrite ==

* 2018 Golden Movie Awards - In Line meriri ihe nrite Comedy kacha mma &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.yfmghana.com/2018/06/04/full-list-of-winners-at-2018-golden-movie-awards-africa/|title=Full list of winners at 2018 Golden Movie Awards Africa|author=Abdullai|first=Isshak|work=YFM Ghana|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-28|archivedate=2018-06-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609201508/http://www.yfmghana.com/2018/06/04/full-list-of-winners-at-2018-golden-movie-awards-africa/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Full-list-of-winners-at-2018-Golden-Movie-Awards-Africa-657144|title=Full list of winners at 2018 Golden Movie Awards Africa|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/2018-gmaa-dumelo-mcbrown-and-the-full-list-of-winners-at-2018-golden-movie-awards/44z48fv|title=Dumelo, McBrown and the full list of winners at 2018 Golden Movie Awards|date=2018-06-04|work=www.pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe nrite ihe nkiri ọla edo 2019 - Bad Luck Joe họpụtara ihe nrite Comedy kacha mma &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/July-23rd/2019-golden-movie-awards-full-list-of-nominees-released.php|title=2019 Golden Movie Awards: Full list of nominees released|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=2019-09-28|archivedate=2019-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010014133/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/july-23rd/2019-golden-movie-awards-full-list-of-nominees-released.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Africa Movie Academy Awards 2018 - Sidechic Gang họpụtara maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ ndu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-2018-winners.html|title=AMAA 2018 Full List Of Winners|work=www.ama-awards.com|accessdate=2019-09-28|archivedate=2019-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024102950/https://ama-awards.com/amaa-2018-winners.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lagos 30 Under 40 Award – họpụtara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ghanaguardian.com/sika-osei-nominated-lagos-30-40-award|title=Sika Osei nominated for Lagos 30 Under 40 Award|work=The Ghana Guardian News|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-28|archivedate=2019-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928184855/https://ghanaguardian.com/sika-osei-nominated-lagos-30-40-award}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsidee ==
 
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold</title>
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      <comment>/* Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #260: Shoutout to User:99of9 */ nkeji ohúrù</comment>
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      <text bytes="312363" sha1="c8rhh6r9wzsynpyynrqibug2ftsre3t" xml:space="preserve">Abụ m Olugold ọ na-amasị m inye aka na ọrụ Wikimedia Foundation.

== Have you voted in the UCoC enforcement guidelines ratification? ==

Hi! Olugold,

The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]].

Please vote and encourage other editors of Igbo Wikipedia to also vote.

Regards, [[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|kwuo]]) 16:39, 11 Ọnwa atọ 2022 (UTC)

:Thank you so much [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 20:41, 11 Ọnwa atọ 2022 (UTC)

== Stefania Turkewich ==

Thank you very much for this article, Olugold! [[Ọbanife:Nicola Mitchell|Nicola Mitchell]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Nicola Mitchell|kwuo]]) 10:02, 14 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)

:Anytime!😊👍🏾 [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 11:38, 14 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)

== [[:Òtù:Candidates for speedy deletion]] ==

Hi, can you please review these deletion requests? '''[[User:Rschen7754|Rs]][[User talk:Rschen7754|chen]][[Special:Contributions/Rschen7754|7754]]''' 23:58, 8 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

:Done! Thank you! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 07:20, 9 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
[[file:Ask Me Anything on Movement Charter, Introduction by Érica Azzellini, English, Nov 12, 2022.webm|thumb|320px|Ask Me Anything session introduction (12 November), presented by a Movement Charter Drafting Committee member.]]

* MCDC members attended the “[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#Ask Me Anything on Movement Charter sessions|'''Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter''']]” sessions to provide more information about the Movement Charter, its goal, why it matters and how it impacts the communities. Recordings of the presentations in different languages can be found [[m:c:Category:Movement_Charter_videos|here]].
* [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|'''The Movement Charter Ambassadors Program''']]: Movement Charter Ambassadors (MCA) are individuals or groups interested in helping to ensure that their communities are fully engaged in community consultations. MCA are interested in supporting their communities to understand the content of the Movement Charter as well as ensuring that their communities can easily provide feedback. Anyone can become a MCA! [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/grant|Dedicated funds are available]] to support the MCA and their activities. Are you interested in becoming a Movement Charter Ambassador for your community? Sign up [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|here]]!
* [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcements/Closing membership|'''The Movement Charter Drafting Committee will close membership''']]: The  Committee decided not to add new members or replace those who step down after 1 January 2023, unless for exceptional reasons.
* [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#October 2022|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in October''']]:  The Committee released its regular monthly update from October 2022. It includes highlights about the Committee's progress in drafting the Movement Charter content, its upcoming community consultation and participation at Wikimedia events.

'''Coming up''':

* '''[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#Community_consultation|Regional feedback conversations]]:''' The MCDC’s community consultations to collect feedback on the first three sections of the Movement Charter will take place between November 20 and December 18, 2022. You are invited to join one of the regional conversations planned for the eight regions (and various languages) of the Movement. Please note that interested people can share their feedback in different ways, including on the [[m:Talk:Movement Charter|Meta talk page]], on the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/c/ensure-equity-in-decision-making/movement-charter/21 Movement Strategy forum], filling out a [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/743832 survey] (anonymously) and sending an email to: [mailto:movementcharter@wikimedia.org movementcharter{{@}}wikimedia.org].
* '''Sign up [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|here]]''' to become a Movement Charter Ambassadors from your community and help ensure that your community is aware of the conversations around the Movement Charter!  
&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

--13:37, 20 Novemba 2022 (UTC).
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2022 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twentyfirst newsletter, covering November 2022. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Activities'''
* Current: Women in Climate Change editathon in various languages (1 December 2022 - 31 January 2023) (SDG 5 &amp; 13) [17]
* Past: Wikipedia and sustainability, how to increase knowledge on climate change? (SDG all) [1]
* Past: Wikidata editathon in Swedish during COP 27 (SDG  13) [2]

'''News'''
* Wikimedia Nederland signed the Wikimedia Affiliates Environmental Sustainability Covenant (SDG all) [3]
* WikiProject Govdirectory was featured as Digital Public Goods (SDG 16) [11]
* The theme for Wiki Loves Africa 2023 has been revealed: Climate and weather (SDG  13) [16]

'''Resources'''
* Let's Connect learning report - pilot phase 2022 (SDG 17) [15]

'''Research'''
* Recommendations for use of annotations and persistent identifiers in taxonomy and biodiversity publishing [SDG 15) [7]
* A longitudinal analysis of gender diversity in Wikipedia articles (SDG 5) [13]

'''Videos'''
* 10 Anos de Wikidata: Wikidata for Open Access to Cultural Heritage, por Susanna Ånäs (AvoinGLAM) (SDG 11) [14]

'''New WikiProjects'''
* Myosotis Pilot (SDG 15) [12]

'''New Wikidata properties'''
* Bank of information on the historical and cultural heritage of the Republic of Belarus (SDG 11) [4]
* Louisiana Plant ID (SDG 15) [5]
* DrugCentral ID (SDG 3) [8]
* Probes And Drugs ID  (SDG 3) [9]

'''New Wikidata query examples'''
* Map of water bodies in France (SDG 14) [6]
* Gender balances of winners of literary awards (SDG 5) [10]

'''Links'''
* [1] https://www.wikimedia.nl/session_wikiconnl22/
* [2] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Sweden/Swedish_Riksdag_documents/Kopplingssprint_COP_27
* [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Affiliates_Environmental_Sustainability_Covenant
* [4] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11184
* [5] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11189
* [6] https://w.wiki/5wCp
* [7] https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.8.e97374
* [8] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11198
* [9] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11199
* [10] https://w.wiki/5$BR
* [11] https://mailchi.mp/c3e4c371c62a/announcing-new-dpga-members-and-strengthening-dpi-12387620
* [12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa/What_We%27ve_Done/Myosotis_Pilot
* [13] https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wednesday-index
* [14] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vgh5_oD1yec
* [15] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Let%27s_Connect_learning_report_-_pilot_phase_2022.pdf
* [16] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Africa_2023
* [17] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Climate_Change_2022

This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 22:05, 1 Disemba 2022 (UTC) •  [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]]
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Wikimedia Movement Charter - Values and Principles presentation - November 2022.webm|thumb|256px|right|Presentation about the Values &amp; Principles chapter by MCDC member [[m:User:Geugeor|Georges Fodouop]].]]
[[File:Wikimedia Movement Charter - Roles and Responsibilities presentation - November 2022.webm|thumb|256px|right|Presentation about the Roles and Responsibilities chapter (statement of intent) by MCDC member [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]].]]

* [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#November%202022|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in November''']]''':''' As usual, the Committee released its regular monthly updates from November 2022. This month’s updates include highlights about the external facilitator hiring, next in-person meeting of the Committee and updates about the new drafting groups, among others. 
* [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|'''First community consultation period:''']] From mid November to mid December 2022 the Committee members took part in 8 regional feedback sessions. Committee members joined the sessions to provide clarifications and answer to questions that came from different language communities on the Movement Charter. 
** Recordings of the presentations shared during the regional meetings are available [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Regional Conversations#Regional%20conversation|here]] for those interested. 
** A list '''[[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Frequently Asked Questions|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' that came up in the calls is available on Meta. 
** If you have not shared your feedback on the drafts of the Movement Charter yet, please do so by filling out this [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/743832 '''anonymous survey'''], which is open until '''January 2, 2023''' and is available in '''more than 12 languages'''. 
* [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|'''The Movement Charter Ambassador Program''']] received over 15 proposals. The ambassadors are currently putting their initiatives into action in various local communities. The Movement Charter Ambassadors Program will once again be opened for applications in the second quarter of 2023, in preparation for the next  round of Movement Charter consultations. Both individuals and organizations will be able to apply. Those interested in becoming Movement Charter Ambassadors are encouraged to [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|sign-up]]. 

'''Coming up''':
* '''Community Conversations summary:''' [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Team|The Movement Strategy and Governance]] team of the Wikimedia Foundation will prepare and publish the final summary report of the community feedback in January 2023. The report will be shared with the MCDC and the communities on different channels of communication. 
* '''Feedback on the Movement Charter:''' There will be additional ways to engage with the Movement Charter content, including the early feedback on the proposed ratification process and a new set of draft chapters in the second quarter of 2023. 
&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
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--14:27, 22 Disemba 2022 (UTC).
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== Ihe nrite Onye Ntinyeaka ==


{| style=&quot;background-color: #CEF2D4; border: 10px solid Green;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Silverwiki 2 za zásluhy.png|100px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; | '''Onye ntụgharị Pụrụ iche n'afọ 2022'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; | Anyị n'ekele gị maka ọrụ ị na-arụ na &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 Wikipidia Igbo]&lt;/span&gt;. '''Daalụ maka ịtụgharị edemede karịrị nari abụọ'''. Ị mere nke ọma, jisie ike! 
[[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 10:48, 28 Disemba 2022 (UTC)
|}

:Obi dị mu ụtọ maka ihe nrite nke afọ a. Daalụ nke ukwu! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 20:55, 28 Disemba 2022 (UTC)

== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2022 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twentysecond newsletter, covering December 2022. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 13, 15 and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Meetings'''
* January 15: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|Online user group meeting]] (SDG all)

'''Activities'''
* [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 15)
* [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13)
* [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 &amp; 13)

'''News'''
* [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2022/11/28/museology-myosotis-and-metadata-oh-my-sharing-sustainably-in-wikipedia/ Museology, Myosotis, and metadata oh my! Sharing sustainably in Wikipedia] (SDG 15)

'''Resources'''
* New Book: [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-05182-1 Open Mapping Towards Sustainable Development Goals] (SDG all)

'''Videos'''
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t66i3ztg-1E&amp;t=1717s Margaret Donald - Wikidata, OpenRefine &amp; Biota] (SDG 15)

'''Featured content'''
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_alismatid_families|List of alismatid families]] (SDG 15)

'''New Wikidata properties'''
* [[d:Property:P11231|has biological vector]] (SDG 15)
* [[d:Property:P11272|Bureau of Meteorology location ID]] (SDG 13)
* [[d:Property:P11277|CIViC gene ID]] (SDG 3)
* [[d:Property:P11281|Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate ID]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Property:P11282|Tanzania Parliament member ID]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Property:P11311|Lygaeoidea Species File ID]] (SDG 15)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2023 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twentythird newsletter, covering January 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 16&lt;!-- insert related SDGs here --&gt;.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Meetings'''
* Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|19 February - User group meeting]] (SDG all) 
* Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230115|15 January - User group meeting]] (SDG all)

'''Activities'''
* Ongoing: [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 14)
* Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13)
* Upcoming: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/Dunedin_5|The 2023 Bug of the Year Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 14)
* Past: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=74 Lexeme challenge Urology] (SDG 3)
* Past: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Veckans_tävling/Grodor_versus_ödlor|Swedish Wikipedia weekly challenge - Frogs versus lizards]] (SDG 14)
* Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December_2022/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Three_hundred_episodes_of_Critter_of_the_Week|Three hundred episodes of Critter of the Week]] (SDG 14)
* Past: [https://zenodo.org/record/7521891#.Y9p6MdLMKw4 Wikidata Queries around the SARS-CoV-2 virus and pandemic] (SDG 3)
* Past: [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 &amp; 13)

'''News'''
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/05/the-stories-behind-the-wiki-loves-earth-2022-photos-from-turkiye/ The stories behind the Wiki Loves Earth 2022 photos from Türkiye] (SDG 14)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/05/announcing-our-funding-support-from-the-patient-centered-outcomes-research-institute-pcori/ Announcing our funding support from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)] (SDG 3)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/04/jumping-for-science-how-wikipedia-assignments-inspire-stem-students/ Jumping for science: how Wikipedia assignments inspire STEM students] (SDG 14)
* [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Birds_of_NYC_Photo_Contest/Winners|Birds of NYC Photo Contest Winners announced!]] (SDG 14)
* [https://anchor.fm/civichackerpodcast/episodes/Using-Wikidata-to-Connect-Constituents-With-Their-Government-e1or922 Using Wikidata to Connect Constituents With Their Government] (SDG 16)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/23/wiki-loves-earth-2022-presents-the-winners-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment/ Wiki Loves Earth 2022 presents the winners of the special nomination “Human rights and environment”!] (SDG 10 &amp; 14) 
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/19/equity-diversity-inclusion-in-affiliate-governance/ Equity, diversity &amp; inclusion in affiliate governance] (SDG 5 &amp; 10)

'''Resources'''
* [https://www.databricks.com/blog/2023/01/26/building-life-sciences-knowledge-graph-data-lake.htmlBuilding a Life Sciences Knowledge Graph with a Data Lake] (SDG 3)

'''Videos'''
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HW6YxXRL18 Editor uses Wikidata to find new uses for existing drugs and speed up approval process for new treatments] (SDG 3)
* [[c:File:WikiForHumanRights_Information_Session_2023.webm|WikiForHumanRights Information Session]] (SDG 10)

'''Featured content'''
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_birds_of_Tuvalu|List of birds of Tuvalu]] (SDG 14) 
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Laos|List of World Heritage Sites in Laos]] (SDG 11) 
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh|List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh]] (SDG 11)

'''New Wikidata properties'''
* [[d:Property:P11429|NIP]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Property:P11402|NSR doctor ID]] (SDG 3)
* [[d:/Property:P11430|UniProt disease ID]] (SDG 3)
* [[d:Property:P11446|Strazha ID]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Property:P11500|United States House of Representatives ID]] (SDG 16)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|120px|right]]
* '''First Community Consultation:''' A concise summary of the community consultation on the initial three drafts of the Charter is now available for your review [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Summary|on Meta]] and [[wmfblog:2023/02/07/movement-charter-community-consultation-summary/|on the Diff platform]]. In addition, you can read about MC Ambassadors are sharing about their experiences: 
** [[wmfblog:2023/02/10/highlights-of-the-movement-charter-drafting-committees-first-community-consultation/|Highlights of the community consultation process, as well as about the Movement Charter Ambassador Program]]. 
** [[wmfblog:2023/02/10/igbo-wikimedians-communitys-participation-in-the-movement-charter-consultation/|The Igbo Wikimedia community’s participation in the MC consultation]].
** [[wmfblog:2023/02/01/ambassadors-of-the-movement-charter-draft-committee-in-the-arabic-speaking-community-share-their-experience/|The experience of Arabic-speaking community members]]. 
* '''What’s next after the community feedback period?''' The Committee is currently reviewing the detailed feedback which consists of 59 pages of comments, in March the Committee will share their response to the comments. The detailed version of the feedback, which the Committee is reviewing, is also available [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|on this Meta page]]. 
* '''MCDC’s Virtual Working Session:''' The Committee gathered virtually from 3rd to 5th February to work on the drafts of the following new set of [[m:Movement Charter/Content|chapters of the Movement Charter]]: Global Council, Hubs, Decision Making, and Roles &amp; Responsibilities. The Committee members worked in their smaller drafting groups first. The full Committee then convened, with representatives of each drafting group presenting the progress made so far, as well as about what type of support is needed for their future sessions. 
* [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#January 2023|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in January''']]''':''' The update includes details of the meetings held by the Committee in the month of January 2023, stakeholder conversations, completed work as well as about the new drafting groups, creating glossary and independent legal review. 

'''Coming up:'''
* '''Community feedback on the ratification methodology''' proposal of the future Movement Charter. The feedback was postponed until March 2023. The communities will be able to review the ratification methodology and share their early input on the open questions.  
* '''The MCDC will soon announce a “Call for Advisors”.''' The call will be an invitation for interested individuals with relevant expertise and knowledge to participate in drafting the Charter. Advisors will be considered non-voting members.
* '''Responses to the community consultation feedback''' by the MCDC. The Committee has been carefully reviewing feedback collected in the consultation from November &amp; December 2022, and will publicly share responses to the feedback by March.   
&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

--14:20, 22 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC).
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== A new Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions update is out ==

There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-02-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue: the latest changes in our development team, info about our participation at the latest Conversation with Trustees, links to the recordings of our last week's meetings, and the latest development updates.

Enjoy the reading!

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 11:28, 27 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2023 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twentyfourth newsletter, covering February 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16&lt;!-- insert related SDGs here --&gt;.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
'''Meetings'''
* [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|2023-03-05 User group meeting]] (SDG all)
* [[m:2023-03-19 User group meeting|Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting]] (SDG all)

'''Activities'''
* Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13)
* Ongoing: [[wikimania:2023:Program/Submissions|Suggest &quot;Environmental sustainability and climate crisis&quot; topics for Wikimania]] (SDG all)
* Ongoing: [[m:Africa_Environment|Africa Environment WikiFocus]] (SDG 13)
* Past: [https://www.eventbrite.com/x/edit-for-climate-change-wikipedia-editathon-registration-526291811977 Edit for Climate Change: Wikipedia Editathon] (SDG 13)
* Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|Capacity Building Sessions on &quot;Tools for Finding the Right Articles&quot; and &quot;Building Article List with Petscan&quot;]] (SDG 10 &amp; 13)
* Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Resources|Regional Office Hours for Africa and Maghreb Regions]] (SDG 10 &amp; 13)

'''News'''
* [https://observablehq.com/@thadk/garden NCBI breakdown of common garden foods with photographs by Phytotheca] (SDG 2)

'''Resources'''
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Sweden_report|3000 Arctic images]] (SDG 13)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Content_Partnerships_Hub_report|SMART-Servier Medical Art upload]] (SDG 3)

'''Research'''
* [https://fosdem.org/2023/schedule/event/sustainability/ Open Source in Environmental Sustainability] (SDG 13)

'''New Wikidata properties'''
* [[d:Property:P11576|Norwegian war prisoner detention camp ID]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Property:P11587|Iowa legislator ID]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Property:P11610|National Grid Balancing Mechanism unit ID]] (SDG 7)

'''Wikidata query examples'''
* [https://w.wiki/5Vu8 Map of disasters by type] (SDG 11)

'''Featured articles'''
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:South_Asian_river_dolphin|South Asian river dolphin]] (SDG 14)
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sri_Lanka|List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka]] (SDG 11)
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_lamiid_families|List of lamiid families]] (SDG 15)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed caption=&quot;Featured images&quot;&gt;
File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg|Three horses (SDG 15)
File:Hunter_baby_chameleon.jpg|Hunter baby chameleon (SDG 15)
File:Rice_paper_butterfly_%2816709%29.jpg|Rice paper butterfly (SDG 15)
File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28top_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (top view) (SDG 15)
File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28side_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (side view).jpg (SDG 15)
File:Mockingbird_on_the_North_Lake_Trail_%2836851%29.jpg|Mockingbird on the North Lake Trail (SDG 15)
File:Striated_Pardalote_0012.jpg|Striated Pardalote (SDG 15)
File:Kleines_Wiesenv%C3%B6gelchen_am_Morgen.jpg|Wiesenvögelchen (SDG 15)
File:Immature_herring_gull_%2816259%29.jpg|Herring gull (SDG 15)
File:Northern_shoveler_male_in_Marine_Park_%2833296%29.jpg|Northern shoveler (SDG 15)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #106 is out ==

There is [[:m:Abstract_Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue: an essay from Denny about deconstructing narratives around functions, links to the recordings of our last presentations, and the latest development updates.

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1678127403 today at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading!

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 09:21, 6 Maachị 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #107 is out ==

There is [[:m:Abstract_Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue: an essay from Denny about where to store objects for Abstract Wikipedia (and relative problems with such issue) and the next appointment with the community.

About the last point, we remind you that the next Natural Language Generation workstream public meeting will be held on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679416242 March 21, at 16:30 UTC] on Jitsi ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading!

--  [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 11:02, 17 Maachị 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|120px|right]]
* '''Call for Advisors'''! Individuals interested to support the Drafting Groups or the Subcommittees of the MCDC in the role of an advisor can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd2Fp9NxOox_nxjf9kgV8Q7InIPm4jO9rLmteNkUV34vSHatA/viewform fill out the advisory application form] by May, 2023. The MCDC will be contacting interested individuals on a rolling basis. Do you want to know more about it? Please [[wmfblog:2023/02/21/movement-charter-drafting-committee-call-for-advisors/|read here for more information]]. The information is also available in [[wmfblog:ar/2023/03/02/لجنة-صياغة-ميثاق-الحركة-دعوة-مستشارين/|Arabic]], [[wmfblog:es/2023/03/01/comite-de-redaccion-de-la-carta-del-movimiento-convocatoria-de-asesores/|Spanish]], [[wmfblog:fr/2023/02/27/comite-de-redaction-de-la-charte-du-mouvement-appel-aux-conseillers/|French]], [[wmfblog:pt/2023/02/24/comite-de-redacao-da-carta-do-movimento-wikimedia-chamada-para-pessoas-assessoras/|Brazilian Portuguese]], [[wmfblog:ru/2023/03/02/комитет-по-разработке-устава-движени/|Russian]] and [[wmfblog:zh-hant/2023/03/02/運動憲章起草委員會：徵求顧問/|Chinese]] languages respectively. 
* '''Movement Charter Ambassadors from the Latin America and the Caribbean region''' share their experiences of organizing community conversations on the Movement Charter. Please read the Diff blog [[wmfblog:pt/2023/03/12/programa-de-pessoas-embaixadoras-da-carta-do-movimento-wikimedia-na-america-latina-e-no-caribe/|in Brazilian Portuguese]] and in [[wmfblog:es/2023/03/16/programa-de-embajadores-de-la-carta-del-movimiento-wikimedia-en-america-latina-y-el-caribe/|Spanish languages]]. 
* '''Casual updates''': The MCDC publishes regular casual updates after bi-weekly full Committee meetings, as well as after other drafting group and subcommittee meetings. If you are interested, please read casual updates [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates/Casual|here on Meta]] and on [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-drafting-committees-casual-updates/2079 Movement Strategy Forum]. 
* [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#February 2023|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in February''']]''':''' As usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work &amp; discussions. The MCDC’s monthly updates are also [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charters-discussion-and-monthly-updates/363/20 shared on the multilingual Movement Strategy forum]. 

'''Coming up'''

* '''[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|MCDC Responses to the community feedback]]''': The MCDC published responses [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Summary|to the community feedback]] on the first set of drafts (collected during a consultation in November - December 2022). The response includes a [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|Summary]], as well as some [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|specific responses to the full community feedback]] (highlighted in orange).
* '''Revised Movement Charter drafts:''' The MCDC will share in the coming month the revised versions of the first two chapters: [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|Preamble]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Values &amp; Principles|Values &amp; Principles]] (including a newly-added glossary), and the revised [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Roles &amp; Responsibilities|Roles &amp; Responsibilities intentions statement]].
* '''Ratification methodology consultation''': The MCDC is working on a new proposal (not available yet) for a [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification|ratification methodology]]. The proposal will be discussed through a community consultation process, including live meetings to provide feedback. 

''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]''

&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

--11:34, 21 Maachị 2023 (UTC).
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #108 is out ==

There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue we announce [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-21780-7_6 a new paper] about Natural Language Generation by [https://www.cse.chalmers.se/~aarne/ Aarne Ranta], member of the Abstract Wikipedia NLG Special Interest Group and professor at the [[:w:en:University of Gothenburg|University of Gothenburg, Sweden]]. The paper is also accessible as a pre-print [https://www.grammaticalframework.org/~aarne/preprint-AAM-textgen.pdf here].

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1680543035 April 3, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading!

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 10:50, 24 Maachị 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2023 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twentyfifth newsletter, covering March 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 13, 15 and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Meetings'''
* Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all)
* Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230305|User group meeting 2023-03-05]] (SDG all)

'''Activities'''
* Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13)
* Upcoming: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/30/join-the-wikiforhumanrights-campaign-and-contribute-knowledge-that-connects-human-rights-with-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/ WikiForHumanRights] (SDG 10 &amp; 13)
* Upcoming: April 19 - [[m:Translat-a-thon/NYC/2023|LaGuardia Community College Earth Day Translatathon with Casa de las Américas NYC]] (SDG 13)
* Upcoming: April 22 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_2023_Bushwick|Earth Day 2023 Edit-a-thon Environment of Brooklyn Focus with Sure We Can]] (SDG 13)
* Upcoming: April 23 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_Wiknic|Earth Day Wiknic NYC]] (SDG 13)
* Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/WMF_GLAM_report|Gender and culture related event to test image suggestions on Wikipedia]] (SDG 5)
* Past: [[m:Feminism_and_Folklore_2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]] (SDG 5)
* Past: [[m:Edit_a_thon/artfeminism-edit-a-thon-for-nigerian-female-artists-2023|Art+Feminism edit-a-thon for Nigerian female artists]] (SDG 5)

'''News'''
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/08/putting-our-energy-into-wikipedia-as-climate-action/ Putting our energy into Wikipedia as climate action] (SDG 13)
* [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/07/how-artfeminism-is-using-wikipedia-to-promote-equity-in-the-art-world/ How Art+Feminism is using Wikipedia to promote equity in the art world] (SDG 5)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/New_Zealand_report|Biodiversity Heritage Library and Wikidata]] (SDG 15)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/USA_report|Black history month and more]] (SDG 10)
* [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/14/women-do-news-tackling-the-gender-divide-in-journalism-through-wikipedia/ Women Do News: Tackling the Gender Divide in Journalism Through Wikipedia] (SDG 5)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/17/wiki-loves-earth-2023-is-starting/ Wiki Loves Earth 2023 is starting!] (SDG 15)
* [https://medium.com/@openheritagefoundation/the-quest-to-close-the-gender-gap-on-wikipedia-continues-five-year-anniversary-with-feminism-ebd7a3b3185e The Quest to Close the Gender Gap on Wikipedia Continues; Five-Year Anniversary with Feminism &amp; Folklore] (SDG 5)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/28/wikigap-malaysia-2023-empowering-women-in-indigenous-languages/ WikiGap Malaysia 2023: Empowering women in indigenous languages] (SDG 5)
* [https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/climate-crisis/wikipedia-has-a-climatetech-problem Wikipedia has a climatetech problem] (SDG 13)

'''New Wikidata properties'''
* [[d:Property:P11623|NCI Drug Dictionary ID]] (SDG 3)
* [[d:Property:P11649|Malaysia Federal Legislation act ID]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Property:P11650|Moscow University Herbarium ID]] (SDG 15)
* [[d:Property:P11666|Norwegian Petroleum Directorate field ID]] (SDG 13)

'''Featured content'''
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_Saxifragales_families|List of Saxifragales families]] (SDG 15)
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:Red-throated_wryneck|Red-throated wryneck]] (SDG 15)

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed caption=&quot;Featured images&quot;&gt;
Ourapteryx_yerburii_ssp._specimens_and_male_genitalia.jpg|Ourapteryx yerburii ssp. specimens and male genitalia (SDG 15)
Pterophorus_pentadactyla_-_Keila.jpg|Pterophorus pentadactyla (SDG 15)
Wood_duck_drake_%2886815%29.jpg|Wood duck drake (SDG 15)
Cardinal_%2886755%29.jpg|Cardinal (SDG 15)
Bunten_Kronwicke_%28Securigera_varia%29_Bl%C3%BCte-20200626-RM-173640.jpg|Bunten Kronwicke (Securigera varia) (SDG 15)
Neubrunn_Steinbruch_Blutrote_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_sanguineum%29_8262082.jpg|Sympetrum sanguineum (SDG 15)
Boerenkrokus_%28Crocus_tommasinianus%29_28-02-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Crocus tommasinianus (SDG 15)
Papaya_-_longitudinal_section_close-up_view.jpg|Papaya - longitudinal section close-up view (SDG 15)
Aphantopus_hyperantus_-_Keila.jpg|Aphantopus hyperantus (SDG 15)
Australian_Zebra_Finch_0A2A3013.jpg|Australian Zebra Finch (SDG 15)
Melospiza_melodia_JRVdH_03.jpg|Melospiza melodia (SDG 15)
Roadside_hawk_%28Rupornis_magnirostris_griseocauda%29_eating_speckled_racer_%28Drymobius_margaritiferus%29_Orange_Walk.jpg|Roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris griseocauda) eating speckled racer (Drymobius margaritiferus) (SDG 15)
Black_iguana_%28Ctenosaura_similis%29_Cayo.jpg|Black iguana (Ctenosaura similis) (SDG 15)
Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28side_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (side view) (SDG 15)
Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28dorsal_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (dorsal view) (SDG 15)
Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume_%28Leucojum_vernum%29-20230220-RM-161056.jpg|Frühlings-Knotenblume (Leucojum vernum) (SDG 15)
Ocellated_turkey_%28Meleagris_ocellata%29_male_Peten.jpg|Ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata) male (SDG 15)
Geoffroy%27s_spider_monkey_%28Ateles_geoffroyi_yucatanensis%29_Peten_2.jpg|Geoffroy's spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) (SDG 15)
Bessen_van_een_Ophiopogon_planiscapus_%27Niger%27._28-02-2023._%28d.j.b%29.jpg|Ophiopogon planiscapus (SDG 15)
Protaetic_cuprea_ignicollis_2023-03-22_IZE-066.jpg|Protaetic cuprea ignicollis (SDG 15)
Monarch_butterflies_%28Danaus_plexippus_plexippus%29_Piedra_Herrada_2.jpg|Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus plexippus) (SDG 15)
Cepaea_nemoralis_Paarung-20230314-RM-110511.jpg|Cepaea nemoralis (SDG 15)
Wiesen_Pippau_%28Crepis_biennis%29-20220624-RM-123950.jpg|Crepis biennis (SDG 15)
Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) Cayo.jpg|Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) (SDG 15)
Trifolium_spadiceum_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg|Trifolium spadiceum (SDG 15)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 07:42, 1 Eprel 2023 (UTC) •  [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]]
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:MCDC_pre_work_at_New_York_BoT_retreat.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Committee's meeting in New York, in early March.]]
* '''Starting conversations on how to ratify the Movement Charter:''' The Committee invites the Wikimedia movement to express opinions on the [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification|'''proposed Movement Charter ratification methodology''']] from April 10 to April 28. Everyone is invited to share feedback [[m:Talk:Movement Charter#Ratification methodology|on the Meta talk page]] or the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-ratification-methodology-community-review-from-10-28-april-2023/2930 Movement Strategy forum]. Two community conversation hours are planned to take place: on '''April 18 at 10.00 UTC''' and '''April 24 at 17.00 UTC'''. Please [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification/Ratification methodology review launch|read the details here]]. 
* [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|'''MCDC’s responses to the community feedback are now on Meta''']]''':''' The Committee has shared a summary of their responses and next steps based on the feedback from the first round of community consultation which took place late 2022.
* '''What to read on Diff?''' 
** [[wmfblog:2023/03/17/4-movement-charter-ambassadors-from-the-french-speaking-community-share-their-experience/|'''Learn more about the Movement Charter Ambassadors work''']]''':''' Movement Charter Ambassadors from the French-speaking community share their experience. 
** MCDC member [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]] has written a blog post titled “[[wmfblog:2023/03/30/an-excerpt-from-my-life-movement-strategy-and-mcdc/|An excerpt from my life, movement, strategy and MCDC]]”. 
* [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#Meetings|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in March''']]''':''' the monthly Committee’s updates include information about the coordination efforts with Wikimedia Germany, update on membership, submission to Wikimania 2023, participation at the Wikimedia Foundations Board of Trustees’ strategic retreat in New York in March 2023. 

'''Coming up:''' 

* '''Revised chapters:''' The Committee is preparing to publish the revised draft chapters of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|The Preamble]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Values &amp; Principles|Values &amp; Principles]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Roles &amp; Responsibilities|Roles &amp; Responsibilities]] intentions statement, based on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|the community feedback]] received in November and December 2022. 
* '''Inviting advisors and experts:''' The Committee is preparing to welcome a number of advisors from outside the Committee. All interested Wikimedians were invited to apply earlier (you can still [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd2Fp9NxOox_nxjf9kgV8Q7InIPm4jO9rLmteNkUV34vSHatA/viewform apply here]!). Additionally, the Committee is planning and scheduling meetings with individuals with specific sets of expertise in various topics, including stewards, movement committees, Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate staff, and others.

''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]''
&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
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--19:18, 15 Eprel 2023 (UTC).
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #109 is out ==

There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-04-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue: a reflection about implementation of functions, a [https://keet.wordpress.com/2023/03/14/some-reflections-on-designing-abstract-wikipedia-so-far/ reflection on Abstract Wikipedia] from [[User:Keet10|Prof. Maria Keet]], and a reminder about an in-person talk about Abstract Wikipedia in Sweden.

Also, we remind you that the next Natural Language Generation special interest group public meeting will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682440206 April 25, 2023 at 16:30 UTC]''' on Jitsi ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Special guest of the meeting will be [https://github.com/olpa/multi-nlg Oleg Parashchenko], who will share his experience and thoughts about implementing a multilingual NLG system. 

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 09:11, 21 Eprel 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #110 is out ==

There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-04-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue: Wikimedia Endowment finances development of the project, and the team has published its manifesto, Objectives and Key Results (OKRs) and communications principles.

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1683567008 May 8, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:54, 2 Mee 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2023 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twenty-sixth newsletter, covering April 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Meetings'''
* Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting 2023-05-07]] (SDG all)
* Past: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20230402|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all)

'''Activities'''
* Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13)
* Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_the_Challenge|WikiForHumanRights 2023 International Writing Contest]] (SDG 13, 14, 6)
* Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_Community_Events|WikiForHumanRights 2023 local community events]] (SDG 13, 15, 14, 6)
* Ongoing: [[m:Wiki_Climate_Campus_Tour_Nigeria|WikiCampusTourNigeria Project]] (SDG 6, 13, 14, 15)
* Upcoming (and past): [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Kvinnor,_arkitektur_och_design|Women, architecture and design]] (SDG 5)
* Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Albania_report|WikiGap Tirana 2023, Albania]] (SDG 5)
* Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|BBC 100 women editathon]] (SDG 5)
* Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Kosovo_report|WikiGAP in Prishtina]] (SDG 5)
* Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Switzerland_report|15 Days of French women writers]] (SDG 5)
* Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/DC/TSU_USF_Women%27s_History_Month_Wikipedia_Edit-a-thon|TSU USF Women's History Month Wikipedia Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 5)
* Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject_Smithsonian_AWHI/Meetup/Crafting_a_Better_Wikipedia:_Women_of_Color_in_the_Renwick_Gallery|Crafting a Better Wikipedia: Women of Color in the Renwick Gallery]] (SDG 5)

'''News'''
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/07/tuswug-s2e2-women-in-wiki/ TUSWUG S2E2: Women in Wiki] (SDG 5)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/13/inaugural-edition-of-the-organizer-lab-awards-6-community-grants/ Inaugural edition of the organizer lab awards – 6 community grants] (SDG 5 &amp; SDG 13)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/29/bolstering-womens-voices-and-histories-on-wikipedia/ Bolstering women’s voices and histories on Wikipedia] (SDG 5)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|A huge upload for biologists]] (SDG 15)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycPPBhuQPhs&amp;ab_channel=WikimediaFoundation WikiForHumanRights 2023 Launch Webinar] (SDG 13, 14, 6)
* [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|WikiForHumanRights 2023 and WMF Human Rights Team Online Safety Capacity Building for Organizers]] (SDG 13)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLBSSlrI2vo WikiForHummanRights 2023 and Let's Connect Capacity building on good practices for retention] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/living-through-a-triple-planetary-emergency-capturing-the-most-impactful-knowledge-to-weather-the-storm/ Living through a Triple Planetary Emergency: Capturing the Most Impactful Knowledge to Weather the Storm] (SDG 10 &amp; SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/wikimedia-foundation-environmental-sustainability-report-for-2022/ Wikimedia Foundation Environmental Sustainability Report for 2022] (SDG 13)
* [[:File:Wikimedia_h%C3%A5llbarhetsrapport_2022.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige sustainability report 2022]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13)

'''Research'''
* [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12964 Hypotheses in urban ecology: building a common knowledge base] (SDG 15)

'''New Wikidata properties'''
* [[d:Property:P11698|student retention rate]] (SDG 4)
* [[d:Property:P11704|INEP ID]] (SDG 4) [51]
* [[d:Property:P11729|Kulturenvanteri.com ID]] (SDG 11)
* [[d:Property:P11747|holds diplomatic passport of]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Property:P11741|SINTA affiliation ID]] (SDG 4)

'''Featured content'''
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_afrosoricids|List of afrosoricids]] (SDG 15)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed caption=&quot;Featured images&quot;&gt;
Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15)
Leptura_quadrifasciata_female_-_Keila.jpg|Leptura quadrifasciata (SDG 15)
Bursa_lamarckii_01.jpg|Bursa lamarckii (SDG 15)
Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_head_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15)
Western_Bowerbird_0A2A0436.jpg|Chlamydera guttata (SDG 15)
White-breasted_nuthatch_%2826471%29.jpg|Sitta carolinensis (SDG 15)
Patzmannsdorf_-_K%C3%BCrbisfeld_mit_Pfarrkirche_und_Raiffeisen-Silo_in_Stronsdorf.jpg|Pumpkin field (SDG 2)
Cinnamon-bellied_flowerpiercer_%28Diglossa_baritula%29_male_on_Indian_shot_%28Canna_indica%29_Finca_El_Pilar.jpg|Diglossa baritula &amp; Canna indica (SDG 15)
Knoppen_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer_platanoides%29._03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer platanoides (SDG 15)
Cinnamon_hummingbird_%28Amazilia_rutila%29_in_flight_Los_Tarrales.jpg|Amazilia rutila (SDG 15)
Passion_fruits_-_whole_and_halved.jpg|Passiflora edulis (SDG 15)
Golden-fronted_%28Velasquez%27s%29_woodpecker_%28Melanerpes_aurifrons%29_male_Copan.jpg|Melanerpes aurifrons (SDG 15)
Argiope_spider_female_adult_on_her_web_dorsal_view_black_background_Don_Det_Laos.jpg|Argiope versicolor (SDG 15)
Daslook._Allium_ursinum%2C_zwellende_bloemknop._18-04-2022_%28actm.%29_04.jpg|Allium ursinum (SDG 15)
Fallen_leaf_of_Platanus_x_hispanica_%281%29.jpg|Platanus x hispanica (SDG 15)
Thymelicus_lineola_underside_-_Keila.jpg|Thymelicus lineola (SDG 15)
Japanse_esdoorn_%28Acer_palmatum%29_03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer palmatum (SDG 15) [38]
Common_kestrel_%28Falco_tinnunculus%29_female_%28IMGP1648r2-DNA%29.jpg|Falco tinnunculus (SDG 15) [39]
California_sea_lion_nap_time_in_La_Jolla_%2870474%29.jpg|Zalophus californianus (SDG 15) [40]
Bladknop_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer%29._13-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29_01.jpg|Acer pseudoplatanus (SDG 15)
Tamarind_fruits_%28Tamarindus_indica_%27Si_Thong%27%29.jpg|Tamarindus indica (SDG 15)
White_leucistic_squirrel_with_a_peanut_%2885668%29.jpg|Sciurus carolinensis (SDG 15) [43]
Fork-tailed_flycatcher_%28Tyrannus_savana_monachus%29_in_flight_Cayo.jpg|Tyrannus savana monachus (SDG 15)
Rapa_incurva_01.jpg|Rapa incurva (SDG 15)
Arboreal_stingless_bee_nest_%28Trigona_sp.%29_Flores.jpg|Trigona sp. (SDG 15)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 19:31, 2 Mee 2023 (UTC) •  [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]]
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
'''Updates:''' 
* '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#April_2023_ratification_methodology_community_review|Charter Ratification Methodology proposal conversations]]''': The Movement Charter Drafting Committee recently held the first conversations regarding the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification|ratification methodology for the Movement Charter]]. The MCDC has received valuable feedback from different communities and the Committees during the community input period. The report of the community input will be shared in May, while the updated version of the ratification methodology will be presented between September and November 2023.  
* '''Communication evaluation''': The Communications sub-committee of the MCDC together with the support staff conducted an evaluation of the communications. The Communications sub-committee appreciates the time and input of the community members who shared their opinions during the interviews. Several recommendations are going to be implemented in the upcoming period based on the valuable input.  
* '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Updates#April_2023|Learn about the MCDC’s work in April]]''': The MCDC continues to draft additional chapters: The Global Council, Hubs, Decision-making and Roles &amp; Responsibilities. Alongside the drafting work, the MCDC is planning their in-person meeting scheduled for 2-4 June in Utrecht, Netherlands with the aim of advancing the charter's content. 

'''What’s coming up?'''
* Participants of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiNusantara_2023|WikiNusantara 2023 in Banjarmasin, Indonesia]] are invited to join a [[m:WikiNusantara_2023/Acara/Selayang_Pandang_Arah_Strategis_Gerakan_Wikimedia:_Kolaborasi_WMF_dan_Komunitas|session on the topics around Wikimedia Movement Strategy and community collaboration]] on May 20. [[m:User:RamzyM_(WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]] will provide updates, share about the Movement Charter Ambassadors Program and answer the questions. 

''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]''
&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #111 is out ==

There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue: a new full stack software engineer joins the development team, and a presentation of a paper co-authored by Denny about the history of Wikidata.

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:04, 15 Mee 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #112 and #113 are out ==

There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them!

On May 17, 2023, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-17|thanked Julia]] for her work and we wished her well for her new work with the Trust &amp; Safety team.

On May 25, 2023, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-25|presented our new viewing and editing experience]] for Wikifunctions.

Want to catch-up with the previous updates? Check [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:58, 26 Mee 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #114 is out ==

There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue: a very brief note about the Wikimedia Hackathon in Athens.

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1685986233 June 5, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]).

Note: since last time we've had some network problems with Jitsi, &lt;u&gt;in case of new malfunctions&lt;/u&gt; during next meeting we will provide on short notice a Google Meet link to the participants. Thanks for your understanding.

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 07:08, 3 Jụn 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #115 is out ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue we present the new interface for multilingual editing, and we discuss the results of our &quot;fix-it week&quot;.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:35, 9 Jụn 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #116 and #117 are out ==

There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them!

On June 22, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-22|summarised the results]] of our annual in-person meeting in Delft, The Netherlands.

On June 28, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-28|thanked Cai and Allan]] for their work and we wished them well for their new endeavours.

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1689010212 July 10, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]).

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:02, 4 Julaị 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #118 to #121 are out ==

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There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them!

On July 20, we shared an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-20|update on our plans for the initial deployment of Wikifunctions]] in the next few weeks, what will be possible, and changes to the development in the last few weeks. Also, a request for suggestions on what should be the very first Function to be created in Wikifunctions.

On July 17, we announced a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-17|grant from Google.org]].

On July 12, we announced a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-12|grant from The Rockefeller Foundation]].

On July 7, we welcomed a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-07|new Director of Product]] to the team.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Quiddity (WMF)|talk]]) 21:38, 20 Julaị 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

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[[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|180px|right]]
''This newsletter combines content from both June and July, due to a delay in sharing out the previous newsletter.''

'''Updates:''' 
* '''New Movement Charter content published:''' The Committee published new draft chapters on the [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Global Council|'''Global''' '''Council''']], [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Hubs|'''Hubs''']] and the [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Glossary|'''Glossary''']]. You are invited to share your feedback or ask any questions you may have to the Committee before September 1, 2023 on the following talk pages:
** [[m:Talk:Movement Charter/Content/Global Council|Share your feedback on The Global Council draft]] 
** [[m:Talk:Movement Charter/Content/Hubs|Share your feedback on Hubs draft]] 
* [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft|'''Revised draft chapters published on Meta:''']] The Committee has shared the revised draft chapters: [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Preamble|Preamble]], [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Values &amp; Principles|Values &amp; Principles]], and [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Roles &amp; Responsibilities|Roles &amp; Responsibilities]] intentions statement. These revisions are based on the [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#November-December 2022 consultation|community feedback]] received in November-December 2022. 
* [[m:wmfblog:2023/06/02/how-will-the-wikimedia-movement-ratify-its-charter/|'''Ratification Methodology community feedback:''']] The summary of community feedback on the proposed methodology for the ratification of the Charter is on Diff. 

* Listen to the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jy_IQ_G1wEI '''WikiAfrica Hour #46: Africa and Movement Charter'''], where MCDC members [[m:User:Anass Sedrati|Anass Sedrati]] and [[m:User:Geugeor-WMF|Georges Foudoup]]  talk about Movement Charter, its aims and objectives, and the relevance to the African community. 
* MCDC member’s are busy participating in various community events to discuss Movement Charter. [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]], a member of the Global Council and Roles and Responsibilities Drafting Groups [[m:EduWiki Conference 2023/Program/MCDC|joined the EduWikiConference 2023]].  The MCDC support staff [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]] shared updates about the charter at [[m:WikiNusantara 2023|WikiNustantara 2023]] in Banjarmasin, Indonesia ([https://twitter.com/wikimediaid/status/1659772318913294336 @wikimediaid on Twitter]). The Wikimedia communities in Indonesia were engaged by [[m:Grants:Project/MSIG/Arcuscloud/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program|Movement Charter Ambassador]] [[m:User:Arcuscloud|Arcuscloud]] in the [[m:Grants:Project/MSIG/Arcuscloud/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program|last round of community conversations]]. 

* [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#May 2023|'''Learn about MCDC’s work in May &amp; June:''']] as usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work &amp; discussions. 

'''What’s coming up?''' 
* [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#MCDC Live Launch Party|'''Join the live launch party''']]: The Drafting Committee is hosting a launch party on July 30th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1690725614 14.00 UTC] to celebrate the new drafts, introduce them to the community and give space for sharing thoughts and feedback. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZYsdOiurT0vHta6stHaiHHEyrwK3RUPveBR#/registration '''Register here to receive a Zoom link to the launch party.'''] 
* [[m:Movement Charter/Ambassadors Program/Grant|'''Movement Charter Community Conversation grants''']] are open for individuals or groups who want to organize conversations about the Charter content. Talk to us if you need any support on [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/c/ensure-equity-in-decision-making/movement-charter-ambassadors/38 the MS Forum]! Apply for a grant before Jul 30, 2023. 
* [[m:wmania:2023:Wikimania|'''Wikimania 2023''']]''':''' Wikimania 2023: Members of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee are excited to be attending Wikimania Singapore in August, to speak to and hear from you in person (and hybrid) about the four drafts and the Charter in general.
* '''Community events:''' MCDC members will be present in the [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2023|CEE Meeting]] in September in Georgia to discuss the Charter content with the CEE and CA communities. In addition, the MCDC prioritizes participation in the conferences planned for 2023 to continue conversations on the content of the Charter with the communities: [[m:WikiConvention francophone/2023|WikiConvention Francophone]], [[m:WikiWomenCamp 2023|WikiWomen Camp]],  [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2023|WikiIndaba Morocco]], [[m:wikiconference:2023/Main_Page|WikiConference North America]], [[m:GLAM Wiki 2023|GLAM Wiki Conference]], among others.

''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]''
&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

--12:25, 30 Julaị 2023 (UTC).
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #122 is out: Wikifunctions is live! ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce that [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Wikifunctions:Main_Page Wikifunctions.org] is live (in read-only mode), we welcome a new member of the team, and we announce a new job opening.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:02, 31 Julaị 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter: August 2023&lt;/span&gt; ==

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&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
'''Updates'''
* '''Community consultation''': The community consultation on the [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Global_Council|Global Council]], [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Hubs|Hubs]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Glossary|Glossary]] drafts is ongoing. We value your input, if you have not already, please take a moment to review the draft chapters and share your thoughts with the MCDC. We’ve posed open questions we would like your opinion on. Feel free to engage in a way that is most comfortable for you and your community. Learn more on our Diff blogs about the [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/13/a-global-council-for-our-movement/ Global Council] and [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/27/building-wikimedia-movement-hubs-together/ Hubs]. 
* '''Launch Party''': On July 30 we hosted a Launch Party to share the Global Council and Hubs draft chapters. It was an inspiring event where we had the opportunity to listen to your feedback and address some of your questions. If you missed it, you can catch the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SItWeX78tv8&amp;list=LL&amp;index=4 recording on YouTube].
* '''Community Conversations''': We want to hear from as many people as possible. On July 16, the SWAN meeting opened its doors and offered an opportunity to interact with the MCDC members regarding the new drafts of the charter. [[m:Strategic_Wikimedia_Affiliates_Network/2023_07#Notes|Notes are available here]]. On July 28, a regional conversation with the Francophone community was held. Here comes a [[m:Talk:Movement_Charter/Content/Global_Council#Summary_of_the_feedback_from_the_francophone_conversation|short summary here in English and French]]. Additionally, on August 2 we had a fruitful conversation with the [[m:Talk:Movement_Charter/Content/Hubs#Summary_from_2_August_call|LATAM region]]. 
* '''[[m:Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Updates#July_2023|MCDC’s Work in July]]''': As usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work &amp; discussions. 

'''Upcoming'''
* '''Join the MCDC at Wikimania''': Whether you’ll be at Wikimania 2023 in person or joining virtually, there are a few events that we would like to invite you to. Please drop by for a casual conversation. We would love to connect to workshop any ideas together. Drop in, get a sweet treat, and share your thoughts with us! [https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2023:Registration Register] and see below for an overview of our time together: 
** Tuesday, August 15
*** {{zonestamp|2023-08-15 02:00|02:00 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/UVKSKQ/ '''Movement Strategy &amp; Governance Connection track - Welcome and opening'''] (Room 325)
*** {{zonestamp|2023-08-15 05:45|05:45 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/FJCXUP/ '''Movement Charter Drafting Committee: Open office hour'''] (Room 326)
** Wednesday, August 16
*** {{zonestamp|2023-08-16 03:15|03:15 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/EYGDHC/ '''Role Play the Future Roles and Responsibilities in the Movement'''] (Room 326)
** Thursday, 17 August
*** {{zonestamp|2023-08-17 03:15|03:15 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/AWXHMA/ '''Movement Charter Content Discussions'''] (Room 310)
* A '''[[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#Regional_conversation:_Middle_East_and_North_Africa|regional call tailored for the MENA region]]''' will be conducted in Arabic on September 2 at 17.00 UTC. Kindly indicate your interest to attend this meeting.  
''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta-wiki]]''
&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
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MCDC Support Team, 23:53, 14 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)
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== Spam article ==

@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] [[Suraj Rana]] a blank page, requested for speedy deletion under the reason of &quot;no useful content, spam page&quot; [[Ihü kárírí:Contributions/82.115.220.168|82.115.220.168]] 12:16, 20 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)

:Thanks for this notification [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 17:17, 20 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)

== Spam Articles ==

@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Pages that are requested for speedy deletion, I mentioned the link to the page &amp; reason below :

1) [[Krishnam Kumar]] 

Reason : Language, written in english language in igbo wikipedia also, Telegram links are included in reference list, it indicates self promotion links.

2) [[Jhonnchefe]]

Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like spotify, apple music, jaxta, YouTube.

3) [[Faaxy]]

Reason : Language (English)

4) [[الشيخ محمد حمزة التميمي]]

Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content

5) [[مسكنك]]

Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content

6) [[إيجي سكاي]]

Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content

7) [[أراتوك]]

Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content

8) [[كيرلس مجدي القمص]]
Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content

[[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 01:30, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)

:Thanks for this notification. Done! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:05, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)

== Spam Articles (for speedy deletion) ==

@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Again I'm here to show some spam articles, Pages that are requested for speedy deletion, I mentioned the link to the page &amp; reason below :


1) [[اشرف عظيم وخبرته الواسعة في التسويق]]

Reason : Language (English)


2) [[Mohamed Mohsen]] 

Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like Facebook, TikTok, Instagram


3) [[Exclusive Movies (Streaming Platform)]]

Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram 


4) [[Iftkhar Mughal ( Actor )]]

Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included - Instagram


5) [[Vivek Tripathi - Actor]]

Reason : Language (English)


6) [[Nitin Meena]]

Reason : Language (English)


7) [[Kiddyong]]

Reason : Language, Contains personal informations - &quot;phone number, email adddress,&quot; also it is just a self promoting article even you can able to understand by seeing the first line of that article &quot;Kiddyong The Naughty Kid&quot;???

7) [[Omar Yahya (actor)]]

Reason : Language (English), Self Promotional links are included - telegram, I couldn't find any real Movies of his and his biography is disorganized

8) [[King Media]]

Reason : Language (English), Self Promotional links are included - telegram

9) [[Yahya Moussa]]

Reason : Self Promotional links are included - telegram


[[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 18:10, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)

:Thank you once again for bringing these to my notice. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 18:25, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)
::@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Welcome :)   [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 01:19, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)

== Spam articles  ==

@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Once again here to show some spammy articles written in &quot;Arabic language&quot; with &quot;Self promotional links&quot;


1) [[محمد عتال]]

Reason : Language (Arabic), Self Promotional Links - SoundCloud, Spotify Anghami


2) [[وسام شاهين]]

Reason : Language (Arabic)


3) [[محمد جابر طه]]

Reason : Language (Arabic)


[[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 14:55, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)

:Thank you so much! Do not hesitate to tag me for cleanup. I sincerely appreciate your efforts. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 21:27, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)
::@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] 2 more spammy articles too. This time I included reason and additional reasons.
::1) [[Abdul Rahman Al Rubaie]]
::'''• Reason''' : Language (English), No useful content
::'''• Additional Reason''' : I searched about this person and I can't even able to get a single result about this person. This article contains only one paragraph, it says that he is football coach, other than it doesn't includes any notable works about him.

::2) [[Ahmed ALshehri]]
::'''• Reason''' : Language (English), No useful content
::'''• Additional reason''' : as same as mentioned in the first article.
:: Another info - [[Nitin Meena]] This page was previously deleted because of language and multiple issues, this article was re-created by the same person [[ 2401:4900:41E8:A08C:D5B9:C39B:83A4:2E9C]] and I noticed that he is the person who is creating autobiography on themself as you can see his message on here: [[Okwu:Nitin Meena]].
 
::Also thank you for your each responses.  [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 11:18, 24 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)
:::Thanks @[[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]], I have responded accordingly.-- [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 15:13, 24 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #125 is out: Wikimania digest, CoSMo language, GFpedia demo, CCKS keynote ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-08-31|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we recap what happened at our sessions at Wikimania 2023, we talk about some new updates regarding our Natural Language Generation special interest group (NLG SIG), and we briefly speak about Denny's most recent keynote speech.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:35, 1 Septemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #126 is out: Let's start building morphological paradigms! ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, Denny proposes a call for action for creating morphological paradigms on Wikifunctions.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 19:25, 10 Septemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #127 is out: Renderers and parsers for types ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, Denny introduces a discussion about how to represent integers on Wikifunctions and its related challenges.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:07, 22 Septemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #128 is out: Serializers and deserializers for types ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, Denny introduces a discussion about how to make types easier to use, by discussing serializers and deserializers, and their role in Wikifunctions.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:47, 29 Septemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #129 is out: Arguments made easier ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-10-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the recent improvements that made it easy to reference arguments in functions.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:58, 5 Ọktoba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #130 is out: Running on WebAssembly ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-10-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our decision of rewriting the evaluator encapsulation service, in order to make it run on [[:w:en:WebAssembly|WebAssembly]].

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:31, 27 Ọktoba 2023 (UTC)
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== Crosswiki spam ==

Dear colleague, I have found your name at the page of sysop requests though I cannot figure out if you were elected eventually or not. But as you seem to be esteemed member of ig.wiki community, you know better what to do. It's about the article [[Hacktivist Vanguard]] which seems to be the last remnants of massive crosswiki spam and as such is the subject for speedy deletion. I'd be grateful if you take necessary steps according to the rules and habits of your local wiki. The best, [[Ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|Андрей Романенко]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|ṅkátá]]) 19:51, 3 Novemba 2023 (UTC)

:Dear@[[Ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|Андрей Романенко]] thanks for bringing this to my notice. Yes, I'm a sysop on the Wiki. I'll do the needful. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 21:02, 3 Novemba 2023 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #131 is out: Python on WebAssembly; Improved Object selector; Next volunteer's corner ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our latest technical improvements on Wikifunctions.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1699900200 November 13, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:16, 6 Novemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #132 is out: Wikifunctions, the library of functions that anyone can use and edit ==

[[File:Anyone can edit Wikifunctions.png|center|alt=Wikifunctions can now be edited by anyone!|660x660px]]

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we finally announce that Wikifunctions is on general availability, and that functions can be run also by non-logged in users!

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1699900200 November 13, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:50, 10 Novemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #133 is out: What types next? ==

There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss which new types of functions should we support and the latest changes to the software.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:10, 18 Novemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #134 is out: Welcome, Grace and Miguel! Appointing Functioneers now by community ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present two new members of the team, we discuss the latest changes in software, and we announce that Functioneer right will be now assigned by the community.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1701714600 December 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 1 Disemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #135 is out: Announcing Wikifunctions on the Wikimedia Foundation blog. Looking for feedback on the Function page proposal ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-12-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/12/05/introducing-wikifunctions-first-wikimedia-project-to-launch-in-a-decade-creates-new-forms-of-knowledge/ the latest blogpost] about us on WMF blog, and we invite you to share your feedback at the [[:f:Wikifunctions:Project chat#Function page proposal: looking for feedback|Wikifunctions' Project chat]] on the new proposed designs for the Function page.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 19:06, 7 Disemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #136 is out: Looking back at 2023 ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-12-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we look back at all the accomplishments that we achieved in 2023 and we thank you all for your help in achieving them. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

This will be the last newsletter for 2023, so see you again in 2024!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:49, 15 Disemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2023 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twenty-seventh newsletter, a sort of year-in-review for 2023.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

Dear Wikimedians for Sustainable Development,

As we bid farewell to 2023, we reflect on a year that has been an uneven year for our user group. While the journey has been marked by some truly inspiring events, most of our efforts have been largely uncoordinated and the user group hasn't been the support it could have been. Yet, there's a glimmer of hope and a world of potential for 2024.

'''Highlights of 2023:'''

;Newsletters Galore: We kicked off the year with zeal, sharing updates and inspiration through four newsletters. The number of things happening in the movement is astounding, but we need to rethink the format of the newsletter going into the next year.

;Growing Strong: The Wikimedians for Sustainable Development family welcomed 33 new members in 2023. Your passion and dedication continue to inspire us, and we look forward to nurturing this community spirit in the year ahead.

;Wikimania Talks: Our voices echoed far and wide at Wikimania, where several members of our community took the virtual stage to share insights and ideas about everything from Wikipedians-in-Residence's to open data. Your contributions showcased our commitment to sustainable development on a global scale.

;Content Creation Magic: Throughout the year, our extended community demonstrated incredible dedication to expanding the knowledge base on Wikipedia. Countless hours were spent creating and curating content that aligns with our mission, contributing to a more sustainable digital ecosystem.

;Campaigning hard: We saw a large variety of campaigns, from writing challenges to editathons. The willingness to experiment with new formats and partners, as well as learning from past efforts, shows great promise for the future.

'''Acknowledging Challenges:'''

While we celebrate these achievements, we acknowledge that 2023 presented its fair share of challenges. A lack of global coordination reminded us that the road to sustainable development is not always linear. However, it is precisely these challenges that fuel our determination to work together more cohesively in the coming year and proof that the user group is needed.

'''Hopeful Anticipation for 2024:'''

As we turn the page to 2024, let's carry forward the lessons learned and the successes celebrated. We are optimistic that, with renewed energy and a collective commitment, we will overcome obstacles and create an even more impactful and connected Wikimedians for Sustainable Development community.

Here's to a year of collaboration, growth, and making a lasting impact on the world through our shared passion for sustainability. Together, we can turn challenges into opportunities and pave the way for a brighter future.

Wishing you all a joyous holiday season and a Happy New Year!

Warm regards,
[[m:User:Ainali|User:Ainali]], [[m:User:Daniel Mietchen|User:Daniel Mietchen]]

PS. We have started writing [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|our yearly report]], please add your activities to it.

This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 17:14, 1 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) •  [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]]
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #137 is out: Introducing our first new type: Lists ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce our newest and much requested type of function, list. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1704738600 January 8, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:37, 5 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #138 is out: The Joy of Collaboration; Introducing the Function of the Week: reverse string ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present you an essay from Denny and we introduce a new section of the newsletter, dedicated to the &quot;function of the week&quot;. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

We also wanted to note that we are in the process of moving the Updates from Meta to Wikifunctions. We'll keep you updated about it.

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:27, 12 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #139 is out: Refreshing the Function page; Function of the Week: ROT13 ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-17|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce a redesign and rewrite of the Function page and we present our first &quot;function of the week&quot;. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:05, 19 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #140 is out: Getting debug information from code; Function of the Week: Wrap string ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss debugging in implementations and we present our new &quot;function of the week&quot;. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:54, 26 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #141 is out: The Igbo Imperative! ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we focus on language functions in Igbo, a language spoken by more than 44 million people in South-Eastern Nigeria. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments.

Starting from this issue, the status updates will be hosted on Wikifunctions, instead of Meta. One more step towards maturation of the project!

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive (on Meta)]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1707157800 February 5, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:14, 2 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twenty-eighth newsletter.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;!--Add content here --&gt;
; User group news
* We have submitted our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|2023 annual report]].
* Upcoming meeting: on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|9 February]], we'll have a call about roles and responsibilities in the user group. This is an attempt to make more opportunities to engage more of the user groups members in its activities. If you want to help out in some way, but don't know how, this is a meeting for you to get help creating that opportunity. If you know how you would like to help, but don't know how to get started, this is also the meeting for you.

; Other news
* New Wikiproject for Climate Change on Basque Wikipedia: [[:eu:Wikiproiektu:Klima aldaketa|Wikiproiektu Klima Aldaketa]]
* Climate Justice, Digital Rights and Indigenous Voices international Wikimedia event in Huaraz, Peru 2024: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeDIuZQ61v35y3Q293ZV9YjNWOHsgwvq3t2XjP2cQ0OHG-EPA/viewform Engagement Survey] (closes 2 Feb)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #142 is out: Quarterly planning. Thank you, Nick! Function of the Week: is permutation ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss about the results of our last internal planning meeting, whose objective was to define what we will work on in this quarter. Also, we take a look at the latest changes in the team and the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive on Wikifunctions]] and [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|also on Meta]].

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:22, 8 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC)
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== Question from [[User:Assuranc29|Assuranc29]] (16:16, 14 Febụwarị 2024) ==

Please what it all about --[[Ọbanife:Assuranc29|Assuranc29]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Assuranc29|ṅkátá]]) 16:16, 14 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #143 is out: Fix-it week ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-14|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we take a look at the latest software developments, after our monthly &quot;fix-it week&quot;, where we work on technical debt and other issues that pile up in our daily work.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive on Wikifunctions]] and [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|also on Meta]].

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:19, 16 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #144 is out: Updating the function model ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present the new documentation about our [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Function model|function model]] and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:55, 23 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #145 is out: Type proposal for natural numbers ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our progresses with the new natural numbers type, we talk about events we are taking part to, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1709577000 March 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:40, 1 Maachị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #146 is out: Introducing our second new type: Natural numbers ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the launch of the new natural numbers type, we talk about events we are taking part to, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:58, 8 Maachị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twenty-ninth newsletter.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* On 9 February, we had a user group meeting on roles and responsibilities ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240209|minutes]])
* Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 17 March]]

; Other news
* Wiki Loves Earth: Reminder that if you want to [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2024/Organise|organize a local competition]], it is time to get started. (SDG 15 and 14)
* Wiki for Human Rights: Reminder that if you would like to [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|organize a local event]], there is support available. (SDG 10) 
* Study: [https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/650852934/Meier_Wiki_Climate.pdf Using Wikipedia Pageview Data to Investigate Public Interest in Climate Change at a Global Scale] (SDG 13)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #147 is out: On identity ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the notion of identity and present our latest document about [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Representing identity|how we represent it]], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:27, 14 Maachị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #148 is out: On the way to internationalizing numbers ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our progresses with the implementation of renderers and parsers for natural numbers, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:11, 22 Maachị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #149 is out: Creating tests is now much easier! ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our progresses with tests and how it is easier to make them, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 29 Maachị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #150 is out: Product Update on Diff and Upcoming API Improvements ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/03/27/wikifunctions-where-we-are-now-and-what-you-can-do/ our latest blog post on Diff], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1712615400 April 8, at 22:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:23, 4 Eprel 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #151 is out: New API for calling Wikifunctions and celebrating 1000 functions ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the new API for calling Wikifunctions, we celebrate our first 1,000 functions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Also, there's [https://boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/5850672 a job opening] for joining our team!

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]].

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:57, 12 Eprel 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #152 is out: Welcome, Sharvani! ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]].

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 22 Eprel 2024 (UTC)
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== Question from [[User:Henny17|Henny17]] (00:01, 26 Eprel 2024) ==

Hello
I want to start editing --[[Ọbanife:Henny17|Henny17]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Henny17|ṅkátá]]) 00:01, 26 Eprel 2024 (UTC)

:Hi @[[Ọbanife:Henny17|Henny17]]! Are you in the community WhatsApp group? That's where must editing sessions and training are announced. You can also join the Igbo community hubs around your area. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:38, 26 Eprel 2024 (UTC)

== Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia ==

Ndewo @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]]!

Aha mụ bụ [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|Uzoma Ozurumba]], ana mụ arụrụ ndi WMF orụ. Biko, onwe ozi ndi WMF Language team zitere ndi Igbo Wikimedians nọ na [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako|igwe nkata Wikipedia]].

Ebe ibu otu onye nime ndi na atughari edemede na Igbo Wikipedia, ọ ga amasi anyi ma [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia|igụọ ozi anyi]] gbasara mgbanwe ndi otu [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] chọrọ ime na igwe ntughari okwu nke nọ na Igbo Wikipedia, ma gwa anyi ebumunobi gi maka ya.

Daalụ sọ maka ọru gi nile na ikwado ọmumu ihe na asụsụ Igbo.

[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 20:17, 30 Eprel 2024 (UTC)

:Ndewo@[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]. Daalụ maka ozi a i zitere. A gụrụ m ozi ahụ ma tinye kwa ebumunobi  [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia|ebe a]]. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:34, 1 Mee 2024 (UTC)

== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirtieth newsletter covering March and April 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* * Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 19 May]]

; Other news
* [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2024-03-29/Recent_research#Other_recent_publications|Wikipedia Signpost highlighted five papers about climate change editing]]. (SDG 13)
* On Wikidata, [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|a model for documenting green house gas emissions]] has been created. (SDG 13)
* [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/EPA_Victoria_WiR_April_2024_Update An update] from the Wikipedian in Residence at the  Environment Protection Authority in Victoria, Australia.
* WikiAcción Perú organized a training session: &quot;[[m:Volunteer Supporters Network/VSN Training: Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement|Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement]]&quot; (SDG 13)
* WikiForHumanRights organized a session: &quot;[[m:Event:Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage|Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage]]&quot;

; Events
* [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, starts in May. (SDG 14 &amp; 15)
* [[m:Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region|Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region]] starts in May.  (SDG 13)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #153 is out: Team meeting and Quarterly plan ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the results of our team meeting held in San Francisco, USA, as well as presenting the objectives that we will pursue in the next months.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]].

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:57, 4 Mee 2024 (UTC)
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== Next Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Volunteer's Corner is on May 6 ==

We remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1715016600 May 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Apologies for the reaching out to you with a separate message.

See you at the meeting! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:12, 4 Mee 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #154 is out: Flagship type for enumerations: Months of the Gregorian calendar ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our first proposal for a new type for enumerations and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]].

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 13 Mee 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #155 is out: Call for Functions: Spell out the number! ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we call on you to help us doing new language functions about numbers and we also take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]].

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:01, 16 Mee 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #156 is out: New type - Gregorian calendar months ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce our initial enumeration Type, Gregorian calendar months, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]].

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:18, 23 Mee 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #157 is out: A single singular or a plurality of plurals? ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the various implications of linguistic functions about singulars and plurals, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1717435800 June 3, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:17, 31 Mee 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirtyfirst newsletter, covering May 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;!--Add content here --&gt;
; User group news
* Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]], 16 June
* [[m:Talk:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development#Mini_report_from_the_Wikimedia_Summit_2024|Mini report from the Wikimedia Summit 2024]]
* [https://wikipediapodden.se/jan-ainali-wikimedians-for-sustainable-development-wikimedia-summit-2024-265/ User group representative interviewed by Wikipediapodden] at Wikimedia Summit ([[:File:WP265 - Jan Ainali, Wikimedians for Sustainable Development, Wikimedia Summit 2024.mp3|commons]])
* [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240519|Minutes from user group meeting in May]]

; Other news
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/05/02/reflecting-_women-for-sustainability-africa-arts-feminism-her-voice-campaign-2023/ Reflecting _Women For Sustainability Africa Arts + Feminism #Her Voice Campaign 2023]
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report: Climate change and GLAM]] (SDG 13)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library April monthly highlights]] (SDG 14 &amp; 15)
* [https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-024-00166-y WikiProject Biodiversity featured in Nature Africa] (SDG 14 &amp; 15)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFWS7hfetZk Wikimedia UK releases a video about their climate focus] (SDG 13)

; Events
* [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, continues in some countries. (SDG 14 &amp; 15)

This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 13:18, 1 Jụn 2024 (UTC) •  [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]]
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #158 is out: New Type: Sign ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce a new enumeration type, Sign, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

We are also looking for feedback for our next new types. See [[:f:Wikifunctions:Project chat#Testing two new types|the announcement at the Project Chat]] for more information.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:59, 7 Jụn 2024 (UTC)
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== Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Igbo Wikipedia ==

Ndewo Nwa-ada @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]],

Imere otu ole? Enwerem olileanya na ahụ di gi nma.

Biko, onwe ozi ndi WMF Language team zitere ndi otu Igbo Wikipedia maka ngwa ọrụ ha chọrọ itineyere anyi. Ọ ga-amasi anyi ma igụọ ihe gbasara [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Igbo Wikipedia|'''ozi a''']], ma testia ngwa a, ma zaghachi anyi ebunuche gi gbasara itinye ngwa ọrụ a nke a na akpọ &quot;MinT for Wiki Readers&quot; na ịgbo Wiki.

Inwekwara ike ime ka ndi otu Igbo Wikipedia ndi ọzọ mata maka ozi a ma gwa anyi uche ha igwe ozi.

Daalụ sọ! [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 23:57, 10 Jụn 2024 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #159 is out: New Type: Igbo calendar months ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce a new enumeration type, this time for the thirteen months of the [[:en:Igbo calendar|Igbo calendar]], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:21, 14 Jụn 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #160 is out: New Type: Integers ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we are happy to announce that we introduced another new type, [[:f:Z16683|integers]], that will increase our coverage of mathematical functions. Moreover, we take a look at the (many!) software developments we introduced in the last week.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:07, 21 Jụn 2024 (UTC)
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== Question from [[User:Kwinkate|Kwinkate]] (21:51, 21 Jụn 2024) ==

Hello --[[Ọbanife:Kwinkate|Kwinkate]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Kwinkate|ṅkátá]]) 21:51, 21 Jụn 2024 (UTC)

:Hello [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 04:02, 22 Jụn 2024 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #161 is out: Welcome, Daphne! ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team, we ask for feedback about [[:f:Wikifunctions:Design/About widget improvements|our &quot;About&quot; widget designs]], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1719855000 July 1, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:20, 27 Jụn 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirtysecond newsletter, covering June 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 13, 14, 15 and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Movement Charter Vote|User group vote on the adoption of the Movement Charter]] (closes 7 July 23.59 UTC)
* [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming user group meeting]] 21 July
* User group meeting held in June - [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240616|minutes]]
* The group was featured in the latest WikiAfrica Hour: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B6VI20qopk #36: Does the Wikimedia movement contribute to the SDGs?]

; Other news
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/stories-from-the-anti-disinformation-repository-how-wikiproject-covid-19-and-other-wikimedia-initiatives-counter-health-disinformation/ Stories from the anti-disinformation repository: How WikiProject COVID-19 and other Wikimedia initiatives counter health disinformation] (SDG 3)
* [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Environment_Centre_NT_Wikipedian_in_Residence Environment Centre Northern Territory Wikipedian in Residence] (SDG 15)
* [https://www.gp.se/debatt/med-ai-kan-vi-oka-transparensen-om-foretagens-klimatavtryck.2dd4e006-57e3-4534-a0be-70ca56a289e4 With AI can we increase transparency of companies' carbon footprints] (in Swedish). Op-ed that mentions that the greenhouse gas emissions of the top 150 companies on the Stockholm stock exchange has been uploaded to Wikidata. The model is documented on [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|WikiProject Climate Change on Wikidata]]. (SDG 13)
* [[wmfblog:2024/06/25/another-year-in-review-where-is-wikimedia-in-the-climate-crisis-seeing-the-impact-of-wikimedia-projects/|Another Year in Review: Where is Wikimedia in the Climate Crisis? Seeing the impact of Wikimedia Projects]] (SDG 13)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/06/24/46-scholars-self-advocates-bring-knowledge-to-wikipedias-disability-healthcare-content/ 46 scholars, self-advocates bring knowledge to Wikipedia’s disability healthcare content] (SDG 3)
* [[c:File:Wikimedia klimatpåverkansrapport 2023.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige publishes their 2023 climate impact report]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13)
* WikiProject Govdirectory has started [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Weekly collaboration|weekly collaboration on countries]] (SDG 16)

; Events
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/wikimedia-chapters-and-groups-organise-the-first-sharks-and-rays-wikimarathon/ Wikimedia chapters and groups organise the first Sharks and Rays Wikimarathon] (29 June, but edits in the weeks after are welcome) (SDG 14)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #162 is out: Quarterly planning ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present our objectives and lines of work for this quarter, we remember to give your feedback about [[:f:Wikifunctions:Design/About widget improvements|our &quot;About&quot; widget designs]], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1720459800 July 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:59, 5 Julaị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #163 is out: Type proposals for accessing Lexemes ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our current draft about Type proposals for accessing Lexemes, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:21, 12 Julaị 2024 (UTC)
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== First meet ==

Nnọọ @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]], I came from English WP, and I am a bit interested with languages, since I am a seminarian, and often speak little Igbo. I presume many of our editors are on the English based. I will want you to keep good eye here since I will try creating, revamping, and tagging for deletion also. Asirim ka m gwa gi. It is also part of my learning to advance in it. [[Ọbanife:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:SafariScribe|ṅkátá]]) 14:30, 15 Julaị 2024 (UTC)

:Ndewo @[[Ọbanife:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]]! It's really great to have you here.👍🏽 I see your works on the English Wikipedia, way to go! I started with the English Wikipedia, then moved to Igbo when I discovered it was available. Though I still edit the English Wikipedia sometimes...You are welcome and if you need assistance or anything you think I can help out with, please feel free to let me know. Obi dị m ụtọ na ị bịara ịnọnyere anyị, nnọọ! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 03:00, 16 Julaị 2024 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #164 is out: Research report on integrating Wikifunctions from Wikipedia ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-18|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present you the results of a research about how to integrate Wikifunctions and Wikipedia, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:33, 19 Julaị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #165 is out: Wikimania 2024 coming soon! ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our upcoming Wikifunctions events at Wikimania 2024, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:13, 29 Julaị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirty third newsletter, covering July 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 10, 13, and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* User group meeting held in July, [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240721|minutes]]
* Next user group meeting will be 18 August

; Other news
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Climate change editahon and workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/wikiforhumanrights-in-nigeria-2024-campaign-virtual-launch/ WikiForHumanRights in Nigeria 2024 Campaign Virtual Launch]  (SDG 10&amp;16)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/what-we-learned-from-wiki-women-in-red-8-campaign-2023-women-for-sustainability-africa/ What we Learned from Wiki Women In Red @8 Campaign 2023 Women for Sustainability Africa] (SDG 5)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/ghanaian-wikipedians-set-to-educate-students-on-open-climate/ Ghanaian Wikipedians set to educate students on Open Climate] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/23/using-wikipedia-as-a-tool-for-climate-action/ Using Wikipedia as a Tool for Climate Action] (SDG 13)

; Events
* 5th August,  [[m:Event:Wiki-Green_Conference_2024  Wiki-Green Conference]] (SDG 13)
* 7-10 August, Wikimania - [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|All SDG related sessions]] 
* 7-9 November, [https://wikimedia.org.ar/2024/07/03/justicia-climatica-voces-indigenas-y-plataformas-wikimedia/ Justicia climática, voces indígenas y plataformas Wikimedia] (SDG 13)

; Participate
* Share an example of a successful [[m:Campaigns/WikiProjects|WikiProject or topical collaboration]] in this on-wiki survey

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #169 is out: Limits on Name and Description Lengths ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the introduction of more stringent limits on the length of object names, input names, and descriptions, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! You might be interested in the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-02|launch of our &quot;About&quot; widget]], a [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-16|summary of our experience at Wikimania 2024]], or the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-23|refinement of WasmEdge]].

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1725298200 September 2, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:04, 30 Ọgọọst 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 11, 15, and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20240915|Next user group meeting]], 15 September, will be focused on starting to develop a strategy for the group. If you cannot attend, you can leave your input on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030/Ideas|the ideas page]].
* User group meeting held in August ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240818|minutes]])

; Other news
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|Report from WikiProject International Botanical Congress 2024]] (SDG 15)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Meeting for Writing on Femenist Strikes and Wiki for Peace Camp St. Imier]] (SDG 5 &amp; 16)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]] (SDG 15)
* Wikimania had a lot of [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|SDG related sessions]] and you can watch them back now 

; Events
* [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2024|Wiki Loves Monuments]] starts in September (SDG 11)

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== Pages nominated for deletion ==

Hello @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] this are the pages with no information on Igbo wikipedia I told you about. Please help me delete them.

1 [[Innocent Anyanwu]]

2 [[Ikedi Ohakim]]

3 [[Iheanyi Uwaezuoke]]

4 [[Ifunanyachi Achara]]

5[[Ibezito Ogbonna|I bezito Ogbonna]]

6 [[Holmes Onwukaife]]

7 [[Henry Nwawuba]]

8 [[Francis Okaroh]]

9 [[Francis Arinze]]

10 [[Ezenwa Otorogu]]

11 [[Eric Obinna Chukwunyelu]]

12 [[Ephraim Ikeakor]]

13 [[Emmanuel Okala]]

14 [[Emmanuel Ekwueme]]

15 [[Edwin Ume-Ezeoke]]

16 [[Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi]]

17 [[Clarion Chukwura]]

18 [[Chukwuemeka Chikelu]]

19 [[Chima Anyaso]]

20 [[Chikelue Iloenyosi]]

21 [[Chijioke Ejiogu]]

22 [[Charles Chukwuma Soludo]]

23 [[Cedric Ogbuehi]]

24 [[Bruno Ibeh]]

25 [[Bonaventure Enemali]]

26 [[Augustine Nwagwu]]

27 [[Augustine Aniebo]]

28 [[Anyika Onuora]]

29 [[Jude Aneke]]

30 [[Kennedy Ihenacho]]

31 [[Kelvin Ebuka Nwamora]]

32 [[Kenechuhwu Uchenwa]]

33 [[Kennedy Nzechukwu]]

34 [[Kingsley Chibueze Onyeukwu]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186940|2]]

35 [[Louis Okoye]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186939|2]]

36 [[Maxwell Anikwenwa]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186938|2]]

37 [[Victoria Ohuruogu]]

38 [[Valerian Ume-Ezeoke]]

39 [[Obinna Nwaneri]]

40 [[Ugonna Ozurigbo]]

41 [[Ugonna Anyora]]

42 [[Uchechukwu N. Maduako]]

43 [[Steve Eboh]]

44 [[Rolland Ezuruike]]

45 [[Philomena Obiageliuwa Uyanwah]]

46 [[Obinna Eregbu]]

47 [[Osita Henry Chikere]]

48 [[Okwesilieze Nwodo]]

49 [[Okey Uzoeshi]]

50 [[Sikiratu Sindodo]]

51 [[Abba Moro]]

52 [[Ramatu Tijani Aliyu]] [[Ọbanife:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Ogalihillary|ṅkátá]]) 13:04, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC)

:Thanks @[[Ọbanife:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]] thanks for this notification. I'll do the needful. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 16:08, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #171 is out: Dagbani Wikipedia will be our first wiki for Wikifunctions integration ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-13|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce Dagbani Wikipedia as our first wiki for Wikifunctions integration, discuss the recent stability challenges we've had in the past few days, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:51, 13 Septemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #172 is out: Introducing focus topic areas ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-20|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce focus topic areas for generating natural language texts and we update you on last week's site incident.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:30, 21 Septemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #173 is out: Quarterly planning for October–December 2024 ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-26|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we give you an overview of what we will focus on in the next three months, we discuss our presentation at [[:m:Celtic Knot Conference 2024|Celtic Knot conference 2024]], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:42, 26 Septemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirty-fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240915|User group meeting held in September on strategy for the group]]

; Other news
* [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2024/Submissions/Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region|Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region]], presentation at CEE meeting. ([https://www.youtube.com/live/iB3KNFtA4xI?t=6739 YouTube])
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/09/30/all-about-wiki-green-conference-2024/ All About Wiki-Green Conference 2024] (SDG 13)

; Events
* Course: [https://wikiedu.org/courses/global-approaches-to-climate-finance-4/ Global Approaches to Climate Finance] by WikiEdu (SDG 13)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #174 is out: Focus topic: food ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss one of our next topics we will focus on for our work: food. We hope you have a good appetite for discussion. :)

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1728322200 October 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:42, 4 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #175 is out: Wikidata Lexemes in Wikifunctions are coming soon ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present a preview of our planned support for Wikidata lexemes in Wikifunctions, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:54, 11 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #176 is out: What could abstract content look like? ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present some thoughts by [[User:Mahir256]] about how abstract content could look like in the future, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:12, 17 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC)
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== Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (23:51, 17 Ọktoba 2024) ==

How can I be promoted to administrative level here? --[[Ọbanife:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 23:51, 17 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #177 is out: Our goal for this Quarter: Agreement ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our goal of building up phrases from Lexemes using linguistic agreement, i.e. accordance to number and gender when constructing a phrase.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:32, 25 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirty-sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming meeting]], 24 November, 17.00 UTC

; Other news
* Talk at WikiIndaba: [[m:WikiIndaba 2024/Proposal/Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region|Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region]] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/17/championing-inclusion-in-the-wikimedia-movement-africa-wiki-women-presentation-at-the-wiki-niger-conference/ Championing Inclusion in the Wikimedia Movement: Africa Wiki Women Presentation at the Wiki Niger Conference] (SDG 5)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/25/mountains-birds-and-lakes-wiki-loves-earth-2024-central-asia-edition/ Mountains, Birds and Lakes: Wiki Loves Earth 2024 – Central Asia Edition] (SDG 15)

; Events
* November 6, 12 and 21: [https://universityofexeter.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJAkdeqrrzMoGdEeMYlR6q0A7QMHwwwM2VIZ#/registration Climate Change &amp; Health in the UK - Wikipedia workshop] (SDG 3 and 13)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #178 is out: Rewriting the backend ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss how the team is working hard to rewrite Wikifunctions' backend, to overcome some of the limits we encountered with the current language.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1730745000 November 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:19, 2 Novemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #179 is out: The dream of a Universal Language ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we talk about several presentation in and around the topics of languages and our work, we discuss the current refactoring of our functions catalogue and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 22:50, 7 Novemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #180 is out: New type: Rational numbers ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present you our newest Type, [[:f:Z19677|rational numbers]], as well as the new renderer and parser for natural numbers, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:40, 14 Novemba 2024 (UTC)
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== We need your help with Igbo Wikipedia Main Page ==

Ndewo Goody,
Biko nyere anyi aka, mmadu mebisiri ihu mbu Igbo Wikipedia. A na m acho ka mweghachi ya mana okweghi. Biko nyere anyi aka. [[Ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 13:38, 19 Novemba 2024 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #181 is out: New special page for missing labels, new type for Gregorian years, and much more ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce a new special page for objects with a missing label, we present two new types (Gregorian year and Wikidata statement rank), we showcase several contributions made by you volunteers, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:23, 22 Novemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #182 is out: WordGraph release; New Special page: list functions by tests; new type for day of the year, and much more ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the implications of the release of Google Zurich's WordGraph dataset, we introduce a new special page, support for other Wikidata statements and a new type (day of Roman year), and finally we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:03, 28 Novemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirty-seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 8, 12, 13, 15, 16 and 17.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* User group meeting, 24 November ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241124|minutes]])
* We are working on our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]], please add activities that you would like to work on.

; Other news
* [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 8 (November 2024)|CEE Catch up Nr. 8 with a sustainability theme]]
* [[w:pt:Wikipédia:Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia|Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia]] (SDG 13)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/New_Zealand_report#nz-edit|Report from New Zealand Species Edit-a-thons]] (SDG 15)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/Macedonia_report#vvc|Report from climate change editing workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2024/Contents/Croatia_report|DeGrowth in November with students, artists and academics in Croatia]] (SDG 8&amp;12)
* The new [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#November_2024:_Production_deployment_and_security_review_complete|Charts extension has been enabled on Wikimedia Commons]]. It's time to start bringing all your local sustainability related charts over there! (SDG 17)

; Events
* Ongoing: [[m:Event:Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers|Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers]] (SDG 13)
* Ongoing: [[m:Event:Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia|Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia]] (SDG 13)
* Just started: [[m:Event:African Legislators in Red|African Legislators in Red]] (SDG 16)

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== Next Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on December 9 ==

Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next '''Volunteers' Corner''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1733758200 December 9, at 15:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:46, 6 Disemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (18:38, 13 Disemba 2024) ==

Hi, Olugold

I have added Wikipedia pages for quick deletion. I hope to delete them as soon as possible and activate the deletion template on them, but they delete them over and over again. Thanks Olugold --[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 18:38, 13 Disemba 2024 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #183 is out: Sketching a path to Abstract Wikipedia; Team offsite in Lisbon; and much more ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-12-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss how natural language generation for Abstract Wikipedia might develop, and we share news on tools and types on Wikifunctions.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:52, 16 Disemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #184 is out: Function of the Week: age; Intros for year articles; New Type: Floating-point number ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-12-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In the last issue for 2024, we discuss functions to create introductions for articles about years, we showcase one of the 23 functions with the Gregorian year type, we introduce a new type, and finally we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 22:06, 19 Disemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Question from [[User:Ahmedborar673|Ahmedborar673]] on [[Basil Raslan]] (22:11, 26 Disemba 2024) ==

Basil Raslan --[[Ojiarụ:Ahmedborar673|Ahmedborar673]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Ahmedborar673|ṅkátá]]) 22:11, 26 Disemba 2024 (UTC)

== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirty-eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 10, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* User group meeting in December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241229|minutes]])
* We have adopted an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]]!

; Other news
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_hWBwaQxaw Lightning talk by Adam Harangzo - National Institute for Health and Care Research on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&amp;13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/11/top-photos-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2024%f0%9f%a4%9d/ Top photos of the special nomination “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2024!] (SDG 10&amp;15)
* [https://www.wikimedia.nz/nz-species-editathon-recap/ Two days, 15 editors, 750 edits] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/28/a-peekaboo-into-our-butterflying-trip-from-the-amazon-of-the-east/ A Peekaboo Into Our Butterflying Trip from the Amazon of the East] (SDG 15)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/12/27/brooklyn-college-students-bring-ecology-course-content-to-wikipedia/ Brooklyn College students bring ecology course content to Wikipedia] (SDG 13&amp;15
* [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09636625241268890 Declaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on WikipediaDeclaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on Wikipedia] (SDG 13)

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== Would you join our editorial board? ==

Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]], how are you doing? Would you join our community editorial board? This helps to record a resounding outcome. Thanks for your consideration.

[[Ojiarụ:Onwuka Glory|Onwuka Glory]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Onwuka Glory|ṅkátá]]) 16:22, 2 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC)

== Next Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on January 13 ==

Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next Volunteers' Corner, that will be held on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1736793000 January 13, at 18:30 UTC] ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:44, 10 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #185 is out: Happy Wikipedia day! Quarterly planning ==

The [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-15|first update of 2025]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions is out. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present our plan for the upcoming quarter (January-March 2025), we suggest changes to our &quot;Function of the week&quot; section, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:34, 17 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #186 is out: Welcome, David! Naming conventions recommendations ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team, we introduce our current discussion on naming conventions recommendations, we introduce a new section dedicated to the newest functions created, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:36, 23 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #187 is out: With 2000 Functions into the new year: time for stats ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present some statistics about where we are as a project, we give some updates about our Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1738607400 February 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:05, 30 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirty-ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 11, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250223|User group meeting 23 February]]
* User group meeting in January ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250119|minutes]]).
* The user group submitted an annual report in the new [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Affiliates Strategy/Implementation/Affiliate health criteria/Reports/2024/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|affiliate health criteria format]], and as an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2024|activity report]].
* The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030|2030 strategy]] for the user group was adopted.

; Other news
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/06/swiss-server-helped-optimise-wikidata-in-the-field-of-medicine/ Swiss server helped optimise Wikidata in the field of medicine] (SDG 3)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/08/photographers-from-turkiye-tell-the-story-of-award-wining-photos-in-wiki-loves-earth-2024/ Photographers from Türkiye tell the story of award wining photos in Wiki Loves Earth 2024] (SDG 15)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZnAp7oovlg OpenStreetMap and Wikidata in Disaster Times - CEE Meeting 2024 Istanbul] (SDG 11)

; Events
* 1-28 February: [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/5DC7IKHKGBEE5KOD4PY2XNKT55EA6LW4/|Wiki Loves Africa: Climate &amp; Weather ISA campaign]] (SDG 13)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #188 is out: Invitation to the Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present a proposal to restructure our Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group (NLG SIG) meeting, we announce the creation of a new type, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:17, 6 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #189 is out: Restricting the World, redux ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we have an essay from Denny, we discuss the fix to the Byte Type, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:19, 14 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #190 is out: A proposal for types per language and part of speech ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present a proposal for types to represent a part of speech in a language, we present some events that we have taken part to (or we are taking part to), and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:50, 20 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;We would like to hear about your experiences with Temporary Accounts&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;body&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Temporary Accounts - first edit popup.png|thumb]]
'''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_e2MNLeWJU89pNTo This survey should take no longer than 5 minutes to complete.]'''

The Trust &amp; Safety Product team recently made [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] available on 12 wikis. There are plans to expand this to a larger set of wikis in the coming weeks and months and then proceed with a complete deployment later this year. Your participation in this survey will be immensely valuable in helping us understand how well Temporary Accounts are working and what we can improve on going forward.

The privacy policy for this survey may be [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Temp_Accounts_Minor_Pilots_Survey_Privacy_Statement|viewed at this link]]. By completing this survey, you agree to the terms set forward in the privacy policy.

Thank you!&lt;section end=&quot;body&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;ṅkátá&lt;/span&gt;]]) 02:50, 27 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #191 is out: From things to words ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the deployment of the possibility of getting the right Lexeme given a Wikidata Item, we discuss the newest updates about Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1741026600 March 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:16, 28 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fortieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 15 and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* User group meeting in February ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250223|minutes]]).

; Other news
* [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2025/Organise|Time to get ready to organize Wiki Loves Earth]] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/02/05/women-of-the-future-international-womens-day-2025/ ‘Women of the Future’ – International Women’s Day 2025] (SDG 5)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/02/17/the-experts-behind-the-edits-expanding-public-understanding-of-healthcare/ The Experts Behind the Edits: Expanding public understanding of healthcare] (SDG 3)
* [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/ecosia-and-wikimedia-enterprise-partner/ Wikimedia Enterprise and Ecosia Partner to Drive Sustainable Search Innovation] (SDG 13)
* A [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Climate Change/Policies|subproject to WikiProject Climate Change about Climate Change Policies]] has just started on Wikidata (SDG 13)

; Events
* 1 March: [[m:Event:Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire|Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire]] (SDG 8)
* 7 March [[m:Event:Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025|Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025]] (SDG 16)
* 8 March–1 April: [[m:Event:Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025|Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025]] (SDG 5)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #192 is out: Recent Changes in the software, Recording of Volunteer’s Corner, and talks in London ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present two talks that will feature Denny as a speaker and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:12, 7 Maachị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #193 is out: Upcoming NLG meeting, Recent Changes in the software ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we invite you to the next [[:f:Wikifunctions:NLG SIG|NLG SIG Meeting]], that will take place [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1739894400 on Tuesday March 18 at 16 UTC], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #194 is out: Wikidata-based simple enumerations ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce a discussion about a new kind of enumeration type, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:06, 21 Maachị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #195 is out: It’s about time ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce a discussion about how to support the creation of a type for time that is compatible with Wikidata, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:25, 28 Maachị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13, 15 and 17.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
; News
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/03/27/organise-your-local-wiki-loves-earth-in-2025/ Organise your local Wiki Loves Earth in 2025!] (SDG 15)
* [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Climate Policy Radar ID|Wikidata property proposal for the Climate Policy Radar]] (SDG 13)
* [https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/85640/NKB_Debatt_Wikipedia.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y Biologists encourage other biologists to edit Wikipedia] (in Swedish) (SDG 15)
* A [[c:File:Langzeitkooperationen zwischen Museen und dem Wikipedia-Universum.pdf|presentation on long-term collaborations between museums and the Wikimedia universe]] was given on March 10 at a [https://www.kiekeberg-museum.de/fileadmin/user_upload/3_4_1_Tagungen/geplante_tagungen/Programm_Tagung_Mittwochs_ist_Museumstag_-_Langzeitkooperationen_im_Museum_10-11.3.2025_FLMK3.pdf symposium on long-term collaborations with museums in Germany](SDG 17)
* A [[c:File:Gemeinsam mehr erreichen Freies Wissen als Grundlage der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Wikimedia und anderen Ehrenamtsinitiativen.pdf|presentation on existing and potential collaborations between the Wikimedia community and other volunteer communities]] was given on March 29 at a [https://tdsummit.d-s-e-e.de/ national volunteering convention] in Germany (SDG 17)

; Events
* [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250420|Next user group meeting: 20 April]]

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #196 is out: Quarterly Planning for April–June 2025; We are looking for a Senior Product Manager ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present our work plan for the upcoming quarter (April-June 2025), we publish a new job opening for joining the team, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1744047000 April 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 6 Eprel 2025 (UTC)
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== Question from [[User:Riyad hossain 89|Riyad hossain 89]] (18:56, 9 Eprel 2025) ==

Riyad Hossain With over 05 years of experience in the field of journalism, Riyad Hossain heads the editorial operations of Mission Ki Awaaz as a Blogger. Lives from Bangladesh --[[Ojiarụ:Riyad hossain 89|Riyad hossain 89]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Riyad hossain 89|ṅkátá]]) 18:57, 9 Eprel 2025 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #197 is out: Quarter in review, and lots of material to watch ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we evaluate our work done for the recently closed quarter (January-March 2025), we present you a number of video and blogpost about us to watch and read, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1744732800 April 15, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:20, 11 Eprel 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #198 is out: Wikifunctions integrated in Dagbani - and Wikifunctions; and the date of Easter ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce that this week we switched on the ability to call Wikifunctions functions from within Dagbani Wikipedia (our first wiki to do so!), we discuss the functions related to calculating the dates of Easter, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:28, 17 Eprel 2025 (UTC)
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== Question from [[User:Dr Ann Dangote|Dr Ann Dangote]] on [[Legrek Parond]] (07:00, 25 Eprel 2025) ==

do all articles have to be written in igbo or can the articles be written in English. --[[Ojiarụ:Dr Ann Dangote|Dr Ann Dangote]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Dr Ann Dangote|ṅkátá]]) 07:00, 25 Eprel 2025 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #199 is out: Welcome, Gregory! ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present a new member of the team, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746466200 May 5, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:16, 28 Eprel 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #200 is out: Abstract Wikipedia is a MacArthur 100&amp;Change finalist ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce that we reached the final stage of a grant competition, we introduce our next big conversation about where the content of Abstract Wikipedia will be located, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746466200 May 5, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:57, 1 Mee 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #201 is out: Abstract Wikipedia and the Wikimedia AI Strategy ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-09|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss how Abstract Wikipedia ties in with the newly announced WMF's strategy for AI, we talk about the Wikimedia Hackathon and our community meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:27, 10 Mee 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250420|minutes]])

; Other news
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/09/zombie-ants-to-bioremediation-the-world-of-entomopathogenic-fungi/ Zombie ants to bioremediation: The world of entomopathogenic fungi] (SDG 15)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/21/with-foundation-increases-support-to-expand-disability-healthcare-information-on-wikipedia/ WITH Foundation increases support to expand disability healthcare information on Wikipedia] (SDG 3)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/04/04/women-and-health-project-improving-the-representation-of-womens-health-on-wikipedia/ Women and Health Project: Improving the representation of women’s health on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&amp;5)

; Events
* May 19: [[m:Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025|Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025]] (SDG 13)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #202 is out: Location of Abstract Content ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we invite you to [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|a consultation]] about where should the content of Abstract Wikipedia be stored, we invite you to our next online presentation, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:56, 16 Mee 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #203 is out: Ongoing consultation about the Location for Abstract Content ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we invite you again to [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|a consultation]] about where should the content of Abstract Wikipedia be stored, we present some updates about existing and new types, we remind you of our next online presentation, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:54, 23 Mee 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #204 is out: Rolling out to five Wiktionaries; Calculating with today's date ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we talk about our latest deployment on five Wiktionaries, we showcase a couple of functions about dates, we remind you of ongoing discussions and upcoming presentations, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1748885400 June 2, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:38, 29 Mee 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #205 is out: Where will Abstract Content go? ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we give you some updates on the discussion about where to store abstract content, we present you the recordings of our latest presentations and meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:38, 9 Jụn 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 10, 15 and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* 22 June: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]]

; Other news
* Several papers presented at WikiWorkshop:
** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_24.pdf EcoWikiRS: Using Species Descriptions in Wikipedia and Remote Sensing to Learn about the Ecological Properties of a Place] (SDG 15)
** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_6.pdf Data Extraction Methods for Analyzing Gender Bias on Wikipedia's Front Page]  (SDG 5)
** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_28.pdf Measuring Cross-Lingual Information Gaps in English Wikipedia: A Case Study of LGBT People Portrayals] (SDG 10)
** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_14.pdf Exploring Wikipedia community practices during the 2024 European Parliament election] (SDG 16)
** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_55.pdf Wikipedia as a Tool for Tracking Mass Migration Flows: Insights from the Russian Invasion of Ukraine] (SDG 10)
** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_65.pdf Regulations in Wikidata: The case of PFAS-related regulations] (SDG 3 &amp; 16)
* [https://wikipediapodden.se/minimal-viable-species-stub-315/ Podcast about the minimal viable species stub] (SDG 15)
* [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/05/media-literacy-and-responding-to-emergencies-and-disinformation/ Wikimedia UK and the Royal Society host workshop on information literacy and future health emergencies] (SDG 3)

; Events
* 16 June: [[w:en:Event:Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon|Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon]]

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #206 is out: Closing the consultation about the location of Abstract Content ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce the closing of the discussion about where to store abstract content, we remind you about our current discussions about types and our next [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:NLG_SIG|NLG SIG meeting]], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #207 is out: Quarterly Planning for July–September 2025 ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we outline our priorities for the next quarter (July–September 2025), we give you some updates related to our new types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #208 is out: How many people are needed to write an encyclopedia? ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we share a short essay from Denny about writing an encyclopedia, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
*  6 July: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250706|User group meeting]]

; Other news
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9I8Nr_UamtM Biodiversidade na Wiki] (in Portuguese) (SDG 15)
* [https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.70050 The women honoured in flowering plant genera: From myth to reality] (SDG 5&amp;15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/20/rethinking-wiki-engagement-in-medical-research-insights-from-a-residency-at-nihr/ Rethinking Wiki engagement in medical research: insights from a residency at NIHR]  (SDG 3)

; Events
* 24 July: [https://mdi.georgetown.edu/events/guwikieditathonsummer2025/ Editing for Equity: Closing the Wikipedia Gender Gap] (SDG 5)
* 2 &amp; 9 August: [https://events.humanitix.com/nz-species-editathon-wellington New Zealand Species Edit-a-thon] (SDG 15)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #209 is out: Coverage of 1298 ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we share a short essay from Denny about how Wikipedias cover articles about years, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1751909400 July 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #210 is out: Length limits on labels and descriptions ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce a measure to limit length of labels and descriptions, we show a video illustrating our work on front-end components, we share some news on new Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1752595200 July 15, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]).

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #211 is out: Wikidata-based enumerations are here ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce a new kind of Type (Wikidata-based enumerations), we remind you of our current sprint in fixing labels and descriptions that are too long, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #212 is out: “Wikipedia is an encyclopedia”; Two years of Wikifunctions ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-26|the '''second anniversary update''']] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce our work on functions that generate sentences and fragments in several languages, we celebrate our second anniversary, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 10, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;!--Add content here --&gt;
; User group news
*  6 July: User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250706|minutes]])
* We are trying to establish better governance for the user group and [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Draft by-laws|have some inspiration]] on which your comments are requested.

; Other news
* To promote sustainability and increase the visibility of the Sustainable Development Goals, the [[w:tr:Vikiproje:S%C3%BCrd%C3%BCr%C3%BClebilir_Kalk%C4%B1nma|&quot;Sustainable Development Wikiproject&quot; was launched on the Turkish Wikipedia]]
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/11/wiki-loves-butterfly-community-led-contributions-in-dzongu-valley-north-sikkim-india/ Wiki Loves Butterfly: Community-Led Contributions in Dzongu Valley, North Sikkim, India] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/12/gender-climate-and-sustainability-my-journey-with-the-awa-fellowship-2025/ Gender, Climate and Sustainability: My Journey with the AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 5 &amp; 13)
* [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2025/07/14/the-power-and-potential-of-wikidata-for-botany/ The power and potential of Wikidata for botany] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/amplifying-inclusion-and-climate-justice-through-open-knowledge-my-journey-as-a-fellow-under-awa-fellowship-2025/ Amplifying Inclusion and Climate Justice Through Open Knowledge: My Journey as a Fellow under AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/justice-through-open-knowledge-training-human-rights-advocate-to-document-human-rights-incident-with-wikipedia-and-wikimedia-commons/ Justice through Open Knowledge: Training Human Rights Advocate to Document Human Rights Incident with Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons] (SDG 10)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/16/wings-of-bengal-the-winners-of-wiki-loves-bangla-2025/ Wings of Bengal: The Winners of Wiki Loves Bangla 2025] (SDG 15)
* [https://infomgnt.org/posts/2025-07-16-Connecting-Knowledge-with-Wikidata-a-practical-Project-with-the-Museum-fuer-Naturkunde-Berlin/ Connecting Knowledge with Wikidata: A Practical Project with the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/19/when-time-slows-down-documenting-butterflies-in-the-north-eastern-himalayas/ When Time Slows Down: Documenting Butterflies in the North Eastern Himalayas] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/23/wiki-loves-earth-celebrates-1000000-images-of-the-natural-heritage-worldwide/ Wiki Loves Earth celebrates 1,000,000 images of the natural heritage worldwide!] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/28/closing-content-gaps-highlights-from-my-july-as-an-awa-inclusion-and-climate-justice-fellow/ Closing Content Gaps: Highlights from my July as an AWA Inclusion and Climate Justice Fellow] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/01/thrilling-two-day-butterfly-expedition-in-central-odisha/ Thrilling Two-Day Butterfly Expedition in Central Odisha] (SDG 15)

; Events
* 6-9 August: Wikimania is coming up, and you can easily [[wikimania:2025:Registration|join remotely]]. Find [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|all sessions related to the Sustainable Development Goals]].

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== Question from [[User:Imborhope|Imborhope]] (16:31, 15 Ọgọọst 2025) ==

How do I write my perfect autobiography --[[Ojiarụ:Imborhope|Imborhope]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Imborhope|ṅkátá]]) 16:31, 15 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC)

:Writing an autobiography is not encouraged on Wikipedia. Learn more: [[en:Wikipedia:Autobiography|Wikipedia:Autobiography]]. If a person is notable, other editors will write a [[en:Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biography]] about the person. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 03:48, 16 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #215 is out: Accessing Wikidata items now possible from embedded function calls; Wikifunctions available on 65 Wikitionaries ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce that it is now possible to access Wikidata items from embedded function calls, we also inform that Wikifunctions is now available on 60 more Wiktionaries, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:57, 29 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
*  21 September: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User Group Meeting]]

; Other news
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/07/when-butterflies-took-over-a-classroom/ When Butterflies Took Over a Classroom] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/13/a-walk-with-butterflies-that-healed-the-heart/ A Walk with Butterflies That Healed the Heart] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/21/wikimania-2025-information-integrity-on-climate-change-on-wikimedia-projects/ Wikimania 2025: Information Integrity on Climate Change on Wikimedia projects] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/botanical-perspective-of-wikitutuwuhan-project/ Botanical Perspective of WikiTutuwuhan Project] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/past-present-and-future-a-wikimedian-in-residence-at-the-biodiversity-heritage-library/ Past, present and future: a Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Biodiversity Heritage Library] (SDG 15)
* [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|All SDG related sessions at Wikimania]]

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== Next Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers’ Corner is tomorrow! ==

We remind you that our next '''Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers’ Corner''' will be '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1757352600 tomorrow, September 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Unless you have many questions, we will follow our usual agenda, giving updates on the upcoming plans and recent activities, having plenty of time and space for your questions, and building a Function together.

See you at the Corner! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:39, 7 Septemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #216 is out: Copying function calls from one Wikipedia to another ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce that it is now possible to use natural languages as a default value in embedded function calls, we discuss the latest news in Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:04, 8 Septemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #217 is out: More than 3,000 functions on Wikifunctions ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we celebrate reaching the milestone of 3,000 functions on Wikifunctions, we discuss our upcoming commitments in outreach, we share with you our latest blogpost, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:21, 12 Septemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #218 is out: Wikifunctions available on 123 Wiktionary languages ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-19|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we update you on the recent Wikifunctions deployment on Wiktionaries, we introduce our new page for requesting cleanups, we update you on what's new on Types, we remind you of the upcoming meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758643200 September 23, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:26, 20 Septemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #219 is out: Accessing qualifiers in Wikidata statements ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-26|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce the possibility of calling also qualifiers from Wikidata, we update you on the recent  deployments of Wikifunctions and on the Wikifunctions presentations at Wikimedia events, we give you the recent updates on Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:46, 26 Septemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 7 and 13.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
*  User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250921|minutes]])

; Other news
* The OpenStreetMap community has an initiative called &quot;[https://mapyourgrid.org/ MapYourGrid]&quot; focused on energy infrastructure on Wikidata and Open Streetmap. (SDG 7)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/18/bridging-climate-science-and-the-public-how-the-austrian-climate-report-found-a-home-on-wikipedia/ Bridging Climate Science and the Public: How the Austrian Climate Report Found a Home on Wikipedia] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/27/microworld-a-wikimedia-fueled-microbial-exhibition-in-northern-argentina/ Microworld: a Wikimedia-fueled microbial exhibition in northern Argentina] (SDG 4)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/30/wiki-green-conference-2025/ Wiki-Green Conference 2025]

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #220 is out: Rich text now available in embedded function calls on 148 Wiktionaries and Incubator ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we update you on the latest functions and types you can create, we announce that functions are now available to call on 152 projects, we talk about our presentations at Wikimedia meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1759771800 October 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #221 is out: Decision on location for abstract content and Quarterly Planning for October–December ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss our plans and work for the upcoming quarter (October-December 2025), we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #222 is out: Kicking Off the Naming Contest for Abstract Wikipedia; Visualizing functions ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we kickstart our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we present a beautiful representation of functions by a community member, we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #223 is out: Welcome Zaree and Laura! Naming contest round 1 kicked off ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we welcome two new additions to the team, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #224 is out: Round 1 of “abstract content wiki” naming vote ending Monday; An example of short descriptions ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we announce our first experimentation with short descriptions on Wikidata, we talk about our presentations at the upcoming WikidataCon 2025, and we take a look at the latest Type and software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1762194600 November 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10 and 13.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; News
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/01/ewe-language-activists-trained-to-translate-the-sustainable-development-goals-online/ Ewe Language Activists Trained to Translate the Sustainable Development Goals Online]
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/11/how-wikimedia-commons-is-making-microbiology-open-lessons-from-wikimedistas-de-jujuy-argentina/ How Wikimedia Commons is making microbiology open: lessons from Wikimedistas de Jujuy, Argentina] (SDG 4)
* The [https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Faktamall_f%C3%B6retag&amp;diff=58499099&amp;oldid=57412306 Swedish Wikipedia company infobox now shows carbon emissions data] retreived from Wikidata for over 200 companies. (SDG 13)

; Events
* 6 November–3 December:  [[m:Event:Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025|Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025]] (SDG 5)
* 11 November: [[m:Event:First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community|First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community]] (SDG 10)
* 1–30 November: [[w:id:Wikipedia:Bulan_Asia_Wikipedia_2025|Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2025]] (SDG 10)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #225 is out: First round of voting for naming the wiki for abstract content closed; Calling for Wiktionary functions; Embedded Wikifunctions on Bengali Wikipedia and seven more Wiktionaries ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we update you on the closing of the first phase of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we introduce a possible implementation of Wikifunctions for Wiktionaries, we talk about our latest outreach events, and we take a look at the latest Type and software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #226 is out: Getting ready for second round of voting for naming the wiki with abstract content; Rewriting the backend: Why Rust? ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we summarise current discussion regarding the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss how we are rewriting the backend, we ask for help in substituting a function, we suggest you the recordings of Wikifunctions-related sessions at the WikidataCon 2025, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1763481600 November 18, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]).

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #227 is out: Second round of voting for naming the wiki with language-independent content; Sharing function calls ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce the start of the second phase of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we share the results of the MacArthur Foundation's 100&amp;Change contest, we share the recording of the last NLG SIG meeting, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #228 is out: Vote on the new wiki name! Finishing each other’s sentences ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss our progress on sentence creation with functions, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1762194600 December 1, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* 11 December: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20251211|User group call]]
* As are ending the year and will be wrapping up on the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|current annual plan]] we are doing a few sprints. If every member of the user group makes just one contribution, we will finish these easily and have a great resource for the entire community. Please check out these and see if you can help out:
** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Video translation|Videos with translatable subtitles]] 
*** Help by identifying which videos need translation
** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Charts coordination|Charts]]
*** Help by identifying charts that should be used in SDG topics
&lt;br/&gt;

; Other news
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/09/wikimedia-project-from-south-america-selected-by-the-unesco-global-initiative-for-information-integrity-on-climate-change-fund/ Wikimedia Project from South America Selected by the UNESCO Global Initiative for Information Integrity on Climate Change Fund] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/10/northern-argentine-wikimedians-recognized-in-regional-openstreetmap-contest/ Northern Argentine Wikimedians recognized in regional OpenStreetMap Contest] (SDG 15)
* [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/LMyQBP/ny-ai-modell-svenska-foretags-utslapp-av-koldioxid Garbo gräver fram siffror på utsläpp av koldioxid] news in Swedish about carbon emissions data being added to the company infoboxes (SDG 13)
* [https://wikimedia.at/der-klimabericht-und-die-wikipedia-teil-3-wissenschaftskommunikation/ Der Klimabericht und die Wikipedia Teil 3: Wissenschaftskommunikation] (SDG 13)

; Events
* [[m:SheSaid|SheSaid campaign on Wikiquote]]. From 1 September until 31 December 2025. (SDG 5)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #229 is out: And the name is Abstract Wikipedia ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we share the final results of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we share two demos about new Wikifunctions features, we talk about Wikidata components in Wikifunctions, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #230 is out: How to write better error messages ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we share an essay on how to write better error messages, on improving which we focused in the last months.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 12 Disemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #231 is out: We wish you a happy new Gregorian year! ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-18|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we showcase some templates using Wikifunctions functions on several projects, and we wrap up work for this Gregorian year, wishing you happy holidays.

The updates will resume in the week of January 14, so if you feel like you want more, you can always read the previous updates in [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:01, 18 Disemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fiftieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 7, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;!--Add content here --&gt;
; User group news
*  User group call, 11 December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20251211|minutes]])

; Other news
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/08/wikiforhumanrights-2025-documenting-ghanas-just-energy-transition-through-the-lens/ WikiForHumanRights 2025: Documenting Ghana’s Just Energy Transition Through the Lens] (SDG 7)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2025/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Update_on_the_Bioeconomy_Science_Institute_Wikimedian_in_Residence|Update on the Bioeconomy Science Institute Wikimedian in Residence]] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/14/wikiforhumanrights-2025-campaign-in-ghana/ WikiForHumanRights 2025 campaign in Ghana] (SDG 7&amp;13)
* [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/12/topics-for-impact/ Topics for impact] by Wikimedia UK
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/22/project-gayatri-a-year-of-building-knowledge-closing-with-heart/ Project Gayatri: A Year of Building Knowledge, Closing with Heart] (SDG 13)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #232 is out: 25 years of Wikipedia ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In the first issue of 2026, we celebrate our incredible milestone of 25 years of Wikipedia and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #233 is out: Quarterly plan for January–March 2026 ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we share our work plans for the quarter that goes from January to March 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #234 is out: Integrating Abstract Wikipedia ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we share our ideas about the integration of Abstract Wikipedia with the existing Wikimedia projects, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:51, 30 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2026 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fifty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
*  The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2025|annual report for 2025]] was published.
* [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Next user group meeting]] is 22 February.
* The drafting of the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2026|2026 annual plan]] is under way, please help.

; Other news
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/09/winning-images-of-the-special-category-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2025%F0%9F%A4%9D/ Winning images of the special category “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2025🤝] (SDG 15)

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== Next Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on February 9 ==

Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next '''Volunteers' Corner''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1770661800 February 9, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 06:23, 6 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #235 is out: Finishing each other sentences: Starting things; Offsite in Istanbul ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we share the results of our recent team offsite (meeting in person) in Istanbul, Türkiye, especially on creating sentence fragments in several languages.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:31, 13 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #236 is out: A sneak preview of Abstract Wikipedia ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we share a sneak preview of how Abstract Wikipedia will look like and work, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:15, 20 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #237 is out: Graceful overrides and fallbacks ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss different patterns in articles about years on different Wikipedias, we present the video of the Wikifunctions presentation by Nicolas Vigneron at the last Celtic Knot, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1772476200 March 2, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:18, 27 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2026 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fifty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10, 13, 15, 16 and 17.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* A proposal for a climate and sustainability meetup at Wikimania has been submitted. Keep your fingers crossed it gets accepted!

; Other news
* [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud Metabase], a project to create a [[m:Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Knowledge Base|movement-wide knowledgebase for activities and initiatives]], now has the property [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud/wiki/Property:P109 relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator] and all the Sustainable Development Goals, Targets and Indicators. This makes it possible to make sure that your projects and initiative that supports these are marked as doing so and also find previous efforts related to them.
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/11/wiki-for-botanists-why-thematic-engagement-matters/ Wiki for Botanists: Why thematic engagement matters] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/influence-of-seasonal-and-eco-climatic-factors-on-butterfly-diversity-insights-from-wiki-loves-butterfly/ Influence of Seasonal and Eco-climatic Factors on Butterfly Diversity: Insights from Wiki Loves Butterfly] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/african-women-in-climate-action-a-continued-editing-journey-through-the-edither-africa-contest-2026/ African Women in Climate Action: A Continued Editing Journey through the EditHer Africa Contest 2026] (SDG 5 &amp; 13)

; Events
* March is Women's History Month and also has the Internaltional Women's day, so there are plenty of related events. Check out [[m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]] to find some near you. (SDG 5)
* [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_India/Events/International_Mother_Language_Day_2026_Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2026 Datathon]] (SDG 4, 10 &amp;17)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #238 is out: Citations and Copy and Paste ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce the possibility of creating a function that deals with references and a Wikifunctions internal clipboard, where you can temporarily store any piece of code in order to paste it somewhere else, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:28, 6 Maachị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #239 is out: A new composition language ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we talk about the revamp of the composition language on Wikifunctions, with its potential for further improvements.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:19, 12 Maachị 2026 (UTC)

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== Question from [[User:SamKel123|SamKel123]] (00:44, 19 Maachị 2026) ==

Hi, Olugold. I stopped Wiking a long time now. I want to get back, as a rewarding hubby. I need your help and push. --[[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SamKel123|ṅkátá]]) 00:44, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC)

:Hi @[[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]], 
:How can I help you? Have you joined the Igbo Wikimedia community Whatsapp group? There are several Wiki activities organized by the [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]] that will help you. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:17, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC)
::Okay. I will join immediately. Thank you so much. [[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SamKel123|ṅkátá]]) 08:37, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #240 is out: Abstract Wikipedia is now in Beta ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we celebrate the launch of the [https://abstract.wikipedia.org/ preliminary Beta version of Abstract Wikipedia], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:23, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #241 is out: First few days of Abstract Wikipedia Beta; Status of Composition Language v2 ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the first early edits on [https://abstract.wikipedia.org/ Abstract Wikipedia], we share the status of Composition Language v2, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:48, 26 Maachị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2026 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fifty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* There is now a [[c:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|user box template on Wikimedia Commons]] that you can use to show that you are participant of the user group. There were already user boxes on [[m:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Meta]], [[d:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Wikidata]], [[w:en:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|English]] and [[w:sv:Mall:Användare Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Swedish]] Wikipedia. If your home wiki uses user boxes but lacks one, feel free to copy any of these to it.

; Other news
* [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2026/03/02/the-winners-of-wiki-loves-earth-2025/ “Cinematic intensity”: The winners of Wiki Loves Earth 2025] (SDG 15)
* [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00940-y Scientists should join collaborative online editing communities for biodiversity] (SDG 15)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #242 is out: Request for Discussion: Syntactic tables ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce a proposal for Natural Language Generation, we introduce a page for function suggestions from Abstract Wikipedia, we inform you that there will be a presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776101400 April 13, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:37, 3 Eprel 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #243 is out: Community proposals for capturing meaning ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we report on three community proposals on syntactic approaches, we introduce a new Type (Complex numbers), we report on current hiccups on Abstract Wikipedia, we share more information about a presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776101400 April 13, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:35, 10 Eprel 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #244 is out: Milestones; Some major issues hopefully resolved ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we celebrate 4000 functions on Wikifunctions and 1000 abstract articles on Abstract Wikipedia, we announce that we should have fixed some major issues with the websites, we inform you on our latest outreach activities, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:22, 17 Eprel 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #245 is out: The Foundation's search for the perfect language ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present an academic paper about Abstract Wikipedia, we discuss our latest Type created, and we take a look at the newest created functions.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:54, 25 Eprel 2026 (UTC)

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== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 Eprel 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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:Thanks and duly noted. @[[Ojiarụ:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:45, 29 Eprel 2026 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #246 is out: Request for input: what should we count for Abstract Wikipedia ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we ask you what would be the relevant metrics for Abstract Wikipedia, we discuss our latest news on Composition Language v2, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:21, 2 Mee 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2026 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fifty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 5, 6, 7, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; News
* [[diffblog:2026/04/15/from-lens-to-knowledge-citizen-science-through-wiki-loves-butterfly/|From Lens to Knowledge: Citizen Science through Wiki Loves Butterfly]] (SDG 15)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Wikidata type specimen data model]]  (SDG 15)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|Edit-a-thon &quot;Women Botanists&quot; and “Plants Around Us: Veles” workshop]] (SDG 5 &amp; 15)

; Events
* Ongoing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:100 Days 100 Edits|100 Days 100 Edits]] (SDG 13)
* Ongoing: [[m:Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026|Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026]] (SDG 2, 6 &amp; 7)
* May 9-10: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Projekt naturgeografi/Fotosafari: Fåglar i Skåne 2026|Bird photography trip]] in south Sweden (SDG 15)
* May 30: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Biologisk mångfald|Editathon about biodiversity]] in Stockholm (SDG 15)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #247 is out: References from Wikidata now available ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce that is now possible to pass references in Wikidata statements, we introduce the [https://abstract-data.toolforge.org/ Abstract Data dashboard], we report you on the presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1778520600 May 11, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:16, 8 Mee 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #248 is out: A higher meaning ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss functions creating language fragments, we present our latest news in Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:36, 15 Mee 2026 (UTC)

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== Question from [[User:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]] (14:26, 20 Mee 2026) ==

Hello,
Please how does the editing role work? How are roles assigned to people on Wikimedia? Do I have to wait to follow a project or I can find one and start myself on the site? Is there a criteria to get started as well. --[[Ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|ṅkátá]]) 14:26, 20 Mee 2026 (UTC)

:hello @[[Ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]]. You can choose to start editing Wiki projects such as Wikipedia, Wikiquote, Wiki commons, etc you can edit by adding more details, translating, or creating new articles. You can join communities to learn more during campaigns, events, etc. There are lot of communities like, language, regional, women, etc. You can participate in any of these communities. See [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]], it's a language community. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 15:30, 20 Mee 2026 (UTC)

== Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (23:17, 22 Mee 2026) ==

Hi Olugold,

My name is Goodmaraj, and I'm a Wikipedia user. I really enjoy editing and creating pages. I started over two years ago and have made more than 3,000 edits.

I always run into the problem of seeing pages that don’t meet Wikipedia’s standards—pages promoting certain topics or featuring unknown people—and I can’t delete them. At first, I would ask administrators to delete them, but they usually take a long time to respond.

That’s why I need this permission to delete articles directly—it will help me a lot and make my work much faster.

Thank you --[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 23:17, 22 Mee 2026 (UTC)

:Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]]! Thank you for all you do. I see that you have 2 accounts Goodymaraj and [[user:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]], kindly choose a preferred account and continue contributing with the preferred account to avoid blocks. 
:Your account Goodymeraj has being added to the auto patroller group. What this means is that, while logged in to the account on Igbo Wikipedia, you can:
:*Go through newly created pages and mark them patrolled
:*Tag pages for deletion
:*Suggest deletion
:*Report problematic pages. 
:You can ping user:King ChristLike as one of the active admins on the Igbo Wikipedia, to go through and delete the tagged pages. Thank you. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:00, 23 Mee 2026 (UTC)
::Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]], this user is totally different from [[User:Goodymeraj]] whom you just granted the autopatroller rights. 
::Secondly, while @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] has made some meaningful edits here, they're still not a native Igbo speaker or have a good understanding of the Igbo language, so their edits or page creations would still need to be patrolled to ensure accuracy and quality. Granting the autopatroller rights may not be advisable for now. I've had an off-wiki conversation with them about this. They can always tag or request for admins to delete non-notable articles. Every other request should follow through the normal process. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 13:48, 23 Mee 2026 (UTC)
::Good morning ma @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]]. Please, @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] is an entirely different user from me @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]]. Thank you also for the rights granted me. I appreciate. It will go a very long way for me. [[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|ṅkátá]]) 04:21, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] and @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] thanks for the clarification. 
:::Goodymeraj showed interest in carrying out administrative task in the past, so when I saw this message, I honestly thought it was Goodymeraj. With the patrol right, he needs to tag admins to delete unwanted articles. In addition, he has a good understanding of the written and spoken Igbo language.
:::Moving forward, nke a bụ Wikipedia Igbo, anyị kwesịrị iji asụsụ Igbo na-ekwurịta okwu ebe a. [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:51, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #249 is out: Annual plan 2026-2027 ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present you the current draft of objectives for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia in the WMF Annual Plan 2026-2027, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:48, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #250 is out: Looking back and forward ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present you a recollection of our work so far, now that we celebrate our 250th newsletter, we share with you a summary of our latest outreach activities, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:04, 1 Jụn 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2026 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fifty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 6, 7, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; News
* [[diffblog:2026/05/19/wikimedia-projects-and-the-climate-crisis-how-wiki-for-sustainable-futures-2026-is-being-built/|Wikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being BuiltWikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being Built]] (SDG 2 &amp; 6 &amp; 7 &amp; 13)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2026/05/21/earth-day-every-day-preserving-biodiversity-on-wikipedia/ Earth Day, Every Day: Preserving Biodiversity on Wikipedia] (SDG 15)
*[[diffblog:ar/2026/05/29/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-2026-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9/|Launch of the Arabic Environmental Contest 2026: an ambitious initiative to enrich environmental content]] (SDG 2 &amp; 6 &amp; 7)
* [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/From_the_field_to_the_free_web From the field to the free web] (SDG 15)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #251 is out: The illustrated encyclopaedia ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce our first function to import images on Abstract Wikipedia, we present our Functions of the Week, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780939800 June 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:14, 5 Jụn 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #252 is out: Improved loading and display of Test results ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present you an improvement in loading and display of Test results, we talk about our next events, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that Denny will lead a discussion on the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-15#News in Types: way forward for natural language generation types|new NLG types]] in the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1781625600 June 16, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:29, 12 Jụn 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #253 is out: The or not the, this is (the?) question ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present you a delicate question regarding grammatical framework, we talk about our next events and about the results of our latest online meetings, we discuss news about Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:34, 19 Jụn 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #254: Working on Functions, together ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we report on new collaborative patterns emerging in our community, we discuss news in Types, we share some events that relate to Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1783359000 July 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:58, 27 Jụn 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #255: Integration on test wiki and annual plan ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss integration of Abstract Wikipedia in Test Wiki and our objectives for the new Wikimedia Foundation Fiscal Year, we remind you of the Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia events at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1783359000 July 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:22, 2 Julaị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2026 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fifty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5 and 10.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; In the news
* [[diffblog:2026/06/08/reading-wikipedia-in-the-classroom-in-wa-ghana-empowering-educators-with-media-and-information-literacy-skills/|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom in Wa, Ghana: Empowering Educators with Media and Information Literacy Skills]] (SDG 4)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/12/amplifying-womens-stories-and-indigenous-knowledge-feminism-and-folklore-2026-in-the-igbo-community/|Amplifying Women’s Stories and Indigenous Knowledge: Feminism and Folklore 2026 in the Igbo Community]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/13/artfeminism-network-organizers-at-eseap-conference-2026/|Art+Feminism Network Organizers at ESEAP Conference 2026]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/14/a-reflection-on-what-i-learned-at-my-first-international-womens-day-celebration/|A Reflection on What I Learned at My First International Women’s Day Celebration]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/16/from-mentee-to-builder-my-six-months-in-the-eduwiki-hub-mentorship-program/|From Mentee to Builder: My Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program]] (SDG 4)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/16/building-skills-and-confidence-during-my-three-month-journey-through-the-on-wiki-skill-program-organized-by-africa-wiki-women/|Building Skills and Confidence During My Three-Month Journey Through the On Wiki Skill Program Organized by Africa Wiki Women]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/17/why-the-eduwiki-starter-kit-matters-for-the-future-of-education/|Why the EduWiki Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education]] (SDG 4)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/17/empowering-new-editors-to-bridge-the-gender-gap-my-experience-as-a-mentor-in-the-edither-africa-april-2026-contest/|Empowering New Editors to Bridge the Gender Gap: My Experience as a Mentor in the EditHer Africa April 2026 Contest]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/18/visible-women-edit-a-thon-piloting-a-collaborative-approach-to-free-knowledge-in-hong-kong/|Visible Women Edit-a-thon: Piloting a Collaborative Approach to Free Knowledge in Hong Kong]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/23/guiding-new-voices-training-women-in-wikidata-during-the-april-edither-africa-contest/|Guiding New Voices: Training Women in Wikidata during the April EditHer Africa Contest]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/23/wikimedia-community-usergroup-botswana-in-collaboration-with-art-and-feminism-on-wikidata-mobile-training-2026/|Wikimedia Community Usergroup Botswana in collaboration with Art and Feminism on Wikidata Mobile Training 2026]] (SDG 5)

; Events
* 10-18 July: [[m:Event:Wikiwomen Camp 2026|Wikiwomen Camp 2026]] (SDG 5)
* 14 July [[w:de:Veranstaltung:Queers &amp; Frauen 14.07.2026|Queers &amp; Frauen]] (SDG 5 &amp; 10)
* 21-25 July: Wikimania is coming up and there are plenty of sessions related to sustainable development. There is now a dedicated page for those sessions at [[wikimania:2026:Program/SDG related sessions]].
* 23 July: [[m:Event:From Constitution to Community — Documenting Queer Rights Movements|From Constitution to Community — Documenting Queer Rights Movements]] (SDG 10)
* 14 July [[w:de:Veranstaltung:Queers &amp; Frauen 28.07.2026|Queers &amp; Frauen]] (SDG 5 &amp; 10)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #256: Moving toward our first Abstract Wikipedia integration milestone ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss further our objectives for the new Wikimedia Foundation Fiscal Year, we show the latest community tool, we remind you of the Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia events at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:43, 9 Julaị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #257: Beyond syntactic tables ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss syntactic tables and news in Types, we show some community blogposts and tools, we remind you of the Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia events at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

We also remind you that in the next weeks these newsletter reminders will be paused, and that they will resume in mid-August.

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #258: Abstract Wikipedia at Wikimania ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the presentations and workshops at Wikimania, including a features feedback request based on what we heard there, and highlight new features shipped this week including diffs for Wikifunctions. 

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2026 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fifty seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 6, 15 and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

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* [[diffblog:2026/07/14/empowering-youth-through-knowledge-wikipedia-for-freedom-of-elections-in-armenia/|Empowering Youth Through Knowledge: “Wikipedia for Freedom of Elections” in Armenia]] (SDG 16)
* [[diffblog:2026/07/19/water-for-life-knowledge-for-all-how-wikiverse-botswana-is-showcasing-africas-water-story-through-the-africa-wiki-challenge-2026/|Water for Life, Knowledge for All: How WikiVerse Botswana is Showcasing Africa’s Water Story Through the Africa Wiki Challenge 2026]] (SDG 6)
* Wikimania: There were so many sessions and posters related to the SDGs, they can't all be listed here. But on [[wikimania:2026:Program/SDG related sessions|this Wikimania page]] you can find them all and the session pages have links to the recordings.

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #259: Congratulations Jules*. An apple is a fruit ==

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #260: Shoutout to User:99of9 ==

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{{Infobox writer|name=Sally-Ann Murray|death_place=|website=|awards=[[M-Net Literary Awards|M-Net Prize]], [[Sanlam Award]], [[Arthur Nortje/Vita Award]], [[Herman Charles Bosman Prize]]|notableworks=''Small Moving Parts''|genre=Poetry, fiction, academic research|alma_mater=[[University of Natal]]|nationality=South African|language=English|occupation=Author and lecturer|resting_place=|death_date=|embed=|birth_place=[[Durban]], South Africa|birth_date={{Birth year and age|1961}}|birth_name=|caption=|alt=|image_upright=|image_size=|image=|honorific_suffix=|honorific_prefix=|residence=}}

'''Sally-Ann Murray''' (amụrụ na afo 1961) bụ odee si [[South Africa]] .

== ndabere ==
A mụrụ Murray na afo 1961 na Durban, South Afrika, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.literarytourism.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=391:sally-ann-murray&amp;catid=13:authors&amp;Itemid=28|title=Sally-Ann Murray|work=Literary Tourism|language=en|accessdate=20 November 2017|archivedate=1 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034630/http://www.literarytourism.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=391:sally-ann-murray&amp;catid=13:authors&amp;Itemid=28}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Durban Girls . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/pa-past-participants/62-pa-2006/681-sally-ann-murray-south-africa|title=Sally-Ann Murray (South Africa)|work=Centre for Creative Arts South Africa|accessdate=20 November 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/pa-past-participants/62-pa-2006/681-sally-ann-murray-south-africa &quot;Sally-Ann Murray (South Africa)&quot;]. ''Centre for Creative Arts South Africa''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nwetara MA na PhD na Mahadum Natal . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sun.ac.za/english/faculty/arts/english/Pages/samurray.aspx|title=Sally-Ann Murray|work=Universiteit Stellenbosch|language=en|accessdate=20 November 2017|archivedate=25 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925070443/http://www.sun.ac.za/english/faculty/arts/english/Pages/samurray.aspx}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''Universiteit Stellenbosch''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Na afo 1992 Murray bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya nke uri ''akpọrọ Shifting'' (Carrefour Press). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, ''Open Season'' na afo 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Open Season|author=Murray|first=Sally-Ann|publisher=Hardpressd|year=2006|isbn=0620371021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''obere akụkụ na-agagharị agagharị'', bipụtara na afo 2009 site na Kwela Books . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Small Moving Parts|author=Murray|first=Sally-Ann|publisher=Kwela Books|year=2010|isbn=0795702868}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abụ nke Murray apụtala n'akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmagụ na akụkọ mgbe ochie gụnyere, ''Imagination in a Troubted Space.'' ''Onye na-agụ uri South Africa'' (2004) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.poetrysalzburg.com/safrica.htm|title=Imagination in a Troubled Space. A South African Poetry Reader|editor=Borzaga|publisher=Poetry Salzburg|year=2004|isbn=9783901993190}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ''narị afọ ọhụrụ nke uri South Africa'' (2002). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The New Century of South African Poetry|editor=Chapman|publisher=Ad Donkers|year=2002|isbn=0868522244}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Murray rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na English Department of Stellenbosch University &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://english.ukzn.ac.za/research/murray.aspx|title=Sally-Ann Murray|work=University of KwaZulu-Natal|accessdate=20 November 2017|archivedate=30 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730113514/http://english.ukzn.ac.za/research/murray.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye na akwụkwọ South Africa, mmasị nyocha Murray gụnyere gburugburu, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọmụmụ omenala. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; O nyela aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ gụnyere ibipụta na ''Critical Arts'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Murray|first=Sally-Ann|date=2005|title=Working for Water's ‘AlienBusters’: Material and metaphoric campaigns against ‘alien invaders’|journal=Critical Arts|volume=19|pages=127–149}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ''Bekee na Africa .'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Murray|first=Sally-Ann|date=2006|title=The Idea of Gardening: Plants, Bewilderment and Indigenous Identity in South Africa|journal=English in Africa|volume=33|issue=2|pages=24–46}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Murray abụrụla onye isi oche mmemme abụ abụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Poetry Africa ma bụrụ onye ọka ikpe nke asọmpi ide ihe okike Douglas Livingstone . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==
Nchịkọta uri mbụ nke Murray, ''Shifting'', meriri afo 1991 Sanlam Award na afo 1989 Arthur Nortje/Vita Award . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2009, akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ ''Small Moving Parts'' meriri M-Net Prize for English Fiction. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2010/07/31/the-2010-m-net-literary-and-film-award-winners/|title=The 2010 M-Net Literary and Film Award Winners|work=Sunday Times Books|language=en|accessdate=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nwetakwara afo 2010 Herman Charles Bosman Prize &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiana.edu/~libsalc/africa/scripts/awards1.php?award=86|title=African Book Award Database Search Results|work=Indiana University|accessdate=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 2013 University of Kwazulu-Natal General Book Prize. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://research.ukzn.ac.za/BookPrizesAwards.aspx|title=Book Prizes Awards|work=University of Kwazulu-Natal|accessdate=20 November 2017|archivedate=29 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129065715/http://research.ukzn.ac.za/BookPrizesAwards.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara ya dị ka akwụkwọ nke afọ nnwere onwe nke Sọnde na 2009, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2009/12/21/the-sunday-independents-survey-of-sa-writers-top-books-of-2009/?print=1|title=The Sunday Independent's Survey of SA Writers' Top Books of 2009|work=Sunday Times Books Live|language=en|accessdate=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahọpụtara maka ihe nrite akụkọ ifo Sunday na afo 2010, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nb.bookslive.co.za/blog/2010/07/12/sunday-times-fiction-prize-excerpt-sally-ann-murrays-small-moving-parts/|title=Sunday Times Fiction Prize Excerpt: Sally-Ann Murray's Small Moving Parts|work=Sunday Times Books Live|language=en-US|accessdate=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee depụta aha maka Mahadum Johannesburg Prize maka Creative Writing . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2010/04/13/shortlists-for-the-20092010-university-of-johannesburg-prizes-for-creative-writing-english/|title=Shortlists for the 2009/2010 University of Johannesburg Prizes for Creative Writing (English)|work=Sunday Times Books Live|language=en|accessdate=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Zoë Wicomb''' (amụrụ 23 Nọvemba 1948) bu onye odee na ọka mmụta akwukwo nke [[South Africa|South Africa na Scott]] nke biri na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]] kemgbe 1970. &lt;ref&gt;[[Neel Mukherjee (writer)|Neel Mukherjee]], [http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2014/06/homing-instinct-october-zo-wicomb &quot;Homing instinct: October by Zoë Wicomb&quot;], ''[[New Statesman]]'', 26 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2013, e nyere ya ihe nrite Windham–Campbell Literature Prize maka akụkọ ifo ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Zoë Wicomb na nso Vanrhynsdorp, Western Cape, na South Africa. O tolitere na obere obodo Namaqualand, ọ gara Cape Town maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, wee gaa Mahadum Western Cape (nke e guzobere na 1960 dị ka mahadum maka &quot; Coloureds &quot;)ya bụ ndị agba akpụkpọ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130228173346/https://www.uwc.ac.za/Pages/History.aspx &quot;UWC History&quot;], University of the Western Cape.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.intermix.org.uk/features/FEA_13_zoe_wicomb.asp &quot;Zoe Wicomb A Writer Of Rare Brilliance&quot;]. Interview by David Robinson for ''The Scotsman'', 2000; via Intermix.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ hapụrụ South Africa na 1970 gaa England, ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Reading . O biri na Nottingham na Glasgow wee laghachi South Africa n'afọ 1990, ebe ọ kuziri ihe afọ atọ na ngalaba Bekee na Mahadum Western Cape. 

Na 1994 ọ kwagara Glasgow, Scotland, ebe ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke odide nka na Mahadum Strathclyde ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 2009. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Extraordinaire na Mahadum Stellenbosch site n'afọ 2005 ruo afọ 2011. Ọ bụkwa Prọfesọ Emeritus na Mahadum Strathclyde.

== Ọrụ ==
Wicomb nwetara nlebara anya nke South Africa na mba ụwa site na akwụkwọ mbụ ya, nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirisi metụtara mmekọrịta, ''You Can't Get Lost in Cape Town'' (1987), nke edobere n'oge apartheid . Isi Akparamagwa n' egosiputa nwa agbọghọ tolitere na-asụ Bekee n'ime obodo &quot;agba&quot; na-asụ Afrikaans na obere Namaqualand, na-aga Mahadum Western Cape, na-ahapụ England, na-edekwa nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirikpi. Atụlere ọrụ a na VS Naipaul 's ''The Enigma of Arrival'' . &lt;ref&gt;Donnelly, K. (2014). &quot;Metafictions of development: ''The Enigma of Arrival'', ''You Can’t Get Lost in Cape Town'', and the place of the world in world literature&quot;, ''[[Journal of Commonwealth Literature]]'', 49(1), 63–80.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ ya nke abụọ nke akụkọ ifo, akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ ''David's Story'' (2000), ka edobere na 1991 na njedebe nke oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ wee nyochaa ọrụ ndị agba na ụmụ nwanyị na aka ndị agha nke ANC, yana ihe ịma aka nke mgbanwe na eziokwu. nke &quot;New South Africa&quot;. Site n'igosi akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị ka ọrụ amanuensis na-emepụta akụkọ site na okwu ndị gbasasịrị nke isi Akparamagwa bụ, David Dirkse, Wicomb na-ewelite ajụjụ banyere ide akụkọ ihe mere eme n'oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na site n'ịkọ akụkọ banyere ndị Griqua. onye Dirkse sitere na akụkụ ya (dị ka Wicomb), ọ na-ekpughe ihe egwu dị na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. A mụọla akwụkwọ akụkọ a dị ka isi ọrụ metụtara oge mgbanwe na South Africa yana ''ihere'', nke JM Coetzee dere na ''mkpụrụ osisi Bitter'' sitere n'aka Achmat Dangor . &lt;ref&gt;Gready, Paul. 2008. &quot;Culture, Testimony, and the Toolbox of Transitional Justice&quot;, ''[[Peace Review]]'' 20, no. 1: 41–48.&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Na-egwu egwu n'ìhè|Playing in the Light]]'', akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, nke e wepụtara na 2006, dị Dalu na Mmecha  n'etiti afọ 1990 na Cape Town nke na-akọ akụkọ banyere Marion Campbell, nwa nwanyị nke di na nwunye na-acha agba ọcha bụ ndị nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgafe na-acha ọcha, ka ọ na-abịa ịmụta akụkọ ha na-egbu mgbu. na ituleghachi ọnọdụ nke ya na mba South Africa mgbe ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị.

Nchịkọta nke abụọ nke Wicomb nke mkpirisi akụkọ, ''[[Onye na-apụ apụ (akụkọ)|The One That Got Away]]'' (2008), ka edobere na Cape Town na Glasgow wee nyochaa ọtụtụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya: alụmdi na nwunye, ọbụbụenyi, njikọ ezinụlọ na mmekọrita n'etiti ndị nyere aka. Ọtụtụ n'ime akụkọ ndị ahụ—nke a na-ejikọtakarị na ibe ha—metụtara ndị South Africa nọ na Scotland ma ọ bụ ndị Scot na South Africa.

E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke atọ, ''October'', na 2015; isi Akparamagwa ya, bụ Mercia Murray, si Glasgow lọta Namaqualand ịga leta nwanne ya nwoke na ezinụlọ ya na ihu ajụjụ nke ihe &quot;ụlọ&quot; pụtara. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ n'ụzọ doro anya kpalitere njikọ ya na Marilynne Robinson   bụ ''Home'', aha Wicomb chọkwara maka ọrụ ya.

Wicomb na-ahọrọ ndị nta akụkọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ maka akụkọ ifo ya, dị ka Feminist Press na The New Press . Ebipụtala akụkọ mkpirisi ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta, gụnyere ''[[Agba nke ụbọchị ọhụrụ: Edemede maka South Africa|Colours of a NewDay: Writing for South Africa]]'' (nke Sarah LeFanu na Stephen Hayward deziri; Lawrence &amp; Wishart, 1990) na ''[[Ụmụ nwanyị Africa|Daughters of Africa]]'' (nke Margaret Busby deziri; Jonathan Cape, 1992 ).

Akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhụrụ ya, ''Still Life'', bụ New Press bipụtara ya  na 2020 ma New York Times họpụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ  akụkọ ihe mere eme  iri kacha mma nke 2020. A na-akpọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nke ọma na ''mbụ.'' N'agbanyeghị na ọ dị ka Thomas Pringle, onye a na-akpọ Nna nke abụ uri South Africa  akọwara akụkọ ahụ site n'ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga - ohu West India, Mary Pringle, onye Pringle bipụtara ihe ndekọ ya; Hinza Marossi, nwa Khoesan nke Pringle e kuchiri; na Sir Nicholas Greene, oge akparamagwa na-eme njem site na ibe akwụkwọ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-egosipụta paranormal ma ọ bụghị ihe egwu ma ọ bụ ihe omimi; ihe odide ndị ahụ nwere ike ịpụta ihe n'ụwa nke oge a mana isi ebumnuche ha bụ ịjụ ajụjụ ndị gara aga.

Wicomb ebipụtakwala ọtụtụ akụkọ nkatọ edemede na omenala; Nhọrọ nke ndị a ka achịkọtala na '',Race, Nation, Translation: edemede South Africa, 1990-2013'' (nke Andrew van der Vlies deziri; Yale University Press, 2018). Akụkọ ifo nke ya abụwo isiokwu nke ọtụtụ edemede, mbipụta atọ pụrụ iche nke akwụkwọ akụkọ (The ''Journal of Southern African Studies'', ''Current Writing'', na ''Safundi'' ) na mpịakọta nke Kai Easton na Derek Attridge deziri, ''Zoë Wicomb &amp; Translocal: Scotland na South Africa'' (Routledge, 2017). Ọ chịkwara otu ndị ọka ikpe maka ihe nrite 2015 Caine maka edemede Africa .

Achọpụtala ọrụ ya maka ọtụtụ ihe nrite, gụnyere imeri M-Net Prize (maka ''akụkọ David'' ) na 2001, na-ndepụta aha ya na 2009 maka ihe nrite nke Commonwealth Writers' (make The one That Got Away ), A họpụtara  ya maka Neustadt International prize for literature 

na 2012, yana ahọpkwaraaya ra maka ihe nrite Barry Ronge Fiction (maka ''Ọktọba'' ) na 2015. &lt;ref&gt;Joan Hambidge, [https://africasacountry.com/2017/03/the-uncompromising-zoe-wicomb/ &quot;The uncompromising Zoë Wicomb&quot;], ''Africa is a Country''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu ==

* 2010: Ọkwa nsọpụrụ sitere na mahadum mepere emepe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/students/ceremonies/honorary-degrees|title=Open University Honorary Degrees|accessdate=2022-03-18|archivedate=2017-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119063218/http://www.open.ac.uk/students/ceremonies/honorary-degrees}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013: Windham–Campbell Literature Prize . &lt;ref name=&quot;Windham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.yale.edu/2013/03/04/yale-awards-135-million-nine-writers|title=Yale awards $1.35 million to nine writers|work=YaleNews|author=Dorie Baker|date=4 March 2013|accessdate=5 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntụle Wicomb dị [https://web.archive.org/web/20180928201032/http://windhamcampbell.org/2013/winner/zo%C3%AB-wicomb na webụsaịtị] Beinecke Rare Book &amp;amp;amp; Manuscript Library na Mahadum Yale . Ọ na-ekwu, sị: &quot;Asụsụ  nhori nke Zoë Wicomb, nke na-atọ ụtọ na akụkọ mara mma na-enyocha ihe mgbagwoju anya dị n'ụlọ, na ihe ịma aka na-aga n'ihu nke ịnọ n'ụwa.&quot;
* 2016: nzere doctorate na akwụkwọ sitere na Mahadum Cape Town &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uct.ac.za/main/explore-uct/awards/honorary-degrees/archive/2016 &quot;Honorary Degrees 2016&quot;], University of Cape Town.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ahọpụtara ==

=== Akwụkwọ ===

* {{Cite book|author=Wicomb, Zoë|title=You Can't Get Lost in Cape Town|location=London|publisher=Virago|year=1987 &lt;!--isbn=978-0860688204--&gt;}}
** Reprints: The Feminist Press, 2000; Umuzi, 2008.
* ''David's Story'', Kwela, 2000; The Feminist Press, 2001.
* ''Playing in the Light'', Umuzi, 2006; The New Press, 2008,  .
* ''The One That Got Away'', Random House-Umuzi, 2008; The New Press, 2009,  ; second edition, Five Leaves Publications, 2011,  .
* ''October'', The New Press, 2014,  .
* ''Race, Nation, Translation: South African essays, 1990-2013'' (ed. Andrew van der Vlies), Yale University Press, 2018,   and Wits University Press, 2018,  .
* ''Still Life'',  Penguin Random House, South Africa, 2020.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781415210536|9781415210536]].

=== Edemede na ntinye aka ndị ọzọ ===

* &quot;Shame and Identity: The Case of the Coloured in South Africa&quot;, in Derek Attridge and Rosemary Jolly (eds), ''Writing South Africa: Literature, Apartheid, and Democracy, 1970–1995'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998), 91–107.
* &quot;Setting Intertextuality and the Resurrection of the Postcolonial&quot;, ''Journal of Postcolonial Writing'' 41(2), November 2005:144–155.
* {{Cite journal|author=Wicomb, Zoë|date=December 16, 2013|title=Nelson Mandela|journal=The New Yorker|volume=89|issue=41|pages=27|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/12/16/nelson-mandela-4 &lt;!--access-date=2017-07-21--&gt;}}

== Edensibia ==

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'''Livingstone Etse Satekla''' (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke ịse n'ọnwa [[Maachị]] n'afọ 1988), nke a maara nke ọma site na aha ya bụ [[Stonebwoy]], bụ onye [[Ghana]] Afropop, ụlọ ịgba egwu na onye egwu reggae.       


Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Burniton Music Group. O meriri na Best International Act: Africa category n'afọ 2015 BET Awards na Artist of the Year n'afọ 2015 Ghana Music Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ameyaw Debrah|date=12 April 2015|title=Stonebwoy rules 2015 Ghana Music Awards, Sarkodie, Edem, Daddy Lumba, Pappy Kojo and more win big!|url=http://www.ameyawdebrah.com/photos-videos-stonebwoy-rules-2015-ghana-music-awards-sarkodie-edem-daddy-lumba-pappykojo-Shatta-wale-and-more-win-big/|accessdate=21 April 2015|work=ameyawdebrah.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye natara akara Billboard abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 January 2020|title=Stonebwoy sets record as only Ghanaian act to receive 2 Billboard plaques|url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/news/news-flash/2020/01/23/stonebwoy-sets-record-as-only-ghanaian-act-to-receive-2-billboard-plaques/|accessdate=19 February 2020|work=Ghana Music|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kọwara ya dị ka eze reggae na ụlọ ịgba egwu na [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 February 2017|title=Stonebwoy Is The Best Dancehall Artiste In Ghana – Obaapa Christy|language=en-US|work=Gentlemenradio.com|url=http://gentlemenradio.com/stonebwoy-best-dancehall-artiste-ghana-obaapa-christy/|accessdate=26 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=11 May 2016|title=Ghanaians Captured In List of Best Dancehall Artistes of All Time|language=en-US|work=Ghana News Today|url=https://buzzghana.com/best-dancehall-artistes-ranking/|accessdate=26 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who is the dancehall king now? Stonebwoy or Shatta Wale {{!}} This will blow your mind|url=https://www.xbitgh.com/who-is-the-dancehall-king-now-stonebwoy-or-shatta-wale-this-will-blow-your-mind/|accessdate=26 August 2017|work=www.xbitgh.com|language=en-US|archivedate=27 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327074909/https://www.xbitgh.com/who-is-the-dancehall-king-now-stonebwoy-or-shatta-wale-this-will-blow-your-mind/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Stonebwoy bụkwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri, ebe ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri Happy Death Day na ''aha m bụ Ramadan'' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=13 June 2018|title=Stonebwoy stars in new Kobi Rana movie, premieres this weekend|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/movies/my-name-is-ramadan-stonebwoy-stars-in-new-kobi-rana-movie-premieres-this-weekend/dzndsy5|accessdate=5 January 2019|work=Entertainment|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịdị ọcha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 October 2019|title=Stonebwoy made Global Ambassador for Sanitation|url=https://theindependentghana.com/stonebwoy-made-global-ambassador-for-sanitation/|accessdate=3 October 2019|work=The Independent Ghana|language=en-GB|archivedate=3 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003082722/https://theindependentghana.com/stonebwoy-made-global-ambassador-for-sanitation/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Septemba 2019, emere ya onye nnọchi anya nke Voltic Natural Mineral Water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 September 2019|title=Voltic signs Stonebwoy as brand ambassador|url=https://theindependentghana.com/voltic-signs-stonebwoy-as-brand-ambassador/|accessdate=3 October 2019|work=The Independent Ghana|language=en-GB|archivedate=3 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003165108/https://theindependentghana.com/voltic-signs-stonebwoy-as-brand-ambassador/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Tecno mobile na Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-09-11|title=TECNO Mobile makes Stonebwoy brand ambassador|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/09/tecno-mobile-makes-stonebwoy-brand-ambassador/|accessdate=2022-05-03|work=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2022, ọ bịanyere aka na Universal Music Group's Def Jam Recordings, na ya bụ ọkọlọtọ Def Jam Recordings Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Courage|first=Onyema|title=Universal Music Group signs Stonebwoy to Def Jam Africa|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/universal-music-group-signs-stonebwoy-to-def-jam-africa/j7pr0yk|work=Pulse Nigeria|accessdate=10 May 2022|language=en|date=3 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dị njikere ime abọm atọ n'okpuru akara ahụ. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011051247/https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Stonebwoy-urges-support-after-signing-global-deal-with-Def-Jam-Africa-1531370] 
[[Category:Articles with short description]]
[[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
[[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]]
== Ndụ na ọrụ egwu ya ==
[[Usòrò:MCDementor2014.jpg|thumb]]
A mụrụ Stonebwoy &quot;stoneboy&quot; na Ashaiman na mpaghara Greater Accra nke Ghana wee malite ịme egwu n'oge ọ malitere ịga akwụkwọ. Ọ ghọtara nkà ya na ikike ya dị ka onye na-ede abụ na onye na-ede edemede mgbe ọ dị obere, na-echeta edemede na ime ihe nkiri dị ka afọ nke anọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.reggaeville.com/artist-details/stonebwoy/about/|title=Biography: Stonebwoy|author=reggaeville|work=www.reggaeville.com|language=en|accessdate=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Methodist Day Secondary School n'otu afọ ahụ na rapper Sarkodie ebe ọ nwetara asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum nke Professional Studies iji nweta nzere na ahịa na 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mr|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1244&amp;mode=biography|author=Lawal|first=Saheed|work=Ghanaweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Satekla lụrụ Louisa Ansong Satekla, nwere ụmụ abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mensah|first=Jeffrey|date=2022-01-20|title=9 photos and facts about Stonebwoy's wife that prove she is a beauty with brains|url=https://yen.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/200890-dr-louisa-10-most-beautiful-photos-of-stonebwoys-wife-as-she-celebrates-her-birthday/|accessdate=2022-05-03|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanaweb.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Stonebwoy-and-Wife-celebrate-2-years-of-marriage-755532|title=Stonebwoy and Wife celebrate 2-years of marriage|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Louisa bụ dọkịta ezé.

== Nghọta na ụdị egwu ya ==
Stonebwoy na-abụkarị ragga na Jamaican Patois (Patwa ma ọ bụ Patwah), a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka &quot;onye na-ese ihe dị iche iche&quot; n'ihi ụdị egwu dị iche iche o nwere. N'afọ 2015, ọ natara ọtụtụ onyinye na nhọpụta sitere na &quot;Artist of the Year&quot; ruo &quot;''Album'' of the Year&quot;. Abọm ya nke abụọ, Necessary Evil, bụ onye natara 3 [[Ghana]] Music Awards site na nhọpụta 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;2015Ghana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 April 2015|title=Winners For 2015 Ghana Music Awards|url=http://www.zionfelix.com/winners-2015-ghana-music-awards/|accessdate=21 April 2015|publisher=Bigx.com|archivedate=9 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509102617/http://www.zionfelix.com/winners-2015-ghana-music-awards/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nana Appiah Mensah, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na-ere ahịa ọla edo Menzgold, zigara Stonebwoy okwu agbamume na Instagram maka Stonebwoy ịkwado.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/04/18/nam-1-bigs-up-stonebwoy-asks-for-gods-blessings-for-him/|title=NAM 1 'bigs up' Stonebwoy; asks for God's blessings for him|author=Dadzie|first=Kwame|date=18 April 2019|work=Citi Newsroom|language=en-US|accessdate=20 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 18 Eprel 2019, Nana Appiah Mensah biputere foto nke ụlọ ịgba egwu Stonebwoy na-ekwu na ọ dị mpako maka onye isi ala Bhim Nation maka ịgbachitere ya nakwa na Chineke gọzie ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghbase.com/nam1-praises-stonebwoy-after-he-defended-him-massively-screenshot/|title=NAM1 Praises Stonebwoy After He Defended Him Massively (+Screenshot)|date=18 April 2019|work=GhBase•com™|language=en-US|accessdate=20 April 2019|archivedate=11 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011051248/https://www.ghbase.com/nam1-praises-stonebwoy-after-he-defended-him-massively-screenshot/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E depụtara ya dị ka akụkụ nke afọ 2019 (iri ise) ndị isi oche na-eto eto ịrị ise, site n'aka YCEO na Avance media. Ndepụta ahụ nke e bidoro na mbido afọ 2018, bụ nke e depụtara iji kwanyere ndị na-eto eto a ma ama ùgwù na-agbaso usoro nke inye ngwọta maka ụfọdụ nsogbu dị mkpa nke Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.classfmonline.com/1.12409249#stonebwoy-named-among-2019-top-50-young-ceos-in-ghana|title=Stonebwoy named among 2019 Top 50 Young CEOs in Ghana|author=Apinga|first=David|work=www.classfmonline.com/1.12409249#stonebwoy-named-among-2019-top-50-young-ceos-in-ghana|language=en|accessdate=3 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ Ebere ya ==
Stonebwoy guzobere 'Ntọala Livingstone '.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Photos: Stonebwoy Sponsors 5 Students From Alma Mater to Celebrate His Mum's Birthday|url=http://livefmghana.com/2017/01/20/photos-stonebwoy-sponsors-5-students-alma-mater-celebrate-mums-birthday/|work=livefmghana.com|accessdate=3 January 2018|archivedate=12 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812142931/http://livefmghana.com/2017/01/20/photos-stonebwoy-sponsors-5-students-alma-mater-celebrate-mums-birthday/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Jenụwarị 2017 ntọala ahụ kwupụtara ngwugwu nkwado maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ise nke Tema Methodist Day Senior High School, ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stonebwoy's Foundation Sponsors Five Students Of His Former High School (See Photos Of Ceremony)|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2017/01/21/stonebwoys-foundation-sponsors-five-students-former-high-school-see-photos-ceremony/|work=www.ghanacelebrities.com|accessdate=3 January 2018|archivedate=4 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073033/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2017/01/21/stonebwoys-foundation-sponsors-five-students-former-high-school-see-photos-ceremony/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stonebwoy emepeela ụlọ ahịa ahịa BHIM na Ashaiman.  A na-eji ego enwetara site na ụlọ ahịa ahụ iji kwado ihe omume nke Ntọala Livingstone.

== Nkwado onwere ==
A kpọrọ Stonebwoy onye nnọchi anya Brand maka 'Big Boss' n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe ọṅụṅụ ike ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/November-29th/stonebwoy-named-brand-ambassador-for-big-boss-energy-drink.php|title=Stonebwoy named brand ambassador for 'Big Boss' energy drink|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=13 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na [[Septemba]] 2020, a kpọrọ Stonebwoy onye nnọchi anya Tecno Mobile ma kpughee Camon 16 Series na [[Ọktoba|Ọktọba]] 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-09-11|title=TECNO Mobile makes Stonebwoy brand ambassador|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/09/tecno-mobile-makes-stonebwoy-brand-ambassador/|accessdate=2020-09-26|work=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stonebwoy unveils TECNO CAMON 16 series|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/stonebwoy-unveils-tecno-camon-16-series.html|accessdate=2020-10-11|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Njem ụwa ya na arụmọrụ ya a ma ama ==
Stonebwoy malitere njem ụwa ya na mpaghara Euro n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stonebwoy tours Europe|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Stonebwoy-tours-Europe-310238|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=23 May 2014|accessdate=3 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ na [[Jémanị|Germany]], Italy, Spain na [[Austria]]. [[Njem Ugbo|Njem]] [[Kánada|Canada]]-America ya n'afọ 2016 hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na [[New York City]], [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]], Philadelphia na Ontario. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ na-eme ka Perth, Melbourne, Brisbane na Sidney niile na Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.georgebritton.com/events/articles/pages/97d4e680-4d56-487d-a004-3d65ff5dd5d6|work=www.georgebritton.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104083332/http://www.georgebritton.com/events/articles/pages/97d4e680-4d56-487d-a004-3d65ff5dd5d6|title=Stonebwoy Live In Australia|archivedate=4 January 2018|accessdate=25 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Njem Euro nke abụọ ya hụrụ ya ka ọ na-aga Nordic iji mee ka ndị na-akwado ya nwee obi ụtọ na [[Denmark]], Finland na Sweden na nkeji iri na ise ikpeazụ nke afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stonebwoy set for European tour|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/stonebwoy-set-european-tour|work=www.musicinafrica.net|date=19 July 2017|accessdate=3 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stonebwoy rụrụ na Reggae Sumfest, Afro nation festival na [[Portugal]], Rotterdam reggae festival, Uppsala Reggae Festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/stonebwoy-performs-at-jamaica-s-reggae-sumfest-today.html|work=www.graphic.com.gh|accessdate=9 August 2019|title=Stonebwoy performs at Jamaica's Reggae Sumfest today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/08/01/stonebwoy-set-to-perform-at-afronation-concert-in-portugal-with-busy-signal-kranium-and-others/|title=Stonebwoy Set To Perform At AfroNation Concert In Portugal With Busy Signal, Kranium And Others|date=1 August 2019|work=GhanaCelebrities.Com|language=en-US|accessdate=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/51110/stonebwoy-thrills-audience-at-reggae-festival-in-germany.html|title=Stonebwoy Thrills Audience At Reggae Festival In Germany|work=Modern Ghana|language=en|accessdate=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/June-15th/stonebwoy-gears-up-for-shuga-summer-tour.php|title=Stonebwoy gears up for Shuga Summer Tour|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rototom Sunsplash.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rototomsunsplash.com/en/invitado/stonebwoy/|title=Stonebwoy|work=Rototom Sunsplash|language=en-US|accessdate=7 September 2019|archivedate=20 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020200232/https://rototomsunsplash.com/en/invitado/stonebwoy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestartmagazine.com/article/19ed2d42-015d-4169-87cc-590ed0dad5d6|title=Start Magazine|work=www.thestartmagazine.com|accessdate=7 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Esemokwu Ọnwere ==
N'abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Mee afọ 2019, n'oge mbipụta nke iri abụọ nke  Nrite Egwụ nke Vodafone Ghana, esemokwu bilitere n'etiti ndị na-eso ụzọ Stonebwoy na onye iro egwu ya bụ Shatta Wale na ndị na-akwado ya, nke mere ka Stonebwoy wepụta égbè n'elu ikpo okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aacehypez.net/news/entertainment-news/stonebwoy-crowned-best-african-reggae-dancehall-entertainer-at-the-38th-irawma/|title=Stonebwoy crowned Best African Reggae/Dancehall Entertainer at the 38th IRAWMA|work=AaceHypez|date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-shatta-wale-stonebwoy-arrested1.html|title=Shatta Wale, Stonebwoy arrested|date=20 May 2019|work=www.graphic.com.gh|accessdate=25 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/127871-2019-vgma-shatta-stonebwoy-detained-police-cells-overnight-stage-clash-video.html|title=TShatta Wale and Stonebwoy detained in police cells overnight over clash at VGMA 2019 (video) - YEN.COM.GH|date=26 May 2019|work=yen.com.gh|accessdate=26 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; E jidere ha abụọ ma jide ha n'echi ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/VGMAs-2019-Shatta-Wale-Stonebwoy-arrested-over-chaos-on-stage-747694|title=VGMAs 2019: Shatta Wale, Stonebwoy arrested over chaos on stage|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=20 May 2019|language=en|accessdate=18 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha abụọ pụtara n'ụlọ ikpe ebe ha kwuru na ha abụghị ikpe mara ha maka ebubo ha abụọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, e nyere ha mgbapụta nke GH ’50,000 nke ọ bụla. Ndị Charterhouse napụrụ ha ihe nrite ha nwetara n'abalị ahụ, ndị nhazi machibidoro ha iwu ruo mgbe ebighi ebi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pan-african-music.com/en/stonebwoy-shatta-wale-beef/|title=A brief history of the Stonebwoy and Shatta Wale beef|author=Media|first=Numeriq|date=1 July 2019|work=Pan African Music|language=en-UK|accessdate=18 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha mere udo n'ụbọchị nke iri atọ n'otu ọnwa ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/58868/shatta-wale-and-stonebwoy-finally-make-peace-vide.html|title=Shatta Wale and Stonebwoy finally make peace (Video)|author=Journalist|first=Mustapha Attractive|work=Modern Ghana|language=en|accessdate=18 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; E wepụrụ mmachibido iwu ya na ihe ngosi Awards na mbipụta nke afọ 2022 nke ihe ngosi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ghana|first=Music|title=LIST OF WINNERS – 2022 VODAFONE GHANA MUSIC AWARDS|url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/news/top-stories/2022/05/06/live-2022-vodafone-ghana-music-awards/|work=www.ghanamusic.com|publisher=Emmanuel Ghansah|accessdate=21 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Ngosi ==
Satekla ewepụtala abọm studio anọ na ọtụtụ egwu ndị ọzọ kemgbe afọ 2012.

=== 2012: ''Grade 1 Album'' ===
N'okpuru &quot;''Samini Music''&quot;, Stonebwoy dekọrọ egwu mbụ ya &quot;''Climax''&quot; nke gosipụtara Samini na &quot;''Ghetto Love''&quot; nke gosipụtara Irene Logan. Egwu abụọ ahụ mere ka a họpụta ya na Ghana Music Awards. Mgbe ngosi a gasịrị, ọ wepụtara abọm izizi ya &quot;Grade 1 Album&quot;. Abọm ahụ nwere egwu iri na asaa nke gosipụtara ndị ama ama na Ghana na.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stonebwoy Burniton released debut album &quot;Grade #1|url=https://www.dancehallreggaeworld.com/stonebwoy-burniton-released-debut-album-grade-1.html|work=www.dancehallreggaeworld.com|accessdate=3 January 2018|archivedate=13 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232230/https://www.dancehallreggaeworld.com/stonebwoy-burniton-released-debut-album-grade-1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2014: ''Ihe Ọjọọ Dị Mkpa'' ===
A tọhapụrụ ya na [[Novemba|Nọvemba]] 23, 2014; ọ bụ abọm egwu iri abụọ na itoolu nke gosipụtara ụdị Sarkodie. Ọ gụnyere egwu dịka Baafira, Sneaky, Gbedegbede, Candy, mmekọrịta nke pull up, na Cant Cool.[https://web.archive.org/web/20210821150715/https://ghanandwom.net/stonebwoy-necessary-evil/]

=== 2017: ''Akwụkwọ ozi nke Mama'' ===
A tọhapụrụ ya na 12 [[Disemba]] 2017; Epistles of Mama raara nye nne Satekla nwụrụ anwụ aha ya bụ Oriakụ Catherine Lucy Aku Ametepe Satekla. Abọm egwu iri abụọ na anọ ahụ nwere Sean Paul, King Promise, [[Burna Boy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stonebwoy – Epistles of Mama (Full Album)|url=http://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-epistles-of-mama-full-album/|work=www.ghanamotion.com|accessdate=3 January 2018|archivedate=4 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104013747/http://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-epistles-of-mama-full-album/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abọm ahụ ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ iri na atọ (13) na chaatị Billboard n'elu abọm 200 n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ghana|first=Web|title=Winning! Stonebwoy makes it on Billboard Chart|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Winning-Stonebwoy-makes-it-on-Billboard-Chart-504618|work=www.ghanaweb.com|publisher=Ghana Web|accessdate=24 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2018 'Epistles Of Mama (EOM)' bụ abọm nke abụọ kachasị mma n'ụwa dịka reggaeville si kwuo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/january-19th/stonebwoys-epistles-of-mama-album-rated-number-2-in-the-world.php|title=Stonebwoy's 'Epistles Of Mama' album rated number 2 in the world|date=19 January 2018|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=13 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; YouTube kwanyeere Album ahụ ùgwù maka ịkụ ihe karịrị nde mmadụ iri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/YouTube-honours-Stonebwoy-s-Epistles-of-Mama-EOM-album-701757|title=YouTube honours Stonebwoy's Epistles of Mama (EOM) album {{!}} Entertainment 18 November 2018|work=www.spanzy ghanaweb.com|accessdate=13 January 2019|archivedate=13 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113182338/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/YouTube-honours-Stonebwoy-s-Epistles-of-Mama-EOM-album-701757}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''2020: Anloga Junction'' ===
Na 24 Eprel 2020, Stonebwoy wepụtara abọm studio nke anọ ya nke gosipụtara ndị dịka Keri Hilson (US), [[Nasty C]] (SA), [[Diamond Platnumz]] ([[Tanzania]]), Alicai Harley (Jamaica), Jahmiel ([[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]]), [[Zlatan (musician)|Zlatan]] (Nigeria), Kojo Antwi ([[Ghana]]), Chivv (Netherlands) na Spanker ([[Netherlands]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;FeaturesTop&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/stonebwoy-features-top-artists-anloga-junction-album|title=Stonebwoy features top artists on Anloga Junction album|date=24 April 2020|work=Music In Africa|language=en|accessdate=24 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na ndị na-emepụta egwu dị ka [[Mix Master Garzy]], Streetbeatz, M.O.G. Beatz, Spanker, Riga, [[Phantom Plague|Phantom]], iPappi na ndị ọzọ ha na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/music/road-to-anloga-junction-stonebwoy-tells-it-all-at-album-listening-on-joy-prime/|title=Road to 'Anloga Junction' - Stonebwoy tells it all at album listening on Joy Prime|date=24 April 2020|work=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US|accessdate=24 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Egwu owu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Afọ
!Aha
!Abọm
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2012
|Ọsọ Rat
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Ọkwa 1
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://perez212.com/stonebwoy-rat-race-prod-by-ephraim/|title=StoneBwoy – Rat Race (Prod By. Ephraim)|date=21 November 2018|work=Perez212.com|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019|archivedate=26 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926065849/https://perez212.com/stonebwoy-rat-race-prod-by-ephraim/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Isi elu / n'elu eluigwe
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hitxgh.com/stonebwoy-ft-edem-sky-prod-kaywa/|title=Download Stonebwoy ft. Edem - Above The Sky (Prod. by Kaywa)|author=Media|first=HitzGh|date=30 April 2016|work=HitxGh.Com|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kiss n Cry
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://glosaentercom.blogspot.com/2018/05/stonebwoy-kiss-and-cry.html|title=StoneBwoy-Kiss And Cry.|work=Glosa Entercom|accessdate=12 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Biko, agala
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanalive.tv/2018/07/25/stonebwoy-releases-latest-jam-please-dont-go/|title=Stonebwoy releases latest jam 'Please Don't Go'|author=Essah|first=Helena|date=25 July 2018|work=Ghana Live TV|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onumade
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ameyawdebrah.com/see-this-stonebwoy-feat-tinny-onumade/|title=See This: Stonebwoy Feat. Tinny - Onumade|author=Debrah|first=Ameyaw|date=26 March 2013|work=AmeyawDebrah.Com|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Agoro
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaclasic.com/stonebwoy-agoro-ft-samini-prod-by-jmj/|title=StoneBwoy – Agoro (Ft Samini) (Prod By JMJ)|author=Jamie|date=30 March 2017|work=Ghanaclasic.com|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019|archivedate=12 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195104/https://www.ghanaclasic.com/stonebwoy-agoro-ft-samini-prod-by-jmj/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|Party Ọzọ
| rowspan=&quot;14&quot; |Ihe Ọjọọ Dị Mkpa
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-party-again-ft-vibz/|title=Stonebwoy – Party Again ft Vibz|author=ghanamotion|date=24 October 2013|work=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019|archivedate=13 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113062736/https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-party-again-ft-vibz/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Bilie elu
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-pull-up-produced-by-mixmasta-garzy/|title=Stonebwoy – Pull Up (Produced by MixMasta Garzy)|author=ghanamotion|date=27 December 2012|work=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019|archivedate=13 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113062639/https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-pull-up-produced-by-mixmasta-garzy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Mba Sir
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/new-music-stonebwoy-no-sir-remix-feat-burna-boy-prod-by-beatz-dakay/rbnqw88|title=Stonebwoy - No Sir (Remix) feat. Burna Boy (Prod. by Beatz Dakay)|date=2 October 2015|work=Entertainment|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;11&quot; |2014
|Ọjọọ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghxclusives.com/stonebwoy-wicked-feat-gappy-ranks/|title=StoneBwoy - Wicked - Feat - Gappy Ranks|work=GhXclusives.Com|language=en-GB|accessdate=12 January 2019|archivedate=13 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113062748/https://www.ghxclusives.com/stonebwoy-wicked-feat-gappy-ranks/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|N'ụzọ anụ ahụ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/music/stonebwoy-brings-physically.html|title=Stonebwoy brings 'Physically'|author=Owusu-Amoah|first=Gifty|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb|accessdate=12 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Mba Bhim
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/stonebwoy-dancehall-star-starts-off-the-new-year-with-visuals-for-bhim-nation/5e51301|title=Dancehall Star Starts Off The New Year With Visuals For &quot;Bhim Nation&quot;|date=2 January 2015|work=Entertainment|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Baafira
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/new-music-stonebwoy-baafira-feat-sarkodie-prod-by-beatz-dakay/0wk3snk|title=Stonebwoy – Baafira Feat. Sarkodie (Prod. by Beatz Dakay)|date=11 November 2014|work=www.pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ex Boyfriend
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/stonebwoy-realeases-new-music-ex-boyfriend/|title=Stonebwoy Releases New Music, Ex Boyfriend|date=14 January 2014|work=News Ghana|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Can't Cool
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-cant-cool-prod-by-richie/|title=Stonebwoy – Can't Cool (Prod by Richie)|author=ghanamotion|date=5 May 2014|work=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019|archivedate=12 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195202/https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-cant-cool-prod-by-richie/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ọ Dị Mma
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-so-real-butterfly-effect-riddim/|title=Stonebwoy – So Real (Butterfly Effect Riddim)|author=ghanamotion|date=6 October 2014|work=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019|archivedate=12 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195127/https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-so-real-butterfly-effect-riddim/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Gwaan
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-gwaan-evidence-riddim-mixed-by-beatz-dakay/|title=Stonebwoy – Gwaan (Evidence Riddim) (Mixed by Beatz Dakay)|author=ghanamotion|date=26 August 2014|work=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019|archivedate=13 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113062739/https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-gwaan-evidence-riddim-mixed-by-beatz-dakay/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ezigbo Onye Agha
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-real-warrior-the-last-breathe-riddim/|title=StoneBwoy – Real Warrior (The Last Breathe Riddim)|author=ghanamotion|date=10 December 2013|work=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019|archivedate=13 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113062700/https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-real-warrior-the-last-breathe-riddim/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye Ogbugbu
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-murderer-ft-cara-braia-prod-by-beatz-dakay/|title=Stonebwoy – Murderer ft Cara Braia (Prod by Beatz Dakay)|author=ghanamotion|date=15 April 2014|work=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019|archivedate=13 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113062718/https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-murderer-ft-cara-braia-prod-by-beatz-dakay/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|More Gyal
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanandwom.net/stonebwoy-more-gyal-feat-dxd-prod-by-beatzdakay/|title=Stonebwoy - More Gyal (Feat DXD) (Prod by BeatzDakay)|author=Epicmetrics|date=10 June 2014|work=GhanaNdwom.net|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2015
|Gaa Elu
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |Non-album single
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/new-music-stonebwoy-go-higher-prod-by-beatz-dakay/dgyr189|title=Stonebwoy - Go Higher (Prod. by Beatz Dakay)|date=16 July 2015|work=www.pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019|archivedate=13 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113062641/https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/new-music-stonebwoy-go-higher-prod-by-beatz-dakay/dgyr189}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Mightylele
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://citifmonline.com/2015/12/03/stonebwoy-releases-new-song-ahead-of-d2r2015/|title=Stonebwoy releases new song ahead of #D2R2015|author=Tsikata|first=Mawuli|date=3 December 2015|work=citifmonline.com|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |2016
|Ndị Dey
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-people-dey/|title=Stonebwoy – People Dey (Prod by Beatz Dakay)|author=NytMare|first=Blogger's|date=1 May 2016|work=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019|archivedate=13 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113062637/https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-people-dey/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Anyị mere ya
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Stonebwoy-We-Made-It-Feat-Mugeez-Prod-By-Awaga-448534|title=Stonebwoy – We Made It (Feat Mugeez) (Prod. By Awaga) {{!}} Music 17 June 2016|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=17 June 2016|accessdate=12 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nsogbu
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-problem-prod-beatzdakay/|title=StoneBwoy – Problem (Prod By BeatzDakay)|author=NytMare|first=Blogger's|date=28 September 2016|work=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019|archivedate=13 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113062702/https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-problem-prod-beatzdakay/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ụlọ ọrụ ikpeazụ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/new-music-stonebwoy-last-station-feat-tekno-prod-by-tekno/vnvq7br|title=Stonebwoy - Last Station feat. Tekno (Prod. by Tekno)|date=5 November 2016|work=Entertainment|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Guy Guy
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://livefmghana.com/2016/01/18/new-music-stonebwoy-ft-bisa-kdei-guy-guy/|title=New Music: Stonebwoy ft. Bisa Kdei 'Guy Guy'|date=18 January 2016|work=Live 91.9 FM|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019|archivedate=13 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113062645/http://livefmghana.com/2016/01/18/new-music-stonebwoy-ft-bisa-kdei-guy-guy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Sapashini
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2016/09/05/stonebwoy-releases-new-track-sapashini-celebrate-enskinment/|title=Stonebwoy Releases New Track 'Sapashini' To Celebrate Enskinment|date=5 September 2016|work=GhanaCelebrities.Com|language=en-US|accessdate=12 January 2019|archivedate=13 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113062752/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2016/09/05/stonebwoy-releases-new-track-sapashini-celebrate-enskinment/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ụbọchị ọ bụla
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Stonebwoy-Any-Day-Prod-by-Beatz-Dakay-444315|title=Stonebwoy – Any Day (Prod. by Beatz Dakay) {{!}} Music 2 June 2016|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=2 June 2016|accessdate=12 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Isi Inna na-arịa ọrịa
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Stonebwoy-releases-Sick-Inna-Head-ft-Burna-Boy-419738|title=Stonebwoy releases 'Sick Inna Head' ft. Burna Boy {{!}} Music 29 February 2016|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=29 February 2016|accessdate=12 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Site n'aka Grace
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/New-Music-Stonebwoy-releases-By-Grace-404682|title=New Music: Stonebwoy releases 'By Grace' {{!}} Music 2 January 2016|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=2 January 2016|accessdate=12 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2017
|Aha M
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/new-music-stonebwoy-my-name-forever-riddim/bn7cg1g|title=Stonebwoy - My Name (Forever Riddim)|date=23 May 2017|work=www.pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|accessdate=3 March 2019|archivedate=6 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044603/https://www.pulse.com.gh/new-music-stonebwoy-my-name-forever-riddim/bn7cg1g}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Come From Far (Wo Gb3 J3k3)
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/new-music-stonebwoy-come-from-far-wo-gb3-j3k3-prod-by-masta-garzy/8tbvrry|title=Stonebwoy - Come From Far (Wo Gb3 J3k3) (Prod. by Masta Garzy)|date=20 April 2017|work=www.pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|accessdate=3 March 2019|archivedate=6 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044556/https://www.pulse.com.gh/new-music-stonebwoy-come-from-far-wo-gb3-j3k3-prod-by-masta-garzy/8tbvrry}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ịda Ọzọ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ghkings.com/stonebwoy-falling-again-kojo-funds-music-video/|title=Stonebwoy - Falling Again (Feat Kojo Funds) — Music Video - GhKings|work=ghkings.com|accessdate=3 March 2019|archivedate=6 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044115/https://ghkings.com/stonebwoy-falling-again-kojo-funds-music-video/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye dike
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/If-I-die-today-I-die-a-hero-Stonebwoy-588510|title=If I die today, I die a hero – Stonebwoy|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=6 October 2017|language=en|accessdate=3 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Enkulenu
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Gabriel-Myers-Hansen-reviews-Stonebwoy-s-Enku-Lenu-520430|title=Gabriel Myers Hansen reviews Stonebwoy's 'Enku Lenu'|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=20 March 2017|language=en|accessdate=3 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |2018
|Ndị Iro Na-asọ oyi
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enewsgh.com/2018/03/dirty-enemies-asamoah-gyan-stonebwoy-partner-new-music-snippet/|title=Dirty Enemies! Asamoah Gyan &amp; Stonebwoy partner on new music [+ snippet]|date=2 March 2018|work=Proudly Ghanaian! {{!}} Enews|language=en-US|accessdate=3 March 2019|archivedate=6 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044513/https://enewsgh.com/2018/03/dirty-enemies-asamoah-gyan-stonebwoy-partner-new-music-snippet/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kpo K3K3
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-kpo-k3k3-ft-kwesi-arthur-x-medikal-x-kelvyn-boy-x-darkovibes/|title=StoneBwoy – Kpo K3k3 ft. Kwesi Arthur x Medikal x Kelvyn Boy x Darkovibes|author=NytMare|first=Blogger's|date=7 December 2018|work=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|accessdate=3 March 2019|archivedate=6 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044147/https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-kpo-k3k3-ft-kwesi-arthur-x-medikal-x-kelvyn-boy-x-darkovibes/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Iguzosi ike n'ihe
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-loyalty-prod-prinxonthedeat/|title=Stonebwoy – Loyalty (Prod. by Prinxonthedeat)|author=NytMare|first=Blogger's|date=31 January 2018|work=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|accessdate=3 March 2019|archivedate=6 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043937/https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-loyalty-prod-prinxonthedeat/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Echi
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-tomorrow-attitude-riddim-prod-brainy-beatz/|title=StoneBwoy – Tomorrow (Attitude Riddim) (Prod. by Brainy Beatz)|author=NytMare|first=Blogger's|date=26 March 2018|work=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|accessdate=3 March 2019|archivedate=6 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044408/https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-tomorrow-attitude-riddim-prod-brainy-beatz/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Smile Time Done (S.T.D/Worldwide)
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-smile-time-done-s-t-d-worldwide/|title=Stonebwoy – Smile Time Done (S.T.D/Worldwide)|author=NytMare|first=Blogger's|date=1 November 2018|work=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|accessdate=3 March 2019|archivedate=6 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043959/https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-smile-time-done-s-t-d-worldwide/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe kacha bụrụ nke mbụ
|Akwụkwọ ozi nke Mama
|
|-
|Wame
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Non-album single
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ghanaguardian.com/new-music-stonebwoy-releases-banger-feat-cassper-nyovest-wame|title=New Music: Stonebwoy releases banger feat. Cassper Nyovest – Wame|work=The Ghana Guardian News|language=en|accessdate=3 March 2019|archivedate=17 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817052515/https://ghanaguardian.com/new-music-stonebwoy-releases-banger-feat-cassper-nyovest-wame}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Top Skanka
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-top-skanka-prod-by-undabeatz/|title=StoneBwoy – Top Skanka (Prod. by UndaBeatz)|author=NytMare|first=Blogger's|date=31 August 2018|work=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|accessdate=3 March 2019|archivedate=6 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044129/https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-top-skanka-prod-by-undabeatz/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |2019
|Shuga
|Non-album single
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://livefmghana.com/2019/04/23/new-music-stonebwoy-ft-beenie-man-shuga/|title=New Music: Stonebwoy ft. Beenie Man – 'Shuga'|date=23 April 2019|work=Live 91.9 FM|language=en-US|accessdate=23 April 2019|archivedate=23 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423135515/http://livefmghana.com/2019/04/23/new-music-stonebwoy-ft-beenie-man-shuga/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Mkpụrụ Tuff
|Non-album single
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/stonebwoy-tuff-seed-video/|title=Watch Stonebwoy's New Video For 'Tuff Seed'|date=15 July 2019|work=OkayAfrica|language=en|accessdate=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ololo
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PaMrVDHiysU &lt;nowiki&gt;[103]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
|-
|Nnukwu Onye isi
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127073030/https://afrosages.com/stonebwoy-big-boss-prod-by-streetbeatz/|title=Stonebwoy – Big Boss (Prod. by Streetbeatz)|date=19 November 2019|work=www.afrosages.com|accessdate=22 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ndị Ojii
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://afrosages.com/black-people-stonebwoy/|title=Black People – Stonebwoy|date=3 December 2019|work=www.afrosages.com|accessdate=4 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|More
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghupload.com/stonebwoy-blessing-ft-vic-mensa/|title=Download MP3: Stonebwoy – More (Prod. by BeatzDakay)|author=Halm|date=12 December 2019|work=ghupload.com|language=en-US|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Wepụ m
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.crateshub.com/music/ghana/stonebwoy-take-me-away-ft-kidi-x-kuami-eugene-prod-by-ippapi.html|title=Stonebwoy – Take Me Away Ft Kidi x Kuami Eugene - CratesHub.com|author=CratesHub|first=Alloh|work=www.crateshub.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Were m gaa ebe ahụ
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jonilar.net/2019/10/18/stonebwoy-take-prod-cjthechemist/|title=Stonebwoy – Take Me There (Prod. By CjTheChemist)|date=18 October 2019|work=Jonilar|language=en-US|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Lee ebe
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ghanaguardian.com/stonebwoy-releases-new-song-titled-more|title=Stonebwoy releases new song, titled 'More'|work=The Ghana Guardian News|language=en|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;19&quot; |2020
|Sobolo
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/music/sobolo-stonebwoys-new-release-gets-good-reviews/|title=&quot;Sobolo&quot; - Stonebwoy's new release gets good reviews|date=19 February 2020|work=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://museafrica.com/stonebwoy-serves-us-sobolo/|title=Stonebwoy serves us Sobolo – museafrica|date=18 February 2020|language=en-US|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ụtụtụ ọma
|Anloga Junction
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://vimnewsgh.com/stonebwoy-releases-new-single-good-morning/|title=Stonebwoy Releases New Single 'Good Morning'.|date=5 March 2020|work=Vimnewsgh|language=en|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dcleakers.com/stonebwoy-ft-chivv-good-morning-prod-by-spanker/|title=Stonebwoy ft. Chivv - Good Morning (Prod. by Spanker)|date=5 March 2020|work=DCLeakers.com|language=en-US|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|African Party
|Anloga Junction
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://museafrica.com/stonewboy-releases-african-party-off-his-anloga-junction-album/|title=Stonewboy releases African Party off his Anloga Junction album – museafrica|date=6 March 2020|language=en-US|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ghọta
|Anloga Junction
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/stonebwoy/572206113|title=Stonebwoy on Apple Music|work=Apple Music|language=en-us|accessdate=9 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Le Gba Gbe
|Anloga Junction
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|title=Stonebwoy Releases Visuals for 'Le Gba Gbe'|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Stonebwoy-Releases-Visuals-for-Le-Gba-Gbe-20200601|accessdate=2020-07-24|work=Broadway World|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-05-31|title=DOWNLOAD MP3: Stonebwoy – Le Gba Gbe (Prod. by MastaGarzy)|url=https://www.crackermusic.com/download-mp3-stonebwoy-le-gba-gbe-prod-by-mastagarzy/|accessdate=2020-11-04|work=CrackerMusic.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nhọpụta
|Anloga Junction
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-05-12|title=Stonebwoy's 'Nominate' featuring Keri Hilson makes it to Billboard's digital song sales chart|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/music/stonebwoys-nominate-featuring-keri-hilson-makes-it-to-billboards-digital-song-sales-chart/|accessdate=2020-07-24|work=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-11|title=Stonebwoy releases Nominate ft. Keri Hilson in South Africa|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/stonebwoy-releases-nominate-ft-keri-hilson-south-africa|accessdate=2020-07-24|work=Music In Africa|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ebighị Ebi
|Anloga Junction
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Official Video: Stonebwoy - Ever Lasting|url=https://www.crackermusic.com/official-video-stonebwoy-ever-lasting/|accessdate=2020-11-04|work=CrackerMusic.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Njem
|Anloga Junction
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-04-24|title=Stonebwoy – Journey (Prod. By Riga)|url=https://www.ghanaclasic.com/stonebwoy-journey-prod-by-riga/|accessdate=2020-07-24|work=Ghanaclasic.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nkuto
|Anloga Junction
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anloga Junction by Stonebwoy|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/anloga-junction/1500651510|accessdate=2020-07-24|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Naanị Ịhụnanya
|Anloga Junction
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-05-06|title=DOWNLOAD MP3:- Stonebwoy – &quot;Only Love&quot; Mp3 Download|url=https://awadimusic.com/download-mp3-music/stonebwoy-only-love/|accessdate=2020-07-24|work=AwadiMusic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Mmegharị
|Anloga Junction
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-05-07|title=Stonebwoy – Motion ft. Jahmiel|url=https://www.dcleakers.com/stonebwoy-ft-jahmiel-motion/|accessdate=2020-07-24|work=DCLeakers.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Bow Down
|Anloga Junction
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-04-24|title=Stonebwoy Ft. Nasty C – Bow Down (Prod. By Ipaapi) {{!}} Ghxclusives.Com|url=https://www.ghxclusives.com/stonebwoy-ft-nasty-c-bow-down-prod-by-ipaapi/|accessdate=2020-07-24|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe dị oke mkpa
|Anloga Junction
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-04-24|title=Stonebwoy Ft. Zlatan – Critical {{!}} Ghxclusives.Com|url=https://www.ghxclusives.com/stonebwoy-ft-zlatan-critical/|accessdate=2020-07-24|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Madonna ojii
|Anloga Junction
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stonebwoy – Black Madonna ft. Diamond Platnumz [Music]|url=https://www.mp3bullet.ng/stonebwoy-black-madonna-ft-diamond-platnumz-music/|accessdate=2020-07-24|work=regioshop-hannover}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe oyiyi Afrịka
|Anloga Junction
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mayne|title=Stonebwoy – African Idol lyrics Archives|url=https://kayflix.com/tag/stonebwoy-african-idol-lyrics/|accessdate=2020-07-24|work=kayflix|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724233459/https://kayflix.com/tag/stonebwoy-african-idol-lyrics/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ike na Olileanya
|Anloga Junction
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ndwompafie|date=2020-04-24|title=Stonebwoy – Strength &amp; Hope (Prod. by Kabaka Pyramid)|url=https://www.ndwompafie.net/stonebwoy-strength-hope-prod-by-kabaka-pyramid/|accessdate=2020-07-24|work=Ndwompafie|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Putuu
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=NytMare|first=Blogger's|date=2020-07-19|title=Stonebwoy – Putuu (Pray) (Freestyle)|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-putuu-pray-freestyle/|accessdate=2020-07-24|work=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725005519/https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-putuu-pray-freestyle/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-19|title=DOWNLOAD MP3: Stonebwoy – Putuu (Freestyle)(Pray)|url=https://www.crackermusic.com/download-mp3-stonebwoy-putuu-freestylepray/|accessdate=2020-11-04|work=CrackerMusic.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113162229/https://www.crackermusic.com/download-mp3-stonebwoy-putuu-freestylepray/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Blaze Dem
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=NytMare|first=Blogger's|date=2020-09-14|title=Stonebwoy – Blaze Dem (Freestyle)|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-blaze-dem-freestyle/|accessdate=2020-09-26|work=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022003128/https://www.ghanamotion.com/stonebwoy-blaze-dem-freestyle/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Mee ka ọ rụọ ọrụ
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=P|first=Milca|date=2020-12-07|title=Davido and Stonebwoy Collide On &quot;Activate&quot; {{!}} The Source {{!}}|url=https://thesource.com/2020/12/07/davido-and-stonebwoy-collide-on-activate/|accessdate=2021-01-23|work=The Source|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2021
|1Gad
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-05|title=Stonebwoy releases prophecies in new single '1 Gad'|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Stonebwoy-releases-prophecies-in-new-single-1-Gad-1173097|accessdate=2021-07-04|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-11|title=Stonebwoy Stands Up To His Shadow In New Single '1GAD'|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/stonebwoy-1gad-new-single/|accessdate=2021-07-04|work=OkayAfrica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Anyị na-agagharị
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|
|-
|Ngọzi
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-21|title=Stonebwoy &amp; Vic Mensa Team Up In New Music Video For 'Blessing'|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/stonebwoy-vic-mensa-blessing-/|accessdate=2021-07-04|work=OkayAfrica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|N'èzí
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stonebwoy drops song for #FixTheCountry campaign - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/stonebwoy-drops-song-for-fixthecountry-campaign/|accessdate=2021-07-04|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-07-01|title=#FixTheCountry: Stonebwoy releases song to condemn Ejura killings|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/FixTheCountry-Stonebwoy-releases-song-to-condemn-Ejura-killings-1299232|accessdate=2021-07-04|work=GhanaWeb|language=en|archivedate=2021-07-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701153129/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/FixTheCountry-Stonebwoy-releases-song-to-condemn-Ejura-killings-1299232}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ariba
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-11|title=Stonebwoy and Focalistic connect on new Amapiano sound ‘ARIBA’|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Stonebwoy-and-Focalistic-connect-on-new-Amapiano-sound-ARIBA-1354384|accessdate=2021-09-23|work=GhanaWeb|language=en|archivedate=2022-06-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604090052/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Stonebwoy-and-Focalistic-connect-on-new-Amapiano-sound-ARIBA-1354384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ndị nwoke anyaukwu
|Ọ bụghị abọm
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-03|title=Stonebwoy lashes illegal miners in ‘Greedy Men’|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Stonebwoy-lashes-illegal-miners-in-Greedy-Men-1394290|accessdate=2021-11-05|work=GhanaWeb|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105015427/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Stonebwoy-lashes-illegal-miners-in-Greedy-Men-1394290}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

; E gosipụtara ya n'ime

* 2021: &quot;Guns of Navarone&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Sean Paul&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;feat&lt;/small&gt;. &lt;small&gt;Jesse Royal, Stonebwoy &amp; Mutabaruka)&lt;/small&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
Ihe nrite nke Stonebwoy meriri na nhọpụta ya
!Afọ
!Emume onyinye
!Ihe Nrite E Nyere
!Ọrụ a họpụtara / onye nnata
!Nsonaazụ
!Ref
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2015
|BET Awards
|Best International Act
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2015/June-28th/stonebwoy-wins-2015-bet-awards-best-international-act.php|title=Stonebwoy wins 2015 BET Awards Best International Act - MyJoyOnline.com|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=9 August 2019|archivedate=9 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809153637/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2015/June-28th/stonebwoy-wins-2015-bet-awards-best-international-act.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Vodafone Ghana Music
Ihe nrite
|Onye na-ese ihe nke afọ


|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;SetsRecord&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/April-15th/stonebwoy-sets-record-wins-reggaedancehall-artiste-award-4-times.php|title=Stonebwoy sets record, wins 'Reggae/Dancehall Artiste' award 4 times|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Reggae/Dancehall
Artiste nke Afọ
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;SetsRecord&quot; /&gt;
|-
|All Africa Music Awards
|Best African Reggae, 
Ragga na Dancehall 
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2015/November-16th/stonebwoy-wiyaala-win-at-2015-all-africa-music-awards.php|title=Stonebwoy, Wiyaala win at 2015 All Africa Music Awards - MyJoyOnline.com|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |MTN 4Syte Music
Ihe nrite
|Best Reggae/Dancehall
Vidio
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Dominates&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/stonebwoy-dominates-4syte-awards|title=Stonebwoy dominates 4Syte Awards|date=17 November 2015|work=Music In Africa|language=en|accessdate=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Vidio kacha mma
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Dominates&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Onye na-ese ihe kachasị emetụta
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Dominates&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2016
|International Reggae na 
World Music Awards
|Omume Kasị Nkwa
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Stonebwoy-and-Shatta-Wale-win-big-at-IRAWMA-2016-474835|title=Stonebwoy and Shatta Wale win big at IRAWMA 2016|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=9 August 2019|archivedate=9 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809153635/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Stonebwoy-and-Shatta-Wale-win-big-at-IRAWMA-2016-474835}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Vodafone Ghana Music
Ihe nrite
|Reggae/Dancehall 
Abụ nke Afọ
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;SetsRecord&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Ghana Music Awards UK
|Abụ kachasị ewu ewu 
nke Afọ
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;2016Ghana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Ghana-Music-Awards-UK-2016-See-full-list-of-winners-484312|title=Ghana Music Awards UK 2016: See full list of winners|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=7 November 2016|language=en|accessdate=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Reggae/Dancehall 
Abụ nke Afọ
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;2016Ghana&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Artiste nke Afọ
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;2016Ghana&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Abọm nke Afọ
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;2016Ghana&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
|BET Awards
|Best International Act
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2017/may-15th/stonebwoy-nominated-for-2017-bet-awards.php|title=Stonebwoy nominated for 2017 BET Awards|date=15 May 2017|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=9 August 2019|archivedate=9 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809153641/http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2017/may-15th/stonebwoy-nominated-for-2017-bet-awards.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nydjlive.com/bet-awards-2017-full-list-of-nominees-announced/|title=BET Awards 2017 : Full List Of Nominees Announced|date=15 May 2017|work=NYDJ Live|language=en-GB|accessdate=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Vodafone Ghana Music
Ihe nrite
|Reggae/Dancehall
Artiste nke Afọ
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;VGMA2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Full-list-of-winners-at-VGMA-2017-527196|title=Full list of winners at VGMA 2017|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=9 April 2017|language=en|accessdate=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Reggae/Dancehall 
Abụ nke Afọ
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;VGMA2017&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2018
|All Africa Music Awards
|Best Reggae/Dancehall 
Onye na-ese ihe n'Afrịka
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/November-27th/full-list-all-the-winners-at-2018-afrima.php|title=Full list: All the winners at 2018 AFRIMA|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=9 August 2019|archivedate=9 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809173725/http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/November-27th/full-list-all-the-winners-at-2018-afrima.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
|Onye ọkacha mmasị African Star
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/March-25th/stonebwoy-takes-favorite-african-star-award-at-2019-nickelodeon-kids-choice.php|title=Stonebwoy takes 'Favorite African Star' award at 2019 Nickelodeon Kids Choice|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=9 August 2019|archivedate=3 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803003547/http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/March-25th/stonebwoy-takes-favorite-african-star-award-at-2019-nickelodeon-kids-choice.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |3Music Awards
|Reggae/Dancehall artist 
nke Afọ
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;2018Awards&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Full-list-of-winners-for-2018-3-Music-Awards-637589|title=Full list of winners for 2018 3 Music Awards|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=25 March 2018|language=en|accessdate=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Twitstar nke Afọ
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;2018Awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Instagram Star nke Afọ
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;2018Awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Vodafone Ghana Music
Ihe nrite
|Reggae/Dancehall Artiste 
nke Afọ
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/April-15th/full-list-of-winners-at-2018-vodafone-ghana-music-awards.php|title=Full list of winners at 2018 Vodafone Ghana Music Awards|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=9 August 2019|archivedate=15 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415054014/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/April-15th/full-list-of-winners-at-2018-vodafone-ghana-music-awards.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019
|African Entertainment Awards USA
|Onye egwu nwoke kacha mma
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanentertainmentawards.org/best-male-artist-stonebwoy/|title=Best Male Artist – Stonebwoy – AEAUSA|language=en-US|accessdate=9 November 2019|archivedate=21 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021081742/https://www.africanentertainmentawards.org/best-male-artist-stonebwoy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|AFRIMA 2019
|Best Reggae Dancehall Artiste
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghnewslab.com/2019/11/afrima-2019-stonebwoy-wins-reggae-dancehall-artiste-for-3rd-time.html|title=AFRIMA 2019 – Stonebwoy wins Reggae Dancehall artiste for 3rd time|language=en-US|accessdate=23 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2020
|International Reggae na 
World Music Awards
|Best African Reggae/Dancehall
Onye na-eme egwuregwu
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/music/irawma20-stonebwoy-beats-burna-boy-shatta-wale-to-win-best-african-dancehall-entertainer/|title=IRAWMA'20: Stonebwoy beats Burna Boy, Shatta Wale to win Best African Dancehall entertainer|date=22 March 2020|work=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://museafrica.com/stonebwoy-adjudged-best-african-reggae-dancehall-entertainer-at-irawma/|title=Stonebwoy adjudged Best African Reggae/Dancehall Entertainer at IRAWMA – museafrica|language=en-US|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jamsbase.com/album-stonebwoy-anloga-junction/|title=Stonebwoy Anloga Junction Album – Jamsbase|language=en-US|accessdate=23 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2022
|3Music Awards
|Reggae/Dancehall Act
nke Afọ
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kotey|first=Nii|date=27 March 2022|title=3Music News: 3Music Awards '22: Here are all the winners|url=https://3music.tv/section/news/article?nid=nwi7nMUc8EfDQv03wzwIVX6zdP2|accessdate=27 March 2022|work=3Music TV|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Vodafone Ghana Music
Ihe nrite
|Vodafone Green Award


|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ghana|first=Music|title=LIST OF WINNERS – 2022 VODAFONE GHANA MUSIC AWARDS|url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/news/top-stories/2022/05/06/live-2022-vodafone-ghana-music-awards/|work=www.ghanamusic.com|publisher=Emmanuel Ghansah|accessdate=21 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Reggae/Dancehall
Artiste nke Afọ
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ghana|first=Music|title=LIST OF WINNERS – 2022 VODAFONE GHANA MUSIC AWARDS|url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/news/top-stories/2022/05/06/live-2022-vodafone-ghana-music-awards/|work=www.ghanamusic.com|publisher=Emmanuel Ghansah|accessdate=21 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Egwú Maka Ezi Ihe
|Ndị nwoke anyaukwu
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ghana|first=Music|title=LIST OF WINNERS – 2022 VODAFONE GHANA MUSIC AWARDS|url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/news/top-stories/2022/05/06/live-2022-vodafone-ghana-music-awards/|work=www.ghanamusic.com|publisher=Emmanuel Ghansah|accessdate=21 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Mmekọrịta kacha mma
|Onye ozi na-atọ ụtọ (featured)
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ghana|first=Music|title=LIST OF WINNERS – 2022 VODAFONE GHANA MUSIC AWARDS|url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/news/top-stories/2022/05/06/live-2022-vodafone-ghana-music-awards/|work=www.ghanamusic.com|publisher=Emmanuel Ghansah|accessdate=21 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Ihe nrite mmeri ntụrụndụ ===
Na Machị 2021, abọm ya bụ ''Anloga Junction'' meriri na ihe nrite nke abọm nke afọ na  Ihe nrite Mmeri Ntụrụndụ. O ritekwara ihe nrite nwoke nke afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-28|title=#EAAwards: Winning Album of the Year 'a big one for me' – Stonebwoy|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/03/eaawards-winning-album-of-the-year-a-big-one-for-me-stonebwoy/|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe Nrite nke ndị 3Music ===
Na Machị 2021, abọm ya bụ ''Anloga Junction'' meriri na nrite abọm nke afọ na 3Music Awards. Egwu ya bụ Putuu Freestyle (Ekpere) meriri na Egwu nke wuru ewụ nke afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=3Music Awards 2021: Full list of winners - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/3music-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners/|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== International Reggae na World Music Awards (IRAWMA) ===
Na Mee 2021, a họpụtara ya maka 'Best African Dancehall Entertainer Award'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sarkodie, Shatta Wale, Kwame Yeboah, DJ Switch win awards at 2021 IRAWMA - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/sarkodie-shatta-wale-kwame-yeboah-dj-switch-win-awards-at-2021-irawma/|accessdate=2021-05-18|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zlatan (musician)</title>
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      <text bytes="23474" sha1="qpn01jqn51fi07p42sbd4zbsntg2w3c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Omoniyi Temidayo Raphael''' (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 19 n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1994), onye a maara dịka '''Zlatan Ibile''', bụ onye Naijiria na-eti egwu, onye na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede egwu, onye na-eti egwu na onye na-agba egwu si Ijurin Ekiti, Ijero local government area, [[Ȯra Ekiti|Ekiti]] state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=21 January 2021|title=Joy as ijurin Ekiti opens a community library|work=Tribune|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/joy-as-ijurin-ekiti-opens-community-library/|accessdate=10 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zlatan Ibile - Biography|url=https://streetott.com.ng/artists/zlatan/|work=Streetot|accessdate=7 December 2019|archivedate=6 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006131147/https://streetott.com.ng/artists/zlatan/}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye isi na onye guzobere Zanku records.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/zlatan-launches-his-record-label-zanku-records-and-promotes-his-new-act-oberz/bwn63fl|title=Zlatan launches his record label, ZANKU Records and promotes his new act, Oberz|first=Motolani|author=Alake|date=12 February 2020|work=Pulse.ng|accessdate=19 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2014, o meriri na Airtel kwadoro One Mic talent show nke emere n'afọ 2014, [[Abeokuta]], [[Ȯra Ogun|Ogun Steeti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/19-year-old-student-wins-airtel-one-mic-talent-show/|title=19-year-old student wins Airtel One Mic Talent show|date=2014-06-02|work=The Nation Nigeria|accessdate=2019-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị nke afọ 2018, Zlatan wepụtara otu egwu akpọrọ &quot;''Zanku''&quot;, na usoro ịgba egwu ọhụrụ nke otu aha ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/zanku-the-new-viral-dance-that-has-taken-over-the-nigerian-music-scene/840nrgp|title=Zanku: the new viral dance that has taken over the Nigerian music scene|date=2018-12-12|work=Pulse.ng|accessdate=2019-04-09|archivedate=2019-04-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426002929/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/zanku-the-new-viral-dance-that-has-taken-over-the-nigerian-music-scene/840nrgp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 3 [[Novemba|Nọvemba]] 2019, o wepụtara abọm studio mbụ ya bụ ''Zanku'', nke bụ aha maka Zlatan Abeg No Kill Us. Onye na-ese ihe kwuru na 2020 na ọ bụ nrọ ya ịghọ onye na-agba bọọlụ, ọ bụghị onye egwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Motolani Alake|title=Zlatan's debut album, 'ZANKU' suffers from lack of vision and terrible A&amp;R [Album Review]|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/zlatan-zanku-album-review-davido-burna-boy-tiwa-savage-patoranking-feature/qvz1e9z|work=Pulse Nigeria|publisher=Pulse Nigeria|accessdate=6 December 2019|date=November 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-02-17|title=MTV Base Behind The Story: I wanted to be a footballer, not musician|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/02/mtv-base-behind-the-story-i-wanted-to-be-a-footballer-not-musician-zlatan/|accessdate=2021-02-26|work=Vanguardngr.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ndụ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Omoniyi Temidayo Raphael ma zụlite ya na [[Ilorin]], [[Ȯra Kwara|Kwara Steeti]] mana o nwere mgbọrọgwụ ezinụlọ na [[Ȯra Ekiti|Ekiti Steeti]]. N'afọ 2011, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na diplọma mba na nchịkwa azụmahịa na Moshood Abiola Polytechnic .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/i-regret-helping-segun-wire-zlatan-ibile/|title=I regret helping Segun Wire – Zlatan Ibile|work=Punch Newspapers|accessdate=2019-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.36ng.ng/2018/11/30/facts-you-dont-know-about-zanku-dance/|title=Facts You Don't Know About &quot;Zanku Dance&quot; Popularized By Zlatan Ibile {{!}} 36NG|author=Oladimeji|date=2018-11-29|accessdate=2019-04-11|archivedate=2019-04-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411113602/https://www.36ng.ng/2018/11/30/facts-you-dont-know-about-zanku-dance/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zlatan kpebiri ịchụso ọrụ egwu mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/I-am-not-signed-to-Davido-s-record-label-Zlatan-Ibile-637622|title=I am not signed to Davido's record label – Zlatan Ibile|work=Ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu, o meriri asọmpi egwu &quot;One Mic Campus Tour&quot; nke Airtel kwadoro n'afọ 2014, nke emere na [[Abeokuta]], [[Ȯra Ogun|Ogun Steeti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/19-year-old-student-wins-airtel-one-mic-talent-show/|title=19-year-old student wins Airtel One Mic Talent show|date=2014-06-02|work=The Nation Nigeria|accessdate=2019-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara nkwanye ùgwù na ụlọ ọrụ egwu Naịjirịa mgbe o weputara egwu [[Olamide]] nyere aka &quot;''My Body''&quot; n'afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/i-regret-helping-segun-wire-zlatan-ibile/|title=I regret helping Segun Wire – Zlatan Ibile|work=Punch Newspapers|accessdate=2019-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2018, Lawrence Irabor, otu n'ime ndị nwe ụlọ ọrụ Alleluyah Boiz Entertainment bịanyere aka na Zlatan na ndekọ ndekọ ha A.B.E. ndekọ mgbe ọ nụrụ egwu Zlatan na Olamide bụrụ.[https://m.guardian.ng/life/i-dont-regret-signing-zlatan-to-a-b-e-records/ ‘I Don’t Regret Signing Zlatan To A.B.E Records’]

== Zanku Records ==
Na [[Jenụwarị]] 1, 2020, Zlatan gara na peeji Instagram ya iji kwupụta mmalite nke akara ndekọ ya 'Zanku Records' n'enweghị ndị na-ese ihe kpughere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/zanku-records-zlatan-ibile-launches-own-music-label/|title=‘Zanku Records’ — Zlatan Ibile launches own music label|author=Remigius|first=Chibuike|date=2020-01-02|work=lifestyle.thecable.ng|language=en|accessdate=2020-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruo Febụwarị 25, o mere emume ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya mgbe ọ na-ekwupụta nọmba na aha ndị ọ bịanyere aka na ha. O depụtara ndị omenkà atọ aha ha bụ: Papisnoop, Oberz na Jamopyper, o kwuputakwara ntinye aka nke onye Videographer / Cinematographer aha ya bụ Visionary Pictures, onye njikwa ya 'Manager Jiggy', onye mmepụta egwu ya [[Rexxie]] na onye ndụmọdụ PR 'Biesloaded'. O mere ọkwa a na foto ya na mmadụ asaa ndị ọzọ site na ibe Instagram ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/zlatan-launches-his-record-label-zanku-records-and-promotes-his-new-act-oberz/bwn63fl|title=Zlatan launches his record label, ZANKU Records and promotes his new act, Oberz|author=Alake|first=Motolani|date=2020-02-12|work=pulse.ng|language=en|accessdate=2020-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mkpọrọ na ntọhapụ ===
N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2019, EFCC jidere Zlatan na mmadụ ole na ole ndị ọzọ n'ihe gbasara ebubo ebubo aghụghọ n'ịntanetị na mmefu ego.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.guardian.ng/life/naira-marleys-management-says-he-borrowed-laptop-he-was-arrested-with/|title=Naira Marley's management says he borrowed laptop he was arrested with|work=M.guardian.ng|date=2019-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/05/10/breaking-arrested-naira-marley-zlatan-ibile-rahman-jago-others-efcc-gives-details-photos/amp/|title=Why we arrested Naira Marley, Zlatan Ibile, Rahman Jago, others - EFCC gives details &amp;#91;PHOTOS&amp;#93;|work=Dailypost.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị, a tọhapụrụ ya na mgbapụta nchịkwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/330030-zlatan-three-others-freed-naira-marley-still-in-efcc-custody.html?amp_markup=1|title=Zlatan, three others freed, Naira Marley still in EFCC custody|work=Premiumtimesng.com|date=2019-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ngagharị iwe ENDSARS ====
N'ọnwa Ọktọba afọ 2020, n'oge ngagharị iwe EndSARS, Zlatan wepụtara &quot;Soro Soke&quot; iji gosipụta nchegbu ya banyere ogbugbu nke ndị ntorobịa aka ha dị ọcha na Lekki toll gate&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-22|title=Zlatan - &quot;Soro Soke&quot; « tooXclusive|url=https://tooxclusive.com/zlatan-soro-soke/|accessdate=2021-01-22|work=Tooxclusive.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218044422/https://tooxclusive.com/zlatan-soro-soke/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Discography ==

=== Albọm Studio ===

* ''Zanku'' (2019)
* ''Resan'' (2021)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/review-zlatan-resan-album/l8y8ydt|title=Wow Zlatan! you did that 'Resan'|date=9 November 2021|author=Motolani Alake|work=Pulse|accessdate=20 December 2021|archivedate=20 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220041510/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/review-zlatan-resan-album/l8y8ydt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Single ===

; Dị ka onye isi nka

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Abọm
!Ref
|-
|2016
|&quot;Odun Yi&quot; (gosipụtara Spaceboi)
|rowspan=&quot;9&quot;{{n/a|Non-album single}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jim Donnett|title=Zlatan X Spaceboi – &quot;Odun Yi&quot;|url=https://tooxclusive.com/zlatan-x-spaceboi-odun-yi/|work=TooXclusive|accessdate=6 December 2019|date=February 6, 2016|archivedate=6 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206230149/https://tooxclusive.com/zlatan-x-spaceboi-odun-yi/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|&quot;Omoge&quot;
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Al Yhusuff|title=Zlatan Ibile – &quot;Omoge&quot; ft. Oritsefemi|url=https://tooxclusive.com/zlatan-ibile-omoge-ft-oritsefemi/|work=TooXclusive|accessdate=6 December 2019|date=March 2, 2017|archivedate=6 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206230300/https://tooxclusive.com/zlatan-ibile-omoge-ft-oritsefemi/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;My Body&quot; (featuring &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;[[Olamide]]&lt;/span&gt;)
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Marcus Brown|title=Zlatan – My Body ft. Olamide|url=https://tooxclusive.com/zlatan-body-ft-olamide/|work=TooXclusive|accessdate=6 December 2019|date=October 13, 2017|archivedate=6 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206230148/https://tooxclusive.com/zlatan-body-ft-olamide/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|&quot;Jogor&quot; (nke &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;gosipụtara&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;[[Lil Kesh]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;na Naira Marley&lt;/span&gt;)
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Oluwatobi Ibironke|title=Zlatan – &quot;Jogor&quot; f. Lil Kesh x Naira Marley|url=https://tooxclusive.com/zlatan-jogor-f-lil-kesh-naira-marley/|work=TooXclusive|accessdate=6 December 2019|date=May 11, 2018|archivedate=6 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206231108/https://tooxclusive.com/zlatan-jogor-f-lil-kesh-naira-marley/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Zanku (Legwork)&quot;
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tomiwa|title=Zlatan – &quot;Zanku&quot;|url=https://tooxclusive.com/zlatan-zanku-legwork-new-song/|work=TooXclusive|accessdate=6 December 2019|date=October 19, 2018|archivedate=6 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206230149/https://tooxclusive.com/zlatan-zanku-legwork-new-song/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Oja&quot;
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Oghene Michael|title=MUSIC: Zlatan Ibile – Oja|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2018/02/music-zlatan-ibile-oja/|work=360nobs|accessdate=6 December 2019|date=February 4, 2018|archivedate=7 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207235952/https://www.360nobs.com/2018/02/music-zlatan-ibile-oja/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Osanle&quot; (&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;gosipụtara&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;Davido&lt;/span&gt;)
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://community.vanguardngr.com/forum/topics/download-music-zlatan-ft-davido-osanle-mp3|title=DOWNLOAD MUSIC: Zlatan Ft. Davido – Osanle mp3|author=Posted by Adeyanju Adewumi on November 7|first=2018 at 7:24am in Entertainment|work=Community.vanguardngr.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |2019
|&quot;Afọ a&quot;
|
|-
|&quot;4 Days in Ekohtiebo&quot;
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/2019/05/19/days-after-release-efcc-custody-zlatan-ibile-drops-single-4-days-ekoh-tiebo|title=Days After Release From EFCC Custody, Zlatan Ibile Drops Single '4 Days In Okotie Eboh'|work=Saharareporters.com|accessdate=19 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Killin Dem&quot; (&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;ya na&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;[[Burna Boy]]&lt;/span&gt;)
|''Nnukwu Afrịka''
|
|-
|&quot;Shotan&quot; (&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;gosipụtara&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;[[Tiwa Savage]]&lt;/span&gt;)
|''Zanku''
|
|-
|&quot;kokosa&quot; (nke gosipụtara Juls, Damibliz, Jorlasi)
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-14|title=Zlatan x Damibliz x Juls x Worlasi – &quot;Kokosa&quot; » tooXclusive {{!}} MP3|url=https://tooxclusive.com/zlatan-x-damibliz-x-juls-x-worlasi-kokosa-new-song/|accessdate=2021-04-17|work=tooXclusive|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101050339/https://tooxclusive.com/zlatan-x-damibliz-x-juls-x-worlasi-kokosa-new-song/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-14|title=Zlatan - Ale Yi&quot; » NaijaLanded {{!}} MP3|url=https://naijalanded.com.ng/zlatan-ale-yi-mp3-download/|accessdate=2021-04-17|work=NaijaLanded|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023055729/https://naijalanded.com.ng/zlatan-ale-yi-mp3-download/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Bolanle&quot; (&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;ya na IVD&lt;/span&gt;)
| {{n/a|Non-album single}}
|
|-
|&quot;Gbeku&quot; (gosipụtara Burna Boy)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Zanku''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Damola Durosomo|title=Zlatan and Burna Boy Drop Another Banger With New Single 'Gbeku'|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/listen-zlatan-ibile-and-burna-boy-new-song-gbeku-dance/|work=OkayAfrica|accessdate=6 December 2019|date=October 28, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Yeye Boyfriend&quot;
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Damola Durosomo|title=Zlatan Drops New Song and Video 'Yeye Boyfriend'|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/watch-listen-zlatan-ibile-new-song-yeye-boyfriend-nigerian-afrobeats-music/|work=OkayAfrica|accessdate=10 May 2020|date=October 23, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2020
|&quot;Quilox&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{n/a|Non-album single}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://notjustok.com/song/zlatan-quilox/|title=[Music] Zlatan - Quilox {{!}} Mp3 Download « NotJustOk|date=2020-01-06|work=Latest Naija Nigerian Music, Songs &amp; Video - Notjustok|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-28|archivedate=2020-03-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307005457/https://notjustok.com/song/zlatan-quilox/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Unripe Pawpaw&quot; (nke gosipụtara Papisnoop, Jamo Pyper na Oberz)
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://notjustok.com/videos/video-zlatan-unripe-pawpaw-ft-papisnoop-jamopyper-oberz/|title=Zlatan - Unripe Pawpaw {{!}} Video &amp; Mp3 Download « NotJustOk|date=2020-03-14|work=Latest Naija Nigerian Music, Songs &amp; Video - Notjustok|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-28|archivedate=2020-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422154533/https://notjustok.com/videos/video-zlatan-unripe-pawpaw-ft-papisnoop-jamopyper-oberz/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2020
|&quot;Ihe ahụ&quot;
|Non-album single
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=DOWNLOAD Zlatan – The Matter|url=https://lokcitymusic.com/zlatan-the-matter/|work=lokcitymusic.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-31|archivedate=2020-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614000108/https://lokcitymusic.com/zlatan-the-matter/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2020
|&quot;Soro Soke&quot;
|Non-album single
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-21|title=[Music] Zlatan - Soro Soke (EndSARS) » Naijaloaded|url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/download-music/zlatan-soro-soke-endsars|accessdate=2021-01-22|work=Naijaloaded|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129010813/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/download-music/zlatan-soro-soke-endsars}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-21|title=Zlatan – Resan » Legitbaze|url=https://legitbaze.com/zlatan-resan/|accessdate=2021-01-22|work=Legitbaze|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008074051/https://legitbaze.com/zlatan-resan/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2020
|&quot;Lagos Anthem&quot;
|Non-album single
|
|-
|2021
|&quot;Alubarika&quot; (gosipụtara Buju)
|Resan
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2021-08-17|title=New Video: Zlatan feat. Buju – Alubarika|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/08/zlatan-buju-alubarika/|accessdate=2021-08-18|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2021
|&quot;Ale Yi&quot;
|Resan
|
|}

; Dị ka onye na-ese ihe

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Abọm
!Ref
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |2019
|&quot;Jo&quot; (&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;Dammy Krane&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;gosipụtara Zlatan na Olamide&lt;/span&gt;)
|rowspan=&quot;12&quot; {{n/a|Non-album single}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zlatan x Dammy Krane x Olamide – &quot;Jo&quot;|url=https://tooxclusive.com/dammy-krane-jo-ft-zlatan-x-olamide-new-song/|work=TooXclusive|accessdate=6 December 2019|date=February 28, 2019|archivedate=6 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206231334/https://tooxclusive.com/dammy-krane-jo-ft-zlatan-x-olamide-new-song/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Am I a Yahoo Boy&quot; (&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;Naira Marley&lt;/span&gt; featuring Zlatan)
|
|-
|&quot;Kowope&quot; (&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;HDT gosipụtara Zlatan na GCN&lt;/span&gt;)
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=HDT – &quot;Kowope&quot; f. Zlatan &amp; GCN|url=https://tooxclusive.com/videohdt-kowope-f-zlatan-gcn/|work=TooXclusive|accessdate=6 December 2019|date=July 15, 2019|archivedate=5 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205124432/https://tooxclusive.com/videohdt-kowope-f-zlatan-gcn/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Flenjo&quot; (&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;Ceeza Milli featring Zlatan&lt;/span&gt;)
|
|-
|Mkpọchi (&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;Davolee ft&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;Zlatan)&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tomiwa|title=Davolee x Zlatan – &quot;Lock Up&quot;|url=https://tooxclusive.com/davolee-x-zlatan-lock-up/|work=TooXclusive|accessdate=6 December 2019|date=October 2, 2019|archivedate=6 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206232908/https://tooxclusive.com/davolee-x-zlatan-lock-up/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Chacha&quot; (Remix) (&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;[[Harrysong]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;featuring Zlatan&lt;/span&gt;)
|
|-
|&quot;Onye Eze 2.0&quot; (&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;[[CDQ (rapper)|CDQ]]&lt;/span&gt; nke gosipụtara Zlatan)
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDQ x Zlatan – &quot;Onye Eze 2.0&quot;|url=https://tooxclusive.com/cdq-x-zlatan-onye-eze-2-0/|work=TooXclusive|accessdate=6 December 2019|date=June 27, 2019|archivedate=6 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206232925/https://tooxclusive.com/cdq-x-zlatan-onye-eze-2-0/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Gelato&quot; (&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;[[DJ Cuppy]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;featuring Zlatan&lt;/span&gt;)
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Michael Bamidele|title=DJ Cuppy &amp; Zlatan Serves Us Party Flavoured &quot;Gelato&quot;|url=https://guardian.ng/life/dj-cuppy-zlatan-serves-us-party-flavoured-gelato/|work=Guardian Life|accessdate=6 December 2019|date=16 August 2019|archivedate=6 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206232909/https://guardian.ng/life/dj-cuppy-zlatan-serves-us-party-flavoured-gelato/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2020
|&quot;Onye isi oche&quot; (Remix) (&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;Dremo featuring Zlatan&lt;/span&gt;)
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://notjustok.com/song/dremo-ft-zlatan-chairman-remix/|title=Dremo ft. Zlatan - Chairman (Remix) {{!}} Mp3 Download « NotJustOk|date=2020-01-23|work=Latest Naija Nigerian Music, Songs &amp; Video - Notjustok|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-28|archivedate=2020-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321142125/https://notjustok.com/song/dremo-ft-zlatan-chairman-remix/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Pongilah&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Slimcase featuring Zlatan&lt;/small&gt;)
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/download-music/slimcase-ft-zlatan-pongilah|title=Slimcase - Pongilah Ft. Zlatan » Naijaloaded {{!}} Mp3 Download|date=2020-01-30|work=Naijaloaded|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-28|archivedate=2020-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612111414/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/download-music/slimcase-ft-zlatan-pongilah}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Egungun&quot; (Remix) (&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;Obesere&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;featuring Zlatan&lt;/span&gt;)
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Peter OKH|title=Obesere ft. Zlatan – Egungun (Remix)|url=https://notjustok.com/song/obesere-ft-zlatan-egungun-remix/|work=NotJustOk|accessdate=19 March 2020|date=March 19, 2020|archivedate=19 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319175430/https://notjustok.com/song/obesere-ft-zlatan-egungun-remix/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Of Lala&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Rahman Jago gosipụtara Zlatan na Jamo Pyper&lt;/small&gt;)
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/download-music/rahman-jago-ft-zlatan-jamo-pyper-of-lala|title=Rahman Jago Of Lala Ft. Zlatan » Naijaloaded {{!}} Mp3 Download|date=2020-04-14|work=Naijaloaded|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-28|archivedate=2020-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608132309/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/download-music/rahman-jago-ft-zlatan-jamo-pyper-of-lala}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;O Por&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Rexxie&lt;/small&gt; featuring Zlatan)
|''Afro Street Vol. 1''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://notjustok.com/song/rexxie-ft-zlatan-o-por/|title=Rexxie ft. Zlatan - O Por|date=2020-04-25|work=Notjustok|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-28|archivedate=2020-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425190951/https://notjustok.com/song/rexxie-ft-zlatan-o-por/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ihe omume
!Nrite
!Onye natara ya
!Nsonaazụ
!Ref
|-
|2018
|City People Music Awards
|Rookie nke Afọ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/cpma2018-city-people-music-awards-nominees-list-out/|title=#CPMA2018: City People Music Awards Nominees' List Out|author=Reporter|date=2018-10-17|work=City People Magazine|accessdate=2019-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2019
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Isi
|Next Rated
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gbenga Bada|title=Headies 2019: Here are all the winners at the 13th edition of music award|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/headies-2019-here-are-all-the-winners-at-13th-edition-of-music-award/peegxqv|publisher=Pulse Nigeria|accessdate=20 October 2019|date=October 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Street Hop Artiste
|Zlatan maka &quot;Zanku (Legwork)&quot;
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Mmekọrịta kacha mma
|Burna Boy na Zlatan maka &quot;Killin Dem&quot;
|{{Won}}
|-
|Abụ nke Afọ
|&quot;Legwork&quot;
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |African Muzik Magazine Awards
|Best New Act
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Here Are the Winners at the 2019 African Muzik Magazine Awards in Dallas|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/afrimma-2019-awards-winners-list/|work=OkayAfrica|accessdate=6 December 2019|date=October 28, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Mmekọrịta kacha mma
|Burna Boy na Zlatan maka &quot;Killin Dem&quot;
|{{Won}}
|-
|Abụ nke Afọ
|&quot;Killin Dem&quot;
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Net Honours
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị achọ
|Egwu kachasị egwu n'okporo ámá - &quot;Lagos Anthem&quot;
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mofijesusewa|first=Samuel|date=2021-06-20|title=NET Honours 2021: “Damages” by Tems Named Most Played Alternative Song|url=https://thenet.ng/net-honours-2021-damages-by-tems-named-most-played-alternative-song/|accessdate=2021-07-21|work=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Most played street hop song
|&quot;Cash App&quot; nke gosipụtara Zlatan na Lincoln
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Egwu Hip Hop kachasị egwu
|&quot;Lagos Anthem&quot;
|{{Nom}}
|}

== Leekwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị egwu [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]

== Ndetu ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Saeed Jones</title>
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{{Databox}} 

'''Saeed Jones''' (amụrụ ya na Nọvemba 26, 1985) bụ onye edemede na onye na-ede uri nke America. A kpọrọ nchịkọta izizi ya ''Prelude to Bruise'' onye ikpeazụ nke afọ 2014 maka National Book Critics Circle Award maka uri. Akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ, ihe ncheta, How We Fight for Our Lives meriri Kirkus Prize for Nonfiction n'af ọ 2019.

== Mmalite ndụ ya ==
A mụrụ Jones na Memphis, Tennessee ma tolite na Lewisville, Texas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cochran|first=Jacoby|title=Saeed Jones: Buzzfeed Editor, Poet, and Forensicator|url=http://www.thisismelo.com/feature/saeed-jones-buzzfeed-editor-poet-and-forensicator/|accessdate=20 September 2016|work=Melo|date=May 27, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara kọleji na Mahadum Western Kentucky, wee nweta MFA na Mahadum Rutgers-Newark .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.rutgers.edu/feature/buzzfeed-names-rutgers-mfa-graduate-executive-editor-culture/20160218#.V3cS7I6Or60|title=Buzzfeed Names Rutgers MFA Graduate Executive Editor of Culture|author=Sacharow|first=Fredda|date=February 19, 2016|work=Rutgers Today|publisher=[[Rutgers University]]|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ya ==

=== Abụ ===
NPR kpọrọ ''Prelude to Bruise'', nchịkọta uri izizi nke Jones, &quot;ọmarịcha, na-enweghị atụ,&quot; &quot;visceral and affecting.&quot; ''The Kenyon Review'' kwuru na ọrụ ahụ &quot;na-akpali ihe ize ndụ, nke na-abụkarị akụkọ ifo, agụụ mmekọahụ n'ime ọnọdụ obi ọjọọ nke ime ihe ike. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Journey|first=Anna|authorlink=Anna Journey|title=On Saeed Jones's Prelude to Bruise|work=[[The Kenyon Review|Kenyon Review Online]]|date=Fall 2014|url=http://www.kenyonreview.org/kr-online-issue/2014-fall/selections/prelude-to-a-bruise-by-saeed-jones-738439/|accessdate=2022-06-10|archivedate=2025-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528200457/https://kenyonreview.org/kr-online-issue/2014-fall/selections/prelude-to-a-bruise-by-saeed-jones-738439/}}&lt;/ref&gt; TIME ''Magazine'' tụrụ aro ya dị ka &quot;agụ na-adọrọ adọrọ nke kachasị mma na nnọkọ ole na ole o kwere mee.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Feeney|first=Nolan|title=Saeed Jones: &quot;No One Is Safe&quot; In These Poems|date=September 29, 2014|url=http://time.com/3433002/saeed-jones-prelude-to-bruise/|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye ikpeazụ n'afọ 2014 maka National Book Critics Circle Award maka uri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Charles|first=Ron|authorlink=Ron Charles (critic)|date=19 January 2015|title=National Book Critics Circle finalists|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/01/19/national-book-critics-circle-finalists/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jones abụrụla onye mmeri nke Ihe nrite Pushcart, Joyce Osterwell Award for Poetry site na PEN Literary Awards, na Stonewall Book Award-Barbara Gittings Award for Literature, na onye a họpụtara maka 2014 Lambda Literary Award for Gay Poetry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.startribune.com/coffee-house-poet-saeed-jones-wins-pen-award/303607921/|title=Coffee House poet Saeed Jones wins PEN award|author=Hertzel|first=Laurie|date=May 13, 2015|work=On Books|publisher=[[Star Tribune]]|accessdate=June 10, 2022|archivedate=June 27, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173832/https://www.startribune.com/coffee-house-poet-saeed-jones-wins-pen-award/303607921/}}&lt;/ref&gt; E gosipụtara Jones na usoro Abụ nke ''PBS NewsHour'' na ''So Popular''! na ''Janet Mock'' na MSNBC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=van Wagtendonk|first=Anya|title=Weekly Poem: Saeed Jones composes a 'Prelude' to one Boy's coming-of-age|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/poetry/weekly-poem-saeed-jones-composes-a-prelude-to-one-boys-coming-of-age/|work=[[PBS NewsHour]]|date=September 15, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; E gosipụtara ya na mkpuchi nke ''Hello Mr''. n'afọ 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=Justin|title=The Winning Gay Subtlety of 'Hello Mr.'|date=September 26, 2014|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/09/26/the-winning-gay-subtlety-of-hello-mr.html|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|accessdate=20 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Prose na ọrụ ndị ọzọ ya ===
Jones rụrụ ọrụ na BuzzFeed dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ LGBT na onye nchịkọta akụkọ Culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gross|first=Terry|date=7 November 2019|title='We're All Struggling': Writer Saeed Jones Reflects On Identity And Acceptance|url=https://www.wvxu.org/post/were-all-struggling-writer-saeed-jones-reflects-identity-and-acceptance#stream/0|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=15 August 2020|work=WVXU Cincinnati Public Radio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ nọ na BuzzFeed, Jones kwadoro BuzzFeed New's morning show AM to DM site na ọdịda 2017 ruo etiti afọ 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Scire|first=Sarah|date=16 April 2020|title=BuzzFeed News shuts down AM to DM, its morning news show, after Twitter pulls funding|work=Nieman Lab|url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2020/04/buzzfeed-news-shuts-down-am-to-dm-its-morning-news-show-after-twitter-pulls-funding/|accessdate=15 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jones dekwara kọlụm ndụmọdụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ BuzzFeed's READER nke isiokwu ya bụ &quot;Dear Ferocity.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/buzzfeedpromotions/did-you-know-buzzfeed-has-a-literary-magazine|title=Hey, Did You Know BuzzFeed Has A Literary Magazine?|work=[[BuzzFeed]]|date=May 8, 2017|accessdate=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Simon &amp; Schuster bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta ya How We Fight for Our Lives n'afọ 2019. The New Yorker kpọrọ ụda akwụkwọ ahụ na ọdịnaya ya &quot;ngwa ngwa, ozugbo, eziokwu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Waldman|first=Katie|date=10 October 2019|title=Saeed Jones's Sensual Memoir of Race, Sex, and Self-Invention|work=The New Yorker|url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/saeed-joness-sensual-memoir-of-race-sex-and-self-invention|accessdate=15 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; NPR kpọrọ ya &quot;ihe ncheta pụtara ìhè&quot; nke nwere &quot;ihe ndị jikọtara ya na uri&quot; na &quot;ọtụtụ n'ime anyị ndị tolitere na-arọ nrọ nke ohere na-aga n'ihu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Iglesias|first=Gabino|date=14 October 2019|title='How We Fight For Our Lives' Is One Life Story That Finds Connection To Others|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/14/768755815/how-we-fight-for-our-lives-is-one-life-story-that-finds-connection-to-others|accessdate=15 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ a ritere Kirkus Prize for Nonfiction na 2019 na Lambda Literary Award na 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Downing|first=Andy|date=24 October 2019|title=Columbus writer Saeed Jones wins the Kirkus Prize|work=Columbus Alive|url=https://www.columbusalive.com/news/20191024/columbus-writer-saeed-jones-wins-kirkus-prize|accessdate=15 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Vanderhoof|first=Erin|date=1 June 2020|title=PRIDE MONTH EXCLUSIVE: The Winners of the 32nd Annual Lambda Literary Awards|work=Vanity Fair|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/06/lambda-literary-lammy-32nd-annual-award-winners|accessdate=16 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2022, ajụjụ ọnụ Jones na Debbie Millman gosipụtara na Storybound (podcast) oge mmalite nke ise.

== Ndụ onwe ==
Jones bi na Columbus, Ohio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Nneka|author=McGuire|title=Forget New York. For writer Saeed Jones, Columbus, Ohio, is the place to be a literary star|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/forget-new-york-for-writer-saeed-jones-columbus-ohio-is-the-place-to-be-a-literary-star/2019/10/22/7d0deb60-ef58-11e9-8693-f487e46784aa_story.html|date=October 22, 2019|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ==

=== Nchịkọta Abụ ===

* ''Mgbe Naanị Ìhè bụ Ọkụ''. Sibling Rivalry Press, 2011.
* ''Prelude to Bruise''. Coffee House Press, 2014.

'''Na Anthology'''

* Ghost Fishing: An Eco-Justice Poetry Anthology. Mahadum nke Georgia Press, 2018.

=== Ihe ncheta ===

* {{Cite book|title=How We Fight for Our Lives: A Memoir|publisher=[[Simon &amp; Schuster]]|year=2019|isbn=9781501132735}}

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruth Ndulu Maingi</title>
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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]

'''Ruth Ndulu Maingi''' (a mụrụ na 22 Mee 1983), bụ [[Actor|onye]] Kenya na-eme ihe nkiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/54762-ruth-maingi-ex-ktn-actor-who-was-conned-twice-house-hunting-video|title=Ruth Maingi: Ex-KTN Actor Who Was Conned Twice House Hunting|publisher=kenyans|accessdate=27 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ na ihe nkiri ''18'' Hours, The Distant Boat na Midlife Crisis .

== Ndụ onwe ==
A mụrụ Ruth na 22 Mee afọ 1983 na Machakos, Kenya dịka nwa nke anọ n'ime ezinụlọ nke ụmụnne isii.&lt;ref name=&quot;SPLA&quot; /&gt; Ọ gara Kathiani High School na Township Muslim Primary School na Machakos maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị na praịmarị n'otu n'otu. Ọ gụsịrị diplọma na mkpuchi mgbe ọ gụsịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;standardmedia&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ruth malitere ọrụ ya dịka onye na-agba egwu mgbe ahụ, o mechara gbanwee gaa na nka iji rụọ ọrụ ma sonye na Kenya National Theatre Performing Arts School ruo afọ abụọ. N'afọ 2007, ọ sonyeere Kigezi Ndoto Musical Theatre Performances . Mgbe ahụ n'afọ 2008, ọ kwagara India ma mee ihe nkiri maka ''Sauti Kimya'' na ''Githaa'' .&lt;ref name=&quot;standardmedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/trendsetters/article/2000121454/fashion-forward-actress|title=Fashion-forward actress|publisher=Standard Media|accessdate=27 October 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/trendsetters/article/2000121454/fashion-forward-actress &quot;Fashion-forward actress&quot;]. Standard Media&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 October&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2011, o mere ihe nkiri izizi ya na ihe nkiri The ''Marshal'' of Finland ma n'otu afọ ahụ, a họpụtara ya maka ọrụ ndu na usoro telivishọn Lies that Bind, nke mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya na telivishọn. N'ime usoro a, ọ rụrụ ọrụ 'Salome', nwunye nke atọ na ezi ịhụnanya Richard Juma, na nwunye nke atọ. Mgbe ahụ n'afọ 2013, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri Swahili a ma ama ''Mama Duka'' na ọrụ aha ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;SPLA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://kenya.spla.pro/en/file.person.ruth-ndulu-maingi-salome.42819.html|title=Ruth Ndulu Maingi (Salome)|publisher=SPLA|accessdate=27 October 2020|archivedate=25 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125065132/http://kenya.spla.pro/en/file.person.ruth-ndulu-maingi-salome.42819.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211125065132/http://kenya.spla.pro/en/file.person.ruth-ndulu-maingi-salome.42819.html &quot;Ruth Ndulu Maingi (Salome)&quot;]. SPLA&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 October&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya, e mechara kwanyere ya ùgwù na 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards .&lt;ref name=&quot;standardmedia&quot;/&gt;

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu dịka onye nkuzi na usoro telivishọn The Team, ya na Media Focus on Africa nke Dreamcatcher mepụtara. N'afọ 2014, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri abụọ: The Next East African Film Maker na Orphan .&lt;ref name=&quot;standardmedia&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 2018, o mere Nollywood nke mbụ na ihe nkiri Family First nke [[Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen|Lancelot Imasuen]] duziri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thecitizenng.com/kenyan-actress-ndulu-maingi-makes-nollywood-debut/|title=Kenyan actress, Ndulu Maingi makes Nollywood debut|publisher=kenyans|accessdate=27 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-09-08|title=Kenyan actress, Ndulu Maingi gets her Nollywood calling|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/09/kenyan-actress-ndulu-maingi-gets-her-nollywood-calling/|accessdate=2022-01-13|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ihe nkiri
!Ọrụ
!Ụdị
!Ref.
|-
|2012
|''Marshal nke Finland''
|Maria
|Ihe nkiri
|
|-
|2013
|''Mama Duka''
|Mama Duka
|TV Series mkpụmkpụ
|
|-
|2013
|''Ụgbọ mmiri dị anya''
|Ruth Malombe
|Ihe nkiri
|
|-
|2015
|''Fundi-Mentals''
|
|Ihe nkiri
|
|-
|2017
|''18 Awa''
|
|Ihe nkiri
|
|-
|2018
|''Ezinụlọ Mbụ''
|
|Ihe nkiri
|
|-
|2019
|''Usoro ahụ''
|Rachel
|Usoro TV
|
|-
|2020
|''Ụgha nke na-ejikọta''
|Salome
|Usoro TV
|
|-
|2020
|''Nsogbu nke Midlife''
|Gigi, Stylist
|Ihe nkiri
|
|}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Siemon Allen</title>
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'''Siemon Allen''' (amụrụ na Durban, South Africa) bụ onye na-ese ihe na-arụ ọrụ karịsịa na ntinye ihe. Ọ bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na mba United States. A na-ewere Allen dị ka otu n'ime ndị a ma ama na-egosipụta nka South Africa na Northeastern USA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williamson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Williamson|first=Sue|title=10 years 100 artists: art in a democratic South Africa|publisher=Struik|year=2004|pages=34–37|isbn=978-1-86872-987-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ ==
Siemon Allen gụrụ maka ihe osise na Technikon Natal na Durban, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Master of Arts na 1999. N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, ọ matara onye ga-abụ nwunye ya, onye America, ha wee kwaga US mgbe e mesịrị. Taa, Allen na-arụ ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ nleta na ngalaba maka ihe ọkpụkpụ na mgbasa ozi mgbasa na Mahadum Virginia Commonwealth na Richmond, Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://arts.vcu.edu/sculpture/portfolios/siemon-allen/ |title=Allen's profile on Virginia University's homepage |accessdate=2022-06-18 |archivedate=2011-06-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604122551/http://arts.vcu.edu/sculpture/portfolios/siemon-allen/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ ka bi na South Africa, Allen bụ onye guzobere FLAT Gallery (1993 - 1995) n'ime ihe gbasara atụmatụ ndị na-ese ihe.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.siemonallen.org/flat.html Flat-project on the artist's homepage]&lt;/ref&gt;

E gosipụtara ọrụ Allen na 2nd Johannesburg Biennale dị ka akụkụ nke ngosi &quot;Graft&quot;. O kwubeghi ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ndụ onwe ya na ndụ ọha na eze Ọrụ ya bụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ nchịkọta n'ime na n'èzí South Africa, nke gụnyere nchịkọta nke Durban Art Gallery, Guggenheim Museum na New York City na Standard Bank Collection.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williamson&quot;/&gt;

== Nkà ihe ọmụma ==
Siemon Allen bụ onye na-ewekọta ihe na onye na-echekwa ihe ndị na-adịghị adịte aka na South Africa, nke ọ na-eji emepụta nnukwu ihe ngosi na ihe ọmụma. N'ihi ya, a na-akpọ ọrụ ndị a &quot;ọrụ nchịkọta&quot; ma na-enyocha echiche nke ịmepụta njirimara site n'ebe dị anya na onyinyo nke South Africa n'ozuzu.

Maka ihe owuwu ya, Allen na-achịkọta ihe ndị e biri ebi, nke ọ na-edepụta ma gosipụta. Usoro ọrụ ahụ yiri nke onye na-edebe ihe ochie.
Dị ka onye South Africa bi na mba ọzọ, Allen nwere mmasị karịsịa na ịchọpụta na ịghọta otú a na-ahụ mba site na mpụga na ihe bụ ọrụ mba ahụ na-ewu onyinyo a. Na mbido afọ 2000 ọ hụrụ ebe weebụsaịtị nke gọọmentị South Africa nke na-akpọsa arịrịọ maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mma na mpụga mba ahụ yana maka iwebata ndị South Africa na-abụghị gọọmentị bi na mba ọzọ ka ha rụọ ọrụ dị ka &quot;ndị nnọchiteanya&quot; maka mba ahụ. Ihe ntinye Allen na-agbagha echiche a dị mkpa nke &quot;akara&quot; South Africa ma nye aka na ya.

Ọrụ Allen n'ezie bụ maka ịmepụta nnukwu ihe ncheta nke dabeere na ịntanetị nke akwụkwọ ọdịyo gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.flatinternational.org/ Homepage of his project &quot;Flat International&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ ihe ngosi nke sitere na ihe ncheta a &quot;Records&quot; ma gosipụta ya na South Africa na 2009 na US na 2010.

== Ihe ngosi ==

=== Nke o mere naanị ya (nke a họọrọ) ===

* 2010 Imaging South Africa: Nchịkọta Ọrụ site na Siemon Allen, Anderson Gallery, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA
* 2009 Ihe oyiyi South Africa: Records, BANK Gallery, Durban, South Africa
* 2005 Kaadị nke Abụọ, FUSEBOX, Washington, DC, USA
* 2004 Akwụkwọ akụkọ (Register), Mahadum Drake Án Anderson Gallery, Des Moines, IA, USA
* 2002 Akwụkwọ akụkọ (Post/Times), FUSEBOX, Washington, DC, USA
* 2001 STAMP COLLECTION Iṅomi South Africa, Hemicycle/Corcoran Museum, Washington, DC, USA
* 1999 Ụlọ, Gallery 400, Chicago, IL, USA
* 1994 Abụ maka Nella, FLAT Gallery, Durban, South Africa

=== Nke otu (nke a họọrọ) ===

* 2011 Ọchịchọ, Akụkọ Ezigbo na Contemporary South African Art, South African Pavilion, 54. Biennale von Venedig, Venedig, Ịtali
* 2010 Records, The Gordon Schachat Collection Onye na-ese ihe, Johannesburg Art Fair, South Africa
* 2009 t.error Egwu gị bụ ihe mpụga, Hungarian Cultural Center, New York, NY, USA
* 2008 Nsogbu Ihe osise nke oge a site na Scandinavia na South Africa, Johannesburg Art Gallery, South Africa
* 2008 T.ERROR, Kunsthalle, Budapest, Hungary
* 2008 Hopeless and Otherwise, nke Valerie Imus haziri, Southern Exposure, San Francisco, USA
* 2006 Akụkọ ifo nke Eziokwu: Africa nke oge a na mba ofesi, Blaffer Gallery, Houston, TX, USA
* 2006 Ihe ọzọ karịa nka, G Fine Art, Washington, DC, USA
* 2005 Ihe oyiyi onye iro, Brooklyn, NY, USA
* 2004 Freedom Salon, New York, NY, USA
* 2004 Ihe edeturu na Renewed Appropriationisms, The Project, Los Angeles, CA, USA
* 2004 Nlegharị anya azụ Mirror, Kettleyan Yard, Cambridge, UK
* 2004 Akụkọ ifo nke Eziokwu: Africa nke oge a na mba ofesi, Miller Gallery, Mahadum Carnegie Mellon, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
* 2003 The American Effect, Whitney Museum, New York, NY, USA
* 2003 Art Positions, Miami/Basel, Miami, FL, USA
* 2003 ARCO, Madrid, Spain
* 2002 Context &amp; Conceptualism, Artists Space. New York, NY, USA
* 2002 Intersections, RMIT Gallery, Melbourne, Australia
* 2001 Mgbe Diagram gasịrị, White Box, New York, NY, USA
* 2000 Open Circuit, NSA Gallery, Durban, South Africa
* 1999 Import, Goethe Institute (mmadụ abụọ na Markus Wirthmann), Washington, DC
* 1998 Drömmar och Moln, Kulturhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
* 1997 Iwere Stock, Johannesburg Stock Exchange, South Africa
* 1997 2nd Johannesburg Biennale, Graft, South African National Gallery, Kapstadt, South Africa
* 1996 Hitch-Hiker, Generator Art Space, Johannesburg, South Africa
* 1995 Rembrandt Gallery (mmadụ atọ na Thomas Barry na Jeremy Wafer), Johannesburg, South Africa
* 1994 Vita Art Now 93, Johannesburg Art Gallery, South Africa
* 1993 Institute of Contemporary Art (ICA) (mmadụ abụọ na Greg Streak), Johannesburg, South Africa

== Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ==

* Anderson Gallery (Mahadum Drake). Siemon Allen Akwụkwọ akụkọ: ọrụ nke Siemon Allen. Anderson Gallery, Mahadum Drake, 2004.
* Siemon Allen bụ akụkọ ifo nke eziokwu: Africa nke oge a na mba ofesi. Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Oge A St. Louis, 2003.
* Siemon Allen, 1993-1999.
* Siemon Allen The Flat Gallery: akwụkwọ na nyocha dị oke egwu nke otu nka na-abụghị nke Durban.

== Ebensidee ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.siemonallen.org/] Ebe obibi Siemon Allen
* [http://www.electricjive.blogspot.com/] Electric Jive, ebe Siemon Allen bụ akụkụ nke otu na-ede blọgụ banyere egwu South Africa
* [http://www.flatinternational.org/] flatinternational, ihe ndekọ Siemon Allen nke South African audio
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011041036/http://www.artsouthafrica.com/?article=744] isiokwu na Artsouthafrica.com
* [1] isiokwu na Bizcommunity.whatson.co.za
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604122551/http://arts.vcu.edu/sculpture/portfolios/siemon-allen/] onye na-ese ihe na Arts.vcu.edu
* [1] isiokwu dị na German Monopol Magazin
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100829054429/http://esterknows.com/archives/imaging-south-africa-collection-projects-by-siemon-allen] isiokwu na blog Esterknows.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220705040710/http://www.mahala.co.za/art/the-record-collector/] isiokwu na mahala.co.za
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120118211831/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_10_42/ai_n6094720/] isiokwu dị na Artforum (2004)
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Ahmed Rebai</title>
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'''Ahmed Rebai''' (n'asụsụ Arabic : أحمد الرباعي, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwCA&quot;&gt;[amɛd ʁebai]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;mwCQ&quot;&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;), site na aha ya zuru ezu Ahmed Ben Wajdi Rebai (أحمد بن وجدي الرباعي), a mụrụ na October 27, 1997 na Tunis, bụ onye [[Tunisia]].

 
N'ịbụ onye sitere n'ezinụlọ ndị na-agụ egwú si Sfax, ọ bụ nwa nwanne onye na-agụ egwu [[Saber Rebaï]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=أحمد الرباعي: لا علاقة لعمّي صابر بتتويجي في مهرجان الأغنية|url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/ar/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85/879888/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85-%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=RadioMosaiqueFM|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=مبتدا|date=2019-10-16|title=فيديو{{!}} على خطى عمه.. أحمد الرباعى يطرح &quot;حكايتى أنا&quot;|url=https://www.mobtada.com/details/878516|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=www.mobtada.com|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Articles with short description]]
[[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Ahmed Rebai, a mụrụ n'afọ 1997 na Tunis n'ime ezinụlọ ndị na-agụ egwú, ya na nna ya Wajdi, onye na-agụ egwu, na nwanne nna ya Saber, onye na'agụ egwú a ma ama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About me – Ahmed Rebai|url=https://www.ahmedrebai.com/about-me/|accessdate=2021-04-28|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya ghọtara na nwa ya nwoke nwere nkà nakwa na a ghaghị ịkwado ya na nzọụkwụ mbụ ya ma karịsịa nyere ya aka ịzụlite ọrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-02|title=أحمد الرباعي: لم أشارك في ذا فويس بسبب عمي صابر الرباعي|url=https://www.sayidaty.net/node/990171/%D9%81%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=مجلة سيدتي|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ dị obere, ọ gbara ya ume ịmụ egwu ma kpọọ violin n'ụlọ akwụkwọ pụrụ iche, dị ka National Conservatory of Music na Tunis. Ahmed Rebai malitere ịbụ abụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=الخطيب|first=محمود|date=2019-10-14|title=زهرة الخليج - أحمد الرباعي: &quot;حكايتي أنا&quot; وجهي الحقيقي|url=https://www.zahratalkhaleej.ae/Article/564688/أحمد-الرباعي-«حكايتي-أنا»-وجهي-الحقيقي|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=زهرة الخليج|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=www.africanchallenges.com|date=10 August 2019|url=https://www.africanchallenges.com/tunisie-saber-rebai-le-prince-de-la-chanson-arabe-revient-au-festival-international-de-hammamet-apres-cinq-ans-dabsence/|accessdate=18 June 2022|archivedate=2 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202154404/https://www.africanchallenges.com/tunisie-saber-rebai-le-prince-de-la-chanson-arabe-revient-au-festival-international-de-hammamet-apres-cinq-ans-dabsence/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nzere bachelọ ya, ọ gara mahadum na Higher Institute of Music nke Tunis, ebe ọ nwetara ikikere dị mkpa na egwu na musicology n'afọ 2019. N'afọ 2020, ọ na-agbaso onye nkuzi ọmụmụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọrụ ===

* Ihe na-akpali ya bụ nwanne nna ya Saber Rebaï, kamakwa [[Abdel Halim Hafez]], Ali Riahi na Dhikra Mohamed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Na Disemba 2016 , mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, ọ wepụtara egwu mbụ ya, ''Abati'' ( أ Awesome ma ọ bụ ''Nna m'' ), nke Bachir Lakkani dere ma bụrụ nke Najib Meslmani dere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Na Septemba 2018 wepụtara egwu ya ''Nhebbek Men Ghir Tfalsif ''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-09-18|title=Ahmed Rebai : Un bel avenir l'attend !|url=https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=Musicien Tunisie|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2020-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081812/https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Na June 2019, ọ pụtara na telivishọn na ihe ngosi ''Fekrat Sami Fehri'' ma kwupụta ntọhapụ nke abọm mbụ ya akpọrọ ''Waad'', nke abụ mbụ ya jikọtara onye na-ede abụ Hossam Said, onye na-agụ egwu Osman Gad na onye nhazi. Ahmed Magdy; onye nduzi Seif El Saher duziri vidiyo egwu ahụ.
* N'ọnwa June 2020, o sonyere n'ịmepụta ọrụ nka nkwalite maka Banque Zitouna, na abụ akpọrọ ''Ahna Tejmaana Al Kiyam'' nke Lotfi Bouchnak na Insaf Ben Ghalia sụgharịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Waad' de Ahmed Rebai dans Noujoum|url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/video/430351/waad-de-ahmed-rebai-dans-noujoum|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=RadioMosaiqueFM|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-06-20|title=&quot;Waad&quot; le nouveau clip de Ahmed Rebai|url=https://www.musicien.tn/nouveautes/clips/waad-le-nouveau-clip-de-ahmed-rebai/|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=Musicien Tunisie|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2020-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207001257/https://www.musicien.tn/nouveautes/clips/waad-le-nouveau-clip-de-ahmed-rebai/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=احمد الرباعي :طلوعي على قرطاج حلمة وقريبا عمل جديد مع لطفي بوشناق|url=https://www.ifm.tn/fr/video/star-time/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82/1284|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=IFM|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Egwuregwu ===

* Septemba 2018 : ịmaliteghachi aha ''Gabbar'' site na Abdel Halim Hafez n'oge ihe omume ''Essmaani 1'' nke Association for Research on Cancer haziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
* Ọktoba 2018 : otuto nye Hassan Dahmani na ndị otu Tunisian National Orchestra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-10-19|title=Hommage à Hsan Dahmani : Adieu l'artiste !|url=https://www.musicien.tn/reportages/hommage-a-hsan-dahmani-adieu-lartiste/|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=Musicien Tunisie|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2020-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209173945/https://www.musicien.tn/reportages/hommage-a-hsan-dahmani-adieu-lartiste/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jenụwarị 2019 : La Mélodie de la Révolution concert : ntụgharị uche nke ndị mmadụ n'egwú! nke ndị Tunisian National Orchestra nyere ya na onye na-agụ ''egwu'' Leïla Hjaiej n'oge emume nke mgbanwe Tunisian nke a haziri na Cité de la Culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-01-17|title=La Mélodie de la Révolution : célébrer la volonté du peuple en musique !|url=https://www.musicien.tn/reportages/cite/la-melodie-de-la-revolution-celebrer-la-volonte-du-peuple-en-musique/|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=Musicien Tunisie|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2020-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207000002/https://www.musicien.tn/reportages/cite/la-melodie-de-la-revolution-celebrer-la-volonte-du-peuple-en-musique/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Julaị 2019 : onye ọbịa na-eju anya nke onye na-agụ egwu Latifa Arfaoui onye ya na ya na-eme ''Ahimou Bi Tounes El Khadhra'' n'elu ikpo okwu nke International Festival of Carthage.
* Ọgọstụ 2019 : duet na Eya Daghnouj n'oge mgbede nke mbipụta mbụ nke Nuits du Théâtre de l'Opéra na Hammamet, ya na ndị Tunisian National Orchestra nke Mohamed Lassoued duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-07-20|title=Le retour de Latifa sur la scène du Festival International de Carthage|url=https://www.musicien.tn/reportages/ete-2019/carthage-2019/le-retour-de-latifa-sur-la-scene-du-festival-international-de-carthage/|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=Musicien Tunisie|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2020-12-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206235154/https://www.musicien.tn/reportages/ete-2019/carthage-2019/le-retour-de-latifa-sur-la-scene-du-festival-international-de-carthage/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Julaị 2020 : ihe ngosi e nyere na ncheta afọ 63 nke nkwupụta nke Republic na interpété site na Tunisian Symphony Orchestra , n'okpuru nduzi nke Mohamed Bouslama, ndị ukwe nke Opera nke Tunis, Tunisian National Orchestra na onye na-agụ egwu Abir Derbel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-08-23|title=L'Orchestre national tunisien à l'ouverture des Nuits de l'Opéra à Hammamet : Des artistes pleins de talent|url=https://lapresse.tn/20547/lorchestre-national-tunisien-a-louverture-des-nuits-de-lopera-a-hammamet-des-artistes-pleins-de-talent/|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=La Presse de Tunisie|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2020-12-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206224059/https://lapresse.tn/20547/lorchestre-national-tunisien-a-louverture-des-nuits-de-lopera-a-hammamet-des-artistes-pleins-de-talent/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-08-30|title=&quot;Lika&quot; réunit Eya Daghnouj et Ahmed Rebai sous la direction de Mohamed Lassoued|url=https://www.musicien.tn/bref/lika-reunit-eya-daghnouj-et-ahmed-rebai-sous-la-direction-de-mohamed-lassoued/|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=Musicien Tunisie|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2020-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081815/https://www.musicien.tn/bref/lika-reunit-eya-daghnouj-et-ahmed-rebai-sous-la-direction-de-mohamed-lassoued/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na ọdịiche ==

* Machị 2018 : ihe nrite nke Lions Clubs nyere iji kwanyere nkwado ya maka ọrụ mmekọrịta ya ùgwù.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Febụwarị 2019 : asambodo nsọpụrụ maka imekọ ihe ọnụ na enyemaka ibe ya na Amicalement Vôtre collective.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Ihe nrite maka onye na-eto eto kachasị mma na Tunisia maka afọ 2019 nke Union of Young Workers nke Tunisia nyere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Eprel &lt;abbr&gt;20&lt;/abbr&gt;21 : ihe nrite mbụ na mbipụta nke 20 nke Festival of Song Tunisian nke emere na Opera House maka ọrụ ya NEDEM (okwu na ihe osise na nhazi nke Slim Abdullah Zaidi Marwen).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-04|title=20e édition du Festival de la Chanson tunisienne: Le palmarès|url=https://lapresse.tn/93162/20e-edition-du-festival-de-la-chanson-tunisienne-le-palmares/|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=La Presse de Tunisie|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2021-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103003221/https://lapresse.tn/93162/20e-edition-du-festival-de-la-chanson-tunisienne-le-palmares/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=أحمد الرباعي Archives|url=https://madapost.net/tag/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=Mada Post - مدى بوست|language=ar|archivedate=2021-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428213633/https://madapost.net/tag/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibịa ==
&lt;references /&gt;
 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.ahmedrebai.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị]
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{{Infobox officeholder|image=|office=[[Chief Official White House Photographer]]|termstart=September 1998|termend=January 20, 2001|president=[[Bill Clinton]]|predecessor=[[Bob McNeely]]|successor=[[Eric Draper]]}}
'''Sharon Camille''' '''Farmer''' (amụrụ n'ọnwa Juun 10, afọ 1951) bụ onye Amerịka na-ese foto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.otesa.com/pdfs/profilesandbios/Profile%20Sharon%20Farmer%20African-American%20National%20Biography.pdf|title=Profile Sharon Farmer African-American National Biography|first=Henry Louis|author=Gates|authorlink=Henry Louis Gates Jr.|accessdate=September 30, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nwanyị Afrịka-Amerịka mbụ e were n'ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto White House&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Rugged Waters: Black Journalists Swim the Mainstream|url=https://archive.org/details/ruggedwatersblac00dawk|publisher=August Press LLC|date=January 1, 2003|isbn=9780963572073|language=en|first=Wayne|author=Dawkins}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Complete Encyclopedia of African American History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsKHCgAAQBAJ|publisher=Visible Ink Press|date=June 1, 2015|isbn=9781578595839|language=en|first=Jessie Carney|author=Smith}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nwanyị Afrịka-Amerịka nke mbụ na nwanyị mbụ ịbụ onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ foto White House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet White House Photographer, Sharon Farmer|url=http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/kids/inside/html/fall99/html/farmer.html|work=clinton4.nara.gov|accessdate=November 12, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ellsworth J. Davis, first black photographer for The Washington Post, dies at 86|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/ellsworth-j-davis-first-black-photographer-for-the-washington-post-dies-at-86/2013/08/19/89241e36-08de-11e3-b87c-476db8ac34cd_story.html|work=The Washington Post|date=August 19, 2013|accessdate=November 20, 2015|language=en-US|first=Emily|author=Langer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Farmer ma zụlite ya na Washington, D.C. ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ohio State n'afo 1974 na nzere na foto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Black photographers tell their stories|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/therootdc/post/black-photographers-tell-their-stories/2011/11/22/gIQATij64N_blog.html|work=The Washington Post|date=November 22, 2011|accessdate=November 20, 2015|language=en-US|first=Macy L.|author=Freeman}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ ọ ghọrọ onye otu Delta Sigma Theta sorority, osote onye isi oche nke gọọmentị ụmụ akwụkwọ, ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, Our Choking Times .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sharon Farmer|url=http://lgbthistorymonth.com/sharon-farmer?tab=biography|work=LGBTHistoryMonth.com|accessdate=November 12, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Prime Minister Ehud Barak of Israel and Chairman Yasser Arafat of the Palestinian Authority shake hands at a trilateral meeting at the U.S. Ambassador's residence in Oslo, Norway - DPLA - fc56152fbb8cd5a11e698f338a8304d0.jpg|alt=Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser Arafat, U.S. President Bill Clinton and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak came together for peace negotiations in 2000. Photograph by Sharon Farmer|thumb|Sharon Onye ọrụ ugbo foto nke onye isi oche Palestinian Authority Yasser Arafat, Onye isi ala US Bill Clinton na Praịm Minista Israel Ehud Barak bụ ndị gbakọtara maka mkparịta ụka udo n'afọ 2000.]]

== Ọrụ ==
Farmer malitere ọrụ ya n'afọ 1974 na-agbapụ mkpuchi albọm. Foto onwe ya toro na foto ''akụkọ'' ma rụọ ọrụ maka Smithsonian Institution, The Washington Post na American Association for the Advancement of Science.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sharon Farmer|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/sharon-farmer-41|work=The HistoryMakers|accessdate=November 19, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1993, e goro Sharon Farmer ka ọ see foto maka White House na-ekpuchi Onye isi ala Bill Clinton na nwanyị mbụ Hillary Rodham Clinton.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Photographer Spotlight {{!}} Sharon Farmer|url=http://thephotographer4you.com/photography/photographer-spotlight-sharon-farmer|work=thephotographer4you.com|accessdate=November 19, 2015|archivedate=November 17, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117214224/http://thephotographer4you.com/photography/photographer-spotlight-sharon-farmer/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Minor Rift Between First Pets - 01-06-98|url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/01/06/vxtreme/pets.rift/|publisher=CNN|work=AllPolitics|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mgbe e mesịrị, e buliri Farmer ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke White House Photography wee bụrụ onye Afrịka-Amerịka mbụ na nwanyị mbụ nwere ọnọdụ a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tuason presents award to Sharon Farmer|url=http://www.glaa.org/archive/2011/tuason2farmer0420.shtml|work=www.glaa.org|date=April 20, 2011|accessdate=November 20, 2015|archivedate=May 15, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515113956/http://www.glaa.org/archive/2011/tuason2farmer0420.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gụnyere ọrụ Farmer n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi, gụnyere: &quot;Songs of My People,&quot; &quot;Art against AIDS,&quot; &quot;Gospel in the Projects,&quot; &quot;Twenty Years on the Mall,&quot; &quot;Washington, DC-Beijing Exchange,&quot; na &quot;Our View of Struggle&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ụlọ akwụkwọ ==
Sharon Farmer gụrụ akwụkwọ na foto ma mechaa na egwu na Mahadum Ohio State dị na Columbus, Ohio, ebe ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor of Arts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sharon Farmer|url=https://focusonthestory.org/festival/bios/sharon-farmer/|work=Focus On The Story|accessdate=11 December 2020|archivedate=15 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515113958/https://focusonthestory.org/festival/bios/sharon-farmer/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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'''Sharon Ikeazor''' ( bụ onye amụrụ n' ụbọchị iri abụọ na asatọ ọnwa n'ime ọnwa nke asatọ afọ 1961) bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndụmọdụ nchịkwa. Ọ bụ onye bụbu onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke Pension Transitional Arrangement Directorate. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2019, a họpụtara Sharon ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi na-elekọta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/breaking-akpabio-akume-lai-mohammed-amaechi-fallen-sylva-aregbesola-gbemi-saraki-keyamo-others-make-buharis-ministerial-list/|title=Breaking: Akume, Lai, Fallen,Saraki, Keyamo make Buhari's Ministerial list|date=2019-07-23|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/faces-of-new-lawyers-in-incoming-cabinet/|title=Faces of new lawyers in incoming cabinet|date=2019-08-05|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/cabinet-list-buhari-remains-minister-of-petroleum-resources-appoints-sylva-junior-minister/|title=Cabinet List: Buhari remains petroleum minister, appoints Sylva junior minister|author=Adanikin|first=Olugbenga|date=2019-08-21|work=International Centre for Investigative Reporting (ICIR)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923134740/https://www.icirnigeria.org/cabinet-list-buhari-remains-minister-of-petroleum-resources-appoints-sylva-junior-minister/|archivedate=2019-09-23|accessdate=2019-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Usòrò:Sharon Ikeazor.jpeg|thumb|Sharon Ikeazor]] 

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
Ikeazor malitere agụmakwụkwọ ụlọakwụkwọ praịmarị ya na St. Mary's Convent School na Lagos. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara Queen of The Rosary College, Onitsha wee gaa Godolphin School, Salisbury, England ebe ọ nwetara ọkwa GCE ya. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria na 1981 wee gụkwuo akwụkwọ n' [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|Mahadum]] Benin na nzere Bachelor of Law (LL.B Hons.), na 1984. N'afọ 1985, ọ nwetara asambodo ya n'ụlọakwụkwọ iwu Naịjirịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wipfng.com/volunteer/rashed-kabir/|title=SHARON IKEAZOR|work=Women in politics forum|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-07|archivedate=2019-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807104930/http://www.wipfng.com/volunteer/rashed-kabir/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://leadership.ng/2019/04/04/exclusively-woman-inside-sharon-ikeazors-ptad/|title=Exclusively Woman : Inside Sharon Ikeazor’s PTAD|author=Yesufu|first=Joy|date=2019-04-04|work=Leadership Newspaper|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-07|archivedate=2019-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406022511/https://leadership.ng/2019/04/04/exclusively-woman-inside-sharon-ikeazors-ptad/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ikeazor n'oge mbụ ahụ na-agụnye ọkwa ndị ndụmọdụ na ụlọakụ mba na nke mba ụwa; Nigerian Merchant Bank, Nerderlansce Middenstandbank na Midas Merchant Bank. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Shell Petroleum dịka onye ọka iwu ụlọọrụ tupu o guzobe ọrụ iwu nke ya na 1994. Ka ọ na-eru afọ 1999, ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ iwu na onye nhazi ọrụ maka Fluor Daniel Nigeria Ltd, onye enyemaka nke ụlọ ọrụ US Engineering Firm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; O sonyere na mmezu nke Atlas Cove Tank Farm Project nke bụ mmekọrịta teknụzụ n'etiti Fluor Daniel na National Engineering and Technical Company (NETCO), dịka ụlọ ọrụ Naịjirịa National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) si kwuo.

N'ikpeazụ, Ikeazor ghọrọ osote onyeisi oche maka mmepe azụmahịa na mmekọrịta gọọmentị maka ụlọọrụ ndụmọdụ United States, Good Works International (GWI) Consulting, site na 2003 ruo 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://powerbase.info/index.php/GoodWorks_International|title=GoodWorks International - Powerbase|work=powerbase.info|accessdate=2019-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, o nyere ndụmọdụ na ndụmọdụ maka ndị ọrụ mmanụ na gas / ike na Naịjirịa. Karịsịa, ọ bụ onye isi ndụmọdụ maka General Electric (GE) na National Integrated Power Project (NIPP) na Gọọmentị Federal nke Naịjirịa. Ọ lekọtara mmepe nke ohere azụmaahịa ndị ọzọ na-apụta n'Africa n'oge ya na GWI.

Ikeazor mechara bụrụ onye nnọchi anya iwu maka Aso Energy Resources, Ltd, Abuja ruo afọ abụọ, 2008-2010, tupu ọ banye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

== Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
N'afọ 2011, ọ gbara ọsọ ma merie ọkwa onye ndu National Women nke Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20150412/page/58|title=Sharon Ikeazor: I have Faith in Buhari|author=Olaode|first=Funke|date=April 12, 2015|work=Thisday Newspaper|accessdate=March 5, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; O jiri ikpo okwu ya mee ihe iji kwado ikike maka ụmụnwanyị site na imekọ ihe ọnụ na International Republican Institute (IRI) na United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) iji zụọ ụmụ nwanyị maka idu ndú na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa.

Site na njikọta nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị atọ na Naijiria na 2013, Sharon pụtara dị ka onye ndú Interim National Women nke All Progressives Congress (APC) ruo mgbe a họpụtara ya na APC Board of Trustees na 2014, ọkwá ọ na-ejide ruo taa. N'oge ọ bụ onye ndú ụmụ nwanyị, o guzobere APC Young Women's Forum iji duzie ma kwado ụmụ agbọghọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'afọ 2016, ọ pụtara na APC Senatorial Candidate maka Anambra Central Zone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://newswirengr.com/2016/01/23/sharon-ikeazor-emerges-apc-candidate-for-anambra-senatorial-candidate/|title=Sharon Ikeazor Emerges APC Candidate For Anambra Senatorial Candidate|date=2016-01-23|work=NewsWireNGR|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-07|archivedate=2019-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605213904/http://newswirengr.com/2016/01/23/sharon-ikeazor-emerges-apc-candidate-for-anambra-senatorial-candidate/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Wednesday, August 21, 2019, Onye isi ala Buhari họpụtara ya dị ka Minista nke Gburugburu Ebe Obibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=JUST IN: Full List: Buhari assigns portfolios to new Ministers|url=https://oak.tv/newstrack/full-list-buhari-assigns-portfolios-ministers/|accessdate=26 August 2019|work=Oak TV Newstrack|date=21 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-08-21|title=FOR THE RECORD: Official citations of Buhari’s ministers, SGF - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/347874-for-the-record-official-citations-of-buharis-ministers-sgf.html,%20https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/347874-for-the-record-official-citations-of-buharis-ministers-sgf.html|accessdate=2022-06-29|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ Ebere ==
Ikeazor anọgidewo na-ahazi ma na-ekere òkè na idu ndú, ọzụzụ na ntụziaka nke ụmụ agbọghọ na ndị ọzọ nwere nsogbu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecable.ng/chibok-girls-apc-women-ask-fg-to-seek-help-without-shame|title=Chibok girls: APC women ask FG to seek help 'without shame'|date=2014-05-01|work=TheCable|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ebere nke nna ya nwụrụ anwụ, Chimezie Ikeazor (SAN), onye guzobere Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), Free Legal Aid for the Poor in Nigeria. Nzukọ nke ọ na-elekọta ugbu a na-enye nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka ọrụ iwu enyere ụmụ amaala na-enweghị ọrụ na-ebi n'okpuru akara ịda ogbenye. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ụlọ mkpọrọ nke na-akwụ ụgwọ nke ndị na-echere ikpe yana inye ụfọdụ ndị mkpọrọ nnọchiteanya iwu n'efu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/40-years-legal-aid-council-tribute-founder/|title=40 years of Legal Aid Council: Tribute to the founder|date=2016-11-21|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O guzobere The Wakiliyan Mata Empowerment Initiative, otu NGO maka ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ, nke na-enye ha ego na-enweghị ọmụrụ nwa iji malite obere azụmaahịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Buhari salutes Sharon Ikeazor at 60 - P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/08/27/buhari-salutes-sharon-ikeazor-at-60/|accessdate=2022-06-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sharon bụ osote onye isi oche nke Women in Politics Forum (WIPF) nke o guzobere iji wulite ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gafee usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://wakiliyanmata.org/|title=Wakiliyanmata|work=Wakiliyanmata|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-08-07|archivedate=2018-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809174324/http://wakiliyanmata.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ Ọha nke Gọọmenti ==
Ikeazor jere ozi dịka onyeisi odeakwụkwọ nke PTAD site na 2016 ruo 2019 n'oge a na-enye ya ọrụ iduzi nzukọ ahụ gaa n'iwu ya nke mmezu ọdịmma na-adịgide adịgide maka ndị ezumike nká. N'afọ 2017, a họpụtara ya maka onyinye LEADERSHIP Persons of the Year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://leadership.ng/2018/05/24/leadership-annual-conference-awards-hold-today|title=LEADERSHIP Annual Conference, Awards Hold Today|author=Agba|first=George|date=May 24, 2018|work=Leadership Newspaper Nigeria|accessdate=August 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetakwara onyinye Public Service Excellence Award site na BusinessDay na 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/businessday-public-service-awards-meet-awardees/|title=BusinessDay Public Service Awards:Meet the Awardees|author=Akintola|first=Kehinde|date=December 1, 2017|work=Businessday NG|accessdate=January 18, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na 21st nke August 2019, Barr. A ṅụrụ Ikeazor iyi dị ka Minista nke Steeti maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọchịchị [[Muhammadu Buhari]], na-esote nyocha nke ọma nke National Assembly duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Edensibia ==

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'''Sulak Sivaraksa''' (Thai; RTGS: ; a na-akpọ ya {{IPA|[sùlák sìwárák]}}; Amụrụ n'ụbọchị 27 Machị 1933 na Siam) bụ onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Thailand, prọfesọ, onye edemede na onye guzobere na onye nduzi nke NGO Thai &quot;Sathirakoses-Nagapradeepa Foundation&quot;, nke aha ya bụ ndị isi abụọ gbasara ọdịbendị Thai, Sathirakoses (Phya Anuman Rajadhon) na Nagapradeepa (Phra Saraprasoet).&lt;ref name=&quot;OVERVIEW Sulak Sivaraksa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=OVERVIEW Sulak Sivaraksa |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100509311 |work=Oxford Reference|accessdate=11 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KoaBooks&quot;/&gt;Ọ malitere ọtụtụ òtù mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke ọrụ ebere, nke gburugburu ebe obibi na nke ime mmụọ na òtù na Thailand, dị ka College SEM (Mmụọ na Mmụta Movement).

A maara Sulak Sivaraksa na West dị ka otu n'ime ndị nna nke International Network of Engaged Buddhists (INEB), nke e guzobere n'afọ 1989 na ndị isi Buddha, gụnyere Dalai Lama nke iri na anọ, onye mọnk Vietnamese na onye na-eme udo Thich Nhat Hanh, na Theravada Bhikkhu Maha Ghosananda, dị ka ndị nkwado ya.

Mgbe e nyere Sulak Sivaraksa ihe nrite Right Livelihood Award n'afọ 1995 maka &quot;ọhụụ ya, ọrụ ya na ntinye aka ime mmụọ na ịchọ usoro mmepe nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ikpe ziri ezi na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe ọdịbendị&quot;, ọ ghọrọ onye ọha na eze maara na Europe na US. Sulak bụ onye isi oche nke Asian Cultural Forum on Development ma bụrụkwa prọfesọ nleta na UC Berkeley, Mahadum Toronto, na Cornell.&lt;ref name=&quot;KoaBooks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sulak Sivaraksa|url=http://www.wisdomofsustainability.com/authorbio.php|work=Koa Books|accessdate=16 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011113409/http://www.wisdomofsustainability.com/authorbio.php|archivedate=11 October 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''Koa Books''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20161011113409/http://www.wisdomofsustainability.com/authorbio.php the original] on 11 October 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 November&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Agborogwụ''' ma ọ bụ '''Ekereavụ''' ({{Audio|EKEREAGWU DANCE.ogg|}}) bụ egwu eji mara Ogorinawuibe, Umumbiri Oparanadim Ekwerazu, [[Ahiazu Mbaise]] n'Imo steeti. O bu [[omenala]] e Jiri mara obodo a nke ha na-ejie  eme mmemmé. Dika ikwa ozu,  ọṅụ nwa ma o bu igba akwukwo. O kariala otu narị afọ ejiri mara egwu a nke sitere na aka nnanna ndi obodo nwe egwu a. A na eji ekwe, ọyọ na akwa ndi ozo aku egwu Agborogwụ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AGBOROGW%E1%BB%A4_DANCE.webm|title=AID Project|author=AID Project|date=2023-02-04|work=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AGBOROGW%E1%BB%A4_DANCE.webm|accessdate=2023-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
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[[Òtù:Egwu ndị Igbo]]
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==Vidio==

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{{Infobox person|honorific_prefix=|name=Dami Àjàyí|honorific_suffix=|image=|caption=|birth_name=Damilola Àjàyí|birth_date={{birth year and age|1986}}|birth_place=[[Lagos]], [[Lagos State]], Nigeria|death_date=|death_place=|death_cause=|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=&lt;!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline}} --&gt;|monuments=|nationality=[[Nigerian people|Nigerian]]|other_names=|education=|alma_mater=[[Obafemi Awolowo University]]|occupation={{hlist|writer|[[medical doctor]]|critic}}|years_active=2006–present|employer=|organization=|agent=|known_for=Co-founding ''[[Saraba (magazine)|Saraba]]''|notable_works=''A Woman's Body Is a Country'' (2017)|style=|television=|partner=|children=|parents=|relatives=|awards=|website={{URL|damiajayi.com}}}}

Damilola Àjyí (amuru na 1986) bu onye odee Naijiria, onye na-ede uri na onye dibia bekee nke mebere Saraba, akwukwo edemede nke Naijiria na 2008.[1]

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Ajayi na 1986, na Lagos, Nigeria na nne na nna si Yoruba. Ọ gara Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo (OAU), Ile-Ife, ebe ọ gụrụ ọgwụ. Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ dị ka onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ na OAU, ọ kwadoro akwụkwọ akụkọ Saraba na 2008, [1] yana Lagos Review na YabaLeft Review, ya na ndị edemede Toni Kan na Tunji Olalere n'otu n'otu.

E gosipụtara Ajayi na akụkụ abụọ nke BBC Radio 4 Documentary Writing a New Nigeria, [1] ma kọwaara ya dị ka onye &quot;na-ede banyere ịhụnanya dị ka mmanya na-eme ka mmadụ banye n'ime mmetụta ya.&quot;[2]

== Ọrụ ==
Ajayi buru ụzọ bipụta mkpokọta uri ya Clinical Blues, bụ nke edepụtara aha ya mgbe ọ ka bụ ihe odide maka ihe nrite uri Melita Hume na 2012.[1] E mechara bipụta ya na 2014 site na WriteHouse. Edere ya ogologo oge maka Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa na 2018, [2] [3] ma bụrụ onye mbụ gbara ọsọ maka Association Nigerian Authors Prize.

N'afọ 2017, o dere nchịkọta uri nke abụọ ya, ahụ nwanyị bụ obodo, nke akwụkwọ Ouida na Nigeria bipụtara.[1] Bernardine Evaristo toro Ajayi dị ka onye &quot;na-eji obi ike kpughee mmekọrịta chiri anya na onye na-adịghị ike ya site na uri ndị na-akwụwa aka ọtọ na nkwupụta.&quot;

Nchịkọta nke atọ ya, mmetụta ịhụnanya na ihe mberede ndị ọzọ, ka Radi8 Book bipụtara na 2022. Peter Akinlabi kọwara ya dị ka &quot;nnwale siri ike nke oke mkpughe onwe onye&quot;, ebe &quot;ebe omume onye na-ede uri nke &quot;na-eme adịghị ike&quot; na-achọta nkọwa kachasị elu nke mgbagwoju anya na esemokwu ịhụnanya. abụ ndị na-abanye n'ime ndụ onye na-ede uri na ihe ndị na-eme kwa ụbọchị.&quot;[2]

N'agbata 2013 na 2019, o dere nyocha dị egwu na egwu Naijiria wee gbaa ndị egwu egwu dịka King Sunny Adé na Adekunle Gold, Queen Salawu Abeni, Etuk Ubong, Adebantu, na Somi ajụjụ ọnụ.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

N'afọ 2024, The Sun kọwara nyocha egwu Dami na mmetụta nke uri n'ime edemede ya. The Sun kwuru na &quot;Ihe na-eme ka Dami Ajayi dị iche na mpaghara nkatọ egwu bụ ọrụ ya abụọ dị ka onye na-ede uri. Nke a na-agụ uri ezi uche na-eme ka ederede ya na àgwà lyrical, na-ebuli okwu ahụ karịa nyocha dị mfe nke ịkụ egwu na egwu. Nyocha Ajayi na-agụkarị dị ka ihe mgbagwoju anya, ebe a na-ahọrọ okwu ọ bụla nke ọma iji kpalie egwu [1].

Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ From Limbe to Lagos: NonFiction from Cameroon and Nigeria, nke bụ nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ihe ederede e mere na Limbe &lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A: Words on the Times – Dami Ajayi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|work=Africa in Words|date=2021-02-26|title=Q&amp;A: Words on the Times&amp;nbsp;– Dami Ajayi|url=https://africainwords.com/2021/02/26/qa-words-on-the-times-dami-ajayi/|accessdate=2022-03-14|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka ndị edemede na-eto eto nke Africa.

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==

=== Akwụkwọ ===

* ''Mmetụta na Ihe Ọghọm Ndị Ọzọ (2022) ''
* ''Ahụ nwanyị bụ mba'' (2017) 
* Clinical Blues (2014) 

'''Akwụkwọ ekpere'''

* Daybreak &amp; Other Poems (Saraba Magazine, 2013) 

=== Isiokwu ===

* “Celluloid” na On Broken Wings: Anthology of Best Contemporary Nigerian Poetry (New York, Dlite Press, 2014) ed. by Unoma Azuah “Na-agwa m okwu” na Gambit: Ọhụrụ African Writing (Akụkọ &amp; Ajụjụ Ọnụ) (New York, The Mantle 2014) ed. by Emmanuel Iduma &amp; amp; Shaun Randol  &quot;Onye ọ bụla Lagos&quot;; na Africa m, Obodo m: Anthology Afridiaspora (Winepress Publishing) ed. by Tolu Daniel, Adeola Opeyemi  &quot;Ụlọ Ndị Ochie&quot; Songhai 12: Olu ọhụrụ n'ime akwụkwọ Nigeria (Port Harcourt, 2014) ed. nke Molara Wood &amp; amp; Lindsay Barrett  “Ndepụta egwu maka Mr Ehikhamenor” maka Daydream Esoterica (RELE Gallery, 2019)  &quot;Aubade to my Greying&quot; na Memento: Anthology of Contemporary Nigerian Poetry nke Adedayo Agarau deziri (America, Animal Heart Press, 2020)  “Queens”, “Sleeping Beauty (nke Borehamwood)”, “Waterstones”, “Ode to a face mask”, “Denouement” in Relations: Anthology of African and Diaspora Voices deziri nke Nana Brew-Hammond deziri.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}} 
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Ndị '''Vazimba''' (Malagasy [vaˈʒimbə]), dị ka nkwenye

e a ma ama si dị, bụ ndị mbụ bi na [[Madagascar]]. Ọ bụ ezie na nkwenye banyere &amp;#x1ECD;&amp;#x64;&amp;#x1ECB;&amp;#x64;&amp;#x1ECB; anụ ahụ nke Vazimba na-egosipụta ọdịiche dị n'ógbè, a n' ozuzu ha kọwara ha dị ka ndị dị obere karịa onye nkịtị, na - na Ihe akaebe sayensị na-akwado mbata mbụ na mmụba nke ndị mmadụ bi n' àgwàetiti ahụ n' oge a, mana enweghi ike igosi echiche pygmy(nakwa ndị agbụrụ Malagasy dị iche) ndị si n' ebe ala tọgbọrọ n' efu bụ Indonesia ugbua ma biri zie na Madagascar n' oge tere aka site na oge 350BCE-500CE. Ndị Ọkammụta wetara ihe gbara àmà na n'èzí ndị mmadụ mbụ bara ụba n' Oge ahụ mana ekwumwu maka pygmy enwe echi ihe ịgba àmà. 

Akụkọ banyere ndị Vazimba bụ ihe dị mkpa n' akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọdịbendị na njirimara nke ndị Madagascar, site na ihe akụkọ mere eme n' ikike karịrị nke mmadụ, na-akpali nkwenye na omume dịgasị iche iche gafee agwaetiti ahụ. Ha nwere ihe yiri ya na ọdịbendị Austronesian ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Menehunes na [[Hawaii]].

Eziokwu ndị gbara ndị na-eme nchọpụta n' oké osimiri si n&quot;ógbè Indonesia nke oge a gburugburu ebe obibi mbụ nke Madagascar, gụnyere oge ziri ezi na ọdịdị nke ọchịchị a, ka bụ isiokwu nke arụmụka n' ihe ọmụmụ ka na-aga n' ihu. A na-eche na enwere ike inwe ọtụtụ ndị mbụ biri na Madagascar. Dabere n' echiche a, ebili mmiri ahụ sitere n' otu mpaghara nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]], na-asụ otu asụsụ ma nwee otu Omenala. Mgbe ebili mmiri nke abụọ rutere, ha hụrụ agwaetiti ahụ nke ụmụ nke ebili mmiri mbụ bi na ya bụ ndị ọdịbendị na ụzọ ndụ ha sitere na ndị mbụ biri na ha, na-egosipụta ọtụtụ narị afọ nke ime mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi na nnọpụiche zuru oke site na egwu ndị ọzọ. Dabere na nkuwenye a ma ama, ndị Vazimba amaghị ihe banyere ịkpụ ígwè ma ọ bụ ịkọ osikapa ma jiri ngwá agha e ji ụrọ mee. Mgbe ndị bi n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka na-asụ asụsụ Bantu kwagara n' ebe ahụ ma weta omenala ha bụ ịzụ anụmanụ. E kwuru n' ndị Zimba zụrụ anụmanụ ahụ na ejighị ya mee anụ oriri. Ọbụrụ n' akụkọ oké ebili mmiri bụ eziokwu, ndị mbụ bụrụ ebe ahụ gara ịma ihe gbasara tekinologi nakwa ndị nke abụọ jekwudoro ha ga aka kọọ akụkọ ihe gbasara ndị mbụ biri ebe ahụ. 

àgwàetiti ahụ ma weta omenala ha nke ịzụ ehi zebu, a sịrị na ndị Vazimba kpọkọtarabzepu ha nʼerighị ha maka anụ. Ọ bụrụ na echiche nke ọtụtụ ebili mmiri ziri ezi, ndị obodo (nke mbụ) nke ndị bi na ya nwere ọganihu na teknụzụ ga-ezute mgbe ha rutere Madagascar ga'enye ihe ndabere akụkọ ihe mere eme maka akụkọ banyere ọdịdị mbụ nke obodo Vazimba ha kwuru na ha zutere n'ebe ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mythe&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110714013401/http://www.madatana.com/article-vazimba-mythe-ou-realite.php &quot;Vazimba: Mythe ou Realité?&quot;] Razafimahazo, S. ''Revue de l’Océan Indien.'' Accessed on November 8, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha ihe mgbe ochie na akụkọ ihe mere eme eme enyerela ụfọdụ ihe na-egosi otú ndị bi n' ugwu ndị a si biri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent&quot;&gt;Kent, Raymond K. ''Early Kingdoms in Madagascar: 1500&amp;#x2013;1700.''  Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ha rutere n'ọhịa ndị ahụ dị n' ebe okpomọkụ, ndị Vazimba na-eme ''tavy'' (ọrụ ugbo buru ibu, nke a n' ere ma na ya ọkụ) iji kpochapụ ala maka ịkọ unere, ji, ihe nri na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ha na-achịkọta mmanụ aṅụ, mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ ndị a n' eri eri ma na -achụ nta obere anụ n'ime ọhịa. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ha na-abawanye, ndị isi na ndị eze mechara chịa obodo nta. E kwenyere na ndị ọchịchị na-acha ọbara ọbara ntutu isi ha site na ero: ọgbakọ ndị isi ha n' acha ọbara ọbara ka ana ahụ na ọtụtụ mpaghara Madagascar ruo taa. 

dị  n'ógbè ahụ;   na'ahụ njikọ nke ụcha ọbara uhie na ez'  n&quot;ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Madagascar ruo taa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent&quot; /&gt;

Akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ekewa ndị Vazimba dịka akụkụ nke agwaetiti ebe e kwenyere na ha biri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madatana&quot;&gt;[http://www.madatana.com/article-origine-confuse-des-vazimba-du-betsiriry.php &quot;Origine Confuse des Vazimba du Betsiriry.&quot;] Ravalitera, P. ''Journal Express.''  Accessed on November 11, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; ''vazimba andrano'' (&quot;Vazimba nke Mmiri&quot;) biri n' akụkụ osimiri n' ọdọ mmiri. E kwenyere na ''vazimba antety'' (&quot;Vazimba nke Ala&quot;) bụ ndị kasị ọtụtụ ma a kọrọ na ha gbakọtara gburugburu ndagwurugwu Betsiriry na etiti Highlands. Ndanda ''vazimba''ingy (&quot;Vazimba nke Tsingy&quot;) biri n' ọgba ndị gbara gburugburu usoro limestone (tsingy) nke Bemaraha na ọdịda anyanwụ Madagascar ma kwenyere na ha na-eri mkpụrụ osisi na ngwaahịa ọhịa ndị ọzọ iji biri.

A maara oge mbụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Madagascar dị ka oge Vazimba (faha vazimba), malite na ndị Vazim na-ebi n' àgwàetiti ahụ na nguzobe alaeze ha nke Queens na mpaghara etiti ugwu nke Madagaskar.&lt;ref&gt;Bloch, M. ''From blessing to violence: History and ideology in the circumcision ritual of the Merina in Madagascar.'' Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1986.&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ụfọdụ akụkọ si kwuo, aha mbụ nke Vazimba na-achị ugwu dị n'etiti bụ Andriandravindravina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Callet&quot;&gt;Callet, F. ''Tantara ny andriana eto Madagascar.'' Académie Malgache, 1908.&lt;/ref&gt; Oge nke abụọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Highlands malitere site na mmeri nke alaeze Vazimba Highland site n' aka ndị eze Merina nʼ ihe a ga-akpọ Imerina iji sọpụrụ ha. A na-eto Andriamanelo (1540-1575) onye bụ onwe ya ọkara-Vazimba site na ndị bu ya ụzọ Queen Rangita na Queen Rafohy ː (ya na onye nọchiri ya, Ralambo na Andrianjaka) site n' ịmanye ndị Vazimba ka ha si n' ugwu ahụ banye nʼakụkụ &amp;#x1ECD;&amp;#x64;&amp;#x1ECB;&amp;#x64;&amp;#x61; anyanwụ nke agwaetiti ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Callet&quot; /&gt;

E nwere nkwenye na obere ndị fọdụrụ n' Vazimba nọrọ rue oge ọchịchị Andrianjaka (1610&amp;#x2013;1630). Ya mere, ịkọcha akụkọ gbasara ihu anụ ahụ ndị Vazimba, Jean-Pierre Domenichini kwuru n' aha a bụ  ''Vazimba'' nwere ike ịbụ aha si n' omenala karịa agbụrụ dị iche iche nakwa ndị amara dịka ndị Vazimba anwuchabeghi, kama ha bụ ndị omenala Merina. Akụkọ akọrọ maka ezinaulo Merina and Betsileo na ekwu maka alum dị na nwunye dị na etiti nna nna Merina and Vazimba. ,ụfọdụ ndị Malagasy kọrọ akụkọ na dinta kpọrọ ndị  Mikea  na Vezo n' akụ azu, bi n'  Madagascar, may be descended from Vazimba.

== Ihe a ma ama ==
E nwere ọtụtụ akụkọ mgbe ochie na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Madagascar metụtara ndị Vazimba dị mkpa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ekwu maka nwanyị Vazimba aha ya bụ Ramboamana na nwoke Vazimma aha ha bụ ramboabesofy, nke a maara dị ka reale-tany (ndị nwe ala) bụ ndị mbụ bi na Madagascar, bụ ha biri na mpaghara Ankavandra. Di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ aha ha bụ Rangoromana na Zafihisoky bụ ndị akụkọ ifo kọrọ na ha butere zebu n' àgwàetiti ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madatana&quot;/&gt;
Ụfọdụ ndị Merina na-achọpụta usoro ọmụmụ ha site n' otu nwoke aha ya bụ Ndrenavoavo ma ọ bụ nwanne ya nwanyị Pelamana bụ ndị, dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kwuo, bụ mmadụ mbụ n' abụghị ndị Vazimba (ya bụ, ndị bi na nke abụọ) rutere Madagascar. E kwenyere na e liri ha n' oké ọhịa dị nso na Tsirendresaka. A na-ekwu na ndị Vazimba niile nke Betsiriry n' asọpụrụ ili ha, na nzaghachi, ndị Tsirendresaka na na - emezu (taboo) nke machibidoro igbu zebu, iji sọpụrụ ndị Vzimba n' omenala ha nke ịzụ ehi n' erighị ha.

Na Madagascar taa, nkwenye a ma ama na-ekwusi ike na Vazimba nwere ike ọ bụghị mmadụ ma ọlị, kama ọ bụ ụdị anụ ọhịa maọbụ mmụọ ọjọọ nke n' ebe okike dị ka osimiri, nkume ma Ọwara. Akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ekwusi ike na ọ bụ omenala n' etiti ndị Vazimba itinye ndị nwụrụ anwụ n' ime mmiri a họpụtara ma ọ dị mmiri ndị ọzọ ma na mpaghara ndị a dị nsọ, mgbe ụfọdụ na ha n' ịbụ ebe njem ala nsọ na ịchụ àjà.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent&quot;&gt;Kent, Raymond K. ''Early Kingdoms in Madagascar: 1500&amp;#x2013;1700.''  Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahụkarị Vazimba dị ka ndị pere mpe karịa onye nkịtị, ma ọ bụ ndị n' ụzọ na na ya maọbụ ndị gbara ọchịchịrị. Nkọwa ndị ọzọ dị egwu nke Vazimba na-ekwu maka ihu dị ogologo na nnukwu egbugbere ọnụ na'ime ezé yiri ezì. N' etiti ọtụtụ nkwenkwe ndị metụtara Vazimba, a na-ekwu na ha enweghị ike iguzo iji metụ ihe ọ bụla metụrụ nnu aka, ma a machibidoro iweta galik ma ọ bụ anụ ezì n' ebe e kwenyere na ọ nwere ili Vazim.

* Mikea
* Beosi
* Obere mmadụ (akụkọ ifo)
* Kalanoro
* Tiki

== Ihe edeturu ==
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    <title>Samuel Atta Akyea</title>
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'''Samuel Atta Akyea''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1962) bụ onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ode&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.odekro.org/person/samuel-atta-akyea/|title=Hon. Samuel Atta Akyea: MP for Abuakwa South|publisher=odekro|accessdate=21 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817204818/http://www.odekro.org/person/samuel-atta-akyea/#|archivedate=2017-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye otu New Patriotic Party nke Ghana, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ọrụ na ụlọ ruo Jenụwarị 2021, na onye omebe iwu nke Akim Abuakwa South ugbu a. Ọ bụ naanị onye nke abụọ ma e wezụga Onye isi ala Nana Akufo-Addo a họpụtara dị ka onye omeiwu nke mpaghara ahụ na mba nke anọ.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ ya na Kyebi na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghamps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=58|title=Akyea, Samuel Atta|publisher=Ghana MPs|date=7 January 2017|accessdate=21 July 2017|archivedate=27 September 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927053435/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=58}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara Mahadum Ghana, Legon ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere Bachelor of Arts na Law na Philosophy na 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghamps&quot; /&gt; Ọ gara Ghana School of Law wee nweta akwụkwọ ikike ya n'afọ 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghamps&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;peace&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://m.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201701/302866.php|title=Bio Of 2nd Batch Of Ministers-Designate Announced By President Nana Akufo-Addo|publisher=Peace FM|date=21 January 2017|accessdate=21 July 2017|archivedate=10 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510213416/https://m.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201701/302866.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ ọrụ ==
After graduating from law school he was employed as a state attorney at the Attorney General's Department.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghamps&quot;/&gt; He later joined the private law firm, Akufo-Addo Prempeh &amp; Co in Accra. In 1995, he joined another private law firm, Zoe Akyea &amp; Co., where he was made a partner and worked there for fourteen years. He left private legal practice to contest the 2008 Abuakwa South constituency election.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghamps&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Atta Akyea banyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 2008 mgbe a họpụtara ya dịka onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Abuakwa South.&lt;ref name=&quot;gog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3428-samuel-atta-akyea-works-housing|title=Governance Samuel Atta Akyea – Works &amp; Housing|publisher=Government of Ghana|accessdate=21 July 2017|archivedate=16 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816045922/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3428-samuel-atta-akyea-works-housing}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-asọ mpi megide mmadụ abụọ ọzọ, ya bụ, Sammy Osei nke National Democratic Congress na Nana Addo Aikins, onye na-azọ ọkwa onye nweere onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ghana/10489.pdf|title=Ghana election 2008|publisher=fes|accessdate=21 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O meriri ntuli aka ahụ site n'inweta vootu 22,681 n'ime 30,109 nke na-anọchite anya 75.3% nke vootu ziri ezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ghamps&quot;/&gt; Ọ nọchiri Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, onye kwụsịrị dị ka onye omeiwu iji lekwasị anya na ọchịchọ ya ịbụ onye isi ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;regsing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-am-not-resigning-Akufo-Addo-98347|title=I am not resigning? -Akufo-Addo|publisher=Ghanaweb|date=26 January 2006|accessdate=21 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atta Akyea gara n'ihu nọgide n'oche ya na ntuli aka abụọ sochirinụ e mere na 2012 na 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;ser&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-m-a-very-serious-lawyer-Atta-Akyea-282168|title=I'm a very serious lawyer – Atta-Akyea|publisher=Ghanaweb|date=20 August 2013|accessdate=21 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Na nzuko omebe iwu, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na kọmitii dị iche iche gụnyere Finance, Public Accounts Judiciary na Ntinye aha nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghamps&quot; /&gt;

=== Nhọrọ 2016 ===
Na ntuli aka Ghana nke afọ 2016, ọ meriri oche ndị omeiwu nke Abuakwa South na vootu 28,442 na-eme 78.7.61% nke ngụkọta vootu e nyere ebe onye NDC na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu Owuraku Amofah nwere vootu 7,697 na-eme 21.3% nke ngụcha vootu e nye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=2016 Election - Abuakwa South Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/parliament/eastern/abuakwa_south/|accessdate=2023-01-21|work=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archivedate=2023-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121150427/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/parliament/eastern/abuakwa_south/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;odekroperc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blog.odekro.org/2017/01/18/parliamentary-records-of-ministers-designate-samuel-atta-akyea-npp-abuakwa-works-and-housing-minister-designate/|title=Parliamentary Records of Ministers-Designate : Samuel Atta Akyea (NPP-Abuakwa South) Works and Housing Minister-Designate|publisher=Odekro|accessdate=21 July 2017|archivedate=29 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029095908/http://blog.odekro.org/2017/01/18/parliamentary-records-of-ministers-designate-samuel-atta-akyea-npp-abuakwa-works-and-housing-minister-designate/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nhọrọ 2020 ===
Na ntuli aka Ghana nke afọ 2020, ọ meriri oche ndị omeiwu nke Abuakwa South Constituency ọzọ na votu 29,897 na-eme 75.7% nke ngụkọta vootu e nyere ebe onye NDC na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu Sanusi Mohammed nwere votu 7,740 na-eme 19.6% nke ngụcha vootu e nye, onye GUM na-azọrọ ọkwa Banning-Peprah Felix nwere votu 957 na-emepụta 2.4% nke ngụka vootu e wepụtara na onye omeiwu Independent Marfo Enock Kwame nwere votu 905 na-eme 2.3% nke ngụga vootu e tinyere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Abuakwa South Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/eastern/abuakwa_south/|accessdate=2023-01-21|work=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archivedate=2023-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606090746/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/eastern/abuakwa_south/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agha Galamsey ===
E boro Atta Akyea ebubo na o meghị ihe zuru ezu iji kwụsị iji Osimiri Birim mee ihe site n'aka ndị na-eme njem.&lt;ref name=&quot;birim&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/505068/a-chat-with-hon-samuel-atta-akyea-mp.html|title=A Chat With Hon Samuel Atta Akyea, MP|publisher=Modern Ghana|date=26 November 2013|accessdate=21 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osimiri Birim nke na-agafe na mpaghara ya bụ nnukwu osimiri dị na Ghana ma na-enye nnukwu mmiri dị mkpa na mpaghara ahụ. Atta Akyea kwuru na ọgụ ahụ bụ nsogbu mba chọrọ nkwado ndị agha.&lt;ref name=&quot;medoe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/521545/we-are-partners-8211-atta-akyea.html|title=We Are Partners – Atta Akyea|publisher=modernghana|date=7 February 2016|accessdate=22 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;okye&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://vibeghana.com/2011/12/08/atta-akyea-not-involved-in-kyebi-chieftaincy-affairs/|title=Atta Akyea not involved in Kyebi chieftaincy affairs|publisher=vibeghana|date=8 December 2011|accessdate=22 July 2017|archivedate=27 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127015344/http://vibeghana.com/2011/12/08/atta-akyea-not-involved-in-kyebi-chieftaincy-affairs/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://kofoyatetteh.blogspot.com/2010/03/clamp-down-on-galamseyatta-akyea.html|title=Clamp Down on Galamsey|publisher=|date=9 March 2010|accessdate=13 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kọmitii ===
N'afọ 2021, ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii Ntinye aha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-25|title=Speaker never said Appointment Committee should suspend to plant trees -Atta Akyea|url=https://ghanamps.com/speaker-never-said-appointment-committee-should-suspend-to-plant-trees-atta-akyea/|accessdate=2023-01-21|work=Ghana MPS|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Atta Akyea bụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Mines na Energy, onye otu Kọmitii Iwu nke Subsidiary nakwa onye otu Kọمitii mmefu ego pụrụ iche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parliament warns Herald Editor to cease exposés on controversial GNPC/Genser Energy contract|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/parliament-warns-herald-editor-to-cease-exposes-on-gnpc-genser-energy-contract.html|accessdate=2023-01-21|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=115|accessdate=2023-01-21|work=www.parliament.gh|archivedate=2023-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044641/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=115}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nhọpụta ndị ozi ==
Na Jenụwarị 2017, Onye isi ala Akufo-Addo họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Minista na-ahụ maka ọrụ na ụlọ dị ka akụkụ nke abụọ nke ndị minista a họpụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;batch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2017/January-12th/profile-of-second-batch-of-ministerial-nominees.php|title=Profile of second batch of ministerial nominee|publisher=Myjoyonline|date=12 January 2017|accessdate=21 July 2017|archivedate=2 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902134142/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2017/january-12th/profile-of-second-batch-of-ministerial-nominees.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gna&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/politics/atta-akyea-two-others-face-vetting-today-112773|title=Atta Akyea, two others face vetting today|publisher=ghananewsagency|date=8 February 2017|accessdate=22 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tupu kọmitii nhọpụta nke ụlọ omebe iwu nyochaa ya, ọ pụtara na o meghị ihe ọ bụla dị mkpa na ozi a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na mgbakwunye na ọ naghị etinye aka na mmekọrịta ọ bụla dị mma na kọmitii Ọrụ na Ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;odekroperc&quot;/&gt; Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ otuto nye ya na ndekọ egwu ya maka iwu ụlọ ọrụ siri ike na itinye iwu kwadoro ga-eme ka ọ dị mma na ngalaba ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;odekroperc&quot; /&gt; N'oge kọmitii nhọpụta na-enyocha ya na 31 Jenụwarị 2017, o kwupụtara ọhụụ ya maka ozi a họpụtara ya ma kwe nkwa ịrụcha ọrụ ụlọ niile a na-arụchabeghị nke gọọmentị John Dramani Mahama malitere.&lt;ref name=&quot;vet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ultimatefmonline.com/2017/01/31/questions-asked-vetting-irrelevant-atta-akyea/|title=Some questions asked at vetting irrelevant -Atta Akyea|publisher=ultimatefmonline|date=31 January 2017|accessdate=21 July 2017|archivedate=5 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605005337/http://ultimatefmonline.com/2017/01/31/questions-asked-vetting-irrelevant-atta-akyea/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vetting&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Atta-Akyea-Amewu-get-vetted-today-505441|title=Atta Akyea, Amewu get vetted today|publisher=Ghanaweb|date=31 January 2017|accessdate=21 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;maha&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/politics/Vetting-Highlights-Atta-Akyea-appears-before-Appointments-Committee-505876|title=Vetting Highlights: Atta Akyea appears before Appointments Committee|publisher=ghanaweb|date=31 January 2017|accessdate=21 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gwara kọmitii ahụ na ọ ga-ebute ụzọ iwu ụlọ maka ndị ọrụ ikpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;judge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2017/January-31st/govt-will-prioritise-housing-facilities-for-judges-atta-akyea.php|title=Gov't will prioritise housing facilities for judges – Atta Akyea|publisher=Myjoyfmonline|date=31 January 2017|accessdate=21 July 2017|archivedate=2 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902223232/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2017/january-31st/govt-will-prioritise-housing-facilities-for-judges-atta-akyea.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Onye isi ala Akufo-Addo ṅụrụ iyi na ndị minista iri na otu ndị ọzọ na 8 Febụwarị 2017 na Jubilee House na Accra.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ọ lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ atọ ma bụrụkwa Onye Kraịst. Ọ bụ onye otu International Central Gospel Church.&lt;ref name=&quot;gog&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==
Atta Akyea natara Nobles International Award site na West African Nobles Forum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-24|title=Hon. Atta Akyea Wins Noble Award - MINISTRY OF WORKS AND HOUSING|url=https://www.mwh.gov.gh/hon-atta-akyea-wins-noble-award/|accessdate=2023-01-21|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121143902/https://www.mwh.gov.gh/hon-atta-akyea-wins-noble-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arụmụka ==
Na Machị 2022, ndị mmadụ chụpụrụ ya na Abuakwa South Constituency. E boro ya ebubo na o mezughị nkwa mkpọsa ya nye ndị mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Emmanuel|first=Kojo|date=2022-03-08|title=Samuel Atta Akyea chased out of community over failed promises|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/politics/samuel-atta-akyea-chased-out-of-community-over-failed-promises/dt3gkm2|accessdate=2023-01-21|work=Pulse Ghana|language=en|archivedate=2023-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121150230/https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/politics/samuel-atta-akyea-chased-out-of-community-over-failed-promises/dt3gkm2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ebere ==
N'ọnwa Machị 2020, o gosipụtara ụfọdụ ngwaahịa nhicha na ndị otu ya na ọgụ megide ọrịa COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-03-31|title=Dr Assibey-Yeboah, Samuel Atta Akyea donate sanitary items to their various constituencies - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/dr-assibey-yeboah-samuel-atta-akyea-donate-sanitary-items-to-their-various-constituencies/|accessdate=2023-01-21|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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Tetsuko Kuroyanagi (黒柳 徹子, Kuroyanagi Tetsuko, amụrụ n'abali afọ itoolu nke  ọnwa Ọgọstụ , 1933) but ome Ihe nkiri si Japan, onye ama ama n'eme ihe onyonyo na onye ndụmọdụ nye  [[Ebe Akụrụngwa Ụwa Nile Maka Okike|World Wide Fund for Nature]] advisor, onye nnọchiteanya nye UNICEF bụ [[Ndepụta nke UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors|Goodwill Ambassador]] for [[UNICEF]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE1DE173EF93AA1575BC0A96E948260&amp;sec=&amp;spon=&amp;pagewanted=all &quot;Distinctions Blur as Deaf Actors Share a Stage,&quot;] ''New York Times.'' August 29, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt; O Sonyeere ulọ ọrụ Nkwago ndị mgbasa ozi  [[NHK]] dị ka ome Ihe nkiri nwanyị mbụ n'afọ  1953. N'afọ 1954, omere ngosi mbụ ya dika onye ndụ ihe ngosi ejije redio bụ [[Ihe nkiri redio|radio drama]] ''Yambō Nimbō Tombō''. N'afọ 1976, ihe ngosi Tetsuko Room [[TV Asahi]]'s  (Tetsuko no Heya)&quot; malikltere ime n'ikuku. Ihe omume a bụ nke [[Ihe ndekọ ụwa nke Guinness|Guinness World Records]] hụtaara n'afọ  2011 maka inwe mgbasa ozi kachasị site n'aka òtù onye mgbasa osi. Ọ malitere ime ngosi na ikuku ná kwa ụbọchị izu na ehihie,ma a ka o wetere aka na 2023, Ọ gafee la ngosi oge puku iri na otu na afọ iri anọ na asatọ ya. Akwụkwọ nkọwa ndụ ya bụ , [[totto-chan: Obere Nwanyị Na Windo|Totto-Chan: The Little Girl at the Window]], nke n' egosi ndụ ya na nwata, họọrọ WW2 gara aga efere karịa nke nwere mbiputa Nde asatọ ereelara. Agbakwunyela ya na ihe ngosi televishonu ugboro abụọ.

A makwaara ya n'ihi ọrụ ebere ya, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị ama ama na Japan mbụ nwetara nkwado nke mba ụwa. N'afọ 2006, Donald Richie rụtụrụaka na Kuroyanagi n'akwụkwọ ya Japanese Portraits: Pictures of Different People dị ka &quot;nwaanyị kachasị ewu ewu na nke a na-enwe mmasị na Japan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=vG6tBYOC9l0C&amp;pg=PA197&amp;dq=Tetsuko+Kuroyanagi+-inauthor:%22Tetsuko+Kuroyanagi%22&amp;sig=ACfU3U3j5NiD_eVMIxsUwSae6vIvTrtTnw#PPA197,M1 Japanese Portraits: Pictures of Different People] Book by [[Donald Richie]]. Limited preview at Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Kuroyanagi na obodo mepere emepe Tokyo, bụ Tokyo Prefecture (nke bụzi Tokyo). Nna ya bụ onye na-akpọ vaolin na onye na-eduzi egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;famous japan&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070429231632/http://www.cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp/information/famous/kuroyanagit2.html Kuroyanagi Tetsuko profile]  from kyoto-su.ac.jp.&lt;/ref&gt; Aha njirimara ya dị ka nwatakịrị bụ Totto-chan, dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1981 si kwuo.&lt;ref name=&quot;famous japan&quot; /&gt;

== Mmụta ==
Kuroyanagi gụrụ akwụkwọ na Tokyo College of Music, na-agụ akwụkwọ opera, ebe ọ bu n'obi ịghọ onye na-agụ egwu opera. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ dọtara mmasị ya na ime ihe nkiri na ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ telivishọn site na isonyere Tokyo Hoso Gekidan. N'ikpeazụ, ọ ghọrọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Japan mbụ nke e nyere nkwekọrịta nke ụlọ ọrụ Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK).&lt;ref name=&quot;famous japan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;metro&quot;&gt;Walker, James [https://web.archive.org/web/20080612050007/http://metropolis.co.jp/biginjapanarchive349/346/biginjapaninc.htm BIG IN JAPAN Tetsuko Kuroyanagi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612050007/http://metropolis.co.jp/biginjapanarchive349/346/biginjapaninc.htm |date=2008-06-12 }} from ''[[Metropolis (free magazine)|Metropolis Magazine]]''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
[[Usòrò:Tetsuko_Kuroyanagi_1956.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|223x223px|Kuroyanagi na mmalite afọ ]]
Mgbe  okwupụtara gbasara Lady Penelope na usoro ihe nkiri Thunderbirds TV, Kuroyanagi ghọrọ onye a ma ama n'afọ 1975 mgbe o guzobere mmemme telivishọn ya nke ehihie  Room, nke bụ ihe ngosi okwu mbụ na telivisheneng nke Japan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2012/12/12/096/ 黒柳徹子が47年ぶりに『サンダーバード』声優へ「徹子の部屋と違うでしょ」] from mynavi.jp/news&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;famous japan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gb&quot; /&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn nkeonwe Television Asahi na-agbasa ihe ngosi ahụ, ma gosipụta mkparịta ụka Kuroyanagi na ndị ama ama si n'akụkụ dị iche iche, gụnyere telivisheneng, egwuregwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;metro&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gb&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=GAOi2rWuRZwC&amp;pg=PA40&amp;dq=Tetsuko+Kuroyanagi+-inauthor:%22Tetsuko+Kuroyanagi%22&amp;sig=ACfU3U3nEcDIfHlC02qmG0wgEc6IC2GKcA Gender, Language and Culture: A Study of Japanese Television Interview Discourse] Book by Lidia Tanaka. Limited preview at Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ Tetsuko nwere ihe ịga nke ọma, a malitekwara ịkpọ Kuroyanagi &quot;ihe omume&quot; na Japan, na-emegide onyinyo nke ụmụ nwanyị &quot;na-eje ozi&quot; na &quot;na-arụ ọrụ&quot; na telivishọn Japan.&lt;ref name=&quot;time&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090712053408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921341-1,00.html Little Girl at the TV Window] from ''[[Time magazine]]''&lt;/ref&gt; Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ na-egosi na, site na mbido afọ 1990, Kuroyanagi gbara ihe karịrị puku ndị ọbịa Japan na ndị mba ọzọ ajụjụ ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;gb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/asahi-national-broadcasting-company-ltd-history/|title=History of Asahi National Broadcasting Company, Ltd. – FundingUniverse|work=www.fundinguniverse.com|accessdate=March 21, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ekweta na obi ụtọ ya dị ka onye na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ na nkà ikwu okwu bụ ihe mere ka mmemme TV dị ogologo.&lt;ref name=&quot;osuedu&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20051228090936/http://japan.osu.edu/p-12/lessons/1_JapansHeritage/tetsuko.pdf Famous People of Japan: Tetsuko KUROYANAGI] Teaching materials. Archive by Institute for Japanese Studies, at [[Ohio State University]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;metro&quot; /&gt; Ọ makwaara ndị na-ege ntị na Japan site n'ịpụta ya mgbe niile na ihe ngosi telivishọn &quot;World Mysteries&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;metro&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jtimes&quot;&gt;[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fb20001009a2.html Limp prose from an angel of mercy] from [[The Japan Times Online]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Afọ 1981 gosipụtara oge mgbanwe n'ọrụ ya, dịka Kuroyanagi bipụtara akwụkwọ ụmụaka ya ''Totto-Chan'': The Little Girl at the Window, nke Kuroyanaji dere banyere ụkpụrụ nke agụmakwụkwọ na-abụghị nke omenala nke ọ nwetara na ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Tomoe Gakuen n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], na onye nkuzi ya Sosaku Kobayashi. A na-ewere akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka akwụkwọ ncheta nwata ya, mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, ọ ghọrọ akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Japan.&lt;ref name=&quot;time&quot;/&gt; Dorothy Britton sụgharịrị akwụkwọ ahụ n'asụsụ Bekee na 1984, e bipụtakwara ya n'ihe karịrị mba 30.&lt;ref name=&quot;famous japan&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ebere ==
[[Usòrò:Koichiro_Gemba_and_Tetsuko_Kuroyanagi_20120705_1.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Mụ na Kōichirō Gemba (na Ministry of Foreign Affairs na 5 July 2012)]]
A maara Kuroyanagi n'ụwa niile maka ọrụ ebere na ịnakọta ego enyemaka ya ọ na-eme. O guzobere  otu Totto Foundation, nke akpọrọ aha onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ ya ''Totto-chan'', Little Girl at the Window.&lt;ref name=&quot;famous japan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef1&quot;/&gt; Ntọala ahụ na-azụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ntị chiri, na-etinye n'ọrụ ọhụụ Kuroyanagi nke iweta ihe nkiri nye ndị ntị chiri.

N'afọ 1984, n'ịghọta ọrụ ebere ya, a họpụtara Kuroyanagi ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya Goodwill maka UNICEF, ịbụ onye mbụ si [[Asia|Eshia]] iji jide ọnọdụ a.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef1&quot;&gt;UNICEF: [http://www.unicef.org/people/people_tetsuko_kuroyanagi.html Goodwill Ambassador Kuroyanagi]&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ngwụcha afọ 1980 na n'afọ 1990, ọ gara ọtụtụ mba na-emepe emepe n'Eshia na [[Afrịka|Africa]] maka ọrụ ebere na ọrụ obiọma, na-enyere ụmụaka ndị nwere ọdachi na agha aka yana ịkwalite mmata mba ụwa banyere ọnọdụ ụmụaka nọ na mba ndị dara ogbenye.&lt;ref name=&quot;osuedu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;famous japan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jtimes&quot;/&gt; Nleta ya na Angola na 1989 bụ nleta VIP mbụ e dekọrọ site na Japan gaa mba a, ma bụrụ ihe dị ịrịba ama maka mmekọrịta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti [[Japan]] na [[Angola]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/africa/angola/index.html|title=Japan-Angola Relations|work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|accessdate=March 21, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuroyanagi enwetala ihe karịrị nde $ 20 maka mmemme UNICEF nke ọ na-etinye aka na ya, site na mkpọsa ego telivishọn. O jikwa ego sitere n'akwụkwọ ya kacha ere ahịa, Totto-chan, nye aka na UNICEF.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.unicef.org/ar98/ar98eng3.pdf. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205611/http://www.unicef.org/ar98/ar98eng3.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kuroyanagi sonyekwara na mkpọsa mba ụwa UNICEF 'Say Yes for Children', ya na ndị ọzọ ama ama.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef1&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1997, Kuroyanagi bipụtara akwụkwọ akpọrọ &quot;Totto-chan's Children&quot;, nke dabeere na ahụmịhe ya na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchiteanya omume ihe ọma UNICEF  site n'afọ 1984 ruo 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;jtimes&quot;/&gt; Kuroyanagi bụ onye nduzi nke alaka Japan nke World Wildlife Fund.

Kuroyanagi ewetawo ebe ngosipụta ihe nkiri ndị ntị chiri nke Amerika akpọrọ America's National Theater of the Deaf na Japan ugboro abụọ, na-eso ha na-eme ihe nkiri n'asụsụ ndị ogbi.&lt;ref&gt;National Theater of the Deaf (US): [https://web.archive.org/web/20191204171920/https://ntd.org/ NTD moves to ASD in West Hartford, CT (2004)];&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;NTD/ASD press release: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160316164141/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2004/2/prweb107456.htm NTD moves to ASD campus]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;/&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==
Maka itinye aka na mgbasa ozi na ntụrụndụ nke ihe ngosi telivishọn, Kuroyanagi ritere onyinye mgbasa ozi ọdịnala nke Japan, nke bụ nsọpụrụ telivisheneng kachasị elu na Japan. Kemgbe ahụ, a họpụtala ya ugboro iri na anọ dị ka onye n' ihe omume telivishọn kachasị amasị Japan, maka ihe ngosi  Room.Tetsuko &lt;ref name=&quot;unicef1&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2000, Kuroyanagi ghọrọ onye mbụ natara onyinye ihe nrite Global Leadership for Children Award, nke UNICEF guzobere na ncheta afọ iri nke nzukọ Mbà Ụwa gbasara Ụmụaka afọ 1990 akpọrọ 1990 World Summit for Children.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef1&quot;/&gt; N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2003, Kuroyanagi natara Order of the Sacred Treasure iji kwado afọ iri abụọ nke ozi ya maka ụmụaka ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&amp;obj=article&amp;no=8245 L'Harmattan web site (in French)], Order with gold rays and cross&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20050526065551/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2000_Oct_23/ai_66682977 UNICEF to give award to actress Kuroyanagi for advocacy work] Archived at Findarticles.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==
Nke a bụ ndepụta nke ihe nkiri.

* Thunderbirds (onye na-eme ihe nkiri) (1965-1966) - Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward (Japanese dub)
* ''Jack na'' Witch (onye na-eme ihe nkiri) (1967)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/1967/cq000830.htm|title=少年ジャックと魔法使い|work=www.jmdb.ne.jp|accessdate=March 21, 2023|archivedate=March 2, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302201452/http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/1967/cq000830.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Breaking of Branches Is Forbidden (onye na-eme ihe nkiri) (1968, dir. Kihachirō Kawamoto)&lt;ref name=&quot;jtnews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jtnews.jp/cgi-bin/person.cgi?PERSON_NO=14336|title=黒柳徹子の出演作品一覧|work=みんなのシネマレビュー|accessdate=March 21, 2023|archivedate=March 21, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321045029/https://www.jtnews.jp/cgi-bin/person.cgi?PERSON_NO=14336}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ndị agha oge okpomọkụ'' (1972)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/person/933647/Tetsuko-Kuroyanagi/filmography|title=Tetsuko Kuroyanagi - Trailer - Showtimes - Cast - Movies &amp; TV - NYTimes.com|work=The New York Times|date=July 15, 2009|accessdate=March 21, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Anne no Nikki (The Diary of ''Anne'' Frank) dị ka Mrs. Petronella Van Daan (onye na-eme ihe nkiri) (1995)
* The Book of the Dead (onye na-eme ihe nkiri) (2005)

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

* Media related to Tetsuko Kuroyanagi at Wikimedia Commons
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190905152429/http://www.inv.co.jp/~tagawa/totto/ Homepage gọọmentị dị ka ọwa Totto] (n'asụsụ Japanese)
* [http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/tetsuko/ Homepage maka] Tetsuko's Room (n'asụsụ Japanese)
* Tetsuko Kuroyanagi at IMDb
{{WWFN}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuroyanagi, Tetsuko}}
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[[Usòrò:Lilly_Arbor_Project_Indianapolis_July_2022.jpg|thumb|500x500px|Akụkụ nke Lilly Arbor Project na July 2022]]
'''Ọrụ Lilly Arbor''' bụ akụkụ nke nnwale nnwale nke ime ka osisi dị nakụkụ osimiri na mmemme mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi, nke dị nokporo ámá White na Indianapolis, Indiana, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ United States.

== Ọrụ ==
Ngalaba nke Center of Earth and Environmental Science (CEES) na Mahadum Indiana-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) rụrụ ọrụ [[Iweghachi ọhịa|mweghachi]] nke oké ọhịa, Lilly Endowment naakwado ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lilly.com/about/citizenship/key_issues/health/health_performance.html|title=Corporate Citizenship: HSE Performance Review|accessdate=2007-07-31|date=March 2007|publisher=Eli Lilly and Company|quote=The Lilly Foundation continues to support the Lilly ARBOR Project|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209172441/http://www.lilly.com/about/citizenship/key_issues/health/health_performance.html|archivedate=2007-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ mweghachi mpaghara osimiri, a kụrụ osisi 1,400 nakụkụ Osimiri White na etiti Indianapolis, Indiana. Ebe ọrụ ahụ dị hekta asatọ (3.2 hectare) gbatịrị ihe dị ka otu  (1.6 km) netiti 10th Street na New York Street.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lilly Arbor Project|publisher=Center of Earth and Environmental Sciences|url=http://cees.iupui.edu/Research/Restoration/ARBOR/index.htm|accessdate=2007-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804111352/http://www.cees.iupui.edu/Research/Restoration/ARBOR/index.htm|archivedate=2007-08-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Salazar|first=Kara A.|date=November 2, 2003|title=The Lilly Arbor Project: Promoting Science-Based Environmental Education And Outreach Within An Urban Riparian Setting|url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_65352.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910104154/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_65352.htm|archivedate=September 10, 2015|accessdate=2007-07-31|work=2003 Seattle Annual Meeting|publisher=The Geological Society of America (GSA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4089/is_200603/ai_n16123559/pg_7|title=Using Environmental Service Learning in an Urban Environment to Address Water Quality Issues|accessdate=2007-07-31|author=Tedesco, Lenore P|date=March 2006|work=Journal of Geoscience Education|publisher=National Association of Geoscience Teachers|archivedate=2007-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328082648/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4089/is_200603/ai_n16123559}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nexsens.com/case_studies/restoring_floodplain_forests.htm|title=Restoring Floodplain Forests|accessdate=2007-08-10|publisher=Nexsens Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kụrụ ya nke mbụ noge mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1999 na oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Salazar|first=Kara|title=The Lilly ARBOR Project: Promoting Science-Based Environmental Education and Outreach within an Urban Riparian Setting|url=https://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/gsa03/activities/1931.html|accessdate=August 6, 2022|work=[[The Geological Society of America]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe afọ ise gasịrị, Lilly Arbor Project nyere data gbasara atụmatụ ime ka ọhịa dị nakụkụ osimiri, nke a gaeji mee ihe na nyocha ndị ọzọ na ọrụ nọdịnihu. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba si na mahadum dị iche iche naeme nchọpụta ma naelekọta mweghachi site na iji usoro mmụta ọrụ CEES.

== Osisi ==
Osisi ndị a mụrụ nakụkọ ihe mere eme na mpaghara &quot;mpaghara ọmụmụ&quot; nke osimiri gụnyere:

* ''Platanus occidentalis'' (Sycamore)
* ''Populus deltoides'' (Cottonwood)
* ''Salix amygdaloides'' (Black Walnut)
* ''Salix discolor'' (
* ''Salix nigra''
* ''Ulmus thomasii''
* ''Ulmus americana''

== Hụkwa ==
 

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070804111352/http://www.cees.iupui.edu/Research/Restoration/ARBOR/index.htm Center of Earth and Environmental Sciences: Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Lilly Arbor Project]
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      <text bytes="17089" sha1="p7nmkte7vfh1qv5cbxu8c2jqiknqpni" xml:space="preserve">Atụmatụ maka ịmepụta United Nations Environmental Organization (UNEO) abịala dị ka ụfọdụ ajụjụ banyere ịdị irè nke United Nations Environment Programme ('''UNEP''') ugbu a na-emeso oke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ.  E kere ya iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-akwado usoro nke Global Environmental Governance (GEG), ọ naghị emezu ihe ndị ahụ.  A na-egbochi UNEP site na aha ya dị ka mmemme na-emegide ụlọ ọrụ pụrụ iche dị ka United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) ma ọ bụ World Health Organization (WHO), na mgbakwunye na enweghị ego afọ ofufo, na ebe e wepụrụ n'etiti ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na Nairobi, [[Kenya]].  Ihe ndị a emeela ka a kpọọ oku maka mgbanwe UNEP, na-esote mbipụta nke Fourth Assessment Report nke [[Ngalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe|IPCC]] na Febụwarị 2007, &quot;Paris Call for Action&quot; nke Onye isi ala [[France]] Chirac gụrụ ma kwado ya na mba 46, kpọrọ oku ka UNEP jiri otu United Nations Environment Organization ọhụrụ ma dị ike dochie ya, nke a ga-eṅomi ya na World Health Organization. Mba 52 ahụ gụnyere mba European Union, mana ọ gụnyeghị [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na BRIC ([[Brazil]], Russia, [[Ndia|India]], na [[China]]), ndị ise kachasị na-emepụta gas na-ekpo ọkụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL03357553._CH_.2400|title=46 nations call for tougher U.N. environment role|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=2007-02-03|first=Alister|author=Doyle|accessdate=2017-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Ndị Na-egbochi UNEP ==
Ọtụtụ ihe egbochiwo ikike UNEP iji mezuo iwu ya.

=== Ntinye aha dị ka mmemme ===
Mkpebi iguzobe UNEP dị ka mmemme dị iche na ụlọ ọrụ pụrụ iche dị ka WHO enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu maka arụmọrụ UNEP. &quot;N'ime usoro UN, mmemme nwere obere nnwere onwe na ikike, &quot;nke a emeela ka o sie ike maka UNEP iguzobe ikike n'elu òtù UN ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi.  Tụkwasị na nke a, &quot;a mụrụ ya site na mkpebi Nzukọ Ezumezu, ikike ya nwere oke ma napụ ya ikike ọ bụla. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3970/is_200207/ai_n9090123/pg_9?tag=artBody;col1 |title=UNEP: Retrospect and prospect--options for reforming the Global Environmental Governance Regime |accessdate=2023-08-19 |archivedate=2011-09-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916184339/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3970/is_200207/ai_n9090123/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ebe ===
UNEP enweela nkwarụ n'ihi ọnọdụ ya na Nairobi, Kenya.  Òtù UN mbụ nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ na Global South, a na-eme njem ahụ iji belata esemokwu dị n'etiti mba ndị mepere emepe na ndị na-emepe emepe.  Otú ọ dị, ọnọdụ ya na Kenya emeela ka ọ kewapụ onwe ya na ụlọ ọrụ ike gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ, yana &quot;nkewa nke usoro ọchịchị&quot; n'ihi iwepụ ya na ndị ọzọ UN nwere isi na Geneva na New York City.

=== Nkwado ===
Enwere ike ịchọta ọtụtụ n'ime ọgụ UNEP na enweghị ego, na enweghị ego ahụ nwere ike ịchọta na usoro ego pụrụ iche nke UNEP.  N'adịghị ka òtù mba ụwa ndị ọzọ, UNEP enweghị nyocha iwu, kama ọ dabere na onyinye afọ ofufo nke mba ndị otu UN.  &quot;Nhazi ego UNEP na-enweghị ntụkwasị obi na nke nwere ikike dị ukwuu na-emebi nkwụsi ike ego nke nzukọ ahụ, ikike ya ime atụmatụ karịa usoro mmefu ego ugbu a, yana ime ka UNEP dabere na ụfọdụ mba ndị otu nke na-enwe mmetụta na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na nhazi atụmatụ UNEP.  

== Ọdịda UNEP dị ka Ụlọ Ọrụ Anchor ==
E guzobere UNEP iji rụọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nkedo na usoro nke Global Environmental Governance (GEG).  Dị ka nkwupụta Nairobi na Ọrụ na Iwu nke mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations si kwuo, &quot;ọrụ UNEP bụ ịbụ onye isi na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke na-esetịpụ atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi ụwa, na-akwalite mmejuputa usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide n'ime usoro UN, ma na-eje ozi dị ka onye nkwado ikike maka gburugburu ebe nrụọrụ weebụ zuru ụwa ọnụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.unu.edu/inter-linkages/docs/IEG/Tarasofsky.pdf |title=International Environmental Governance: Strengthening UNEP |accessdate=2023-08-19 |archivedate=2010-05-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528172634/http://www.unu.edu/inter-linkages/docs/IEG/Tarasofsky.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Maria Ivanova, onye nduzi nke Global Environmental Governance Project na Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, dere n'akwụkwọ ọrụ akpọrọ Assessing UNEP as Anchor Institution for the Global Environment: Lessons for the UNEO Debate na &quot;ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-akwado ya bụ isi, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị naanị ya, òtù mba ụwa na mpaghara ụfọdụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ma na-arụkarị ọrụ atọ: 1) ilekọta, nyocha, na ịkọ akụkọ banyere ọnọdụ nke okwu ahụ na ikike ha; 2) ịtọ usoro ihe omume na-aga n'ihu na-emepe emepe emepe; ụkpụrụ, ụkpụrụ, na ntuziaka dị ugbu a.  Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na e nyere UNEP [[ikike ịrụ ọrụ]] atọ ndị a, ọ dara n'ọtụtụ ụzọ:

=== Nnyocha, nyocha na akụkọ ===
UNEP enweela ihe ịga nke ọma kachasị na mpaghara nlekota, nyocha, na ịkọ akụkọ; a na-eche na ọ na-eme nke ọma n'ọgbọ nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ (GEA), ma bipụta akụkọ Global Environment Outlook (GEO). Otú ọ dị, ọ naghị enyocha nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ọkwa steeti, a na-enyekwa ọrụ maka nlekota, nyocha, na ịkọ akụkọ na ngalaba asatọ niile nke UNEP, na-emepụta redundancies.  Tụkwasị na nke a, usoro UNEP nke ịkọ akụkọ adịghị mma ma sie ike ịnweta.  &quot;Ọha enweghị ike iji akwụkwọ UNEP ma rite uru na ọrụ nzukọ ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'ihi enweghị otu nchekwa data dị mfe, nke a na-achọ, na nke a na'ahọpụta ma ọ bụ ndepụta nke akwụkwọ&quot;.

=== Ihe omume ===
&quot;Ọrụ ọzọ dị mkpa dị oke mkpa maka ịdị irè nke ụlọ ọrụ nkedo bụ ịtọ usoro ihe omume na njikwa nke usoro gọọmentị iji nweta nkwekọrịta na ụkpụrụ, ụkpụrụ, na ntuziaka ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-eje ozi dị ka nzukọ dị mkpa maka mkparịta ụka na arụmụka. &quot;  Ọ bụ ezie na UNEP enweela ihe ịga nke ọma dị ukwuu n'ịmepụta nkwekọrịta na nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche (Nkwekọrịta Basel na Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes, [[Nkwekọrịta Banyere Ụdị Dị iche iche|Nkwekọrịta]] na Biological Diversity, Montreal Protocol on the Protection of the Ozone Layer, wdg), ọ gbalịrị ịhazi mbọ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-achịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa mgbe ha bidoro.  &quot;UNEP enwebeghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịghọ ebe etiti maka arụmụka na mkparịta ụka na mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka WTO maka azụmahịa ma ọ bụ WHO maka ahụike. &quot;  Enweghị ikike nhazi etiti a emeela ka mmebi nke ịdị irè nke Gọọmentị Gburugburu Ebe Obibi Ụwa.  &quot;UNEP enwebeghị ike imezu ikike nhazi ya n'ụzọ dị irè n'akụkụ abụọ dị mkpa nke ọrụ ya (1) nhazi nke nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche na (2) nhazi nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke òtù mba ụwa ndị ọzọ&quot;.

=== Mmepe nke ikike ===
UNEP agbalịwo iguzobe ọrụ ya na usoro mba ụwa ma nke a emeela ka ọ nwee ihe isi ike na mmepe ikike (nke Ivanova kọwara dị ka agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ, ego, enyemaka teknụzụ, na ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ).  Iwu UNEP na-akpọ UNEP ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa na GEG, agbanyeghị &quot;òtù ahụ na-ele mmejuputa ugbu a anya dị ka atụmatụ ya bụ isi&quot;.  Mgbanwe a dị mkpa site na ọchịchọ sitere na steeti maka obere nkwekọrịta na ihe siri ike na mkpa UNEP iji nye nsonaazụ a na-ahụ anya maka isi mmalite ego gọọmentị na nke onwe, nke UNEP na-adabere na ya.  Otú ọ dị, n'ịpụ n'ọrụ iwu, UNEP ewepụla ike ya: &quot;inye ozi, mmepe nke ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ ndị a na-ahụkarị, na mmepe ikike ụlọ ọrụ&quot;.

== Mmalite nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu ==
Mgbe nzukọ nke 58 nke Nzukọ Ezumezu nke UN gasịrị, mba ndị so na European Union mere atụmatụ iji gbanwee UNEP ka ọ bụrụ United Nations Environmental Organization.  N'afọ 2007 na nzukọ UNEP's Governing Council, EU kwughachiri oku ya maka &quot;ịkwado UNEP dị ịrịba ama, dịka e depụtara na Cartagena nakwa na ọkwa ndị isi nchịkwa na-adịbeghị anya, nke ga-enyere UNEP aka ịbawanye n'ịkwalite ihe iji dozie nnukwu egwu gburugburu ebe obibi&quot; na &quot;na mmelite nke UNEP n'ime UNEO, nke nwere ihe ndị kwụsiri ike, zuru oke na ọnọdụ mba ụwa kwesịrị ekwesị, ga-emezu iwu ya ma mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma&quot;.  Ndị na-akwado UNEO na-ekwu na ọ ga-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịbawanye mkpa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na UN, ya mere ọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na idozi ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka gburugburu ebe obibi ụwa na-eche ihu ugbu a.  Ọ dị mkpa ka ndị mba ụwa rụọ ọrụ na UNEO, mana akụkụ ụfọdụ nke UNEO ga-agụnye&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081013071524/http://www.centerforunreform.org/system/files/GEG_Meyer-Ohlendorf_Knigge.pdf A United Nations Environment Organization]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọnọdụ ụlọ ọrụ pụrụ iche ===
Mgbe ọ ka na-arụ ọrụ n'ime usoro UN ma na-akọrọ ECOSOC, nhọpụta dị ka ụlọ ọrụ pụrụ iche ga-enye UNEO ohere &quot;inweta nnwere onwe mmefu ego&quot; na &quot;ikwu ọtụtụ nkọwa nke mmemme ha&quot;.  Tụkwasị na nke a, ịmepụta UNEO agaghị achọ nkwekọrịta n'etiti ndị otu UN, na &quot;ịbụ onye otu UNEO na UN nwere ike ịdị iche&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081013071524/http://www.centerforunreform.org/system/files/GEG_Meyer-Ohlendorf_Knigge.pdf A United Nations Environment Organization]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịdị UNEO ===
Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche, usoro ụlọ ọrụ nke UNEO ga-agụnye òtù zuru oke, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ, na odeakwụkwọ.  Ndị na-akwado UNEO na-atụ aro na ndị otu UNEO ga-ahọrọ ndị otu ndị isi, họpụta onye isi nchịkwa ma kwado mmefu ego na mmemme ọrụ.  O yikarịrị ka ndị nnọchi anya ga-agụnye ọtụtụ ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ site na òtù mba ụwa ndị ọzọ na òtù ndị na-abụghị gọọmentị na ndị nnọchianya nke ọha mmadụ.  Ụlọ ọrụ ndị pụrụ iche nwere ndị isi nke na-ahụ maka na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mezuru ebumnuche ọrụ ya ma jikwaa mmefu ego.  O yikarịrị ka ndị isi UNEO ga-akwadebe mmefu ego na ọrụ UNEO.  Secretariat ga-abụ &quot;ihe dị mkpa maka ọrụ niile nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, agbanyeghị enwere nnukwu ihe dị iche iche na nhazi nke Secretariats nke ụlọ ọrụ pụrụ iche dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081013071524/http://www.centerforunreform.org/system/files/GEG_Meyer-Ohlendorf_Knigge.pdf A United Nations Environment Organization]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ebumnuche na Ọrụ UNEO ===
Mba ndị metụtara ga-ekpebi kpọmkwem ikike na ọrụ nke UNEO, mana ha nwere ike ịdị ka nke UNEP.  &quot;A rụrịtara ụka na UNEO kwesịrị inye aka ijikọta ihe ọmụma sayensị na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ma nyere aka kọwaa ntuziaka atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ iji kwalite nhazi na mmekọrịta. &quot;  Otú ọ dị, n'adịghị ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche dị ka WTO, ọ gaghị enwe ike ikpebi esemokwu gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị na-akwado ya na-atụ aro na UNEO nwere ike ije ozi dị ka nzukọ nche anwụ, na-enyere aka ịhazi &quot;ihe karịrị nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi 500 (MEA) na ọtụtụ òtù mba ụwa na ndị na-eme ihe n'ụzọ na-enweghị nkwekọrịta na gburugburu ebe obibi&quot; ma mee ka ha dịkwuo irè ma ghara ịdị mkpa.

=== Nkwado UNEO ===
O yikarịrị ka UNEO ga-adabere na onyinye a tụlere, nke ga-ebelata nsogbu UNEP nke sitere na ịdabere na onyinye afọ ofufo.  Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ pụrụ iche, UNEO ga-enwe ike ikpebi ihe nyocha nke ndị otu dị iche site na mmefu ego UN.  O yikarịrị ka a ga-eji onyinye afọ ofufo mee ihe maka ọrụ ụfọdụ, mana onyinye a tụlere ga-akwụ ụgwọ maka mmefu ego nke UNEO.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081013071524/http://www.centerforunreform.org/system/files/GEG_Meyer-Ohlendorf_Knigge.pdf A United Nations Environment Organization]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmegide ===
Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ mba ndị na-akwado ịmepụta UNEO amụbaala, a ka na-atụ egwu n'etiti ọtụtụ steeti na ịmepụta UNEO ga-akwado iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na-emebi iwu ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị mmepe akụ na ụba na, ya mere, mkpochapụ ịda ogbenye.  Steeti ụfọdụ na-eche na a ga-ebu ụzọ mee ka UNEP sie ike ma nye ya oge iji melite ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa tupu e mepụta UNEO.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081013071524/http://www.centerforunreform.org/system/files/GEG_Meyer-Ohlendorf_Knigge.pdf A United Nations Environment Organization]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Atụmanya ===
Enwere nkwekọrịta n'etiti ndị na-eme iwu na ọ dị mkpa ka e wusie UNEP ike, na &quot;n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2006, Kọmitii Ukwu nke odeakwụkwọ ukwu na UN System-wide Coherence in the Areas of Development, Humanitarian Assistance, and the Environment tụrụ aro na 'UNEP kwesịrị ịkwalite ma nwee ezigbo ikike dị ka ogidi iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke usoro UN'&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081013071524/http://www.centerforunreform.org/system/files/GEG_Meyer-Ohlendorf_Knigge.pdf A United Nations Environment Organization]&lt;/ref&gt;  Ọ bụ ezie na enweghị nkwekọrịta ka dị maka ma ịmepụta UNEO ọ dị mkpa, dị ka nkwupụta nke onye nnọchi anya mba France si kwuo, nkwado na-eto eto.  &quot;N'ịgbaso Paris Call for Action, e guzobere Group of Friends of the UNEO ma ugbu a nwere 52 States, na-ejikọta, ma e wezụga European Union, mba ndị si n'ógbè ọ bụla&quot;, ọtụtụ na-atụkwa anya na nchịkwa ọhụrụ na United States ga-eme ka okike nke UNEO dịkwuo mma.

== Hụkwa ==

* Okpomọkụ ụwa
* International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
* Mgbanwe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu
* [[Ihe Omume Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]]
* Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references /&gt;

* ''Uneo --'' Towards an International Environment Organization: Approaches to a Sustainable Reform of Global Environmental Governance by Andreas Rechkemmer (Ed.), Nomos Publishers ([https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031740/http://www.nomos.de/nomos/d/recherche/titel_rech/action.lasso?-database=titel.fp3&amp;-layout=internet&amp;-response=%2Fnomos%2Fd%2Frecherche%2Ftitel_rech%2Ftit_detail.lasso&amp;ISBN=3-8329-1120-0&amp;-search NOMOS - Verlagsgesellschaft] (in German) ISBS, 2005, [http://www.isbscatalog.com/scripts/sh000001.pl?REFPAGE=http%3a%2f%2fwww%2eisbscatalog%2ecom%2facatalog%2findex%2ehtml&amp;WD=uneo&amp;PN=Online_Catalog_Published_1117%2ehtml%23a3832911200#a3832911200 ISBN] , 310 S., Brosch.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ịgafe ókèala nke ọbụbụeze: mkpa maka Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu, nke Rodolpho Valente Bayma
* EU Presidency Statement - United Nations 62nd General Assembly: General Debate, 15, na-achụso mmelite nke UNEP ka ọ bụrụ UNEO.
* FrancEonu.org, Permanent Mission nke France na United Nations na New York City.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930205155/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/environment-sustainable-development_1097/united-nations-environment-organization-uneo_1966/index.html France-Diplomatie]
* Elysee.fr bụ Onye isi ala nke mba ahụ, (n'asụsụ French)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232110/http://www.reformtheun.org/index.php?module=uploads&amp;func=download&amp;fileId=2277 Ìgwè Ndị Enyi nke UNEO]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170108/http://www.reformtheun.org/index.php?module=uploads&amp;func=download&amp;fileId=2315 Mmetụta nke UNEO maka usoro iwu ụwa nke usoro ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa].
* A UN Environment Organization, nke Nils Meyer-Ohlendorf na Markus Knigge. Ihe ndị sitere na &quot;Global Environmental Governance - Perspectives on the Current Debate&quot;, nke Center for UN Reform Education bipụtara na 2007.
* [http://www.agirpourlenvironnement.org Agirpourlenvironnement.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718232710/http://www.ecologic-events.de/ieg-conference/en/documents/uneo_france_chair_summary.pdf Ihe omume gburugburu ebe obibi.de]
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. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Linguists from Nigeria famous people|url=https://famous-scientist.com/linguists-from-nigeria-famous-people/|date=31 March 2020|work=Famous Scientists|language=en-US|accessdate=24 May 2020|archivedate=21 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121232906/https://famous-scientist.com/linguists-from-nigeria-famous-people/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Wándé Abímbọ́lá – Professor Wándé Abímbọ́lá|url=https://wandeabimbola.com/?page_id=86|work=wandeabimbola.com|accessdate=25 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Chief Ògúnwán̄dé &quot;Wán̄dé&quot; Abím̄bọ́lá ( 24 December 1932) [1] [2] bụ onye Naijiria akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, onye prọfesọ akwụkwọ na agụmagụ Yoruba, bụrụkwa onye bụbu osote ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Ife (nke bụzi Obafemi Awolowo University ).  [3] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye isi ọtụtụ ndị Sineti nke Federal Republic of Nigeria .  [4] [5] Chief Abimbola was install as Àwísẹ Awo Àgbàyé in 1981 by the Ooni of Ife on the recommendation of a conclave of Babalawos of Yorubaland

== Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ==
. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wande Abimbola celebrates His Birthday|url=http://www.oduduwawatch.com.ng/2019/12/wande-abimbola-celebrates-his-birthday.html|accessdate=2021-01-23|work=Oduduwa Watch|archivedate=2021-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120153159/http://www.oduduwawatch.com.ng/2019/12/wande-abimbola-celebrates-his-birthday.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;Abimbola akara akara akara mbụ mbụ ya na ihe mere eme na Mahadum University, Ibadan, [1] na 1963 mgbe ahụ akwụkwọ ahụ na Mahadum London .  O akara nzere masta ya na linguistics na Mahadum Northwwest, Evanston, Illinois na 1966, na Doctorate of Philosophy in Yoruba Literature na Mahadum Lagos na 1971. [2] Abimbola bụ onye mbụ akwụkwọ na PhD na Mahadum Lagos.  [3] Ọ mmetụta prọfesọ zuru oke na 1976

Abimbola Kalari na mahadum atọ dị na Naijiria, ya bụ mahadum nke Ibadan site na 1963 ruo 1965, Mahadum Lagos site na 1966 ruo 1972, na Mahadum Ife site na 1972 ruo 1991. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; .  Ọkàara ihe n'ọtụtụ mahadum, Mahadum Indiana, Ndị Akwụkwọ Amherst, Mahadum Harvard, [1] Mahadum Boston, Mahadum Colgate, na nso nso a, Mahadum Louisville.  &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; .  Abimbola edeela akwụkwọ akwụkwọ omenala Ifá na ndị Yoruba.  N'afọ 1977, ndị- na-akpa NOK edi abụ Ifá Divination nke Abimbola.

== Ahụmịhe ọrụ ==

=== mahadum ===

* 1982–1989 Vice-chancellor, University of Ile-Ife (Ugbu a Obafemi Awolowo University). &lt;ref name=&quot;About Wándé Abímbọ́lá 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Professor Wándé Abímbọ́lá|work=About Wándé Abímbọ́lá|date=2019-07-04|url=https://wandeabimbola.com/about-wande-abimbola/|accessdate=2023-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1977–1979 Dean, Faculty of Arts, Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife.
* 1975–1977; 1979–80; 1981–82 Onye isi, Ngalaba Asụsụ na Agụmagụ Afrịka, Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife. (Wande Abimbola bụ onye malitere ngalaba a. )

=== Ahụmahụ agụmakwụkwọ ===
 

* 2004-2005 Ọkammụta Ọkachamara nleta na ngalaba nke liberal Studies, Mahadum Louisville, Louisville, KY.
* 1999 Prọfesọ nke Humanities na Ngalaba Bekee, Mahadum Colgate, Hamilton, NY.
* 1998—2003 Prọfesọ na ngalaba okpukperechi, Mahadum Boston, Boston, MA.
* 1997 Prọfesọ nke Humanities na Africana na Latin American Studies, Mahadum Colgate, Hamilton, NY.
* 1996-1997 Fellow, WEB Du Bois Institute &amp; Department of African American Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge.
* 1990-1991 Ọkà mmụta na-ebi na onye nleta Prọfesọ nke Black Studies, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts.
* 1980—1981 Onye nleta Henry R. Luce Prọfesọ nke Comparative Religious Ethics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts.
* 1976—1990 Prọfesọ nke asụsụ na agụmagụ Afrịka, Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
* 1973 Onye Mmekọ Prọfesọ nke Folklore, Mahadum Indiana, Bloomington, Indiana.
* 1971 Onye nlekọta nleta Prọfesọ nke Folklore, Mahadum Indiana, Bloomington, Indiana.
* 1966—1972 Onye nkuzi, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ Africa na Asia, Mahadum Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
* 1963—1965 Junior Research Fellow, Institute of African Studies, Mahadum nke Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

=== Nhọpụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, omenala na ọhaneze ===

* 2005— ruo taa, Onye isi oche UNESCO na-enye onyinye nturu ugo nke ihe nketa a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha nye Naijiria, Isi Okwu: Ifa.
* 2003–2005 Onye Ndụmọdụ nye Onye isi ala Naịjiria maka ihe gbasara ọdịnala na ihe gbasara omenala, ụlọ ọrụ nke ndị isi oche, Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria.
* 1995—1998 Onye otu, Kansụl nke Okpukpe Ụwa.
* 1992—1993 Onye isi ndị isi otu Senate, Senate nke Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-09-16|title=I was ridiculed for returning home a poor senator –Prof. Wande Abimbola|url=https://punchng.com/i-was-ridiculed-for-returning-home-a-poor-senator-prof-wande-abimbola/|accessdate=2022-03-08|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1992 Onye ndụmọdụ pụrụiche nye Gọvanọ Oyo State, Nigeria.
* 1990 — ruo taa arụnyere dị ka '''Asiwaju Awo''' nke Remo, Nigeria.
* 1988-1989 Onye otu, Kọmitii Executive, Association of Commonwealth Universities.
* 1986 - ruo taa Awụnyere ya dị ka '''Elemoso''' nke Ketu, Benin Republic.
* 1981— ruo taa Onye isi ala, International Congress of Orisa Tradition and Culture.
* 1981—to date Installed as '''Awise Awo Ni Agbaye''' (literally ''World Spokesperson for Ifa and Yoruba Religion'' ).
* 1981—1989 onyeisi oche, Governing Board, Oyo State College of Arts and Science, Ile-Ife.
* 1979—1982 onyeisi oche, Oyo State Tourist Committee.
* 1978—1984 onyeisi oche, Board of directors, University of Ife Guest Houses Limited.
* 1976—1978 onyeisi oche, Oyo State Broadcasting Corporation.
* 1974—1984 onye isi oche, Board of Governors, Olivet Baptist High School, Olivet Heights, Oyo.
* 1974–1976 onyeisi oche, Oyo Zonal Health Board na onye otu Council Health Council.
* 1971— ruo taa Edoro nsọ dị ka '''Babalawo''' (Ifa Priest).

* 1972—1979 Editor, ''Yoruba'', Journal of the Yoruba Studies Association of Nigeria.
* 1970-1972 Editor, ''Lagos Notes and Records'', Bulletin of the Institute of African and Asian Studies, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
{{Reflist}}
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      <text bytes="26136" sha1="h9z1mw8b7yi50evya0fdxtxk2i9soqs" xml:space="preserve">'''mmụta [[Amamihe|sayensị]]''' ma ọ bụ agụmakwụkwọ sayensị na-agụnye agụmakwụkwọ edere, ọnụ ọgụgụ, na dijitalụ dịka ha metụtara ịghọta sayensị, usoro ya, nchọpụta, na echiche. Mmụta sayensị na-emetụta nghọta nke Usoro sayensị, nkeji na usoro nke ịtụle, ahụmahụ na nghọta nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na njikọ ụfọdụ na nyocha dị mma na ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke, yana nghọta bụ isi nke isi ngalaba sayensị dị ka [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|physics]], chemistry, biology, ecology, geology na mgbakọ.

== Nkọwa ==
OECD PISA Framework (2015) na-akọwa ịgụ na ide nke sayensị dị ka &quot;ikike itinye aka na nsogbu ndị metụtara sayensị, yana echiche nke sayensụ, dị ka nwa amaala na-echebara echiche. &quot; Ya mere, onye gụrụ akwụkwọ na sayensị njikere itinye aka n'okwu ezi uche dị na ya banyere sayensị na teknụzụ nke chọrọ ikike:

* Kọwaa ihe omume sayensị &amp;#x2D; mata, nye ma nyochaa nkọwa maka ọtụtụ ihe okike na teknụzụ.
* Nyochaa ma chepụta nyocha sayensị &amp;#x2D; kọwaa ma nyochaa nyocha sayensụ ma tụọ aro ụzọ isi dozie ajụjụ sayensị.
* Kọwaa data na ihe akaebe na sayensị &amp;#x2D; nyochaa ma nyochaa data, nkwupụta na arụmụka n'ọtụtụ nnọchiteanya ma nweta nkwubi okwu sayensị kwesịrị ekwesị.

Dị ka United States National Center for Education Statistics si kwuo, &quot;ịgụ na ide nke sayensị bụ ihe ọmụma na nghọta nke echiche sayensị na usoro achọrọ maka ime mkpebi onwe onye, itinye aka na ihe omume obodo na ọdịbendị, na mmepụta akụ na ụba&quot;. A na-akọwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ na sayensị dị ka onye nwere ikike:

* Ghọta, nwalee, na ezi uche yana ịkọwa eziokwu sayensị na ihe ha pụtara.
* Jụọ, chọta, ma ọ bụ chọpụta azịza nye ajụjụ ndị sitere na ọchịchọ ịmata ihe banyere ahụmịhe kwa ụbọchị.
* Kọwaa, kọwaa, ma buo amụma ihe ndị sitere n'okike.
* Gụọ isiokwu na nghọta nke sayensị na Akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama ma tinye aka na mkparịta ụka ọha na eze banyere izi ezi nke nkwubi okwu.
* Chọpụta okwu sayensị ndị na-eme ka mkpebi mba na nke mpaghara pụta ìhè ma gosipụta ọnọdụ ndị a maara na sayensị na teknụzụ.
* Nyochaa ogo nke ozi sayensị dabere na isi iyi ya na usoro eji emepụta ya.
* Tinye ma nyochaa arụmụka dabere na ihe akaebe ma tinye nkwubi okwu sitere na arụmụka dị otú ahụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị.

A pụkwara ịkọwa agụmakwụkwọ sayensị n'asụsụ yiri nkọwa nke agụmakwụkwọ oké osimiri, agụmakwụkwọ nke sayensị ụwa na agụmakwụkwọ ihu igwe. Ya mere, onye maara nke ọma na sayensị nwere ike:

* Ghọta sayensị metụtara nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.
* Kpọtụrụ okwu n'ụzọ doro anya banyere sayensị.
* Mee mkpebi doro anya banyere okwu ndị a.

N'ikpeazụ, ịgụ na ide nke sayensị nwere ike ịgụnye àgwà ụfọdụ n'ịmụta ihe na iji sayensị. Ụmụ amaala nwere ọgụgụ isi sayensị nwere ike ịchọpụta ihe ndị mere eme maka onwe ha.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYHQcXVp4F4 Noam Chomsky on what it means to be educated]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Mgbanwe na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị na United States na-abụkarị ihe ịma aka dị ka mwepụta nke Satellite Sputnik na 1957 na ọganihu akụ na ụba [[Japan]] na 1980s. Paul Hurd mere ka okwu ahụ bụ &quot;ịgụ na ide nke sayensị&quot; bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'afọ 1958, mgbe o boro ebubo na nsogbu dị na agụmakwụkwọ bụ &quot;otu n'ime imechi ọdịiche dị n'etiti akụ na ụba nke ihe sayensị na ịda ogbenye nke ịgụ na ide nke Sayensị na America&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Feinstein&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hurd&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hurd|first=P. D.|title=Science literacy: Its meaning for American schools|journal=Educational Leadership|date=1958|volume=16|issue=1|pages=13-16, 52|url=https://files.ascd.org/staticfiles/ascd/pdf/journals/ed_lead/el_195810_hurd.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;Maka Hurd, ihe ọhụrụ ngwa ngwa na sayensị na teknụzụ chọrọ agụmakwụkwọ &quot;kwesịrị ekwesị maka izute ihe ịma aka nke mgbanwe sayensị. &quot; Ihe dị n'okpuru oku Hurd bụ echiche &quot;na ụfọdụ nkà sayensị bụ nkwadebe dị mkpa maka ndụ nke oge a&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hurd&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Feinstein&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Feinstein|first=Noah|title=Salvaging science literacy|journal=Science Education|date=January 2011|volume=95|issue=1|pages=168–185|doi=10.1002/sce.20414|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sce.20414|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nkọwa mbụ nke ịgụ na ide nke sayensị gụnyere nkọwa nke ọdịnaya ndị mmadụ kwesịrị ịghọta, na-agbaso usoro ọdịnala (biology, chemistry, [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|physics]]). A kọwapụtara Sayensị ụwa n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi dị ka usoro ala gbasaa. N'ime afọ iri mgbe akwụkwọ ndị mbụ ahụ gasịrị, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị nkụzi nke [[Oke Òrìmìlì|oké osimiri]] dezigharịrị echiche nke ịgụ na ide nke sayensị iji tinye echiche ndị ọzọ nke oge a, nke usoro na-elekwasị anya na ụwa okike, na-eduga na mmemme ịgụ na ide sayensị maka oké osimiri, [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]], sayensị ụwa, na ihe ndị ọzọ. 

Kemgbe afọ 1950, agụmakwụkwọ sayensị emeela ka ihe ọmụma sayensị pụta ìhè dị ka nke dị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu site na ahụmịhe onwe onye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Feinstein&quot;/&gt;A na-ahụ agụmakwụkwọ sayensị dị ka [[ikike mmadụ]] na ihe ọmụma na-arụ ọrụ nke sayensị na ọrụ ya na ọha mmadụ ka a na-ahụ dị ka ihe achọrọ maka ndị otu ọha mmadụ nwere ọrụ, nke na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka ime mkpebi ka mma ma mee ka ndụ ha baa ọgaranya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schuck&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Schuck|first=Patrick|title=Science Education as a Human Right: A Systematic Review of the Literature|journal=European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education|date=6 April 2022|volume=10|issue=3|pages=338–351|doi=10.30935/scimath/11967|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1353521.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The public understanding of science|date=1985|publisher=The Royal Society|location=London|isbn=0854032576|url=https://royalsociety.org/~/media/royal_society_content/policy/publications/1985/10700.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Public Understanding of Science: The Royal Society Reports|journal=Science, Technology, &amp; Human Values|date=July 1986|volume=11|issue=3|pages=53–60|doi=10.1177/016224398601100306|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/016224398601100306|language=en|issn=0162-2439}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na United States, enwere ike ịhụ mgbanwe a na nkwenye na ngwụcha afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990, site na mbipụta nke Science for All Americans na Benchmarks for Science Literacy.

The National Science Education Standards (1996) kọwara ịgụ na ide nke sayensị dị ka &quot;ihe ọmụma na nghọta nke echiche sayensị na usoro achọrọ maka ime mkpebi onwe onye, itinye aka na ihe omume obodo na ọdịbendị, na mmepụta akụ na ụba&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=National Research Council|title=National Science Education Standards|date=1996|publisher=The National Academies Press|location=Washington, DC|url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4962/chapter/4#22|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na mgbakwunye, ọ kwusiri ike na ịgụ na ide nke sayensị abụghị naanị ihe gbasara icheta ọdịnaya sayensị. Ọ gụnyere mmepe nke ikike ma ọ bụ nkà dị mkpa. &quot;Ịgụ na ide nke sayensị pụtara na mmadụ nwere ike ịjụ, chọta, ma ọ bụ chọpụta azịza nye ajụjụ ndị sitere na ọchịchọ ịmata ihe banyere ahụmịhe kwa ụbọchị. Ọ pụtara na mmadụ nwekwara ikike ịkọwa, ịkọwa, ma buo amụma ihe ndị sitere n'okike. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lombrozo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lombrozo|first=Tania|title=Scientific Literacy: It's Not (Just) About The Facts|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2015/09/14/440213603/scientific-literacy-it-s-not-just-about-the-facts|work=NPR|date=September 14, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụfọdụ na-ekwusi ike na mkpa &quot;ethos&quot; dị n'okpuru nke na-eme ka o kwe omume isonye na arụmụka sayensị na obodo. Ụkpụrụ ndị dị mkpa bụ na nchọpụta na echiche nke nchọpụta sayensị bụ akụkụ nke usoro a na-ekerịta; na echiche dị mkpa, ọ bụghị ọnọdụ nke onye na-ekwupụta ha; na ihe dị mkpa bụ ihe akaebe na-enweghị mmasị, ọ bụghị nsonaazụ achọrọ; na nkwupụta ndị karịrị nchọpụta kwesịrị ịnwale.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elhai&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Elhai|first=Jeff|title=Science Literacy: a More Fundamental Meaning|journal=Journal of Microbiology &amp; Biology Education|date=10 January 2023|volume=24|issue=1|pages=e00212–22|doi=10.1128/jmbe.00212-22|url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jmbe.00212-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, oku maka &quot;ịgụ na ide nke sayensị&quot; achọpụtala na ozi na-ezighi ezi dị ka ihe ize ndụ. Ha na-atụ aro na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị obodo, agụmakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi sayensị dijitalụ, na agụmakọta sayensị bụ ihe dị mkpa nke agụmakwụkwọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị mmadụ ga-enweta ihe ọmụma sayensị ma tinye aka na mkpebi onwe onye na nke otu na ọha mmadụ na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Howell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Howell|first=Emily L.|title=(Mis)informed about what? What it means to be a science-literate citizen in a digital world|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=13 April 2021|volume=118|issue=15|doi=10.1073/pnas.1912436117|url=https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1912436117|language=en|issn=0027-8424}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ntụnyere nke echiche nke ụmụ amaala na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị site na Pew Research Center na-egosi na ha nwere ọnọdụ dị iche iche na ọtụtụ okwu sayensị, injinia na teknụzụ. Ma ụmụ amaala ma ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụle agụmakwụkwọ K-12 STEM na US nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Funk&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Funk|first=Cary|title=Public and Scientists’ Views on Science and Society|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2015/01/29/public-and-scientists-views-on-science-and-society/|work=Pew Research Center Science &amp; Society|date=29 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sayensị, ọha mmadụ, na gburugburu ebe obibi ==
Ịdabere na ibe anyị na gburugburu ebe obibi anyị bụ isi nke mmụta sayensị na usoro ụwa. Dị ka nkwekọrịta mba niile n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị nkụzi si kọwaa, ịgụ na ide a nwere akụkụ abụọ dị mkpa. Nke mbụ, a na-akọwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, n'asụsụ nke na-ekwughachi nkọwa dị n'elu nke mmụta sayensị. Nke abụọ, edepụtara ọtụtụ echiche, nke a haziri n'ime nnukwu echiche isii ruo itoolu ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ dị mkpa. A malitere usoro nkọwa a maka ịgụ na ide nke oké osimiri, mgbe ahụ maka Great Lakes, estuaries, ikuku, na ihu igwe.Ịgụ na ide nke sayensị ụwa bụ otu n'ime ụdị ịgụ na ide akọwapụtara maka usoro ụwa; àgwà nke onye gụrụ akwụkwọ sayensị n'ụwa na-anọchite anya àgwà maka nkọwa niile nke usoro ụwa.

Dị ka Earth Science Literacy Initiative si kwuo, onye maara sayensị nke ụwa:

* na-aghọta echiche ndị bụ isi nke ọtụtụ usoro ụwa
* maara otu esi achọta ma nyochaa ozi sayensị a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi banyere Ụwa
* na-ekwurịta okwu banyere sayensị ụwa n'ụzọ bara uru
* nwere ike ime mkpebi doro anya na nke ziri ezi gbasara ụwa na ihe onwunwe ya

Ụdị ịgụ na ide niile dị na usoro ụwa nwere nkọwa dị ka nke dị n'elu. A na-akọwa ịgụ na ide nke oké osimiri dị ka &quot;ịghọta mmetụta anyị na oké osimiri na mmetụta oké osimiri na anyị&quot;.N'otu aka ahụ, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ agụmakwụkwọ ihu igwe gụnyere ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ime mkpebi; &quot;mmadụ nwere ike ime ihe iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ya&quot;. Ụdị agụmakwụkwọ nke usoro ụwa ọ bụla na-akọwa echiche ụmụ akwụkwọ kwesịrị ịghọta mgbe ha gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Mgbalị agụmakwụkwọ dị ugbu a na usoro agụmakwụkwọ nke ụwa na-elekwasị anya na echiche sayensị karịa na akụkụ mkpebi nke ịgụ na ide, mana omume gburugburu ebe obibi ka dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ ekwupụtara.

Isiokwu sayensị n'ihe metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-apụta n'ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka gbasara ịgụ na ide sayensị. Echiche ndị na-apụta na sayensị ndụ gụnyere ihe na-ezo aka na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi, &quot;obi nke ụwa&quot;. Robin Wright, onye edemede maka Cell Biology Education, na-akwa arịrị &quot;mgbagwoju anya [ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ] ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe ọmụma banyere sayensị ga-etinye ụzọ ndụ anyị na nchekwa mba anyị n'ihe ize ndụ?&quot; Nkwurịta okwu banyere ịgụ na ide na physics gụnyere Nchekwa ike, nkwụsị nke ozone na [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|okpomọkụ ụwa]].Nkwupụta ebumnuche nke Chemistry Literacy Project gụnyere ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi.A na-akọwa agụmakwụkwọ teknụzụ n'ime oghere nhazi atọ; na axis ihe ọmụma, a na-ekwu na teknụzụ nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ, nakwa na ọ &quot;na-egosipụta ụkpụrụ na ọdịbendị nke ọha mmadụ&quot;.Energy Literacy na-etu ọnụ ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ, gụnyere otu metụtara ịgụ na ide na ihu igwe.

== Àgwà dị ka akụkụ nke mmụta sayensị ==
Àgwà banyere sayensị nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị. N'Echiche agụmakwụkwọ, nghọta nke ọdịnaya dị na ngalaba nghọta, ebe àgwà dị na ngalaba mmetụta uche. Ya mere, àgwà ọjọọ, dị ka egwu sayensị, nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-emetụta mmetụta na ihe mgbochi maka nghọta na ebumnuche mmụta n'ọdịnihu. Na United States, a maara àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ebe sayensị nọ ka ọ na-ebelata malite na klas nke anọ ma na-aga n'ihu na-ebe tlase site na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na nke sekọndndrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Change in student beliefs about attitudes toward science in grades 6-9|url=https://www.eduhk.hk/apfslt/v11_issue1/akcay/akcay2.htm|accessdate=2021-04-15|work=www.eduhk.hk|archivedate=2020-07-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722081221/https://www.eduhk.hk/apfslt/v11_issue1/akcay/akcay2.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mmalite a nke mmetụta ọjọọ banyere sayensị sitere na nkwenye dị ukwuu a na-etinye na akara. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-amalite iche na ha na-enweta obere ihe nke na-eme ka ha ghara inwe mkpali na klas na ntinye aka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ada. E dekọrọ nke ọma na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị nwere nnukwu mkpali maka mmụta ga-enwe àgwà dị mma n'ebe isiokwu ahụ nọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Şener|first=Nilay|date=2015-05-08|title=Improving Science Attitude and Creative Thinking through Science Education Project: A Design, Implementation and Assessment|url=http://redfame.com/journal/index.php/jets/article/view/771|journal=Journal of Education and Training Studies|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|pages=57–67|doi=10.11114/jets.v3i4.771|issn=2324-8068}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nnyocha nke àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji banyere mmụta physics na-atụ aro na enwere ike kewaa àgwà ndị a n'ụdị njikọ ụwa, njikọ onwe onye, njikọ echiche, mgbalị ụmụ akwụkwọ na idozi nsogbu.

Akụkụ mkpebi nke ịgụ na ide sayensị na-atụ aro àgwà ndị ọzọ banyere ọnọdụ ụwa, ibu ọrụ mmadụ maka ọdịmma ya na mmetụta mmadụ nke inye ya ikike ime mgbanwe. Àgwà ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị mkpa nke mmụta sayensị, dịka akọwapụtara n'ihe gbasara mmụta oké osimiri.

N'ime klas K-12, ụkpụrụ mmụta anaghị elekwasị anya na mpaghara mmetụta uche n'ihi ihe isi ike n'ịmepụta usoro nkuzi na n'ịtụle àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ. E gosipụtara ọtụtụ usoro nkuzi nke oge a na-enwe mmetụta dị mma na àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ na sayensị gụnyere iji Ntuziaka na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ akwụkwọ usoro mmụta ọhụrụ na iji usoro nkuzi dịgasị iche iche. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Changing and Measuring Attitudes in the Science Classroom {{!}} NARST|url=https://narst.org/research-matters/changing-measuring-attitudes-science-classroom|accessdate=2021-04-15|work=narst.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;E gosikwara na mmụta dabeere na ọrụ iji melite àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ banyere isiokwu ma melite nkà nhazi sayensị ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ndị nkuzi nwere ike iji Ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ Likert ma ọ bụ ihe ọ̀bà dị iche iche chọpụta ma nyochaa mgbanwe n'àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ebe mmụta sayensị na sayensị dị. 

== Ịkwalite na ịtụle ==
Ndị na-akwado ịgụ na ide nke sayensị na-elekwasị anya n'ihe a na-amụta site n'oge nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ịgụ na ide nke sayensị abụwo ihe dị mkpa nke usoro ụkpụrụ na agụmakwụkwọ. Edere akwụkwọ mmụta sayensị niile na ebumnuche doro anya nke imetụta ụkpụrụ agụmakwụkwọ, dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka usoro mmụta, nkuzi, nyocha, na n'ikpeazụ, mmụta mba niile. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/4962/chapter/4|title=Read &quot;National Science Education Standards&quot; at NAP.edu|year=1996|doi=10.17226/4962|isbn=978-0-309-05326-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọzọkwa, ịgụ na ide nke sayensị na-enye ihe ndabere dị mkpa maka ime mkpebi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Sayensị bụ usoro mmadụ na-eme n'ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke na-eme ka ọ dị mkpa dị ka akụkụ nke agụmakwụkwọ sayensị anyị. Iji mee ka ndị mmadụ mee mkpebi nwere ihe akaebe, onye ọ bụla kwesịrị ịchọ imeziwanye agụmakwụkwọ sayensị ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Maienschein|first=Jane|date=1998-08-14|title=Scientific Literacy|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.281.5379.917|journal=Science|language=en|volume=281|issue=5379|pages=917|doi=10.1126/science.281.5379.917|issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha dị mkpa atụwo aro ụzọ iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ sayensị nye ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ọma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cetinkaya|first=Ertan|date=2022-03-04|title=Facilitating Middle School Students' Reasoning About Vaccines|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-021-00318-8|journal=Science &amp; Education|volume=32|issue=2|pages=361–380|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11191-021-00318-8|issn=1573-1901|pmid=35261482}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ortiz-Revilla|first=Jairo|date=2021-08-03|title=A Theoretical Framework for Integrated STEM Education|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11191-021-00242-x|journal=Science &amp; Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=383–404|doi=10.1007/s11191-021-00242-x|issn=0926-7220}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ampatzidis|first=Georgios|date=2021-11-25|title=How Did Darwin Prefer His Tea?|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-021-00305-z|journal=Science &amp; Education|volume=32|pages=37–56|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11191-021-00305-z|issn=1573-1901}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ihe omume iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ sayensị n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ jupụtara, gụnyere ọtụtụ mmemme nke ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ kwadoro, yana iko ajụjụ na ngosi sayensị. Ndepụta ụfọdụ nke mmemme ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere Global Challenge Award, National Ocean Sciences Bowl na Action Bioscience.

Ụfọdụ òtù agbalịwo iji tụnyere agụmakwụkwọ sayensị nke ndị okenye na mba dị iche iche. Òtù na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta akụ na ụba na mmepe chọpụtara na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị na United States abụghị ihe dị iche na nkezi OECD. ''Akụkọ Sayensị'' na-akọ &quot;Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọhụrụ nke US, dabere na ajụjụ ndị e nyere na 2008, bụ pasent asaa n'azụ Sweden, naanị mba Europe karịrị ndị America. Ọnụ ọgụgụ US dịtụ elu karịa nke Denmark, Finland, Norway na [[Netherlands]]. Ọ bụkwa okpukpu abụọ nke ọnụego 2005 na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] (na ọnụego zuru ezu maka European Union). &quot;

Ndị nkuzi mahadum na-anwa ịmepụta ngwá ọrụ ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ha iji tụọ agụ na ide nke sayensị, ojiji nke ndepụta echiche na-abawanye na ngalaba nke physics, astronomy, chemistry, biology na sayensị ụwa.

== Hụkwa ==

* Sayensị, teknụzụ, ọha na eze na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi
* Mgbasa ozi sayensị
* Ịgụ na ide nke ahụike
* Mmata ọha na eze banyere sayensị
* Echiche Banyere Sayensị, na-agba ume usoro dabeere na ihe akaebe maka mmepe sayensị na teknụzụ
* [[STIM|Ubi STEM]]

== Ihe edeturu ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Ihe odide ==

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== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==
{{Literacy}}{{Science and technology studies}}
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[[Usòrò:MOD13A2_M_NDVI.ogv|thumb| Maapụ ndị a na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ, ma ọ bụ ndeksi nke akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, dabere n'ọtụtụ ihe: ọnụọgụ na ụdị osisi, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na ahụike osisi. N'ebe akwụkwọ ndụ ya dị oke ma osisi na-eto ngwa ngwa, ndepụta ahụ dị elu, na-anọchi anya ya na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gbara ọchịchịrị. A na-egosi mpaghara ndị nwere ahịhịa ahịhịa na obere ahịhịa ahịhịa na tan. Dabere na nha sitere na Spectroradiometer Resolution Imaging (MODIS) na satịlaịtị NASA's Terra. Ebe enweghị data na-acha ntụ ntụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOD13A2_M_NDVI|title=Global Maps|date=8 May 2018|work=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|accessdate=8 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711024610/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOD13A2_M_NDVI|archivedate=11 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ahhịa bụ mkpokọta ụdị osisi na aha ala ha na-enye.  [1] Ọ bụ okwu n'ozuzu, na- Nche Core kpọmkwem maka ụtụ isi, ụdị ndụ, nhazi, oke nhọrọ, ma ọ bụ ihe ọ nà ọzọ iche na-egosi botanical ma ọ bụ ala.  Ɔ sara mbara okwu flora nke na-ezo aka n'ụdị ụdị .  Ma eleghị anya nke kacha nso synonym bụ osisi obodo, ma tera nra ike, na mgbe na-eme, na-ezo aka a wider nso nke oherekpa ka okwu ahụ na-eme, esekpa dị ka nnukwu ka ụwa.  Oke Redwood Primeval, ụgbọ mmiri mmiri dị n'elu oke osimiri, sphagnum bogs, spagnum bogs, spagnum bogs.  ihe niile gbara ya gburugburu site na okwu ahihia

A na-achọta ụdị ahụ site n'ụdị ama ama, ma ọ bụ ihe a na-akụkọ nke mkpokọta, dị ka oke elu ma ọ bụ ihe gburugburu ebe obibi.  [1] Ojiji a na-eji mgbaka eme ihe n'oge a dị ka nke ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ Frederic Clements' okwu mgbasa ụwa, okwu nke Ndị Ọrụ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nlekọta Ala ka na-eji .

. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coutinho&quot;&gt;Coutinho, L. M. (2006). O conceito de bioma. ''Acta Bot. Bras.'' 20(1): 13-23, {{Cite journal|title=O conceito de bioma|journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica|volume=20|pages=13–23|doi=10.1590/S0102-33062006000100002|year=2006|author=Coutinho|first=Leopoldo Magno}}.&lt;/ref&gt;Jules Thurmann (1849) mere ihe dị iche n'etiti mgba (ọdịdị obodo n'ozuzu) na-agụ (ihe ọmụmụ taxonomic nke obodo).  Tupu nke a, a na-eji okwu abụọ ahụ (ahịhịa na-achọpụta) mee ihe na- ike isi, [1] [2] ma ka dị n'ụdị ụfọdụ.  Augustin de Candolle (1820) mekwara ihe yiri nke ahụ mana o ji okwu &quot;ọdụ&quot; (ụdị ebe obibi ) na &quot;ebe obibi&quot; ( mpaghara botanical ).  [3] [4] Mgbe e hụrụ, echiche nke echiche ga-emetụta ojiji nke okwu biome na nsonye nke anụ mmewere.

N'ịpụ na Linnean taxonomy, Humboldt guzobere sayensị ọhụrụ, na-ekewa ihe ọkụkụ dị n'etiti ndị na-ahụ maka taxonomist bụ ndị na-amụ ihe ọkụkụ dị ka taxa na ndị na-ahụ maka geographers bụ ndị na-amụ ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ahịhịa. &lt;ref&gt;Ebach, M.C. (2015). ''Origins of biogeography. The role of biological classification in early plant and animal geography''. Dordrecht: Springer, p. 89, .
&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro physiognomic n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ọkụkụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na-arụ ọrụ ahịhịa n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ zuru ụwa ọnụ, ma ọ bụ mgbe enweghi ihe ọmụma taxonomic nke ebe ụfọdụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ebe okpomọkụ, ebe ụdị ndụ dị iche iche na-adịkarị elu). &lt;ref name=&quot;Beard&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Whittaker|author=Beard|first=J.S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFr-CAAAQBAJ|title=Classification of Plant Communities|date=1978|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|pages=33–64|isbn=978-94-009-9183-5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Echiche nke &quot; ụdị ahịhịa &quot; dị mgbagwoju anya karị. Nkọwa nke otu ụdị ahịhịa nwere ike ịgụnye ọ bụghị naanị physiognomy kamakwa akụkụ floristic na ebe obibi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Eiten|first=George|date=June 1992|title=How names are used for vegetation|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.2307/3235768|journal=Journal of Vegetation Science|language=en|volume=3|issue=3|pages=419–424|doi=10.2307/3235768}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Walter, B. M. T. (2006). ''Fitofisionomias do bioma Cerrado: síntese terminológica e relações florísticas''. Doctoral dissertation, Universidade de Brasília, p. 10, {{Cite web|url=http://www.pgecl.unb.br/images/sampledata/arquivos/teses/2000a2010/2006/Bruno%20M.T.%20Walter.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2016-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826132951/http://www.pgecl.unb.br/images/sampledata/arquivos/teses/2000a2010/2006/Bruno%20M.T.%20Walter.pdf|archivedate=2016-08-26}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, usoro phytosociological n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ọkụkụ na-adabere na ngalaba bụ isi, njikọ osisi, nke akọwara n'elu osisi. &lt;ref&gt;Rizzini, C.T. 1997. ''Tratado de fitogeografia do Brasil: aspectos ecológicos, sociológicos e florísticos''. 2 ed. Rio de Janeiro: Âmbito Cultural Edições, p. 7-11.&lt;/ref&gt;

Atụmatụ nhazi nke nwere mmetụta, doro anya ma dị mfe maka ụdị ahịhịa bụ Wagner &amp; von Sydow (1888) wepụtara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Cox|first=C. Barry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBcWCgAAQBAJ|title=Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach|date=2016-05-31|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1-118-96858-1|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Wagner&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sydow-Wagners Methodischer Schul-Atlas (1888-1944)|url=http://www.atlassen.info/atlassen/perthes/sywms.html#belgische_uitgave|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=www.atlassen.info|archivedate=2017-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308073802/http://www.atlassen.info/atlassen/perthes/sywms.html#belgische_uitgave}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na usoro physiognomic gụnyere Grisebach (1872), Warming (1895, 1909), Schimper (1898), Tansley na Chipp (1926), Rübel (1930), Burtt Davy (1938), [[John Stanley Beard|Beard]] (1944, 1955), André Aubréville (1956, 1957), Trochain (1955, 1957), Küchler (1967), Ellenberg na Mueller-Dombois (1967) (lee nhazi nke ahịhịa ).
[[Usòrò:Vegetation-no-legend.PNG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|400x400px|Biomes nkewa site na ahịhịa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;]]
Enwere ọtụtụ ụzọ nhazi nke physiognomy, flora, ecology, wdg).  [1] [2] [3] [4] Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ nhazi nke sitere na Europe na North America ndị na-eche n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, ha ndị ụzọ dị iche iche.  Na North America, ụdị na- adabere na nchikota nke njirisi ndị a:Bụrọ ihu igwe,-ema osisi, phenology na/ma ọ bụ ụdị uto, na ụdị ndị na-achị achị.  N'ụkpụrụ US dị ugbu a (nke Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC nakweere), nke UNESCO na The Nature Conservancy mebere ya, nhazi ọkwa bụ usoro nhazi ma tinye akwụkwọ na isi nke ndị n'ime elu (kachasị izugbe) ọkwa  ise na oke. floristic njirisi naanị n'ime ala (kachasị kpọmkwem) ọkwa abụọ. Na Europe, nhazi ọkwa na-adaberekarị nke ukwuu, mgbe ụfọdụ kpamkpam, na nhazi floristic (ụdị) naanị, na-Mẹ ntụaka doro anya na ihu igwe.  , phenology ma ọ bụ ụdị uto.Ọ na-emesi ike na -egosikarị ma ọ bụ ụdị elele nke nwere ike ike dị n'otu nhazi na nke ọzọ.

N'ọkọlọtọ FGDC, ɔkwakwa, site na ọtụtụ izugbe ruo nke mmalite, bụ: sistemu, klas, klaasi, otu, nguzobe, njikọ aka, na ibu .  Ọkwa kacha ala, ma ọ bụ mbụ, bụ nke mbụ nke ọma, wee tinye aha ụdị nke otu ruo atọ (na-ihe abụọ) nke ụdị.  Ihe atụ nke ụdị nnwe nke akọwara na ọkwa klas ike ịbụ &quot;Channel, amara&gt; 60% &quot;;  n'ogo nke a guzobe dị ka &quot; Oyi mmiri mmiri, sara mbara-leaved, evergreen, sclerophyllous, mechiri emechi-canopy arịa &quot;;  n'ogo nke njikọ aka dị ka &quot; Arbutus menziesiisii&quot;;  na n'ọkwa nke mbụ dị ka &quot; Arbutus menziesii-Lithocarpus dense flora forest&quot;, na-ezo aka Pacific madrone-tanoak ozi nke na-eme na [[California]] na [[Oregon]], US.  Na omume, ọkwa nke njikọ aka na / ma ọ bụ otu bụ nke a na-eme eme ihe, na nkewa aro, dị ka a na-mọ Latin binomial na-e see ụdị dị iche iche na taxonomy na n'ozuzu n'okwu  .

Dị ka usoro ihe niile dị ndụ, obodo osisi na-adịru nwa oge na ebe dị ike; ha na-agbanwe n'ụzọ ọ bụla nwere ike ime. A kọwapụtara mgbanwe n'ihe ọkụkụ dị ka mgbanwe n'ụdị nhazi na/ma ọ bụ nhazi ahịhịa.

N'otu oge, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke usoro ma ọ bụ ihe omume nwere ike ime mgbanwe, ma n'ihi ihe mfe, ikiri ike ha dị ka ike ma ọ bụ ozi.  A na-akpọ ókè ike dị ka nsogbu;  ndị a na-agụnye ihe ndị dị ka ọkụ ọkụ, nnukwu ifufe, mkpọda, idei mmiri, ifufe ifufe na ihe ndị yiri ya.  Ihe ihe oyiyi ha na-oso panel ( exogenous ) na obodo - ha bụ usoro okike na-eme (amakarịsịa) na- adabereghị na usoro okike nke obodo (ike germination, uto, ọnwụ, wdg).  Ihe omume ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike nhazi nhazi na nhazi ngwa ngwa na ogologo oge, ha see ike ime ya ebe buru ibu.  Sistemụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ole na ole na-iche ụdị ọgbaghara dị ka nke sistemu ogologo oge na-agbanwe agbanwe.  Ọkụ na ọgba aghara ikuku na-ama n'ọtụtụ ụdịdị dị n'ụwa niile.  Ọkụ dị ike, n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ibibi ọ bụghị naanị osisi ndụ dị, ihe àmà, spores, na meristems dị ndụ na-ama anya ụgbọ na-ahụ n'ihu, na n'ihi ọkụ ọkụ na-emetụta  ụmụ anụmanụ, iche ala na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro (maka).  ntụle ọzọ nke isiokwu a na-ahụ ọkụ ecology).

Mgbanwe nwa oge n'iji akwado na-adị ebe niile;  ọ na-agụnye nke ngalaba n'otu ebe obibi .  Ihe ịga nke ọma bụ ihe ngbanwe nke nta nke nta na nhazi na nhazi taxonomic nke na-ebilite ka ilẹ n'onwe ya na agbanwe agbanwe dị iche iche gburugburu ebe obibi ka oge na-aga, ìhè ìhè, mmiri na ọkwa nri .  Mgbanwe ndị a na-agbanwe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ndị a na-emekarị ka ha too, dị ndụ na ipụta pụta n'otu mpaghara, na-ebute ihe nke ngwaahịa.  Mgbanwe ndị a floristic na-enye aka na nhazi nhazi nke dị na uto osisi na akara ụdị (ịkarịsịa ebe osisi nwere nnukwu oke, ya osisi bụ osisi), na-eme ka ụzọ dị iche na nke sara mbara na osisi.  Enwere ike izi ọbịbịa n'oge ọ alụla site na ọgba aghara, na-edozi usoro ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ jụrụ azụ na steeti gara aga, ma ọ bụ ikike na ọnọdụ ọzọ kpamkpam.  N'ihi nke a, usoro n'usoro nwere ike ma ọ bụ ọ mudu eduga n'usoro kwụ ọtọ, nke ikpeazụ .  Ọzọkwa, ụzọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi ike nke steeti dị otú ahụ, ọta na ọ na-ebilite, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka ọ ga-ekwe omume.  Na nkenke, obodo mgbanwo na-edo onwe ya n'okpuru okpuru iwu nke àmà oke na mgbasa ozi n' mkpu.

=== Ọnọdụ oghere ===
Dịka iwu n'ozuzu, ka nnukwu mpaghara a na-atụle, ka o yikarịrị ka ahịhịa ga-adị iche iche n'ofe ya. Isi ihe abụọ na-arụ ọrụ. Nke mbu, ihe ngbanwe nke nwa oge nke ọgbaghara na nchighari na-adighi ka ọ ga-emekọrịta ihe n'akụkụ ọ bụla ka oke mpaghara ahụ na-abawanye. Ya bụ, mpaghara dị iche iche ga-anọ na ọkwa mmepe dị iche iche n'ihi akụkọ ihe mere eme obodo dị iche iche, ọkachasị oge ha kemgbe nnukwu nsogbu gara aga. Eziokwu a na-emekọrịta ihe na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi (dịka ọmụmaatụ na ala, ihu igwe, ọdịdị elu, wdg), nke bụkwa ọrụ nke mpaghara. Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na-amachibido ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ndị nwere ike ịnwe mpaghara enyere, ihe abụọ ahụ na-emekọkwa ọnụ iji mepụta mosaic nke ọnọdụ ahịhịa n'ofe ala ahụ. Naanị n'usoro ọrụ [[Oru ugbo|ugbo]] ma ọ bụ ihe ọkụkụ ka ahịhịa na-abịaru nso n'otu zuru oke. Na usoro okike, a na-enwe heterogeneity mgbe niile, n'agbanyeghị na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na ike ya ga-adịgasị iche.

== Ntụaka ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081122032744/http://conserveonline.org/docs/2001/03/vol1.pdf Osisi terrestrial nke United States Mpịakọta I&amp;nbsp;- Sistemụ nhazi ọkwa ahịhịa nke mba: Mmepe, ọnọdụ, na ngwa] Archived  &lt;/link&gt; (PDF)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051028140442/http://biology.usgs.gov/fgdc.veg/ Kọmiti na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ nke Federal Geographic]
* [http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/FGDC-standards-projects/vegetation/vegclass.pdf/view Ọkọlọtọ Nhazi Ahịhịa] [FGDC-STD-005, Jun 1997] (PDF)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070903061004/http://www.daffa.gov.au/brs/forest-veg/vast Nkewa Ọnọdụ ahịhịa: Steeti akụ akụ na mgbanwe (VAST)]

* Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20180928225953/http://www.zoolex.org/walter.html eserese ihu igwe]  &lt;/link&gt;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181103045724/http://climatediagrams.com/ ClimateDiagrams.com] Na-enye eserese ihu igwe karịa ọdụ ihu igwe 3000 yana maka oge ihu igwe dị iche iche sitere n'akụkụ ụwa niile. Ndị ọrụ nwekwara ike iji data nke ha mepụta eserese nke ha.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181021022914/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/plot/diagram.htm Eserese ihu igwe WBCS zuru ụwa ọnụ]</text>
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{{Databox}} 

Shadow Parties bụ ihe nkiri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke 2021 nke [[Yemi Amodu]] duziri ma mepụta. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Yemi Blaq]], [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde]], [[Toyin Abraham]], [[Jide Kosoko]], [[Sola Sobowale]], Magdalena Korpas, na Lucien Morgan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 May 2019|title=Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde, Sola Sobowale feature in 'Shadow Parties'|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-sola-sobowale-feature-in-shadow-parties/3s1xeqw|accessdate=12 September 2021|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archivedate=12 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912002252/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-sola-sobowale-feature-in-shadow-parties/3s1xeqw}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 May 2019|title=New Movie Shadow Parties to Tackle Communal Clashes|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/05/17/new-movie-shadow-parties-to-tackle-communal-clashes/|accessdate=12 September 2021|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=6 December 2018|title=Anticipate! Toyin Abraham, Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde, Segun Arinze, Jide Kosoko to star in 'Shadow Parties' {{!}} Teaser|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/12/anticipate-toyin-abraham-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-segun-arinze-jide-kosoko-to-star-in-shadow-parties-teaser/|accessdate=12 September 2021|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shadow Parties {{!}} Netflix|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81435739|accessdate=12 September 2021|work=www.netflix.com|language=en|archivedate=12 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912002251/https://www.netflix.com/title/81435739}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 September 2021|title=Nollywood Movie, 'Shadow Parties' is Now on Netflix|url=https://mediarants.com/nollywood-movie-shadow-parties-is-now-on-netflix/|accessdate=12 September 2021|work=Media Rants|language=en-US|archivedate=12 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912002253/https://mediarants.com/nollywood-movie-shadow-parties-is-now-on-netflix/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Netflix na 6 Septemba 2021. [1] [2]

== Atụmatụ ==
Isiokwu nke ihe nkiri ahụ na-agba gburugburu esemokwu obodo nke Aremu si Aje, obodo dị nso na Iludun, ebe a mụrụ nwunye ya, Arike, nke a maara nke ọma maka agha fratricidal, nke gburu ndị nne na nna Arike. Obodo abụọ ahụ lụrụ agha mgbe ndị ikwu Aremu kpebiri ịgba nwunye &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 September 2021|title='SHADOW PARTIES' An Excellent Advocacy Tool For Conflict Resolution|url=https://veracitydesk.com.ng/2021/09/09/shadow-parties-an-excellent-advocacy-tool-for-conflict-resolution/|accessdate=12 September 2021|work=Veracity Desk|language=en-US|archivedate=12 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912004013/https://veracitydesk.com.ng/2021/09/09/shadow-parties-an-excellent-advocacy-tool-for-conflict-resolution/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nwa ya ọkụ na-azọrọ na ọ bụ onye iro nke mere ka ndị Iluduns, nwanne Arike, megwara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 June 2019|title=Omotola leads cast in new movie 'Shadow Parties'|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/06/omotola-leads-cast-in-new-movie-shadow-parties/|accessdate=12 September 2021|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 May 2019|title=Nollywood, Hollywood team up in the new movie &quot;Shadow Parties'' {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/330859-nollywood-hollywood-team-up-in-new-movie-shadow-parties.html|accessdate=12 September 2021|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==
 

== Onyinye na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ihe nrite
!Ụdị
!Nsonaazụ
!Nkwupụta
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe nrite Africa Movie Academy
|Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru n'ịmepụta ihe|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Banjo|first=Noah|date=29 October 2021|title=FULL LIST: Ayinla, Omo Ghetto: The Saga bag multiple nominations at AMAA 2021|url=https://punchng.com/full-list-ayinla-omo-ghetto-the-saga-bag-multiple-nominations-at-amaa-2021/|accessdate=30 October 2021|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nkiri Naịjirịa Kasị Mma|{{Nom}}
|}

== Edensibia ==
Shadow Parties bụ ihe nkiri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke 2021 nke Yemi Amodu duziri ma mepụta. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Yemi Blaq, Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde, Toyin Abraham, Jide Kosoko, Sola Sobowale, Magdalena Korpas, na Lucien Morgan.   na Netflix na 6 Septemba{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Akụkụ onyinyonaIMDb 
* Akụkụ onyinyonaNetflix</text>
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{{Databox}}'''Adriana Lara López''' bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị kọmputa Mexico nke nyocha ya gụnyere ngụkọ evolushọn, memetic algọridim, na njikarịcha ebumnobi ọtụtụ . Ọ bụ prọfesọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ physics na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Instituto Politécnico Nacional na Mexico. &lt;ref name=gecco&gt;{{citation|url=https://gecco-2020.sigevo.org/index.html/Women+AT+GECCO|title=Women at GECCO|work=GECCO 2020|access-date=2022-12-05|archive-date=2022-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205221541/https://gecco-2020.sigevo.org/index.html/Women%20AT%20GECCO|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ==
Lara gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Instituto Politécnico Nacional na 2001, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu site na CINVESTAV na 2003. &lt;ref name=x&gt;{{citation|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37589805200|title=Adriana Lara|work=IEEE Xplore|publisher=IEEE|access-date=2022-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụchara PhD na CINVESTAV na 2012. {{R|gecco}} Akwụkwọ edemede ya, ''Iji Gradient Based Information toBuild Hybrid Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithms'', bụ Oliver Schütze na Carlos A. Coello Coello na-elekọta ya.&lt;ref name=evocinv&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.cs.cinvestav.mx/~EVOCINV/graduations/Adriana/adriana.html|title=PhD Defense of Adriana Lara López|work=Evolutionary Computation Group at CINVESTAV (EVOCINV)|publisher=CINVESTAV|access-date=2022-12-05|archive-date=2025-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125131531/https://www.cs.cinvestav.mx/~EVOCINV/graduations/Adriana/adriana.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụbu onye prọfesọ na IPN kemgbe 2003.&lt;ref name=orcid&gt;{{citation|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2498-4441|title=Adriana Lara|work=ORCiD|access-date=2022-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwenye ==
A họpụtara Lara na Mahadum Sayensị Mexico na 2022. &lt;ref name=amc&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.amc.mx/amc/membresia/MATEMATICAS2022.pdf|title=Mathematics section members|publisher=Mexican Academy of Sciences|year=2022|access-date=2022-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Adriana Lara publications indexed by Google Scholar
{{Authority control|state=collapsed}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Royal Benevolent Society nke Ndị Azụmaahịa na Ndị Ọkwọ Ụgbọ Mmiri kpuru</title>
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      <text bytes="5637" sha1="gvdcu5fiof1vxs78sg80bq78m6ldtbi" xml:space="preserve">The Shipwrecked Fishermen and Mariners 'Royal Benevolent Society ma ọ bụ Shipwrecked Mariners Society maka nkenke, bụ ọrụ ebere mba hibere na 1839, nke na-arụ ọrụ na United Kingdom na Ireland dum, nke ọmụmụ ya bụ inye aka nye onye ọrụ mmiri mbụ mbụ.  , ndị ọkụ azụ na ndị di ha ọnwụ na ndị dabere na mkpa.  Society, nke na-arụ ọrụ site na mba nke ndị ọrụ afọ a maara dị ka Honorary Agents, na-emekọ ihe ụgwọ 2,000 ikpe mkpa otu afọ ma dabere na Chichester, West Sussex .

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E hiwere nsogbu na eze site na mkpali nke Mr. John Rye, (lụrụ Ann, nwa echere Sir Berney Brograve, 1st Baronet ), onye ọrụ lara ezumike nká nke Bath, Somerset na ohu ya Mr. Charles Gee Jones, a ọrụ na  Weston.  -super-Mare, onye bụbu onye na-anya ụgbọ elu Bristol na onye nwe ụlọ nke Pulteney Arms na Bath, na-eso ọnwụ dị egwu nke ndụ sitere na ụgbọ mmiri Clovelly na oke mmiri mmiri na November 1838. Site n'aka Sir  Jahleel Brenton, n'oge ahụ ikike nke ndị Ọgwụ Greenwich, Mr. Rye nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'iguzobe Society, na ahụkọta ego a na- ihe dị ka ndenye aha mbụ, na mbụ site n'ịga site n'ike  ruo n'ahụ na Bath na-anakọta ọkara okpueze .  [1] E sere ihe ọrụ (n'okpuru) nke Mazị Rye na Maazị Gee Jones iji mee ememe okpukpe ntọhapụ nke Society, bụ nke kokwasịrị ugbu a n'ọnụ ụlọ nke isi ụlọ ọrụ Society dị na Chichester

Onye isi ala mbụ nke mmadụ bụ Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 10th Baronet, bụ onye n'ime Agha nke 1812 gawara Chesapeake Bay wee weghara ma gbaa Washington ọkụ na 24 Ọgọst 1814. Onye nkwado mbụ Society nke bụ Queen Victoria na o nweela onye  na-elekọta eze ahụ;  taa ọ bụ eze-nwanyị eze .  Otu n'ime ndị isi oche mbụ ya bụ Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Bt.  Iwu nke nzuko omeiwu webatara Society na 1850

Ọkọlọtọ nke ọha mmadụ, obe St George nke nwere ike SFMS dị n'lood a na ọnụọgụ, bụ ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri ha na ndị nche n' osimiri kọrọ na Mbupu na Mercantile Gazette na London.  Site na 1851 ruo 1854 ọ na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri na Lytham, Rhyl, Portmadoc, Tenby, Llanelly, Teignmouth, Hornsea na Newhaven mana e mechara kwenye na ọ ga-aka mma ma ọ bụrụ na otu ụlọ ọrụ gbadoro anya na ịzọpụta ndụ n.  'oké osimiri ebe nke ọzọ na-enyere ndị lanarịrịnụ ma ọ bụ ha aka.  àgwà ndị mmadụ nwụnahụrụ n’ikpere mmiri, ya mere na 1854 Society bufere ụgbọ mmiri ndụ ya na RNLI

&lt;ref name=&quot;Argus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/15114301.seafaring-charity-welcomes-new-president-to-its-headquarters/|title=Seafaring charity welcomes new president to its headquarters|work=Argus|date=24 February 2017|accessdate=6 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na 2017, Admiral George Zambellas, onye bụbu Onye isi mmiri mbụ na Onye isi nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri weere dị ka Onye isi oche nke ọha mmadụ.

N'afọ 2021, e mere nri ndị kwa afọ n'iche ezumezu Fishmongers na London na onye na-ahụ maka ọha, Anne, Princess Royal nyere nri nke mmadụ mmadụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nautilus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nautilusint.org/en/news-insight/news/princess-royal-joins-shipwrecked-mariners-society-at-fishmongers-hall/|title=Princess Royal joins Shipwrecked Mariners' Society at Fishmongers' Hall|work=Nautilus International|date=7 October 2021|accessdate=6 March 2024|archivedate=22 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522144329/https://www.nautilusint.org/en/news-insight/news/princess-royal-joins-shipwrecked-mariners-society-at-fishmongers-hall/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==
Ndị otu ahụ na-enye ndị na-arụ ọrụ nnapụta ndị ama ama n'oké osimiri ihe nrite, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 2023, otu onye injinia mmiri nwetara iko na-azọpụta ndụ mgbe ọ kwadochara nnapụta nke ọtụtụ ndị lanarịrị ụgbọ mmiri kpuru. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/engineer-honored-for-using-a-power-block-to-rescue-five-survivors|title=Engineer Honored for Using a Power Block to Rescue Shipwreck Survivors|work=Maritime Executive|date=9 October 2023|accessdate=6 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nrite ndị ọzọ nke ọha mmadụ nyere gụnyere Lord Lewin Award, Lady Swaythling Trophy na onyinye Emile Robin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nautilus&quot;/&gt;

== Foto ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/essex-society-oyster-skegness-beach-ships-b2177446.html|title=Maritime charity announces winner of annual photography competition|work=The Independent|date=28 September 2022|accessdate=6 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;Society na-enwe asọmpi ịse foto kwa afọ, iji mee ka amara ọrụ ebere ya.[1]  A na-arịọ ndị ntinye akwụkwọ maka foto na-ejide njikọ UK na oke osimiri, gụnyere isiokwu dị ka ụgbọ mmiri ahịa, ụgbọ mmiri, ụsọ oké osimiri, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri.

Na 2023, Society kwuputara onye mmeri nke iri na otu nke ihe nrite foto ya kwa afọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2023/sep/21/britains-most-stunning-seascapes-in-pictures|title=Britain’s most stunning seascapes|work=Guardian News|date=21 September 2023|accessdate=6 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* George Cockburn

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ==

* Ndị na-akụ azụ̀ ụgbọ mmiri kpuru na Royal Benevolent Society, Brief History of the First Narị Afọ nke e bipụtara na 1939.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* IOfficial website
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stephen Yakubu</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder|website=}}

Stephen Yakubu bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ nhọrọ na onye isi anya mba Ghana.  Ọ bụ onye anya Ghana na Morocco makwa onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Binduri na mpaghara Upper East nke Ghana.  [1] [2] Ugbu a ọ bụ onye minista mpaghara Upper East yana onye isi oche nke Council Security Council. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Government committed to compliance with mining laws- Upper East Regional Minister - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/government-committed-to-compliance-with-mining-laws-upper-east-regional-minister/|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A karanta Stephen Yakubu na Mee 25, 1966, na Gotisaliga-Binduri na mpaghara Upper East .  Akwụkwọ BSc na saịtị Planning na Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) na diploma diploma na Information Systems site na Thames Valley University Slough, UK.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Yakubu, Stephen|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=240|accessdate=2020-07-07|work=ghanamps.com|archivedate=2021-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507194441/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=240}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Odekro {{!}} What has your MP done for you?|url=http://staging.odekro.org/person/stephen-yakubu/|accessdate=2020-07-07|work=staging.odekro.org|archivedate=2022-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212120827/http://staging.odekro.org/person/stephen-yakubu/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Yakubu ịbanye na akwụkwọ, ihe owuwu na ihe mkpa nke ọnụọgụ  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Yakubu bụ onye New Patriotic Party (NPP).  Ọ gbara ọsọ maka oche Binduri na tiketi NPP.  Ọ bụ onye otu nzuko omeiwu nke ise nke Republic of Ghana nke anọ.  Okari votu 9,103 n'ime vootu 18,050 ziri ezi emere nke ruru 50.43% nke mbụ aka niile dị mma.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Peace FM|title=Ghana Election 2008 Results - Binduri Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/uppereast/165/index.php|accessdate=2020-07-07|work=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|date=17 December 2014|archivedate=2022-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212125931/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/uppereast/165/index.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ọ na-arụ ọrụ onwe ya ma lụkwa ụmụ abụọ.  Ọ bụ Onye ma na-efe ofufe na Adventist . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Theresa Musoke</title>
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      <text bytes="8044" sha1="mhl2vy0toxylo8w1yoi5n171fidu3dd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Theresa Musoke''' (amụrụ 1945 na Kampala, Uganda ) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe na Ugandan-Kenyan nke amara nke ọma maka ngosipụta nnwale ya na ngosipụta nke anụ ọhịa Kenya na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị na Africa. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaDuke 16&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=LaDuke|first=Betty|date=November 1989|title=East African Painter Theresa Musoke: Uhuru or Freedom|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3193162|journal=Art Education|volume=42|issue=6|pages=16–24|doi=10.2307/3193162}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na eserese na ibipụta akwụkwọ, ma na-ejikwa batik, ákwà ogbugbo, acrylic, na e ji esiji ákwà, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ ya, ọbụna na-agba mbọ ịkpụ ihe n'oge ụfọdụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Musoke na-akọwa ọrụ ya dị ka &quot;ọkara-abstract&quot; ma tinye isiokwu ndị dị ka ihe nketa mba ụwa, njirimara Africa n'ozuzu ya, na isiokwu nwanyị gụnyere ọrụ ụlọ, ịbụ nne na atụmatụ ezinụlọ n'ime ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=LaDuke|first=Betty|date=1989|title=East African Painter Theresa Musoke: Uhuru or Freedom|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3193162|journal=Art Education|volume=42|issue=6|pages=16–24|doi=10.2307/3193162|issn=0004-3125}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkà Musoke na-egosipụta ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-akpata ọgba aghara nke o tolitere, na-anọchite anya usoro dị iche iche nke usoro, mgbasa ozi, na ụdị dị iche iche, ma omenala na nke oge a, na mgbakwunye na &quot;afọ iri nke mgbanwe site na omenala nke onwe ya na ọzụzụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà nke Western, na-apụta dị ka ụdị nka nke na-eme ọmarịcha ihe nketa akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịnala nke enweghị ike ịghọta naanị n'ihe gbasara ihe na ụkpụrụ nka na imewe”. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kader|first=Themina|title=Contemporary Art of Kenya: A Different Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-education_2006-07_59_4/page/25|journal=Art Education|volume=59|issue=4|year=2006|pages=25–32|doi=10.1080/00043125.2006.11651600}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
Musoke gara Mahadum Makerere na Kampala, ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na Arts. Otu afọ ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ meriri scholarships Commonwealth iji nweta diplọma postgraduate na Printmaking na Royal College of Art na [[London]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; O ji akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na Fine Art na Mahadum Pennsylvania ebe o nwetara nka na teknụzụ textile nke eserese na taị na esiji. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.contemporaryand.com/magazines/theresa-musoke-a-lifetime-dedicated-to-art-in-east-africa/|title=Theresa Musoke: A Lifetime Dedicated to Art in East Africa {{!}} Contemporary And|work=www.contemporaryand.com|language=de|accessdate=2019-12-22}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.contemporaryand.com/magazines/theresa-musoke-a-lifetime-dedicated-to-art-in-east-africa/ &quot;Theresa Musoke: A Lifetime Dedicated to Art in East Africa | Contemporary And&quot;]. ''www.contemporaryand.com'' (in German)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-12-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1960, Musoke bụ otu n'ime ndị ruru eru ise ka a nabata na Margaret Trowell School of Fine Arts, nke nyere ya ohere ka ọ gbanwee gaa na mmemme nka nke Mahadum Makerere. Ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Makerere, ọ gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ Makerere na ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nke Fine Art and Architecture na Mahadum Pennsylvania. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaDuke 16&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
A maara ya nke ọma na Kenya karịa na [[Uganda]] n'ihi na o biri na [[Kenya]] ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ ka o si Uganda gbapụ n'ihi ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agha obodo na mba ahụ mgbe ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uganda: Theresa Musoke's Living Earth|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200203130258.html|accessdate=2019-12-22|work=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Makerere, ọrụ ya nwetara nlebara anya dị egwu. Enyere ya ọrụ ka o kee ihe nkiri ''ọmụmụ'' . Ọrụ nka ya ka dị na Mary Stuart Hall, otu n'ime ụlọ ebe obibi ụmụ nwanyị na Mahadum Makerere. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Kenya na Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cultures-Uganda {{!}} Theresa Musoke|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.theresa-musoke.47671.html|accessdate=2019-12-22|work=uganda.spla.pro|archivedate=2019-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222113653/http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.theresa-musoke.47671.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''uganda.spla.pro''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-12-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kụziri na nka na Mahadum Makerere, Mahadum Mahadum Kenyatta, International School of Kenya na Kestrol Manor. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/art/Nine-Women-Artists-Making-Waves/3815712-4737826-5fifrd/index.html|title=Nine Women Artists Making Waves|date=August 31, 2018|work=Business Daily|accessdate=2019-12-22}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/art/Nine-Women-Artists-Making-Waves/3815712-4737826-5fifrd/index.html &quot;Nine Women Artists Making Waves&quot;]. ''Business Daily''. August 31, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-12-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O gosila ọrụ ya na Kenya, Uganda na mba ofesi, ọkachasị na US, United Kingdom na mba Scandinavian. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The nine pioneer women of East African art|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/The-nine-pioneer-women-of-East-African-art/434746-4738422-11f53s/index.html|accessdate=2019-12-22|work=The East African|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/The-nine-pioneer-women-of-East-African-art/434746-4738422-11f53s/index.html &quot;The nine pioneer women of East African art&quot;]. ''The East African''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-12-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nnabata ==

* Margaret Trowell Painting Prize (1965) &lt;/link&gt;
* Nkà mmụta gụsịrị akwụkwọ ga-aga Royal College of Art na London (1966-1968)
* Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship nnata 

== Na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ngosi ==

* &quot;Cat Ghosts&quot; 1960s, mmanụ nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri, 75&quot; x 48.8&quot; cm &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Theresa Musoke: A Lifetime Dedicated to Art in East Africa|url=https://contemporaryand.com/magazines/theresa-musoke-a-lifetime-dedicated-to-art-in-east-africa/|accessdate=2022-05-28|work=Contemporary And|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Graffes Brown&quot; 1982, mgbasa ozi agwakọta, 24&quot; x 36&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Zebras&quot; 1983, mgbasa ozi agwakọta, 30&quot; x 36&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Atụmatụ Ezinụlọ: Ụmụaka nwere Dolls&quot; 1985, mgbasa ozi agwakọta, 30&quot; x 36&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Atụmatụ Ezinụlọ: Ndị okenye na-eto eto&quot; 1986, mgbasa ozi agwakọta, 30&quot; x 36&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Nwanyị ahịa na-ere nkata&quot;, 1986, mgbasa ozi agwakọta &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Ụmụ nwanyị na-ere ákwà&quot;, 1987, mgbasa ozi agwakọta, 30&quot; x 48&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Murchison Falls&quot;
* Ihe onyonyo “Ọmụmụ” na Mary Stuart Hall na Mahadum Makerere na Uganda
* Ihe ngosi na Royal Academy of Art na London, England
* Ihe ngosi na The Hampton Institute na Virginia, USA
* Ihe ngosi na Paa ya Paa Gallery na Kenya
* Ihe ngosi na Gallery of Contemporary East African Art na Nairobi, Kenya

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Musoke, Theresa}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>S. Torriano Berry</title>
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      <text bytes="5336" sha1="iyaii7zepgo20f49oscv13towinv9bo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Steven Torriano Berry''' bụ onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|America]], onye ode akwụkwọ na onye ntụzi . &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT-BACS-1990&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Black Cinema to Honor Actors, Filmmakers : Movies: Danny Glover, Louis Gossett Jr. and Beah Richards will be among those receiving accolades at eighth annual awards ceremony.|first=Kevin|author=Thomas|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-04-07/entertainment/ca-640_1_louis-gossett-jr|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1990-04-07|accessdate=2011-10-24|quote=...a straightforward, well-made 30-minute drama about a woman torn between her responsibilities as a minister's wife and her longing for her former career as a jazz singer.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gwara ''Noh Matta Wat!'' , usoro ihe onyonyo dị egwu nke mbụ Belize, nke ewepụtara na Nọvemba 28, 2005.

== ndabere na ọrụ ==
Onye Kansas City, Kansas, Berry zụlitere na Des Moines, Iowa . Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nzere bachelọ na Mahadum steeti Arizona, ọ banyere mmemme Master na ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri ama ama nke UCLA . Mgbe ọ nọ na UCLA, Berry rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na ọrụ vidiyo gụnyere obere ihe nrite na-emeri, ''Ọgaranya'', nke o dere, mepụta na eduzi yana kpakpando. N'October 21, 2011, a na-enyocha ''Rich'' dị ka akụkụ nke isi ihe nkiri retrospective, &quot;LA Rebellion: Creating a New Black Cinema,&quot; akụkụ nke ''Pacific Standard Time: Art in LA 1945-1980'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;LAR-Rich&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinema.ucla.edu/events/2011-10-21/ujamii-uhuru-schule-shorts|title=Ujamii Uhuru Schule Community Freedom School (1974); Define (1988); Excerpt from Dawn at My Back: Memoir of a Black Texas Upbringing (2003); Shipley Street (1981); Brick by Brick (1982); Rich (1982)|first=Mark|author=Quigley|publisher=UCLA Film and Television Archives|accessdate=2011-10-24|quote=At once gritty and tender, the character study features an intimate scene shot chiaroscuro on location at the Watts Towers|archivedate=2011-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029153924/http://www.cinema.ucla.edu/events/2011-10-21/ujamii-uhuru-schule-shorts}}&lt;/ref&gt;

No I'mBerry bụ onye prọfesọ na-akpakọrịta ugbu a na Mahadum Howard dị na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], ebe ọ na-eduzi ihe nkiri egwu egwu Indie, ''The Embalmer'' . A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ihe atụ mbụ nke &quot;ihe nkiri egwu egwu obodo.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;BHF-Embalmer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blackhorrormovies.com/embalmer.htm|title=Embalmer (1996)|publisher=BlackHorrorFilm.com|accessdate=2011-10-24|quote=Predating Full Moon releases like Killjoy by several years, Embalmer was one of the earliest of the &quot;urban horror&quot; films of the '90s.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye dere akwụkwọ abụọ na ihe nkiri ojii.

Berry bụ onye otu Omega Psi Phi fraternity.

Ọrụ kachasị ọhụrụ ya bụ ''The Kusini Concept: The Pride and the Sabotage,'' akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ime ihe nkiri ''[[Ịgụta ihe n'oge a|Countdown na Kusini]]'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Clayton-Kusini&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://claytonmuseum.org/events/events-1|title=Upcoming Events|publisher=The Mayme A. Clayton Library &amp; Museum|accessdate=2011-10-24|quote=Predating Full Moon releases like Killjoy by several years, Embalmer was one of the earliest of the &quot;urban horror&quot; films of the '90s.|archivedate=2013-07-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729023706/http://www.claytonmuseum.org/events/events-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ekele ihe nkiri ==

* ''Ihe ngosi nke nnwere onwe ojii'', WHMM-TV 32, Washington DC
* ''Usoro nke Black Beyond Anthology''
* ''Ìhè ahụ'' (ihe nkiri TV ọkara awa), WPVI-TV 6, Philadelphia
* ''Mgbe ọ bụ oge gị'', WPVI Philadelphia
* ''The Embalmer'' &lt;ref name=&quot;BHF-Embalmer&quot;/&gt;
* ''Noh Matta Wat!'' (usoro ihe onyonyo), Belize (Channel 5/7/Krem Television) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.7newsbelize.com/sstory.php?nid=4060|title=7 News Belize|accessdate=2024-06-10|archivedate=2024-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130144644/https://www.7newsbelize.com/sstory.php?nid=4060}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/9154 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2024-06-10 |archivedate=2022-10-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016215549/https://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/9154 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Echiche Kusini: Nganga na ime ihe ọjọọ&quot; (akwụkwọ) &lt;ref name=&quot;Clayton-Kusini&quot;/&gt;''

== Ihe nrite na nnabata ==

* 1983: Ebe nke abụọ, Black American Cinema Society Award for ''Rich''
* 1985: Asọpụrụ aha, Black American Cinema Society Award for ''In the Hole''
* 1990: Ebe mbụ, Black American Cinema Society Award for ''the Light'' &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT-BACS-1990&quot;/&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe nkiri Black Horror nke ama ama &lt;ref name=&quot;BHF-HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blackhorrormovies.com/halloffame.htm|title=Black Horror Movie Hall of Fame|publisher=BlackHorrorFilm.com|accessdate=2011-10-24|quote=A little-known pioneer in black horror, this Howard University professor not only directed the early &quot;urban horror&quot; entry The Embalmer in 1996, but he and Chester Norvell Turner were practically the only directors to provide all-black horror in the '80s.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
vidiyo gụnyere obere ihe nrite na-emeri, Ọgaranya, nke o dere, mepụta na eduzi yana{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Sam Bailey (onye nduzi)</title>
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      <text bytes="5789" sha1="bkyrca659wwe5cb3plyjxnv930queze" xml:space="preserve"> {{Databox}}

'''Samantha Bailey''' (amụrụ 1989) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-08-12|title=&quot;I Want to Play&quot;: Talking with Sam Bailey|url=https://therumpus.net/2019/08/the-rumpus-interview-with-sam-bailey/|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=The Rumpus.net|language=en|archivedate=2022-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129022918/https://therumpus.net/2019/08/the-rumpus-interview-with-sam-bailey/}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye odee America, onye nrụpụta, onye isi na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. A maara ya maka usoro webụ ''You're So Talented'' na ''Brown Girls'' .

== Ọrụ ==
Amụrụ ma zụlite Bailey na [[Chicago]], Illinois na mpaghara Logan Square . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Irby|first=Samantha|date=2019-08-12|title=&quot;I Want to Play&quot;: Talking with Sam Bailey|url=https://therumpus.net/2019/08/the-rumpus-interview-with-sam-bailey/|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=The Rumpus.net|language=en|archivedate=2022-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129022918/https://therumpus.net/2019/08/the-rumpus-interview-with-sam-bailey/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri dị ka onye ntorobịa wee nweta akara ugo mmụta bachelor ya na Columbia College Chicago . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Golden|first=Brian|title=Filmmaker Sam Bailey Offers a Fresh Take on Young Women of Color|url=https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/February-2017/Sam-Bailey-Brown-Girls/|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=Chicago Magazine|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129022918/https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/February-2017/Sam-Bailey-Brown-Girls/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGolden&quot;&gt;Golden, Brian. . ''Chicago Magazine''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-01-29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ, Bailey malitere ime nka n'ime obodo ihe nkiri obodo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; O nwere nkụda mmụọ maka ịdị mma nke ọrụ etinyere ya wee jiri nkụda mmụọ ahụ mee ka ọ mara ihe osise nke ga-abụ ''onye nwere nkà'' . O tolitere ịbụ onye a ma ama maka usoro webụ nke ewepụtara onwe ya, akụkọ ọkara nke onwe ya gbasara onye na-eme ihe nkiri dị afọ 25 na-adọga na Chicago. Ọ bụ oge mbụ ọ na-eduzi na ide ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;theroot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kai|first=Maiysha|date=2018-11-29|title=Brown Girls and Beyond: Sam Bailey Is Adding New and Needed Voices to Our Narrative|url=https://www.theroot.com/brown-girls-and-beyond-sam-bailey-is-adding-new-and-ne-1830314882|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=The Root|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara ''gị nwere nkà'' maka ihe nrite Gotham na 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Vickery|first=Morgan|date=2019-10-16|title=Q&amp;A {{!}} Sam Bailey|url=https://flaunt.com/content/qampa-sam-bailey|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=Flaunt Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2017 ọ na-emepụta usoro weebụ ''Brown Girls'' na onye na-ede uri Fatimah Asghar, bụ nke gbara ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ na-abịakwute okwu na njirimara ndị na-eme ihe, na ịgagharị ọrụ na mmekọrịta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Usoro ahụ nwetara nhọpụta maka 2017 Primetime Emmy Award maka Short Form Comedy ma ọ bụ usoro ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè . &lt;ref name=&quot;theroot&quot;/&gt; Bailey na Asghar bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta iji mepụta usoro ahụ na HBO . 

Bailey eduzila usoro ihe omume telivishọn ''naanị ọnụ'', ''First Wives Club'', ''East of La Brea'', ''Grown-ish'', ''Loosely Exactly Nicole'', na ''ezigbo ndị ọcha'', nke ọ bụkwa onye edemede na onye mmepụta ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;theroot&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

N'April 2022, ahọpụtara Bailey ka ọ duzie mmemme nke usoro mgbasa ozi dike ''Ironheart'', nke edobere na Marvel Cinematic Universe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kit|first=Borys|date=April 11, 2022|title=Marvel's 'Ironheart' Finds Its Directors While Ryan Coogler Boards as Executive Producer|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/marvel-ironheart-show-directors-ryan-coogler-1235128280/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411190055/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/marvel-ironheart-show-directors-ryan-coogler-1235128280/|archivedate=April 11, 2022|accessdate=April 11, 2022|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Bailey bi na Los Angeles. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Ekele ==

* 2018 - Mkpọrọgwụ 100 Honoree &lt;ref name=&quot;theroot&quot;/&gt;
* 2018 - ''Forbes'' 30 n'okpuru 30 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=30 Under 30 2018: Hollywood &amp; Entertainment|url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2018/hollywood-entertainment/|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=Forbes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
! Ihe nrite
! Otu
! Ọrụ
! Nsonaazụ
|-
| 2015
| Gotham Awards
| Usoro mmega ahụ - Ụdị dị mkpirikpi &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
| ''Ị nwere oke nka'' |{{Nom}}
|-
| 2017
| Emmy Awards Primetime
| Ụdị ihe nkiri dị mkpụmkpụ ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè &lt;ref name=&quot;theroot&quot;/&gt;
| ''Ụmụ agbọghọ Brown'' |{{Nom}}
|-
| 2019
| SXSW
| Grand Jury Award maka Episodic Pilot &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SXSW 2019 Schedule|url=https://schedule.sxsw.com/2019/films/section/Episodic%20Pilot%20Competition|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=SXSW 2022 Schedule|language=en|archivedate=2022-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129030331/https://schedule.sxsw.com/2019/films/section/Episodic%20Pilot%20Competition}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''East nke La Brea''|{{Nom}}
|}

== Ntụaka ==
[[Talib Kweli|Kweli]] na [[Ihe ịtụnanya 9th|9th Wonder]] . Na nyocha ha nke album ahụ, [[Pitchfork]] kwuru na &quot;Asante na-ejide osise nke ga-abụ onye nwere nkà . O tolitere ịbụ onye a ma ama maka usoro webụ nke{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2454" sha1="ekw3ftwzcgebkr3xhrjf6fgwqbv4yuz" xml:space="preserve">Adam Cvijanovic ( banyere 28 Ọktoba 1960) bụ onye na-ese ihe dabere na New York City onye na Cambridge, Massachusetts .  Ọ na-ese ihe n'ụdị buru ibu na-ama mpe mpe akwụkwọ Tyvek dị ka mgba, nke na-enye nhọrọ ọrụ ya ngwa n'ọtụtụ ebe.  Ọrụ ya na-eche ihe i mere ihe mere eme na nke na-adịgide adịgide nke omenala America, ụdị nke na-egosi ike na ike anụ nke ike America na ịga nke ọma n'ọtụtụ dị egwu.  [1] Ndị ọrụ Postmasters nọchiri anya ya na New York.

== Ọrụ ==
Ọ bụ ezie na Cvijanovic bụ onye na-ese ihe na-akụziri onwe ya ihe, ọ kụziwo ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ma nwee ihe ngosi n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Goings on About Town|url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/events/art/2012/10/15/121015goar_GOAT_art?currentPage=3|accessdate=4 April 2014|work=New Yorker|date=15 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cicetti|first=Robert|title=When Natural History and the Artist's Studio Collide|url=http://hyperallergic.com/57949/adam-cvijanovic/?wt=2|accessdate=4 April 2014|work=Hyperallergic|date=5 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O nwere ihe ngosi solo na UCLA Hammer Museum na 2005 [1] wee gosi ya na Peter Garfield na MASS MoCA na 2007. [2] E gosikwara ihe osise ya na ihe ngosi na PS 1 Contemporary Art Center na New York na ihe ngosi &quot;  USA Today&quot;, nke e- site na nchịkọta Charles Saatchi na Royal Academy na London.  &quot;USA Taa&quot; gara na State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia.  Na 2008 o nwere ọrụ ozi na New Orleans Biennial, Walker Arts Center, na Liverpool Biennial na Tate Liverpool .

N'afọ 2013, e nyere ya ọrụ ike 10,000 Feet, nnukwu ihe ngosi nke ime obodo Indiana na Alexander Hotel na Indianapolis, Indiana .  Cvijanovic ngosi onye na-agụ cabaret na psychic Peri Lyons site na 1992 ruo 2007.

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* ''N'ime ụlọ ihe nkiri Artist'', Princeton Architectural Press, 2015. (  )

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224161208/http://www.bellwethergallery.com/artistsindex_01.cfm?fid=10&amp;gal=1 Adam Cvijanovic - Peeji nka - Bellwether Gallery]
* [http://www.saatchi-gallery.co.uk/artists/adam_cvijanovic.htm Adam Cvijanovic - Saatchi Gallery]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050129025135/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_1_38/ai_55939351 Nyocha ''ArtForum'']
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:1960 births]]</text>
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    <title>Sam Wagstaff</title>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Sam Wagstaff&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;infobox-data&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Amụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;nickname&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; Samuel Jones Wagstaff Jr.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;( &lt;span class=&quot;bday&quot;&gt;1921-11-04&lt;/span&gt; )&lt;/span&gt; Ọnwa Iri na Abụọ 4, 1921&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; [[New York City]], US&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Nwụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | Ọnwa Mbụ 14, 1987 &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;(1987-01-14)&lt;/span&gt; (ọ bụ agadi&amp;nbsp;65)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;deathplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; New York City, US&lt;/div&gt;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Obodo
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; | American
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Agụmakwụkwọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | [[Hotchkiss School|Ụlọ akwụkwọ Hotchkiss]]
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Alma&amp;nbsp;nne
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[New York University Institute of Fine Arts|Institute of Fine Arts]]
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Mara&amp;nbsp;maka
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | [[Curator]], [[Collecting|onye nchịkọta]]
|}
'''Samuel Jones Wagstaff Jr.''' (November 4, 1921 – Jenụwarị 14, 1987) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe nka America, onye nchịkọta, na onye ndụmọdụ nka na onye enyemaka nke onye na-ese foto Robert Mapplethorpe (onye bụkwa onye ibe ya n'oge ndụ) na onye na-ede uri - punk rocker Patti Smith . A maara Wagstaff n'otu akụkụ maka nkwado ya nke minimalism, nka pop, [[Nkà na ụzụ|nka echiche]] na ọrụ ụwa, mana nnabata ya nke ọma na nkwado nke foto mere ka a nabata onye mgbasa ozi dị ka nka mara mma .

== Ndụ mbido ==
Samuel Wagstaff mụrụ na November 4, 1921 na [[New York City]] . Wagstaff, nwa nwa nke New York State Senator Alfred Wagstaff Jr., &lt;ref name=&quot;Gefter2014&quot; /&gt; bụ nwa Samuel J. Wagstaff Sr., ọkàiwu bara ọgaranya sitere na ezinụlọ ochie Social Register, na nwunye ya nke abụọ, Olga May, mụrụ May Emilia Piorkowska. (ma ọ bụ Piorkowski) na New York na 1894, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020|title=May Emilia Piorkowska in the New York, New York, Index to Birth Certificates, 1866-1909|url=https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?dbid=61779&amp;h=2067650&amp;indiv=try&amp;o_vc=Record:OtherRecord&amp;rhSource=7884|accessdate=28 July 2020|work=Ancestry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2000|title=May E. Piorkowski in the New York, New York, Birth Index, 1891-1902|url=https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?dbid=5157&amp;h=155751&amp;indiv=try&amp;o_vc=Record:OtherRecord&amp;rhSource=61779|accessdate=28 July 2020|work=Ancestry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye na-ese ihe ejiji nke rụrụ ọrụ maka ''Harper's Bazaar'' na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwJg&quot;&gt;Vogue&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ma lụrụ Arthur Paul Thomas na mbụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Grace Glueck&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sam Wagstaff, 65, A Curator And Photography Collector|date=January 16, 1987|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/16/obituaries/sam-wagstaff-65-a-curator-and-photography-collector.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2011-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Martineau|first=Paul|title=The Thrill of the Chase: The Wagstaff Collection of Photographs at the J. Paul Getty Museum|publisher=The J. Paul Getty Museum|year=2016|location=Los Angeles}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010|title=Arthur Paul Thomas in the 1920 United States Federal Census|url=https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?dbid=6061&amp;h=41811731&amp;indiv=try&amp;o_vc=Record:OtherRecord&amp;rhSource=61406|accessdate=28 July 2020|work=Ancestry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017|title=Arthur P Thomas in the New York, New York, Marriage License Indexes, 1907-2018|url=https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?dbid=61406&amp;h=8839815&amp;indiv=try&amp;o_vc=Record:OtherRecord&amp;rhSource=6061|accessdate=28 July 2020|work=Ancestry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere otu nwanne, nwanne nwanyị Judith ( Oriakụ Thomas Lewis Jefferson). &lt;ref name=&quot;Gefter2014&quot; /&gt; Nne na nna ya gbara alụkwaghịm na 1932, na nne Wagstaff, nwa nwanyị German &lt;ref name=&quot;Gefter2014&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2006|title=Arthur E Piorkowski in the 1910 United States Federal Census|url=https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&amp;dbid=7884&amp;h=18774597&amp;tid=&amp;pid=&amp;queryId=12e5e4137b5e276b09a2fd0b62daaa98&amp;usePUB=true&amp;_phsrc=jeI2883&amp;_phstart=successSource|accessdate=28 July 2020|work=Ancestry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2007|title=Arthur Emile Piorkouska in the U.S. Passport Applications, 1795-1925|url=https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/1174/images/USM1490_1575-0243?treeid=&amp;personid=&amp;hintid=&amp;usePUB=true&amp;usePUBJs=true&amp;_ga=2.244516037.1907420261.1595971230-1721464914.1564701251&amp;pId=450043897|accessdate=28 July 2020|work=Ancestry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; onye na-emepụta ihe na ọkà mmụta sayensị Col. Arthur Emil Piorkowski, lụrụ Donald V. Newhall, onye na-ese ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gefter2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gefter|first=Philip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjzxAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT29|title=Wagstaff: Before and After Mapplethorpe: A Biography|date=2015|publisher=[[W. W. Norton &amp; Company]]|isbn=9781631490156|language=en|accessdate=18 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Na 1959, otu David E. Finley art akụkọ ihe mere eme mkpakọrịta kpọgara ya na National Gallery of Art na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta nka nke oge a na Wadsworth Atheneum na Hartford, Connecticut site na 1961 ruo 1968. Na Jenụwarị, 1964, ọ haziri ihe ngosi &quot;Black, White, and Gray,&quot; na-ahọrọ ihe ngosi na-egosi ihe ọ kọwara dị ka &quot;ihe ịchọ mma na-adịghị mma nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe na-ekesa ọrụ ha na-arụ ọrụ na nke kacha nta&quot;. A na-akpọkarị ya ugbu a dị ka nyocha mbụ nke Minimalist Art. &lt;ref&gt;quote and assessment found in: Meyer, James. &quot;Minimalism: Art and Polemics in the Sixties&quot; Yale University Press, 2001. p. 77&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1968, mgbe a na-ahọrọghị ya maka ọnọdụ onye isi ihe ngosi nka, Wagstaff hapụrụ Hartford &lt;ref&gt;Gefter, Philip &quot;Wagstaff: Before and After Mapplethorpe, a biography of Sam Wagstaff&quot; Norton/Liveright, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; maka Detroit Institute of Arts nọrọ na 1971. &lt;ref&gt;Gaines, Catherine S., ''[http://www.aaa.si.edu/collectionsonline/wagssamu/overview.htm A Finding Aid to the Samuel J. Wagstaff Papers, circa 1932–1985]'', Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ curatorial ya, Wagstaff bụ onye nchịkọta ama ama, dị ka nna ya, onye na-anakọta ephemera . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1997/01/13/1997_01_13_036_TNY_CARDS_000377064 Hilton Als, Downtown Chronicles, “WAGSTAFF'S EYE,” The New Yorker, January 13, 1997, p. 36]&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe esemokwu ya na ụlọ ọrụ Detroit Institute of Arts' Board of trustees banyere ọrụ ụwa nke Michael Heizer, bụ nke mebiri ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi nka na-adịghị mma, ọ laghachiri na New York. &lt;ref name=&quot;metrotimes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://metrotimes.com/editorial/story.asp?id=12875 |title=Detroit Metro Times: &quot;Wagstaff wins&quot;, May 14, 2008 |accessdate=June 16, 2024 |archivedate=September 8, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908065636/http://www2.metrotimes.com/editorial/story.asp?id=12875 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==
bụkwa onye ibe ya n'oge ndụ) na onye na-ede uri - punk rocker Patti Smith . A maara Wagstaff n'otu akụkụ maka nkwado ya nke minimalism, nka pop, nka echiche na ọrụ

* Crump, James, &quot;Nkà nke Nnweta: Anya nke Sam Wagstaff,&quot; nke e bipụtara na [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/aaa.46.3_4.25435131 Archives of American Art Journal Vol.] [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/aaa.46.3_4.25435131 46: 3–4, Fall 2007], peeji nke 5–13
* Hainley, Bruce, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071206190247/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_n8_v35/ai_19416262/print &quot;Anya nke Sam Wagstaff&quot;], ''ArtForum'', Eprel 1997
* [http://blackwhitegray.com/ Weebụsaịtị ihe nkiri gọọmentị maka ''Black White + Grey: Eserese nke Sam Wagstaff na Robert Mapplethorpe''], 2007, nke James Crump duziri
* Gefter, Philip, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/24/movies/24wags.html?pagewanted=print NY Times: &quot;Nwoke ahụ Mere Mapplethorpe&quot;], Eprel 24, 2007, NY Times
* Hilton Als, [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1997/01/13/1997_01_13_036_TNY_CARDS_000377064 Ogbe Ndịda Chronicles, “Anya WAGSTAFF”], ''The New Yorker'', Jenụwarị 13, 1997, p.&amp;nbsp;36
* Gefter, Philip, &quot;Sam Wagstaff: Onye na-ese foto,&quot; 2010, nke e bipụtara na [http://www.getty.edu/research/publications/grj/grj2/index.html] Getty Research Journal No.2: peeji nke 193-202

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/findingaids/wagssamu.htm/ Archives nke American Art. Akwụkwọ Samuel Wagstaff, 1932-1985]
* [http://www.dalnet.lib.mi.us/dia/collections/finding_aids/wagstaff_finding_aid.pdf Ụlọ ọrụ Detroit nke Arts.] [http://www.dalnet.lib.mi.us/dia/collections/finding_aids/wagstaff_finding_aid.pdf Ihe ndekọ nke Samuel J. Wagstaff, Jr., 1956-1978]
* {{IMDb name|id=1865904|name=Sam Wagstaff}}  
* {{IMDb title|1003113|Black White + Gray: A Portrait of Sam Wagstaff and Robert Mapplethorpe}}  &lt;/img&gt;</text>
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    <title>Thomas Downing (onye na-ese ihe)</title>
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Thomas Downing (1928-1985) bụ onye na-ese ihe America, jikọtara ya na Washington Color Field Movement, nke gosikwara Sam Gilliam, Kenneth Noland, Howard Mehring, Alma Thomas, na Paul Reed. 

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
Thomas Downing na Suffolk, Virginia.  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia, ebe ọ nzere bachelọ nke Arts na 1948. Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Pratt Institute, ụlọ akwụkwọ nka ama na Brooklyn, New York, ruo 1950. N'afọ ahụ, ọ  natara site na Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, na-enyere ya aka ịga Europe, bụ ebe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ obere oge na Académie Julian na Paris

Na 1951 ọ la ndabere na United States, na mgbe ọ na-eje ozi na US Army, biri na Washington, DC, ebe ọ malite, na 1953. N'oge akwụkwọ na-esote, ọ debanyere aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum  akwụkwọ, na-agụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Kenneth Noland .  Ọ bụ́ enyi nke Noland, onye ọrụ nnukwu na nka Downing na onye bụ otu n'ime ndị mgbasa ozi Washington Color Field Movement.

N'ọgwụgwụ 1950s, Downing kesara otu studio na Howard Mehring, onye ọzọ na-ese ihe nke Ndị Akwụkwọ Agba Washington na agba agba .  Na 1964 Clement Greenberg nkiri Noland, Mehring, Downing na ndị ọzọ na ihe ngosi ihe ngosi njem ya nke ikiri Post-painterly Abstraction   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/ppaessay.html |title=Greenberg's essay, retrieved June 21, 2009 |accessdate=June 17, 2024 |archivedate=July 12, 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712233900/http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/ppaessay.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na 1965 ruo 1968, Downing Konri na Corcoran College of Art and Design na Washington, DC N'ebe ahụ mmadụ ndị mmadụ ndị n'aka ha ikpe ndị na-ese ihe na-emetụta echiche Downing

Ihe osise ya ruo n'ókè ibu nwere ibu a haziri n'usoro ziri ezi na kwaaji, na agba na-ahụ ụdị echiche nke symmetry si dị.  Ihe osise Downing's Spot bụ ọrụ ya kacha mara amara. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081003160956/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_/ai_n25384223], [[Saul Ostrow]]''Thomas Downing at Gary Snyder/ProjectSpace'', [[Art in America]], May, 2008, retrieved June 21, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime afọ iri ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya, Downing biri na Provincetown, Massachusetts .  Ọ nwụrụ na October 1985 na Provincetown, Massachusetts mgbe ọ dị afọ 57. N'ime akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ya, Washington Times ọnwụ ya dị ka ihe omimi.  Akwụkwọ asụsụ a na-ekwu maka nke Washington Agba Field artist Gene Davis (1920–1985) na akwụkwọ mbụ nke Howard Mehring (1931–1978), kwa. 

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Isi mmalite ==

* Ndị edemede dị iche iche: Barbara Rose, Gerald Nordland, Walter Hopps, Hardy S. George; ''Ịgbaji Akpụkpọ ahụ,'' Nhọrọ sitere na Washington Gallery of Modern Art, 1961–1968, katalọgụ ngosi, Oklahoma City Museum of Art 2007, 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928065333/http://www.phillipscollection.org/american_art/bios/downing-bio.htm Akụkọ ndụ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121014170621/http://www.artnet.com/galleries/artists_detail.asp?G=&amp;gid=118191&amp;which=&amp;aid=25939&amp;ViewArtistBy=online&amp;rta=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnet.com] Biography na Artnet
* [http://www.artnet.com/artist/25939/thomas-downing.html Thomas Downing na Artnet]
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William Ofori Boafo (akpa na Disemba 30, 1946) bụ ọka iwu na onye mgba ọkụ Ghana.  Ọ bụ onye omeiwu na-ahụ anya Akropong Constituency na mpaghara mgbanwe nke Ghana na 4th, 5th na 6th Parliament nke 4th Republic of Ghana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Boafo, William Ofori|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=114|accessdate=January 30, 2020|work=Ghana MPs|archivedate=January 14, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114080329/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=114}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghananewsagency.org/politics/boafo-to-seek-re-election-25347|title=Members of Parliament in Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A Washington Boafo na Disemba 30, 1946. Ọ si Akropong, obodo dị na mpaghara ọmụmụ nke Ghana .  [1][2] Ọ bụ mgbanwe nke Mahadum nke Ghana .  [2] O nzere bachelọ nke iwu na mahadum.  [2] Nke a bụ na 1969. [2] Ọ bụkwa onye Ghana School of Law ebe ọ gara n'ihu na ike iwu ya ma nwee nzere Bachelor of Law.[1]  Nke a bụkwa n'afọ 1970. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Boafo bụ onye ọka iwu site na ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghananewsagency.org/politics/boafo-to-seek-re-election-25347|title=Member of Ghana parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye mmekọ na Onimpa Akouku &amp; Company . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Boafo bụ onye otu New Patriotic Party .   [1][2] Ọ bụ onye otu nke anọ, nke ise na nke isii ma bụrụkwa onye otu nke asaa nke Republic of Ghana na-amalite ọrụ na January afọ 2005.[3]   O pato maka nhọpụta ọzọ n'ime oche ndị omeiwu Akropong na mbụ aka niile na-esote ma merie ha.   Ọ na- ruo anya anya ndị omeiwu ya taa.[4]   Ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii maka nchekwa na ime ụlọ, Standing Orders&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Nhọrọ ==
A ዓላማ Bo dị ka onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Ghana_parliament_constituency)&quot; id=&quot;mwZQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Akropong (Ghana Parliament constituency)&quot;&gt;Akropong nke mpaghara mpaghara Ghana na nke mbụ ya na mbụ Ghana nke afọ 2004. [1][2] [1] [2] [1] [1] [2] [1] [2] [1] [1] [1] [2] [1] meri na fim nke New Patriot.  22 n'ime oche 28 nke New Patriotic Party meri na aka ahụ maka Eastern Region.[3] New Patriotic Party meri nke oche 128 n'ime oche 230. [4] A ule ya na vootu 21,655 n'ime vootu 34,199 zuru oke nke ruru 63.3% nke National Convention [1999] oke nke ruru 63.3% nke vootu zuru oke.  Richie Agyemfra-Kumi nke National Democratic Congress, Kwabena Awuku-Lokko nke Convention People's Party na Ronni Nanan Esi Botsio onye nweere onwe ya.. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2004 Results – Akwapim North Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/eastern/92/index.php|accessdate=August 6, 2020|work=Ghana Elections – Peace FM|archivedate=August 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826104051/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/eastern/92/index.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Elections 2004; Ghana's Parliamentary and Presidential Elections|publisher=Electoral Commission of Ghana; Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2005|location=Accra|pages=152}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2008, ọ meriri ntuli aka n'ozuzu na tiketi nke New Patriotic Party maka otu mpaghara ahụ. [1][2] Mpaghara ya so n'oche ndị omeiwu iri na itoolu n'ime oche iri abụọ na asatọ nke New Patriotic Party meriri na ntuli aka ahụ maka mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ.[3] New Patriotic Party meriri ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke oche 109 n'ime oche 230. [4] A họpụtara ya na vootu 20,245 n'ime vootu 34,350 zuru oke nke ruru 58.94% nke vootu zuru oke. [1][2] A họpụtara ya karịa Hawa Isaka nke People's National Convention, Anthony Gyampo nke National Democratic Congress, Augustus Osae-Akonnor nke Convention People's Party Samuel Apenteng onye nweere onwe ya.[1][2] Ndị a nwetara 0.85%, 30.64%, 6.75% na 2.82% n'otu n'otu nke ngụkọta vootu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2008 Results – Akwapim North Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/eastern/92/index.php|accessdate=August 6, 2020|work=Ghana Elections – Peace FM|archivedate=August 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826051300/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/eastern/92/index.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Ghana Elections 2008|publisher=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2010|location=Ghana|pages=86}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Boafo lụrụ di ma nwee otu nwa. Ọ bụ Onye Kraịst (Presbyterian). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Solomon Namliit Boar</title>
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Solomon Namliit Boar ( opera na 15 Julaị 1968) bụ onye ikike Ghana nke jere ozi dị ka Onye omeiwu maka Bunkpurugu site na 2017 ruo 2021. Ọ bụ onye otu New Patriotic Party ma jee ozi dị ka Minista mpaghara mbụ nke mpaghara North East nke Ghana.[1]  Ọ bụkwa osote Minista Ógbè Ebe Ugwu site na 2017 ruo mgbe e mere Ógbè Ebe Ọwụwa ụgbọ.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Ọ si Bunkpurugu, obodo dị na mpaghara ugwu nri nke Ghana.[1]  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Cape Coast, wee nweta nzere Bachelor of Arts na ọkụ njikwa na 2007.[1]  Ọ gakwara Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Kwame Nkrumah, ebe o ikike nzere Executive Master of Business Administration (CEMBA) na 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;mps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Boar, Namliit Solomon|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2516|accessdate=2020-02-09|work=GhanaMps|archivedate=2025-01-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124195308/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2516}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Namliit Boar bụ onye otu New Patriotic Party ma nọchite anya mpaghara Bunkpurugu na North East Region na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke asaa nke Republic nke anọ nke Ghana . &lt;ref name=&quot;mps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Solomon Namliit Boar, Biography|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/person/Solomon-Namliit-Boar-3124|accessdate=2023-11-04|work=Mobile GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nhọrọ 2016 ===
emeri oche ndị omeiwu nke Bunkpurugu na tiketi nke New Patriotic Party n'oge mbụ aka Ghana nke afọ 2016 wee merie na vootu 14,590, na- ahịa anya 49.07% nke ihe vootu.  A na-ahụ anya Anthony B. Gingon nke National Democratic Congress onye ikike vootu 14,306, nke ngosi na 48.12%, onye omeiwu IND Namuburr Berrick onye nwere vootu 656 na- anya anya 2.21%, na onye omeiwu nke Convention People's Party Nawang David Monipaak nwere vootu 180, na-1 ngwaọrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|date=2014-12-17|title=Ghana Election 2016 Results - Bunkpurugu Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/northern/bunkpurugu/index.php|accessdate=2023-11-04|work=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Nhọrọ 2020 ====
Namliit Boar ndị ọzọ na Bunkpurugu (Gbana Parliament constituency) na tiketi nke New Patriotic Party n'oge mbụ aka Ghana nke afọ 2020 mana Bandim Abed- Nego Azumah nke National Democratic Congress meri ya.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bunkpurugu – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report|url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/north-east-region/bunkpurugu/|accessdate=2023-11-04|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Bunkpurugu Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/northeast/bunkpurugu/|accessdate=2023-11-04|work=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archivedate=2023-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104193510/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/northeast/bunkpurugu/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Results for Bunkpurugu|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?ID=187&amp;mode=parliamentary|accessdate=2023-11-04|work=Mobile GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Onye osote Minista ====
Na Machị 2017, Onye isi ala Nana Akufo-Addo mgbaàmà Boar dị ka otu n'ime ndị osote minista mpaghara iri ga-abụ abụ nke ọrịa.  [1] [2] [3] Ndị ọrụ nhazi nke Ndị Omeiwu nke Ghana nchacha ya n'otu ụgbụ ahụ.[4]  Kọmịshọn ahụ dị ya ma mmetụta aha ya n'aka Onye isi oche nke ụlọ omebe iwu maka Nkwado ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/politics/parliament-approves-10-deputy-regional-ministers-designate-114582|title=Parliament approves 10 Deputy Regional Ministers designate|accessdate=2017-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Boar bụ Onye Kraịst (Baptist). Ọ lụrụ di (ya na ụmụ ise). &lt;ref name=&quot;mps&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

* Onye njikwa ego na nchịkwa, New Energy, Tamale&lt;ref name=&quot;mps&quot;/&gt;
* Onye njikwa / onye nchịkwa / onye ọrụ HR &lt;ref name=&quot;mps&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi nke Mahadum [[Abuja]] (UATH) bụ ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi nke [[Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria|Gọọmentị etiti]] nwere nke dị na [[Gwagwalada]], Abuja, Nigeria . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncc.gov.ng/media-centre/news-headlines/416-the-board-of-abuja-teaching-hospital-pays-a-courtesy-appreciative-visit-to-the-evc-ceo-ncc|title=The Board of Abuja Teaching Hospital Pays a Courtesy/ Appreciative Visit to the EVC/CEO- NCC|author=Team, Media|date=21 September 2018|work=[[Nigerian Communications Commission]]|accessdate=26 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Pediatric Surgery: A Comprehensive Textbook for Africa|editor=Emmanuel A. Ameh|edition=second|publisher=Springer Nature|year=2020|isbn=9783030417246}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Nigerian Healthcare System: Pathway to Universal and High-Quality Health Care|first=Joseph Abiodun|author=Balogun|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|year=2022|isbn=9783030888633}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.gov.ng/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=136&amp;Itemid=502|title=List of all Federal Teaching Hospitals|work=&lt;nowiki&gt;Federal Ministry of Health]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;|accessdate=25 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzụzụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ ọgwụ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Abuja. Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkuzi na-enye ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere COVID-19 na ọrịa nje ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sherifat|first=Lawal|date=2020-05-11|title=COVID-19: Abuja Doctor reveals treatment regimen used for patients|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/05/covid-19-abuja-doctor-reveals-treatment-regimen-used-for-patients/amp/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E guzobere Ụlọ Ọgwụ nkuzi Mahadum Abuja (UATH) na 1992 dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ ọkachamara n'okpuru Federal Capital Development Authority nke nwere ikike àkwà 360 ma nwee ụlọ ọgwụ ọgbara ọhụrụ iji gwọọ ọtụtụ ọrịa. Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ na-ejere ndị bi na [[Niger State|Niger]])&quot; id=&quot;mwLA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)&quot;&gt;Federal Capital Territory (FCT) , [[Ȯra Kogi|Kogi]], Niger, [[Ȯra Nasarawa|Nasarawa]] na [[Ȯra Kaduna|Kaduna]] States ozi. N'afọ 1993, e wegara ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ na Federal Ministry of Health ma kwalite ya na Federal Medical Centre / Specialist Hospital. Na Septemba 2006, a họpụtara ya dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi maka Mahadum Abuja . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://leadership.ng/editorial-uniabuja-teaching-hospital-morgue/|title=Editorial: UNIABUJA Teaching Hospital Morgue|first=Christopher|author=Odey|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|accessdate=25 May 2022|publisher=Leadership Media Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Us {{!}} University of Abuja Teaching Hospital|url=https://uathospital.ng/about-us/|accessdate=2025-01-30|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130104032/https://uathospital.ng/about-us/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ọrịa COVID-19, ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi kwanyere ndị ọrụ 80 ugwu maka nraranye ha dị ka ndị ọrụ n'ihu n'oge ntiwapụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UATH honours 80 COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/12/17/uath-honours-80-covid-19-frontline-healthcare-workers/?amp=1|accessdate=2025-01-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2020, ụlọ ọrụ Naịjirịa National Petroleum Corporation nyere ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ikuku oxygen, ambulance ọhụrụ, na ventilator n'ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ iji nyere aka gbochie ntiwapụ coronavirus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Udoh|first=Bassey|title=Coronavirus: NNPC hands over medical equipment to UniAbuja Teaching Hospital|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/384771-coronavirus-nnpc-hands-over-medical-equipment-to-uniabuja-teaching-hospital.html|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=www.premiumtimesng.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus: NNPC delivers medical equipment to UniAbuja Teaching Hospital|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/03/29/coronavirus-nnpc-delivers-medical-equipment-to-uniabuja-teaching-hospital/?amp=1|accessdate=2025-01-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọzọkwa na 2020, ewepụtara ụlọ ọrụ mbụ na-efe efe na Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, ebe ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi na-ahụ maka ọrụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sherifat|first=Lawal|date=2020-09-26|title=FG inaugurates Infectious Disease Centre in Abuja|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/fg-inaugurates-infectious-disease-centre-in-abuja/amp/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2021, iji kwadoo mbọ megide ntiwapụ nke COVID-19 na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkuzi nke Mahadum Abuja, ndị agha ikuku Naijiria nyere ụlọ ọgwụ oxygen mmiri mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-08|title=NAF distributes liquid oxygen to University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, others – Independent Newspaper Nigeria|url=https://independent.ng/naf-distributes-liquid-oxygen-to-university-of-abuja-teaching-hospital-others/|accessdate=2025-01-23|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2022, ụlọ ọrụ Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas Limited meghere ụlọ ọrụ [[Nne|ịmụ nwa]] na Mahadum nke Ụlọ Ọgwụ nkuzi Abuja dị ka akụkụ nke mmemme nkwado ụlọ ọgwụ (HSP). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NLNG begins inauguration of teaching hospitals in 12 states|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2022/11/18/nlng-begins-inauguration-of-teaching-hospitals-in-12-states/?amp=1|accessdate=2025-01-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E gosipụtara akwụkwọ ikike ndị ọrịa iri na abụọ nke ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ n'ebe dị iche iche gburugburu ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi na 2023 iji kwalite nlekọta na ikike ndị ọrịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ukagwu|first=Lilian|date=2023-02-23|title=UNIABUJA hospital domesticates Patients' Bill of Rights|url=https://punchng.com/uniabuja-hospital-domesticates-patients-bill-of-rights/?amp|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Eprel 2024, Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND) wụnyere ngwá ọrụ transplantation nke akụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi isii gafee Naịjirịa, gụnyere Ụlọ Ọgwụ nkuzi Mahadum Abuja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2024-04-23|title=TETFund instals kidney transplant equipment in six centres|url=https://guardian.ng/news/tetfund-instals-kidney-transplant-equipment-in-six-centres/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2024, e nyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụike uche, ụlọ ọgwụ mgbochi na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha gbasara obi na ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi n'okpuru ọchịchị Bola Ahmed Tinubu.

== Nchịkwa ==
A họpụtara Bisala Ekele dị ka Chief Medical Director nke Mahadum nke Abuja Teaching Hospital na 2017 maka afọ anọ site n'aka [[Yemi Osinbajo]] mgbe ọ na-anọchite anya onye isi ala. A họpụtara ya ọzọ n'ọkwa ahụ na 2021 n'okpuru ọchịchị [[Muhammadu Buhari]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=vanguard|date=2017-07-16|title=FG approves appointment of Ekele as CMD, UATH|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/07/fg-approves-appointment-ekele-cmd-uath/|accessdate=2025-02-06|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Buhari reappoints Prof. Ekele as CMD UATH|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/04/13/buhari-reappoints-prof-ekele-as-cmd-uath/?amp=1|accessdate=2025-01-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{References}}</text>
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{{Infobox officeholder|image=|order=|office=|termstart=|termend=|president=|predecessor=|successor=|party=}}

Seth Adjei Baah ( gbasara na Mee 18, 1960) bụ onye ọchụnta ego na onye ike ike.  Ọ bụbu Onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Ghana_parliament_constituency)&quot; id=&quot;mwDA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Nkawkaw (Ghana Parliament constituency)&quot;&gt;Nkawkaw nke mpaghara ọmụmụ nke Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Adjei-Baah, Seth|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=33|accessdate=2020-07-07|work=www.ghanamps.com|archivedate=2021-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506001626/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=33}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Baah n'afọ 1960. Ọ si Kwahu-Asakraka na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ghana . [1][2] Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Trinity College na Mahadum, Madrid, Spain ebe ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor of Arts.

== Ndụ onwe onye na ọrụ ==
Baah bụ Onye Kraịst ma lụọkwa ụmụ anọ.  Ọ na-eso Chọọchị Pentikọst na-efe ofufe.[1]  Ọ bụ onye ọchụnta ego na onye isi ala Shaaba Enterprises Limited.[2]  Site na Jenụwarị 2011 ruo Jenụwarị 2016 ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Ghana.[3]  Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PACCI) 

== ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=I Regret Going Into Politics - Hon. Seth Adjei Baah|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/697414/i-regret-going-into-politics-hon-seth-adjei.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Baah mgbasa n'afọ 2008 mgbe ọ mgbasa onye otu nke Ise nke Republic nke Anọ nke Ghana maka mpaghara Nkwakwa dị ka onye otu nwere onwe ya.  Ọ meri na ọhụrụ aka ndị omeiwu nke New Patriotic Party na 2008 na mpaghara Nkawkaw ma ya mere, o na iguzo dị ka onye na-azọ onwe ya wee merie aka ahụ.[1]  Omeri oche ahụ na akụkụ nke vootu 21, 640 n'ime vootu 40, 004 ziri ezi na-eme 54.1%.[2]  Ọ tụfuru oche ya na mbụ aka Ghana nke afọ 2012 n'aka onye na-ahụ maka akụ na akụ nke New Patriotic Party, Eric Kwakye Daffour.  [1] [3] Mgbe nke ahụ igwe, ọ kwara ụta maka ike na ike ike.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:1960 births]]
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>it3o0fql3lxa1qc0s5qfrko8mvj87pu</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sanja Nanja</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=Hon.|name=Sanja Nanja|honorific-suffix=|image=File:Sanja Nanja.jpg|imagesize=|smallimage=&lt;!--If this is specified, &quot;image&quot; should not be.--&gt;|alt=|caption=|order=|office=Member of Parliament for Atebubu Amantin Constituency|term_start=7 January 2021|term_end=|deputy=|alongside=&lt;!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district.  (e.g. United States Senators.)--&gt;|predecessor=[[Kofi Amoakohene]]|successor=|prior_term=|order2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|office2=|term_start2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|term_end2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|alongside2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|vicepresident2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|viceprimeminister2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|deputy2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|lieutenant2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|monarch2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|president2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|primeminister2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|governor2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|succeeding2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|predecessor2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|successor2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|constituency2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|majority2=&lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1968|02|3|df=yes}}|birth_place=Atebubu, [[Ghana]]|death_date=&lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --&gt;|death_place=|restingplace=|restingplacecoordinates=|birthname=Sanja Nanja|citizenship=|nationality=[[Ghanaian]]|party=[[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)]]|otherparty=&lt;!--For additional political affiliations--&gt;|spouse=|partner=&lt;!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--&gt;|relatives=|children=|residence=|occupation=[[Politician]]|profession=Teacher|cabinet=|committees=|portfolio=|signature=|signature_alt=|website=|footnotes=|native_name_lang=|parents=}}

Sanja Nanja (ahụ na Febụwarị 3, 1968) bụ onye agha Ghana na onye otu Eight Parliament nke Republic nke anọ nke Ghana na-anya anya Atebubu Amantin Constituency na Bono East Region na tiketi nke National Democratic Congress.. . &lt;ref name=&quot;details&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Sanja Nanja|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2705|accessdate=2020-02-08|work=GhanaMps|archivedate=2020-01-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113094046/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2705}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Surprises in B/A Parliamentary contest|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/surprises-in-b-a-parliamentary-contest.html|accessdate=2020-10-05|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Nanja bụ Onye Kraịst (Nzukọ nke Chineke). Ọ lụrụ di (ya na ụmụ ise). &lt;ref name=&quot;details&quot;/&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A Njikọ Nanja na Febụwarị 3, 1968. Ọ si Saboba, obodo dị na Northern Region nke Ghana .  [1] Ọ Mahadum nke Ghana wee nweta Bachelor of Arts na Sociology na History na 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;details&quot;/&gt;

== ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Nanja bụ onye otu National Democratic Congress (NDC).  N'afọ 2012, ọ gbara ọsọ maka oche Atebubu Amantin na tiketi nke NDC nke isii nke mba nke anọ wee merie.[1]  A ahụmahụ ya na vootu 16,964 n'ime vootu 34,411 zuru oke, nke mbụ na 49.30% .[2] Nanja ike ngwaọrụ na-enwe ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye omeiwu maka Attebubu Amantin n'oge ime aka 2016 n'ihi mma iwu nke ndị otu kansụl alụ nke mpaghara ya.  Mmachibido iwu ahụ bụ n'ihi omume ya nke eserese nne eze nke mpaghara ya na redio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-12-08|title=Sanja Nanja fails to recapture Atebubu-Amantin seat|url=http://citifmonline.com/2016/12/sanja-nanja-fails-to-recapture-atebubu-amantin-seat/|accessdate=2020-10-05|work=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520145500/https://citifmonline.com/2016/12/sanja-nanja-fails-to-recapture-atebubu-amantin-seat/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-08-27|title=Atebubu NDC defies chiefs, elects Sanja Nanja as Parliamentary Candidate|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Atebubu-NDC-defies-chiefs-elects-Sanja-Nanja-as-Parliamentary-Candidate-775891|accessdate=2020-10-05|work=GhanaWeb.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Peace FM|title='We Still Don't Recognize Sanja Nanja' - Atebubu Traditional Council|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201908/390073.php|accessdate=2020-10-05|work=Peacefmonline - Ghana news|archivedate=2019-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030213129/http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201908/390073.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kọmitii ===
Nanja bụ onye otu Kọmitii Ikpe ma bụrụkwa onye otu KọMitii Ala na Ọhịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=205|accessdate=2022-11-16|work=parliament of ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

* Ghana Education Service (onye nkuzi, Atebubu shs), osote onye nduzi 11&lt;ref name=&quot;details&quot;/&gt;
* Onye isi nchịkwa distrikti (DCE), (Atebubu District) Mee 7, 2009 - Jenụwarị 7, 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;details&quot; /&gt;
* Onye nkuzi&lt;ref name=&quot;details&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>kuadhams1dpgsrd7lvpp0fnys844pgy</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sammy B. Wusah</title>
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Sammy B. Wusah (-akpa na 15 Disemba 1957) bụ onye agbara ndị na-eso na onye nkuzi Ghana.  Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Damango-Daboya na mpaghara ugwu nke Ghana.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Wusah na 15 Disemba 1957 na Lingbensi-Daboya, Northern Region. O nwetara nzere Bachelor of Education (Agriculture Science) UEW  na 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Odekro {{!}} What has your MP done for you?|url=http://staging.odekro.org/person/sammy-b-wusah/|accessdate=2020-07-08|work=Staging Odekro.|archivedate=2022-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226082633/http://staging.odekro.org/person/sammy-b-wusah/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Wusah, Sammy B.|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/details.php?id=238&amp;group=2462|accessdate=2020-07-08|work=GhanaMps.|archivedate=2024-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509235559/https://ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/details.php/?id=238&amp;group=2462}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Wusah bụ onye otu ndị Ndị Omeiwu nke Ise nke Republic nke Anọ nke Ghana nke a na tiketi nke National Democratic Congress (NDC) n'oge mmalite aka nke Disemba 2008 dị ka onye otu Nzuko Ndị Omeiwunwe maka mpaghara Damango-Daboya.  O weghaara oche n'oge mmalite aka nke December 2008 Ghana site n'aka Alex Seidu Sofo na votu 2,450 n'ime vootu 25,364 ziri ezi a tụbara = 49.1% ma nwee ọtụtụ n'ime oche ndị omeiwu.  Ọ tụfuru oche ahụ n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=Parliament - Northern Region Election 2008 Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/parliament/northern/index.php|accessdate=2020-07-08|work=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archivedate=2022-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226082941/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/parliament/northern/index.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Results Damongo/Daboya (Northern Region)|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/election2008/parliament.constituency.php?ID=242|accessdate=2020-07-08|work=GhanaWeb.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Tupu nhọpụta ya dị ka onye omeiwu, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmefu ego na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ Ghana na West Gonja District, Damango.. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Wusah bụ Onye Kraịst nke na-arụkọ ọrụ na Assemblies of God Church. Ọ lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ anọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Akili Ozizor</title>
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| native_name        = Akili Ozizor town
| settlement_type    = Town
| seat               = Ogbaru
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Akili Ozizor bụ obodo dị n'okpuru ọchịchị[[ogbaru]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anambra North Senatorial District|url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/anambra-north-senatorial-district/|accessdate=2025-11-07|work=Centre for Community and Rural Development|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017011114/https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/anambra-north-senatorial-district/}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke steeti Anambra. Ọ dị na Anambra North senatorial district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nation|first=The|date=2022-08-30|title=Who represents Anambra North in the Senate?|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/who-represents-anambra-north-in-the-senate/|accessdate=2025-11-07|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Amos|date=2018-09-23|title=Sen. Oduah never belonged to us — Ogbaru APGA|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/sen-oduah-never-belonged-to-us-ogbaru-apga/|accessdate=2025-11-07|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ obodo na-asụ asụsụ Igbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1987-09-23|title=21st Century (2001–Present) Archives - Page 18 Of 59 - Igbo Genealogy And Biographies|url=https://biography.igbopeople.org/era/21st-century/page/18/|accessdate=2025-11-07|work=biography.igbopeople.org|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị bi obodo ahụ bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo.

== Idei Mmiri na Akili Ozizor ==
Okpuru ọchịchị Ogbaru, nke gụnyere obodo ndị dị ka Akili Ozizor, Odekpe, na Atani, na-ata ahụhụ kwa afọ site na idei mmiri n'ihi ọnọdụ ya n'akụkụ [[Oshimiri Orimiri|Osimiri Niger.]]Oge udu mmiri ọ bụla, mmiri na-asọpụta na-ekpuchi ụlọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, àkwà mmiri, na ala ubi gasị, na-amanye ndị bi na ya ịkwaga n'ebe dị ugwu. Idei mmiri nke afọ 2022 bụ nke bibiri ihe karịsịa, na-akwada àkwà mmiri, na-egbu ndị bi na ya, ma na-ebibie ọtụtụ ihe ndị a rụgasịrị ruru ọtụtụ nde naira, na-ahapụ obodo ahụ n'ịda ogbenye ma bụrụ nke a gụpụrụ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2023-08-18|title=Inside Ogbaru, Anambra community ravaged by flood|url=https://thesun.ng/inside-ogbaru-anambra-community-ravaged-by-flood/|accessdate=2025-11-07|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ossai|first=Jude|date=2023-08-16|title=Flood ruins Ogbaru LG goldmines as residents cry out to FG, State Govts for rescue|url=https://dailynewsngr.com.ng/flood-ruins-ogbaru-lg-goldmines-as-residents-cry-out-to-fg-state-govts-for-rescue/|accessdate=2025-11-07|work=Daily News Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Otú:Naigeria]]
[[Otú:Ȯra Anambra]]</text>
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    <title>Akili Ogidi</title>
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| official_name      = Akili Ogidi
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Akili Ogidi bụ obodo dị n'okpuru ọchịchị [[Ogbaru]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Figure 2. Map of Ogbaru Local Government Area Anambra State (Study Area)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Ogbaru-Local-Government-Area-Anambra-State-Study-Area_fig1_307608930|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125130247/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Ogbaru-Local-Government-Area-Anambra-State-Study-Area_fig1_307608930|archivedate=2022-11-25|accessdate=2025-11-08|work=ResearchGate|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke steeti Anambra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anambra North Senatorial District|url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/anambra-north-senatorial-district/|accessdate=2025-11-08|work=Centre for Community and Rural Development|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017011114/https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/anambra-north-senatorial-district/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2025-08-04|title=Residents cry out as flood ravages Anambra's Ogbaru LGA|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/08/residents-cry-out-as-flood-ravages-anambras-ogbaru-lga/|accessdate=2025-11-08|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dị na Anambra North senatorial district. Ọ bụ obodo na-asụ asụsụ Igbo nke ndị bi obodo ahụ bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo.

== Idei Mmiri na Akili Ogidi ==
Idei mmiri na obodo ndị dị n'Ogbaru dị ka Ossomala, Obeagwe, Akili Ogidi, Ogwuikpele, na Ogwuaniocha ebibiwo ụlọ na ogige ugbo dị iche iche, na-ahapụ ndị bi na ya na nsogbu. Ndị ọrụ ubi, gụnyere Maazị Adimali Nwachukwu na nwanyị di ya nwụrụ Nwakaego Nwafili, kọrọ maka nnukwu ihe ọkụkụ furu efu nke na-eme ka o siere ha ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ha bitere ma kwado ezinụlọ ha. Ọdachi ahụ akpatawo oke mgbu, nsogbu ego, na ejighị n'aka maka obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2025-08-04|title=Residents cry out as flood ravages Anambra's Ogbaru LGA|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/08/residents-cry-out-as-flood-ravages-anambras-ogbaru-lga/|accessdate=2025-11-08|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Villagers Accuse Govt of Neglect as Flood Sacks Communities in Anambra|url=https://www.nigeriainfo.fm/news/homepagelagos/villagers-accuse-govt-of-neglect-as-flood-sacks-communities-in-anambra/|accessdate=2025-11-08|work=Nigeria Info, Let's Talk!|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe kpatara idei mmiri na Akili Ogidi ==
Idei mmiri na-esikarị na mmiri na-asọba site n'osimiri Niger, nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, na ọwara mmiri na-adịghị mma. Ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ dị ka igbochi ụzọ mmiri na ịrụ ọrụ ubi n'akụkụ osimiri na-emekwa ka ọnọdụ ahụ ka njọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Onyejiaka|first=Joseph C. H. U. K. W. U. D. I.|date=2020-01-01|title=THE EFFECT OF FLOOD ON LAND UTILIZATION IN OGBARU L.G.A. OF ANAMBRA STATE|url=https://www.academia.edu/42158198/THE_EFFECT_OF_FLOOD_ON_LAND_UTILIZATION_IN_OGBARU_L_G_A_OF_ANAMBRA_STATE|journal=Environmental Review Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Otú:Naigeria]]
[[Otú:Ȯra Anambra]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2249" sha1="mpuwrz4uwk5c6j09v7m7vv44et6bnh4" xml:space="preserve">Palsy bụ &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwDQ&quot;&gt;Okwu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ahụike nke na-ezo aka n'ụdị dị iche iche nke &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwDw&quot;&gt;ahụ mkpọnwụ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ma ọ bụ paresis, nke na-esokarị adịghị ike na mfu nke mmetụta na mmegharị ahụ a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa dịka ịma jijiji. Okwu a sitere na Anglo-Norman paralisie, parleisie et al., site na ụdị a na-akpọ paralysis Latin, site na Greek Ancient παράλυσις (parálusis), site na παραλύειν (paralúein, &quot;iji gbanyụọ n'otu akụkụ&quot;), site na παρά (pará, &quot;n'akụkụ&quot;) + λύειν (lúein, &quot;loosen&quot;). Okwu a dị ogologo oge n'asụsụ Bekee, ebe ọ pụtara na egwuregwu Grim the Collier of Croydon, nke a kọrọ na e dere ya na mbido 1599:

 
Na mbipụta ụfọdụ, a sụgharịrị akụkụ Bible nke Luk 5:18 ka ọ na-ezo aka na &quot;nwoke e ji ahụ mkpọnwụ mee&quot;. Mbipụta ndị ọzọ nke oge a na-ezo aka nanị n'nwoke kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikọta okwu ahụ na ahụ mkpọnwụ n'ozuzu ya, ọ &quot;na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a na njikọ ya na okwu ''ụbụrụ'' - nke pụtara ụbụrụ&quot;.

* Nkwarụ Bell, nkwarụ ihu
* Ọrịa nkwarụ nke ụbụrụ isi, nkwarụ akwara isi
* Cerebral paralysis, nsogbu akwara nke intracranial kpatara
* Conjugate gaze paralysis, nsogbu na-emetụta ikike ịkwagharị anya
* Nkwarụ Erb, nke a makwaara dị ka nkwarụ brachial, nke gụnyere nkwarụ nke aka
* Spinal muscular atrophy, nke a makwaara dị ka wasting paralysis
* Ọrịa na-emebi emebi nke supranuclear,
* Squatter's paralysis, aha a na-ahụkarị maka nkwarụ akwara abụọ nke nwere ike ibute site na squatting na-adịgide adịgide&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3912/is_200003/ai_n8901254|title=Toğrol E. Bilateral peroneal nerve palsy induced by prolonged squatting. Mil Med. 2000 Mar;165(3):240-2|publisher=Findarticles.com|date=|accessdate=2013-11-24|archivedate=2007-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220091351/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3912/is_200003/ai_n8901254/print}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nkwarụ nke atọ, nke metụtara akwara isi IIIakwara isi nke atọ

== Edemsibia ==
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== Njikọ mpụga ==</text>
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'''Florence Gschwend''' bụ injinia kemịkalụ nke Switzerland na [[Royal Academy of Engineering]] Enterprise Fellow na [[Imperial College London]]. Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke Lixea (nke bụbu Chrysalix Technologies), ụlọ ọrụ a na-emepụta nke na-ere ahịa nkewa osisi iji mee ka akụ na ụba gburugburu dị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lixea.co/#team|title = Lixea}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Agụmakwụkwọ na mmalite ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Gschwend na Switzerland. Ọ gara Gymnasium Bäumlihof na Basel ma nweta onyinye Novartis Maturanden.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://wwwf.imperial.ac.uk/blog/chemical-engineering/2018/06/23/inwed18-tips-for-success-from-a-chemical-engineering-entrepreneur/|title=INWED18: Tips for success from a chemical engineering entrepreneur - Department of Chemical Engineering|date=2018-06-23|work=Department of Chemical Engineering|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụrụ kemistri na Mahadum Basel, gụchaa akwụkwọ na 2011. Ọ bụ onye na-amụ ọrụ na Syngenta na Mahadum Teknụzụ West Pomeranian. . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; O sonyeere Imperial College London iji gụchaa nzere Masters of Research in Green Chemistry, na-eleba anya na mmiri mmiri ionic maka ndị na-eme ihe na-eme nanoreactors.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ọ nọgidere ebe ahụ maka ọmụmụ doctorate ya, ọ bụkwa onye otu Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment na-arụ ọrụ na Jason Hallett na Paul Fennell.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ph.D. ya lere anya n'otú e si edozi osisi chromated copper arsenate (CCA) dị ka ihe a na-emepụta maka bio-refining site na iji mmiri ionic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; N'oge nnyocha ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Joint BioEnergy Institute na Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory na-arụ ọrụ na hydrothermal liquefaction nke algae.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/f.gschwend12|title=Home - Dr Florence Gschwend|work=www.imperial.ac.uk|accessdate=2018-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nke abụọ na mmemme Althea Imperial nke afọ 2016 maka ụmụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego, na-enweta ego £ 10,000 iji zụlite ọrụ PhD ya n'ime azụmahịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/172199/water-filtration-innovation-wins-2016-althea-imperial/|title=Water filtration innovation wins 2016 Althea-Imperial prize {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London|work=Imperial News|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://granthaminstitute.com/2016/08/08/taking-the-waste-out-of-waste-wood/|title=Taking the waste out of waste wood|date=2016-08-08|work=Climate &amp; Environment at Imperial|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ọrụ ==
6Gschwend nwere mmasị n'otú anyị ga-esi gbanwee osisi mkpofu ka ọ bụrụ kemịkal na mmanụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sustainablegasinstitute.org/woman-from-imperial-college-are-finding-innovative-energy-solutions/|title=Women from Imperial College are finding innovative energy solutions {{!}} Sustainable Gas Institute|work=www.sustainablegasinstitute.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-10-29|archivedate=2018-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035720/https://www.sustainablegasinstitute.org/woman-from-imperial-college-are-finding-innovative-energy-solutions/}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere ya ihe nrite European Institute of Innovation and Technology Change Award (€15,000) maka ọrụ nyocha ya, nke mere ka biomass nwee ike iji ya mepụta bioethanol na bioplastics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eit.europa.eu/sites/default/files/florence_gschwend_chrysalix_technologies_eit_awards_change.pdf|title=A cleaner world with biofue|author=|first=|date=|work=EIT|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=EIT European Institute of Innovation and Technology|title=Florence Gschwend - EIT Climate KIC, EIT Change Award 2017 winner|date=2017-10-17|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VU3p2oSLLnw|access-date=2018-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://eit-health.de/news/press-releases/2017/10/18/eit-health-takes-three-of-four-eit-awards/|title=EIT Health takes three of four EIT Awards – EIT Health Germany|author=Neumann|first=Christine|date=2017-10-18|work=EIT Health Germany|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere Gschwend onyinye Royal Academy of Engineering Enterprise Fellowship na 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.raeng.org.uk/grants-and-prizes/support-for-entrepreneurs/enterprise-fellowships/current-and-recent-awards|title=Enterprise Fellowships - Current and recent awards|author=|first=|date=|work=RAEng|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035653/https://www.raeng.org.uk/grants-and-prizes/support-for-entrepreneurs/enterprise-fellowships/current-and-recent-awards|archivedate=2018-10-30|accessdate=2018-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere ya onyinye Future in Engineering Award. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/newsletters/autumn-newsletter-2017|title=Addressing Global Grand Challenges|author=|first=|date=|work=RAEng|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035753/https://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/newsletters/autumn-newsletter-2017|archivedate=2018-10-30|accessdate=2018-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ ya aha na Forbes 30 Under 30 na 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/florence-gschwend/#7a87fe2537ec|title=Florence Gschwend|work=Forbes|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E gosipụtara ya na Injinia na Physical Sciences Research Council Pioneer showcase. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://epsrc.ukri.org/newsevents/pubs/pioneer18/|title=EPSRC Pioneer|author=|first=|date=|work=EPSRC|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ sonyeere Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot itinye akwụkwọ maka Lean Launchpad maka Synthetic Biology . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.synbicite.com/news-events/synbicite-blog/lean-launchpad-synthetic-biology-alumni/|title=Lean LaunchPad for Synthetic Biology Alumni Part 2 {{!}} Blog {{!}} SynbiCITE|work=www.synbicite.com|accessdate=2018-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Mee 2018 a họpụtara Gschwend dị ka otu n'ime Information Age's Future Stars of Tech.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.information-age.com/future-stars-tech-finalists-revealed-123472509/|title=Future Stars of Tech - finalists revealed|date=2018-05-22|work=Information Age|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ tụlere ọrụ ya na podcast The Sustainable Jungle . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://sustainablejungle.podbean.com/e/03-%C2%B7-florence-gschwend-%C2%B7-disruptive-sustainable-chemistry-startup-chrysalix-technologies/|title=03 · FLORENCE GSCHWEND · DISRUPTIVE SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY STARTUP, CHRYSALIX TECHNOLOGIES|author=Development|first=PodBean|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Lixea ===
Ya na Jason Hallett na Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot, Gschwend bụ akụkụ nke Lixea, onye bụbu Chrysalix Technologies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ellawalding.com/chrysalistechnologies/|title=Chrysalis Technologies: A Start-up|work=Ella Walding|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-10-29|archivedate=2018-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035736/http://ellawalding.com/chrysalistechnologies/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2017, e nyere Chrysalix Technologies onyinye. Òtù Ndị Eze Onyinye Nsụgharị iji mee ka nnyocha ha dịkwuo elu n'ụzọ e si eji mmiri ionic agwọ biomass osisi..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/178859/imperial-researcher-wins-50000-award-commercialise/|title=Imperial researcher wins £50,000 award to commercialise research {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London|work=Imperial News|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha hiwere Chrysalix Technologies n'ọkwa mbụ na June 2017..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lixea Limited - Overview|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/10839236|publisher=Companies House|accessdate=19 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imperialinnovations.co.uk/news-events/news/2018/jan/24/launch-imperial-spinout-chrysalix-technologies/|title=Launch of Imperial spinout Chrysalix Technologies|website=www.imperialinnovations.co.uk|access-date=2018-10-29}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Process for the extraction of metal pollutants from treated cellulosic biomass|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017085516A1/es|date=2016-11-21|access-date=2018-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A na-echekwa teknụzụ a site na ikike ikike atọ, gụnyere BioFlex na Ionosolv, nke nwere ike ikewapụ lignin na hemicellulose na osisi.  Onye isi sayensị, Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot, bụ onye nyocha Imperial College London na-arụ ọrụ na lignin.  Ha enwetala ego site n'aka Climate-KIC na European Investment Bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;sustainable_innovation&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.climate-kic.org/innovation-spotlight/chrysalix-technologies-sustainable-innovation-could-replace-the-petrochemicals-industry/|title=Chrysalix Technologies' sustainable innovation could replace the petrochemicals industry - Climate-KIC|work=Climate-KIC|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Florence Gschwend|title=Chrysalix pitch Climate Launchpad Tallinn 2016|date=2017-03-31|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XtB0PyS5BrU|access-date=2018-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ Biobase Europe dị na Ghent.&lt;ref name=&quot;sustainable_innovation&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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'''Danny Ionescu''' (Hibru) bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na mmiri nke na-edu otu nnyocha na ngalaba Environmental Microbiomics na Technische Universität Berlin..  Nnyocha ya bụ isi na-elekwasị anya na ihe ndị dị ndụ nke nnukwu nje bacteria   na ndụ nje dị ndụ n'ime Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ.&lt;ref&gt;Ionescu. Group Ionescu - Tu Berlin. (n.d.). https://www.tu.berlin/en/umb/research/working-groups/group-ionescu&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Ionescu, Danny &amp; Bizic, Mina. (2019). Giant Bacteria. 10.1002/9780470015902.a0020371.pub2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ionescu |first1=Danny |last2=Volland |first2=Jean-Marie |last3=Contarini |first3=Paul-Emile |last4=Gros |first4=Olivier |date= 2023|title=Genomic Mysteries of Giant Bacteria: Insights and Implications |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/9/evad163/7274083 |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=15 |issue=9 |article-number=evad163 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evad163 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=10519445 |pmid=37708391}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ==
N'agbata afọ 2000 na 2003, Ionescu nwetara akara ugo mmụta BSc na Sayensị Mmiri na Sayensị Gburugburu Ebe Obibi Mmiri site na School of Marine Sciences na Ruppin Academic Center dị na Israel..&lt;ref name=&quot;IGB&quot;&gt;http://www.igb-berlin.de. Danny Ionescu | IGB. [online] Available at: https://www.igb-berlin.de/en/profile/danny-ionescu [Accessed 1 Feb. 2024]&lt;/ref&gt;

Njem agụmakwụkwọ ya gara n'ihu na nzere masta n'etiti 2003 na 2005, nke Prọfesọ Aharon Oren mere na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem, ya na Prọfesọ Karlheinz Altendorf na Dr. Andre Lipski na Mahadum Osnabrueck na Germany jikọrọ aka. Akwụkwọ edemede Master ya, nke akpọrọ &quot;Nkọwa nke obodo nje endoevaporitic na Eilat salterns site na nyocha fatty acid na stabil isotope labeling.&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ionescu|first=Danny|date=2007-02-01|title=Characterization of the endoevaporitic microbial communities in a hypersaline gypsum crust by fatty acid analysis|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10750-006-0289-7|journal=Hydrobiologia|language=en|volume=576|issue=1|pages=15–26|doi=10.1007/s10750-006-0289-7|issn=1573-5117}}&lt;/ref&gt; gosipụtara nchọpụta ya n'oge a.

=== Ph.D. na nyocha postdoctoral ===
N'afọ 2005, Ionescu malitere nzere Ph.D. na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem, dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ udo &quot;Bridging the Rift&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.cs.cornell.edu/projects/btr/|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=www.cs.cornell.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bridging the Rift at the Dead Sea {{!}} Breuerpress International|url=https://www.breuerpress.com/2006/03/03/bridging-the-rift-at-the-dead-sea/|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=www.breuerpress.com|language=hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Science Center to Bridge the Rift|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/new-science-center-bridge-rift|accessdate=2024-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; na mmekorita ya na Prọfesọ Muna Hindiyeh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cornell and Stanford to work with Israel and Jordan on Bridging the Rift research center to include world's first databank for all living systems {{!}} Cornell Chronicle |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2004/02/worlds-first-databank-all-living-systems |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=news.cornell.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prof. Muna Hindiyeh|url=https://www.gju.edu.jo/content/prof-muna-hindiyeh-1556|accessdate=2024-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Prọf. Mohhamad Wedyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Hashemite University Faculty Staff Website|url=https://staff.hu.edu.jo/Err.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/CV_e.aspx|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=staff.hu.edu.jo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isiokwu edemede doctoral ya bụ &quot;Cyanobacterial Biogeography and Nitrogen Fixation: Lessons from environmental and model organisms&quot;.

N'oge nyocha postdoctoral mbụ ya, nke malitere na 2009, na Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology na Bremen, Ionescu duziri nchọpụta sayensị mbụ nke Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ.
[[Faịlụ:Underwater_Fresh_Water_Springs_in_the_Dead_Sea,_2012.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto anọ nke usoro mmiri dị ọcha dị n'okpuru mmiri a hụrụ n'Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, ihe dị ka kilomita 1.8 n'ọdịda anyanwụ Mitzpe Shalem, nke Danny Ionescu sere n'afọ 2010.]] &lt;ref&gt;The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2011) IONESCU, DANNY - PhD Thesis. Available at:  http://www.research-students.huji.ac.il/en/ionescu-0 (Accessed: 01 February 2024). Cyanobacterial Biogeography and Nitrogen Fixation: Lessons form Environmental and Model Organisms&lt;/ref&gt;
Njem ahụ gosiri ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria dị ndụ n'ime na gburugburu isi iyi mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri.i. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHLiobkTUd0&amp;t=20s |title=First Scientific Diving Expedition at the Dead Sea |date=2011-09-21 |last= |access-date=2024-09-04 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=21.09.2011 Springs of Life in the Dead Sea|url=https://www.mpi-bremen.de/en/Springs-of-Life-in-the-Dead-Sea.html|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=www.mpi-bremen.de|archivedate=2024-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808232034/https://www.mpi-bremen.de/en/Springs-of-Life-in-the-Dead-Sea.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-09-30|title=New Life-Forms Found at Bottom of Dead Sea|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/110928-new-life-dead-sea-bacteria-underwater-craters-science|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=Science|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;American Associates, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. &quot;Dead Sea researchers discover freshwater springs and numerous micro-organisms.&quot; ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 September 2011. &lt;www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110927112546.htm&gt;.
&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|volume=7|issue=6|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038319|year=2012|author=Ionescu|first=Danny|title=Microbial and Chemical Characterization of Underwater Fresh Water Springs in the Dead Sea|journal=PLOS ONE|pmid=22679498}}&lt;/ref&gt; E gosipụtara ihe nkiri vidio dị iche iche gbasara Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ n'okpuru mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;Watch extreme! - from Valley Deep to mountain high online (no date) Prime Video. Available at: https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Extreme---From-Valley-Deep-to-Mountain-High/0KEO7MIWB3USSG9HPIGE0YWYRO (Accessed: 01 February 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ ya na Max Planck Institute gụnyere ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mineral na mkpụrụ ndụ nje, nke Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory mere na Sweden. nakwa n'agwaetiti Kiritimati&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ionescu|first=D.|date=2015|title=Calcium dynamics in microbialite-forming exopolymer-rich mats on the atoll of K iritimati, R epublic of K iribati, C entral P acific|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gbi.12120|journal=Geobiology|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|pages=170–180|doi=10.1111/gbi.12120|pmid=25515845|issn=1472-4677}}&lt;/ref&gt; dịka akụkụ nke otu ndị nchọpụta FOR571.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ionescu |first1=D. |last2=Spitzer |first2=S. |last3=Reimer |first3=A. |last4=Schneider |first4=D. |last5=Daniel |first5=R. |last6=Reitner |first6=J. |last7=de Beer |first7=D. |last8=Arp |first8=G. |date= 2015|title=Calcium dynamics in microbialite-forming exopolymer-rich mats on the atoll of K iritimati, R epublic of K iribati, C entral P acific |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gbi.12120 |journal=Geobiology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |doi=10.1111/gbi.12120 |pmid=25515845 |bibcode=2015Gbio...13..170I |issn=1472-4677|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=DFG - GEPRIS - FOR 571: Geobiology of Organo- and Biofilms: Coupling of the Geosphere and the Biosphere by Microbial Processes|url=https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/5471545?language=en|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=gepris.dfg.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbata afọ 2014 na 2024, Ionescu mere nnyocha ya na Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), ebe nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na genomics na ecology nke nnukwu nje bacteria, ọkachasị ụdị Achromatium. Ihe pụrụ iche bụ na na 2017, Ionescu chọpụtara na ọtụtụ kromosomes nke nnukwu nje bacteria ndị a nwere abụghị otu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Riesenbakterium enthält Erbgut für eine ganze Bevölkerung|url=https://idw-online.de/de/news680656|accessdate=2024-09-04|archivedate=2024-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718211716/https://idw-online.de/de/news680656}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Lakeside Tale|date=25 September 2017|url=https://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2017/09/a-lakeside-tale.html|accessdate=2024-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ionescu|first=Danny|date=2017-09-06|title=Community-like genome in single cells of the sulfur bacterium Achromatium oxaliferum|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-00342-9|issn=2041-1723|pmid=28878209}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-eme ka ha pụta ìhè na gburugburu ebe dị iche iche. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-19|title=Giant aquatic bacterium is a master of adaptation|url=https://www.igb-berlin.de/en/news/giant-aquatic-bacterium-master-adaptation|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=igb-berlin.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Danny|author=Ionescu|date=2022-01-28|title=When it comes to the giant bacterium Achromatium, everything is everywhere|url=https://www.thesciencebreaker.org/breaks/evolution-behaviour/when-it-comes-to-the-giant-bacterium-achromatium-everything-is-everywhere|journal=TheScienceBreaker|volume=08|language=en|doi=10.25250/thescbr.brk613|issn=2571-9262}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Heterozygous, Polyploid, Giant Bacterium, Achromatium, Possesses an Identical Functional Inventory Worldwide across Drastically Different Ecosystems|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/38/3/1040/5970467|accessdate=2024-09-04|date=2021|doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa273|author=Ionescu|first=Danny|pages=1040–1059}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2021, Ionescu natara onyinye nyocha onwe ya site na German Research Foundation (DFG) iji nyochaa isiokwu ndị a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=DFG - GEPRIS - Eco-evolution and cellular functionality of the heterozygous bacterial genus Achromatium|url=https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/465407921?language=en|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=gepris.dfg.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye agụmakwụkwọ ==
Ionescu enyela aka nke ukwuu n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nje bacteria dị n'ime mmiri. Enwere ike ịchọta ndepụta zuru oke nke akwụkwọ ya na ORCID ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4658-8597|title=ORCID}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Google Scholar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=z-XVkFMAAAAJ|title=Google Scholar}}&lt;/ref&gt; peeji.

Tinyere nke ahụ, Ionescu na-esonye nke ọma n'obodo sayensị. Ọ na-eje ozi na Bọọdụ Njikwa nke ikpo okwu nyocha oghere PCI Genomics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PCI Genomics|url=https://genomics.peercommunityin.org/public/user_public_page?userId=360|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=genomics.peercommunityin.org|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma na-enye aka dị ka onye na-atụ aro maka PCI Microbiology. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PCI Microbiol|url=https://microbiol.peercommunityin.org/public/user_public_page?userId=33|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=microbiol.peercommunityin.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, ọ na-enwe ọkwa dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka Frontiers in Microbiology  na onye otu nchịkọta akụkọ nke Scientific Reports . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Danny Ionescu|url=https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/165182/overview|accessdate=2024-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.nature.com. Editors | Scientific Reports. [online] Available at: https://www.nature.com/srep/about/editors#microbiology [Accessed 1 Feb. 2024].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
A mụrụ Ionescu na ezinụlọ ya na Bucharest, Romania, n'afọ 1976, ọ kwagara Izrel n'afọ 1984. Ọ lụrụ Dr. Mina Bizic, onye bụkwa ọkà mmụta sayensị, di na nwunye ahụ nwekwara ụmụ abụọ..&lt;ref&gt;vimeo.com.  #02 - Aquatic ecologist Dr. Mina Bizic (IGB): exploring life in water and dealing with dual careers in science. [online] Available at: https://vimeo.com/470103616 [Accessed 1 Feb. 2024].&lt;/ref&gt; Nwanne Ionescu, Ariel Ionescu,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ARIEL LOENESCU|url=https://neuroscience-innovation.org/project-ariel-loenescu|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=The HBP Curriculum - HBP Student Learning Needs|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akwara ụbụrụ, nwanne di ya nwoke, David Bizic, bụkwa onye na-abụ egwu opera.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.facebook.com/danny.ionescu/about_family_and_relationships&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;SSI Certificate Gold 500 Diver. My.divessi.com. (n.d.). https://my.divessi.com/code/thickbox/ccard_db_query.php?ccard_uid=797001Y4292798091053-IL &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Blackburn, Nicky, and Karin Kloosterman. &quot;Dead Sea Divers Discover New Forms of Life.&quot; ISRAEL21c, 12 Sept. 2012, www.israel21c.org/dead-sea-divers-discover-new-forms-of-life. Accessed 4 Feb. 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ionescu bụ onye nkuzi na-egwu mmiri nke SSI Gold 

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Ahmed Abukhater</title>
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  {{Reflist}}'''Ahmed Abukhater''' ({{langx|ar|أحمد أبو خاطر}}) (amụrụ n'afọ otu puku narị iteghete iri asaa na asaa) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi|ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]], na onye na-eme atụmatụ obodo na mpaghara site na azụmahịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ọ bụ onye edemede, onye na-ebuli ike, na onye egwuregwu mbụ nọchitere anya [[Ọchịchị Palestaịn|Palestine]] na Ọgbakọ mba ụwa niile nke Bench Pressers na Dead lifters (WABDL) World Powerlifting Championships na [[Las Vegas]], [[Náevadạ|Nevada]], n'afọ puku abụọ na isii.&lt;ref name=&quot;imeu.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2007|title=Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete|url=http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archivedate=November 20, 2008|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=Institute for Middle East Understanding}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hilary|first=Nieman|date=November 6, 2006|title=Palestine to Be Represented in World Weightlifting Championships|url=https://www.wrmea.org/2006-november/waging-peace-palestine-to-be-represented-in-world-weightlifting-championships.html|accessdate=June 5, 2024|work=wrmea.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abụọ na asaa, Abukhater nọchitere anya Palestine ọzọ na WABDL World Championship, na Anaheim, California, ebe ọ meriri ngalaba ya ma setịpụ ihe ndekọ ụwa ọhụrụ nke Palestine.
O setịpụrụ ndekọ ọhụrụ maka steeti Illinois n' afọ puku abụọ na anọ, ma nwee ọtụtụ ndekọ mba na nke mba ụwa na powerlifting.&lt;ref name=autogenerated4&gt;• Robbins, Kevin. (2007). &quot;Lifting himself – and his people: University of Texas doctoral student is first Palestinian at world weightlifting championships.” Austin American-Statesman – January 16, Austin, TX, USA.&lt;/ref&gt;. &lt;ref&gt;• Ahmed Abukhater: World Championships powerlifting: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-NwPboXALs&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref name=autogenerated5&gt;• IMEU. (2007). “Dr. Ahmed Abukhater: Author, Business Executive, and Record-setting Athlete.” Institute for Middle East Understanding – August 10. Available at: http://imeu.net/news/article006168.stml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml |date=November 20, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wabdl.org/europe-asia-pacific_region.htm#Palestine|title=European Region&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704110307/http://www.wabdl.org/europe-asia-pacific_region.htm#Palestine|archivedate=July 4, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ironhistory.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9746|title=Palestinian Weightlifting Record – IronHistory&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archivedate=October 7, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007085344/http://www.ironhistory.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9746}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;• Nieman, Hilary. (2007). &quot;Ahmed Abukhater Representing Palestine and Winning in the World Weightlifting Championships.&quot; Arab-American Affairs – August, Glendale, CA, USA. {{Cite web|url=http://www.arab-american-affairs.net/index.htm|title=The Arab-American Affairs magazine|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010021729/http://www.arab-american-affairs.net/index.htm|archivedate=October 10, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Records and Lifter Rankings: https://wabdl.org/records/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndekọ mba ụwa na nke ụwa ==
Nkewa nke ụmụ nwoke na-emeghe na nke kachasị mma -nari iteghete na asatọ lbs ịdị arọ&amp;nbsp;

: ''E debere ya na asọmpi a na-anwale ọgwụ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.athletebio.com/ple1977m1|title=Ahmed Abukhater (PLE1977M1)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;World Powerlifting Championships BENCH PRESS – Ahmed Abukhater: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-NwPboXALs&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Complete Athlete – Ahmed Abukhater: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQMWoHBdHR4&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Confront Your Fears – Unleash your hero (Ahmed Abukhater): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LflqmNN2NKU&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=autogenerated12&gt;• University of Towson GIS conference, 2010: https://web.archive.org/web/20100627183710/http://tugis.towson.edu/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627183710/http://tugis.towson.edu/ |date=June 27, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ogwe aka: narị isii na iri atọ lbs&amp;nbsp;
* Bench Press: narị isii na iri isii na iri lbs&amp;nbsp;
* Deadlift: narị asaa na ise lbs&amp;nbsp;

== Ihe ndekọ onwe onye ==
Powerlifting Gym Records:

: ''Emere ya n'ụlọ mmega ahụ (nke a na-ejighị n'aka) ''

* Ogwe aka: 705.4 lbs
* Bench Press: 727.5 lbs
* Deadlift: 749.5 lbs
* Ngụkọta nke ike: puku abuọ otu nari iri asatọ na abuo lbs

Ọ gbakwara 413.3 lbs maka ugboro iri, metụ aka ma gaa n'ime ụlọ mmega ahụ.

== Ọrụ ọkachamara ==
Abukhater na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a maka Boeing na ụgbọ elu dijitalụ. N'oge gara aga, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke GIS na Trimble Navigation Ltd, onye nduzi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke njikwa ngwaahịa na Pitney Bowes sọftware , onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ Esri maka atụmatụ na mmepe obodo na onye nduzi nke PLACES na mba California na onye njikwa GIS na onye nkuzi na Mahadum Texas na Austin.

Ọ bụ onye isi okwu n'ọtụtụ ebe gụnyere ngwọta GIS na ahịa atụmatụ na Atụmatụ na Mmepe Obodo, Atụmatụ Obodo na Ógbè, [[sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]] na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, na njikwa ihe onwunwe mmiri na ngwọta esemokwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot;&gt;• Johnson, Allan. (2007). &quot;World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin.&quot; The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: {{Cite web|url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|title=World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193527/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|archivedate=February 18, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọkachamara ya lekwasịrị anya na akụkụ geopolitical na hydropolitical nke ihe onwunwe mmiri n'ihe gbasara esemokwu Arab-Israel, njikwa mmiri, na Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba dị iche iche na Middle East.  &lt;ref name=autogenerated2&gt;• McKetta, Elisabeth. (2008). &quot;Everyday Excellence.&quot; GradNews – March 2008. Available at: http://www.utexas.edu/ogs/gradlife/excellence/abukhater.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=autogenerated13&gt;• University of Texas. (2010). Former powerlifter Ahmed Abukhater fights for water rights in Palestine by Amy Maverick Crossette. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20150714055556/http://news.utexas.edu/2010/05/21/ahmed_abukhater {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714055556/http://news.utexas.edu/2010/05/21/ahmed_abukhater |date=July 14, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081007025025/http://soa.utexas.edu/news/archive/032708/ [UTSOA&amp;#93; enews 3.27.2008&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007025025/http://soa.utexas.edu/news/archive/032708/ |date=October 7, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;• Abukhater, Ahmed. (2013). [http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415642132/ Water as a Catalyst for Peace – Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution]. Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ ya n'obodo Palestine nke Rafah, Ahmed Abukhater tolitere n'ụwa nke enweghị nhata gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ịbụ onye Palestine si Gaza Strip ma zụlite n'oge Intifada nke Palestine (na-arị elu), ọ ghọtara uru mmiri dị ka onye na-akwado ndụ na udo.&lt;ref name=&quot;imeu.net&quot;/&gt;

Abukhater nwere Ph.D. na atụmatụ obodo na mpaghara site na Mahadum Texas na Austin na-elekwasị anya na njikwa mmiri na Ngwọta esemokwu na ogbugbo (ngwọta esemume ọzọ)  na nzere masta na atụmatụ obodo ukwu na mpaghara site Na Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign na nzere bachelọ na injinia ụlọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot;/&gt;

== Ịdị iche ==
Site na agụmakwụkwọ na ahụmịhe ọkachamara, ọ mepụtara nka na ngalaba sitere na Nnyocha atụmatụ na Geographic Information System (Esri), Geospatial analysis na multi-criteria evaluation (MCE), modeling mmiri n'okpuru ala,    sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe na-adigide, na Ịdozi Esemokwu na Mkpesa . Abukhater edeela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, jere ozi na bọọdụ ọchịchị na ndụmọdụ, ma nata ihe karịrị onyinye iri abụọ maka ọrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt; Akwụkwọ ya na-adịbeghị anya nke akpọrọ Mmiri dị ka ihe na-akwalite udo - Njikwa Mmiri Na-agafe Oke Ala na Ịdozi esemokw bụ akwụkwọ na-akọwa usoro mkparịta ụka mmiri ma na-enye nkọwa nke otu esi ejikọta ikpe ziri ezi na usoro nkwekọrịta na ọchịchị mba ụwa. 

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

* Palestine - Udo site n'Ime: Mgbanwe nke esemokwu maka ala na ihe onwunwe mmiri na-agafe ókèala, Mbipụta Mba Nile nke Springer.
* Mmiri dị ka ihe na-akpali udo: Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution, Taylor &amp; Francis Group (Routledge).

== References ==
1.&quot;University at Albany Experts&quot;. University at Albany. Retrieved June 21, 2024.

2.&quot;Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete&quot;. Institute for Middle East Understanding. August 10, 2007. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2024.

3.Hilary, Nieman (November 6, 2006). &quot;Palestine to Be Represented in World Weightlifting Championships&quot;. wrmea.org. Retrieved June 5, 2024.

4. Robbins, Kevin. (2007). &quot;Lifting himself – and his people: University of Texas doctoral student is first Palestinian at world weightlifting championships.” Austin American-Statesman – January 16, Austin, TX, USA.

5. Ahmed Abukhater: World Championships powerlifting: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-NwPboXALs

6. IMEU. (2007). “Dr. Ahmed Abukhater: Author, Business Executive, and Record-setting Athlete.” Institute for Middle East Understanding – August 10. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml Archived November 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

7. &quot;European Region&quot;. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2008.

8. &quot;Palestinian Weightlifting Record – IronHistory&quot;. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2008.

9. Nieman, Hilary. (2007). &quot;Ahmed Abukhater Representing Palestine and Winning in the World Weightlifting Championships.&quot; Arab-American Affairs – August, Glendale, CA, USA. &quot;The Arab-American Affairs magazine&quot;. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2008.

10. Records and Lifter Rankings: https://wabdl.org/records/

11. &quot;Ahmed Abukhater (PLE1977M1)&quot;.

12. World Powerlifting Championships BENCH PRESS – Ahmed Abukhater: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-NwPboXALs

13. Complete Athlete – Ahmed Abukhater: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQMWoHBdHR4

14. Confront Your Fears – Unleash your hero (Ahmed Abukhater): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LflqmNN2NKU

15. University of Towson GIS conference, 2010: https://web.archive.org/web/20100627183710/http://tugis.towson.edu/ Archived June 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine

16. Johnson, Allan. (2007). &quot;World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin.&quot; The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: &quot;World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports&quot;. Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2008.

17. McKetta, Elisabeth. (2008). &quot;Everyday Excellence.&quot; GradNews – March 2008. Available at: http://www.utexas.edu/ogs/gradlife/excellence/abukhater.html

18. University of Texas. (2010). Former powerlifter Ahmed Abukhater fights for water rights in Palestine by Amy Maverick Crossette. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20150714055556/http://news.utexas.edu/2010/05/21/ahmed_abukhater Archived July 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine

19. [UTSOA] enews 3.27.2008 Archived October 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

20.  Abukhater, Ahmed. (2013). Water as a Catalyst for Peace – Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution. Routledge.

{{Authority control}}


[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Mahadum]]
[[Otú:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu]]
[[Otú:Ndị dị ndụ]]
[[Otú:Gburugburu ebe obibi na 2020]]
[[Otú:Ndị ọchu nta ego]]
[[Otú:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na mbụ ndị ọchụnta ego Naijiria]]

== Edensibia ==
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'''Wiki Loves Pride 2026''' is a global campaign to expand and improve LGBTQ-related content across all Wikimedia projects, organized by Wikimedia LGBT+. It takes place from June to August in celebration of International LGBTQ Pride Day. This event is connected to [[metawiki:Event:Wiki_Loves_Pride/2026|Wiki Loves Pride 2026 at Wikimedia Meta]].
This is an in-person Edit-a-thon and training organized in the Igbo Wikimedians community in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. The event focuses on improving LGBT+ related content on Wikipedia, Wikidata, and Wikimedia Commons as part of the global Wiki Loves Pride 2026 campaign.


== '''Focus''' ==

== '''Timeline''' ==

Project Physical event - ''' Thursday, 13th August 2026
**Time - ''' 11:00AM UTC+1

*Training/Edit-A-Thon start date - ''' Thursday, 13th August 2026
**Time - ''' 11:00AM UTC+1

*Edit-A-Thon end date - ''' Friday, 15h August 2026'''
**Time - ''' 11:00PM UTC+1

== '''Facilitator''' ==
# [[User:Celetex]] - Project Lead/Facilitator

== '''Expectation''' ==
#Expansion of LGBT+ related articles on Igbo Wikipedia.
#Increased visibility to LGBT+ contents on Wikidata in Igbo language..
#More active contributors in Igbo project.
#Preservation and Promotion of LGBT+ content on commons.
#Improved access to Inspirational and Educational resources.

=='''Target audience''' ==

* Members of the Igbo Wikimedians User Group
*Anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia LGBT+ related projects
* Igbo language speakers
* Students and researchers


== '''Venue''' == 
Dunhill Restaurant and Bar, opposite Everyday supermarket Awka, Anambra State

== '''Work List''' ==
https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Somali_LGBTQ_people

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_people_from_Africa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nigerian_non-binary_people

=='''Outcome'''==


=='''Gallery'''==


== '''Outreach Dashboard''' ==

https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group/Wiki_Loves_Pride_2026_-_Awka,_Anambra_State,_Nigeria_Local_Node

== '''Organized by'''==
[[File:Wikimedia LGBT+ logo.svg|center|frameless|150x150px]]


[[Otú:Mmemme]]
[[Otú:Mmemme 2026]]
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'''Wiki Loves Pride 2026''' is a global campaign to expand and improve LGBTQ-related content across all Wikimedia projects, organized by Wikimedia LGBT+. It takes place from June to August in celebration of International LGBTQ Pride Day. This event is connected to [[metawiki:Event:Wiki_Loves_Pride/2026|Wiki Loves Pride 2026 at Wikimedia Meta]].
This is an in-person Edit-a-thon and training organized in the Igbo Wikimedians community in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. The event focuses on improving LGBT+ related content on Wikipedia, Wikidata, and Wikimedia Commons as part of the global Wiki Loves Pride 2026 campaign.


== '''Focus''' ==

== '''Timeline''' ==

Project Physical event - ''' Thursday, 13th August 2026
**Time - ''' 11:00AM UTC+1

*Training/Edit-A-Thon start date - ''' Thursday, 13th August 2026
**Time - ''' 11:00AM UTC+1

*Edit-A-Thon end date - ''' Friday, 15h August 2026'''
**Time - ''' 11:00PM UTC+1

== '''Facilitator''' ==
# [[User:Celetex]] - Project Lead/Facilitator

== '''Expectation''' ==
#Expansion of LGBT+ related articles on Igbo Wikipedia.
#Increased visibility to LGBT+ contents on Wikidata in Igbo language..
#More active contributors in Igbo project.
#Preservation and Promotion of LGBT+ content on commons.
#Improved access to Inspirational and Educational resources.

=='''Target audience''' ==

* Members of the Igbo Wikimedians User Group
*Anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia LGBT+ related projects
* Igbo language speakers
* Students and researchers


== '''Venue''' == 
Dunhill Restaurant and Bar, opposite Everyday supermarket Awka, Anambra State

== '''Work List''' ==
https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Somali_LGBTQ_people

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_people_from_Africa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nigerian_non-binary_people

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lesbian_history

=='''Outcome'''==


=='''Gallery'''==


== '''Outreach Dashboard''' ==

https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group/Wiki_Loves_Pride_2026_-_Awka,_Anambra_State,_Nigeria_Local_Node

== '''Organized by'''==
[[File:Wikimedia LGBT+ logo.svg|center|frameless|150x150px]]


[[Otú:Mmemme]]
[[Otú:Mmemme 2026]]
[[Category:Wiki Loves Pride 2026 Event]]</text>
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Nkọwa |Ịchụpụ ihe dị n'ime afọ site n'ọnụ ma ọ bụ imi}}
Ịchọpụta | Ịgbanwe (nri)
Ntughari-ọtụtụ|5|Ịgbọ | Emesis|Ịgbọ | Ịtụ | Ịtụ | Ojiji ndị ọzọ|Ịgbọ (nkọwa)|ụdị urukurubụba|Emesis (ụdị)|ihe nkiri Argentina nke 2021|PussyCake|usoro ụgbọ mmiri|Ịkpọ | na|Careening|ime obodo Albania|Pukë|ụdị graffiti|Ịtụ elu (graffiti)|ojiji ndị ọzọ|Puke (nkọwa)
pp|small=ee
Nchekwa|small=ee
Ọnọdụ ahụike n'ime igbe ozi (ọhụrụ)

| aha = Ịgbọ agbọ
|  okwu ndị yiri ya = Emesis, ịtụ agbọ elu, ịgbọ agbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, ịtụba, ịgbọ agbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, ịgbọ agbọ
| foto = Faịlụ:49-aspetti di vita quotidiana, vomito, Tacuino Sanitatis, Ca.jpg
| alt = Ihe osise Renaissance nwere agba doro anya na-egosi nwanyị jidere isi nwoke, onye gbagọrọ agbagọ ma na-achụpụ ihe na-acha uhie uhie n'ọnụ ya. Nwanyị nke abụọ guzoro n'aka ekpe nke onyonyo ahụ n'ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ ahụ, o yikwara ka ọ na-enye nkwado. Ihe nnọchianya dị nro nke ịgbọ agbọ.
| nkọwa = ihe atụ nke narị afọ nke 14 nke ịgbọ agbọ site na Casanatense ''Tacuinum Sanitatis
| akpọọ = 
| ubi = Gastroenterology
| ihe mgbaàmà = Agbọ agbọ
| nsogbu = Ọchịchọ, electrolyte na mfu mmiri, mmebi nke enamel nke ezé, ndọda nke mucosa esophagus
| mmalite = 
|  oge = 
| ụdị = 
| ihe kpatara = 
| ihe egwu = Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke migraine, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke PONV ma ọ bụ ọrịa ngagharị n'ime nne ma ọ bụ nna ma ọ bụ nwanne nwatakịrị, ọnọdụ anụ ahụ ASA ka mma, nchekasị siri ike tupu ịwa ahụ, ụdị agbụrụ ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ịwa ahụ, mbelata mmiri mmiri n'oge ịwa ahụ, ojiji kristal megide colloid
| nchọpụta = 
| ọdịiche = 
| mgbochi = 
| ọgwụgwọ = 
| ọgwụ = 
| amụma = 
| ugboro = 
| ọnwụ = 

===Nkọwa===
Ịgbọ agbọ  (a maara ya n'ụzọ sayensị dịka emesis, a makwaara ya ọzọ dịka puking, na ịtụba agbọ){{efn|A maara ya n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị dịka (karịsịa American English|U.S. 'upchucking', 'barfing', 'heaving', 'hịgharị', na (karịsịa British English|Brit. '''ịṅụ sịga'''' ma ọ bụ ''ịṅụ sịga'''}} bụ iwepụ ihe dị n'ime afọ site na ọnụ na mgbe ụfọdụ imi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Tintinalli, Judith E. |title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies |location=New York |year=2010 |page=830 |isbn=978-0-07-148480-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ihe dị n'ime agbọpụta a dịka 'vomit' ma ọ bụ 'vomitus'.{{efn|Ma ọ bụ, n'ụzọ na-abụghị eziokwu, '''puke''', '''barf''', '''throw-up''', '''upchuck''', '''hurl''', ma ọ bụ '''sick''', n'etiti okwu ndị ọzọ.

===Ihe kpatara ya===
Ịgbọ agbọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe si na ọrịa dịka nsị nri|nsị nri, gastroenteritis, afọ ime, ọrịa mmegharị ahụ, ma ọ bụ ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè pụta; ma ọ bụ ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe si na ọrịa dịka ọnyá ụbụrụ pụta, mmụba nrụgide intracranial, ma ọ bụ ikpughe oke na radieshọn ionizing&lt;ref name=&quot;hauser&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last1=Hauser | first1=Joshua M. | last2=Azzam | first2=Joseph S. | last3=Kasi | first3=Anup | title=Antiemetic Medications | publisher=StatPearls Publishing | date=2022-09-26 | pmid=30335336 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532303/ | access-date=2023-07-12 | archive-date=2023-03-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330192842/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532303/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-akpọ mmetụta na mmadụ na-achọ ịgbọ agbọ ausea; ọ na-ebutekarị, mana ọ naghị eduga na ịgbọ agbọ mgbe niile. Mmebi nke sitere na mmanya na-aba n'anya|mmanya, anesthesia, ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ndị na-ebelata ahụ ọkụ]nwere ike ibute ịgbọ agbọ. N'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike, ebe mmiri na-agwụ ike malitere, enwere ike ịchọ mmiri mmiri n'ime akwara. Antiemetics dị mkpa mgbe ụfọdụ iji gbochie ọgbụgbọ na ịgbọ agbọ. Ịgbọ agbọ nke onwe onye nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke nsogbu iri nri dị ka bulimia nervosa, a na-ekewakwa ya ugbu a dị ka nsogbu iri nri n'onwe ya, nsogbu nhicha.

==Nsogbu==
[[File:Symptoms-vomiting.jpg|thumb|Vomiting]]
===Ọchịchọ ===
Ịgbọ agbọ dị ize ndụ ma ọ bụrụ na afọ abata na ngalaba iku ume. N'ọnọdụ nkịtị, gag reflex na ụkwara na-egbochi nke a ime; agbanyeghị, mgbanwe nchebe ndị a na-emebi ndị nọ n'okpuru mmetụta ahụ.gụnyere ethanol|mmanya ma ọ bụ ọbụna obere ọgwụ mgbu|ọgwụ mgbu. Onye ahụ nwere ike ịtachi obi ma ọgwụ mgbu|ọgwụ mgbu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Robson |first1=Philip |title=Forbidden Drugs |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-262955-7 |page=49 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFgA5NzT-BwC&amp;pg=PA49 |access-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164822/https://books.google.com/books?id=fFgA5NzT-BwC&amp;pg=PA49 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; or develop aspiration pneumonia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Chambers |first1=David |last2=Huang |first2=Christopher |last3=Matthews |first3=Gareth |title=Basic Physiology for Anaesthetists |date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-107-63782-5 |page=277 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ma8BQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=vomit+alcohol+%22aspiration+pneumonia%22+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&amp;pg=PA277 |access-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-date=December 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228075325/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ma8BQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=vomit+alcohol+%22aspiration+pneumonia%22+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&amp;pg=PA277#v=onepage&amp;q=vomit%20alcohol%20%22aspiration%20pneumonia%22%20inpublisher%3Auniversity%20inpublisher%3Apress&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mkpọnwụ mmiri na enweghị nguzozi nke electrolyte===
Ịgbọ agbọ ruo ogologo oge na oke ibu na-eme ka ahụ water dehydration ghara ịdị ọcha, ma nwee ike ịgbanwe ọnọdụ electrolyte. Ịgbọ agbọ afọ na-eduga na mfu nke acid na chloride ozugbo. Ejikọtara ya na alkaline tide nke na-esi na ya apụta, nke a na-eduga na hypochloremia|hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (obere chloride yana nnukwu chem|link=bicarbonate|HCO|3|-na chem|CO|2 na mmụba ọbara pH na mgbe mgbe hypokalemia potassium. Hypokalemia bụ nsonaazụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke akụrụ na-akwụghachi mfu nke acid. Site na mfu nke iri nri, onye ahụ nwere ike mechaa ghọọ cachexia|cachectic.  Ihe na-adịghị emekarị bụ ịgbọ agbọ nke ihe dị n'ime eriri afọ, gụnyere bile acid na chem|HCO|3|-.

===Mallory–Weiss tear===
Ịgbọ agbọ ugboro ugboro ma ọ bụ nke buru ibu nwere ike ibute mbuze na esophagus ma ọ bụ obere anya mmiri na mucosa esophagus Mallory–Weiss syndrome|Mallory–Weiss tear. Nke a nwere ike ịpụta ìhè ma ọ bụrụ na agwakọta ọbara uhie ọhụrụ na agbọ agbọ mgbe ihe omume ole na ole gasịrị.

===Dentistry===
Ịgbọ agbọ nke na-eme ugboro ugboro, dịka a hụrụ na bulimia nervosa ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị ahụkebe anorexia nervosa, nwere ike ibute mbibi nke enamel ezé n'ihi acidity nke ịgbọ agbọ. Enzyme digestive nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ na ahụike ọnụ, site na imebi anụ ahụ nke chịngọm.

==Pathophysiology==
Ndị na-anabata ihe n'ala ventricle nke anọ nke ụbụrụ na-anọchite anya chemoreceptor trigger zone, nke a maara dị ka area postrema, nke mkpali ya nwere ike ibute ịgbọ agbọ.&lt;ref name=hauser/&gt; Ebe postrema bụ akụkụ ahụ dị n'akụkụ okirikiri, n'ihi ya, ọ dị n'èzí ihe mgbochi ọbara-ụbụrụ; ya mere, ọgwụ ndị sitere n'ọbara nwere ike ịkpalite ọgbụgbọ ma ọ bụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Holland|first1=James F.|last2=Kufe|first2=Donald W.|last3=Weichselbaum|first3=Ralph R.|last4=Pollock|first4=Raphael E.|last5=Frei III|first5=Emil|last6=Gansler|first6=Ted S.|last7=Bast Jr.|first7=Robert C.|title=Cancer medicine|date=2003|publisher=Decker|location=Hamilton, Ontario [u.a.]|isbn=978-1-55009-213-4|edition=6. [ed.].|url=https://archive.org/details/cancermedicine60002unse|url-access=registration}} &lt;!--Verify page--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
E nwere ọtụtụ isi mmalite nke ntinye na ebe a na-agbọ agbọ:
* Mpaghara ihe mkpali chemoreceptor dị n'okpuru ventricle nke anọ nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-anabata dopamine|dopamine D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ndị na-anabata 5-HT&lt;sub&gt; ndị na-anabata 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; ndị na-anabata opioid, ndị na-anabata acetylcholine, na ndị na-anabata maka ihe P. Mkpali nke ndị na-anabata dị iche iche na-etinye aka na ụzọ dị iche iche na-eduga na emesis, na ụzọ ikpeazụ nke ihe P na-apụta na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Hornby | first1 = PJ | title = Central neurocircuitry associated with emesis | journal = The American Journal of Medicine | volume = 111 Suppl 8A | pages = 106S–112S | year = 2001 | pmid = 11749934 | doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00849-X | issue = 8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid8129158&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Naylor|first1=RJ|last2=Inall|first2=FC|title=The physiology and pharmacology of postoperative nausea and vomiting.|journal=Anaesthesia|date=January 1994|volume=49 Suppl|pages=2–5|pmid=8129158|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2044.1994.tb03575.x|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* usoro vestibular, nke na-eziga ozi na ụbụrụ site na cranial nerve VIII (akwara vestibulocochlear), na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọrịa nke motion, ma nweekwa Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor|muscarinic receptors na histamine receptor|histamine H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; receptors.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid6399658&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Matsuoka|first1=I|last2=Ito|first2=J|last3=Takahashi|first3=H|last4=Sasa|first4=M|last5=Takaori|first5=S|title=Experimental vestibular pharmacology: a minireview with special reference to neuroactive substances and antivertigo drugs.|journal=Acta Oto-Laryngologica Supplementum|date=1984|volume=419|pages=62–70|pmid=6399658}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Li–gui|first1=Huang|last2=En–tong|first2=Wang|last3=Wei|first3=Chen|last4=Wei–xi|first4=Gong|title=Role of Histamine H1 Receptors in Vestibular Nucleus in Motion Sickness|journal=Journal of Otology|date=June 2011|volume=6|issue=1|pages=20–25|doi=10.1016/S1672-2930(11)50003-0|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A na-arụ ọrụ akwara vagus|akwara ụbụrụ X vagus mgbe pharynx na-ewe iwe, na-eduga na pharyngeal reflex|gag reflex.
* Ntinye sistemu akwara vagal na enteric na-eziga ozi gbasara ọnọdụ sistemu eriri afọ. Iwe nke mucosa GI site na chemotherapy, radieshon, distention, ma ọ bụ gastroenteritis na-efe efe na-eme ka ndị nnata 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; nke ntinye ndị a rụọ ọrụ.
*Central nervous system|CNS na-eme ka agbọ agbọ nke sitere na nsogbu uche na nrụgide sitere na etiti ụbụrụ dị elu..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Ray Andrew P. |author2=Chebolu Seetha |author3=Ramirez Juan |author4=Darmani Nissar A | year = 2009 | title = Ablation of Least Shrew Central Neurokinin NK1 Receptors Reduces GR73632-Induced Vomiting | journal = Behavioral Neuroscience | volume = 123 | issue = 3| pages = 701–706 | doi = 10.1037/a0015733 |pmid=19485577 |pmc=2714262 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Medulla oblongata|medulla na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkpalite ihe mgbu..&lt;ref name=newrev2017&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Balaban CD, Yates BJ | title = What is nausea? A historical analysis of changing views | journal = Autonomic Neuroscience | volume = 202 | pages = 5–17 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27450627 | doi = 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.07.003 | pmc = 5203950 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ịgbọ agbọ gụnyere ụdị ihe atọ nke mpaghara ihe mkpali chemoreceptor malitere: Motor, parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), na sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Ha bụ ndị a:
* Mmụba astọ iji chebe enamel ezé site na asịd afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mechanisms of nausea and vomiting&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Anthony L. Kovac |editor1-last=Tong Joo Gan |editor2-last=Habib |editor2-first=Ashraf S. |title=Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Practical Guide |date=March 29, 2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-107-46519-0 |page=13 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6qxCwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=retroperistalsis+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&amp;pg=PA13 |access-date=August 8, 2021 |chapter=2: Mechanisms of nausea and vomiting |archive-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022190549/https://books.google.com/books?id=-6qxCwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=retroperistalsis+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&amp;pg=PA13 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ịgbọ agbọ gabigara ókè na-eduga na Mgbaze (ezé)|mgbaze ezé. Nke a bụ akụkụ nke ihe PNS na-apụta.
* Ahụ na-eku ume miri emi iji zere ịgbọ agbọ Mgbaze akpa ume | ịgbọ agbọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mechanisms of nausea and vomiting&quot;/&gt;
* Retroperistalsis na-amalite site n'etiti afọ nta ma na-ebuga ihe dị n'ime nri n'ime afọ, site na pylorus|pyloric sphincter ahụ dị jụụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;Mechanisms of nausea and vomiting&quot;/&gt;
* Nrụgide dị n'ime akwara na-ebelata (site na Iku ume|mkpali megide glottis mechiri emechi), yana mmụba na nrụgide afọ ka akwara afọ afọ|afọ na-agbakọta, na-akpali ihe dị n'ime afọ banye na esophagus ka cardia|ala esophageal sphincter na-eme ka ahụ zuru ike.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Boarder |first1=Michael |last2=Dixon |first2=Jane |last3=Newby |first3=David |last4=Navti |first4=Phyllis |last5=Zetterström |first5=Tyra |title=Pharmacology for Pharmacy and the Health Sciences: A Patient-Centred Approach |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-107072-3 |page=317 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAaTDQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=vomiting+abdominal+muscles+contract+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&amp;pg=PA317 |access-date=August 8, 2021 |archive-date=December 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228075507/https://books.google.com/books?id=eAaTDQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=vomiting+abdominal+muscles+contract+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&amp;pg=PA317#v=onepage&amp;q=vomiting%20abdominal%20muscles%20contract%20inpublisher%3Auniversity%20inpublisher%3Apress&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The stomach itself does not contract in the process of vomiting&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Koshi |first1=Rachel |title=Cunningham's Manual of Practical Anatomy: Volume 2, Thorax and Abdomen |date=August 24, 2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-251647-3 |page=300 |edition=16th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tn8yDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=vomiting+abdominal+muscles+contract+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&amp;pg=PT310 |access-date=August 8, 2021 |archive-date=December 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228074937/https://books.google.com/books?id=tn8yDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=vomiting+abdominal+muscles+contract+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&amp;pg=PT310#v=onepage&amp;q=vomiting%20abdominal%20muscles%20contract%20inpublisher%3Auniversity%20inpublisher%3Apress&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ma e wezụga na Angular incisure|angular notch, ọ dịghịkwa retroperistalsis ọ bụla dị n'ime esophagus.
* Agbọ agbọ na-ebutekarị retching.&lt;ref name=&quot;Usoro nke ọgbụgbọ na agbọ agbọ&quot;/&gt;
* Ịgbọ agbọ na-ebutekwa mmeghachi omume Sympathetic nervous system|SNS nke na-akpata ma ọsụsọ ma mmụba nke obi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mechanisms of nausea and vomiting&quot;/&gt;
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=== Usoro ===
Ọrụ ịgbọ agbọ nwere usoro abụọ. N'ime &quot;''oge a na-emegharị ahụ'', akwara afọ na-enwe usoro mkpụkọ ugboro ole na ole nke njikọta yana diaphragm na akwara eji eme ihe n'ike mmụọ. N'ihi nke a, mmadụ nwere ike ịgbagwoju oge a anya na ihe omume nke hiccups. N'oge a na-emegharị ahụ, ọ dịghị ihe a chụpụrụ. N'oge na-esote, nke a na-akpọkwa &quot;'oge a na-achụpụ ihe'', nrụgide siri ike na-etolite n'afọ site na nnukwu mgbanwe na diaphragm na afọ. Mgbanwe ndị a, n'ezie, nrụgide siri ike nke akwara ndị a nke na-adịru ogologo oge - ogologo oge karịa oge nkịtị nke mkpụkọ akwara. A na-ahapụ nrụgide ahụ na mberede mgbe sphincter esophageal elu zuru ike nke na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime afọ chụpụ. Ka ọnụ na oghere imi jikọtara ọnụ site n'azụ akpịrị, karịsịa ịgbọ agbọ ike, ma ọ bụ imepụta nnukwu ịgbọ agbọ nwere ike ime ka ihe si na oghere imi pụta na ọnụ.  Ndị na-anaghị emega ahụ mgbe niile n'afọ nwere ike inwe ihe mgbu n'ime akwara ndị ahụ ruo ụbọchị ole na ole. Mbelata nrụgide na mwepụta nke endorphins n'ime ọbara mgbe a chụpụrụ ha na-eme ka onye na-agbọ agbọ nwee ahụ iru ala ozugbo ọ gbọchara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lembke |first1=Anna |title=Drug Dealer, MD: How Doctors Were Duped, Patients Got Hooked, and Why It's So Hard to Stop |date=November 15, 2016 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, Maryland |isbn=978-1-4214-2140-7 |page=137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqfhDAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=vomiting+endorphins+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&amp;pg=PA137 |access-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-date=December 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228075055/https://books.google.com/books?id=FqfhDAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=vomiting+endorphins+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&amp;pg=PA137#v=onepage&amp;q=vomiting%20endorphins%20inpublisher%3Auniversity%20inpublisher%3Apress&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ọdịnaya===
[[File:Vomit of partially digested food in a 11 litre container Man-sized glove is shown in photo for scale.jpg|thumb|Partially digested food, with a rubber glove for scale]]
Gastric asid maọbu mmiri afọ na agbọ agbọ na-eme nke ukwuu asid. Nri e riri n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-apụta n'agbọ agbọ afọ. N'agbanyeghị ihe dị na ya, agbọ agbọ na-abụkarị isi,isi ọjọọ.

Ọnụọgụ nke agbọ agbọ (agbọ agbọ) nwere ike ịbụ ihe gbasara ahụike. A na-akpọ ọbara ọhụrụ na agbọ agbọ hematemesis (&quot;agbọ agbọ ọbara&quot;). Ọbara gbanwere agbanwe yiri nke agbọ kọfị (dịka iron dị n'ọbara si dị oxidation|oxidized) ma, mgbe achọpụtara ihe a, a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ agbọ agbọ kọfị|agbọ agbọ kọfị. Agbọ agbọ kọfị nwere ike ịbanye na agbọ agbọ n'oge a na-ekpo ọkụ n'ihi duodenum duodenal ma ọ bụrụ na agbọ agbọ ahụ dị oke njọ.  Ịgbọ agbọ n'ime afọ na-abụkarị ihe si na ihe mgbochi eriri afọ ma ọ bụ gastrocolic fistula pụta, a na-emesokwa ya dị ka ihe mgbaàmà ịdọ aka ná ntị nke nsogbu a nwere ike ịdị njọ (''signum mali ominis'').


Ọ bụrụ na ihe na-eme ka ọgbụgbọ ahụ gbakee ruo ogologo oge na-enweghị ọgbụgbọ a na-apụghị ịghọta aghọta, a na-akpọ ọnọdụ a emesis na-anaghị arụpụta ihe ma ọ bụ &quot;ọkụ kpọrọ nkụ&quot;, nke nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbu ma na-emebi ahụ.;Agba nke ọgbụgbọ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=W. S.|first=CRAIG|date=1961|title=Vomiting in the early days of life.|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|volume=36|issue=188|page=455|doi=10.1136/adc.36.188.451|pmid=13696216|pmc=2012720}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọbara ọbara na-acha ọbara ọbara n'ime agbọọ na-egosi ọbara ọgbụgba si n'azụ esophagus
* Ọbara ọbara gbara ọchịchịrị nke nwere mkpụkọ dị ka imeju na-egosi ọbara ọgbụgba dị ukwuu n'afọ, dị ka site na ọnya afọ a gbawara agbawa
* Ọbara mmiri dị ka kọfị na-egosi ọbara ọgbụgba dị obere n'afọ n'ihi na acid afọ enweela oge ịgbanwe nhazi ọbara ahụ
* Ọbara mmiri odo ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-egosi bile, nke na-egosi na valvụ pyloric meghere ma bile na-abanye n'afọ site na duodenum. Nke a nwere ike ime n'oge agbọ agbọ mgbe ewepụchara ihe dị n'ime afọ kpamkpam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-12-07 |title=Nausea and vomiting in adults {{!}} nidirect |url=https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/nausea-and-vomiting-adults |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.nidirect.gov.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Berg|first4=Cecile|last5=Hamer|first5=Robert|last6=Sullivan|first6=Patrick|last7=Bulik|first7=Cynthia M.|date=2008 |title=Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in women with bulimia nervosa and eating disorders not otherwise specified. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20564 |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=722–727 |doi=10.1002/eat.20564 |pmid=18528877 |pmc=3247760 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Hyperemesis gravidarum|Hyperemesis, ụtụtụ ọrịa
ọgwụ mmeghachi omume (agbọ agbọ nwere ike ime dịka mmeghachi omume Somatic (biology)somatic maka):
* mmanya (ọgwụ)Mmanya aṅụrụma, nke enwere ike itinye n'ime acetaldehyde nke na-akpata mgbaàmà nke ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, gụnyere ọgbụgbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, iku ume mkpụmkpụ, na ọsọ ọsọ nke obi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=Rostron |editor1-first=Chris |editor2-last=Barber |editor2-first=Jill |title=Pharmaceutical Chemistry |date=March 2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-877978-0 |page=8 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-AeEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=vomit+hangover+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&amp;pg=SA1-PA7 |access-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-date=December 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228075103/https://books.google.com/books?id=f-AeEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=vomit+hangover+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&amp;pg=SA1-PA7#v=onepage&amp;q=vomit%20hangover%20inpublisher%3Auniversity%20inpublisher%3Apress&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Opioids&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Howard S. |last2=Laufer |first2=Andras |date=2014-01-05 |title=Opioid induced nausea and vomiting |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014299913007711 |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |series=New vistas in the pharmacology and neurochemistry of diverse causes of nausea and vomiting |volume=722 |pages=67–78 |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.074 |pmid=24157979 |issn=0014-2999|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe mgbochi reuptake serotonin ahọpụtaras&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=McManis |first1=Philip G. |last2=Talley |first2=Nicholas J. |date=1997-11-01 |title=Nausea and Vomiting Associated With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors |url=https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-199708050-00005 |journal=CNS Drugs |language=en |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=394–401 |doi=10.2165/00023210-199708050-00005 |issn=1179-1934|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Many chemotherapy drugs&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rajapakse |first=Dilini |date=March 2010 |title=Symptom management during chemotherapy |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S175172220900273X |journal=Paediatrics and Child Health |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=129–134 |doi=10.1016/j.paed.2009.10.005 |issn=1751-7222|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Some entheogens (such as peyote or ayahuasca&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Malcolm |first1=Benjamin J. |last2=Lee |first2=Kelly C. |date=January 2017 |title=Ayahuasca: An ancient sacrament for treatment of contemporary psychiatric illness? |journal=The Mental Health Clinician |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=39–45 |doi=10.9740/mhc.2017.01.039 |issn=2168-9709 |pmc=6007657 |pmid=29955496}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Mmetụta nke ịdị elu dị elu n'ahụ mmadụ | Elu dị elu:
*Ọrịa dị elu&lt;ref name=Fer2016&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Ferri FF |title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017 E-Book: 5 Books in 1 |date=2016 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-44838-3 |page=590 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA590 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228075055/https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA590#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrịa (a na-akpọkarị ya &quot;ọnya afọ&quot;—aha sara mbara nke na-ezo aka na mbufụt afọ nke ọtụtụ nje na nje bacteria kpatara):
* Norovirus (onye bụbu nje Norwalk ma ọ bụ ihe nnọchite anya Norwalk)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-10-11 |title=How Norovirus Spreads |url=https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/causes/index.html |access-date=2026-07-16 |website=Norovirus |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Swine influenza (H1N1)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Jilani |first1=Talha N. |title=H1N1 Influenza |date=2026 |work=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513241/ |access-date=2026-07-16 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=30020613 |last2=Jamil |first2=Radia T. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Andrew D. |last4=Siddiqui |first4=Abdul H.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrịa uche/omume:
* Bulimia nervosa
* Nri neophobia nke neophobia
* Nsogbu iwepụ ihe mkpofu


===Emetics===
''emetic'', dị ka mmiri ọgwụ nke ipecac, bụ ihe na-akpata agbọ agbọ mgbe a na-enye ya n'ọnụ ma ọ bụ site na ịgba ọgwụ. A na-eji emetic eme ihe n'ọgwụ mgbe e riri ihe ma a ga-achụpụ ya n'ahụ ozugbo. N'ihi nke a, ọtụtụ ngwaahịa na-egbu egbu ma dị mfe ịgbari dị ka nsí oke nwere emetic.
&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt;Nke a enweghị nsogbu maka ịdị irè nke ọgwụ ogbugbu anụ ebe ọ bụ na òké enweghị ike ịgbọ agbọ..&lt;ref name=&quot;Kapoor-et-al-2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Kapoor | first1=Harit | last2=Lohani | first2=Kush Raj | last3=Lee | first3=Tommy H. | last4=Agrawal | first4=Devendra K. | last5=Mittal | first5=Sumeet K. | title=Animal Models of Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma-Past, Present, and Future | journal=Clinical and Translational Science | publisher=[[Wiley Publishing|Wiley]] | volume=8 | issue=6 | date=2015-07-27 | doi=10.1111/cts.12304 | pages=841–847| doi-access=free | pmid=26211420 | pmc=4703452 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịkpalite ọgbụgbọ nwere ike iwepụ ihe ahụ tupu ọ banye n'ahụ.
Enwere ike kewaa Emetics ụzọ abụọ: ndị na-emepụta mmetụta ha site n'ime ihe na-eme na ebe a na-agbọ agbọ na medulla, na ndị na-eme ihe ozugbo na afọ n'onwe ya. Ụfọdụ emetics, dị ka ipecac, na-adaba n'ụdị abụọ a: ha na-eme ihe ozugbo na afọ, ebe mmetụta ha na-aga n'ihu na nke ka ukwuu na-apụta site na mkpali nke ebe a na-agbọ agbọ..&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Emetics|volume=9|page=336&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eji nnu mmiri na mmiri Mkpụrụ Mọstad,nke na-arụ ọrụ ozugbo n'afọ, eme ihe kemgbe oge ochie dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmadụ nwee nsogbu..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | doi = 10.3109/15563657108990490 | last1 = Decker | first1 = W. J. | year = 1971 | title = In Quest of Emesis: Fact, Fable, and Fancy | journal = Clinical Toxicology | volume = 4 | issue = 3| pages = 383–387 | pmid = 4151103 &lt;/ref&gt; Care must be taken with salt, as Hypernatremia|excessive intake can potentially be harmful.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Moder | first1 = K. G. | last2 = Hurley | first2 = D. L. | year = 1991 | title = Fatal hypernatremia from exogenous salt intake: report of a case and review of the literature | journal = Mayo Clinic Proceedings | volume = 65 | issue = 12| pages = 1587–1594 | pmid = 2255221 | doi = 10.1016/S0025-6196(12)62194-6 | doi-access =  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Salt: a natural antidepressant? |url=http://news.scotsman.com/nhshealth/Salt-a-natural-antidepressant.5144129.jp |work=The Scotsman |date=April 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604135244/http://news.scotsman.com/nhshealth/Salt-a-natural-antidepressant.5144129.jp |archive-date=2011-06-04 |access-date=2009-09-09 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Copper(II) sulfate|Copper sulfate was also used in the past as an emetic.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid4385403&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Holtzmann NA, Haslam RH |title=Elevation of serum copper following copper sulfate as an emetic |journal=Pediatrics |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=189–93 |date=July 1968 |doi=10.1542/peds.42.1.189 |pmid=4385403 |s2cid=32740524 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/42/1/189 |access-date=2009-03-06 |archive-date=2010-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616094559/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/42/1/189 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = S. C. | last2 = Borison | first2 = Herbert L. | year = 1951 | title = Copper Sulphate Emesis: A Study of Afferent Pathways from the Gastrointestinal Tract | journal = American Journal of Physiology | volume = 164 | issue = 2| pages = 520–526 | doi = 10.1152/ajplegacy.1951.164.2.520 | pmid = 14810961 | s2cid = 14006841 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is now considered too toxic for this use.&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-8385-8172-2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Olson, Kent C. |title=Poisoning &amp; drug overdose |publisher=Lange Medical Mooks/McGraw-Hill |location=New York |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/poisoningdrugove00olso/page/175 175] |isbn=978-0-8385-8172-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/poisoningdrugove00olso/page/175 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eji Hydrogen peroxide eme ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmadụ nwee nsogbu n'ọgwụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Drugs to Control or Stimulate Vomiting|encyclopedia=Merck Veterinary manual|url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/190303.htm|publisher=Merck &amp; Co., Inc|year=2006|access-date=2013-02-23|archive-date=2016-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324233045/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm%2Fbc%2F190303.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.petplace.com/dogs/how-to-induce-vomiting-emesis-in-dogs/page1.aspx |title=How to Induce Vomiting (Emesis) in Dogs |publisher=Petplace.com |access-date=2014-05-03 |archive-date=2015-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212010816/http://www.petplace.com/dogs/how-to-induce-vomiting-emesis-in-dogs/page1.aspx |accessdate=2026-08-11 |archivedate=2015-02-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212010816/http://www.petplace.com/dogs/how-to-induce-vomiting-emesis-in-dogs/page1.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
===Nsogbu nke onwe===
* Nsogbu iri nri anorexia nervosa ma ọ bụ bulimia nervosa
* Iji wepụ nsí riri (ekwesighi ịgbọpụta ụfọdụ nsí n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịdị njọ karịa mgbe a na-ekuru ume ma ọ bụ na-afụ ụfụ; ọ ka mma ịrịọ maka enyemaka tupu ọ kpalite ịgbọ agbọ)
* Ndị sonyere na mmiri ara ehi na-agba mmiri ara ehi na-agbọkarị ọtụtụ mmiri ara ehi ha na-eri, ebe protein dị na mmiri ara ehi a na-eri (dị ka casein) na-agbapụta ngwa ngwa ma na-agbawa agbawa mgbe ha metụrụ acid gastric na enzymes protease aka, na-ejupụta afọ ngwa ngwa. Ozugbo afọ juru, stretch receptor dị na mgbidi afọ na-akpalite ịgbọ agbọ iji chụpụ mmiri ọ bụla ọzọ onye sonyere na-eri.
* Ndị na-arịa agbọ agbọ nwere ike ịkpalite ịgbọ agbọ n'olileanya na ha ga-adị mma.

=== Ụdị dị iche iche ===
* Mgbe wachara ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgbọ mgbe a wachara ahụ
* Ihe ndị na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ihe arụ, isi, ụtọ, ụda ma ọ bụ echiche (dịka ihe rere ure, ịgbọ agbọ ndị ọzọ, iche echiche ịgbọ agbọ), wdg.
* Ihe mgbu dị oke njọ, dịka isi ọwụwa ma ọ bụ myocardial infarction (mkpọchi obi)
* Oke mmetụta uche Enwere ike ịghọtahie &quot;ihe ike&quot; ebe a.
* Cyclic vomiting syndrome (ọnọdụ a na-aghọtachaghị nke ọma nke nwere mwakpo nke ịgbọ agbọ)
* Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (yiri cyclic vomiting syndrome, mana enwere ojiji cannabis dị ka ihe kpatara ya).
* Oke iji  ionizing radieshon na-akpalite ịgbọ agbọọ na-amaghị ama mgbe ụfọdụ.
 * Mmerụ ahụ ike nke ụkwara, hiccups, ma ọ bụ asthma
* Nchegbu
* Mmetụta Obi (Ọdịdị Obi)|Ịda mbà n'obi
* Ịrụbiga ahụ ókè (imega ahụ ike gabiga ókè nwere ike ibute ịgbọ agbọ obere oge ka e mesịrị).

===Ụdị ndị ọzọ===
Ịgbọ agbọ bụ ịgbọ agbọ nke na-ewepụta ihe dị n'ime afọ n'ike dị ukwuu.&lt;ref name=med_dict&gt;{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vomiting |title=vomiting - definition of vomiting in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |publisher=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2014-05-03 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222155353/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vomiting |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọ bụ ihe mgbaàmà nkịtị nke pyloric stenosis,infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, nke ọ na-abụkarị mgbe ọ na-eri nri ma nwee ike ịdị ike nke na ụfọdụ ihe na-esi n'imi apụta..&lt;ref name=Sleisenger783&gt;{{cite book|editor1=Mark Feldman|editor2=Lawrence S. Friedman|editor3=Lawrence J. Brandt|title=Sleisenger &amp; Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease pathophysiology, diagnosis, management|year=2009|publisher=MD Consult|location=St. Louis, Mo.|isbn=978-1-4160-6189-2|page=783|url=http://www.mdconsult.com/das/book/pdf/284431036-3/978-1-4160-6189-2/4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-6189-2..00047-0..DOCPDF.pdf?isbn=978-1-4160-6189-2&amp;eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-6189-2..00047-0..DOCPDF|edition=9th|access-date=2011-09-30|archive-date=2016-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118190703/http://www.mdconsult.com/das/book/pdf/284431036-3/978-1-4160-6189-2/4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-6189-2..00047-0..DOCPDF.pdf?isbn=978-1-4160-6189-2&amp;eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-6189-2..00047-0..DOCPDF|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ọgwụgwọ==
Antiemetic bụ ọgwụ dị irè megide ịgbọ agbọ na agbọ agbọ. A na-ejikarị ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa iji gwọọ ọrịa ngagharị na Mmetụta ọjọọ (ọgwụ) nke ọgwụ dịka opioids na chemotherapy.

Ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na-arụ ọrụ site n'igbochi ebe ndị na-anabata ihe metụtara emesis. Ya mere, a na-eji ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, ọgwụ mgbochi dopamine, ọgwụ mgbochi serotonin, na cannabinoids dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Mitchelson|first1=F|title=Pharmacological agents affecting emesis. A review (Part I).|journal=Drugs|date=March 1992|volume=43|issue=3|pages=295–315|pmid=1374316|doi=10.2165/00003495-199243030-00002|s2cid=46983160}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe akaebe na-akwado ojiji nke antiemetics maka ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgbọ n'etiti ndị toro eto na ngalaba mberede adịghị mma.&lt;ref name=Fur2015/&gt; O doro anya ma ọgwụ ọ bụla dị mma karịa ọgwụgwọ ọzọ ma ọ bụ ka mma karịa enweghị ọgwụgwọ na-arụ ọrụ.&lt;ref name=Fur2015&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Furyk|first1=JS|last2=Meek|first2=RA|last3=Egerton-Warburton|first3=D|title=Drugs for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in adults in the emergency department setting.|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=28 September 2015|volume=9|issue=9|article-number=CD010106|pmid=26411330|pmc=6517141|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010106.pub2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ọrịa Ọrịa Na-efe Efe==
Agbọọ maọbụ ịgbọ agbọ bụ ihe ndị bụ isi na-eme na 1.6% nke nleta ndị dọkịta ezinụlọ na Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Helena Britt |last2=Fahridin |first2=S |title=Presentations of nausea and vomiting |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=673–784 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17885697 |url=http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200709/200709beach.pdf |access-date=2010-02-15 |archive-date=2019-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326113722/https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200709/200709beach.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ọha mmadụ na omenala==
Herodotus, na-ede banyere omenala nke Alaeze Ukwu Achaemenid|Ndị Peshia oge ochie ma na-egosipụta ọdịiche dị na nke ndị Gris n'oge ochie, na-ekwu na amachibidoro ịgbọ agbọ n'ihu ndị ọzọ n'etiti ndị Peshia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herodotus-iii|title=HERODOTUS iii. DEFINING THE PERSIANS – Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=electricpulp.com|website=www.iranicaonline.org|access-date=2017-06-24|archive-date=2019-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129214830/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herodotus-iii|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/herodotus-persians.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks|website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu|access-date=2017-06-24|archive-date=2017-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707040138/http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/herodotus-persians.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ntinye aka na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya===
[[File:Nationalmuseet - Cophenaghen - brygos vomiting1.jpg|thumb|A drunk man vomiting, while a young slave is holding his forehead. Brygos Painter, 500–470 BC]]
Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mgbe otu onye na-agbọ agbọ, ndị ọzọ nọ ya nso na-agbọ agbọ, karịsịa mgbe ha na-esi isi ọgbụgbọ nke ndị ọzọ, ma na-agbọ agbọ n'onwe ha.cn|date=Maachị 2025 A hụla ụdịrị ihe a n'etiti ndị mmadụ n'oriri mmanya, ebe ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè nwere ike ime ka ọtụtụ ndị otu ha agbọ agbọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu oge, nke sitere na ọgbụgbọ mbụ nke otu onye otu ahụ.cn|date=Maachị 2025

Ịgbọ agbọ nke ukwuu n'ime ayahuasca ememe bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Agbanyeghị, ndị na-enweta &quot;la purga&quot; mgbe ha ṅụchara ayahuasca, n'ozuzu ha, na-ewere omume ahụ dị ka ihe dị ọcha n'anụ ahụ na nke ime mmụọ ma na-anabata ya mgbe niile.&lt;ref&gt;Shanon, B. (2002). The antipodes of the mind: Charting the phenomenology of the ayahuasca experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;.A na-atụ aro na mmetụta emetic nke ayahuasca—na mgbakwunye na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-agwọ ọrịa ya—bara uru nye ndị obodo nke Amazon Basin, n'inyere aka iwepụ parasite na sistemụ eriri afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Andritzky | first1 = W. | year = 1989 | title = Sociopsychotherapeutic functions of ayahuasca healing in Amazonia | journal = Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | volume = 21 | issue = 1| pages = 77–89 | pmid = 2656954 | doi=10.1080/02791072.1989.10472145}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E nwekwara ihe ndekọ nke otu onye ọrịa na-agbọ agbọ na-eme ka ndị ọzọ gbọọ agbọ, mgbe ha na-atụkarị egwu ịrịa ọrịa, site n'ụdị mass hysteria.

[[File:Sea-sickness bag, Merseyside Maritime Museum.png|thumb|Special bags are often supplied on boats for sick passengers to vomit into.]]

Ọtụtụ mmadụ na-agbalị igbochi ọgbụgbọ ha site n'ịgbọ agbọ n'ime sink, ụlọ mposi, ma ọ bụ ite mkpofu, ebe ọ bụ na ọgbụgbọ siri ike ma dịkwa njọ ịsacha. N'ụgbọelu na ụgbọ mmiri, a na-enye Akpa ọrịa|akpa pụrụ iche ka ndị njem na-arịa ọrịa gbọọ agbọ. Akpa pụrụ iche a na-atụfu (nke na-anaghị agbapụta mmiri, nke na-anaghị agbapụta mmiri, nke na-enweghị isi) nke nwere ihe na-amịkọrọ mmiri nke na-eme ka ọgbụgbọ ahụ sie ike ngwa ngwa dịkwa, nke na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ma dịkwa mma ịchekwa ruo mgbe enwere ohere ịtụfu ya nke ọma.

Ndị na-agbọ agbọ mgbe niile dịka ọmụmaatụ, dịka akụkụ nke nri na-adịghị mma dị ka bulimia nervosa nwere ike ichepụta ụzọ dị iche iche iji zoo nsogbu a.

Nnyocha dị n'ịntanetị nke nzaghachi ndị mmadụ na &quot;ụda dị egwu&quot; chọpụtara na ịgbọ agbọ &quot;bụ ihe kacha njọ&quot;. Prọfesọ Trevor Cox nke Mahadum Salford's Acoustic Research Centre kwuru, &quot;Emebere anyị ka ihe ọjọọ dị ka ịgbọ agbọ jụ, ebe ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa iji nọgide na-adị ndụ iji zere ihe ọjọọ.&quot;  A na-eche na ihe ọjọọ na-akpata site na ụda ịgbọ agbọ iji chebe ndị nọ nso pụọ na nri nwere ike ibute ọrịa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.salford.ac.uk/news/details/462 &quot;Sickening sounds - research to make your ears cringe&quot;]. University of Salford. January 28, 2007. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224205900/http://www.salford.ac.uk/news/details/462|date=February 24, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Psychology===
Emetophilia bụ agụụ mmekọahụ sitere na ịgbọ agbọ, ma ọ bụ ikiri ndị ọzọ na-agbọ agbọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices|last=Aggrawal|first=Anil|publisher=CRC Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4200-4308-2|location=Boca Raton|page=373}}&lt;/ref&gt;Emetophobia bụ ụjọ nke na-akpata oke nchekasị siri ike gbasara ịgbọ agbọ.

==Hụkwa==
* Ọrịa Bulimia
* Emetophilia
* Kansas na Agbọọ 
* Ịgbọ agbọ nchekwa
* Emetophobia
* Vasodilation
* Afọ Ọsịsa
* Izi Imi
* Etuketu
* Chyme
* Ọfụfụ 

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cvsa.org.uk Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome]</text>
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    <title>Quinoline</title>
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      <text bytes="7164" sha1="s1ykckvfyxhrykp5nymk986lrwnsuvo" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 
'''Quinoline''' bụ ngwakọta heterocyclic aromatic organic nke nwere usoro kemịkal C&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;. Ọ bụ mmiri hygroscopic na-enweghị ụcha nke nwere ísì siri ike. Ihe nnwale ndị agadi, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ekpughe ha n'ìhè, na-aghọ odo ma mesịa na-acha nchara nchara. Quinoline na-agbaze naanị na mmiri oyi mana ọ na-agbaza ngwa ngwa na mmiri ọkụ na ọtụtụ ihe na-agbapụta mmiri. Quinoline n'onwe ya nwere ngwa ole na ole, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị sitere na ya bara uru na ngwa dị iche iche. Ihe atụ a ma ama bụ quinine, alkaloid a na-ahụ na osisi. A chọpụtara ihe karịrị 200 na-arụ ọrụ na quinoline na quinazoline alkaloidsHydroxy-2-alkylquinolines (HAQs) na-etinye aka na [[Igbochi nje|Igbochi ọgwụ nje]]. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe a na-ahụ ya na ikewapụ ya == 

Dị ka nitrogen heterocyclic compounds ndị ọzọ, dị ka pyridine derivatives, a na-akọkarị quinoline dị ka ihe na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke jikọtara ya na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ mmanụ ma ọ bụ coal, a chọpụtakwala ya na ebe a na-agwọ osisi. N'ihi oke solubility ya na mmiri quinoline nwere ikike dị ukwuu maka ịgagharị na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke nwere ike ịkwalite mmetọ mmiri. Quinoline nwere ike imebi ngwa ngwa site na microorganisms ụfọdụ, dị ka ụdị ''Rhodococcus'' Strain Q1, nke e kewapụrụ site na ala na mpempe akwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0964-8305(96)00032-7|title=Isolation, characterization, and substrate utilization of a quinoline-degrading bacterium|year=1996|author=O'Loughlin|first=Edward J.|journal=International Biodeterioration &amp; Biodegradation|volume=38|issue=2|pages=107}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quinolines dị na obere mmanụ n'ime akụkụ diesel na-amaghị nwoke. Enwere ike iwepụ ya site na usoro a na-akpọ hydrodenitrification.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm&lt;/ref&gt;


== Nchịkọta ==
A na-ejikarị anilines emepụta quinolines site na anilines dị mfe site na iji ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume aha.

:: [[Faịlụ:Quinoline_from_aniline.png|class=skin-invert-image|400x400px]]

Site n'elu gaa n'akụkụ elekere ndị a bụ:

* Ọ na-ejikọta njikọ quinoline site na iji anilines na β-diketones.
* Nchịkọta Conrad-Limpach site na iji anilines na β-ketoesters.
* Doebner mmeghachi omume site na iji anilines na aldehyde na pyruvic acid iji mepụta quinoline-4-carboxylic acid
* Doebner-Miller mmeghachi omume site na iji anilines na α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
* Mgbanwe Gould-Jacobs na-amalite site na aniline na ethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate
* Nchịkọta mkpụmkpụ site na iji iron sulfate, glycerol, aniline, nitrobenzene, na sulfuric acid.

E nwere ọtụtụ usoro ndị ọzọ, nke chọrọ kpọmkwem anilines dochie anya ma ọ bụ ihe ndị metụtara ya:

* Camps quinoline synthesis site na iji o-acylaminoacetophenone na hydroxide
* Ngwakọta Friedländer site na iji 2-aminobenzaldehyde na acetaldehyde
* Ngwakọta Knorr quinoline, site na iji β-ketoanilide na sulfuric acid
* Njikọ Niementowski quinoline, na-eji anthranilic acid na ketones
* Mgbanwe Pfitzinger site na iji isatin na ntọala na carbonyl compound iji mepụta quinoline-4-carboxylic acid dochie anya
* Mgbanwe Povarov site na iji aniline, benzaldehyde na alkene arụ ọrụ

A na-ebelata quinolines ka ọ bụrụ tetrahydroquinolines enantioselectively site na iji ọtụtụ usoro catalyst. 
[[Faịlụ:ImineScope8.png|center|class=skin-invert-image]]

== Ngwa ==
A na-eji quinoline emepụta ihe agba (dyes) dị iche iche, tinyere iji ya hazie hydroxyquinoline sulfate na niacin. Ewezuga nke a, a na-ejikwa ya dị ka ihe na-agbazere (solvent) resins na terpenes.

Tupu mmepe nke aspirin, a na-eji quinoline eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ maka ihe mgbu, mana ọ na-atọ ụtọ ma na-esi ísì ọjọọ yana mmetụta ọjọọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edu.rsc.org/feature/pain-relief-from-coal-tar-to-paracetamol/2020140.article|title=Pain relief: from coal tar to paracetamol|author=Brown|first=Trevor|date=2005-06-30|work=Education in Chemistry|publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]|accessdate=2025-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ejikarị Quinoline eme ihe dị ka mmepụta nke kemịkal ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche. A na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn 4 kwa afọ dịka akụkọ e bipụtara na 2005 si kwuo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoke&quot;&gt;{{Ullmann|author1=Gerd Collin|author2=Hartmut Höke|title=Quinoline and Isoquinoline|doi=10.1002/14356007.a22_465}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isi ojiji ya bụ dị ka ihe na-ebute 8-hydroxyquinoline, nke bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ dị iche iche chelating na ihe na-esote ọgwụ ahụhụ. 2- na 4-methyl derivatives ya bụ ndị na-ebute cyanine dyes. Oxidation nke quinoline na-enye quinolinic acid (pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid), ihe na-ebute herbicide na-ere n'okpuru aha Assert.

Mbelata nke quinoline na sodium borohydride na ọnụnọ nke acetic acid na-emepụta [[Kairoline A]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GRIBBLEHEALD1975&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=GRIBBLE|first=Gordon W.|title=Reactions of Sodium Borohydride in Acidic Media; III. Reduction and Alkylation of Quinoline and Isoquinoline with Carboxylic Acids|journal=Synthesis|volume=1975|issue=10|year=1975|pages=650–652|issn=0039-7881|doi=10.1055/s-1975-23871}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ọgwụ e ji ejikwa ma na-agwọ ịba sitere n'akụkụ quinoline. Dị ka mma atụ, e nwere quinine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, nakwa primaquine.


A na-eji quinoline eme ihe dị ka ihe na-agbanye mmiri na ihe na-emegharị ihe na njikọ anụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi=10.1002/047084289X.rq002.pub2|chapter=Quinoline|title=Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis|year=2001|author=Sherman|first=Angela R.|pages=1–4|isbn=9780470842898}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quinolinium compounds, gụnyere nnu ya, nwekwara ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe na-egbochi corrosion na ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=wCUAAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA65&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;


== Hụkwa ==

* Quinoline alkaloids
* 4-Aminoquinoline
* 8-Hydroxyquinoline
* Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), redox cofactor na ihe mgbakwunye na-edozi ahụ na-ese okwu
* Quinazoline, aza nke sitere na quinoline
* Quinine
* Mgbaaka ndị yiri ya na-esi ísì ụtọMgbaaka ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ
** Isoquinoline, analog na atọm nitrogen na ọnọdụ 2
** Pyridine, analog na-enweghị mgbanaka benzene a gwakọtara agwakọta
** Naphthalene, analog nwere carbon kama nitrogen
** Indol, analog nwere naanị mgbanaka nitrogen ise

== Ihe odide ==
{{reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Authority control}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commons category}}

* International Chemical Safety Card 0071
* [https://www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/heterocycles/benzo-fused/quinolines.shtm Ụzọ ọhụrụ nke ijikọta quinolines]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Quinoline''' bụ ngwakọta heterocyclic aromatic organic nke nwere usoro kemịkal C&lt;sub&gt;9H⁷N&lt;/sub&gt;. Ọ bụ mmiri hygroscopic na-enweghị ụcha nke nwere ísì siri ike. Ihe nnwale ndị agadi, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ekpughe ha n'ìhè, na-aghọ odo ma mesịa na-acha nchara nchara. Quinoline na-agbaze naanị na mmiri oyi mana ọ na-agbaza ngwa ngwa na mmiri ọkụ na ọtụtụ ihe na-agbapụta mmiri. Quinoline n'onwe ya nwere ngwa ole na ole, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị sitere na ya bara uru na ngwa dị iche iche. Ihe atụ a ma ama bụ quinine, alkaloid a na-ahụ na osisi. A chọpụtara ihe karịrị 200 na-arụ ọrụ na quinoline na quinazoline alkaloidsHydroxy-2-alkylquinolines (HAQs) na-etinye aka na [[Igbochi nje|Igbochi ọgwụ nje]]. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe a na-ahụ ya na ikewapụ ya == 

Dị ka nitrogen heterocyclic compounds ndị ọzọ, dị ka pyridine derivatives, a na-akọkarị quinoline dị ka ihe na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke jikọtara ya na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ mmanụ ma ọ bụ coal, a chọpụtakwala ya na ebe a na-agwọ osisi. N'ihi oke solubility ya na mmiri quinoline nwere ikike dị ukwuu maka ịgagharị na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke nwere ike ịkwalite mmetọ mmiri. Quinoline nwere ike imebi ngwa ngwa site na microorganisms ụfọdụ, dị ka ụdị ''Rhodococcus'' Strain Q1, nke e kewapụrụ site na ala na mpempe akwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0964-8305(96)00032-7|title=Isolation, characterization, and substrate utilization of a quinoline-degrading bacterium|year=1996|author=O'Loughlin|first=Edward J.|journal=International Biodeterioration &amp; Biodegradation|volume=38|issue=2|pages=107}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quinolines dị na obere mmanụ n'ime akụkụ diesel na-amaghị nwoke. Enwere ike iwepụ ya site na usoro a na-akpọ hydrodenitrification.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm&lt;/ref&gt;


== Nchịkọta ==
A na-ejikarị anilines emepụta quinolines site na anilines dị mfe site na iji ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume aha.

:: [[Faịlụ:Quinoline_from_aniline.png|class=skin-invert-image|400x400px]]

Site n'elu gaa n'akụkụ elekere ndị a bụ:

* Ọ na-ejikọta njikọ quinoline site na iji anilines na β-diketones.
* Nchịkọta Conrad-Limpach site na iji anilines na β-ketoesters.
* Doebner mmeghachi omume site na iji anilines na aldehyde na pyruvic acid iji mepụta quinoline-4-carboxylic acid
* Doebner-Miller mmeghachi omume site na iji anilines na α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
* Mgbanwe Gould-Jacobs na-amalite site na aniline na ethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate
* Nchịkọta mkpụmkpụ site na iji iron sulfate, glycerol, aniline, nitrobenzene, na sulfuric acid.

E nwere ọtụtụ usoro ndị ọzọ, nke chọrọ kpọmkwem anilines dochie anya ma ọ bụ ihe ndị metụtara ya:

* Camps quinoline synthesis site na iji o-acylaminoacetophenone na hydroxide
* Ngwakọta Friedländer site na iji 2-aminobenzaldehyde na acetaldehyde
* Ngwakọta Knorr quinoline, site na iji β-ketoanilide na sulfuric acid
* Njikọ Niementowski quinoline, na-eji anthranilic acid na ketones
* Mgbanwe Pfitzinger site na iji isatin na ntọala na carbonyl compound iji mepụta quinoline-4-carboxylic acid dochie anya
* Mgbanwe Povarov site na iji aniline, benzaldehyde na alkene arụ ọrụ

A na-ebelata quinolines ka ọ bụrụ tetrahydroquinolines enantioselectively site na iji ọtụtụ usoro catalyst. 
[[Faịlụ:ImineScope8.png|center|class=skin-invert-image]]

== Ngwa ==
A na-eji quinoline emepụta ihe agba (dyes) dị iche iche, tinyere iji ya hazie hydroxyquinoline sulfate na niacin. Ewezuga nke a, a na-ejikwa ya dị ka ihe na-agbazere (solvent) resins na terpenes.

Tupu mmepe nke aspirin, a na-eji quinoline eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ maka ihe mgbu, mana ọ na-atọ ụtọ ma na-esi ísì ọjọọ yana mmetụta ọjọọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edu.rsc.org/feature/pain-relief-from-coal-tar-to-paracetamol/2020140.article|title=Pain relief: from coal tar to paracetamol|author=Brown|first=Trevor|date=2005-06-30|work=Education in Chemistry|publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]|accessdate=2025-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ejikarị Quinoline eme ihe dị ka mmepụta nke kemịkal ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche. A na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn 4 kwa afọ dịka akụkọ e bipụtara na 2005 si kwuo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoke&quot;&gt;{{Ullmann|author1=Gerd Collin|author2=Hartmut Höke|title=Quinoline and Isoquinoline|doi=10.1002/14356007.a22_465}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isi ojiji ya bụ dị ka ihe na-ebute 8-hydroxyquinoline, nke bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ dị iche iche chelating na ihe na-esote ọgwụ ahụhụ. 2- na 4-methyl derivatives ya bụ ndị na-ebute cyanine dyes. Oxidation nke quinoline na-enye quinolinic acid (pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid), ihe na-ebute herbicide na-ere n'okpuru aha Assert.

Mbelata nke quinoline na sodium borohydride na ọnụnọ nke acetic acid na-emepụta [[Kairoline A]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GRIBBLEHEALD1975&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=GRIBBLE|first=Gordon W.|title=Reactions of Sodium Borohydride in Acidic Media; III. Reduction and Alkylation of Quinoline and Isoquinoline with Carboxylic Acids|journal=Synthesis|volume=1975|issue=10|year=1975|pages=650–652|issn=0039-7881|doi=10.1055/s-1975-23871}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ọgwụ e ji ejikwa ma na-agwọ ịba sitere n'akụkụ quinoline. Dị ka mma atụ, e nwere quinine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, nakwa primaquine.


A na-eji quinoline eme ihe dị ka ihe na-agbanye mmiri na ihe na-emegharị ihe na njikọ anụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi=10.1002/047084289X.rq002.pub2|chapter=Quinoline|title=Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis|year=2001|author=Sherman|first=Angela R.|pages=1–4|isbn=9780470842898}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quinolinium compounds, gụnyere nnu ya, nwekwara ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe na-egbochi corrosion na ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=wCUAAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA65&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;


== Hụkwa ==

* Quinoline alkaloids
* 4-Aminoquinoline
* 8-Hydroxyquinoline
* Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), redox cofactor na ihe mgbakwunye na-edozi ahụ na-ese okwu
* Quinazoline, aza nke sitere na quinoline
* Quinine
* Mgbaaka ndị yiri ya na-esi ísì ụtọMgbaaka ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ
** Isoquinoline, analog na atọm nitrogen na ọnọdụ 2
** Pyridine, analog na-enweghị mgbanaka benzene a gwakọtara agwakọta
** Naphthalene, analog nwere carbon kama nitrogen
** Indol, analog nwere naanị mgbanaka nitrogen ise

== Ihe odide ==
{{reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Authority control}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commons category}}

* International Chemical Safety Card 0071
* [https://www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/heterocycles/benzo-fused/quinolines.shtm Ụzọ ọhụrụ nke ijikọta quinolines]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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        <id>16207</id>
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      <text bytes="7194" sha1="pu8x5f1r75lc1nysv05mi5okv73l5y9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 
'''Quinoline''' bụ ngwakọta heterocyclic aromatic organic nke nwere usoro kemịkal C&lt;sub&gt;9H⁷N&lt;/sub&gt;. Ọ bụ mmiri hygroscopic na-enweghị ụcha nke nwere ísì siri ike. Nke merela agadi, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ekpughe ha n'ebe anwụ ga-acha ya, na-achagharị chawa odo odo ma mesịa na-acha nchara nchara. Quinoline na-agbaze naanị na mmiri oyi mana ọ na-agbaza ngwa ngwa na mmiri ọkụ na ọtụtụ ihe na-agbapụta mmiri. Quinoline n'onwe ya nwere ngwa ole na ole, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị sitere na ya bara uru na ngwa dị iche iche. Ihe atụ a ma ama bụ quinine, alkaloid a na-ahụ na osisi. A chọpụtara ihe karịrị 200 na-arụ ọrụ na quinoline na quinazoline alkaloidsHydroxy-2-alkylquinolines (HAQs) na-etinye aka na [[Igbochi nje|Igbochi ọgwụ nje]]. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe a na-ahụ ya na ikewapụ ya == 

Dị ka nitrogen heterocyclic compounds ndị ọzọ, dị ka pyridine derivatives, a na-akọkarị quinoline dị ka ihe na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke jikọtara ya na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ mmanụ ma ọ bụ coal, a chọpụtakwala ya na ebe a na-agwọ osisi. N'ihi oke solubility ya na mmiri quinoline nwere ikike dị ukwuu maka ịgagharị na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke nwere ike ịkwalite mmetọ mmiri. Quinoline nwere ike imebi ngwa ngwa site na microorganisms ụfọdụ, dị ka ụdị ''Rhodococcus'' Strain Q1, nke e kewapụrụ site na ala na mpempe akwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0964-8305(96)00032-7|title=Isolation, characterization, and substrate utilization of a quinoline-degrading bacterium|year=1996|author=O'Loughlin|first=Edward J.|journal=International Biodeterioration &amp; Biodegradation|volume=38|issue=2|pages=107}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quinolines dị na obere mmanụ n'ime akụkụ diesel na-amaghị nwoke. Enwere ike iwepụ ya site na usoro a na-akpọ hydrodenitrification.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm&lt;/ref&gt;


== Nchịkọta ==
A na-ejikarị anilines emepụta quinolines site na anilines dị mfe site na iji ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume aha.

:: [[Faịlụ:Quinoline_from_aniline.png|class=skin-invert-image|400x400px]]

Site n'elu gaa n'akụkụ elekere ndị a bụ:

* Ọ na-ejikọta njikọ quinoline site na iji anilines na β-diketones.
* Nchịkọta Conrad-Limpach site na iji anilines na β-ketoesters.
* Doebner mmeghachi omume site na iji anilines na aldehyde na pyruvic acid iji mepụta quinoline-4-carboxylic acid
* Doebner-Miller mmeghachi omume site na iji anilines na α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
* Mgbanwe Gould-Jacobs na-amalite site na aniline na ethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate
* Nchịkọta mkpụmkpụ site na iji iron sulfate, glycerol, aniline, nitrobenzene, na sulfuric acid.

E nwere ọtụtụ usoro ndị ọzọ, nke chọrọ kpọmkwem anilines dochie anya ma ọ bụ ihe ndị metụtara ya:

* Camps quinoline synthesis site na iji o-acylaminoacetophenone na hydroxide
* Ngwakọta Friedländer site na iji 2-aminobenzaldehyde na acetaldehyde
* Ngwakọta Knorr quinoline, site na iji β-ketoanilide na sulfuric acid
* Njikọ Niementowski quinoline, na-eji anthranilic acid na ketones
* Mgbanwe Pfitzinger site na iji isatin na ntọala na carbonyl compound iji mepụta quinoline-4-carboxylic acid dochie anya
* Mgbanwe Povarov site na iji aniline, benzaldehyde na alkene arụ ọrụ

A na-ebelata quinolines ka ọ bụrụ tetrahydroquinolines enantioselectively site na iji ọtụtụ usoro catalyst. 
[[Faịlụ:ImineScope8.png|center|class=skin-invert-image]]

== Ngwa ==
A na-eji quinoline emepụta ihe agba (dyes) dị iche iche, tinyere iji ya hazie hydroxyquinoline sulfate na niacin. Ewezuga nke a, a na-ejikwa ya dị ka ihe na-agbazere (solvent) resins na terpenes.

Tupu mmepe nke aspirin, a na-eji quinoline eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ maka ihe mgbu, mana ọ na-atọ ụtọ ma na-esi ísì ọjọọ yana mmetụta ọjọọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edu.rsc.org/feature/pain-relief-from-coal-tar-to-paracetamol/2020140.article|title=Pain relief: from coal tar to paracetamol|author=Brown|first=Trevor|date=2005-06-30|work=Education in Chemistry|publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]|accessdate=2025-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ejikarị Quinoline eme ihe dị ka mmepụta nke kemịkal ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche. A na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn 4 kwa afọ dịka akụkọ e bipụtara na 2005 si kwuo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoke&quot;&gt;{{Ullmann|author1=Gerd Collin|author2=Hartmut Höke|title=Quinoline and Isoquinoline|doi=10.1002/14356007.a22_465}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isi ojiji ya bụ dị ka ihe na-ebute 8-hydroxyquinoline, nke bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ dị iche iche chelating na ihe na-esote ọgwụ ahụhụ. 2- na 4-methyl derivatives ya bụ ndị na-ebute cyanine dyes. Oxidation nke quinoline na-enye quinolinic acid (pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid), ihe na-ebute herbicide na-ere n'okpuru aha Assert.

Mbelata nke quinoline na sodium borohydride na ọnụnọ nke acetic acid na-emepụta [[Kairoline A]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GRIBBLEHEALD1975&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=GRIBBLE|first=Gordon W.|title=Reactions of Sodium Borohydride in Acidic Media; III. Reduction and Alkylation of Quinoline and Isoquinoline with Carboxylic Acids|journal=Synthesis|volume=1975|issue=10|year=1975|pages=650–652|issn=0039-7881|doi=10.1055/s-1975-23871}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ọgwụ e ji ejikwa ma na-agwọ ịba sitere n'akụkụ quinoline. Dị ka mma atụ, e nwere quinine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, nakwa primaquine.


A na-eji quinoline eme ihe dị ka ihe na-agbanye mmiri na ihe na-emegharị ihe na njikọ anụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi=10.1002/047084289X.rq002.pub2|chapter=Quinoline|title=Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis|year=2001|author=Sherman|first=Angela R.|pages=1–4|isbn=9780470842898}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quinolinium compounds, gụnyere nnu ya, nwekwara ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe na-egbochi corrosion na ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=wCUAAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA65&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;


== Hụkwa ==

* Quinoline alkaloids
* 4-Aminoquinoline
* 8-Hydroxyquinoline
* Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), redox cofactor na ihe mgbakwunye na-edozi ahụ na-ese okwu
* Quinazoline, aza nke sitere na quinoline
* Quinine
* Mgbaaka ndị yiri ya na-esi ísì ụtọMgbaaka ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ
** Isoquinoline, analog na atọm nitrogen na ọnọdụ 2
** Pyridine, analog na-enweghị mgbanaka benzene a gwakọtara agwakọta
** Naphthalene, analog nwere carbon kama nitrogen
** Indol, analog nwere naanị mgbanaka nitrogen ise

== Ihe odide ==
{{reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Authority control}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commons category}}

* International Chemical Safety Card 0071
* [https://www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/heterocycles/benzo-fused/quinolines.shtm Ụzọ ọhụrụ nke ijikọta quinolines]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]
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    <title>Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị zuru oke nke gọọmentị</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346977494|Government Comprehensive Secondary School]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1919" sha1="33xoe72vr7uigkcke37jk5xuqrdng7t" xml:space="preserve">Ụlọakwụkwọ secondri nke Gọọmenti('''GCSS''') bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke kachasị elu na Naịjirịa. Ọ dị na mpaghara [[Borokiri, Port Harcourt|Borokiri]] nke Port Harcourt, isi obodo Rivers Steeti, Nigeria. E guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ site na mmekorita nke Gọọmentị United States nke John F. Kennedy nke United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Mahadum California, Los Angeles (UCLA) na gọọmentị nke Eastern Region, Nigeria na afo 1962. Ndị nkuzi ya bụ ndị prọfesọ nke Mahadum California, Los Angeles, nke Prọfesọ [[Lynne C. Monroe]] duziri. Monroe bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ site na mmalite ruo June 1964 mgbe ọ laghachiri UCLA.

Gọọmentị Rivers Steeti na-enye ego ma na-achịkwa ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ugbu a site na Ministri Mmụta Rivers Steeti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=RSG Begins Work On Schools|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2015/11/16/rsg-begins-work-on-schools/|accessdate=9 May 2016|date=16 November 2015|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama ==
Ụlọakwụkwọ Government Comprehensive  secondri skuul emeela ka ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba dị iche iche, ha gụnyere:

* [[Joseph Atubokiki Ajienka]], onye bụbu osote onye isi nke Mahadum Port HarcourtMahadum nke Port Harcourt
* [[A. Igoni Barrett]], onye edemede
* [[Sam Dede]], onye na-eme ihe nkiri
* Finidi George, onye bọọlụ bọọlụ Naijiria
* [[Okey Wali]] (SAN), onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) 
* [[David Ibiyeomie]], onye ụkọchukwu Naijiria, onye guzobere na onye ụkọcha ukwu nke Salvation Ministries, Port Harcourt, Naijiria

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Port Harcourt
* Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị zuru oke, Aiyetoro

== Ihe odide ==
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344442101|Government College, Birnin Kudu]]&quot;</comment>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header notheme&quot; |Ihe ọmụma
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ụdị
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |E guzobere ya
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1947
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ndị guzobere ya
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Gọọmentị Ógbè Ebe Ugwu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mmekọahụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ụmụ nwoke
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Afọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |11 ruo 18&amp;#x20;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ndị bụbu ụmụ akwụkwọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Òtù Ụmụ nwoke Birnin Kudu
|}
Government College, [[Birnin Kudu]] bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị na Birnin Kudu, Jigawa Steeti. Ọ bú Gọọmentị mpaghara guzobere ya dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ etiti na afọ  1947, kọleji ahụ nwere ụfọdụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/2011/01/110119_shekarau_profile|title=Takaitaccen tarihin Malam Ibrahim Shekarau|work=BBC News Hausa|date=19 January 2011|language=ha|accessdate=2020-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke gụnyere ndị gọvanọ ise na onye mmepụta ihe [[Aliko Dangote]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200310280703.html|title=Government College, Birnin Kudu: A Season of Unbroken Records|author=Karofi|first=Hassan|date=28 October 2003|work=Daily Trust|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama ==

* [[Abubakar Rimi]] - Gọvanọ nke Kano
* Sule Lamido - [[Ndepụta nke ndị gọvanọ nke Jigawa Steeti|Gọvanọ nke Jigawa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamji.com/article6000/NEWS7651.htm|title=Random Sampling and Projections on Sule Lamido|work=www.gamji.com|accessdate=2020-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] - [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Gọvanọ nke Kano]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thetriumphnews.com/bikoba-to-hold-agm-in-kano-soon-president/|title=BIKOBA to hold AGM in Kano soon – President|author=Dutse|first=Ismail Muhammad|date=2019-01-09|work=THE TRIUMPH|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Aliko Dangote]] - Onye isi oche nke Dangote Group &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://blueprint.ng/birnin-kudu-college-hails-dangote-on-projects/|title=Birnin Kudu College hails Dangote on projects|author=IV|first=Editorial|date=2018-01-04|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Aminu Ado Bayero - Emir Nke iri na ise nke KanoEmir nke Kano
* Senator (Arc.) Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya- Onye bụbu Gọvanọ nke Kano
* Senator Bello Maitama Yusuf - Onye bụbu Minista nke azụmahịa na itinye ego na mba nke abụọ, FRN.
* Barrister Ali Sa'ad Birnin Kudu- Onye bụbu Gọvanọ nke Jigawa
* Alhaji Lamido Sanusi Ado Bayero-Onye bụbu onye isi nchịkwa, Naịjirịa Ports Authority.
* Brigadier General Lawal Jafar Isah- Onye bụbu onye nchịkwa agha nke Kaduna
* Dr. Junaidu Mohammed- onye otu House of Representatives na Republic nke Abụọ na onye osote onye isi ala nke Social Democratic Party na ntuli aka onye isi ala Naịjirịa nke 2019.
* Alhaji Halilu Ahmed Getso-Onye nta akụkọ ochie
* Alhaji Kassim M. Bichi
* Dr. Tafida Abubakar Ila-Emir nke Rano

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 
[[Otú:Ȯra Jigawa]]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ezigbo Ndị Ọzụzụ Atụ</title>
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    <id>79118</id>
    <revision>
      <id>700925</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-13T12:24:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ceentia</username>
        <id>24734</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346745820|Good Shepherd Schools]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>700925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above fn org notheme&quot; |Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ezigbo Onye Ọzụzụ Atụ
|-
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{&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Good Shepherd Schools&quot;,&quot;fill-opacity&quot;:0.1,&quot;stroke&quot;:&quot;#FF0000&quot;,&quot;stroke-width&quot;:2,&quot;fill&quot;:&quot;#606060&quot;},&quot;type&quot;:&quot;ExternalData&quot;,&quot;service&quot;:&quot;geoshape&quot;,&quot;ids&quot;:&quot;Q23013584&quot;},
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]&lt;/mapframe&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header notheme&quot; |Ihe ọmụma
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ụdị
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ebe obibi nke onwe
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ụkpụrụ nduzi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |''Eziokwu, Atụkwasị Obi, Mmeri''
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[http://www.goodshepherdschools.ng/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị]
|}
Ụlọ akwụkwọ Good Shepherd bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere ọtụtụ ogige nke gụnyere ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, praịmarị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.

Ọ dị na Legosi, [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].

E guzobere mgbakwunye Ketu na afọ 1993 ma mee emume afọ iri na atọ  ya na 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/tag/good-shepherd-schools/|title=good shepherd schools|author=pm news|accessdate=1 September 2015|work=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

== Ihe odide ==
 
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]</text>
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    <title>Jọdan Chanetsa</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-13T13:20:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ennydavids</username>
        <id>13406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360588202|Jordan Chanetsa]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="20148" sha1="hhxb2035wpgvv6uatjhvqzvshd6iu8o" xml:space="preserve">Jordan Chanetsa (onye a mụrụ ihe dị ka afọ 1997) bụ onye Zimbabwe na-akwado ikike mmadụ nakwa onye na-ese ihe. Dị ka nwanyị 'trans' (onye gbanwere okike ya site na nwoke gaa na nwanyị), ọ bụ ya tọrọ ntọala otu 'Harare Queer Collective', bụ́ òtù na-akwado ka e nwee ebe nchekwa maka ndị LGBTQ na Zimbabwe.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Chanetsa na Bulawayo, Matabeleland, ma zụlite ya na Harare. Nne na nna ya, ndị si n'agbụrụ dị iche iche, bụ ndị ụkọchukwu na nnukwu ụka; nna ya bụkwa onye na-elekọta redio. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Venker|first=Thomas|date=21 September 2022|title=„I am someone that loves to be seen – so it´s only right for me to want for other people to be seen too.“|url=https://kaput-mag.com/stories_en/jordan-chanetsa_interview_i-am-someone-that-loves-to-be-seen-so-its-only-right-for-me-to-want-for-other-people-to-be-seen-too/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=Kaput|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=ARTISTS TO KNOW: JORDAN CHANETSA|url=https://www.sheerworldwide.com/art/features/2022/8/1/artists-to-know-jordan-chanetsa|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=SHEER Worldwide|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Teeman|first=Tim|date=12 June 2020|title=These inspiring young LGBTQ activists—from Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Colombia, Australia, and the U.S.—are fighting for equality in their countries, even if it puts their lives in peril.|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/these-young-lgbtq-activists-are-fighting-for-change-all-over-the-world-some-risking-their-lives/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chanetsa gara National School of the Arts na Johannesburg, South Africa, ebe mbụ a kpughere ya omenala ịgba egwú. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Chanetsa pụtara dị ka nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, nke mere ka a na-emegbu ya ma na-enye ya nsogbu, gụnyere site n'aka ụfọdụ ndị ezinụlọ ya. O mechara chọpụta na ọ bụ transgender, wee pụta dị ka nwanyị trans na Facebook. Chanetsa gbalịrị ịchọta ọrụ iwu n'ihi njirimara nwoke na nwanyị ya dị iche na ihe edere na akwụkwọ ya; ọ na-edekarị banyere ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye transgender na Facebook, na 2017 amalitela inweta ewu ewu na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Venker|first=Thomas|date=21 September 2022|title=„I am someone that loves to be seen – so it´s only right for me to want for other people to be seen too.“|url=https://kaput-mag.com/stories_en/jordan-chanetsa_interview_i-am-someone-that-loves-to-be-seen-so-its-only-right-for-me-to-want-for-other-people-to-be-seen-too/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=Kaput|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVenker2022&quot;&gt;Venker, Thomas (21 September 2022). [https://kaput-mag.com/stories_en/jordan-chanetsa_interview_i-am-someone-that-loves-to-be-seen-so-its-only-right-for-me-to-want-for-other-people-to-be-seen-too/ &quot;„I am someone that loves to be seen – so it´s only right for me to want for other people to be seen too.&quot;&quot;]. ''Kaput''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251217101442/https://kaput-mag.com/stories_en/jordan-chanetsa_interview_i-am-someone-that-loves-to-be-seen-so-its-only-right-for-me-to-want-for-other-people-to-be-seen-too/ Archived] from the original on 17 December 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=ARTISTS TO KNOW: JORDAN CHANETSA|url=https://www.sheerworldwide.com/art/features/2022/8/1/artists-to-know-jordan-chanetsa|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=SHEER Worldwide|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sheerworldwide.com/art/features/2022/8/1/artists-to-know-jordan-chanetsa &quot;ARTISTS TO KNOW: JORDAN CHANETSA&quot;]. ''SHEER Worldwide''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Templeeti:Cite news|cite news]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;:  CS1 maint: url-status ([[:Category:CS1 maint: url-status|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Teeman|first=Tim|date=12 June 2020|title=These inspiring young LGBTQ activists—from Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Colombia, Australia, and the U.S.—are fighting for equality in their countries, even if it puts their lives in peril.|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/these-young-lgbtq-activists-are-fighting-for-change-all-over-the-world-some-risking-their-lives/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTeeman2020&quot;&gt;Teeman, Tim (12 June 2020). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.thedailybeast.com/these-young-lgbtq-activists-are-fighting-for-change-all-over-the-world-some-risking-their-lives/ &quot;These inspiring young LGBTQ activists—from Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Colombia, Australia, and the U.S.—are fighting for equality in their countries, even if it puts their lives in peril&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[The Daily Beast]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260116051259/https://www.thedailybeast.com/these-young-lgbtq-activists-are-fighting-for-change-all-over-the-world-some-risking-their-lives/ Archived] from the original on 16 January 2026&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Site na nke a, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka otu ndị na-ahụ maka ikike mmekọahụ na ịmụ nwa, ọ bụ ezie na ọ hapụrụ mgbe ọ nwesịrị ịkpa ókè na Transphobia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Chanetsa haziri mkpọsa a na-akpọ &quot;16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence&quot;, nke o nwetara ihe nrite site n'aka ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya Dutch na Harare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022|title=Jordan Chanetsa »Southern Africa to the World 1« (with Mandhla Ndubiwa)|url=https://www.on-cologne.de/en/jordan-chanetsa-79-en/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=ON Cologne|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Muntingwende|first=Adonis|date=2020|title=The Naked Truth: Zimbabwe's sex edutainment TV show launches|url=https://spikedmedia.co.zw/the-naked-truth-zimbabwes-sex-edutainment-tv-show-launches/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=Spike Media|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chanetsa sonyere na mmemmeMmemme Ndị Ndú Na-eto Eto  nke otu Ụmụ nwanyị na-anapụta, n'ihi ọrụ ọ na-arụ n'ịkwalite nha anya n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị, ikike ndị LGBTQ, na ahụike gbasara mmekọahụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022|title=Jordan Chanetsa »Southern Africa to the World 1« (with Mandhla Ndubiwa)|url=https://www.on-cologne.de/en/jordan-chanetsa-79-en/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=ON Cologne|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.on-cologne.de/en/jordan-chanetsa-79-en/ &quot;Jordan Chanetsa »Southern Africa to the World 1« (with Mandhla Ndubiwa)&quot;]. ''ON Cologne''. 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260117170627/https://www.on-cologne.de/en/jordan-chanetsa-79-en/ Archived] from the original on 17 January 2026&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020|title=Zimbabweans among Women Deliver’s 2020 Class of Young Leaders [list inside]|url=https://3-mob.com/featured/zimbabweans-among-women-delivers-2020-class-of-young-leaders-list-inside/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=Three Men on a Boat|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chanetsa katọrọ òtù LGBTQ guzosiri ike na Zimbabwe, nke o chere na ọ bụ ndị okenye na-eduzi ya bụ ndị na-achọghị ịtụle ọgụ na ahụmịhe dị iche iche nke ndị LGBTQ na-eto eto na mba ahụ; ọ chekwara na a na-ejikarị enyemaka mba ụwa maka ahụike mmekọahụ na mgbochi HIV karịa mmetụta uche na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ndị LGBT Q. N'afọ 2019, Chanetsa guzobere Harare Queer Collective (HQC), na ebumnuche nke iguzobe ebe dị nchebe gafee obodo ahụ ebe ọ ga-adị nchebe maka ndị LGBTQ izute ma soro ha na-akpakọrịta. HQC emeela ihe omume gụnyere bọọlụ na mgbede igwe okwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Venker|first=Thomas|date=21 September 2022|title=„I am someone that loves to be seen – so it´s only right for me to want for other people to be seen too.“|url=https://kaput-mag.com/stories_en/jordan-chanetsa_interview_i-am-someone-that-loves-to-be-seen-so-its-only-right-for-me-to-want-for-other-people-to-be-seen-too/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=Kaput|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVenker2022&quot;&gt;Venker, Thomas (21 September 2022). [https://kaput-mag.com/stories_en/jordan-chanetsa_interview_i-am-someone-that-loves-to-be-seen-so-its-only-right-for-me-to-want-for-other-people-to-be-seen-too/ &quot;„I am someone that loves to be seen – so it´s only right for me to want for other people to be seen too.&quot;&quot;]. ''Kaput''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251217101442/https://kaput-mag.com/stories_en/jordan-chanetsa_interview_i-am-someone-that-loves-to-be-seen-so-its-only-right-for-me-to-want-for-other-people-to-be-seen-too/ Archived] from the original on 17 December 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=ARTISTS TO KNOW: JORDAN CHANETSA|url=https://www.sheerworldwide.com/art/features/2022/8/1/artists-to-know-jordan-chanetsa|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=SHEER Worldwide|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sheerworldwide.com/art/features/2022/8/1/artists-to-know-jordan-chanetsa &quot;ARTISTS TO KNOW: JORDAN CHANETSA&quot;]. ''SHEER Worldwide''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Templeeti:Cite news|cite news]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;:  CS1 maint: url-status ([[:Category:CS1 maint: url-status|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Madzika|first=Tafadzwa|date=18 March 2022|title=Incubator Hub's &quot;She Glows&quot; Women's Day Special Concert: A Review|url=https://www.greedysouth.co.zw/2022/03/incubator-hub-glows-women-day-special.html|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=Greedy South|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọrịa COVID-19, HQC nwetara US $ 15,000 iji kwado ọrụ enyemaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

N'ịgbaso ewu ewu ya na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, Chanetsa malitere ịpụta ugboro ugboro na telivishọn na redio Zimbabwe, ebe ọ na-ekwukarị banyere ahụmịhe nke ndị LGBTQ bi na Zimbabwe, dị ka ịza ajụjụ banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka Transcending the Ballot Box na Bustop TV.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Venker|first=Thomas|date=21 September 2022|title=„I am someone that loves to be seen – so it´s only right for me to want for other people to be seen too.“|url=https://kaput-mag.com/stories_en/jordan-chanetsa_interview_i-am-someone-that-loves-to-be-seen-so-its-only-right-for-me-to-want-for-other-people-to-be-seen-too/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=Kaput|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVenker2022&quot;&gt;Venker, Thomas (21 September 2022). [https://kaput-mag.com/stories_en/jordan-chanetsa_interview_i-am-someone-that-loves-to-be-seen-so-its-only-right-for-me-to-want-for-other-people-to-be-seen-too/ &quot;„I am someone that loves to be seen – so it´s only right for me to want for other people to be seen too.&quot;&quot;]. ''Kaput''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251217101442/https://kaput-mag.com/stories_en/jordan-chanetsa_interview_i-am-someone-that-loves-to-be-seen-so-its-only-right-for-me-to-want-for-other-people-to-be-seen-too/ Archived] from the original on 17 December 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Teeman|first=Tim|date=12 June 2020|title=These inspiring young LGBTQ activists—from Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Colombia, Australia, and the U.S.—are fighting for equality in their countries, even if it puts their lives in peril.|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/these-young-lgbtq-activists-are-fighting-for-change-all-over-the-world-some-risking-their-lives/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTeeman2020&quot;&gt;Teeman, Tim (12 June 2020). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.thedailybeast.com/these-young-lgbtq-activists-are-fighting-for-change-all-over-the-world-some-risking-their-lives/ &quot;These inspiring young LGBTQ activists—from Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Colombia, Australia, and the U.S.—are fighting for equality in their countries, even if it puts their lives in peril&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[The Daily Beast]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260116051259/https://www.thedailybeast.com/these-young-lgbtq-activists-are-fighting-for-change-all-over-the-world-some-risking-their-lives/ Archived] from the original on 16 January 2026&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022|title=Jordan Chanetsa »Southern Africa to the World 1« (with Mandhla Ndubiwa)|url=https://www.on-cologne.de/en/jordan-chanetsa-79-en/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=ON Cologne|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.on-cologne.de/en/jordan-chanetsa-79-en/ &quot;Jordan Chanetsa »Southern Africa to the World 1« (with Mandhla Ndubiwa)&quot;]. ''ON Cologne''. 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260117170627/https://www.on-cologne.de/en/jordan-chanetsa-79-en/ Archived] from the original on 17 January 2026&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022|title=A Trance|url=https://frauenfilmfest.com/en/movie/a-trance/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=Internationales Frauen Film Fest|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=20 February 2024|title=Transcending the Ballot Box: Bustop TV raises voices of Zimbabwe's LGBTIQ Community|url=https://www.bustop.tv/transcending-the-ballot-box-bustop-tv-raises-voices-of-zimbabwes-lgbtiq-community/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=Bustop TV|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2020, ihe ngosi ''Oge Ya'', The Naked Truth, nke lekwasịrị anya na okike, mmekọahụ na ahụike, malitere; ọ malitekwara ịnabata podcast, Her Hour . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Muntingwende|first=Adonis|date=2020|title=The Naked Truth: Zimbabwe's sex edutainment TV show launches|url=https://spikedmedia.co.zw/the-naked-truth-zimbabwes-sex-edutainment-tv-show-launches/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=Spike Media|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuntingwende2020&quot;&gt;Muntingwende, Adonis (2020). [https://spikedmedia.co.zw/the-naked-truth-zimbabwes-sex-edutainment-tv-show-launches/ &quot;The Naked Truth: Zimbabwe's sex edutainment TV show launches&quot;]. ''Spike Media''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Templeeti:Cite news|cite news]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;:  CS1 maint: url-status ([[:Category:CS1 maint: url-status|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]&lt;/ref&gt;

N'etiti June na October 2022, Chanetsa bụ onye na-ese ihe na Akademie der Künste der Welt na Cologne, [[Jémanị|Germany]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Venker|first=Thomas|date=21 September 2022|title=„I am someone that loves to be seen – so it´s only right for me to want for other people to be seen too.“|url=https://kaput-mag.com/stories_en/jordan-chanetsa_interview_i-am-someone-that-loves-to-be-seen-so-its-only-right-for-me-to-want-for-other-people-to-be-seen-too/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=Kaput|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVenker2022&quot;&gt;Venker, Thomas (21 September 2022). [https://kaput-mag.com/stories_en/jordan-chanetsa_interview_i-am-someone-that-loves-to-be-seen-so-its-only-right-for-me-to-want-for-other-people-to-be-seen-too/ &quot;„I am someone that loves to be seen – so it´s only right for me to want for other people to be seen too.&quot;&quot;]. ''Kaput''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251217101442/https://kaput-mag.com/stories_en/jordan-chanetsa_interview_i-am-someone-that-loves-to-be-seen-so-its-only-right-for-me-to-want-for-other-people-to-be-seen-too/ Archived] from the original on 17 December 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=ARTISTS TO KNOW: JORDAN CHANETSA|url=https://www.sheerworldwide.com/art/features/2022/8/1/artists-to-know-jordan-chanetsa|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=SHEER Worldwide|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sheerworldwide.com/art/features/2022/8/1/artists-to-know-jordan-chanetsa &quot;ARTISTS TO KNOW: JORDAN CHANETSA&quot;]. ''SHEER Worldwide''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Templeeti:Cite news|cite news]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;:  CS1 maint: url-status ([[:Category:CS1 maint: url-status|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022|title=Jordan Chanetsa »Southern Africa to the World 1« (with Mandhla Ndubiwa)|url=https://www.on-cologne.de/en/jordan-chanetsa-79-en/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=ON Cologne|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.on-cologne.de/en/jordan-chanetsa-79-en/ &quot;Jordan Chanetsa »Southern Africa to the World 1« (with Mandhla Ndubiwa)&quot;]. ''ON Cologne''. 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260117170627/https://www.on-cologne.de/en/jordan-chanetsa-79-en/ Archived] from the original on 17 January 2026&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọrụ a, ọ haziri Migration Kiki Ball na Kulturbunker Köln, nke lere anya na ahụmịhe nke ndị na-abụghị ndị ọcha kwagara na Germany.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=23 September 2022|title=The Migration Kiki Ball gehosted von Jordan Chanetsa und Shapes &amp; Shades|url=https://www.adkdw.org/de/article/3700_the_migration_kiki_ball|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=Akademie der Künste der Welt|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2022, Chanetsa wepụtara ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi, A Trance, nke nwere ihe oyiyi na ụda; ọ gosipụtakwara na ihe ngosi ''Transgender na MugabeLand''.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022|title=A Trance|url=https://frauenfilmfest.com/en/movie/a-trance/|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=Internationales Frauen Film Fest|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://frauenfilmfest.com/en/movie/a-trance/ &quot;A Trance&quot;]. ''Internationales Frauen Film Fest''. 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Templeeti:Cite news|cite news]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;:  CS1 maint: url-status ([[:Category:CS1 maint: url-status|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=17 August 2022|title=Transgender in MugabeLand|url=https://www.adkdw.org/en/article/3678_transgender_in_mugabeland|accessdate=13 June 2026|work=Akademie der Künste der Welt|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
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[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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  <page>
    <title>Rick Cosnett</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367443047|Rick Cosnett]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Richard James Cosnett''' (amụrụ na 6 Eprel 1983) bụ onye Zimbabwe-Australia na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cosnett|first=Rick|title=Hi Reddit! I'm Rick Cosnett, Zimbabwean/Australian actor playing Dr. Wes Maxfield on The Vampire Diaries. Nice to meet ya! Let loose!|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1o8dlh/|publisher=[[Reddit]]|date=11 October 2013|accessdate=1 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327054455/https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1o8dlh/|archivedate=27 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Oebel|first=Nicole|title=Exclusive interview with Rick Cosnett|url=http://www.myfanbase.de/vampire-diaries/interviews/?pid=18993|publisher=myFanbase|date=28 May 2014|accessdate=1 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008005522/http://www.myfanbase.de/vampire-diaries/interviews/?pid=18993|archivedate=8 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya maka ịrụ ọrụ Wes Maxfield na Akwụkwọ akụkọ  Vampaya Elias na ''Quantico'', Eddie Thawne na The ''Flash'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.entertainment-focus.com/gay-focus-section/gay-focus-news/think-love-flash-star-rick-cosnett/|title=We think we're in love with The Flash star Rick Cosnett|accessdate=1 December 2014|first=Pip|author=Ellwood|date=27 November 2014|work=Entertainment Focus|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206051718/http://www.entertainment-focus.com/gay-focus-section/gay-focus-news/think-love-flash-star-rick-cosnett/|archivedate=6 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wetpaint.com/vampire-diaries/articles/2014-05-28-rick-cosnett-ignorant-dr-wes|title=Rick Cosnett Dishes About Playing &quot;Ignorant&quot; Dr. Wes on The Vampire Diaries|accessdate=1 December 2014|first=Carson|author=Blackwelder|date=28 May 2014|work=[[Wetpaint]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205050746/http://www.wetpaint.com/vampire-diaries/articles/2014-05-28-rick-cosnett-ignorant-dr-wes|archivedate=5 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvfanatic.com/2014/02/vampire-diaries-q-and-a-rick-cosnett-on-next-step-for-wes-desper/|title=Vampire Diaries Q&amp;A: Rick Cosnett on Next Step For Wes, &quot;Desperate Measures&quot; to Come|accessdate=1 December 2014|first=Jim|author=Halterman|date=6 February 2014|work=TV Fanatic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309122353/http://www.tvfanatic.com/2014/02/vampire-diaries-q-and-a-rick-cosnett-on-next-step-for-wes-desper/|archivedate=9 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nukethefridge.com/2014/11/03/flash-exclusive-rick-cosnett-time-travel-professor-zoom/|title=THE FLASH Exclusive: Rick Cosnett on Time Travel and Professor Zoom|accessdate=1 December 2014|first=Fred|author=Topel|date=3 November 2014|work=Nuke The Fridge|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108022813/http://nukethefridge.com/2014/11/03/flash-exclusive-rick-cosnett-time-travel-professor-zoom/|archivedate=8 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/flashs-rick-cosnett-eddie-thawne-742121|title='The Flash's' Rick Cosnett on the Mystery of Eddie Thawne: Things Unravel Fast|accessdate=1 December 2014|first=Philiana|author=Ng|date=21 October 2014|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201004956/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/flashs-rick-cosnett-eddie-thawne-742121|archivedate=1 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Andreeva|first=Natalie|title='Rick Cosnett &amp; Danielle Panabaker To Co-Star In CW Pilot 'The Flash'|url=https://deadline.com/2014/01/flash-casting-rick-cosnett-danielle-panabaker-cw-671117/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=14 January 2014|accessdate=24 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126115958/http://www.deadline.com/2014/01/flash-casting-rick-cosnett-danielle-panabaker-cw/|archivedate=26 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ikwupụta Prince Ahzrak na egwuregwu vidio 2025 Doom: The Dark Ages .

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Cosnett n'ụbọchị nke 6 n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1983, o wee tolite n'ugbo dị na Chegutu, Zimbabwe.[1] Ezinụlọ ya na-esonye n'ihe ngosi egwu na ihe nkiri nke obodo ha, nke a wee mee ka o nwee mmasị n'ime ihe nkiri kemgbe ọ ka dị obere.[2] Mgbe ọ gbara afọ iri na asaa, ezinụlọ ya kpebiri ịkwaga Queensland, Australia, nke kpatara ya bụ isi bụ mgbanwe n'usoro nwe ala na Zimbabwe.[3]&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimba&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pazimbabwe.com/entertainment-41260-rick-cosnett-from-chegutu-to-the-states.html|title=Rick Cosnett : From Chegutu to the States|date=10 September 2017|work=PaZimbabwe|language=en-US|accessdate=21 November 2019|archivedate=28 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128193827/https://www.pazimbabwe.com/entertainment-41260-rick-cosnett-from-chegutu-to-the-states.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cosnett|first=Rick|title=Hi Reddit! I'm Rick Cosnett, Zimbabwean/Australian actor playing Dr. Wes Maxfield on The Vampire Diaries. Nice to meet ya! Let loose!|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1o8dlh/|publisher=[[Reddit]]|date=11 October 2013|accessdate=1 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327054455/https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1o8dlh/|archivedate=27 March 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCosnett2013&quot;&gt;Cosnett, Rick (11 October 2013). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Cosnett gara Mahadum Nkà na Ụzụ nke Queensland na Brisbane.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Na mbụ, ọ natara agụmakwụkwọ iji mụọ egwu mana ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelors of Fine Arts in Acting. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cosnett|first=Rick|title=Hi Reddit! I'm Rick Cosnett, Zimbabwean/Australian actor playing Dr. Wes Maxfield on The Vampire Diaries. Nice to meet ya! Let loose!|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1o8dlh/|publisher=[[Reddit]]|date=11 October 2013|accessdate=1 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327054455/https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1o8dlh/|archivedate=27 March 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCosnett2013&quot;&gt;Cosnett, Rick (11 October 2013). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Cosnett bụ nwa nwanne nne nke atọ nke &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://courageousnerd.com/2021/05/08/rick-cosnett-on-eddie-thawnes-legacy-and-tu-me-manques-exclusive-interview/|title=Rick Cosnett on Eddie Thawne's legacy and Tu Me Manques - Exclusive Interview|date=8 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hernandez&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hernandez|first=Greg|title=Wednesday Morning Man: Rick Cosnett!|url=http://greginhollywood.com/wednesday-morning-man-rick-cosnett-95691|publisher=greginhollywood.com|date=29 June 2014|accessdate=1 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205170607/http://greginhollywood.com/wednesday-morning-man-rick-cosnett-95691|archivedate=5 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2020, Cosnett pụtara n'ihu ọha dị ka nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya na akaụntụ Instagram ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/tv/B8hnrZXJGhy/|title=Rick Cosnett on Instagram: &quot;Hello&quot;|work=Instagram|language=en|accessdate=14 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Lisa Respers|author=France|date=14 February 2020|title=Rick Cosnett reveals he is gay|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/14/entertainment/rick-cosnett-gay/index.html|publisher=CNN|accessdate=14 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Isi ihe
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot; |‡
|Ọ na-egosi ọrụ ndị a na-ewepụtabeghị
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2006
|''Ihe a na-agba chaa chaa''
|Mike Voss
|
|-
|2008
|''Onye Na-eyi ọha egwu''
|Dave
|dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2009
|''Onye agbata obi''
|
|dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2010
|''Enyí nọ n'Ụlọ Nzukọ ahụ''
|Curtis
|dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2012
|''Oge Ịhụnanya''
|Simon
|
|-
|2013
|''Ịga n'ihu Fred''
|Brian
|
|-
|2017
|''Zim High''
|Hawk
|
|-
|2017
|''Obi Ụtọ Mgbe Ọzọ''
|Josh
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|2017
|''Eluigwe''
|Matt
|
|-
|2018
|''Ebe a na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ''
|Ryan
|
|-
|2019
|''Achọrọ m gị''
|Ịchụ nta
|
|-
|2019
|''Di Ọjọọ''
|Derrick / Alex
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|2019
|''Ọ dị nro''
|Charlie
|dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2021
|''Ókèala''
|Vince
|dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2022
|''Onye Nlekọta Ogige''
|Stephen Collins
|
|-
|2022
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot; |''Ịga n'ọnwa''
|Thomas
|dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2023
|''Egwú Ịgba n'Iwe''
|Roger
|
|-
|2023
|''TV n'elu àkwà''
|Ty Kirby
|
|-
|2024
|''Mgbanwe ezumike''
|Oliver Whitlock
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2004
|''Ndị Nnyocha''
|Mal Henshall
|Ihe omume 3
|-
|2005
|''isi ala''
|Brad Partridge
|Ihe omume 3
|-
|2007
|''Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ 101''
|Greg Obere
|Ihe omume: Ọnwụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè
|-
|2008
|''Ịnyịnya Trojan''
|Will Tullman
|Ihe omume 2
|-
|2008–2009
|''Ndị Mepụtara Ihe Ọhụrụ''
|Onye Mepụtara ya
|Ihe omume 5
|-
|2013–2014
|''Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị na-egbu egbu''
|Dr. Wesley &quot;Wes&quot; Maxfield
|Ọrụ a na-eme ugboro ugboro (oge 5) 
|-
|2014–2017, 2022–2023
|''Flash''
|Eddie Thawne / &quot;Malcolm Gilmore&quot; / Cobalt Blue
|Ndị isi na-eme ihe nkiri (oge 1) Onye ọbịa pụrụ iche (oge 2-3, 8-9) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
|2015–2016
|''Quantico''
|Elias Harper
|Ọrụ a na-eme ugboro ugboro (oge 1) 
|-
|2016
|''Obí Eze''
|Victor Crowne
|Ihe omume: &quot;Hell to Pay&quot;
|-
|2018
|''NCIS''
|Sean Parks
|Ihe omume: &quot;Fallout&quot;
|-
|2024-2025
|''Palm Royale''
|Sergeant Tom Sanka
|5 ihe omume (Season 1) 5 ihe omume&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|2024
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAVE&quot;&gt;9-1-1&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Julian Enes
|Ọrụ a na-eme ugboro ugboro (oge 7) 
|-
|2024–2025
|''Dọkịta Odyssey''
|Corey
|Ihe omume 7
|}

=== Egwuregwu vidio ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2025
|''Mbibi: Oge Ọchịchịrị''
|Prince Ahzrak
|
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri
!Asụsụ
!Ihe edeturu
|-
|2016
|''Onye Na-ebu Akwụkwọ Ozi''
|Candus Churchill, Julia Harnett, Tyler Layton-Olson
|Bekee
|
|-
|}

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|1936048}}
* Rick CosnettnaX
* Rick CosnettnaInstagram
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
      <sha1>78gur2ahl79dwlp8j4nd6f8kmu3uar6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tusse</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>79121</id>
    <revision>
      <id>700940</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-13T13:55:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Goodymeraj</username>
        <id>16207</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360114670|Tusse]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>700940</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16530" sha1="pdyfflvhbj259esa9toxr04aat3unng" xml:space="preserve">
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''Toussaint Michael Chiza''' (amụrụ na 1 Jenụwarị 2002), nke a maara nke ọma dị ka '''Tusse''', bụ onye na-agụ egwu si Congo na Sweden  nke nọchitere anya Sweden na asọmpi [[:en:Eurovision_Song_Contest_2021|Eurovision Song Contest 2021]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/03/14/eurovision-song-contest-2021-sweden-confirms-tusse-will-represent-country-in-rotterdam-14240500/|title=Eurovision Song Contest 2021: Sweden confirms Tusse will represent country in Rotterdam|date=14 March 2021|accessdate=14 March 2021|archivedate=14 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314114050/https://metro.co.uk/2021/03/14/eurovision-song-contest-2021-sweden-confirms-tusse-will-represent-country-in-rotterdam-14240500/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Chiza na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2021/04/12/tusse-from-child-refugee-to-swedens-eurovision-song-contest/|title=Tusse — from child refugee to Sweden's Eurovision Song Contest contender|date=12 April 2021|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=14 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414132657/https://nypost.com/2021/04/12/tusse-from-child-refugee-to-swedens-eurovision-song-contest/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ dị afọ ise, ọ gbapụrụ n'obodo ya. Ya na nwanne nne ya biri na [[Uganda]] n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ ruo afọ atọ wee gaa Sweden. N'ebe ahụ, ọ biri n'ime obodo Kullsbjörken, dị nso na Leksand, ebe o bi kemgbe afọ 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;ex&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tusse Chiza i Idol 2019: 6 saker du inte visste|url=https://www.expressen.se/noje/idol/6-saker-du-inte-visste-om-tusse-chiza-i-idol/|work=[[Expressen]]|date=11 October 2019|accessdate=11 March 2021|language=sv|archivedate=19 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319214432/https://www.expressen.se/noje/idol/6-saker-du-inte-visste-om-tusse-chiza-i-idol/}}&lt;/ref&gt; O sonyere dị ka onye na-agụ egwú na ihe ngosi nka nke Sweden Talang 2018 (dịka Tousin Chiza) nke a gbasara na TV4; ọ gara na ọkara ikpeazụ tupu e wepụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tusse missade finalen när Talang-juryn röstade på en hund|url=https://www.dt.se/artikel/tusse-missade-finalen-nar-talang-juryn-rostade-pa-en-hund|publisher=Dalarnas Tidningar|date=2 March 2018|accessdate=12 March 2021|archivedate=19 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319214430/https://www.dt.se/artikel/tusse-missade-finalen-nar-talang-juryn-rostade-pa-en-hund}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ natara otuto maka ngosi o mere na  ọkara ikpeazụ ya site n'aka onye ọka ikpe Bianca Ingrosso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dalademokraten.se/artikel/tusse-missade-finalen-nar-talang-juryn-rostade-pa-en-hund|title=Tusse missade finalen när Talang-juryn röstade på en hund|first=Ragna|author=Fahl|date=2 March 2018|work=Dalademokraten|accessdate=13 March 2021|archivedate=19 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319214431/https://www.dalademokraten.se/artikel/tusse-missade-finalen-nar-talang-juryn-rostade-pa-en-hund}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusse bụ onye so na ndị sọrọ mpi nke ikpeazụ na [[:en:Idol_2019_(Sweden)|Swedish Idol 2019]],  nke a gbasara na TV4, yana &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Liljegren&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;Freddie Liljegren&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;90&quot;&gt;Freddie Liljegren&lt;/a&gt;, ma e mesịa kwupụta na ọ bụ onye meriri na agba nke ikpeazụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/05/12/eurovision-2021-sweden-entry-tusse-is-still-doing-homework-14569590/|title=Tusse is juggling representing Sweden at Eurovision with high school graduation|first=Emma|author=Kelly|date=12 May 2021|accessdate=13 May 2021|archivedate=13 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513073729/https://metro.co.uk/2021/05/12/eurovision-2021-sweden-entry-tusse-is-still-doing-homework-14569590/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sydsvenskan.se/2019-11-29/freddie-och-tusse-till-idol-final|title=Freddie och Tusse till &quot;Idol&quot;-final|work=[[Sydsvenskan]]|date=29 November 2019|accessdate=30 November 2019|archivedate=19 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319214431/https://www.sydsvenskan.se/2019-11-29/freddie-och-tusse-till-idol-final}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/Wbyxvg|title=Semifinalen av &quot;Idol&quot; 2019 – minut för minut|work=Aftonbladet|accessdate=30 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe o meriri Swedish Idol, o wepụtara egwu atọ, abụọ n'ime ha bụ egwu ọ kụrụ na Idol: mkpuchi nke &quot;How Will I Know&quot; nke Whitney Houston gụrụ na 22 Nọvemba 2019 dị ka onye asọmpi so na ndị iri na abụọ ndị mbụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/05/12/eurovision-2021-sweden-entry-tusse-is-still-doing-homework-14569590/|title=Tusse is juggling representing Sweden at Eurovision with high school graduation|first=Emma|author=Kelly|date=12 May 2021|accessdate=13 May 2021|archivedate=13 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513073729/https://metro.co.uk/2021/05/12/eurovision-2021-sweden-entry-tusse-is-still-doing-homework-14569590/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKelly2021&quot;&gt;Kelly, Emma (12 May 2021). [https://metro.co.uk/2021/05/12/eurovision-2021-sweden-entry-tusse-is-still-doing-homework-14569590/ &quot;Tusse is juggling representing Sweden at Eurovision with high school graduation&quot;]. ''Metro''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210513073729/https://metro.co.uk/2021/05/12/eurovision-2021-sweden-entry-tusse-is-still-doing-homework-14569590/ Archived] from the original on 13 May 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dịkwa ka onye mmeri, ọ kụrụ ụdị egwu mmeri nke oge ahụ, &quot;Rain&quot;, n'ụdị nke ya na 3 Disemba 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/qL84Em|title=&quot;Idol&quot;-finalisterna försöker sjunga liv i en plastmugg|work=Aftonbladet|date=6 December 2019|accessdate=11 March 2021|archivedate=19 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319214432/https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/qL84Em}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi mmeri ya, o wepụtara egwu izizi ya dị ka CD nakwa na Ụlọ Ahịa iTunes. A na-akpọ egwu nke atọ ya &quot;Innan du går&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scandipop.co.uk/song-tusse-innan-du-gar/|title=SONG: Tusse – 'Innan Du Går'|date=15 April 2020|accessdate=11 March 2021|archivedate=19 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319214445/https://scandipop.co.uk/song-tusse-innan-du-gar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tusse sonyere na Melodifestivalen 2021 site na egwu &quot;[[:en:Voices_(Tusse_song)|Voices]]&quot;. O ruru eru ozugbo na ogo nke ikpeazụ, nke a haziri ime na 13 Machị 2021, ma mesịa merie site na inweta akara otu narị na iri asaa na ise (175).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/0KBPqE|title=LISTA: De tävlar i Melodifestivalen 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=December 2020|accessdate=4 December 2020|archivedate=19 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319214449/https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/0KBPqE}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.svd.se/mello-deltavlingen-igang--med-tva-stora-favoriter|title=Perrelli och Tusse till final i Melodifestivalen|first=Björn Berglund /|author=TT|date=20 February 2021|accessdate=4 March 2021|work=Svenska Dagbladet}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ya, ọ nọchitere anya Sweden na [[:en:Eurovision_Song_Contest_2021|Eurovision Song Contest 2021]] na Rotterdam, Netherlands. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurovision.tv/story/sweden-melodifestivalen-2021|title=Tusse triumphs at Melodifestivalen with 'Voices'|date=13 March 2021|work=Eurovision.tv|accessdate=13 March 2021|archivedate=13 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313205735/https://eurovision.tv/story/sweden-melodifestivalen-2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=From Swedish Idol to Eurovision star: the rise of Tusse – POPXD|url=https://popxd.com/tusse-swedish-idol-eurovision|accessdate=31 March 2023|language=en-US|archivedate=31 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331172405/https://popxd.com/tusse-swedish-idol-eurovision}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe o mechara mmegharị maka ngosi ọ ga-eme na Eurovision, Tusse bụzịrị onye a na-ekwu okwu na-emegide agbụrụ ya na ọwara mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://escxtra.com/2021/05/11/tusse-and-svt-respond-to-racist-abuse-following-first-rehearsal/|title=🇸🇪 Tusse and SVT respond to racist abuse following first rehearsal|date=11 May 2021|accessdate=13 May 2021|archivedate=13 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513152632/https://escxtra.com/2021/05/11/tusse-and-svt-respond-to-racist-abuse-following-first-rehearsal/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ọkara ikpeazụ, Tusse jisiri ike ruo eru maka nke ikpeazụ na 22 Mee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.svd.se/nu-galler-det-for-tusse|title=Lättad Tusse till final: &quot;Världens urladdning&quot;|first=Sofia Sundström /|author=TT|date=19 May 2021|accessdate=19 May 2021|work=Svenska Dagbladet}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na nke ngwụcha ya, ọ gbara onye nke iri na anọ n'ihi abụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/tusse-slutade-pa-plats-14-italien-vann-for-forsta-gangen-pa-31-ar|title=Tusse slutade på plats 14 – Italien vann för första gången på 31 år|work=Sveriges Radio|accessdate=22 May 2021|archivedate=22 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522232102/https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/tusse-slutade-pa-plats-14-italien-vann-for-forsta-gangen-pa-31-ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Eurovision gasịrị, ọ gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na magazin Vanity Teen ebe o kwuru banyere ndụ onwe ya, ahụmịhe ya na Eurovision na ọrụ ya n'ọdịnihu.

Na Jun 2023, e kpughere na a ga-emepụta ihe nkiri banyere ndụ Tusse na 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/rlXwV8|title=Nu blir Mello-vinnaren Tusses liv långfilm: &quot;Ingen snyfthistoria&quot;|date=2 June 2023|accessdate=30 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2026, ọ pụtara dị ka onye nwoke gbanwere ghọọ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-01-10|title=Toussaint ”Tusse” Chiza tar tillbaka sitt namn och kommer ut|url=https://www.tv4.se/artikel/4CDGwVTXG765zl1zoY8gjN/toussaint-tar-tillbaka-namnet-och-kommer-ut-som-queer|accessdate=2026-01-11|work=www.tv4.se|language=sv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwapụta Egwu Ndị Ọ Kụrụ ==

=== Abọm ndị ọ kụrụ na studio ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Aha ya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Nkọwa
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''It Takes a Village to Love a Child''
|
* A tọhapụrụ ya: 8 Mee 2026
* Akara: Egwú Scandinavia
* Ụdị: Nbudata dijitalụ, ịge ya dịka a na-akụ ya
|-
|}

=== Ndị na-abụghị abọm ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:12em;&quot; |Aha ya
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:1em;&quot; |Afọ
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ọnọdụ chaatị kachasị elu
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |asambodo
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Album
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |SWE&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Tusse|title=Discography Tusse|publisher=Swedish Charts Portal. Hung Medien|accessdate=5 March 2021|archivedate=19 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319214438/https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Tusse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |IRE&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Tusse|title=Discography Tusse|work=irish-charts.com|accessdate=29 May 2021|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212118/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Tusse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |LAT&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ehrhiti.lv/arhivs/ehr-top-40?airDate=2021.06.11|title=EHR TOP 40 – 2021.06.11|publisher=[[European Hit Radio]]|accessdate=19 May 2023|date=11 June 2021|language=lv|archivedate=19 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519181619/https://www.ehrhiti.lv/arhivs/ehr-top-40?airDate=2021.06.11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |NLD&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Tusse|title=Discografie Tusse|work=dutchcharts.nl|accessdate=29 May 2021|archivedate=13 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613125912/https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Tusse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |NOR&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://topplista.no/charts/singles/2021-w21/|title=VG-lista – Topp 20 Single 2021-21|publisher=[[VG-lista]]|accessdate=28 May 2021|archivedate=29 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529005454/https://topplista.no/charts/singles/2021-w21/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |UKDown.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwwg&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-downloads-chart/20210528/7000|title=Official Singles Downloads Chart: 28 May 2021 – 3 June 2021|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=29 May 2021|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213937/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-downloads-chart/20210528/7000}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;[[:en:How_Will_I_Know|How Will I Know]]&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; {{n/a|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Rain&quot;
|63
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
* GLF: Gold 
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Innan du går&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2020
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;[[:en:Jag_tror_på_sommaren|Jag tror på sommaren]]&quot;
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Crash&quot;
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voices_(Tusse_song)&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;Voices (Tusse song)&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;180&quot;&gt;Voices&lt;/a&gt;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2021
|1
|99
|2
|56
|11
|31
|
* GLF: 2× Platinum &lt;ref name=&quot;GLF&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Grow&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/grow-single/1588325580|title=Grow – Single by Tusse on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=23 December 2021|archivedate=23 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223155347/https://music.apple.com/us/album/grow-single/1588325580}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;This Is Our Christmas Song&quot;
| - [A]
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Happiness Before Love&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Dream of Gold&quot;
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;I Wanna Be Someone Who's Loved&quot;
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Home&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;I Won't Spend Christmas On My Own&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wiwibloggs.com/2023/12/24/new-christmas-songs-sam-ryder-il-volo-teya-salena-and-more/278047/|title=New music from Eurovision artists: Christmas 2023 Part 1|work=Wiwibloggs|date=24 December 2023|accessdate=27 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Motherland&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2026
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Ọ Na-ewe Obodo Ukwu Ịhụ Nwatakịrị n'anya''
|-
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! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;No Sinner No Saint&quot;
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| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |&quot; - &quot; na-egosi ihe ndekọ nke na-enweghị chaatị ma ọ bụ nke a na-ewepụtaghị.
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    <title>Caine Youngman</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1309863801|Caine Youngman]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Caine Youngman''' (a mụrụ ya naFrancistown &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mooka|first=Yvonne|date=4 September 2018|title='I am gay to the core'|work=The Midweek Sun|url=http://www.themidweeksun.co.bw/10317-i-am-gay-to-the-core/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ọ bụ [[Human rights defender|Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruru mmadụ]] na onye otu LGBT na [[Botswana]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=24 November 2014|title=LEGABIBO's court victory- what's next? Caine Youngman speaks to lifestyle|work=Sunday Standard|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/legabiboocos-court-victory-whatocos-next-caine-youngman-speaks-to-lifestyle/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aha ya bara ụba na mba ụwa na 2011 mgbe ọ chọrọ i wepu mmachi iwu mba ahụ mechiri mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke, maọbu nwaanyị na nwaanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Andrew|first=Mike|date=11 March 2011|title=Gay activist sues Botswana over anti-Gay law|work=Seattle Gay News|url=http://www.sgn.org/sgnnews39_10/page16.cfm|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Akanji|first=Olajide|date=1 October 2013|title=Human Rights Challenge in Africa: Sexual Minority Rights and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights|journal=Sexual Diversity in Africa: Politics, Theory, and Citizenship|pages=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka otu ikike mmadụ LEGABIBO (mmekọrịta nwanyị na nwanyị, mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke na nwoke ịdị ka nwanyị maọbu nwaanyị ịdị ka nwoke na Botswana) ruo  Disemba 2022 ma jee ozi na bọọdụ Pan Africa ILGA, ngalaba mpaghara nke International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=21 December 2022|title=Social Justice Activist of the Year|pages=11|work=The Midweek Sun}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press Release: Pan Africa ILGA Hosts a Regional Conference In Kenya 2014|url=https://ilga.org/press-release-pan-africa-ilga-hosts-a-regional-conference-in-kenya-2014|date=4 July 2014|work=International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association|accessdate=29 May 2020|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195403/https://ilga.org/press-release-pan-africa-ilga-hosts-a-regional-conference-in-kenya-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Youngman tinyere Onwe ya n'okwu ikpe na-agwa  gọọmentị Botswana ka ha debanye aha ndị otu LEGABIBO n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro ma mee ka mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke maọbu nwaanyị na nwanyị bụrụ ihe abụghị mpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=14 November 2014|title=Botswana gay rights group wins landmark case|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30054459|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 June 2019|title=Gefeiert und getanzt|page=75|work=Der Spiegel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Youngman banyere LEGABIBO n'afọ 2005, ebe ọ bụ onye isi nke iwu na  e kwupụta iwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Caine Youngman|url=https://vimeo.com/99151244|date=1 May 2012|work=Vimeo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ hapụrụ nzukọ ahụ n'afọ 2022 iji kwaga mba ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=21 December 2022|title=Social Justice Activist of the Year|pages=11|work=The Midweek Sun}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&quot;Social Justice Activist of the Year&quot;. ''The Midweek Sun''. 21 December 2022. p.&amp;nbsp;11.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O tinyere aka na mbọ ikpe iji melite ọnọdụ iwu nke ndị LGBT na Botswana. N'afọ 2009, o kwukwara okwu ikpe iji mee ka mmachi iwu Botswana mechiri  mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke maọbu nwaanyị na nwaanyị, nke e tinyere na 2011 mana e wepụrụ ya iji nweta ozi ndị ọzọ maka ohere dị elu nke ihe ịga nke ọma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=30 April 2009|title=Gay group challenges Botswana sodomy law|work=IOL|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/gay-group-challenges-botswana-sodomy-law-441930|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=16 March 2011|title=Sodomy lawsuit stirs debate on gays in Botswana|work=TimesLIVE|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2011-03-16-sodomy-lawsuit-stirs-debate-on-gays-in-botswana/|accessdate=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Achieving an AIDS-Free Generation for Gay Men and Other MSM in Southern Africa|publisher=amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research &amp; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health|year=2013|pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe otu ndị na-ekwusa ozi ọma jiri nwoke idina nwoke tụnyere mmekọahụ na onye ikwu na osote ọkà okwu nke Nzukọ Mba Botswana kpọrọ ndị na-edina nwoke &quot;ndị mmụọ ọjọọ ji na  ndị na eme mpụ&quot;, Youngman katọrọ nkwupụta  okwu ndị a dị ka &quot;ndị na-enweghị nkwanye ùgwù, ndị kpọrọ asị na ndị na-amaghị ihe&quot;.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Butale|first=Biggie|date=2 February 2011|title=EFB {{as written|aga|nist [sic]}} legalisation of homosexuality and prostitution|work=Mmegi|url=https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=2&amp;aid=616&amp;dir=2011/February/Wednesday2/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Botswana MP says he hates gays and lesbians|work=PinkNews|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/02/11/botswana-mp-says-he-hates-gays-and-lesbians/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Youngman|first=Caine|date=18 February 2011|title=Does God love me? I am gay|work=Mmegi|url=https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=2&amp;aid=1032&amp;dir=2011/February/Friday18|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kwutọsịrị na a na-anaghị anabata ndị na-edina nwoke ibe ha ma na e mechukwa ha ihu 'oge nzukọ mdị ka soro nyocha iwu nke Botswana na'afọ 022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Molelo|first=Laone|date=27 June 2022|title=LGBTQ say Constitutional Review Committee sidelines them|work=Sunday Standard|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/lgbtq-say-constitutional-review-committee-sidelines-them/|accessdate=6 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'okwu ikpe nke ụlọ ikpe gwara Gọọmentị Botswana ka ha dabanye aha LEGABIBO n'afọ 2014, o so n'ime ndị na-ekpe ikpe ma kọwaa ọjụjụ gọọmentị dị ka mmebi nke &quot;ikike ha maka ịhe nweta nnwere onwe ikwu okwu na nnwere onwe nke nzukọ na mkpakọrịta&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=17 March 2016|title=Court of Appeal to rule on LEGABIBO registration|work=Sunday Standard|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/court-of-appeal-to-rule-on-legabibo-registration/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=14 November 2014|title=Botswana gay rights group wins landmark case|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30054459|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30054459 &quot;Botswana gay rights group wins landmark case&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 14 November 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Gọọmentị jụrụ idebanye aha otu ahụ ruo afọ itoolu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=24 November 2014|title=LEGABIBO's court victory- what's next? Caine Youngman speaks to lifestyle|work=Sunday Standard|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/legabiboocos-court-victory-whatocos-next-caine-youngman-speaks-to-lifestyle/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sundaystandard.info/legabiboocos-court-victory-whatocos-next-caine-youngman-speaks-to-lifestyle/ &quot;LEGABIBO's court victory- what's next? Caine Youngman speaks to lifestyle&quot;]. ''Sunday Standard''. 24 November 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Site na LEGABIBO, Youngman tinyere aka na ikpe Ụlọ ikpe Kasị Elu nke Botswana nke mere ka mmekọrịta nwoke na ibe ya bụrụ ihe iwu n'afọ 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Fleischmann|first=Anne|date=15 June 2019|title=Homosexuelle hoffen nach Entkriminalisierung auf &quot;friedliches&quot; Leben|work=Euronews|url=https://de.euronews.com/2019/06/14/homosexuelle-hoffen-nach-entkriminalisierung-auf-friedliches-leben|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A hụrụ ikpe ahụ dị ka mkpebi bụ Ihe ịrịba ama nke metụtara mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 June 2019|title=Gefeiert und getanzt|page=75|work=Der Spiegel}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&quot;Gefeiert und getanzt&quot;. ''Der Spiegel''. 15 June 2019. p.&amp;nbsp;75.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Chappell|first=Bill|date=11 June 2019|title=Botswana's High Court Rules Homosexuality Is Not A Crime|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/06/11/731576727/botswanas-high-court-rules-homosexuality-is-not-a-crime?t=1590772123939|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=11 June 2019|title=Botswana's High Court rejects laws criminalising homosexuality|work=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/botswana-high-court-rejects-laws-criminalising-homosexuality-190611100525546.html|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tabengwa|first=Monica|year=2020|title=Africa and the Contestation of Sexual and Gender Diversity: Imperial and Contemporary Regulation|journal=The Oxford Handbook of Global LGBT and Sexual Diversity Politics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Youngman katọrọ onye isi ọka iwu ukwu ahụ mgbe steeti ahụ dere akwụkwọ maka mkpebi ụlọ ikpe ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Benza|first=Brian|date=6 July 2019|title=Botswana seeks to overturn ruling that legalized gay sex|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-lgbt/botswana-seeks-to-overturn-ruling-that-legalized-gay-sex-idUSKCN1U1071|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'arụmụka redio n'afọ 2016, onye ụkọchukwu America Steven Anderson ji okwu ọnụ kọtọọ Youngman maka nkwado mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke maọbu nwaanyị na nwanyị  ma kpọọ gọọmentị Botswana ka ha gbuo ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Collison|first=Carl|date=23 September 2016|title='Kill the gays' pastor Steven Anderson faces backlash from LGBTI activists|work=Mail &amp; Guardian|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-09-23-00-activists-to-hound-hate-preacher-who-finally-leaves/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe mgbasa ozi ahụ gasịrị, onye isi ala nke oge ahụ bụ Ian Khama nyere iwu ka  achụlaa Anderson maka okwu mkpọmasị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cropley|first=Ed|date=20 September 2016|title=Botswana deports U.S. pastor Steven Anderson over anti-gay views|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-lgbt-idUSKCN11Q1CS|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ihe omume ya na onye nọchiri anya US na Germany Richard Grenell, Youngman kpọrọ United States ka ha kwụsị ndị ụkọchukwu America na Africa &quot;maka ịmanye gọọmentị anyị ka ha mee ka iwu sodomy ma ọ bụ mee ka ha sie ike ma nwee ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ dị ka iwu maka LGBTI (obodo).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lavers|first=Michael K.|date=31 July 2019|title=U.S. Embassy in Germany hosts meeting with LGBTI activists|work=Washington Blade|url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2019/07/31/u-s-embassy-in-germany-hosts-meeting-with-lgbti-activists/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Youngman kwenyere na ndị na-enye onyinye si mba ọzọ ekwesịghị ikpuchi ọrụ LGBT n'ógbè ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Fleischmann|first=Anne|date=15 June 2019|title=Homosexuelle hoffen nach Entkriminalisierung auf &quot;friedliches&quot; Leben|work=Euronews|url=https://de.euronews.com/2019/06/14/homosexuelle-hoffen-nach-entkriminalisierung-auf-friedliches-leben|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFleischmann2019&quot;&gt;Fleischmann, Anne (15 June 2019). [https://de.euronews.com/2019/06/14/homosexuelle-hoffen-nach-entkriminalisierung-auf-friedliches-leben &quot;Homosexuelle hoffen nach Entkriminalisierung auf &quot;friedliches&quot; Leben&quot;]. ''Euronews''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=18 July 2019|title=The Long, Successful Fight to Decriminalise Same-Sex Relations in Botswana|work=LSVD Blog|url=http://www.lsvd-blog.de/?p=17857|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọrụ ya, ọ na-eji okwu [[Tswana language|Setswana]] maka okwu Bekee dị ka mmasị mmekọahụ ma soro ndị nnọchiteanya si n'ofe ọha mmadụ rụọ ọrụ, gụnyere ndị isi okpukpe na Ndị isi ọdịnala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=20 June 2019|title=Botswana is a rainbow nation|work=Gender Links|url=https://genderlinks.org.za/news/botswana-is-a-rainbow-nation/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lesidi|first=Bashi|title=When who looks like Ms. Do Right is actually Mr. Do Wrong|work=The Patriot on Sunday|url=http://www.thepatriot.co.bw/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=2681:when-who-looks-like-ms-do-right-is-actually-mr-do-wrong&amp;Itemid=113|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na bọọdụ nke Pan-Africa ILGA, ngalaba mpaghara nke International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, ọ bụkwa onye nlekọta maka The Other Foundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press Release: Pan Africa ILGA Hosts a Regional Conference In Kenya 2014|url=https://ilga.org/press-release-pan-africa-ilga-hosts-a-regional-conference-in-kenya-2014|date=4 July 2014|work=International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association|accessdate=29 May 2020|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195403/https://ilga.org/press-release-pan-africa-ilga-hosts-a-regional-conference-in-kenya-2014}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195403/https://ilga.org/press-release-pan-africa-ilga-hosts-a-regional-conference-in-kenya-2014 &quot;Press Release: Pan Africa ILGA Hosts a Regional Conference In Kenya 2014&quot;]. ''International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association''. 4 July 2014. Archived from [https://ilga.org/press-release-pan-africa-ilga-hosts-a-regional-conference-in-kenya-2014 the original] on 24 June 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Our Trustees|url=https://theotherfoundation.org/our-team/|accessdate=6 January 2023|work=The Other Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2016, e gosipụtara ya na mmemme BBC World News &quot;Working Lives&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Working Lives Gaborone: Caine Youngman|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-37222687/working-lives-gaborone-caine-youngman|date=2 September 2016|work=BBC News|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Youngman ghọtara na ya bụ nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mooka|first=Yvonne|date=4 September 2018|title='I am gay to the core'|work=The Midweek Sun|url=http://www.themidweeksun.co.bw/10317-i-am-gay-to-the-core/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMooka2018&quot;&gt;Mooka, Yvonne (4 September 2018). [http://www.themidweeksun.co.bw/10317-i-am-gay-to-the-core/ &quot;'I am gay to the core'&quot;]. ''The Midweek Sun''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ ndị ikwu na ibe ya matara banyere omume mmekọ ya na nwoke ibe ya mgbe o kwupụtara ikpe ya n'afọ 2009. O kwuru na ezinụlọ ya niile na akwado bụ ndị  Katọlik .&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Fleischmann|first=Anne|date=15 June 2019|title=Homosexuelle hoffen nach Entkriminalisierung auf &quot;friedliches&quot; Leben|work=Euronews|url=https://de.euronews.com/2019/06/14/homosexuelle-hoffen-nach-entkriminalisierung-auf-friedliches-leben|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFleischmann2019&quot;&gt;Fleischmann, Anne (15 June 2019). [https://de.euronews.com/2019/06/14/homosexuelle-hoffen-nach-entkriminalisierung-auf-friedliches-leben &quot;Homosexuelle hoffen nach Entkriminalisierung auf &quot;friedliches&quot; Leben&quot;]. ''Euronews''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=14 March 2011|title=Dare to be different|work=Sunday Standard|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/dare-to-be-different/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ lụrụ nwanyị na mba ọzọ abụghị Botswana n'afọ 2019 wee hapụ obodo ahụ n'afọ 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Shaya|date=29 November 2019|title=Young love|work=The Voice|url=https://news.thevoicebw.com/young-love/|accessdate=29 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=21 December 2022|title=Social Justice Activist of the Year|pages=11|work=The Midweek Sun}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&quot;Social Justice Activist of the Year&quot;. ''The Midweek Sun''. 21 December 2022. p.&amp;nbsp;11.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Carla Antonelli</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348810710|Carla Antonelli]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Carla Antonelli
| image               = Carla Antonelli 2023 (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Antonelli in 2023
| honorific_suffix    = [[Senate of Spain|Senator]]
| office1             = [[15th Senate of Spain|Senator of Spain]]
| termstart1          = 17 August 2023
| office2             = [[Assembly of Madrid|Member of the Assembly of Madrid]]
| termstart2          = 7 June 2011
| termend2            = 8 June 2021
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1959|07|13|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Güímar]], Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| occupation          = {{hlist|Actress|politician|activist}}
| website             = [http://www.carlaantonelli.com carlaantonelli.com]
| otherparty          = [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] (1997–2022)
| party               = {{plainlist|
* [[Más Madrid]] (since 2023)
* [[Sumar (electoral platform)|Sumar]] (since 2023)
}}
| appointer1          = [[Assembly of Madrid]]
}}
'''Carla Delgado Gómez''' (amụrụ na 13 Julaị 1959), nke a maara nke ọma site na aha egwu ya bụ '''Carla Antonelli''', bụ onye Spain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye na-ahụ maka LGBT. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na conservatory dị na Santa Cruz nke Tenerife ma malite ọrụ ime ihe nkiri, o mechara banye na  ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu [[:en:Assembly_of_Madrid|Assembly nke Madrid]] n'etiti afọ 2011 na 2021. Onye bụ onye otu [[:en:Spanish_Socialist_Workers'_Party|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] (PSOE) ruo 2022, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye omeiwu mba dị ka onye nweere onwe ya nke e jikọtara ya na Más Madrid. Onye a ma ama na-ekwuchite ọnụ ndị mbugharị okike, Antonelli bụ onye nwanyị nwoke mbụ a họpụtara ịga Cortes Generales, yana onye mbugharị okike mbụ na-eje ozi na ndị omeiwu mpaghara na [[Spain]].

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Antonelli na Güímar na [[:en:Canary_Islands|Canary Islands]] na 1959. Ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri na Conservatory of Music and Dramatic Arts na Santa Cruz nke Tenerife tupu ọ hapụ obodo ya na 1977 n'ihi na ọ na-enwe transphobia, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n'ime ime obodo ya. N'otu afọ ahụ, Antonelli malitere ọrụ ya mgbe ọ kpọrọ oku ka a kwụsị Iwu 1970 [[:en:1970_Law_on_dangerousness_and_social_rehabilitation|1970 gbasara ihe ize ndụ na imezigharị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya]], nke etinyere n'ọrụ n'oge Ọchịchị aka ike nke Franco ma mee ka nwoke idina nwoke bụrụ arụ ma bụrụ ndị LGBT ka e lekwasịrị anya mee iwu a. N'oge [[:en:Spanish_transition_to_democracy|mgbanwe banye na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya]] na njedebe nke ọchịchị Franco, Antonelli sonyeere PSOE n'ihi na o cheere na ọ bụ òtù nwere ike ịkwanyere ugwu ma kwalite ikike nke ndị nwoke nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-02-14|title=Carla Antonelli: Woman on a transformative mission|url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2011/02/14/inenglish/1297664451_850210.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[El País]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mgbasa ozi Ya ==
N'afọ 1980, Antonelli sonyere na ihe ngosi akụkọ ndụ nke bụ nke mbụ e mere na Spain nke lekwasịrị anya na ndị nwoke nwanyị. Na mbụ, e hiwere ka ọ malite na TVE2, mana n'ihi nnyocha nke steeti, a gbasaghị ya  ruo na Septemba 1982, mgbe [[:en:1981_Spanish_coup_d'état_attempt|mgbalị ịnara ọchịchị Spain n'ike nke afọ 1981]] dara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 June 2019|title=Carla Antonelli y el primer documental sobre personas trans censurado en 1980|url=https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/sociedad/orgullo-lgtbi/cuando-ser-transexual-era-motivo-para-ser-censurada-un-memo-no-me-puede-decir-que-voy-a-ir-a-la-tumba-hecho-hombre-video_201906265d1631050cf2027aaeb6940a.html|accessdate=19 August 2023|work=[[LaSexta]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri, a maara Antonelli nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dị ka Gloria na usoro ihe nkiri ahụike ''El síndrome de Ulises'' (2007-2008). Nke a bụ oge mbụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri nwoke nwanyị rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro telivishọn mba Spain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2007-07-29|title=Primera transexual protagonista de una serie de ficción|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/265820/0/transexual/serie/television/|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[20 minutos]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ Nkwuchite-ọnụ ==
N'afọ 1997, Antonelli malitere ịrụsi ọrụ ike na PSOE, na-eje ozi dị ka onye nhazi nke otu ndị nwoke nwanyị nke otu LGBT gọọmentị etiti. O nyere aka na mmemme ntuli aka nke PSOE na okwu nke Alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke na [[:en:Gender_identity|iwu njirimara nwoke na nwanyị]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2007-03-01|title=El PP rechaza en el Congreso la ley de identidad sexual tras apoyarla en el Senado|language=es|work=[[El País]]|url=https://elpais.com/sociedad/2007/03/01/actualidad/1172703608_850215.html|accessdate=2023-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2004, PSOE meriri na ntuli aka n'ozuzu ya na ikpo okwu nke kwadoro alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị ma nweekwa nnabata nye ndị nwoke nwanyị, mana iwu nke ikpeazụ gburu oge ịnabata ya na [[:en:Congress_of_Deputies|Congress of Deputies]]. Antonelli yiri egwu na ọ ga-aga [[:en:Hunger_strike|anọ agụụ]] ma ọ bụrụ na [[:en:Council_of_Ministers_(Spain)|Council of Ministers]] emeghị iwu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mengual|first=Elena|date=26 April 2006|title=La coordinadora de transexuales del PSOE hará huelga de hambre ante el 'olvido' del Gobierno|url=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/04/26/sociedad/1146044684.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]], Praịm Minista nke Spain, na Juan Carlos nke Mbụ, Eze nke Spain mechara kwado ma bịanye aka na iwu ahụ na 17 Machị 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Noticias Jurídicas|url=https://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/lo3-2007.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=Noticias Jurídicas|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antonelli mechara bụrụ onye mbụ na [[:en:Community_of_Madrid|Community of Madrid]] iji gbanwee okike ya n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Corcuera|first=Álvaro|date=2007-04-05|title=Carla será por fin Carla|language=es|work=[[El País]]|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2007/04/05/sociedad/1175724006_850215.html|accessdate=2023-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2007, Antonelli kwụsịrị ịrụrụ ndị PSOE ọrụ iji were ọrụ dị mkpa na ''El síndrome de Ulises'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2007-07-29|title=Primera transexual protagonista de una serie de ficción|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/265820/0/transexual/serie/television/|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[20 minutos]]|language=es}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/265820/0/transexual/serie/television/ &quot;Primera transexual protagonista de una serie de ficción&quot;]. ''[[20 minutos]]'' (in Spanish). 29 July 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 August&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere [[:en:Federación_Estatal_de_Lesbianas,_Gays,_Transexuales_y_Bisexuales|Federación Estatal de Lesbianas]], [[:en:Federación_Estatal_de_Lesbianas,_Gays,_Transexuales_y_Bisexuales|Gays]], [[:en:Federación_Estatal_de_Lesbianas,_Gays,_Transexuales_y_Bisexuales|Transexuales y Bisexuales]] ma kwuo okwu banyere ikike ndị mbugharị okike ma na Spain ma na mba ụwa ndị ọzọ, gụnyere na [[Venezuela]], [[Chile]], [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], [[:en:Cuba|Cuba]], [[Colombia]] na [[Argentina]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009|title=Noticias|url=http://www.matronasdenavarra.com/noticias/?no=47|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105735/http://www.matronasdenavarra.com/noticias/?no=47|archivedate=4 March 2016|accessdate=19 August 2023|work=Asociación Navarra de Matronas|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=27 September 2006|title=Transexuales chilenos inauguraron congreso sobre sus problemas|url=https://cooperativa.cl/noticias/sociedad/salud/transexuales-chilenos-inauguraron-congreso-sobre-sus-problemas/2006-09-27/140326.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=Cooperativa|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Novaresio|first=Luis|date=14 October 2018|title=Carla Antonelli: &quot;Argentina ha sentado las bases de muchas políticas a favor de la igualdad de las personas trans&quot;|url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2018/10/14/carla-antonelli-argentina-ha-sentado-las-bases-de-muchas-politicas-a-favor-de-la-igualdad-de-las-personas-trans/|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[infobae]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Antonelli bụ onye na-akwado ka ọrụ mmekọahụ bụrụ nke iwu kwadoro, ma kwuo okwu maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị nwokd nwanyị na-ekere òkè na ya.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Ebe ọ bụ na nwere njikọ ya na PSOE kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1970, na Ntuli aka mpaghara nke afọ 2011, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu PSOE nke Nzukọ nke Madrid, na-aghọ nwanyị mbugharị okike mbụ ọha maara nke a họpụtara n'ọfịs ndị omeiwu na Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-08-19|title=Carla Antonelli, la primera diputada trans en un parlamento español|url=https://www.infolibre.es/veranolibre/carla-antonelli-primera-diputada-trans-parlamento-espanol_1_1173686.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=infoLibre|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe a họpụtachara ya na 2015 na 2019, ọ tụfuru oche ya na Ntuli aka mpaghara nke 2021 mgbe PSOE meriri oche iri abụọ na anọ naanị na Madrid, ebe Antonelli nọ na onye nke iri atọ na ise na ndepụta ndị so na ntuli aka.

Antonelli kwupụtara na 18 Ọktoba 2022 na ọ na-ahapụ PSOE n'ihi esemokwu banyere àgwà ya n'ebe ndị LGBT nọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Omedes|first=Elena|date=2022-10-18|title=Carla Antonelli solicita su baja del PSOE por el retraso en la tramitación de la ley trans: &quot;Hay gotas que colman los vasos llenos&quot;|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/5069514/0/carla-antonelli-solicita-baja-psoe-retraso-tramitacion-ley-trans/|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[20 minutos]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ikwu na ọ bụ onye nweere onwe ya, na 23 Jun 2023, Más Madrid kwupụtara na ọ ga-anọchi Pablo Gómez Perpinyà dị ka onye nnọchi anya ha ọzọ n'ụlọ nzukọ omeiwu site na nhọpụta mpaghara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Navarro|first=Anna Villar|date=2023-06-23|title=Vox Aragón quiere acordar un programa para entrar en el Gobierno de la comunidad|url=https://www.infolibre.es/politica/directo-infolibre-minuto-minuto-viernes-23-junio_6_1531962.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=infoLibre|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, ọ malitere ọrụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbughatrị okike mbụ jere ozi n'ụlọ elu nke gọọmentị Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Galaup|first=Laura|date=2023-08-17|title=Carla Antonelli se convierte en la primera mujer trans en las Cortes españolas: &quot;Hoy es un gran día para la democracia&quot;|url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/constitucion-cortes-sigue-votaciones-congreso-senado-directo_6_10449561_1102726.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[elDiario.es]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pn-21aug2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Billson|first=Chantelle|title=Spain's first openly transgender senator, Carla Antonelli, pledges to protect queer and trans rights|url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/08/21/carla-antonelli-spain-trans-rights/|accessdate=21 August 2023|work=[[PinkNews]]|date=21 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri na ọrụ telivishọn ==

* ''Hijos de papá'' (onye duziri ya Rafael Gil, 1980) 
* ''Corridas de alegría'' (onye duziri ya Gonzalo García Pelayo, 1980) 
* ''Pepe no me des tormento'' (onye duziri ya José María Gutiérrez, 1980) 
* ''Las guapas y locas chicas de Ibiza'' (onye ndu [[Siggi Ghotz]], 1981) 
* ''Adolescencia'' (onye nduzi [[Germán Llorente]], 1982) 
* ''[[:en:Strangers_(1999_film)|Extraños]]'' (onye nduzi Imanol Uribe, 1999) 
* ''Tío Willy'' (TVE, 1999) 
* ''Periodistas'' (Telecinco, 2000) 
* ''Policías'' (Antenna 3, 2001) 
* ''El comisario'' (Telecinco, 1999 na 2002) 
* ''El síndrome de Ulises'' (Antenna 3, 2007) 
* ''El vuelo del tren'' (nke [[Paco Torres]] duziri, 2009) 

== Edensibịa ==
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== Njikọ Mpụga ==

* [http://www.carlaantonelli.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị (n'asụsụ Spanish)]
* {{IMDb name|0031270}}
{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Antonelli, Carla}}
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Carla Antonelli
| image               = Carla Antonelli 2023 (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Antonelli in 2023
| honorific_suffix    = [[Senate of Spain|Senator]]
| office1             = [[15th Senate of Spain|Senator of Spain]]
| termstart1          = 17 August 2023
| office2             = [[Assembly of Madrid|Member of the Assembly of Madrid]]
| termstart2          = 7 June 2011
| termend2            = 8 June 2021
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1959|07|13|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Güímar]], Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| occupation          = {{hlist|Actress|politician|activist}}
| website             = [http://www.carlaantonelli.com carlaantonelli.com]
| otherparty          = [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] (1997–2022)
| party               = {{plainlist|
* [[Más Madrid]] (since 2023)
* [[Sumar (electoral platform)|Sumar]] (since 2023)
}}
| appointer1          = [[Assembly of Madrid]]
}}
'''Carla Delgado Gómez''' (amụrụ na 13 Julaị 1959), nke a maara nke ọma site na aha egwu ya bụ '''Carla Antonelli''', bụ onye Spain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye na-ahụ maka LGBT. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na conservatory dị na Santa Cruz nke Tenerife ma malite ọrụ ime ihe nkiri, o mechara banye na  ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu [[:en:Assembly_of_Madrid|Assembly nke Madrid]] n'etiti afọ 2011 na 2021. Onye bụ onye otu [[:en:Spanish_Socialist_Workers'_Party|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] (PSOE) ruo 2022, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye omeiwu mba dị ka onye nweere onwe ya nke e jikọtara ya na Más Madrid. Onye a ma ama na-ekwuchite ọnụ ndị mbugharị okike, Antonelli bụ onye nwanyị nwoke mbụ a họpụtara ịga Cortes Generales, yana onye mbugharị okike mbụ na-eje ozi na ndị omeiwu mpaghara na [[Spain]].

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Antonelli na Güímar na [[:en:Canary_Islands|Canary Islands]] na 1959. Ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri na Conservatory of Music and Dramatic Arts na Santa Cruz nke Tenerife tupu ọ hapụ obodo ya na 1977 n'ihi na ọ na-enwe transphobia, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n'ime ime obodo ya. N'otu afọ ahụ, Antonelli malitere ọrụ ya mgbe ọ kpọrọ oku ka a kwụsị Iwu 1970 [[:en:1970_Law_on_dangerousness_and_social_rehabilitation|1970 gbasara ihe ize ndụ na imezigharị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya]], nke etinyere n'ọrụ n'oge Ọchịchị aka ike nke Franco ma mee ka nwoke idina nwoke bụrụ arụ ma bụrụ ndị LGBT ka e lekwasịrị anya mee iwu a. N'oge [[:en:Spanish_transition_to_democracy|mgbanwe banye na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya]] na njedebe nke ọchịchị Franco, Antonelli sonyeere PSOE n'ihi na o cheere na ọ bụ òtù nwere ike ịkwanyere ugwu ma kwalite ikike nke ndị nwoke nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-02-14|title=Carla Antonelli: Woman on a transformative mission|url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2011/02/14/inenglish/1297664451_850210.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[El País]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mgbasa ozi Ya ==
N'afọ 1980, Antonelli sonyere na ihe ngosi akụkọ ndụ nke bụ nke mbụ e mere na Spain nke lekwasịrị anya na ndị nwoke nwanyị. Na mbụ, e hiwere ka ọ malite na TVE2, mana n'ihi nnyocha nke steeti, a gbasaghị ya  ruo na Septemba 1982, mgbe [[:en:1981_Spanish_coup_d'état_attempt|mgbalị ịnara ọchịchị Spain n'ike nke afọ 1981]] dara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 June 2019|title=Carla Antonelli y el primer documental sobre personas trans censurado en 1980|url=https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/sociedad/orgullo-lgtbi/cuando-ser-transexual-era-motivo-para-ser-censurada-un-memo-no-me-puede-decir-que-voy-a-ir-a-la-tumba-hecho-hombre-video_201906265d1631050cf2027aaeb6940a.html|accessdate=19 August 2023|work=[[LaSexta]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri, a maara Antonelli nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dị ka Gloria na usoro ihe nkiri ahụike ''El síndrome de Ulises'' (2007-2008). Nke a bụ oge mbụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri nwoke nwanyị rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro telivishọn mba Spain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2007-07-29|title=Primera transexual protagonista de una serie de ficción|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/265820/0/transexual/serie/television/|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[20 minutos]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ Nkwuchite-ọnụ ==
N'afọ 1997, Antonelli malitere ịrụsi ọrụ ike na PSOE, na-eje ozi dị ka onye nhazi nke otu ndị nwoke nwanyị nke otu LGBT gọọmentị etiti. O nyere aka na mmemme ntuli aka nke PSOE na okwu nke Alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke na [[:en:Gender_identity|iwu njirimara nwoke na nwanyị]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2007-03-01|title=El PP rechaza en el Congreso la ley de identidad sexual tras apoyarla en el Senado|language=es|work=[[El País]]|url=https://elpais.com/sociedad/2007/03/01/actualidad/1172703608_850215.html|accessdate=2023-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2004, PSOE meriri na ntuli aka n'ozuzu ya na ikpo okwu nke kwadoro alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị ma nweekwa nnabata nye ndị nwoke nwanyị, mana iwu nke ikpeazụ gburu oge ịnabata ya na [[:en:Congress_of_Deputies|Congress of Deputies]]. Antonelli yiri egwu na ọ ga-aga [[:en:Hunger_strike|anọ agụụ]] ma ọ bụrụ na [[:en:Council_of_Ministers_(Spain)|Council of Ministers]] emeghị iwu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mengual|first=Elena|date=26 April 2006|title=La coordinadora de transexuales del PSOE hará huelga de hambre ante el 'olvido' del Gobierno|url=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/04/26/sociedad/1146044684.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]], Praịm Minista nke Spain, na Juan Carlos nke Mbụ, Eze nke Spain mechara kwado ma bịanye aka na iwu ahụ na 17 Machị 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Noticias Jurídicas|url=https://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/lo3-2007.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=Noticias Jurídicas|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antonelli mechara bụrụ onye mbụ na [[:en:Community_of_Madrid|Community of Madrid]] iji gbanwee okike ya n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Corcuera|first=Álvaro|date=2007-04-05|title=Carla será por fin Carla|language=es|work=[[El País]]|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2007/04/05/sociedad/1175724006_850215.html|accessdate=2023-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2007, Antonelli kwụsịrị ịrụrụ ndị PSOE ọrụ iji were ọrụ dị mkpa na ''El síndrome de Ulises'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2007-07-29|title=Primera transexual protagonista de una serie de ficción|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/265820/0/transexual/serie/television/|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[20 minutos]]|language=es}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/265820/0/transexual/serie/television/ &quot;Primera transexual protagonista de una serie de ficción&quot;]. ''[[20 minutos]]'' (in Spanish). 29 July 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 August&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere [[:en:Federación_Estatal_de_Lesbianas,_Gays,_Transexuales_y_Bisexuales|Federación Estatal de Lesbianas]], [[:en:Federación_Estatal_de_Lesbianas,_Gays,_Transexuales_y_Bisexuales|Gays]], [[:en:Federación_Estatal_de_Lesbianas,_Gays,_Transexuales_y_Bisexuales|Transexuales y Bisexuales]] ma kwuo okwu banyere ikike ndị mbugharị okike ma na Spain ma na mba ụwa ndị ọzọ, gụnyere na [[Venezuela]], [[Chile]], [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], [[:en:Cuba|Cuba]], [[Colombia]] na [[Argentina]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009|title=Noticias|url=http://www.matronasdenavarra.com/noticias/?no=47|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105735/http://www.matronasdenavarra.com/noticias/?no=47|archivedate=4 March 2016|accessdate=19 August 2023|work=Asociación Navarra de Matronas|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=27 September 2006|title=Transexuales chilenos inauguraron congreso sobre sus problemas|url=https://cooperativa.cl/noticias/sociedad/salud/transexuales-chilenos-inauguraron-congreso-sobre-sus-problemas/2006-09-27/140326.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=Cooperativa|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Novaresio|first=Luis|date=14 October 2018|title=Carla Antonelli: &quot;Argentina ha sentado las bases de muchas políticas a favor de la igualdad de las personas trans&quot;|url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2018/10/14/carla-antonelli-argentina-ha-sentado-las-bases-de-muchas-politicas-a-favor-de-la-igualdad-de-las-personas-trans/|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[infobae]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Antonelli bụ onye na-akwado ka ọrụ mmekọahụ bụrụ nke iwu kwadoro, ma kwuo okwu maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị nwokd nwanyị na-ekere òkè na ya.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Ebe ọ bụ na nwere njikọ ya na PSOE kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1970, na Ntuli aka mpaghara nke afọ 2011, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu PSOE nke Nzukọ nke Madrid, na-aghọ nwanyị mbugharị okike mbụ ọha maara nke a họpụtara n'ọfịs ndị omeiwu na Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-08-19|title=Carla Antonelli, la primera diputada trans en un parlamento español|url=https://www.infolibre.es/veranolibre/carla-antonelli-primera-diputada-trans-parlamento-espanol_1_1173686.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=infoLibre|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe a họpụtachara ya na 2015 na 2019, ọ tụfuru oche ya na Ntuli aka mpaghara nke 2021 mgbe PSOE meriri oche iri abụọ na anọ naanị na Madrid, ebe Antonelli nọ na onye nke iri atọ na ise na ndepụta ndị so na ntuli aka.

Antonelli kwupụtara na 18 Ọktoba 2022 na ọ na-ahapụ PSOE n'ihi esemokwu banyere àgwà ya n'ebe ndị LGBT nọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Omedes|first=Elena|date=2022-10-18|title=Carla Antonelli solicita su baja del PSOE por el retraso en la tramitación de la ley trans: &quot;Hay gotas que colman los vasos llenos&quot;|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/5069514/0/carla-antonelli-solicita-baja-psoe-retraso-tramitacion-ley-trans/|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[20 minutos]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ikwu na ọ bụ onye nweere onwe ya, na 23 Jun 2023, Más Madrid kwupụtara na ọ ga-anọchi Pablo Gómez Perpinyà dị ka onye nnọchi anya ha ọzọ n'ụlọ nzukọ omeiwu site na nhọpụta mpaghara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Navarro|first=Anna Villar|date=2023-06-23|title=Vox Aragón quiere acordar un programa para entrar en el Gobierno de la comunidad|url=https://www.infolibre.es/politica/directo-infolibre-minuto-minuto-viernes-23-junio_6_1531962.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=infoLibre|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, ọ malitere ọrụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbughatrị okike mbụ jere ozi n'ụlọ elu nke gọọmentị Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Galaup|first=Laura|date=2023-08-17|title=Carla Antonelli se convierte en la primera mujer trans en las Cortes españolas: &quot;Hoy es un gran día para la democracia&quot;|url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/constitucion-cortes-sigue-votaciones-congreso-senado-directo_6_10449561_1102726.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[elDiario.es]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pn-21aug2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Billson|first=Chantelle|title=Spain's first openly transgender senator, Carla Antonelli, pledges to protect queer and trans rights|url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/08/21/carla-antonelli-spain-trans-rights/|accessdate=21 August 2023|work=[[PinkNews]]|date=21 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri na ọrụ telivishọn ==

* ''Hijos de papá'' (onye duziri ya Rafael Gil, 1980) 
* ''Corridas de alegría'' (onye duziri ya Gonzalo García Pelayo, 1980) 
* ''Pepe no me des tormento'' (onye duziri ya José María Gutiérrez, 1980) 
* ''Las guapas y locas chicas de Ibiza'' (onye ndu [[Siggi Ghotz]], 1981) 
* ''Adolescencia'' (onye nduzi [[Germán Llorente]], 1982) 
* ''[[:en:Strangers_(1999_film)|Extraños]]'' (onye nduzi Imanol Uribe, 1999) 
* ''Tío Willy'' (TVE, 1999) 
* ''Periodistas'' (Telecinco, 2000) 
* ''Policías'' (Antenna 3, 2001) 
* ''El comisario'' (Telecinco, 1999 na 2002) 
* ''El síndrome de Ulises'' (Antenna 3, 2007) 
* ''El vuelo del tren'' (nke [[Paco Torres]] duziri, 2009) 

== Edensibịa ==
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== Njikọ Mpụga ==

* [http://www.carlaantonelli.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị (n'asụsụ Spanish)]
* {{IMDb name|0031270}}
{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Antonelli, Carla}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290033640|Ian Holding]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ian Holding''' (onye amụrụ dịka '''Neal Hovelmeier'''; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Neal Hovelmeier|url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/people/neal-hovelmeier|accessdate=2023-01-30|work=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 29 Machị 1978), bụ onye edemede [[:en:White_people|Caucasian]]-Zimbabwean. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Unfeeling'' bụ nke a nabatara nke ọma na mbipụta ya na United Kingdom na 2005, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime mgbalị mbụ e mere n'ụdị akụkọ ifo na-emeso ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị mgbagwoju anya na [[Zimbabwe]],  ọkachasị mmemme Mgbanwe Iwu Ala nke na-ese okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/aug/07/fiction.features3|title=Observer review: Unfeeling by Ian Holding|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=7 August 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka onye na-akọwa ihe na onye nkuzi South Africa, Michiel Heyns, si kwuo, &quot;otu n'ime ihe ndị akwụkwọ akụkọ a dị ịrịba ama rụzuru bụ imebi, na-enweghị ikwusa ozi ọma ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ịkwalite omume ọma, nnyocha ka dị omimi ma na-akpalị echiche nke ọma nke mmekọrịta ike na Zimbabwe&quot;.E depụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ maka ihe nrite 2006 [[:en:Dylan_Thomas_Prize|Dylan Thomas Prize]], ''Newsweek yana'' ''The Globe &amp; Mail'' a kpọọkwa ya &quot;Otu n'ime Akwụkwọ Kasị Mma nke Afọ Ahụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedylanthomasprize.com/shortlist-2006.htm|title=Dylan Thomas Prize - Shortlist 2006|accessdate=2014-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314081534/http://www.thedylanthomasprize.com/shortlist-2006.htm|archivedate=2010-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ nke Holding, Of Beasts and Beings (Simon &amp;amp;amp; Schuster), ihe atụ banyere ọdịdị nke &quot;ikpe ọmụma ọcha&quot; na ọchịchị ndị na-achị ala ọzọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2010 ma nweta nnyocha dị mma maka ngwakọta ya nke eziokwu, postmodernism na usoro metafictional. Onye edemede America a ma ama bụ Alice Sebold kọwara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị ka &quot;nke na-enweghị obi ebere, jupụta n'abụ na ịma mma&quot;. E wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị ka otu n'ime aha mmeghe nke akara ọhụrụ nke onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ America bụ Europa Editions na Nọvemba 2011.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke atọ, What Happened to Us, bụ nke Little Island Press bipụtara na 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Happened To Us|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/63737248-what-happened-to-us|accessdate=2023-01-30|work=Goodreads|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mgbakwunye na ịbụ onye otu Hawthornde, Ian Holding na-enyekarị edemede isiokwu na edemede akụkọ dị iche iche na akwụkwọ akụkọ na nuzpepa ndị a ma ama ma bụrụkwa onye edemede akụkọ dị mkpirikpi.

Onye si obodo Harare, Zimbabwe, ọ gbapụrụ na mba ahụ mgbe a kpughere ya dị ka nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Writer|first=Colleen Walsh Harvard Staff|date=2020-01-27|title=Outed educator and novelist Hovelmeier flees Zimbabwe|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/01/outed-educator-and-novelist-hovelmeier-flees-zimbabwe/|accessdate=2023-01-30|work=Harvard Gazette|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
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== Njikọ Mpụga ==

* [https://www.nealhovelmeier.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Ian Holding]
* [http://authors.simonandschuster.com.au/Ian-Holding/65784471/author_revealed Onye edemede kpughere: Ian Holding], Simon &amp; Schuster
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Holding, Ian}}
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[[Faịlụ:Jay_Malucha.jpg|thumb|Jay Mulucha]]
'''Jay Mulucha''' bụ onye obodo Uganda LGBT na-eme ihe ike na onye na-egwu egwuregwu basketball nke Magic Stormers, otu na-ekere òkè na Federation of Uganda Basketball League (FUBA). Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị n'e lekọta otu ahụ.

Mulucha bidoro ịgba basịketi bọọlụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/mar/15/uganda-transgender-basketball-players-magic-stormers|title=Meet Uganda's transgender basketball players: discriminated, harassed but unbroken|author=Lawrence|first=J. P.|date=2015-03-15|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2017-11-30|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mulucha, onye bụ nwoke na-agbanwe agbanwe, fọrọ obere ka ọ nwụọ mgbe a wakporo ya mgbe ọ na-agbakọta maka ikike LGBT.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonblade.com/2016/04/07/out-and-proud-in-uganda/|title=Out and proud in Uganda|date=2016-04-07|work=Washington Blade: Gay News, Politics, LGBT Rights|accessdate=2017-11-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; make ize ndụ nke igbu onwe ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ, o kpebiri na ọ ga-aga n'ihu n'ezisa maka ikike LGBTIQ na  obodo ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.toledoblade.com/Education/2017/07/16/Young-African-leaders-share-vision-at-BGSU.html|title=Young African leaders share vision at BGSU|date=2017-07-16|work=The Blade|accessdate=2017-11-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ọ ghọrọ onye ndozi nke Pride Uganda ma sonye na ihe omume Pride mbụ n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theworld.org/stories/2015/08/10/faces-gay-pride-uganda|title=These are the faces of gay pride in Uganda|work=Public Radio International|accessdate=2017-11-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Fem Alliance Uganda, otu n'elekọrịta anya na mmemme ọzụzụ kọmputa na ọrụ na-enye ike akụ na ụba iji mepụta ohere maka ndị LGBT nke Uganda.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Interview with LGBTI Grassroots Activist Jay Mulucha|url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/interview-lgbti-grassroots-activist-jay-mulucha|accessdate=2022-10-27|work=Pulitzer Center|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2013/04/05/eps/1365159722_377439.html|title=Reportaje {{!}} Caza al homosexual|author=Sistiaga|first=Jon|date=2013-04-10|work=EL PAÍS|accessdate=2017-11-30|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361868213|Sean Gunn (swimmer)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sean Michael Gunn''' (a mụrụ 23 Disemba 1993) bụ onye [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe na-egwu mmiri]]. Ọ sọrọ mpi na men's 100 metre freestyle e mere na 2016 Summer Olympics.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/sean-michael-gunn|title=Sean Gunn|accessdate=10 August 2016|work=Rio 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806050234/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/sean-michael-gunn|archivedate=6 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
N'afọ 2024, Gunn pụtara dị ka Nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Olympic swimmer Sean Gunn shares his story as a gay athlete, competing for Kentucky and Zimbabwe|url=https://www.outsports.com/2024/3/18/24088593/sean-gunn-gay-olympics-swimming-kentucky-zimbabwe|date=March 18, 2024|accessdate=March 21, 2024|author=[[Cyd Zeigler]]|publisher=[[Outsports]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Chudy|first=Emily|title=Olympic swimmer Sean Gunn comes out as gay|url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/03/19/olympic-swimmer-sean-gunn-comes-out-as-gay/|work=[[PinkNews]]|date=March 19, 2024|accessdate=19 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
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== Njikọ Mpụga ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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      <id>700950</id>
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'''Sean Michael Gunn''' (a mụrụ 23 Disemba 1993) bụ onye [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe na-egwu mmiri]]. Ọ sọrọ mpi na men's 100 metre freestyle e mere na 2016 Summer Olympics.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/sean-michael-gunn|title=Sean Gunn|accessdate=10 August 2016|work=Rio 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806050234/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/sean-michael-gunn|archivedate=6 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
N'afọ 2024, Gunn pụtara dị ka Nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Olympic swimmer Sean Gunn shares his story as a gay athlete, competing for Kentucky and Zimbabwe|url=https://www.outsports.com/2024/3/18/24088593/sean-gunn-gay-olympics-swimming-kentucky-zimbabwe|date=March 18, 2024|accessdate=March 21, 2024|author=[[Cyd Zeigler]]|publisher=[[Outsports]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Chudy|first=Emily|title=Olympic swimmer Sean Gunn comes out as gay|url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/03/19/olympic-swimmer-sean-gunn-comes-out-as-gay/|work=[[PinkNews]]|date=March 19, 2024|accessdate=19 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
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== Njikọ Mpụga ==
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  <page>
    <title>Jean Sénac</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355245026|Jean Sénac]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Jean Sénac''' (a mụrụ na 29 ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1926  ọ nwụọ na 30 ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 1973) bụ onye edemede si mba Algeria. A mụrụ n'aka nna a na-amaghị onye ọ bụ na Béni Saf na mpaghara Oran nke [[Algeria]], e gburu nwoke a maara dịka &quot;onye na-ede uri nke jiri anyanwụ bịanye aka&quot; n'obodo Algiers n'abalị ịrị atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 1973. Ogbugbu ya ka na-edozibeghị. E wezụga uri na ihe odide ya, a maara ya maka mmekọrịta ogologo oge na akwụkwọ ozi ya na Albert Camus. A na-echekwa akụkụ nke akwụkwọ ya na City Archives na Marseilles, [[France]].

== Ọrụ ==
Sénac bụ onye Algeria na-ede uri na-asụ asụsụ French nke nọgidere na-ejigide njirimara ya dị ka onye si mba Algeria n'agbanyeghị ọpụpụ ndị France si Algeria mgbe agha nnwere onwe gasịrị. Abụ ya bụ abụ nke mgbanwe, nke ọ tụrụ anya na ọ ga-enyere aka mepụta ụwa juputara na ịma mma na mmekọrịta nwanne na Algeria nke na-anabata odinaala niile.

Mgbalị nke ya nwere njikọ chiri anya na ọchụchọ ya maka Algeria ka mma site na uri: ọchụnta ego miri emi maka njirimara, ma nke onwe ya ma nke ọdịbendị na mbọ ọ na-agba ịchọta nnabata na ndina ụdị onwe ya tara ya ahụhụ n'oge ndụ ya niile; &quot;Ọdịdị a dara ogbenye na-achọkwa agha nnwere onwe ya&quot;, ka o dere otu oge. Sénac nwere mmasị dị ukwuu n'ọrụ nke ndị na-ede uri dị ka Gérard de Nerval, Arthur Rimbaud, Antonin Artaud na Jean Genêt.

=== Mmekọrịta ya na Albert Camus ===
Sénac nwere mmekọrịta dị ogologo oge na onye edemede a mụrụ na Algeria (n'okpuru ọchịchị France) na onye nwetara ihe nrite Nobel nke Literary Albert Camus nke dịruru site n'afọ 1947 ruo afọ 1958. A maghị ihe dị n'akwụkwọ ozi ndị ahụ, N'agbanyeghị na [[Hamid Nacer-Khodja]] bipụtara ole na ole ma dee banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọbụbụenyi na edemede ya Le Fils rebelle . ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ozi ndị ahụ metụtara ihe gbasara edemede, mana ụfọdụ na-atụle mmegharị nnwere onwe na Algeria.

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1958, ya na Albert Camus kwụsịrị mmekọrịta ya na akwụkwọ ozi na-adịghị mma na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ kwadoghị nwa akwụkwọ Algeria aha ya bụ Taleb e gburu maka ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya megide ndị France. Ya na Camus ekwurịta okwu site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu ruo mgbe Camus nwụrụ na mbido afọ 1960.

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

=== Abụ uri ===

* Poèmes, okwu mbido nke René Char, Paris, nchịkọta Espoir nke Albert Camus, Gallimard, 1954.
* Matinale de mon peuple, na-esote akụkụ nke Diwan de l'État-Major na Diwan espagnol, okwu mbido nke [[Mostefa Lacheraf]], eserese nke [[Abdallah Benanteur]], Rodez, Subervie, 1961.
* La Rose et l'ortie, slates engraved by [[Mohammed Khadda]], Paris-Alger, Cahiers du monde intérieur, Rhumbs, 1964.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Avant-Corps, gụnyere Poèmes iliaques na-esote Diwan du Noûn, Paris, Gallimard, 1968.
* Les Désordres uri e dere n'etiti 1953 na 1956, Paris, Librairie Saint-Germain-des-Prés, 1972.
* A-Corpoème, uri a na-ebipụtaghị ebipụta, na-esote Les Désordres, na-ebute Jean Sénac, Poète pour habiter son nom, edemede nke Jean Déjeux, Paris, Editions Saint-Germain-des-Prés, 1981.  . 
* Dérisions et Vertiges, trouvures, okwu mbido nke [[Jamel Eddine Bencheikh]], mkpuchi nke [[Abdallah Benanteur]], Arles, Actes Sud, 1983.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-903098-61-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-2-903098-61-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&amp;nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-903098-91-9|&lt;bdi&gt;978-2-903098-91-9&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&amp;nbsp;
* Œuvres poétiques, okwu mmalite nke René de Ceccatty, nkọwa ikpeazụ nke Hamid Nacer-Khodja, Editions Actes/Sud, 1999 [nchịkọta nke isiokwu 15 banyere onye na-ede uri].
* Pour une terre possible, nchịkọta ederede, ihe edeturu, okwu mbido, akụkọ ndụ na bibliography nke Hamid Nacer-Khodja, mbipụta nke Marie Virolle guzobere, Paris, Marsa, 1999 [nchịkọta nke uri a na-ebipụtaghị na ihe odide dị iche iche, ederede ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụkọ ndị akaebe, nkatọ akwụkwọ, nka, akwụkwọ ozi, ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị ebipụta).

=== Akụkọ ndụ ===

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-07-071412-4|&lt;bdi&gt;978-2-07-071412-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&amp;nbsp;

=== Ederede ===

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Journal (Jenụwarị-Julaị 1954), sochiri Les Leçons d'Edgar, Pézenas, Le Haut-Quartier, nchịkọta Méditerranée vivante, Edmond Charlot editọ, 1983.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-904823-00-8|&lt;bdi&gt;978-2-904823-00-8&lt;/bdi&gt;]]; Saint-Denis, Novetlé, na okwu mbido nke Jean Pélégri, 1996.&amp;nbsp;
* Face d'Algérie, Ecrits sur l'art, ederede nke Hamid Nacer-Khodja chịkọtara, okwu mbido nke Guy Dugas, [ihe odide ndị dị ịrịba ama nke [[Mohamed Aksouh]], [[Abdallah Benanteur]], Baya, Sauveur Galliéro, [[Mohammed Khadda]], [[Jean de Maisonseul]], Maria Manton, Denis Martinez, [[Louis Nallard]]], Paris, Paris-Méditerranée / Alger, EDIF 2000, 2002.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-84272-156-5|&lt;bdi&gt;978-2-84272-156-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&amp;nbsp;

== Ọrụ gbasara Jean Sénac ==

* Jamel-Eddine Bencheikh, L'Homme-poème Jean Sénac (poem), Ọrụ/Sud.
* [[Jean-Pierre Péroncel-Hugoz]], Assassinat d'un poète, sochiri ederede a na-ebipụtaghị ebipụta nke Jean Sénac, Heures de mon adolescence, okwu mbido nke Tahar Ben Jelloun, Marseille, Editions Jeanne Laffitte, 1983.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-86604-003-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-2-86604-003-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&amp;nbsp;
* Poésie au Sud, Jean Sénac et la nouvelle poésie algérienne d'expression française [many unpublished materials], Archives de la Ville de Marseille, 1983.
* ''Le Soleil fraternel, Jean Sénac na uri ọhụrụ Algeria nke French'' (Notes from Rencontres Méditerranéennes de Provence, 1983), Marseille, Editions Jeanne Lafitte, 1985.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-86604-012-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-2-86604-012-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&amp;nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Dominique Le Boucher, Les deux Jean; Jean Sénac, l'homme soleil, Jean Pélégri, l' homme pierro (akwụkwọ ozi 1962-1973, uri a na-ebipụtaghị), Montpellier, Chèvre-feuille étoilée, na Alger, Barzakh, 2002.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-914467-05-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-2-914467-05-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&amp;nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Hamid Nacer-Khodja, Albert Camus, Jean Sénac, ou le fils rebelle, okwu mmalite nke Guy Dugas, Paris, Editions Paris-Méditerranée, and Alger, EDIF 2000, 2004.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-84272-206-7|&lt;bdi&gt;978-2-84272-206-7&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&amp;nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Kai Krienke, ''Jean Sénac: Anyanwụ n'okpuru Ngwá Agha, Akwụkwọ ozi &amp; Ihe edeturu site na Algeria (Nkebi nke Mbụ &amp; nke Abụọ) '', Lost &amp; Found: The CUNY Poetics Document Initiative, New York, 2015.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-9888945-3-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-9888945-3-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&amp;nbsp;

== Ihe nkiri banyere Jean Sénac ==

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Abdelkrim Bahloul, Le soleil assassiné, 85 mn, co-production Franco-Belge, Pierre Grise Productions, 2004.
{{Authority control}}
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  <page>
    <title>Plasmodium</title>
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        <username>Senator Choko</username>
        <id>13011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367364650|Plasmodium]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Plasmodium bụ ụdị eukaryotes dị iche iche nke bụ nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa vertebrates na ụmụ ahụhụ. Usoro ndụ nke ụdị Plasmodium gụnyere mmepe nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-enye ọbara, nke na-etinye nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa n'ime onye na-enye ọbara n'oge nri ọbara. Parasites na-etolite n'ime anụ ahụ vertebrates (ọtụtụ mgbe imeju) tupu ha abanye n'ọbara iji bute mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị na-abata nwere ike ibute ịba. N'oge ọrịa a, ụmụ ahụhụ na-enye ọbara na-eburu ụfọdụ nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa (anwụnta n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ), na-aga n'ihu na usoro ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCAbout&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – About|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/parasites.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plasmodium bụ otu n'ime phylum Apicomplexa, otu nnukwu ìgwè eukaryotes parasitic. N'ime Apicomplexa, Plasmodium dị n'usoro Haemosporida na ezinụlọ Plasmodiidae. Akọwala ihe karịrị ụdị Plasmodium 200, ọtụtụ n'ime ha kewara n'ime obere mkpụrụ ndụ iri na anọ dabere na ọdịdị nje na oke nnabata. Mmekọrịta evolushọn n'etiti ụdị Plasmodium dị iche iche anaghị agbaso ókèala taxonomic mgbe niile; ụfọdụ ụdị ndị yiri onwe ha n'ụzọ ọdịdị ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebute otu nnabata ahụ na-aghọ ndị nwere njikọ dị anya.

A na-ekesa ụdị Plasmodium n'ụwa niile ebe ọ bụla enwere ndị ọbịa kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ bụ anwụnta nke ụdị Culex na Anopheles. Ndị na-elekọta anụ ọhịa gụnyere anụ na-akpụ akpụ, nnụnụ, na anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Charles Laveran chọpụtara nje Plasmodium na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. N'ime narị afọ nke 20, achọpụtara ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi ma kewaa ha, gụnyere ụdị ise na-ebutekarị ọrịa mmadụ: P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, na P. knowlesi. P. falciparum bụ nke kachasị egbu mmadụ, nke na-akpata ọtụtụ narị puku ọnwụ kwa afọ. Emepụtala ọtụtụ ọgwụ iji gwọọ ọrịa Plasmodium; agbanyeghị, nje ndị ahụ agbanweela iguzogide ọgwụ ọ bụla emepụtara.

Ọ bụ ezie na nje ahụ nwekwara ike ibute ọrịa site na mmịnye ọbara, nke a dị oke ụkọ, a pụghịkwa ịgbasa Plasmodium site n'otu onye gaa na onye ọzọ. Ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium bụ nje ndị a na-etinye n'ime ahụ.
[[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|thumb|''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote mana o nwere ihe ndị pụrụ iche.]]
Ụdị Plasmodium nwere eukaryotes niile dị na phylum Apicomplexa nke na-agafe usoro mmeghari asexual nke merogony n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke ndị ọbịa ma na-emepụta pigment crystalline hemozoin dị ka ihe si na hemoglobin onye ọbịa gbarie.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Plasmodium/68071|accessdate=1 June 2016|title=''Plasmodium''|publisher=Tree of Life Web Project|author=Zilversmit, M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị Plasmodium nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị yiri eukaryotes ndị ọzọ, yana ụfọdụ ndị pụrụ iche na phylum ma ọ bụ genus ha. A na-ekewa mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium n'ime kromozom 14 dị na nucleus. Parasites Plasmodium na-ejigide otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha n'ọtụtụ usoro ndụ, na-amụba mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ ugboro abụọ naanị maka obere mgbanwe mmekọahụ n'ime etiti afọ nke onye na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obado&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.07.008|pmid=27475118|title=The nuclear envelope and gene organization in parasitic protozoa: Specializations associated with disease|journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology|volume=209|issue=1–2|pages=104–113|year=2016|author=Obado|first=Samson O}}&lt;/ref&gt; E jikọtara ya na nucleus ahụ bụ endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nke na-arụ ọrụ n'otu aka ahụ na ER na eukaryotes ndị ọzọ. A na-ebufe protein site na ER gaa na ngwa Golgi nke na-abụkarị otu akụkụ nke nwere membrane na Apicomplexans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruiz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.01.007|pmid=26844642|title=Vacuolar protein sorting mechanisms in apicomplexan parasites|journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology|volume=209|issue=1–2|pages=18–25|year=2016|author=Jimenez-Ruiz|first=Elena}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'ebe a, a na-ebuga protein n'ime akụkụ sel dị iche iche ma ọ bụ n'elu sel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruiz&quot; /&gt;

Dịka ndị ọzọ apicomplexans, ụdị Plasmodium nwere ọtụtụ usoro sel n'akụkụ apical nke nje ahụ nke na-eje ozi dị ka organelles pụrụ iche maka izochi ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị ndụ banye n'ime onye ọbịa ahụ. Ndị kacha pụta ìhè bụ rhoptries bulbous nke nwere protein parasites ndị na-etinye aka na mwakpo nke sel onye ọbịa ahụ ma gbanwee onye ọbịa ahụ ozugbo ọ banyere n'ime.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2013.03.003|pmid=23570755|title=Plasmodium rhoptry proteins: Why order is important|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=29|issue=5|pages=228–36|year=2013|author=Counihan|first=Natalie A.|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/20961553}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkụ rhoptries ahụ, e nwere obere ihe owuwu a na-akpọ micronemes nke nwere protein nje ndị dị mkpa maka mmegharị ahụ yana ịmata ma jikọta na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọbịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/1574-6976.12013|pmid=23186105|title=Subversion of host cellular functions by the apicomplexan parasites|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|volume=37|issue=4|pages=607–31|year=2013|author=Kemp|first=Louise E.|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:28792/ATTACHMENT01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahụ vesicles nzuzo nke a na-akpọ dense granules nke nwere protein parasitophorus nke na-eme mgbanwe n'akpụkpọ ahụ nke na-ekewapụ parasitophorus na onye ọbịa, nke a na-akpọ parasitophorous vacuole nke gbasaara n'ime nje ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp2013&quot; /&gt;

Ụdị Plasmodium nwekwara nnukwu akụkụ abụọ nke na-ejikọta akpụkpọ ahụ nke sitere na endosymbiotic, mitochondrion na apicoplast, ha abụọ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na metabolism nke nje ahụ. N'adịghị ka mkpụrụ ndụ anụmanụ nke nwere ọtụtụ mitochondria, mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium nwere otu nnukwu mitochondrion nke na-ahazi nkewa ya na nke mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheiner2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.003|pmid=23927894|title=The metabolic roles of the endosymbiotic organelles of Toxoplasma and Plasmodium spp|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|volume=16|issue=4|pages=452–8|year=2013|author=Sheiner|first=Lilach}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọ dị na eukaryotes ndị ọzọ, Plasmodium mitochondrion nwere ike imepụta ike n'ụdị ATP site na okirikiri citric acid; agbanyeghị, ọrụ a dị mkpa naanị maka ndụ nje na onye na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ ahụ, ọ dịghịkwa mkpa maka uto na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheiner2013&quot; /&gt; E si n'ihe gbasara endosymbiosis nke abụọ nweta organelle nke abụọ, nke a na-akpọ apicoplast, n'ọnọdụ a, nna ochie Plasmodium nwetara alga uhie.&lt;ref name=&quot;McFadden2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.08.005|pmid=27773518|title=The apicoplast: Now you see it, now you don't|journal=International Journal for Parasitology|volume=47|issue=2–3|pages=137–144|year=2017|author=McFadden|first=Geoffrey Ian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apicoplast na-etinye aka na mmepụta nke ihe ndị na-ebute ụzọ metabolic dị iche iche, gụnyere abụba abụba, isoprenoids, ụyọkọ ígwè-sọlfọ, na akụkụ nke ụzọ heme biosynthesis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dooren|first=Giel|title=The Algal Past and Parasite Present of the Apicoplast|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|date=June 26, 2013|volume=67|pages=271–289|doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155741|pmid=23808340}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okirikiri ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Life_Cycle_of_the_Malaria_Parasite.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke ụdị na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ]]
[[Faịlụ:Malarial_parasites,_Plasmodium_species,_ring_forms_in_red_blood_cells.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụdị mgbaaka nke ''Plasmodium'' n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara mmadụ (Giemsa stain) ]]
Usoro ndụ nke Plasmodium gụnyere ọtụtụ usoro dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ anụmanụ. A na-ewebata nje ndị a n'ime anụ anụmanụ site na nta ahụhụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ (ọ na-abụkarị anwụnta, ewezuga ụfọdụ ụdị anụ ọhịa Plasmodium).&lt;ref name=&quot;Sullivan&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease, and Post-genomic Biology|date=2005|editor=Sullivan, D|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-29088-9|chapter=Molecular Genetics of Mosquito Resistance to Malaria Parasites|author=Vernick, K.D.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nje na-ebu ụzọ bute ọrịa imeju ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ, ebe ha na-eme otu nnukwu mgbanwe tupu ha apụọ na mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ wee bute erythrocytes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge a, ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium nke primates nwere ike ịmepụta ogbo ụra ogologo oge a na-akpọ hypnozoite, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Markus, M. B.|title=Malaria: Origin of the Term 'Hypnozoite'|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=781–786|date=2011|pmid=20665090|doi=10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a025486|pmid=28242785|title=Malaria Parasite Liver Infection and Exoerythrocytic Biology|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=7|issue=6|year=2017|author=Vaughan|first=Ashley M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, maka ọtụtụ ụdị Plasmodium, nje ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju ndị butere ọrịa bụ naanị ihe a na-akpọ merozoites. Mgbe ha si n'ime imeju pụta, ha na-abanye na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, dịka akọwara n'elu. Ha na-agafe usoro na-aga n'ihu nke ọrịa erythrocyte, ebe obere pasentị nke nje ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha gaa na ọkwa mmekọahụ a na-akpọ gametocyte nke onye ọbịa ahụhụ na-eri nri ọbara. N'ụfọdụ ndị ọbịa, mwakpo nke erythrocytes site na ụdị Plasmodium nwere ike ibute ọrịa, nke a na-akpọ ịba. Nke a nwere ike ịdị njọ mgbe ụfọdụ, na-esochi ngwa ngwa ọnwụ nke onye ọbịa (dịka ọmụmaatụ P. falciparum n'ime mmadụ). Na ndị ọbịa ndị ọzọ, ọrịa Plasmodium nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egosi na ọ nweghị ihe mgbaàmà.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sullivan&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụrụgodị na ụmụ mmadụ nwere ụdị ọrịa plasmodial dị otu a, enwere ike inwe ọtụtụ nje ndị na-amụba amụba zoro ezo, ọkachasị, splin na ụmị ọkpụkpụ. N'ezie, nke a metụtara nke P. vivax. A na-eche na nje ndị a zoro ezo (na mgbakwunye na hypnozoites) bụ isi ihe kpatara ọrịa ịba P. vivax ugboro ugboro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Markus|first=M. B.|title=Theoretical origin of genetically homologous Plasmodium vivax malarial recurrences|journal=Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases|date=2022|volume=37|issue=1|doi=10.4102/sajid.v37i1.369|pmid=35399558}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Malaria_Sporozoites_(16657642929).jpg|thumb|Sporozoites, otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche nke nje, site na anwụnta]]
N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, merozoites na-eto n'ime ọbara ruo mgbe ha ga-adị ka mgbaaka wee bụrụ nke buru ibu, wee bụrụ nke a na-akpọ trophozoite. Trophozoites na-etolite ruo mgbe ha ga-aghọ schizonts nke na-ekewa ugboro ugboro iji mepụta merozoites ọhụrụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị butere ọrịa ahụ na-agbawa, na-ekwe ka merozoites ọhụrụ gaa n'ime ọbara iji bute mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọhụrụ. Ọtụtụ merozoites na-aga n'ihu na usoro ọmụmụ a, mana ụfọdụ merozoites mgbe ha butere mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-ekewa n'ime ụdị mmekọahụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị a na-akpọ gametocytes. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ndị a na-agbasa n'ọbara ruo mgbe ha ga-ebuga ha mgbe anwụnta na-eri anụ ahụ nwere ọrịa ahụ, na-eburu ọbara nke gụnyere sel gametocytes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html &quot;CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology&quot;]. ''CDC: Malaria''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime anwụnta ahụ, sel gametocytes na-agagharị na nri ọbara gaa n'etiti afọ anwụnta. N'ebe a, sel gametocytes na-etolite ghọọ sel nwoke na nwanyị nke na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịgbara ibe ha mmiri, na-emepụta zygote. Zygotes na-etolite ghọọ ụdị mmegharị ahụ a na-akpọ ookinete, nke na-abanye na mgbidi nke midgut. Mgbe ha gafere mgbidi midgut, ookinete na-abanye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ mpụta afọ wee ghọọ oocyst. Oocysts na-ekewa ọtụtụ ugboro iji mepụta nnukwu ọnụọgụ nke sporozoites ogologo. Sporozoite ndị a na-akwaga na gland salivary nke anwụnta ebe a pụrụ ịgba ha n'ọbara nke ata anwụnta na-esote, na-emegharị usoro ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html &quot;CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology&quot;]. ''CDC: Malaria''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Evolution na taxonomy ==
[[Faịlụ:Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg|thumb|Ọkpụkpụ anwụnta kacha ochie na ''Plasmodium Dominicana'', afọ 15-20 nde]]

=== Nchịkọta ===
Plasmodium bụ nke phylum Apicomplexa, otu ìgwè nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ nwere akụkụ nzuzo pụrụ iche n'otu nsọtụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morrison2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2009.05.010|pmid=19635681|title=Evolution of the Apicomplexa: Where are we now?|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=25|issue=8|pages=375–82|year=2009|author=Morrison|first=David A.}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime Apicomplexa, Plasmodium dị n'okpuru usoro Haemosporida, otu nke gụnyere apicomplexans niile bi n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Haemosporina/124976|accessdate=1 May 2018|title=Haemospororida Danielewski 1885|author=Votypka J|work=Tree of Life}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dabere na ọnụnọ nke hemozoin pigment na usoro nke ịmụpụta ụmụ nwoke na nwanyị, usoro ahụ kewara n'ime ezinụlọ anọ, nke Plasmodium dị na ezinụlọ Plasmodiidae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụdị Plasmodium nwere ihe karịrị ụdị narị abụọ, nke a na-akọwakarị dabere na ọdịdị ha n'ọbara nke ụmụ anụmanụ ndị bu ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria Parasites: Comparative Genomics, Evolution and Molecular Biology|editor=Carlton, J.M.|isbn=978-1-908230-07-2|publisher=Caister Academic Press|date=2013|chapter=The Diversity of ''Plasmodium'' and other Haemosporidians: The Intersection of Taxonomy, Phylogenetics, and Genomics|author=Martinsen, E. S.|pages=1–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ekewa ụdị ndị a dabere na ọdịdị ha na ebe obibi ha n'ime ụdị iri na anọ: &lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Subgenus ''Asiamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Bennettinia'' &lt;small&gt; (Valkiunas, 1997) &lt;/small&gt; - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Carinamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1966) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Giovannolaia'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Haemamoeba'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Huffia'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Lacertamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus Laverania &lt;small&gt; (Bray, 1958) &lt;/small&gt; - nnukwu enwe, ụmụ mmadụ
* Subgenus ''Novyella'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Ophidiella'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Paraplasmodium'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Plasmodium'' &lt;small&gt; (Bray, 1955) &lt;/small&gt; - enwe na apụl
* Subgenus ''Sauramoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1966) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Vinckeia'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1964) &lt;/small&gt; - ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara inc. primates

A na-ekewa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-ebute enwe na enwe, ewezuga P. falciparum na P. reichenowi (ndị mejupụtara subgenus Laverania) na subgenus Plasmodium. A na-ekewa nje ndị na-ebute anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ụfọdụ primates (lemurs na ndị ọzọ) na subgenus Vinckeia. Subgenesia ise dị na Bennettinia, Giovannolaia, Haemamoeba, Huffia, na Novyella nwere ụdị malaria avian a ma ama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Brief Historical Summary|pages=9–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ: Asiamoeba, Carinamoeba, Lacertamoeba, Ophidiella, Paraplasmodium, na Sauramoeba nwere ụdị nje dị iche iche a na-ahụ na-ebute ọrịa na-akpụ akpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telford1988&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Telford S|title=A contribution to the systematics of the reptilian malaria parasites, family Plasmodiidae (Apicomplexa: Haemosporina)|journal=Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences|volume=34|issue=2|pages=65–96|year=1988|url=http://ufdcweb1.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00095820/00001/3|accessdate=2014-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịdị ===
Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gbasara ụdị Plasmodium site na iji usoro molekul egosila na mgbanwe nke otu ahụ esoghị usoro nhazi nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Plasmodium/68071|accessdate=1 June 2016|title=''Plasmodium''|publisher=Tree of Life Web Project|author=Zilversmit, M.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFZilversmit,_M.Perkins,_S.&quot;&gt;Zilversmit, M.; Perkins, S. [http://tolweb.org/Plasmodium/68071 &quot;''Plasmodium''&quot;]. Tree of Life Web Project&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 June&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ ụdị Plasmodium ndị yiri ibe ha n'ụdị ọdịdị ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebute otu ndị ọbịa ahụ na-aghọ ndị nwere njikọ dị anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(03)54005-2|title=Progress in Malaria Research: the Case for Phylogenetics|pages=255–80|year=2003|author=Rich|first=S.|series=Advances in Parasitology|isbn=978-0-12-031754-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1990, ọtụtụ nnyocha chọrọ inyocha mmekọrịta evolushọn nke ụdị Plasmodium site na iji ribosomal RNA na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa protein elu sitere na ụdị dị iche iche, na-achọpụta na nje mmadụ P. falciparum nwere njikọ chiri anya na nje avian karịa nje ndị ọzọ nke primates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge gara aga, iji chọpụta ụdị Plasmodium ndị ọzọ, chọpụtara na nje ndị a na-enweta site na anụmanụ na-etolite klade yana ụdị Hepatocystis, ebe nje ndị a na-enweta site na nnụnụ ma ọ bụ ngwere yiri ka ha na-etolite klade dị iche na mmekọrịta evolushọn na-esoghị n'okpuru ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa:&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.012|pmid=18248741|title=A three-genome phylogeny of malaria parasites (''Plasmodium'' and closely related genera): Evolution of life-history traits and host switches|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=47|issue=1|date=April 2008|pages=261–273|url=https://zotero.org/groups/5435545/items/9ISQYV4R}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Atụmatụ maka mgbe usoro Plasmodium dị iche iche kewara ekewa dị iche iche. Atụmatụ maka nhazi nke usoro Haemosporida dị site na ihe dị ka nde iri na isii na puku narị abụọ ruo nde otu narị gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere mmasị pụrụ iche n'ịkọwa ọdịiche nke nje mmadụ ''P. falciparum'' site na agbụrụ ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ n'ihi mkpa ọgwụ ya. Maka nke a, ụbọchị ndị e mere atụmatụ na-adị site na Narị puku na puku iri ruo Nde abụọ na narị puku ise afọ gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot; /&gt;

== Nbudata ==
A na-ekesa ụdị Plasmodium n'ụwa niile. Ụdị Plasmodium niile bụ nje ndị na-efe efe ma ga-agafe n'etiti onye na-efe efe na onye na-efe efe iji mezue usoro ndụ ha. Ụdị Plasmodium dị iche iche na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke ndị na-efe efe, ụfọdụ ụdị nwere naanị otu ụdị vertebrate na otu ụdị ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe ụdị ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị vertebrate na/ma ọ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ.

=== Anụ ndị nwere azụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba ebe o si maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya &lt;ref name=&quot;Tatem2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
A kọwawo nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa Plasmodium n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche nke anụ ụlọ, gụnyere anụ na-akpụ akpụ, nnụnụ, na anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manguin&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ike ibute ọrịa karịa otu onye na-elekọta anụ ụlọ, ha na-abụkarị kpọmkwem maka otu n'ime klas ndị a (dịka nnụnụ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Manguin&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biodiversity of Malaria in the world|date=2008|author=Manguin, S.|publisher=John Libbey|isbn=978-2-7420-0616-8|pages=13–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk0JBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=malaria+reptile&amp;pg=PA13|accessdate=15 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụmụ mmadụ na-ebute ọrịa site na [./List_of_&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Plasmodium_species_infecting_primates#Species_infecting_humans&quot; id=&quot;mwAak&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;List of Plasmodium species infecting primates&quot;&gt;ụdị ise] nke Plasmodium, na ọtụtụ n'ime ọrịa siri ike na ọnwụ nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' kpatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scully&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.006|pmid=29096194|title=Molecular interactions governing host-specificity of blood stage malaria parasites|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|volume=40|pages=21–31|year=2017|author=Scully|first=Erik J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị ụfọdụ na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ nwekwara ike ibute ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, na zoonoses nke ụdị ụfọdụ (dịka nje ''P. knowlesi'') site na ụmụ anụmanụ ọzọ na ụmụ mmadụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scully&quot; /&gt; Ndị na-abụghị mmadụ nwekwara ụdị Plasmodium dịgasị iche iche nke na-adịghị ebute ụmụ mmadụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa siri ike na primates, ebe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịnọgide na onye nwe ya ruo ogologo oge n'ebughị ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Nunn, C.|date=2006|title=Infectious Diseases in Primates: Behavior, Ecology and Evolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1s0TDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=plasmodium&amp;pg=PA254|edition=1st|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=253–254|isbn=978-0-19-856584-0|accessdate=16 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-ebukwa ụdị Plasmodium, dịka ụdị oke, ungulates, na usu. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium nwere ike ibute ọrịa siri ike n'ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a na-enwe ha, ebe ọtụtụ yiri ka ha anaghị eme otú ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The rediscovery of malaria parasites of ungulates|journal=Parasitology|volume=143|issue=12|date=2016|pages=1501–1508|doi=10.1017/S0031182016001141|pmid=27444556}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe karịrị ụdị otu narị na ịrị ịse nke &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAck&quot;&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na-emetụta ụdị nnụnụ dịgasị iche iche. N'ozuzu, ụdị ọ bụla nke ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute otu ụdị nnụnụ ole na ole.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Specificity and general Principles of Species Identification|pages=67–81}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Plasmodium'' parasites nke na-ebute nnụnụ na-anọgide na onye nwe ya ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụ maka oge ndụ nke onye nwe ya, ọ bụ ezie na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa siri ike na ọnwụ ngwa ngwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=General Section - Life Cycle and Morphology of Plasmodiidae Species|pages=27–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Pathogenicity|pages=83–111}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ụmụ anụmanụ, nnụnụ ndị na-ebufe ọrịa na-ekesa n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas2&quot; /&gt;

Ụdị sitere na ọtụtụ subgenera nke  ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na-emetụta Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ dị iche iche. A kọwawo nje ''Plasmodium'' n'ọtụtụ Ezinụlọ ezé ma, dị ka nje nnụnụ, na-agbasa n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zug&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles|editor=Zug, G. R.|isbn=978-0-12-782620-2|publisher=Academic Press|date=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqgpcru2sfwC&amp;q=malaria+reptile&amp;pg=PA152|accessdate=16 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ụdị Plasmodium ndị na-ebute nje na anụmanụ, a na-ekesa nnụnụ ndị na-ebute nje ahụ gburugburu ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zug&quot; /&gt;

E mepụtara ọtụtụ ọgwụ kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ iji chịkwaa ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na ndị nwere ọkpụkpụ azụ, ọkachasị n'ime ụmụ mmadụ. A na-eji Quinine eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egbochi ịba site na narị afọ nke iri na asaa ruo mgbe mmegide zuru oke pụtara na mmalite narị afọ nke abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Blasco|first=Benjamin|year=2017|title=Antimalarial drug resistance: Linking Plasmodium falciparum parasite biology to the clinic|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=23|issue=8|pages=917–928|doi=10.1038/nm.4381|pmid=28777791}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịkwụsị quinine kpaliri mmepe nke ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba site na narị afọ nke ịrị abụọ gụnyere chloroquine, proguanil, atovaquone, sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine, mefloquine, na artemisinin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot; /&gt; N'ọnọdụ niile, nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ a nyere apụtala n'ime iri afọ ole na ole nke itinye ọgwụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot; /&gt; Iji lụso nke a ọgụ, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba eme ihe na njikọta, yana ọgwụgwọ njikọta artemisinin ugbu a bụ ọkọlọtọ ọla edo maka ọgwụgwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cowman2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055|pmid=27768886|title=Malaria: Biology and Disease|journal=Cell|volume=167|issue=3|pages=610–624|year=2016|author=Cowman|first=Alan F}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ozuzu, ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na-elekwasị anya na ọkwa ndụ nke nje ''Plasmodium'' nke bi n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, dịka ndị a bụ ọkwa ndị na-akpata ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haldar2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2017.161|pmid=29355852|title=Drug resistance in Plasmodium|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|volume=16|issue=3|pages=156–170|year=2018|author=Haldar|first=Kasturi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/med.21486|pmid=29372568|title=Multistage inhibitors of the malaria parasite: Emerging hope for chemoprotection and malaria eradication|journal=Medicinal Research Reviews|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1511–1535|year=2018|author=Poonam}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;

=== Ụmụ ahụhụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anopheles stephensi'' bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ọbara nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' nwere ike ibute ọrịa.]]
Na mgbakwunye na onye nwere azụ̀, ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' niile na-ebutekwa nje ndị na-aṅụ ọbara, nke na-abụkarị anwụnta (ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nje ndị na-ebute ọrịa na-efe efe na-esi n'ájá ájá ebufe ). Anwụnta nke ụdị ''Culex'', ''[[Anopheles]]'', ''Culiseta'', ''Mansonia'' na ''Aedes'' na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe obibi ụmụ ahụhụ maka ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' dị iche iche. Ndị kacha mma e nyochachara gbasara ha bụ anwụnta ''Anopheles'' nke nwere nje ''Plasmodium'' nke ịba mmadụ, yana anwụnta ''Culex'' nke nwere ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nke na-akpata ịba n'ime nnụnụ. Naanị anwụnta nwanyị ka a na-ebute site na ọrịa ''Plasmodium'', ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị ọbara nke ndị nwere azụ̀ dị n'ime ha ka ha na-eri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Crompton|first=Peter D.|date=2014|title=Malaria Immunity in Man and Mosquito: Insights into Unsolved Mysteries of a Deadly Infectious Disease|journal=Annual Review of Immunology|volume=32|issue=1|pages=157–187|doi=10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120220|pmid=24655294}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị dị iche iche na-emetụta ndị na-elekọta ha n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ụmụ ahụhụ ndị nwere ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na-ebelata ndụ ha ma belata ikike ha ịmụ ụmụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Busula&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2017.08.010|pmid=28942108|title=Mechanisms of Plasmodium -Enhanced Attraction of Mosquito Vectors|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=33|issue=12|pages=961–973|year=2017|author=Busula|first=Annette O.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' yiri ka ha na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-ahọrọ ịta ndị nwere azụ̀ vertebrate ọrịa karịa ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Busula&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cois.2017.02.002|pmid=28602239|title=Effects of malaria infection on mosquito olfaction and behavior: Extrapolating data to the field|journal=Current Opinion in Insect Science|volume=20|pages=7–12|year=2017|author=Stanczyk|first=Nina M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a025593|pmid=28389513|title=Anopheline Reproductive Biology: Impacts on Vectorial Capacity and Potential Avenues for Malaria Control|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=7|issue=12|year=2017|author=Mitchell|first=Sara N.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran bu ụzọ kọwaa nje na ọbara nke ndị ọrịa ịba n'afọ 1880. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/index.html|accessdate=31 May 2016|title=The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kpọrọ nje ahụ Oscillaria malariae . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1885, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ bụ [[Ettore Marchiafva]] na Angelo Celli nyochaghachiri nje ahụ ma kpọọ ya onye otu ụdị ọhụrụ, ọrịa ''Plasmodium'', nke akpọrọ aha ya maka ọdịdị ya na mkpụrụ ndụ multinyucleate nke slime molds nke otu aha ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;McFadden2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McFadden|first=G. I.|year=2012|title=Plasmodia – don't|journal=Trends Parasitol|volume=28|issue=8|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2012.05.006|pmid=22738856}}&lt;/ref&gt;[ihe odide 1] Eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ike itinye aka n'ịkpata ụdị ịba dị iche iche bụ nke mbụ Camillo Golgi chọpụtara n'afọ 1886. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1897, William Welch chọpụtara ma kpọọ ya ọrịa ''Plasmodium falciparum''. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Giovanni Batista Grassi na [[Raimondo Filetti]] kpọrọ nje ndị na-akpata ụdị ịba abụọ dị iche iche nke mmadụ ''Plasmodium vivax'' na Plasmodium malariae . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt;Nke a sochiri site na mmata nke ụdị abụọ ọzọ nke ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nke na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ: ''Plasmodium oval'' (1922) na ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' (nke a chọpụtara na ogologo ọdụ n'afọ 1931; na ụmụ mmadụ n'afọ 1965). &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; Ronald Ross kọwara onyinye nke ụmụ ahụhụ na ndụ ''Plasmodium'' n'afọ 1897 na Giovanni Batista Grassi, Amico Bignami na Giuseppe Bastianelli n'afọ 1899.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1966, Cyril Garnham tụrụ aro ka a kewaa  ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' n'ime ụdị itoolu dabere na njirimara na ọdịdị nje.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria Parasites: Comparative Genomics, Evolution and Molecular Biology|editor=Carlton, J.M.|isbn=978-1-908230-07-2|publisher=Caister Academic Press|date=2013|chapter=The Diversity of ''Plasmodium'' and other Haemosporidians: The Intersection of Taxonomy, Phylogenetics, and Genomics|author=Martinsen, E. S.|pages=1–15}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMartinsen,_E._S.Perkins,_S._L.2013&quot;&gt;Martinsen, E. S.; Perkins, S. L. (2013). &quot;The Diversity of ''Plasmodium'' and other Haemosporidians: The Intersection of Taxonomy, Phylogenetics, and Genomics&quot;. In Carlton, J.M.; Perkins, S.L.; Deitsch, K.W. (eds.). ''Malaria Parasites: Comparative Genomics, Evolution and Molecular Biology''. Caister Academic Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1–&lt;/span&gt;15. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-908230-07-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-908230-07-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a gụnyere subgenera anọ nke A. Corradetti chepụtara na mbụ maka ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa nnụnụ n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Corradetti1963&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Corradetti A.|title=New classification of the avian malaria parasites|journal=Parassitologia|volume=5|pages=1–4|year=1963}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Brief Historical Summary|pages=9–15}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFValkiunas,_Gediminas2004&quot;&gt;Valkiunas, Gediminas (2004). &quot;Brief Historical Summary&quot;. ''Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia''. CRC Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9–&lt;/span&gt;15. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30097-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-415-30097-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sam R. Telford gbasaa atụmatụ a n'afọ 1988 mgbe ọ gbanwere nje ''Plasmodium'' nke na-emetụta anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ, na-agbakwunye subgenera ise. &lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Telford1988&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Telford S|title=A contribution to the systematics of the reptilian malaria parasites, family Plasmodiidae (Apicomplexa: Haemosporina)|journal=Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences|volume=34|issue=2|pages=65–96|year=1988|url=http://ufdcweb1.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00095820/00001/3|accessdate=2014-03-25}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTelford_S1988&quot;&gt;Telford S (1988). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180926161500/http://ufdcweb1.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00095820/00001/3 &quot;A contribution to the systematics of the reptilian malaria parasites, family Plasmodiidae (Apicomplexa: Haemosporina)&quot;]. ''Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences''. '''34''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;65–&lt;/span&gt;96. Archived from [http://ufdcweb1.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00095820/00001/3 the original] on 2018-09-26&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2014-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1997, G. Valkiunas weghachiri ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa nnụnụ site na ịgbakwunye subgenus nke ise: ''Bennettinia'' .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Valkiunas, G.|title=Bird Haemosporidia|journal=Acta Zoologica Lituanica|volume=3–5|pages=1–607|year=1997|issn=1392-1657}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Haematozoa
* Ndepụta nke ụdị Plasmodium
* Ngwá ọrụ Plasmodium
* Plasmodium RUF6 RNA

== Ihe edeturu ==
 {{Malaria}}

== Edensibia ==
{{Taxonbar|from=Q130948}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

=== Ịmata ===

=== Ihe ndị dị ndụ ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Baldacci, P.|title=The elusive malaria sporozoite in the mammalian host|journal=Mol. Microbiol.|volume=54|issue=2|pages=298–306|date=October 2004|pmid=15469504|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04275.x}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Bledsoe, G. H.|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=South. Med. J.|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|url=http://www.sma.org/pdfs/objecttypes/smj/91C48D32-BCD4-FF25-565C69314AF7EB48/1196.pdf|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Shortt, H. E.|title=Life-cycle of the mammalian malaria parasite|journal=Br. Med. Bull.|volume=8|issue=1|pages=7–9|year=1951|pmid=14944807|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a074057}}

=== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Slater, L. B.|title=Malarial birds: modeling infectious human disease in animals|journal=Bull Hist Med|volume=79|issue=2|pages=261–94|year=2005|pmid=15965289|doi=10.1353/bhm.2005.0092}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Authority control}} {{Malaria}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q130948}}{{Authority control}} 
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Plasmodium bụ ụdị eukaryotes dị iche iche nke bụ nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa vertebrates na ụmụ ahụhụ. Usoro ndụ nke ụdị Plasmodium gụnyere mmepe nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-enye ọbara, nke na-etinye nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa n'ime onye na-enye ọbara n'oge nri ọbara. Parasites na-etolite n'ime anụ ahụ vertebrates (ọtụtụ mgbe imeju) tupu ha abanye n'ọbara iji bute mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị na-abata nwere ike ibute ịba. N'oge ọrịa a, ụmụ ahụhụ na-enye ọbara na-eburu ụfọdụ nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa (anwụnta n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ), na-aga n'ihu na usoro ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCAbout&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – About|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/parasites.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plasmodium bụ otu n'ime phylum Apicomplexa, otu nnukwu ìgwè eukaryotes parasitic. N'ime Apicomplexa, Plasmodium dị n'usoro Haemosporida na ezinụlọ Plasmodiidae. Akọwala ihe karịrị ụdị Plasmodium 200, ọtụtụ n'ime ha kewara n'ime obere mkpụrụ ndụ iri na anọ dabere na ọdịdị nje na oke nnabata. Mmekọrịta evolushọn n'etiti ụdị Plasmodium dị iche iche anaghị agbaso ókèala taxonomic mgbe niile; ụfọdụ ụdị ndị yiri onwe ha n'ụzọ ọdịdị ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebute otu nnabata ahụ na-aghọ ndị nwere njikọ dị anya.

A na-ekesa ụdị Plasmodium n'ụwa niile ebe ọ bụla enwere ndị ọbịa kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ bụ anwụnta nke ụdị Culex na Anopheles. Ndị na-elekọta anụ ọhịa gụnyere anụ na-akpụ akpụ, nnụnụ, na anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Charles Laveran chọpụtara nje Plasmodium na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. N'ime narị afọ nke 20, achọpụtara ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi ma kewaa ha, gụnyere ụdị ise na-ebutekarị ọrịa mmadụ: P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, na P. knowlesi. P. falciparum bụ nke kachasị egbu mmadụ, nke na-akpata ọtụtụ narị puku ọnwụ kwa afọ. Emepụtala ọtụtụ ọgwụ iji gwọọ ọrịa Plasmodium; agbanyeghị, nje ndị ahụ agbanweela iguzogide ọgwụ ọ bụla emepụtara.

Ọ bụ ezie na nje ahụ nwekwara ike ibute ọrịa site na mmịnye ọbara, nke a dị oke ụkọ, a pụghịkwa ịgbasa Plasmodium site n'otu onye gaa na onye ọzọ. Ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium bụ nje ndị a na-etinye n'ime ahụ.
[[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|thumb|''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote mana o nwere ihe ndị pụrụ iche.]]
Ụdị Plasmodium nwere eukaryotes niile dị na phylum Apicomplexa nke na-agafe usoro mmeghari asexual nke merogony n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke ndị ọbịa ma na-emepụta pigment crystalline hemozoin dị ka ihe si na hemoglobin onye ọbịa gbarie.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Plasmodium/68071|accessdate=1 June 2016|title=''Plasmodium''|publisher=Tree of Life Web Project|author=Zilversmit, M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị Plasmodium nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị yiri eukaryotes ndị ọzọ, yana ụfọdụ ndị pụrụ iche na phylum ma ọ bụ genus ha. A na-ekewa mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium n'ime kromozom 14 dị na nucleus. Parasites Plasmodium na-ejigide otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha n'ọtụtụ usoro ndụ, na-amụba mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ ugboro abụọ naanị maka obere mgbanwe mmekọahụ n'ime etiti afọ nke onye na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obado&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.07.008|pmid=27475118|title=The nuclear envelope and gene organization in parasitic protozoa: Specializations associated with disease|journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology|volume=209|issue=1–2|pages=104–113|year=2016|author=Obado|first=Samson O}}&lt;/ref&gt; E jikọtara ya na nucleus ahụ bụ endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nke na-arụ ọrụ n'otu aka ahụ na ER na eukaryotes ndị ọzọ. A na-ebufe protein site na ER gaa na ngwa Golgi nke na-abụkarị otu akụkụ nke nwere membrane na Apicomplexans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruiz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.01.007|pmid=26844642|title=Vacuolar protein sorting mechanisms in apicomplexan parasites|journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology|volume=209|issue=1–2|pages=18–25|year=2016|author=Jimenez-Ruiz|first=Elena}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'ebe a, a na-ebuga protein n'ime akụkụ sel dị iche iche ma ọ bụ n'elu sel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruiz&quot; /&gt;

Dịka ndị ọzọ apicomplexans, ụdị Plasmodium nwere ọtụtụ usoro sel n'akụkụ apical nke nje ahụ nke na-eje ozi dị ka organelles pụrụ iche maka izochi ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị ndụ banye n'ime onye ọbịa ahụ. Ndị kacha pụta ìhè bụ rhoptries bulbous nke nwere protein parasites ndị na-etinye aka na mwakpo nke sel onye ọbịa ahụ ma gbanwee onye ọbịa ahụ ozugbo ọ banyere n'ime.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2013.03.003|pmid=23570755|title=Plasmodium rhoptry proteins: Why order is important|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=29|issue=5|pages=228–36|year=2013|author=Counihan|first=Natalie A.|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/20961553}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkụ rhoptries ahụ, e nwere obere ihe owuwu a na-akpọ micronemes nke nwere protein nje ndị dị mkpa maka mmegharị ahụ yana ịmata ma jikọta na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọbịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/1574-6976.12013|pmid=23186105|title=Subversion of host cellular functions by the apicomplexan parasites|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|volume=37|issue=4|pages=607–31|year=2013|author=Kemp|first=Louise E.|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:28792/ATTACHMENT01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahụ vesicles nzuzo nke a na-akpọ dense granules nke nwere protein parasitophorus nke na-eme mgbanwe n'akpụkpọ ahụ nke na-ekewapụ parasitophorus na onye ọbịa, nke a na-akpọ parasitophorous vacuole nke gbasaara n'ime nje ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp2013&quot; /&gt;

Ụdị Plasmodium nwekwara nnukwu akụkụ abụọ nke na-ejikọta akpụkpọ ahụ nke sitere na endosymbiotic, mitochondrion na apicoplast, ha abụọ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na metabolism nke nje ahụ. N'adịghị ka mkpụrụ ndụ anụmanụ nke nwere ọtụtụ mitochondria, mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium nwere otu nnukwu mitochondrion nke na-ahazi nkewa ya na nke mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheiner2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.003|pmid=23927894|title=The metabolic roles of the endosymbiotic organelles of Toxoplasma and Plasmodium spp|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|volume=16|issue=4|pages=452–8|year=2013|author=Sheiner|first=Lilach}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọ dị na eukaryotes ndị ọzọ, Plasmodium mitochondrion nwere ike imepụta ike n'ụdị ATP site na okirikiri citric acid; agbanyeghị, ọrụ a dị mkpa naanị maka ndụ nje na onye na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ ahụ, ọ dịghịkwa mkpa maka uto na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheiner2013&quot; /&gt; E si n'ihe gbasara endosymbiosis nke abụọ nweta organelle nke abụọ, nke a na-akpọ apicoplast, n'ọnọdụ a, nna ochie Plasmodium nwetara alga uhie.&lt;ref name=&quot;McFadden2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.08.005|pmid=27773518|title=The apicoplast: Now you see it, now you don't|journal=International Journal for Parasitology|volume=47|issue=2–3|pages=137–144|year=2017|author=McFadden|first=Geoffrey Ian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apicoplast na-etinye aka na mmepụta nke ihe ndị na-ebute ụzọ metabolic dị iche iche, gụnyere abụba abụba, isoprenoids, ụyọkọ ígwè-sọlfọ, na akụkụ nke ụzọ heme biosynthesis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dooren|first=Giel|title=The Algal Past and Parasite Present of the Apicoplast|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|date=June 26, 2013|volume=67|pages=271–289|doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155741|pmid=23808340}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okirikiri ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Life_Cycle_of_the_Malaria_Parasite.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke ụdị na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ]]
[[Faịlụ:Malarial_parasites,_Plasmodium_species,_ring_forms_in_red_blood_cells.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụdị mgbaaka nke ''Plasmodium'' n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara mmadụ (Giemsa stain) ]]
Usoro ndụ nke Plasmodium gụnyere ọtụtụ usoro dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ anụmanụ. A na-ewebata nje ndị a n'ime anụ anụmanụ site na nta ahụhụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ (ọ na-abụkarị anwụnta, ewezuga ụfọdụ ụdị anụ ọhịa Plasmodium).&lt;ref name=&quot;Sullivan&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease, and Post-genomic Biology|date=2005|editor=Sullivan, D|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-29088-9|chapter=Molecular Genetics of Mosquito Resistance to Malaria Parasites|author=Vernick, K.D.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nje na-ebu ụzọ bute ọrịa imeju ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ, ebe ha na-eme otu nnukwu mgbanwe tupu ha apụọ na mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ wee bute erythrocytes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge a, ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium nke primates nwere ike ịmepụta ogbo ụra ogologo oge a na-akpọ hypnozoite, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Markus, M. B.|title=Malaria: Origin of the Term 'Hypnozoite'|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=781–786|date=2011|pmid=20665090|doi=10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a025486|pmid=28242785|title=Malaria Parasite Liver Infection and Exoerythrocytic Biology|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=7|issue=6|year=2017|author=Vaughan|first=Ashley M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, maka ọtụtụ ụdị Plasmodium, nje ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju ndị butere ọrịa bụ naanị ihe a na-akpọ merozoites. Mgbe ha si n'ime imeju pụta, ha na-abanye na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, dịka akọwara n'elu. Ha na-agafe usoro na-aga n'ihu nke ọrịa erythrocyte, ebe obere pasentị nke nje ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha gaa na ọkwa mmekọahụ a na-akpọ gametocyte nke onye ọbịa ahụhụ na-eri nri ọbara. N'ụfọdụ ndị ọbịa, mwakpo nke erythrocytes site na ụdị Plasmodium nwere ike ibute ọrịa, nke a na-akpọ ịba. Nke a nwere ike ịdị njọ mgbe ụfọdụ, na-esochi ngwa ngwa ọnwụ nke onye ọbịa (dịka ọmụmaatụ P. falciparum n'ime mmadụ). Na ndị ọbịa ndị ọzọ, ọrịa Plasmodium nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egosi na ọ nweghị ihe mgbaàmà.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sullivan&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụrụgodị na ụmụ mmadụ nwere ụdị ọrịa plasmodial dị otu a, enwere ike inwe ọtụtụ nje ndị na-amụba amụba zoro ezo, ọkachasị, splin na ụmị ọkpụkpụ. N'ezie, nke a metụtara nke P. vivax. A na-eche na nje ndị a zoro ezo (na mgbakwunye na hypnozoites) bụ isi ihe kpatara ọrịa ịba P. vivax ugboro ugboro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Markus|first=M. B.|title=Theoretical origin of genetically homologous Plasmodium vivax malarial recurrences|journal=Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases|date=2022|volume=37|issue=1|doi=10.4102/sajid.v37i1.369|pmid=35399558}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Malaria_Sporozoites_(16657642929).jpg|thumb|Sporozoites, otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche nke nje, site na anwụnta]]
N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, merozoites na-eto n'ime ọbara ruo mgbe ha ga-adị ka mgbaaka wee bụrụ nke buru ibu, wee bụrụ nke a na-akpọ trophozoite. Trophozoites na-etolite ruo mgbe ha ga-aghọ schizonts nke na-ekewa ugboro ugboro iji mepụta merozoites ọhụrụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị butere ọrịa ahụ na-agbawa, na-ekwe ka merozoites ọhụrụ gaa n'ime ọbara iji bute mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọhụrụ. Ọtụtụ merozoites na-aga n'ihu na usoro ọmụmụ a, mana ụfọdụ merozoites mgbe ha butere mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-ekewa n'ime ụdị mmekọahụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị a na-akpọ gametocytes. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ndị a na-agbasa n'ọbara ruo mgbe ha ga-ebuga ha mgbe anwụnta na-eri anụ ahụ nwere ọrịa ahụ, na-eburu ọbara nke gụnyere sel gametocytes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html &quot;CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology&quot;]. ''CDC: Malaria''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime anwụnta ahụ, sel gametocytes na-agagharị na nri ọbara gaa n'etiti afọ anwụnta. N'ebe a, sel gametocytes na-etolite ghọọ sel nwoke na nwanyị nke na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịgbara ibe ha mmiri, na-emepụta zygote. Zygotes na-etolite ghọọ ụdị mmegharị ahụ a na-akpọ ookinete, nke na-abanye na mgbidi nke midgut. Mgbe ha gafere mgbidi midgut, ookinete na-abanye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ mpụta afọ wee ghọọ oocyst. Oocysts na-ekewa ọtụtụ ugboro iji mepụta nnukwu ọnụọgụ nke sporozoites ogologo. Sporozoite ndị a na-akwaga na gland salivary nke anwụnta ebe a pụrụ ịgba ha n'ọbara nke ata anwụnta na-esote, na-emegharị usoro ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html &quot;CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology&quot;]. ''CDC: Malaria''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Evolution na taxonomy ==
[[Faịlụ:Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg|thumb|Ọkpụkpụ anwụnta kacha ochie na ''Plasmodium Dominicana'', afọ 15-20 nde]]

=== Nchịkọta ===
Plasmodium bụ nke phylum Apicomplexa, otu ìgwè nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ nwere akụkụ nzuzo pụrụ iche n'otu nsọtụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morrison2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2009.05.010|pmid=19635681|title=Evolution of the Apicomplexa: Where are we now?|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=25|issue=8|pages=375–82|year=2009|author=Morrison|first=David A.}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime Apicomplexa, Plasmodium dị n'okpuru usoro Haemosporida, otu nke gụnyere apicomplexans niile bi n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Haemosporina/124976|accessdate=1 May 2018|title=Haemospororida Danielewski 1885|author=Votypka J|work=Tree of Life}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dabere na ọnụnọ nke hemozoin pigment na usoro nke ịmụpụta ụmụ nwoke na nwanyị, usoro ahụ kewara n'ime ezinụlọ anọ, nke Plasmodium dị na ezinụlọ Plasmodiidae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụdị Plasmodium nwere ihe karịrị ụdị narị abụọ, nke a na-akọwakarị dabere na ọdịdị ha n'ọbara nke ụmụ anụmanụ ndị bu ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria Parasites: Comparative Genomics, Evolution and Molecular Biology|editor=Carlton, J.M.|isbn=978-1-908230-07-2|publisher=Caister Academic Press|date=2013|chapter=The Diversity of ''Plasmodium'' and other Haemosporidians: The Intersection of Taxonomy, Phylogenetics, and Genomics|author=Martinsen, E. S.|pages=1–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ekewa ụdị ndị a dabere na ọdịdị ha na ebe obibi ha n'ime ụdị iri na anọ: &lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Subgenus ''Asiamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Bennettinia'' &lt;small&gt; (Valkiunas, 1997) &lt;/small&gt; - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Carinamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1966) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Giovannolaia'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Haemamoeba'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Huffia'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Lacertamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus Laverania &lt;small&gt; (Bray, 1958) &lt;/small&gt; - nnukwu enwe, ụmụ mmadụ
* Subgenus ''Novyella'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Ophidiella'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Paraplasmodium'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Plasmodium'' &lt;small&gt; (Bray, 1955) &lt;/small&gt; - enwe na apụl
* Subgenus ''Sauramoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1966) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Vinckeia'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1964) &lt;/small&gt; - ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara inc. primates

A na-ekewa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-ebute enwe na enwe, ewezuga P. falciparum na P. reichenowi (ndị mejupụtara subgenus Laverania) na subgenus Plasmodium. A na-ekewa nje ndị na-ebute anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ụfọdụ primates (lemurs na ndị ọzọ) na subgenus Vinckeia. Subgenesia ise dị na Bennettinia, Giovannolaia, Haemamoeba, Huffia, na Novyella nwere ụdị malaria avian a ma ama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Brief Historical Summary|pages=9–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ: Asiamoeba, Carinamoeba, Lacertamoeba, Ophidiella, Paraplasmodium, na Sauramoeba nwere ụdị nje dị iche iche a na-ahụ na-ebute ọrịa na-akpụ akpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telford1988&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Telford S|title=A contribution to the systematics of the reptilian malaria parasites, family Plasmodiidae (Apicomplexa: Haemosporina)|journal=Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences|volume=34|issue=2|pages=65–96|year=1988|url=http://ufdcweb1.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00095820/00001/3|accessdate=2014-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịdị ===
Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gbasara ụdị Plasmodium site na iji usoro molekul egosila na mgbanwe nke otu ahụ esoghị usoro nhazi nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Plasmodium/68071|accessdate=1 June 2016|title=''Plasmodium''|publisher=Tree of Life Web Project|author=Zilversmit, M.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFZilversmit,_M.Perkins,_S.&quot;&gt;Zilversmit, M.; Perkins, S. [http://tolweb.org/Plasmodium/68071 &quot;''Plasmodium''&quot;]. Tree of Life Web Project&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 June&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ ụdị Plasmodium ndị yiri ibe ha n'ụdị ọdịdị ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebute otu ndị ọbịa ahụ na-aghọ ndị nwere njikọ dị anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(03)54005-2|title=Progress in Malaria Research: the Case for Phylogenetics|pages=255–80|year=2003|author=Rich|first=S.|series=Advances in Parasitology|isbn=978-0-12-031754-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1990, ọtụtụ nnyocha chọrọ inyocha mmekọrịta evolushọn nke ụdị Plasmodium site na iji ribosomal RNA na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa protein elu sitere na ụdị dị iche iche, na-achọpụta na nje mmadụ P. falciparum nwere njikọ chiri anya na nje avian karịa nje ndị ọzọ nke primates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge gara aga, iji chọpụta ụdị Plasmodium ndị ọzọ, chọpụtara na nje ndị a na-enweta site na anụmanụ na-etolite klade yana ụdị Hepatocystis, ebe nje ndị a na-enweta site na nnụnụ ma ọ bụ ngwere yiri ka ha na-etolite klade dị iche na mmekọrịta evolushọn na-esoghị n'okpuru ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa:&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.012|pmid=18248741|title=A three-genome phylogeny of malaria parasites (''Plasmodium'' and closely related genera): Evolution of life-history traits and host switches|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=47|issue=1|date=April 2008|pages=261–273|url=https://zotero.org/groups/5435545/items/9ISQYV4R}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Atụmatụ maka mgbe usoro Plasmodium dị iche iche kewara ekewa dị iche iche. Atụmatụ maka nhazi nke usoro Haemosporida dị site na ihe dị ka nde iri na isii na puku narị abụọ ruo nde otu narị gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere mmasị pụrụ iche n'ịkọwa ọdịiche nke nje mmadụ ''P. falciparum'' site na agbụrụ ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ n'ihi mkpa ọgwụ ya. Maka nke a, ụbọchị ndị e mere atụmatụ na-adị site na Narị puku na puku iri ruo Nde abụọ na narị puku ise afọ gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot; /&gt;

== Nbudata ==
A na-ekesa ụdị Plasmodium n'ụwa niile. Ụdị Plasmodium niile bụ nje ndị na-efe efe ma ga-agafe n'etiti onye na-efe efe na onye na-efe efe iji mezue usoro ndụ ha. Ụdị Plasmodium dị iche iche na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke ndị na-efe efe, ụfọdụ ụdị nwere naanị otu ụdị vertebrate na otu ụdị ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe ụdị ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị vertebrate na/ma ọ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ.

=== Anụ ndị nwere azụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba ebe o si maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya &lt;ref name=&quot;Tatem2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
A kọwawo nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa Plasmodium n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche nke anụ ụlọ, gụnyere anụ na-akpụ akpụ, nnụnụ, na anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manguin&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ike ibute ọrịa karịa otu onye na-elekọta anụ ụlọ, ha na-abụkarị kpọmkwem maka otu n'ime klas ndị a (dịka nnụnụ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Manguin&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biodiversity of Malaria in the world|date=2008|author=Manguin, S.|publisher=John Libbey|isbn=978-2-7420-0616-8|pages=13–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk0JBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=malaria+reptile&amp;pg=PA13|accessdate=15 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụmụ mmadụ na-ebute ọrịa site na [./List_of_&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Plasmodium_species_infecting_primates#Species_infecting_humans&quot; id=&quot;mwAak&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;List of Plasmodium species infecting primates&quot;&gt;ụdị ise] nke Plasmodium, na ọtụtụ n'ime ọrịa siri ike na ọnwụ nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' kpatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scully&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.006|pmid=29096194|title=Molecular interactions governing host-specificity of blood stage malaria parasites|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|volume=40|pages=21–31|year=2017|author=Scully|first=Erik J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị ụfọdụ na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ nwekwara ike ibute ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, na zoonoses nke ụdị ụfọdụ (dịka nje ''P. knowlesi'') site na ụmụ anụmanụ ọzọ na ụmụ mmadụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scully&quot; /&gt; Ndị na-abụghị mmadụ nwekwara ụdị Plasmodium dịgasị iche iche nke na-adịghị ebute ụmụ mmadụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa siri ike na primates, ebe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịnọgide na onye nwe ya ruo ogologo oge n'ebughị ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Nunn, C.|date=2006|title=Infectious Diseases in Primates: Behavior, Ecology and Evolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1s0TDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=plasmodium&amp;pg=PA254|edition=1st|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=253–254|isbn=978-0-19-856584-0|accessdate=16 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-ebukwa ụdị Plasmodium, dịka ụdị oke, ungulates, na usu. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium nwere ike ibute ọrịa siri ike n'ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a na-enwe ha, ebe ọtụtụ yiri ka ha anaghị eme otú ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The rediscovery of malaria parasites of ungulates|journal=Parasitology|volume=143|issue=12|date=2016|pages=1501–1508|doi=10.1017/S0031182016001141|pmid=27444556}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe karịrị ụdị otu narị na ịrị ịse nke &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAck&quot;&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na-emetụta ụdị nnụnụ dịgasị iche iche. N'ozuzu, ụdị ọ bụla nke ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute otu ụdị nnụnụ ole na ole.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Specificity and general Principles of Species Identification|pages=67–81}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Plasmodium'' parasites nke na-ebute nnụnụ na-anọgide na onye nwe ya ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụ maka oge ndụ nke onye nwe ya, ọ bụ ezie na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa siri ike na ọnwụ ngwa ngwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=General Section - Life Cycle and Morphology of Plasmodiidae Species|pages=27–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Pathogenicity|pages=83–111}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ụmụ anụmanụ, nnụnụ ndị na-ebufe ọrịa na-ekesa n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas2&quot; /&gt;

Ụdị sitere na ọtụtụ subgenera nke  ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na-emetụta Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ dị iche iche. A kọwawo nje ''Plasmodium'' n'ọtụtụ Ezinụlọ ezé ma, dị ka nje nnụnụ, na-agbasa n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zug&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles|editor=Zug, G. R.|isbn=978-0-12-782620-2|publisher=Academic Press|date=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqgpcru2sfwC&amp;q=malaria+reptile&amp;pg=PA152|accessdate=16 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ụdị Plasmodium ndị na-ebute nje na anụmanụ, a na-ekesa nnụnụ ndị na-ebute nje ahụ gburugburu ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zug&quot; /&gt;

E mepụtara ọtụtụ ọgwụ kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ iji chịkwaa ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na ndị nwere ọkpụkpụ azụ, ọkachasị n'ime ụmụ mmadụ. A na-eji Quinine eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egbochi ịba site na narị afọ nke iri na asaa ruo mgbe mmegide zuru oke pụtara na mmalite narị afọ nke abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Blasco|first=Benjamin|year=2017|title=Antimalarial drug resistance: Linking Plasmodium falciparum parasite biology to the clinic|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=23|issue=8|pages=917–928|doi=10.1038/nm.4381|pmid=28777791}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịkwụsị quinine kpaliri mmepe nke ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba site na narị afọ nke ịrị abụọ gụnyere chloroquine, proguanil, atovaquone, sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine, mefloquine, na artemisinin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot; /&gt; N'ọnọdụ niile, nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ a nyere apụtala n'ime iri afọ ole na ole nke itinye ọgwụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot; /&gt; Iji lụso nke a ọgụ, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba eme ihe na njikọta, yana ọgwụgwọ njikọta artemisinin ugbu a bụ ọkọlọtọ ọla edo maka ọgwụgwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cowman2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055|pmid=27768886|title=Malaria: Biology and Disease|journal=Cell|volume=167|issue=3|pages=610–624|year=2016|author=Cowman|first=Alan F}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ozuzu, ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na-elekwasị anya na ọkwa ndụ nke nje ''Plasmodium'' nke bi n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, dịka ndị a bụ ọkwa ndị na-akpata ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haldar2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2017.161|pmid=29355852|title=Drug resistance in Plasmodium|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|volume=16|issue=3|pages=156–170|year=2018|author=Haldar|first=Kasturi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/med.21486|pmid=29372568|title=Multistage inhibitors of the malaria parasite: Emerging hope for chemoprotection and malaria eradication|journal=Medicinal Research Reviews|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1511–1535|year=2018|author=Poonam}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;

=== Ụmụ ahụhụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anopheles stephensi'' bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ọbara nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' nwere ike ibute ọrịa.]]
Na mgbakwunye na onye nwere azụ̀, ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' niile na-ebutekwa nje ndị na-aṅụ ọbara, nke na-abụkarị anwụnta (ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nje ndị na-ebute ọrịa na-efe efe na-esi n'ájá ájá ebufe ). Anwụnta nke ụdị ''Culex'', ''[[Anopheles]]'', ''Culiseta'', ''Mansonia'' na ''Aedes'' na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe obibi ụmụ ahụhụ maka ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' dị iche iche. Ndị kacha mma e nyochachara gbasara ha bụ anwụnta ''Anopheles'' nke nwere nje ''Plasmodium'' nke ịba mmadụ, yana anwụnta ''Culex'' nke nwere ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nke na-akpata ịba n'ime nnụnụ. Naanị anwụnta nwanyị ka a na-ebute site na ọrịa ''Plasmodium'', ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị ọbara nke ndị nwere azụ̀ dị n'ime ha ka ha na-eri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Crompton|first=Peter D.|date=2014|title=Malaria Immunity in Man and Mosquito: Insights into Unsolved Mysteries of a Deadly Infectious Disease|journal=Annual Review of Immunology|volume=32|issue=1|pages=157–187|doi=10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120220|pmid=24655294}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị dị iche iche na-emetụta ndị na-elekọta ha n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ụmụ ahụhụ ndị nwere ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na-ebelata ndụ ha ma belata ikike ha ịmụ ụmụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Busula&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2017.08.010|pmid=28942108|title=Mechanisms of Plasmodium -Enhanced Attraction of Mosquito Vectors|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=33|issue=12|pages=961–973|year=2017|author=Busula|first=Annette O.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' yiri ka ha na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-ahọrọ ịta ndị nwere azụ̀ vertebrate ọrịa karịa ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Busula&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cois.2017.02.002|pmid=28602239|title=Effects of malaria infection on mosquito olfaction and behavior: Extrapolating data to the field|journal=Current Opinion in Insect Science|volume=20|pages=7–12|year=2017|author=Stanczyk|first=Nina M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a025593|pmid=28389513|title=Anopheline Reproductive Biology: Impacts on Vectorial Capacity and Potential Avenues for Malaria Control|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=7|issue=12|year=2017|author=Mitchell|first=Sara N.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran bu ụzọ kọwaa nje na ọbara nke ndị ọrịa ịba n'afọ 1880. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/index.html|accessdate=31 May 2016|title=The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kpọrọ nje ahụ Oscillaria malariae . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1885, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ bụ [[Ettore Marchiafva]] na Angelo Celli nyochaghachiri nje ahụ ma kpọọ ya onye otu ụdị ọhụrụ, ọrịa ''Plasmodium'', nke akpọrọ aha ya maka ọdịdị ya na mkpụrụ ndụ multinyucleate nke slime molds nke otu aha ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;McFadden2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McFadden|first=G. I.|year=2012|title=Plasmodia – don't|journal=Trends Parasitol|volume=28|issue=8|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2012.05.006|pmid=22738856}}&lt;/ref&gt;[ihe odide 1] Eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ike itinye aka n'ịkpata ụdị ịba dị iche iche bụ nke mbụ Camillo Golgi chọpụtara n'afọ 1886. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1897, William Welch chọpụtara ma kpọọ ya ọrịa ''Plasmodium falciparum''. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Giovanni Batista Grassi na [[Raimondo Filetti]] kpọrọ nje ndị na-akpata ụdị ịba abụọ dị iche iche nke mmadụ ''Plasmodium vivax'' na Plasmodium malariae . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt;Nke a sochiri site na mmata nke ụdị abụọ ọzọ nke ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nke na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ: ''Plasmodium oval'' (1922) na ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' (nke a chọpụtara na ogologo ọdụ n'afọ 1931; na ụmụ mmadụ n'afọ 1965). &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; Ronald Ross kọwara onyinye nke ụmụ ahụhụ na ndụ ''Plasmodium'' n'afọ 1897 na Giovanni Batista Grassi, Amico Bignami na Giuseppe Bastianelli n'afọ 1899.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1966, Cyril Garnham tụrụ aro ka a kewaa  ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' n'ime ụdị itoolu dabere na njirimara na ọdịdị nje.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria Parasites: Comparative Genomics, Evolution and Molecular Biology|editor=Carlton, J.M.|isbn=978-1-908230-07-2|publisher=Caister Academic Press|date=2013|chapter=The Diversity of ''Plasmodium'' and other Haemosporidians: The Intersection of Taxonomy, Phylogenetics, and Genomics|author=Martinsen, E. S.|pages=1–15}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMartinsen,_E._S.Perkins,_S._L.2013&quot;&gt;Martinsen, E. S.; Perkins, S. L. (2013). &quot;The Diversity of ''Plasmodium'' and other Haemosporidians: The Intersection of Taxonomy, Phylogenetics, and Genomics&quot;. In Carlton, J.M.; Perkins, S.L.; Deitsch, K.W. (eds.). ''Malaria Parasites: Comparative Genomics, Evolution and Molecular Biology''. Caister Academic Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1–&lt;/span&gt;15. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-908230-07-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-908230-07-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a gụnyere subgenera anọ nke A. Corradetti chepụtara na mbụ maka ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa nnụnụ n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Corradetti1963&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Corradetti A.|title=New classification of the avian malaria parasites|journal=Parassitologia|volume=5|pages=1–4|year=1963}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Brief Historical Summary|pages=9–15}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFValkiunas,_Gediminas2004&quot;&gt;Valkiunas, Gediminas (2004). &quot;Brief Historical Summary&quot;. ''Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia''. CRC Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9–&lt;/span&gt;15. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30097-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-415-30097-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sam R. Telford gbasaa atụmatụ a n'afọ 1988 mgbe ọ gbanwere nje ''Plasmodium'' nke na-emetụta anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ, na-agbakwunye subgenera ise. &lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Telford1988&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1997, G. Valkiunas weghachiri ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa nnụnụ site na ịgbakwunye subgenus nke ise: ''Bennettinia'' .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Valkiunas, G.|title=Bird Haemosporidia|journal=Acta Zoologica Lituanica|volume=3–5|pages=1–607|year=1997|issn=1392-1657}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Haematozoa
* Ndepụta nke ụdị Plasmodium
* Ngwá ọrụ Plasmodium
* Plasmodium RUF6 RNA

== Ihe edeturu ==
 {{Malaria}}

== Edensibia ==
{{Taxonbar|from=Q130948}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

=== Ịmata ===

=== Ihe ndị dị ndụ ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Baldacci, P.|title=The elusive malaria sporozoite in the mammalian host|journal=Mol. Microbiol.|volume=54|issue=2|pages=298–306|date=October 2004|pmid=15469504|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04275.x}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Bledsoe, G. H.|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=South. Med. J.|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|url=http://www.sma.org/pdfs/objecttypes/smj/91C48D32-BCD4-FF25-565C69314AF7EB48/1196.pdf|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Shortt, H. E.|title=Life-cycle of the mammalian malaria parasite|journal=Br. Med. Bull.|volume=8|issue=1|pages=7–9|year=1951|pmid=14944807|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a074057}}

=== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Slater, L. B.|title=Malarial birds: modeling infectious human disease in animals|journal=Bull Hist Med|volume=79|issue=2|pages=261–94|year=2005|pmid=15965289|doi=10.1353/bhm.2005.0092}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Authority control}} {{Malaria}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q130948}}{{Authority control}} 
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Plasmodium bụ ụdị eukaryotes dị iche iche nke bụ nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa vertebrates na ụmụ ahụhụ. Usoro ndụ nke ụdị Plasmodium gụnyere mmepe nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-enye ọbara, nke na-etinye nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa n'ime onye na-enye ọbara n'oge nri ọbara. Parasites na-etolite n'ime anụ ahụ vertebrates (ọtụtụ mgbe imeju) tupu ha abanye n'ọbara iji bute mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị na-abata nwere ike ibute ịba. N'oge ọrịa a, ụmụ ahụhụ na-enye ọbara na-eburu ụfọdụ nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa (anwụnta n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ), na-aga n'ihu na usoro ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCAbout&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – About|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/parasites.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plasmodium bụ otu n'ime phylum Apicomplexa, otu nnukwu ìgwè eukaryotes parasitic. N'ime Apicomplexa, Plasmodium dị n'usoro Haemosporida na ezinụlọ Plasmodiidae. Akọwala ihe karịrị ụdị Plasmodium 200, ọtụtụ n'ime ha kewara n'ime obere mkpụrụ ndụ iri na anọ dabere na ọdịdị nje na oke nnabata. Mmekọrịta evolushọn n'etiti ụdị Plasmodium dị iche iche anaghị agbaso ókèala taxonomic mgbe niile; ụfọdụ ụdị ndị yiri onwe ha n'ụzọ ọdịdị ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebute otu nnabata ahụ na-aghọ ndị nwere njikọ dị anya.

A na-ekesa ụdị Plasmodium n'ụwa niile ebe ọ bụla enwere ndị ọbịa kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ bụ anwụnta nke ụdị Culex na Anopheles. Ndị na-elekọta anụ ọhịa gụnyere anụ na-akpụ akpụ, nnụnụ, na anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Charles Laveran chọpụtara nje Plasmodium na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. N'ime narị afọ nke 20, achọpụtara ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi ma kewaa ha, gụnyere ụdị ise na-ebutekarị ọrịa mmadụ: P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, na P. knowlesi. P. falciparum bụ nke kachasị egbu mmadụ, nke na-akpata ọtụtụ narị puku ọnwụ kwa afọ. Emepụtala ọtụtụ ọgwụ iji gwọọ ọrịa Plasmodium; agbanyeghị, nje ndị ahụ agbanweela iguzogide ọgwụ ọ bụla emepụtara.

Ọ bụ ezie na nje ahụ nwekwara ike ibute ọrịa site na mmịnye ọbara, nke a dị oke ụkọ, a pụghịkwa ịgbasa Plasmodium site n'otu onye gaa na onye ọzọ. Ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium bụ nje ndị a na-etinye n'ime ahụ.
[[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|thumb|''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote mana o nwere ihe ndị pụrụ iche.]]
Ụdị Plasmodium nwere eukaryotes niile dị na phylum Apicomplexa nke na-agafe usoro mmeghari asexual nke merogony n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke ndị ọbịa ma na-emepụta pigment crystalline hemozoin dị ka ihe si na hemoglobin onye ọbịa gbarie.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Plasmodium/68071|accessdate=1 June 2016|title=''Plasmodium''|publisher=Tree of Life Web Project|author=Zilversmit, M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị Plasmodium nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị yiri eukaryotes ndị ọzọ, yana ụfọdụ ndị pụrụ iche na phylum ma ọ bụ genus ha. A na-ekewa mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium n'ime kromozom 14 dị na nucleus. Parasites Plasmodium na-ejigide otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha n'ọtụtụ usoro ndụ, na-amụba mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ ugboro abụọ naanị maka obere mgbanwe mmekọahụ n'ime etiti afọ nke onye na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obado&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.07.008|pmid=27475118|title=The nuclear envelope and gene organization in parasitic protozoa: Specializations associated with disease|journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology|volume=209|issue=1–2|pages=104–113|year=2016|author=Obado|first=Samson O}}&lt;/ref&gt; E jikọtara ya na nucleus ahụ bụ endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nke na-arụ ọrụ n'otu aka ahụ na ER na eukaryotes ndị ọzọ. A na-ebufe protein site na ER gaa na ngwa Golgi nke na-abụkarị otu akụkụ nke nwere membrane na Apicomplexans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruiz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.01.007|pmid=26844642|title=Vacuolar protein sorting mechanisms in apicomplexan parasites|journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology|volume=209|issue=1–2|pages=18–25|year=2016|author=Jimenez-Ruiz|first=Elena}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'ebe a, a na-ebuga protein n'ime akụkụ sel dị iche iche ma ọ bụ n'elu sel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruiz&quot; /&gt;

Dịka ndị ọzọ apicomplexans, ụdị Plasmodium nwere ọtụtụ usoro sel n'akụkụ apical nke nje ahụ nke na-eje ozi dị ka organelles pụrụ iche maka izochi ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị ndụ banye n'ime onye ọbịa ahụ. Ndị kacha pụta ìhè bụ rhoptries bulbous nke nwere protein parasites ndị na-etinye aka na mwakpo nke sel onye ọbịa ahụ ma gbanwee onye ọbịa ahụ ozugbo ọ banyere n'ime.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2013.03.003|pmid=23570755|title=Plasmodium rhoptry proteins: Why order is important|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=29|issue=5|pages=228–36|year=2013|author=Counihan|first=Natalie A.|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/20961553}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkụ rhoptries ahụ, e nwere obere ihe owuwu a na-akpọ micronemes nke nwere protein nje ndị dị mkpa maka mmegharị ahụ yana ịmata ma jikọta na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọbịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/1574-6976.12013|pmid=23186105|title=Subversion of host cellular functions by the apicomplexan parasites|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|volume=37|issue=4|pages=607–31|year=2013|author=Kemp|first=Louise E.|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:28792/ATTACHMENT01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahụ vesicles nzuzo nke a na-akpọ dense granules nke nwere protein parasitophorus nke na-eme mgbanwe n'akpụkpọ ahụ nke na-ekewapụ parasitophorus na onye ọbịa, nke a na-akpọ parasitophorous vacuole nke gbasaara n'ime nje ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp2013&quot; /&gt;

Ụdị Plasmodium nwekwara nnukwu akụkụ abụọ nke na-ejikọta akpụkpọ ahụ nke sitere na endosymbiotic, mitochondrion na apicoplast, ha abụọ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na metabolism nke nje ahụ. N'adịghị ka mkpụrụ ndụ anụmanụ nke nwere ọtụtụ mitochondria, mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium nwere otu nnukwu mitochondrion nke na-ahazi nkewa ya na nke mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheiner2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.003|pmid=23927894|title=The metabolic roles of the endosymbiotic organelles of Toxoplasma and Plasmodium spp|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|volume=16|issue=4|pages=452–8|year=2013|author=Sheiner|first=Lilach}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọ dị na eukaryotes ndị ọzọ, Plasmodium mitochondrion nwere ike imepụta ike n'ụdị ATP site na okirikiri citric acid; agbanyeghị, ọrụ a dị mkpa naanị maka ndụ nje na onye na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ ahụ, ọ dịghịkwa mkpa maka uto na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheiner2013&quot; /&gt; E si n'ihe gbasara endosymbiosis nke abụọ nweta organelle nke abụọ, nke a na-akpọ apicoplast, n'ọnọdụ a, nna ochie Plasmodium nwetara alga uhie.&lt;ref name=&quot;McFadden2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.08.005|pmid=27773518|title=The apicoplast: Now you see it, now you don't|journal=International Journal for Parasitology|volume=47|issue=2–3|pages=137–144|year=2017|author=McFadden|first=Geoffrey Ian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apicoplast na-etinye aka na mmepụta nke ihe ndị na-ebute ụzọ metabolic dị iche iche, gụnyere abụba abụba, isoprenoids, ụyọkọ ígwè-sọlfọ, na akụkụ nke ụzọ heme biosynthesis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dooren|first=Giel|title=The Algal Past and Parasite Present of the Apicoplast|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|date=June 26, 2013|volume=67|pages=271–289|doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155741|pmid=23808340}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okirikiri ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Life_Cycle_of_the_Malaria_Parasite.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke ụdị na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ]]
[[Faịlụ:Malarial_parasites,_Plasmodium_species,_ring_forms_in_red_blood_cells.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụdị mgbaaka nke ''Plasmodium'' n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara mmadụ (Giemsa stain) ]]
Usoro ndụ nke Plasmodium gụnyere ọtụtụ usoro dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ anụmanụ. A na-ewebata nje ndị a n'ime anụ anụmanụ site na nta ahụhụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ (ọ na-abụkarị anwụnta, ewezuga ụfọdụ ụdị anụ ọhịa Plasmodium).&lt;ref name=&quot;Sullivan&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease, and Post-genomic Biology|date=2005|editor=Sullivan, D|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-29088-9|chapter=Molecular Genetics of Mosquito Resistance to Malaria Parasites|author=Vernick, K.D.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nje na-ebu ụzọ bute ọrịa imeju ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ, ebe ha na-eme otu nnukwu mgbanwe tupu ha apụọ na mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ wee bute erythrocytes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge a, ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium nke primates nwere ike ịmepụta ogbo ụra ogologo oge a na-akpọ hypnozoite, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Markus, M. B.|title=Malaria: Origin of the Term 'Hypnozoite'|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=781–786|date=2011|pmid=20665090|doi=10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a025486|pmid=28242785|title=Malaria Parasite Liver Infection and Exoerythrocytic Biology|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=7|issue=6|year=2017|author=Vaughan|first=Ashley M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, maka ọtụtụ ụdị Plasmodium, nje ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju ndị butere ọrịa bụ naanị ihe a na-akpọ merozoites. Mgbe ha si n'ime imeju pụta, ha na-abanye na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, dịka akọwara n'elu. Ha na-agafe usoro na-aga n'ihu nke ọrịa erythrocyte, ebe obere pasentị nke nje ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha gaa na ọkwa mmekọahụ a na-akpọ gametocyte nke onye ọbịa ahụhụ na-eri nri ọbara. N'ụfọdụ ndị ọbịa, mwakpo nke erythrocytes site na ụdị Plasmodium nwere ike ibute ọrịa, nke a na-akpọ ịba. Nke a nwere ike ịdị njọ mgbe ụfọdụ, na-esochi ngwa ngwa ọnwụ nke onye ọbịa (dịka ọmụmaatụ P. falciparum n'ime mmadụ). Na ndị ọbịa ndị ọzọ, ọrịa Plasmodium nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egosi na ọ nweghị ihe mgbaàmà.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sullivan&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụrụgodị na ụmụ mmadụ nwere ụdị ọrịa plasmodial dị otu a, enwere ike inwe ọtụtụ nje ndị na-amụba amụba zoro ezo, ọkachasị, splin na ụmị ọkpụkpụ. N'ezie, nke a metụtara nke P. vivax. A na-eche na nje ndị a zoro ezo (na mgbakwunye na hypnozoites) bụ isi ihe kpatara ọrịa ịba P. vivax ugboro ugboro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Markus|first=M. B.|title=Theoretical origin of genetically homologous Plasmodium vivax malarial recurrences|journal=Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases|date=2022|volume=37|issue=1|doi=10.4102/sajid.v37i1.369|pmid=35399558}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Malaria_Sporozoites_(16657642929).jpg|thumb|Sporozoites, otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche nke nje, site na anwụnta]]
N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, merozoites na-eto n'ime ọbara ruo mgbe ha ga-adị ka mgbaaka wee bụrụ nke buru ibu, wee bụrụ nke a na-akpọ trophozoite. Trophozoites na-etolite ruo mgbe ha ga-aghọ schizonts nke na-ekewa ugboro ugboro iji mepụta merozoites ọhụrụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị butere ọrịa ahụ na-agbawa, na-ekwe ka merozoites ọhụrụ gaa n'ime ọbara iji bute mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọhụrụ. Ọtụtụ merozoites na-aga n'ihu na usoro ọmụmụ a, mana ụfọdụ merozoites mgbe ha butere mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-ekewa n'ime ụdị mmekọahụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị a na-akpọ gametocytes. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ndị a na-agbasa n'ọbara ruo mgbe ha ga-ebuga ha mgbe anwụnta na-eri anụ ahụ nwere ọrịa ahụ, na-eburu ọbara nke gụnyere sel gametocytes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html &quot;CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology&quot;]. ''CDC: Malaria''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime anwụnta ahụ, sel gametocytes na-agagharị na nri ọbara gaa n'etiti afọ anwụnta. N'ebe a, sel gametocytes na-etolite ghọọ sel nwoke na nwanyị nke na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịgbara ibe ha mmiri, na-emepụta zygote. Zygotes na-etolite ghọọ ụdị mmegharị ahụ a na-akpọ ookinete, nke na-abanye na mgbidi nke midgut. Mgbe ha gafere mgbidi midgut, ookinete na-abanye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ mpụta afọ wee ghọọ oocyst. Oocysts na-ekewa ọtụtụ ugboro iji mepụta nnukwu ọnụọgụ nke sporozoites ogologo. Sporozoite ndị a na-akwaga na gland salivary nke anwụnta ebe a pụrụ ịgba ha n'ọbara nke ata anwụnta na-esote, na-emegharị usoro ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html &quot;CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology&quot;]. ''CDC: Malaria''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Evolution na taxonomy ==
[[Faịlụ:Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg|thumb|Ọkpụkpụ anwụnta kacha ochie na ''Plasmodium Dominicana'', afọ 15-20 nde]]

=== Nchịkọta ===
Plasmodium bụ nke phylum Apicomplexa, otu ìgwè nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ nwere akụkụ nzuzo pụrụ iche n'otu nsọtụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morrison2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2009.05.010|pmid=19635681|title=Evolution of the Apicomplexa: Where are we now?|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=25|issue=8|pages=375–82|year=2009|author=Morrison|first=David A.}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime Apicomplexa, Plasmodium dị n'okpuru usoro Haemosporida, otu nke gụnyere apicomplexans niile bi n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Haemosporina/124976|accessdate=1 May 2018|title=Haemospororida Danielewski 1885|author=Votypka J|work=Tree of Life}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dabere na ọnụnọ nke hemozoin pigment na usoro nke ịmụpụta ụmụ nwoke na nwanyị, usoro ahụ kewara n'ime ezinụlọ anọ, nke Plasmodium dị na ezinụlọ Plasmodiidae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụdị Plasmodium nwere ihe karịrị ụdị narị abụọ, nke a na-akọwakarị dabere na ọdịdị ha n'ọbara nke ụmụ anụmanụ ndị bu ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria Parasites: Comparative Genomics, Evolution and Molecular Biology|editor=Carlton, J.M.|isbn=978-1-908230-07-2|publisher=Caister Academic Press|date=2013|chapter=The Diversity of ''Plasmodium'' and other Haemosporidians: The Intersection of Taxonomy, Phylogenetics, and Genomics|author=Martinsen, E. S.|pages=1–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ekewa ụdị ndị a dabere na ọdịdị ha na ebe obibi ha n'ime ụdị iri na anọ: &lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Subgenus ''Asiamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Bennettinia'' &lt;small&gt; (Valkiunas, 1997) &lt;/small&gt; - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Carinamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1966) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Giovannolaia'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Haemamoeba'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Huffia'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Lacertamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus Laverania &lt;small&gt; (Bray, 1958) &lt;/small&gt; - nnukwu enwe, ụmụ mmadụ
* Subgenus ''Novyella'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Ophidiella'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Paraplasmodium'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Plasmodium'' &lt;small&gt; (Bray, 1955) &lt;/small&gt; - enwe na apụl
* Subgenus ''Sauramoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1966) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Vinckeia'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1964) &lt;/small&gt; - ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara inc. primates

A na-ekewa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-ebute enwe na enwe, ewezuga P. falciparum na P. reichenowi (ndị mejupụtara subgenus Laverania) na subgenus Plasmodium. A na-ekewa nje ndị na-ebute anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ụfọdụ primates (lemurs na ndị ọzọ) na subgenus Vinckeia. Subgenesia ise dị na Bennettinia, Giovannolaia, Haemamoeba, Huffia, na Novyella nwere ụdị malaria avian a ma ama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Brief Historical Summary|pages=9–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ: Asiamoeba, Carinamoeba, Lacertamoeba, Ophidiella, Paraplasmodium, na Sauramoeba nwere ụdị nje dị iche iche a na-ahụ na-ebute ọrịa na-akpụ akpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telford1988&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Telford S|title=A contribution to the systematics of the reptilian malaria parasites, family Plasmodiidae (Apicomplexa: Haemosporina)|journal=Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences|volume=34|issue=2|pages=65–96|year=1988|url=http://ufdcweb1.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00095820/00001/3|accessdate=2014-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịdị ===
Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gbasara ụdị Plasmodium site na iji usoro molekul egosila na mgbanwe nke otu ahụ esoghị usoro nhazi nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Plasmodium/68071|accessdate=1 June 2016|title=''Plasmodium''|publisher=Tree of Life Web Project|author=Zilversmit, M.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFZilversmit,_M.Perkins,_S.&quot;&gt;Zilversmit, M.; Perkins, S. [http://tolweb.org/Plasmodium/68071 &quot;''Plasmodium''&quot;]. Tree of Life Web Project&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 June&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ ụdị Plasmodium ndị yiri ibe ha n'ụdị ọdịdị ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebute otu ndị ọbịa ahụ na-aghọ ndị nwere njikọ dị anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(03)54005-2|title=Progress in Malaria Research: the Case for Phylogenetics|pages=255–80|year=2003|author=Rich|first=S.|series=Advances in Parasitology|isbn=978-0-12-031754-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1990, ọtụtụ nnyocha chọrọ inyocha mmekọrịta evolushọn nke ụdị Plasmodium site na iji ribosomal RNA na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa protein elu sitere na ụdị dị iche iche, na-achọpụta na nje mmadụ P. falciparum nwere njikọ chiri anya na nje avian karịa nje ndị ọzọ nke primates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge gara aga, iji chọpụta ụdị Plasmodium ndị ọzọ, chọpụtara na nje ndị a na-enweta site na anụmanụ na-etolite klade yana ụdị Hepatocystis, ebe nje ndị a na-enweta site na nnụnụ ma ọ bụ ngwere yiri ka ha na-etolite klade dị iche na mmekọrịta evolushọn na-esoghị n'okpuru ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa:&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.012|pmid=18248741|title=A three-genome phylogeny of malaria parasites (''Plasmodium'' and closely related genera): Evolution of life-history traits and host switches|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=47|issue=1|date=April 2008|pages=261–273|url=https://zotero.org/groups/5435545/items/9ISQYV4R}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Atụmatụ maka mgbe usoro Plasmodium dị iche iche kewara ekewa dị iche iche. Atụmatụ maka nhazi nke usoro Haemosporida dị site na ihe dị ka nde iri na isii na puku narị abụọ ruo nde otu narị gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere mmasị pụrụ iche n'ịkọwa ọdịiche nke nje mmadụ ''P. falciparum'' site na agbụrụ ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ n'ihi mkpa ọgwụ ya. Maka nke a, ụbọchị ndị e mere atụmatụ na-adị site na Narị puku na puku iri ruo Nde abụọ na narị puku ise afọ gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot; /&gt;

== Nbudata ==
A na-ekesa ụdị Plasmodium n'ụwa niile. Ụdị Plasmodium niile bụ nje ndị na-efe efe ma ga-agafe n'etiti onye na-efe efe na onye na-efe efe iji mezue usoro ndụ ha. Ụdị Plasmodium dị iche iche na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke ndị na-efe efe, ụfọdụ ụdị nwere naanị otu ụdị vertebrate na otu ụdị ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe ụdị ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị vertebrate na/ma ọ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ.

=== Anụ ndị nwere azụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba ebe o si maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya &lt;ref name=&quot;Tatem2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
A kọwawo nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa Plasmodium n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche nke anụ ụlọ, gụnyere anụ na-akpụ akpụ, nnụnụ, na anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manguin&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ike ibute ọrịa karịa otu onye na-elekọta anụ ụlọ, ha na-abụkarị kpọmkwem maka otu n'ime klas ndị a (dịka nnụnụ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Manguin&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biodiversity of Malaria in the world|date=2008|author=Manguin, S.|publisher=John Libbey|isbn=978-2-7420-0616-8|pages=13–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk0JBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=malaria+reptile&amp;pg=PA13|accessdate=15 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụmụ mmadụ na-ebute ọrịa site na [./List_of_&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Plasmodium_species_infecting_primates#Species_infecting_humans&quot; id=&quot;mwAak&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;List of Plasmodium species infecting primates&quot;&gt;ụdị ise] nke Plasmodium, na ọtụtụ n'ime ọrịa siri ike na ọnwụ nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' kpatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scully&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.006|pmid=29096194|title=Molecular interactions governing host-specificity of blood stage malaria parasites|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|volume=40|pages=21–31|year=2017|author=Scully|first=Erik J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị ụfọdụ na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ nwekwara ike ibute ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, na zoonoses nke ụdị ụfọdụ (dịka nje ''P. knowlesi'') site na ụmụ anụmanụ ọzọ na ụmụ mmadụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scully&quot; /&gt; Ndị na-abụghị mmadụ nwekwara ụdị Plasmodium dịgasị iche iche nke na-adịghị ebute ụmụ mmadụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa siri ike na primates, ebe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịnọgide na onye nwe ya ruo ogologo oge n'ebughị ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Nunn, C.|date=2006|title=Infectious Diseases in Primates: Behavior, Ecology and Evolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1s0TDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=plasmodium&amp;pg=PA254|edition=1st|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=253–254|isbn=978-0-19-856584-0|accessdate=16 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-ebukwa ụdị Plasmodium, dịka ụdị oke, ungulates, na usu. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium nwere ike ibute ọrịa siri ike n'ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a na-enwe ha, ebe ọtụtụ yiri ka ha anaghị eme otú ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The rediscovery of malaria parasites of ungulates|journal=Parasitology|volume=143|issue=12|date=2016|pages=1501–1508|doi=10.1017/S0031182016001141|pmid=27444556}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe karịrị ụdị otu narị na ịrị ịse nke &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAck&quot;&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na-emetụta ụdị nnụnụ dịgasị iche iche. N'ozuzu, ụdị ọ bụla nke ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute otu ụdị nnụnụ ole na ole.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Specificity and general Principles of Species Identification|pages=67–81}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Plasmodium'' parasites nke na-ebute nnụnụ na-anọgide na onye nwe ya ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụ maka oge ndụ nke onye nwe ya, ọ bụ ezie na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa siri ike na ọnwụ ngwa ngwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=General Section - Life Cycle and Morphology of Plasmodiidae Species|pages=27–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Pathogenicity|pages=83–111}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ụmụ anụmanụ, nnụnụ ndị na-ebufe ọrịa na-ekesa n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas2&quot; /&gt;

Ụdị sitere na ọtụtụ subgenera nke  ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na-emetụta Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ dị iche iche. A kọwawo nje ''Plasmodium'' n'ọtụtụ Ezinụlọ ezé ma, dị ka nje nnụnụ, na-agbasa n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zug&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles|editor=Zug, G. R.|isbn=978-0-12-782620-2|publisher=Academic Press|date=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqgpcru2sfwC&amp;q=malaria+reptile&amp;pg=PA152|accessdate=16 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ụdị Plasmodium ndị na-ebute nje na anụmanụ, a na-ekesa nnụnụ ndị na-ebute nje ahụ gburugburu ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zug&quot; /&gt;

E mepụtara ọtụtụ ọgwụ kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ iji chịkwaa ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na ndị nwere ọkpụkpụ azụ, ọkachasị n'ime ụmụ mmadụ. A na-eji Quinine eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egbochi ịba site na narị afọ nke iri na asaa ruo mgbe mmegide zuru oke pụtara na mmalite narị afọ nke abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Blasco|first=Benjamin|year=2017|title=Antimalarial drug resistance: Linking Plasmodium falciparum parasite biology to the clinic|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=23|issue=8|pages=917–928|doi=10.1038/nm.4381|pmid=28777791}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịkwụsị quinine kpaliri mmepe nke ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba site na narị afọ nke ịrị abụọ gụnyere chloroquine, proguanil, atovaquone, sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine, mefloquine, na artemisinin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot; /&gt; N'ọnọdụ niile, nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ a nyere apụtala n'ime iri afọ ole na ole nke itinye ọgwụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot; /&gt; Iji lụso nke a ọgụ, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba eme ihe na njikọta, yana ọgwụgwọ njikọta artemisinin ugbu a bụ ọkọlọtọ ọla edo maka ọgwụgwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cowman2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055|pmid=27768886|title=Malaria: Biology and Disease|journal=Cell|volume=167|issue=3|pages=610–624|year=2016|author=Cowman|first=Alan F}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ozuzu, ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na-elekwasị anya na ọkwa ndụ nke nje ''Plasmodium'' nke bi n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, dịka ndị a bụ ọkwa ndị na-akpata ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haldar2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2017.161|pmid=29355852|title=Drug resistance in Plasmodium|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|volume=16|issue=3|pages=156–170|year=2018|author=Haldar|first=Kasturi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/med.21486|pmid=29372568|title=Multistage inhibitors of the malaria parasite: Emerging hope for chemoprotection and malaria eradication|journal=Medicinal Research Reviews|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1511–1535|year=2018|author=Poonam}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;

=== Ụmụ ahụhụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anopheles stephensi'' bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ọbara nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' nwere ike ibute ọrịa.]]
Na mgbakwunye na onye nwere azụ̀, ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' niile na-ebutekwa nje ndị na-aṅụ ọbara, nke na-abụkarị anwụnta (ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nje ndị na-ebute ọrịa na-efe efe na-esi n'ájá ájá ebufe ). Anwụnta nke ụdị ''Culex'', ''[[Anopheles]]'', ''Culiseta'', ''Mansonia'' na ''Aedes'' na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe obibi ụmụ ahụhụ maka ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' dị iche iche. Ndị kacha mma e nyochachara gbasara ha bụ anwụnta ''Anopheles'' nke nwere nje ''Plasmodium'' nke ịba mmadụ, yana anwụnta ''Culex'' nke nwere ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nke na-akpata ịba n'ime nnụnụ. Naanị anwụnta nwanyị ka a na-ebute site na ọrịa ''Plasmodium'', ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị ọbara nke ndị nwere azụ̀ dị n'ime ha ka ha na-eri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Crompton|first=Peter D.|date=2014|title=Malaria Immunity in Man and Mosquito: Insights into Unsolved Mysteries of a Deadly Infectious Disease|journal=Annual Review of Immunology|volume=32|issue=1|pages=157–187|doi=10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120220|pmid=24655294}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị dị iche iche na-emetụta ndị na-elekọta ha n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ụmụ ahụhụ ndị nwere ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na-ebelata ndụ ha ma belata ikike ha ịmụ ụmụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Busula&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2017.08.010|pmid=28942108|title=Mechanisms of Plasmodium -Enhanced Attraction of Mosquito Vectors|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=33|issue=12|pages=961–973|year=2017|author=Busula|first=Annette O.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' yiri ka ha na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-ahọrọ ịta ndị nwere azụ̀ vertebrate ọrịa karịa ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Busula&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cois.2017.02.002|pmid=28602239|title=Effects of malaria infection on mosquito olfaction and behavior: Extrapolating data to the field|journal=Current Opinion in Insect Science|volume=20|pages=7–12|year=2017|author=Stanczyk|first=Nina M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a025593|pmid=28389513|title=Anopheline Reproductive Biology: Impacts on Vectorial Capacity and Potential Avenues for Malaria Control|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=7|issue=12|year=2017|author=Mitchell|first=Sara N.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran bu ụzọ kọwaa nje na ọbara nke ndị ọrịa ịba n'afọ 1880. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/index.html|accessdate=31 May 2016|title=The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kpọrọ nje ahụ Oscillaria malariae . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1885, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ bụ [[Ettore Marchiafva]] na Angelo Celli nyochaghachiri nje ahụ ma kpọọ ya onye otu ụdị ọhụrụ, ọrịa ''Plasmodium'', nke akpọrọ aha ya maka ọdịdị ya na mkpụrụ ndụ multinyucleate nke slime molds nke otu aha ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;McFadden2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McFadden|first=G. I.|year=2012|title=Plasmodia – don't|journal=Trends Parasitol|volume=28|issue=8|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2012.05.006|pmid=22738856}}&lt;/ref&gt;[ihe odide 1] Eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ike itinye aka n'ịkpata ụdị ịba dị iche iche bụ nke mbụ Camillo Golgi chọpụtara n'afọ 1886. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1897, William Welch chọpụtara ma kpọọ ya ọrịa ''Plasmodium falciparum''. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Giovanni Batista Grassi na [[Raimondo Filetti]] kpọrọ nje ndị na-akpata ụdị ịba abụọ dị iche iche nke mmadụ ''Plasmodium vivax'' na Plasmodium malariae . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt;Nke a sochiri site na mmata nke ụdị abụọ ọzọ nke ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nke na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ: ''Plasmodium oval'' (1922) na ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' (nke a chọpụtara na ogologo ọdụ n'afọ 1931; na ụmụ mmadụ n'afọ 1965). &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; Ronald Ross kọwara onyinye nke ụmụ ahụhụ na ndụ ''Plasmodium'' n'afọ 1897 na Giovanni Batista Grassi, Amico Bignami na Giuseppe Bastianelli n'afọ 1899.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1966, Cyril Garnham tụrụ aro ka a kewaa  ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' n'ime ụdị itoolu dabere na njirimara na ọdịdị nje.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria Parasites: Comparative Genomics, Evolution and Molecular Biology|editor=Carlton, J.M.|isbn=978-1-908230-07-2|publisher=Caister Academic Press|date=2013|chapter=The Diversity of ''Plasmodium'' and other Haemosporidians: The Intersection of Taxonomy, Phylogenetics, and Genomics|author=Martinsen, E. S.|pages=1–15}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMartinsen,_E._S.Perkins,_S._L.2013&quot;&gt;Martinsen, E. S.; Perkins, S. L. (2013). &quot;The Diversity of ''Plasmodium'' and other Haemosporidians: The Intersection of Taxonomy, Phylogenetics, and Genomics&quot;. In Carlton, J.M.; Perkins, S.L.; Deitsch, K.W. (eds.). ''Malaria Parasites: Comparative Genomics, Evolution and Molecular Biology''. Caister Academic Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1–&lt;/span&gt;15. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-908230-07-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-908230-07-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a gụnyere subgenera anọ nke A. Corradetti chepụtara na mbụ maka ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa nnụnụ n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Corradetti1963&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Corradetti A.|title=New classification of the avian malaria parasites|journal=Parassitologia|volume=5|pages=1–4|year=1963}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot; /&gt; Sam R. Telford gbasaa atụmatụ a n'afọ 1988 mgbe ọ gbanwere nje ''Plasmodium'' nke na-emetụta anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ, na-agbakwunye subgenera ise. &lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Telford1988&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1997, G. Valkiunas weghachiri ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa nnụnụ site na ịgbakwunye subgenus nke ise: ''Bennettinia'' .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Valkiunas, G.|title=Bird Haemosporidia|journal=Acta Zoologica Lituanica|volume=3–5|pages=1–607|year=1997|issn=1392-1657}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Haematozoa
* Ndepụta nke ụdị Plasmodium
* Ngwá ọrụ Plasmodium
* Plasmodium RUF6 RNA

== Ihe edeturu ==
 {{Malaria}}

== Edensibia ==
{{Taxonbar|from=Q130948}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

=== Ịmata ===

=== Ihe ndị dị ndụ ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Baldacci, P.|title=The elusive malaria sporozoite in the mammalian host|journal=Mol. Microbiol.|volume=54|issue=2|pages=298–306|date=October 2004|pmid=15469504|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04275.x}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Bledsoe, G. H.|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=South. Med. J.|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|url=http://www.sma.org/pdfs/objecttypes/smj/91C48D32-BCD4-FF25-565C69314AF7EB48/1196.pdf|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Shortt, H. E.|title=Life-cycle of the mammalian malaria parasite|journal=Br. Med. Bull.|volume=8|issue=1|pages=7–9|year=1951|pmid=14944807|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a074057}}

=== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Slater, L. B.|title=Malarial birds: modeling infectious human disease in animals|journal=Bull Hist Med|volume=79|issue=2|pages=261–94|year=2005|pmid=15965289|doi=10.1353/bhm.2005.0092}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Authority control}} {{Malaria}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q130948}}{{Authority control}} 
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Plasmodium bụ ụdị eukaryotes dị iche iche nke bụ nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa vertebrates na ụmụ ahụhụ. Usoro ndụ nke ụdị Plasmodium gụnyere mmepe nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-enye ọbara, nke na-etinye nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa n'ime onye na-enye ọbara n'oge nri ọbara. Parasites na-etolite n'ime anụ ahụ vertebrates (ọtụtụ mgbe imeju) tupu ha abanye n'ọbara iji bute mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị na-abata nwere ike ibute ịba. N'oge ọrịa a, ụmụ ahụhụ na-enye ọbara na-eburu ụfọdụ nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa (anwụnta n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ), na-aga n'ihu na usoro ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCAbout&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – About|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/parasites.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plasmodium bụ otu n'ime phylum Apicomplexa, otu nnukwu ìgwè eukaryotes parasitic. N'ime Apicomplexa, Plasmodium dị n'usoro Haemosporida na ezinụlọ Plasmodiidae. Akọwala ihe karịrị ụdị Plasmodium 200, ọtụtụ n'ime ha kewara n'ime obere mkpụrụ ndụ iri na anọ dabere na ọdịdị nje na oke nnabata. Mmekọrịta evolushọn n'etiti ụdị Plasmodium dị iche iche anaghị agbaso ókèala taxonomic mgbe niile; ụfọdụ ụdị ndị yiri onwe ha n'ụzọ ọdịdị ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebute otu nnabata ahụ na-aghọ ndị nwere njikọ dị anya.

A na-ekesa ụdị Plasmodium n'ụwa niile ebe ọ bụla enwere ndị ọbịa kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ bụ anwụnta nke ụdị Culex na Anopheles. Ndị na-elekọta anụ ọhịa gụnyere anụ na-akpụ akpụ, nnụnụ, na anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Charles Laveran chọpụtara nje Plasmodium na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. N'ime narị afọ nke 20, achọpụtara ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi ma kewaa ha, gụnyere ụdị ise na-ebutekarị ọrịa mmadụ: P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, na P. knowlesi. P. falciparum bụ nke kachasị egbu mmadụ, nke na-akpata ọtụtụ narị puku ọnwụ kwa afọ. Emepụtala ọtụtụ ọgwụ iji gwọọ ọrịa Plasmodium; agbanyeghị, nje ndị ahụ agbanweela iguzogide ọgwụ ọ bụla emepụtara.

Ọ bụ ezie na nje ahụ nwekwara ike ibute ọrịa site na mmịnye ọbara, nke a dị oke ụkọ, a pụghịkwa ịgbasa Plasmodium site n'otu onye gaa na onye ọzọ. Ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium bụ nje ndị a na-etinye n'ime ahụ.
[[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|thumb|''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote mana o nwere ihe ndị pụrụ iche.]]
Ụdị Plasmodium nwere eukaryotes niile dị na phylum Apicomplexa nke na-agafe usoro mmeghari asexual nke merogony n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke ndị ọbịa ma na-emepụta pigment crystalline hemozoin dị ka ihe si na hemoglobin onye ọbịa gbarie.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Plasmodium/68071|accessdate=1 June 2016|title=''Plasmodium''|publisher=Tree of Life Web Project|author=Zilversmit, M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị Plasmodium nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị yiri eukaryotes ndị ọzọ, yana ụfọdụ ndị pụrụ iche na phylum ma ọ bụ genus ha. A na-ekewa mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium n'ime kromozom 14 dị na nucleus. Parasites Plasmodium na-ejigide otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha n'ọtụtụ usoro ndụ, na-amụba mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ ugboro abụọ naanị maka obere mgbanwe mmekọahụ n'ime etiti afọ nke onye na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obado&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.07.008|pmid=27475118|title=The nuclear envelope and gene organization in parasitic protozoa: Specializations associated with disease|journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology|volume=209|issue=1–2|pages=104–113|year=2016|author=Obado|first=Samson O}}&lt;/ref&gt; E jikọtara ya na nucleus ahụ bụ endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nke na-arụ ọrụ n'otu aka ahụ na ER na eukaryotes ndị ọzọ. A na-ebufe protein site na ER gaa na ngwa Golgi nke na-abụkarị otu akụkụ nke nwere membrane na Apicomplexans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruiz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.01.007|pmid=26844642|title=Vacuolar protein sorting mechanisms in apicomplexan parasites|journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology|volume=209|issue=1–2|pages=18–25|year=2016|author=Jimenez-Ruiz|first=Elena}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'ebe a, a na-ebuga protein n'ime akụkụ sel dị iche iche ma ọ bụ n'elu sel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruiz&quot; /&gt;

Dịka ndị ọzọ apicomplexans, ụdị Plasmodium nwere ọtụtụ usoro sel n'akụkụ apical nke nje ahụ nke na-eje ozi dị ka organelles pụrụ iche maka izochi ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị ndụ banye n'ime onye ọbịa ahụ. Ndị kacha pụta ìhè bụ rhoptries bulbous nke nwere protein parasites ndị na-etinye aka na mwakpo nke sel onye ọbịa ahụ ma gbanwee onye ọbịa ahụ ozugbo ọ banyere n'ime.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2013.03.003|pmid=23570755|title=Plasmodium rhoptry proteins: Why order is important|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=29|issue=5|pages=228–36|year=2013|author=Counihan|first=Natalie A.|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/20961553}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkụ rhoptries ahụ, e nwere obere ihe owuwu a na-akpọ micronemes nke nwere protein nje ndị dị mkpa maka mmegharị ahụ yana ịmata ma jikọta na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọbịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/1574-6976.12013|pmid=23186105|title=Subversion of host cellular functions by the apicomplexan parasites|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|volume=37|issue=4|pages=607–31|year=2013|author=Kemp|first=Louise E.|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:28792/ATTACHMENT01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahụ vesicles nzuzo nke a na-akpọ dense granules nke nwere protein parasitophorus nke na-eme mgbanwe n'akpụkpọ ahụ nke na-ekewapụ parasitophorus na onye ọbịa, nke a na-akpọ parasitophorous vacuole nke gbasaara n'ime nje ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp2013&quot; /&gt;

Ụdị Plasmodium nwekwara nnukwu akụkụ abụọ nke na-ejikọta akpụkpọ ahụ nke sitere na endosymbiotic, mitochondrion na apicoplast, ha abụọ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na metabolism nke nje ahụ. N'adịghị ka mkpụrụ ndụ anụmanụ nke nwere ọtụtụ mitochondria, mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium nwere otu nnukwu mitochondrion nke na-ahazi nkewa ya na nke mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheiner2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.003|pmid=23927894|title=The metabolic roles of the endosymbiotic organelles of Toxoplasma and Plasmodium spp|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|volume=16|issue=4|pages=452–8|year=2013|author=Sheiner|first=Lilach}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọ dị na eukaryotes ndị ọzọ, Plasmodium mitochondrion nwere ike imepụta ike n'ụdị ATP site na okirikiri citric acid; agbanyeghị, ọrụ a dị mkpa naanị maka ndụ nje na onye na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ ahụ, ọ dịghịkwa mkpa maka uto na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheiner2013&quot; /&gt; E si n'ihe gbasara endosymbiosis nke abụọ nweta organelle nke abụọ, nke a na-akpọ apicoplast, n'ọnọdụ a, nna ochie Plasmodium nwetara alga uhie.&lt;ref name=&quot;McFadden2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.08.005|pmid=27773518|title=The apicoplast: Now you see it, now you don't|journal=International Journal for Parasitology|volume=47|issue=2–3|pages=137–144|year=2017|author=McFadden|first=Geoffrey Ian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apicoplast na-etinye aka na mmepụta nke ihe ndị na-ebute ụzọ metabolic dị iche iche, gụnyere abụba abụba, isoprenoids, ụyọkọ ígwè-sọlfọ, na akụkụ nke ụzọ heme biosynthesis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dooren|first=Giel|title=The Algal Past and Parasite Present of the Apicoplast|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|date=June 26, 2013|volume=67|pages=271–289|doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155741|pmid=23808340}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okirikiri ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Life_Cycle_of_the_Malaria_Parasite.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke ụdị na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ]]
[[Faịlụ:Malarial_parasites,_Plasmodium_species,_ring_forms_in_red_blood_cells.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụdị mgbaaka nke ''Plasmodium'' n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara mmadụ (Giemsa stain) ]]
Usoro ndụ nke Plasmodium gụnyere ọtụtụ usoro dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ anụmanụ. A na-ewebata nje ndị a n'ime anụ anụmanụ site na nta ahụhụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ (ọ na-abụkarị anwụnta, ewezuga ụfọdụ ụdị anụ ọhịa Plasmodium).&lt;ref name=&quot;Sullivan&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease, and Post-genomic Biology|date=2005|editor=Sullivan, D|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-29088-9|chapter=Molecular Genetics of Mosquito Resistance to Malaria Parasites|author=Vernick, K.D.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nje na-ebu ụzọ bute ọrịa imeju ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ, ebe ha na-eme otu nnukwu mgbanwe tupu ha apụọ na mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ wee bute erythrocytes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge a, ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium nke primates nwere ike ịmepụta ogbo ụra ogologo oge a na-akpọ hypnozoite, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Markus, M. B.|title=Malaria: Origin of the Term 'Hypnozoite'|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=781–786|date=2011|pmid=20665090|doi=10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a025486|pmid=28242785|title=Malaria Parasite Liver Infection and Exoerythrocytic Biology|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=7|issue=6|year=2017|author=Vaughan|first=Ashley M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, maka ọtụtụ ụdị Plasmodium, nje ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju ndị butere ọrịa bụ naanị ihe a na-akpọ merozoites. Mgbe ha si n'ime imeju pụta, ha na-abanye na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, dịka akọwara n'elu. Ha na-agafe usoro na-aga n'ihu nke ọrịa erythrocyte, ebe obere pasentị nke nje ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha gaa na ọkwa mmekọahụ a na-akpọ gametocyte nke onye ọbịa ahụhụ na-eri nri ọbara. N'ụfọdụ ndị ọbịa, mwakpo nke erythrocytes site na ụdị Plasmodium nwere ike ibute ọrịa, nke a na-akpọ ịba. Nke a nwere ike ịdị njọ mgbe ụfọdụ, na-esochi ngwa ngwa ọnwụ nke onye ọbịa (dịka ọmụmaatụ P. falciparum n'ime mmadụ). Na ndị ọbịa ndị ọzọ, ọrịa Plasmodium nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egosi na ọ nweghị ihe mgbaàmà.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sullivan&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụrụgodị na ụmụ mmadụ nwere ụdị ọrịa plasmodial dị otu a, enwere ike inwe ọtụtụ nje ndị na-amụba amụba zoro ezo, ọkachasị, splin na ụmị ọkpụkpụ. N'ezie, nke a metụtara nke P. vivax. A na-eche na nje ndị a zoro ezo (na mgbakwunye na hypnozoites) bụ isi ihe kpatara ọrịa ịba P. vivax ugboro ugboro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Markus|first=M. B.|title=Theoretical origin of genetically homologous Plasmodium vivax malarial recurrences|journal=Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases|date=2022|volume=37|issue=1|doi=10.4102/sajid.v37i1.369|pmid=35399558}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Malaria_Sporozoites_(16657642929).jpg|thumb|Sporozoites, otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche nke nje, site na anwụnta]]
N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, merozoites na-eto n'ime ọbara ruo mgbe ha ga-adị ka mgbaaka wee bụrụ nke buru ibu, wee bụrụ nke a na-akpọ trophozoite. Trophozoites na-etolite ruo mgbe ha ga-aghọ schizonts nke na-ekewa ugboro ugboro iji mepụta merozoites ọhụrụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị butere ọrịa ahụ na-agbawa, na-ekwe ka merozoites ọhụrụ gaa n'ime ọbara iji bute mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọhụrụ. Ọtụtụ merozoites na-aga n'ihu na usoro ọmụmụ a, mana ụfọdụ merozoites mgbe ha butere mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-ekewa n'ime ụdị mmekọahụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị a na-akpọ gametocytes. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ndị a na-agbasa n'ọbara ruo mgbe ha ga-ebuga ha mgbe anwụnta na-eri anụ ahụ nwere ọrịa ahụ, na-eburu ọbara nke gụnyere sel gametocytes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html &quot;CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology&quot;]. ''CDC: Malaria''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime anwụnta ahụ, sel gametocytes na-agagharị na nri ọbara gaa n'etiti afọ anwụnta. N'ebe a, sel gametocytes na-etolite ghọọ sel nwoke na nwanyị nke na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịgbara ibe ha mmiri, na-emepụta zygote. Zygotes na-etolite ghọọ ụdị mmegharị ahụ a na-akpọ ookinete, nke na-abanye na mgbidi nke midgut. Mgbe ha gafere mgbidi midgut, ookinete na-abanye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ mpụta afọ wee ghọọ oocyst. Oocysts na-ekewa ọtụtụ ugboro iji mepụta nnukwu ọnụọgụ nke sporozoites ogologo. Sporozoite ndị a na-akwaga na gland salivary nke anwụnta ebe a pụrụ ịgba ha n'ọbara nke ata anwụnta na-esote, na-emegharị usoro ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html &quot;CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology&quot;]. ''CDC: Malaria''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Evolution na taxonomy ==
[[Faịlụ:Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg|thumb|Ọkpụkpụ anwụnta kacha ochie na ''Plasmodium Dominicana'', afọ 15-20 nde]]

=== Nchịkọta ===
Plasmodium bụ nke phylum Apicomplexa, otu ìgwè nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ nwere akụkụ nzuzo pụrụ iche n'otu nsọtụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morrison2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2009.05.010|pmid=19635681|title=Evolution of the Apicomplexa: Where are we now?|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=25|issue=8|pages=375–82|year=2009|author=Morrison|first=David A.}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime Apicomplexa, Plasmodium dị n'okpuru usoro Haemosporida, otu nke gụnyere apicomplexans niile bi n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Haemosporina/124976|accessdate=1 May 2018|title=Haemospororida Danielewski 1885|author=Votypka J|work=Tree of Life}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dabere na ọnụnọ nke hemozoin pigment na usoro nke ịmụpụta ụmụ nwoke na nwanyị, usoro ahụ kewara n'ime ezinụlọ anọ, nke Plasmodium dị na ezinụlọ Plasmodiidae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụdị Plasmodium nwere ihe karịrị ụdị narị abụọ, nke a na-akọwakarị dabere na ọdịdị ha n'ọbara nke ụmụ anụmanụ ndị bu ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria Parasites: Comparative Genomics, Evolution and Molecular Biology|editor=Carlton, J.M.|isbn=978-1-908230-07-2|publisher=Caister Academic Press|date=2013|chapter=The Diversity of ''Plasmodium'' and other Haemosporidians: The Intersection of Taxonomy, Phylogenetics, and Genomics|author=Martinsen, E. S.|pages=1–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ekewa ụdị ndị a dabere na ọdịdị ha na ebe obibi ha n'ime ụdị iri na anọ: &lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Subgenus ''Asiamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Bennettinia'' &lt;small&gt; (Valkiunas, 1997) &lt;/small&gt; - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Carinamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1966) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Giovannolaia'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Haemamoeba'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Huffia'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Lacertamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus Laverania &lt;small&gt; (Bray, 1958) &lt;/small&gt; - nnukwu enwe, ụmụ mmadụ
* Subgenus ''Novyella'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Ophidiella'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Paraplasmodium'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Plasmodium'' &lt;small&gt; (Bray, 1955) &lt;/small&gt; - enwe na apụl
* Subgenus ''Sauramoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1966) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Vinckeia'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1964) &lt;/small&gt; - ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara inc. primates

A na-ekewa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-ebute enwe na enwe, ewezuga P. falciparum na P. reichenowi (ndị mejupụtara subgenus Laverania) na subgenus Plasmodium. A na-ekewa nje ndị na-ebute anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ụfọdụ primates (lemurs na ndị ọzọ) na subgenus Vinckeia. Subgenesia ise dị na Bennettinia, Giovannolaia, Haemamoeba, Huffia, na Novyella nwere ụdị malaria avian a ma ama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Brief Historical Summary|pages=9–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ: Asiamoeba, Carinamoeba, Lacertamoeba, Ophidiella, Paraplasmodium, na Sauramoeba nwere ụdị nje dị iche iche a na-ahụ na-ebute ọrịa na-akpụ akpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telford1988&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Telford S|title=A contribution to the systematics of the reptilian malaria parasites, family Plasmodiidae (Apicomplexa: Haemosporina)|journal=Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences|volume=34|issue=2|pages=65–96|year=1988|url=http://ufdcweb1.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00095820/00001/3|accessdate=2014-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịdị ===
Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gbasara ụdị Plasmodium site na iji usoro molekul egosila na mgbanwe nke otu ahụ esoghị usoro nhazi nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Plasmodium/68071|accessdate=1 June 2016|title=''Plasmodium''|publisher=Tree of Life Web Project|author=Zilversmit, M.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFZilversmit,_M.Perkins,_S.&quot;&gt;Zilversmit, M.; Perkins, S. [http://tolweb.org/Plasmodium/68071 &quot;''Plasmodium''&quot;]. Tree of Life Web Project&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 June&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ ụdị Plasmodium ndị yiri ibe ha n'ụdị ọdịdị ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebute otu ndị ọbịa ahụ na-aghọ ndị nwere njikọ dị anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(03)54005-2|title=Progress in Malaria Research: the Case for Phylogenetics|pages=255–80|year=2003|author=Rich|first=S.|series=Advances in Parasitology|isbn=978-0-12-031754-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1990, ọtụtụ nnyocha chọrọ inyocha mmekọrịta evolushọn nke ụdị Plasmodium site na iji ribosomal RNA na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa protein elu sitere na ụdị dị iche iche, na-achọpụta na nje mmadụ P. falciparum nwere njikọ chiri anya na nje avian karịa nje ndị ọzọ nke primates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge gara aga, iji chọpụta ụdị Plasmodium ndị ọzọ, chọpụtara na nje ndị a na-enweta site na anụmanụ na-etolite klade yana ụdị Hepatocystis, ebe nje ndị a na-enweta site na nnụnụ ma ọ bụ ngwere yiri ka ha na-etolite klade dị iche na mmekọrịta evolushọn na-esoghị n'okpuru ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa:&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.012|pmid=18248741|title=A three-genome phylogeny of malaria parasites (''Plasmodium'' and closely related genera): Evolution of life-history traits and host switches|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=47|issue=1|date=April 2008|pages=261–273|url=https://zotero.org/groups/5435545/items/9ISQYV4R}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Atụmatụ maka mgbe usoro Plasmodium dị iche iche kewara ekewa dị iche iche. Atụmatụ maka nhazi nke usoro Haemosporida dị site na ihe dị ka nde iri na isii na puku narị abụọ ruo nde otu narị gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere mmasị pụrụ iche n'ịkọwa ọdịiche nke nje mmadụ ''P. falciparum'' site na agbụrụ ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ n'ihi mkpa ọgwụ ya. Maka nke a, ụbọchị ndị e mere atụmatụ na-adị site na Narị puku na puku iri ruo Nde abụọ na narị puku ise afọ gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot; /&gt;

== Nbudata ==
A na-ekesa ụdị Plasmodium n'ụwa niile. Ụdị Plasmodium niile bụ nje ndị na-efe efe ma ga-agafe n'etiti onye na-efe efe na onye na-efe efe iji mezue usoro ndụ ha. Ụdị Plasmodium dị iche iche na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke ndị na-efe efe, ụfọdụ ụdị nwere naanị otu ụdị vertebrate na otu ụdị ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe ụdị ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị vertebrate na/ma ọ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ.

=== Anụ ndị nwere azụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba ebe o si maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya &lt;ref name=&quot;Tatem2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
A kọwawo nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa Plasmodium n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche nke anụ ụlọ, gụnyere anụ na-akpụ akpụ, nnụnụ, na anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manguin&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ike ibute ọrịa karịa otu onye na-elekọta anụ ụlọ, ha na-abụkarị kpọmkwem maka otu n'ime klas ndị a (dịka nnụnụ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Manguin&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biodiversity of Malaria in the world|date=2008|author=Manguin, S.|publisher=John Libbey|isbn=978-2-7420-0616-8|pages=13–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk0JBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=malaria+reptile&amp;pg=PA13|accessdate=15 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụmụ mmadụ na-ebute ọrịa site na [./List_of_&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Plasmodium_species_infecting_primates#Species_infecting_humans&quot; id=&quot;mwAak&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;List of Plasmodium species infecting primates&quot;&gt;ụdị ise] nke Plasmodium, na ọtụtụ n'ime ọrịa siri ike na ọnwụ nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' kpatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scully&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.006|pmid=29096194|title=Molecular interactions governing host-specificity of blood stage malaria parasites|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|volume=40|pages=21–31|year=2017|author=Scully|first=Erik J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị ụfọdụ na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ nwekwara ike ibute ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, na zoonoses nke ụdị ụfọdụ (dịka nje ''P. knowlesi'') site na ụmụ anụmanụ ọzọ na ụmụ mmadụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scully&quot; /&gt; Ndị na-abụghị mmadụ nwekwara ụdị Plasmodium dịgasị iche iche nke na-adịghị ebute ụmụ mmadụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa siri ike na primates, ebe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịnọgide na onye nwe ya ruo ogologo oge n'ebughị ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Nunn, C.|date=2006|title=Infectious Diseases in Primates: Behavior, Ecology and Evolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1s0TDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=plasmodium&amp;pg=PA254|edition=1st|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=253–254|isbn=978-0-19-856584-0|accessdate=16 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-ebukwa ụdị Plasmodium, dịka ụdị oke, ungulates, na usu. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium nwere ike ibute ọrịa siri ike n'ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a na-enwe ha, ebe ọtụtụ yiri ka ha anaghị eme otú ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The rediscovery of malaria parasites of ungulates|journal=Parasitology|volume=143|issue=12|date=2016|pages=1501–1508|doi=10.1017/S0031182016001141|pmid=27444556}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe karịrị ụdị otu narị na ịrị ịse nke &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAck&quot;&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na-emetụta ụdị nnụnụ dịgasị iche iche. N'ozuzu, ụdị ọ bụla nke ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute otu ụdị nnụnụ ole na ole.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Specificity and general Principles of Species Identification|pages=67–81}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Plasmodium'' parasites nke na-ebute nnụnụ na-anọgide na onye nwe ya ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụ maka oge ndụ nke onye nwe ya, ọ bụ ezie na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa siri ike na ọnwụ ngwa ngwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=General Section - Life Cycle and Morphology of Plasmodiidae Species|pages=27–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Pathogenicity|pages=83–111}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ụmụ anụmanụ, nnụnụ ndị na-ebufe ọrịa na-ekesa n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas2&quot; /&gt;

Ụdị sitere na ọtụtụ subgenera nke  ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na-emetụta Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ dị iche iche. A kọwawo nje ''Plasmodium'' n'ọtụtụ Ezinụlọ ezé ma, dị ka nje nnụnụ, na-agbasa n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zug&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles|editor=Zug, G. R.|isbn=978-0-12-782620-2|publisher=Academic Press|date=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqgpcru2sfwC&amp;q=malaria+reptile&amp;pg=PA152|accessdate=16 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ụdị Plasmodium ndị na-ebute nje na anụmanụ, a na-ekesa nnụnụ ndị na-ebute nje ahụ gburugburu ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zug&quot; /&gt;

E mepụtara ọtụtụ ọgwụ kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ iji chịkwaa ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na ndị nwere ọkpụkpụ azụ, ọkachasị n'ime ụmụ mmadụ. A na-eji Quinine eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egbochi ịba site na narị afọ nke iri na asaa ruo mgbe mmegide zuru oke pụtara na mmalite narị afọ nke abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Blasco|first=Benjamin|year=2017|title=Antimalarial drug resistance: Linking Plasmodium falciparum parasite biology to the clinic|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=23|issue=8|pages=917–928|doi=10.1038/nm.4381|pmid=28777791}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịkwụsị quinine kpaliri mmepe nke ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba site na narị afọ nke ịrị abụọ gụnyere chloroquine, proguanil, atovaquone, sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine, mefloquine, na artemisinin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot; /&gt; N'ọnọdụ niile, nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ a nyere apụtala n'ime iri afọ ole na ole nke itinye ọgwụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot; /&gt; Iji lụso nke a ọgụ, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba eme ihe na njikọta, yana ọgwụgwọ njikọta artemisinin ugbu a bụ ọkọlọtọ ọla edo maka ọgwụgwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cowman2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055|pmid=27768886|title=Malaria: Biology and Disease|journal=Cell|volume=167|issue=3|pages=610–624|year=2016|author=Cowman|first=Alan F}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ozuzu, ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na-elekwasị anya na ọkwa ndụ nke nje ''Plasmodium'' nke bi n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, dịka ndị a bụ ọkwa ndị na-akpata ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haldar2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2017.161|pmid=29355852|title=Drug resistance in Plasmodium|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|volume=16|issue=3|pages=156–170|year=2018|author=Haldar|first=Kasturi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/med.21486|pmid=29372568|title=Multistage inhibitors of the malaria parasite: Emerging hope for chemoprotection and malaria eradication|journal=Medicinal Research Reviews|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1511–1535|year=2018|author=Poonam}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;

=== Ụmụ ahụhụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anopheles stephensi'' bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ọbara nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' nwere ike ibute ọrịa.]]
Na mgbakwunye na onye nwere azụ̀, ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' niile na-ebutekwa nje ndị na-aṅụ ọbara, nke na-abụkarị anwụnta (ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nje ndị na-ebute ọrịa na-efe efe na-esi n'ájá ájá ebufe ). Anwụnta nke ụdị ''Culex'', ''[[Anopheles]]'', ''Culiseta'', ''Mansonia'' na ''Aedes'' na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe obibi ụmụ ahụhụ maka ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' dị iche iche. Ndị kacha mma e nyochachara gbasara ha bụ anwụnta ''Anopheles'' nke nwere nje ''Plasmodium'' nke ịba mmadụ, yana anwụnta ''Culex'' nke nwere ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nke na-akpata ịba n'ime nnụnụ. Naanị anwụnta nwanyị ka a na-ebute site na ọrịa ''Plasmodium'', ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị ọbara nke ndị nwere azụ̀ dị n'ime ha ka ha na-eri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Crompton|first=Peter D.|date=2014|title=Malaria Immunity in Man and Mosquito: Insights into Unsolved Mysteries of a Deadly Infectious Disease|journal=Annual Review of Immunology|volume=32|issue=1|pages=157–187|doi=10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120220|pmid=24655294}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị dị iche iche na-emetụta ndị na-elekọta ha n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ụmụ ahụhụ ndị nwere ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na-ebelata ndụ ha ma belata ikike ha ịmụ ụmụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Busula&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2017.08.010|pmid=28942108|title=Mechanisms of Plasmodium -Enhanced Attraction of Mosquito Vectors|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=33|issue=12|pages=961–973|year=2017|author=Busula|first=Annette O.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' yiri ka ha na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-ahọrọ ịta ndị nwere azụ̀ vertebrate ọrịa karịa ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Busula&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cois.2017.02.002|pmid=28602239|title=Effects of malaria infection on mosquito olfaction and behavior: Extrapolating data to the field|journal=Current Opinion in Insect Science|volume=20|pages=7–12|year=2017|author=Stanczyk|first=Nina M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a025593|pmid=28389513|title=Anopheline Reproductive Biology: Impacts on Vectorial Capacity and Potential Avenues for Malaria Control|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=7|issue=12|year=2017|author=Mitchell|first=Sara N.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran bu ụzọ kọwaa nje na ọbara nke ndị ọrịa ịba n'afọ 1880. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/index.html|accessdate=31 May 2016|title=The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kpọrọ nje ahụ Oscillaria malariae . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1885, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ bụ [[Ettore Marchiafva]] na Angelo Celli nyochaghachiri nje ahụ ma kpọọ ya onye otu ụdị ọhụrụ, ọrịa ''Plasmodium'', nke akpọrọ aha ya maka ọdịdị ya na mkpụrụ ndụ multinyucleate nke slime molds nke otu aha ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;McFadden2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McFadden|first=G. I.|year=2012|title=Plasmodia – don't|journal=Trends Parasitol|volume=28|issue=8|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2012.05.006|pmid=22738856}}&lt;/ref&gt;[ihe odide 1] Eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ike itinye aka n'ịkpata ụdị ịba dị iche iche bụ nke mbụ Camillo Golgi chọpụtara n'afọ 1886. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1897, William Welch chọpụtara ma kpọọ ya ọrịa ''Plasmodium falciparum''. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Giovanni Batista Grassi na [[Raimondo Filetti]] kpọrọ nje ndị na-akpata ụdị ịba abụọ dị iche iche nke mmadụ ''Plasmodium vivax'' na Plasmodium malariae . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt;Nke a sochiri site na mmata nke ụdị abụọ ọzọ nke ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nke na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ: ''Plasmodium oval'' (1922) na ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' (nke a chọpụtara na ogologo ọdụ n'afọ 1931; na ụmụ mmadụ n'afọ 1965). &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; Ronald Ross kọwara onyinye nke ụmụ ahụhụ na ndụ ''Plasmodium'' n'afọ 1897 na Giovanni Batista Grassi, Amico Bignami na Giuseppe Bastianelli n'afọ 1899.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1966, Cyril Garnham tụrụ aro ka a kewaa  ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' n'ime ụdị itoolu dabere na njirimara na ọdịdị nje.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot; /&gt; Nke a gụnyere subgenera anọ nke A. Corradetti chepụtara na mbụ maka ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa nnụnụ n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Corradetti1963&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Corradetti A.|title=New classification of the avian malaria parasites|journal=Parassitologia|volume=5|pages=1–4|year=1963}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot; /&gt; Sam R. Telford gbasaa atụmatụ a n'afọ 1988 mgbe ọ gbanwere nje ''Plasmodium'' nke na-emetụta anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ, na-agbakwunye subgenera ise. &lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Telford1988&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1997, G. Valkiunas weghachiri ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa nnụnụ site na ịgbakwunye subgenus nke ise: ''Bennettinia'' .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Valkiunas, G.|title=Bird Haemosporidia|journal=Acta Zoologica Lituanica|volume=3–5|pages=1–607|year=1997|issn=1392-1657}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Haematozoa
* Ndepụta nke ụdị Plasmodium
* Ngwá ọrụ Plasmodium
* Plasmodium RUF6 RNA

== Ihe edeturu ==
 {{Malaria}}

== Edensibia ==
{{Taxonbar|from=Q130948}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

=== Ịmata ===

=== Ihe ndị dị ndụ ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Baldacci, P.|title=The elusive malaria sporozoite in the mammalian host|journal=Mol. Microbiol.|volume=54|issue=2|pages=298–306|date=October 2004|pmid=15469504|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04275.x}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Bledsoe, G. H.|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=South. Med. J.|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|url=http://www.sma.org/pdfs/objecttypes/smj/91C48D32-BCD4-FF25-565C69314AF7EB48/1196.pdf|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Shortt, H. E.|title=Life-cycle of the mammalian malaria parasite|journal=Br. Med. Bull.|volume=8|issue=1|pages=7–9|year=1951|pmid=14944807|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a074057}}

=== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Slater, L. B.|title=Malarial birds: modeling infectious human disease in animals|journal=Bull Hist Med|volume=79|issue=2|pages=261–94|year=2005|pmid=15965289|doi=10.1353/bhm.2005.0092}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Authority control}} {{Malaria}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q130948}}{{Authority control}} 
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Plasmodium bụ ụdị eukaryotes dị iche iche nke bụ nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa vertebrates na ụmụ ahụhụ. Usoro ndụ nke ụdị Plasmodium gụnyere mmepe nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-enye ọbara, nke na-etinye nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa n'ime onye na-enye ọbara n'oge nri ọbara. Parasites na-etolite n'ime anụ ahụ vertebrates (ọtụtụ mgbe imeju) tupu ha abanye n'ọbara iji bute mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị na-abata nwere ike ibute ịba. N'oge ọrịa a, ụmụ ahụhụ na-enye ọbara na-eburu ụfọdụ nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa (anwụnta n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ), na-aga n'ihu na usoro ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCAbout&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – About|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/parasites.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plasmodium bụ otu n'ime phylum Apicomplexa, otu nnukwu ìgwè eukaryotes parasitic. N'ime Apicomplexa, Plasmodium dị n'usoro Haemosporida na ezinụlọ Plasmodiidae. Akọwala ihe karịrị ụdị Plasmodium 200, ọtụtụ n'ime ha kewara n'ime obere mkpụrụ ndụ iri na anọ dabere na ọdịdị nje na oke nnabata. Mmekọrịta evolushọn n'etiti ụdị Plasmodium dị iche iche anaghị agbaso ókèala taxonomic mgbe niile; ụfọdụ ụdị ndị yiri onwe ha n'ụzọ ọdịdị ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebute otu nnabata ahụ na-aghọ ndị nwere njikọ dị anya.

A na-ekesa ụdị Plasmodium n'ụwa niile ebe ọ bụla enwere ndị ọbịa kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ bụ anwụnta nke ụdị Culex na Anopheles. Ndị na-elekọta anụ ọhịa gụnyere anụ na-akpụ akpụ, nnụnụ, na anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Charles Laveran chọpụtara nje Plasmodium na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. N'ime narị afọ nke 20, achọpụtara ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi ma kewaa ha, gụnyere ụdị ise na-ebutekarị ọrịa mmadụ: P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, na P. knowlesi. P. falciparum bụ nke kachasị egbu mmadụ, nke na-akpata ọtụtụ narị puku ọnwụ kwa afọ. Emepụtala ọtụtụ ọgwụ iji gwọọ ọrịa Plasmodium; agbanyeghị, nje ndị ahụ agbanweela iguzogide ọgwụ ọ bụla emepụtara.

Ọ bụ ezie na nje ahụ nwekwara ike ibute ọrịa site na mmịnye ọbara, nke a dị oke ụkọ, a pụghịkwa ịgbasa Plasmodium site n'otu onye gaa na onye ọzọ. Ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium bụ nje ndị a na-etinye n'ime ahụ.
[[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|thumb|''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote mana o nwere ihe ndị pụrụ iche.]]
Ụdị Plasmodium nwere eukaryotes niile dị na phylum Apicomplexa nke na-agafe usoro mmeghari asexual nke merogony n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke ndị ọbịa ma na-emepụta pigment crystalline hemozoin dị ka ihe si na hemoglobin onye ọbịa gbarie.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Plasmodium/68071|accessdate=1 June 2016|title=''Plasmodium''|publisher=Tree of Life Web Project|author=Zilversmit, M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị Plasmodium nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị yiri eukaryotes ndị ọzọ, yana ụfọdụ ndị pụrụ iche na phylum ma ọ bụ genus ha. A na-ekewa mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium n'ime kromozom 14 dị na nucleus. Parasites Plasmodium na-ejigide otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha n'ọtụtụ usoro ndụ, na-amụba mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ ugboro abụọ naanị maka obere mgbanwe mmekọahụ n'ime etiti afọ nke onye na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obado&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.07.008|pmid=27475118|title=The nuclear envelope and gene organization in parasitic protozoa: Specializations associated with disease|journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology|volume=209|issue=1–2|pages=104–113|year=2016|author=Obado|first=Samson O}}&lt;/ref&gt; E jikọtara ya na nucleus ahụ bụ endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nke na-arụ ọrụ n'otu aka ahụ na ER na eukaryotes ndị ọzọ. A na-ebufe protein site na ER gaa na ngwa Golgi nke na-abụkarị otu akụkụ nke nwere membrane na Apicomplexans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruiz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.01.007|pmid=26844642|title=Vacuolar protein sorting mechanisms in apicomplexan parasites|journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology|volume=209|issue=1–2|pages=18–25|year=2016|author=Jimenez-Ruiz|first=Elena}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'ebe a, a na-ebuga protein n'ime akụkụ sel dị iche iche ma ọ bụ n'elu sel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruiz&quot; /&gt;

Dịka ndị ọzọ apicomplexans, ụdị Plasmodium nwere ọtụtụ usoro sel n'akụkụ apical nke nje ahụ nke na-eje ozi dị ka organelles pụrụ iche maka izochi ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị ndụ banye n'ime onye ọbịa ahụ. Ndị kacha pụta ìhè bụ rhoptries bulbous nke nwere protein parasites ndị na-etinye aka na mwakpo nke sel onye ọbịa ahụ ma gbanwee onye ọbịa ahụ ozugbo ọ banyere n'ime.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2013.03.003|pmid=23570755|title=Plasmodium rhoptry proteins: Why order is important|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=29|issue=5|pages=228–36|year=2013|author=Counihan|first=Natalie A.|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/20961553}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkụ rhoptries ahụ, e nwere obere ihe owuwu a na-akpọ micronemes nke nwere protein nje ndị dị mkpa maka mmegharị ahụ yana ịmata ma jikọta na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọbịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/1574-6976.12013|pmid=23186105|title=Subversion of host cellular functions by the apicomplexan parasites|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|volume=37|issue=4|pages=607–31|year=2013|author=Kemp|first=Louise E.|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:28792/ATTACHMENT01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahụ vesicles nzuzo nke a na-akpọ dense granules nke nwere protein parasitophorus nke na-eme mgbanwe n'akpụkpọ ahụ nke na-ekewapụ parasitophorus na onye ọbịa, nke a na-akpọ parasitophorous vacuole nke gbasaara n'ime nje ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp2013&quot; /&gt;

Ụdị Plasmodium nwekwara nnukwu akụkụ abụọ nke na-ejikọta akpụkpọ ahụ nke sitere na endosymbiotic, mitochondrion na apicoplast, ha abụọ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na metabolism nke nje ahụ. N'adịghị ka mkpụrụ ndụ anụmanụ nke nwere ọtụtụ mitochondria, mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium nwere otu nnukwu mitochondrion nke na-ahazi nkewa ya na nke mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheiner2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.003|pmid=23927894|title=The metabolic roles of the endosymbiotic organelles of Toxoplasma and Plasmodium spp|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|volume=16|issue=4|pages=452–8|year=2013|author=Sheiner|first=Lilach}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọ dị na eukaryotes ndị ọzọ, Plasmodium mitochondrion nwere ike imepụta ike n'ụdị ATP site na okirikiri citric acid; agbanyeghị, ọrụ a dị mkpa naanị maka ndụ nje na onye na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ ahụ, ọ dịghịkwa mkpa maka uto na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheiner2013&quot; /&gt; E si n'ihe gbasara endosymbiosis nke abụọ nweta organelle nke abụọ, nke a na-akpọ apicoplast, n'ọnọdụ a, nna ochie Plasmodium nwetara alga uhie.&lt;ref name=&quot;McFadden2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.08.005|pmid=27773518|title=The apicoplast: Now you see it, now you don't|journal=International Journal for Parasitology|volume=47|issue=2–3|pages=137–144|year=2017|author=McFadden|first=Geoffrey Ian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apicoplast na-etinye aka na mmepụta nke ihe ndị na-ebute ụzọ metabolic dị iche iche, gụnyere abụba abụba, isoprenoids, ụyọkọ ígwè-sọlfọ, na akụkụ nke ụzọ heme biosynthesis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dooren|first=Giel|title=The Algal Past and Parasite Present of the Apicoplast|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|date=June 26, 2013|volume=67|pages=271–289|doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155741|pmid=23808340}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okirikiri ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Life_Cycle_of_the_Malaria_Parasite.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke ụdị na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ]]
[[Faịlụ:Malarial_parasites,_Plasmodium_species,_ring_forms_in_red_blood_cells.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụdị mgbaaka nke ''Plasmodium'' n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara mmadụ (Giemsa stain) ]]
Usoro ndụ nke Plasmodium gụnyere ọtụtụ usoro dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ anụmanụ. A na-ewebata nje ndị a n'ime anụ anụmanụ site na nta ahụhụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ (ọ na-abụkarị anwụnta, ewezuga ụfọdụ ụdị anụ ọhịa Plasmodium).&lt;ref name=&quot;Sullivan&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease, and Post-genomic Biology|date=2005|editor=Sullivan, D|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-29088-9|chapter=Molecular Genetics of Mosquito Resistance to Malaria Parasites|author=Vernick, K.D.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nje na-ebu ụzọ bute ọrịa imeju ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ, ebe ha na-eme otu nnukwu mgbanwe tupu ha apụọ na mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ wee bute erythrocytes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge a, ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium nke primates nwere ike ịmepụta ogbo ụra ogologo oge a na-akpọ hypnozoite, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Markus, M. B.|title=Malaria: Origin of the Term 'Hypnozoite'|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=781–786|date=2011|pmid=20665090|doi=10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a025486|pmid=28242785|title=Malaria Parasite Liver Infection and Exoerythrocytic Biology|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=7|issue=6|year=2017|author=Vaughan|first=Ashley M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, maka ọtụtụ ụdị Plasmodium, nje ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju ndị butere ọrịa bụ naanị ihe a na-akpọ merozoites. Mgbe ha si n'ime imeju pụta, ha na-abanye na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, dịka akọwara n'elu. Ha na-agafe usoro na-aga n'ihu nke ọrịa erythrocyte, ebe obere pasentị nke nje ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha gaa na ọkwa mmekọahụ a na-akpọ gametocyte nke onye ọbịa ahụhụ na-eri nri ọbara. N'ụfọdụ ndị ọbịa, mwakpo nke erythrocytes site na ụdị Plasmodium nwere ike ibute ọrịa, nke a na-akpọ ịba. Nke a nwere ike ịdị njọ mgbe ụfọdụ, na-esochi ngwa ngwa ọnwụ nke onye ọbịa (dịka ọmụmaatụ P. falciparum n'ime mmadụ). Na ndị ọbịa ndị ọzọ, ọrịa Plasmodium nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egosi na ọ nweghị ihe mgbaàmà.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sullivan&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụrụgodị na ụmụ mmadụ nwere ụdị ọrịa plasmodial dị otu a, enwere ike inwe ọtụtụ nje ndị na-amụba amụba zoro ezo, ọkachasị, splin na ụmị ọkpụkpụ. N'ezie, nke a metụtara nke P. vivax. A na-eche na nje ndị a zoro ezo (na mgbakwunye na hypnozoites) bụ isi ihe kpatara ọrịa ịba P. vivax ugboro ugboro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Markus|first=M. B.|title=Theoretical origin of genetically homologous Plasmodium vivax malarial recurrences|journal=Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases|date=2022|volume=37|issue=1|doi=10.4102/sajid.v37i1.369|pmid=35399558}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Malaria_Sporozoites_(16657642929).jpg|thumb|Sporozoites, otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche nke nje, site na anwụnta]]
N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, merozoites na-eto n'ime ọbara ruo mgbe ha ga-adị ka mgbaaka wee bụrụ nke buru ibu, wee bụrụ nke a na-akpọ trophozoite. Trophozoites na-etolite ruo mgbe ha ga-aghọ schizonts nke na-ekewa ugboro ugboro iji mepụta merozoites ọhụrụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị butere ọrịa ahụ na-agbawa, na-ekwe ka merozoites ọhụrụ gaa n'ime ọbara iji bute mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọhụrụ. Ọtụtụ merozoites na-aga n'ihu na usoro ọmụmụ a, mana ụfọdụ merozoites mgbe ha butere mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-ekewa n'ime ụdị mmekọahụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị a na-akpọ gametocytes. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ndị a na-agbasa n'ọbara ruo mgbe ha ga-ebuga ha mgbe anwụnta na-eri anụ ahụ nwere ọrịa ahụ, na-eburu ọbara nke gụnyere sel gametocytes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot; /&gt;

N'ime anwụnta ahụ, sel gametocytes na-agagharị na nri ọbara gaa n'etiti afọ anwụnta. N'ebe a, sel gametocytes na-etolite ghọọ sel nwoke na nwanyị nke na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịgbara ibe ha mmiri, na-emepụta zygote. Zygotes na-etolite ghọọ ụdị mmegharị ahụ a na-akpọ ookinete, nke na-abanye na mgbidi nke midgut. Mgbe ha gafere mgbidi midgut, ookinete na-abanye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ mpụta afọ wee ghọọ oocyst. Oocysts na-ekewa ọtụtụ ugboro iji mepụta nnukwu ọnụọgụ nke sporozoites ogologo. Sporozoite ndị a na-akwaga na gland salivary nke anwụnta ebe a pụrụ ịgba ha n'ọbara nke ata anwụnta na-esote, na-emegharị usoro ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot; /&gt;

== Evolution na taxonomy ==
[[Faịlụ:Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg|thumb|Ọkpụkpụ anwụnta kacha ochie na ''Plasmodium Dominicana'', afọ 15-20 nde]]

=== Nchịkọta ===
Plasmodium bụ nke phylum Apicomplexa, otu ìgwè nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ nwere akụkụ nzuzo pụrụ iche n'otu nsọtụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morrison2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2009.05.010|pmid=19635681|title=Evolution of the Apicomplexa: Where are we now?|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=25|issue=8|pages=375–82|year=2009|author=Morrison|first=David A.}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime Apicomplexa, Plasmodium dị n'okpuru usoro Haemosporida, otu nke gụnyere apicomplexans niile bi n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Haemosporina/124976|accessdate=1 May 2018|title=Haemospororida Danielewski 1885|author=Votypka J|work=Tree of Life}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dabere na ọnụnọ nke hemozoin pigment na usoro nke ịmụpụta ụmụ nwoke na nwanyị, usoro ahụ kewara n'ime ezinụlọ anọ, nke Plasmodium dị na ezinụlọ Plasmodiidae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụdị Plasmodium nwere ihe karịrị ụdị narị abụọ, nke a na-akọwakarị dabere na ọdịdị ha n'ọbara nke ụmụ anụmanụ ndị bu ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria Parasites: Comparative Genomics, Evolution and Molecular Biology|editor=Carlton, J.M.|isbn=978-1-908230-07-2|publisher=Caister Academic Press|date=2013|chapter=The Diversity of ''Plasmodium'' and other Haemosporidians: The Intersection of Taxonomy, Phylogenetics, and Genomics|author=Martinsen, E. S.|pages=1–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ekewa ụdị ndị a dabere na ọdịdị ha na ebe obibi ha n'ime ụdị iri na anọ: &lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Subgenus ''Asiamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Bennettinia'' &lt;small&gt; (Valkiunas, 1997) &lt;/small&gt; - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Carinamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1966) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Giovannolaia'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Haemamoeba'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Huffia'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Lacertamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus Laverania &lt;small&gt; (Bray, 1958) &lt;/small&gt; - nnukwu enwe, ụmụ mmadụ
* Subgenus ''Novyella'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Ophidiella'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Paraplasmodium'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Plasmodium'' &lt;small&gt; (Bray, 1955) &lt;/small&gt; - enwe na apụl
* Subgenus ''Sauramoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1966) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Vinckeia'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1964) &lt;/small&gt; - ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara inc. primates

A na-ekewa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-ebute enwe na enwe, ewezuga P. falciparum na P. reichenowi (ndị mejupụtara subgenus Laverania) na subgenus Plasmodium. A na-ekewa nje ndị na-ebute anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ụfọdụ primates (lemurs na ndị ọzọ) na subgenus Vinckeia. Subgenesia ise dị na Bennettinia, Giovannolaia, Haemamoeba, Huffia, na Novyella nwere ụdị malaria avian a ma ama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Brief Historical Summary|pages=9–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ: Asiamoeba, Carinamoeba, Lacertamoeba, Ophidiella, Paraplasmodium, na Sauramoeba nwere ụdị nje dị iche iche a na-ahụ na-ebute ọrịa na-akpụ akpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telford1988&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Telford S|title=A contribution to the systematics of the reptilian malaria parasites, family Plasmodiidae (Apicomplexa: Haemosporina)|journal=Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences|volume=34|issue=2|pages=65–96|year=1988|url=http://ufdcweb1.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00095820/00001/3|accessdate=2014-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịdị ===
Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gbasara ụdị Plasmodium site na iji usoro molekul egosila na mgbanwe nke otu ahụ esoghị usoro nhazi nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Plasmodium/68071|accessdate=1 June 2016|title=''Plasmodium''|publisher=Tree of Life Web Project|author=Zilversmit, M.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFZilversmit,_M.Perkins,_S.&quot;&gt;Zilversmit, M.; Perkins, S. [http://tolweb.org/Plasmodium/68071 &quot;''Plasmodium''&quot;]. Tree of Life Web Project&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 June&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ ụdị Plasmodium ndị yiri ibe ha n'ụdị ọdịdị ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebute otu ndị ọbịa ahụ na-aghọ ndị nwere njikọ dị anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(03)54005-2|title=Progress in Malaria Research: the Case for Phylogenetics|pages=255–80|year=2003|author=Rich|first=S.|series=Advances in Parasitology|isbn=978-0-12-031754-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1990, ọtụtụ nnyocha chọrọ inyocha mmekọrịta evolushọn nke ụdị Plasmodium site na iji ribosomal RNA na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa protein elu sitere na ụdị dị iche iche, na-achọpụta na nje mmadụ P. falciparum nwere njikọ chiri anya na nje avian karịa nje ndị ọzọ nke primates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge gara aga, iji chọpụta ụdị Plasmodium ndị ọzọ, chọpụtara na nje ndị a na-enweta site na anụmanụ na-etolite klade yana ụdị Hepatocystis, ebe nje ndị a na-enweta site na nnụnụ ma ọ bụ ngwere yiri ka ha na-etolite klade dị iche na mmekọrịta evolushọn na-esoghị n'okpuru ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa:&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.012|pmid=18248741|title=A three-genome phylogeny of malaria parasites (''Plasmodium'' and closely related genera): Evolution of life-history traits and host switches|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=47|issue=1|date=April 2008|pages=261–273|url=https://zotero.org/groups/5435545/items/9ISQYV4R}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Atụmatụ maka mgbe usoro Plasmodium dị iche iche kewara ekewa dị iche iche. Atụmatụ maka nhazi nke usoro Haemosporida dị site na ihe dị ka nde iri na isii na puku narị abụọ ruo nde otu narị gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere mmasị pụrụ iche n'ịkọwa ọdịiche nke nje mmadụ ''P. falciparum'' site na agbụrụ ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ n'ihi mkpa ọgwụ ya. Maka nke a, ụbọchị ndị e mere atụmatụ na-adị site na Narị puku na puku iri ruo Nde abụọ na narị puku ise afọ gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot; /&gt;

== Nbudata ==
A na-ekesa ụdị Plasmodium n'ụwa niile. Ụdị Plasmodium niile bụ nje ndị na-efe efe ma ga-agafe n'etiti onye na-efe efe na onye na-efe efe iji mezue usoro ndụ ha. Ụdị Plasmodium dị iche iche na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke ndị na-efe efe, ụfọdụ ụdị nwere naanị otu ụdị vertebrate na otu ụdị ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe ụdị ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị vertebrate na/ma ọ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ.

=== Anụ ndị nwere azụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba ebe o si maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya &lt;ref name=&quot;Tatem2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
A kọwawo nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa Plasmodium n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche nke anụ ụlọ, gụnyere anụ na-akpụ akpụ, nnụnụ, na anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manguin&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ike ibute ọrịa karịa otu onye na-elekọta anụ ụlọ, ha na-abụkarị kpọmkwem maka otu n'ime klas ndị a (dịka nnụnụ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Manguin&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biodiversity of Malaria in the world|date=2008|author=Manguin, S.|publisher=John Libbey|isbn=978-2-7420-0616-8|pages=13–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk0JBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=malaria+reptile&amp;pg=PA13|accessdate=15 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụmụ mmadụ na-ebute ọrịa site na [./List_of_&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Plasmodium_species_infecting_primates#Species_infecting_humans&quot; id=&quot;mwAak&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;List of Plasmodium species infecting primates&quot;&gt;ụdị ise] nke Plasmodium, na ọtụtụ n'ime ọrịa siri ike na ọnwụ nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' kpatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scully&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.006|pmid=29096194|title=Molecular interactions governing host-specificity of blood stage malaria parasites|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|volume=40|pages=21–31|year=2017|author=Scully|first=Erik J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị ụfọdụ na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ nwekwara ike ibute ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, na zoonoses nke ụdị ụfọdụ (dịka nje ''P. knowlesi'') site na ụmụ anụmanụ ọzọ na ụmụ mmadụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scully&quot; /&gt; Ndị na-abụghị mmadụ nwekwara ụdị Plasmodium dịgasị iche iche nke na-adịghị ebute ụmụ mmadụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa siri ike na primates, ebe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịnọgide na onye nwe ya ruo ogologo oge n'ebughị ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Nunn, C.|date=2006|title=Infectious Diseases in Primates: Behavior, Ecology and Evolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1s0TDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=plasmodium&amp;pg=PA254|edition=1st|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=253–254|isbn=978-0-19-856584-0|accessdate=16 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-ebukwa ụdị Plasmodium, dịka ụdị oke, ungulates, na usu. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium nwere ike ibute ọrịa siri ike n'ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a na-enwe ha, ebe ọtụtụ yiri ka ha anaghị eme otú ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The rediscovery of malaria parasites of ungulates|journal=Parasitology|volume=143|issue=12|date=2016|pages=1501–1508|doi=10.1017/S0031182016001141|pmid=27444556}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe karịrị ụdị otu narị na ịrị ịse nke &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAck&quot;&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na-emetụta ụdị nnụnụ dịgasị iche iche. N'ozuzu, ụdị ọ bụla nke ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute otu ụdị nnụnụ ole na ole.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Specificity and general Principles of Species Identification|pages=67–81}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Plasmodium'' parasites nke na-ebute nnụnụ na-anọgide na onye nwe ya ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụ maka oge ndụ nke onye nwe ya, ọ bụ ezie na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa siri ike na ọnwụ ngwa ngwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=General Section - Life Cycle and Morphology of Plasmodiidae Species|pages=27–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Pathogenicity|pages=83–111}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ụmụ anụmanụ, nnụnụ ndị na-ebufe ọrịa na-ekesa n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas2&quot; /&gt;

Ụdị sitere na ọtụtụ subgenera nke  ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na-emetụta Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ dị iche iche. A kọwawo nje ''Plasmodium'' n'ọtụtụ Ezinụlọ ezé ma, dị ka nje nnụnụ, na-agbasa n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zug&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles|editor=Zug, G. R.|isbn=978-0-12-782620-2|publisher=Academic Press|date=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqgpcru2sfwC&amp;q=malaria+reptile&amp;pg=PA152|accessdate=16 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ụdị Plasmodium ndị na-ebute nje na anụmanụ, a na-ekesa nnụnụ ndị na-ebute nje ahụ gburugburu ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zug&quot; /&gt;

E mepụtara ọtụtụ ọgwụ kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ iji chịkwaa ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na ndị nwere ọkpụkpụ azụ, ọkachasị n'ime ụmụ mmadụ. A na-eji Quinine eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egbochi ịba site na narị afọ nke iri na asaa ruo mgbe mmegide zuru oke pụtara na mmalite narị afọ nke abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Blasco|first=Benjamin|year=2017|title=Antimalarial drug resistance: Linking Plasmodium falciparum parasite biology to the clinic|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=23|issue=8|pages=917–928|doi=10.1038/nm.4381|pmid=28777791}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịkwụsị quinine kpaliri mmepe nke ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba site na narị afọ nke ịrị abụọ gụnyere chloroquine, proguanil, atovaquone, sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine, mefloquine, na artemisinin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot; /&gt; N'ọnọdụ niile, nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ a nyere apụtala n'ime iri afọ ole na ole nke itinye ọgwụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot; /&gt; Iji lụso nke a ọgụ, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba eme ihe na njikọta, yana ọgwụgwọ njikọta artemisinin ugbu a bụ ọkọlọtọ ọla edo maka ọgwụgwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cowman2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055|pmid=27768886|title=Malaria: Biology and Disease|journal=Cell|volume=167|issue=3|pages=610–624|year=2016|author=Cowman|first=Alan F}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ozuzu, ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na-elekwasị anya na ọkwa ndụ nke nje ''Plasmodium'' nke bi n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, dịka ndị a bụ ọkwa ndị na-akpata ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haldar2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2017.161|pmid=29355852|title=Drug resistance in Plasmodium|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|volume=16|issue=3|pages=156–170|year=2018|author=Haldar|first=Kasturi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/med.21486|pmid=29372568|title=Multistage inhibitors of the malaria parasite: Emerging hope for chemoprotection and malaria eradication|journal=Medicinal Research Reviews|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1511–1535|year=2018|author=Poonam}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;

=== Ụmụ ahụhụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anopheles stephensi'' bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ọbara nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' nwere ike ibute ọrịa.]]
Na mgbakwunye na onye nwere azụ̀, ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' niile na-ebutekwa nje ndị na-aṅụ ọbara, nke na-abụkarị anwụnta (ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nje ndị na-ebute ọrịa na-efe efe na-esi n'ájá ájá ebufe ). Anwụnta nke ụdị ''Culex'', ''[[Anopheles]]'', ''Culiseta'', ''Mansonia'' na ''Aedes'' na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe obibi ụmụ ahụhụ maka ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' dị iche iche. Ndị kacha mma e nyochachara gbasara ha bụ anwụnta ''Anopheles'' nke nwere nje ''Plasmodium'' nke ịba mmadụ, yana anwụnta ''Culex'' nke nwere ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nke na-akpata ịba n'ime nnụnụ. Naanị anwụnta nwanyị ka a na-ebute site na ọrịa ''Plasmodium'', ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị ọbara nke ndị nwere azụ̀ dị n'ime ha ka ha na-eri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Crompton|first=Peter D.|date=2014|title=Malaria Immunity in Man and Mosquito: Insights into Unsolved Mysteries of a Deadly Infectious Disease|journal=Annual Review of Immunology|volume=32|issue=1|pages=157–187|doi=10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120220|pmid=24655294}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị dị iche iche na-emetụta ndị na-elekọta ha n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ụmụ ahụhụ ndị nwere ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na-ebelata ndụ ha ma belata ikike ha ịmụ ụmụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Busula&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2017.08.010|pmid=28942108|title=Mechanisms of Plasmodium -Enhanced Attraction of Mosquito Vectors|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=33|issue=12|pages=961–973|year=2017|author=Busula|first=Annette O.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' yiri ka ha na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-ahọrọ ịta ndị nwere azụ̀ vertebrate ọrịa karịa ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Busula&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cois.2017.02.002|pmid=28602239|title=Effects of malaria infection on mosquito olfaction and behavior: Extrapolating data to the field|journal=Current Opinion in Insect Science|volume=20|pages=7–12|year=2017|author=Stanczyk|first=Nina M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a025593|pmid=28389513|title=Anopheline Reproductive Biology: Impacts on Vectorial Capacity and Potential Avenues for Malaria Control|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=7|issue=12|year=2017|author=Mitchell|first=Sara N.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran bu ụzọ kọwaa nje na ọbara nke ndị ọrịa ịba n'afọ 1880. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/index.html|accessdate=31 May 2016|title=The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kpọrọ nje ahụ Oscillaria malariae . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1885, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ bụ [[Ettore Marchiafva]] na Angelo Celli nyochaghachiri nje ahụ ma kpọọ ya onye otu ụdị ọhụrụ, ọrịa ''Plasmodium'', nke akpọrọ aha ya maka ọdịdị ya na mkpụrụ ndụ multinyucleate nke slime molds nke otu aha ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;McFadden2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McFadden|first=G. I.|year=2012|title=Plasmodia – don't|journal=Trends Parasitol|volume=28|issue=8|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2012.05.006|pmid=22738856}}&lt;/ref&gt;[ihe odide 1] Eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ike itinye aka n'ịkpata ụdị ịba dị iche iche bụ nke mbụ Camillo Golgi chọpụtara n'afọ 1886. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1897, William Welch chọpụtara ma kpọọ ya ọrịa ''Plasmodium falciparum''. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Giovanni Batista Grassi na [[Raimondo Filetti]] kpọrọ nje ndị na-akpata ụdị ịba abụọ dị iche iche nke mmadụ ''Plasmodium vivax'' na Plasmodium malariae . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt;Nke a sochiri site na mmata nke ụdị abụọ ọzọ nke ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nke na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ: ''Plasmodium oval'' (1922) na ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' (nke a chọpụtara na ogologo ọdụ n'afọ 1931; na ụmụ mmadụ n'afọ 1965). &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; Ronald Ross kọwara onyinye nke ụmụ ahụhụ na ndụ ''Plasmodium'' n'afọ 1897 na Giovanni Batista Grassi, Amico Bignami na Giuseppe Bastianelli n'afọ 1899.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1966, Cyril Garnham tụrụ aro ka a kewaa  ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' n'ime ụdị itoolu dabere na njirimara na ọdịdị nje.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot; /&gt; Nke a gụnyere subgenera anọ nke A. Corradetti chepụtara na mbụ maka ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa nnụnụ n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Corradetti1963&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Corradetti A.|title=New classification of the avian malaria parasites|journal=Parassitologia|volume=5|pages=1–4|year=1963}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot; /&gt; Sam R. Telford gbasaa atụmatụ a n'afọ 1988 mgbe ọ gbanwere nje ''Plasmodium'' nke na-emetụta anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ, na-agbakwunye subgenera ise. &lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Telford1988&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1997, G. Valkiunas weghachiri ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa nnụnụ site na ịgbakwunye subgenus nke ise: ''Bennettinia'' .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Valkiunas, G.|title=Bird Haemosporidia|journal=Acta Zoologica Lituanica|volume=3–5|pages=1–607|year=1997|issn=1392-1657}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Haematozoa
* Ndepụta nke ụdị Plasmodium
* Ngwá ọrụ Plasmodium
* Plasmodium RUF6 RNA

== Ihe edeturu ==
 {{Malaria}}

== Edensibia ==
{{Taxonbar|from=Q130948}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

=== Ịmata ===

=== Ihe ndị dị ndụ ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Baldacci, P.|title=The elusive malaria sporozoite in the mammalian host|journal=Mol. Microbiol.|volume=54|issue=2|pages=298–306|date=October 2004|pmid=15469504|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04275.x}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Bledsoe, G. H.|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=South. Med. J.|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|url=http://www.sma.org/pdfs/objecttypes/smj/91C48D32-BCD4-FF25-565C69314AF7EB48/1196.pdf|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Shortt, H. E.|title=Life-cycle of the mammalian malaria parasite|journal=Br. Med. Bull.|volume=8|issue=1|pages=7–9|year=1951|pmid=14944807|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a074057}}

=== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Slater, L. B.|title=Malarial birds: modeling infectious human disease in animals|journal=Bull Hist Med|volume=79|issue=2|pages=261–94|year=2005|pmid=15965289|doi=10.1353/bhm.2005.0092}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Authority control}} {{Malaria}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q130948}}{{Authority control}} 
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Plasmodium bụ ụdị eukaryotes dị iche iche nke bụ nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa vertebrates na ụmụ ahụhụ. Usoro ndụ nke ụdị Plasmodium gụnyere mmepe nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-enye ọbara, nke na-etinye nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa n'ime onye na-enye ọbara n'oge nri ọbara. Parasites na-etolite n'ime anụ ahụ vertebrates (ọtụtụ mgbe imeju) tupu ha abanye n'ọbara iji bute mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị na-abata nwere ike ibute ịba. N'oge ọrịa a, ụmụ ahụhụ na-enye ọbara na-eburu ụfọdụ nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa (anwụnta n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ), na-aga n'ihu na usoro ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCAbout&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – About|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/parasites.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plasmodium bụ otu n'ime phylum Apicomplexa, otu nnukwu ìgwè eukaryotes parasitic. N'ime Apicomplexa, Plasmodium dị n'usoro Haemosporida na ezinụlọ Plasmodiidae. Akọwala ihe karịrị ụdị Plasmodium 200, ọtụtụ n'ime ha kewara n'ime obere mkpụrụ ndụ iri na anọ dabere na ọdịdị nje na oke nnabata. Mmekọrịta evolushọn n'etiti ụdị Plasmodium dị iche iche anaghị agbaso ókèala taxonomic mgbe niile; ụfọdụ ụdị ndị yiri onwe ha n'ụzọ ọdịdị ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebute otu nnabata ahụ na-aghọ ndị nwere njikọ dị anya.

A na-ekesa ụdị Plasmodium n'ụwa niile ebe ọ bụla enwere ndị ọbịa kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ bụ anwụnta nke ụdị Culex na Anopheles. Ndị na-elekọta anụ ọhịa gụnyere anụ na-akpụ akpụ, nnụnụ, na anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Charles Laveran chọpụtara nje Plasmodium na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. N'ime narị afọ nke 20, achọpụtara ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi ma kewaa ha, gụnyere ụdị ise na-ebutekarị ọrịa mmadụ: P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, na P. knowlesi. P. falciparum bụ nke kachasị egbu mmadụ, nke na-akpata ọtụtụ narị puku ọnwụ kwa afọ. Emepụtala ọtụtụ ọgwụ iji gwọọ ọrịa Plasmodium; agbanyeghị, nje ndị ahụ agbanweela iguzogide ọgwụ ọ bụla emepụtara.

Ọ bụ ezie na nje ahụ nwekwara ike ibute ọrịa site na mmịnye ọbara, nke a dị oke ụkọ, a pụghịkwa ịgbasa Plasmodium site n'otu onye gaa na onye ọzọ. Ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium bụ nje ndị a na-etinye n'ime ahụ.
[[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|thumb|''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote mana o nwere ihe ndị pụrụ iche.]]
Ụdị Plasmodium nwere eukaryotes niile dị na phylum Apicomplexa nke na-agafe usoro mmeghari asexual nke merogony n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke ndị ọbịa ma na-emepụta pigment crystalline hemozoin dị ka ihe si na hemoglobin onye ọbịa gbarie.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Plasmodium/68071|accessdate=1 June 2016|title=''Plasmodium''|publisher=Tree of Life Web Project|author=Zilversmit, M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị Plasmodium nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị yiri eukaryotes ndị ọzọ, yana ụfọdụ ndị pụrụ iche na phylum ma ọ bụ genus ha. A na-ekewa mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium n'ime kromozom 14 dị na nucleus. Parasites Plasmodium na-ejigide otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha n'ọtụtụ usoro ndụ, na-amụba mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ ugboro abụọ naanị maka obere mgbanwe mmekọahụ n'ime etiti afọ nke onye na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obado&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.07.008|pmid=27475118|title=The nuclear envelope and gene organization in parasitic protozoa: Specializations associated with disease|journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology|volume=209|issue=1–2|pages=104–113|year=2016|author=Obado|first=Samson O}}&lt;/ref&gt; E jikọtara ya na nucleus ahụ bụ endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nke na-arụ ọrụ n'otu aka ahụ na ER na eukaryotes ndị ọzọ. A na-ebufe protein site na ER gaa na ngwa Golgi nke na-abụkarị otu akụkụ nke nwere membrane na Apicomplexans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruiz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.01.007|pmid=26844642|title=Vacuolar protein sorting mechanisms in apicomplexan parasites|journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology|volume=209|issue=1–2|pages=18–25|year=2016|author=Jimenez-Ruiz|first=Elena}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'ebe a, a na-ebuga protein n'ime akụkụ sel dị iche iche ma ọ bụ n'elu sel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruiz&quot; /&gt;

Dịka ndị ọzọ apicomplexans, ụdị Plasmodium nwere ọtụtụ usoro sel n'akụkụ apical nke nje ahụ nke na-eje ozi dị ka organelles pụrụ iche maka izochi ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị ndụ banye n'ime onye ọbịa ahụ. Ndị kacha pụta ìhè bụ rhoptries bulbous nke nwere protein parasites ndị na-etinye aka na mwakpo nke sel onye ọbịa ahụ ma gbanwee onye ọbịa ahụ ozugbo ọ banyere n'ime.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2013.03.003|pmid=23570755|title=Plasmodium rhoptry proteins: Why order is important|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=29|issue=5|pages=228–36|year=2013|author=Counihan|first=Natalie A.|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/20961553}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkụ rhoptries ahụ, e nwere obere ihe owuwu a na-akpọ micronemes nke nwere protein nje ndị dị mkpa maka mmegharị ahụ yana ịmata ma jikọta na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọbịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/1574-6976.12013|pmid=23186105|title=Subversion of host cellular functions by the apicomplexan parasites|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|volume=37|issue=4|pages=607–31|year=2013|author=Kemp|first=Louise E.|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:28792/ATTACHMENT01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahụ vesicles nzuzo nke a na-akpọ dense granules nke nwere protein parasitophorus nke na-eme mgbanwe n'akpụkpọ ahụ nke na-ekewapụ parasitophorus na onye ọbịa, nke a na-akpọ parasitophorous vacuole nke gbasaara n'ime nje ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp2013&quot; /&gt;

Ụdị Plasmodium nwekwara nnukwu akụkụ abụọ nke na-ejikọta akpụkpọ ahụ nke sitere na endosymbiotic, mitochondrion na apicoplast, ha abụọ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na metabolism nke nje ahụ. N'adịghị ka mkpụrụ ndụ anụmanụ nke nwere ọtụtụ mitochondria, mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium nwere otu nnukwu mitochondrion nke na-ahazi nkewa ya na nke mkpụrụ ndụ Plasmodium.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheiner2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.003|pmid=23927894|title=The metabolic roles of the endosymbiotic organelles of Toxoplasma and Plasmodium spp|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|volume=16|issue=4|pages=452–8|year=2013|author=Sheiner|first=Lilach}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọ dị na eukaryotes ndị ọzọ, Plasmodium mitochondrion nwere ike imepụta ike n'ụdị ATP site na okirikiri citric acid; agbanyeghị, ọrụ a dị mkpa naanị maka ndụ nje na onye na-elekọta ụmụ ahụhụ ahụ, ọ dịghịkwa mkpa maka uto na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheiner2013&quot; /&gt; E si n'ihe gbasara endosymbiosis nke abụọ nweta organelle nke abụọ, nke a na-akpọ apicoplast, n'ọnọdụ a, nna ochie Plasmodium nwetara alga uhie.&lt;ref name=&quot;McFadden2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.08.005|pmid=27773518|title=The apicoplast: Now you see it, now you don't|journal=International Journal for Parasitology|volume=47|issue=2–3|pages=137–144|year=2017|author=McFadden|first=Geoffrey Ian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apicoplast na-etinye aka na mmepụta nke ihe ndị na-ebute ụzọ metabolic dị iche iche, gụnyere abụba abụba, isoprenoids, ụyọkọ ígwè-sọlfọ, na akụkụ nke ụzọ heme biosynthesis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dooren|first=Giel|title=The Algal Past and Parasite Present of the Apicoplast|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|date=June 26, 2013|volume=67|pages=271–289|doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155741|pmid=23808340}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okirikiri ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Life_Cycle_of_the_Malaria_Parasite.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke ụdị na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ]]
[[Faịlụ:Malarial_parasites,_Plasmodium_species,_ring_forms_in_red_blood_cells.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụdị mgbaaka nke ''Plasmodium'' n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara mmadụ (Giemsa stain) ]]
Usoro ndụ nke Plasmodium gụnyere ọtụtụ usoro dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ anụmanụ. A na-ewebata nje ndị a n'ime anụ anụmanụ site na nta ahụhụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ (ọ na-abụkarị anwụnta, ewezuga ụfọdụ ụdị anụ ọhịa Plasmodium).&lt;ref name=&quot;Sullivan&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease, and Post-genomic Biology|date=2005|editor=Sullivan, D|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-29088-9|chapter=Molecular Genetics of Mosquito Resistance to Malaria Parasites|author=Vernick, K.D.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nje na-ebu ụzọ bute ọrịa imeju ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ, ebe ha na-eme otu nnukwu mgbanwe tupu ha apụọ na mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ wee bute erythrocytes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html|work=CDC: Malaria|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge a, ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium nke primates nwere ike ịmepụta ogbo ụra ogologo oge a na-akpọ hypnozoite, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Markus, M. B.|title=Malaria: Origin of the Term 'Hypnozoite'|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=781–786|date=2011|pmid=20665090|doi=10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a025486|pmid=28242785|title=Malaria Parasite Liver Infection and Exoerythrocytic Biology|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=7|issue=6|year=2017|author=Vaughan|first=Ashley M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, maka ọtụtụ ụdị Plasmodium, nje ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju ndị butere ọrịa bụ naanị ihe a na-akpọ merozoites. Mgbe ha si n'ime imeju pụta, ha na-abanye na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, dịka akọwara n'elu. Ha na-agafe usoro na-aga n'ihu nke ọrịa erythrocyte, ebe obere pasentị nke nje ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha gaa na ọkwa mmekọahụ a na-akpọ gametocyte nke onye ọbịa ahụhụ na-eri nri ọbara. N'ụfọdụ ndị ọbịa, mwakpo nke erythrocytes site na ụdị Plasmodium nwere ike ibute ọrịa, nke a na-akpọ ịba. Nke a nwere ike ịdị njọ mgbe ụfọdụ, na-esochi ngwa ngwa ọnwụ nke onye ọbịa (dịka ọmụmaatụ P. falciparum n'ime mmadụ). Na ndị ọbịa ndị ọzọ, ọrịa Plasmodium nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egosi na ọ nweghị ihe mgbaàmà.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sullivan&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụrụgodị na ụmụ mmadụ nwere ụdị ọrịa plasmodial dị otu a, enwere ike inwe ọtụtụ nje ndị na-amụba amụba zoro ezo, ọkachasị, splin na ụmị ọkpụkpụ. N'ezie, nke a metụtara nke P. vivax. A na-eche na nje ndị a zoro ezo (na mgbakwunye na hypnozoites) bụ isi ihe kpatara ọrịa ịba P. vivax ugboro ugboro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Markus|first=M. B.|title=Theoretical origin of genetically homologous Plasmodium vivax malarial recurrences|journal=Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases|date=2022|volume=37|issue=1|doi=10.4102/sajid.v37i1.369|pmid=35399558}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Malaria_Sporozoites_(16657642929).jpg|thumb|Sporozoites, otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche nke nje, site na anwụnta]]
N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, merozoites na-eto n'ime ọbara ruo mgbe ha ga-adị ka mgbaaka wee bụrụ nke buru ibu, wee bụrụ nke a na-akpọ trophozoite. Trophozoites na-etolite ruo mgbe ha ga-aghọ schizonts nke na-ekewa ugboro ugboro iji mepụta merozoites ọhụrụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị butere ọrịa ahụ na-agbawa, na-ekwe ka merozoites ọhụrụ gaa n'ime ọbara iji bute mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọhụrụ. Ọtụtụ merozoites na-aga n'ihu na usoro ọmụmụ a, mana ụfọdụ merozoites mgbe ha butere mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-ekewa n'ime ụdị mmekọahụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị a na-akpọ gametocytes. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ndị a na-agbasa n'ọbara ruo mgbe ha ga-ebuga ha mgbe anwụnta na-eri anụ ahụ nwere ọrịa ahụ, na-eburu ọbara nke gụnyere sel gametocytes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot; /&gt;

N'ime anwụnta ahụ, sel gametocytes na-agagharị na nri ọbara gaa n'etiti afọ anwụnta. N'ebe a, sel gametocytes na-etolite ghọọ sel nwoke na nwanyị nke na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịgbara ibe ha mmiri, na-emepụta zygote. Zygotes na-etolite ghọọ ụdị mmegharị ahụ a na-akpọ ookinete, nke na-abanye na mgbidi nke midgut. Mgbe ha gafere mgbidi midgut, ookinete na-abanye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ mpụta afọ wee ghọọ oocyst. Oocysts na-ekewa ọtụtụ ugboro iji mepụta nnukwu ọnụọgụ nke sporozoites ogologo. Sporozoite ndị a na-akwaga na gland salivary nke anwụnta ebe a pụrụ ịgba ha n'ọbara nke ata anwụnta na-esote, na-emegharị usoro ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCBiology&quot; /&gt;

== Evolution na taxonomy ==
[[Faịlụ:Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg|thumb|Ọkpụkpụ anwụnta kacha ochie na ''Plasmodium Dominicana'', afọ 15-20 nde]]

=== Nchịkọta ===
Plasmodium bụ nke phylum Apicomplexa, otu ìgwè nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ nwere akụkụ nzuzo pụrụ iche n'otu nsọtụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morrison2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2009.05.010|pmid=19635681|title=Evolution of the Apicomplexa: Where are we now?|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=25|issue=8|pages=375–82|year=2009|author=Morrison|first=David A.}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime Apicomplexa, Plasmodium dị n'okpuru usoro Haemosporida, otu nke gụnyere apicomplexans niile bi n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Haemosporina/124976|accessdate=1 May 2018|title=Haemospororida Danielewski 1885|author=Votypka J|work=Tree of Life}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dabere na ọnụnọ nke hemozoin pigment na usoro nke ịmụpụta ụmụ nwoke na nwanyị, usoro ahụ kewara n'ime ezinụlọ anọ, nke Plasmodium dị na ezinụlọ Plasmodiidae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụdị Plasmodium nwere ihe karịrị ụdị narị abụọ, nke a na-akọwakarị dabere na ọdịdị ha n'ọbara nke ụmụ anụmanụ ndị bu ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria Parasites: Comparative Genomics, Evolution and Molecular Biology|editor=Carlton, J.M.|isbn=978-1-908230-07-2|publisher=Caister Academic Press|date=2013|chapter=The Diversity of ''Plasmodium'' and other Haemosporidians: The Intersection of Taxonomy, Phylogenetics, and Genomics|author=Martinsen, E. S.|pages=1–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ekewa ụdị ndị a dabere na ọdịdị ha na ebe obibi ha n'ime ụdị iri na anọ: &lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Subgenus ''Asiamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Bennettinia'' &lt;small&gt; (Valkiunas, 1997) &lt;/small&gt; - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Carinamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1966) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Giovannolaia'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Haemamoeba'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Huffia'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Lacertamoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus Laverania &lt;small&gt; (Bray, 1958) &lt;/small&gt; - nnukwu enwe, ụmụ mmadụ
* Subgenus ''Novyella'' (Corradetti, et al. 1963) - nnụnụ
* Subgenus ''Ophidiella'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Paraplasmodium'' &lt;small&gt; (Telford, 1988) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Plasmodium'' &lt;small&gt; (Bray, 1955) &lt;/small&gt; - enwe na apụl
* Subgenus ''Sauramoeba'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1966) &lt;/small&gt; - anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ
* Subgenus ''Vinckeia'' &lt;small&gt; (Garnham, 1964) &lt;/small&gt; - ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara inc. primates

A na-ekewa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-ebute enwe na enwe, ewezuga P. falciparum na P. reichenowi (ndị mejupụtara subgenus Laverania) na subgenus Plasmodium. A na-ekewa nje ndị na-ebute anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ụfọdụ primates (lemurs na ndị ọzọ) na subgenus Vinckeia. Subgenesia ise dị na Bennettinia, Giovannolaia, Haemamoeba, Huffia, na Novyella nwere ụdị malaria avian a ma ama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Brief Historical Summary|pages=9–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ: Asiamoeba, Carinamoeba, Lacertamoeba, Ophidiella, Paraplasmodium, na Sauramoeba nwere ụdị nje dị iche iche a na-ahụ na-ebute ọrịa na-akpụ akpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telford1988&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Telford S|title=A contribution to the systematics of the reptilian malaria parasites, family Plasmodiidae (Apicomplexa: Haemosporina)|journal=Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences|volume=34|issue=2|pages=65–96|year=1988|url=http://ufdcweb1.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00095820/00001/3|accessdate=2014-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịdị ===
Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gbasara ụdị Plasmodium site na iji usoro molekul egosila na mgbanwe nke otu ahụ esoghị usoro nhazi nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOL&quot; /&gt; Ọtụtụ ụdị Plasmodium ndị yiri ibe ha n'ụdị ọdịdị ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebute otu ndị ọbịa ahụ na-aghọ ndị nwere njikọ dị anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(03)54005-2|title=Progress in Malaria Research: the Case for Phylogenetics|pages=255–80|year=2003|author=Rich|first=S.|series=Advances in Parasitology|isbn=978-0-12-031754-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1990, ọtụtụ nnyocha chọrọ inyocha mmekọrịta evolushọn nke ụdị Plasmodium site na iji ribosomal RNA na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa protein elu sitere na ụdị dị iche iche, na-achọpụta na nje mmadụ P. falciparum nwere njikọ chiri anya na nje avian karịa nje ndị ọzọ nke primates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge gara aga, iji chọpụta ụdị Plasmodium ndị ọzọ, chọpụtara na nje ndị a na-enweta site na anụmanụ na-etolite klade yana ụdị Hepatocystis, ebe nje ndị a na-enweta site na nnụnụ ma ọ bụ ngwere yiri ka ha na-etolite klade dị iche na mmekọrịta evolushọn na-esoghị n'okpuru ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa:&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.012|pmid=18248741|title=A three-genome phylogeny of malaria parasites (''Plasmodium'' and closely related genera): Evolution of life-history traits and host switches|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=47|issue=1|date=April 2008|pages=261–273|url=https://zotero.org/groups/5435545/items/9ISQYV4R}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Atụmatụ maka mgbe usoro Plasmodium dị iche iche kewara ekewa dị iche iche. Atụmatụ maka nhazi nke usoro Haemosporida dị site na ihe dị ka nde iri na isii na puku narị abụọ ruo nde otu narị gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida|author=Perkins, S. L.|date=2014|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=11–25|doi=10.1645/13-362.1|pmid=24059436}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerkins,_S._L.2014&quot;&gt;Perkins, S. L. (2014). &quot;Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida&quot;. ''Journal of Parasitology''. '''100''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPara.100...11P 2014JPara.100...11P]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1645/13-362.1|10.1645/13-362.1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059436 24059436]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21291855 21291855].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere mmasị pụrụ iche n'ịkọwa ọdịiche nke nje mmadụ ''P. falciparum'' site na agbụrụ ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ n'ihi mkpa ọgwụ ya. Maka nke a, ụbọchị ndị e mere atụmatụ na-adị site na Narị puku na puku iri ruo Nde abụọ na narị puku ise afọ gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perkins2014&quot; /&gt;

== Nbudata ==
A na-ekesa ụdị Plasmodium n'ụwa niile. Ụdị Plasmodium niile bụ nje ndị na-efe efe ma ga-agafe n'etiti onye na-efe efe na onye na-efe efe iji mezue usoro ndụ ha. Ụdị Plasmodium dị iche iche na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke ndị na-efe efe, ụfọdụ ụdị nwere naanị otu ụdị vertebrate na otu ụdị ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe ụdị ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị vertebrate na/ma ọ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ.

=== Anụ ndị nwere azụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba ebe o si maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya &lt;ref name=&quot;Tatem2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
A kọwawo nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa Plasmodium n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche nke anụ ụlọ, gụnyere anụ na-akpụ akpụ, nnụnụ, na anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manguin&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ike ibute ọrịa karịa otu onye na-elekọta anụ ụlọ, ha na-abụkarị kpọmkwem maka otu n'ime klas ndị a (dịka nnụnụ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Manguin&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biodiversity of Malaria in the world|date=2008|author=Manguin, S.|publisher=John Libbey|isbn=978-2-7420-0616-8|pages=13–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk0JBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=malaria+reptile&amp;pg=PA13|accessdate=15 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụmụ mmadụ na-ebute ọrịa site na [./List_of_&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Plasmodium_species_infecting_primates#Species_infecting_humans&quot; id=&quot;mwAak&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;List of Plasmodium species infecting primates&quot;&gt;ụdị ise] nke Plasmodium, na ọtụtụ n'ime ọrịa siri ike na ọnwụ nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' kpatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scully&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.006|pmid=29096194|title=Molecular interactions governing host-specificity of blood stage malaria parasites|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|volume=40|pages=21–31|year=2017|author=Scully|first=Erik J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị ụfọdụ na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ nwekwara ike ibute ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, na zoonoses nke ụdị ụfọdụ (dịka nje ''P. knowlesi'') site na ụmụ anụmanụ ọzọ na ụmụ mmadụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scully&quot; /&gt; Ndị na-abụghị mmadụ nwekwara ụdị Plasmodium dịgasị iche iche nke na-adịghị ebute ụmụ mmadụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa siri ike na primates, ebe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịnọgide na onye nwe ya ruo ogologo oge n'ebughị ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Nunn, C.|date=2006|title=Infectious Diseases in Primates: Behavior, Ecology and Evolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1s0TDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=plasmodium&amp;pg=PA254|edition=1st|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=253–254|isbn=978-0-19-856584-0|accessdate=16 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-ebukwa ụdị Plasmodium, dịka ụdị oke, ungulates, na usu. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ụdị Plasmodium nwere ike ibute ọrịa siri ike n'ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a na-enwe ha, ebe ọtụtụ yiri ka ha anaghị eme otú ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The rediscovery of malaria parasites of ungulates|journal=Parasitology|volume=143|issue=12|date=2016|pages=1501–1508|doi=10.1017/S0031182016001141|pmid=27444556}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe karịrị ụdị otu narị na ịrị ịse nke &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAck&quot;&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na-emetụta ụdị nnụnụ dịgasị iche iche. N'ozuzu, ụdị ọ bụla nke ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute otu ụdị nnụnụ ole na ole.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Specificity and general Principles of Species Identification|pages=67–81}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Plasmodium'' parasites nke na-ebute nnụnụ na-anọgide na onye nwe ya ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụ maka oge ndụ nke onye nwe ya, ọ bụ ezie na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa siri ike na ọnwụ ngwa ngwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=General Section - Life Cycle and Morphology of Plasmodiidae Species|pages=27–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia|author=Valkiunas, Gediminas|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|date=2004|chapter=Pathogenicity|pages=83–111}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ụmụ anụmanụ, nnụnụ ndị na-ebufe ọrịa na-ekesa n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas2&quot; /&gt;

Ụdị sitere na ọtụtụ subgenera nke  ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na-emetụta Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ dị iche iche. A kọwawo nje ''Plasmodium'' n'ọtụtụ Ezinụlọ ezé ma, dị ka nje nnụnụ, na-agbasa n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zug&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles|editor=Zug, G. R.|isbn=978-0-12-782620-2|publisher=Academic Press|date=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqgpcru2sfwC&amp;q=malaria+reptile&amp;pg=PA152|accessdate=16 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ụdị Plasmodium ndị na-ebute nje na anụmanụ, a na-ekesa nnụnụ ndị na-ebute nje ahụ gburugburu ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zug&quot; /&gt;

E mepụtara ọtụtụ ọgwụ kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ iji chịkwaa ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na ndị nwere ọkpụkpụ azụ, ọkachasị n'ime ụmụ mmadụ. A na-eji Quinine eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egbochi ịba site na narị afọ nke iri na asaa ruo mgbe mmegide zuru oke pụtara na mmalite narị afọ nke abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Blasco|first=Benjamin|year=2017|title=Antimalarial drug resistance: Linking Plasmodium falciparum parasite biology to the clinic|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=23|issue=8|pages=917–928|doi=10.1038/nm.4381|pmid=28777791}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịkwụsị quinine kpaliri mmepe nke ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba site na narị afọ nke ịrị abụọ gụnyere chloroquine, proguanil, atovaquone, sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine, mefloquine, na artemisinin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot; /&gt; N'ọnọdụ niile, nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ a nyere apụtala n'ime iri afọ ole na ole nke itinye ọgwụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blasco2018&quot; /&gt; Iji lụso nke a ọgụ, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba eme ihe na njikọta, yana ọgwụgwọ njikọta artemisinin ugbu a bụ ọkọlọtọ ọla edo maka ọgwụgwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cowman2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055|pmid=27768886|title=Malaria: Biology and Disease|journal=Cell|volume=167|issue=3|pages=610–624|year=2016|author=Cowman|first=Alan F}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ozuzu, ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na-elekwasị anya na ọkwa ndụ nke nje ''Plasmodium'' nke bi n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, dịka ndị a bụ ọkwa ndị na-akpata ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haldar2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2017.161|pmid=29355852|title=Drug resistance in Plasmodium|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|volume=16|issue=3|pages=156–170|year=2018|author=Haldar|first=Kasturi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/med.21486|pmid=29372568|title=Multistage inhibitors of the malaria parasite: Emerging hope for chemoprotection and malaria eradication|journal=Medicinal Research Reviews|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1511–1535|year=2018|author=Poonam}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;

=== Ụmụ ahụhụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anopheles stephensi'' bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ọbara nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' nwere ike ibute ọrịa.]]
Na mgbakwunye na onye nwere azụ̀, ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' niile na-ebutekwa nje ndị na-aṅụ ọbara, nke na-abụkarị anwụnta (ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nje ndị na-ebute ọrịa na-efe efe na-esi n'ájá ájá ebufe ). Anwụnta nke ụdị ''Culex'', ''[[Anopheles]]'', ''Culiseta'', ''Mansonia'' na ''Aedes'' na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe obibi ụmụ ahụhụ maka ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' dị iche iche. Ndị kacha mma e nyochachara gbasara ha bụ anwụnta ''Anopheles'' nke nwere nje ''Plasmodium'' nke ịba mmadụ, yana anwụnta ''Culex'' nke nwere ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nke na-akpata ịba n'ime nnụnụ. Naanị anwụnta nwanyị ka a na-ebute site na ọrịa ''Plasmodium'', ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị ọbara nke ndị nwere azụ̀ dị n'ime ha ka ha na-eri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Crompton|first=Peter D.|date=2014|title=Malaria Immunity in Man and Mosquito: Insights into Unsolved Mysteries of a Deadly Infectious Disease|journal=Annual Review of Immunology|volume=32|issue=1|pages=157–187|doi=10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120220|pmid=24655294}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị dị iche iche na-emetụta ndị na-elekọta ha n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ụmụ ahụhụ ndị nwere ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' na-ebelata ndụ ha ma belata ikike ha ịmụ ụmụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Busula&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2017.08.010|pmid=28942108|title=Mechanisms of Plasmodium -Enhanced Attraction of Mosquito Vectors|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=33|issue=12|pages=961–973|year=2017|author=Busula|first=Annette O.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' yiri ka ha na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-ahọrọ ịta ndị nwere azụ̀ vertebrate ọrịa karịa ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Busula&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cois.2017.02.002|pmid=28602239|title=Effects of malaria infection on mosquito olfaction and behavior: Extrapolating data to the field|journal=Current Opinion in Insect Science|volume=20|pages=7–12|year=2017|author=Stanczyk|first=Nina M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a025593|pmid=28389513|title=Anopheline Reproductive Biology: Impacts on Vectorial Capacity and Potential Avenues for Malaria Control|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=7|issue=12|year=2017|author=Mitchell|first=Sara N.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran bu ụzọ kọwaa nje na ọbara nke ndị ọrịa ịba n'afọ 1880. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/index.html|accessdate=31 May 2016|title=The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kpọrọ nje ahụ Oscillaria malariae . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1885, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ bụ [[Ettore Marchiafva]] na Angelo Celli nyochaghachiri nje ahụ ma kpọọ ya onye otu ụdị ọhụrụ, ọrịa ''Plasmodium'', nke akpọrọ aha ya maka ọdịdị ya na mkpụrụ ndụ multinyucleate nke slime molds nke otu aha ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;McFadden2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McFadden|first=G. I.|year=2012|title=Plasmodia – don't|journal=Trends Parasitol|volume=28|issue=8|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2012.05.006|pmid=22738856}}&lt;/ref&gt;[ihe odide 1] Eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ike itinye aka n'ịkpata ụdị ịba dị iche iche bụ nke mbụ Camillo Golgi chọpụtara n'afọ 1886. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1897, William Welch chọpụtara ma kpọọ ya ọrịa ''Plasmodium falciparum''. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Giovanni Batista Grassi na [[Raimondo Filetti]] kpọrọ nje ndị na-akpata ụdị ịba abụọ dị iche iche nke mmadụ ''Plasmodium vivax'' na Plasmodium malariae . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt;Nke a sochiri site na mmata nke ụdị abụọ ọzọ nke ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' nke na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ: ''Plasmodium oval'' (1922) na ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' (nke a chọpụtara na ogologo ọdụ n'afọ 1931; na ụmụ mmadụ n'afọ 1965). &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt; Ronald Ross kọwara onyinye nke ụmụ ahụhụ na ndụ ''Plasmodium'' n'afọ 1897 na Giovanni Batista Grassi, Amico Bignami na Giuseppe Bastianelli n'afọ 1899.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCHistory&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1966, Cyril Garnham tụrụ aro ka a kewaa  ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' n'ime ụdị itoolu dabere na njirimara na ọdịdị nje.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot; /&gt; Nke a gụnyere subgenera anọ nke A. Corradetti chepụtara na mbụ maka ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa nnụnụ n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Corradetti1963&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Corradetti A.|title=New classification of the avian malaria parasites|journal=Parassitologia|volume=5|pages=1–4|year=1963}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot; /&gt; Sam R. Telford gbasaa atụmatụ a n'afọ 1988 mgbe ọ gbanwere nje ''Plasmodium'' nke na-emetụta anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ, na-agbakwunye subgenera ise. &lt;ref name=&quot;Martinsen2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Telford1988&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1997, G. Valkiunas weghachiri ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa nnụnụ site na ịgbakwunye subgenus nke ise: ''Bennettinia'' .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valkiunas1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Valkiunas, G.|title=Bird Haemosporidia|journal=Acta Zoologica Lituanica|volume=3–5|pages=1–607|year=1997|issn=1392-1657}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Haematozoa
* Ndepụta nke ụdị Plasmodium
* Ngwá ọrụ Plasmodium
* Plasmodium RUF6 RNA

== Ihe edeturu ==
 {{Malaria}}

== Edensibia ==
{{Taxonbar|from=Q130948}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

=== Ịmata ===

=== Ihe ndị dị ndụ ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Baldacci, P.|title=The elusive malaria sporozoite in the mammalian host|journal=Mol. Microbiol.|volume=54|issue=2|pages=298–306|date=October 2004|pmid=15469504|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04275.x}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Bledsoe, G. H.|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=South. Med. J.|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|url=http://www.sma.org/pdfs/objecttypes/smj/91C48D32-BCD4-FF25-565C69314AF7EB48/1196.pdf|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Shortt, H. E.|title=Life-cycle of the mammalian malaria parasite|journal=Br. Med. Bull.|volume=8|issue=1|pages=7–9|year=1951|pmid=14944807|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a074057}}

=== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Slater, L. B.|title=Malarial birds: modeling infectious human disease in animals|journal=Bull Hist Med|volume=79|issue=2|pages=261–94|year=2005|pmid=15965289|doi=10.1353/bhm.2005.0092}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Authority control}} {{Malaria}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q130948}}{{Authority control}} 
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339233549|John Abdallah Wambere]]&quot;</comment>
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'''John &quot;Longjones&quot; Abdallah Wambere''' bụ onye [[:en:LGBT_rights_in_Uganda|Uganda na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ndị nwoke na-edina ibe ha]]  na onye so guzobe Spectrum Uganda Initiatives, &lt;ref name=&quot;Glad Casework Page&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=John Wambere|url=http://www.glad.org/work/cases/wambere-story|work=Our Work|publisher=Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders|accessdate=13 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129041710/http://www.glad.org/work/cases/wambere-story|archivedate=29 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ otu ụlọ ọrụ na-akwado ihe ndị ruuru LGBTI nke dị na Kampala na-elekwasị anya na agụmakwụkwọ ahụike. &lt;ref name=&quot;NPR ARTICLE&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dreisbach|first=Tom|title=Ugandan LGBT Activist Recommended For Asylum In U.S.|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/09/21/349668587/ugandan-lgbt-activist-recommended-for-asylum-in-u-s|accessdate=10 November 2014|publisher=NPR|date=21 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi iyi egwu nke imekpa ya ahụ na mkpagbu ọ na-eche ihu na Uganda, ụlọ ọrụ U.S. Citizen and Immigration Services kwadoro Wambere maka [[:en:Asylum_in_the_United_States|ịgba ọsọ ndụ gbaga na]] United States na Septemba 11, 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;In-Re Glad&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=In re Wambere|url=http://www.glad.org/work/cases/in-re-wambere|work=Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders|accessdate=9 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bi na [[:en:Cambridge,_Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]] ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glad Casework Page&quot; /&gt;

== Mmalite Ndụ ==
A mụrụ Wambere na [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Mbala]], [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Zambia]] na 2 Nọvemba 1973.  Ezinụlọ ya bụ Ndị Kraịst; nne ya bụ onye na-amụ nwa na-arụrụ gọọmentị ọrụ, ebe nna ya bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Legal Lines Interview&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lynch|first=Timothy|title=Legal Lines: John &quot;Longjones&quot; Abdallah Wambere: Ugandan gay activist; 6-18-14|date=26 June 2014|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqYZ01d8J54|publisher=Massachusetts LGBT Bar Association|accessdate=10 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ Timothy Lynch gbara ya na Legal Lines, bụ mmepụta nke LGBTQ Massachusetts Bar Association,  Wambere kwuru banyere oge ọ bụ nwata, &quot;Anyị nụrụ banyere ndị nwoke na-edina ụmụ nwoke ibe ha. [Ndị mmadụ] kwuru banyere ndị nwoke na-edina nwoke. Mana ọ dịghị mgbe a mara ha ikpe, ọ dịghị mgbe a kpagburu ha. O nweghị onye gara inyocha ụlọ ha. Ha biri ndụ dị ka ọha mmadụ ndị ọzọ, a nabatara ụfọdụ n'ime ha nke ọma dị ka ndị pụrụ iche, ndị dị iche. O nwekwaghị onye kpọrọ ha ndị na-emetọ ụmụaka&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Legal Lines|url=http://www.masslgbtqbar.org/article.html?aid=219|work=Mass. LGBTQ Bar Association|publisher=Massachusetts LGBTQ Bar Association|accessdate=14 November 2014|archivedate=28 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028041530/http://www.masslgbtqbar.org/article.html?aid=219}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Legal Lines Interview&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ chọpụtara na ọ na-enwe mmasị mmekọahụ n'ebe ụmụ nwoke ibe ya nọ mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, Wambere dere na akwụkwọ ya mgbe ọ na-achọ ebe mgbaba na ọ &quot;na-adọlị yana [[:en:Sexual_orientation|agụụ mmekọahụ]] ya dị iche na-apụta n'oge niile ọ bụ nwata, n'oge uto, na n'oge ịbụ ntorobịa... Ibi n'ebe na-emegidesi mmekọ nwoke na nwoke ike mere ka m tụọ egwu maka nchekwa m na nchekwa nke ezinụlọ m ma ọ bụrụ na ọha mara  nkwenye mmekọahụ m. Otú ọ dị, o dere na 1998, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na isii, &quot;Aghọtara m na ịbụ nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe m na-eme ka m nwee obi ụtọ n'ihi na ọ bụ onye m bụ. Nke ahụ bụ eziokwu dịirị m, n'ụbọchị ahụ, asara m aka m (yana onwe m) pụọ n'echiche ọ bụla nke inwe mmetụta mmehie maka onye m bụ&quot;.

== Ihe Omume dị iche iche nke Uganda ==
N'afọ 2001, Wambere sonyere na Homo Uganda, nke ghọrọ Spectrum Uganda Initiatives (Spectrum) n'afọ 2002.  Nke a tọrọ ntọala ya na 1998, Spectrum bụ òtù obodo dị n'okpuru [[:en:Sexual_Minorities_Uganda|Sexual Minorities Uganda]] nke na-elekwasị anya n'inye nkwado na agụmakwụkwọ ahụike mmụta gbasara okike ịbụ nwoke na ịbụ nwanyị maka ndị LGBTI. Ha na-enwe ogbako iji gbaa ndị mmadụ ume ka ha nyochaa ọnọdụ [[:en:HIV|HIV]] / [[Sexually Transmitted Infection|STI]] ha ma na-eji okpunnabụenyi na mmanụ kwesịrị ekwesị mgbe ha na-enwe mmekọ; ha na-enyekwa nkwado iji nyere aka lụso Ịkpa ókè ndị LGBTI ọgụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Legal Lines Interview&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lynch|first=Timothy|title=Legal Lines: John &quot;Longjones&quot; Abdallah Wambere: Ugandan gay activist; 6-18-14|date=26 June 2014|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqYZ01d8J54|publisher=Massachusetts LGBT Bar Association|accessdate=10 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wambere kwadoro nzukọ ndị a nọ na-eme na Sọnde n'ụlọ ya iji &quot;kparịta ụka banyere okwu ndị metụtara ụdị okike anyị na ahụike anyị, kwurịta ahụmahụ anyị na obodo anyị, ma nyerịta onwe anyị ohere izute ma soro ndị ọzọ nọ n'otu anyị na-akpakọrịta&quot;. A họpụtara Wambere ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ nke Spectrum n'afọ 2004. 

== Esemokwu na Uganda ==
Uganda nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke inwe iwu ndị na-emegide nwoke idina nwoke nke malitererị na ọchịchị Alaeze Ukwu Britain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Han|first=Enze|title=The British colonial origins of anti-gay laws|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/10/30/the-british-colonial-origins-of-anti-gay-laws/|accessdate=14 November 2014|date=30 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Section_377|Iwu ntaramahụhụ nke 1950]], nke gọọmentị Britain na-achị mgbe ahụ tiri, nwere Iwu sodomy nke ka na-arụ ọrụ ruo taa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Penal Code Act 1950|url=http://www.ulii.org/ug/legislation/consolidated-act/120|work=Free Access to Ugandan Law|publisher=Uganda Legal Information Institute|accessdate=14 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106165358/http://www.ulii.org/ug/legislation/consolidated-act/120|archivedate=6 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kalende|first=Val|title=Africa: homophobia is a legacy of colonialism|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/30/africa-homophobia-legacy-colonialism|accessdate=14 November 2014|work=The Guardian|date=30 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, mmetụta na-emegide iwu megidere nwoke idina nwoke na Uganda ka ejikọtara ya na mgbasa nke okwu mmegide nwoke idina nwoke site n'aka Ndị Kraịst na-ekwusa ozi ọma, ọkachasị Scott Lively, onye bịara Kampala na Machị 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;GETTLEMAN&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|title=Americans' Role Seen in Uganda Anti-Gay Push|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/04/world/africa/04uganda.html|accessdate=10 November 2014|work=The New York Times|date=4 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka Stephen Langa, onye haziri nleta ahụ, si kwuo, Lively nyere usoro okwu dị iche iche banyere &quot;isiokwu nwoke idina nwoke - isiokwu ahụ zoro ezo na nke gbara ọchịchịrị&quot; - na egwu ndị nwoke na-edina onwe ha na-eyi ụkpụrụ ndị dabeere na Akwụkwọ nsọ na ezinụlọ ọdịnala ndị Africa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GETTLEMAN&quot; /&gt; Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, otu onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Uganda tụrụ aro Iwu Megidere mmekọahụ nke otu ụdịekere nke 2009, nke yiri egwu ọnwụ nye ndị a mara ikpe maka ndina ụdị onwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Anti Homosexuality Bill, 2009. Memorandum|url=http://www.publiceye.org/publications/globalizing-the-culture-wars/pdf/uganda-bill-september-09.pdf|work=Public Eye|accessdate=9 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A nabataghị ya.

Otú ọ dị, na Disemba 20, 2013, [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda]]  tụrụ aro Iwu [[:en:Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014|Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;act&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014|url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/530c4bc64.pdf|publisher=The UN Refugee Agency|accessdate=9 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iwu ahụ, nke Onye isi ala Uganda Yoweri Museveni bịanyere aka na ya n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2014, tụrụ aro ka a maa ndị ikpe mara ma tụọ ha mkpọrọ mkpụrụ ọka maka &quot;mmebi iwu nke ndina ụdị onwe,&quot; &quot;mmekọahụ otu ụdị onwe n'ebe ọ dị ukwuu,&quot; &quot;nkwekọrịta itinye aka na ndina ụdị onwe&quot; na &quot;ịkwalite ndina ụdị onwe&quot;, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;act&quot; /&gt; Ndị UN katọrọ Museveni, bụ ndị kwuru na iwu ahụ &quot;na-emebi ikike mmadụ bụ isi ma na-etinye ndị na-edina nwoke ibe ha, ndị na-edina nwanyị ibe ha, ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ abụọ na ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe (LGBT) na mba ahụ n'ihe ize ndụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New anti-homosexuality law in Uganda violates basic human rights, stress UN officials|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47212&amp;Cr=lesbian&amp;Cr1=#.VGE0MFPF_Xx|publisher=UN News Centre|accessdate=7 November 2014|date=24 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;Iwu ahụ mechara bụrụ nke Ụlọikpe Iwu nke Uganda kagburu n'Ọgọst 4, 2014, n'ihi na ọ nweghị ndị nkwado a chọrọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Uganda court annuls anti-homosexuality law|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28605400|accessdate=8 November 2014|publisher=BBC News|date=1 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọgba aghara na-arịwanye elu ===
N'afọ 2005, ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|The Red Pepper]]'', akwụkwọ akụkọ Uganda, kpughere Wambere n'ihu ọha dị ka nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya. O depụtara aha ya, ebe ọrụ ya, na adreesị ụlọ na nke ọrụ ya. Kemgbe ahụ, ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ akọwaala Wambere dị ka &quot;nwaanyị, onye bu isi dada na-edina nwoke ibe ya nke na-anakọta ụmụ okorobịa maka mmekọahụ&quot;.A manyere ya ịkwagaghrị ebe o bi ma gbanwee nọmba ekwentị ya ọtụtụ ugboro; n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ nọgidere na-enweta iyi egwu ọnwụ. Na 1 Machị 2014. N'isiokwu ahụ, a na-ebo Wambere ebubo na o so na &quot;Ugandan Homo Cabinet&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ugandan Newspapers Outing Members of the LGBTI Community|url=http://www.glad.org/work/cases/ugandan-newspapers|publisher=Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders|accessdate=3 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042434/http://www.glad.org/work/cases/ugandan-newspapers|archivedate=29 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ndị Human Rights Watch katọrọ tabloid ahụ maka itinye ndị ikom a n'ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ gọọmentị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ugandan 'gay' name list condemned|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5326930.stm|accessdate=7 November 2014|publisher=BBC News|date=8 September 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na WGBH-TV, Wambere kwuru banyere mgbasa ozi Uganda, &quot;Ọ dịtụghị mgbe m kpughere onwe m. Ndị mgbasa ozi kpughere m... mana n'otu oge achọpụtara m na m ga-ebi ndụ n'eziokwu ahụ... Anyị bụ ndị Uganda ma anyị bụ ndị Afrịka. A mụrụ anyị dịka ndị na-edina ụdị onwe.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;youtube.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Greater Boston Video: Gay Ugandan Activist Seeks Asylum In Boston|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mby--3TXUZo|work=WGBH-TV Youtube|date=7 May 2014|publisher=PBS|accessdate=10 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2009, ọtụtụ ndị ikom wakporo Wambere ka ọ hapụrụ Capital Pub, ụlọ ọṅụṅụ mmanya dị na Kampala. E si n'azụ jide ya ma kụọ ya ihe nke na ọ maghịzi onwe ya; o mechara teta n'ụgbọala enyi ya ebe ezé ya gbajiri agbaji.

Wambere na David Kato, enyi Wambere na otu n'ime ndị isi LGBTI a ma ama na Uganda, ka e gosipụtara na ihe nkiri Malika Zouhali-Worrall yana Katherine Fairfax Wright a kpọrọ ''[[:en:Call_Me_Kuchu|Call Me Kuchu]]''. E gosiri ya na [[:en:Berlin_International_Film_Festival|Berlin International Film Festival]] na 11 Febụwarị 2012. Ihe dị ka otu afọ tupu ewepụta ihe nkiri ahụ, na 26 Jenụwarị 2011, e ji obi ọjọọ gbuo Kato; onye ka meriri ikpe megide magazin nke bipụtara aha ya na foto ya na-akọwa ya dị ka nwoke na-edina nwoke ma na-akpọ ka e gbuo ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|title=Ugandan Who Spoke Up for Gays Is Beaten to Death|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/world/africa/28uganda.html|accessdate=10 November 2014|work=New York Times|date=27 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wambere malitere ịnata iyi egwu ọnwụ na ọ ga-abụ onye ọzọ ga-anwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Legal Lines Interview&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lynch|first=Timothy|title=Legal Lines: John &quot;Longjones&quot; Abdallah Wambere: Ugandan gay activist; 6-18-14|date=26 June 2014|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqYZ01d8J54|publisher=Massachusetts LGBT Bar Association|accessdate=10 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe mgbaba na United States ==
Wambere gara United States na 20 Febụwarị 2014 iji nweta nkwado megide mmegide na-arịwanye elu a na-emegide ndị LGBTI na Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR ARTICLE&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dreisbach|first=Tom|title=Ugandan LGBT Activist Recommended For Asylum In U.S.|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/09/21/349668587/ugandan-lgbt-activist-recommended-for-asylum-in-u-s|accessdate=10 November 2014|publisher=NPR|date=21 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụbọchị atọ ka ọ bịarutere, Onye isi ala Uganda Yoweri Museveni bịanyere aka na [[:en:Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014|Iwu Mmekọahụ Na-emegide Nwoke idina nwoke]], ka ọ bụrụ iwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Karimi|first=Faith|title=Uganda's President Museveni signs controversial anti-gay bill into law|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/24/world/africa/uganda-anti-gay-bill/|work=CNN World|date=24 February 2014|publisher=CNN|accessdate=10 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịbụ onye na-eche egwu ịnwụ ọnwụ na ịtụ ya mkpọrọ oge ndụ ya niile ihu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ laghachi n'ụlọ, Wambere sooro GLAD rụọ ọrụ iji tinye akwụkwọ maka inwe ebe mgbaba na Gọọmentị US.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glad Casework Page&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=John Wambere|url=http://www.glad.org/work/cases/wambere-story|work=Our Work|publisher=Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders|accessdate=13 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129041710/http://www.glad.org/work/cases/wambere-story|archivedate=29 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2014, Gọọmentị US nyere ya ebe mgbaba, na-echere nnyocha ọmụma ya nke ọma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Recommended Approval by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services|url=http://www.glad.org/uploads/docs/cases/in-re-wambere/09-15-14-wambere-asylum-decision.pdf|publisher=Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders|accessdate=10 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011055312/http://www.glad.org/uploads/docs/cases/in-re-wambere/09-15-14-wambere-asylum-decision.pdf|archivedate=11 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Nke a abụwo mkpebi siri ike nye m&quot;, ka Wambere kwuru na nkwupụta o mere nye ndị mgbasa ozi. &quot;Enyefewo m ndụ m ịrụrụ ndị LGBTI ọrụ na Uganda, ọ na-enyekwa m nnukwu ihe mgbu ịghara ịnọ na obodo m, ndị enyi, na ndị mụ na ha na-akpa mgbe ha nọ na ihe ize ndụ na-arịwanye elu. Mana n'obi m, amaara m na ọ bụ naanị nhọrọ m, nakwa na agaghị m aba uru na obodo mgbe m nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;In-Re Glad&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=In re Wambere|url=http://www.glad.org/work/cases/in-re-wambere|work=Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders|accessdate=9 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ezinụlọ ==

== Edensibịa ==
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'''Mounir Baatour''' (Arabic, amụrụ ya n'afọ 1970) bụ onye ọka iwu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka LGBT. Ọ bụ onye mepere otu LGBT Association Shams, onye isi nke Tunisian Liberal Party, ọbụ ya bụ onye mbụ na-azọ ọkwa onye isi oche n'ihu ọha n'Ụwa ndị Arab.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cordall|first=Simonn|date=2019-07-16|title=Meet the man hoping to become the Muslim world's first openly gay president|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/tunisia-lgbt-gay-president-candidate-mounir-baatour-shams-a9003656.html|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=The Independent|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbalị LGBT na mkpọsa onye isi ala ==
E jidere Baatour n'afọ 2013 ma tụọ ya  nga ọnwa atọ. Ọ n'azọdo na ebubo ndị ahụ bụ maka sodomy ma ọ gọnarịrị  ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-08-08|title=L'avocat Mounir Baatour, ouvertement homosexuel, se présente à la présidentielle tunisienne, une première dans le monde arabe|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/08/08/l-avocat-mounir-baatour-ouvertement-homosexuel-se-presente-a-la-presidentielle-tunisienne-une-premiere-dans-le-monde-arabe_5497828_3212.html|accessdate=2021-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-08-09|title=In first for Arab world, openly gay candidate runs for Tunisia's presidency|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190809-baatour-gay-candidate-tunisia-presidency-lgbt-arab-world-frst|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=France 24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ maka mmetọ mmekọrịta nke nwata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-10-17|title=أول مرشح مثلي تونسي للرئاسة في الإعلام الناطق بالعربية|url=https://www.mykalimag.com/ar/2019/10/17/%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%ad-%d9%85%d8%ab%d9%84%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a6%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85/|accessdate=2024-08-12|work=My Kali Magazine|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka Afrik.com si kwuo, a na-enyo Ụlọ nkwari akụ Sheraton enyo ma ya ma ndị ọchịchị n'arụkọ ọrụ ma nwee ike ịgwa ndị uwe ojii banyere ọnụnọ Baatour na nwoke ọzọ n'otu n'ime ụlọ nkwari ahịa ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harit|first=Fouad|date=2013-06-21|title=Tunisie : Sheraton Tunis Hotel, établissement homophobe ou de « mafia politique » ?|url=https://www.afrik.com/tunisie-sheraton-tunis-hotel-etablissement-homophobe-ou-de-mafia-politique|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=Afrik.com|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2015, Baatour guzobere Association Shams, otu òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru LGBT nke lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwụsị iwu nke gbasara nwoke idina nwoke maọbu nwaanyị idina nwaanyị &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2019-08-09|title=Tout savoir sur Mounir Baatour, premier candidat gay à la présidentielle tunisienne|url=https://www.cnews.fr/monde/2019-08-09/tout-savoir-sur-mounir-baatour-premier-candidat-gay-la-presidentielle-tunisienne|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=CNEWS|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke otu ahụ ugbu a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ahmado|first=Nisan|date=2019-08-14|title=Tunisia's First Gay Presidential Candidate Faces Threats From Extremists|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_tunisias-first-gay-presidential-candidate-faces-threats-extremists/6173804.html|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=Voice of America|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2018, ya na Alice Nkom, Baatour natara onyinye Idaho France maka nnwere onwe,  maka  ọgụ ọ lụrụ gbasara megide homophobia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Olivier|first=Mathieu|date=2018-05-17|title=Droits des LGBTI : la Camerounaise Alice Nkom et le Tunisien Mounir Baatour distingués à Paris – Jeune Afrique|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/560433/societe/droits-des-lgbti-la-camerounaise-alice-nkom-et-le-tunisien-mounir-baatour-distingues-a-paris/|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=JeuneAfrique.com|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụbọchị asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2019, Baatour kwupụtara na ya ga esonye na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke Tunisia. Mgbe ọkwa a gasịrị, e dere ihe dị ka isiokwu narị isii na iri ise sitere na mba otu narị na iri abụo banyere ya, Baatour wuru otu mkpọsa na ndị na-eme ihe ike narị atọ n'ógbè ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Chivers|first=Aidan|date=2020-03-23|title=Meet Mounir Baatour: Tunisia's Most Prominent LGBT Rights Advocate|url=https://gcadvocate.com/2020/03/22/meet-mounir-baatour-tunisias-most-prominent-lgbt-rights-advocate/|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=The Advocate|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya gụnyere Swepụ nke Nkeji edemede narị abụọ na iri atọ, nke mechiri  nwoke idina nwoke, site na iwu mpụ nke Tunisia, yana Ịhe  nhata nwoke na nwanyị na nchekwa nke ikike nke ndị dị nta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kersten|first=Knipp|date=2019-07-07|title=Tunisian LGBT rights advocate 'sticking with' bid for presidency {{!}} DW {{!}} 07.07.2019|url=https://www.dw.com/en/tunisian-lgbt-rights-advocate-sticking-with-bid-for-presidency/a-49505688|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị na ọ chịkọtara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ nke 10,000 bịanyere aka achọrọ maka ịhọpụta ya, ndị na-ahụ maka ntuli aka jụrụ ịzọ ọkwa ya,  na-ezo aka n'okwu mmetọ mmekọahụ megide ya site n'afọ 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Colin|first=Dominique|date=2020|title=La foi est-elle encore possible?|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/etu.4270.0079|journal=Études|volume=Avril|issue=4|pages=79|doi=10.3917/etu.4270.0079|issn=0014-1941}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Baatour's candidacy stirs controversy|url=https://www.disorient.de/magazin/baatours-candidacy-stirs-controversy|accessdate=2024-08-12|work=dis:orient|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ natara egwu ọnwụ site n'aka ndị Alakụba, Baatour gbagara France na Jenụwarị  n'afọ 2020, ebe a nabatara ya dị ka onye gbara ọsọ ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Greenhalgh|first=Hugo|date=2020-01-09|title=Prominent Tunisian LGBT+ activist flees death threats|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tunisia-lgbt-civilliberties-trfn-idUSKBN1Z81TM|accessdate=2021-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baatour biri na Marseille ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na ụlọ mmanya Marseille.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tomas|first=Ludovic|date=2021-05-10|title=Le combat de maître Baatour|url=https://www.journalzibeline.fr/societe/le-combat-de-maitre-baatour/|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=Zibeline|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-09-17|title=L'Association Shams saisit la Haica contre le chroniqueur Nejib Dziri pour homophobie|url=https://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2022/09/17/lassociation-shams-saisit-la-haica-contre-le-chroniqueur-nejib-dziri-pour-homophobie/|accessdate=2022-09-18|work=Kapitalis|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 20, 2022, Baatour lụrụ na Marseille na nwoke ya na ya e jidere na Tunisia afọ iri gara aga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2022-12-21|title=Le premier mariage homosexuel entre Tunisiens|url=https://femmesetrealites.com.tn/2022/12/21/le-premier-mariage-homosexuel-entre-tunisiens/|accessdate=2023-01-15|work=Femme et réalités|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkatọ nke ndị ọzọ na-eme ngagharị iwe LGBT ==
N'afọ 2018, ndị otu LGBT atọ ndị ọzọ nọ na Tunisia, Mawjoudin, Damj na Chouf, wepụtara nkwupụta a na-ekwukarị na-arịọ ka a kwụsị Shams. Dị ka ha si kwuo, Baatour kpughere n'ihu ọha omume mmekọahụ nke ndị LGBT, na-eche ebubo nke iyi egwu mmekọahụ ihu ma na-akwado Israel Occupation of Palestine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-09-12|title=On Queer Revolutionary Statements|url=https://www.mykalimag.com/en/2022/09/12/on-queer-revolutionary-statements/|accessdate=2024-08-12|work=My Kali Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2019, Mawjoudin gwara Baatour ka ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, na-ekwughachi nkwupụta nke iyi egwu mmekọahụ megide ya.  A na-ekwu na Baatour kwere nkwa ebe obibi maka ụmụaka na-enweghị ebe obibi ma mesịa kpagbuo ha.  Baatour n'onwe ya gọnahụrụ ebubo ahụ, na-ekwu na ndị a na-ebo ebubo mmetọ ya nwere ike ịgba ya akwụkwọ ma ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ eziokwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Baatour's candidacy stirs controversy|url=https://www.disorient.de/magazin/baatours-candidacy-stirs-controversy|accessdate=2024-08-12|work=dis:orient|language=de}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.disorient.de/magazin/baatours-candidacy-stirs-controversy &quot;Baatour's candidacy stirs controversy&quot;]. ''dis:orient'' (in German)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-08-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]&lt;/ref&gt;  Nke m. Magazin Kali kọtọrọ na akụkọ mgbasa ozi banyere ọkwa onye isi ala Baatour anaghị ekwupụta mkpọrọ ya n'afọ 2013 maka mmetọ mmekọahụ, enweghị ike inye ohere maka ndị otu LGBT ndị ọzọ na Tunisia na akụkọ ha nakwa na akụkọ mgbasa akụkọ na-ekwu maka nkwado ya maka Israel nyere aka n'echiche ndị mmadụ na-asụ Arabic na ndị LGBT bụ ndị na-akwado Zionism.[2]magazin ahụ kọtọrọ na akụkọ mgbasa ozi banyere ọkwa onye isi ala Baatour na-ekwukarị na a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'afọ 2013 maka mmetọ mmekọahụ, na-enyeghị ohere maka ndị otu LGBT ndị ọzọ na Tunisia na akụkọ ha nakwa na akụkọ mgbasa akụkọ na-ekwu maka nkwado ya nke Israel nyere aka n'echiche ndị mmadụ na-asụ Arabic na ndị LGBT bụ ndị na-akwado Zionism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-10-17|title=أول مرشح مثلي تونسي للرئاسة في الإعلام الناطق بالعربية|url=https://www.mykalimag.com/ar/2019/10/17/%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%ad-%d9%85%d8%ab%d9%84%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a6%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85/|accessdate=2024-08-12|work=My Kali Magazine|language=ar}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.mykalimag.com/ar/2019/10/17/%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%ad-%d9%85%d8%ab%d9%84%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a6%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85/ &quot;أول مرشح مثلي تونسي للرئاسة في الإعلام الناطق بالعربية&quot;]. ''My Kali Magazine'' (in Arabic). 2019-10-17&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-08-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ikike LGBT na Tunisia
* Ntuli aka onye isi ala nke Tunisia n'afọ 2019
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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  <page>
    <title>Lumefantrine</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343037699|Lumefantrine]]&quot;</comment>
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 {{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|CAS_number2=120583-70-2|UNII2=ZUV4B00D9P|sol_units=ng/mL|solubility=30.9|verifiedrevid=462094438|IUPAC_name=2-(Dibutylamino)-1-[(9''Z'')-2,7-dichloro-9-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-9''H''-fluoren-4-yl]ethanol|image=Lumefantrine.svg|width=200

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|tradename=|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|lumefantrine}}|MedlinePlus=a609024|pregnancy_AU=&lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;|pregnancy_US=&lt;!-- A / B / C / D / X --&gt;|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=&lt;!-- Unscheduled / S2 / S3 / S4 / S5 / S6 / S7 / S8 / S9 --&gt;|legal_CA=&lt;!-- / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;|legal_EU=Rx-only|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL / P / POM / CD / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_US_comment=C|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=Oral

&lt;!--Pharmacokinetic data--&gt;|bioavailability=|protein_bound=99.7%|metabolism=|metabolites=desbutyl-lumefantrine|elimination_half-life=3-6 days|excretion=&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|changed|??}}|CAS_number=82186-77-4|ATC_prefix=P01|ATC_suffix=BF01|ATC_supplemental=(combination with [[artemether]])|PubChem=6437380|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB06708|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=4941944|UNII=F38R0JR742|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D03821|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEBI=156095|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|synonyms=benflumetol|ChEMBL=38827

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=30|H=32|Cl=3|N=1|O=1|SMILES=Clc1ccc(cc1)\C=C3\c4c(c2c(cc(Cl)cc23)C(O)CN(CCCC)CCCC)ccc(Cl)c4|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C30H32Cl3NO/c1-3-5-13-34(14-6-4-2)19-29(35)28-18-23(33)17-27-25(15-20-7-9-21(31)10-8-20)26-16-22(32)11-12-24(26)30(27)28/h7-12,15-18,29,35H,3-6,13-14,19H2,1-2H3/b25-15-|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=DYLGFOYVTXJFJP-MYYYXRDXSA-N|melting_point=130|melting_high=132}}
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'''Lumefantrine''' (ma ọ bụ '''benflumetol''') bụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba. A na-eji ya eme ihe na [[artemether]]/lumefantrine&quot; id=&quot;mwDw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Artemether/lumefantrine&quot;&gt;Njikọ ya na artemether. Njikọ a na-abụkarị ọgwụ mbụ maka ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ịba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-06-24|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=2026-01-24|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lumefantrine nwere ọkara ndụ dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere artemether (ụbọchị atọ-isii vs. awa abụọ), ya mere a na-eche na ọ ga-ewepụ nje ọ bụla fọdụrụnụ mgbe ọgwụgwọ jikọtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2019|title=Coartem - Highlights of prescribing information|url=https://www.novartis.com/us-en/sites/novartis_us/files/coartem.pdf|accessdate=26 February 2025|work=Novartis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitevan Vugt1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and pharmacodynamics of artemether-lumefantrine|journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics|volume=37|issue=2|pages=105–125|date=August 1999|pmid=10496300|doi=10.2165/00003088-199937020-00002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Usoro nke ọrụ ==


Amaghị kpọmkwem usoro nke Lumefantrine si arụ ọrụ n'ahụ nje *Plasmodium falciparum* mgbe ọnọ na ọkwaya n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.Agbayeghị egosi pụtara na ọ na-arụ ọrụ ya site n'ụzọ abụọ nwere ike ịdị:: &lt;ref name=&quot;Whitevan Vugt1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and pharmacodynamics of artemether-lumefantrine|journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics|volume=37|issue=2|pages=105–125|date=August 1999|pmid=10496300|doi=10.2165/00003088-199937020-00002}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2019|title=Coartem - Highlights of prescribing information|url=https://www.novartis.com/us-en/sites/novartis_us/files/coartem.pdf|accessdate=26 February 2025|work=Novartis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lumefantrine|url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB06708|accessdate=2025-02-26|work=go.drugbank.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* igbochi mmepụta β-hematin site n'ịmepụta mgbagwoju anya na hemin
* igbochi nucleic acid na protein synthesis

Ọzọkwa, egosiri na ọ na-emekọrịta ihe na sodium / potassium ATPase subunit α1 nke mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lumefantrine|url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB06708|accessdate=2025-02-26|work=go.drugbank.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Usoro mgbanwe nri n'ahụ́ ==
Ana-agbanwe Lumefantrine n'ime imeju site na-enyemaka nke enzymes ana-akpo cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) na 2D6 (CYP2D6) na emepụta desbutyl-lumefantrine dịka ịsị ihe ọ na-ahọ mgbe ahaziri ya na ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lumefantrine|url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB06708|accessdate=2025-02-26|work=go.drugbank.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2019|title=Coartem - Highlights of prescribing information|url=https://www.novartis.com/us-en/sites/novartis_us/files/coartem.pdf|accessdate=26 February 2025|work=Novartis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta ọjọọ ==
Egosiri na Lumefantrine mgbe ejiri ya na artemether mee ihe ọnụ, na-akpata mmetụta ndị a na adịghị mma:

* ogologo oge nke oge QT, ọkachasị na njikọta ya na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-egosipụta otu mmetụta ahụ ma ọ bụ na ndị ọrịa nwere ogologo oge nke Oge QT.Mgbatị ọmụmụ nke oge QT
* mmeghachi omume nke mmetụta dị elu
* mmekọrịta ya na CYP3A4 na CYP2D6 na-akpali ma ọ bụ na-egbochi ọgwụ
* enweghị ike ịmụ nwa (ọrịa na-adịghị mma na nsogbu ime ime) 

Ndị na anụ ọgwụ efavirenz dị ka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ HIV kwesịrị ịkpachara anya maka mgbanwe nwere ike ime na-oge ọgwụgwọ ahụ n'ihi mbelata nke ọnwa AUC nke ọgwụ ana-alusọ nke HIV ọgụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effect of nevirapine, efavirenz and lopinavir/ritonavir on the therapeutic concentration and toxicity of lumefantrine in people living with HIV at Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria|journal=Journal of Pharmacological Sciences|volume=144|issue=3|pages=95–101|date=November 2020|pmid=32921396|doi=10.1016/j.jphs.2020.07.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The impact of CYP2B6 polymorphisms on the interactions of efavirenz with lumefantrine: Implications for paediatric antimalarial therapy|journal=European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|volume=119|pages=90–101|date=July 2018|pmid=29635009|doi=10.1016/j.ejps.2018.04.012|url=https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/33195/1/1_s2.0_S0928098718301696_main.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Lumefantrine, ya na pyronaridine na naphtjoquine, E mepụtara ya n'oge mbọ nyocha ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nke China a na-akpọ &quot;Project 523&quot;, nke malitere n'afọ 1967. &lt;ref name=&quot;cui&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Discovery, mechanisms of action and combination therapy of artemisinin|journal=Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy|volume=7|issue=8|pages=999–1013|date=October 2009|pmid=19803708|doi=10.1586/eri.09.68}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Artemisinin-naphthoquine combination therapy for uncomplicated pediatric malaria: a tolerability, safety, and preliminary efficacy study|journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|volume=56|issue=5|pages=2465–2471|date=May 2012|pmid=22330921|doi=10.1128/AAC.06248-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Artemisinin-naphthoquine versus artemether-lumefantrine for uncomplicated malaria in Papua New Guinean children: an open-label randomized trial|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=11|issue=12|date=December 2014|pmid=25549086|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001773}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnyocha ==
A na-enyocha Lumefantrine dị ka akụkụ nke usoro na ganaplacide maka ọgwụgwọ nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ịba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Ganaplacide (KAF156) plus lumefantrine solid dispersion formulation combination for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: an open-label, multicentre, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial|language=English|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=23|issue=9|pages=1051–1061|date=September 2023|pmid=37327809|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00209-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:O-choline.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|O-choline]]
Tinyere [[O-choline]] (octadecyl 2- (trimethylammonio) ethyl phosphate), lumefantrine na-egbochi uto nke ''Theileria equi'' na Babesia caballi, n'ihi igbochi njikọ nke membrane phospholipid, ịgbari hemoglobin na ilekwasị anya na metabolism lactate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Lumefantrine and o-choline - Parasite metabolism specific drug molecules inhibited in vitro growth of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in MASP culture system|journal=Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases|volume=10|issue=3|pages=568–574|date=April 2019|pmid=30733146|doi=10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ nwere ike igbochi uto ''[[Babesia gibsoni]]'' ''in vitro'' (na njikọ aka na artemisinin derivatives). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The efficacy of artemisinin, artemether, and lumefantrine against Babesia gibsoni in vitro|journal=Parasitology International|volume=64|issue=2|pages=190–193|date=April 2015|pmid=25523292|doi=10.1016/j.parint.2014.12.006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri site na imetụta ''Chlorella vulgaris'', ''Raphidocelis subcapitata'', Lemna minor na ''Microcystis aeruginosa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effects of the antimalarial lumefantrine on Lemna minor, Raphidocelis subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris|journal=Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology|volume=85|date=July 2021|pmid=33716093|doi=10.1016/j.etap.2021.103635}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-01|title=Allelopathic interactions between Lemna minor and Microcystis aeruginosa are influenced by the antimalarial drug lumefantrine|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304377024000111|journal=Aquatic Botany|volume=192|doi=10.1016/j.aquabot.2024.103759|issn=0304-3770}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, a na-ekewa ya dị ka ihe nwere ike imebi endocrine site na ibelata FSHB na ịbawanye mmepụta prolactin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Endocrine disruption and oxidative stress implications of artemether-lumefantrine combination therapy in the ovary and uterus of rats|journal=Human &amp; Experimental Toxicology|volume=35|issue=11|pages=1173–1182|date=November 2016|pmid=26811345|doi=10.1177/0960327115626580}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-enyocha Lumefantrine na calcium phosphate-loaded lipid nanoparticles ma ọ bụ cubosomes dị ka ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịgwọ Ọrịa kansa akpa ume n'ihi ihe ndị nwere ike ibute ọrịa na mgbu nke njikọta a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=In vivo synergistic anti-tumor effect of lumefantrine combined with pH responsive behavior of nano calcium phosphate based lipid nanoparticles on lung cancer|journal=European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|volume=158|date=March 2021|pmid=33271276|doi=10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105657}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=pH responsive delivery of lumefantrine with calcium phosphate nanoparticles loaded lipidic cubosomes for the site specific treatment of lung cancer|journal=Chemistry and Physics of Lipids|volume=224|date=November 2019|pmid=30951710|doi=10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.03.016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Selene_lumefantrine_derivatives.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|195x195px|Ọdịdị n'ozuzu nke selene-containing lumefantrine derivatives&lt;ref name=&quot;Puthran_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020|title=Design, synthesis, molecular docking, and biological evaluation of novel selenium containing lumefantrine analogues|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jhet.3868|journal=Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry|language=en|volume=57|issue=3|pages=1319–1329|doi=10.1002/jhet.3868|issn=1943-5193}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Selenium-containing lumefantrine derivatives synthesized site na Knoevenagel condensation (nke a na-eji emepụta lumefantrine n'onwe ya) na-egosipụta ike antibacterial na anti-fungal ọrụ. E jiri ya tụnyere ciprofloxacin, e gosipụtara na ha na-ejikọta ya na [[MurB enzyme|enzyme]] E. coli MurB - enzyme na-ekere òkè na okirikiri mkpụrụ ndụ na njikọ mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Puthran_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020|title=Design, synthesis, molecular docking, and biological evaluation of novel selenium containing lumefantrine analogues|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jhet.3868|journal=Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry|language=en|volume=57|issue=3|pages=1319–1329|doi=10.1002/jhet.3868|issn=1943-5193}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Artemether/lumefantrine
* Halofantrine

== Edensibia ==
{{Antimalarials}} 
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]</text>
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&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|tradename=|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|lumefantrine}}|MedlinePlus=a609024|pregnancy_AU=&lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;|pregnancy_US=&lt;!-- A / B / C / D / X --&gt;|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=&lt;!-- Unscheduled / S2 / S3 / S4 / S5 / S6 / S7 / S8 / S9 --&gt;|legal_CA=&lt;!-- / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;|legal_EU=Rx-only|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL / P / POM / CD / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_US_comment=C|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=Oral

&lt;!--Pharmacokinetic data--&gt;|bioavailability=|protein_bound=99.7%|metabolism=|metabolites=desbutyl-lumefantrine|elimination_half-life=3-6 days|excretion=&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|changed|??}}|CAS_number=82186-77-4|ATC_prefix=P01|ATC_suffix=BF01|ATC_supplemental=(combination with [[artemether]])|PubChem=6437380|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB06708|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=4941944|UNII=F38R0JR742|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D03821|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEBI=156095|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|synonyms=benflumetol|ChEMBL=38827

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=30|H=32|Cl=3|N=1|O=1|SMILES=Clc1ccc(cc1)\C=C3\c4c(c2c(cc(Cl)cc23)C(O)CN(CCCC)CCCC)ccc(Cl)c4|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C30H32Cl3NO/c1-3-5-13-34(14-6-4-2)19-29(35)28-18-23(33)17-27-25(15-20-7-9-21(31)10-8-20)26-16-22(32)11-12-24(26)30(27)28/h7-12,15-18,29,35H,3-6,13-14,19H2,1-2H3/b25-15-|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=DYLGFOYVTXJFJP-MYYYXRDXSA-N|melting_point=130|melting_high=132}}
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'''Lumefantrine''' (ma ọ bụ '''benflumetol''') bụ [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]]. A na-aṅụkarị ya [[Artemether/lumefantrine|na njikọ]] ya na [[artemether]]. Njikọ a na-abụkarị ọgwụ mbụ maka ịba ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na-akpata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-06-24|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=2026-01-24|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lumefantrine nwere ọkara ndụ dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere artemether (ụbọchị atọ ruo ụbọchị isii iji ya tụnyere awa abụọ), ya mere a na-eche na ọ ga-ewepụ nje ọ bụla fọdụrụnụ mgbe a ṅụkọtachara ọgwụ abụọ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2019|title=Coartem - Highlights of prescribing information|url=https://www.novartis.com/us-en/sites/novartis_us/files/coartem.pdf|accessdate=26 February 2025|work=Novartis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitevan Vugt1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and pharmacodynamics of artemether-lumefantrine|journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics|volume=37|issue=2|pages=105–125|date=August 1999|pmid=10496300|doi=10.2165/00003088-199937020-00002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Usoro O ji arụ ọrụ ==
Amaghị kpọmkwem usoro nke Lumefantrine si arụ ọrụ n'ahụ nje ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' mgbe ọ ka nọ na usoro ndụ ya nke bụ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.Agbayeghị egosi pụtara na ọ na-arụ ọrụ ya site n'ụzọ abụọ nwere ike ịdị:: &lt;ref name=&quot;Whitevan Vugt1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and pharmacodynamics of artemether-lumefantrine|journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics|volume=37|issue=2|pages=105–125|date=August 1999|pmid=10496300|doi=10.2165/00003088-199937020-00002}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2019|title=Coartem - Highlights of prescribing information|url=https://www.novartis.com/us-en/sites/novartis_us/files/coartem.pdf|accessdate=26 February 2025|work=Novartis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lumefantrine|url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB06708|accessdate=2025-02-26|work=go.drugbank.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* igbochi mmepụta β-hematin site n'ịmepụta mgbagwoju anya na hemin
* igbochi nucleic acid na protein synthesis

Ọzọkwa, egosiri na ọ na-emekọrịta ihe na sodium / potassium ATPase subunit α1 nke mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lumefantrine|url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB06708|accessdate=2025-02-26|work=go.drugbank.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Usoro mgbanwe nri n'ahụ́ ==
Ana-agbanwe Lumefantrine n'ime imeju site na-enyemaka nke enzymes ana-akpo cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) na 2D6 (CYP2D6) na emepụta desbutyl-lumefantrine dịka ịsị ihe ọ na-ahọ mgbe ahaziri ya na ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lumefantrine|url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB06708|accessdate=2025-02-26|work=go.drugbank.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2019|title=Coartem - Highlights of prescribing information|url=https://www.novartis.com/us-en/sites/novartis_us/files/coartem.pdf|accessdate=26 February 2025|work=Novartis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta ọjọọ ==
Egosiri na Lumefantrine mgbe ejiri ya na artemether mee ihe ọnụ, na-akpata mmetụta ndị a na adịghị mma:

* ogologo oge nke oge QT, ọkachasị na njikọta ya na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-egosipụta otu mmetụta ahụ ma ọ bụ na ndị ọrịa nwere ogologo oge nke Oge QT.Mgbatị ọmụmụ nke oge QT
* mmeghachi omume nke mmetụta dị elu
* mmekọrịta ya na CYP3A4 na CYP2D6 na-akpali ma ọ bụ na-egbochi ọgwụ
* enweghị ike ịmụ nwa (ọrịa na-adịghị mma na nsogbu ime ime) 

Ndị na anụ ọgwụ efavirenz dị ka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ HIV kwesịrị ịkpachara anya maka mgbanwe nwere ike ime na-oge ọgwụgwọ ahụ n'ihi mbelata nke ọnwa AUC nke ọgwụ ana-alusọ nke HIV ọgụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effect of nevirapine, efavirenz and lopinavir/ritonavir on the therapeutic concentration and toxicity of lumefantrine in people living with HIV at Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria|journal=Journal of Pharmacological Sciences|volume=144|issue=3|pages=95–101|date=November 2020|pmid=32921396|doi=10.1016/j.jphs.2020.07.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The impact of CYP2B6 polymorphisms on the interactions of efavirenz with lumefantrine: Implications for paediatric antimalarial therapy|journal=European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|volume=119|pages=90–101|date=July 2018|pmid=29635009|doi=10.1016/j.ejps.2018.04.012|url=https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/33195/1/1_s2.0_S0928098718301696_main.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Lumefantrine, ya na pyronaridine na naphtjoquine, E mepụtara ya n'oge mbọ nyocha ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nke China a na-akpọ &quot;Project 523&quot;, nke malitere n'afọ 1967. &lt;ref name=&quot;cui&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Discovery, mechanisms of action and combination therapy of artemisinin|journal=Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy|volume=7|issue=8|pages=999–1013|date=October 2009|pmid=19803708|doi=10.1586/eri.09.68}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Artemisinin-naphthoquine combination therapy for uncomplicated pediatric malaria: a tolerability, safety, and preliminary efficacy study|journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|volume=56|issue=5|pages=2465–2471|date=May 2012|pmid=22330921|doi=10.1128/AAC.06248-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Artemisinin-naphthoquine versus artemether-lumefantrine for uncomplicated malaria in Papua New Guinean children: an open-label randomized trial|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=11|issue=12|date=December 2014|pmid=25549086|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001773}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnyocha ==
A na-enyocha Lumefantrine dị ka akụkụ nke usoro na ganaplacide maka ọgwụgwọ nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ịba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Ganaplacide (KAF156) plus lumefantrine solid dispersion formulation combination for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: an open-label, multicentre, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial|language=English|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=23|issue=9|pages=1051–1061|date=September 2023|pmid=37327809|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00209-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:O-choline.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|O-choline]]
Tinyere [[O-choline]] (octadecyl 2- (trimethylammonio) ethyl phosphate), lumefantrine na-egbochi uto nke ''Theileria equi'' na Babesia caballi, n'ihi igbochi njikọ nke membrane phospholipid, ịgbari hemoglobin na ilekwasị anya na metabolism lactate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Lumefantrine and o-choline - Parasite metabolism specific drug molecules inhibited in vitro growth of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in MASP culture system|journal=Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases|volume=10|issue=3|pages=568–574|date=April 2019|pmid=30733146|doi=10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ nwere ike igbochi uto ''[[Babesia gibsoni]]'' ''in vitro'' (na njikọ aka na artemisinin derivatives). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The efficacy of artemisinin, artemether, and lumefantrine against Babesia gibsoni in vitro|journal=Parasitology International|volume=64|issue=2|pages=190–193|date=April 2015|pmid=25523292|doi=10.1016/j.parint.2014.12.006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri site na imetụta ''Chlorella vulgaris'', ''Raphidocelis subcapitata'', Lemna minor na ''Microcystis aeruginosa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effects of the antimalarial lumefantrine on Lemna minor, Raphidocelis subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris|journal=Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology|volume=85|date=July 2021|pmid=33716093|doi=10.1016/j.etap.2021.103635}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-01|title=Allelopathic interactions between Lemna minor and Microcystis aeruginosa are influenced by the antimalarial drug lumefantrine|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304377024000111|journal=Aquatic Botany|volume=192|doi=10.1016/j.aquabot.2024.103759|issn=0304-3770}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, a na-ekewa ya dị ka ihe nwere ike imebi endocrine site na ibelata FSHB na ịbawanye mmepụta prolactin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Endocrine disruption and oxidative stress implications of artemether-lumefantrine combination therapy in the ovary and uterus of rats|journal=Human &amp; Experimental Toxicology|volume=35|issue=11|pages=1173–1182|date=November 2016|pmid=26811345|doi=10.1177/0960327115626580}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-enyocha Lumefantrine na calcium phosphate-loaded lipid nanoparticles ma ọ bụ cubosomes dị ka ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịgwọ Ọrịa kansa akpa ume n'ihi ihe ndị nwere ike ibute ọrịa na mgbu nke njikọta a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=In vivo synergistic anti-tumor effect of lumefantrine combined with pH responsive behavior of nano calcium phosphate based lipid nanoparticles on lung cancer|journal=European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|volume=158|date=March 2021|pmid=33271276|doi=10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105657}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=pH responsive delivery of lumefantrine with calcium phosphate nanoparticles loaded lipidic cubosomes for the site specific treatment of lung cancer|journal=Chemistry and Physics of Lipids|volume=224|date=November 2019|pmid=30951710|doi=10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.03.016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Selene_lumefantrine_derivatives.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|195x195px|Ọdịdị n'ozuzu nke selene-containing lumefantrine derivatives&lt;ref name=&quot;Puthran_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020|title=Design, synthesis, molecular docking, and biological evaluation of novel selenium containing lumefantrine analogues|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jhet.3868|journal=Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry|language=en|volume=57|issue=3|pages=1319–1329|doi=10.1002/jhet.3868|issn=1943-5193}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Selenium-containing lumefantrine derivatives synthesized site na Knoevenagel condensation (nke a na-eji emepụta lumefantrine n'onwe ya) na-egosipụta ike antibacterial na anti-fungal ọrụ. E jiri ya tụnyere ciprofloxacin, e gosipụtara na ha na-ejikọta ya na [[MurB enzyme|enzyme]] E. coli MurB - enzyme na-ekere òkè na okirikiri mkpụrụ ndụ na njikọ mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Puthran_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020|title=Design, synthesis, molecular docking, and biological evaluation of novel selenium containing lumefantrine analogues|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jhet.3868|journal=Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry|language=en|volume=57|issue=3|pages=1319–1329|doi=10.1002/jhet.3868|issn=1943-5193}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Artemether/lumefantrine]]
* [[Halofantrine]]

== Edensibia ==
{{Antimalarials}} 
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]</text>
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    <title>Halofantrine</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303148802|Halofantrine]]&quot;</comment>
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 {{Infobox drug|verifiedrevid=461766301|IUPAC_name=3-(Dibutylamino)-1-[1,3-dichloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-9-phenanthryl]-1-propanol|image=Halofantrine.svg|tradename=Halfan|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|CDI|halofantrine}}|MedlinePlus=a603030|pregnancy_AU=&lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;|pregnancy_US=&lt;!-- A / B / C / D / X --&gt;|legal_AU=&lt;!-- Unscheduled / S2 / S4 / S8 --&gt;|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL / P / POM / CD --&gt;|legal_US=&lt;!-- OTC / Rx-only --&gt;|routes_of_administration=Oral

&lt;!--Pharmacokinetic data--&gt;|protein_bound=60–70%|metabolism=[[Liver|Hepatic]] ([[CYP3A4]]-mediated)|elimination_half-life=6–10 days

&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=69756-53-2|ATC_prefix=P01|ATC_suffix=BX01|PubChem=37393|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB01218|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=34303|UNII=Q2OS4303HZ|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEMBL=1107

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=26|H=30|Cl=2|F=3|N=1|O=1|SMILES=FC(F)(F)c3ccc2c(cc1c(Cl)cc(Cl)cc1c2c3)C(O)CCN(CCCC)CCCC|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C26H30Cl2F3NO/c1-3-5-10-32(11-6-4-2)12-9-25(33)23-16-22-21(14-18(27)15-24(22)28)20-13-17(26(29,30)31)7-8-19(20)23/h7-8,13-16,25,33H,3-6,9-12H2,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=FOHHNHSLJDZUGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
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|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;9&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;International nonproprietary name (INN): &lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Halofantrine&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;Halofantrine&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Halofantrine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ọmụma gbasara ahụike
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Aha azụmahịa]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Halfan
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;www.drugs.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/cdi/halofantrine.html Ihe ọmụma Ọgwụ Ndị Ahịa]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[MedlinePlus]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;medlineplus.gov&quot;&gt;[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a603030.html a6030]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Route of administration|Ụzọ nchịkwa&lt;br /&gt;]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Okwu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Koodu ATC]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* P01BX01 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BX01 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) &amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe omuma pharmacokinetic
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Njikọ protein
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |60–70%
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Metabolism
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ọrịa imeju (CYP3A4-mediated) 
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;ọkara ndụ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; e wepụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ụbọchị 6-10
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ndị na-eme ka a mata ya
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Aha IUPAC&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;3- (Dibutylamino) -1-[1,3-dichloro-6- (trifluoromethyl) -9-phenanthryl]-1-propanol&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nọmba CAS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=69756-53-2 69756-53-2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[./PubChem#&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;style= &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Compound ID&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;CID&lt;/abbr&gt;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;PubChem] CID
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/37393 37393]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ọgwụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.drugbank.ca&quot;&gt;[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01218 DB01218]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChemSpider
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.34303.html 34303]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |UNII
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/Q2OS4303HZ Q2OS4303HZ]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEMBL
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1107 ChEMBL1107]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt; (&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;comptox.epa.gov&quot;&gt;[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID0023119 DTXSID0023119][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947595#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;echa.europa.eu&quot;&gt;ECHA InfoCard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.067.346 100.067.346][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947595#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe omuma kemịkal na nke anụ ahụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nhazi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;26&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;30&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Chlorine&quot;&gt;Cl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Fluorine&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Nitrogen&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Oxygen&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọkpụkpụ nke ọkpụkpụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;500.43&lt;/span&gt; g·mol-1&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ihe nlereanya 3D (JSmol) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=FC%28F%29%28F%29c3ccc2c%28cc1c%28Cl%29cc%28Cl%29cc1c2c3%29C%28O%29CCN%28CCCC%29CCCC Foto na-emekọrịta ihe]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Udo&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;FC (F) (F) c3ccc2c (cc1c (Cl) cc (Cl) cc1c2c3) C (O) CCN (CCCC) CCCC&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;InChI&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;InChI=1S/C26H30Cl2F3NO/c1-3-5-10-32 (11-6-4-2) 12-9-25 (33) 23-16-22-21 (14-18 (27) 15-24 (22) 28) 20-13-17 (26 (29,30) 31) 7-8-19 (20) 23/h7-8,13-16,25,33H,3-6,9-12H2,1-2H3 &lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Isi: FOHHNHSLJDZUGQ-UHFFFAO&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;-N Y&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Nobold/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&amp;rev1=461766301&amp;page2=Halofantrine  (Nnyocha)]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}
'''Halofantrine''' ọgwụ a na-eji agwọ [[Iba|ịba]]. Ọdịdị Halofantrine nwere phenanthrene e dochiri anya ya, o nwekwara njikọ ya na [[:en:Antimalarial_drug|ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] ahụ bụ quinine na [[lumefantrine]]. A na-ere ya dị ka '''Halfan''', a naghị eji halofantrine egbochi ịba n'ụzọ ọbụla, a maghịkwa otu o si arụ ọrụ, ọ bụ ezie na nyocha crystallographic gosiri na ọ na-ejikọta na [[:en:Hematin|hematin]] ''in vitro'', na-atụ aro usoro o nwere ike i si na-arụ ọrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18508124&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The crystal structure of halofantrine-ferriprotoporphyrin IX and the mechanism of action of arylmethanol antimalarials|journal=J. Inorg. Biochem.|volume=102|pages=1660–7|year=2008|pmid=18508124|doi=10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.04.001|issue=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; E gosikwala na Halofantrine na-ejikọta ya na plasmepsin, enzyme na-emebi haemoglobin nke dị iche dịịrị nje ịba.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19472268&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Discovery of plasmepsin inhibitors by fragment-based docking and consensus scoring|journal=ChemMedChem|volume=4|pages=1317–26|year=2009|pmid=19472268|doi=10.1002/cmdc.200900078|issue=8|url=http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/23625/2/Ran_ChemMedChem_2009_accepted_with_figures_V.pdf|accessdate=2019-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E mepụtara Halofantrine na SRI International maka Walter Reed Army Institute of Research site site na 1965 ruo 1975 site n'aka otu nke onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ William Colwell duziri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Nielson|first=Donald|title=A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century|publisher=SRI International|year=2006|isbn=978-0974520810|location=[[Menlo Park, California]]|pages=((10{{Hyphen}}3–10{{Hyphen}}5))}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmeghachi omume ọjọọ Ọ Na-Emeghachi N'ahụ ==
Halofantrine nwere ike ịkpata mgbu afọ, [[afọ ọsịsa]], ịgbọ agbọ, ihe itokasị mmadụ n'ahụ, isi ọwụwa, ọkọ ịkọkasị mmadụ n'ahụ na enzymes imeju dị elu.

Enwere ike ijikọta ya na [[:en:Cardiotoxicity|ọrịa obi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10824631&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Mechanism of cardiotoxicity of halofantrine|journal=Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.|volume=67|issue=5|pages=521–9|date=May 2000|pmid=10824631|doi=10.1067/mcp.2000.106127}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmetụta ya kachasị ize ndụ bụ [[:en:Cardiac_arrhythmia|arrhythmias nke obi]]: halofantrine na-akpata [[:en:QT_prolongation|mgbatị QT]] ,  a na-ahụkwa mmetụta ọjọọ ya ọbụna na mgbe a ṅụrụ ya otu o kwesịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15558243&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Block of wild-type and inactivation-deficient human ether-a-go-go-related gene K+ channels by halofantrine|journal=Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol.|volume=370|issue=6|pages=484–91|year=2004|pmid=15558243|doi=10.1007/s00210-004-0995-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya mere, ekwesighi inye ya ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa obi, ekwesighikwa ijikọta ya na mefloquine. Nnyocha sitere na 2009 na-atụ aro na ọgwụ ahụ dị mma mgbe a na-enye ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20003315&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Fatal cardiotoxicity related to halofantrine: a review based on a worldwide safety data base|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=8|year=2009|pmid=20003315|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-8-289}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmeghachi omume ọjọọ ndị ọzọ ==
Iri mkpụrụ osisi grapefruit mgbe a nụrụ ọgwụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịkpata [[:en:Grapefruit#Drug_interactions|mmetụta siri ike]], ọbụnakwa ọnwụ. Halofantrine e jikọtara ya na mkpụrụ osisi a ma ọ bụ mmiri grapefruit dị ize ndụ. Usoro ịrụ ọrụ ya bụ igbochi CYP3A4, nke dị mkpa iji gbarie ọgwụ ahụ ma wepụ ya n'ahụ. Na-enweghị CYP3A4, ọkwa nke ọgwụ ahụ ga-aghọ ihe na-egbu egbu n'ime ahụ.

== Ọmụmụ Ọgwụ a ==
A maghị usoro ọrụ nke halofantrine. Mmikọrọ nke halofantrine n'ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, mana ọ na-abawanye mgbe a na-aṅụ ya na nri nwere abụba. N'ihi egwu nke nsị n'ihi mmụba nke halofantrine n'ọbara, e kwesịrị ị na-aṅụ halofantrine n'afọ efu.

Ogo Plasma na-arị elu na awa iri na isii na ọkara ndụ nke ọgwụ ahụ bụ ihe dịka ụbọchị anọ.

== Ojiji Ya ==
A na-eji Halofantrine agwọ ịba naanị. A naghị eji ya egbochi ịba ([[:en:Prophylaxis|prophylaxis]]) n'ihi ihe ize ndụ nke nsị na mmịkọrọ ya n'ahụ nke a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya.

== Otu A Ga-Esi na-aṅụ Ya ==
Ndị okenye: ịṅụ 500mg ugboro atọ nke  ọbụla n'ime ha ma awa isii gachaa. &amp;nbsp;A ga-aṅụ Halofantrine n'afọ efu.

== Ozi mmepụta na ọdịdị Ya ==
'''Halfan''' (GlaxoSmithKline) dị dịka mbadamba mkpụrụ ọgwụ 250 mg. &amp;nbsp;Usoro ọgwụgwọ zuru oke (mbadamba mkpụrụ ọgwụ isii) na-efu US $ 1.40 na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. Halofantrine adịghị na UK ma ọ bụ US.

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; {{Antimalarials}}
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]</text>
      <sha1>mo5lpb4noogfmp2cbvm6e8hiv58axyz</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Usoro ndụ Apicomplexan</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Goodymeraj</username>
        <id>16207</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355690441|Apicomplexan life cycle]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Apicomplexa_structure.svg|thumb|Ọdịdị mkpụrụ ndụ nke apicomplexan zuru oke: 1-polar ring, 2-conoid, 3-micronemes, 4-rhoptries, 5-nucleus, 6-nucleolus, 7-mitochondria, 8-posterior ring, 9-alveoli, 10-golgi apparatus, 11-micropore.]]
'''Apicomplexans''', otu ìgwè nke [[:en:Intracellular_parasite|nje na-adị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]], nwere [[:en:Biological_life_cycle|usoro ndụ]] nke na-enye ha ohere ịlanarị gburugburu ebe obibi dịgasị iche iche ha na-ahụ onwe ha n'oge ndụ ha dị mgbagwoju anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jadwiga Grabda|title=Marine fish parasitology: an outline|year=1991|publisher=VCH|isbn=0-89573-823-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogo ọ bụla n'ime usoro ndụ nke apicomplexan na-egosipụta site na ''Ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ'' dị iche iche nwere ọdịdị na Biochemistry dị iche iche .

Ọ bụghị apicomplexa niile na-emepụta ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ na usoro nkewa ndị a e gosiri. Ebumnuche nke ngosi a bụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngosi nke apicomplexan na nkezi.

== Ụzọ O si Amụba n'enweghị mmekọahụ ==
Apicomplexans (sporozoans) na-amụba site n'ụzọ nke ọtụtụ nkerịsị (nke a makwaara dị ka schizogony). Ụzọ ndị a gụnyere &lt;nowiki&gt;[[gametogony]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, &lt;nowiki&gt;[[sporogony]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; na &lt;nowiki&gt;[[merogony]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọ nke ikpeazụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka schizogony, n'agbanyeghị ihe ọ pụtara n'ozuzu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;tanada&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Yoshinori Tanada|title=Insect pathology|publisher=Gulf Professional Publishing|year=1993|isbn=978-0-12-683255-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99YwOQnsgGUC&amp;q=difference+between+merogony+and+schizogony&amp;pg=PA415}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Merogony bụ [[:en:Asexual_reproduction|usoro ọmụmụ na-enweghị mmekọahụ]] nke apicomplexa. Mgbe ọ bufechara ọrịa na mkpụrụ ndụ, trophozoite ([[:en:Apicomplexan_life_cycle#Glossary|lee nkọwa okwu n'okpuru]]) na-abawanye n'ibu mgbe ọ na-anọgide na-emegharị nucleus ya na organelle ndị ọzọ ugboro ugboro. N'oge usoro a, a maara ihe ahụ dị ka '''meront''' ma ọ bụ '''schizont.''' Cytokinesis na-esote na-ekewa schizont nwere ọtụtụ nucleus ịghọ ọtụtụ irighiri mkpụrụ ndụ yiri ibe ha a na-akpọ merozoites ([[:en:Apicomplexan_life_cycle#Glossary|lee nkọwa okwu n'okpuru]]), ndị a na-atọhapụ n'ime ọbara mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebu ya gbawara. Ihe ndị dị ndụ nke usoro ndụ ha dabere na usoro a gụnyere ''Theileria'', ''Babesia'',  ''[[Plasmodium]]'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-124-7-199604010-00004|author=Herwaldt|date=1 April 1996|title=A Fatal Case of Babesiosis in Missouri: Identification of Another Piroplasm That Infects Humans|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=124|issue=7|pages=643–650|pmid=8607592}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ''Toxoplasma gondii.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zhou|first=M.|title=High prevalence of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale in malaria patients along the Thai-Myanmar border, as revealed by acridine orange staining and PCR-based diagnoses|journal=Tropical Medicine and International Health|date=April 1998|volume=3|issue=4|pages=304–312|doi=10.1046/j.1365-3156.1998.00223.x|pmid=9623932}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sporogony bụ ụdị ọmụmụ nwere mmekọahụ na nke na-enweghị mmekọahụ. Ọ na-agụnye karyogamy, mmepụta nke zygote, nke meiosis na ọtụtụ nkerisị na-esote. Nke a na-ebute mmepụta nke sporozoites.

Ụdị ndị ọzọ nke mmepụtaghachi gụnyere [['''&lt;nowiki&gt;endodyogeny]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' na &lt;nowiki&gt;[[endopolygeny]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' '''. 
Endodyogeny bụ usoro nke [[:en:Asexual_reproduction|ọmụmụ na-enweghị mmekọahụ]], nke nje ndị dị ka ''Toxoplasma gondii'' na-akwado. Ọ na-agụnye usoro a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke a na-emepụta irighiri mkpụrụ ndụ ọhụrụ abụọ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nne, nke ụmụ na-eri tupu ha ekewaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;smyth&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=James Desmond|author=Smyth|chapter=''Toxoplasma gondii''|chapterurl={{Google books|j1TD9FiEY-sC|page=99|plainurl=yes}}|pages=99–103|title=Introduction to animal parasitology|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|edition=3rd|isbn=0-521-42811-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Endopolygeny bụ nkewa ịghọ ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ n'otu oge site na usoro [[:en:Budding|budding]] n'ime.&lt;ref name=&quot;smyth&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=James Desmond|author=Smyth|chapter=''Toxoplasma gondii''|chapterurl={{Google books|j1TD9FiEY-sC|page=99|plainurl=yes}}|pages=99–103|title=Introduction to animal parasitology|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|edition=3rd|isbn=0-521-42811-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSmythWakelin1994&quot;&gt;Smyth, James Desmond; Wakelin, Derek (1994). [https://books.google.com/books?id=j1TD9FiEY-sC&amp;pg=PA99 &quot;''Toxoplasma gondii''&quot;]. ''Introduction to animal parasitology'' (3rd&amp;nbsp;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;99–&lt;/span&gt;103. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-521-42811-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-521-42811-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa okwu nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ dị Iche Iche ==
[[Faịlụ:Ookinete,_sporozoite,_merozoite.png|thumb|Okikinete (na-agagharị agagharị), sporozoite (na-agagharị agagharị) na merozoite (na-adịghị agagharị agagharịl) nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'']]
[[Faịlụ:Parasite140105-fig3_Toxoplasmosis_in_a_bar-shouldered_dove_-_TEM_of_2_tachyzoites.tif|thumb|Tachyzoites abụọ nke ''Toxoplasma gondii'', microscopy electron nnyefe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rigoulet|first=Jacques|title=Toxoplasmosis in a bar-shouldered dove (''Geopelia humeralis'') from the Zoo of Clères, France|journal=Parasite|date=20 November 2014|volume=21|doi=10.1051/parasite/2014062|pmid=25407506}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

=== Ọgo ndị ha na anọ ekesa ọrịa ===
'''Sporozoite''' (n'asụsụ Greek ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|sporos}}'' oge ochie, mkpụrụ + ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|zōon}}'', anụmanụ) bụ ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ nke na-emetụta ndị na-ebute ọrịa ọhụrụ. Na ''[[Plasmodium]]'', dịka ọmụmaatụ, sporozoites bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị na-etolite na galnd asọmmiri nke anwụnta, na-ahapụ anwụnta n'oge ọ na-eri nri ọbara, ma banye na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju ([[:en:Hepatocyte|hepatocytes]]), ebe ha na-amụba. Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị nwere sporozoites na-emecha gbawaa, na-atọhapụ merozoites ịba n'ime ọbara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.esnips.com/doc/04326a97-13ce-4ec9-b4e5-32c9d7f316d8/Malaria%20-%20Life%20Cycle%20Of%20Plasmodium|title=Malaria - Life Cycle Of Plasmodium.swf|publisher=esnips|accessdate=2009-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121224326/http://www.esnips.com/doc/04326a97-13ce-4ec9-b4e5-32c9d7f316d8/Malaria%20-%20Life%20Cycle%20Of%20Plasmodium|archivedate=21 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sporozoites bụ ndị na-agagharị agagharị ma ha na-agagharị site na [[:en:Gliding_motility|ịmịgharị amịgharị.]]

'''Merozoite ''' (G. ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|meros}}'', akụkụ [nke usoro] +''{{Lang|grc-Latn|zōon}}'', anụmanụ) bụ nsonaazụ usoro merogony nke na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke anụmanụ bu ọrịa. N'oge a, nje ahụ na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ nke onye ahụ bu ya wee mepụta nucleus nke ya ma mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ya kewaa n'ụdị ọmụmụ na-enweghị mmekọahụ. Na coccidiosis, merozoites na-emepụta akụkụ mbụ nke usoro ndụ dị n'ime nke coccidian. N'ihe banyere ''[[Plasmodium]]'', merozoites na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie wee mụbaa ngwa ngwa na-enweghị mmekọahụ. Usoro a na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, nke na-atọhapụ ọtụtụ merozoites ọhụrụ na-aga n'ihu na-achọta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọhụrụ. Merozoites na-agagharị agagharị. Tupu schizogony, a makwaara merozoite dị ka '''schizozoite'''. 

'''Gametocyte''' (G. ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|gametēs}}'', partner + ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|kytos}}'', mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa) bụ aha e nyere mkpụrụ ndụ na-emepụta gamete nke parasite. Gametocyte nwoke na-ekewa iji nye ọtụtụ microgametes nwere ihe ha ji agagharị a na-akpọ flagella, ebe ndị gametocyta nwanyị na-ekewa ghọọ macrogamete.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sinden|first=RE|title=The flagellum in malarial parasites|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|date=August 2010|volume=13|issue=4|pages=491–500|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2010.05.016|pmid=20566299}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ookinete''' (G. ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|ōon}}'', àkwá + ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|kinētos}}'', na-agagharị agagharị) bụ zygote a na-eme ka ọ dị mma nke nwere ike ịgagharị n'onwe ya. Ọ na-abanye na mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial na-ekpuchi etiti eriri afọ nke anwụnta iji mepụta ihe nwere mgbidi dị arọ nke a maara dị ka oocyst n'okpuru eriri afọ nke anwụnta ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ookinete|title=Ookinete (Medical Dictionary)|publisher=Dictionary.com|accessdate=2009-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ookinetes bụ ndị na-agagharị agagharị ma ha na-agagharị site na [[:en:Gliding_motility|ịmịgharị amịgharị.]]

'''Trophozoite''' (G. ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|trophē}}'', nri + ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|zōon}}'', anụmanụ) bụ ogo na-eri nri na-adị n'etiti otu mkpụrụ ndụ na ibe ya nke usoro ndụ apicomplexan nke e mere ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ. Mgbe ọ na-eri onwe ya n'elu onye bu ya, trophozoite na-agafe usoro schizogony ma ghọọ schizont, na-emesị wepụta merozoites.

'''Hypnozoite''' (G. ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|hypnos}}'', ụra + ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|zōon}}'', anụmanụ) bụ ọkwa nje nke a maara nke ọma maka &quot;... njikọ ya na izu ike na nlọghachi ọrịa ịba nke mmadụ nke ''Plasmodium ovale'' na ''P. vivax'' na-akpata&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Markus|first=Miles B.|title=Malaria: Origin of the Term 'Hypnozoite'|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|date=16 July 2010|volume=44|issue=4|pages=781–786|doi=10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3|pmid=20665090}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hypnozoites sitere na sporozoite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Markus|first=Miles B.|title=Biological concepts in recurrent ''Plasmodium vivax'' malaria|journal=Parasitology|date=22 March 2018|volume=145|issue=13|pages=1765–1771|doi=10.1017/S003118201800032X|pmid=29564998}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Bradyzoite '''(G. ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|bradys}}'', nwayọ + ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|zōon}}'', anụmanụ) bụ ụdị sessile, nke na-eto nwayọ nwayọ nke microorganisms zoonotic dị ka ''Toxoplasma gondii'', n'etiti ndị ọzọ na-akpata ọrịa parasitic. Na toxoplasmosis na-adịghị ala ala (nke zoro ezo), bradyzoites dị ka a ga-ahụta ha na ngwa microscope na-akpụkọta dị ka ụyọkọ nke mgbidi na-adịghị mma (cysts) na-ekpuchite na uru ahụ na ụbụrụ na-arịa ọrịa. A makwaara ya dị ka '''bradyzoic merozoite'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Markus|first=M. B.|title=Terms for coccidian merozoites|journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine &amp; Parasitology|date=15 November 2016|volume=81|issue=4|doi=10.1080/00034983.1987.11812147|pmid=3446034}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tachyzoite''' (G. ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|tachys}}'', ngwa ngwa + ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|zōon}}'', anụmanụ), nke dị iche na bradyzoite, bụ ụdị a na-egosipụta site na uto na mmụba ngwa ngwa. Tachyzoites bụ ụdị coccidians ndị na-agagharị agagharị, ndị na-emepụta [[:en:Pseudocyst|pseudocysts]] anụ ahụ, dị ka ''Toxoplasma'' na ''Sarcocystis''. Na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ Vacuoles, tachyzoites na-ekewa site n'usoro endodyogeny na endopolygeny. A makwaara ya dị ka tachyzoic merozoite (otu akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ maka &quot;bradyzoic meroziite&quot;, n'elu).

'''Oocyst''' (G. ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|ōon}}'', àkwá + ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|kystis}}'', akpa mamịrị) bụ spore siri ike, nke nwere mgbidi dị arọ, nke nwere ike ịdị ndụ ogologo oge n&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;abụghị n'ime onye bu ya. zygote na-etolite n'ime spore ahụ, nke na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe ya n'oge a na-ebufe ya na ndị ọhụrụ ọ ga-ebunye ọrịa. Ihe ndị dị ndụ na-emepụta oocysts gụnyere ''Eimeria'', ''Isospora'', ''Cryptosporidium'', na ''Toxoplasma''.&lt;gallery&gt;
Faịlụ:Babesia_life_cycle_human_en.svg|Usoro ndụ nke nje ''Babesia''
Faịlụ:Eimeria_life_cycle_usda.jpg|Usoro ndụ nke nje ''Eimeria''
Faịlụ:Toxoplasmosis_life_cycle_en.svg|Usoro ndụ nke nje ''Toxoplasma''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ogologo nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ==
A mụrụ ihe na-akpali akpali nke ọnwụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na apicomplexan genomes dị iri anọ na otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Derilus|first=D.|date=January 2021|title=Proteome size reduction in Apicomplexans is linked with loss of DNA repair and host redundant pathways|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1567134820304731|journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=87|doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104642|pmid=33296723}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mfu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa eji eme ihe na Amino acid metabolism na steroid biosynthesis ka e nwere ike ịkọwa site na metabolic redundancy na onye nwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọzọkwa, ọ na-eyi ka apicomplexans nwere ibu proteome belatara ebelata a na-atụfụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị [[:en:DNA_repair|ba-arụzi DNA,]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ma eleghị anya na-egosipụta mbelata mkpa maka mmezi DNA nke genomes nwere obere ozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mbelata mmezi DNA nwere ike inye aka ịkọwa ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke [[:en:Mutation|mutation]] na pathogens nwere mbelata nke genome.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ogo niille nke usoro ndụ Trematode

== Edensibịa ==
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[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368058962|Plasmodium knowlesi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Plasmodium knowlesi''''' bụ nje na-akpata [[Iba|ịba]] n'ahụ mmadụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. A na-ahụ ya ebe niile na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, ọ bụkwa ihe kachasị akpata ịba mmadụ na [[Malaysia]]. Dị ka ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ''P. knowlesi'' nwere usoro ndụ nke chọrọ ibute ọrịa nke anwụnta na ọbara na-ekpo ọkụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nwere ọbara ọkụ nke ''P. knowlesi'' nwere ike ịbụ enwe dị iche iche nke Old World, ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa  P. knowlesi ma ọ bụrụ na anwụnta na-ebute ọrịa na-eri ha nri. ''P. knowlesi'' bụ eukaryote na phylum Apicomplexa, ụdị ''Plasmodium'', na subgenus ''Plasmodium''. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na nje mmadụ ''[./&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Plasmodium]'' vivax  yana ụdị Plasmodium ndị ọzọ na-emetụta anụ ndị na-abụghị mmadụ.

Ụmụ mmadụ butere ''P. knowlesi'' nwere ike ibute ọrịa ịba na-[[Iba|enweghị mgbagwoju anya]] ma ọ bụ nke siri ike yiri nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' kpatara. Nchọpụta nke ọrịa ''P. knowlesi'' bụ ihe siri ike n'ihi na P. knowlesi yiri nke ọma ụdị ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ. Ọgwụgwọ yiri ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ, ya na chloroquine ma ọ bụ ngwakọta ọgwụgwọ artemisinin a na-atụkarị aro. Ọrịa ịba ''P. knowlesi''  na-apụta na mbụ e chere na ọ dị ụkọ n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ, mana a na-aghọta ya dị ka nnukwu ibu ọrụ ahụike na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.

A kọwara ''P. knowlesi'' na mbụ dị ka ụdị dị iche iche na dị ka ihe nwere ike ibute ịba mmadụ n'afọ 1932. E ji ya mee ihe n'oge dị mkpirikpi na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 iji kpatara ahụ ọkụ dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka neurosyphilis. N'etiti narị afọ nke 20, ''P. knowlesi'' ghọrọ ihe a ma ama dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka ịmụ  biology ''Plasmodium'' ma jiri ya mee ihe maka nchọpụta bụ isi, nyocha ọgwụ mgbochi, na mmepe ọgwụ. A ka na-eji ''P. knowlesi'' eme ihe dị ka ihe nlereanya ụlọ nyocha maka ịba, ebe ọ na-emetụta ngwa ngwa ihe nlereanya primate rhesus macaque, ma nwee ike ịzụlite ya na mkpụrụ ndụ n'ime ọbara mmadụ ma ọ bụ nke macaque.

== Okirikiri ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Plasmodium_life_cycle_CDC.tif|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe osise nke usoro ndụ nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' nke na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ]]
Dị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ''P. knowlesi'' nwere usoro ndụ nke chọrọ ka a na-ebufe ya n'etiti anụmanụ na-azụ anụ na ụmụ ahụhụ. A na-ebufe ọrịa Praịmate site na ịta nke anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' nke nwere ọrịa na-ebu usoro nje a na-akpọ [[Usoro ndụ Apicomplexan|sporozoite]] na gland ọnụ mmiri ya. Sporozoites na-agbaso ọbara na-aga n'ime imeju primate ebe ha na-etolite ma na-amụba ihe karịrị ụbọchị ise ruo isii tupu ha agbawaa, na-ahapụ ọtụtụ puku mkpụrụ ndụ ụmụ nwanyị a na-akpọ [[Usoro ndụ Apicomplexan|Merozoites]] n'ime ọbara (n'adịghị ka ''P. vivax'' yiri ya, ''P. knowlesi'' anaghị eme [[Usoro ndụ Apicomplexan|hypnozoites]] zoro ezo na imeju).&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': A Malaria Parasite of Monkeys and Humans|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=57|pages=107–121|year=2012|pmid=22149265|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234957|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-121510-133540}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Butcher2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The role of ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' in the history of malaria research|date=September 2016|journal=Parasitology|volume=145|issue=1|doi=10.1017/S0031182016001888|pmid=27829470|pages=6–17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Merozoites dị n'ọbara na-ejikọta ma na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke primate. N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, nje ahụ na-aga n'ihu site na ọtụtụ ọkwa a na-ahụ anya, nke a na-akpọ ọkwa mgbanaka, trophozoite, na schizont. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke nwere ọrịa schizont mechara gbajie, na-ahapụ ihe ruru 16 ọhụrụ merozoites n'ime ọbara nke na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhide ọhụrụ ma gaa n'ihu na okirikiri ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Collins2012&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Coatney&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Primate Malarias|date=1971|publisher=Division of Parasitic Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control|location=Atlanta, GA|url=https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/6538|accessdate=26 August 2019|pages=317–334}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''P. knowlesi'' na-emecha usoro ọbara ọbara ọbara a n'awa iri abụọ na anọ ọ bụla, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ngwa ngwa n'etiti ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa (nke na-ewe awa iri anọ na asatọ ma ọ bụ iri asaa na abụọ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Butcher2016&quot; /&gt; Mgbe ụfọdụ, nje ndị na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-abanye n'usoro mmekọahụ, nke na-etolite ihe karịrị awa iri anọ na asatọ n'ime ụdị mmekọahụ dị iche iche a na-akpọ microgametocytes ma ọ bụ macrogametocyte. &lt;ref name=&quot;Collins2012&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Coatney&quot; /&gt; Mkpụrụ ndụ ọgide n'ọbara ka anwụnta rie. &lt;ref name=&quot;Collins2012&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Coatney&quot; /&gt;
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Anwụnta na-eri gametocytes mgbe ọ na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye butere nje. Ozugbo ọ banyere n'ime afọ anwụnta, mkpụrụ ndụ gametocytes na-etolite n'ime gametes wee jikọta iji mepụta diploid zygote.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': A Malaria Parasite of Monkeys and Humans|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=57|pages=107–121|year=2012|pmid=22149265|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234957|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-121510-133540}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zygote na-etolite ghọọ ookinete, nke na-agafe mgbidi nke eriri afọ anwụnta ma ghọọ oocyst.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium'' Oocysts: Overlooked Targets of Mosquito Immunity|date=December 2016|volume=32|issue=12|pages=979–990|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2016.08.012|journal=Trends in Parasitology|pmid=27639778|url=https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs/435}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ahụ, oocyst na-ewepụta ọtụtụ puku sporozoites, nke na-agafe site na anwụnta gaa na gland ọnụ mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins2012&quot; /&gt; Usoro a dum n'ime anwụnta na-ewe ụbọchị 12 ruo 15.&lt;ref name=&quot;Butcher2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The role of ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' in the history of malaria research|date=September 2016|journal=Parasitology|volume=145|issue=1|doi=10.1017/S0031182016001888|pmid=27829470|pages=6–17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayoloji  nke mkpụrụ ndụ ==
  
[[Faịlụ:Plasmodium_knowlesi_merozoite.jpg|thumb|''Plasmodium knowlesi'' merozoite na-arapara na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie]]
''P. knowlesi'' yiri Ụdị &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwig&quot;&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ndị ọzọ na bayoloji mkpụrụ ndụ ya. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya nwere 23.5 megabases nke DNA kewara n'ime chromosomes 14.&lt;ref name=&quot;Garrido2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium'' genomics: an approach for learning about and ending human malaria|journal=Parasitology Research|date=January 2019|volume=118|issue=1|pages=1–27|doi=10.1007/s00436-018-6127-9|pmid=30402656}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 5200 nke na-enye protein koodu, 80% nke nwere orthologs dị na ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Garrido2018&quot; /&gt; Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa a nnukwu ezinụlọ abụọ nke ''P. knowlesi'' pụrụ iche: ezinụlọ SICAvar (ụdị aglutination nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-arịa ọrịa schizont), nke na-etinye aka n'igosi antigpụtaen dị iche iche n'elu parasinjeere usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, na ezinụlọ Kir (knowlesi interspersed repeat), na-etinye akụkụ akaap'ị na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie parasindị id-akpata nje na  ọbara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Garrido2018&quot; /&gt;

Dị ka apicomplexan, ''P. knowlesi'' nwere ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche na njedebe apical ya nke pụrụ iche maka ịwakpo mkpụrụ ndụ. Ndị a gụnyere nnukwu rhoptries bulbous, obere micronemes, na granules dị arọ, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ewepụta ihe na-eme ka ha banye ma gbanwee mkpụrụ ndụ ndị nleta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2013.03.003|pmid=23570755|title=Plasmodium rhoptry proteins: Why order is important|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=29|issue=5|pages=228–36|year=2013|author=Counihan|first=Natalie A.|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/20961553}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/1574-6976.12013|pmid=23186105|title=Subversion of host cellular functions by the apicomplexan parasites|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|volume=37|issue=4|pages=607–31|year=2013|author=Kemp|first=Louise E.|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:28792/ATTACHMENT01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka apicomplexans ndị ọzọ, ''P. knowlesi'' nwekwara organelle abụọ sitere na endosymbiotic: otu nnukwu mitochondrion na apicoplast, ha abụọ na-etinye aka na metabolism nke nje.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheiner2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.003|pmid=23927894|title=The metabolic roles of the endosymbiotic organelles of Toxoplasma and Plasmodium spp|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|volume=16|issue=4|pages=452–8|year=2013|author=Sheiner|first=Lilach}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Evolushọn na taxonomy ==
N'agbanyeghị ọdịdị ya yiri P. malariae, ''P. knowlesi'' nwere njikọ chiri anya na ''P. vivax'' yana ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-ebute  ọrịa anụ na-abụghị mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lee2011&quot; /&gt; Onye nna nna ikpeazụ nke ụdị ''P. knowlesi'' niile nke oge a biri ihe dị ka afọ 98,000 ruo 478,000 gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lee2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2011|title=Plasmodium knowlesi: Reservoir Hosts and Tracking the Emergence in Humans and Macaques|journal=PLOS Pathog|volume=7|issue=4|pmid=21490952|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002015}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'etiti ụmụ mmadụ, ''P. knowlesi'' nwere njikọ chiri anya na ''P. vivax'', nke o si na ya pụọ n'etiti nde afọ ịrị asatọ na nde afọ ịrị atọ na anọ gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Garrido2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium'' genomics: an approach for learning about and ending human malaria|journal=Parasitology Research|date=January 2019|volume=118|issue=1|pages=1–27|doi=10.1007/s00436-018-6127-9|pmid=30402656}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pasini2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': a relevant, versatile experimental malaria model|date=November 2016|journal=Parasitology|volume=145|issue=1|pages=56–70|doi=10.1017/S0031182016002286|pmid=27938428}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-egosi Osisi phylogenetic nke na-atụnyere ụdị ''Plasmodium'' nke na-ebute ọrịa n'ahụ mmadụ n'okpuru ebe a: &lt;ref name=&quot;Garrido2018&quot; /&gt;{{clade|''[[Plasmodium falciparum|P. falciparum]]''|{{clade
    |1=''[[Plasmodium malariae|P. malariae]]''
    |2= {{clade
        |1=''[[Plasmodium ovale|P. ovale]]''
        |2= {{clade
            |1=''[[Plasmodium vivax|P. vivax]]''
            |2=''P. knowlesi''
            }}
        }}
    }}|style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%|label2=Subgenus ''Plasmodium''}}Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje ''P. knowlesi'' dị iche iche na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa karịa nke ''P. falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax''. N'ime ''P. knowlesi'', e nwere subpopulations atọ dị iche iche na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Garrido2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium'' genomics: an approach for learning about and ending human malaria|journal=Parasitology Research|date=January 2019|volume=118|issue=1|pages=1–27|doi=10.1007/s00436-018-6127-9|pmid=30402656}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abụọ dị n'otu mpaghara nke Malaysian Borneo ma nwee ike ibute anwụnta dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Garrido2018&quot; /&gt; A chọtara nke atọ naanị na ụlọ nyocha nke sitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Garrido2018&quot; /&gt; Ọnụọgụgụ nke ''P. knowlesi'' nke e kewapụrụ na macaques enweghị ike ịmata ọdị iche dị na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ekewapụrụ n'ọrịa mmadụ, na-atụ aro na otu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje nwere ike ibute ụmụ mmadụ na macaques n'otu oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Millar2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Human infections with ''Plasmodium knowlesi''-zoonotic malaria|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|volume=21|issue=7|date=July 2015|pages=640–648|doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.017|pmid=25843504}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kọwaala ụdịdị atọ nke ''P. knowlesi'' dabere na ọdịiche dị na ọdịdị ha na ihe nkiri ọbara chọrọ to echitọ: P. know lesi sintoni, P.''P. knowlesi sintoni'', na P.''P. knowlesi arimai'', nke e kewapụrụ na Malaysia, Java, na Taiwan n'otu n'otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Butcher2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The role of ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' in the history of malaria research|date=September 2016|journal=Parasitology|volume=145|issue=1|doi=10.1017/S0031182016001888|pmid=27829470|pages=6–17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Garnham1963&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Garnham PC|title=A new sub-species of Plasmodium knowlesi in the long-tailed macaque.|journal=J Trop Med Hyg|year=1963|volume=66|pages=156–8|pmid=13960457}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụdị ndị a kọwara na ndị mmadụ a kọwara n'akwụkwọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-edoghị anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Butcher2016&quot; /&gt;

A na-ahụ ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' n'ebe Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, ebe ọ na-ebute ọrịa ogologo ọdụ macaque, ọdụ ezì macaque, na Sumatran surili yana ndị na-ebu anwụnta ''[[Anopheles hackeri]]'' na peninsular Malaysia na ''Anopheles Latens'' na Sarawak.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': A Malaria Parasite of Monkeys and Humans|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=57|pages=107–121|year=2012|pmid=22149265|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234957|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-121510-133540}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnụnụ ndị nwere ogologo ọdụ n'ọhịa nwere ike ibute ''P. knowlesi'' &lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; mwarq=&quot;&quot;&gt;Plasmodium&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; spp. in macaques, &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Macaca fascicularis&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;, in Malaysia, and their potential role in zoonotic malaria transmission&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;journal&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;Parasite&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;publisher&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;EDP Sciences&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;volume&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;29&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;year&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;2022&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;issn&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;1776-1042&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;doi&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;10.1051/parasite/2022032&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;doi-access&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;free&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;page&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;32&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;pmid&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;35674419&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;pmc&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;9175634&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA-A\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt64\&quot; class=\&quot;citation journal cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;CITEREFYusufZulkefliJiramVythilingam2022\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;Yusuf, Noorazian Md; Zulkefli, Jannah; Jiram, Adela Ida; Vythilingam, Indra; Hisam, Shamilah; Devi, Renuka; Salehhuddin, Afiqah; Ali, Nurulshuhada Md; Isa, Maccallyster; Alias, Norwahida; Ogu salim, Nurhainis; Aziz, Adli Abd; Sulaiman, Lokman Hakim (2022). &lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9175634\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA-E\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwA-I\&quot;&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; spp. in macaques, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwA-M\&quot;&gt;Macaca fascicularis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, in Malaysia, and their potential role in zoonotic malaria transmission\&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwA-Q\&quot;&gt;Parasite&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=\&quot;mwA-U\&quot;&gt;29&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. EDP Sciences: 32. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;mw-redirect cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;331\&quot; href=\&quot;./Doi_(identifier)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA-Y\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;Doi (identifier)\&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;id-lock-free\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA-c\&quot; title=\&quot;Freely accessible\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fparasite%2F2022032\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA-g\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;10.1051/parasite/2022032&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;mw-redirect cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;332\&quot; href=\&quot;./ISSN_(identifier)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA-k\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;ISSN (identifier)\&quot;&gt;ISSN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span id=\&quot;mwA-o\&quot; typeof=\&quot;mw:Entity\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1776-1042\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA-s\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;1776-1042&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;mw-redirect cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;333\&quot; href=\&quot;./PMC_(identifier)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA-w\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;PMC (identifier)\&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span id=\&quot;mwA-0\&quot; typeof=\&quot;mw:Entity\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;id-lock-free\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA-4\&quot; title=\&quot;Freely accessible\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9175634\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA-8\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;9175634&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;mw-redirect cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;334\&quot; href=\&quot;./PMID_(identifier)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA_A\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;PMID (identifier)\&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span id=\&quot;mwA_E\&quot; typeof=\&quot;mw:Entity\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35674419\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA_I\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;35674419&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-Yusuf2022_13-0&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Plasmodium_knowlesi#cite_note-Yusuf2022-13 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; na-enweghị ọrịa ọ bụla doro anya, ọbụlagodi mgbe ha butere ọrịa na ụdị Plasmodium ndị ọzọ dị iche iche n'otu oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Butcher2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The role of ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' in the history of malaria research|date=September 2016|journal=Parasitology|volume=145|issue=1|doi=10.1017/S0031182016001888|pmid=27829470|pages=6–17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pasini2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': a relevant, versatile experimental malaria model|date=November 2016|journal=Parasitology|volume=145|issue=1|pages=56–70|doi=10.1017/S0031182016002286|pmid=27938428}}&lt;/ref&gt; A naghị ahụkarị ''P. knowlesi'' na n'ezi Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, ma eleghị anya n'ihi na anwụnta ọ na-ebute na-ejedebe na ogbe ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Millar2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Human infections with ''Plasmodium knowlesi''-zoonotic malaria|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|volume=21|issue=7|date=July 2015|pages=640–648|doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.017|pmid=25843504}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ na ọrịa mmadụ ==
[[Faịlụ:P_knowlesi_smears.png|thumb|Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara chọrọ  echitọ mkpụrụ ndụ uhie na-acha ọbara ọbara nke nwere ntụpọ Giemsa nke nwere ''Plasmodium knowlesi'']]
''P. knowlesi'' nwere ike ibute ma ọ bụ ọrịa ịba na-[[Iba|enweghị mgbagwoju anya]] na nke [[Iba|siri ike]] n'ahụ mmadụ. Ndị butere ọrịa ahụ na-enwekarị [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] na oyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1128/CMR.00079-12|pmid=23554413|title=Human Infections and Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=26|issue=2|pages=165–184|year=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya na-enwekarị isi ọwụwa, mgbu nkwonkwo, ọrịa, na enweghị agụụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2013&quot; /&gt; N'ozuzu, ndị mmadụ na-akọ ụkwara, ihe mgbu afọ, afọ ọsịsa, agbọ onunu, na ịgbọ agbọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2013&quot; /&gt; Nnyocha ụlọ nyocha nke ndị butere ọrịa na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ platelet dị ala, ọ bụ ezie na nke a anaghị eduga na nsogbu ọbara ọgbụgba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2013&quot; /&gt; N'adịghị ka ịba ndị ọzọ nke mmadụ, ''P. knowlesi'' ịba na-enwekarị ahụ ọkụ nke na-arị elu kwa awa 24, ya mere a na-akpọkarị ịba kwa ụbọchị ma ọ bụ &quot;kwa ụbọchị&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=Science|year=1965|title=A naturally acquired quotidian-type malaria in man transferable to monkeys|volume=149|pmid=14332847|doi=10.1126/science.149.3686.865|issue=3686}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike iji ọgwụ mgbochi ịba dịka artemisinin  (ACT) ma ọ bụ chloroquine gwọọ ịba ''P. knowlesi'' na-enweghị .sogbu &lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2013&quot; /&gt;  ACT bụ ọgwụgwọ kachasị mma ebe ọ bụ na ọgwụ a na-ejikọ ya na oge mkpochapụ nje ngwa ngwa.

Ma ọ dịkarịa ala pasentị ịrị nke ndị butere ''P. knowlesi'' na-enweta oke ịba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Millar2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Human infections with ''Plasmodium knowlesi''-zoonotic malaria|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|volume=21|issue=7|date=July 2015|pages=640–648|doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.017|pmid=25843504}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa ịba ''P. knowlesi'' siri ike yiri oke ịba nke ''P. falciparum'' kpatara. Ndị nwere ọrịa siri ike nwere ike ịnwe ume dị mkpụmkpụ, ihe mgbu afọ, na ịgbọ agbọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1128/CMR.00079-12|pmid=23554413|title=Human Infections and Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=26|issue=2|pages=165–184|year=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọrịa na-aga n'ihu, nje na-amụba n'ọbara nke nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ siri ike nke akụrụ, jaundice, nkụda mmụọ, na nsogbu iku ume.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barber2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The treatment of ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' malaria|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=33|issue=3|date=March 2017|pages=242–253|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2016.09.002|pmid=27707609}}&lt;/ref&gt; Acidosis metabolic bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, mana ọ nwere ike ime n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barber2017&quot; /&gt; N'adịghị ka ịba ''P. falciparum'', ịba siri ike ka ''P. knowlesi'' anaghị akpata coma ma ọ bụ oke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|ụkọ ọbara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barber2017&quot; /&gt; Ihe dị ka pasentị otu ruo abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ya bụ ndị na-egbu egbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Millar2015&quot; /&gt;

=== Nnyocha ===
A na-achọpụta ịba site n'inyocha ihe nkiri ọbara Giemsa n'okpuru igwe microscope; Agbanyeghịọdịiche dị n'etiti ''P. knowlesi'' na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ a bụ ihe ịma aka n'ihi ọdịdị ha yiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Millar2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Human infections with ''Plasmodium knowlesi''-zoonotic malaria|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|volume=21|issue=7|date=July 2015|pages=640–648|doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.017|pmid=25843504}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''P. knowlesi'' ring-stage parasites na Giemsa yiri ''P. falciparum'' ring stages, na-apụta dị ka okirikiri nwere otu ma ọ bụ abụọ ntụpọ ojii nke chromatin.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCdiag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/malaria/index.html|accessdate=20 January 2020|title=DPDx Malaria - Image Gallery|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=29 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tropholites ndị okenye na-apụta na-agbasasị, na-emepụta ọdịdị rectangular gbasaa gafee mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya a na-akpọ &quot;band-form&quot; nke yiri ọkwa yiri nke ahụ na P. malariae.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCdiag&quot; /&gt; N'oge a, ntụpọ na-apụta mgbe ụfọdụ n'ofe mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, nke a na-akpọ &quot;Sinton na Mulligans' stippling&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCdiag&quot; /&gt; Schizonts na-apụta, n'otu aka ahụ n'ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, dị ka igwe odo odo merozoites  gbara gburugburu n'ime ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Millar2015&quot; /&gt;

N'ihi ọdịdị yiri nke ''Plasmodium'', nchọpụta na-ezighi ezi nke ọrịa ''P. knowlesi'' dị ka ''P. falciparum'', P. malariae, ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax'' bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barber2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The treatment of ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' malaria|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=33|issue=3|date=March 2017|pages=242–253|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2016.09.002|pmid=27707609}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ Nnyocha nyocha ngwa ngwa nwere ike ịchọpụta ''P. knowlesi'', ha na-enwekarị mmetụta na nkọwa dị ala ma yabụ na ha abụghị ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ha mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barber2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PD7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Parasitic Diseases|edition=7|publisher=Parasites Without Borders|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/parasiteswithoutborders/PD+7th+Edition+Low+Res+Version+5-11-2019.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchọpụta nke nucleic acid site na PCR ma ọ bụ PCR n'oge bụ usoro a pụrụ ịdabere na ya maka ịchọpụta ''P. knowlesi'', na ịmata ọdịiche dị na ụdị ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ. Agbanyeghị, n'ihi ọdịdị PCR dị nwayọ ma dị oke ọnụ, nke a adịghị n'ọtụtụ ebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Millar2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Human infections with ''Plasmodium knowlesi''-zoonotic malaria|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|volume=21|issue=7|date=July 2015|pages=640–648|doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.017|pmid=25843504}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mepụtara usoro mmụba nke isothermal nke nchọpụta ''P. knowlesi'', mana ejighi ya nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Millar2015&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọgwụgwọ ===
N'ihi na ''P. knowlesi'' na-ewe naanị awa iri abụọ na anọ iji mezue usoro erythrocytic ya, ọ nwere ike ibute oke nje ọrịa nke nwere ike igbu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barber2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The treatment of ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' malaria|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=33|issue=3|date=March 2017|pages=242–253|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2016.09.002|pmid=27707609}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-atụ aro ọgwụgwọ na artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) ma ọ bụ chloroquine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Treatment of uncomplicated malaria caused by ''P. vivax'', ''P. ovale'', ''P. malariae'', or ''P. knowlesi''|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|edition=3|publisher=World Health Organization|url=https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241549127/en/|accessdate=22 January 2020|date=2015|isbn=978-92-4-154912-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ndị nwere [[Iba|oke ịba]], Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-atụ aro inye ọgwụ intravenous Artesunate ma ọ dịkarịa ala awa 24, na-esote ọgwụgwọ ACT.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barber2017&quot; /&gt; Na mgbakwunyeị mbụ atụwo aro na njikọta nke chloroquine na primaquine, artesunate na mefloquine, artemether na [[lumefantrine]], na chloroquin naanị nwere ike ịbụ ọgwụgwọ dị irè maka ịba ''P. knowlesi'' na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barber2017&quot; /&gt; Enweghị ihe akaebe nke ''P. knowlesi'' na-enwe ike iguzogide ọgwụ mgbochi ịba ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barber2017&quot; /&gt;

''P. knowlesi'' bụ ihe kachasị akpata ịba na [[Malaysia]], &lt;ref name=&quot;Garrido2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium'' genomics: an approach for learning about and ending human malaria|journal=Parasitology Research|date=January 2019|volume=118|issue=1|pages=1–27|doi=10.1007/s00436-018-6127-9|pmid=30402656}}&lt;/ref&gt; a kọkwara na ikpe nke ịba P. knowlesi n'ọtụtụ mba ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia yana ndị njem si mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Millar2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Human infections with ''Plasmodium knowlesi''-zoonotic malaria|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|volume=21|issue=7|date=July 2015|pages=640–648|doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.017|pmid=25843504}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ejikọta ọrịa ''P. knowlesi'' na ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ụdị ndụ nke na-eweta ndị mmadụ n'ime oké ọhịa ebe a na-ahụkarị anwụnta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1128/CMR.00079-12|pmid=23554413|title=Human Infections and Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=26|issue=2|pages=165–184|year=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karịsịa, ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'oké ọhịa ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ya dịka ndị ọrụ ugbo, ndị na'ịchụ nta, na ndị na-egbutu osisi nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu maka ibute ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2013&quot; /&gt; O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ ya mere, ụmụ nwoke ji ebute ọrịa ugboro ugboro karịa ụmụ nwanyị, ndị okenye na-ebutekwa ọrịa ugboro ugboro karịa ụmụaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2013&quot; /&gt;

== Nnyocha ==
A na-eji ''P. knowlesi'' eme ihe kemgbe dị ka ihe nlereanya nyocha maka ịmụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nje na onye nwe ya, yana ịmepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pasini2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': a relevant, versatile experimental malaria model|date=November 2016|journal=Parasitology|volume=145|issue=1|pages=56–70|doi=10.1017/S0031182016002286|pmid=27938428}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ojiji ya dị ka ihe nlereanya nyocha bụ n'otu akụkụ n'ihi ikike ya ibute ọrịa rhesus macaques, ihe nlereanya nke ụlọ nyocha. Rhesus macaques nwere ike ibute ''P. knowlesi'' nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ibute ọrịa site na ịta anwụnta, ịgba ọgwụ sporozoites, ma ọ bụ ịgba ọgwụ nje ọbara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pasini2016&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Butcher2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The role of ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' in the history of malaria research|date=September 2016|journal=Parasitology|volume=145|issue=1|doi=10.1017/S0031182016001888|pmid=27829470|pages=6–17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnụnụ ndị butere ọrịa na-ebute ụfọdụ akara nke ịba mmadụ gụnyere ụkọ ọbara na mmụba nke ọkpụkpụ na imeju.&lt;ref name=&quot;Butcher2016&quot; /&gt; Ọrịa na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya, ihe kpatara ọnwụ ahụ yiri ka ọ bụ nkwụsị nke ọbara na-acha ọbara ọbara na-arapara na mgbidi ọbara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Butcher2016&quot; /&gt; Enwere ike ịgwọ ụmụ enwe site na ọgwụgwọ na-egbochi ịba; ọrịa na-efe efe ugboro ugboro na-esote ọgwụgwọ na ụmụ enwe na-enweta ụfọdụ ikike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, isiokwu nke bụkwa isiokwu nke nyocha ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Butcher2016&quot; /&gt;

A na-ejikwa ''P. knowlesi'' eme nyocha na ''in vitro'' ''Plasmodium'' cell bayọlọji. Sporozoites ndị kewapụrụ onwe ha nwere ike ibute ọrịa rhesus hepatocytes mbu, na-enye ohere nyocha ''in vitro'' nke ọrịa imeju.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pasini2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': a relevant, versatile experimental malaria model|date=November 2016|journal=Parasitology|volume=145|issue=1|pages=56–70|doi=10.1017/S0031182016002286|pmid=27938428}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, ''P. knowlesi'' na ''P. falciparum'' bụ naanị ụdị ''Plasmodium'' nke enwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, ma rhesus na nke mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pasini2016&quot; /&gt; N'ime ka ọ dịrị nchọpụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mfe, e debere usoro nke ''P. knowlesi'' genome ma dị na PlasmoDB na ebe nchekwa ndị ọzọ dị n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pasini2016&quot; /&gt; ''P. knowlesi'' nwere ike ịgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ụlọ nyocha site na transfection ma ọ bụ na usoro ihe nlereanya rhesus macaque, ma ọ bụ n'ọdịbendị mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pasini2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Advances in molecular genetic systems in malaria|author=de Koning-Ward TF|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|volume=13|issue=6|pages=373–387|date=June 2015|doi=10.1038/nrmicro3450|pmid=25978707|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/20907100}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike ịchekwa ọkwa ndị na-ebute ọrịa ọbara na sporozoites ogologo oge site na iji [[glycerolyte]] jụọ oyi, na-enye ohere ichekwa ụdị ndị na-adọrọ mmasị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': A Malaria Parasite of Monkeys and Humans|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=57|pages=107–121|year=2012|pmid=22149265|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234957|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-121510-133540}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Robert_Knowles._Photograph_by_Edna_Lorenz,_Calcutta._Wellcome_V0027741.jpg|thumb|Robert Knowles, onye eji maka ya gụọ ''P. knowlesi'' aha]]
Dọkịta Ịtali Giuseppe Franchini buru ụzọ kọwaa ihe nwere ike ịbụ ''P. knowlesi'' n'afọ 1927 mgbe ọ chọpụtara nje dị iche na ''P. cynomolgi'' na ''P. inui'' n'ọbara nje nwere ogologo ọdụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': an overlooked Italian discovery?|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|doi=10.1093/cid/cir527|pmid=21890752|volume=53|issue=8|pages=849; author reply 849–50|date=October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1931, H. G. M. Campbell hụrụ nje ahụ ọzọ n'ime nkịta nwere ọdụ ogologo n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ''kala azar'' (visceral leishmaniasis) na Calcutta; onye ọrụ ibe Campbell bụ Lionel Everard Napier wepụtara ọbara n'aka nkịta ahụ metụtara ma nye nkịta atọ, otu n'ime ha bụ rhesus nke butere ọrịa siri ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Coatney&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Primate Malarias|date=1971|publisher=Division of Parasitic Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control|location=Atlanta, GA|url=https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/6538|accessdate=26 August 2019|pages=317–334}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8cad/758a4a40a3f5802e264e4abc059d9a9eb775.pdf|accessdate=27 August 2019|title=Observations on a Plasmodium infection which causes haemoglobinuria in certain species of monkey|author=Napier LE|date=May 1932|pages=246–249|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette}}&lt;/ref&gt; Campbell na Napier nyere Biraj Mohan Das Gupta enwe ahụ butere ọrịa ahụ bụ onye nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe nje ahụ site na ịgafe ọtụtụ ugboro site na enwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antinori2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.008|pmid=23088834|title=Plasmodium knowlesi: The emerging zoonotic malaria parasite|journal=Acta Tropica|volume=125|issue=2|pages=191–201|year=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1932, Das Gupta na onye nlekọta ya Robert Knowles kọwara ọdịdị nke nje ahụ n'ime ọbara macaque, ma gosipụta na ọ nwere ike ibunye mmadụ atọ ọrịa ahụ (n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, a na-eji ya akpalite ahụ ọkụ ma nwee olileanya ịgwọ ọrịa ọzọ).  &lt;ref name=&quot;Coatney&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A study of monkey malaria, and its experimental transmission to man|journal=Indian Medical Gazette|date=June 1932|volume=67|issue=6|pages=301–320|pmid=29010910}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa n'afọ 1932, John Sinton na H. W. Mulligan gara n'ihu kọwaa ọdịdị nke nje ahụ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara, kpebie na ọ bụ ụdị dị iche na ndị ọzọ akọwapụtara, ma kpọọ ya ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' iji sọpụrụ Robert Knowles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Coatney&quot; /&gt;

N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, n'afọ 1935 C. E. Van Rooyen na George R. Pile kọrọ na ha na-eji ọrịa ''P. knowlesi'' agwọ ahụ mkpọnwụ n'ozuzu ya na ndị isi mgbaka. ''P. knowlesi'' ga-aga n'ihu na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ dị ọkụ maka ọrịa dị iche iche, ọkachasị neurosyphilis nke e ji mee ihe ruo opekata mpe afọ 1955.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antinori2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.008|pmid=23088834|title=Plasmodium knowlesi: The emerging zoonotic malaria parasite|journal=Acta Tropica|volume=125|issue=2|pages=191–201|year=2013}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSpinelloGalimbertiMilaazoCorbellino2013&quot;&gt;Spinello A, Galimberti L, Milaazo L, Corbellino M (2013). [[doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.008|&quot;Plasmodium knowlesi: The emerging zoonotic malaria parasite&quot;]]. ''Acta Tropica''. '''125''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;191–&lt;/span&gt;201. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.008|10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.008]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23088834 23088834].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na Cyril Garnham tụrụ aro na 1957 na ''P. knowlesi'' nwere ike ibute ụmụ mmadụ, &lt;ref name=&quot;Antinori2013&quot; /&gt; ikpe mbụ e dere banyere mmadụ buuru P. know lesi bụ na 1965 na onye nyocha ndị agha US nke malitere oyi na ahụ ọkụ mgbe ọ gachara ụbọchị ise na Malaysia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Garnham1957&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=1957|title=The tissue stages and sporogony of ''Plasmodium knowlesi''|journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg|volume=51|issue=5|pages=384–396|doi=10.1016/0035-9203(57)90071-8|pmid=13467997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mason Dentinger|first=R|title=Patterns of Infection and Patterns of Evolution: How a Malaria Parasite Brought &quot;Monkeys and Man&quot; Closer Together in the 1960s|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|date=26 August 2015|volume=49|issue=2|pages=359–395|doi=10.1007/s10739-015-9421-8|pmid=26307748}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dabere na nchọpụta a, otu ndị na Institute for Medical Research na Peninsular Malaysia mere nyocha nke ndị bi nso na macaques, mana ha ahụghị ihe akaebe na-egosi na a na-ebufe ịba n'ahụ mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antinori2013&quot; /&gt;

N'ime afọ 1960 na 1970, ìgwè ndị na-eme nchọpụta sayensị jiri ''P. knowlesi'' mee ihe dị ka ihe nlereanya nyocha iji mee nchọpụta dị mkpa ihe gbasara ịba. N'afọ 1965 na afọ 1972, ọtụtụ ìgwè gosipụtara otu ''P. knowlesi'' antigenic variation si nye aka na mgbochi ọrịa na ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala. &lt;ref name=&quot;Antinori2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.008|pmid=23088834|title=Plasmodium knowlesi: The emerging zoonotic malaria parasite|journal=Acta Tropica|volume=125|issue=2|pages=191–201|year=2013}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSpinelloGalimbertiMilaazoCorbellino2013&quot;&gt;Spinello A, Galimberti L, Milaazo L, Corbellino M (2013). [[doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.008|&quot;Plasmodium knowlesi: The emerging zoonotic malaria parasite&quot;]]. ''Acta Tropica''. '''125''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;191–&lt;/span&gt;201. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.008|10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.008]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23088834 23088834].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1975, [[Louis H. Miller]] na ndị ọzọ gosipụtara na ''P. knowlesi'' chọrọ Duffy factor n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie iji wakpo ha (ha ga-aga n'ihu igosi otu ihe ahụ achọrọ maka ''P. vivax'' otu afọ ka e mesịrị). &lt;ref name=&quot;Antinori2013&quot; /&gt;

A maliteghachiri ọrụ na ''P. knowlesi'' dị ka nje ịba mmadụ n'afọ 2004, mgbe [[Balbir Singh (scientist)|Balbir Singh]] na ndị ọzọ jiri PCR gosi na ihe karịrị ọkara nke otu mmadụ a chọpụtara na ha nwere P. malariae na Malaysian Borneo bu nje P. knowlesi n'ezie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antinori2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.008|pmid=23088834|title=Plasmodium knowlesi: The emerging zoonotic malaria parasite|journal=Acta Tropica|volume=125|issue=2|pages=191–201|year=2013}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSpinelloGalimbertiMilaazoCorbellino2013&quot;&gt;Spinello A, Galimberti L, Milaazo L, Corbellino M (2013). [[doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.008|&quot;Plasmodium knowlesi: The emerging zoonotic malaria parasite&quot;]]. ''Acta Tropica''. '''125''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;191–&lt;/span&gt;201. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.008|10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.008]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23088834 23088834].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=Lancet|year=2004|volume=363|issue=9414|pages=1017–24|title=A large focus of naturally acquired ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' infections in human beings|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4|pmid=15051281|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2202/1/A%20large%20focus%20of%20naturally%20acquired%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20infections%20in%20human%20beings.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, ọtụtụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta jiri usoro nchọpụta nke nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ''P. knowlesi'' na nje ndị yiri ya iji kọwaa ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ịba na P. know lesi n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vythilingam2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2008|title=Plasmodium knowlesi in humans, macaques and mosquitoes in peninsular Malaysia|journal=Parasit Vectors|volume=1|issue=1|pmid=18710577|doi=10.1186/1756-3305-1-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ na ihe nlele ndekọ egosila na ọrịa nje a emeela na Malaysia ọ dịkarịa ala kemgbe afọ 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lee&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lee KS|year=2009|title=Plasmodium knowlesi from archival blood films: Further evidence that human infections are widely distributed and not newly emergent in Malaysian Borneo|journal=Int J Parasitol|doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.03.003|volume=39|issue=10|pages=1125–1128|pmid=19358848}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
 

== Njikọ mpuga ==

* [https://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/14/11/1750.htm Peeji nke ịba CDC]
* [https://www.who.int/topics/malaria/en/ Peeji nke ịba nke WHO]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091005030751/http://www.genedb.org/genedb/pknowlesi/ P. knowlesi genome data]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2533454.htm Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi banyere nchọpụta nke ọrụ ''P. knowlesi'' na ịba mmadụ] 
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