Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 9921 705117 698144 2026-08-19T19:06:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chinyere Stella Okunna''' {{Audio|Ig-Chinyere Stella Okunna.ogg|Audio}} bụ nwanyị mbụ ruru ogo profesọ na Mass communication na [[Naijiria]]. Ọ rụọla ọrụ n'ọkwa dị iche iche dịka onye nchịkwa and onye nkuzi na ngalaba mmụta na ngalaba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=First Female Professors Of Mass Communication In Nigeria – MassMediaNG|url=https://massmediang.com/first-female-professors-of-mass-communication-in-nigeria/|last=Nwabueze|first=Chinenye|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-11-10|archivedate=2020-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201091150/https://massmediang.com/first-female-professors-of-mass-communication-in-nigeria/}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na mmụta == A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ Joshua na Christiana Adimora, n'Ụga n'okpuru ọchịchị ime obodo Agụata nke [[Ọ̀hà Ọmambala|Anambra Steeti]],nke [[Naijiria]], nna ya (Joshua Obinani Adimora) bụ onye ọrụ bekee nke jere ozi dị ka onye mbụ na-ahụ ndị obodo (DO) na mpaghara nlekọta Agụata n'ime afọ 1950. Ọ bụkwa onye osote odeakwụkwọ obodo nke Port-Harcourt Municipal Council n'ime afọ 1960.  Stella Chinyere Okunna malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị St Jọhn dị n'Ekwulobia ebe nna ya jere ozi dị ka onye ọrụ gọọmentị, ma jekwaa na ụlọ akwụkwọ obodo mepere emepe [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port-Harcourt]] ebe a ka o si jewe ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị site na praimarị nke 5. Agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya bụ na Anglican Girls Grammar School (nke mechara bụrụ Girls High School) Awkunanaw,dị n'[[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], bụ ebe o si nweta WASC ya na ọkwa nke 1 dị ka nwata akwụkwọ kacha mee ọfụma n'ule ahụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=OKUNNA, Prof. Chinyere Stella, (nee Adimora)|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/okunna-prof-chinyere-stella-nee-adimora/|last=Udo|first=Mary|date=2017-02-20|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === mmụta === Chinyere Stella Okunna bidoro ọrụ ya dika onye nkuzi na [https://web.archive.org/web/20201113073652/https://imt.edu.ng/about-imt/ Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu] (Site n'afọ 1981 ruo n'afo 1994) tupu ọ banye na Department of Mass Communication, [[:en:Nnamdi_Azikiwe_University|Nnamdi Azikiwe University]] n'afọ 1994. Ọ ghọọrọ nwanyị mbụ ruru ogo prọfesọ nke Mass communication na Naijiria n'afọ 2001, ma bụrụkwa naanị nwanyị onye Naijiria na Mass Communication ruru ogo dị otú ahụ n'ime ihe ruru afọ iri na abụọ (12) tupu onye nkụzi nke abụọ, site na ngalaba ahụ rukwazie ogo prọfesọ. <ref>{{Cite web|last=media career development network|first=admin|date=2017-06-28|title=Meet UNILAG's first professor of Mass communication|url=http://mediacareerng.org/2017/06/28/meet-unilags-first-female-professor-of-mass-communication/|accessdate=2020-11-10|archivedate=2017-07-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701133853/http://www.mediacareerng.org/2017/06/28/meet-unilags-first-female-professor-of-mass-communication/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=How becoming Nigeria’s first female Professor of Mass Communication humbled me —Chinyere Stella Okunna|url=https://newsexpressngr.com/news/12036-How-becoming-Nigerias-first-female-Professor-of-Mass-Communication-humbled-me-Chinyere-Stella-Okunna|accessdate=2020-11-10|archivedate=2022-06-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604130038/https://www.newsexpressngr.com/news/12036-How-becoming-Nigerias-first-female-Professor-of-Mass-Communication-humbled-me-Chinyere-Stella-Okunna}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ ruru ogo Dean, Faculty of [[:en:Social_science|Social Sciences]] na [[:en:Nnamdi_Azikiwe_University|Nnamdi Azikiwe University]] (site n'afọ 2016 ruo n'afọ 2019). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor Stella Okunna is the New Social Sciences Faculty Dean|url=https://unizikinfo.com/2016/10/professor-stella-okunna-new-social-sciences-faculty-dean/|date=2016-10-27|accessdate=2020-11-10|archivedate=2020-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029195804/https://unizikinfo.com/2016/10/professor-stella-okunna-new-social-sciences-faculty-dean/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Aplscd Celebrates Prof Stella Okunna As She Emerges New Dean Of Faculty Of Social Sciences, Unizik|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/233717/aplscd-celebrates-prof-stella-okunna-as-she-emerges-new-dean.html}}</ref> Tupu mgbe ahụ, ọ bụrụla osote-Dean,site n'afọ 1996 ruo n'fọ 1998 nakwa Onye Isi, Ngalaba Mass Communication site n'afọ 1998 ruo n'afọ 2006. <ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Mass Communication|url=https://socialsciences.unizik.edu.ng/dept/mass-communication/history-of-mass-communication/|accessdate=2020-11-10|archivedate=2020-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201022620/https://socialsciences.unizik.edu.ng/dept/mass-communication/history-of-mass-communication/}}</ref> O nwere ike malite agụmakwụkwọ postgraduate (PGD, MSc na PhD) n'oge a, nakwa diplọma ọkachamara n'ịchụ nta akụkọ na ngalaba ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=BULLETIN: ISSN 1595-1685 FEBRUARY 27, 2017 vol. 10 NO. 7|url=https://unizik.edu.ng/page/bulletin-issn-1595-1685-february-27-2017-vol-10-no-7/|last=University|first=Nnamdi Azikiwe|date=2017-02-27|accessdate=2020-11-10|archivedate=2021-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117175219/https://unizik.edu.ng/page/bulletin-issn-1595-1685-february-27-2017-vol-10-no-7/}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, Stella Chinyere Okunna ejewo ozi dị ka; * Onye otu National Universities Commission (NUC) Accreditation panels for Mass Communication <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Prof. Chinyere Stella Okunna (Nee Adimora): Biography, Wiki, Birth And Family Fakaza|url=https://fakazamusic.co/prof-chinyere-stella-okunna-nee-adimora-biography-wiki-birth-and-family/|last=Small|first=Kabza De|date=2020-01-12|language=en-US}}</ref> * External Assessor for Professorship hopefuls * External Examiner Ihe ọ na-elekwasị anya na agụmakwụkwọ bụ [[:en:Development_communication|Development Communication]]/[[:en:Social_and_behavior_change_communication|Behaviour Change]] [[:en:Gender|Gender]] and Communication. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mass Communication Administration|url=https://socialsciences.unizik.edu.ng/dept/mass-communication/mass-communication-administration/|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-11-10|archivedate=2020-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201024256/https://socialsciences.unizik.edu.ng/dept/mass-communication/mass-communication-administration/}}</ref> ==== Ọrụ ọha ==== Site n’afọ 2006 ruo n'afọ 2014, Chinyere Stella Okunna lara ezumike nka na Mahadum Nnamdị Azikiwe were banye ọrụ ọha dịka Kọmishọna, Mịnịstrị nke Ozi na Omenala (ste n'afọ 2006 ruo n'afọ 2009). A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Kọmishọna na-ahụ maka atụmatụ akụ na ụba na mmefu ego yana Kọmishọna na-ahụ maka Developmen Partnership / Donor Agencies (site n'afọ 2009 ruo n'afọ 2014). Mgbe ọ ka na-arụ ọrụ dị ka Kọmishọna, e mekwara ya ka ọ bụrụ Onye isi ndị ọrụ (2012–2014) <ref>{{Cite web|title=list and portfolios: Pictures of new Anambra Commissioners|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/19474/list-and-portfolios-pictures-of-new-anambra-commi.html|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anambra 2014: Why Gov Obi will not anoint a successor – Okunna, Chief of Staff|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/anambra-2014-why-gov-obi-will-not-anoint-a-successor-okunna-chief-of-staff/|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụkwazị onye isi oche, * [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] (MDGs) Implementation Committee (site n'afọ 2009 ruo n'afọ 2014) <ref>{{Cite web|title=MDGs In Anambra: The Good, The Bad And The Ugly|url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/mdgs-anambra-good-bad-ugly/|date=2016-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref> * Anambra State Committee on [[:en:Good_governance|Good Governance]] (site n'afọ 2007 ruo n'afọ 2014) * Anambra State Vision 2020 (site n'afọ 2009 ruo n'afọ 2014) Stella Chinyere Okunna jekwara ozi dị ka onye enyemaka na onye ndụmọdụ nye ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere; * UNICEF * UNFPA * UNESCO * DFID * FHI 360 * SFH (Society for Health ezinụlọ) * NUJ * NAWOJ * Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism at the Technical University of Dortmund in Germany * NGE (Nigerian Guild of Editors) * - CIRDDOC (Civil Resource Development and Documentation Centre), ===== Ọrụ obodo ===== Agụmakwụkwọ ya na mgbe o mechara banye n'ọrụ ọha na eze gosipụtara ya mkpa ndị obodo na otu ndị mmadụ, ndị NGO na ndị otu dị iche iche nwere ike i nyere ma gbaa ndị na-eto eto ume ka ha nweta agụmakwụkwọ. Site na otu NGO nke o guzobere (Adimora-Okunna Scholarship Foundation, 2003), o nweela ike nweta ego were nye; * Ụgwọ akwụkwọ maka ndị nwere ọkwa mbụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị abụọ n'Ukpo  * Ụgwọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụ amaala na-enweghị ego nke Ukpo na mahadum Nnamdị Azikiwe, dị n'Awka  * Otu ụlọ elu (klaasị na ụlọ ule) na Walter Eze Memorial Secondary School, n'Ukpo. E mebere nke a n’afọ 2013 iji cheta ncheta afọ iri nke Adimora-Okunna Foundation  * Onyinye Prọfesọ Chinyere Stella Okunna nke a na-eme kwa afọ maka nwata akwụkwọ kachasị mee ọfụma nke Mass Communication na Mahadum Nnamdi Azikiwe - Puku Naịra iri ise (N50,000), <ref>{{Cite web|title=BULLETIN: ISSN 1595-1685 June 19, 2017 vol. 10 NO. 20|url=https://unizik.edu.ng/page/bulletin-issn-1595-1685-june-19-2017-vol-10-no-20/|last=University|first=Nnamdi Azikiwe|date=2017-06-19|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-11-10|archivedate=2020-09-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919081224/https://unizik.edu.ng/page/bulletin-issn-1595-1685-june-19-2017-vol-10-no-20/}}</ref> * Ọnyinye Prọfesọ Chinyere Stella Okunna nke a na-eme kwa afọ maka nwata akwụkwọ kachasị mee ọfụma nke Faculty of Social Sciences - Puku iri ise (N50,000)  * Annual Best Ethical Journalist Award for [[:en:Nigeria_Union_of_Journalists|Nigerian Union of Journalists]] (NUJ) n'Anambra Steeti - Puku Naira iri ise (N50,000)  * The Professor Chinyere Stella Okunna Legacy Building which houses the studios and facilities of UNIZIK 94.1FM Campus/Community Radio. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Female professor donates N35m radio station to UNIZIK|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/female-professor-donates-n35m-radio-station-to-unizik.html|last=Elekwa|first=Emma|date=2016-12-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=First woman Mass Comm prof donates complex to UNIZIK campus radio|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/first-woman-mass-comm-prof-donates-complex-unizik-campus-radio/|date=2017-01-18|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Media Must Avoid Credibility Suicide – Selonnes Consult|url=https://selonnes.com/2016/12/20/nigerian-media-must-avoid-credibility-suicide/|language=en-US}}</ref> Ugbu a (n'afọ 2020), Chinyere Stella Okunna bụ onye isi oche,ngalaba NIPR nke Anambra Steeti, Daịrektọ nke UNIZIK 94.1FM Campus / Community Radio Station na Prọfesọ nke Mass Communication na Mahadum Nnamdi Azikiwe (UNIZIK), n'Awka. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Anambra: Okunna is new NIPR Chairperson|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/anambra-okunna-is-new-nipr-chairperson/|last=IV|first=Editorial|date=2019-03-28|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche, Sensitization and Publicity subcommitee nke ndị ọrụCO VID-19 na Mahadum Nnamdi Azikiwe. == Ihe nrite na onyinye == Stella Chinyere Okunna a maara nke ọma na otu dị iche iche na otu fora dị ka onye ukwu na Mass Communication. Ọ bụ * Ibe, [https://iamcr.org/ Nigerian Guild of Editors] (NGE). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Journalism should be dignified – Okunna|url=https://www.nationallightngr.com/2018/10/11/journalism-should-be-dignified-okunna-2/|date=2018-10-11|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-11-10|archivedate=2021-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027202907/https://nationallightngr.com/2018/10/11/journalism-should-be-dignified-okunna-2/}}</ref> * Ibe, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201029140254/http://nipr.org.ng/ Nigerian Institute of Public Relations] (NIPR) <ref name=":3" /> * Onye otu, [https://iamcr.org/ International Association for Media and Communication Research] (IAMCR) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aberDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT215|title=Who's Who in Research: Media Studies|date=2013-01-01|language=en}}</ref> * Onye otu, World Association for Christian Communication (WACC)  * Onye otu, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200727170755/http://www.accenigeria.org/acce/ African Council for Communication Education] (ACCE) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=OKUNNA, Prof. Chinyere Stella, (nee Adimora)|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/okunna-prof-chinyere-stella-nee-adimora/|date=2017-02-20|language=en-US}}</ref> * Onye otu Board of Trustees, [https://www.acspn.com.ng/ Association of Communication Communication and Professionals of Nigeria] (ACSPN). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Board of Trustees|url=https://www.acspn.com.ng/about-us/board-of-trustees/|language=en-US}}</ref> * Onye otu na-achị achị, Mahadum Tansian  * Kpakpando Ukpo (2003)  * Onye otu bọọdụ, Echi Oma Africa Foundation <ref>{{Cite web|title=:: Echi Oma Africa Foundation|url=https://echiomaafrica.org/board.html}}</ref> == Ezinụlọ == Chinyere Stella Okunna lụrụ Eric Nwabuisi Okunna, onye ọkachamara banyere Ọrịa Obibi na akụkụ ahụ ụmụ nwanyị e ji a mụ nwa. Ha nwere ụmụaka isii (6) toro eto na ọzụzụ dị iche iche na ọtụtụ ụmụ ụmụ.  == Mbipụta == Stella Chinyere Okunna nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ o bipụtara kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ na mpaghara Naijiria na mba ụwa dịka akụkọ, akwụkwọ, isi akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ monograf/oge ụfọdụ ma akwụkwọ ọgbakọ gụnyere; 2018 - [https://www.worldcat.org/title/development-communication-in-governance-in-nigeria-people-at-the-centre-of-communication/oclc/1097459860 ''Development Communication in Governance in Nigeria: People at the Centre of Communication?''] 43^rd Inaugural Lecture of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|title=NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY HOLDS 43RD INAUGURAL LECTURE – Reality Newspaper|url=http://realitynewspaper.com.ng/2018/06/24/nnamdi-azikiwe-university-holds-43rd-inaugural-lecture/|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-11-10|archivedate=2020-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603095559/http://realitynewspaper.com.ng/2018/06/24/nnamdi-azikiwe-university-holds-43rd-inaugural-lecture/}}</ref> 2017: Enhancing Media Relations by Public Relations Practitioners in Governance: Lessons from the Peter Obi Administration in Anambra State, 2006-2014. ''Public Relations Journal,'' Vol. 13, Nos. 1 & 2, 2017. 2017 ''':''' Role of the Media in Building a Culture of Peace (C.S Okunna & M. Popoola). In Pate, U. & Oso, L. (ed.), ''[https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/sunday-trust/20170813/282303910238275 Multiculturalism, Diversity and Reporting Conflict in Nigeria].'' Ibadan: Evans Brothers Nigeria Limited 2017. 2017: “Communication Skills for Entrepreneurship”. In Alex Ikeme (ed), ''Entrepreneurship and Business Development''. Enugu: Grand-Heritage Global Communication, 2017. 2016: “Discourse on Social Media, Youths and Entrepreneurship in Nigeria” (C.S. Okunna & N. M. Emmanuel). In J.O. Ezeokana et al (ed.), ''New Media and Capacity Building in Developing Economies''. Awka: Fab Anieh Nig. Ltd 2016. 2015 ''':''' ''Safety of Journalists in Nigeria.'' Abuja: UNESCO/NUJ, 2015 (C.S. Okunna & M. Popoola). 2012: ''Introduction to Mass Communication''. Enugu: New Generation Books, 2012 (First published in 1994 by ABIC Books, Enugu – single author; 2nd Edition published in 1999 by New Generation Books – single author; 3rd Edition published in 2012 by New Generation – co-authored with K.A. Omenugha). 2008: Media, Ideology and the Nation: The Nigerian Press Coverage of the Danish Cartoon Crisis (C.S. Okunna & K.A. Omenugha). ''Journal of Media and Communication'', Vol. 1 (1), 2008. 2007 ''':''' [https://web.a.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=01435558&asa=Y&AN=25350888&h=ilJZDdmKk6qqrpTXxsCdjpFB9GAXxVXQK5J8IZ65mVsPjflRc89Q4DrIG0q3ToFsT5YXis%2bees7dKM0FUbPoog%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d01435558%26asa%3dY%26AN%3d25350888 Religion Constrains HIV/AIDS Reporting in Nigeria (C.S. Okunna & I.V. Dunu). ''Media Development'' (Toronto, Ontario, Canada: World Association for Christian Communication).] 2005 ''':''' “[https://web.archive.org/web/20201114223650/https://oer.unn.edu.ng/read/re-inventing-media-content-in-nigeria-creating-a-balance-between-social-responsibility-and-business-concern-vol-2-no-1-2005 Re-inventing Media Content: Creating a Balance Between Social Responsibility and Business Concern]”. ''International Journal of Communication''. 2005 - Okunna, Stella Chinyere, Nwanguma, Edith & Kevin Ejiofor – [https://www.africaportal.org/publications/communicating-policy-reforms-between-the-government-the-press-and-the-people/ ''Communicating policy reforms: between the government, the press and the people''] 2005 - [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233517277_Women_as_invisible%27_as_ever_in_Nigeria%27s_news_media ''Women: as `invisible' as ever in Nigeria's news media''] 2004 - [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265524551_Communication_and_Conflict_A_Commentary_on_the_Role_of_the_Media ''Communication and conflict: a commentary on the role of the media''] 2002 (Ed. ) - ''Teaching Mass Communication: A Multi-Dimensional Approach''.. 1996 - [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.604.7605&rep=rep1&type=pdf ''Portrayal of women in Nigerian home video films: empowerment or subjugation''] 1995 - [https://archive.ccrvoices.org/articles/small-participatory-media-technology-as-an-agent-of-social-change-in-nigeria-a-non-existent-option.html ''Small participatory media technology as an agent of social change in Nigeria: a non-existent option?''] [[Usòrò:Prof_Chinyere_Stella_Okunnna_2.jpg|alt=|thumb| Okanmuta Chinyere Stella Okunna]] 1995 - ''[https://www.worldcat.org/title/ethics-of-mass-communication/oclc/744633743 Ethics of Mass communication]'' 1994 - Chinyere Stella Okunna, Itsejuwa Esanjumi Sagay, Mallam Lawan Danbazau. ''Communication Training and Practice in Nigeria: Issues and Perspectives'', Issues 1-4 1993 - C.S.Okunna, C. Amafili, and N. Okunna (Eds.). ''Theory and practice of mass communiation.'' ABIC. Enugu 1993: ''Theory and Practice of Mass Communication.'' Enugu: ABIC Books, 1993 (Edited by C.S. Okunna, C. Amafili & S.N. Okenwa). 1993 - Onuora, Emmanuel & Okunna, Chinyere & Ayo, Johnson. [https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=Q00007380 ''Media Use, Knowledge of World Affairs and Image of Nations Among Nigerian Youth''.] 1992 - [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/La-Faculte-Feminine-dans-l-'-Education-au-Nigeria-%3A-Okunna/19e046177176fcbbd6bf00b73c64de729bf45eda ''Female Faculty in Journalism education in Nigeria: Implications for status of women in the society''] ''Female Faculty in Journalism Education in Nigeria: Implications for the Status of Women in the Society''. ''Africa Media Review'' (Nairobi: ACCE), Vol. 6, No. 1, 1992. 1992: [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Sources-of-Development-Information-among-Rural-in-A-Okunna/685998fef2f3a3d926dffb133d6cb93d8bc25f98 ''Communication for Self-Reliance Among Rural Women in Nigeria.''] ''Media Development'' (London: World Association for Christian Communication). Vol. 1, 1992. 1991: ''The Changing Patterns of Journalism Education and Recruitment in Nigeria'' ''CAEJAC Journal'' (Ontario: Journal of Commonwealth Association for Education in Journalism and Communication – CAEJAC), Vol. 3, 1990/1991. 1990 ''':''' ''Freedom of the Press in the Third World: Freedom for Whom''? Nigerian Journal of Mass Communication'','' Vol. 1, No. 1, 1990. == Ebe nsidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ dị na mpụga == * https://web.archive.org/web/20231009102837/http://docplayer.net/31086135-Curriculum-vitae-institutional-affiliation-nnamdi-azikiwe-university-awka-anambra-state-nigeria.html {{DEFAULTSORT:Okunna,Stella Chinyere}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria na-eme edemede]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] ophnmoywh6vo8oculrfppgrz9fuwknt 0 10031 705150 140167 2026-08-20T06:11:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705150 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Esther Farinde2014.jpg|thumb|Esther Farinde]]{{Databox}} {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians -->|name=Esther Farinde|image=Esther Farinde2014.jpg|caption=Esther Farinde on winning Time2Shine Talent Search October 2014|background=solo_singer|birth_name=Esther Toluwase|alias=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1984|02|19|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Nigeria]]|death_date=|instrument=|genre=[[Gospel music|Gospel]], [[Urban contemporary gospel]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[soul music|soul]]|occupation=Singer, songwriter|years_active=2006–present|label=T2S Records, Black Grape Records|associated_acts=|website=}} '''Esther Farinde''' (amụrụ ya na abali iri na itolu n’ime ọnwa abụọ n’afọ 1984) bụ onye na-agụ egwu na edekwa egwu uka nke eji '''[[:en:Gospel_music#british_black_gospel|British gospel]]''' were mara. A makwaara ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka nkuzi olu ukwe, onye na-eduzi ndị na-eto eto nwere mmasi igụ egwu na ndị ukwe ụka, yana site na ọrụ RM 19, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.roh.org.uk/learning/learning-in-thurrock/rm19-youth-singing-group|title=RM19 Youth Singing Group|date=21 February 2015|work=Royal Opera House|accessdate=16 November 2020|archivedate=22 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222004959/http://www.roh.org.uk/learning/learning-in-thurrock/rm19-youth-singing-group}}</ref> nke nọ n'okpuru nlekọta ulọ [[:en:The_Royal_Opera|The Royal Opera]]. Esther tinyekwara aka na igbasa egwu nke gbadoro ukwu na ọrụ dika otu onye n'ime ndi otu Barbican Learning na Development. == Biography == Esther bụ nwa nke asaa n’ime ụmụ iri ndi nne na nna sitere na [[:en:Efon-Alaiye|Efon-Alaiye]], na [[Ȯra Ekiti|Ekiti State]], di na ọdida anyanwụ [[Naijiria|Nigeria]]. Esther tolitere na England, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ [[:en:City_of_London_Academy_Islington|Islington Green School]], na [[:en:City_and_Islington_College|City and Islington College]], (dịka onye ọmenka ibe ya bụ [[:en:Paloma_Faith|Paloma Faith).]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.islingtongazette.co.uk/home/my_islington_school_made_me_a_star_says_paloma_faith_1_684393?usurv=skip|publisher=islingtongazette.co.uk|author=Tom Marshall|title=My Islington school made me a star, says Paloma Faith|date=19 October 2010|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref>). N'agbata 2003 na 2006, Esther gara akwụkwọ na mahadum nke anakpọ [[:en:University_of_Northampton|University of Northampton]] ebe ọ nwetara nzere BA na Music na Media. Esther malitere ịbụ abụ mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ na ụlọ uka nke nne na nna ya; ebe ha abụọ bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Chineke [[:en:Christ_Apostolic_Church|Christ Apostolic Church]] (CAC). Kemgbe afọ iri na asatọ gara aga, o duru ndi ukwe nọ na ụka. A họpụtara Esther Farinde ka ọ bụrụ onye mmeri nke oge 2014 nke [[:en:Time2shine|Time2shine]] Gospel Talent na UK. Emere emume nhọpụta nke ikpeazụ na ịhe nkiri onyonyo nke na-eme eme sitere na [[:en:Hackney_Empire|Hackney Empire]] na 25 Ọktoba 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.premiergospel.org.uk/News-Reviews/News/Esther-Farinde-wins-Time2Shine-live-final|publisher=premiergospel.org.uk|author=Sarah McAllister|title=Esther Farinde wins Time2Shine live final|date=27 October 2014}}</ref> N’afọ 2018 ọ wepụtara egwu izizi ya bụ ‘Song Cry’ mgbe ndị otu Time2Shine bidoro gbaziwere ya itnyebere ya anya. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Dennis|first=O'Neil|date=2018-09-11|title=Time2Shine winner Esther Farinde release Afrobeat hit ‘Song Cry’|url=https://astepfwd.com/time2shine-winner-esther-farinde-release-afrobeat-hit-song-cry/|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ntughari == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ dị na mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150222010231/http://www.time2shine.tv/index.php / Time2Shine Official saịtị] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1dzfzqd9o4gzypt4mqw0hdpnejldgrn 0 10287 705129 638841 2026-08-20T01:15:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Dumebi Andrea Iyamah''' (amuru 1993) bu onye Naijiria-Canadian ejiji ejiji amuru ma zụlite na [[Lagos]], [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] . Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke akara ejiji Andrea Iyamah nke na-eme ka ndị na-alụ nwe ha ọhụrụ, uwe igwu mmiri na ahịrị dị njikere iyi. A maara ya maka ejiji ejiji ụmụ nwanyị na uwe igwu mmiri, bụ nke ndị a ma ama dịka Michelle Obama, Kate Hudson, Gabrielle Union, Ciara, na Issa Rae na-eyi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.andreaiyamah.com/pages/about-andrea-iyamah|title=About A.I|work=Andrea Iyamah}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Simon|first=Nila Do|title=7 Swimsuit Brands to Have on Your Radar|url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/swimsuit-brands-to-have-on-your-radar|accessdate=2020-10-01|work=Condé Nast Traveler|language=en-us}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Iyamah na Lagos, nye Andrew na Onyi Iyamah ndi sitere na Ika ( Agbor ). Ọ bụkwa nwa nke anọ n'ime ụmụaka anọ há mụrụ. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Grange dị na [[Lagos]] . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://onobello.com/designer-biography-dumebi-iyamah-of-andrea-iyamah/|title=Designer Biography – Dumebi Iyamah Of Andrea Iyamah|work=onobello.com|accessdate=2022-02-22|archivedate=2022-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215002536/https://onobello.com/designer-biography-dumebi-iyamah-of-andrea-iyamah/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebony.com/style/fashion-biz-swimsuit-designer-andrea-iyamah-542/|title=Fashion Biz: Swimsuit Designer Andrea Iyamah|date=August 2, 2016|work=EBONY}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gphilipdesign.wixsite.com/creative-pursuit/post/designer-spotlight-dumebi-iyamah|title=Post|work=Creative Pursuit|accessdate=2022-02-22|archivedate=2022-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222125334/https://gphilipdesign.wixsite.com/creative-pursuit/post/designer-spotlight-dumebi-iyamah}}</ref> O nwetara nzere bachelọ na Nruritauka makwa na-igbasaozi nke onwe tara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Mahadum McMaster . Ọ malitere ụdị ejiji ya Ontario [[Kánada|Canada]] n'oge ọmụmụ ya na Mahadum McMaster mgbe ọ dị afọ 17, o jiri enyemaka na nkwado nke ezinụlọ ya na ndị enyi ya hiwere ụdị ejiji. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africafashionguide.com/life-experience-and-edginess-we-introduce-andrea-iyamah-designer/|title=Life, Experience and Edginess - We introduce Andrea Iyamah - DESIGNER|date=August 22, 2014|work=Africa Fashion Guide|accessdate=November 30, 2020|archivedate=April 20, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420010452/https://www.africafashionguide.com/life-experience-and-edginess-we-introduce-andrea-iyamah-designer/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Iyamah malitere ịrụ ụdị ejiji ya ''Andrea Iyamah'' mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa. Isi ụlọ ọrụ "Andrea Iyamah" dị na Toronto, ya na ụlọ ahịa kacha mkpa dị na Lagos nke ewepụtara na 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/designer-spotlight-andrea-iyamah-goes-from-strength-to-strength/jkbdtec|title=Andrea Iyamah goes from strength to strength|date=December 21, 2017|work=www.pulse.ng|accessdate=November 30, 2020|archivedate=March 2, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302210501/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/designer-spotlight-andrea-iyamah-goes-from-strength-to-strength/jkbdtec}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acceleratetv.com/genevieve-nnaji-falz-more-at-andrea-iyamahs-store-launch/|title=Genevieve Nnaji, Falana, Papa Omisore, More At Andrea Iyamah’s Store Launch|date=January 11, 2018|accessdate=November 30, 2020|archivedate=December 26, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226002633/https://acceleratetv.com/genevieve-nnaji-falz-more-at-andrea-iyamahs-store-launch/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/01/andrea-iyamah-new-store-lagos/|title=All That Happened at the Andrea Iyamah Store Launch in Lagos|first=BellaNaija|author=Style|date=January 10, 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kamdora.com/2018/01/06/photos-the-andrea-iyamah-store-launches-in-lagos/|title=Photos: The Andrea Iyamah Store Launches In Lagos!|first=Vickie|author=O|date=January 6, 2018}}</ref> N'oge mmalite nke ịde ọtụtụ ihe mgbasa ozi, ọ kesara ọrụ nka ya gụnyere ihe osise ejiji., eserese eserese, na foto ya na ndị na-ege ntị dijitalụ. Otu n'ime atụmatụ ya gosipụtara na ọgbakọozi ya a ma ama na 2011 nke kpaliri okike nke "Andrea Iyamah." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/andrea-iyamah-i-knew-fashion-was-something-i-always-wanted-to-do-fashion-designer/gv7945y|title=" I knew fashion was something I always wanted to do"- Fashion designer|date=September 6, 2017|work=www.pulse.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blavity.com/22-modern-fashion-designers-who-are-black-dope-and-ruling-the-runway|title=Blavity News & Politics|first=Blavity Engineering|author=Team|work=Blavity News & Politics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecorporatecanvas.co.za/2015/10/05/meet-andrea-iyamah/|title=Meet Andrea Iyamah &#124; The Corporate Canvas|accessdate=2020-11-30|archivedate=2019-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017150906/https://thecorporatecanvas.co.za/2015/10/05/meet-andrea-iyamah/}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na azụmahịa ya mgbe ọ na-achụso agụmakwụkwọ mahadum, na-amalite site na ịmepụta uwe ejiji omenala site n'aka ndị ahịa. Ọ nụchara ika ahụ ka ọ dị iche iche n'ime isi iyi atọ, agbamakwụkwọ omenala, ejiji na igwu mmiri / ebe ezumike. N'ịbụ onye na-ebupụta mkpokọta igwu mmiri na 2013, ọrụ ya adọtala uche site na ndị nta akụkọ dịka Vogue, Elle, Essence, Refinery29, HuffPost, Cosmopolitan na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.andreaiyamah.com/pages/press|title=ANDREA IYAMAH PRESS|work=Andrea Iyamah}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://westafricancareers.com/3-west-african-fashion-brands-you-should-know/|title=3 West African Fashion Brands You Should Know|first=Chermaine|author=Sowah|date=August 13, 2018|accessdate=November 30, 2020|archivedate=June 18, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618144919/https://westafricancareers.com/3-west-african-fashion-brands-you-should-know/}}</ref> O meela ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ejiji n'Afrika, Europe, France, na United States <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dn-africa.com/news/20180521-andrea-iyamahs-fashion-showcase/|title=Andrea Iyamah’s Fashion Showcase &#124; DN-AFRICA Magazine|date=May 21, 2018|work=DN AFRICA|accessdate=November 30, 2020|archivedate=October 18, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018092207/https://www.dn-africa.com/news/20180521-andrea-iyamahs-fashion-showcase/}}</ref> ya na ndị ama ama dịka Michelle Obama, Kate Hudson, Ciara, Gabrielle Union, [[Genevieve Nnaji]] na ndị ọzọ yi atụmatụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/AndreaIyamah/photos/a.218571028185222/2797479946960971/?type=3|title=Andrea Iyamah|work=www.facebook.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.andreaiyamah.com/pages/celebrity-spotted|title=Celebrity Spotted|work=Andrea Iyamah}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acceleratetv.com/gabrielle-union-rocks-nigerias-andrea-iyamah-jumpsuit-to-her-tv-series-press-conference/|title=Gabrielle Union Rocks Nigeria’s Andrea Iyamah Jumpsuit To Her TV Series Press Conference|date=April 23, 2019|accessdate=November 30, 2020|archivedate=October 31, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031224517/https://acceleratetv.com/gabrielle-union-rocks-nigerias-andrea-iyamah-jumpsuit-to-her-tv-series-press-conference/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/02/bn-collection-to-closet-genevieve-nnaji-in-andrea-iyamah/|title=BN Collection to Closet: Genevieve Nnaji in Andrea Iyamah|date=February 22, 2016}}</ref> O gosiputara ahịrị mmiri/summer 2020 na Lagos n'oge Izu ụka nke ejiji na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2020-04-20|title=Dumebi Iyamah Takes Us Through Her Brand’s Butterfly-Inspired SS20 Collection|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/04/andrea-iyamah-founder-ss20-collection/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-10-01|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == # # # # # # # # Iyamah bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime umụ anọ Andrew na Onyi Iyamah mụrụ. Nna ya bụ onye injinia site na agụmakwụkwọ na nne ya bụ onye na-achọ mma nke nwere ụlọ ịsa ntutu, ụlọ uwe. N'oge a mụrụ ya, nne na nna ya abụọ ahụ bụ ndị ọchụnta ego, nwere azụmahịa ha. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 7, nna ya nwụnahụrụ ya, ma nne ya zụlitekwara ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16139/somkele-iyamah|title=Somkele Iyamah biography, net worth, age, family, contact & picture|work=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> <ref name="auto"/> Nwanne ya nwanyị, onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Somkele Iyamah]], bụ onye nduzi nke ụdị ejiji ''Andrea Iyamah'' . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Emeka|date=2017-10-05|title=18 Things You May Not Know About Somkele Iyamah-Idhalama|url=https://genevievemagazine.com/14-things-you-may-not-know-about-somkele-iyamah-idhalama/|accessdate=2020-10-02|work=Genevieve Magazine|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923185311/https://genevievemagazine.com/14-things-you-may-not-know-about-somkele-iyamah-idhalama/}}</ref> == Ndensibịa == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] l25jgzadxibuqz2x7mia1gz435vv7pb 0 10831 705116 84663 2026-08-19T18:56:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency|agency_name=Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences|coordinates=|website={{url|http://en.cags.ac.cn/}}|child2_agency=|child1_agency=|parent_agency=[[Ministry of Land and Resources]]|chief1_position=|chief1_name=|budget=|employees=|headquarters=[[Beijing]]|nativename=中国地质科学院|formed=1956|seal_caption=|seal_width=|seal=|logo_caption=|logo_width=|logo=|nativename_r=|nativename_a=|footnotes=}}Ulo '''akwukwo nke China nke Sayensị mmụta Ala''' ( '''CAGS''' ; Asụsụ China ) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-etinye aka na nyocha Sayensị ụwa na [[China|Mba nke China]] . E hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ mmuta a n'afọ 1956 wee hazigharịa ya n'afọ 1999. Na Nchịkwa ọ nọ n'okpuru PRC Ụlọ ozi n'ahụ maka Ala na ihe onwunwe . <ref name="cags">{{Cite web|url=http://en.cags.ac.cn/AboutCAGS/BriefIntroduction/8445.htm|title=Brief Introduction|work=Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences|accessdate=2015-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912013804/http://en.cags.ac.cn/AboutCAGS/BriefIntroduction/8445.htm|archivedate=2015-09-12}}</ref> [[Usòrò:East gate of CAGS (20201218165137).jpg|thumb]] == Nnyocha == Ụlọ akwụkwọ mmuta ahụ na-eme nyocha sayensị n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke mmụta ala na geophysics, dị ka usoro nyocha na nyocha nke nkwụnye mineral, hydrogeology, geology engineering, geology gburugburu ebe obibi, karst geology, geophysics na geochemistry . <ref name="cags"/> Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ nyocha na paleontology, ma sonye n'ịchọpụta dinosaurs ọhụrụ, gụnyere ''Zhenyuanlong'', ''Xixiasaurus'', <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Junchang Lü|year=2010|title=A new troodontid (Theropoda: Troodontidae) from the Late Cretaceous of central China, and the radiation of Asian troodontids.|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=55|issue=3|pages=381–388|doi=10.4202/app.2009.0047|url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app55/app20090047.pdf}}</ref> na ụdị Tyrannosaur ''Qianzhousaurus ọhụrụ'' . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-27296357|title=New Tyrannosaur named 'Pinocchio rex'|author=James Morgan|publisher=BBC|date=7 May 2014}}</ref> yana anụmanụ ndị ọzọ dịka ''Castorocauda'' <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/02/060224195600.htm|title=Scientists Discover First Swimming Mammal From The Jurassic|date=February 24, 2006|work=Science Daily}}</ref> na ''Rugosodon'' . <ref>{{Cite news|title=An Ancient Mammal Paves the Way for Modern Rodents|work=TIME|date=16 August 2013|author=Veronique Greenwood|url=http://science.time.com/2013/08/16/an-ancient-mammal-paves-the-way-for-modern-rodents/}}</ref> == Ụlọ ọrụ mmekọ == Ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị a na -esonye na ụlọ akwụkwọ sayensị China nke mmụta ala: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.natureindex.com/institution-outputs/China/Chinese%20Academy%20of%20Geological%20Sciences%20(CAGS)|title=Nature Index: Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS) 中国地质科学院|publisher=Nature}}</ref> * Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology (IHEG), CAGS, China <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://210.73.59.177/inst5/tabid/190/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology|accessdate=2015-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130116/http://210.73.59.177/inst5/tabid/190/language/en-US/Default.aspx|archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref> * Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://210.73.59.177/inst6/tabid/191/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration|accessdate=2015-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123908/http://210.73.59.177/inst6/tabid/191/language/en-US/Default.aspx|archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref> * Institute of Geomechanics, CAGS, China <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://210.73.59.177/inst3/tabid/188/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=Institute of Geomechanics|accessdate=2015-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327140955/http://210.73.59.177/inst3/tabid/188/language/en-US/Default.aspx|archivedate=2016-03-27}}</ref> * Institute of Geology, CAGS, China <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://210.73.59.177/geology/tabid/183/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=Institute of Geology|accessdate=2015-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120952/http://210.73.59.177/geology/tabid/183/language/en-US/Default.aspx|archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref> * Institute of Mineral Resources (IMR), CAGS, China <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://210.73.59.177/IMR/tabid/187/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=The Institute of Mineral Resources, CAGS|accessdate=2015-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331221225/http://210.73.59.177/IMR/tabid/187/language/en-US/Default.aspx|archivedate=2016-03-31}}</ref> * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Mba Maka Geoanalysis <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://210.73.59.177/inst4/tabid/189/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=Geoanalysis Center|accessdate=2015-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330194022/http://210.73.59.177/inst4/tabid/189/language/en-US/Default.aspx|archivedate=2016-03-30}}</ref> * Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources (TIGMR), CAGS, China <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coi.gov.cn/english/eoverview/edzkc/|title=Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources|accessdate=2015-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122065142/http://www.coi.gov.cn/english/eoverview/edzkc/|archivedate=2015-11-22}}</ref> * Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karst.ac.cn/karsten/index.aspx|title=Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS|accessdate=2015-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009121117/http://www.karst.ac.cn/karsten/index.aspx|archivedate=2014-10-09}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ụlọ akwụkwọ sayensị nke China * International Union of Sciences Geological - nke ''hiwere isi ugbu a ebe a'' . == Ebensidee ==  {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210815075041/http://en.cags.ac.cn/index.htm Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị China nke Sayensị mmụta ala] - (n'asusu bekee) {{Clear}} [[Òtù:Category:Nzukọ mba nke Sayensị mmụta Ala]] [[Òtù:Category:Nguzobe niile nke afọ 1956 na China]] [[Òtù:Category:Ụlọ ọrụ Nyocha Sayensị eguzobere na China]] [[Òtù:Category:Ụlọ mmụta Nyocha eguzobere na China]] [[Òtù:Category:Ụlọ ọrụ ndị dabere na Beijing]] [[Òtù:Category:Paleontology na China]] [[Òtù:Category:Mmụta ala na China]] [[Òtù:Category:Ụlọ ọrụ nyocha sayensị dabere na China]] [[Òtù:Category:Ụlọ mmụta nyocha dị na China]] [[Òtù:Category:Ụlọ ọrụ mmụta ala nke Mba]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndekọ ndị nwere asụsụ China]] ca1ojgw1h4snm44l9xikdeediw5bb5h 0 10981 705126 433477 2026-08-19T23:34:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Devil in Agbada''''' bụ ihe [[Naijiria|ihe nkiri Nigeria]] nke 2021 dere, mmepụta site na Chinneylove Eze na Umaru Elijah <ref>{{Cite web|author=editor|date=2021-06-26|title=‘Devil in Agbada’ Comes to the Cinemas|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/26/devil-in-agbada-comes-to-the-cinemas/|accessdate=2021-10-23|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> duziri ya. Ihe nkiri a gosiputara Erica Nlewedim, [[Linda Osifo]], na Efe Irele . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-03|title=watch 'Devil in Agbada' teaser|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-devil-in-agbada-teaser/c1l8zvg|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> E kpughere akwụkwọ mmado ihe nkiri ahụ na Maachị 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-01|title=Erica Nlewedim, Efe Irele & Linda Osifo|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/erica-nlewedim-efe-irele-and-linda-osifo/yxezsx3|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103193626/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/erica-nlewedim-efe-irele-and-linda-osifo/yxezsx3}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2021-03-01|title=Check Out the Official Posters for “Devil In Agbada” starring Erica Nlewedim, Linda Osifo & Efe Irele|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/03/devil-in-agbada-official-poster/|accessdate=2021-03-05|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ nwere ihe ngosi ya pụrụ iche na 27 June 2021 wee wepụta ihe nkiri izizi ya na 2 Julaị 2021 wee meghee nyocha agwakọtara site na ndị nkatọ mana ọ pụtara dị ka ihe ịga nke ọma na igbe igbe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nollywood actress Linda Osifo shines in new movie 'Devil in Agbada'|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/06/26/nollywood-actress-linda-osifo-shines-in-new-movie-devil-in-agbada/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=pmnewsnigeria.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Custodian|first=Culture|date=2021-07-19|title=Review: Devil in Agbada is Charlie’s Angels with Less Fun|url=https://culturecustodian.com/review-devil-in-agbada-is-charlies-angels-with-less-fun/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014)|language=en-US}}</ref> Akụkọ ihe nkiri a sitere na Hollywood.<ref name=":1" /> sitere na ihe ndị Hollywood . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Frikky|date=2021-07-12|title=Movie Review: ‘Devil in Agbada’ is a Ridiculous Imitation of Hollywood Action Movies|url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/2021/07/12/movie-review-devil-in-agbada-is-a-ridiculous-imitation-of-hollywood-action-movies/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=What Kept Me Up|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004183034/https://whatkeptmeup.com/2021/07/12/movie-review-devil-in-agbada-is-a-ridiculous-imitation-of-hollywood-action-movies/}}</ref> == Nkedo == * [[Linda Osifo]] ka Irene * Efe Irele ka Okikiola * [[Erica Nlewedim]] ka Tomi * Uzor Arukwe ka Machado * Akin Lewis as Otunba Shonibare * [[Uche Jombo]] * Alexx Ekubo * Nosa Rex * Etinosa Idemudia * Desmond Elliot * Alexander Okeke * Soso Sobrekan == Atụmatụ == Ụmụ agbọghọ atọ [[Linda Osifo|Irene]], Okikiola, na Tomi na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ma jikọta ọnụ iji nweta ozi nke iweda Otunda Shonibare <ref>{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2021-06-28|title=Efe Irele, Erica Nlewedim, Linda Osifo were ‘Baddies’ on the Black Carpet for Chinneylove Eze’s “Devil In Agbada” Premiere|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/06/devil-in-agbada-premiere/|accessdate=2021-10-23|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref>, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obi ọjọọ. Ọrụ ahụ gụnyere ịbanye n'ime ụlọ ya nke echekwara nke ukwuu na nke a na-apụghị ịbanye na ya. <ref name=":0" /> == Nsidee ==  {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Devil in Agbada at IMDb oxseqthok0l8waamytz5ldueijsp3wm 0 11001 705111 433444 2026-08-19T16:57:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Pages using infobox television with non-matching title]] '''''Castle na Castle''''' bụ usoro ndị Naịjirịa bidoro n'afọ 2018 ma na -asọba naanị na Netflix . Ọ bụ usoro iwu izizi nke ndị Naịjirịa na Afrịka nke gosipụtara akụkọ gbasara ezinaụlọ nke e ji ịhụnanya, ihe nkiri na nraranye mara <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-16|title=Castle & Castle Season 2 hits Netflix|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/09/castle-castle-season-2-hits-netflix/|accessdate=2021-10-03|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> . Castle na Castle nwere oge abụọ na-aga n'ihu na Netflix, ọ na -akpọkwa ụfọdụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Naịjirịa dịka Richard Mofe-Damijo, [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Akande]], Deyemi Okanlawon, Daniel Etim Effiong na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. == Nchịkọta atụmatụ == Usoro a bụ akụkọ banyere ezinụlọ iwu (Di, nwunye na nwa) na-agba ọsọ ụlọ ọrụ iwu na-aga nke ọma nke na-ahụ onwe ha ugbu a na-agbachitere mmasị na-abụghị nke ụwa nke iwu nke n'aka nke ya ugbu a na-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ na alụmdi na nwunye ha nwere obi ụtọ na ezinụlọ dum. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Castle and Castle {{!}} Netflix|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81164084|accessdate=2021-10-03|work=www.netflix.com|language=en}}</ref> Akụkọ ahụ na-egosi ịhụnanya, aghụghọ, ntụkwasị obi na ọtụtụ elu na ala, ihe nkiri a mere ya na Lagos, Nigeria <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-06|title=Castle & Castle: Richard Mofe Damijo reveals how law background helped solidify role|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/castle-and-castle-richard-mofe-damijo-reveals-how-law-background-helped-solidify-role/j92wq2g|accessdate=2021-10-23|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> . A tọhapụrụ oge otu n'ime usoro a na 2018 wee nweta ọtụtụ okwu dị mma site n'aka ndị na-akwado ya ma soro ya na oge abụọ nke ewepụtara na 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|author=John|first=Jeremiah|date=2021-09-13|title=Castle and Castle Season 1 Recap|url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/2021/09/13/castle-and-castle-season-1-recap/|accessdate=2021-10-23|work=What Kept Me Up|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023105531/https://whatkeptmeup.com/2021/09/13/castle-and-castle-season-1-recap/}}</ref>, na-ekwupụta mwepụta nke oge abụọ bụ onye na-emepụta ihe na onye ọrụ. -onye okike nke ''Castle na Castle'', bụkwa onye isi oche, Ebonylife [[Mo Abudu]] . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-19|title=Castle & Castle: Netflix, EbonyLife are bringing you another Season this September|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/08/castle-castle-netflix-ebonylife-are-bringing-you-another-season-this-september/|accessdate=2021-10-03|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> Oge 2 gosiputara ọtụtụ ndị n'ime ihe nkiri ma ọrụ nke nkiri dị ka [[Bisola Aiyeola]], [[Bimbo Ademoye]], Mimi Chaka, Elozonam Ogbolu na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-07|title=Castle & Castle: What official trailer for season 2|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/castle-and-castle-what-official-trailer-for-season-2/5hxt9g1|accessdate=2021-10-03|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003215458/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/castle-and-castle-what-official-trailer-for-season-2/5hxt9g1}}</ref> == Ihe omume == * Oge 1: 13 Omume * Oge 2: 6 Omume == Nkedo ahọpụtara == * Richard Mofe-Damijo dị ka Tega Castle * [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande]] as Remi Castle * Jude Chukwuka as Captain * Bimbo Manuel dị ka Duke Castle * Deyemi Okanlawon as Kwabena Mills * Eku Edewor as Nneka * Denola Grey dị ka Ben Castle * Patrick Doyle (Nigerian actor) as Otunba == Nsidee ==   hzjtunvtixny3a8u3n86y498wx5l93l 0 12842 705121 621043 2026-08-19T21:07:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705121 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ n'ịntanetị''', mmetọ mmekọahụ na-ebi ndụ, njem mmekọahụ webcam / mmetọ ma ọ bụ ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies)-kwadoro mmekoahu nrigbu bu mpu intaneti nke na-egosi izu ahia mmekoahu na gwanro ndu ma na egosikwa mmekoahu n'ike na webcam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/08/828827926/child-sex-abuse-livestreams-increase-during-coronavirus-lockdowns|title=Child Sex Abuse Livestreams Increase During Coronavirus Lockdowns|date=April 8, 2020|work=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-trafficking-children/philippines-child-slavery-survivors-fight-to-heal-scars-of-abuse-idUSKBN1H400E|title=Philippines child slavery survivors fight to heal scars of abuse|work=Reuters|date=April 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Masri|first=Lena|date=2015-12-31|title=Webcam Child Sex Abuse|url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gj_etds/64|journal=Capstones}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=October 2020|title=Improving the regulation of cybersex trafficking of women and children through the use of data science and artificial intelligence|url=https://repository.gchumanrights.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11825/1811/Stockhem%20Oph%c3%a9lie.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|journal=Global Campus of Human Rights}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated11">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/13/world/asia/north-korea-cybersex-china.html|title=After Fleeing North Korea, Women Get Trapped as Cybersex Slaves in China|date=September 13, 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="northKoreanWomenForced"/><ref name="CriminalLawBulletin"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> Ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ n'ịntanetị dị iche na mpụ mmekọahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="CriminalLawBulletin"/> Ndị na-azụ ahịa na-ebuga ndị ahụ na 'cybersex dens', nke bụ ebe nwere webcams na ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ na ịntanetị na ngwanrọ ndụ.<ref name="autogenerated5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/04/13/2006955/senator-warns-possible-surge-child-cybersex-traffic|title=Senator warns of possible surge in child cybersex traffic|date=April 13, 2020|work=The Philippine Star}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated6">{{Cite web|url=https://theaseanpost.com/article/dutertes-drug-war-and-child-cybersex-trafficking|title=Duterte's drug war and child cybersex trafficking|date=October 18, 2019|work=The ASEAN Post}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated15">{{Cite web|url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/05/01/norwegian-national-partner-nabbed-4-rescued-from-cybersex-den/|title=Norwegian national, partner nabbed; 4 rescued from cybersex den|date=May 1, 2020|work=Manila Bulletin|accessdate=April 23, 2022|archivedate=July 29, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729013030/https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/05/01/norwegian-national-partner-nabbed-4-rescued-from-cybersex-den/}}</ref><ref name="EnforcementBulletin">{{Cite web|url=https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/international-efforts-by-police-leadership-to-combat-human-trafficking|title=International Efforts by Police Leadership to Combat Human Trafficking|date=June 8, 2016|work=FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/child-sex-abuse-live-streams-cyber-trafficking-rise-alarming-rate-latest-warning-a8058866.html|title=Child sex abuse live streams rising at 'alarming rate' amid surge in 'cybersex trafficking'|date=November 16, 2017|work=The Independent}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ, a na-amanye ndị a mmekoahu n'ime onwe ha ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ nọ n'ohu mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-azụ ahịa dinara ha n'ike ma ọ bụ na-enyere ndị na-awakpo aka na vidiyo.<ref name="northKoreanWomenForced"/><ref name="autogenerated26">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.unicef.org/east-asia-pacific/safe-harm-tackling-online-child-sexual-abuse-philippines/|title=Safe from harm: Tackling online child sexual abuse in the Philippines|date=June 7, 2016|work=UNICEF Blogs}}</ref><ref name="northKoreanWomenForced" /><ref name="autogenerated7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/women-and-girls/oppressed-enslaved-brutalised-women-trafficked-north-korea-chinas/|title=Oppressed, enslaved and brutalised: The women trafficked from North Korea into China's sex trade|date=May 20, 2019|work=The Telegraph|author=Smith|first=Nicola}}</ref> A na-enyekarị ndị a metụtara iwu ka ha na-ekiri ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ na-azụ ahịa ma ọ bụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na ihuenyo ma na-agbaso iwu ha.<ref name=":2"/><ref name="northKoreanDefectors">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/09/asia/north-korea-defectors-intl-hnk/index.html|title=These North Korean defectors were sold into China as cybersex slaves. Then they escaped|date=June 10, 2019|work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/sweden/9793567/Man-jailed-in-Sweden-for-ordering-webcam-rape-in-Philippines.html|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/sweden/9793567/Man-jailed-in-Sweden-for-ordering-webcam-rape-in-Philippines.html|archivedate=January 12, 2022|title=Man jailed in Sweden for ordering webcam rape in Philippines|date=January 10, 2013|work=The Telegraph}}</ref> Ọ na-abụkarị azụmahịa, ụdị cyba nke ịgba akwụna mmanye.<ref name="autogenerated25">{{Cite web|url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/crime-areas-and-trends/crime-areas/child-sexual-exploitation|title=Child Sexual Exploitation|date=2020|work=Europol}}</ref><ref name="northKoreanWomenForced" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Greiman|first=Virginia|date=2013|title=The Emergence of Cyber Activity as a Gateway to Human Trafficking|journal=Journal of Information Warfare|volume=12|issue=2|pages=41–49}} p. 43.</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụaka, na ndị dara ogbenye bụ ndị na-enwekarị mmekọahụ mmanye n'ịntanetị.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/306570/police-rescue-4-women-child-from-dumaguete-cybersex-den|title=Police rescue 4 women, child from Dumaguete cybersex den|date=April 30, 2020|work=Cebu Daily News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-04-19/australian-arrested-over-alleged-cybersex-den/4640336|title=Australian arrested over alleged cybersex den|date=April 19, 2013|work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/region/2013/08/09/1070351/cybersex-den-dutchman-nabbed-8-women-rescued|title=In cybersex den: Dutchman nabbed, 8 women rescued|date=August 9, 2013|work=The Freeman}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ijm-seeks-to-end-cybersex-trafficking-of-children-and-restartfreedom-this-cyber-monday-and-giving-tuesday-300368744.html|title=IJM Seeks to End Cybersex Trafficking of Children and #RestartFreedom this Cyber Monday and Giving Tuesday|date=November 28, 2016|work=PR Newswire}}</ref> Ihe oyiyi nkwukọrịta kọmputa nke e mepụtara n'oge mpụ ahụ bụ ụdị ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ihe<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cybercrime.gov.in/Webform/FAQ.aspx|title=National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal|date=2020|work=India India|accessdate=May 12, 2020|archivedate=May 15, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515145407/https://www.cybercrime.gov.in/Webform/FAQ.aspx}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated27">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cryptopolitan.com/bithumb-delists-monero-amid-sex-scandal/|title=Bithumb delists Monero amid Nth room sex scandal|date=May 16, 2020|work=Cryptopolitan}}</ref> na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ụmụaka<ref name="autogenerated13">{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/philippines-makes-more-child-cybersex-crime-arrests-rescues|title=Philippines Makes More Child Cybersex Crime Arrests, Rescues|date=May 12, 2017|work=VOA}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated22"/><ref name="autogenerated21">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/first-paedophile-in-nsw-charged-with-cybersex-trafficking/news-story/bd7d1e178b1f6f55ad99f8d0433afa94|title=First paedophile in NSW charged with cybersex trafficking|date=March 27, 2017|work=the Daily Telegraph}}</ref> nke a na-ese ma na-agbasa n'oge ma nwee ike idekọ ya.<ref name="autogenerated19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/Cybercrime/Study_on_the_Effects.pdf|title=Study on the Effects of New Information Technologies on the Abuse and Exploitation of Children|date=2015|work=UNODC}}</ref> Enweghị data gbasara oke ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ n'ụwa.<ref name="autogenerated16"/><ref name="autogenerated9"/><ref name="autogenerated12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-conference-women-cybersextrafficking/surge-in-online-sex-trade-of-children-challenges-anti-slavery-campaigners-idUSKBN13Q54E|title=Surge in online sex trade of children challenges anti-slavery campaigners|date=December 1, 2016|work=Reuters}}</ref> Nkà na ụzụ iji chọpụta ihe omume niile nke mpụ ngwanro ndu emepụtabeghị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1278960/internet-child-sex-abuse-contagion-in-ph-8-out-of-10-perpetrators-related-to-victims|title=Internet child sex abuse contagion in PH: 8 out of 10 perpetrators related to victims|date=May 21, 2020|work=Inquirer}}</ref> A na-ezigara ndị ọchịchị ọtụtụ nde akụkọ banyere ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ n'ịntanetị kwa afọ<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ijmuk.org/our-work/cybersex-trafficking|title=Cybersex Trafficking|date=2020|work=IJM}}</ref><ref name=":0"/>. [nchọpụta dara ada] Ọ bụ ijeri dollar, ụlọ ọrụ na-akwadoghị nke e wetara na afo dijital ma nwee njikọ na ijikọ ụwa ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sencanada.ca/en/content/sen/chamber/421/debates/194db_2018-04-18-e|title=1st Session, 42nd Parliament, Volume 150, Issue 194|date=April 18, 2018|work=Senate of Canada|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2021-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827203845/https://sencanada.ca/en/content/sen/chamber/421/debates/194db_2018-04-18-e}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated22"/> Ọ na-arị elu site na mgbasawanye ụwa ọnụ nke nkwukọrịta na mmụba zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ịntanetị na smartphones, ọkachasị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe.<ref name=":2"/><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/cheap-tech-widespread-internet-access-fuel-rise-cybersex-trafficking-n886886|title=Cheap tech and widespread internet access fuel rise in cybersex trafficking|date=June 30, 2018|work=NBC News}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated17">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-trafficking-crime/former-uk-army-officer-jailed-for-online-child-sex-abuse-idUSKCN1SS2BO|title=Former UK army officer jailed for online child sex abuse|date=May 22, 2019|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3026664/how-cambodias-outdated-laws-make-it-harder-tackle-cybersex|title=Cybersex trafficking spreads across Southeast Asia, fuelled by internet boom. And the law lags behind|date=September 11, 2019|work=South China Morning Post}}</ref> E mekwara ka ọ dị mfe site na iji ngwanrọ, usoro nkwukọrịta ezoro ezo, na nka na uzu netwọk nke na-agbanwe mgbe niile, yana uto nke usoro ịkwụ ụgwọ n'ịntanetị mba ụwa na ọrụ nnyefe waya na cryptocurrencies nke na-ezobe njirimara onye na-ebugharị.<ref name="autogenerated28">{{Cite web|url=https://news.trust.org/shorthand/chasing-shadows/|title=Chasing Shadows: Can technology save the slaves it snared?|date=June 17, 2018|work=Thomson Reuters Foundation|accessdate=April 23, 2022|archivedate=November 19, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119123510/http://news.trust.org/shorthand/chasing-shadows/}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated24">{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1058501|title=No country is free from child sexual abuse, exploitation, UN's top rights forum hears|date=March 3, 2020|work=UN News|accessdate=April 23, 2022|archivedate=May 20, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520115523/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1058501}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated25"/><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref name="autogenerated9" /><ref name="autogenerated4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-trafficking-technology/webcam-slavery-tech-turns-filipino-families-into-cybersex-child-traffickers-idUSKBN1JE00X|title=Webcam slavery: tech turns Filipino families into cybersex child traffickers|date=June 17, 2018|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/3008403/how-internet-fuels-sexual-exploitation-and-forced-labour|title=How the internet fuels sexual exploitation and forced labour in Asia|date=May 2, 2019|work=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated27"/><ref name="autogenerated23">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-eu-crime/online-child-sex-abuse-rises-with-covid-19-lockdowns-europol-idUSKBN22U1XK|title=Online child sex abuse rises with COVID-19 lockdowns: Europol|date=May 18, 2020|work=Reuters}}</ref> Ọdịdị mba dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ n'ịntanetị na-eme ka mba, ụlọ ọrụ, na òtù nke ụwa nwee mmeghachi omume dị n'otu iji belata ihe omume nke mpụ ahụ; chebe, napụta, na imezi ndị metụtara; na ijide ma kpee ndị omekome ahụ ikpe.<ref name="autogenerated26"/> Gọọmentị ụfọdụ amalitela nkwado na mgbasa ozi nke na-elekwasị anya na mmata nke mpụ ahụ. Ha emejuputala nzukọ ọmụmụ ọzụzụ emere iji kụziere ndị mmanye iwu, ndị ọkàiwu, na ndị ọchịchị ndị ọzọ, yana ndị ọrụ NGO, iji lụso mpụ ahụ ọgụ ma nye ọrụ nlekọta mgbe mmerụ ahụ.<ref name="autogenerated18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/poverty-pushes-some-kids-towards-paid-sex-abuse-philippines-10839702|title='We didn't have much to eat': Poverty pushes some kids towards paid sex abuse in the Philippines|date=July 9, 2019|work=CNA}}</ref> A chọrọ iwu ọhụrụ na-alụso ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ ọgụ na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu.<ref name="autogenerated8"/> == Usoro okwu == Cyba-, dị ka ụdị njikọta, akọwapụtara dị ka 'ejikọrọ na netwọk nkwukọrịta kọmputa, ọkachasị ịntanetị.'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/cyber|title=cyber- combining form|date=2020|work=Oxford Learners Dictionaries}}</ref> Ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ bụ ịzụ ahịa mmadụ maka ebumnuche nke mmegbu mmekọahụ, gụnyere ịgba ohu mmekọahụ.<ref name="Inside the Business of Modern Slavery">{{Cite book|author=Kara|first=Siddharth|url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/sex-trafficking/9780231139618|title=Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery|date=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231139618}}</ref> A na-azụ ahịa ma ọ bụ na-ebuga ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ n'ịntanetị gaa 'cybersex dens', nke bụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ ebe nwere webcam.<ref name="EnforcementBulletin"/> Mpụ cyba na-agụnyekwa ibugharị ma ọ bụ iyi ihe oyiyi nke ahụ ndị ahụ na mwakpo mmekọahụ n'oge site na kọmputa nwere webcam gaa na kọmputa ndị ọzọ ejikọrọ na ịntanetị.<ref name="CriminalLawBulletin">{{Cite journal|author=Carback|first=Joshua T.|date=2018|title=Cybersex Trafficking: Toward a More Effective Prosecutorial Response|journal=Criminal Law Bulletin|volume=54|issue=1|pages=64–183}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated11"/><ref name=":2"/> N'ihi ya, ọ na-eme n'otu akụkụ n'ime ụwa nkịtị ma ọ bụ n'ezie, dịka mwakpo mmekọahụ bụ n'ezie, na akụkụ ụfọdụ na ohere cyba.<ref name="Scotsman">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/columnists/children-risk-increased-online-sexual-exploitation-andrew-bevan-2867326|title=Children at risk of increased online sexual exploitation – Andrew Bevan|date=May 29, 2020|work=The Scotsman}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wilx.com/content/news/Philippine-court-convicts-American-of-online-child-abuse-570819341.html|title=Philippine court convicts American of online child abuse|date=May 27, 2020|work=WILX NBC}}</ref> == Ndị E merụrụ ahụ == A na-atọrọ ndị a na-emegbu, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, iyi egwu, ma ọ bụ ghọgbuo ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://philippineslifestyle.com/sri-lankan-bulacan-cybersex-slave/|title=Sri Lankan made Filipina wife 'cybersex slave' and molested stepdaughter|date=July 12, 2019|work=PLN}}</ref><ref name="deutscheWelle">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/about-dw/profile/s-30688|title=China: Thousands of North Korean women forced into prostitution: report|date=May 20, 2019|work=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref name="northKoreanDefectors"/><ref name="autogenerated3"/><ref name="northKoreanWomenForced">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48340210|title=North Korean women 'forced into sex slavery' in China – report|date=May 20, 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=":2"/><ref name="northKoreanDefectors" /> A na-aṅụ ndị ọzọ ọgwụ ọjọọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://journal.com.ph/news/provincial/drugged-pinays-paid-p300-cybersex|title=Drugged Pinays paid P300 for cybersex|date=May 2, 2020|work=Journal Online (Philippines)|accessdate=May 13, 2020|archivedate=May 21, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521223836/https://journal.com.ph/news/provincial/drugged-pinays-paid-p300-cybersex}}</ref> A na-ejide ha ma kpọchie ha n'ime ụlọ ndị nwere windo ma ọ bụ enweghị windo na webcam.<ref name="northKoreanDefectors" /><ref name=":2" /> Ha na-enwe mmerụ ahụ na nke uche.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="autogenerated22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/philippine-children-exploited-in-billiondollar-webcam-paedophilia-industry-20140708-zszsd.html|title=Philippine children exploited in billion-dollar webcam paedophilia industry|date=July 8, 2014|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated18"/> E meela ndina n'ike na webcam.<ref name="autogenerated7"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11787312|title=Attackers broadcast woman's horrific gang rape on Facebook Live as webcam shows the moment police arrived to save the victim|date=January 24, 2017|work=The New Zealand Herald}}</ref> A na-amanye ụfọdụ ka ha nwee mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name="autogenerated16"/> A na-ajụ ndị a na-egbu nri, na-egbochi ha ihi ụra, ma na-amanye ha ịrụ ọrụ mgbe ha na-arịa ọrịa.<ref name="autogenerated7" /><ref name="northKoreanDefectors" /><ref name="autogenerated11"/> Ha ebutela ọrịa, gụnyere ụkwara nta, mgbe ha nọ n'agbụ.<ref name="autogenerated11" /> A na-awakpo ma ọ bụ taa ọtụtụ mmadụ ahụhụ.<ref name="autogenerated11" /><ref name="northKoreanDefectors" /><ref name="autogenerated21"/><ref name="autogenerated20">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/why-are-australian-telcos-and-isps-enabling-a-child-sexual-abuse/10095644|title=Why Are Australian Telcos and ISPs Enabling a Child Sexual Abuse Pandemic?|date=July 6, 2017|work=ABC}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ndị a metụtara mee ihe n'ebe ọ bụla ebe ndị na-azụ ahịa mmekọahụ nwere kọmputa, mbadamba, ma ọ bụ ekwentị nwere njikọ ịntanetị.<ref name=":1"/> Ebe ndị a, nke a na-akpọkarị 'cybersex dens,' nwere ike ịnọ n'ụlọ, ụlọ nkwari akụ, ọfịs, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ịntanetị, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, na-eme ka ha sie ike ma ọ bụ na-agaghị ekwe omume maka ndị mmanye iwu ịmata.<ref name="autogenerated5"/><ref name="autogenerated6"/><ref name="autogenerated15"/><ref name=":2"/> A maghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-azụ ahịa mmekọahụ n'ịntanetị.<ref name="autogenerated16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3008948/philippines-targets-cybersex-trafficking-young-victims-are|title=Philippines targets cybersex trafficking but young victims are often left in limbo|date=May 6, 2019|work=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated9"/> A na-amanye ụfọdụ ndị a metụtara ịgba akwụna n'otu oge n'ụlọ akwụna ma ọ bụ ebe ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/96079-kids-rescued-cybersex-raid-taguig|title=8 kids rescued from cybersex den in Taguig|date=June 11, 2015|work=Rappler}}</ref> Mgbapụta nke gụnyere mmegbu mmekọahụ nke ụmụaka site n'aka ndị nne na nna na-achọkarị nkewa nke ụmụaka na ezinụlọ na ndụ ọhụrụ maka ha n'ụlọ mgbaba.<ref name="autogenerated18"/> A naghị ebugharị ụfọdụ ndị a metutara ma jide ha n'agha, kama ọ bụ ndị a na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ n'ịntanetị. A na-eyi ha egwu, webcam blackmailed, ma ọ bụ na-emegbu ha iji mee onwe ha ihe nkiri na-eme omume mmekọahụ n'ịntanetị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/online-rape-conviction-bjorn-samstrom-grooming-webcams-sex-acts-victims-uk-us-canada-uppsala-court-a8086261.html|title=Swedish man convicted over 'online rape' of teens groomed into performing webcam sex acts|date=December 1, 2017|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="BrusselsTimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/all-news/belgium-all-news/justice-belgium/50940/five-years-in-jail-for-rape-at-a-distance-for-online-abuser/|title=Five years in jail for "rape at a distance" for online abuser|date=September 26, 2018|work=The Brussels Times}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated27"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/18/nepal-failing-protect-women-online-abuse|title=Nepal Failing to Protect Women from Online Abuse|date=May 18, 2020|work=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A manyere ndị a na-emegbu ka ha banye onwe ha, n'ihe a kpọrọ 'ịdina n'ike n'ebe dị anya'.<ref name="BrusselsTimes" /> A na-aghọgbu ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ndị mmekọ ịhụnanya ụgha bụ ndị na-edina n'ike n'ezie ma ọ bụ ndị na-ekesa ụmụaka na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, iji mee onwe ha ihe nkiri masturbating.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-trafficking-sexcrimes/thai-police-say-cybersex-traffickers-targeting-boys-from-wealthy-families-idUSKCN1TI1QA|title=Thai police say cybersex traffickers targeting boys from wealthy families|date=June 17, 2019|work=Reuters}}</ref> A na-agbasa vidiyo ndị ahụ na ndị na-azụ ahịa ma ọ bụ dekọọ maka ire ere mgbe e mesịrị.<ref name="autogenerated19"/> Ndị a na-eleghara anya site na ịda ogbenye, esemokwu, ịpụ iche ọha na eze, ịkpa ókè, ma ọ bụ nsogbu ndị ọzọ na eze nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke ịbụ ndị a na-emegbu.<ref name="autogenerated24"/> A na-akpọ ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ na ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi na-enweghị nkwekọrịta nke ọdịnaya mmekọahụ metụtara ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ, nke na-agụnyekarị iyi egwu, dị ka "ime ihe ike nwoke na nwanyị dijitalụ" ma ọ bụ 'ime ihe ike nwoke na nwanyị n'ịntanetị'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2020/05/13/2003736319|title=Lawmakers vow to thwart 'digital gender violence'|date=May 13, 2020|work=Taipei Times}}</ref> Ndị metutara, n'agbanyeghị na a manyere ha, a na-anọgide na-eme mpụ ma na-ekpe ha ikpe na mpaghara ụfọdụ.<ref name="autogenerated24"/> == Ndị omekome == Ndị na-azụ ahịa na-ebuga ndị metụtara na ebe ndị nwere webcams na ngwanrọ mgbasa ozi. Ha ma ọ bụ ndi na enyere ndị na-awakpo aka na-eme ma na-eme ihe nkiri mpụ mmekọahụ iji mepụta ezigbo oge ndina n'ike na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri ụmụaka na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ nke nwere ike idekọ ma ọ bu gaghị edekọ. Ndị na-ege ntị n'ịntanetị ma ọ bụ ndị na-azụ ahịa, ndị na-esikarị mba ọzọ, nwere ike inye ndị ahụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-edina mmadụ n'ike iwu ma kwụọ ụgwọ maka ọrụ ndị ahụ. Ndị na-eme ihe ọjọọ nwoke na nwanyị, na-arụ ọrụ n'azụ ihe mgbochi nkịtị ma na-abụkarị ndị a na-amaghị aha, na-abịa site na mba dị iche iche n'ụwa na site na klas ọ bụla na akụ na ụba.<ref name="autogenerated4"/><ref name="autogenerated14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/258987-trapped-with-abusers-children-rescued-from-sex-trafficker-luzon|title='Trapped with abusers,' 7 kids rescued from sex trafficker in Luzon|date=April 25, 2020|work=Rappler}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/australia-urged-to-punish-child-cybersex-offenders-watching-filipino-abuse-20170714-gxb9fh.html|title=Australia urged to punish child cybersex offenders watching Filipino abuse|date=July 14, 2017|work=The Sydney Morning Herlad}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-trafficking-children/global-taskforce-tackles-cybersex-child-trafficking-in-the-philippines-idUSKCN1RR1D1|title=Global taskforce tackles cybersex child trafficking in the Philippines|date=April 15, 2019|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="autogenerated22"/> Ụfọdụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na ndị na-awakpo ndị ezinụlọ, ndị enyi, na ndị enyi ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/17/world/asia/philippines-cybersex-trafficking/index.html|title=Cyber-sex trafficking: A 21st century scourge|date=July 18, 2013|work=CNN}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref name="autogenerated22" /> Ndị na-azụ ahịa nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ ma ọ bụ nyere aka site na òtù ndị omempụ mba ụwa, ndị omempụ obodo, ma ọ bụ obere ndị omempụ ma ọ bụ naanị otu onye.<ref name=":2" /> Ha na-arụ ọrụ na nzuzo ma mgbe ụfọdụ enweghị usoro nhazi nke ndị ọchịchị nwere ike ikpochapụ.<ref name=":2" /> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-azụ ahịa ma ọ bụ ndị na-azụta ahịa bụ ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="autogenerated20"/><ref name="autogenerated22" /> Enweghị ntaramahụhụ bụ nsogbu.<ref name="tripledIn3years">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/261571-online-sexual-exploitation-children-philippines-tripled-3-years|title=Online sexual exploitation of children in PH tripled in 3 years – study|date=May 21, 2020|work=Rappler}}</ref> Ọdịdị ezoro ezo nke teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eme ka o sie ike ịchọta ndị omekome.<ref name="autogenerated9" /> Anyaukwu na ma ọ bụ afọ ojuju mmekọahụ na-akpali ha.<ref name="autogenerated13"/><ref name="autogenerated21"/> Ndị na-azụ ahịa na-akpọsa ụmụaka na ịntanetị iji nweta ndị na-azụ ahịa.<ref name="autogenerated12"/> Enwere ike ịla n'iyi ego ndị na-azụ ahịa mmekọahụ n'ịntanetị nwetara.<ref name="autogenerated28"/> === Agụmakwụkwọ === Mịnịstrị na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ Malaysia webatara mmata banyere ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ n'ịntanetị na usoro ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/10/02/teo-cyber-sex-and-human-trafficking-now-part-of-school-syllabus|title=Teo: Cybersex and human trafficking now part of school syllabus|date=October 2, 2019|work=The Star}}</ref> == Edensịbia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 241x41e8q4sngvhqohom4e0k5r3sneb 0 13788 705074 538765 2026-08-19T12:19:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705074 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Beatrice Agyeman Abbey''' bụ onye isi ndị isi Ghana na onye isi njikwa nke Media General bụ ndị nwe TV3, Onua FM, 3FM, Connect FM, Akoma FM na MG Digital si mba Ghana .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Omega|first=Kwesi|date=2018-09-14|title=Media General Appoints Beatrice Agyemang Abbey As New Group C.E.O.|url=https://gbafrica.net/media-general-appoints-beatrice-agyemang-abbey-as-new-group-c-e-o/|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=GBAfrica|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-06|title='Grow from average to exceptional’ - CEO of Media General to UPSA graduates|url=https://upsa.edu.gh/grow-from-average-to-exceptional-ceo-of-media-general-to-upsa-graduates/|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=UPSA|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=Media General celebrates all farmers|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Media-General-celebrates-all-farmers-1101754|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Truth must never take a back seat in the serious business of reporting - Media General Group CEO|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Truth-must-never-take-a-back-seat-in-the-serious-business-of-reporting-Media-General-Group-CEO-895690?gallery=1|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=MyNewsGH|date=2018-09-13|title=CEO of TV3 RESIGNS; Beatrice Agyemang takes over in acting capacity|url=https://www.mynewsgh.com/ceo-of-tv3-resigns-beatrice-agyemang-takes-over-in-acting-capacity/|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=MyNewsGh|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana's Most Beautiful 2019 launched in Kumasi|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/?view=article&id=139789:ghana-s-most-beautiful-2019-launched-in-kumasi&catid=261|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-18|title=Ghana’s Most Beautiful 2019 Launched|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ghanas-most-beautiful-2019-launched/|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, e nyere ya onyinye dị ka onye isi mgbasa ozi nke afọ na Ghana Entrepreneur and Corporate Executive Awards.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Editor 1|date=2021-05-23|title=[Video] Media General’s Beatrice Agyemang is the Outstanding Broadcast Media CEO of the year|url=https://3news.com/video-media-generals-beatrice-agyemang-is-the-outstanding-broadcast-media-ceo-of-the-year/|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=3news|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424155747/https://3news.com/video-media-generals-beatrice-agyemang-is-the-outstanding-broadcast-media-ceo-of-the-year/}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Beatrice nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na nzere masta ya na GIMPA.<ref name="news.thedistin.com">{{Cite web|title=From A News Anchor To Being TV3's CEO, The Inspiring Story Of Beatrice Agyemang Abbey {{!}} Photos – Thedistin|url=https://news.thedistin.com/2021/02/12/from-a-news-anchor-to-being-tv3s-ceo-the-inspiring-story-of-beatrice-agyemang-abbey-photos/|accessdate=2021-08-11|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811114700/https://news.thedistin.com/2021/02/12/from-a-news-anchor-to-being-tv3s-ceo-the-inspiring-story-of-beatrice-agyemang-abbey-photos/}}</ref> == Onodu oru == Beatrice malitere ọrụ ya n'afọ 2000 dị ka onye nta akụkọ, mgbe ahụ ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ mgbasa ozi na onye na-ahụ maka akụkọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-02|title=Beatrice Agyemang Abbey – The “Ink” of a Media Success Story, Akwaaba Woman of Excellence, 2020|url=https://www.inewsghana.com/beatrice-agyemang-abbey-the-ink-of-a-media-success-story-akwaaba-woman-of-excellence-2020/|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=inewsghana|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811114659/https://www.inewsghana.com/beatrice-agyemang-abbey-the-ink-of-a-media-success-story-akwaaba-woman-of-excellence-2020/}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nchikota maka Media General. Ọ bụ onye isi nke Media General Digital ruo ihe karịrị otu afọ na onye isi nchikota nke Media General Radio maka oge ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-13|title=Ghana: Media General Group CEO Steps Down|url=https://newsofafrica.org/ghana-media-general-group-ceo-steps-down.html|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=News of Africa - Online Entertainment - Gossip - Celebrity Newspaper - Breaking News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811114655/https://newsofafrica.org/ghana-media-general-group-ceo-steps-down.html}}</ref> Ọ gbara ndị ama ama ajụjụ ọnụ dịka John Agyekum Kufuor, John Mahama, na [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dịka BBC, Sky TV, Citizen TV, CNN, VOA, na Kiss TV na [[Kenya]].<ref name="news.thedistin.com" /> == Ihe nrite == Na Septemba 2020, e nyere ya onyinye maka Ọkachasị na Mgbasa Ozi na Ghana Women of the Year. Ọ bụ Glitz Africa haziri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nartey|first=Laud|date=27 September 2020|title=Group CEO of Media General Beatrice Agyemang Abbey honoured at Ghana Women of the Year event|url=https://3news.com/group-ceo-of-media-general-berla-mundi-honoured-at-ghana-women-of-the-year-event/|accessdate=11 August 2021|work=3news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007234321/https://3news.com/group-ceo-of-media-general-berla-mundi-honoured-at-ghana-women-of-the-year-event/|archivedate=2020-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Group CEO of Media General Beatrice Agyemang Abbey honoured|url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/TV3/1/97110/|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=www.modernghana.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Women of the Year Honours 2020 – Here are the honourees – Glitz Africa Magazine|url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/ghana-women-of-the-year-honours-2020-here-are-the-honourees/|accessdate=2021-08-11|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513183145/https://www.glitzafrica.com/ghana-women-of-the-year-honours-2020-here-are-the-honourees/}}</ref> N'ọnwa ise afọ 2021, e nyere ya onyinye dị ka onye isi mgbasa ozi nke afọ na Ghana Entrepreneur and Corporate Executive Awards. Ọ bụ [https://web.archive.org/web/20220628160551/https://efghana.org.gh/ ndị]<ref name=":0" /> Entrepreneurs Foundation of Ghana (EFG) haziri ya. == Edensibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Agyeman Abbey, Beatrice}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qbpxyhw6358ab15xhfzlqbbjus634kl 0 14155 705130 212929 2026-08-20T01:20:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Malcolm Greenidge''' (amụrụ n'ubochí asatọ n'ọnwa Julaị, n'afọ 1974), nke a maara dị ka E.D.I Mean na '''EDIDON''', bụ onye America na-ese egwu hip hop na onye otu Outlawz . Aha a bụ egwuregwu na aha [[Idi Amin]], onye bụbu onye isi ala Uganda. Mgbe ọ nọ na klas nke atọ, Malcolm ghọrọ enyi Katari "Kastro" Cox onye mechara kpọbata ya na nwa nwanne nna ya, Tupac Shakur.<ref name="profile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hitemup.com/outlawz/profiles-edi.html|title=Outlawz - Profiles, HitEmUp.com<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=March 5, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120202758/http://www.hitemup.com/outlawz/profiles-edi.html|archivedate=November 20, 2008}}</ref> == Dramacydal == N'afọ 1992, Kastro, Greenidge, na nwanne Tupac bụ Yafeu "Kadafi" Fula, guzobere otu rap atọ. Greenridge bịdọrọ ịkụ egwu n'okpuru aha "Big Malcolm". Mmadụ atọ ahụ gara n'okpuru aha Thoro Headz na Young Thugs . Ka ọ na-erule ógè ahụ, Tupac aghọwo onye egwu rap ma hapụ ha ka ha bụrụ ndị ọbịa pụta na egwu ya, "Holla If Ya Hear Me", nke ewepụtara n'ubochí ànó n'ọnwa Febụwarị, afọ 1993. N'afọ 1994, Mutah "Napoleon" Beale sonyeere otu ahụ, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Dramacydal. Na Machị 14, 1995, Tupac's LP, Me Against the World, wepụtara. Ndị ọbịa ha pụtara na egwu "Me Against the World" na "Outlaw".<ref name="outlawz">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/HitEmUpcom/|title=Hit 'Em Up|work=Facebook.com|accessdate=April 3, 2020}}</ref> == Outlawz == N'afọ 1995, ógè a tọhapụrụ Tupac n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, Greenidge, Tupac, Bruce "Fatal" Washington, Kadafi, Mopreme Shakur, Kastro, na Napoleon guzobere otu Outlaw Immortalz, mechara gbanwee gaa na Outlawz. Tupac nyere onye ọ bụla so n'òtù ahụ aha njirimara site n'aka onye iro nke [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States of America]]. Shakur nyere Greenidge aha njirimara E.D.I. Mean mgbe onye bụbu [[Uganda|onye]] isi ala Uganda bụ [[Idi Amin]].<ref name="musilim">{{Cite web|url=http://famousmuslims.muslimonline.org/napoleon-mutah-wassin-shabazz-beale.html|title=muslimonline.org|work=Famousmuslims.muslimonline.org|accessdate=April 3, 2020|archivedate=January 2, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102052152/http://famousmuslims.muslimonline.org/napoleon-mutah-wassin-shabazz-beale.html}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'ubochí irí na ato, n'afọ 1996, a tọhapụrụ LP abụọ nke Tupac, ''All Eyez on Me'' . E.D.I. Mean pụtara na "Tradin' War Stories", "When We Ride", na "Thug Passion."<ref name="profile"/> N'ubochí ànó n'ọnwa Juun, n'afọ 1996, Tupac wepụtara "How Do U Want It". Akụkụ b ya, "Hit 'Em Up", gosipụtara E.D.I. Mean, Fatal na Kadafi. A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime egwu diss kachasị ike na akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-agbagha Bad Boy Entertainment, Chino XL, Junior M.A.F.I.A. na Mobb Deep . N'ubochí asaá n'ọnwa Septemba, n'afọ 1996, a gbagburu Tupac ugboro anọ na ịgba égbè na Las Vegas, Nevada. E bugara ya na University Medical Center ebe ọ nwụrụ ógè ụbọchị isii gasịrị. E.D.I. Mean nọ n'ụgbọala n'azụ Tupac, mana o kwuru na ya enweghị ike ịmata onye gburu ọchụ ahụ. E.D.I. Mean na ndị ọzọ nke Outlawz laghachiri na East Coast ógè Shakur nwụsịrị. N'ubochí isé n'ọnwa Nọvemba, n'afọ 1996, Tupac's LP, The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, wepụtara. E.D.I. Mean pụtara na egwu atọ, "Intro / Bomb First (My Second Reply)," "Life Of An Outlaw" na "Just Like Daddy . A gbagburu Kadafi n'isi na [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] mgbe ọ na-eleta enyi ya nwanyị nke gburu ya ozugbo na Nọvemba 10 naanị ụbọchị ise ka ewepụtara album Tupac. A hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eyi uwe mgbochi mgbọ.<ref name="profile"/> N'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 1997, E.D.I. Mean na ndị ọzọ nke Outlawz minus Fatal laghachiri [[California]] wee bịanye aka na Death Row Records. N'ọnwa Nọvemba n'ubochí iri abụọ na isé, n'afọ 1997, Tupac's double LP, "R U Still Down? A tọhapụrụ (Cheta m). E.D.I. Mean mepụtara egwu isii na ya, "Redemption", "Thug Style", "Fuck All Y'all", "Let Them Thangs Go", "When I Get Free", na "Enemies With Me." Na Disemba 21, 1999, ewepụtara abọm mbụ nke Outlawz, Still I Rise .<ref name="interview">{{Cite web|url=http://www.7daynet.com/outlawz/interviews.htm|title=7Daynet.com - Tha Outlawz : Les Interviews<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=March 5, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206145743/http://www.7daynet.com/outlawz/interviews.htm|archivedate=February 6, 2007}}</ref> N'afọ 1999, ndị Outlawz, ma e wezụga Fatal, onye ugbu a nwere nghọtahie ugbu a na ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na ha arara Tupac nye site na ịbanye na Death Row, bidoro Outlawz Records wee wepụta LPs nke abụọ na nke atọ, ''Ride Wit Us Or Collide Wit Us'' na ''Novakane'', n'ubochí asaá n'ọnwa Nọvemba, n'afọ 2000 na ụbọchị iri abụọ na àtó n'ọnwa Ọktoba, afọ 2001.<ref name="outlawz"/> == Discography == === Abọm naanị ya === * 2010: The Stash Spot<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003DEC3SW|title=The Stash Spot by Edidon on Amazon|work=Amazon.com|accessdate=April 3, 2020}}</ref> * 2013: O.G. Est. 1992<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/o-g-est-1992/651001245|title=O.G. Est. 1992 by Edidon on iTunes|work=Itunes.apple.com|accessdate=April 3, 2020}}</ref> * 2015: The Hope Dealer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/the-hope-dealer-pt.-1/id1064278765|title=The Hope Dealer, Pt. 1 by Edidon on iTunes|work=Itunes.apple.com|accessdate=April 3, 2020}}</ref> * 2018: ''The Hope Dealer 2''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/the-hope-dealer-pt-2/1445470940|title=The Hope Dealer, Pt. 2 by Edidon on iTunes|work=Itunes.apple.com|accessdate=April 3, 2020}}</ref> * 2020: O.G. Nkebi nke 2: Classics na nnọkọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/o-g-vol-2-classics-in-session/1507454485|title=O.G. Part 2: Classics in Session by Edi Mean on iTunes|work=Itunes.apple.com|accessdate=May 1, 2020}}</ref> === Albọm mmekorita === * 2002: Blood Brothers (ya na Kastro) * 2006: ''Against All Oddz'' (ya na Young Noble) * 2008: Doin' It Big (na 8Ball) * 2015: Ghetto Starz: Streets to the Stage (na Nutt-So)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/ghetto-starz-streets-to-stage/id993053008|title=Ghetto Starz: Streets to the Stage by Edidon & Nuttso on iTunes|work=Itunes.apple.com|accessdate=April 3, 2020}}</ref> === Single === * 2013: "No Lights On" (feat. Stormey Coleman & Redcoat da Poet) * 2015: "The Move-ment" * 2015: "#W!NU4" (feat. Deladiea & DJ Stay Turnt Up) * 2016: "Ịhụnanya Ga-eme" * 2016: "Visions" (Sacx One & Dr. X feat. Edidon) * 2017: "Wounds" (feat. Young Noble) * 2018: "Dreams" (feat. Aktual) * 2020: "Roses" * 2020: 'Ridin' * 2021: "One Nation" (feat. Xzibit) * 2021: "21 Gun Salute" (feat. C-Bo & Ajayofficial) === Ngosipụta ndị ọbịa === * 1996: "Bomb First (My Second Reply)" (<small>Makaveli</small> featuring E.D.I. Mean & <small>Young Noble</small>) * 1998: "Young Ritzy Outlaw" (Gonzoe featuring E.D.I. Mean) * 2000: "Thug Livin" (Part II) (<small>Killa Tay</small> featuring Cosmo & E.D.I. Mean) * 2001: "Good Life" (<small>2Pac</small> featuring <small>Big Syke</small> & E.D.I. Mean) * 2002: "Never B Peace (Nitty Remix)" (<small>2Pac</small> featuring Kastro & E.D.I. Mean) * 2002: "Out Of Position" (<small>Hellraza</small> featuring E.D.I.<small>)</small> * 2002: "Get Doe" (<small>Hellraza</small> featuring Akwalla, Phats Bossi & E.D.I. Mean) * 2002: "My Niggaz" (<small>Big Syke</small> featuring E.D.I. Mean & <small>Young Noble</small>) * 2002: "Because Of U Girl (OG Mix)" (<small>[[Daz Dillinger]]</small> featuring Storm & E.D.I. Mean) * 2004: "The Uppercut" (<small>2Pac</small> featuring E.D.I. Mean & <small>Young Noble</small>) * 2004: "Hennessey (Red Spyda Remix)" (<small>2Pac</small> featuring <small>Sleepy Brown</small> & E.D.I. Mean) * 2009: "Ice Kold" (Tha Realest featuring E.D.I. Mean) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828042444/http://outlawzmedia.net/ Official website] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements]] tk6o0uc2adj2t98a8is8wjowr5otih6 0 14415 705087 540227 2026-08-19T12:36:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705087 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abiola Ahmed Akinbiyi''' (a mụrụ ya na 27 Jenụwarị afọ 1996), a maara ya n’ọrụ ọkachamara '''Bella Shmurda''', <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=14 March 2022|title=PAUSE MEETS: Bella Shmurda|url=https://pausemag.co.uk/2022/03/pause-meets-bella-shmurda/|work=PAUSE Online {{!}} Men's Fashion, Street Style, Fashion News & Streetwear}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=BELLA SHMURDA- THE BUILDUP TO HIGH TENSION|url=https://guardian.ng/life/bella-shmurda-the-buildup-to-high-tension/|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=Guardian|date=11 July 2021|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sare|first=Watimagbo|date=2022-10-02|title=Bella Shmurda's Mom Says A Prayer For Him On His 25th Birthday|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wnxOBFu8-dQ&t=311s|accessdate=2022-10-02|work=YouTube.com}}</ref> bụ onye Naịjịrịa na-abụ na na-ede abụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=I was enrolled into Tailoring - Bella Shmurda|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/i-was-enrolled-into-a-tailoring-school-but-ran-away-bella-shmurda/|accessdate=7 October 2021|work=Vanguard|date=28 July 2021|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2021|title=Bella Shmurda serves new sophomore EP, 'High tension2.0'|url=https://dailytrust.com/bella-shmurda-serves-new-sophomore-ep-dubbed-high-tension2-0|accessdate=25 September 2021|work=Daily Trust|language=en|archivedate=25 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925212919/https://dailytrust.com/bella-shmurda-serves-new-sophomore-ep-dubbed-high-tension2-0}}</ref> O juru aha ya n'ọrụ n'afọ 2019 site n’ịpụpụta abụ ‘Vision 2020’, yana mmelite (remix) nke sochiri ya, nke nwere [[Olamide]]. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Olowolagba|first=Fikayo|title=I don't regret dumping LASU for music - Bella Shmurda|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/01/26/i-dont-regret-dumping-lasu-for-music-bella-shmurda/|work=Daily Post Nigeria|date=26 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mudasiru|first=Wisdom|title=9 Times An Olamide Assist Propelled A Rising Star|url=https://culturecustodian.com/9-times-an-olamide-assist-propelled-a-rising-star/|work=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)|date=16 January 2023}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye isi Dangbana Republik; otu ndị okike nọ na Lagos na-enyere obodo aka ma na-eme ọrụ mmụta na mmemme mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bella Shmurda explores humanitarian side with Dagbana Republik|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/bella-shmurda-explores-humanitarian-side-with-dagbana-republik/|work=The Nation|accessdate=12 April 2023}}</ref> == Ndụ mbu na ọrụ ya == Bella Shmurda si n’ezinụlọ mgbagwoju anya di nwanyị karịa otu ebe [[Ikorodu]], [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos Steeti]] ọ bụkwa nwa ikpeazụ n’ezinụlọ nwere ụmụ iri. Ụzọ ya n’ihe okike malitere n’ụbọchị nwata ya, site n’ịbụ otu n’egwuregwu egwu ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na otu egwu omenala. Ọ toro na [[Ikorodu]], O gara n'ihu wee mụakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na [[Badagry]], o nwetara akara mmụta bachelọs na Akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mmekọrịta mba ụwa si [[Mahadum nke Ȯra Lagos|Mahadum Lagos State]] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=14 March 2022|title=PAUSE MEETS: Bella Shmurda|url=https://pausemag.co.uk/2022/03/pause-meets-bella-shmurda/|work=PAUSE Online {{!}} Men's Fashion, Street Style, Fashion News & Streetwear}}</ref> Ọ jidere uche mmadụ nile mgbe abụ mbụ ya ‘Vision 2020’ dọrọ nwa egwu rap Naịjirịa mmasị [[Olamide]] nke mere mmelite (Mmelite abụ) sochiri abụ a.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Alake|first=Olumide|title="Anything good takes time": Bella Shmurda on how he started making music at 13|url=https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/celebrities/1513084-i-started-making-music-13-bella-shmurda-speaks-rise-fame-olamides-influence-video-trends/|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|date=8 January 2023}}</ref> Poco Lee, onye na-eme ịgba egwu na enyi ya dị nso na Bella Shmurda, mere vidio jiri abụ ahụ mee ka ọ bụrụ ewu ewu ma dọta mmasị [[Olamide]], nke kpọrọ onye ahụ ka ọ bịa n’ụlọ ọrụ ya maka ime mmelite. Nkwado Bella Shmurda natara kpalitere ya ịhapụ EP mbụ ya 'High Tension' na Jenụwarị 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bella Shmurda's Rise to Fame Is What Dreams Are Made Of - OkayAfrica|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/bella-shmurda-nigeria-interview/|work=www.okayafrica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ọtụtụ abụ ndị ọzọ na 2020, otu n’ime ha bụ nke nwa egwu rap [[Zlatan (musician)|Zlatan]], sochiri na ya, nke a kpọrọ 'Cash App'."<ref>{{Cite web|author=Okundia|first=Jennifer|date=18 December 2020|title=Watch "Cash App" visual by Bella Shmurda featuring Zlatan, Lincoln|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/12/18/watch-cash-app-visual-by-bella-shmurda-featuring-zlatan-lincoln/|accessdate=26 March 2021|work=P.M. News|language=en-US}}</ref> N’afọ 2020, a họpụtara ya maka onyinye Next Rated na The Headies 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Alake|first=Motolani|title=Fireboy, Burna Boy, Wizkid, Tiwa Savage, Davido lead 2020 Headies nominations [Pulse Exclusive]|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/here-is-the-full-list-of-nominations-for-the-2020-headies/9nnld5x|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|date=4 December 2020}}</ref> "Ọ meriri onyinye 'Next Rated Male' na 'Street Music of the Year' na City People Entertainment Awards, a họkwa ya maka onyinye 'Revelation of the Year' na 2020".<ref>{{Cite web|title=WINNERS EMERGE AT 2020 CITY PEOPLE MUSIC AWARDS [FULL LIST]|date=7 December 2020|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/winners-emerge-at-2020-city-people-music-awards-full-list/}}</ref> N’afọ 2021, na Global Music Awards Africa nke mere n’ịntanetị na [[Ghana]], Ọ meriri n’ọgbọ abụọ nke onyinye, Global Collaboration of the Year na Global Most Popular Song of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Music Awards Africa 2021: All the winners|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/global-music-awards-africa-2021-all-winners|work=Music In Africa|language=en|date=23 March 2021}}</ref> Nakwa n’afọ 2021, ọ bụ naanị onye Naịjirịa n’ime ndị iri abụọ na asaa sitere n’obodo iri na anọ a họpụtara ka ha sonyere na mmemme YouTube Foundry, nke YouTube Music na-eme kwa afọ, iji nye ha ohere ịnweta ma jiri ihe oru ọrụ nyere aka n’ịkwalite mmepe ndị na-eme egwu, iweta abụ ha n’ihu ụwa, mepụta nnukwu mmetụta, ma kwalite omenala dị iche iche site n’egwu. Mgbe ọ pụtara ìhè n’ụlọ ọrụ egwu Afrobeat n’afọ 2021, a gụnyere Bella Shmurda na otu isi nke usoro ajụjụ ọnụ banyere egwu Afrịka a na-akpọ "Nke a bụ Africa" nke BBC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC World Service - This Is Africa, SKORP and Bella Shmurda|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct1pfn|work=BBC}}</ref> Nakwa n’afọ 2021, a họpụtara Bella Shmurda maka onyinye ‘Next Rated’ na Headies Awards. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Headies 2021: All the winners|date=22 February 2021|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/headies-2021-all-winners}}</ref> N’ọnwa Juun 2021, abụ ya 'Cash App' nke Zlatan na Lincoln sochiri na ya, a họpụtara ya maka onyinye 'Most Played Song – Street Pop' na NET Honours.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NET Honours Class of 2021|url=https://thenet.ng/net-honours-class-of-2021/}}</ref> Bella Shmurda mere ngosi ya mbụ n’O2 Arena dị na United Kingdom, dịka onye ngosi ọbịa na [[Wizkid]]'s Made in Lagos Concert na Nọvemba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|date=30 November 2021|title=Bella Shmurda performs at 02 Arena for the first time, thanks Wizkid|url=https://punchng.com/video-bella-shmurda-performs-at-02-arena-for-first-time-thanks-wizkid/|accessdate=4 February 2022|work=PunchNG|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bella Shmurda, Blaqbonez headline day 2 of wizkid's O2 Arena concert|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/watch-bella-shmurda-blaqbonez-headline-day-2-of-wizkids-o2-arena-concert/|work=TheCable Lifestyle|date=30 November 2021}}</ref> N’ọnwa Maach 2023, ọ hapụrụ abụ mbụ ya nke afọ ahụ, "Ara (Gen Gen Tin) " Mgbe o mechara wepụta ọrụ albom ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Quayyim|first=Adedimeji|title=Bella Shmurda Elicits Hope and Good Living In New Single, "Ara (Gen Gen Tin)"|url=https://culturecustodian.com/bella-shmurda-elicits-hope-and-good-living-in-new-single-ara-gen-gen-tin/|work=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)|date=14 March 2023}}</ref> Abụ ya ''"Philo"'' nke [[Omah Lay]] Sochiri na ya wepụtara ya site n’album mbụ ya ‘Hypertension’ n’ọnwa Ọktoba 2022, ma o nwetara mmasị zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke kpatara ka nwa egwu rap si South Africa, Nasty C, mee mmelite abụ ahụ nke wepụtara n’ọnwa Maach 2023 .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bella Shmurda taps South Africa's Nasty C to re-jig Philo|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/bella-shmurda-taps-south-africas-nasty-c-to-re-jig-philo/|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Maka abụ ya nke atọ nke afọ a, ọ rụkọrọ ọrụ ọnụ na [[Tiwa Savage]] na abụ a na-akpọ ‘NSV’ nke wepụtara n’ọnwa Mee 2023, onye rụrụ ya bụ Krizbeatz <ref>{{Cite web|title=Listen: Bella Shmurda & Tiwa Savage Want You to Have a "Non-Stop Vibe" This Weekend - OkayAfrica|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/bella-shmurda-tiwa-savage-non-stop-vibe/|work=www.okayafrica.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ịnye aka n’ime obodo site na Dangbana Republik == N’ọnwa Ọktoba 2021, Bella Shmurda zara vidio gara ebe niile nke nwa akwụkwọ praịmarị na-eme abụ nke [[Olamide]] ya na onwe ya, nke akpọrọ "Triumphant" na ''"Carpe Diem"'' Album nke [[Olamide]], site n’ịkpebi ịkwado nwa ahụ site n’inyefe ya akwụkwọ ọmụmụ praịmarị. A malitere akwụkwọ a n’ọnwa Novemba 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 October 2021|title=Singer Bella Shmurda gives boy who performed song scholarship|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/singer-bella-shmurda-gives-boy-who-performed-song-scholarship/|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Nation|language=en-US}}</ref> Nkwaa, n’ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya n’ọnwa Jenụwarị 2022, o kwupụtara na site n’otu ya, ọ ga-amalite mmemme iri kpụrọ mmadụ puku otu n’obodo Ojo ebe ọ tolitere, kwa afọ n’ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 January 2022|title=Singer Bella Shmurda recounts birth experience on birthday|url=https://punchng.com/singer-bella-shmurda-recounts-birth-experience-on-birthday/|accessdate=4 February 2022|work=PunchNG|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nchịkọta Abụ == === EPs na Albom === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Afọ !Aha ya !Ụzọ ndị a na-akpọ |- |2020 |Nnukwu nrụgide (EP) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bella Shmurda drops High Tension EP - P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/01/27/bella-shmurda-drops-high-tension-ep/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Alake|first=Motolani|title=Bella Shmurda uses 'High Tension' to find positivity in '2020' [EP Review]|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/bella-shmurda-high-tension-ep-review/gehz0rf|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|date=6 February 2020}}</ref> | # ''Ginger Me (Intro) '' # ''Onye Pụrụ Ime Ihe Niile'' # ''Mmanya na-aba n'anya'' # ''Sho mo mi'' # ''Amope'' # ''Ọhụụ 2020'' # ''Imelite'' |- |2021 |High Tension 2.0 (EP) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bella Shmurda drops sophomore EP 'High Tension 2.0' - P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/07/09/bella-shmurda-drops-sophomore-ep-high-tension-2-0/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Listen: Bella Shmurda Releases His Sophomore EP 'High Tension 2.0'|url=https://guardian.ng/life/listen-bella-shmurda-releases-his-sophomore-ep-high-tension-2-0/|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=9 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Onabanjo|first=Adedamola|title=It's A New Dawn For Bella Shmurda with 'High Tension 2.0' EP|url=https://culturecustodian.com/bella-shmurda-high-tension-2-0/|work=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)|date=9 July 2021}}</ref> | # ''N'ebe ahụ'' # ''Ụwa'' # ''Onye agha Go'' # ''N'ebe dị anya'' # ''Lako'' # ''Rush'' # ''Nzukọ n'ọnụ ụzọ ọzọ'' # ''Onye mmeri'' |- |2022 |Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu (Album) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adebiyi|first=Adeayo|title=Bella Shmurda drops debut album 'Hypertension'|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/bella-shmurda-drops-debut-album-hypertension/46f5y5c|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|date=26 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bella Shmurda Releases 'Hypertension' Album - OkayAfrica|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/bella-shmurda-album-hypertension/|work=www.okayafrica.com|language=en}}</ref> | # ''Fela A mụrụ Ọhụrụ'' # ''Ase'' # ''Ihe omuma iwu na-akwadoghị'' # ''Mfuola ya ft. [[Simi (singer)|Simi]]'' # ''Oh Oh Oh'' # ''Nkwado ft. [[Phyno]]'' # ''Ọkụ'' # ''Obodo Lagos'' # ''Ịga n'ihu'' # ''Philo ft [[Omah Lay]]'' # ''Nakupenda ft BackRoad Gee, Not3s, L.A.X'' # ''Enweghị Onye Ọzọ ft. Victony[[Victony|Mgbalị Victony]]'' # ''Nwoke nke Afọ'' # ''Ọṅụbigara mmanya ókè'' # ''So Cold ft. Popcaan'' |- |2023 |''DND'' (EP) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Omotoso|first=Idris|date=2023-07-26|title=Bella Shmurda Doesn’t Want To Be Disturbed On Glorious New Ep ‘DND’ —|url=https://soundcity.tv/bella-shmurda-doesnt-want-to-be-disturbed-on-glorious-new-ep-dnd/|accessdate=2024-06-17|work=Soundcity|language=en-US}}</ref> | |- |2024 |''R2 Septemba 12'' (EP) <ref>{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2024-04-26|title=Bella Shmurda Honours Mohbad’s Memory with New EP "R2 Sept 12"|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/04/bella-shmurda-ep-r2-sept-12/|accessdate=2024-06-17|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Adebiyi|first=Adeayo|date=2024-05-02|title=Bella Shmurda explores the pain of loss on 'R2 Sept 12' EP [Review]|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/a-review-of-bella-shmurdas-ep-r2-sept-12/t28ver4|accessdate=2024-06-17|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> | |} === Abụ Dị N’Otu === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Afọ !Isiokwu abụ !Onye na-emepụta ya !Album |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |''Ọhụụ 2020'' |ID Cabasa | |- |''Imelite'' | | |- |''Naanị Gị'' |BYLinx | |- | rowspan="4" |2020 |''Onye Pụrụ Ime Ihe Niile'' |Ebe Nsọ Khor |''Nnukwu nrụgide EP'' |- |''Sho Mo Mi'' | |''Nnukwu nrụgide EP'' |- |''Dangbana Orisa''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bella Shmurda comes through with 'Dangbana Orisa' - P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/09/04/bella-shmurda-comes-through-with-dangbana-orisa/}}</ref> |[[Rexxie]] | |- |''Ngwa ego'' |Dopestiks | |- | rowspan="5" |2021 |''Rush'' |LarryLanes |''High Tension 2.0 EP'' |- |''Ụwa'' |SB Onye Mmepụta |''High Tension 2.0 EP'' |- |So Cold ''ft.'' Popcaan<ref>{{Cite web|author=Onabanjo|first=Adedamola|title=Bella Shmurda And Popcaan Are An Unlikely But Agreeable Tag Team On 'So Cold'|url=https://culturecustodian.com/bella-shmurda-featuring-popcaan-so-cold/|work=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)|date=27 August 2021}}</ref> |Linton White |''Ịdị elu ọbara mgbali elu (Album) '' |- |Enweghị Caution ''ft.'' Seyi Vibez |LarryLanes | |- |''Nzukọ n'ọnụ ụzọ ọzọ'' |Vibez Ace | |- | rowspan="5" |2022 |''Enyi m'' |Niphkeys | |- |''Ọtụtụ Ihe'' |Egwuregwu Fancybeats | |- |''Fvck Off'' |Niphkeys & LarryLanes | |- |''Fela A mụrụ Ọhụrụ'' |Egwuregwu Fancybeats |''Ịdị elu ọbara mgbali elu (Album) '' |- |''Philo ft. [[Omah Lay]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=WATCH: Bella Shmurda, Omah Lay combine for 'Philo' visuals|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/watch-bella-shmurda-omah-lay-combine-for-philo-visuals/|work=TheCable Lifestyle|date=29 September 2022}}</ref> |Krizbeatz |''Ịdị elu ọbara mgbali elu (Album) '' |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |''Philo Remix ft. Nasty C[[Nasty C|Ihe ọjọọ C]]''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adebiyi|first=Adeayo|title=Bella Shmurda heats things with the 'Philo' remix featuring Nasty C|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/bella-shmurda-heats-things-up-with-the-philo-remix-featuring-nasty-c/mm2chl6|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|date=17 March 2023}}</ref> |Krizbeatz | |- |''NSV ft. [[Tiwa Savage]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bella Shmurda ft Tiwa Savage drops new song 'NSV' - P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/05/12/bella-shmurda-ft-tiwa-savage-drop-new-song-nsv/}}</ref>'' |Krizbeatz | |- | rowspan="4" |2024 |''Onye O nweghị Ihe Ọdịda Anyanwụ''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Oyeleke|first=Damilola|date=2024-03-15|title=Bella Shmurda’s "Loner" Is An Exploration Of Grief {{!}} The Culture Custodian|url=https://culturecustodian.com/bella-shmurdas-loner-is-an-exploration-of-grief/|accessdate=2024-06-17|work=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)|language=en-GB}}</ref> | | |- |''Ihe akaebe/Onye Nsọ''<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2024-04-13|title=1da Banton, Bella Shmurda unite for evidence, Holy Man|url=https://guardian.ng/1da-banton-bella-shmurda-unite-for-evidence-holy-man/|accessdate=2024-06-17|work=Guardian Nigeria News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2024-04-05|title=1da Banton and Bella Shmurda Serve Double Dose of Music with "Holy Man" & "Evidence"|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/04/1da-banton-bella-shmurda-holy-man-evidence/|accessdate=2024-06-17|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> | | |- |''1999 ft Bloody CivilianOnye Ọbara Ọbara''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Saltzberg|first=Jacob|date=2024-06-16|title=Bella Shmurda shares invigorating single "1999" (feat. Bloody Civilian)|url=https://earmilk.com/2024/06/15/bella-shmurda-shares-invigorating-single-1999-feat-bloody-civilian/|accessdate=2024-06-17|work=EARMILK|language=en-US}}</ref> |BYLINX & PBeatz |''R2 Septemba 12 (EP) '' |- |''Mentali ft Boj''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Taiwo|first=Olufunke|date=2024-10-12|title=Mentali Lyrics by Krizbeatz, Bella Shmurda & BOJ|url=https://notjustok.com/lyrics/mentali-lyrics-by-krizbeatz-bella-shmurda-boj/|accessdate=2025-02-17|work=NotjustOk|language=en-US}}</ref> |Krizbeatz | |} === Sochiri Na === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Onye na-emepụta ya !Album |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |"Triumphant" <small> (nke [[Olamide]] gosipụtara) </small> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 November 2020|title=Olamide releases new video for 'Triumphant' with Bella Shmurda|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/olamide-featuring-bella-shmurda-triumphant-video/sem8tfw|accessdate=26 March 2021|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/life/watch-olamide-and-bella-shmurda-in-sombre-music-video-for-triumphant/|accessdate=26 March 2021|work=guardian.ng|title=Watch: Olamide Features Bella Shmurda in "Triumphant" Music Video|date=2 November 2020}}</ref> | |''Carpe Diem'' |- |"Fade Away" <small> (nke [[Davido]] gosipụtara) </small> | |''Oge Ka Mma'' |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |"Jackpot" (nke Crayon gosipụtara) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Onabanjo|first=Adedamola|date=19 March 2021|title=Crayon Fuses The Streets on the Bella Shmurda assisted 'Jackpot'|url=https://culturecustodian.com/crayon-featuring-bella-shmurda-jackpot/|accessdate=16 June 2021|work=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014)|language=en-US}}</ref> | |''Iri na Abụọ A.M.'' |- |"Back 2 Back" <small> (nke [[Rexxie]] gosipụtara) </small> <ref>{{Cite web|date=8 April 2021|title=Rexxie And Bella Shmurda Joins Forces On "Back2Back"|url=https://www.urbangist.com.ng/rexxie-back2back-ft-bella-shmurda/|accessdate=10 July 2021|work=UrbanGist Media|archivedate=10 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710032720/https://www.urbangist.com.ng/rexxie-back2back-ft-bella-shmurda/}}</ref> | | |- |2023 |"DOG EAT DOG II" <small> ([[Odumodublvck]] gosipụtara Cruel Santino, na Bella Shmurda) </small> ||{{TBA}} |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |"50-50" (VASA gosipụtara Bella Shmurda) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radrafrica.com/bella-shmurda-vasa-unite-to-spread-cheer-in-50-50-remix/|title=Bella Shmurda & Vasa unite to spread cheer in “50/50” Remix|date=16 February 2024|work=Radafrica|publisher=Editorial|accessdate=1 January 2025}}</ref> |T.U.C.|{{TBA}} |- |"Bring It (Naija Remix) " (nke Bella Shmurda gosipụtara) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sean Paul and Bella Shmurda Unite for “Bring It (Naija Remix)”|url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/news/1457|accessdate=2025-02-17|work=www.turntablecharts.com}}</ref> | | |- |2025 |"Delilah" <small> (Bahd Man Niko na-egosi Bella Shmurda) </small> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Music|first=Voxtrendy|date=2025-05-03|title=Bahd Man Niko – Delilah Ft. Bella Shmurda (Mp3 Download)|url=https://voxtrendy.com/bahd-man-niko-delilah-ft-bella-shmurda/|accessdate=2025-05-03|work=Voxnaija (formerly Voxlyrics)|language=en|archivedate=2025-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325123432/https://voxtrendy.com/bahd-man-niko-delilah-ft-bella-shmurda/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-03|title=Download Bahd Man Niko Latest 2025 Songs Mp3 Download, New Music Videos, Albums, Biography|url=https://www.tunesloaded.com.ng/tag/bahd-man-niko/|accessdate=2025-05-03|language=en-US}}</ref> |Onye Ogbu Mmadụ | |} == Nrite na Nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Afọ !Ihe omume !Ụdị !Nhọpụta !Nsonaazụ !Nkwupụta |- | rowspan="4" |2020 | rowspan="3" |Ihe nrite ntụrụndụ City People |Mkpughe nke Afọ |"N'onwe ya"|{{Nom}} |<ref name="City">{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/winners-emerge-at-2020-city-people-music-awards-full-list/|title=Winners emerge at 2020 City People music awards|work=Citypeopleonline.com|date=7 December 2020}}</ref> |- |Onye ọzọ a ga-ahụta (Nwoke) |"N'onwe ya"| {{Won}} |<ref name="City" /> |- |Egwú Okporo ámá nke Afọ |"Cash App" nke gosipụtara Zlatan na Lincolnfeaturing Zlatan and Lincoln| {{Won}} |<ref name="City" /> |- |Ndị isi |Nkọwa ọzọ |"N'onwe ya"| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.urbangist.com.ng/14th-headies-awards-2021-winners-full-list/|title=Here is the full list of nominations for the 2020 Headies|work=UrbanGist Media|date=4 December 2020|accessdate=15 February 2021|archivedate=9 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609052408/https://www.urbangist.com.ng/14th-headies-awards-2021-winners-full-list/}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2021 |[[Nigeria Entertainment Today|Nsọpụrụ Net]] |Abụ Street Hop a na-akpọkarị |"Cash App" nke gosipụtara Zlatan na Lincolnfeaturing Zlatan and Lincoln|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mofijesusewa|first=Samuel|date=20 June 2021|title=NET Honours 2021: "Damages" by Tems Named Most Played Alternative Song|url=https://thenet.ng/net-honours-2021-damages-by-tems-named-most-played-alternative-song/|accessdate=21 July 2021|work=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621172630/https://thenet.ng/net-honours-2021-damages-by-tems-named-most-played-alternative-song/|archivedate=21 June 2021}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Njikọ Kasị Mma |"Cash App" nke gosipụtara Zlatan na Lincolnfeaturing Zlatan and Lincoln| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afrimma.com/afrimmaa-nominees/|title=AFRIMMA Nominees 2021|work=AFRIMMA|date=7 October 2021|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite egwu Gbedu |Onye na-ese ihe nke Afọ |"N'onwe ya"| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amebo9ja.com/bella-shmurda-gbedu-awards-2021-performance-stream-download/|title=Bella Shmurda - Gbedu Awards 2021 Performance|work=amebo9ja|date=7 March 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021}}</ref> |- |Ndị isi |Nkọwa ọzọ |"N'onwe ya"|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Silas|first=Don|title=14th Headies award: All you need to know about Davido, Fireboy, Burna Boy, other nominations|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/02/21/14th-headies-award-all-you-need-to-know-about-davido-fireboy-burna-boy-other-nominations/|work=Daily Post Nigeria|date=21 February 2021}}</ref> |- |2022 |Ndị isi |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Street Hop kacha mma |"N'onwe ya"|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Acho|first=Affa|title=2022 Headies Awards: Wizkid, Tems, Others Lead Nominees List|url=https://leadership.ng/2022-headies-awards-wizkidtemsothers-lead-nominees-list/|date=29 July 2022}}</ref> |} == Lee kwa == * [[Ndepụta nke ndị egwu Naijiria]] == Ntụle == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shmurda, Bella}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] itw4bsxl2f674rq4h39hn60h0dbpvgv 0 14803 705125 628312 2026-08-19T22:27:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''David Kwame Dontoh''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1964) ma kpọọ ya ''Uncle David'', "[[Ghana]]<nowiki/>man" na "Kofi Abranteɛ" (Kofi Gentleman), bụ onye Ghana na-eme ihe nkiri na onye telivishọn nke pụtara na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri obodo na mba ụwa, ejije ihe nkiri, na ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ. O nweela mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmepe nke telivishọn na ihe nkiri, ọkachasị n'oge oge ọlaedo nke ihe nkiri na Ghana n'afọ ndi 80s na 90s. Ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri n'afọ 1980 mgbe ọ hụrụ mgbasa ozi akwụkwọ akụkọ National Film and Television Institute (NAFTI) na-akpọ ndị nwere ike ime ihe nkiri ka ha bịa maka ọzụzụ na ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri. Aha ihe nkiri NAFTI mbụ ya bụ "The Way To Shame" obere nkeji asaa nke Alex Bannerman duziri dịka akụkụ nke nyocha ya na mmepụta ihe nkiri. Alex bụ onye bụ nwa akwụkwọ nke NAFTI n'oge ahụ hụrụ David ma mee ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ndu dịka onye ahụ e bu n'obi abịaghị n'oge ịgba égbè. Ndị nyocha nke ihe nkiri ahụ, ọkachasị Mike Hagan, ghọtara ikike David nwere na ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri ma mee ka nke a pụta ìhè nye Alex Bannerman na-eto eto. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a chọpụtara ikike ime ihe nkiri nke David mgbe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na "Gus: The Theatre Cat", obere oge nke uri nke T. S. Eliot dere. Ọ bụ George Andoh Wilson nke ''Wilson Acting Academy'' ama ama duziri egwuregwu a.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Kumawood' Is Disgracing Ghana – David Dontoh|url=http://omgghana.com/kumawood-disgracing-ghana-david-dontoh/|accessdate=2015-08-29|archivedate=2013-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020060224/http://omgghana.com/kumawood-disgracing-ghana-david-dontoh/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=David Dontoh Caught Over "Russia Bullet" – Daily Guide Ghana|url=http://www.dailyguideghana.com/david-dontoh-caught-over-russia-bullet/|work=www.dailyguideghana.com|accessdate=2015-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904073939/http://www.dailyguideghana.com/david-dontoh-caught-over-russia-bullet/|archivedate=2015-09-04}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == Ihe nkiri David a ma ama gụnyere, Beasts of No Nation (2015), The Dead (2010) na The Cursed Ones (2015). == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama == David abụwo onye otu ogologo oge nke ndị na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri nke Ghana National Theatre ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ ma lara ezumike nká na nzukọ ahụ n'afọ 2000. Ya na Maazị Effah Nkrabea Darteh hiwere Ghana Union of Theatre Societies . Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere "''Ghana Actors Guild''" ma bụrụ odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke Guild. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke "''Ghana Concert Parties Union''". David abụrụla onye isi oche nke kọmitii atụmatụ nke "''Ghana Music Awards''" ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ewezuga mmepụta azụmahịa, David Dontoh na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ nke ya "''Golden Kauri''" na NGO, "''Kaurifire Arts Foundation''". O guzobela otu ihe nkiri atọ iji kwado ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. Ndị otu a bụ "''KOZIKOZI'' Theatre Company", "''Edzikanfo Concert Party''" na "''David Dontoh Cultural Ensemble''" (DADON CULEN) Ugbu a, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Ghana National Film Authority (NFA) nke e guzobere na Disemba afọ 2019. National Film Authority na-enye nlekọta n'ozuzu na njikwa mma maka ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri. A na-edebe nzukọ ọkpụkpụ ahụ ugbu a n'ime ogige nke Bureau of Ghana Languages ma ọ ka nwere ndị ọrụ zuru ezu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-20|title=Akufo Addo appoints David Dontoh as NFA chair, Juliet Asante as Executive Secretary|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Akufo-Addo-appoints-David-Dontoh-as-NFA-chair-Juliet-Asante-as-Executive-Secretary-820144|accessdate=2021-02-25|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, ọ malitere DAS Professional Acting Institute na Zenith University College, Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Dontoh opens acting school|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/david-dontoh-opens-acting-school.html|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Afọ mbụ == A mụrụ David Dontoh na Gyegyeano, nke dị na Cape Coast na mpaghara etiti Ghana. Nna ya bụ onye nkuzi, onye edemede na onye ọrụ ugbo nwere ọkachamara na ọrụ ugbo akwụkwọ nri na anụ ụlọ. Nne ya - Elizabeth Victoria Ackon Green (Efua Beduwa) - bụ onye na-azụ azụ. Nne na nna ha alụghị di. Nna nna ya (Humphrey Kweku Dontoh) bụ onye ọkụ azụ nke si Gomoa Fete nwere njikọ nna nna ya na obodo Saltpond. O tolitere na Cape Coast, Abakrampa na Winneba - obodo azụmaahịa na ọrụ ugbo n'akụkụ etiti ụsọ oké osimiri Ghana. A nọrọ afọ uto ya n'ime nnukwu ezinụlọ, nke nwanne nna ya na nwanne nne nke ọrụ dị iche iche gbara ya gburugburu. Ọ na-ekwu na ihe ịga nke ọma ya n'ime ihe nkiri sitere na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta kwa ụbọchị gburugburu esemokwu, ihe ọchị na njikọta n'ime nnukwu netwọk ezinụlọ dị mgbagwoju anya nke o toro na ya. Site na nwata, David Dontoh na-eto eto nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na sayensị, ọdịdị ala, akụkọ ihe mere eme, akwụkwọ, uri, nkà ihe ọmụma, nka oge ochie na nke oge a, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ kachasị mma n'afọ1975 ma nwee ike ịkọwapụta ụwa site na ncheta. Ọ gụrụ ụfọdụ n'ime akwụkwọ ochie kachasị emetụta Socrates, Plato na Aristotle n'oge ezumike ụlọ akwụkwọ. Na mbụ, David chọrọ ịchụso ọrụ ma ọ bụ dị ka dọkịta ma ọ bụ onye na-anya ụgbọelu mana ọ dara akara nnabata a chọrọ mgbe ule nke isii ya gasịrị. Omume ọjọọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata kpaliri mmasị David na nkà mmụta ọgwụ. Ọ suturu ọnyá nke enyi ya nke ya na ya gara izuru mkpụrụ akị bekee n'ụlọ onye agbata obi ya. Nwatakịrị ahụ merụrụ aka ya na iko gbawara agbaji mgbe ọ na-awụlikwa elu n'elu mgbidi iji gbanahụ njide. David ji obi ike tinye aka ma jiri agịga na eriri ụlọ nkịtị na-adụ ọnyá ahụ na nzuzo. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, ndị dọkịta hụrụ ọrụ ịwa ahụ na-adịghị mma nke ọma nke na ha chere na a manyere ha ịhapụ akwa ahụ ruo mgbe ọnyá ahụ gwọrọ kpamkpam. Ihe omume a dị ịrịba ama mere ka a kpọọ ya "''Dọkịta David''" nke mere ka mmasị ya na nkà mmụta ọgwụ dịkwuo elu. == Agụmakwụkwọ == Agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị nke David Dontoh bụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche na Cape Coast, Winneba, na Abakrampa na mpaghara etiti Ghana. O mere ọtụtụ ihe nkiri n'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Apam Senior High School . Ọ gụrụ sayensị, Bekee na uri. N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ mgbe iwu ewu ya malitere ịrị elu na ihe nkiri, onye na-eme ihe nkiri ya n'oge ahụ - [[Grace Omaboe]] (Maame Dokono) nke Obra ama ama - gbara ya ume ka ọ nweta nzere na ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri mgbe o meriri Best [[Actor]] Award n'afọ 1984. Ya mere, David gụrụ Drama na Theatre na School of Performing Arts University of Ghana n'etiti afọ 1985 na 1988 ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na edemede egwuregwu ma nweta diplọma. == Ndụ onwe == David Dontoh lụrụ Rebecca Dontoh. Di na nwunye a mụrụ ụmụ atọ, abụọ n'ime ha bụ Jojo na Ewurama. E nwere echiche na ya na Grace Omaboe (Maame Dokono) na-akpa ihe dịka afọ anọ n'oge ha na-anọkọ ọnụ dịka ndị otu ihe nkiri a ma ama "''Obra''". A na-akpọkarị di na nwunye a dịka di na nwunye n'ọtụtụ ihe omume Obra. Kemịkalụ siri ike na nghọta dị n'etiti di na nwunye na ihuenyo apụtawo ìhè mgbe niile nye ndị na-ege ntị. N'ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ, David ekwenyeghị maọbụ gọnahụ asịrị banyere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya ha mana ọ na-ekwusi ike na ha abụọ bụ ezigbo enyi ma bụrụ ezigbo enyi n'oge Grace Omaboe na di mbụ ya kewara. Otú ọ dị, Grace Omaboe na-ekwu eziokwu banyere mmekọrịta ha. O kwuputala n'ajụjụ ọnụ na ha abụọ na-akpa nwa oge. Dịka Grace si kwuo, ha hụrụ onwe ha n'anya n'ezie ma tụledị alụmdi na nwunye mana ha kpebiri megide ya n'ihi ọdịiche na-enweghị nkwekọrịta na atụmanya. David chọrọ ka ha nwee ezinụlọ ọnụ mana Grace amụtala ụmụ isii site n'alụmdi na nwunye gara aga. Ọ gafekwara ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya nke iri anọ wee mee mkpebi onwe ya ịghara ịmụ nwa ọzọ n'ihi nsogbu ndị nwere ike ime ime n'afọ ndụ ahụ. N'oge ahụ, David bụ nwata n'ime ha abụọ ma nwebeghị ezinụlọ nke ya. Ya mere, di na nwunye ahụ kewara site na nkwenye nke ibe ha mana ha ka bụ ezigbo enyi kemgbe ahụ. E wezụga ime ihe nkiri, David bụkwa onye na-ede uri, onye na-ede edemede, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu (television na ihe nkiri), onye na-ede egwu, onye na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede egwu, onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe osise, wdg. O deela ọtụtụ abụ ma dee ihe karịrị uri 300 na Fanti, Twi na Bekee. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Ghana National Film Authority. == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |1983 |''Kukurantumi: Ụzọ Accra'' |Bob | |- |1989 |''Heritage Africa'' | | |- |1993 |''Nkwupụta'' |Paa Kwesi |Direct-to-video |- |1998 |''Onye A Na-ahụ Maka Ịhụnanya'' | |Direct-to-video |- |2004 |''Welcome Home''' |Ọkwọ ụgbọala tagzi | |- |2006 |''Ọ dịghị oge ịnwụ'' |Asante | |- |2010 |''Ndị Nwụrụ Anwụ'' |Onye isi | |- |2011 |''Njikọ Ndị Na-ekekọta'' |Koo | |- |2012 |''Kweiba'' |Nna | |- |2013 |''Ndị Nwụrụ Anwụ 2: India'' |Onye isi | |- | rowspan="4" |2015 |''Pieces of Me'' |Onye otu Board |Direct-to-video |- |''Anụmanụ nke Mba Na-enweghị'' |Ọkà mmụta asụsụ | |- |''Ihe E Mere nke Odumkrom: Onye isi'' |Maazị Brown | |- |''Ndị A Kpọtụrụ'' |Bar Tender | |- |2016 |''Dị ka Cotton Twines'' |Nna Baani | |- |2019 |''Ihuenyo Anwụrụ ọkụ'' |Uncle Debrah | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Ịbịa Afrịka'' |Monte | |- |''Lagos to Oslo'' |Prọfesọ Obiora | |- |} === Television === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |1996 |''Ihuenyo nke Abụọ'' |Bob |Episode: "Deadly Voyage" |- |2017 |''Ịkụ'' |Maazị Ntim | |- |} == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ùgwù == * Best Actor ECRAG Award 1984,1989 na 1992 * Nkwado kachasị mma na narị afọ nke ihe nkiri ụwa, Ghana Film Award 1999 * PAM African Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Dontoh|url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/David-Dontoh.aspx|work=content.ghananation.com|accessdate=2015-08-29|archivedate=2015-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905051416/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/David-Dontoh.aspx}}</ref> * Ghana Peace Award (2017) == Njikọ mpụga == [https://web.archive.org/web/20220614053712/https://nfa.gov.gh/ National Film Authority Official Website] == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dontoh, David}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] byrjt75vtuhq9uusc3kl2zucry0mt1b 0 15108 705165 93245 2026-08-20T11:23:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gideon Mendel''' (amụrụ n'ubochí irí atọ n'otu n'ọnwa Ọgọst n'afọ 1959) bụ onye na-ese foto. Ọrụ ya na-etinye aka na nsogbu mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke oge a nke nchegbu ụwa. Ụdị ya nke ime ihe oyiyi, na ntinye aka ogologo oge na ọrụ emeela ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama. Mendel nwere ọrụ karịrị afọ iri anọ. O sitere na South Africa, ọ na-ebi ugbu a na London. Ọ bụ ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese foto n'ime afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke izizi dọtara uche n'ọrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gideonmendel.com/biography-2/|title=Biography - Gideon Mendel}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ ya na Johannesburg n'afọ 1959, Mendel gụrụ nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa na Mahadum Cape Town . Ọ bịdọrọ ise foto n'ihe dika afọ 1980s n'ime afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma mepụta ọtụtụ ọrụ na-edekọ ọnọdụ ọha na eze na ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na South Africa. Na mmalite afọ 1990 ọ kwagara London, ebe ọ nọgidere na-azaghachi nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ụwa niile. Ọ na-eme njem nke ukwuu iji mee nke a, nke a na-egosipụta site na foto ya na-elekwasị anya na ndị mmadụ na ọha mmadụ si mba dị iche iche n'ụwa niile. A na-emepụta ụfọdụ ọrụ ya n'ime ogologo oge. Vidio aghọwo akụkụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-ejikwa foto jikọrọ aka dị ka ụzọ isi soro ndị ọ na-ese okwu. Mendel arụwo ọrụ banyere ''National Geographic'', Fortune, Geo, The Independent magazine, ''The Guardian'' Weekend magazine, ''The Sunday Times'' magazine, ''Condé Nast'' Traveler, L'Express, ''Stern'' na Rolling Stone. E bipụtara akwụkwọ izizi ya, A Broken Landscape: HIV & AIDS in Africa, n'afọ 2001. Kemgbe ahụ, o mepụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ nkwado foto, na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ ebere na òtù mgbasa ozi gụnyere The Global Fund, Médecins Sans Frontières, Treatment Action Campaign, International HIV / AIDS Alliance, ActionAid, Terrence Higgins Trust, Shelter, Leonard Cheshire Disability, UNICEF na Concern Worldwide. === Ụwa Mmiri Na-eri === Kemgbe afọ 2007, Mendel anọwo na-arụ ọrụ na Drowning World, ọrụ nka na nkwado banyere idei mmiri. Ka ọ dị ugbu a [mgbe?] edepụtara ihe banyere ihe nrite Prix Pictet, ọ bụ nzaghachi onwe ya maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. Mendel bịdọrọ ọrụ ahụ ógè ọ gachara UK, wee gaa [[Ndia|India]] iji dekọọ mmebi nke idei mmiri kpatara izu ole na ole site na ibe ya. "Mmetụta dị iche iche nke idei mmiri ahụ, na oke nke ndị ha metụtara" kpaliri ya.<ref name="submerged-portraits">{{Cite web|url=http://gideonmendel.com/submerged-portraits/|title=Submerged Portraits - Gideon Mendel}}</ref> Ọ kọwara ọrụ ahụ dị ka "mgbalị m na-eme ịchọpụta mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ụzọ dị nso, na-eduga anyị karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ na-enweghị ihu na n'ime ahụmịhe nke ndị ọ na-emegbu. " Kemgbe ọ bịdọrọ ọrụ ahụ, o dekọrọ mmebi nke idei mmiri na mmetụta nke ndị bi n'ógbè ndị idei mmiri metụtara na mba ndị gụnyere Haiti, Pakistan, Australia, Thailand, Nigeria, Germany na Philippines.<ref name="submerged-portraits" /> Ihe dị oké mkpa n'akụkọ nke ọrụ ahụ bụ ihe osise ndị dị n'ime mmiri. A na-ejikarị ụlọ ndị idei mmiri na-eme ihe dị ka ebe, na-emepụta gburugburu ebe obibi gbanwere nke ukwuu. Ọrụ zuru ezu nwere ihe osise ndị a, yana usoro abụọ ọzọ. Flood Lines na-edekọ mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo nke oghere dị n'ime, na Water Marks na-edekọta mgbanwe nke mmiri ozu hapụrụ na foto onwe onye nke ndị ahụ nwụrụ, nke Mendel na-ese foto ma na-anakọta. A maara ọrụ a n'ihi na ojiji a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe osise, yana njikọta ya nke foto na vidiyo. N'iji ihe nkiri sitere na njem ya, Mendel esorowo ndị na-eme vidio rụkọọ ọrụ iji mepụta usoro ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi. Vidio na-eso foto na usoro ahụ. === Nje HIV === Otu n'ime isi ihe ndị ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya bụ nsogbu HIV / AIDS. Mendel bịdọrọ ide akwụkwọ HIV / AIDS na mpaghara Sahara Africa na mmalite afọ 1990. Ọ bụ ezie na mmata banyere ọrịa ahụ na-eto ngwa ngwa n'oge ahụ, ọgwụgwọ antiretroviral (ART) ka siri ike ịnweta ọtụtụ ndị kasị daa ogbenye na kọntinent ahụ. N'ihi ya, ọrịa ahụ na-enwe mmetụta na-ebibi ihe na obodo dị iche iche gafee mpaghara kọntinent ahụ. Ógè ọ kọchara ọrịa AIDS n'ógbè ndị a, Mendel bịdọrọ ịzụlite ihe bụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ ya.<ref name="evolving-response">{{Cite web|url=http://gideonmendel.com/an-evolving-response/|title=An Evolving Response - Gideon Mendel}}</ref> N'afọ 1993 foto Mendel dekọrọ ndụ ndị ọrịa anọ nwere nje HIV na Middlesex Hospital na [[London]], UK. O bu n'uche igosi ha dị ka ndị nwere ndụ na mmekọrịta. Tinyere akwụkwọ (The Ward, nke e bipụtara n'afọ 2017) e nwere ihe ngosi nke ụfọdụ foto na Fitzrovia Chapel n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ. N'oge ọrụ a, ọ zutere onye nọọsụ, Sarah, onye ghọrọ onye mmekọ ya ogologo oge.<ref name="BBCNews 2017">{{Cite web|title=Life on London's first Aids ward|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-41930950|work=BBC News|accessdate=2 February 2021}}</ref> Isi nke na-aga n'ihu nke ọrụ ya na ọrịa AIDS, Through Positive Eyes, bụ ọrụ mmekorita ya na UCLA Art and Global Health Center. Ọrụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na ndị dị n'obodo asaa gburugburu ụwa, ha niile nwere nje HIV. Nzukọ ahụ kọwara ọrụ ahụ dị ka ịkọ "akụkọ banyere HIV / AIDS na afọ iri nke anọ nke ọrịa ahụ" ógè ịnweta ọgwụgwọ "dị anya site na ụwa niile".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://throughpositiveeyes.org/|title=Through Positive Eyes|work=throughpositiveeyes.org}}</ref> N'ịbụ nke Davide Gere mepụtara na UCLA, onye na-ese foto ibe ya bụ Crispin Hughes na-eduzi ụlọ ọrụ ndị bụ akụkụ nke ọrụ ahụ. N'ime ọrụ a, ọrụ Mendel agbanweela site na onye na-ese foto gaa na onye na'ime ka ọ rụọ ọrụ, na-enyefe igwefoto ahụ na ndị nwere nje HIV, ndị ya na ha na-arụkọ ọrụ iji dekọọ akụkọ ha. === Ịkpa Ókè === Mendel so n'otu ọgbọ nke "ndị na-ese foto na-alụ ọgụ", na-etinye aka n'idepụta esemokwu na ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke afọ 1980 na mbà South Africa. N'ịbụ onye e were n'ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto akụkọ, ọ bụ site na ikpuchi ọnọdụ ndị a ka ọ bịdọrọ ọrụ ya. Ọ na-ekwu na n'ileghachi anya azụ, ọ "na-anwa ịghọta oge ọgba aghara a n'amaghị na mgbanwe dị nso"... nakwa na "ahụmahụ ahụ emetụtala ụzọ m si ese foto kemgbe ahụ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gideonmendel.com/the-struggle/|title=The Struggle - Gideon Mendel}}</ref> Mendel emepụtala ọtụtụ ọrụ, nke ọ na-anwa ịghọta echiche nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na mmetụta ya na-aga n'ihu na South Africa na ndị ya, ọkachasị Living in Yeoville, ihe nkiri nke Okwui Enwezor nyere iwu banyere ngosi Rise and Fall of Apartheid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icp.org/exhibitions/rise-and-fall-of-apartheid|title=Rise and Fall of Apartheid: Photography and the Bureaucracy of Everyday Life|date=23 February 2016|work=International Center of Photography|accessdate=15 June 2022|archivedate=3 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603040258/https://www.icp.org/exhibitions/rise-and-fall-of-apartheid}}</ref> == Onyinye == * Eugene Smith Award for Humanistic Photography, W. Eugene Smith Memorial Fund [citation needed] * nrite isii nke World Press Photo Awards [ihe odide dị mkpa] * nrite mbụ, Pictures of the Year asọmpi mba ụwa [citation needed] * POY Canon Photo Essayist Award [citation needed] * Amnesty International Media Award maka fotojournalism [citation needed] * E depụtara ya maka Prix Pictet 2015 (Disorder) maka Drowning World [citation needed] * 2017: Finalist, Leica Oskar Barnack Award, maka Drowning World<ref>"[http://www.leica-oskar-barnack-award.com/en/series-finalists/2017/gideon-mendel.html Gideon Mendel, South Africa: „Drowning World“], Leica Camera. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sq71ucuzd3n1z6znvcz6m3z5f2cmwsp 0 15865 705133 213345 2026-08-20T03:08:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''William Edward Elcha''' (afọ 1885 - rụọ ọnwa Nọvemba 3, afọ 1939) bụ onye Amerika na-ese foto nke a maara maka foto Jazz Age Broadway nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị ama ama na Harlem na ndị afọ 1920s na afọ 1930s. Harry Ransom Center nwere foto ya na nchịkọta ya.<ref name="ransom" />Ya na Percy Tappin jikọrọ aka, na National Museum of African American History and Culture nwere foto postcard site na ụlọ ọrụ ha nke Jenkins Orphanage Band si Charleston, South Carolina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/sml/P2VkYW5fcT1qZW5raW5zJTIwb3JwaGFuYWdlJmVkYW5fbG9jYWw9MSZvcD1TZWFyY2g%3D|title=NMAAHC Collections Search|work=National Museum of African American History and Culture}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Elcha ma too na Springfield, Massachusetts. Nna ya William bụ onye na-ere nri na Haynes Hotel na nne ya Cornelia A. Vandall bụ onye na'ese ihe.<ref name="bway" /> == Ọrụ == Elcha mụtara ọrụ na aka onye na-ese foto na Springfield George Van Norman. O guzobere ụlọ ọrụ nke ya n'afọ 1913. N'afọ 1915, ọ sonyeere Aime Dupont Studio, ụlọ ọrụ na-ese ihe osise na Manhattan ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ abụọ tupu ọ banye Bachrach Studio na Strand Studio n'afọ 1918.<ref name="bway" /> Ya na J. Montanya jikọrọ aka n'afọ 1920 tupu ọ bụrụ onye na-ese foto na New York maka Pittsburgh Courier. Elcha nwere ụlọ ọrụ na mmekọrịta dị iche iche n'oge ọrụ ya.<ref name="ransom" /> Elcha dere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na nnọkọ mmekọrịta na Jazz Age New York City. Ọ lụrụ onye na-agụ egwu jazz Mary Elcha.<ref name="bway">{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadway.cas.sc.edu/content/edward-elcha|title=Edward Elcha &#124; Broadway Photographs|work=www.broadway.cas.sc.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.broadway.cas.sc.edu/content/edward-elcha "Edward Elcha &#x7C; Broadway Photographs"]. ''www.broadway.cas.sc.edu''.</cite></ref> Ya na onye na-ese foto ibe ya bụ James VanDerZee bụ enyi. Ọ na-ese ihe, gụnyere ndị gba ọtọ, New York Society for the Suppression of Vice n'afọ 1930, mana onye ọka ikpe Simpson zoro aka na ihe osise ya Sleeping ''Venus'', Springtime, na Annunciation dị ka onye maara ihe ma ọ laghachiri azụmaahịa. O sere foto Bessie Smith na ngagharị olili ozu ya, Helene Denizon, Kay Hamilton, Don Dickerman, Eva Tanguay, na Johnny Hudgins.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NiXSlzgr_0IC&q=edward+elcha&pg=PA4|title=Bessie|first=Chris|author=Albertson|date=March 1, 2005|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300107560}}</ref><ref name="ransom">{{Cite web|url=https://sites.utexas.edu/ransomcentermagazine/2014/04/08/stage-photographs/|title=Scholar explores rich collections of stage photographs April 8, 2014 By Gabrielle Inhofe|work=sites.utexas.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://sites.utexas.edu/ransomcentermagazine/2014/04/08/stage-photographs/ "Scholar explores rich collections of stage photographs April 8, 2014 By Gabrielle Inhofe"]. ''sites.utexas.edu''.</cite></ref><ref name="bway"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/johnny-hudgins|title=Johnny Hudgins|date=February 25, 2016|work=International Center of Photography|accessdate=June 19, 2022|archivedate=June 19, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619111141/https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/johnny-hudgins}}</ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1928 ọ ghọrọ onye na-ese foto nke Majestic Theatrical Circuit. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ Progress Studio. Elcha nwụrụ site na nkụchi obi n'ọnwa Nọvemba 3, afọ 1939, n'ụlọ ya na 225 West 112th Street.<ref name="bway" /> Onye na-ese foto [[Anthony Barboza]] nyochara Elcha ma dee otu isiokwu nke e sere foto Elcha iri na abụọ na magazin American Legacy n'afọ 2007.<ref>"Eddie Elcha's Harlem Stage", Photo Essay, 1920s (2007), American Legacy.</ref> {{Reflist}} dcxzhqr4uyquj960k3m92x77e5ajmw7 0 17253 705123 628694 2026-08-19T22:06:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Daniel''' "'''Danny'''" '''Simmons Jr'''. bụ onye na-ese ihe na-ese onyinyo nke Neo-African, ónyé édémédé bipụtara, ónyé na-ede uri na ónyé ọrụ ebere. Ọ bụ ónyé ndu n'ụwa nka na ọrụ hisphilanthropic, nkà nka na uche na ịnyagharị. Danny Simmons rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịtụ ime na imepụta ihe ngosi HBO Def Poetry Jam, wee merie Tony Award maka ihe ngosi Broadway. Danny bụ nwanne nwoke nke ónyé na-ahụ màkà hip-hop bụ Russell Simmons na onye na-eti egwu Joseph Simmons ("Reverend Run" nke Run TangM.C.Ọ dị iche iche Ọ bụ ónyé nchoputa na ónyé isi oche nke [https://web.archive.org/web/20220629013533/https://rushphilanthropic.org/ Rush Philanthropic Arts Foundation], nke na-enye ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ọbọdọ ukwu nwere nsogbu ohere nka na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rushphilanthropic.org/ |title=Rush Philanthropic Arts Foundation |accessdate=2022-06-24 |archivedate=2019-05-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512224259/https://rushphilanthropic.org/ }}</ref> Dị ka akụkụ nke Rush Philanthropic, Simmons guzobekwara Rush Arts Gallery ma n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbanwere akụkụ nke loft ya na Brooklyn ka ọ bụrụ Corridor Gallery. Ụlọ ngosi abụọ ahụ na-enye ohere ngosi màkà ndị na-ese ihe na mmalite na n'etiti ọrụ ndị na-enweghị nnọchiteanya azụmahịa site na ụlọ ngosi ma ọ bụ ndị na-ere ahịa onwe ha. Ya na nwanne ya nwoke Russell, Simmons guzobere Def Poetry Jam, nke nwéré ihe ịga nke ọma ogologo ógè na HBO.<ref name="ref1">[http://www.thebody.com/visualaids/web_gallery/2002/simmons/statement.html The Body: Visual AIDS Web Gallery: Danny Simmons – November 2002]</ref> N'afọ 2004, Simmons bipụtara Three Days As the Crow Flies, akụkọ ifo banyéré ihe nkiri nka New York nke afọ 1980. O dekwara akwụkwọ nke ihe osise na uri akpọrọ I Dreamed My People Were Calling But I Couldn't Find My Way Home. O bipụtakwala Deep in Your Best Reflection na ''The Brown Beatnik Tomes'', mpịakọta abụọ ọzọ nke uri. N'afọ 2015, Simmons kwagara Philadelphia wee mepee ụlọ ngosi Rush Arts Philadelphia (RAP) iji kwalite ọrụ Rush Arts na ịmalite ịmepụta ọnụnọ mba màkà nzukọ ọrụ ahụ. N'afọ 2016, ọ meghere Rush Arts Philadelphia na RAP Gallery II, ihe ngosi ọhụrụ / ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ nka nke meghere na 2019. Simmons bụ nwa Daniel Simmons Sr., onye ọrụ na-anọghị n'ọrụ na prọfesọ akụkọ ihe méré eme ojii nke dekwara uri, na Evelyn Simmons, ónyé nkuzi nke na-ese ihe dị ka ihe ntụrụndụ. Simmons tolitere na Hollis, Queens.<ref name="Alter">{{Cite news|author=Alter|first=Charlotte|title=Rev Run, Danny Simmons and Russell Simmons Talk About Their Childhood|url=http://time.com/4464672/rev-run-danny-simmons-russell-simmons-childhood/|accessdate=20 February 2019|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=August 26, 2016}}</ref> O nwetara akara ugo mmụta na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Mahadum New York na nzere masta na ego ọha na eze na Mahadụ Long Island Brooklyn. Ọ malitere ise ihe mgbè ọ ghọtara otú o si kpọọ ọrụ ya na Bureau of Child Support asị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/13/nyregion/art-galleries-as-a-brooklyn-bridge-275476.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes+Topics%2FSubjects%2FB%2FBlack+Culture+and+History|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Art Galleries as a Brooklyn Bridge|first=Michael|author=Brick|date=2003-09-13|accessdate=2010-05-01}}</ref> N'afọ 2012 ọ natara nzere PhD na nka mara mma na Mahadum Long Island Brooklyn. == Ọrụ nka == Simmons, ónyé na-ese ihe na-enweghị atụ, egosila ọrụ ya na mba. Chase Manhattan Bank, Brooklyn Academy of Music, Deutsche Bank, United Nations, na Schomburg Center for Black Culture niile na-egosi ọrụ ya dị ka akụkụ nke nchịkọta ha. Na mbà ụwa, ọ gosipụtara ọrụ na France, Amsterdam na Ghana. Ebe ngosi nka Brooklyn, yana Smithsonian African American Museum, gosipụtara ọrụ ya. A na-ahụkarị ihe osise ya n'akwụkwọ uri ya e bipụtara. Ọ bụkwa ónyé na-anakọta ihe osise na akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị nke Africa.<ref name="ref1"/> N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya na Kọmitii Nchịkọta African American nke Philadelphia Museum of Art. == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|title=Three Days As The Crow Flies|author=Simmons|first=Daniel|date=June 2003|publisher=Atria Books|isbn=0-7434-6640-3|url=https://archive.org/details/threedaysascrowf00simm}} "I Dreamed My people were calling but couldn't find my way home: * '85: Akwụkwọ akụkọ na-ese onyinyo * Ụbọchị Atọ Ka Crow Na-efe: Akwụkwọ akụkọ * Arụrụ m nrọ na ndị m na-akpọ oku mana enweghị m ike ịchọta ụzọ m si laa n'ụlọ * The Brown Beatnik Tomes * Deep in Your Best Reflection: Abụ na 160 Characters Nlaghachi nke Dick Willie Abụọ == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-ese ihe si Brooklyn == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Simmons, Danny}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] e6gq4iyz2efff8ab50utw0ltkopnpr7 0 18984 705161 208482 2026-08-20T10:10:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  [[Usòrò:Sandwich on a cutting board.jpg|thumb|Gatsby]]   '''Gatsby''' bụ achicha mmiri n'okpuru mmiri nke mba South Afrika nke nwere achịcha zuru ezu na ihe eyere eye (French fries) na nhọrọ nke ihe na ofe. Ọ malitere na obodoCape Town ma bụrụ nke a ma ama na mpaghara Western Cape. Sandwich na-adịkarị ukwuu ma ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na ekerịta ya. == Nchịkọta nri == Enweghị usoro nri maka Gatsby, mana a na enyekarị ya n'ogologo (otu ụkwụ ma ọ bụ karịa) ụdị achịcha French nke a na-ebipụ n'oghere. Achịcha ndị ọzọ a na-eji eme ihe nwere ike ịgụnye achịcha nkịta ọkụ ma ọ bụ achịcha roti dị larịị, ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọkarị roti jupụtara dị ka salomie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rolled or on a roll? Cape Town’s famous gatsby gets a new look|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/pics-rolled-or-on-a-roll-cape-towns-famous-gatsby-gets-a-new-look-20210515|date=2021-05-15|work=www.news24.com|accessdate=2021-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Salomie - Cape Town's favourite roti wrap|url=https://www.capetownetc.com/cape-town/salomie-cape-towns-favourite-roti-wrap/|date=2018-03-06|work=www.capetownetc.com|accessdate=2021-09-11}}</ref> A na-eme bred ahụ ka ọ buru ibu ka a kesaa ya, ọ na-abụkarị ụzọ anọ. Ihe jupụtara na Gatsby na-agụnye chips na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọ bụla nke ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka anụ, azụ na àkwá. Ihe ndị a na-etinye n'anụ nwere ike ịgụnye anụ a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ anụ, anụ masala, anụ ọkụkọ, polony sausage, Vienna sausage na Russian sausage. A na-enyekwa azụ̀ e siri esi ma ọ bụ nke a na-etinye n'ime ya, calamari, curry na àkwá ugboro ugboro. A na-ejikarị achar pickles ma ọ bụ piri piri sauce na-eyi ihe ndị a. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị anụ eme Gatsby, a pụrụ ịchọta nsụgharị vegan nke a na-emekarị site na iji anụ na anụ soy steak.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-30|title=Vegan Grilled Soy Steaks with 3 Marinades|url=https://cheapandcheerfulcooking.com/vegan-grilled-soy-steaks-with-3-marinades/|accessdate=2021-07-12|work=Cheap And Cheerful Cooking|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vegan Gatsby Sandwich|url=https://www.zuckerjagdwurst.com/en/recipes/vegan-gatsby-sandwich|accessdate=2021-07-12|work=www.zuckerjagdwurst.com|language=en}}</ref> A pụrụ ịchọta nsụgharị ndị dị mma, na-eji ihe ndị dị ka agwa nke a na-ekwu na ọ na-ebelata cholesterol na abụba.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dynamics|first=Press Release, Issued by Lange 360 on behalf of Pharma|title=‘Gatsby’ gets healthy makeover in Waterfront|url=https://www.news24.com/health24/Diet-and-nutrition/News/Gatsby-gets-healthy-makeover-in-Waterfront-20131008|accessdate=2021-07-12|work=Health24|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Sandwich Gatsby malitere na afọ 1976 na Athlone, na mpaghara Cape Flats nke Cape Town. Onye nwe ụlọ ahịa nri bụ Rashaad Pandy chọrọ inye ndị ọrụ nri ngwa ngwa ma jupụta na-enyere ya aka imezigharị ụlọ ahịa ya. O jupụtara na nnukwu achịcha gburugburu na "slap chips" (ụkpụrụ South-African-style chips na vinegar), polony sausage na achaar ma belata nke a n'ime wedges. "Froggy", otu n'ime ndị ọrụ ahụ, kwupụtara na bred ahụ bụ "Gatsby smash", na-ezo aka na ihe nkiri The Great Gatsby nke e gosipụtara na ụlọ ihe nkiri Athlone.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Richardson|first=Heather|title=Cape Town's most famous fast food|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20201130-cape-towns-most-famous-fast-food|work=BBC Travel|accessdate=2020-12-03|date=2020-12-01}}</ref> Aha ahụ kwụsiri ike ma Pandy mechara nye bred ahụ na ụlọ ahịa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetownmagazine.com/gatsby-sandwich|title=The Story Behind One Of Cape Town's Favourite Foods: The Gatsby|work=www.capetownmagazine.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eatout.co.za/article/5-great-gatsbies-cape-town/|title=5 great gatsbys in Cape Town|date=2016-10-14|work=Eat Out|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-12-21|archivedate=2022-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814063007/https://www.eatout.co.za/article/5-great-gatsbies-cape-town/}}</ref> Sandwich ahụ toro na ewu ewu ma gbanwee ya iji jiri ogologo mmekota na French. Gatsby sandwich bụ ọgwụgwọ na-ewu ewu maka ndị Capetonians.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cape Town&rsquo;s Best Hangover Cures|url=https://www.foodandwine.com/travel/cape-town-s-best-hangover-cures|accessdate=2021-08-28|work=Food & Wine|language=en|archivedate=2021-08-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828162947/https://www.foodandwine.com/travel/cape-town-s-best-hangover-cures}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Best Hangover Food Cures from Cape Town Restaurants {{!}} Babalas Remedies, Top Foods for Hangovers, Hungover Meals & Eating Out South Africa|url=http://www.capetownmagazine.com/best-hangover-food|accessdate=2021-08-28|work=www.capetownmagazine.com|language=en}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="140px"> Usòrò:Tastebud Shack 1.jpg|alt=A ụlọ ahịa na Cape Town, South Africa, na akara maka Gatsby sandwiches av.A ụlọ ahịa dị na Cape Town، South Africa na akara maka Santsby, 2014 Root44 3.jpg|alt=A Gatsby sandwich nke onwe ya kwadebere na calamari na chips, a na-ere ya na ụlọ nri nke onwe ya na calamarii na chips, na-ere na [[Food stall|ụlọ nri]] maka R45 (ihe dịka [[United States dollar|USD]] $ 3.75), 2014 Usòrò:Gatsby (1).jpg|Alt=A Gatsby sandwich n'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a ga-asị na ọ bụ </gallery> == Hụkwa ==   * Bunny chow bụ nri nri na-egbu egbu nke South Africa nke nwere achịcha e gwuru n'ime ya nke jupụtara na curry * Chip butty - ụdị bred frich fry nke United Kingdom. * Mitraillette - ụdị bred friji nke Belgium. * Ndepụta nri ndị Afrịka * Ndepụta sandwiches == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"> </references> == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Gatsby (sandwich) at Wikimedia Commons 4t5svm5ahftcbpgoajcafli3hpjlf7o 0 19497 705128 697361 2026-08-20T01:00:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705128 wikitext text/x-wiki     Dowen kọọlejị bụ kọọleji na-agụkọ akwụkwọ ọnụ nke dị na [[Lekki]], mpaghara Lagos. Kọọleji ahụ na-anabata ma ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ebi ebi na ụmụ akwụkwọ ụbọchị ọkàchàsị ndị dị arọ ịrị na ọtụ, ịrị ṅa asàtọ. N'afọ 2015, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ haziri mmemme nkwụsị akwukwọ ebe a ṅyere ụmụ akwụkwọ méputàrà ìhè n’ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ Dore Numa kọọlejị ha Ọṅyinyè.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/2015/06/female-students-glitter-at-dowen-college-valedictory/|title=female students glitters at dowen college valedictory|author=guardian newspaper|date=17 June 2015|accessdate=18 October 2015|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> E serè vidio egwu wizkid nke akpọrọ `Holla at your Boy” ṅa Dowen kọọlejị ụna abụọ na Dowen kọọlejị, Lagos, kọrọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ ise dị elu megburu ya ma tie ya ihe mgbe a na-ekwu na ọ jụrụ isonyere òtù nzuzo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dowen College student death - Check all you need to know|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/media-59527416|accessdate=2021-12-03}}</ref> Dị ka nna ya si kwuo, ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ nyekwara yotụ a kemịkal ka ọ ṅụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-03|title=Dowen College: Black liquid found in Sylvester's stomach during autopsy – Father|url=https://punchng.com/dowen-college-black-liquid-found-in-sylvesters-stomach-during-autopsy-father/|accessdate=2021-12-03|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Gọvmentị Steeti Lagos nyere iwu ka a mechie ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ruoọ mgbe ebighị ebi ka a na-echere nsonaazụ nyocha.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-03|title=[BREAKING]: Sylvester Oromoni: Lagos orders indefinite closure of Dowen college|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-sylvester-oromoni-lagos-orders-indefinite-closure-of-dowen-college/|accessdate=2021-12-03|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-03|title=Lagos govt, police visit Dowen College over controversial death of student|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/498746-lagos-govt-police-visit-dowen-college-over-controversial-death-of-student.html|accessdate=2021-12-03|language=en-GB|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Ihe omume ahụ kpaliri mkpesa ọha na eze, na hashtag #JusticeForSylvesterOromoni na-agafe na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịtaị Ndị nne na nna nke ụmụ akwụkwọ anọ metụtara ya ji aka ha nyefee onwe ha n'aka ndị uwe ojii maka nyocha ọzọ. N'ọnwa April na afọ 2024, onye nyocha nke steeti Lagos kwubiri nyocha ya banyere ọnwụ Oromoni. Onye nchọpụta ahụ kpebiri na ọnwụ ya bụ ihe okike ma a ga-ezere ya, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi nlekọta ahụike na nke nne na nna kama imegbu ma ọ bụ nsí.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-15|title=Sylvester Oromoni: Coroner says death was natural but avoidable|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2024/04/15/sylvester-oromoni-coroner-says-death-was-natural-but-avoidable/|accessdate=2025-08-22|work=Channels TV}}</ref> Nchọpụta ndị ahụ gosiri na Oromoni nwụrụ site na sepsis nke mmerụ ahụ a na-agwọghị ya na nkwonkwo ụkwụ kpatara, nke dugara na nsogbu na akpa ume ya na akụrụ ya. Onye nchọpụta ahụ wepụrụ Dowen kọọlejị na ndị ọrụ ya, ka ọ na-egosipụta ileghara anya nke ndị nne na nna na dọkịta ezinụlọ maka ịghara ịchọ nlekọta ahụike n'oge. Ntuziaka gụnyere mmelite na nlekota ụmụ akwụkwọ na nkwado uche n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-15|title=Oromoni’s death caused by medical, parental negligence – Coroner|url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/oromonis-death-caused-by-medical-parental-negligence-coroner/|accessdate=2025-08-22|work=The ICIR}}</ref> == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama == * [[Moet Abebe]], onye na-eme egwuregwu vidio, onye na -egosi ihe nkiri na telivishọn, onye na * Tems, Onye Naijiria Na-abụ abụ Ịdị Mma n'Ụmụ akwụkwọ * [[Buraimoh Obaseyi Daniel]], (Klas nke 2010) - nwetara akara ugo mmụta klas mbụ na Computer Science na San Francisco State University, na-aghọ onye Naijiria mbụ mere ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dowen College Alumni|url=https://dowencollege.org.ng/alumni/|accessdate=2025-08-22|archivedate=2022-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204080610/https://dowencollege.org.ng/alumni/}}</ref> * [[David Umo]], (Klassi nke 2015) - Gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 8 A1s na West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dowen College Alumni|url=https://dowencollege.org.ng/alumni/|accessdate=2025-08-22|archivedate=2022-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204080610/https://dowencollege.org.ng/alumni/}}</ref> * [[Ene Nnenna]], (Klas nke 2017) - O nwetara 9 A1s na WASSCE 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dowen College Alumni|url=https://dowencollege.org.ng/alumni/|accessdate=2025-08-22|archivedate=2022-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204080610/https://dowencollege.org.ng/alumni/}}</ref> * [[Serena Omo-Lamai]], (Klassi nke 2015) - Bioengineer na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu ikpeazụ na nsonaazụ WASSCE na IGCSE kachasị elu, nweta Ph.D. na Bioengineering na Mahadum Pennsylvania, ma nata PhRMA Foundation Predoctoral Fellowship in Drug Delivery . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Serena Omo-Lamai Alumni Profile|url=https://dowencollege.org.ng/serena-omo-lamai-named-senior-class-marshal/|accessdate=2025-08-22|archivedate=2025-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812000726/https://dowencollege.org.ng/serena-omo-lamai-named-senior-class-marshal/}}</ref> Ọchụnta ego na idu ndú * [[Ndepụta nke ụlọakwụkwọ dị na Lagos|List of schools in Lagos]] == Edensibia ==   1oyyuqevo4h9vftlewevt2u7iclhteg 0 19804 705119 117337 2026-08-19T20:05:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:LccccccccCity ogo city.png|thumb|City FM logo ]] [[Usòrò:City FM 105.1 Lagos.jpg|thumb|City FM (Lagos)]] City FM 105.1 bụ ụlọ ọrụ redio egwu dị na Lateef Jakande Road, Agidigbi, Ikeja, Lagos Steeti, Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-03|title=City 105.1 FM to syndicate Turntable top 50 as part of partnership|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/city-1051-fm-to-syndicate-turntable-top-50-as-part-of-partnership/b71mc0c|accessdate=2021-10-27|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029035212/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/city-1051-fm-to-syndicate-turntable-top-50-as-part-of-partnership/b71mc0c}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CITY 105.1 FM RELOCATES {{!}} Encomium Magazine|url=https://encomium.ng/city-105-1-fm-relocates/|accessdate=2021-10-27|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{Lagos Radio}} 2h5n6zm4oymr5dhjovjhein7fvbexf4 0 19910 705083 128598 2026-08-19T12:30:15Z Favorgrace 62357 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361316964|Italian International School "Enrico Mattei"]]" 705083 wikitext text/x-wiki Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mba Nile nke Ịtali "Enrico Mattei" (IIS) ma ọ bụ Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Itali Lagos bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mba ụwa nke Itali dị na Lekki Phase I, Lagos, Nigeria.[1] Ọ na-eje ozi maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị ala, na liceo (ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị elu).[2] == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Agụmakwụkwọ mbụ nke ndị Ịtali na Lagos malitere n'afọ ndị 1960. Nzukọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwetara saịtị ahụ maka ogige ya na Febụwarị 1988. A rụchara klas na ọfịs, nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị Ịtali wuru, na Jenụwarị 1991. Ebe egwuregwu ahụ meghere na Mee 1992. [1] == Ogige == Ogige ahụ nwere ngụkọta nke 1.7 hekta (4.2 acres) nke ala. Ụlọ klas ahụ nwere okpukpu atọ nwere ụlọ klas ikuku, ọbá akwụkwọ, ọfịs, ụlọ nyocha sayensị, ụlọ kọmputa, na ụlọ egwu. Ogige ahụ gụnyekwara ụlọ egwuregwu nwere ikuku 700-square-meter (7,500 sq , ogige bọọlụ, ogige egwuregwu, ọdọ mmiri, na ụlọ ikpe tennis abụọ.[1] == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * (n'asụsụ(in Italian)) Italian International School "Enrico Mattei" E debere Wayback Machine {{Lagos}}{{International schools in Nigeria}}{{Italian international schools}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 2rb1ttpnn3he3iokvn41fa2h4epc042 0 22582 705105 538633 2026-08-19T13:21:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Betty Nambooze Bakireke''', nke a maara dị ka '''Betty Namboozi''', bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Uganda. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye omeiwu, na-anọchite anya Obodo Ukwu Mukono, na Mukono District<ref name="Profile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=541.000000&const=Mukono+County+North&dist_id=8.000000&distname=Mukono|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053147/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=541.000000&const=Mukono+County+North&dist_id=8.000000&distname=Mukono|archivedate=4 March 2016|title=Profile of Mrs. Bakireke Nambooze Betty, Member of Parliament for Mukono County North, Mukono District|accessdate=6 January 2016|publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]] (POU)|first=|author=POU|date=6 January 2016}}</ref> == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na Mukono District, na 13 Julaị 1969. Ọ gara Bishop's Senior Secondary School Mukono, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1986.<ref name="Trek">{{Cite web|title=Nambooze, Bakireke love trek started in S.3|first=Joseph|accessdate=7 January 2016|author=Kimbowa|url=http://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=22451:nambooze-bakireke-love-trek-started-in-s3|date=4 December 2012|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100311/http://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=22451:nambooze-bakireke-love-trek-started-in-s3}}</ref> O mechara gaa Law Development Centre, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Diploma na Law, na 1998. N'afọ 2010, e nyere ya diplọma na Development Studies site na Mahadum Uganda Martyrs .<ref name="Profile"/> == Ahụmahụ ọrụ == A họpụtara Nambooze na mbụ ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu na Mee 2010, mgbe na ntuli aka, na-agba ọsọ na tiketi Democratic Party, ọ meriri onye omeiwu nọ n'ọkwa ahụ, Peter Bakaluba Mukasa nke National Resistance Movement na-achị.<ref>{{Cite web|first=and Hussien Bogere|url=http://www.observer.ug/news/headlines/8671-how-nambooze-trounced-nrm|title=How Nambooze trounced NRM|author=Edris Kiggundu|date=26 May 2010|accessdate=7 January 2016|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101905/http://www.observer.ug/news/headlines/8671-how-nambooze-trounced-nrm}}</ref> Dị ka profaịlụ omeiwu ya si kwuo, Nambooze rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ akụkọ (stringer), n'etiti afọ 1993 na 2000. Site na 2000 ruo 2004, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ mmanye iwu. Site na 2004 ruo 2005, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-egosi redio n'etiti afọ 2000 na 2009 na CBS FM. Site na 2005 ruo 2010, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Democratic Party na Uganda.<ref name="Profile"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Clarke|first=Jody|title=How to keep winning elections - Ugandan style|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/how-to-keep-winning-elections-ugandan-style-1.570510|accessdate=2021-04-03|work=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2016, e jidere ya na Moses Kasibante onye omeiwu a họpụtara maka ikpughe akwụkwọ na-akọwa aghụghọ ntuli aka na-ewere ọnọdụ n'oge ntuli aka mba ahụ na nso nso a. E jidere Nambooze n'ọtụtụ oge n'ebubo dị iche iche na-akpali ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nke a na-edekarị ụgha, mana a ka na-ama ya ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe ọ bụla. A na-eyi ndụ ya egwu ma ọbụna tinye ya nsí n'ihi ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Police attack journalists covering arrest of Ugandan opposition MP|accessdate=23 June 2018|url=https://www.ifex.org/uganda/2017/03/31/politician-arrest/|date=31 March 2017|publisher=Ifex.org Quoting Human Rights Network for Journalists - Uganda|author=Ifex Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Good vs Bad DP: MP Nambooze Arrested, Injured And Tortured in Masaka|accessdate=23 June 2017|url=http://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/04/23/good-vs-bad-dp-mp-nambooze-arrested-injured-and-tortured-in-masaka/|date=23 April 2017|publisher=The Insider (Uganda)|first=Johnson|author=Thembo|archivedate=24 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724130230/http://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/04/23/good-vs-bad-dp-mp-nambooze-arrested-injured-and-tortured-in-masaka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abiriga murder: MP Nambooze arrested|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Abiriga-killing-MP-Nambooze-arrested/688334-4609806-fsj2pgz/index.html|date=13 June 2018|accessdate=23 June 2018|first=Jessica|author=Sabano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=paseditor|date=2018-09-17|title=The Leader of the Opposition, Betty Aol Ocan visits Hon Betty Namboze at her home in Mukono, August 31st 2018|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/gallery/2695/leader-opposition-betty-aol-ocan-visits-hon-betty-namboze-her-home-mukono-august-31st|accessdate=2021-04-03|work=www.parliament.go.ug|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kaaya|first=Sadab Kitatta|title=Nambooze: I was poisoned|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/44932-nambooze-i-was-poisoned|accessdate=2021-04-03|work=The Observer - Uganda|language=en-gb|archivedate=2021-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610043854/https://observer.ug/news-headlines/44932-nambooze-i-was-poisoned}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Malaba|first=Tom|title=Police to Disperse Nambozes Rally|url=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/police-to-disperse-nambozes-rally|accessdate=2021-04-03|work=Uganda Radio Network|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2020, a mara Nambooze dị ka onye otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị "National Unity Platform" na onye otu ya "Kyagulanyi Sentamu Robert" a.k.a. "Bobi Wine" onye isi oche nke pati. Ya na ndị otu ya ndị ọzọ, Nambooze setịpụrụ na "Mission 2021" ọrụ otu iji wepụ ndị otu na-achị achị na ntuli aka 2021 na-abịanụ<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-13|title=Good Thursday! Bobi Wine's budding NUP captures 11 DP MPs and singer Chameleon|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/08/good-thursday-bobi-wines-budding-nup-party-captures-dp-mps-and-singer-chameleon.html|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=PML Daily|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Writer|first=TRACY TEDDY NAYIGA {{!}} PML Daily Staff|date=2020-10-14|title=MP Nambooze appeals to NUP losers to Support the Flag bearers|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2020/10/mp-nambooze-appeals-to-nup-losers-to-support-the-flag-bearers.html|accessdate=2021-04-03|work=PML Daily|language=en-US}}</ref> Na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke afọ 2021, Namboze meriri oge ọzọ (2021-2026) iji nọchite anya obodo mukono na tiketi NUP mgbe o meriri ndị asọmpi ya kacha nso Maazị George Fred Kagimu nke Democratic Party (DP) na Abbas Ssozi nke National resistance Movement (NRM).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who will succeed Betty Ocan as LoP?|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/who-will-succeed-betty-ocan-as-lop--3273482|accessdate=2021-04-03|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NRM teams up with DP to beat Nambooze in Mukono|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nrm-teams-up-with-dp-to-beat-nambooze-in-mukono-3254784|accessdate=2021-04-03|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọktoba, ndị uwe ojii nyochara mwakpo a wakporo ụlọ Betty Nambooze ebe ha nwetara pangas ọhụrụ abụọ n'ime akpa n'ime obere ogige tomato<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-19|title=Police Probes Attack at MP Nambooze’s Home - SoftPower News|url=https://www.softpower.ug/police-probes-attack-at-mp-namboozes-home/|accessdate=2021-11-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=spyreports|title=Just In: MP Betty Nambooze Attacked At Her Home|url=https://spyreports.co.ug/news/just-in-mp-betty-nambooze-attacked-at-her-home/|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=Spyreports|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116102933/https://spyreports.co.ug/news/just-in-mp-betty-nambooze-attacked-at-her-home/}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị omeiwu == Nambooze na-anọdụ na (a) Kọmitii na-ahụ maka ọrụ ọha na eze na Gọọmentị Obodo na (b) Kọmiti na-ahụkarị maka ego gọọmentị Ob Obodo.<ref name="Profile"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=So many questions, very few answers on the 43 new counties – Parliament Watch|url=http://parliamentwatch.ug/so-many-questions-very-few-answers-on-the-43-new-counties/|accessdate=2021-04-03|work=parliamentwatch.ug}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 2002, Betty Nambooze lụrụ Henry Bakireke, onye ọ zutere na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na 1980s. Ha niile bụ nne na nna nke ihe karịrị ụmụ iri abụọ na isii, ma ndị e kere eke ma ndị e kuchiri.<ref name="Trek"/> == Hụkwa == * Nzukọ omeiwu nke Uganda == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160319224843/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda] * [http://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/betty-nambooze-triumphs-in-mukono-north-mp-elections Betty Nambooze Mmeri na Mukono North MP Elections] {{DEFAULTSORT:Nambooze,Betty}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qd4tzrniv3cxnckolhivsu1j16zbz6m 0 23591 705093 539595 2026-08-19T12:46:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Benita Sena Okity-Duah''' (amụrụ na 19 Juun, na afọ 1976) bụ [[Ghana|onye Ghana]] na-emepụta ejiji, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye bụbu onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Ledzokuku na mpaghara Greater Accra .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Member of Parliament|url=http://www.parliament.gh/parliamentarians/394|work=www.parliament.gh|publisher=Parliament of Ghana|accessdate=30 July 2016|archivedate=8 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208204838/http://www.parliament.gh/parliamentarians/394}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na 19 Juun, na afọ 1976 na Anloga na mpaghara Volta nke [[Ghana]] .<ref>{{Cite book|author=Vieta, Kojo T., 1962-|title=Know your MPs in the 6th Parliament : (2013-2017)|date=2013|publisher=Flagbearers Publishers|isbn=978-9988-1-8039-3|location=Accra|oclc=869428481}}</ref> O meriri asọmpi Miss Ghana na afọ 1997 mgbe ọ dị afọ 20 dị ka nwa akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Photos: Miss Ghana 1997 Benita Sena Okity-Duah at 2013 Ghana Movie Awards!|url=http://ghanagist.com/photos-miss-ghana-1997-benita-sena-okity-duah-at-2013-ghana-movie-awards/|work=www.ghanagist.com|publisher=Ghanagist.com|accessdate=30 July 2016|archivedate=24 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724020233/http://ghanagist.com/photos-miss-ghana-1997-benita-sena-okity-duah-at-2013-ghana-movie-awards/}}</ref> Ọ gara Achimota School na Accra maka agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. Ọ gara n'ihu na-amụ ejiji na London School of Fashion ruo afọ anọ.<ref name="Celebrities">{{Cite web|title=Benita Sena Okity-Duah Goes To Parliament…First Ever Miss Ghana Beauty Queen To Enter Parliament|url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/12/14/benita-sena-okity-duah-goes-to-parliament-first-ever-miss-ghana-beauty-queen-to-enter-parliament/|work=www.ghanacelebrities.com|publisher=Ghana Celebrities|accessdate=30 July 2016|date=2012-12-14|archivedate=2021-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801121323/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/12/14/benita-sena-okity-duah-goes-to-parliament-first-ever-miss-ghana-beauty-queen-to-enter-parliament/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ laghachiri Ghana n'afọ 2003 ma kemgbe ahụ, ọ kpụrụ onwe ya niche na ụlọ ọrụ ejiji Ghana.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Vieta, Kojo T., 1962-|title=Know your MPs in the 6th Parliament : (2013-2017)|date=2013|publisher=Flagbearers Publishers|isbn=978-9988-1-8039-3|location=Accra|oclc=869428481}}</ref> == Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Benita gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye nhazi ụmụ nwanyị nke National Democratic Congress nke mpaghara Ledzokuku na mpaghara Greater Accra. O sonyere na ntuli aka nke pati ma merie onye omeiwu nke oge ahụ bụ Nii Nortey Dua iji nọchiteanya National Democratic Congress na mpaghara ahụ. O meriri ntuli aka na 2012 iji nọchiteanya ndị Ledzokuku na ndị omeiwu nke Ghana. Ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ Miss Ghana beauty queen ka a họpụtara dị ka onye otu ndị omeiwu na [[Ghana]].<ref name="Celebrities"/> Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote minista na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ, ụmụaka na nchekwa ọha na eze nke Ghana site n'Epriel, na afọ 2013 ruo June 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament approves nomination of 35 deputy ministers-designate|url=http://politics.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201304/105205.php|work=www.myjoyonline.com|publisher=Multimedia Group|date=29 April 2013|accessdate=16 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827211546/http://politics.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201304/105205.php|archivedate=27 August 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa osote minista na-ahụ maka ịkụ azụ na aquaculture nke Republic of Ghana.<ref> {{Cite web|title=Ministerial reshuffle: Nii Lantey Vanderpuye out?|url=http://www.m.myjoyonline.com/marticles/news/ministerial-reshuffle-nii-lantey-vanderpuye-out|work=www.myjoyonline.com|publisher=Multimedia Group|date=2 June 2014|accessdate=16 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822133007/http://www.m.myjoyonline.com/marticles/news/ministerial-reshuffle-nii-lantey-vanderpuye-out|archivedate=2016-08-22}} </ref> Benita tụfuru oche ya n'aka Dr. Benard Okoe-Boye onye guzo na tiketi nke New Patriotic Party na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke afọ 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailyguideafrica.com/miss-ghana-loses-ledzokuku-seat/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225211146/http://dailyguideafrica.com/miss-ghana-loses-ledzokuku-seat/|archivedate=25 February 2017|title=Miss Ghana Loses Ledzokuku Seat - Daily Guide Africa|work=dailyguideafrica.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-02-25|date=2016-12-09}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Benita lụrụ Steve Okity-Duah. A mụrụ ya Benita Golomeke, e chiri ya okpueze Embassy pleasure Ms Ghana na afọ 1997. Ọ bụ Onye Kraịst na onye otu The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2734|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Okity-Dua, Sena Benita|work=ghanamps.com|accessdate=2020-01-25|archivedate=2020-01-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114055702/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2734}}</ref> == Ebenside == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{DEFAULTSORT:Okity-Duah, Benita Sena}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ọmụmụ afọ 1976]] knvr4pwvbr3cm7wpoj9opwdia3j38dx 0 24781 705163 689532 2026-08-20T11:20:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ghizlane Chebbak''' (Arabic; amụrụ na 19 Febụwarị 1991) bụ onye Morocco ọkachamara na agba bọọlụ nke na agba ọsọ maka ASFAR na otu ụmụ nwanyị nke Morocco. A kpọrọ ya onye egwuregwu nke asọmpi ahụ na 2022 Iko mba Afrịka ụmụnwaanyị . == Ọrụ klọb == Chebbak agbaala bọọlụ maka ASFAR na Morocco.<ref name="ASFAR"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="180">[https://as-far.ma/fr/effectif/27 "Effectif : Football - Dames"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="181">''ASFAR'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="182"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2021</span>.</span></cite></ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Chebbak gbara ọsọ maka Morocco na ọkwa dị elu n'oge 2018 Iso ntozu Iko Ụmụ nwanyị Afrika (agba nke mbụ). === Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa === ''Ntinye na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Morocco nke mbụ'' {| class="wikitable" !Mba. !Ụbọchị !Ebe a na-anọ !Onye mmegide !Ihe ndị a tụrụ !Nsonaazụ !Ịsọ mpi !Ihe ncheta: |- | style="text-align:center;" |1 |6 Eprel 2018 |Complexe Moulay El Hassan, Rabat, Morocco | Ivory Coast | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1 1 1 '''1''' | style="text-align:center;" |1 1 1 1 |2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations iru eru |<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412111950/http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/11theditionwomenafcon-ghana2018/MatchDetails?MatchId=7sIf63FaUmZtJtjsjFcLRPmDweJm7DxwFKR2%2fpCcxCdNdvjoaTgH2xD8Wn8T8uH1|archivedate=12 April 2018|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/11theditionwomenafcon-ghana2018/MatchDetails?MatchId=7sIf63FaUmZtJtjsjFcLRPmDweJm7DxwFKR2%2fpCcxCdNdvjoaTgH2xD8Wn8T8uH1|title=Competitions - 11th Edition Women AFCON- GHANA 2018 - Match Details|work=Confederation of African Football|accessdate=17 June 2021}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;" |2 |5 Ọgọst 2018 |Ámá egwuregwu obodo Els Arcs de L'alcúdia, Valencia, Spain | India | style="text-align:center;" |1 5 |Iko Cotif 2018 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cotifalcudia.com/partido/seleccion-nacional-india-vs-seleccion-nacional-marruecos/|title=SELECCIÓN NACIONAL INDIA vs SELECCION NACIONAL MARRUECOS|language=es|first=Rubén|author=Sebastián|work=Cotif Alcudia|date=5 August 2018|accessdate=17 June 2021}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;" |3 | rowspan="3" |20 Febụwarị 2020 | rowspan="4" |El Kram Stadium, El Kram, Tunisia | rowspan="3" | Mauritania | style="text-align:center;" |'''2''' na 0 | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |5 Na 0 | rowspan="4" |2020 UNAF Women's Tournament | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unafonline.org/ar/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%b2%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%ae%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b3/|title=سيدات المغرب يفزن على موريتانيا بخماسية بدورة اتحاد شمال افريقيا|language=ar|accessdate=17 June 2021|archivedate=1 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501230930/http://www.unafonline.org/ar/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |4 |30 |- style="text-align:center;" |5 |'''4''' na 0 |- | style="text-align:center;" |6 |22 Febụwarị 2020 | Algeria | style="text-align:center;" |'''1''' 0 | style="text-align:center;" |2 na 0 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unafonline.org/ar/%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%b4%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86-2/|title=دورة اتحاد شمال افريقيا لكرة القدم النسائية- المنتخب المغربي بطلا بالعلامة الكاملة|language=ar|accessdate=17 June 2021|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201520/http://www.unafonline.org/ar/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86-2/}}</ref> |} == Ndụ onwe onye == Nna Chebbak, Larbi Chebbak، bụkwa onye na agba bọọlụ mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lematin.ma/supplement/sport/2013/championnat-pro-elite-1-8e-journee_as-far--la-chute-libre/football-feminin_la-decadence--/190981.html|title=La décadence !|date=11 November 2013|work=Le Matin|language=French}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == * IFFHSNdị otu Afrika nke afọ: 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=IFFHS|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2490|accessdate=2023-01-24|work=www.iffhs.com|archivedate=2023-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319191838/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2490}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị Morocco na agba bọọlụ mba ụwa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ghizlane Chebbak on Instagram [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ngms4oq9is0saky6gk18twe0p6a69ab 0 24857 705122 698712 2026-08-19T21:09:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Cynthia E. Rosenzweig (née Ropes) (''amụrụ'' n'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1958) bụ onye America agronomist na climatologist na NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, nke dị na Mahadum Columbia, "onye nyere aka ịmalite ọmụmụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na ọrụ ugbo. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.earth.columbia.edu/eidirectory/view/710|title=Dr. Cynthia Ropes Rosenzweig - Directory - The Earth Institute - Columbia University|work=www.earth.columbia.edu|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-17}}</ref><ref name="gillis">Justin Gillis, [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/05/science/earth/05harvest.html "A Warming Planet Struggles to Feed Itself"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', June 5, 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brumfiel|first=G.|year=2012|title=366 days: ''Nature''{{'}}s 10|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_december-20-27-2012_492_7429/page/335|journal=Nature|volume=492|issue=7429|pages=335–343|pmid=23257862|doi=10.1038/492335a}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi nchọpụta sayensị na Columbia Climate School ma nwee ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 300, ihe karịrị isiokwu 80 ndị ọgbọ nyochara, dere ma ọ bụ dezie akwụkwọ asatọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/54074194_Cynthia_Rosenzweig|title=Cynthia Rosenzweig's research works {{!}} Columbia University, NY (CU) and other places|work=ResearchGate|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heymancenter.org/people/cynthia-rosenzweig/|title=People {{!}} Cynthia Rosenzweig {{!}} The Heyman Center for the Humanities at Columbia University|work=heymancenter.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-17|archivedate=2020-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009205542/http://heymancenter.org/people/cynthia-rosenzweig//}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ n'ọtụtụ òtù dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ iji mepụta atụmatụ iji jikwaa mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ọkwa ụwa na IPCC yana na New York City mgbe Hurricane Sandy gasịrị. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == Rosenzweig gara Cook College (na Mahadum Rutgers) wee nweta nzere Bachelor of Arts na sayensị ọrụ ugbo na 1980. Rosenzweig lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ugbo malitere na 1969, mgbe ya na onye ga-abụ di ya gbazitere ma na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na Tuscany, Ịtali, na-ewe mkpụrụ vaịn na oliv ma na-azụ anụmanụ dị ka ewu, ezì, ọbọgwụ, na geese.<ref name=":0" /> O kpebiri ịlaghachi na mahadum iji mụọ ọrụ ugbo, nweta nzere Master of Science na Soils and Crops na Mahadum Rutgers na 1983.<ref name="nasaprofile">[https://web.archive.org/web/20201009205613/https://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/crosenzweig.html/ "Cynthia Rosenzweig"] (profile), [[NASA GISS]] (last visited Aug. 15, 2012).</ref> N'oge ọ nọ na Master, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies were ya n'ọrụ iji mụọ ihe ọkụkụ site na iji data satellite. O mechara nweta Ph.D. ya na Mahadum Massachusetts Amherst na Plant, Soil and Environmental Sciences na 1991.<ref name="nasaprofile" /> O ka na-aruru NASA, ebe obu onyeisi nke otu Climate Impacts Group kemgbe 1993. Oru ya na ndi IPCC Task Force na Data bu nke amaara mgbe 2007 Nobel Prize ka agbakwunyere na Al Gore na IPCC. Ọ na-ejekwa ozi ugbu a dị ka onye nkuzi prọfesọ na Barnard College ma bụrụkwa onye nkuzi onye sayensị na-eme nchọpụta na Columbia Climate School na Mahadum Columbia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/crosenzweig.html|title=NASA GISS: Cynthia Rosenzweig|work=GISS Personnel Directory|accessdate=October 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://barnard.edu/profiles/cynthia-rosenzweig|title=Cynthia Rosenzweig {{!}} Barnard College|work=barnard.edu|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uccrn.org/who-we-are/people/|title=Global Management Team – Urban Climate Change Research Network|work=uccrn.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-10-17|archivedate=2020-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009205555/https://uccrn.ei.columbia.edu/who-we-are/people//}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta obodo na nkwado == Mgbe o no na NASA na Kolumbia Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Rosenzweig bu onye mbu kwadoro ogugu nke bekee kporo Climate Change na mmputara ya na iko ugbo nakwa ebe mmadu bi. Osorola na otu di iche iche nke na-agbo mbo ilekota mgbanwe gburugburu nke gunyere: * Onye isi oche, New York City Panel on Climate Change * Onye isi, Metropolitan East Coast Regional Assessment nke US National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change, nke US Global Change Research Program kwadoro. * Onye nhazi onye isi edemede nke IPCC Working Group II Fourth Assessment Report ("Observed Changes" isi) * Onye nhazi onye isi edemede nke IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land * Onye otu, IPCC Task Group on Data and Scenarios for Impact and Climate Assessment * Onye nchịkọta akụkọ, [[UCCRN]] First Assessment Report on Climate Change and Cities (ARC3). * Onye otu panel nke New York City Panel on Climate Change. * Onye guzobere na onye otu Kọmitii Nchịkwa nke Ọrụ Ugbo Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) * N'October 20, 2022 e nyere Rosenzweig World Food Prize.<ref name="WFP" /> * Rosenzweig guzobere Ọrụ Ugbo Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project na 2010 Enwere ike inweta nkọwa zuru ezu nke nyocha Rosenzweig na profaịlụ Google Scholar ya. Enwere ike inweta ndepụta zuru ezu nke akwụkwọ ya site na [https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/authors/crosenzweig.html bibliography] ya na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NASA Goodard Institute for Space Studies. * {{Cite journal|author=Rosenzweig|first=C.|doi=10.1038/367133a0|title=Potential impact of climate change on world food supply|journal=Nature|volume=367|issue=6459|pages=133|year=1994|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233153}} * C.L. Rosenzweig & M.L. Parry, "Climate Change and Agriculture", 1990 * {{Cite journal|author=Rosenzweig|first=C.|doi=10.1038/nature06937|title=Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2008-05-15_453_7193/page/353|journal=Nature|volume=453|issue=7193|pages=353–357|year=2008|pmid=18480817}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170501101544/https://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/041707_rosenzweig.pdf Ihe akaebe n'ihu] Congress, Eprel 17, 2007. == Onyinye == * Guggenheim Fellow<ref name="nasaprofile"/> * GSFC Honor Award - Sayensị (2011)<ref name="GISSAwards">{{Cite web|title=Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science|url=http://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/earth/giss/awardswon|author=NASA (GISS)|year=2011}}</ref> * GISS Best Publication Award (2009)<ref name="GISSAwards" /> * GSFC Honor Award - Ihe ịga nke ọma sayensị ụwa (2007)<ref name="GISSAwards" /> * Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2006)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaas.org/fellows/listing|title=Elected Fellows|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science}}</ref> * A na-akpọ ya otu n'ime Nature's 10: Ten People Who Mattered in 2012" site na akwụkwọ akụkọ Nature<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2012-12-19|title=366 days: Nature's 10|url=https://www.nature.com/news/366-days-nature-s-10-1.11997|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=492|issue=7429|pages=335–343|doi=10.1038/492335a|pmid=23257862|issn=0028-0836|author=Heuer|first=R. D.}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHeuerRosenzweigSteltznerBlanpain2012">Heuer, R. D.; Rosenzweig, C.; Steltzner, A.; Blanpain, C.; Iorns, E.; Wang, J.; Handelsman, J.; Gowers, T.; De Bernardinis, B.; Fouchier, R. (2012-12-19). [https://www.nature.com/news/366-days-nature-s-10-1.11997 "366 days: Nature's 10"]. ''Nature''. '''492''' (7429): 335–343. [[Bibcode (ihe njirimara)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.492..335. 2012Natur.492..335.]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1038/492335a|10.1038/492335a]]</span>. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0028-0836|0028-0836]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23257862 23257862].</cite></ref> * Ihe nrite nri ụwa (2022)<ref name="WFP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldfoodprize.org/index.cfm/87428/48752/2022_world_food_prize_awarded_to_nasa_climate_scientist|work=World Food Prize Organization|title=2022 World Food Prize Awarded to NASA Climate Scientist|date=May 5, 2022|accessdate=February 18, 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.worldfoodprize.org/index.cfm/87428/48752/2022_world_food_prize_awarded_to_nasa_climate_scientist "2022 World Food Prize Awarded to NASA Climate Scientist"]. ''World Food Prize Organization''. May 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nasa climate research scientist awarded World Food prize|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/05/world-food-prize-2022-winner-cynthia-rosenzweig-nasa|work=The Guardian|date=5 May 2022}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Ịgụ ihe ndi ọzọ == * "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Dr. Cynthia Rosenzweig nke NASA na Anna Lappé", Take a Bite Out of Climate Change, Sept. 2008 (ajụjụ ọnụ) * "Dr. Cynthia Rosenzweig Na-ekwu Maka Ngwọta Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke Obodo na Mahadum Michigan State", Eprel 9, 2010 (vidiyo) * "Earth Science: Putting the Puzzle Together" (NASA profaịlụ nke Rosenzweig maka ụmụaka) * Kristin Jobin, "[http://www.mlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2010/05/nasa_scientist_cynthia_rosenzw.html NASA Scientist Cynthia Rosenzweig]", MLive, May 2010 [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pv97du1qmbkvhf8fkd3f1i7ifocdh3q 0 31510 705160 176328 2026-08-20T09:17:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Nigerian politician}} {{Databox}} Frederick Yeitiemone Agbedi (February 20, 1960) bụ onye nkuzi na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si Naịjirịa jupụtara na mmanụ ala na steeti Bayelsa. Frederick Yeitiemone Agbedi Naịjirịa n'ebe ndịda<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16698/hon-agbedi-yeitiemone|title=Hon. Agbedi Yeitiemone biography, net worth, age, family, contact & picture|work=www.manpower.com.ng|accessdate=2019-12-20}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://fredagbedi.com/biography/|title=Biography|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-20|archivedate=2019-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220194655/https://fredagbedi.com/biography/}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nna guzobere Bayelsa State. Steeti Bayelsa Ọ bụ onye otu ndị nnọchi anya dị elu nke Ijaws nke gbara mbọ ka Nbanefo Panel mepụta steeti n'oge ọgba aghara mpaghara maka ịmepụta steeti ndị ọzọ na Naịjirịa. Ijaws Agbedi, onye nọ n'ọkwa nke ụlọ ndị nnọchi anya gọọmentị Naịjirịa na-anọchite anya Sagbama / Ek House of Representatives   Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Bayelsa State nke People's Democratic Party, PDP n'oge Goodluck Jonathan dị ka Gọvanọ nke steeti ahụ ruo 2007. Òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị mmadụ Goodluck Jonathan<ref name="sunnewsonline.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/bayelsa-guber-agbedi-bombs-dickson-says-succession-plan-ll-fail/|title=Bayelsa guber: Agbedi bombs Dickson, says succession plan 'll fail|date=2019-08-09|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-20}}</ref> N'afọ 2011 na 2019, Agbedi mere mgbalị na-enweghị isi ịbụ gọvanọ nke steeti Bayelsa nke mmanụ bara ọgaranya nke a na-akpọ "The creek Haven". == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Agbedi na Aghoro, obodo dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na Ekeremor Local Government Area nke Bayelsa. Mpaghara Gọọmentị Obodo Ekeremor Ọ gara State School, Aghoro, na Oproza Grammar School, Patani maka agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị. Ọ nwetara asambodo Naịjirịa na agụmakwụkwọ (NCE), na-amụ Bekee na akụkọ ihe mere eme site na College of Education, Warri, Delta State. Warri O nwere Bachelor of Education (B. Ed) na Bekee site na Mahadum Port Harcourt na masters (M. Sc) na Public Administration site na Machịum Abuja. Mahadum nke Port Harcourt Mahadum Abuja<ref name=":0"/> Agbedi, onye nkuzi ọkachamara mere nke ọma n'ọrụ ya wee rịgoro n'ọkwá dị elu nke odeakwụkwọ nzuzo nke odeakwụkwọ, Kọmitii Ọrụ Nkụzi Obodo, Onye Ọrụ Ịkwụ ụgwọ. Agbedi bụ onye otu, Adhoc Committee on Verification of Primary / Post Primary School Teachers, ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ nzuzo na Military Panel on Screening and Verification of staff of Burutu LGA, Delta State. Delta Steeti Ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ọha na eze maka azụmahịa onwe onye n'etiti afọ 80. === Asọmpi ọchịchị 2019 === N'afọ 2019, Agbedi mere mgbalị nke abụọ ịbụ gọvanọ nke Bayelsa. Na nkwupụta ọha na eze nke mmasị ịzọ ọkwa gọvanọ na Julaị 2019, Agbedi kwupụtara onwe ya dị ka onye kacha ruo eruo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/bayelsa-guber-im-most-qualified-for-pdp-ticket-fred-agbedi.html|title=Bayelsa Guber: I'm most qualified for PDP ticket – Fred Agbedi|date=2019-07-17|work=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-12-20|archivedate=2019-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220141523/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/bayelsa-guber-im-most-qualified-for-pdp-ticket-fred-agbedi.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalwire.com.ng/tag/fred-agbedi/|title=Fred Agbedi Archives|author=Emmanuel|first=Dayo|work=National Wire|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-12-20|archivedate=2019-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220141522/https://nationalwire.com.ng/tag/fred-agbedi/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/bayelsa-gov-race-why-i-stand-out-among-pdp-aspirants-agbedi/|title=Bayelsa gov race: Why I stand out among PDP aspirants —Agbedi » Politics » Tribune Online|date=2019-07-26|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-12-20}}</ref> "N'ezie, ana m ewere onwe m dị ka onye a ma ama iji merie ntuli aka na Bayelsa, naanị n'ihi na ndị mmadụ maara m maka onye m bụ. Enwere m àgwà, egosila m nghọta, egosula m ezi obi na ndị mmadụ maara na enwere ike ịtụkwasị m obi. " Tupu ntuli aka nke pati ya, ọtụtụ okwu bilitere megide Agbedi gụnyere okwu nke mpaghara ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nke gọvanọ n'etiti mpaghara atọ nke ndị omeiwu na steeti ahụ. Agbedi si n'ógbè nke mepụtarala ndị gọvanọ jụrụ ụkpụrụ nke mpaghara wee gaa n'ihu na mkpọsa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/news/zoning-untenable-in-bayelsa-says-agbedi/|title=Zoning untenable in Bayelsa, says Agbedi|date=2019-08-12|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-20|archivedate=2019-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220141518/https://guardian.ng/news/zoning-untenable-in-bayelsa-says-agbedi/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/zoning-never-a-factor-in-bayelsa-governorship-agbedi/|title=Zoning never a factor in Bayelsa governorship — Agbedi|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/bayelsa-pdp-candidate-can-come-from-any-zone-says-group/|title=Bayelsa PDP candidate can come from any zone, says group|date=2019-06-29|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-20}}</ref> Izu ole na ole maka ntuli aka nke pati, Gọvanọ Dickson kwupụtara mmadụ atọ dị ka ndị ọ kacha họrọ. Senator Douye Diri bụ otu n'ime "ndị a na-ete ágbá". Agbedi meghachiri ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ozugbo na-akọwa mkpebi ahụ dị ka "akụkọ ifo" ma kwuo na Dickson enweghị ndị ọ bụla ọ họọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/08/bayelsa-guber-gov-dickson-has-no-preferred-candidate-hon-agbedi/|title=Bayelsa Guber: Gov. Dickson has no preferred candidate – Hon. Agbedi|author=|first=|date=August 9, 2019|work=Vanguard|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/2019/08/bayelsa-agbedi-disputes-purported-presentation-of-restoration-caucus-aspirants/|title=Bayelsa: Agbedi disputes purported presentation of restoration caucus aspirants|author=|first=|date=August 11, 2019|work=New Telegraph|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220145746/https://www.newtelegraphng.com/2019/08/bayelsa-agbedi-disputes-purported-presentation-of-restoration-caucus-aspirants/|archivedate=December 20, 2019|accessdate=December 16, 2019}}</ref> Douye Diri meriri na ntuli aka nke mbụ mana arụmụka banyere nsonaazụ ya na-ekwu na Gọvanọ Dickson mebiri usoro ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-49575640|title=Douye Diri don win PDP governorship ticket for Bayelsa|date=2019-09-04|accessdate=2019-12-20|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/governorship-poll-sen-diri-wins-bayelsa-pdp-primary/rct9fp6|title=Governorship poll: Sen. Diri wins Bayelsa PDP primary|date=2019-09-04|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-20|archivedate=2019-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220145736/https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/governorship-poll-sen-diri-wins-bayelsa-pdp-primary/rct9fp6}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nmu4q9vpc7vbm9idslscekzohtl0xj6 0 32884 705143 642016 2026-08-20T04:21:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705143 wikitext text/x-wiki <references group="" responsive="1"></references>   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Lafuente Medianu''' (   [ˈelsa laˈfwente meˈðjanu]; amụrụ na 18 Julaị 1976), nke a maara dịka '''Elsa Pataky''', bụ onye na-ese onyinyo na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Spain.  <ref name="allmovie">{{Cite web|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/person/305590/Elsa-Pataky/biography|title=Elsa Pataky|accessdate=13 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405145222/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/305590/Elsa-Pataky/biography|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2015|archivedate=5 April 2015}}</ref>A maara Pataky maka ọrụ ya dị ka Elena Neves na Fast & Furious franchise. Ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri Snakes on a Plane (2006), ''Giallo'' (2009) na Give 'Em Hell, Malone (2009). O mekwara ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri Spanish ''Di Di Hollywood'' (2010). == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Pataky Elsa Lafuente Medianu na Madrid, Spain, nwa nwanyị nke José Francisco Lafuente, onye Spanish Biochemist, na Cristina Medianu Pataky, onye Romanian mgbasa ozi. <ref name="allmovie"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antena3.com/objetivotv/cine/imagen-elsa-pataky-madre-demuestra-donde-sacado-belleza_20210511609a8e629fdd32000136ca3f.html|work=[[Antena 3 (Spanish TV channel)|Antena 3]]|date=11 May 2021|title=La imagen de Elsa Pataky con su madre donde demuestra de dónde ha sacado su belleza}}</ref><ref name="yahoo">{{Cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1804504141/bio|title=Elsa Pataky Biography|work=Yahoo! Movies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001249/https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1804504141/bio|archivedate=29 June 2011}}</ref>O nwere nwanne ya nwoke nke ọ tọrọ: Cristian Prieto Medianu, onye nduzi ihe nkiri. Ọ na-eji aha nna Pataky iji sọpụrụ nne nne ya bụ onye Hungary bụ Rosa Pataky.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.glamour.es/elsa-pataky-confidential/el-secreto-de-una-vida-larga-y-saludable/|title=El secreto de una vida larga y saludable (The secret of a long and healthy life)|author=Elsa Pataky|work=Glamour: Elsa Pataky Confidential – El blog de Elsa Pataky|date=2018-05-03|accessdate=2019-01-25|archivedate=2019-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126220729/http://blogs.glamour.es/elsa-pataky-confidential/el-secreto-de-una-vida-larga-y-saludable/}}</ref> Pataky gara Universidad CEU San Pablo, na-amụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ma na-agụ akwụkwọ ime ihe nkiri. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceualumni.com/blog/elsa-pataky-y-ana-pastor/|title=Blog Alumni CEU: Elsa Pataky y Ana Pastor|work=Universidad de San Pablo CEU|date=14 December 2015|accessdate=13 February 2018|archivedate=21 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721052001/https://www.ceualumni.com/blog/elsa-pataky-y-ana-pastor/}}</ref>Na mgbakwunye na Spanish na Romanian, ọ na-asụ Bekee, Italian, Portuguese, na French nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mentalitch.com/actors-and-actresses-who-speak-multiple-languages/|title=Actors and Actresses Who Speak Multiple Languages|date=5 August 2016|accessdate=May 21, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/slideshow/6667/things-about-chris-hemsworths-wife-elsa-pataky/6/|title=20 things to know about Chris Hemsworth's wife, Elsa Pataky|work=sheknows.com|date=June 21, 2016|accessdate=May 21, 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Pataky bụ onye otu ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri nke Madrid Teatro Cámara de Ángel Gutiérrez. N'ikpeazụ, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe a tụbara ya na usoro telivishọn Al salir de clase . <ref name="yahoo"/>Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe nkiri ya ndị sochirinụ bụ ndị ya na UK na France rụkọtara ọrụ, nke mere ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na Bekee na French.Ọ nọ na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri telivishọn Queen of Swords (2000) dị ka Señora Vera Hidalgo, nwunye nke Gaspar Hidalgo na onye nwe Captain Grisham, nke a na-ekwu maka ya na utu aha mmeghe mana ọ pụtara naanị na 14 n'ime 22 episodes. O nwekwara ọrụ ugboro ugboro na usoro telivishọn Los Serrano, na-eme ka onye nkuzi Raquel, onye hụrụ nwa akwụkwọ ya Marcos (Fran Perea) n'anya.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Pataky apụtala na ihe karịrị ihe nkiri 10 nke Spanish ma soro mee ihe nkiri French ''Iznogoud'' (2004). Ọ nọkwa n'ihu mbipụta August 2006 nke ''Maxim'' . A họpụtara ya na 2009 na usoro Mexico Mujeres Asesinas dị ka Paula Moncada na ihe omume "Ana y Paula, Ultrajadas". O mekwara ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri Give 'Em Hell, Malone na Dario Argento's ''Giallo''.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Pataky ghọrọ ihu nwanyị maka nchịkọta mbụ nke akara ọla nke Time Force Ultimate Jewel, n'ihu onye na-agba bọọlụ Cristiano Ronaldo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bgfashion.net/article/5199/8/elsa-pataki-presented-time-force-jewelry-collection|title=Elsa Pataki presented Time Force jewelry collection|date=6 December 2011|work=Be Global Fashion Network|accessdate=26 April 2011}}</ref>Ọ rụrụ ọrụ onye uwe ojii Elena Neves na ihe nkiri Fast Five, ya na Dwayne Johnson dị ka onye mmekọ ya, Luke Hobbs. MTV Networks' NextMovie.com kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị Breakout Stars to Watch maka na 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nextmovie.com/blog/breakout-movie-stars-of-2011/|title=25 Breakout Stars to Watch for in 2011|author=Evry|first=Max|date=5 January 2011|work=Next Movie|accessdate=10 April 2011|archivedate=8 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308082919/http://www.nextmovie.com/blog/breakout-movie-stars-of-2011/}}</ref>Pataky bụ onye na-anọchite anya Natalie Portman na post end credit scene na Thor: The Dark World . Pataky weghachiri ọrụ ya dị ka Elena Neves na ''Fast &amp;amp; Furious 6'' (2013), Furious 7 (2015), na The Fate of the Furious (2017), nke isii, nke asaa na nke asatọ nke usoro ihe nkiri Fast & Firious. N'afọ 2018, Pataky pụtara na usoro telivishọn weebụ Australia Tidelands dị ka Adrielle Cuthbert . A tọhapụrụ ya na 14 Disemba 2018 na Netflix. Pataky rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na Interceptor, nke Matthew Reilly duziri, nke e wepụtara na June 2022.<ref name="Interceptor">{{Cite news|title=Author Matthew Reilly goes from books to big screen in Interceptor directing debut|work=ABC News Australia|date=10 October 2021|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-11/matthew-reillys-directing-dream-come-true-interceptor/100513242|accessdate=11 October 2021}}</ref> Pataky jikọrọ aka guzobe akara nlekọta akpụkpọ anụ a na-akpọ Purely Byron. Akara ahụ wepụtara ngwaahịa mbụ ya na 2022. Na Machị 2023, e tinyere Purely Byron na nchịkwa ma tinye ya maka ire ere. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kruger|first=Jessica Yun, Colin|date=2023-03-15|title=Purely Byron is for sale, but Pataky's role in brand's future unclear|url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/purely-byron-is-for-sale-but-pataky-s-role-in-brand-s-future-unclear-20230315-p5cs93.html|accessdate=2023-04-06|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref>N'oge ahụ, BWX Group nwere pasent 47.4 na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ebe Ido Leffler na Lance Kalish nwere ihe dị ka pasent 22 nke ọ bụla, na Chris Hemsworth's Byron Bay 1st Management pasent 3.2.<ref>{{Cite news|author=England|first=Cameron|date=2023-03-14|title=Purely Byron, the skincare firm backed by Elsa Pataky and Chris Hemsworth, is in administration|work=[[The Australian]]|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/purely-byron-the-skincare-firm-backed-by-elsa-pataky-and-chris-hemsworth-is-in-administration/news-story/6b5ddf1a91a0f8f4368a8384192d06cb|accessdate=2023-04-06}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Pataky lụrụ onye France na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Michael Youn site na 2004 ruo 2006 na onye America na-eme egwuregwu bụ Adrien Brody site na 2006 ruo 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Hello|url=http://www.helloonline.com/celebrities/2008/10/07/adrien-brody-hello!/|title=Adrien and Spanish love Elsa share their 'dream castle' with HELLO!|work=Hello|date=October 7, 2008|accessdate=December 28, 2012}}</ref> Ọ malitere ịkpa onye Australia na-eme ihe nkiri Chris Hemsworth na mbido afọ 2010 mgbe ọ zutere site na ndị nnọchi anya ha. Pataky na Hemsworth lụrụ n'oge ezumike Krismas na 2010. Ha nwere ụmụ atọ: nwa nwanyị na ụmụ ejima. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pataky|first=Elsa|title=Cómo he preparado la llegada de los bebés|url=http://blogs.glamour.es/elsa-pataky-confidential/como-he-preparado-la-llegada-de-los-bebes/|work=Glamour|accessdate=25 March 2014|language=es|archivedate=3 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503192501/http://blogs.glamour.es/elsa-pataky-confidential/como-he-preparado-la-llegada-de-los-bebes/}}</ref>N'afọ 2015, ezinụlọ ahụ si [[Los Angeles]] kwaga Byron Bay.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Melissa|author=Kehagias|url=http://www.news.com.au/finance/real-estate/sydney-nsw/chris-hemsworth-has-bought-himself-a-7-million-byron-bay-home/news-story/66d6cc80ad96c9647c850cd92f9e8e1a|title=Chris Hemsworth has bought himself a $7 million Byron Bay home|work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)]]|date=27 September 2014|accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> Na Septemba 2012, Pataky meriri € 310,000 na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Spain megide otu mbipụta Ediciones Zeta. Na Machị 2007, magazin Interviu, nke Zeta nwere, bipụtara foto ndị na-enweghị isi nke Pataky nke ejirila oghere anya ogologo were mgbe Pataky na-agbanwe uwe n'oge foto maka magazin Elle. Ndị otu Zeta kwuru na ha ga-arịọ arịrịọ megide mkpebi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Fiona|author=Govan|title=Spanish actress Elsa Pataky wins topless photo case|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/9550855/Spanish-actress-Elsa-Pataky-wins-topless-photo-case.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=12 August 2014|date=18 September 2012}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |1997 |''Nanị n'elu ụlọ'' |Chica magazin |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- | rowspan="3" |2000 |''Nkà nke Ịnwụ'' |Candela |<ref name="official-filmog">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elsapataky.com/cine/cine.html|title=Films|work=ElsaPataky.com|accessdate=13 June 2012}}</ref> |- |''Tatawo'' |Blanqui |<ref name="official-filmog" /> |- |''Obere Ihe Ka ukwuu'' |Diana |<ref name="official-filmog" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2001 |''Anụla M'' |Onye na-ere nri na Hel | |- |''N'abalị nke Iri na Abụọ [bụ]'' |Marta Cuspineda |<ref name="official-filmog" /> |- |2002 |''Ihe kacha njọ na-agaghị ekwe omume, gịnị ka ị ga-eme? [bụ]'' |Fátima |<ref name="official-filmog" /> |- | rowspan="3" |2003 |''N'elu Re-Animator'' |Laura Olney | |- |''Ụgbọala [bụ]'' |Nina |<ref name="official-filmog" /> |- |''M na-awakpo n'elekere atọ... na ọkara [ca]'' |Katya |<ref name="official-filmog" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |''Romasanta: Ịchụ Ọhịa'' |Barbara | |- |''Tiovivo c. 1950'' |Balbina | |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |''Iznogoud'' |Prehti-Ouhman | |- |''Ihe owuwu na-adịru nwa oge e mebiri emebi'' |Vidio 'Retorciendo palabras' |N'ịntanetị |- |''Ninette'' |Alajandra 'Ninette' | |- |2006 |''Agwọ N'Ụgbọelu'' |Maria | |- |2007 |''Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Ịhụnanya 2'' |Cecilia | |- | rowspan="3" |2008 |''Máncora'' |Ximena Saavedra |<ref name="official-filmog" /> |- |''Ịgba ọsọ ma ọ bụ Ịnwụ'' |Dany | |- |''Ndị Nsọ'' |Laura Luna |<ref name="official-filmog" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |''Giallo'' |Celine | |- |''Nye ha hel, Malone'' |Evelyn | |- |2009 |''Akpụkpọ anụ'' |Allie Hamilton (Spanish dub) |<ref name="official-filmog" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |''Maazị Nice'' |Ilza Kadegis | |- |''Di Di Hollywood'' |Di Di | |- | rowspan="4" |2011 |''Mkpa a ga-akpọ onwe gị Enesto'' | |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- |''Ngwa Ụzọ Ise'' |Elena Neves | |- |''Ebe Okporo ụzọ ahụ zutere Anyanwụ'' |Michelle |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Paths That Cross in Los Angeles|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2011/07/29/movies/where-the-road-meets-the-sun-review.html|accessdate=8 July 2013|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 July 2011}}</ref> |- |''Snowflake, White Gorilla'' |Nwanyị amoosu nke North |aka Snow Copito<ref name="official-filmog" /> |- | rowspan="3" |2013 |''Ihe Nile Maka Mmadụ Nile'' |Sophia Peters | |- |''Mmanya nke Oge Okpomọkụ'' |Veronica |Onye na-emepụta ihe |- |''Fast &amp;amp; Furious 6'' | rowspan="3" |Elena Neves | |- |2015 |''Iwe 7'' | |- |2017 |''Ọdịnihu nke Ndị Na-ewe N'Eju'' |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elsa Pataky regresa la gran pantalla con Fast & Furious 8|work=abc.es|date=14 May 2016|url=http://www.abc.es/estilo/gente/abci-elsa-pataky-regreso-gran-pantalla-fast-y-furios-8-201605142102_noticia.html|accessdate=17 May 2016}}</ref> |- |2018 |''12 Ike'' |Jean Nelson | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''Onye na-egbochi'' |JJ Collins |<ref name="Interceptor"/> |- |''Thor: Ịhụnanya na égbè eluigwe'' |Nwanyị Wolf | |- |''Ihu Poker'' |Penelope | |- |2022 |''Carmen'' | |} === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |1997 |''Mgbe ị na-apụ na klas'' |Raquel Alonso |Ihe omume 192 |- | rowspan="2" |1998 |''Nwanne nna Willy'' | |1 ihe omume |- |''Ndụ n'ikuku'' | |Ihe omume 13 |- | rowspan="2" |2000 |''Ụlọ Ọgwụ Central'' |Maribel |Ihe omume 2 |- |''Eze Nwanyị nke Mma Agha'' |Vera Hidalgo |Ihe omume iri na anọ |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Clara'' | |Ihe nkiri TV |- |''Paradaịs'' |Luisa |Ihe omume: "Ọnyà" |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Ndụ 7'' |Cristina |Ihe omume: "Ụlọ ndị ara" |- |''Ndị Serrano'' |Raquel Albaladejo |Ihe omume iri na otu |- |2005 |''Ihe nkiri iji mee ka ị teta: Akụkọ Krismas'' |Ekran |Ihe nkiri TV<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Christmas Tale (2005)|url=http://hagiblog.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/the-christmas-tale-2005-film-reel-reviews/|work=Film Reel Reviews|date=10 December 2010|accessdate=8 July 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130708220547/http://hagiblog.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/the-christmas-tale-2005-film-reel-reviews/|archivedate=8 July 2013}}</ref> |- |2009 |''Ụmụ nwanyị na-egbu egbu'' |Paula Moncada |Ihe omume: "Ana na Paula, ndị a na-akparị" |- |2018 |''Ala Mmiri'' |Adrielle Cuthbert |Ọrụ bụ isi |} == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị * {{IMDb name}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pataky, Elsa}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hwr97d9pv2kcnusujp73aeaby6q74cu 0 33841 705158 704647 2026-08-20T09:07:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Frank Nweke Jr|image=Nweke Jr, Frank.jpg|office1=Minister for Intergovernmental Affairs, Special Duties and Youth Development|term_start1=April 2004|term_end1=June 2005|predecessor1=|successor1=|office2=Minister of Information and National Orientation|term_start2=June 2005|term_end2=January 2007|predecessor2=[[Chukwuemeka Chikelu]]|successor2=|office3=Minister of Information and Communications|term_start3=January 2007|term_end3=May 2007|predecessor3=[[Obafemi Anibaba]] (Communications)|successor3=[[John Odey]]|children=2009|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1965|9|18|df=y}}|birth_place=|party=[[All Progressives Grand Alliance (Nigeria)|All Progressives Grand Alliance]]}}{{Databox}} '''Frank Nnaemeka Nweke Jr''' (amụrụ na 18 Septemba 1965) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, onye ọchụnta ego, onye nkuzi na onye na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ. Ọ bụ Minista Federal ugboro abụọ na Naijiria na onye bụbu Director General, Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) . Ọ bụ onye otu [[All Progressives Grand Alliance|All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA)]] ugbu a ma na-azọ ọkwa Gọvanọ nke Enugu na ntuli aka nke Naijiria nke afọ 2023, mgbe onye otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị pụtara na ntuliaka nke mbụ na Mee 2022. Ọ bụ onye isi nleta nke Lagos Business School na onye otu ngalaba, School of Politics, Policy and Governance (SPPG), Nigeria, ebe ọ na-ekwu okwu gbasara ụkpụrụ omume na ụkpụrụ. Ọ bụ onye [https://www.hks.harvard.edu/educational-programs/masters-programs/mid-career-master-public-administration/mcmpa-edward-s-mason Edward S. Mason Fellow] na onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Aspen Institute, Colorado. Nweke na-asụ Igbo, Yoruba na Hausa, asụsụ atọ bụ isi Naijiria nke ọma. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Frank Nweke nke Abụọ (FNJ) na Lagos, Naijiria n'ezinụlọ Igwe Frank Nweke, Okeifufe Napkparu Ujo Nku I, nke Ishi Ozalla, [[Nkanu West]] Local Government Area nke Enugu State. == Mmụta == Frank nọrọ n'afọ ndị mbụ ya na Lagos ebe ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik St. Paul. Mgbe ezinụlọ ya kwagara [[Maiduguri]], ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịm Shehu Garbai, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ gara Federal Government College, Maidugiri maka agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. Ọ gara n'ihu nweta nzere bachelọ nke teknụzụ na Zoology na Federal University of Technology, Yola. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ nwetara nzere masta na Public Administration na Mahadum Maiduguri. N'afọ 2007, FNJ gara Harvard Kennedy School of Government ebe ọ nwetara nzere masta nke abụọ na Public Administration na asambodo na Strategic Management. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Harvard Kennedy School Alumni Association of Nigeria (2020 - 2022). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Nweke Jr. elected president Harvard Kennedy alumni association|url=https://www.thecable.ng/frank-nweke-jr-elected-president-harvard-kennedy-alumni-association|accessdate=2020-03-09|work=thecable.ng}}</ref> == Ọrụ ọha na eze == '''Ógbè Enugu''' N'afọ 1999, e nyere Nweke ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ bi na gọọmentị Enugu Steeti na atụmatụ mmepe na mgbanwe ọha na eze. N'afọ sochirinụ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nhazi Enugu State nke Community County Council. N'ọnọdụ ndị a, Nweke nyere ndụmọdụ gbasara mmepe akụ na ụba, nhazi na atụmatụ nkeonwe maka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, ma duzie mmejuputa ọrụ itinye ego nke ọha na eze na ndị mmekọ mmepe ya na UK Department for International Development, United States Agency for International Development na World Bank. == Ọrụ obodo == '''NESG''' A họpụtara Nweke ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) . <ref>{{Cite web|title=OBG talks to Frank Nweke II, Director-General, Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG)|url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/interview/obg-talks-frank-nweke-ii-director-general-nigerian-economic-summit-group-nesg|accessdate=2013-12-08|work=oxfordbusinessgroup.com}}</ref>'okpuru idu ndú ya, Naịjirịa nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na World Economic Forum maka Africa. '''NzukoLabs''' N'afọ 2018, Nweke guzobere [https://techpoint.africa/2020/10/12/bringing-design-to-the-east-mbari-uno-forum-partners-with-nzukolabs-and-society-of-igbo-professionals NzukoLabs]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bringing design to the East, Mbari Uno Forum partners with NzukoLabs and Society of Igbo Professionals|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/metro/bringing-design-to-the-east-mbari-uno-forum-partners-with-nzukolabs-and-society-of/rp0hq4v|accessdate=2020-12-10|work=pulse.ng|archivedate=2020-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017135307/https://www.pulse.ng/news/metro/bringing-design-to-the-east-mbari-uno-forum-partners-with-nzukolabs-and-society-of/rp0hq4v}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nweke, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qq1glo915sxxg6y3ksy58ayesowrn7j 0 35382 705131 577968 2026-08-20T02:32:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[w:Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi|Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi]]''' (amụrụ 28 Septemba 1965) bụ ọkammụta Naijiria gụrụ [[w:|Biochemistry]] na [[w:|Toxicology]] na ngalaba nke Basic Medical Sciences, [[w:College of Medicine, University of Ibadan|kọleeji ọmụmụ ọgwụ]], Mahadum Ibadan. Ọ bụ onye isi kọleji ahụ ma bụrụkwa onye isi, Molecular Drug [[Metabolism]] and [[Toxicology]] [[Laboratory|Laboratories]] na mahadum ahụ. Ọ bụ onye òtù [[w:|Nigerian Academy of Science]].<ref name="nas.org.ng">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-02 |title=Ndị otu ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ {{!}} Ụlọ akwụkwọ sayensị nke Naijiria |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302212838/https://nas.org.ng/all-fellows-list/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=nas.org.ng |language=en-US} }</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Prof. Ebenezer O. Farombi, FRSC, ATS, FAS, FAAS, FNSBMB, FAMedS – UNIBADAN CONFERENCE OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH |url=https://ucbr.archivesbamui.com/speaker/prof-ebenezer-o-farombi/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |asụsụ=en-US |accessdate=2023-12-30 |archivedate=2023-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203122223/https://ucbr.archivesbamui.com/speaker/prof-ebenezer-o-farombi/ }}</ref> === Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya === Farombi nwetara nzere [[w:Bachelor of Science|Bachelor of Science]]ya n'afọ 1987, nzere [[w:Master of Science|master of Science]] ya n'afọ 1990 na nzere [[w:|Doctor of Philosophy]] PhD ya n'afọ 1995 site na Mahadum Ibadan.<ref name=":0" /> === Ọrụ Ya Dika Onye Gụrụ Aakwụkwọ === Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi malitere ọrụ ya dịka onye enyemaka gụsịrị akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na mahadum Ibadan n'afọ 1988.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Olatunde Farombi |first=Ebenezer |title=Farombi CV 2022 - College of Medicine - University of Ibadan |url=https://www.com.ui.edu.ng/images/Faculties/Basic_Medical_Sciences/Biochemistry/Prof_Farombi_CV.pdf |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=University of Ibadan}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi ukwu n'afọ 2000.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ kwagara Mahadum Liverpool, England maka ọzụzụ [[Postdoctoral researcher|ọkankuzi]] ya.<ref name=":0" /> Farombi bụ [[w: Visiting Scholar|ọkàmmụta nleta]] na [[w:|National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention]], [[w:|Mahadum Seoul National]] (2005/2006), Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọgwụ Na-edozi Ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Farombi na-alụ Temitope Farombi,<ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Ekekwe |first=Ndubuisi |date=2020-12-02 |title=Ekele Dr. Temitope Farombi, Onye hibere ahụike n'ịntanetị na Tekedia Alum |url=https: //www.tekedia.com/congratulations-dr-temitope-farombi-online-health-founder-and-tekedia-alum/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Tekedia |language=en-US}} </ref> onye ndụmọdụ gbasara [[w:Neurology|neurology]] na Gastric Centre n'ụlọ ọgwụ kọleji Mahadum Ibadan], ha na ụmụ atọ na-ebikọ ọnụ.<ref name=":0" /> === Akwụkwọ ndị O Bipụtara Ahọpụtara === * [[Exogenous]] [[taurine]] administration abates [[Reproductive system|reproductive]] [[Dysfunctional Systems|dysfunction]] in [[male]] [[rat]]s exposed to [[silver]] [[nanoparticle]]s<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farombi |first=Ebenezer Olatunde |date=August 2023 |title=Exogenous taurine administration abates reproductive dysfunction in male rats exposed to silver nanoparticles |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373452674 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> * [[Atrazine]]: [[cytotoxicity]], oxidative [[Stress (biology)|stress]], [[apoptosis]], [[Testicle|testicular]] effects and [[Chemotherapy|chemopreventive]] Interventions<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatunde Faromb |first=Ebenezer |date=October 2023 |title=Atrazine: cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, testicular effects and chemopreventive Interventions |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374553224 |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> * [[Metoprolol]] elicits [[Learning disability|neurobehavioral]] insufficiency and oxidative [[damage]] in nontarget Nauphoeta cinerea [[nymph]]s<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatunde Faromb |first=Ebenezer |date=August 2023 |title=Metoprolol elicits neurobehavioral insufficiency and oxidative damage in nontarget Nauphoeta cinerea nymphs |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373164900 |website=Research Gate}}</ref> * [[Cellular automaton|Cellular]] and [[Molecule|molecular]] [[Mechanism of action|mechanisms]] of aflatoxin B1-mediated [[neurotoxicity]]: The [[therapeutic]] role of natural bioactive compounds<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatunde Faromb |first=Ebenezer |date=August 2023 |title=Cellular and molecular mechanisms of aflatoxin B1-mediated neurotoxicity: The therapeutic role of natural bioactive compounds |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373034548 |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> * [[Amelioration Act 1798|Amelioration]] of [[Neurobehavioral disorder|neurobehavioral]], [[Biochemistry|biochemical]], and [[Morphological dictionary|morphological]] alterations associated with silver [[nanoparticle]]s exposure by [[taurine]] in rats<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatunde Faromb |first=Ebenezer |date=July 2023 |title=Amelioration of neurobehavioral, biochemical, and morphological alterations associated with silver nanoparticles exposure by taurine in rats |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Olatunde-Farombi |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> * Co-administration of [[thymol]] and [[sulfoxaflor]] impedes the expression of reproductive [[toxicity]] in male rats<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatunde Faromb |first=Ebenezer |date=July 2023 |title=Co-administration of thymol and sulfoxaflor impedes the expression of reproductive toxicity in male rats |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372131875 |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> * [[Neurotoxicity]] of [[furan]] in juvenile [[Laboratory rat|Wistar rats]] involves behavioral defects, [[Gliosis|microgliosis]], [[astrogliosis]] and oxidative stress<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatunde Faromb |first=Ebenezer |date=July 2023 |title=Neurotoxicity of furan in juvenile Wistar rats involves behavioral defects, microgliosis, astrogliosis and oxidative stress |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372227058 |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=ResearcgGate}}</ref> === Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye ùgwù Ya === Farombi bụ onye òtù [[w:|Nigerian Academy of Science]] NAS (2014) .<ref name="nas.org.ng"/> Onye isi, [[w:|Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Laboratories]] na Mahadum.<ref>{{Cite web | aha=Biochemistry |url=https://www.com.ui.edu.ng/index.php/biochemistry#:~:text=The%20Molecular%20Drug%20Metabolism%20and,the%20directorship%20of%20Professor% 20E.N. |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.com.ui.edu.ng}}</ref> Onye isi oche nke [[w:|Forum of Nigerian Toxicologists]] (FONTOX)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thematic Ọkà Okwu – Nzukọ 40 nke otu Physiological Society of Nigeria |url=https://psnconference.physiologicalsociety.com/thematic-speaker/ |nweta-date=2023-12-03 |asụsụ=en-US |accessdate=2023-12-30 |archivedate=2023-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203142212/https://psnconference.physiologicalsociety.com/thematic-speaker/ }}</ref> === Òtù Ndị O Sogasị na Ha === [[W:Vice president| Osote onye isi oche]], [[w:|Society for Free Radical Research Africa]] (SFRR-[[Africa]])[https://web.archive.org/web/20231203141725/https://fosconference.lasucomputerscience.com/secondplenary.php] Onye ode akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi ọhaneze ka pụrụ apụ nke [[w:|Nigerian Academy of Science]] (NAS).<ref name=":0" /> Onye òtù kansụl [[w:Governance|nchịkwa]] nke ụlọ ọrụ sayensị kacha elu na Naijiria.<ref name=":0" /> ==Edensibia== <references /> === Njikọ Mpụga === *https://web.archive.org/web/20231203122223/https://ucbr.archivesbamui.com/speaker/prof-ebenezer-o-farombi/ * {{google scholar id|2lCnvO8AAAAJ}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Farombi, Ebenezer Olatunde}} [[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1965]] [[Category: Ndị dị ndụ]] [[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi si mba Naijiria]] g5eyjp1j9bgbe6pjeooxy88lf1uxa64 0 35430 705151 637980 2026-08-20T07:13:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Failatu Abdul-Razak''' (amụrụ na Nọvemba 7, 1988), nke a makwaara site na ọkwa ya dị ka '''Jah Bless Faila''', bụ Onye isi nri Ghana na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Afro-pop. <ref>{{Cite web|date=1970-01-01|title=Failatu Abdul-Razak Biography: Age, Husband, Children, Cookathon and Net Worth|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/lifestyle/xorlali/Failatu-Abdul-Razak-Biography-Age-Husband-Children-Cookathon-and-Net-Worth-163934|accessdate=2024-01-06|work=GhanaWeb|language=en|archivedate=2024-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106121657/https://www.ghanaweb.com/lifestyle/xorlali/Failatu-Abdul-Razak-Biography-Age-Husband-Children-Cookathon-and-Net-Worth-163934}}</ref> bụ onye na-emegide ịzụ ahịa ụmụaka na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2024-01-03|title=Biography Of Failatu Abdul-Razak: Chef Failatu Attempting To Break Cook-A-Thon Guinness World Records - Wilson Trendit|url=https://wilsontrendit.com/biography-of-failatu-abdul-razak/|accessdate=2024-01-06|work=wilsontrendit.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160118/https://wilsontrendit.com/biography-of-failatu-abdul-razak/}}</ref> == Mmụta == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ Abdul-Razak malitere na Business Senior School na Tamale. O mechara debanye aha na mmemme Integrated Community Development (ICD) na Mahadum nke Ọmụmụ Ọkachamara (UDS). <ref name=":0"/> == Azụmaahịa == Dị ka onye guzobere na onye njikwa nke Mickey's INN Restaurant na Lamashegu, mpaghara Tamale Metro, e gosipụtara ike ọchụnta ego Failatu na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Savio|first=Salvific|date=2024-01-05|title=Cook-A-Thon Attempt: Five Intriguing Things to Know About Failatu Abdul-Razak’s|url=https://akonnornews.com/news/cook-a-thon-attempt-five-intriguing-things-to-know-about-failatu-abdul-razaks/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=akonnornews|language=en-US}}</ref> mgbakwunye na inye ebe nsọ maka nri dị ụtọ, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ bụ ngosipụta nke ọhụụ ya siri ike na idu ndú nwere ike na obodo nke azụmaahịa mpaghara. == Ihe ndekọ ụwa nke Guinness == Failatu gbalịrị imebi Guinness World Record site na isi nri maka awa 120, malite na Jenụwarị 1, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-01|title=Livestream: Guinness World Record Cook-a-thon Attempt By Chef Failatu Abdul-Razak Underway|url=https://hbtvghana.com/livestream-guinness-world-record-cook-a-thon-attempt-by-chef-failatu-abdul-razak-underway/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=hbtvghana.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Ghanaian Chef Failatu Abdul-Razak Eyes World Record With Cooking Marathon|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/202312/497322.php|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archivedate=2024-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107125516/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/202312/497322.php}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chef Failatu Attempts To Break Cook-A-Thon Record In Tamale|url=https://myblogpay.com/read/117556/Chef-Failatu-Attempts-To-Break-Cook-A-Thon-Record-In-Tamale|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Blogpay|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-01|title=Chef Failatu’s Guinness World Record cook-a-thon attempt underway|url=https://www.classfmonline.com/entertainment/Chef-Failatu-s-Guinness-World-Record-cook-a-thon-attempt-underway-48383|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=www.classfmonline.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chef Failatu starts cook-a-thon world record bid|url=https://asempanews.com/details/3344/chef-failatu-starts-cook-a-thon-world-record-bid|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=asempanews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Agon|first=Zack|date=2024-01-01|title=Livestreaming: Chef Failatu starts cook-a-thon to break world record - SarkNation.com|url=https://sarknation.com/chef-failatu-starts-cook-a-thon-to-break/,%20https://sarknation.com/chef-failatu-starts-cook-a-thon-to-break/|accessdate=2024-01-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-03|title=#FAILACOOKATHON: If I fail in this cook-a-thon, I have failed Ghana - Chef Faila|url=https://www.happyghana.com/failacookathon-if-i-fail-in-this-cook-a-thon-i-have-failed-ghana-chef-faila/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Happy Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Martey|first=Michael Mensah|date=2023-12-28|title=Cook-a-thon: Failatu Abdul-Razak to break Guinness World Record for longest cooking time|url=https://www.max.com.gh/cook-a-thon-failatu-abdul-razak-to-break-guinness-world-record-for-longest-cooking-time/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Max|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-06|title=Day 5 of Guinness World Record cook-a-thon attempt by Chef Failatu {{!}} MyLiberty News|url=https://www.mylibertynews.com/day-5-of-guinness-world-record-cook/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=www.mylibertynews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-06|title=Ghana's Chef Faila Abdul Razak hits 113 hour mark in Guinness record cook-a-thon attempt|url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/06/ghanas-chef-faila-abdul-razak-hits-113-hour-mark-in-guinness-record-cook-a-thon-attempt/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Africanews|language=en}}</ref> ga-emebi ihe ndekọ nke awa 119 na nkeji 57 nke onye isi nri Irish bụ Alan Fisher. [1] [2] [3] [4] <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-01|title=Chef Failatu Attempts To Break Cook-A-Thon Record In Tamale|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/chef-failatu-attempts-to-break-cook-a-thon-record-in-tamale/|accessdate=2024-01-06|work=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-05|title=With banku and jollof rice, Ghanaian chef tries to break world cook-a-thon record|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/lifestyle/with-banku-and-jollof-rice-ghanaian-chef-tries-to-break-world-cook-a-thon-record-1.6713404|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=CTVNews|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=www.msn.com}}</ref> ụbọchị abụọ nke isi nri gasịrị, na nkeji iri anọ ruo etiti abalị, Onye isi nri Failatu Abdul-Razak esila nri iri anọ dị iche iche nke mpaghara na nke mba ụwa. A na-enye ofe dịgasị iche iche e mepụtara site na ihe ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ na agwa na-esi ísì ụtọ, yana nri ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche dị ka Banki, [[Ugali|tuo zaafi]], [[Ụtara|fufu]], na bọl Osikapa. Ọ na-eme [[Jollof rice|osikapa]] jollof, stew, [[samosa]], spring rolls, na ụfọdụ achịcha maka nri mba ụwa.Ndị <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-04|title=Chef Failatu Cook-a-thon: Day 3 in record breaking cooking marathon - Dklassgh.com|url=https://dklassgh.net/2024/01/04/chef-failatu-cook-a-thon-day-3-in-record-breaking-cooking-marathon/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=dklassgh.net|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107020331/https://dklassgh.net/2024/01/04/chef-failatu-cook-a-thon-day-3-in-record-breaking-cooking-marathon/}}</ref>-ere nri Marathon kesara ha n'etiti ìgwè mmadụ ahụ, na-enye ha n'ime efere porcelain na efere mkpofu. <ref name=":2"/> <ref>{{Cite web|title=With banku and jollof rice, Ghanian chef tries to break world cook-a-thon record|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/banku-jollof-rice-ghanian-chef-break-world-cook-106140454|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=ABC News|language=en}}</ref>'isi ụtụtụ Friday, Jenụwarị 5, Chef Failatu rụzuru ihe dị egwu nke ịrụ ọrụ 100 awa, na-emebi ihe ndekọ gara aga nke onye isi nri Naijiria [[Hilda Baci]], onye rụrụ ọrụ 93 awa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-03|title=Cook-a-thon: I am cooking to promote Ghana foods - Failatu Abdul Razak|url=https://ahotoronline.com/cook-a-thon-i-am-cooking-to-promote-ghana-foods-failatu-abdul-razak/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Ahotor 92.3FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107015928/https://ahotoronline.com/cook-a-thon-i-am-cooking-to-promote-ghana-foods-failatu-abdul-razak/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-05|title=Chef Failatu praised after surpassing Nigeria's Hilda Baci's 93hrs cook-a-thon record - MyJoyOnline|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/chef-failatu-praised-after-surpassing-nigerias-hilda-bacis-93hrs-cook-a-thon-record/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref>'ihi ya, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ mgbasa ozi ọha na eze etolitela ịbụ ebe ekele, na-ekweta na Chef Failatu rụzuru ihe dị egwu karịa ndekọ Hilda Baci gara aga ma nweta ihe dị ịrịba ama 100 awa n'egosighị ihe ọ bụla na-egosi ike ọgwụgwụ. Na Modern City Hotel dị na Tamale, ebe onye isi nri na-esi nri, ọtụtụ narị ndị nkịtị na ndị ama ama na Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị gbakọtara. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-02|title=Chef Failatu’s Guinness World Record Cook-a-thon Attempt Underway|url=https://africaneditors.com/chef-failatus-guinness-world-record-cook-a-thon-attempt-underway/|accessdate=2024-01-07|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107021013/https://africaneditors.com/chef-failatus-guinness-world-record-cook-a-thon-attempt-underway/}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2024-01-05|title=With banku and jollof rice, Ghanian chef tries to break world cook-a-thon record|url=https://apnews.com/article/ghana-abdulrazak-gwr-cooking-world-record-d30304daecb7a932e7e39e489bc31f82|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=AP News|language=en}}</ref> elekere na-eru nso awa 120, ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri na-agba egwu, na-abụ abụ, ma na-atọ ụtọ nri a kwadebere. Mahamudu Bawumia, osote onye isi ala nke [[Ghana]], nyere onye isi nri 30,000 Ghana Cedis ($ 2,564) mgbe ọ kwurịtasịrị mbọ ahụ na Facebook na mbido izu a. Ọ gbara ya ume "ịga maka ọlaedo".<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Bonney|first=Abigail|date=2024-01-03|title=Chef Failatu's cook-a-thon enters day 3|url=https://www.adomonline.com/chef-failatus-cook-a-thon-enters-day-3/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Adomonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cook-A-Thon: Bawumia supports Chef Failatu with ₵30k – Today News Ghana|url=https://www.todaygh.com/cook-a-thon-bawumia-supports-chef-failatu-with-%e2%82%b530k/|accessdate=2024-01-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe <ref>{{Cite web|author=Crabbe|first=Nathaniel|date=2024-01-06|title=“Keep going”: Faila unofficially breaks Irish Chef Fisher's cook-a-thon record|url=https://yen.com.gh/people/248947-failatu-razak-chef-unofficially-breaks-irish-chef-fishers-119-hour-cook-a-thon-record/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en}}</ref> siri nri ihe karịrị awa 120, onye isi nri Ghana Failatu Abdul Razak mebiri ihe ndekọ ụwa nke onye isi nri Irish Alan Fisher. Tupu ihe omume ahụ, a mara ọkwa oge mbụ dị ka Jenụwarị 01-Jenụwarị 85, nke kwekọrọ na awa 120 nke isi nri n'ime ụbọchị ise. Otú ọ dị, ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ihe omume ahụ, ozi sitere n'aka ndị otu na-esi nri na-atọ ụtọ nke Failatu tụrụ aro na a ga-agbatị oge isi nri ruo ihe karịrị awa 144. Joy News na-akọ na Failatu na-achọ ugbu a ịbawanye awa 240 n'ozuzu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Hello 101 5 FM, hello FM|title=120 Moved To 240 Hours: Chef Faila Extends Cook-a-thon Record Duration|url=http://www.hellofmonline.com/pages/local/202401/497541.php|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=www.hellofmonline.com|language=en|archivedate=2024-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107133159/https://www.hellofmonline.com/pages/local/202401/497541.php}}</ref>"Echiche ahụ abụghịzi ụbọchị ise", ka Maazị Damba Naa, onye njikwa Failatu Abdul-Razak, kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ Tamale na Ghana News Agency. O kwuru na iji mee ka onye isi nri hapụ akara ya, ndị otu ahụ ga-eme mkpebi a n'ihi na otu nwanyị si Uganda esila nri ruo awa 144 na mgbalị imebi ndekọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Aning|first=Prince|date=2024-01-06|title=Failatu Abdul-Razak’s cook-a-thon duration extended to seven days|url=https://www.priningonline.com/failatu-abdul-razaks-cook-a-thon-duration-extended-to-seven-days/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Priningonline|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106121822/https://www.priningonline.com/failatu-abdul-razaks-cook-a-thon-duration-extended-to-seven-days/}}</ref>"Anyị ga-agafe awa 144 iji nwee ike imebi ndekọ ahụ ma setịpụ ihe ọ bụla, "ka o kwuru. Nw<ref>{{Cite web|title=120 moved to 240 hours: Chef Faila extends cook-a-thon record duration|url=https://ghanaguardian.com/120-moved-to-240-hours-chef-faila-extends-cook-a-thon-record-duration|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=The Ghana Guardian News|language=en|archivedate=2024-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107133644/https://ghanaguardian.com/120-moved-to-240-hours-chef-faila-extends-cook-a-thon-record-duration}}</ref> Uganda a maara dị ka Mama D, ma ọ bụ Chef Dorcus Mirembe, gbalịrị imebi ihe ndekọ maka onye na-esi nri kachasị ogologo, ebe ọ rụchara awa 144 nke isi nri. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6dkbrurrx6b3h2m5kmds76hwt73norw 0 36072 705153 197127 2026-08-20T07:32:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Fate of Alakada: The Party Planner''''' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-19|title=Watch the first trailer for 'Fate of Alakada: The Party Planner'|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-the-first-trailer-for-fate-of-alakada-the-party-planner/ndy8z7t|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> nke a makwaara dika '''''Fate of Alakada''''' bụ ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke Nigeria e mere na 2020 nke Moshood Yakubu Olawale na Ozioma Ogbaji dere, na onye nduzi Kayode Kasum dere. Ihe nkiri a bụ [[Toyin Abraham]], [[Mercy Eke]] na [[Broda Shaggi]] soro mee ya . <ref name=":0" /> Nke a bụ ihe nkiri nke ise na franchise ''Alakada'' ma bụrụkwa usoro ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke afọ 2017 ''Alakada Reloaded'' . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-01|title=Fate of Alakada, Series Four|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/02/01/fate-of-alakada-series-four/|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a gbadoro ụkwụ na ịkpa ọchị na adịgboroja soshal midia na omenala popu Naijiria ugbua. Ihe nkiri ahụ wepụtara ihe nkiri ya na 1 October 2020 dabara na ụbọchị nnwere onwe nke Nigeria wee meghee nyocha dị oke mma.. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-22|title='Fate of Alakada' finally gets cinema release date|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/fate-of-alakada-finally-gets-cinema-release-date/zs0bl10|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225235332/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/fate-of-alakada-finally-gets-cinema-release-date/zs0bl10}}</ref> Ọ ghọkwara ihe ịga nke ọma n'ụlọ ọrụ ma mechaa bụrụ ihe nkiri Naịjirịa kacha enweta ego na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=Pulse box office: Top 5 highest grossing movies|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/pulse-box-office-top-5-highest-grossing-movies/ls5j1z9|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndị mere ihe nkiri a == * [[Toyin Abraham]] dị ka Yetunde * [[Broda Shaggi]] dị ka Kas * Mercy Eke dị ka onwe ya * MC Dị Ndụ * [[Stephanie Coker]] * Mabel Makun dị ka onwe ya * [[Odunlade Adekola]] * Alex Asogwa dị ka onwe ya * [[Timini Egbuson]] dị ka Ochuko * Toyin Lawani * [[Davido]] * [[Peruzzi (singer)|Peruzzi]] == Nkọwa == Yetunde (Toyin Abraham), nwanyị nwere oke ala ma bụrụkwa onye si n'ebe dị mfe, na-etinye aka n'ichepụta akụkọ gbasara ọnọdụ ego ya na nke ọha mmadụ site na soshal midia iji dabara na creme de la creme.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-20|title='Fate of Alakada' new teaser stars Davido, Mabel Makun|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/fate-of-alakada-new-teaser-stars-davido-mabel-makun/xjg7mys|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmepụta == Onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Toyin Abraham kwupụtara atụmatụ ya gbasara ime ihe na-esote Alakada Reloaded (2017) na post Instagram na 28 Nọvemba 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-28|title=Toyin Abraham announces a sequel to 'Alakada reloaded'|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/toyin-abraham-announces-a-sequel-to-alakada-reloaded/s0kvx4d|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-05|title=Toyin Abraham shares 5 reasons to anticipate 'Fate of Alakada: The Party Planner'|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/toyin-abraham-shares-5-reasons-to-anticipate-fate-of-alakada-the-party-planner/710mpm7|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226151631/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/toyin-abraham-shares-5-reasons-to-anticipate-fate-of-alakada-the-party-planner/710mpm7}}</ref> kwutọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri nke anọ na usoro ihe nkiri ''''Alakada'''' mgbe Alakada (2009), ''Alakada 2'' (2013) na Alakada Reloaded (2017). Isi foto nke ihe nkiri ahụ malitere <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17|title=Toyin Abraham features Sanyeri, Broda Shaggi in 'Fate of Alakada: The Party Planner'|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/toyin-abraham-features-sanyeri-broda-shaggi-in-fate-of-alakada/j581cjm|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> 16 Disemba 2019. Onye na-eme ihe ngosi telivishọn nke Naijiria Stephanie Coker, onye mmeri nke oge nke anọ nke <nowiki><i id="mwVQ">Big Brother Naija</i></nowiki> Mercy Eke na onye na-emepụta ejiji, onye ọchụnta ego Toyin Lawani niile mere ihe nkiri mbụ ha na ihe nkiri a.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-23|title=Toyin Lawani makes Nollywood debut in 'Fate of Alakada'|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/01/23/toyin-lawani-makes-nollywood-debut-in-fate-of-alakada/|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=P.M. News|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-24|title=Stephanie Coker shows interest to act in Toyin Abraham's 'Fate of Alakada' as Real Warri Pikin joins the cast|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/stephanie-coker-shows-interest-to-act-in-toyin-abrahams-film/6zeh303|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-22|title=BBNaija's Mercy Eke makes acting debut in Toyin Abraham's 'Fate of Alakada'|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/bbnaijas-mercy-eke-makes-acting-debut-in-toyin-abrahams-fate-of-alakada/77ph5mg}}</ref> Onye na-ewu ewu na Instagram Broda Shaggi rụkwara ọrụ dị mkpa na ihe nkiri ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-21|title=Here's a First Look at 'Fate of Alakada' starring Toyin Abraham & Broda Shaggy|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/heres-a-first-look-at-fate-of-alakada-starring-toyin-abraham-and-broda-shaggy/666r0k5|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> kpughere ihe ngosi mbụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ na Febụwarị 2020. == Ntọhapụ == E bu ụzọ chee na a ga-ewepụta ihe nkiri ahụ na 10 Eprel 2020 mana ewepụla ya na 1 Ọktoba 2020 n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19 kpatara mkpọchi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-23|title='Fate of Alakada' release suspended due to coronavirus|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/fate-of-alakada-release-suspended-due-to-coronavirus/r313d1v|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923203854/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/fate-of-alakada-release-suspended-due-to-coronavirus/r313d1v}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-07|title=Fate of Alakada stuns at the Box Office despite limited seating capacity|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/fate-of-alakada-stuns-at-the-box-office-despite-limited-seating-capacity/98mmvtx|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> E wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na obere oche na Lagos na naanị 33% ka e kenyere iji rụọ ọrụ na 50% na steeti ndị ọzọ site na [[Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria|Gọọmentị Naịjirịa]]. Ọ malitere igosiputa na Netflix na 5 Machị 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nwogu|first=Precious 'Mamazeus'|date=2021-02-18|title='Fate Of Alakada' gets Netflix release date|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/fate-of-alakada-gets-netflix-release-date/zdzhrtp|accessdate=2021-03-13|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri == Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara ihe karịrị nde iri abụọ na asatọ n'ime naanị ụbọchị anọ n'agbanyeghị ikike oche a machibidoro iwu n'ihi COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=Fate of Alakada Offers Hope at Box Office|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/10/09/fate-of-alakada-offers-hope-at-box-office/|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Obioha|first=Vanessa|date=2020-10-09|title=Nigeria: Fate of Alakada Offers Hope At Box Office|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202010090391.html|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=allAfrica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara ego 17,396,200 n'ime ụbọchị itoolu mbụ a tọhapụrụ ya. <ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/toyin-abrahams-fate-of-alakada-is-cinemas-big-fruit-post-lockdown/|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=guardian.ng|title=Toyin Abraham's Fate of Alakada is cinema's big fruit post-lockdown|date=17 October 2020|archivedate=2020-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113204127/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/toyin-abrahams-fate-of-alakada-is-cinemas-big-fruit-post-lockdown/}}</ref> nwetara ihe karịrị nde 30 na ngwụsị izu mbụ ya ma ndị na-akatọ ihe nkiri gosipụtara ya dị ka nnukwu ihe na-atụle ejighị n'aka COVID-19 ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime ihe nkiri Naijiria ole na ole nwetara nde 20 na ngwụsịwụsị izu mmeghe na Cinema nke Naijiria. <ref name=":1" /> Ihe nkiri ahu ghọkwara ihe nkiri Naijiria kachasị ego na ngwụsị izu mmeghe mgbe mkpọchi ahụ gasịrị. Nchịkọta ụlọ ọrụ ikpeazụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ guzo na 112,149,600 wee gaa n'ihu ghọọ ihe nkiri Naijiria kachasị elu na 2020. Ihe nkiri ahụ ghọkwara Ihe nkiri Naijiria nke iri na anọ kachasị elu n'oge niile. == Arụmụka == Also katọrọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke ihe nkiri ahụ bụ Toyin Abraham nke ukwuu ma katọọ ya na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta maka ịkwalite ihe nkiri ahụ site na Twitter n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2020 n'etiti ngagharị iwe nke End SARS na mba niile<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=Nigerians drag Toyin Abraham on Twitter for promoting movie amid #EndSars protest|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/nigerians-drag-toyin-abraham-on-twitter-for-promoting-movie-amid-endsars-protest/je12qz9|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-10-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025043339/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/nigerians-drag-toyin-abraham-on-twitter-for-promoting-movie-amid-endsars-protest/je12qz9}}</ref>. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-10|title=Toyin Abraham leads #EndSars protest in Ibadan 24 hours after getting dragged by Nigerians on Twitter|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/toyin-abraham-leads-endsars-protest-in-ibadan-24-hours-after-getting-dragged-by/s86n8bl|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022060228/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/toyin-abraham-leads-endsars-protest-in-ibadan-24-hours-after-getting-dragged-by/s86n8bl}}</ref> A katọkwara ya maka ịghara isonye na mmegharị ahụ ma hụ ya ka ọ na-akwalite ihe nkiri ahụ. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ọdịnihu nke AlakadanaIMDb 68ti0vqi6i7t6ce5xk6qobu28d3ylxo 0 40957 705149 158643 2026-08-20T05:41:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Enyemaka Lesotho''' bụ ọgbakọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị hiwere na 2004 site n'aka Dr. [[Peg Herbert]] . Dabere na Ottawa, [[Kánada|Canada]], Enyemaka Lesotho bụ nke ndị raara onwe ha nye, na-arụ ọrụ iji nyere aka gbochie nje HIV / AIDS na mba [[Lesotho]], nke nwere ọnụọgụ abụọ kachasị elu nke ọrịa a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/sub-saharan-africa/lesotho|title=HIV and AIDS in Lesotho|date=2015-07-21|work=AVERT|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-04|archivedate=2018-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002003817/https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/sub-saharan-africa/lesotho}}</ref> Lesotho dị na ndịda [[Afrịka|Africa]] ma [[South Africa|Republic of South Africa]] gbara ya gburugburu. Dr. Herbert malitere nzukọ ahụ mgbe o zutere nwa akwụkwọ, si [[Lesotho]], na Mahadum Ottawa, bụ ebe ọ kụziiri otu klas na nkà mmụta sayensị. Ọtụtụ ndị Canada na Basotho enyerela nzukọ a aka, nke nwere nkwado sitere na [[Kánada|Canada]] na ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ gburugburu ụwa. '''Nyere nkwupụta ozi Lesotho aka:''' Ọ bụ ebumnuche enyemaka Lesotho ibelata mmetụta nke HIV/AIDS site n'ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ, nha anya nwoke na nwanyị na mmepe onye ndu ntorobịa. '''Ebumnuche oru ngo:''' Kwalite mmata na mgbochi HIV/AIDS na nha anya nwoke na nwanyị na Lesotho; Na-akwalite olileanya na mkpali nye ụmụaka, gụnyere nkwado ụlọ akwụkwọ; Zụlite onye isi na mmetụta nke ọrụ obodo n'etiti ndị ntorobịa Lesotho; Nye nkwado na mmụta maka ndị nne ochie na-elekọta ụmụ mgbei; Ụlọ akwụkwọ ejima wee wulite mmekọrịta n'etiti obodo na-akwado na ndị Lesotho; Zụlite ọrụ dị mfe, dị ọnụ ala, nke a ga-aza ajụjụ, nke dabere na mpaghara yana nke a na-akwado na Lesotho; na kwado ndị nkuzi na ụlọ akwụkwọ Lesotho na mmemme, akụrụngwa, na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.helplesotho.org/ Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022045328/http://helplesotho.org/index.php/what-you-can-do/make-a-donation/ Onyinye] jvkyjbq47b4qteyy9v36o9e6c29tpaa 0 45139 705162 167606 2026-08-20T11:11:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705162 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Gerry_Badger_in_2016.jpg|thumb| Gerry Badger (2016)]] <ref name="infinity">{{Cite web|url=http://www.icp.org/support-icp/infinity-awards-2011/gerry-badger|accessdate=16 March 2014|publisher=[[International Center for Photography]]|title=Gerry Badger|archivedate=16 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316135753/http://www.icp.org/support-icp/infinity-awards-2011/gerry-badger}}</ref>Gerald David "Gerry" Badger (akpa 1946) bụ onye odee na onye na-ahụ maka ịse foto, na onye na-ese foto. Na 2018, ọ natara J Dudley Johnston Award site na Royal Photographic Society . == Ndụ na ọrụ == <ref name="lookingglassbio">Potted biography of Badger; in Gerry Badger and John Benton-Harris (ed), ''Through the looking glass: Photographic art in Britain 1945–1989'' (London: Barbican Art Gallery, 1989), p.172.</ref>Aha Badger na 1946 na Northampton.  Ọ ụlọ ụlọ na Duncan nke Jordanstone College of Art (Dundee), jiri diplọma akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 1969 Badger bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na foto. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icp.org/support-icp/infinity-awards-2011|accessdate=16 March 2014|publisher=[[International Center for Photography]]|title=Infinity Awards 2011|quote=Writing: Gerry Badger|archivedate=17 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317095526/http://www.icp.org/support-icp/infinity-awards-2011}}</ref>Mpịakọta ahụ ahụ wee bipụta nke foto foto: A History, nke Badger na Martin Parr dere, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ 2006 maka foto site na Kraszna-Krausz Foundation.  [1] Mpịakọta nke abụọ Deutscher Fotobuchpreis (Nrite akwụkwọ foto German).  [2] Akwụkwọ bụ The Pleasures of Good Photographs meri International Center for Photography's Infinity Award, Writing Atiya, na 2011 Dị ka onye na-ese foto, Badger na-akọwapụta isiokwu ọ na-emebu dị ka "ọdịdị ala na nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme". <ref name="bluesky">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20171006035728/http://www.blueskygallery.org/exhibition/gerry-badger/ Gerry Badger]", Oregon Center for the Photographic Arts, 2010. Accessed 10 October 2010.</ref> == Ihe ngosi == * ''La poesia dei muri, Italian Cultural Institute, London 2019'' * ''Gerry Badger.'' Blue Sky Gallery, Portland, OR. <ref name="bluesky"/> * Ụlọ ihe nkiri nke ndị na-ese foto, London, 1975. <ref name="lookingglassbio">Potted biography of Badger; in Gerry Badger and John Benton-Harris (ed), ''Through the looking glass: Photographic art in Britain 1945–1989'' (London: Barbican Art Gallery, 1989), p.172.</ref> * ''Nkà nke Britain, 1940–1980,'' Hayward Gallery, London, 1980. <ref name="lookingglassbio" /> * ''Kwuru na Foto Karịrị,'' Victoria na Albert Museum, London, na Tate Gallery, Liverpool, 1988–1989. <ref name="lookingglassbio" /> * ''The Art of the Garden,'' Tate Britain, London, 2004. <ref name="bluesky"/> * ''Omenala na-adịghị ewu ewu: Grayson Perry na-ahọrọ site na mkpokọta Arts Council,'' De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill-on-Sea, UK, 2008 wee gaa Harris Museum, Preston, 2008; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke DLI na ihe ngosi nka, Durham, 2008–2009; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Obodo Southampton, 2009; Ebe Aberystwyth Arts Center, 2009; Scarborough Art Gallery, 2009); Longside Gallery, Yorkshire Ogige Ọkpụkpụ, Wakefield, 2009; na Victoria Art Gallery, Bath, 2009–2010. Eserese Britain mgbe agha gasịrị, ihe ọkpụkpụ na foto Grayson Perry chepụtara site na mkpokọta Kansụl Arts . <ref>"[http://www.artscouncilcollection.org.uk/explore/publications/unpopular-culture-grayson-perry-selects-arts-council-collection Unpopular Culture: Grayson Perry Selects from Arts Council Collection]", [[Arts Council Collection]]. Accessed 12 December 2017.</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/arts/gallery/2008/apr/23/graysonperry|title=Unpopular Culture: Grayson Perry selects from the Arts Council Collection|date=23 April 2008|accessdate=12 December 2017|publisher=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> === Emebere ihe ngosi === * ''Onye na-ese foto dị ka onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ,'' maka Council Arts of Great Britain, Ụlọ ihe nkiri foto, London, 1980. <ref name="bluesky"/> * ''Site na Igwe Nlegharị anya: Foto Art na Britain 1945–1989,'' Barbican Arts Center, London, 1989 (ya na John Benton-Harris ). <ref name="bluesky" /> * ''Lares Familiares,'' Sonia Lenzi, maka ebe ihe ngosi nka nke Archaeological na Naples, 2016 (ya na Marco De Gemmis) == Mbipụta == === Mbipụta nke Badger === * ''Onye na-ese foto dị ka onye na-ebi akwụkwọ: Afọ 140 nke Mbipụta Foto.'' London: Kansụl Arts nke Great Britain na Northampton, England: Belmont Press, 1981. . * ''Eugène Atget.'' London: Macdonald, 1985. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-356-10852-X|0-356-10852-X]] . Ọrụ Eugène Atget . * ''Chris Killip 55.'' London: Phaidon, 2001. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7148-4028-9|0-7148-4028-9]] . Na Chris Killip . * ''Eugène Atget 55.'' London: Phaidon, 2001. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7148-4049-1|0-7148-4049-1]] . Na Eugéne Atget. * ''Na-anakọta Foto.'' London: Mitchell Beazley, 2003. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-84000-726-5|1-84000-726-5]] . * ''The Genius nke Photography.'' London: Quadrille, 2007. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-84400-363-9|1-84400-363-9]] . * ''Ihe ụtọ nke ezigbo foto: edemede.'' New York: Aperture, 2010. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-59711-139-3|978-1-59711-139-3]] . * ''Ọ bụ ụbọchị isi awọ - Foto nke Berlin'' . Akwụkwọ Peperoni, 2015. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3941825802|978-3941825802]] . * ''Obodo ọzọ: Foto eserese kemgbe 1945'' . Thames & Hudson, 2022. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0500022177|978-0500022177]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1854.photography/2022/05/gerry-badger-on-redefining-british-documentary-photography/|title=Gerry Badger on redefining British documentary photography|first=Philippa|author=Kelly|work=British Journal of Photography|date=25 May 2022}}</ref> === Mbipụta na ndị ọzọ === * ''Ederede Foto.'' London: Ìhè njem, 1988. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-906333-22-9|0-906333-22-9]] . Edemede nke Badger na Peter Turner . * ''Site na Igwe Nlegharị anya: Nkà foto na Britain 1945–1989.'' London: Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Barbican, 1989. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-85331-560-4|0-85331-560-4]] . Badger na John Benton-Harris deziri ya. * ''Akwụkwọ foto: Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke I.'' London: Phaidon, 2004. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7148-4285-0|0-7148-4285-0]] . Mụ na Martin Parr . * ''Akwụkwọ foto: A History Volume II'' . London: Phaidon, 2006. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7148-4433-0|0-7148-4433-0]] . Mụ na Martin Parr. * ''Akwụkwọ foto: A History Volume III'' . London: Phaidon, 2014. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-714866-77-2|978-0-714866-77-2]] . Mụ na Martin Parr. * ''Akwụkwọ foto Phenomenon.'' Munich: Prestel ; CCCB /RM/Fundació Foto Colectania, 2017. Igbe nke akwụkwọ nta asatọ nke ederede, nke ọ bụla sitere na Moritz Neumüller na Lesley Martin, Markus Schaden na Frederic Lezmi, Martin Parr, Horacio Fernández, Ryuichi Kaneko, Badger ("akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi megide akwụkwọ mkpesa"), Erik Kessels, na Irene de Mendoza na Neumüller. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-8417047054|978-8417047054]] . === Mbipụta nwere foto Badger nyere aka === * ''Omenala na-adịghị ewu ewu: Grayson Perry Họrọ na mkpokọta Kansụl Arts.'' London: Hayward, 2008. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781853322679|9781853322679]] . Ọrụ sitere na mkpokọta nka nka, nke Grayson Perry deziri. * ''Otu ụbọchị: Ndị na-ese foto 10'' . Heidelberg, Germany: Kehrer, 2010. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86828-173-6|978-3-86828-173-6]] . Otu igbe igbe, nke Harvey Benge deziri, nke akwụkwọ iri nke foto ndị e mere na 20 June 2010, akwụkwọ ọ bụla nke Badger, Jessica Backhaus, Benge, John Gossage, Todd Hido, Rob Hornstra, Rinko Kawauchi, Eva Maria Ocherbauer, Martin Parr. na Alec Soth . <ref group="n">The publisher's description of this set: {{Cite web|url=https://www.kehrerverlag.com/en/one-day-10-photographers-978-3-86828-173-6|title=One Day - Kehrer Verlag|work=Kehrer Verlag|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-05}}</ref> === Mbipụta nwere ederede Badger nyere aka === * ''Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke foto.'' Dewi Lewis mbipụta, 2008. Site n'aka Martin Benge na mmeghe nke Gerry Badger. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1904587514|978-1904587514]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dewilewis.com/products/a-short-history-of-photography|title=HARVEY BENGE: A Short History Of Photography|work=Dewi Lewis Publishing|accessdate=7 March 2023}}</ref> * ''Foto, Vol.'' ''2, Ọhụụ Ọhụrụ nke Ụwa, 1891-1940.'' Milan: Skira, 2012. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9788857210322|9788857210322]] . Ederede sitere na Badger, Clément Chéroux, Sandra S. Phillips, Ulrich Pohlmann na Francesco Zanot. * ''Akwụkwọ foto ndị China'' . New York: Aperture, 2015. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1597112284|978-1597112284]] . Nke Martin Parr na WassinkLundgren dere. Ederede sitere na Badger, Gu Zheng, Stephanie Tung, Raymund Lum na Ruben Lundgren. * ''Memento Mori.'' ''Ezinụlọ Lares nke Sonia Lenzi.'' ''Naples, Giannini Editore, 2016 '' == Ihe nrite == * 2018: J Dudley Johnston Award, Royal Photographic Society, Bath <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2018-12-10|title=The Royal Photographic Society Awards 2018|url=http://www.rps.org/news/2018/november/the-royal-photographic-society-awards-2018|work=www.rps.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204113432/http://www.rps.org/news/2018/november/the-royal-photographic-society-awards-2018|archivedate=4 December 2018}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == * Mkpokọta Kansụl Arts, Kansụl nka, London <ref name="lookingglassbio">Potted biography of Badger; in Gerry Badger and John Benton-Harris (ed), ''Through the looking glass: Photographic art in Britain 1945–1989'' (London: Barbican Art Gallery, 1989), p.172.</ref> <ref>As is evident from its inclusion in ''Unpopular Culture: Grayson Perry Selects from the Arts Council Collection.''</ref> * Akwụkwọ Nsọ nationale de France, Paris <ref name="lookingglassbio" /> <ref name="bluesky"/> * Victoria na Albert Museum, London <ref name="lookingglassbio" /> <ref>"[https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O83833/photograph-the-hall-garden-wormingford-essex/ Photograph: The Hall Garden, Wormingford, Essex]", Victoria and Albert Museum. Accessed 10 October 2010.</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Art Modern, New York, NY <ref name="lookingglassbio" /> <ref name="infinity"/> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Portland, Portland, OR <ref name="infinity" /> == Ihe ndetu == <references group="n" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1kczfvdjc46nxd34rz42wet6jec8hau 0 46977 705110 655094 2026-08-19T16:52:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Carrie Mae Weems''' (amụrụ Eprel 20, 1953) bụ onye omenkà America na-arụ ọrụ na ederede, akwa, ọdịyo, onyonyo dijitalụ na vidiyo nrụnye, a makwaara ya nke ọma maka foto ya. <ref name="Weems">{{Cite web|author=Weems|first=Carrie Mae|title=Biography|url=http://carriemaeweems.net/bio.html|publisher=carriemaeweems.ne|accessdate=November 16, 2013|archivedate=September 29, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929020241/http://carriemaeweems.net/bio.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Rosenblum|first=Naomi|title=A History of Women Photographers|date=1994|publisher=Abbeville Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-55859-761-7}}</ref> O nwetara aha ya site na mmalite foto foto 1990s ''The Kitchen Table Series'' . Foto ya, ihe nkiri na vidiyo ya na-elekwasị anya n'okwu siri ike na-eche ndị America America ihu taa, gụnyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na njirimara onwe onye. O kwuru otu oge, "Ka m kwuo na ihe kacha echegbu m na nka, dị ka ọ dị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, bụ maka ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ ndị Afro-America na mba ahụ." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rebekahfilms.org/cm.html|title=Carrie Mae Weems|work=Conjure Women|publisher=rebekahfilms.org|accessdate=September 25, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006093736/http://rebekahfilms.org/cm.html|archivedate=October 6, 2007}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Otú ọ dị, o kwupụtara echiche ahụ na "ahụmahụ ojii abụghị n'ezie isi ihe; kama, mgbagwoju anya, akụkụ, ahụmahụ mmadụ na nsonye mmadụ ... bụ isi ihe." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nashvillearts.com/2012/08/31/seeing-the-unseen-carrie-mae-weems/|first=Daniel|author=Tidwell|title=Seeing The Unseen Carrie Mae Weems|work=Nashville Arts Magazine|publisher=nashvillearts.com|accessdate=November 12, 2013|date=August 31, 2012|archivedate=April 2, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090337/http://nashvillearts.com/2012/08/31/seeing-the-unseen-carrie-mae-weems/}}</ref> Ọ na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta nkà na-enye nkọwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ahụmahụ nke ndị na-acha agba, karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị ojii, na America. <ref name="Weems"/> Aghọtala nkà ya site na Mahadum Harvard na Wellesley College, ya na mkpakọrịta, onye na-ese ihe na ebe obibi prọfesọ. Ọ kuziri foto na kọleji Hampshire na ngwụcha afọ 1980 wee gbaa usoro "Kitchen Table" n'ụlọ ya na Western Massachusetts. Weems bụ otu n'ime ndị ọrụ nka isii mere nhọrọ maka ''ikike nka: isii na-ewere mkpokọta Guggenheim'', na Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum na 2019/20. <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 19, 2018|title=Artistic License: Six Takes on the Guggenheim Collection|url=https://www.guggenheim.org/exhibition/artistic-license-six-takes-on-the-guggenheim-collection|accessdate=December 6, 2019|work=Guggenheim|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe n'ụlọ na Mahadum Syracuse . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Morrow|first=Kevin|title=Syracuse University Artist in Residence Carrie Mae Weems Launches Project Addressing the Impact of COVID-19 on Black, Latino and Native Communities|url=https://news.syr.edu/blog/2020/05/26/syracuse-university-artist-in-residence-carrie-mae-weems-launches-project-addressing-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-black-latino-and-native-communities/|accessdate=May 26, 2020|work=SU News|publisher=Syracuse University News|date=May 26, 2020}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ (1953-1980) === A mụrụ Weems na Portland, Oregon na 1953, nke abụọ n'ime ụmụaka asaa nye Carrie Polk na Myrlie Weems. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Design|first=Designed and developed by Lisa Goodlin|title=Carrie Mae Weems|url=http://carriemaeweems.net/index.html|accessdate=March 16, 2017|work=carriemaeweems.net|archivedate=March 1, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301164444/http://carriemaeweems.net/index.html}}</ref> Ọ malitere isonye na ịgba egwu na ihe nkiri okporo ámá na 1965. <ref name="Weems"/> Mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, ọ mụrụ nanị otu nwa ya, otu nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Faith C. Weems. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Carrie Mae Weems|url=http://carriemaeweems.net/index.html|accessdate=November 1, 2013|archivedate=March 1, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301164444/http://carriemaeweems.net/index.html}}</ref> Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị (1970), ọ kwapụrụ n'ụlọ nne na nna ya ma kwaga San Francisco n'oge na-adịghị anya <ref name="Dance, Bodies, and Aging">{{Cite web|title=Dance, Bodies, and Aging|url=https://art21.org/read/carrie-mae-weems-dance-bodies-and-aging/|accessdate=August 11, 2020|work=Art21|language=en}}</ref> ka ya na Anna Halprin mụọ ịgba egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ Halprin malitere na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-agba egwú, yana ndị na-ese ihe nkiri John Cage na. Robert Morris . <ref>{{Cite web|title=EPISODE: "Compassion" &#124; Art21|url=https://www.pbs.org/art21/watch-now/episode-compassion|accessdate=September 25, 2013|publisher=PBS|archivedate=September 29, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929005050/http://www.pbs.org/art21/watch-now/episode-compassion}}</ref> Weems chetara, "M malitere ịgba egwu na Anna Halprin ama ama na-enweghị atụ. Anọ m na ụlọ ọrụ Anna maka m chere, ma eleghị anya otu afọ ma ọ bụ abụọ ... na-anwale akụkụ miri emi nke egwu na echiche banyere ịgba egwu. Anna nwere mmasị n'ezie na echiche banyere udo. na iji ịgba egwu dị ka ụzọ ijijikọta omenala dị iche iche ọnụ dị ka ụgbọ maka okwu omenala dị iche iche ... Enweghị m mmasị n'ịgba egwu, naanị m maara otú e si agba egwu nke ọma, enwere m mmetụta miri emi ahu m site na nwata." <ref name="Dance, Bodies, and Aging" /> Afọ iri atọ ka e mesịrị na 2008, Weems gbagharịrị azụ ịgba egwú na ọrụ ya ''[https://outofmany.nationalacademy.org/artworks/33-constructing-history-a-requiem-to-mark-the-moment-2008 Ịmepụta History: A Requiem to Mark the Moment] ,'' na Savannah College of Art and Design in Atlanta, na-ekwupụta "Ana m amalite ọrụ a nke ilele anya. blues na flamenco, na echiche banyere ịgba egwu na ije." <ref name="Dance, Bodies, and Aging" /> She decided to continue her arts schooling and attended the California Institute of the Arts, in the Los Angeles metro, graduating at the age of 28 with a BFA degree. She received her MFA from the University of California, San Diego.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Willis-Thomas|first=Deborah|title=An Illustrated Bio-Bibliography of Black Photographers, 1940–1988|date=1989|publisher=Garland Publishing|isbn=978-0-8240-8389-2|location=New York}}</ref> Weems also participated in the folklore graduate program at the University of California, Berkeley.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carrie Mae Weems|url=http://www.artnet.com/Artists/ArtistHomePage.aspx?artist_id=17631&page_tab=Bio_and_links|accessdate=September 25, 2013|publisher=artnet.com}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na ụma, Weems nọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmegharị ọrụ dịka onye nhazi otu . <ref name="Weems"/> Igwefoto mbụ ya, nke ọ natara dị ka onyinye ụbọchị ọmụmụ, <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news|author=Sheets|first=Hilarie M.|title=Photographer and Subject Are One|work=New York Times|date=September 12, 2012|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/arts/design/carrie-mae-weems-photographer-and-subject.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|accessdate=April 4, 2013}}</ref> ejiri ya rụọ ọrụ a tupu eji ya eme ihe nka. A kpaliri ya ịchụso foto mgbe ọ gafesịrị ''Black Photographers Annual'', akwụkwọ nke ihe oyiyi nke ndị na-ese foto Africa-American gụnyere Shawn Walker, Beuford Smith, [[Anthony Barboza]], Ming Smith, Adger Cowans na [[Roy DeCarava]] . Nke a mere ka ọ gaa New York City na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Studio dị na Harlem, ebe ọ malitere izute ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na ndị na-ese foto dị ka [[Coreen Simpson]] na Frank Stewart, ha wee malite ịmepụta obodo. Na 1976, Weems weere klas ịse foto na Museum nke [[Dawoud Bey]] kuziri wee nweta ego dịka onye enyemaka Anthony Barboza. <ref>{{Cite news|author=O'Grady|first=Megan|date=October 15, 2018|title="How Carrie Mae Weems Rewrote the Rules of Image-Making."|page=5|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/t-magazine/carrie-mae-weems-interview.html}}</ref> Ọ laghachiri na San Francisco, mana bi-coastally na [[Janet Henry]] kpọrọ ya ka ọ kụziri na Studio Museum <ref>Bey, Dawoud; Weems, Carrie Mae (2009). "Carrie Mae Weems". ''BOMB''(108): 60–67.</ref> na obodo nke foto na New York. <ref name="Bey">Bey, Dawoud, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110814053526/http://bombsite.com/issues/108/articles/3307 "Carrie Mae Weems"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814053526/http://bombsite.com/issues/108/articles/3307 |date=August 14, 2011 }}, ''[[Bomb (magazine)|Bomb]]'', Summer 2009. Retrieved August 1, 2011.</ref> === 1980-2000 === Na 1983, Weems dechara nchịkọta foto mbụ ya, ederede na okwu ọnụ, nke a na-akpọ ''Foto Ezinụlọ na Akụkọ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Family Pictures and Stories, 1981–1982|url=http://carriemaeweems.net/galleries/family-pictures.html|accessdate=March 7, 2015|work=carriemaeweems.net|archivedate=February 26, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226011008/http://carriemaeweems.net/galleries/family-pictures.html}}</ref> Ihe oyiyi ndị a kọrọ akụkọ banyere ezinụlọ ya, o kwuwokwa na n'ime ọrụ a, ọ na-agbalị ịchọpụta mmegharị nke ezinụlọ ndị ojii si na ndịda na n'ebe ugwu, na-eji ezinụlọ ya dị ka ihe nlereanya maka nnukwu isiokwu. Usoro ya na-esote, nke a na-akpọ ''Ain't Jokin ''', emechara na 1988. Ọ lekwasịrị anya na njakịrị agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ime . Usoro ọzọ a na-akpọ ''American Icons'', dechara na 1989, lekwasịrị anya na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Weems ekwuola na n'ime 1980s ọ nọ na-atụgharị na ụdị foto foto, kama "ịmepụta ihe ngosi ndị dị ka akwụkwọ mana emebere ya n'ezie" yana "tinye ederede, na-eji ihe oyiyi otutu, diptychs na triptychs, na ịmepụta akụkọ. " <ref name="Bey" /> Mmekọahụ bụ isi ihe na-esote ya. Ọ bụ isiokwu nke otu n'ime mkpokọta ya ama ama nke akpọrọ ''The Kitchen Table'' series nke emechara ihe karịrị afọ abụọ (1989 ruo 1990), ma mee Weems dị ka onye bụ isi na foto. <ref name="nytimes"/> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Kisch|first=Andrea|title=Carrie Mae Weems|date=1994|publisher=National Museum of Women in the Arts|isbn=978-0-940979-21-5|location=Washington D.C.|pages=14–15}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Rothfuss|first=Joan|title=Bits & Pieces Put Together to Present a Semblance of a Whole: Walker Art Center Collections|date=2005|publisher=Walker Art Center|isbn=978-0-935640-78-6|location=Minneapolis}}</ref> Banyere ''tebụl kichin'' na ''foto ezinụlọ na akụkọ,'' Weems kwuru, sị: "M na-eji ihe oyiyi nke m wuru dị ka ụgbọala maka ịjụ echiche banyere ọrụ ọdịnala, ọdịdị nke ezinụlọ, otu nwanyị, otu nwanyị, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị, n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị. ụmụ ha, na n'etiti ndị inyom na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ-na-emesi nsogbu ndị siri ike na mkpebi ndị nwere ike ime." <ref name="Bey" /> O kwupụtala ekweghị ekwe na nchegbu banyere mwepu nke ihe oyiyi nke obodo ojii, karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị ojii, na mgbasa ozi a ma ama, na o bu n'obi ịnọchite anya isiokwu ndị a na-ewepụ ma kwuo ahụmahụ ha site na ọrụ ya. Foto ndị a kere ohere maka ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ojii ndị ọzọ iji mepụta nka ọzọ. Weems atụgharịkwara uche na isiokwu na mkpali nke ọrụ ya n'ozuzu ya, na-ekwu, == Mbipụta == * ''Carrie Mae Weems: The Museum of Modern Art (NY)'', <ref>{{Cite book|title=Carrie Mae Weems.|author=Weems|first=Carrie Mae|date=1995|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|location=New York|language=en|oclc=501437361}}</ref> 1995. * ''Carrie Mae Weems : Onye kere ihe onyonyo'', <ref>{{Cite book|title=Carrie Mae Weems: image maker|author=Weems|first=Carrie Mae|date=1995|publisher=Contemporary Arts Center|location=Cincinnati, OH|language=en|oclc=46328668}}</ref> 1995. * ''Carrie Mae Weems : Ọrụ na nso nso a'', 1992–1998, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Carrie Mae Weems: recent work, 1992–1998|author=Weems|first=Carrie Mae|date=1998|publisher=George Braziller; in association with Everson Museum of Art|isbn=978-0-8076-1444-0|location=New York; Syracuse, N.Y.|language=en|oclc=40043580}}</ref> 1998. * ''Carrie Mae Weems: Na oru ngo Louisiana'', <ref>{{Cite book|title=Carrie Mae Weems: the Louisiana Project|author=Weems|first=Carrie Mae|date=2004|publisher=Newcomb Art Gallery|isbn=978-0-9668595-5-3|location=New Orleans|language=en|oclc=58961580}}</ref> 2004. * ''Carrie Mae Weems: Ịme akụkọ ihe mere eme'', <ref>{{Cite book|title=Carrie Mae Weems: constructing history a requiem to mark the moment|author=Weems|first=Carrie Mae|date=2008|publisher=Savannah College of Art and Design|isbn=978-0-9797440-8-2|location=Savannah|language=en|oclc=959176508}}</ref> 2008. * ''Carrie Mae Weems : Ọmụmụ mmekọrịta ọha'', <ref>{{Cite book|title=Carrie Mae Weems: social studies.|author=Weems|first=Carrie Mae|date=2010|publisher=Centro Andaluz de Arte Contemporáneo|isbn=978-84-9959-026-4|location=Sevilla|language=en|oclc=688018319}}</ref> 2010. * ''Carrie Mae Weems: Afọ iri atọ nke foto na vidiyo'', <ref>{{Cite book|title=Carrie Mae Weems three decades of photography and video: [Traveling exhibition, United States, Sept. 2012 – May 2014|author=Weems|first=Carrie Mae|date=2012|publisher=Frist Center for the Visual Arts; in association with Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-17689-6|location=Nashville, TN; New Haven|language=en|oclc=835295353}}</ref> 2012. * ''Carrie Mae Weems'', Yale University Press, 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Carrie Mae Weems {{!}} Yale University Press|url=http://yalebooks.com/book/9780300176896/carrie-mae-weems|accessdate=March 16, 2017|work=yalebooks.com}}</ref> Isi nyocha mbụ nke ọrụ Weems ma gụnye nchịkọta edemede sitere n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta na mgbakwunye na ihe karịrị 200 nke ọrụ Weems. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Carrie Mae Weems – Delmez, Kathryn E.; Gates, Jr., Henry Louis; Sirmans, Franklin; Storr, Robert; Willis, Deborah – Yale University Press|url=http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300176896|accessdate=November 18, 2015|work=yalepress.yale.edu}}</ref> * ''Carrie Mae Weems: Usoro tebụl kichin'', <ref>{{Cite book|title=Carrie Mae Weems – Kitchen table series|author=Weems|first=Carrie Mae|date=2016|publisher=Damiani|isbn=978-88-6208-462-8|location=Bologna|language=en|oclc=951107988}}</ref> 2016. == Ihe ngosi == Nleghachi azụ nke mbụ nke ọrụ ya meghere na Septemba 2012 na Frist Center for Visual Arts na Nashville, Tennessee, <ref name="nytimes"/> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Carrie Mae Weems|url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/carrie-mae-weems/|accessdate=October 7, 2015|work=Art in America|date=November 27, 2012}}</ref> dị ka akụkụ nke ihe ngosi nke etiti ''Carrie Mae Weems: Afọ iri atọ nke foto na vidiyo'' . N'ịbụ onye Katie Delmez kwadoro, ihe ngosi ahụ mere ruo January 13, 2013, ma mesịa gaa Portland Art Museum, Cleveland Museum of Art, na [[Ebe Nkà Mmụta Cantor|Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] . Ihe ngosi nlegharị anya nke afọ 30 meghere na Jenụwarị 2014 na Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum na New York City. <ref name="nytimes" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Carrie Mae Weems: Three Decades of Photography and Video – Frist Center for the Visual Arts|url=http://fristcenter.org/calendar/detail/carrie-mae-weems-three-decades-of-photography-and-video|accessdate=November 18, 2015|work=fristcenter.org|archivedate=November 19, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119073902/http://fristcenter.org/calendar/detail/carrie-mae-weems-three-decades-of-photography-and-video}}</ref> Nke a bụ oge mbụ e nyere "nwanyị Africa-American ngosi ihe ngosi" na Guggenheim. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Jeffrey|date=May 9, 2014|title=Carrie Mae Weems on using photography to peel back the image of power|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/carrie-mae-weems-using-photography-peel-back-image-power|accessdate=January 9, 2018|work=PBS NewsHour|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrụ Weems laghachiri na Frist na October 2013 dị ka akụkụ nke etiti ''30 America'' gallery, n'akụkụ ndị na-ese ojii sitere na [[Jean-Michel Basquiat]] ruo [[Kehinde Wiley]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=30 Americans – Frist Center for the Visual Arts|url=http://fristcenter.org/calendar/detail/30-americans|accessdate=November 18, 2015|work=fristcenter.org|archivedate=November 19, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119074239/http://fristcenter.org/calendar/detail/30-americans}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Weems gosipụtara ''ihe ngosi nke ụdị ihe'' na Park Avenue Armory . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Pogrebin|first=Robin|title=With Armory Show, the World Is Catching Up to Carrie Mae Weems|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/arts/design/carrie-mae-weems-armory.html|accessdate=December 30, 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 1, 2021}}</ref> Her first solo exhibition in Germany, shown in 2022 at the Württembergischer Kunstverein Stuttgart, is titled ''The Evidence of Things Not Seen''. N'afọ 2023, Barbican Center dị na London kwadoro ihe ngosi mbụ nke Weems nke UK, nke akpọrọ ''Reflections for now'' na na-egosipụta foto na nrụnye vidiyo kemgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Carrie Mae Weems {{!}} Barbican|work=barbican.org.uk|date=June 22, 2023|accessdate=July 31, 2023|url=https://www.barbican.org.uk/CarrieMaeWeems}}</ref> Egosiputara ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi otu ''mmụọ na ala'' haziri ma gosipụta ya na mbipụta na-eso ya na Nasher Museum of Art na Mahadum Duke na 2023, nke mechara gaa na Pérez Art Museum Miami na 2024. Carrie Mae Weems gosipụtara maka usoro ọrụ ya na usoro nkuzi nkuzi Scholl, usoro okwu onye nka, nke PAMM gosipụtara, na February nke 2024. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Schoonmaker|first=Trevor|title=Spirit in the land: Exhibition, Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 2023|date=2023|publisher=Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University|isbn=978-0-938989-45-5|location=Durham, North Carolina}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Spirit in the Land|url=https://nasher.duke.edu/exhibitions/spirit-in-the-land/|accessdate=2024-03-04|work=Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Spirit in the Land|url=https://www.pamm.org/en/exhibition/spirit-in-the-land/|accessdate=2024-03-04|work=Pérez Art Museum Miami|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Scholl Lecture Series: Carrie Mae Weems|url=https://www.pamm.org/en/event/scholl-lecture-series-carrie-mae-weems/|accessdate=2024-03-04|work=Pérez Art Museum Miami|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na mkpokọta ọha ==   [[Usòrò:In_Conversation-_Mickalene_Thomas_and_Carrie_Mae_Weems.webm|thumb| Mickalene Thomas na Weems na curator Eugenie Tsai na-ekwurịta banyere iji ọrụ ha na-agbagha echiche ọdịnala nke ịma mma, agbụrụ, na okike ( Brooklyn Museum, 2013)]] == Ihe nrite == * ''Onye na-ese foto nke afọ'' site na ndị enyi nke foto </link> * 2006: Rome Prize Fellowship <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=April 4, 2023|title=Rome Prize Ceremony|url=https://www.aarome.org/taxonomy/term/1036|work=American Academy in Rome|archivedate=April 4, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404094731/https://www.aarome.org/taxonomy/term/1036}}</ref> * 2007: Amaghị aha bụ ihe nrite nwanyị <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anonymouswasawoman.org/news/|title=Anonymous Was a Woman Award News|work=www.anonymouswasawoman.org}}</ref> * 2013: Ihe nrite mmeri ndụ nke Congressional Black Caucus Foundation <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbcfinc.org/cbcf-to-celebrate-african-american-leaders-in-fine-arts-2/|title=CBCF to Celebrate African-American Leaders in Fine Arts – Congressional Black Caucus Foundation|work=www.cbcfinc.org|date=August 21, 2013}}</ref> * 2013: MacArthur Fellow, onyinye “Genius” <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/905/|title=MacArthur Foundation|work=www.macfound.org}}</ref> * 2014: BET Anya Anya <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bet.com/video/bethonors/2014/acceptance-speeches/carrie-mae-weems-visual-arts-award.html|title=BET Honors: Carrie Mae Weems Accepts the Visual Arts Award|work=BET.com}}</ref> * 2014: Onyinye Lucie <ref name="LUCIES 2021 i259">{{Cite web|title=Carrie Mae Weems|work=LUCIES|date=August 25, 2021|url=https://lucies.org/jury/carrie-mae-weems/|accessdate=November 17, 2023}}</ref> * 2015: Onyinye ICP Spotlights sitere na International Center of Photography. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icp.org/events/icp-spotlights-carrie-mae-weems|title=ICP Spotlights: Carrie Mae Weems|date=March 18, 2016|accessdate=June 5, 2024|archivedate=February 2, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202041350/https://www.icp.org/events/icp-spotlights-carrie-mae-weems}}</ref> * 2015: Ford Foundation Art of Change Fellow <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/the-latest/news/the-art-of-change-meet-our-visiting-fellows/|title=The Art of Change: Meet our visiting fellows|work=Ford Foundation|date=April 7, 2015}}</ref> * 2015: WEB Du Bois Medal sitere na Mahadum Harvard <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu/dubois/about/w-e-b-du-bois-medalists|title=W. E. B. Du Bois Medalists|accessdate=January 28, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309194903/http://hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu/dubois/about/w-e-b-du-bois-medalists|archivedate=March 9, 2017}}</ref> * 2015: Dọkịta nsọpụrụ sitere na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Arts Visual </link> * 2016: Nturu ugo onye nka nke mba, Anderson Ranch Arts Center <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.andersonranch.org/press/anderson-ranch-arts-center-announces-2016-national-artist-award-honoree-carrie-mae-weems-and-service-to-the-arts-award-recipients-eleanore-and-domenico-de-sole/|title=ANDERSON RANCH ARTS CENTER ANNOUNCES 2016 NATIONAL ARTIST HONOREE AWARD, CARRIE MAE WEEMS, AND SERVICE TO THE ARTS AWARD RECIPIENTS, ELEANORE AND DOMENICO DE SOLE|date=February 24, 2016|publisher=Anderson Ranch}}</ref> * 2017: Dọkịta nsọpụrụ nke Fine Arts sitere na Mahadum Syracuse <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.syr.edu/2017/04/syracuse-university-to-award-five-honorary-degrees-at-2017-commencement/|title=Syracuse University to Award Five Honorary Degrees at 2017 Commencement|work=SU News|date=April 19, 2017|first=Kathleen|author=Haley|accessdate=April 19, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2017: Inga Maren Otto Fellowship, The Watermill Center <ref name="watermill">{{Cite web|url=https://www.watermillcenter.org/carrie-mae-weems/|title=Carrie Mae Weems – The Watermill Center|work=www.watermillcenter.org|date=September 28, 2016}}</ref> * 2019: Mmekọrịta nsọpụrụ nke Royal Photographic Society, Bristol <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=December 17, 2019|title=Royal Photographic Society announces its 2019 award winners|url=https://www.bjp-online.com/2019/09/royal-photographic-society-award-2019/|date=September 9, 2019|work=British Journal of Photography}}</ref> * 2020: Ntinye n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ Foto International nke Fame na Museum <ref>{{Cite web|title=Carrie Mae Weems|url=https://iphf.org/inductees/carrie_mae_weems/|accessdate=July 28, 2022|work=International Photography Hall of Fame|language=en-US|archivedate=July 28, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728100819/https://iphf.org/inductees/carrie_mae_weems/}}</ref> * 2023: Onyinye Hasselblad == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * <span class="portalbox-image">[[File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png|alt=icon|class=noviewer|28x28px]]</span></img> <span class="portalbox-link">[[Portal:Arts|Portal nka]]</span> * Official website * [https://bthumm.de/artists/carrie-mae-weems/ Carrie Mae Weems biography], Galerie Barbara Thumm * Cotter, Holland (February 23, 2014), [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/24/arts/design/carrie-mae-weems-charts-the-black-experience-in-photographs.html "Testimony of a Cleareyed Witness"], ''The New York Times''. * Sturtz, Ken (September 25, 2013), [http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2013/09/syracuse_photographer_receives_prestigious_macarthur_fellowship.html "Syracuse photographer receives prestigious MacArthur Fellowship"], Syracuse.com * [https://collections.artsmia.org/search/%22Carrie%20Mae%20Weems%22 Carrie Mae Weems in the Minneapolis Institute or Art], Minneapolis, MN * [https://theartsjournal.org/index.php/site/article/view/928/460 Womanism and Black Feminism in the works of Carrie Weems] {{DEFAULTSORT:Weems, Carrie Mae}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5iqakj6b6xx3m6vgyylsm7zmy8cl9ag 0 47389 705156 693202 2026-08-20T08:26:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705156 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Flo Ngala</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1537" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="1500" decoding="async" height="225" resource="./File:Flo_Ngala_website.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flo_Ngala_website.jpg/220px-Flo_Ngala_website.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flo_Ngala_website.jpg/330px-Flo_Ngala_website.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flo_Ngala_website.jpg/440px-Flo_Ngala_website.jpg 2x" width="220" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Flo_Ngala_website.jpg|frameless]]</img> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"> Florence Ngala</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Harlem]], New York City, New York, Njikota Obodo Amerika</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Agụmakwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" | [[Horace Mann School|Ụlọ akwụkwọ Horace Mann]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" | Onye na-ese foto |} '''Florence "Flo" Ngala''' bụ onye America na-ese foto na onye na-ese foto mara maka okporo ụzọ ya, onye ama ama na foto foto . E gosipụtara ọrụ Ngala n'ihu mkpuchi nke ''New York Times'', ''Billboard (magazine)'' na ''Essence (magazine)'' . Na 2022, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị ojii mbụ nke Vogue (akwụkwọ akụkọ) nyere ikike ka o see MET Gala. Ngala eseela [[Stacey Abrams]], Sarah Jessica Parker, [[Method Man]], na [[Wizkid]] ; wee malite ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese foto na Cardi B. Ọ bụ Forbes 30 n'okpuru 30 2023 nnata maka Art & Style. == Ndụ mbido == Amụrụ na Harlem, NY, Ngala bụ otu n'ime ụmụ anọ Thomas na Tina Ngala. Nne na nna ya sitere na [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]], ma na-agba ọsọ ntutu isi ha na ebe a na-edozi mma na Harlem site na 90s ruo 2000s. Ngala kwadoro mkpughe n'oge na "ịzụ ahịa… mara mma nka na ọkaibe ojii" na Harlem dị ka isi mkpali maka mbido mbụ ya na foto. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Penrose|first=Nerisha|title=An Intimate Look at How Photographer Flo Ngala Prepared to Be the First Black Woman to Shoot Inside the Met Gala|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/g39903894/flo-ngala-photographer-met-gala-getting-ready/|work=Elle.com|publisher=Elle Magazine|accessdate=May 4, 2022}}</ref> === Ihe nkiri Skating na Harlem === Site na afọ 6 ruo mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, onye Ngala skated na Harlem na-abụghị uru, Figure Skating na Harlem. Ọ ghọrọ onye ọchịagha nke otu asọmpi izizi nke ndị anaghị akwụ ụgwọ. Mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ, Ngala sere foto ndị otu ya na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri ka e mesịrị na ọrụ foto ya gara n'ihu weghara Figure Skating na Harlem na foto edemede maka New York Times. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gyarkye|first=Lovia|title=When I Skate It Just Feels Free|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/05/style/figure-skating-harlem-women-of-color.html|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=Jan 5, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Elfman|first=Lois|title=Flo Ngala - Picture This|url=https://usfigureskatingfanzone.com/news/2020/2/20/general-flo-ngala-picture-this.aspx|work=usfigureskatingfanzone.com|publisher=U.S. Figure Skating Fan Zone|accessdate=February 20, 2020}}</ref> === Foto nke onwe === Mgbalị foto mbụ nke Ngala na agụmakwụkwọ nyochara ihe onyonyo onwe ya. "Otu akụkụ nke ịghọta ka esi eji igwefoto - na ịchọpụta ihe (ọ) masịrị ya maka usoro mgbasa ozi - na-eme onwe ya." Site n'ịkọwa okwu na nkwudo okwu, Ngala “mụtara ka e si agba ndị ọzọ agba site n'isere onwe ya foto.” <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sargent|first=Antwaun|title=Nigerian-Cameroonian Photographer Flo Ngala's Stunning Self-Portraits in Spring Fashion|url=https://garage.vice.com/en/article/wj4ep4/nigerian-photographer-flo-ngalas-stunning-self-portraits-in-spring-fashion|work=garage.vice.com|publisher=GARAGE Magazine|accessdate=Feb 12, 2018}}</ref> === Agụmakwụkwọ === Ngala gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Horace Mann site na 2008 ruo 2013. N'ebe a, mgbe ọ dị afọ 13, ọ sonyere na klas foto mbụ ya. Na Horace Mann o mepụtara foto onwe ya na foto okporo ámá, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na Ọkachamara na Anya Arts Award. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Danquah|first=Beverly|title=Behind the Lens with the Celebrity Photographer Flo Ngala|url=http://nyc18.nytimes-institute.com/2018/06/01/behind-the-lens-with-the-celebrity-photographer-flo-ngala/|publisher=The New York Times Student Journalism Institute|date=1 June 2018}}</ref> Iji Tumblr mee ihe n'oge mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na-emetụta uto ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ "ịnọ na ya dịka nwata nyeere m aka ịghọ onye na-ese foto ... Anọ m na-atụgharị na nnukwu ọrụ dị mma. " <ref>{{Cite web|author=Danquah|first=Beverly|title=Behind the Lens with the Celebrity Photographer Flo Ngala|url=http://nyc18.nytimes-institute.com/2018/06/01/behind-the-lens-with-the-celebrity-photographer-flo-ngala/|publisher=The New York Times Student Journalism Institute|date=1 June 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, ihe osise nke oge mbụ malitere malitere na saịtị ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=stuff i see|url=https://flongala.tumblr.com/post/113745433128/stuntandstayglorious-home|work=Tumblr}}</ref> Mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gasịrị, Ngala gara City College of New York wee gụchaa Cum Laude na Bachelor's of Science in Communications. Mgbe ị debanyere aha na CCNY, a họpụtara Ngala dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Schomburg maka Nnyocha na Black Culture . N'ebe a, e nyere onye na-ese ihe ohere ịnweta ihe oyiyi dị iche iche dị mkpa na omenala site na akụkọ ihe mere eme Black na ohere izute ndị ọkà mmụta nyere aka na ha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Frederick|first=Candice|title=Learn More about this Semester's Schomburg Center Pre-Professionals|url=https://www.nypl.org/blog/2016/11/18/pre-professionals|work=The New York Public Library|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, e nyere Pọtụfoliyo foto ya ihe nrite mbụ na asọmpi mba wee bute ya na Droga5 na New York City. Ọnwa ole na ole n'ime ụlọ ọrụ, na 22, Ngala kpebiri ịmalite ịchụso ọrụ oge niile na foto. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kail|first=Ellyn|date=31 July 2018|title=One Young Photographer on Reshaping the World Through Powerful Images (Sponsored)|url=https://www.featureshoot.com/2018/07/one-young-photographer-on-reshaping-the-world-through-powerful-images-sponsored/|work=Feature Shoot}}</ref> === Egwu === ==== Gucci Mane ==== Gig mbụ nke onye na-ese foto na egwu bịara ka ọ pụtachara dị ka mgbakwunye na vidiyo egwu maka " All the Way Up (Fat Joe na Remy Ma song) ". Onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri vidiyo hụrụ ya n'azụ ihe onyonyo onyonyo na setịpụrụ wee jikọta Ngala na akara Atlantic Records na-eduga ọrụ na onye egwu Gucci Mane na New York mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Duthiers|first=Vladimir|title=26-year-old rising photographer Flo Ngala shifts her focus from artist to journalist|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvs6XoUly-c&ab_channel=CBSMornings|publisher=CBS News|language=en}}</ref> ==== Kadị B ==== N'afọ 2017, e nyere Ngala ọrụ ka o see foto Cardi B mbụ na-arụ ọrụ telivishọn na 2017 BET Awards. Ọ gara n'ihu bụrụ onye na-ese foto maka onye rapper na mmalite nke ọrụ ya. Ihe oyiyi dị n'azụ nke Cardi na-akwado maka Met Gala, na-egosi ihe ngosi, na na setịpụ vidiyo na-agbaji dị ka " Elu " na " WAP ft. Megan Thee Stallion " gụnyere na mkpuchi Ngala. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://flongala.com/home|work=f/l.o ngala|accessdate=2024-06-08|archivedate=2024-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520180942/https://flongala.com/home}}</ref> ==== Ndị ọzọ ama ama ==== Ọrụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama gụnyere onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Stacey Abrams maka Rolling Stone, Onye òtù Wu-Tang Method Man for Essence, na ndị na-egwu egwu dị ka [[Drake]], [[Burna Boy]], Tierra Whack, Nas, Busta Rhymes, City Girls, Lil Uzi Vert, na The Weeknd . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stuart|first=Tessa|title=Stacey Abrams Is Building a New Kind of Political Machine in the Deep South|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/stacey-abrams-census-voting-rights-vice-president-953173/|work=Rolling Stone|date=1 March 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wells|first=Veronica|title=Digital Cover – Method Man|url=https://www.essence.com/methodman/|work=Essence|accessdate=2024-06-08|archivedate=2024-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615125238/https://www.essence.com/methodman/}}</ref> === Foto nta akụkọ === ==== "Mgbe m na-agba ọsọ ọ na-enwere onwe ya" / New York Times ==== N'afọ 2018, Ngala laghachiri na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ, Figure Skating In Harlem, iji depụta edemede foto chiri anya maka New York Times. Ngala weghaara ụmụ nwanyị skaters nke agba maka edemede foto nke pụtara n'ihu ihu nke New York Times. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ngala|first=Flo|title=‘When I Skate It Just Feels Free’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/05/style/figure-skating-harlem-women-of-color.html|work=The New York Times|date=5 January 2019}}</ref> A ga-egosiputa foto ndị a na ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya, '''Harlem Ice: The Select Folders''' na Compére Collective Gallery na New York City. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Elfman|first=Lois|title=Former skater showcases FSH in photography show|url=https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2019/10/17/former-skater-showcases-fsh-photography-show/|work=New York Amsterdam News|date=17 October 2019}}</ref> ==== "Ihe mere anyị ji eme ngagharị iwe" / Rolling Stone ==== Na-esochi ogbugbu nke George Floyd na 2020, Ngala sonyeere ngagharị iwe na New York City na-eme mkpesa banyere obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii na-achọ mgbanwe n'ụwa niile. ahọpụtara onyonyo nke ya n'ofe akwụkwọ dị ka Rolling Stone <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lotz|first=Griffin|title='Why We Protest': Photographs by Flo Ngala|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-pictures/black-lives-matter-george-floyd-protest-flo-ngala-1011217/|work=Rolling Stone|date=8 June 2020}}</ref> The New York Times, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Burke|first=Siobhan|title=Dancing Bodies That Proclaim: Black Lives Matter|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/arts/dance/dancing-protests-george-floyd.html|work=The New York Times|date=9 June 2020}}</ref> GQ . <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Movement, Not a Moment|url=https://www.gq.com/story/voices-of-the-blm-nyc-protests|work=GQ|date=2 July 2020}}</ref> Na soshal midia, Ngala nọkwa na-ekerịta ozi na foto ya: "Gịnị ga-eme mgbe anyị onwe anyị yiri ka o kwesịrị ntaramahụhụ n'aka ndị uwe ojii? Na-arịọ maka ndị enyi nde di na nwunye. " <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ngala|first=Flo|title=George Floyd Protests|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CBBdjGFJ1GP/|accessdate=June 4, 2020}}</ref> ==== N'ime Met Gala ==== Na 2022 na 2023, Vogue kpọrọ Ngala ka o see foto nke MET Gala kwa afọ wee bụrụ nwanyị ojii mbụ mere ya na akụkọ afọ 74. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Inside the 2022 Met Gala|url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/inside-the-met-gala-2022|work=Vogue|date=3 May 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Penrose|first=Nerisha|title=An Intimate Look at How Photographer Flo Ngala Prepared to Be the First Black Woman to Shoot Inside the Met Gala|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/g39903894/flo-ngala-photographer-met-gala-getting-ready/|work=ELLE|date=4 May 2022}}</ref> === Azụmahịa na Editorial === Ngala esere foto Simone Biles maka Athleta, Cardi B maka Reebok, Nike Pride na Black History mkpọsa, yana ọrụ maka Adidas, Bank of America na ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2020, Ngala sere foto ndị mepụtara Netflix docu-usoro ''nke Onwe Mere'' : ''Ndụ Madame CJ Walker sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ'' . O mechara see foto nnukwu nwa nwa nwanyị Madame CJ Walker, [[A'Lelia Bundles|A'Leila Bundles]] . Na 2022, Ngala sere foto onye mmebe uwe Kerby Jean-Raymond's, Pyer Moss couture show na estate nke Madame CJ Walker, mba mbụ mere onwe ya nwanyị Black nwanyị nde. == Mgbasa ozi == Ngala bụ onye na-eweta ihe ngosi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ekwukarị maka ịse foto, ụlọ ọrụ na nkwado maka nwanyị nwere agba na ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ. A na-akpọ ụdị agbapụ ya “Flo On the Wall”. Na 2022 Netflix docu-usoro ''Strong Black Lens'', ọ na-ekwu, sị, "Echere m na otú e si akọwa ndị mmadụ na agba bụ nnukwu ihe kpatara na ịbụ onye nwere agba nke nwere oghere, nke nwere ohere iji jide eziokwu ahụ, jide. na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na-enye ike n'ezie.” <ref>{{Cite web|title=STRONG BLACK LENS {{!}} Ep 2: Finding Our Light {{!}} Strong Black Lead|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3EVCWsClF0&ab_channel=StillWatchingNetflix|language=en}}</ref> The aesthetic style nke foto ya gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na Ngala si kpọmkwem ụzọ ịhụ ụwa na okwu nke ọkụ na otú ọkụ dị oké mkpa na akada ebu pụta ụwa ìhè nke a isiokwu akpụkpọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=That Harlem Hustle: Meet Flo Ngala, the Young Photographer Behind Some of Cardi B’s Most Iconic Moments|url=https://www.theroot.com/that-harlem-hustle-meet-flo-ngala-the-young-photograp-1833203033|work=The Root|language=en|date=12 March 2019}}</ref> '''''Foto dị ịrịba ama''''' * Sasha Obama na Cardi B na Offset na 2018 Broccoli Fest. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Thomas|first=Helen Meriel|title=Cardi B and Offset hung out with Sasha Obama backstage at Broccoli City this weekend|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/sasha-obama-cardi-b-offset-broccoli-city-festival-washington-dc-2305873|work=NME|date=30 April 2018}}</ref> * Stacey Abrams maka Rolling Stone. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stuart|first=Tessa|title=Stacey Abrams Is Building a New Kind of Political Machine in the Deep South|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/stacey-abrams-census-voting-rights-vice-president-953173/|work=Rolling Stone|date=1 March 2020}}</ref> * Method Man for Essence. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Cover – Method Man|url=https://www.essence.com/methodman/|work=Essence|accessdate=2024-06-08|archivedate=2024-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615125238/https://www.essence.com/methodman/}}</ref> * Ihe nrite Grammy nke mbụ Burna Boy. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Burna Boy's First Grammys|url=https://flongala.com/grammy-weekend-burna-boy|work=f/l.o ngala|accessdate=2024-06-08|archivedate=2025-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120202412/https://flongala.com/grammy-weekend-burna-boy}}</ref> * [[Kim Kardashian]], Kendall Jenner, na Kylie Jenner na Met Gala. <ref>{{Cite web|title=An Exclusive Look Inside the 2023 Met Gala|url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/an-exclusive-look-inside-the-2023-met-gala|work=Vogue|date=2 May 2023}}</ref> '''''FOTO egosipụtara na:''''' Black Futures '','' nke Jenna Wortham & [[Kimberly Drew]], onye mbipụta One World, 2020, ISBN 039918113X ''Ice Cold,'' nke [[Vikki Tobak]], onye nkwusa TASCHEN, 2022, ISBN 3836584972 '''''Ngosipụta''''' '''Harlem Ice''' <ref>{{Cite web|author=Terrell|first=Kellee|title=Meet The Artist Capturing The Beauty Of Young Black Ice Skaters|url=https://www.essence.com/feature/meet-the-artist-capturing-the-beauty-of-young-black-ice-skaters/|work=Essence|date=23 October 2019}}</ref> na Compere Collective, 2019 '''Ejiji Africa''' na V&A Museum, 2022 '''Ahụrụ''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Been Seen {{!}} The New York Public Library|url=https://www.nypl.org/events/exhibitions/been-seen|work=www.nypl.org|language=en}}</ref> Schomburg Center, 2022 Na 2022 Ngala nwetara onyinye nturu ugo Culture Creators Visual Arts. Na Jenụwarị 2022, akpọrọ Ngala aha '''nturu ugo nturuugo nke abụọ nke Foot Locker Sole List''' na-asọpụrụ "Ndị na-ese foto ojii nke ọrụ ha gosipụtara ezigbo onyonyo." Forbes 30 n'okpuru 30 Ndepụta 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Forbes 30 Under 30 2023: Art & Style|url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2023/art-style|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == agụsị akwụkwọ na Ọkachamara na Anya Arts Award. Iji Tumblr mee ihe n'oge mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na-emetụta uto ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ "ịnọ na ya dịka nwata nyeere m aka ịghọ onye na-ese foto ... Anọ m na-atụgharị na nnukwu ọrụ dị mma. " N'afọ 2015, ihe osise nke oge mbụ malitere malitere dịozi ọha na eze na-emetụta uto ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ "ịnọ na ya dịka nwata nyeere m aka ịghọ{{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ngala, Florence}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2tyaaossseko37f4itrh7rr1rfbgte3 0 47672 705155 538114 2026-08-20T08:08:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705155 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ferenc Berkó (January 28, 1916 - Maachị 18, 2000) bụ onye Hungarian – onye na-ese foto America ama ama maka ojiji o ji ihe nkiri agba n'oge. == Ndụ mbido == Ụlọ Berkó na Nagyvarad, Hungary.  Papa ya gburu mgbe Berkó ka dị obere, e zigakwara ya ka ya na ndị enyi ya biri na Jamanị.  Ndị enyi ahụ ahụ bụ ndị enyi nke ndị isi Bauhaus, Walter Gropious, bụ onye nwere ikike mbụ na Berkó.  Ọhụrụ Germany dị nnọọ ka ndị Nazi bịara n'ịbịa, na-aga n'ọtụtụ obodo Frankfurt, Dresden, Berlin, Morocco, na Mexico. == Ọrụ == N'agbata 1933 na 1947, o biri na London, Paris na Bombay, n'oge nke o akara aha maka onwe ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe nkiri na onye na-ese foto.  [1] [2] ọ bụ ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe o ji ebi ndụ dị ka ịse foto foto, ma bipụtakwa foto ya na akwụkwọ Lilliput, Minicam, Igwefoto US, na Foto Ndị Na-ewu ewu.  [1] Na 1947 László Moholy-Nagy hụrụ Berko ka ọ bịa United States, ka ọ dabanere foto na Chicago School of Design .  [1] [2] Afọ abụọ ka e ịhụ, ọ weere ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto ụlọ ọrụ na Aspen, Colorado, nke Walter Paepcke nyere, bụ onye bụ onyeisi oche nke Ndị Nche Container nke America mgbe ahụ.  [1] Ɔ ga-anọ afọ iri ise.<ref name="ICPCenter">{{Cite web|title=Ferenc Berko|url=https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/ferenc-berko?all/all/all/all/0|work=International Center of Photography|language=en|date=2 March 2016|accessdate=10 June 2024|archivedate=14 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214155834/https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/ferenc-berko?all/all/all/all/0}}</ref> Na Aspen ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka obodo, a na-akpọkarị ya ka ọ dekọọ ihe omume.   N'afọ ọ kwagara Aspen, 1949, ahụ obodo mere ego Goethe nke dọtara ndị na-akpa nke akwụkwọ na omenala ụwa.   Foto agba Berkó nke ndị na-ama na ihe omume ahụ, onye pianist Arthur Rubenstein, ọkà ihe na-eche nsogbu na eze Albert Schweitzer na onye na-ede egwuregwu Thornton Wilder, bụ ndị e weere na mba ụwa site na magazin ndị dị ka  Look na Life, na-enye aka na-enye aka na onye a ma ama ya. <ref name="MusElysParis" /> N'afọ 2021 , Musée de l'Elysée dị na Lausanne ga-afọ afọ 70 azụ azụ azụ ọrụ ya na-egosi Ferenc Berko: Mmasị na ndị na-adịghị. <ref name="MusElysParis">{{Cite web|title=Musée de l'Elysée: Ferenc Berko: Fascination with the Ordinary|url=http://www.elysee.ch/en/exhibitions-and-events/expositions/ferenc-berko-fascination-with-the-ordinary/|work=www.elysee.ch|date=26 October 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.elysee.ch/en/exhibitions-and-events/expositions/ferenc-berko-fascination-with-the-ordinary/ "Musée de l'Elysée: Ferenc Berko: Fascination with the Ordinary"]. </cite></ref> == Nchịkọta == * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Fine Arts Houston <ref name="MFAH">{{Cite web|title=Ferenc Berkó Albert Schweitzer|url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/7893/albert-schweitzer?ctx=7178b4f1dad0c51941933a87d956f98c569ed2f6&idx=5274|work=mfah.org}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke ọgbara ọhụrụ, New York <ref name="MOMA">{{Cite web|title=Ferenc Berko, Photographs from the Museum Collection|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/61868|work=Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=5 June 2022}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Whitney nke American Art <ref name="WHITNEY">{{Cite web|title=Ferenc Berko|url=https://whitney.org/artists/4706?q%5Bs%5D=sort_date%20desc|work=whitney.org|language=en}}</ref> * Ebe International Center of Photography <ref name="ICPCenter" /> * Musée de l'Elysee, Paris * Harry Ransom Center <ref name="NORMANCenter">{{Cite web|title=Photography Collections Database|url=https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/photoPublic/fullDisplay.cfm?CollID=15680|work=norman.hrc.utexas.edu}}</ref> * Hood Museum <ref name="HOOD">{{Cite web|title=Striding Nude|url=https://hoodmuseum.dartmouth.edu/objects/ph.2003.27.4|work=Hood Museum|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} brlbsoeb39wcrv2x4klk89fnsnn5yhw 0 48318 705124 628757 2026-08-19T22:18:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oluwafisayo Isa''' (amuru na Septemba 19, 2001), nke aha ogbo ogbo ya '''Darkoo''' mara, bu onye ogba egwu na onye na-agụ egwu Britain-Nigeria . <ref name="vogue">{{Cite web|author=Rockson|first=Gabrielle|title=DARKOO TALKS ABOUT HER NIGERIAN ROOTS, FOOTBALL, MUSIC & MORE IN BRAND-NEW EPISODE OF 'PRO:DIRECT OFF PITCH'|url=https://grmdaily.com/darkoo-pro-direct-off-pitch/|work=GRM Daily|date=11 October 2020|accessdate=7 September 2021|archivedate=7 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907110256/https://grmdaily.com/darkoo-pro-direct-off-pitch/}}</ref> Ọ bịara bụrụ onye a ma ama na-eso mwepụta nke otu "Gangsta" ya, na-egosipụta One Acen, nke gbagoro na nọmba 22 na Chart Singles Official, <ref name="charts2">{{Cite web|title=DARKOO|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56674/darkoo/|work=Official Charts Company|accessdate=7 September 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56674/darkoo/ "DARKOO"]. ''Official Charts Company''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> wee gbakọọ ọnụ ọgụgụ mbụ, na UK Afrobeats Chart nke 2020 . Na 2022, a họpụtara Darkoo maka Best Diaspora Afrobeats Artist nke afọ na The Headies Awards wee mara ọkwa Pandora Music Italy dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-egwu egwu na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ, Marco Mengoni, Keymaker Records, Federica Carta, na Baby K n'afọ na-esote. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Swanky|date=2022-05-24|title=The 15th Headies Award - Full Nomination List|url=https://rehabmusiks.com/the-15th-headies-award-full-nomination-list/|accessdate=2023-10-06|work=RehabMusik|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Italy's Top Streaming Artists: September's pandora favorites|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/09/italys-top-strea|accessdate=6 October 2023|work=Vanguard Nigeria}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Darkoo na Lagos, Nigeria, na-akwaga UK mgbe ọ dị afọ 7. <ref name="vogue" /> na a zụlitere ya na South London. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mukhtar|first=Amel|title=Rising Afroswing Star Darkoo Is Here To Change The Music Industry – And The World|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/darkoo-interview|work=Vogue|date=30 December 2020|accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref> Ọ gara St Catherine's Catholic School for Girls . == Ọrụ == Darkoo malitere ịtọhapụ egwu mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, <ref name="charts1" /> na-amalite dị ka onye na-egwu egwu tupu ọ malite itinye abụ n'ime egwu ya. <ref name="vogue" /> N'ọgwụgwụ 2019 ọ wepụtara otu "Gangsta", na-egosi onye na-agụ egwú Britain One Acen. Egwu ahụ bịara bụrụ onye ama ama na TikTok <ref name="charts1">{{Cite web|author=Copsey|first=Rob|title=Darkoo talks Gangsta success and plans for a full-length project: "This is just the beginning"|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/darkoo-talks-gangsta-success-and-plans-for-a-full-length-project-this-is-just-the-beginning__30318/|work=Official Charts Company|accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref> wee banye na Chart Singles Official na nọmba 34 na Nọvemba 2019, mechara rute ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke 22 na Jenụwarị 2020. <ref name="charts2"/> O sochiri ihe ịga nke ọma a na Machị 2020 na otu "Juicy" na-egosi Hardy Caprio, nke ruru na 62 na Chart Singles Official. <ref name="charts2" /> Na 2020 MOBO Awards, Darkoo ka ahọpụtara maka iwu nwanyị kacha mma na onye bịara ọhụrụ, ebe a họpụtara “Gangsta” maka abụ nke afọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=MOBO AWARDS 2020: SEE THE FULL LIST OF NOMINEES!|url=http://mobo.com/news/mobo-awards-2020-see-full-list-nominees|work=MOBO Awards|accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kane|first=Hannah|title=Two in One: Meet Darkoo|url=https://www.phoenixmag.co.uk/article/two-in-one-meet-darkoo/|work=Phoenix|accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:14em;" |Title ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Year ! colspan="1" scope="col" |Peak chart positions ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Certifications ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |UK<br /><br /><ref name="charts2" /> |- ! scope="row" |"Gas Station"<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Curtis J)</span> |2017 |— | | rowspan="9" {{n/a|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" |"Timeline"<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Mulla Stackz)</span> |2018 |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Foreign"<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with AdeSTP & Shadz)</span> | rowspan="4" |2019 |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Juice"<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Br3nya)</span> |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Rover" |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Gangsta"<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with One Acen)</span> |22 | * BPI: Platinum<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darkoo & One Acen|url=https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/15545-5179-1|work=British Phonographic Industry|accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Juicy"<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Hardy Caprio)</span> | rowspan="3" |2020 |62 | |- ! scope="row" |"Kryptonite" |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Cinderella"<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring 4Keus)</span> |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Pick Up" | rowspan="4" |2021 |— | | rowspan="3" |''2 in 1'' |- ! scope="row" |"She Like"<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Blanco)</span> |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Slow Down"<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Tion Wayne)</span> |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Bad From Early"<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Bnxn|Buju]] & TSB)</span> |— | |rowspan="4" {{n/a|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" |"Always"<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Black Sherif)</span> | rowspan="3" |2022 |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Falling"<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Smallgod & [[KiDi]])</span> |— | |- ! scope="row" |"There She Goes (Jack Sparrow)"<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Mayorkun)</span> |— | |- !Favorite Girl (featuring Dess Dior) |2024 | | | |- |} ==== Dị ka onye na-ese ihe ngosi ==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Aha ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Afọ ! colspan="3" scope="col" | Ọkwa chaatị kacha elu ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Asambodo ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" | UK<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <ref name="charts3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/49992/tion-wayne/|title=Tion Wayne &#124; full Official Chart History|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" | AUS<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <ref name="aria">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/singles-chart/2021-05-17|title=ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|date=17 May 2021|accessdate=17 June 2021}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" | NZ<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <ref name="nz">{{Cite web|date=3 May 2021|title=NZ Top 40 Singles Chart|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=5066|accessdate=17 June 2021|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514221630/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=5066|archivedate=14 May 2021}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | " Ahu " (Remix)<br /><br /><br /><br /> (Russ Millions na Tion Wayne featuring ArrDee, E1 (3x3), Bugzy Malone, Fivio Foreign, ZT (3x3), Darkoo, na Buni | rowspan="2" | 2021 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * BPI: Platinum </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" data-ve-ignore="true" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> * ARIA : 2× Platinum <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/hip-hop-r-and-b-singles-chart/2021-11-15|title=ARIA Top 40 Hip Hop/R&B Singles for week of 15 November 2021|publisher=aria.com.au|accessdate=December 30, 2021}}</ref> | ''[[Green With Envy|Green na anyaụfụ]]'' na ''nrụgide pier'' |} == Ebenside == ọkwa Pandora Music Italy dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-egwu egwu na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ, Marco {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Darkoo}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kc713mbofln77ulh10b7p3xq4aircge 0 49977 705120 213240 2026-08-19T20:32:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705120 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Cocoa_Plantation_04.jpg|thumb|Ubi koko 04]] Mmepụta koko dị mkpa maka akụ na ụba Naijiria. Koko bụ ihe na-ebute ụzọ n'ọrụ ugbo ahịa Mbupụ Obodo a, ka ọdị ugbua, Naịjirịa bụ onye nke anọ n'aka na-emepụta koko n'ụwa, mgbe Ivory Coast, Indonesia na Ghana gasịrị, <ref name="FAO">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-at586e.pdf|title=Analysis of Incentives and Disincentives for Cocoa in Nigeria|accessdate=19 September 2015|publisher=FAO}}</ref> na nke atọ kachasị ebupụ mgbe Ivory Coast na Ghana gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://purl.umn.edu/196590|title=Analysis of Some Drivers of Cocoa Export in Nigeria in the Era of Trade Liberalization|author=Verter|first=N.|date=2014|journal=Agris On-Line Papers in Economics & Informatics|issue=4|volume=6|pages=208–218}}</ref> Ihe ọkụkụ ahụ bụ isi ego mba ọzọ maka Naịjirịa n'afọ nke ndị 1950, 1960 nakwa 1970 mba ahụ bụ nke abụọ kachasị emepụta n'ụwa mana na-esote itinye ego na ngalaba mmanụ n,'afọ 1970s nakwa 1980s, òkè Naịjiria na mmepụta ụwa belatara. N'afọ 2010, mmepụta koko bụ naanị pacenti ụma atọ nke GDP ugbo.<ref name="FAO" /> Nkezi mmepụta akị bekee na Naijiria n'etiti afọ 2000 na 2010 bụ tọn puku narị atọ na iri asatọ na iteghete, narị abụọ na iri asaa na abụọ kwa afọ <ref name="FAO" /> na-arị elu site na tọn puku narị iri asaa emepụtara n'afọ 1999. <ref name="IITA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iita.org/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=98898&folderId=499025&name=DLFE-3009.pdf|title=Cocoa Development in Nigeria: The Strategic Role of STCP|accessdate=19 September 2015|publisher=IITA|archivedate=28 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928213948/http://www.iita.org/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=98898&folderId=499025&name=DLFE-3009.pdf}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ugbo koko mbụ na Naịjirịa dị na [[Kingdom of Jaden|Bonny]] na [[Calabar]] n'afọ ndị 1870 mana mpaghara ahụ gosiri na ọ bụghị nke kwesịrị ekwesị maka ịkọ ugbo.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1880, e guzobere ugbo koko na Legọsị ma mesịa, e guzobere obere ugbo na [[Agege]] na Ota. Site n'ugbo ndị dị na Agege na Ota, ozi gbasara n'ime ime obodo [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] banyere ọrụ ugbo koko, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ịkụ osisi ahụ gbasaa na Western Nigeria.<ref name="Lewis">{{Cite book|author=William Arthur Lewis|title=Tropical Development, 1880-1913: Studies in Economic Progres|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNOCQgAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415381925}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ala [[Ibadan]] na [[Egba people|Egba]] malitere ịnwale ịkụ koko n'oké ọhịa a na-akọghị na 1890 na ndị nọ na Ilesha malitere n'ihe dị ka 1896. Ịkụ koko mechara gbasaa na Okeigbo na Ondo Town ma na Ondo State, Ife na Gbongan na Osun State nakwa na ala Ekiti.<ref>Berry. P. 44</ref> Tupu afọ 1950, e nwere ụdị koko abụọ a kụrụ na Naịjirịa. Nke bụ isi bụ Amelonado cacao nke e si n'elu osimiri Amazon dị na Brazil bubata. Nke abụọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche sitere na Trinidad. Amelonado pods na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma na-acha odo odo mgbe ha tozuru mana ụdị Trinidad na-acha ọbara ọbara.<ref>Berry, S. (1975). Cocoa, custom, and socio-economic change in rural Western Nigeria. Oxford: Clarendon Press. P. 54</ref> == Ubi na ahia == [[Usòrò:Cocoa_nursery.jpg|thumb|Ebe a na-azụ koko]] Cocoa na-eto eto n'ebe ndị na-erughị ogo iri abụo n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref>Ofori-Boateng, K., & Insah, B. (2014). The impact of climate change on cocoa production in west africa. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 6(3), 296</ref> Osisi na-emeghachi omume nke ọma na mpaghara ndị nwere okpomọkụ dị elu na mmiri ozuzo. Na Naijiria, a na-akụ osisi koko site na mkpụrụ osisi ndị a na-azụlite n'ebe a na-elekọta ụmụaka, mgbe mkpụrụ osisi ahụ ruru cm atọ, a na'ebe dị anya site na mita atọ ruo anọ. &nbsp;Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-akụ koko n'ala ugbo nke dị ihe dị ka hekta abụọ ebe ụlọ ọrụ ole na ole na-ebupụ ya.<ref name="Farm">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVS8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|title=Post-Liberalization Markets, Export Firm Concentration, and Price Transmission along Nigeria's Cocoa Supply Chain|accessdate=19 September 2015|publisher=AGRODEP}}</ref> ==== Ihe ịma aka na mmepụta koko ==== Gọọmentị Naijiria ga-etinye iwu ndị na-echebe ndị egwuregwu obodo na ọnụ ahịa koko.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Idanre tells sad story of Nigeria’s cocoa industry|url=https://punchng.com/idanre-tells-sad-story-of-nigerias-cocoa-industry/|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://punchng.com/idanre-tells-sad-story-of-nigerias-cocoa-industry/ "Idanre tells sad story of Nigeria's cocoa industry"]. ''Punch Newspapers''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-ere mmepụta koko nke Naijiria site na monopsoni site na bọọdụ ahịa nke gọọmentị mepụtara. N'afọ nke ndị 1980 Ụlọ ọbá ego nke mba ụwa nandi nnyocha n'ahụ maka ọnọdụ égo nke mba ofesi dụrụ Naijiria ọdụ ka ha wepụ ngalaba ahụ n'ihi na bọọdụ ahịa ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ. N'afọ 1986, Naịjirịa gbasara bọọdụ ahịa ma mee ka ahịa na azụmahịa koko laa. Otú ọ dị, azụmahịa enwetaghị nsonaazụ a tụrụ anya ya, na mgbakwunye, osisi na ugbo na-eme agadi, mkpụrụ dị ala, usoro mmepụta na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọrịa na-efe efe, mwakpo nje na obere igwe ọrụ ugbo enyela aka na ụlọ ọrụ koko kwụsịtụrụ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ere ngwaahịa ha n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na otu ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ onye na-azụ ahịa nwere ikikere nke na-eresi ya ụlọ ọrụ na-ebupụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cocoa Production in Nigeria: How to Start in 2019|url=https://nigerianfinder.com/cocoa-production-in-nigeria/|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> == Edensibia == qgqit6lkxa64tkvsp8k7xuiu8ddqneb 0 51124 705107 696911 2026-08-19T13:40:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705107 wikitext text/x-wiki Billiri (ma ọ bụ Biliri) bụ otu n'ime ime obodo iri na otu dị na Gombe Steeti, Naijiria dị n'ebe ugwu site n'okpuru Akko, ndị na-eme egwuregwu site na Shongom nakwa ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site n'  okpuru Kaltungo .  Ọ bụ ụmụnna ihe mere eme nke Tangales nke dị na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Gombe [1] O nwere mpaghara asaa na iri atọ na asaa mara abụọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị puku narị abụọ na abụọ, otu narị na iri anọ na anọ na ngụkọ nke afọ 2006. Tangale, a na-asụrọ Fulfulde na Hausa [1] Koodu nzi ozi  mpaghara ahụ bụ narị asaa na iri asaa na otu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|publisher=NIPOST|accessdate=20 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|archivedate=7 October 2009}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi na Billiri bụ ndị ebe ndị mmadụ ji ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu.  [2] [3] Agbụrụ a na-achị bụ Tangale nke ọnụ "Tangle A na-akpọ eze nke okpuru ọchịchị ime obodo gọọmenti a "Mai Tangale".  [2] Ọnwụ nke Mai Tangale n'afọ 2020 wetara ọgba aghara obodo na obodo Biliri n'ihi igbu oge na iweghachi Mai Tangale ọhụrụ. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=28 February 2021|title=Mai Tangale: How selection of traditional ruler shattered peace in Gombe community|url=https://punchng.com/mai-tangale-how-selection-of-traditional-ruler-shattered-peace-in-gombe-community/|accessdate=22 March 2022|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 September 2021|title=Billiri crisis: Gombe govt compensates 554 victims with N591m|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/billiri-crisis-gombe-govt-compensates-554-victims-with-n591m/|accessdate=22 March 2022|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị Tangale kwuru na ha dị ka ndị biri na Billiri site na njem mbịara site na Borno steeti.  Ha ga-esi n'ebe dị ka Sanum kede na Kupto kwaga n'ihi agha agha.  Tangaltong, otu n'ime akara asaa dị na Tangale bụ ebe billiri yana Bare na Kantali bi.  [4] Asụsụ Tangale bụ egwuregwu chadic ihie. == Mai Tangale == A na-akpọ onye ọchịchị ọdịnala nke ebo Tangale dị ka Mai Tangale. <ref name="Yaya">{{Cite web|author=Yaya|first=Haruna Gimba|date=3 March 2021|title=11 Things to know about Sanusi Maiyamba, the new Mai Tangale|url=https://dailytrust.com/11-things-to-know-about-sanusi-maiyamba-the-new-mai-tangale/|accessdate=24 December 2022|work=Daily Trust|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mgbe eze mbụ nwụsịrị, a họpụtara Mallam Danladi Maiyamba dị ka Mai Tangale ọhụrụ n'afọ 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2021|title=Gombe gov appoints Maiyamba as Mai Tangale|url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-gov-appoints-maiyamba-as-mai-tangale/|accessdate=23 December 2022|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nsogbu Billiri == Na Machị afọ 2021, ụdị Gombe steeti Danladi Sanusi-Maiyamba dị ka Mai Tangale ọhụrụ na Billiri mgbe ọ nwụsịrị Abdu Buba Maisharu II, onye gara aga Mai nke Tangale Kingdom nwụrụ na Jenụwarị afọ 2021. Nkwuputa a kpalitere ime ihe ike na iwe na Billiri.  maka nwanne na Mohammad Inuwa Yahaya, Gọvanọ steeti ahụ esoghị onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi nke ndị eze mgbaàmà.  Nchegbu na iwe a butere ọgbaghara nke gburugburu ndụ na ihe mmetụta. == Obodo & Obodo nta == Obodo na obodo nta dị na mpaghara ọchịchị Billiri gụnyere: <ref>{{Cite web|author=places|date=1 January 1970|title=Towns & Villages in Billiri « Gombe State « Nigeria.|url=https://townsvillages.com/ng/billiri/|accessdate=27 March 2022|work=Towns & Villages|language=en-US}}</ref> # Billiri-tangale # Ayabu # Baganje # iferi # Billiri # Kalmai # Kulkul # Labepit # Lagakal # Lamugu # Landongu # Pokuli # Lanshi daji # Popandi # Sabon layi # Sansani # Pandiukude # Pandi kamio # Pokwangli # Shelu # Sikirit # Tal # Tanglang # Todi # Tudu kwaya <ref>{{Cite web|title=Billiri, Gombe State {{!}} Nigeria Directory, A List of Nigerian Businesses, Organisations, Firms and Companies {{!}} Nigeria Yellow Pages|url=https://www.directory.org.ng/lga_gombe_billiri|accessdate=9 April 2022|work=www.directory.org.ng}}</ref> == Ngalaba/Ntuli aka == Enwere ngalaba iri na gọọmentị obodo Billiri ma ha bụ: <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wards in Billiri Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/wards-in-lga/321/billiri|accessdate=27 March 2022|work=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Media|date=24 April 2018|title=Billiri L.G.A Polling Units/Wards|url=https://www.medianigeria.com/billiri-l-g-a-polling-units-wards/|accessdate=27 March 2022|work=Media Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> # Bangeje North 2. Bangaje South 3. iferi 4. Billiri North 5. Billiri South 6. Kalmai 7. Todi 8. Tudu Kwaya 9. Tal 10. Tanglang == Ụlọ akwụkwọ == Ha gụnyere: Ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị etiti Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke gọọmentị Amtawlam Ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị etiti Billiri (FGC) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Federal Government College, Billiri, Gombe|url=https://hotels.ng/places/school/4319-federal-government-college-billiri|accessdate=24 December 2022|work=Hotels.ng Places}}</ref> Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke sayensị gọọmentị Billiri <ref>{{Cite web|title=Secondary Schools in Billiri, Gombe State|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/lists/secondary-schools/lga/321/billiri|accessdate=27 March 2022|work=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> == Nri == Agwa soya bụ otu n'ime nri ndị a na-ahụkarị na Billiri nwere ihe dị ka ahịa isii a ma ama dịka otu nnyocha si kwuo <ref>{{Cite web|author=administrator|title=ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SOYBEANS MARKETING IN BILLIRI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA|url=http://managementjournal.usamv.ro/index.php/scientific-papers/1764-economic-analysis-of-soybeans-marketing-in-billiri-local-government-area-of-gombe-state-nigeria-1700|accessdate=27 March 2022|work=managementjournal.usamv.ro|language=en-gb|archivedate=6 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006162815/https://managementjournal.usamv.ro/index.php/scientific-papers/1764-economic-analysis-of-soybeans-marketing-in-billiri-local-government-area-of-gombe-state-nigeria-1700}}</ref> == Ememme == Bai "Anụ nkịta" oriri oriri <ref>{{Cite web|author=Webmaster|date=9 January 2010|title=Gombe: Discovering treasures of Pissi Tangale|url=https://dailytrust.com/gombe-discovering-treasures-of-pissi-tangale/|accessdate=25 December 2022|work=Daily Trust|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ahịa == A na-amata ahịa Biliri maka ire ngwaahịa ugbo dị ka ahịhịa. A na-ewere ahịa Biliri dị ka ahịa ọrụ ugbo. <ref>{{Cite web|author=CIfromRED|date=22 June 2021|title=The 7 best markets to visit in Gombe|url=https://cultureintelligence.ynaija.com/the-7-best-markets-to-visit-in-gombe/|accessdate=29 May 2023|work=Culture Intelligence from RED|language=en-GB|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002171339/https://cultureintelligence.ynaija.com/the-7-best-markets-to-visit-in-gombe/}}</ref> == Ihu igwe == [[Usòrò:Billiri_hill.jpg|thumb| Billiri Hill]] Gọọmenti ime obodo Billiri dị na Gombe nwere oge udu mmiri bụ mmegbu na oke mmiri, oge ọkọchị na- eju oke, ọ na-ekpo ọkụ kwa afọ.  N'ime afọ, nà-adịgasị iche site na iri ise nà isii°F ruo iri iteghete na isii Celsius F na ọ na- akara n'okpuru iri ise nà abụọ Celsius F ma ọ bụ akụkụ otu narị na atọ°F <ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Billiri Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark|url=https://weatherspark.com/y/68807/Average-Weather-in-Billiri-Nigeria-Year-Round#:~:text=The%20hottest%20month%20of%20the,high%20of%2088%C2%B0F.|accessdate=8 July 2023|work=weatherspark.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Weather in Billiri - accurate and detailed weather forecast in Billiri for today, tomorrow and week. Billiri, Gombe, Nigeria|url=https://meteotrend.com/forecast/ng/billiri/|accessdate=9 July 2023|work=meteotrend.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Morel|first=Emilien|title=Weather Billiri Gombe Nigeria|url=https://www.weatheravenue.com/en/africa/ng/gombe/billiri-weather.html|accessdate=9 July 2023|work=Weather Avenue|language=en|archivedate=9 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709073346/https://www.weatheravenue.com/en/africa/ng/gombe/billiri-weather.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Weather in Billiri, Gombe State, Nigeria {{!}} Tomorrow.io|url=https://www.tomorrow.io/weather/NG/GO/Billiri/076802/|accessdate=9 July 2023|work=Tomorrow.io Weather|language=en|archivedate=9 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709074112/https://www.tomorrow.io/weather/NG/GO/Billiri/076802/}}</ref> === Okpomọkụ na Billiri na nkezi, ma elu ma dị ala === * Na nkezi kwa ụbọchị elu okpomọkụ nke 95&nbsp;Celsius F, oge okpomọkụ na-adị maka ọnwa 2.3, site na 11 February ruo 21 Eprel. Na nkezi elu nke 95&nbsp;Celsius F na obere 73&nbsp;°F, Eprel bụ ọnwa kacha ewu ewu n'afọ na Billiri. <ref name=":19">ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Billiri Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/68807/Average-Weather-in-Billiri-Nigeria-Year-Round#:~:text=The%20hottest%20month%20of%20the,high%20of%2088%C2%B0F. |access-date=8 July 2023 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref> * Site na Julaị 2 ruo 14 Ọktọba, oge dị mma, nke nwere oke okpomọkụ kwa ụbọchị n'okpuru 84&nbsp;Celsius F, na-adị ọnwa 3.4. Na nkezi dị ala nke 57&nbsp;Celsius F na elu nke 88&nbsp;°F, Disemba bụ ọnwa kacha oyi n'afọ na Billiri. <ref name=":1">>{{Cite web |title=Weather in Billiri - accurate and detailed weather forecast in Billiri for today, tomorrow and week. Billiri, Gombe, Nigeria |url=https://meteotrend.com/forecast/ng/billiri/ |access-date=9 July 2023 |website=meteotrend.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morel |first=Emilien |title=Weather Billiri Gombe Nigeria |url=https://www.weatheravenue.com/en/africa/ng/gombe/billiri-weather.html |access-date=9 July 2023 |website=Weather Avenue |language=en |accessdate=26 August 2024 |archivedate=31 October 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031160056/https://www.weatheravenue.com/en/africa/ng/gombe/billiri-weather.html }}</ref> === Igwe ojii nke Billiri === N'ime afọ, enwere mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'oge na nkezi pasent nke mbara igwe nke igwe ojii kpuchiri na Billiri. Na Billiri, oge doro anya na-amalite ihe dị ka 5 Nọvemba ma dịruo ọnwa 4.0, na-agwụcha gburugburu 5 Maachị. <ref name=":20">{{Cite web|title=Billiri Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark|url=https://weatherspark.com/y/68807/Average-Weather-in-Billiri-Nigeria-Year-Round#:~:text=The%20hottest%20month%20of%20the,high%20of%2088%C2%B0F.|accessdate=8 July 2023|work=weatherspark.com|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://weatherspark.com/y/68807/Average-Weather-in-Billiri-Nigeria-Year-Round#:~:text=The%20hottest%20month%20of%20the,high%20of%2088%C2%B0F. "Billiri Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark"]. ''weatherspark.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Na Billiri, Jenụwarị bụ ọnwa kacha pụta ìhè n'afọ, yana nkezi pasent 55 nke ihu igwe doro anya, nke doro anya ma ọ bụ nke nwere akụkụ. <ref name=":1" /> N'ihe dị ka Maachị 5, oge ígwé ojii nke afọ na-amalite, ọ na-adịkwa ọnwa 8.0, na-ejedebe gburugburu 5 Nọvemba. <ref name=":20"/> Mee bụ ọnwa nke ígwé ojii kachasị n'afọ na Billiri, yana 79% nke oge ahụ na-enwe oke ikuku ma ọ bụ na-enwekarị urukpuru n'igwe. <ref name=":1" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g2f005e8k7jp5w5dhghw6ndaddaihv6 0 52024 705164 631071 2026-08-20T11:23:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705164 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GibrilFaal-1.png|thumb|Gibril Faal]] '''Gibril Faal''' [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (amụrụ na 10 Ọktoba 1967) bụ onye isi azụmaahịa na mmepe nke Britain na Gambia. N'afọ 2014, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] <ref name="thegazette">{{Cite web|title=Birthday Honours List—United Kingdom|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60895/supplement/b12/data.pdf|work=The London Gazette|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> n'ime ndepụta nkwanye ugwu ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke Queen maka ọrụ maka mmepe mba ụwa, na-esote ntinye nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mmepe Mba Nile (DfID). Ọ bụ onye prọfesọ ọbịa na omume<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/IGA/People/vpp.aspx|title=People|first=London School of Economics and Political|author=Science}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi ụwa kwuru okwu na 19 Septemba 2016 UN Summit on Refugees and Migrants, sonyeere ndị isi ala, praịm minista na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ iji dozie ajụjụ nke 'nkwado mba ụwa'. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gkpartners.co.uk/UN_Summit_Press_Release_-_19_Sep_2016.pdf|title=Gibril Faal UN Summit Press Release -19 Sep 2016|author=Faal|first=Gibril|date=19 Sep 2016|work=GK Partners|accessdate=27 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://statements.unmeetings.org/media2/7660808/statement-by-afford.pdf|title=AFFORD Statement|author=Faal|first=Gibril|date=19 September 2016|work=UN Summit on Refugees and Migrants|accessdate=27 December 2016}}</ref> Gibril na-eje ozi dị ka ọkachamara na nyocha na mkparịta ụka maka Global Compact on Migration . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/pga/71/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2015/08/Global-compact-for-migration.pdf|title=Global Compact on Migration|author=|first=|date=|work=Global Compact on Migration|accessdate=1 August 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ Grand Rapporteur nke Summit nke iri nke Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) na Berlin na June 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.madenetwork.org/sites/default/files/Civil%20Society%20Programme_final_0.pdf|title=Civil Society Programme|author=|first=|date=|work=Made Network|accessdate=1 August 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eduzi Common Space nke Eighth GFMD Summit na Istanbul n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2015. <ref name="gfmd">{{Cite web|title=Turkey GFMD 2014-2015|url=http://www.gfmd.org/docs/turkey-2014-2015|work=Global Forum on Migration and Development|accessdate=28 October 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke asaa GFMD) na Stockholm na Mee 2014.<ref name="gfmd2">{{Cite web|title=Introducing the Chair and Co-Chair of Civil Society at the 2014 Global Forum on Migration and Development|url=http://gfmdcivilsociety.org/introducing-the-chair-and-co-chair-of-civil-society-at-the-2014-global-forum-on-migration-and-development/|work=Seventh Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD)|accessdate=5 October 2015|archivedate=8 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008214613/http://gfmdcivilsociety.org/introducing-the-chair-and-co-chair-of-civil-society-at-the-2014-global-forum-on-migration-and-development/}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, o kwuru okwu abụọ dị mkpa na Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu. <ref name="july2013">{{Cite web|title=Remarks by Mr Gibril Faal|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/HLD2013/documents/presentations/Faal_Statement%20to%20the%20Interactive%20Hearings%20of%20the%20UNHLD%20-%20header.pdf|work=United Nations|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="october2013">{{Cite web|title=Opening Remarks by Mr Gibril Faal|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/HLD2013/documents/Planery_Gibril_Faal_Opening_Speech.pdf|work=United Nations High Level Dialogue on Migration and International Development|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ na-ekwuchitere ọha obodo zuru ụwa ọnụ wee sonye na odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke UN iji mepee mkparịta ụka dị elu na Migration na International Development.<ref name="hld">{{Cite web|title=High-Level Dialogue on International Migration and Development|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/HLD2013/statements.html?statements|work=United Nations|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="presletter">{{Cite web|title=President Letter|url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/president/68/pdf/letters/10022013HLD_International_Mgiration_and_Development-Programme-2_October_2013.pdf|work=United Nations|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> == Mmụta == Onye ọchụnta ego na-elekọta mmadụ na onye na-ahụ maka ọzụzụ dị iche iche nwere nzụlite ọkachamara eclectic, Gibril gụrụ akwụkwọ na Serekunda Primary School na Gambia (1973 – 79) wee gaa akwụkwọ ụtọ asụsụ na akwụkwọ nke isii na Gambia High School (1979 – 86). Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mahadum ise dị na Lọndọn. O nwere nzere bachelọ nke Combined Honors na iwu, Finance & Management na postgraduate degrees na Development Studies na Environmental Sciences. Ọ nwetakwara ọzụzụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara itinye ego n'omume, akụkọ akụ na ụba, nyocha amụma, njem na njikwa obodo, gburugburu ebe obibi na njikwa ogo. == Azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya == Gibril abụwo onye nduzi nke GK Partners kemgbe afọ 2004 - na-adụ azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze ọdụ.<ref name="gmpartners">{{Cite web|title=About Us - GK Partners|url=http://www.gkpartners.co.uk/about-us/index.html|work=GK Partners|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> Site na mmemme ya "Access to Finance" na "Access of Property", GK Partners enyerela ụlọ ọrụ aka ịnakọta ọtụtụ nde pound nke itinye ego site na isi mmalite ego. Site na 2001 ruo 2004, Gibril bụ otu n'ime obere ìgwè nke ndị mepụtara usoro nkwado azụmaahịa ọha na eze na UK site na mmemme nke Ngalaba Azụmaahịa na Ụlọ Ọrụ (nke a na-akpọzi Ngalaba Azụrụmaahịa, Innovation na Nkà). Ọrụ ha gụnyere mmepe nke ụdị azụmaahịa ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ụdị dị iche iche nke atụmatụ itinye ego na iwu maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwere mmasị na ụlọ ọrụ (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004. Gibril guzobere azụmahịa mbụ ya na 1993 na-akwado SMEs, ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ, ndị ọrụ ebere na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na iwu ụlọ ọrụ, azụmahịa na njikwa ego, mmepe nhazi na mmesi obi ike. Kemgbe mmalite 1990s, ọ kwadoro ọtụtụ narị ụlọ ọrụ na òtù dị iche iche n'ofe akụkụ dị iche iche. N'afọ 2003, ọ nwetara otuto pụrụ iche site n'aka ndị ụlọ ọrụ London Business Support Network mgbe ahụ. Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche na Institute of Islamic Banking and Insurance (IIBI), na-enyere ha aka inweta ọnọdụ ọrụ ebere dị ka òtù mmụta.<ref name="iibi">{{Cite web|title=IIBI Lecture – November 2009|url=http://www.islamic-banking.com/page144651620.aspx|work=Institute of Islamic Banking and Insurance|accessdate=5 October 2015|archivedate=6 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006105424/http://www.islamic-banking.com/page144651620.aspx}}</ref> O mepụtara usoro ọzụzụ "Access to Islamic Finance" (A2IF) nke IIBI nyere. N'afọ 2009, ọ kpọkọtara ma duzie nzukọ A2IF mbụ na UK nke jikọtara SME, ego omume, mmụọ ozi azụmaahịa na ngalaba ego Islam. N'agbata afọ 1990 na afọ 1993, Gibril bụ onye nkuzi na onye nkuzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche dị na London, na-akụzi iwu azụmahịa, ndekọ ego na njikwa. Ọ bụ onye otu ugbu a ma ọ bụ n'oge gara aga nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara na agụmakwụkwọ gụnyere Chartered Institute of Arbitrators, Chartered Management Institute, Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport, Institution of Environmental Sciences na Royal Society of Arts. == Mmepe mba ụwa == Gibril bụ onye otu na osote onyeisi oche nke Bond (ikpo okwu UK maka NGO na-arụ ọrụ na mmepe mba ụwa).<ref name="bond">{{Cite web|title=Board|url=https://www.bond.org.uk/board|work=Bond|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na bọọdụ nke ọtụtụ nde dollar ego na-etinye ego na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, gụnyere DFID's Global Poverty Action Fund na EC-UN Joint Migration and Development Initiative.<ref name="jmdi">{{Cite web|title=JMDI Migrant advisory board|url=http://www.migration4development.org/en/content/jmdi-migrant-advisory-board|work=JMDI|accessdate=5 October 2015|archivedate=5 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005220126/http://www.migration4development.org/en/content/jmdi-migrant-advisory-board}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Africa-Europe Diaspora Development Platform (ADEPT) ugbu a.<ref name="adept">{{Cite web|title=Africa Europe Development Platform|url=http://www.adept-platform.org|work=Africa Europe Development Platform|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> Ọ na-etinye aka na African Foundation for Development (AFFORD) kemgbe 1997 wee jee ozi dịka onye isi oche nke ọrụ ebere afọ iri. AFFORD bụ ọgbakọ ndị ọsụ ụzọ na-ahụ maka ọsụ ụzọ nke lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite ọrụ nkịtị na nke nkịtị nke ndị ọbịa na mmepe obodo ma ọ bụ ihe nketa. O chepụtala ma wepụta atụmatụ imepụta ọrụ ọhụrụ na Africa. Kemgbe 2000, Gibril nọ na-etinye nkuzi nke ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ego ụkpụrụ omume na imegharị obodo na UK, na nsogbu mmepe mba ụwa. N'agbata afọ 2000 na 2005, Gibril bụ onye nkuzi na The Open University, na-akụzi na MSc course na Global Development Management. N'afọ 2003, o guzobere RemitAidTM dị ka mmemme iji gbanwee nnyefe ego ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ego mmepe mba ụwa na-adigide site na iji ụtụ ụtụ isi na amụma akụ na ụba ndị ọzọ. Na 2005, UK nwere onyeisi oche nke EU na onye isi oche nke G8 n'otu oge. Gọọmenti Blair hiwere Commission for Africa. Gibril, ya na ndị ọzọ dị ka Trevor Manuel (mịnịsta na-ahụ maka ego na South Africa mgbe ahụ) nọ na kọmitii nyere ndụmọdụ Chancellor of Exchequer, Gordon Brown na agenda maka Gleneagles G8 Summit. Na 2 Julaị 2005, n'aha AFFORD, Gibril kwadoro onye Nobel Laureate nwụrụ anwụ Wangari Maathai dị ka ọkà okwu ọbịa na African Diaspora and Development Day (AD3). Prọfesọ Maathai mechara bụrụ onye na-akwado atụmatụ RemitAid™. Na 2008, Gibril haziri iwebata Mo Ibrahim Foundation na Francophone Africa. Ihe omume ahụ na Dakar bụ Dr Ibrahim na ndị isi anọ nke Foundation gara.<ref name="itnsource">{{Cite web|title=Mo Ibrahim Foundation|url=http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist/RTV/2008/04/22/RTV2264008/?v=0|work=ITN Source|accessdate=5 October 2015|archivedate=6 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006205028/http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist/RTV/2008/04/22/RTV2264008/?v=0}}</ref> Na 2006, o mere nyocha onwe ya nke mmetụta na-abụghị agụmakwụkwọ nke Mahadum Oxford's Center on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS).<ref name="compass">{{Cite web|title=COMPASS|url=http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/|work=COMPASS|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> Gibril na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ọkachamara nye gọọmentị gburugburu ụwa yana òtù mba ụwa na nke obodo. Ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dịka Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), International Organization for Migration (IOM) na EC Directorate General International Cooperation and Development (Devco). Ọ na-eduzi ọrụ ọkachamara na mmepe iwu na mkparịta ụka mba ụwa. Ọrụ ya n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na nkwado iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ n'ihe gbasara mkparịta ụka Financing for Development (FfD) na Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).<ref name="FfD">{{Cite web|title=Finance for Development|url=https://www.un.org/esa/ffd/ffd3/documents.html|work=Finance for Development|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi nchọpụta na Foreign Policy Centre (FPC).<ref name="fpc">{{Cite web|title=Research Associates|url=http://fpc.org.uk/about/staff/gibril.faal/|work=Foreign Policy Centre|accessdate=5 October 2015|archivedate=7 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007113510/http://fpc.org.uk/about/staff/gibril.faal/}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2007, Gibril anọwo na-akwado mkparịta ụka gbasara iwu onwe ya na ndị minista nọ n'ọchịchị ndị sochirinụ, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị elu sitere na nnukwu òtù niile yana ndị nnọchi anya mba ọzọ, ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na NGO. Na 2013, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ntuziaka akpọrọ Understanding and Influencing Policy: Advocacy Handbook for Diaspora and Small Organizations Working in International Development.<ref name="handbook">{{Cite web|title=Advocacy Handbook|url=http://www.gkpartners.co.uk/resources/Understanding_and_Influencing_Policy_-_Gibril_Faal_(2014).pdf|work=GK Partners|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref>Kwa afọ, ọ na-ekwu ọtụtụ okwu isi okwu banyere akụkụ dị iche iche nke mmepe na nnọkọ zuru ụwa ọnụ. Na ma 2006 na 2015, ọ nọ na ọkwa dị elu na Migration na Development na European Development Days..<ref name="EDD">{{Cite web|title=European Development Days|url=http://eudevdays.eu/topics/migration-development-making-migration-driver-development|work=European Development Days|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> Gibril ewepụtala akwụkwọ ndị ọkachamara na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka United Nations, World Bank, Commonwealth Secretariat, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, Chatham House, Wilton Park na mahadum Oxford na Cambridge.<ref name="uneca">{{Cite web|title=UN Economic Commission for Africa|url=http://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/ADF/ADF9/adf_ix_speaker_a4lr.pdf|work=UN Economic Commission for Africa|accessdate=5 October 2015|archivedate=6 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006001356/http://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/ADF/ADF9/adf_ix_speaker_a4lr.pdf}}</ref><ref name="rusi">{{Cite web|title=Conference Programme|url=https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/4_PROGRAMME_The_War_on_Terrorist_Financing.pdf|work=Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies|accessdate=5 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119023656/http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/4_PROGRAMME_The_War_on_Terrorist_Financing.pdf|archivedate=19 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="chathamhouse">{{Cite web|title=International Policy on Remittances, Migration and Development: What Role for African and Other Diaspora?|work=Chatham House}}</ref><ref name="wiltonpark">{{Cite web|title=Global Migration: Facing The Challenges|url=https://www.wiltonpark.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/WP832prog.pdf|work=Wilton Park|accessdate=5 October 2015|archivedate=6 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006112606/https://www.wiltonpark.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/WP832prog.pdf}}</ref> == Ọrụ ọha na eze == Kemgbe afọ 1998, a họpụtara Gibril ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ọha na eze dị iche iche na UK site n'aka odeakwụkwọ ụlọ, Lord Chancellor, Chancellor of the Exchequer, na odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka mmepe mba ụwa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Treasurer nke Panel of Independent custody nleta na Lambeth (Brixton). Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-adụ ma odeakwụkwọ ụlọ na onye isi ndị uwe ojii Metropolitan ọdụ maka itinye nlekọta nleta na ntọala iwu ma nye ndị uwe ojii ọrụ. Nke a dugara n'ịkwado Akụkụ nke 51 nke Iwu Mgbanwe Ndị Uwe Ojii nke afọ 2002.<ref name="reformact2002">{{Cite web|title=Police Reform Act 2002|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/30/section/51|work=Legislation|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2004, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka ikpe nke udo na onye ọka iwu na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge na London Commission Area n'ime Ụlọikpe na Ụlọikpe nke Eze Ukwu.<ref name="2010chatham">{{Cite web|title=The African Diaspora within a Global Context|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/events/view/156513|work=Chatham House|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye majie nọ ọdụ ihe karịrị afọ iri n'ụlọ ikpe dị na Wimbledon, Richmond, Lavender Hill na Kingston. N'agbata afọ 1988 na 1997, Gibril bụ onye ndú ndị ntorobịa afọ ofufo na Pedro Youth Club na Hackney, na-elekọta Naataangeh Study Group.<ref name="pedroclub">{{Cite web|title=Pedro Youth Club History|url=http://www.pedroclub.com/history.html|work=Pedro Youth Club|accessdate=5 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125115919/http://www.pedroclub.com/history.html|archivedate=25 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ duziri ọrụ nyocha, dee akwụkwọ ma na-arụ ọrụ kwa izu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afrịka na diaspora na anthropology. N'afọ 1993, o bipụtara akwụkwọ na "Blacks of the Pacific: African Origins of Melanesian Peoples". N'afọ 2006 na Conference of Intellectuals and the African Diaspora (CIAD II) nke e mere na Salvador nke Bahia, [[Brazil]] (nke African Union, UNESCO na Gọọmentị Brazil haziri), o mere ihe ngosi dị mkpa na "Nkọwa ọhụrụ na nhazi nke African Diaspor".<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web|title=Executive Board|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001469/146986e.pdf|work=UNESCO|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> Nke a mere ka ọ mara ihe ngosi Chatham House nke afọ 2010 na "Historical & Developmental Perspectives on the African Diaspora". N'afọ 2010/11, Gibril bụ onye nkwado nke National Portrait Gallery, na-adụ NPG ọdụ ma na-akwado mgbalị ịnakọta ego iji nweta ihe osise 17a33 (ihe osise) nke ohu a tọhapụrụ Job Ben Solomon.<ref name="ayubasuleiman">{{Cite web|title=Ayuba Suleiman Diallo (Job ben Solomon)|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw202604/Ayuba-Suleiman-Diallo-Job-ben-Solomon|work=National Portrait Gallery|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> Gibril anọwo na-eme nchọpụta banyere isiokwu a kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1980. N'afọ 2007, dịka akụkụ nke narị afọ abụọ nke mwepụ nke ahia ohu na UK, o mepụtara mmemme agụmakwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na "ndị ọkà mmụta ohu" ma dee akwụkwọ akpọrọ "Ayuba Sulayman Jallow: Ndụ nke onye ohu Gambia". Gibril nyeere ọtụtụ mmalite aka ịghọ ndị na-enye aka n'ụzọ dị irè na ngalaba ọdịbendị na nke okike. Ndị a gụnyere Omnibus Clapham (ụlọ ọrụ egwu na nka nwere ọtụtụ ebumnuche), Yaram Arts (ndị na-akwalite egwu, nka na ihe nketa ọdịbendị Afrịka), Hangar Arts Trust (ụlọ ọrụ maka circus, acrobatic na nka ikuku) na Snow-Camp (ọrụ ebere nke na-eji egwuregwu snow iji kwado ndị na-eto eto nọ n'ime obodo).<ref name="omnibus">{{Cite web|title=Omnibus Clapham|url=http://omnibus-clapham.org/|work=Omnibus Clapham|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="yaram">{{Cite web|title=Yaram Arts|url=http://www.yaram.org/|work=Yaram Arts|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="hangararts">{{Cite web|title=Hangar Arts Trust|url=http://hangarartstrust.org/|work=Hangar Arts Trust|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="snowcamp">{{Cite web|title=Snow Camp|url=http://www.snow-camp.org.uk/|work=Snow Camp|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> Gibril na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ teknụzụ maka ndị na-eme nchọpụta na nka ndị nwere nkwarụ ma soro guzobe Edward Lear Foundation.<ref name="learfoundation">{{Cite web|title=Edward Lear Foundation|url=http://www.learfoundation.org.uk/|work=Edward Lear Foundation|accessdate=5 October 2015|archivedate=9 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109223430/http://learfoundation.org.uk/}}</ref><ref name="ELF">{{Cite web|title=Chronology of Disability Arts|url=http://disability-studies.leeds.ac.uk/files/library/Sutherland-Chronology29.4.05-Word-intro-and-logo.wpd.pdf|work=Disability Studies.Leeds.ac.uk/|accessdate=13 October 2015|archivedate=3 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235533/http://disability-studies.leeds.ac.uk/files/library/Sutherland-Chronology29.4.05-Word-intro-and-logo.wpd.pdf}}</ref> Gibril etinyela aka na ọrụ ọha na eze na mkpọsa maka ikpe ziri ezi na ndụ ya niile.<ref name="frontlineclub">{{Cite web|title=South Africa twenty years after Mandela walked to freedom|url=http://www.frontlineclub.com/south_africa/|work=Frontline Club|accessdate=27 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="huffington">{{Cite web|title=Opportunities Amidst the Migration Crisis|author=Gibril Faal|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/gibril-faal/opportunities-amidst-the-_b_8153004.html|work=The Huffington Post|date=17 September 2015|accessdate=27 October 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, o dere akwụkwọ gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-enyocha ma Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) bụ ụdị mmekpa ahụ dịka akọwapụtara na iwu mba ụwa. O mechara bụrụ onye nlekọta nke Foundation for Women's Health, Research and Development FORWARD (otu ọrụ ebere na-emegide FGM) site na 2007 ruo 2014. Dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na mbido afọ 1980, ọ na-etinye aka na ndị ntorobịa na ụmụ akwụkwọ na Gambia. O nyekwara nkuzi iji kwado ọrụ nke Gambia Anti-Apartheid Society. N'afọ 1986, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-azụ Clerk of Court na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Gambia, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka onye ọka ikpe. N'afọ 1987, ọ ghọrọ Clerk na Kanifing Magistrates" Court ma nwee ọganihu ijikwa ụlọ ikpe Brikama Magistrates nke dị n'ime ime obodo, na-arụ ọrụ na onye majie na-eme njem. E wezụga ọrụ ya dị iche iche, Gibril na-enye ndụmọdụ na nduzi na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na ndị isi na ngalaba ọha na eze, nke onwe na nke ọha na eze gburugburu ụwa.<ref name="asm">{{Cite web|title=Consultări privind crearea noului program de cooperare moldo-elveţiană în domeniul migraţiei şi dezvoltării|url=http://www.asm.md/?go=noutati_detalii&n=6145&new_language=1|work=Academy of Sciences of Moldova|accessdate=27 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="iisd">{{Cite web|author=Kate Offerdahl|title=UN Discusses Migration in Post-2015 Development Agenda, SDG Targets|url=http://sd.iisd.org/news/un-discusses-migration-in-post-2015-development-agenda-sdg-targets/|work=IISD|date=18 December 2014|accessdate=27 October 2015|archivedate=15 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915211026/http://sd.iisd.org/news/un-discusses-migration-in-post-2015-development-agenda-sdg-targets/}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dp6laps09wvktzr7uhycod6yf3emzpo 0 54105 705142 698542 2026-08-20T04:17:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Eloise Blackwell''' (amụrụ 28 Disemba 1990) bụ onye ọkpọ egwuregwu rugby New Zealand. Ọ bụ onye otu New Zealand 's squad na 2014 Rugby World Cup, ma bụrụkwa akụkụ nke onye mmeri 2017 ha. Ọ na-egwuri egwu maka ụmụ nwanyị Blues na asọmpi Super Rugby Aupiki ma na-anọchite anya mpaghara Auckland . == ndabere == Blackwell bụ onye nkuzi site na ọrụ ma na-akụzi na Epsom Girls' Grammar School . <ref>{{Cite web|date=26 August 2017|title=Epsom students send Rugby World Cup final support to teacher Eloise Blackwell|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/international/96182750/epsom-students-send-rugby-world-cup-final-support-to-teacher-eloise-blackwell|accessdate=2017-09-19|work=Stuff.co.nz}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị nzere bachelọ na agụmakwụkwọ anụ ahụ na Mahadum Auckland na 2013. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Stanley|first=Ashley|date=2017-07-31|title=Eloise Blackwell and Aleisha Pearl Nelson on balancing rugby and careers|language=en-US|work=Beyond the Mark|url=https://beyondthemark.com/2017/07/31/eloise-blackwell-and-aleisha-pearl-nelson-on-balancing-rugby-and-careers/|accessdate=2017-09-19}}</ref> == Ọrụ Rugby == === 2009–14 === Blackwell na-egwuri maka Auckland kemgbe 2009, wee mee ule mbụ ya maka Black Ferns na 26 November 2011 megide England na [[London]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-22|title=Eloise Blackwell: Ten things you should know about the New Zealand lock|url=https://www.rugbyworld.com/players/who-is-eloise-blackwell-131750|accessdate=2023-03-21|work=Rugby World|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-14|title=Ambassador Profile: Eloise Blackwell - Canterbury|url=https://www.canterbury.com/blog/team-canterbury/ambassador-profile-eloise-blackwell/|accessdate=2023-03-21|work=canterbury-en|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321194043/https://www.canterbury.com/blog/team-canterbury/ambassador-profile-eloise-blackwell/}}</ref> Blackwell bụ onye otu Black Ferns nke meriri Ireland n'ọgbọ ọdọ mmiri nke 2014 Rugby World Cup . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Duffy|first=Emma|date=9 August 2017|title='We're hissing to get out there and have a crack': Black Ferns ready to end 2014 hurt|language=en|work=The42.ie|url=http://www.the42.ie/new-zealand-black-ferns-eloise-blackwell-wrwc-2017-redemption-3536093-Aug2017/|accessdate=2017-09-19}}</ref> === 2017 === A họpụtara Blackwell maka ndị otu Black Ferns 2017 Rugby World Cup . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-07-05|title=Black Ferns World Cup squad named|language=en-nz|work=Radio New Zealand|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/sport/334498/black-ferns-world-cup-squad-named|accessdate=2017-09-19}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Ferns squad for 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup named|url=http://www.allblacks.com/News/31052/black-ferns-squad-for-2017-womens-rugby-world-cup-named|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142409/http://www.allblacks.com/News/31052/black-ferns-squad-for-2017-womens-rugby-world-cup-named|archivedate=12 June 2018|accessdate=2017-09-19|work=All Blacks|language=en}}</ref> Ha meriri iko mba ụwa nke ise ha ka ha meriri England 41–32 n'ikpeazụ . <ref>{{Cite news|author=McVeigh|first=Niall|date=2017-08-26|title=New Zealand beat England 41-32 to win Women's Rugby World Cup – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=the Guardian|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2017/aug/26/england-v-new-zealand-womens-rugby-world-cup-final-live|accessdate=2023-03-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-27|title=New Zealand beat England in classic to win women's Rugby World Cup in Belfast|url=https://heraldsun.com.au/sport/rugby/new-zealand-beat-england-in-classic-to-win-womens-rugby-world-cup-in-belfast/news-story/e98175361cc7440ea85f8b4085107b62|accessdate=2023-03-21|work=Fox Sports|language=en}}</ref> === 2018 === Na 2018, Blackwell bụ otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu 28 ghọrọ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na New Zealand nwetara nkwekọrịta ọkachamara. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Eloise Blackwell - The University of Auckland|url=https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/alumni/our-alumni/40-under-40/a-z-list-of-profiles/eloise-blackwell.html|accessdate=2023-03-21|work=www.auckland.ac.nz}}</ref> Ọ gbara mbọ na nnwale nke abụọ nke iko Laurie O'Reilly megide Wallaroos na Eden Park . <ref name=":1"/> === 2019-20 === Blackwell bụ akụkụ nke otu mmeri nke 2019 Super Series na San Diego . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/black-ferns/114218297/black-ferns-skipper-les-elder-returns-for-super-series-decider-against-england|title=Black Ferns skipper Les Elder returns for Super Series decider against England|date=13 July 2019|publisher=Stuff.co.nz|accessdate=2019-07-17}}</ref> Ọ gbara mbọ megide [[Kánada|Canada]], yana United States na asọmpi ahụ. <ref name=":1"/> Otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị, ọ gbara mbọ na ule nke abụọ nke O'Reilly Cup megide Wallaroos na Auckland. <ref name=":1" /> Ọ chịburu Black ferns megide akụkụ New Zealand Barbarians na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Eloise Blackwell named as Captain of the Black Ferns|url=https://www.aucklandrugby.co.nz/aru/newsarticle/97347?newsfeedid=336850|accessdate=2023-03-21|work=www.aucklandrugby.co.nz}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> === 2021–22 === Blackwell gbara bọọlụ bọọlụ megide ndị Chiefs na egwuregwu Super Rugby nke ụmụ nwanyị izizi na New Zealand na 1 Mee 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-29|title=nib BLUES WOMEN'S TEAM EXCITED FOR HISTORIC CLASH|url=https://www.blues.rugby/blues-rugby-news/nib-blues-womens-team-excited-for-historic-clash|accessdate=2022-08-23|work=Blues Rugby|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-30|title=Women's Super Rugby Preview: Blues v Chiefs (2021)|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/womens-super-rugby-preview-blues-v-chiefs-2021/|accessdate=2022-08-23|work=allblacks.com|language=en-NZ|archivedate=2022-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115134716/https://www.allblacks.com/news/womens-super-rugby-preview-blues-v-chiefs-2021/}}</ref> Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Black Ferns na-akụda mmụọ njem njedebe afọ nke England na [[France]] na Ọktoba na Nọvemba. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-04|title=Shock selections in Black Ferns in prep for World Cup|url=https://www.nzsportswire.com/2022/05/04/shock-selections-in-black-ferns-xvs-in-prep-for-world-cup/|accessdate=2023-03-21|work=NZ Sports Wire|language=en-NZ|archivedate=2023-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321194037/https://www.nzsportswire.com/2022/05/04/shock-selections-in-black-ferns-xvs-in-prep-for-world-cup/}}</ref> Na 3 Nọvemba 2021, akpọrọ aha ya na ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị Blues maka asọmpi Super Rugby Aupiki nke mbụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=nib Blues Super Rugby Aupiki 2022 Squad|url=https://www.blues.rugby/blues-women-squad|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=Blues Rugby|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-04|title=Exciting nib Blues Super Rugby Aupiki Squad Announced|url=https://www.blues.rugby/blues-rugby-news/exciting-nib-blues-aupiki-squad-announced|accessdate=2022-08-22|work=Blues Rugby|language=en-NZ}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu iri abụọ na itoolu enyerela aka na Black Ferns. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-14|title=New era for Black Ferns in 2022|url=https://oceania.rugby/news/new-era-for-black-ferns-in-2022-2022214|accessdate=2023-03-21|work=oceania.rugby|language=en|archivedate=2023-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321194037/https://oceania.rugby/news/new-era-for-black-ferns-in-2022-2022214}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na 0–35 ndị isi ndị isi Manawa na-etipịa ụmụ nwanyị Blues na agba ikpeazụ nke asọmpi Super Rugby Aupiki. <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 March 2022|title=Experienced pair return for key clash for nib Blues|url=https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/experienced-pair-return-for-key-clash-for-nib-blues/|accessdate=2022-08-23|work=superrugby.co.nz|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Burnes|first=Campbell|date=20 March 2022|title=Chiefs Manawa crowned Sky Super Rugby Aupiki champs|url=https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-crowned-sky-super-rugby-aupiki-champs/|accessdate=2022-08-23|work=superrugby.co.nz|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320141247/https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-crowned-sky-super-rugby-aupiki-champs/}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Blackwell, Eloise}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 71qwkpoch9j235327osuwg64bhiqqvc 0 56899 705148 642236 2026-08-20T05:29:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705148 wikitext text/x-wiki   Enver Kazaz (amuru na Jenụwarị 15, 1962) bụ onye na-akọ akụkọ Bosnia, onye nlegharị anya, onye ode akwụkwọ na onye ode akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi na-elekọta mmadụ.[1]  Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Centennial na onye isi ngalaba nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Croatian na ngalaba nke akwụkwọ ntụnyere na Mahadum Sarajevo.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ff.unsa.ba/index.php/bs/2014-12-15-22-37-13/148-prof-dr-enver-kazaz|title=Prof. Dr. Enver Kazaz|publisher=University of Sarajevo|accessdate=2025-03-09|archivedate=2025-02-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214221353/https://www.ff.unsa.ba/index.php/bs/2014-12-15-22-37-13/148-prof-dr-enver-kazaz}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya n'ime obodo Kamenica, akụkụ nke obodo Ilijaš na ezinụlọ Bosniak.  Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na South Slavic na Mahadum Sarajevo ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1985. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta post-graduate ya na Mahadum Belgrade Faculty of Philology na 1991 na edemede banyere mmụọ nke oge a na uri Musa Ćazim Ćatić.[1]  Na 2000, o nwetara PhD ya na Mahadum Sarajevo site na nyocha nke ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Bosniak nke narị afọ nke 20.[2][3]  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nyocha na Institutelọ Akwụkwọ Maka Akwụkwọ na Sarajevo sitere na 1986 ruo 1992.[4]  Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Centennial, onye isi ngalaba nke akwụkwọ Croatian na ntụle Slavic Studies kemgbe 1996. Kemgbe 2005, ọ bụ prọfesọ na-eleta na Mahadum Warsaw.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị malitere ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ Zoro na onye nchoputa na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Lica.[5]  Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị malitere Open University of Sarajevo.[6]  Ọ bụ onye nkọwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọndọrọ aka ekpe ama ama.[7][8][9]  N'afọ 2017, ọ bịanyere [[Nkwuputa N'asụsụ Dị N'Otu|aka na nkwupụta na Asụsụ nkịtị nke Croats, Serbs, Bosniak na Montenegrins]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Derk|first=Denis|title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca|language=Serbo-Croatian|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142|publisher=[[Večernji list]]|pages=6–7|date=28 March 2017|archivedate=20 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142|accessdate=5 June 2019}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * Musa Ćazim Ćatić - književno naslijeđe i duh moderne, Centar za kulturu, Tešanj 1997. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Antologija BH__ayr____ayr____ayr__ (nke Ivan Lovrenović na Nikola Kovač dere) Alef, Sarajevo 2000. * Bošnjački roman XX vijeka, Naklada Zoro, Zagreb-Sarajevo 2004. * Neprijatelj ili susjed ma ọ bụ__ilo____ilo____ilo__, Rabic, Sarajevo 2008. * Traži si. Međunarodni centar za mir, Sarajevo 1996. (Onye na-eme ihe nkiri) * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Rat i eziokwu n'ezie, (onye edemede Ivan Lovrenović) Novi liber, Zagreb, 2009. * Unutarnji prijevodi, (nke Davor Beganović dere), Naklada Ljevak-Karver, Zagreb-Podgorica, 2011. * Na razvalinama, Synopsis (Sarajevo, 2014).- (poezija) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250214221353/https://www.ff.unsa.ba/index.php/bs/2014-12-15-22-37-13/148-prof-dr-enver-kazaz Enver Kazaz na unsa.ba] {{DEFAULTSORT:Kazaz, Enver}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ]] [[Òtù:Ndị bịanyere aka na Nkwupụta N'asụsụ Dị N'Otu]] pq59e0dao0xvjkqv7ig41idjp7rr59y 0 57304 705118 631016 2026-08-19T19:17:30Z Ifeanyi Stephen 56092 Created by translating the section "Villages" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326682827|Ntezi]]" 705118 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ntezi''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Chinwoke 01-Ntezi.wav|Listen}} bụ obodo dị na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Ishielu]], [[Naijiria|Naịjịrịa]] ma bụrụ nke otu agbụrụ [[Korring|Oring]] bi na ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Aleke|first=Patrick|title=Idzem (Amuda) People|year=2012|location=Enugu|pages=2–11|language=English, Igbo, Korring}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-11|title=Lee obodo Ntezi kwenyere na ha bụ Igbo mana ha anaghị asụ Igbo|url=https://www.bbc.com/igbo/afirika-58169671|accessdate=2023-06-10|work=BBC News Ìgbò|language=ig}}</ref> Ntezi bụ obodo nwere otu ụdị n'ihe niile nke nwere agbụrụ ise na-asụ asụsụ Koring, nke bụ ndị nna nna ha bụ ndị a maara dị ka ndị guzobere Ala Ntezi. Site n'akụkọ ọnụ, ọ kachasị nke Papa Okpurakpu (2005) nke ụmụnna Bilode nke ogbe Ulepa kọrọ, ndị ichie Oring nke Ntezi sitere n'Ugboloke, onye bụ nna Eteji. Ụmụ Ugboloke mechara guzobe ndị isi agbụrụ nke Agaga, Amata, Biledeba, Iyọkpa, na Ulepa (nke a haziri n'usoro mkpụrụedemede) nke jikọtara ọnụ mepụta obodo Ntezi. A gakwara n'ihu hazie agbụrụ ndị a dị ka obodo nta nwere otu ụdị n'ihe niile, nke e kewapụtara ogbe dị iche iche na ebe obibi nke na-egosipụta ịdị n'otu omenaala na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, gbara mgbọrọgwụ. Otu ihe dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ntezi mere n'ihe dị ka 1928, n'oge esemokwu dị elu n'etiti obodo Ntezi na ndị Ezza bịara bịa. N'oge ahụ, onye ọchịchị Ntezi a ma ama, Agivoh Igiri-Nya, ya na ndị nnọchi anya obodo ndị ọzọ, malitere njem adịghị nlozọ, jiri ụkwụ gaa n'ụlọ ikpe nchịkwa Ogoja. Ebumnuche ha bụ itinye akwụkwọ mkpesa banyere ihe ha hụrụ dị ka mwakpo ndị Ezza bịara abịa na-awakpo n'ala Ntezi, nke iwu akwadoghi. Obodo Ntezi nyere ndị Ezza bịara abịa ikike n'oge gara aga ịnọ obere oge maka naanị ọrụ ugbo na nkwekọrịta ịkwụ ụgwọ ọnụnọ ha, nke chọrọ ọkwụkwọ ụgwọ ụtụ kwa afọ dị ka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta ahụ. Otu ọ dị, a kọrọ na e mebiri okwu ndị a, ebe Ezza na-emezughị ụgwọ e kwekọrịtara ma ọ bụ na-asọpụrụ ókèala ndị e guzobere n'okpuru ikike ọchịchị ndị ọcha. [[Otú:Ásụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò]] == Villages == '''Ntezi''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Chinwoke 01-Ntezi.wav|Listen}} bụ obodo dị na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Ishielu]], [[Naijiria|Naịjịrịa]] ma bụrụ nke otu agbụrụ [[Korring|Oring]] bi na ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Aleke|first=Patrick|title=Idzem (Amuda) People|year=2012|location=Enugu|pages=2–11|language=English, Igbo, Korring}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-11|title=Lee obodo Ntezi kwenyere na ha bụ Igbo mana ha anaghị asụ Igbo|url=https://www.bbc.com/igbo/afirika-58169671|accessdate=2023-06-10|work=BBC News Ìgbò|language=ig}}</ref> Ntezi bụ obodo nwere otu ụdị n'ihe niile nke nwere agbụrụ ise na-asụ Koring, nke bụ ndị nna nna ha bụ ndị a maara dị ka ndị guzobere Ala Ntezi. Site n'akụkọ ọnụ si n'aka fere aka, ọ kachasị nke Papa Okpurakpu (2005) nke ụmụnna Bilode nke ogbe Ulepa kọrọ, ndị ichie Oring nke Ntezi sitere n'Ugboloke, onye bụ nna Eteji. Ụmụ Ugboloke mechara guzobe ndị isi agbụrụ nke Agaga, Amata, Biledeba, Iyọkpa, na Ulepa (nke a haziri n'usoro mkpụrụedemede) nke jikọtara ọnụ mepụta obodo Ntezi. A gakwara n'ihu hazie agbụrụ ndị a dị ka obodo nta nwere otu ụdị n'ihe niile, nke e kewapụtara ogbe dị iche iche na ebe obibi nke na-egosipụta ịdị n'otu omenaala na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, gbara mgbọrọgwụ. Otu ihe dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ntezi mere n'ihe dị ka 1928, n'oge esemokwu dị elu n'etiti obodo Ntezi na ndị Ezza bịara bịa. N'oge ahụ, onye ọchịchị Ntezi a ma ama, Agivoh Igiri-Nya, ya na ndị nnọchi anya obodo ndị ọzọ, malitere njem adịghị nlozọ, jiri ụkwụ gaa n'ụlọ ikpe nchịkwa Ogoja. Ebumnuche ha bụ itinye akwụkwọ mkpesa banyere ihe ha hụrụ dị ka mwakpo ndị Ezza bịara abịa na-awakpo n'ala Ntezi, nke iwu akwadoghi. Obodo Ntezi nyere ndị Ezza bịara abịa ikike n'oge gara aga ịnọ obere oge maka naanị ọrụ ugbo na nkwekọrịta ịkwụ ụgwọ ọnụnọ ha, nke chọrọ ọkwụkwọ ụgwọ ụtụ kwa afọ dị ka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta ahụ. Otu ọ dị, a kọrọ na e mebiri okwu ndị a, ebe Ezza na-emezughị ụgwọ e kwekọrịtara ma ọ bụ na-asọpụrụ ókèala ndị e guzobere n'okpuru ikike ọchịchị ndị ọcha. 7s29hp6hfnrrr964xgnfpprhwfy97xq 0 59593 705097 588579 2026-08-19T13:01:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bernadette Lahai, CRSL (amuru Disemba 30, 1960) [1] bu onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Sierra Leone na onye ndu ndi nzuko omeiwu nke Sierra Leone ugbu a.[2] Ọ bụ onye isi otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) n'ụlọ omeiwu Sierra Leone. Ugbu a ọ na-anọchite anya mpaghara 13 site na mpaghara Kenema na Ụlọ omeiwu Sierra Leone. Na ntuli aka nke afọ 2002, a họpụtara Madam Lahai ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu Sierra Leone. A họpụtara ya ọzọ n'ụzọ dị mfe na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke afọ 2007. O meriri ntuli aka ọzọ dị mfe na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke afọ 2012, na 69.15% . Lahai nwere nzere bachelọ nke Arts na Geography na Sociology sitere na Fourah Bay College, yana nzere Master na ndọtị ọrụ ugbo na mmepe ime obodo site na Mahadum Njala, abụọ na Sierra Leone. Lahai nwekwara PhD na Mgbatị Agricultural na mmepe ime obodo site na Mahadum Ọgụgụ na Berkshire, England. Lahai bụ nwa afọ Kenema District na Eastern Sierra Leone, na onye otu agbụrụ Mende. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Lahai na Disemba 30, 1960, n'obodo Yomboma na Lower Bambara Chiefdom, Kenema District na Eastern Province nke British Sierra Leone na nne na nna Mende. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'afọ 2002, Lahai gbara ọsọ maka otu n'ime oche Kenema District na ndị omeiwu dị ka onye otu Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) na-achị n'oge ahụ. A họpụtara ya, na-enweta ihe karịrị 60% nke votu na Kenema District. Ọ meriri ọzọ na ntuli aka nke afọ 2007. === 30% (Ndị inyom na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Sierra Leone) === N'afọ 2012, Lahai pụtara na ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi 30% (Women and Politics in Sierra Leone) nke Pathways for Women's Empowerment and Screen South nyere iwu.<ref name="womensvoicesnow.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.womensvoicesnow.org/films/30-women-and-politics-in-sierra-leone-2/|title=30%: Women and Politics in Sierra Leone|date=2017|work=womensvoicesnow.org|accessdate=2018-06-16}}</ref> Ọ bụ Anna Cady na Jenny Cuff mere ihe nkiri ahụ.<ref name="womensvoicesnow.org" /> Ọ na-enyocha ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na Sierra Leone, gụnyere nrụrụ aka, ime ihe ike na ntọala nna ochie nke òtù nzuzo dị ka Poro Society . <ref name="womensvoicesnow.org" /> Ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara Lahai na ndị ọrụ ibe ha na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị [[Barbara Bangura]] na Salamatu Kamara na ọrụ ha na 30% Quota bill ha na-enyefe na ndị omeiwu.<ref name="womensvoicesnow.org" /> ''30% (Ndị inyom na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Sierra Leone) '' bụ nhọrọ gọọmentị maka Sundance Film Festival 2013 N'afọ 2014, a matara Lahai maka ọrụ pụrụ iche na nke raara onwe ya nye steeti ahụ na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'aka Onye isi ala Ernest Bai Koroma onye mere ya Onye Ọchịchị nke Order of the Republic (CRSL) <ref name="Politico">{{Cite web|url=http://politicosl.com/articles/sierra-leone-presidential-honours-2014|title=Sierra Leone Presidential Honours 2014|date=2014-05-01|work=Politico SL|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-12|archivedate=2019-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728130450/http://politicosl.com/articles/sierra-leone-presidential-honours-2014/}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Lahai, Bernadette}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:1960 births]] gxs8pxmoractam8x5yatap1igwfkwx9 0 65291 705152 655193 2026-08-20T07:28:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705152 wikitext text/x-wiki Faridi Malik Mussa Shaha (amuru 21 June 1996) bu onye okachamara ndi Tanzania n'egwuregwu bọọlụ nke na-agba dika onye ọnọnaaka ekpe maka ndi otu Young Africans na-agba Premier League. == Ọrụ klọb == A mụrụ ya na Morogoro, Mussa malitere ọrụ ya na Azam FC na 2013. N'ọnwa Eprel 2016, ọ gara ikpe na CD Tenerife, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Sports/Azam-s-Mussa-starts-trials-with-Deportivo-Tenerife-in-Spain/1840572-3178914-11qcmeoz/index.html|title=Azam’s Mussa starts trials with Deportivo Tenerife in Spain|publisher=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)|The Citizen]]|date=27 April 2016|accessdate=21 September 2017}}</ref> ma mgbe ọ masịrị ya n'egwuregwu enyi na enyi, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ na Mee ma kenye ya na Tercera División. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deporpress.com/index.php/2016/05/02/farid-mussa-gusta-y-seguira-en-el-tenerife/|title=Farid Mussa gusta y seguirá en el Tenerife|publisher=Depor Press|language=es|date=2 May 2016|accessdate=21 September 2017|archivedate=22 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002202/http://www.deporpress.com/index.php/2016/05/02/farid-mussa-gusta-y-seguira-en-el-tenerife/}}</ref> Mussa mere nke mbụ ya na mba ofesi na 14 Jenụwarị 2017, na-amalite ma na-agba nke abụọ nke otu ya na 2-2 draw megide CF Unión Viera. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clubdeportivotenerife.es/noticia/el-cd-tenerife-b-iguala-a-domicilio|title=El CD Tenerife B iguala a domicilio|publisher=CD Tenerife|language=es|date=14 January 2017|accessdate=23 October 2017}}</ref> N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Eprel, o nyere goolu na mmeri 5-1 na UD Lanzarote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clubdeportivotenerife.es/noticia/contundente-triunfo-del-cd-tenerife-b|title=Contundente triunfo del CD Tenerife B|publisher=CD Tenerife|language=es|date=30 April 2017|accessdate=23 October 2017}}</ref> N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020, Mussa laghachiri n'ala nna ya mgbe ọ bịanyere aka na Young Africans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-kw/news/mussa-yanga-sc-confirm-signing-of-tenerife-b-forward/h6w51x5ath411oovobca94yb|title=Mussa: Yanga SC confirm signing of Tenerife B forward|publisher=Goal.com|date=12 August 2020|accessdate=19 August 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Mussa mere nke mbụ ya maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Tanzania na 19 Nọvemba 2013, na-abịa dị ka onye nnọchi anya na 0-0 enyi na enyi megide Zimbabwe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mwananchi.co.tz/Michezo/soka/Stars-yashikwa-/1597524-2080696-8tpmvh/index.html|title=Taifa Stars yashikwa – soka|publisher=[[Mwananchi Communications]]|date=20 November 2013|accessdate=21 September 2017|archivedate=22 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922050616/http://www.mwananchi.co.tz/Michezo/soka/Stars-yashikwa-/1597524-2080696-8tpmvh/index.html}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mussa, Faridi}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5jbi60m9w46qjn3lm05jzrqjj6xkwos 0 65750 705100 688307 2026-08-19T13:07:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705100 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Olieverfschildering portret van Berthe Hoola van Nooten door M. Calisch TMnr 5575-1.jpg|thumb|Berthe Hoola van Nooten]]   '''Berthe Hoola van Nooten''' (née Bartha Hendrica Philippina van Dolder; 12 Ọktoba 1817 na Utrecht – 12 Eprel 1892 na Tanah Abang) bụ onye na-ese ihe ọkụkụ Dutch, nke ekwuru maka efere ahịhịa ya nke na-egosi "Fleurs, Mkpụrụ osisi na Feuillages Choisis de l'Ile de 6 Java" na Hoola van Nooten bụ mbiri nke odee Hoola van Nooten gosipụtara mgbe ọ na-ehota aha botanical'''.'''. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Brummitt|first=R. K.|title=Authors of Plant Names|publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|year=1992|isbn=1-84246-085-4}}</ref> == Ndụ == Berthe bụ ada Johannes Wilhelmus van Dolder, bụ onye vicar, na nwunye ya Philippina Maria Batenburg. Na 11 Julaị 1838 na Wageningen, ọ lụrụ Dirk Hoola van Nooten, onye ọka ikpe na Paramaribo. N'ịbụ onye nwere mmasị na ihe ọkụkụ, ọ na-ezigakarị ụdị osisi ndị a kụrụ n'ubi n'ubi osisi na Netherlands, bụ ndị anakọtara na njem ya na di ya na Suriname. Ya na di ya mechara kwaga New Orleans ebe ha hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ Protestant maka ụmụ agbọghọ jikọtara na Chọọchị Episcopal Protestant. Ọdachi nke onwe ya dakwasịrị na ọnwụ di ya site na ọrịa ịba ọcha n'anya na 1847, hapụrụ ya na ezinụlọ na-eto eto dị mmadụ ise. Ndị chọọchị weere ya na o ruru eru ma kwe ka ọ gaa n'ihu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Mgbe ọ nọrọ na Europe, e guzobeghachiri ụlọ akwụkwọ New Orleans na Plaquemine, Louisiana, na 1850. Ọ kwagara Galveston. Na Jenụwarị 1854, The Galveston News kọrọ na Mrs. van Nooten's Young Ladies Institute, nke ọ zụrụ 'ebe obibi buru ibu ma mara mma', na-arụ ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, n'ọnwa Ọktoba na Nọvemba 1855, otu akwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara iwu ụlọ ikpe ugboro ugboro maka B. H. van Nooten, onye kwuru na ọ bụghị onye bi na Texas, ka ọ pụta maka Justice of the Peace iji zaghachi ndị ji ụgwọ. Mgbe ahụ, ya na nwanne ya nwoke, onye ahịa na-aga nke ọma na azụmaahịa shuga, igwe na mkpuchi ndụ, gara agwaetiti Java. Mgbe ọ bịarutere na Java, ọ tinyere akwụkwọ maka enyemaka gọọmentị maka ịmepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị Protestant iji kwado mmetụta nke seminarị Roman Katọlik. Hoola van Nooten nwekwara mmasị na osisi ndị Java ma nye nkuzi ise ihe, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidcoppoolse.com/2012/10/29/de-hand-van-boeddha-berthe-hoola-van-nooten-en-haar-javaanse-vingercitroen/|title=De 'Hand van Boeddha'. Berthe Hoola van Nooten en haar Javaanse vingercitroen|author=Coppoolse|first=David Apollonius|date=2012-10-29|work=Magazijn van Natuurlijke Historie|language=nl|accessdate=2019-03-29}}</ref> ebe ọ ghọrọ enyi onye na-ese ihe osise nke Javanese, Radhen Salikin, onye maara osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ. O mepụtara efere iri anọ na-egosi ụdị osisi na-adọrọ mmasị sitere na Java, na-agbaso ihe Maria Sibylla Merian na Elizabeth Blackwell setịpụrụ. Ihe osise ahụ ga-eme ka ọrụ ihe osise Fleurs, Fruits et Feuillages, choisis de l'île Java: peints d'après nature. Ihe osise ndị ahụ na-esonyere nkọwa na French na Bekee, na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme na ojiji nke osisi ahụ. E bipụtara ọrụ ahụ na Brussels na 1863, a raara ya nye Sophia Mathilde, nwunye Eze William nke Atọ nke Netherlands, onye ọ nwetara nkwado ya. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/466|title=Fleurs, fruits et feuillages choisis de l'ille de Java :peints d'après nature /|author=Nooten|first=Berthe Hoola van.|date=1880|publisher=C. Muquardt|location=Bruxelles}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Berthe_Hoola_van_Nooten53.jpg|thumb|{{center|''[[Annona reticulata]]'' - Custard-apple}}]] Ọ bụ Pieter De Pannemaeker, onye Belgium na-arụ ọrụ na Ledeberg na Ghent, mere chromolithographs ndị e mere nke ọma.   N'afọ 1872, Hoola van Nooten zutere Alexei Alexandrovitch, nwa eze Alexander nke Abụọ nke Russia, onye na-eleta Batavia maka azụmahịa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Hoola van Noten nyere ya akwụkwọ Fleurs, Fruits, et Feuillages ma nye ya mgbaaka.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1872-10-22|title=[short message about] Madame Berthe Hoola van Noten...|journal=Nieuwsblad voor den boekhandel|volume=39|issue=85|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=dts:2726086:mpeg21:0006|language=nl}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na e bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ n'ọtụtụ mbipụta, Hoola van Nooten nwụrụ na ịda ogbenye na Tanah Abang mgbe ọ dị afọ 74. A na-akwanyere aha ezinụlọ Hoola van Nooten ùgwù taa na Netherlands, ma depụta ya na [[:nl:Nederlands Patriciaat|Nederlands Patriciaat]], ndekọ nke ezinụlọ Dutch ndị keere òkè dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ Dutch n'ime afọ 150 gara aga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/gateways/issues/98/story09.html|title=National Library Acquires Rare Botanical Work by Dutch Female Artist - GATEWAYS - National Library of Australia|work=www.nla.gov.au}}</ref> {{Commons category|Berthe Hoola van Nooten}} == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231125023855/http://www.botanicus.org/title/b12006476 Botanicus] * [http://www.illustratedgarden.org/mobot/rarebooks/taxa.asp?relation=QK3714N661880 Ubi Ubi nke Missouri] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230327/http://www.forumrarebooks.com/Hoola-Nooten-Berthe-Fleurs-fruits-et-feuillages-choisis.html Akwụkwọ Ndị Dị Mkpa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220903080118/http://beeld.teylersmuseum.nl/Digital_Library/Emags/Lade_19b_132/index.html#/1 Akwụkwọ ị ga-enyocha na saịtị nke Teylers Museum, Haarlem, The Netherlands] ja4u6f0x18xjzm3fe3affupe6wop06m 0 67093 705127 674129 2026-08-20T00:10:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705127 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Dolly Nwaduba''', a makwaara dịka '''Dolly Ifeyinwa Nwadialo''' (amụrụ 4 Ọ̀gọst 1988),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dolly Nwaduba {{!}} Actress, Producer, Writer|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8091850/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=IMDb|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=DOLLY.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xw7W1Ri36XPlc8hL8AtpN6iKur7LoyNW/view?usp=sharing|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=Sentry News}}</ref> bụ nwanyị Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri, onye ji olu ya emepụta ihe mgbasa ozi, na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Okoye|first=Rita|date=September 3, 2024|title=How Dolly Nwaduba is making waves in Nollywood|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/how-dolly-nwaduba-is-making-waves-in-nollywood/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2024-08-26|title=Nollywood producer, Dolly Nwaduba talks future of African Storytelling|url=https://guardian.ng/arts-2/nollywood-producer-dolly-nwaduba-talks-future-of-african-storytelling/|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=[[Guardian Nigeria]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Telegraph|first=New|date=2024-09-03|title=Nollywood Powerhouse, Nwaduba Shares Her Journey To Success|url=https://newtelegraphng.com/nollywood-powerhouse-nwaduba-shares-her-journey-to-success/|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=[[New Telegraph]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Dolly's Signature Limited yana Nollyplug TV.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 13, 2024|title=Dolly Ifeyinwa Nwaduba Launches Charity Drive Amidst Film Promo|url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2024/08/dolly-ifeyinwa-nwaduba-launches-charity-drive-amidst-film-promo/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> Nwaduba gụrụ akwụkwọ na New York Film Academy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Dolly Nwaduba: The Visionary Shaping the Future of Nollywood – Sun News|url=https://sunnews.ng/2024/08/27/dolly-nwaduba-the-visionary-shaping-the-future-of-nollywood/|accessdate=2024-10-18|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226195753/https://sunnews.ng/2024/08/27/dolly-nwaduba-the-visionary-shaping-the-future-of-nollywood/}}</ref> O so na ndị tozuru inweta ihe nrite African Entertainment Awards, USA (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|title=AEAUSA 2024 Nominees|url=https://aeausa.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Full-List-of-Nominees_AEAUSA-2024b.pdf|work=AEAUSA}}</ref> yana onye ritere asọmpi ide fim nke [[Nollywood]] (2022) maka ihe nkiri o dere, M.O.R.E.M.I.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nnah|first=Mary|title=Cosmos Abasi Wins Aforevo Nollywood Screenwriting Contest – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/13/cosmos-abasi-wins-aforevo-nollywood-screenwriting-contest/|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=[[ThisDay]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Overall winner of Nollywood screenwriting contest gets N1m reward|url=https://www.newsexpressngr.com/news/152291/overall-winner-of-nollywood-screenwriting-contest-gets-n1m-reward|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=News Express Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> A makwa ya maka ide ihe nkiri Ndị ọcha, ''Riverside.'' Kemgbe ọ laghachịrị [[Naijiria]] n'afọ 2017'','' Nwaduba emepụtala ihe dịka ihe nkiri iri atọ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=All I want in my husband is high intelligence level — Actress, Dolly Nwaduba|url=https://medium.com/@tjconnectng/all-i-want-in-my-husband-is-high-intelligence-level-actress-dolly-nwaduba-50749f07d5ef|work=Medium}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe nkiri o dere mere gụnyere ''One Wish (2019),'' ''Drawn to You (2024)'' yana'', Serendipity (2021)'' nke ndị so mee ya bụ [[Frederick Leonard (Nigerian actor)|Frederick Leonard]] na [[Monalisa Chinda]], nke [[Tchidi Chikere]]''duziri.''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2024-08-17|title=Why I’m giving back to families with school children –|url=https://thesun.ng/why-im-giving-back-to-families-with-school-children-dolly-nwaduba/|accessdate=2025-06-30|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Nwaduba na 4 Ọgọstụ 1988 dịka naanị otu nwa na [[Ogwashi Ukwu|Ogwashi]] dị na Delta State. <ref name=":0"/> Ọ si okpuru ọchịchị [[Aniocha South]] na Delta State. <ref name=":2"/> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị na Seta International. Mgbe ahụ, ewee nabata ya ịmụ Diplomacy na International Studies na Mahadum Benin. Nwaduba mechara gaa New York Film Academy ebe ọ mụtara edemede ihe nkiri, mmepụta ihe nkiri, na nka olu. <ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == O tinyere aka na ime ihe nkiri ruo otu afọ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], na-eme ihe nkiri Riverside (2016), ''Nick And Ice'' (2016), yana Invitation (2017), tupu ọ laghachi Naịjirịa mgbe afọ 2017 gwụwara.<ref name=":2"/> Kemgbe o mepụtara ihe nkiri Naijiria mbụ ya bụ Lights Out (2017), o meela ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ na Naịjirịa. Nwaduba bụ onye natara onyinye "Onye mmepụta kacha mma nke Afọ" site na Sabistation Business Owners Awards 2024 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=2024 Winners – Sabistation Business Owner's Awards|url=https://sboawards.com/2024-winners/|accessdate=2024-10-24|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219191236/https://sboawards.com/2024-winners/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ihesiulo|first=Grace|title=Sabistation Business Owners Awards 2024 Celebrates 110 Nigerian Entrepreneurs and Business Leaders|url=https://dailytimesng.com/sabistation-business-owners-awards-2024-celebrates-110-nigerian-entrepreneurs-and-business-leaders/|work=[[Daily Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2024-10-23|title=Aliko Dangote emerges Entrepreneur of the Year at 2024 Sabistation Business Owners Awards|url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/aliko-dangote-emerges-entrepreneur-of-the-year-at-2024-sabistation-business-owners-awards/|accessdate=2024-10-24|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri ndị O mere == * ''Riverside (2016) '' * ''Nick And Ice'' (2016) * ''Invitation'' (2017) as Attendant #1 * ''Lights Out'' (2017) * ''Arinze (2019) '' * ''Distance Between (2019) '' * ''One Wish'' (2019) * ''Serendipity (2021) '' * Beguiling <ref name=":8"/> * ''Chasing Dreams'' ween ''rọ'' (2023) <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=Admin|first=NFVCB|date=2024-03-11|title=MOVIES VERIFIED AND APPROVED BY NFVCB IN SEPTEMBER 2023|url=https://www.nfvcb.gov.ng/2024/03/11/movies-verified-and-approved-by-nfvcb-in-september-2023/|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=NFVCB {{!}} National Film And Video Censors Board|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220171015/https://www.nfvcb.gov.ng/2024/03/11/movies-verified-and-approved-by-nfvcb-in-september-2023/}}</ref> * Poetic Justice (2023) <ref name=":7" /> * Tainted Feeling (2023) * Dawn (2023) <ref name=":7" /> * ''Perfect Love'' (2023) <ref name=":7" /> * ''The Grand Stand'' (2023) <ref name=":7" /> * ''Sinister Visit'' (2023) * ''Drawn to you (2024) '' * ''A Star in the Dark'' == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nwaduba, Dolly}} [[Otú:Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Naijiria narị afọ nke 21]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6ng5ermivvovjfduvhmag3e5dugi7cd 0 74719 705115 630958 2026-08-19T18:07:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Charlyne M. Brumskine | image = Charlyne Brumskine.jpg | caption = Charlyne Brumskine in Speech | office = Vice Standard-Bearer of the Collaborating Political Parties | term_start = 2023 | term_end = 2023 | party = [[Liberty Party (Liberia)|Liberty Party]] | otherparty = [[Collaborating Political Parties]] | alma_mater = [[Barnard College]]<ref name="dakpannah">{{Cite web |last=Dakpannah 24 |date=2023-05-18 |title=Cllr. Charlyne M. Brumskine: A Legal Luminary, Philanthropist, and Champion of Gender Rights |url=https://www.dakpannah24.com/personality-spotlight/cllr-charlyne-m-brumskine-a-legal-luminary-philanthropist-and-champion-of-gender-rights/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |accessdate=2026-04-04 |archivedate=2023-06-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602141524/https://www.dakpannah24.com/personality-spotlight/cllr-charlyne-m-brumskine-a-legal-luminary-philanthropist-and-champion-of-gender-rights/ }}</ref> [[Howard University School of Law]]<ref name="dakpannah" /> [[Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Contributing |date=2023-09-07 |title=Meet Cllr. Charlyne M. Brumskine: Liberia's Legal Luminary and Compassionate Humanitarian Bringing Transformation and Hope |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/opinion/meet-cllr-charlyne-m-brumskine-liberias-legal-luminary-and-compassionate-humanitarian-bringing-transformation-and-hope/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=FrontPageAfrica |accessdate=2026-04-04 |archivedate=2023-09-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912235055/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/opinion/meet-cllr-charlyne-m-brumskine-liberias-legal-luminary-and-compassionate-humanitarian-bringing-transformation-and-hope/ }}</ref> | profession = Lawyer, politician, philanthropist }} Charlyne M. Brumskine bụ onye ọka iwu Liberia, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye na-akwado ọdịmma mmadụ. Ọ bụ onye ndu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Liberty Party wee jee ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emekọ ihe na ntuli aka Liberia 2023, na-eso Alexander B. Cummings Jr. [1] Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Barnard College, Howard University School of Law, na Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law. [2] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na onye na-akwado iwu iwu, ikike nwoke na nwanyị na mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. A maara Brumskine nke ọma dị ka ada Charles Brumskine, onye nchoputa nke Liberty Party na onye bụbu onye isi ala pro tempore nke Senate nke Liberia.[1] Site na ọrụ iwu ya na ọrụ enyemaka, ọ kwalitela agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ agbọghọ, gbasaa ohere ikpe ziri ezi, ma gbaa ume itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa na Liberia.[2] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Brumskine n'ime agbụrụ [[Bassa people (Liberia)|Bassa]], nke nwere agbụrụ na Buchanan, Grand Bassa County, na Yekepa, Nimba County. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Barnard College na New York City, ma mesịa nweta nzere Juris Doctor na Howard University School of Law na Washington, D.C. O nwetakwara nzere Bachelor of Laws (LLB) na Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law na Mahadum Liberia . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-07|title=Meet Cllr. Charlyne M. Brumskine: Liberia's Legal Luminary and Compassionate Humanitarian Bringing Transformation and Hope|url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/opinion/meet-cllr-charlyne-m-brumskine-liberias-legal-luminary-and-compassionate-humanitarian-bringing-transformation-and-hope/|accessdate=2023-09-19|work=FrontPageAfrica|archivedate=2023-09-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912235055/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/opinion/meet-cllr-charlyne-m-brumskine-liberias-legal-luminary-and-compassionate-humanitarian-bringing-transformation-and-hope/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Brumskine zụrụ ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu tupu ọ banye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-elekwasị anya n'okwu gbasara iwu na ikike okike. Na Buchanan, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye kansụl obodo, na-ewulite profaịlụ ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Clayeh|first=J. H. Webster|date=2022-12-13|title=Liberia: Charlyne Brumskine Petitioned for Legislative Seat, Following Late Father's Footsteps|url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/politics/liberia-charlyne-brumskine-petitioned-for-legislative-seat-following-late-fathers-footsteps/|accessdate=2023-09-19|work=FrontPageAfrica|archivedate=2024-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519071304/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/politics/liberia-charlyne-brumskine-petitioned-for-legislative-seat-following-late-fathers-footsteps/}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba 2021, ọ ghọrọ onye ndu nke Liberty Party, na-enye adreesị ime udo iji jikọta ndị na-asọ mpi mgbe nna ya, Charles Brumskine nwụsịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-22|title=Liberty Party - Reconciliation Speech by Charlyne Brumskine|url=https://analystliberiaonline.com/liberty-party-reconciliation-speech-by-charlyne-brumskine/|accessdate=2023-09-19|work=Analyst Liberia}}</ref> Na 2023, a họpụtara ya dị ka osote onye na-ebu ọkọlọtọ nke njikọ aka nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-aghọ onye na-agba ọsọ Alexander B. Cummings Jr. na ntuli aka 2023 Liberia.[1] Mgbasa ozi ya kwusiri ike na ịza ajụjụ, inye ndị ntorobịa ike, na iwusi ụlọ ọrụ Liberia ike. == Ọrụ ebere == N'èzí ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Brumskine anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ọrụ ebere, ọkachasị na atụmatụ na-akwado agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ agbọghọ, mmepe obodo, na enyemaka iwu maka ndị na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla. == Ndụ onwe onye == Brumskine bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye nwụrụ anwụ Charles Brumskine, onye bụ onye isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Liberty Party ma jee ozi dị ka Onye isi oche pro tempore nke Senate nke Liberia.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Clayeh|first=J. H. Webster|date=2022-12-13|title=Liberia: Charlyne Brumskine Petitioned for Legislative Seat, Following Late Father's Footsteps|url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/politics/liberia-charlyne-brumskine-petitioned-for-legislative-seat-following-late-fathers-footsteps/|accessdate=2023-09-19|work=FrontPageAfrica|archivedate=2024-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519071304/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/politics/liberia-charlyne-brumskine-petitioned-for-legislative-seat-following-late-fathers-footsteps/}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tsvss779hi527jqpp8r29raz5bpw0ok 0 74901 705104 673656 2026-08-19T13:19:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705104 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Betty Makoni.jpg|thumb|Betty Makoni]]   '''Hazviperi''' '''Betty Makoni''' bụ onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị Zimbabwe nke hiwere Girl Child Network na 1999, otu ọrụ ebere nke na-akwado ndị ntorobịa Zimbabwe na-emegbu. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/06/04/cnnheroes.betty.makoni/index.html|title=Child rape survivor saves 'virgin myth' victims|accessdate=2009-12-27|work=CNN|date=2009-10-01}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Netwọk ahụ agbasaala na US, Europe, na mba dị iche iche n'Africa. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta abụọ na Mahadum Zimbabwe, a na-enyekwa ya ọtụtụ ihe nrite mba na mba ụwa. A na-eme ya mgbe ọ bụ nwata ma na-emegbu ya n'ụzọ mmekọahụ., <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewip.net/contributors/2007/10/zimbabwean_child_rights_activi.html|title=Child Rights Activist Betty Makoni "Lights Up the Dark" for Abused and Disadvantaged Young Girls|accessdate=2010-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118151507/http://www.thewip.net/contributors/2007/10/zimbabwean_child_rights_activi.html|archivedate=2009-11-18}}</ref> Makoni bụ isi isiokwu na ihe nkiri, Tapestries of Hope . == Oge ọ malitere == Ndụ Makoni malitere <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Betty Makoni - World's Children's Prize|url=https://worldschildrensprize.org/betty-makoni|accessdate=2025-11-12|work=worldschildrensprize.org}}</ref> na St Mary's dị na mpaghara Chitungwiza dara ogbenye, Zimbabwe. O ji ọtụtụ afọ ndụ ya na-ekiri ka nna ya na-eti nne ya ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ abalị niile, ibufe nne na nna ya abụọ ga-etikwa ya na ụmụnne ya ise ihe. A manyere Makoni mgbe ọ dị obere ịchọ ọrụ ma kwado ụmụnne ya ise ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ isii, na njedebe ikpeazụ nke ụbọchị ọrụ ya, Makoni banyere n'ụlọ ahịa ahụ ya na ndị enyi ya wee kpọchie ya n'ime ụlọ ahịa ahụ. Onye na-ere ahịa ahụ gara n'ihu n'ike ya na ndị enyi ya niile, na-ekwere na idina ụmụ agbọghọ n'ike ga-eweta ihu ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview with Muzvare Betty Makoni|url=https://www.royalholloway.ac.uk/about-us/our-alumni/for-alumni/alumni-news/muzvare-betty-makoni-interview|accessdate=2025-11-12|work=www.royalholloway.ac.uk|language=en-gb}}</ref> Afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, nne ya nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, n'aka nna ya, mgbe ọ dị ime na n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe e zigara ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi nke a ma ama maka iti ụmụaka ihe. == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2000 ọ malitere ịmepụta Girl Child Network, na-enwe olileanya ịkwado ikike ụmụ agbọghọ ma wulite ike n'etiti ha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=The Truth About: Betty Makoni|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-1148-The+Truth+About+Betty+Makoni/news.aspx|accessdate=15 August 2014|publisher=New Zimbabwe|date=13 October 2009}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na nwa agbọghọ chọrọ nkwado n'ihi na e dinara ya n'ike, manye ya ịhapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ chọrọ ego iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka nri, uwe, ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla nwa agbọghọ chọrọ, Betty nọ ebe ahụ. N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Girl Child Network, Betty enweela ike ịkwado ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụmụ agbọghọ 40,00 n'ofe ọrụ ya, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara mba ahụ emeela ihe nlereanya nke Girl Child Network.<ref name=":0" /> The Girl Child Network na-aga n'ihu na-agbasa n'ụwa niile, na USA, Europe na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa iji kwado ụmụ agbọghọ n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=van Reisen|first=M.E.H.|url=https://repository.tilburguniversity.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/0d742742-9c56-4ebe-94eb-b49adbef88ab/content|title=Zimbabwe: Women's Voices|publisher=EEPA|year=2010|series=Report of the European Parliamentary Hearing|location=Brussels|accessdate=18 November 2025}}</ref> Site na ọganihu ya, ọrụ Betty Makoni dịkwa, ebe ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka Chief Executive Officer nke Girl Child Network Worldwide. == Obodo nta ndị nwere ikike ("ụlọ ndị dị nchebe") == Ka ọrụ ya na-eto, Makoni gbasaa Girl Child Network ka ọ bụrụ usoro mba niile nke gụnyere "obodo nta ndị na-enye ike", <ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-11-01|title=Zimbabwe Gender Activist Fights to Protect Victims of Violence against Women and Girls|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2008-04-29-voa8/401755.html|accessdate=2025-11-22|work=Voice of America|language=en}}</ref> ụlọ nchekwa e mere maka ụmụ agbọghọ na-agba ọsọ mmetọ mmekọahụ na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ. [https://www.ashoka.org/en-us/fellow/betty-makoni Ụlọ ọrụ GCN] dị ka ndị a na-enye ebe mgbaba mberede, ntụziaka ahụike, ndụmọdụ uche, enyemaka iwu, na nkwado maka ndị lanarịrị. Obodo nta ndị a na-enye ike na-abụkwa ihe owuwu maka ụmụ agbọghọ iji nweta ntụziaka, agụmakwụkwọ nkà ndụ, mmepe idu ndú, na nkwado agụmakwụkwọ. Dị ka akụkọ akụkọ si kwuo, ọtụtụ puku ụmụ agbọghọ ndị a na-agafe n'ụlọ ndị dị nchebe, ọtụtụ narị n'ime ha na-alaghachi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ na-amalite ndụ ọhụrụ, nke onwe ya na ọrụ na-esote mmezigharị a. == Ndị a nabatara == * N'afọ 2003, Women's World Summit Foundation nyere Makoni ihe nrite maka Women's Creativity in Rural Life . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pradervand|first=Elly|title=Series on Women Changing the World: Betty Makoni, Zimbabwe|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/elly-pradervand/women-changing-the-world_b_1459341.html|work=The Huffington Post|accessdate=15 August 2014}}</ref> * N'afọ 2007, Makoni meriri World's Children's Prize for the Rights of the Child . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldschildrensprize.org/betty-makoni|title=Betty Makoni|author=|year=2010|publisher=World's Children's Prize|accessdate=20 January 2012}}</ref> * N'afọ 2008, Amnesty International nyere ya Ginetta Sagan Award maka ọrụ ya na GCN.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/about-us/grants-and-awards/ginetta-sagan-fund/ginetta-sagan-award-winners|title=Ginetta Sagan Award Winners|author=|year=2011|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|accessdate=20 January 2012}}</ref> * N'afọ 2009, Makoni natara onyinye CNN Heroes maka ichebe ndị na-enweghị ike<ref>{{Cite web|title=CNN Heroes - Special Reports from CNN.com|url=https://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cnn.heroes/archive09/betty.makoni.html|accessdate=2025-11-19|work=www.cnn.com}}</ref> * A kpọrọ ya Global Decades Child Rights Hero n'akụkụ ndị ama ama dị ka Nelson Mandela na Graca Michel <ref>{{Cite web|title=Introducing myself and my journal: We are born victorious and not victims|url=https://www.worldpulse.org/story/introducing-myself-and-my-journal-we-are-born-victorious-and-not-victims-379|accessdate=2025-11-19|work=World Pulse|language=en}}</ref> * N'afọ 2006, Makoni na The Girl Child Network natara ihe nrite Red Ribbon nke United Nations na-achọsi ike maka idozi enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị nke na-akwalite ọrịa HIV / AIDS<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-08-17|title=UN-organized 'Red Ribbons' awarded for local AIDS initiatives {{!}} UN News|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2006/08/189292|accessdate=2025-11-19|work=news.un.org|language=en}}</ref> * A kpọrọ Betty Makoni aha n'etiti [[Hillary Clinton]] na ọtụtụ ndị isi ụwa dị ka ụmụ nwanyị 150 na-ama jijiji ụwa <ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-03-05|title=150 Women Who Shake the World|url=https://www.newsweek.com/150-women-who-shake-world-66131|accessdate=2025-11-19|work=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref> * Onyinye ụmụ nwanyị na ihe nkiri na telivishọn - Los Angeles -USA <ref>{{Cite web|title=Q&A: Catching up with the top 10 CNN Heroes - CNN.com|url=https://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/12/25/top.10.heroes.qa/index.html|accessdate=2025-11-19|work=www.cnn.com}}</ref> * Giraffe Heroes Project Award 2009 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe|url=https://www.giraffe.org/global/zimbabwe|accessdate=2025-11-19|work=www.giraffe.org|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Makoni hapụrụ Zimbabwe n'afọ 2008, mgbe ọ natara ọtụtụ egwu ọnwụ metụtara ọrụ ya na-agbachitere ụmụ agbọghọ site na mmetọ mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part Two of our Interview with Betty Makoni of Girl Child Network – The Pixel Project|url=https://www.thepixelproject.net/2010/11/20/part-two-of-our-interview-with-betty-makoni-of-girl-child-network/|accessdate=2025-11-26|work=www.thepixelproject.net}}</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ, ọ kọwara na ọtụtụ n'ime nkwado ya emeela ka o mepụta ndị iro dị ike, gụnyere ndị nwere mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nakwa na ọ ghọrọ isiokwu nke ebubo nkwutọ maka omume ọjọọ ego.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-13|title=Betty Makoni {{!}} Activist and Humanatarian {{!}} The Legacy Project|url=https://thelegacyproject.co.za/betty-makoni-activist-humanatarian/|accessdate=2025-12-05|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211082414/https://thelegacyproject.co.za/betty-makoni-activist-humanatarian/}}</ref> Ka oge na-aga, na nyocha onwe onye nke KPMG wepụrụ ya ebubo niile. N'oge a, ọ kọrọ na ọ na-enweta iyi egwu ọnwụ ugboro ugboro na ekwentị ma ndị ọrụ nzuzo Zimbabwe dọrọ ya aka ná ntị na ndụ ya nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, Makoni kpebiri ịgbaga South Africa tupu ya na ezinụlọ ya kwaga England ebe ọ bi ugbu a ma na-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ ya na nchekwa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Truth About: Betty Makoni|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-1148-The+Truth+About+Betty+Makoni/news.aspx|accessdate=15 August 2014}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ di ya Irvine Nyamapfene na ụmụ atọ ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Betty Makoni shines in Hollywood, another award|url=http://www.zimdiaspora.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2324:betty-makoni-shines-in-hollywood-another-award&catid=38:travel-tips&Itemid=18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107014421/http://www.zimdiaspora.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2324:betty-makoni-shines-in-hollywood-another-award&catid=38:travel-tips&Itemid=18|archivedate=2016-11-07|accessdate=2009-12-27}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Akụkọ ifo na-eme ka nwa agbọghọ dị ọcha == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://girlchildnetwork.org/ Network Girl Child] {{Ginetta Sagan Fund Award winners}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] clrhcylfopz3i6660k3ca06d0n3bqpf 0 76213 705109 698874 2026-08-19T16:27:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705109 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Arames_(3926364073).jpg|thumb|Ụdọ agụba nke ụlọ mkpọrọ]] Nkwado ụmụ nwanyị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ okwu dị oke egwu maka ụdị ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado maka ịkwalite na ịbawanye ikpe ụlọ mkpọrọ nke na-ekwu maka nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị na okike. Okwu a na-akatọ nkwenye na ikpe mkpọrọ siri ike na ogologo oge ga-enyere aka idozi nsogbu ndị a. Elizabeth Bernstein, Onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị, chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "ndị inyom n'ụlọ mkpọrọ", n'isiokwu ya nke afọ 2007, "The Sexual Politics of the 'New Abolitionism'". N'inyocha òtù na-emegide ịzụ ahịa nke oge a na United States, Bernstein webatara okwu ahụ iji kọwaa ụdị ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke na-etinye ụdị [[Sex work|ọrụ mmekọahụ]] niile dị ka ịzụ Ahịa mmekọahụ. Ọ na-ahụ nke a dị ka nzọụkwụ laghachiri azụ, na-atụ aro na ọ na-emebi ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ, ma na-elekwasị anya na nsogbu ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke ụmụ nwanyị, ma gbasaa atụmatụ neoliberal. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Bernstein kwuru na nkwado ụmụ nwanyị maka iwu ndị na-emegide ịzụ ahịa nke na-eme ka ịgba akwụna na ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ dị ala na mbọ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ n'onwe ha na iri afọ gara aga iji hazie maka ikike ha, kama ịkwalite mpụ ha. Ndị Kraịst na-ekwusa ozi ọma na-ekerịta mkpebi a maka iwu na usoro na akụkọ Bernstein, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bernstein|first=Elizabeth|date=2007|title=The Sexual Politics of the 'New Abolitionism|journal=Differences|volume=18|issue=5|pages=128–151|doi=10.1215/10407391-2007-013}}</ref> ma mesịa, Bernstein <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bernstein|first=Elizabeth|date=2010|title="Militarized Humanitarianism Meets Carceral Feminism: The Politics of Sex, Rights, and Freedom in Contemporary Antitrafficking Campaigns."|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_autumn-2010_36_1/page/45|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=36|issue=1|pages=45–71|doi=10.1086/652918|pmid=20827852}}</ref> kwuru na njikọ aka ha sitere na mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba dị na US site na steeti ọdịmma na-ekesa gaa na "ụlọ mkpọrọ" nke na-akwalite mpụ na ịtụ mkpọrọ. O kwuru na maka ma ndị inyom na Ndị Kraịst na-ekwusa ozi ọma, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke okike na mmekọahụ agbanweela uche site n'ezinụlọ (ya bụ, okwu nke ịpịa ọrịa na ite ime, n'otu n'otu) gaa n'ihu ọha (ya bụ ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ) na n'ime mgbanwe a, ejikọtawo òtù na-emegide ịzụ ahịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị neoliberal. N'isiokwu ya, "Carceral Politics as Gender Justice?", Bernstein gbasaa na nyocha a, na-eji ikpe nke mmegide ịzụ ahịa iji gosipụta otu ụmụ nwanyị si bụrụ ihe na-enye ntaramahụhụ na US na mba ofesi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Berstein|first=Elizabeth|date=2012|title="Carceral Politics as Gender Justice? The 'Traffic in Women and Neoliberal Circuits of Crime, Sex, and Rights."|journal=Theory and Society|pages=41: 233–259}}</ref> == Ihe Nlereanya == Iwu gbasara idina mmadụ n'ike (rape laws) emeela ka ha bụrụ ndị na-enye ohere karịa nwayọọ nwayọọ n'ime ụwa Anglo-American. Iwu mpụ na mpaghara ndị a ugbu a na-amata na a pụrụ ime mpụ idina mmadụ n'ike megide onye ọ bụla, n'agbanyeghị okike ya, n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche nke na-adịghị achọ ka e nwee ntinye amụ nwoke (penile penetration). Ewepụla nchedo iwu nke na-egbochi ka a kpee nwoke ikpe maka idina nwunye ya n'ike n'ime alụmdi na nwunye. A belatakwara ihe akaebe a na-achọ iji nweta ikpe ọmụma maka idina mmadụ n'ike, ebe ọtụtụ iwu ugbu a na-amata na idina mmadụ n'ike emeela mgbe enweghị nkwenye doro anya na nke onwe (affirmative consent), kama ịchọ ka e gosi n'ụzọ siri ike na onye e boro ebubo jiri ike mee ihe nakwa na onye e mere ihe ahụ gbalịsiri ike iguzogide ya..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kotiswaran|first=Prabha|editor=Dirk Dubber|title=The Oxford Handbook of Criminal Law|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|edition=1}}</ref> === Ime ihe ike n'ụlọ === Iwu gbasara ime ihe ike n'ime ezinụlọ (domestic violence) enweela nnukwu mmepe na United States. N'oge gara aga, steeti anaghị achọkarị itinye aka n'ihe ndị na-eme n'ime ezinụlọ n'ihi na a na-ewere ha dịka ihe nzuzo nke onwe. Ma ugbu a, steeti na-ele ụlọ ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ anya dịka ebe mpụ pụrụ ime.Iwu nchebe mpụ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-ebute ụzọ n'ime ime ihe ike n'ụlọ. Ebe e nyere iwu dị otú ahụ megide onye ọ bụla, ọnụnọ ha n'ụlọ ghọrọ ihe nnọchianya maka ime ihe ike n'ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kotiswaran|first=Prabha|editor=Dirk Dubber|title=The Oxford Handbook of Criminal Law|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|edition=1}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi mgbochi ime ihe ike na US na 1970s na 1980s mekwara ka iwu ndị chọrọ ka ndị uwe ojii jide mgbe ha na-azaghachi oku ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, nke mere ka e nwekwuo njide nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Caren|title=Carceral Feminism Isn't the Answer to Sexual Violence|url=https://novaramedia.com/2022/02/15/carceral-feminism-isnt-the-answer-to-sexual-violence/|work=Novara Media|accessdate=9 March 2023}}</ref> Tupu gọọmenti Sweden amata ime ihe ike metụtara okike (gendered violence), a na-akpọ ya "ime ihe ike n'ime ezinụlọ" (domestic violence). N'ime afọ ndị 1990, mmegharị ụlọ mgbaba ụmụ nwanyị (women's shelter movement) mere ka a lebara ụfọdụ omume anya nke gosipụtara ime ihe ike sitere n'aka ụmụ nwoke, ma e nyere ụdị ime ihe ike a aha ọhụrụ, "ime ihe ike ụmụ nwoke na-eme ụmụ nwanyị" (men's violence against women). Mgbe afọ ndị 2000 bịara, a malitere ịjụ echiche feminizim ndị na-akwado okwu "ime ihe ike ụmụ nwoke na-eme ụmụ nwanyị", nke mere ka okwu ahụ tufuo ntụkwasị obi ya n'anya ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ. N'ihi nke a, e nwere mgbalị ịlaghachi n'iji aha e ji ya mbụ tupu mmegharị ụlọ mgbaba ụmụ nwanyị amalite, ya bụ "ime ihe ike n'ime ezinụlọ".. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lauri|first=Marcus|date=June 7, 2023|title=The rise of carceral feminism in Sweden: Analysing political debate and policy on men's violence against women|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277539523001073|journal=Women's Studies International Forum|volume=99|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102780|issn=0277-5395}}</ref> == Mpaghara ndị ọzọ == Ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị akọwaala usoro nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na mpaghara ndị ọzọ n'otu ụzọ ahụ. N'ọmụmụ ihe ha banyere mkpọsa ụmụ nwanyị gbasara ihe ike n'ụlọ na mwakpo mmekọahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ Beth Richie <ref>{{Cite book|author=Richie|first=Beth|title=Arrested Justice: Black Women, Violence, and America's Prison Nation|publisher=New York University Press|year=2012|location=New York, NY}}</ref> na onye na-ekwu maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ Kristin Bumiller <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bumiller|first=Kristin|authorlink=Kristin Bumiller|title=In An Abusive State: How Neoliberalism Appropriated the Feminist Movement Against Sexual Violence|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2008|location=Durham, NC}}</ref> nyochara mmepe nke ndị na-emegide ime ihe ike na US site na lekwasịrị anya na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmadụ na ibe ha ruo n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ịdabere na iwu na itinye iwu taa. A kọwaala omume yiri nke ahụ n'èzí US - dịka ọmụmaatụ, Miriam Ticktin kwuru na mmetụta ndị na-emegide ndị mbịarambịa na mkpọsa ụmụ nwanyị megide ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na France arụwo ọrụ nchịkwa ókèala na ụdị ndị uwe ojii ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ticktin|first=Miriam|title=Sexual Violence as the Language of Border Control: Where French Feminist and Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric Meet|publisher=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|year=2008|pages=33(4): 363–889}}</ref> Ihe atụ ụfọdụ nke a bụ na Alex Press na ntinye nke Vox ya banyere njikọ #MeToo nke butere mmegharị banyere ịtụ ndị na-eme ihe ike n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ọ na-ekwu na ha kwesịrị imegide ụdị ụmụ nwanyị a n'ihi echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nwere ike imerụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Press|first=Alex|date=2018-02-01|title=#MeToo must avoid "carceral feminism"|url=https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2018/2/1/16952744/me-too-larry-nassar-judge-aquilina-feminism|accessdate=2022-03-17|work=Vox|language=en}}</ref> Virginia Law na-atụle nkatọ nke echiche ya maka ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ mkpọrọ na okwu ahụ nwekwara ike iweta mmerụ ahụ karịa ụmụ nwanyị dịka o mere na Iwu Ime Ihe Ike megide Ụmụ nwanyị (VAWA). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Against Carceral Feminism|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2014/10/against-carceral-feminism/|accessdate=2022-03-17|work=jacobinmag.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Anna Terwiel na-eme ka a mara na ọ dị mkpa mgbanwe ọzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ mkpọrọ dịka, site n'itinye mmemme ndị ọzọ chọrọ ka ha chọta ụzọ isi gbanwee omume onye na-eme ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Terwiel|first=Anna|date=2019-11-26|title=What Is Carceral Feminism?|url=https://journals-sagepub-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/doi/full/10.1177/0090591719889946|journal=Political Theory|volume=48|issue=4|pages=421–442|doi=10.1177/0090591719889946|issn=0090-5917}}</ref> Iwere na e kwesịrị inwe nsonaazụ maka omume ndị emere n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ndị a. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-agba mbọ maka mgbanwe nke ga-emetụta obodo Ime ihe ike n'ụlọ ọ bụghị naanị site n'echiche nke onye ọ bụla. == Nkatọ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na mkparịta ụka mgbasa ozi == Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe agbaghawo ụdị ụmụ nwanyị a. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka n'ihe omume mwepụ ụlọ mkpọrọ, karịsịa, akatọwo njikọ aka ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ mkpọrọ na ndị uwe ojii. Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ike nke mba ahụ na-akpali! Women of Color Against Violence, dịka ọmụmaatụ, guzobere na 2000 na nkwenye na usoro ikpe mpụ anaghị akwado kama ọ na-akpata mmerụ ahụ ọzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị, ndị na-ekwekọghị na okike, na ndị na-acha uhie uhie na-enwe ime ihe ike. Kemgbe e webatara ya na 2007, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ejirila okwu ahụ bụ "ndị inyom n'ụlọ mkpọrọ" mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe iji mee nkatọ dị otú ahụ ma banye na mkparịta ụka na arụmụka na nzukọ mgbasa ozi dị ka Twitter na Vox.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2018/2/1/16952744/me-too-larry-nassar-judge-aquilina-feminism|title=#MeToo must avoid "carceral feminism"|author=Press|first=Alex|date=2018-02-01|work=Vox|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-21}}</ref> Onye na-eme ihe ike na onye na-ahazi obodo Marlihan Lopez na-ekwu na ebumnuche nke iwepụ ime ihe ike, na kpọmkwem ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị, enweghị ike izute n'ime usoro ntaramahụhụ na ụlọ mkpọrọ. N'adịghị ka ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ mkpọrọ nke na-akpọ maka itinye ndị na-eme ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma nye ntaramahụhụ siri ike, ndị na-ahụ maka ihe omume dịka Lopez na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara obodo iji nye obodo ngwá ọrụ iji tinye aka na usoro mmerụ ahụ ma na-emepe usoro ịza ajụjụ. Ndị na-emegide ụlọ mkpọrọ na-akpọ oku ka e nyeghachi ego na ihe onwunwe site na ndị uwe ojii na usoro ụlọ mkpọrọ gaa na agụmakwụkwọ, ụlọ ọha na eze, na ọrụ ọha na eze ndị ọzọ na-akwado ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lopez|first=Marlihan|date=November 23, 2020|title=Opinion: Prison abolition is a feminist struggle|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/prison-abolition-defund-the-police-violence-against-women-feminism-1.5809912|work=CBC News}}</ref> E nwere ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-arụ ọrụ maka ikpe ziri ezi nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ bụ ndị na-ekwughachi arịrịọ abolitionist na ndị na-emegide ụlọ mkpọrọ ka ha kpochapụ ndị uwe ojii na ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kur|first=Ellie Ade|title=Disarm, Defund, Dismantle. Police Abolition in Canada|publisher=Between the Lines|year=2022|editor=Pasternak|series=et. al|location=Toronto|pages=98–112|chapter=Sex Work Justice - by Us, for Us: Toronto Sex Workers Resisting Carceral Violence}}</ref> Ndị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ maka ego (sex workers) na-abụkarị ndị a na-eme ihe ike metụtara okike (gender-based violence) na mwakpo mmekọahụ (sexual assault) site n'aka ndị uwe ojii. Nke a na-akawanye njọ n'ihi na a na-eme ka ọrụ ha bụrụ ihe iwu na-akwadoghị n'ebe ụfọdụ, nakwa n'ihi enweghị ọrụ nchekwa na nchebe zuru oke gburugburu ọrụ ha. Otu nkatọ ndị feminizim na-emegide usoro ntaramahụhụ mkpọrọ (anti-carceral feminists), karịsịa ndị na-elekwasị anya n'okwu agbụrụ (racialized anti-carceral feminists), na-eme bụ na ụfọdụ ndị feminizim na-akwado usoro ntaramahụhụ siri ike (white carceral feminists) ejirila okwu na echiche ndị mmegharị mkpochapụ (abolitionist language) mee ihe n'ụzọ ọzọ. Ndị a na-akpọ oku ka e kpochapụ ọrụ mmekọahụ maka ego (sex work), ebe ha na-ele ya anya dịka ụdị ịgba ụmụ nwanyị n'ohu mmekọahụ (sexual slavery).ị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Maynard|first=Robyn|title=Red Light Labour: Regulation, Agency, and Resistance|publisher=University of British Columbia Press|year=2018|editor=Durisin|series=et. al|pages=281–292|chapter=Do Black Sex Workers' Lives Matter? Whitewashed anti-slavery, racial justice, and abolition}}</ref> [[Angela Davis]], n'isi "How Gender Structures the Prison System" nke akwụkwọ ya bụ Are Prisons Obsolete? , na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ejikọta na mmegbu nke psychiatry iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ ọgụ megide mmegbu na ime ihe ike. Ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụ ndị ikom na-emebi iwu dị ka ndị mebiri nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma si otú a nye ha mgbapụta n'oge mkpọrọ, a na-ele ndị inyom na-eme ihe ọjọọ anya dị ka ndị na-emebiga omume ókè.<ref name=":2" /> N'ọrụ ha dị ka ụmụ nwanyị, ha adaala ma si otú a ghara irite uru site na nzọpụta. Na United States, ndị Quaker reformers kwuru na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịgbanwe, mana ha mere ya n'ụzọ na-ejigide ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị, nke pụtara itinye n'ọrụ ọchịchị e mere iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị ndị omempụ bụrụ ihe nlereanya nke ụlọ. Davis gara n'ihu kwuo na nke a bụ ihe mere ụmụ nwanyị ji bụrụ ndị a mara ikpe ogologo oge karịa ụmụ nwoke ma na-agwọ ha ọgwụ, iji mee ka ha nọrọ n'okpuru nchịkwa na nlekota nke steeti, ebe ọ bụ na echiche nke eugenics na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị na-erughị eru n'ihi isi mgbaka ga-anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ruo ogologo oge o kwere mee ka ha wee mụọ ụmụ ole na ole.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Y.|first=Davis, Angela|title=Are Prisons Obsolete?|date=2011|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-60980-104-5|oclc=1159833960}}</ref> Davis na-egosikwa etu a na-esi eme ka ime ihe ike mmekọahụ megide ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ dịgide ma zoo ya n'azụ mgbidi ụlọ mkpọrọ. Mmetọ a, tinyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpọasị ụmụ nwanyị, na-esikwu ike na usoro ụlọ mkpọrọ ma nye ya ikike n'ọnọdụ ntaramahụhụ. Na Canada, ụmụ nwanyị Indigenous (ụmụ amaala mbụ) na-anọkarị n’ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu karịa ndị ọzọ n’usoro ụlọ mkpọrọ, ma bụrụkwa ndị tara ahụhụ n’akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịrụrụ ha amụma amụ na-enweghị nkwenye (forced sterilisation) n’aha eugenics. N’afọ 2022, ụmụ nwanyị Indigenous juru ihe ruru ọkara nke ụmụ nwanyị niile nọ n’ụlọ mkpọrọ etiti (federal penitentiaries).i.<ref>{{Cite web|author=White|first=Patrick|date=May 5, 2022|title='Shocking and shameful': For the first time, Indigenous women make up half the female population in Canada's federal prisons|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-half-of-all-women-inmates-are-indigenous/|work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> Malite na ngwụcha afọ 1920, Canada kwadoro ịwa ahụ n'ike site na iwu ndị dị ka Alberta's Sexual Sterilization Act.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rutherford|first=Gillian|date=June 27, 2022|title=Reproductive control of Indigenous women continues around the world, say survivors and researchers|url=https://www.ualberta.ca/folio/2022/06/reproductive-control-of-indigenous-women-continues-around-the-world.html|work=University of Alberta}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na iwu anaghịzi amachibido iwu, a ka nwere ọtụtụ akụkọ banyere ịwa ahụ na-enweghị nkwekọrịta na ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala na Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Baig|first=Fakiha|date=June 3, 2021|title=Indigenous women still forced, coerced into sterilization: Senate report|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7920118/indigenous-women-sterilization-senate-report/|work=Global News}}</ref> Mimi Kim, onye nchọpụta na Mahadum California State na iwu ndị inyom na-emegide ụlọ mkpọrọ, na-eji ihe atụ "ịgba egwú na ekwensu", <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Kim|first=Mimi E.|date=2020|title=Anti-Carceral Feminism: The Contradictions of Progress and the Possibilities of Counter-Hegemonic Struggle|journal=Journal of Women and Social Work|volume=35|issue=3|pages=309–326|doi=10.1177/0886109919878276}}</ref> iji gosipụta mmekọrịta na-adịghị irè n'etiti ndị inyom ụlọ mkpọrọ na steeti na mgbalị ha iji belata mpụ ndị metụtara okike site na mpụ na ndị uwe ojii. N'ịkatọ usoro ndị inyom na-emegide ime ihe ike dị ka ndị na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ụdị mmegide nke nwanyị ahụ a na-emegbu megide nwoke ahụ na-emebuso ihe ike mgbe ọ bịara n'ihe gbasara ime ihe ike mmekọahụ, ọ na-atụ aro ụzọ ndị ọzọ na usoro ikpe ziri ezi nke ndị isi, dị ka omume ikpe ziri ezi na-agbanwe agbanwe na atụmatụ abolitionist, iji dozie ụdị mmerụ ahụ niile.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ na-arụ ụka n’ụzọ bụ isi na mmepe nke feminizim nke na-adabere n’ụlọ mkpọrọ na ntaramahụhụ (carceral feminism) e jiriwo nghọtahie na mmegide dị n’ime ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbanwe kọwaa ya. Usoro na atụmatụ feminizim carceral nke na-adabere n’ọrụ ndị uwe ojii iji dozie ime ihe ike metụtara okike (gendered violence) na mmebi ndị ọzọ emeela ka e nwee iwu na atumatu ndị nyere aka n’ịba ụba nke mkpọrọ ndị mmadụ (mass incarceration). Kim na-egosi otú feminizim na-emegide usoro ntaramahụhụ mkpọrọ (anti-carceral feminism) si malite n’ime obodo ndị nwere ndị agba (communities of colour), bụ ndị tara ahụhụ kacha njọ n’aka ime ihe ike na ntaramahụhụ steeti kwadoro. Ndị feminizim anti-carceral emepụtala ụkpụrụ na omume dabere na ikpe ziri ezi na mgbanwe (transformative justice), yana ụzọ mmeghachi omume nke obodo (community-based responses) iji dozie ime ihe ike.na [[Community accountability|ịza ajụjụ obodo]]. Ha, tinyere ndị abolitionists, na-ele steeti ụlọ mkpọrọ anya dị ka ebe bụ isi maka ime ihe ike na mmegbu nke na-elekwasị anya na ndị mmadụ dabere na agbụrụ, ọkwa, okike na akara njirimara ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":1" /> == Ime ihe ike n'ụlọ == [[Faịlụ:New_ACLU_Logo_2017.svg|thumb|Logo nke ACLU, otu nzukọ nke tụlere isiokwu nke ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ mkpọrọ]] Dị ka American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) si kwuo, "79% nke ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ gọọmentị etiti na nke steeti kọrọ na e metọrọ ha n'ụzọ anụ ahụ na ihe karịrị 60% kọrọ na e mekọrọ ha n"oge gara aga", nakwa, "Ihe ruru 90% nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị nọ n'Ụlọ mkpọrọ taa maka igbu ụmụ nwoke bụ ndị ụmụ nwoke ahụ kụrụ ihe n'oge gara aga".<ref name=":0" /> Nke a pụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ ndị a na-eme ihe ike mmekọahụ bụ ndị nwere ike ime mpụ ndị a na'ebo ha ebubo n'ihi ihe ike mmekọahụ ha nwere. Òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-emegide ụlọ mkpọrọ na-akwalite idozi nsogbu a na ịlụso mpụ na ịtụ mkpọrọ nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-eme ihe ike mmekọahụ na nke ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crg.berkeley.edu/research/feminist-anti-carceral-and-research-project/|title=Feminist Anti-Carceral Policy & Research Initiative|work=Center for Race & Gender|accessdate=April 21, 2020}}</ref> Otu atụmatụ e mere iji nyere aka mee ka ikpe na-ezighị ezi ndị a pụta ìhè bụ Òtù Na-adịgide adịgide na Ịta ahụhụ, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://survivedandpunished.org/|title=Analysis & Vision|work=Survived and Punished|accessdate=April 21, 2020}}</ref> nke Ọ malitere n’afọ 2015. Òtù a na-amata na ọtụtụ n’ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a, dịka ụmụ nwanyị BIPOC, ụmụ nwanyị transgender, na ndị na-esoghị n’usoro njirimara nwoke/ụmụ nwanyị ọdịnala (non-gender conforming people), enweela ahụmahụ nke ime ihe ike mmekọahụ (sexual violence) na/ma ọ bụ ime ihe ike n’ezinụlọ (domestic violence). N’ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme a gbasara ime ihe ike mmekọahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara mpụ ụfọdụ ha mere. Òtù ahụ na-akọwakwa na, ozugbo ha banyere n’ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọtụtụ n’ime ndị a na-enwetakwa ime ihe ike mmekọahụ ọzọ ma ọ bụ mmegbu site n’aka ndị nche ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ nọ n’ebe ahụ. Òtù a na-achọ inyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ n’ihe gbasara ime ihe ike n’ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ ime ihe ike mmekọahụ aka igosi na mpụ ha mere nwere ike ịbụ ihe nchebe onwe (self-defense). E nwekwara ọnọdụ ebe a na-amanye ụmụ nwanyị ka ha sonyere dị ka ndị so mee mpụ (accomplices). N’ozuzu, òtù a na-achọ idozi usoro nke ha kwenyere na ọ na-elekwasị anya n’ụzọ na-ezighi ezi n’otu ụfọdụ, karịsịa ndị pere mpe (minority groups), ndị agba (people of colour), na ụmụ nwanyị. ACLU na-akọwa: “Ogologo oge a na-enye ụmụ nwoke na-egbu ndị enyi ha nwanyị n’ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ afọ 2 ruo 6. Ma ụmụ nwanyị na-egbu ndị enyi ha nwoke na-enweta ikpe mkpọrọ ruru afọ 15 n’ọkara, ọbụna ma ọtụtụ n’ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a mee ya iji chebe onwe ha pụọ n’ime ihe ike ndị enyi ha malitere.”. "<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/other/words-prison-did-you-know|title=Words From Prison - Did You Know...?|work=ACLU|accessdate=April 21, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.aclu.org/other/words-prison-did-you-know "Words From Prison - Did You Know...?"]. ''ACLU''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Nke a pụtara na a na-ekpe ụmụ nwanyị ikpe maka otu mpụ ahụ mgbe, n'ọtụtụ ikpe, mpụ ahụ bụ nzaghachi maka ime ihe ike nke ndị mmekọ ha. Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ a, enwere ike ịhụ na enwere ụfọdụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi n'ogologo ahịrịokwu n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị. Nke a na-ezo aka na ohere na ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ mkpọrọ nwere ike ịkpata ahụhụ na mkpagbu nke ndị ka nta. Enwere ike ịhụ ihe atụ ọzọ nke otu ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ mkpọrọ nwere ike isi metụta ndị otu ole na ole site n'inyocha ikpe nke Central Park Five. N'afọ 1989, e jidere ndị Africa America na ndị Latin America ise ma maa ha ikpe maka ndina n'ike obi ọjọọ nke Trisha Meili na Central Park nke New York.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/1980s/central-park-five|title=The Central Park Five|work=HISTORY|date=23 September 2019|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-21}}</ref> Ha A tụrụ ụfọdụ n’ime ha ikpe mkpọrọ sitere na afọ 6 ruo afọ 13. Otú ọ dị, n’ihi mmepe teknụzụ na mgbakwunye ihe akaebe DNA, e mechara chọpụta na naanị onye mere mpụ idina mmadụ n’ike ahụ bụ Matias Reyes, nke pụtara na ụmụ nwoke ise ndị ọzọ bụ ndị aka ha dị ọcha. Nke a bụ otu ikpe ebe n’ihi ịdị njọ nke ikpe mpụ na ntaramahụhụ siri ike metụtara ikpe idina mmadụ n’ike, o nwere ike iduga n’ime ka a kpagbuo ndị aka ha dị ọcha n’enweghị ezi ihe kpatara ya. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, n’otu ikpe a, otu ndị pere mpe (minority groups) nwere ike imetụta nke ukwuu karịa n’ihi ntaramahụhụ siri ike nke feminizim carceral na-akwado. Ọtụtụ feminizim ndị na-akwado mkpochapụ ụlọ mkpọrọ (prison abolitionists) na-arụkwa ụka na ihe ndị a na-egosi usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iji “nchedo” ụmụ nwanyị ọcha cisgender mee ngwa ọgụ megide ụmụ nwoke ndị agba (men of color) na ndị queer, site n’ịkwado stereotypes na-egosi ha dịka ndị na-eyi egwu ma ọ bụ ndị dị ize ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Reina Gossett & Dean Spade|title=What About the Dangerous People?|url=https://bcrw.barnard.edu/videos/reina-gossett-dean-spade-part-3-what-about-the-dangerous-people/|work=Barnard Center for Research on Women|date=7 January 2014|accessdate=2 June 2026|archivedate=22 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822124400/https://bcrw.barnard.edu/videos/reina-gossett-dean-spade-part-3-what-about-the-dangerous-people/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Populism nke ntaramahụhụ <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}bu [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] it9rlrobrkrmrpqsqutgiy4g0tnsjx7 0 76632 705132 655365 2026-08-20T02:42:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705132 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi''' ma ọ bụ '''Mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi''' (site na "mpaghara gburugburu n'okike" na "mwa mpaghara") bụ agbataobi, mpaghara obodo ukwu, ma ọ bụ mpaghara nke atụmatụ obodo ya na-achọ ijikọta ebumnuche nke mmepe na-adigide na nha nhata ọha mmadụ, yana ibelata akara ukwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke mpaghara ahụ. <ref name="y770">{{Cite web|title=Ecodistricts|work=Sustainable Pennsylvania|date=May 4, 2022|url=https://sustainablepa.org/focus-area/ecodistricts/|accessdate=June 5, 2026}}</ref> Echiche nke "ógbè gburugburu ebe obibi" na-ekwusi ike na a ga-atụle okwu niile gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, ma na-emesi ike nke ukwuu na a ga-ejikọ aka ọnụ. Iji mepụta mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi, mmadụ kwesịrị imegharị atụmatụ sistemụ ike ya kpamkpam. Ojiji nke panel fotovoltaic na ụgbọ ala eletrik bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. == Ihe Nlereanya == Enwere ike ịchọta mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi na obodo ukwu dịka: * [[Stockholm]] (Hammarby Sjöstad) (Sweden) * Hanover (Germany) * Marseilles (Euroméditerranée) (France) * Bordeaux (Ginko ) (France) * Freiburg im Breisgau (Vauban, Freiburg) (Germany) * Malmö ([[BO01]]) (Sweden) * [[London]] (BedZED) (United Kingdom) * Grenoble (De Bonne na [[Blanche Monier]]) (France) * Dongtan (China) * EVA Lanxmeer (Netherlands) * Amsterdam-Nord (Netherlands) * Ọrụ carbon dị ala nke mpaghara Jono (Kitakyushu, Japan) * [[Fréquel-Fontarabie (ecodistrict)|Frequel-Fontarabie]] (Paris, France) * Atlanta (Midtown, Atlanta Georgia) (United States) * Energy Hub Project - Tweewaters Leuven (Belgium) <ref name="x735">{{Cite web|title=Balk van Beel, Tweewaters, Leuven, Belgium|work=www.e-hub.org|url=http://www.e-hub.org/tweewaters-demonstration.html|language=en-gb|accessdate=June 5, 2026|archivedate=March 5, 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305164341/http://www.e-hub.org/tweewaters-demonstration.html}}</ref> * Etna, PA aha mbụ e nyere asambodo EcoDistrict na 2019 (Etna, Pennsylvania) * Millvale, PA na Sharpsburg, PA bụ 2nd & 3rd certified EcoDistricts; ha na Etna jikọrọ aka mepụta Triboro Ecodistrict * Lloyd EcoDistrict, Portland, Oregon - na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ecodistrict kemgbe 2011 == Hụkwa == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Edensibia == {{Sustainability}} idg9jwcmpssmtexs5v2t7d0u6gegkow 0 77489 705166 688257 2026-08-20T11:44:56Z Bigcee007 24507 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369401358|Trichloroethylene]]" 705166 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{external media|float=right|width=|topic=|caption=a short film by Imperial Chemical Industries explaining the use of nitrous oxide and trichloroethylene anaesthesia systems for childbirth.|headerimage=|title=''Pain Relief in Childbirth'' (1954)|video1=[https://archive.org/details/n2o-tce-54]}}      '''Trichlorethylene (TCE, IUPAC aha: trichloroethene) bụ organochloride nwere usoro C2HCl3, nke a na-ejikarị dị ka ihe nrụpụta mmepụta ihe. Ọ bụ mmiri doro anya, enweghị ụcha, nke anaghị ere ọkụ, mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere isi chloroform dị ụtọ dị ụtọ'''. A na-ere Trichloroethylene n'okpuru aha azụmahịa dị iche iche maka ebumnuche dị iche iche. N'okpuru aha azụmahịa '''Trimar''' na '''Trilene''', a na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ọgwụ na-akụnwụ ahụ na dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi mgbochi na-eku ume na ọtụtụ nde ndị ọrịa. Ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere trichlor, '''Trike''', Tricky na tri. Trichlorethylene dị arọ karịa mmiri na mmiri na-adịghị edozi ya, ya mere ọ na-emikpu n'okpuru mmiri mgbe ọ wụfuru nke na-eme ka ọ na-akwaga ala site na ala na aquifers. Ọ na-edozi na ala nke aquifers wee mepụta mmetọ dị n'okpuru ala nke siri ike ịchọpụta na mezie ya. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Auguste Laurent kọrọ na njikọta trichloroethylene mbụ na 1836. Laurent nwetara ya site na mmetụta nke potassium hydroxide na ngwakọta nke 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane na 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane nke e ji chlorination nke ethylene dichloride mee ma depụta ya dị ka (n'oge ahụ, a na-eche na oke atọm nke carbon bụ ọkara nke ihe ọ bụ n'ezie ). O kpọrọ trichloroethylene ''chlorétherise'' aha mana ọ nyochaghị ihe mejupụtara ya nke ọma n'ihi na ihe nlele ya yiri ka ọ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. E. Fischer nwetara trichloroethylene n'afọ 1864 site na mbelata nke hexachloroethane na hydrogen. Fischer nyochara oghere ahụ ma kwuo na ọ na-esi n'etiti 87 na 90 degrees Celsius. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Waters|first=E. M.|date=January 1977|title=Trichloroethylene. I. An overview|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15287397709529469|journal=Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health|language=en|volume=2|issue=3|pages=671–707|doi=10.1080/15287397709529469|pmid=403297|issn=0098-4108}}</ref> E meghere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe mbụ maka imepụta trichloroethylene na Jajce, Austria-Hungary (Bosnia nke oge a) na 1908. : 71 Mmepụta azụmahịa nke trichloroethylene malitere na Germany, na 1920 na na United States na 1925. Dị ka ọ dị na afọ 1920, a kọrọ na trichloroethylene na-akpata ọrịa na nnukwu mmetụta ọjọọ gụnyere ụra na ịpụ n'uche n'ebe ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nọ. Amachichi ihe eji anụ anụ na ọgwụ trichloroethylene n'ime nri na ọgwụ oyibo ka amachibidoro n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa kemgbe afọ 1970 <ref name="FDA 1977 ban on cosmetic, food and medical use of trichloroethylne">{{Cite web|title=Production, Import/Export, Use & Disposal of Trichloroethylene|url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp19-c5.pdf|work=Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=20 January 2025}}</ref> n'ihi nchegbu gbasara nsị ma ọ bụ ncha ya. === Nkụnwụ ahụ === Trichloroethylene bụ ezigbo ọgwụ mgbu na njupụta 0.35 ruo 0.5%. <ref name="textbook">{{Cite book|chapter=non-regional analgesia II: Pharmacological Methods|title=Textbook of Obstetric Anaesthesia|year=2002|location=UK|publisher=Greenwich Medical Media|pages=51–70 (64–65)|isbn=978-1-900151-77-1}}</ref> Trichloroethylene nwere ọnụọgụ ọbara/gas nke 9, ọnụọgụ mmanụ/gas nke 714, yana ọnụọgụ alveolar kacha nta nke 0.23% n'ime mmadụ. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe dị ka ọgwụ nkwụsị mgbu zuru ahụ (general anaesthetic) maka obere ịwa ahụ, na ọgwụ analgesic nke a na-eku ume n'oge ime nwa (inhaled obstetrical analgesic) n'ahụ nde kwuru nde ndị ọrịa. <ref name="forensic">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.rsc.org/books/monograph/1916/chapter-abstract/2525934/|chapter=Chapter 4. Trichloroethylene (TCE)|date=2013|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-1-84973-196-6|location=Cambridge|pages=119–159|doi=10.1039/9781849737265-00119|title=Chlorinated Solvents|series=Environmental Forensics}}</ref> E ji trichloroethylene mee ihe mbụ n'ịgwọ ọrịa mgbu ihu akwara trigeminal malite n'afọ 1916 <ref name="forensic" /> Mgbe emesịrị aro onye dọkịta na-ahụ maka akwara si Germany bụ Hermann Oppenheim rụtụrụ aka n'afọ 1915. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Trichloroethylene Intoxication|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=106|issue=19|date=1936-05-09|doi=10.1001/jama.1936.02770190028010}}</ref> A na-ere trichloroethylene maka iji ya mee ihe dị ka ọgwụ na-ebelata mgbu akwara n'okpuru aha ahịa "Gemalgene", "Trethylene" na "Chlorylen" n'ime afọ ndị 1920. Onye ọkachamara ọgwụ si America bụ Dennis Emerson Jackson jiri trichloroethylene mee ihe n'ahụ ndị ọrịa site n'igwe nku ume (inhaler) ọ rụpụtara n'afọ 1933, ma bipụta akụkọ ahụ n'afọ 1934. Jackson mechara bipụta nnukwu akụkọ gbasara iji trichloroethylene agwọ ndị ọrịa narị atọ (300), ya na ndị nchọpụta ọzọ dịka Cecil Striker, Samuel Goldblatt, na Irwin S. Warm na afọ 1935. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Clinical Experiences with the Use of Trichlorethylene in the Production of Over 300 Analgesias and Anesthesias.|journal=Anesthesia & Analgesia|date=March 1935|volume=14|issue=2|pages=68-71|url=https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/abstract/01271212-193503000-00006~clinical-experiences-with-the-use-of-trichlorethylene-in-the}}</ref>Okammụ anaesthesia nke obodo Britain aha ya bụ Christopher Langton Hewer batara n'ọrụ iji trichloroethylene mee ihe n'ịkpọnwụ mmadụ n'ụra n'afọ 1941. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anaesthetists.org/Home/Museum-of-Anaesthesia/Learning/Biographies/Christopher-Langton-Hewer-1896-1986|title=Christopher Langton Hewer (1896-1986)|publisher=Association of Anaesthetists}}</ref> <ref name="shields1955">{{Cite book|chapter=Liquid Anesthetics|title=Anesthesiology by Forty American Authors|date=1955|pages=270-272}}</ref> Hewer chọpụtara na ụlọ ọrụ Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) na-emepụta trichloroethylene dị ọcha nke a na-eji eme ihe gbasara ahụike n'ala Britain n'okpuru aha ahịa bụ Trilene. ''Trilene'' bụ TCE kachasị ọcha n'ahịa n'oge ahụ, ọgwụ TCE ndị ọzọ nwekwara ihe ndị na-adịghị mma maka iku ume. Hewer kwuru na ICI rere ''Trilene'' maka nhicha ọnya dị n'èzí. Hewer kwuru na TCE agaghị ebute ihe egwu obi dabere na obere ìgwè ndị ọrịa, ma kwuo maka ọnwụ nke na-eme n'oge a na-eme anesthesia TCE- nitrous oxide . <ref name="Hewer_1941">{{Cite journal|title=Trichlorethylene as an Inhalation Anaesthetic|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=1|issue=4198|pages=924–7|date=June 1941|pmid=20783718|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4198.924}}</ref> Site na ICI na Britain, mmepe ya pụtara ìhè dị ka mgbanwe ọgwụ mgbu. E rerekwa ya dịka "Trimar" na mba Amerịka. Mgbakwunye ''–mar'' gosiri ọmụmụ ihe na mmepe na Mahadum Maryland, dịka ọmụmaatụ, "Fluoromar" maka fluroxene na "Vinamar" maka ethyl vinyl ether ". <ref>{{Cite book|date=1962|title=A Portrait of Medical History and Current Medical Problems|publisher=The John D. Lucas Printing Company|url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofmedica0000john}}</ref> Site na afọ 1940 ruo afọ 1980, ma na Europe ma na North America, e ji trichloroethylene mee ihe dị ka ọgwụ na-agbanwe agbanwe nke a na-ejikarị nitrous oxide enye. Imperial Chemical Industries na-ere ahịa na UK n'okpuru aha azụmaahịa ''Trilene'', e ji agba anụnụ anụnụ na agba a na-akpọ waxoline acha anụnụ anụnụ na mkpokọta 1:200,000 iji zere mgbagwoju anya na chloroform na-esi ísì yiri ya. E ji 0.01% thymol mee ka ''Trilene'' kwụsie ike. <ref name="current" /> " "Anament" bụ ọgwụ mbụ German ji mee ọgwụ trichloroethylene nke nwere menthol dị ka ihe na-eme ka ahụ sie ike. [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] a45emowk5jmnf9bp3f17fzfn375kb19 0 78150 705134 701012 2026-08-20T04:05:21Z Goodymeraj 16207 705134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nkọwa dị mkpirikpi|Ụdị anwụnta isiokwu dị mma cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc akpaka taxobox | onyonyo = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''Anopheles stephensi'', nwanyị | taxon = Anopheles | ikike = Johann Wilhelm Meigen 1818 | mpaghara_ranks = Ụdị | mpaghara = Maka nkọwa zuru ezu, lee isi akụkọ: Anopheles nke Anopheles }} '''''Anopheles'''' (IPac-en|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|f|ᵻ|l|iː|z) bụ anwụnta nke onye German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen|J. W. Meigen kọwara na mbụ na 1818, a makwaara ha dị ka '''anwụnta mbọ''' na '''anwụnta ala mmiri'''.<ref name="USFWS">{{cite web |title=Nail Mosquito |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/nail-mosquito-anopheles |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=16 December 2023 |quote=Common Name: Nail Mosquito, marsh mosquitoes}}</ref>Ọtụtụ anwụnta ndị dị otu a bụ ọrịa vector nke nje ahụ ''Plasmodium'', ụdị protozoans nke na-akpata ịba na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje nnụnụ, ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje anụ na-akpụ akpụ, na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje ma ọ bụghị anụmanụ, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ. Anwụnta ''Anopheles gambiae'' bụ ụdị anwụnta a ma ama nke a na-ebufe ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nke bụ ọrịa ịba Parasitism parasite nke na-egbu mmadụ; ọ dịghị ụdị anwụnta ọzọ nke na-ebute ịba mmadụ. Ụdị "Anopheles" dị iche na anwụnta ndị ọzọ dị ihe dị ka Ma 100 (myrmya), dịka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, àkwá, larvae, na pupae bụ anụmanụ mmiri. Nnwale "Anopheles" enweghị mmiri iku ume nke ọ ga-esi na ya eku ume, ya mere ọ na-eku ume ma na-eri nri na ahụ ya kwụ ọtọ n'elu mmiri. Anwụnta toro eto na-esi n'elu pụta ma na-eri nectar nke okooko osisi; anwụnta nwanyị na-erikwa ọbara, nke nri anụmanụ na-enye ha ohere ibu ma na-ebufe nje n'etiti ndị ọbịa. Ọnọdụ nri onye toro eto dị n'ala, n'adịghị ka ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ nke culicines. "Anopheles" na-ekesa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụwa niile, n'oge okpomọkụ, n'okpuru ala okpomọkụ, na mpaghara dị jụụ nke ụwa. N'oge ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, "Anopheles" aestivate, nke bụ ọnọdụ ụra nke na-eme ka anwụnta dị ndụ na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka Sahel. == Mmalite == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fosil === Fossil nke ụdị 'Anopheles' dị ụkọ; naanị abụọ ka achọpụtara na 2015.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015"/> They are ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' <small>Zavortink & Poinar</small> in Dominican Republic amber from the Late Eocene Ma|40.4 to Ma 33.9,<ref name="Zavortink Poinar 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Zavortink |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Dominican Amber |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=93 |issue=6 |date=2000-11-01 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1230:ANDSND]2.0.CO;2 |pages=1230–1235|s2cid=86221732 }}</ref> and ''Anopheles rottensis'' <small>Statz</small> in German amber from the Late Oligocene Ma|28.4 to Ma|23.0.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=Lucas A. |last2=Russo |first2=Claudia A. M. |last3=Voloch |first3=Carolina M. |last4=Mutaquiha |first4=Olívio C. F. |last5=Marques |first5=Lucas P. |last6=Schrago |first6=Carlos G. |title=Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |date=2015-08-05 |pmid=26244561 |pmc=4526650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134462 |article-number=e0134462 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034462F |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Phylogeny=== Ndị nna ochie nke Ijiji niile gụnyere anwụnta pụtara Ma 260..<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Complete mtDNA genomes of ''Anopheles darlingi'' and an approach to anopheline divergence time |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Culicinae culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between Ma120 and Ma|150.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">{{cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darlingi'' reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy |journal=[[BMC Genomics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between Ma|80 and Ma|95.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''Anopheles darlingi'' diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~Ma|100.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N }}</ref> The cladogram is based on an analysis of mosquito genomes by Heafsey and colleagues in 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/> |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Taxonomy === Ọ bụ onye German na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ bụ 'Anopheles'' na 1818. Ọ kọwara ụdị abụọ, ''A. birfurcatus'' na ụdị ụdị, ''Anopheles maculipennis''. O kwuru na aha ahụ pụtara lang|de|beschwerlich, "ihe dị arọ".<ref name="Meigen 1818">{{cite book |last=Meigen |first=Johann Wilhelm |author-link=Johann Wilhelm Meigen |date=1818 |title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten |language=de |trans-title=Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects |location=Aachen |publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann |volume=1 |pages=10–12 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/54/mode/1up}}</ref> Ọ bụ na asụsụ Grik ochie ka esi weta ya lang|grc|ἀνωφελής transliteration|grc|anōphelḗs 'useless', derived from lang|el|ἀν- transliteration|grc|an-, 'not', 'un-' and lang|el|[[:wikt:ὄφελος|ὄφελος} {{transliteration|grc|óphelos}} 'profit'.<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book |author=Stevenson, Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=19 August 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |page=64}}</ref> Usoro nhazi nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị elu nke ukwuu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Frederick Vincent Theobald kọwara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 39 nke "Anopheles" n'akwụkwọ mpịakọta 5 ya na Culicidae.<ref name=Theobald1901>{{cite book |last=Theobald |first=Frederick Vincent |author-link=Frederick Vincent Theobald |date=1901 |title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-178-51903-7 |pages=115–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref> He was provided with mosquito specimens sent in to the British Museum (Natural History) from around the world, on the 1898 instruction of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016"/> "Anopheles" (nke nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ) bụ nke ezinụlọ dị n'okpuru Anophelinae tinyere ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ: "'Bironella" (nke e kewara na Australasia) na "Chagasia" (nke e kewara na Neotropics). Usoro a ka dịgidere nke ọma.<ref name="Krzywinski2003">{{cite journal |last1=Krzywinski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Besansky |first2=Nora J. |author-link2=Nora J. Besansky |year=2003 |title=Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: From Subgenera to Subpopulations |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647 |pmid=12208816 |bibcode=2003AREnt..48..111K }}</ref><ref name="Foley 1998">{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0457 |pmid=9562985 |title=Evolution and Systematics of ''Anopheles'':Insights from a Molecular Phylogeny of Australasian Mosquitoes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=262–275 |year=1998 |last1=Foley |first1=Desmond H. |last2=Bryan |first2=Joan H. |last3=Yeates |first3=David |last4=Saul |first4=Allan |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..262F }}</ref> Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics – wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences.<ref name="Rattanarithikul 2006">{{cite journal |pmid=17262930 |year=2006 |last1=Rattanarithikul |first1=R. |author-link=Rampa Rattanarithikul|title=Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. IV. Anopheles |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=37 |pages=1–128 |last2=Harrison |first2=B. A. |last3=Harbach |first3=R. E. |last4=Panthusiri |first4=P. |last5=Coleman |first5=R. E. |last6=Panthusiri |first6=P. |issue=Suppl 2 }}</ref><ref name="Walton 2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.05.001 |pmid=16782411 |title=Genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the Anopheles maculatus group using the ITS2 region of rDNA |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2007 |last1=Walton |first1=C. |last2=Somboon |first2=P. |last3=o'Loughlin |first3=S. M. |last4=Zhang |first4=S. |last5=Harbach |first5=R.E. |last6=Linton |first6=Y.-M. |last7=Chen |first7=B. |last8=Nolan |first8=K. |last9=Duong |first9=S. |last10=Fong |first10=M.-Y |last11=Vythilingum |first11=I. |last12=Mohammed |first12=Z. D. |last13=Trung |first13=Ho Dinh |last14=Butlin |first14=R. K. |bibcode=2007InfGE...7...93W |display-authors=5 }}</ref><ref name="Garros Harbach Manguin 2005">{{cite journal |pmid=16119539 |year=2005 |last1=Garros |first1=C. |last2=Harbach |first2=R. E |last3=Manguin |first3=S. |title=Morphological assessment and molecular phylogenetics of the Funestus and Minimus groups of Anopheles (Cellia) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=522–536 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522 |s2cid=22776177 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the taxonomy published by Harbach and Kitching in 2016, it was shown that three species of ''Bironella'' (Bironella confusa|B. confusa'', ''Bironella gracilis|B. gracilis,'' and ''Bironella hollandi|B. hollandi'') are phylogenetically more similar to ''Anopheles kyondawensis|A. kyondawensis'' than other ''Bironella'' species. That phylogeny argues that, based on genetic similarity, ''Anopheles implexus|A. implexus'' is divergent from the common ancestor of ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Harbach |first1=R. E. |last2=Kitching |first2=I. |date=January 2016 |title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of ''Anopheles'' (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=34–47 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Usoro ndụ == Dịka anwụnta niile, anophelines na-agafe usoro anọ n'usoro ndụ ha: akwa (bayọlọji), larva, pupa, na imago|okenye. Usoro atọ mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ma ha abụọ na-adịru ụbọchị 5-14, dabere na ụdị na okpomọkụ gburugburu. Oge okenye bụ mgbe nwanyị "'Anopheles'" na-arụ ọrụ dị ka malaria Vector (epidemiology). Ụmụ nwanyị toro eto nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo otu ọnwa (maọbụ karịa n'agha), mana o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị adị ndụ karịa izu abụọ n'okike.<ref name="cdc">citation-attribution|1={{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-anopheles-mosquitoes.html |title=Life Cycle of ''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 23, 2026 |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> === Akwa === [[File:Anopheles egg 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Anopheles'' eggs with their distinctive side floats]] Ndị inyom toro eto na-etinye àkwá 50–200 kwa oviposition. Àkwá ndị ahụ dị obere (ihe dị ka Tụgharịa|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1 × Tụgharịa|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1). A na-etinye àkwá n'otu n'otu na ozugbo n'ime mmiri. Ha pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Àkwá anaghị anabata nkụ ma ọ bụ ịpụta n'ime ụbọchị 2–3, ọ bụ ezie na ịmụpụta nwere ike were izu abụọ maọbụ atọ n'ebe oyi na-atụ.<ref name="cdc"/> === Larvae === Nwa anwụnta ahụ nwere isi ya nke ọma, nke nwere ahịhịa ọnụ e ji enye nri, nnukwu Thorax (ahụ ahụhụ) na akụkụ itoolu afọ. O nweghị ụkwụ. Ọdịghị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, larva "'Anopheles'' enweghị siphon iku ume, ya mere ọ na-eguzo onwe ya ka ahụ ya wee dị n'elu mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, larva nke anwụnta culicine na-arapara n'elu mmiri site na siphon azụ, ahụ na-atụ aka ala. Larvae na-eku ume site na Spiracle (arthropods) dị na akụkụ afọ nke asatọ, ya mere ọ ga-abịa n'elu elu ugboro ugboro. Larvae ahụ na-etinye oge ha niile na-eri algae, bacteria, na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'ime akwa dị gịrịgịrị. Ha na-amaba n'okpuru elu ahụ naanị mgbe a kpasuru ha iwe. Larvae na-egwu mmiri site na mmegharị ahụ dum ma ọ bụ site na Mmiri propulsion site na iji ahịhịa ọnụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Larvae na-etolite site na usoro anọ, ma ọ bụ instars, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ha metamorphosis,metamorphose na pupae. Na njedebe nke mmalite ọ bụla, larvae na-akpụ akpụ, na-awụpụ exoskeletons ha, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, iji mee ka uto dịkwuo elu. Larvae ndị ahụ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, mana ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-adịghị emerụ emerụ. A chọtala larvae nke "Anopheles" n'ime apịtị mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu, apịtị mangrove, ubi osikapa, olulu ahịhịa, nsọtụ iyi na osimiri, na obere ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo nwa oge. Ọtụtụ ụdị a na-ahọrọ ebe obibi nwere ahịhịa. Ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ebe obibi na-enweghị nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ na-amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, mgbe anyanwụ na-enwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ndị nwere ndò n'ime ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa n'ime oghere osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ axils nke ụfọdụ osisi.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto CDCHarryWeinburgh publicdomain.jpg|''Anopheles'' larva File:Anopheles Culex larvae feeding position-USDA.jpg|Feeding position of an ''Anopheles'' larva (A), culicine larva with its siphon (B) </gallery> === Pupae === Pupa (a makwaara dị ka tumbler) dị ka comma ma a lee ya anya site n'akụkụ. A na-ejikọta isi na Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ)n'ime cephalothorax, afọ na-agbagharị n'okpuru ya. Dịka ọ dị na ụmụ ahụhụ, nwamba ahụ ga-abịa n'elu mgbe niile iji kuo ume, nke ọ na-eme site na opi iku ume abụọ na cephalothorax ya. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị dịka nwamba, elu azụ nke cephalothorax na-agbawa agbawa, anwụnta toro eto na-apụtakwa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> Anopheles (YPM IZ 093745).jpeg|Pupa File:The pupa of a mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis). Reproductio Wellcome V0022598 (cropped).jpg|''Anopheles maculipennis|A. maculipennis'' pupa, breathing at the surface </gallery> === OKENYE YA=== [[File:Anopheles Culex adult resting position-USDA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Resting positions of adult ''Anopheles'' (A, B) are more upright than that of Culicinae (C).]] Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna (bayọlọji)|antennae. Antennae dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Anwụnta nwanyị na-ebu "Plasmodium'', nje ndị na-akpata ịba, na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu na ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta na-enweghị ọrịa.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Malaria Infected Mosquitoes Express Enhanced Attraction to Human Odor |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ya nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis nke e ji enye nri, yana maxillary palps abụọ. Palp ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta anwụnta nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ) bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka mgbaze nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ.<ref name="cdc"/> A pụrụ ịmata "Anopheles" site na anwụnta ndị ọzọ site na palps, nke dị ogologo dịka proboscis, yana site na ọnụnọ nke ihe mkpuchi ojii na ọcha dị iche iche na nku. A pụkwara ịchọpụta ndị toro eto site na ọnọdụ izu ike ha: nwoke na nwanyị na-ezu ike na afọ ha na-atụ aka elu, n'adịghị ka anwụnta culicine. Anwụnta ndị toro eto na-abụkarị ndị na-akpakọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ha si n'ọkwa nwa pụta. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ụmụ nwoke na-etolite nnukwu square, na-abụkarị n'oge mgbede, ụmụ nwanyị na-efekwa n'ime ìgwè ahụ iji kpaa. Oge site na àkwá ruo okenye dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị, okpomọkụ gburugburu na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu. Anwụnta nwere ike ịmalite site na àkwá ruo okenye n'ime obere ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike were ụbọchị 10-14 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Ndị ikom na-ebi ihe dị ka otu izu, na-eri nectar na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nke sugar. Ndị ikom enweghị ike iri ọbara, n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ ma na-egbu ha n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ihe dị ka ndụ ha niile dịka nri naanị mmiri.diet. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikbakhtzadeh |first1=Mahmood R. |last2=Buss |first2=Garrison K. |last3=Leal |first3=Walter S. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Toxic Effect of Blood Feeding in Male Mosquitoes |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=7 |page=4 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00004 |pmc=4726748 |pmid=26858651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eri shuga maka ike, mana ha na-achọkarị nri ọbara maka mmepụta àkwá. Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nri ọbara zuru oke, nwanyị ahụ na-ezu ike ruo ụbọchị ole na ole ka ọbara na-agbari ma na-etolite àkwá. Usoro a dabere na okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-3 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ozugbo àkwá ahụ tolitere nke ọma, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye ha ma maliteghachi ịchọ onye ọbịa. Usoro ahụ na-emegharị onwe ya ruo mgbe nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịdị ndụ karịa otu ọnwa n'agha, ọtụtụ anaghị adị ndụ karịa otu izu ruo abụọ n'okike. Ndụ ha dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, na ikike ha inweta nri ọbara nke ọma ma na-ezere nchebe onye ọbịa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery mode=packed heights=350> File:Anopheles female Turkhud (bw).png|Morphology of female ''Anopheles'' </gallery> === Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi === === Nkesa=== "Anopheles" bi ma n'ebe okpomọkụ a maara maka ịba dịka ndịda Sahara Africa, nakwa n'ebe oyi na-atụ. Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe emeela n'oge gara aga n'ebe oyi na-atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge e wuru Rideau Canal na Kanada n'afọ 1820.<ref name="Wylie 1983">{{cite journal |author=Wylie WNT |s2cid=143040362 |year=1983 |title=Poverty, Distress, and Disease: Labour and the Construction of the Rideau Canal, 1826–32 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=11 |pages=7–29 |jstor=25140199 |doi=10.2307/25140199}}</ref>Ụdị "Anopheles" nke nwere ike ibufe ịba abụghị naanị n'ebe ndị ọrịa ịba na-agbasa, yabụ ebe ndị a na-ewepụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmaliteghachi ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020">{{cite web |date=April 9, 2020 |title=CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Where Malaria occurs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> [[File:Anopheles-range-map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.5|Global distribution of ''Anopheles'' species covers both the tropics with numerous malarias, and colder areas not subject to malaria at the start of the 21st century.<ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020"/>]] ===Ebe obibi=== "Anopheles" chọrọ mmiri, ikekwe obere na oge ụfọdụ, maka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na ụmụ nkịta ha. Ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị sitere na ọdọ mmiri ruo na tankị mmiri, apịtị, olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anopheles Mosquitoes |url=https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/vector-species/anopheles-mosquitoes/ |website=Global Vector Hub |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>Otú ọ dị, ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ dịka savanna na Sahel nke Afrịka. Ha nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya site na mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ifufe kwesịrị ekwesị na-efesa ha ruo ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ndị toro eto nwere ike inwe ahụ iru ala ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa n'otu oge, na-ehi ụra n'oge okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọgide na-enwe ahụ iru ala n'oge Africa oge ọkọchị <ref name="Baldini Viana 2023 pp. 1–3">{{cite journal |last1=Baldini |first1=Francesco |last2=Viana |first2=Mafalda |title=Dried out but alive: how mosquitoes survive 8 months |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.006 |pages=1–3|pmid=36470782 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, ''Anopheles'' have been documented travelling in baggage, such as on aircraft.<ref name="Ibáñez-Justicia Smitz den Hartog van de Vossenberg 2020 p. 3450">{{cite journal |last1=Ibáñez-Justicia |first1=Adolfo |last2=Smitz |first2=Nathalie |last3=den Hartog |first3=Wietse |last4=van de Vossenberg |first4=Bart |last5=De Wolf |first5=Katrien |last6=Deblauwe |first6=Isra |last7=Van Bortel |first7=Wim |last8=Jacobs |first8=Frans |last9=Vaux |first9=Alexander G. C. |last10=Medlock |first10=Jolyon M. |last11=Stroo |first11=Arjan |display-authors=5 |title=Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=10 |date=2020-05-15 |pmid=32429218 |pmc=7277938 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17103450 |page=3450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Parasiti === Nje nke "Anopheles" gụnyere Microsporidia nke ụdị "'Amblyospora'', ''Crepidulospora'', ''Senoma'' na ''Parathelohania'''<ref name="Simakova 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Simakova, A. V. |author2=Pankova, T. F. |year=2008 |title=Ecology and epizootology of microsporidia in malarial mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the south of western Siberia |journal=Parazitologiia |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |pmid=18664069 |language=ru}}</ref>A na-ahụ usoro ndụ abụọ dị iche iche na Microsporidia. N'ụdị nke mbụ, nje ahụ na-ebufe site na ụzọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ya na-adịghị ahụkebe. Na nke abụọ, ebe ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ a na-esi ebute ọrịa, nje ahụ na-eri n'ime onye nwere ọrịa dị n'etiti. Ọrịa nke ụdị nku ụmụ ahụhụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ na-agụnyekarịkwa ahụ abụba. Nnyefe kwụ ọtọ (transovarial) na-emekwa. <ref name="Baker Vossbrinck Becnel 1998">{{cite journal |author1=Baker, Michael D. |author2=Vossbrinck, Charles R. |author3=Becnel, James J. |author4=Andreadis, Theodore G. |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny of ''Amblyospora'' (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=199–206 |pmid=9538024 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1997.4725 |bibcode=1998JInvP..71..199B |url=http://www.ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106080553/http://ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> A mụọla nje bacteria ''Wolbachia'' maka iji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-achịkwa ọrịa.<ref name="Discovery Article">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |title=Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease |website=Discovery News |date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123222013/http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |archive-date=23 November 2009 }}</ref> === Ndị na-añụ ọbara anụ ọzọ === Ududo na-awụli elu ''Evarcha culicivora'' na-eri ọbara ọkpụkpụ azụ site n'ịchụso 'Anopheles'' nke nwanyị..<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |title=Use of ''Anopheles''-specific prey-capture behavior by the small juveniles of ''Evarcha culicivora'', a mosquito-eating jumping spider |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |date=2005 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref>Ududo ụmụaka na-ahọrọ "Anopheles" karịa anụ oriri ọ bụla ọzọ n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ ọbara ka o bu. <ref name="Jackson Cross 2015">Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R. "Mosquito-terminator spiders and the meaning of predatory specialization." The Journal of Arachnology 43.2 (2015): 123–142.</ref> Ududo ụmụaka ewerela omume njide anụ "Anopheles" nke a na-akpọ "Anopheles", na-eji ọnọdụ "Anopheles" eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji amata ha.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005"/> "Anopheles" nwere ọnọdụ izu ike pụrụ iche yana afọ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. N'ọnọdụ a, ududo ahụ na-abịa site n'azụ anwụnta na n'okpuru afọ ya, wee si n'okpuru wakpo ya. ref name="Nelson Jackson 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=A Predator from East Africa that Chooses Malaria Vectors as Preferred Prey |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=132 |date=2006 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000132 |pmid=17205136 |pmc=1762417 |bibcode=2006PLoSO...1..132N |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe == === Isi mmalite ndị a kacha amasị maka nri ọbara === Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị "Anopheles" bụ naanị ihe na-ebute ịba, a mụọla ya nke ọma n'ịchọ ụzọ njikwa dị irè. Otu ihe dị mkpa gbasara omume bụ otú ụdị "Anopheles" si ahọrọ iri ụmụ mmadụ anthropophily ma ọ bụ anụmanụ dịka ehi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ (zoophily). Ndị "Anthropophilic" "Anopheles" nwere ike ibufe nje ịba site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ "Anopheles" abụghị naanị ihe na-akpata ịba ma ọ bụ nje, gụnyere ihe na-akpata ịba mbụ na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, Anopheles freeborni|''A. freeborni''.<ref>Carpenter, S. J.; LaCasse, W. J. (1955). ''Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico)''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 39–42. {{ISBN|0-520-02638-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McHugh |first=Chad P. |date=1989-08-01 |title=Ecology of a Semi-Isolated Population of Adult Anopheles Freeborni: Abundance, Trophic Status, Parity, Survivorship, Gonotrophic Cycle Length, and Host Selection |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.169 |pmid=2774063}}</ref> However, the primary malaria vectors in Africa, ''Anopheles gambiae|A. gambiae'' and ''A. funestus'', are strongly anthropophilic and are consequently major vectors of human malaria.<ref name="cdc"/> === Ohere nke ibute ọrịa ịba === Ozugbo anwụnta riri nje ịba, nje ịba ga-etolite n'ime anwụnta tupu ha ebute ọrịa nye mmadụ. Oge achọrọ maka nje ahụ itolite n'ime anwụnta (oge mpụga incubation) dị site na ụbọchị iri ruo iri abụọ na otu, dabere na ụdị nje ahụ na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na anwụnta anaghị adị ndụ ruo ogologo oge ka nje ahụ tolite, mgbe ahụ ọ naghị ebufe nje ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc"/> Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle ndụ anwụnta n'okike ozugbo, mana emeela atụmatụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ ụdị "Anopheles". Atụmatụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Tanzania nke "A. gambiae", ihe na-ebute nje "Plasmodium falciparum" dị ize ndụ, dị site na 0.77 ruo 0.84, nke pụtara na mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị, n'etiti 77% na 84% adịla ndụ.<ref name="Charlwood Smith Billingsley Takken 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Charlwood |first1=J. D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Billingsley |first3=P. F. |last4=Takken |first4=W. |last5=Lyimo |first5=E. O. K. |last6=Meuwissen |first6=J. H. E. T. |title=Survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in humans |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |volume=87 |issue=5 |date=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0007485300041304 |pages=445–453 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/298415/files/S0007485300041304.pdf }}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta a na-adịgide ruo ogologo ndụ anwụnta, ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke ụmụ nwanyị "A. gambiae" ga-adị ndụ karịa oge ịnọ n'èzí ụbọchị 14. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị amụbaa ruo 0.9, ihe karịrị pasent 20 nke anwụnta ga-adị ndụ karịa otu oge ahụ. Usoro njikwa nke dabere na ọgwụ ahụhụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgba ọgwụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ) nwere ike imetụta ịba. Nnyefe (ọgwụ)|nnyefe site na mmetụta ha na ogologo ndụ ndị okenye karịa site na mmetụta ha na ọnụọgụ anwụnta ndị toro eto.<ref name="cdc"/> === Usoro nri na izu ike === Ọtụtụ ''Anopheles'' bụ crepuscular (na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ chi ọbụbọ) ma ọ bụ abalị (na-arụ ọrụ n'abalị). Ụfọdụ na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ (endophagic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-eri nri n'èzí (exophagic). Mgbe ha nyesịrị nri, ụfọdụ anwụnta ọbara na-ahọrọ izu ike n'ime ụlọ (endophilic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ izu ike n'èzí (exofical). Enwere ike ibelata ịta ahụhụ site na 'Anopheles'' site na abalị, endophagic site na iji ụgbụ akwa e ji ọgwụ Ịnsektisaịdị gwọọ ma ọ bụ site na owuwu ụlọ ka mma iji gbochie anwụnta ịbanye (dịka ọmụmaatụ window screens. A na-achịkwa anwụnta Endophilic ngwa ngwa site na ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-achịkwa vektọ exophagic/exophilic site na ibibi ebe ọmụmụ, dịka site na ijupụta ọdọ mmiri.<ref name="cdc"/> === Osisi afọ === Ebe ọ bụ na mbufe ọrịa site na anwụnta chọrọ iri ọbara, osisi afọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ọganiihu nke ọrịa nke anwụnta na-ebi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweta site na photosynthetic cyanobacteria, ebe n'ime ndị toro eto, bakteria gram-negative na Pseudomonadota na Bacteroidota phyla na-achịkwa nke ukwuu. Nri ọbara na-ebelata ụdị nje dị iche iche dị na afọ, na-eme ka nje bacteria na-amasị ha nke ukwuu.<ref name="Wang 2011">{{cite journal |title=Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024767 |vauthors=Wang Y, ((Gilbreath TM III)), Kukutla P, Yan G, Xu J |year=2011 |editor1-last=Leulier |editor1-first=François |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24767 |pmid=21957459 |pmc=3177825 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624767W |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Njikwa == [[File:PMI IRS2-2-1140x684.jpg|alt=Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent mosquitoes.|thumb|Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent malaria.]] === Njikwa === Igbu ụmụ ahụhụ gụnyere ụzọ mbụ isi kpochapụ anwụnta ịba. Agbanyeghị, anwụnta, n'oge obere oge, nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ngwa ngwa, dịka e mere n'oge mkpọsa Mkpochapụ Ịba Ahụ́ nke Mba Nile nke afọ 1950.<ref name="Najera 1999">{{cite web |last1=Najera |first1=J. A. |title=Malaria Control: Achievements, Problems, & Strategies |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66640/WHO_MAL_99.1087.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=23 January 2024 |ref=WHO/MAL/99.1087 |date=1999}}</ref>Ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ọrụ ugbo emeela ka ọnụọgụ anwụnta ghara iguzogide, nke pụtara na mmemme njikwa dị irè ga-enyocha maka iguzogide ma gbanwee gaa n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta na a na-egbochi iguzogide. <ref name="CDC Biology">{{cite web |title=Biology: Anopheles Mosquitoes (tab 5) |date=16 July 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/#tabs-1-5 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> === Mkpochapu === Na 2016, a tụrụ aro usoro CRISPR-Cas9 njine drive iji kpochapụ ''Anopheles gambiae'',,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Andrew |last2=Galizi |first2=Roberto |last3=Kyrou |first3=Kyros |last4=Simoni |first4=Alekos |last5=Siniscalchi |first5=Carla |last6=Katsanos |first6=Dimitris |last7=Gribble |first7=Matthew |last8=Baker |first8=Dean |last9=Marois |first9=Eric |last10=Russell |first10=Steven |last11=Burt |first11=Austin |display-authors=5 |date=January 2016 |title=A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3439 |pmid=26641531 |pmc=4913862}}</ref> by deleting the ''Doublesex|dsx'' gene, causing female sterility. Such a gene drive system has been shown to suppress an entire caged ''A. gambiae'' population<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kyrou |first1=Kyros |last2=Hammond |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Galizi |first3=Roberto |last4=Kranjc |first4=Nace |last5=Burt |first5=Austin |last6=Beaghton |first6=Andrea K. |last7=Nolan |first7=Tony |last8=Crisanti |first8=Andrea |date=November 2018 |title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1038/nbt.4245 |pmid=30247490 |pmc=6871539 |bibcode=2018NatBi..36.1062K |doi-access=free}}</ref> n'ime ọgbọ asaa ruo nke iri na otu, nke na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị otu afọ. Nke a ebutela nchegbu gbasara ma arụmọrụ nke usoro mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmetụta omume na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmemme iwepụ ụdị ọrịa a. journal |last1=Taning |first1=Clauvis Nji Tizi |last2=Van Eynde |first2=Benigna |last3=Yu |first3=Na |last4=Ma |first4=Sanyuan |last5=Smagghe |first5=Guy |date=April 2017 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 in insects: Applications, best practices and biosafety concerns |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=98 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.007 |pmid=28108316|bibcode=2017JInsP..98..245T |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8511395/file/8511396 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>Ya mere, a na-agba mbọ iji usoro njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide "Plasmodium" dịkwuo mma n'ime ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ, dịka ilekwasị anya na iwepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "FREP1" na "Anopheles gambiae". ''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yuemei |last2=Simões |first2=Maria L. |last3=Marois |first3=Eric |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=George |date=2018-03-08 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 -mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006898 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898 |pmid=29518156 |pmc=5843335 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na Burkina Faso emepụtala ụdị ero "Metarhizium pinghaense" nke e mepụtara site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta nsị nke ududo ntanetị nke Australia; ikpughe ya na ero ahụ mere ka ọnụọgụgụ "Anopheles" daa site na 99% na nnwale a na-achịkwa. <ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=31 May 2019 |title=GM fungus rapidly kills 99% of malaria mosquitoes, study suggests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48464510 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=31 Dec 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ==Edensibịa == {{reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ Mpụga== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ ''Anopheles'' Database] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index ''Anopheles gambiae'' Genome and Related Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index |date=2012-12-03 }} * [https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921000929/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/mosquito/map.htm CDC – World map showing distribution of various ''Anopheles'' species] (archived) * [http://www.wrbu.org/ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173327/https://www.wrbu.org/|date=15 December 2018|title=Archived version}}) – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330171641/http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035207/http://www.metapathogen.com/mosquito/anopheles/ ''Anopheles gambiae'' taxonomy, facts and life cycle] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170130141158/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_quadrimaculatus.htm ''Anopheles quadrimaculatus'', common malaria mosquito] (archived) on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ''Featured Creatures'' website *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html ''Anopheles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821202050/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html|date=5 May 2021|title=Archived version}} 4ga8gqtrprigwb89aykz9vqivkietdd 705135 705134 2026-08-20T04:07:12Z Goodymeraj 16207 705135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nkọwa dị mkpirikpi|Ụdị anwụnta}} {{isiokwu dị mma}} {{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}} {{akpaka taxobox | onyonyo = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''Anopheles stephensi'', nwanyị | taxon = Anopheles | ikike = Johann Wilhelm Meigen 1818 | mpaghara_ranks = Ụdị | mpaghara = Maka nkọwa zuru ezu, lee isi akụkọ: Anopheles nke Anopheles }} '''''Anopheles'''' (IPac-en|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|f|ᵻ|l|iː|z) bụ anwụnta nke onye German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen|J. W. Meigen kọwara na mbụ na 1818, a makwaara ha dị ka '''anwụnta mbọ''' na '''anwụnta ala mmiri'''.<ref name="USFWS">{{cite web |title=Nail Mosquito |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/nail-mosquito-anopheles |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=16 December 2023 |quote=Common Name: Nail Mosquito, marsh mosquitoes}}</ref>Ọtụtụ anwụnta ndị dị otu a bụ ọrịa vector nke nje ahụ ''Plasmodium'', ụdị protozoans nke na-akpata ịba na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje nnụnụ, ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje anụ na-akpụ akpụ, na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje ma ọ bụghị anụmanụ, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ. Anwụnta ''Anopheles gambiae'' bụ ụdị anwụnta a ma ama nke a na-ebufe ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nke bụ ọrịa ịba Parasitism parasite nke na-egbu mmadụ; ọ dịghị ụdị anwụnta ọzọ nke na-ebute ịba mmadụ. Ụdị "Anopheles" dị iche na anwụnta ndị ọzọ dị ihe dị ka Ma 100 (myrmya), dịka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, àkwá, larvae, na pupae bụ anụmanụ mmiri. Nnwale "Anopheles" enweghị mmiri iku ume nke ọ ga-esi na ya eku ume, ya mere ọ na-eku ume ma na-eri nri na ahụ ya kwụ ọtọ n'elu mmiri. Anwụnta toro eto na-esi n'elu pụta ma na-eri nectar nke okooko osisi; anwụnta nwanyị na-erikwa ọbara, nke nri anụmanụ na-enye ha ohere ibu ma na-ebufe nje n'etiti ndị ọbịa. Ọnọdụ nri onye toro eto dị n'ala, n'adịghị ka ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ nke culicines. "Anopheles" na-ekesa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụwa niile, n'oge okpomọkụ, n'okpuru ala okpomọkụ, na mpaghara dị jụụ nke ụwa. N'oge ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, "Anopheles" aestivate, nke bụ ọnọdụ ụra nke na-eme ka anwụnta dị ndụ na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka Sahel. == Mmalite == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fosil === Fossil nke ụdị 'Anopheles' dị ụkọ; naanị abụọ ka achọpụtara na 2015.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015"/> They are ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' <small>Zavortink & Poinar</small> in Dominican Republic amber from the Late Eocene Ma|40.4 to Ma 33.9,<ref name="Zavortink Poinar 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Zavortink |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Dominican Amber |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=93 |issue=6 |date=2000-11-01 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1230:ANDSND]2.0.CO;2 |pages=1230–1235|s2cid=86221732 }}</ref> and ''Anopheles rottensis'' <small>Statz</small> in German amber from the Late Oligocene Ma|28.4 to Ma|23.0.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=Lucas A. |last2=Russo |first2=Claudia A. M. |last3=Voloch |first3=Carolina M. |last4=Mutaquiha |first4=Olívio C. F. |last5=Marques |first5=Lucas P. |last6=Schrago |first6=Carlos G. |title=Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |date=2015-08-05 |pmid=26244561 |pmc=4526650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134462 |article-number=e0134462 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034462F |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Phylogeny=== Ndị nna ochie nke Ijiji niile gụnyere anwụnta pụtara Ma 260..<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Complete mtDNA genomes of ''Anopheles darlingi'' and an approach to anopheline divergence time |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Culicinae culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between Ma120 and Ma|150.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">{{cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darlingi'' reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy |journal=[[BMC Genomics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between Ma|80 and Ma|95.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''Anopheles darlingi'' diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~Ma|100.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N }}</ref> The cladogram is based on an analysis of mosquito genomes by Heafsey and colleagues in 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/> |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Taxonomy === Ọ bụ onye German na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ bụ 'Anopheles'' na 1818. Ọ kọwara ụdị abụọ, ''A. birfurcatus'' na ụdị ụdị, ''Anopheles maculipennis''. O kwuru na aha ahụ pụtara lang|de|beschwerlich, "ihe dị arọ".<ref name="Meigen 1818">{{cite book |last=Meigen |first=Johann Wilhelm |author-link=Johann Wilhelm Meigen |date=1818 |title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten |language=de |trans-title=Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects |location=Aachen |publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann |volume=1 |pages=10–12 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/54/mode/1up}}</ref> Ọ bụ na asụsụ Grik ochie ka esi weta ya lang|grc|ἀνωφελής transliteration|grc|anōphelḗs 'useless', derived from lang|el|ἀν- transliteration|grc|an-, 'not', 'un-' and lang|el|[[:wikt:ὄφελος|ὄφελος} {{transliteration|grc|óphelos}} 'profit'.<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book |author=Stevenson, Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=19 August 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |page=64}}</ref> Usoro nhazi nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị elu nke ukwuu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Frederick Vincent Theobald kọwara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 39 nke "Anopheles" n'akwụkwọ mpịakọta 5 ya na Culicidae.<ref name=Theobald1901>{{cite book |last=Theobald |first=Frederick Vincent |author-link=Frederick Vincent Theobald |date=1901 |title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-178-51903-7 |pages=115–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref> He was provided with mosquito specimens sent in to the British Museum (Natural History) from around the world, on the 1898 instruction of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016"/> "Anopheles" (nke nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ) bụ nke ezinụlọ dị n'okpuru Anophelinae tinyere ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ: "'Bironella" (nke e kewara na Australasia) na "Chagasia" (nke e kewara na Neotropics). Usoro a ka dịgidere nke ọma.<ref name="Krzywinski2003">{{cite journal |last1=Krzywinski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Besansky |first2=Nora J. |author-link2=Nora J. Besansky |year=2003 |title=Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: From Subgenera to Subpopulations |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647 |pmid=12208816 |bibcode=2003AREnt..48..111K }}</ref><ref name="Foley 1998">{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0457 |pmid=9562985 |title=Evolution and Systematics of ''Anopheles'':Insights from a Molecular Phylogeny of Australasian Mosquitoes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=262–275 |year=1998 |last1=Foley |first1=Desmond H. |last2=Bryan |first2=Joan H. |last3=Yeates |first3=David |last4=Saul |first4=Allan |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..262F }}</ref> Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics – wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences.<ref name="Rattanarithikul 2006">{{cite journal |pmid=17262930 |year=2006 |last1=Rattanarithikul |first1=R. |author-link=Rampa Rattanarithikul|title=Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. IV. Anopheles |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=37 |pages=1–128 |last2=Harrison |first2=B. A. |last3=Harbach |first3=R. E. |last4=Panthusiri |first4=P. |last5=Coleman |first5=R. E. |last6=Panthusiri |first6=P. |issue=Suppl 2 }}</ref><ref name="Walton 2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.05.001 |pmid=16782411 |title=Genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the Anopheles maculatus group using the ITS2 region of rDNA |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2007 |last1=Walton |first1=C. |last2=Somboon |first2=P. |last3=o'Loughlin |first3=S. M. |last4=Zhang |first4=S. |last5=Harbach |first5=R.E. |last6=Linton |first6=Y.-M. |last7=Chen |first7=B. |last8=Nolan |first8=K. |last9=Duong |first9=S. |last10=Fong |first10=M.-Y |last11=Vythilingum |first11=I. |last12=Mohammed |first12=Z. D. |last13=Trung |first13=Ho Dinh |last14=Butlin |first14=R. K. |bibcode=2007InfGE...7...93W |display-authors=5 }}</ref><ref name="Garros Harbach Manguin 2005">{{cite journal |pmid=16119539 |year=2005 |last1=Garros |first1=C. |last2=Harbach |first2=R. E |last3=Manguin |first3=S. |title=Morphological assessment and molecular phylogenetics of the Funestus and Minimus groups of Anopheles (Cellia) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=522–536 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522 |s2cid=22776177 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the taxonomy published by Harbach and Kitching in 2016, it was shown that three species of ''Bironella'' (Bironella confusa|B. confusa'', ''Bironella gracilis|B. gracilis,'' and ''Bironella hollandi|B. hollandi'') are phylogenetically more similar to ''Anopheles kyondawensis|A. kyondawensis'' than other ''Bironella'' species. That phylogeny argues that, based on genetic similarity, ''Anopheles implexus|A. implexus'' is divergent from the common ancestor of ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Harbach |first1=R. E. |last2=Kitching |first2=I. |date=January 2016 |title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of ''Anopheles'' (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=34–47 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Usoro ndụ == Dịka anwụnta niile, anophelines na-agafe usoro anọ n'usoro ndụ ha: akwa (bayọlọji), larva, pupa, na imago|okenye. Usoro atọ mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ma ha abụọ na-adịru ụbọchị 5-14, dabere na ụdị na okpomọkụ gburugburu. Oge okenye bụ mgbe nwanyị "'Anopheles'" na-arụ ọrụ dị ka malaria Vector (epidemiology). Ụmụ nwanyị toro eto nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo otu ọnwa (maọbụ karịa n'agha), mana o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị adị ndụ karịa izu abụọ n'okike.<ref name="cdc">citation-attribution|1={{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-anopheles-mosquitoes.html |title=Life Cycle of ''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 23, 2026 |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> === Akwa === [[File:Anopheles egg 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Anopheles'' eggs with their distinctive side floats]] Ndị inyom toro eto na-etinye àkwá 50–200 kwa oviposition. Àkwá ndị ahụ dị obere (ihe dị ka Tụgharịa|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1 × Tụgharịa|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1). A na-etinye àkwá n'otu n'otu na ozugbo n'ime mmiri. Ha pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Àkwá anaghị anabata nkụ ma ọ bụ ịpụta n'ime ụbọchị 2–3, ọ bụ ezie na ịmụpụta nwere ike were izu abụọ maọbụ atọ n'ebe oyi na-atụ.<ref name="cdc"/> === Larvae === Nwa anwụnta ahụ nwere isi ya nke ọma, nke nwere ahịhịa ọnụ e ji enye nri, nnukwu Thorax (ahụ ahụhụ) na akụkụ itoolu afọ. O nweghị ụkwụ. Ọdịghị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, larva "'Anopheles'' enweghị siphon iku ume, ya mere ọ na-eguzo onwe ya ka ahụ ya wee dị n'elu mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, larva nke anwụnta culicine na-arapara n'elu mmiri site na siphon azụ, ahụ na-atụ aka ala. Larvae na-eku ume site na Spiracle (arthropods) dị na akụkụ afọ nke asatọ, ya mere ọ ga-abịa n'elu elu ugboro ugboro. Larvae ahụ na-etinye oge ha niile na-eri algae, bacteria, na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'ime akwa dị gịrịgịrị. Ha na-amaba n'okpuru elu ahụ naanị mgbe a kpasuru ha iwe. Larvae na-egwu mmiri site na mmegharị ahụ dum ma ọ bụ site na Mmiri propulsion site na iji ahịhịa ọnụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Larvae na-etolite site na usoro anọ, ma ọ bụ instars, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ha metamorphosis,metamorphose na pupae. Na njedebe nke mmalite ọ bụla, larvae na-akpụ akpụ, na-awụpụ exoskeletons ha, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, iji mee ka uto dịkwuo elu. Larvae ndị ahụ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, mana ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-adịghị emerụ emerụ. A chọtala larvae nke "Anopheles" n'ime apịtị mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu, apịtị mangrove, ubi osikapa, olulu ahịhịa, nsọtụ iyi na osimiri, na obere ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo nwa oge. Ọtụtụ ụdị a na-ahọrọ ebe obibi nwere ahịhịa. Ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ebe obibi na-enweghị nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ na-amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, mgbe anyanwụ na-enwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ndị nwere ndò n'ime ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa n'ime oghere osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ axils nke ụfọdụ osisi.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto CDCHarryWeinburgh publicdomain.jpg|''Anopheles'' larva File:Anopheles Culex larvae feeding position-USDA.jpg|Feeding position of an ''Anopheles'' larva (A), culicine larva with its siphon (B) </gallery> === Pupae === Pupa (a makwaara dị ka tumbler) dị ka comma ma a lee ya anya site n'akụkụ. A na-ejikọta isi na Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ)n'ime cephalothorax, afọ na-agbagharị n'okpuru ya. Dịka ọ dị na ụmụ ahụhụ, nwamba ahụ ga-abịa n'elu mgbe niile iji kuo ume, nke ọ na-eme site na opi iku ume abụọ na cephalothorax ya. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị dịka nwamba, elu azụ nke cephalothorax na-agbawa agbawa, anwụnta toro eto na-apụtakwa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> Anopheles (YPM IZ 093745).jpeg|Pupa File:The pupa of a mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis). Reproductio Wellcome V0022598 (cropped).jpg|''Anopheles maculipennis|A. maculipennis'' pupa, breathing at the surface </gallery> === OKENYE YA=== [[File:Anopheles Culex adult resting position-USDA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Resting positions of adult ''Anopheles'' (A, B) are more upright than that of Culicinae (C).]] Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna (bayọlọji)|antennae. Antennae dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Anwụnta nwanyị na-ebu "Plasmodium'', nje ndị na-akpata ịba, na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu na ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta na-enweghị ọrịa.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Malaria Infected Mosquitoes Express Enhanced Attraction to Human Odor |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ya nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis nke e ji enye nri, yana maxillary palps abụọ. Palp ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta anwụnta nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ) bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka mgbaze nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ.<ref name="cdc"/> A pụrụ ịmata "Anopheles" site na anwụnta ndị ọzọ site na palps, nke dị ogologo dịka proboscis, yana site na ọnụnọ nke ihe mkpuchi ojii na ọcha dị iche iche na nku. A pụkwara ịchọpụta ndị toro eto site na ọnọdụ izu ike ha: nwoke na nwanyị na-ezu ike na afọ ha na-atụ aka elu, n'adịghị ka anwụnta culicine. Anwụnta ndị toro eto na-abụkarị ndị na-akpakọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ha si n'ọkwa nwa pụta. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ụmụ nwoke na-etolite nnukwu square, na-abụkarị n'oge mgbede, ụmụ nwanyị na-efekwa n'ime ìgwè ahụ iji kpaa. Oge site na àkwá ruo okenye dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị, okpomọkụ gburugburu na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu. Anwụnta nwere ike ịmalite site na àkwá ruo okenye n'ime obere ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike were ụbọchị 10-14 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Ndị ikom na-ebi ihe dị ka otu izu, na-eri nectar na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nke sugar. Ndị ikom enweghị ike iri ọbara, n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ ma na-egbu ha n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ihe dị ka ndụ ha niile dịka nri naanị mmiri.diet. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikbakhtzadeh |first1=Mahmood R. |last2=Buss |first2=Garrison K. |last3=Leal |first3=Walter S. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Toxic Effect of Blood Feeding in Male Mosquitoes |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=7 |page=4 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00004 |pmc=4726748 |pmid=26858651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eri shuga maka ike, mana ha na-achọkarị nri ọbara maka mmepụta àkwá. Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nri ọbara zuru oke, nwanyị ahụ na-ezu ike ruo ụbọchị ole na ole ka ọbara na-agbari ma na-etolite àkwá. Usoro a dabere na okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-3 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ozugbo àkwá ahụ tolitere nke ọma, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye ha ma maliteghachi ịchọ onye ọbịa. Usoro ahụ na-emegharị onwe ya ruo mgbe nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịdị ndụ karịa otu ọnwa n'agha, ọtụtụ anaghị adị ndụ karịa otu izu ruo abụọ n'okike. Ndụ ha dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, na ikike ha inweta nri ọbara nke ọma ma na-ezere nchebe onye ọbịa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery mode=packed heights=350> File:Anopheles female Turkhud (bw).png|Morphology of female ''Anopheles'' </gallery> === Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi === === Nkesa=== "Anopheles" bi ma n'ebe okpomọkụ a maara maka ịba dịka ndịda Sahara Africa, nakwa n'ebe oyi na-atụ. Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe emeela n'oge gara aga n'ebe oyi na-atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge e wuru Rideau Canal na Kanada n'afọ 1820.<ref name="Wylie 1983">{{cite journal |author=Wylie WNT |s2cid=143040362 |year=1983 |title=Poverty, Distress, and Disease: Labour and the Construction of the Rideau Canal, 1826–32 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=11 |pages=7–29 |jstor=25140199 |doi=10.2307/25140199}}</ref>Ụdị "Anopheles" nke nwere ike ibufe ịba abụghị naanị n'ebe ndị ọrịa ịba na-agbasa, yabụ ebe ndị a na-ewepụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmaliteghachi ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020">{{cite web |date=April 9, 2020 |title=CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Where Malaria occurs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> [[File:Anopheles-range-map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.5|Global distribution of ''Anopheles'' species covers both the tropics with numerous malarias, and colder areas not subject to malaria at the start of the 21st century.<ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020"/>]] ===Ebe obibi=== "Anopheles" chọrọ mmiri, ikekwe obere na oge ụfọdụ, maka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na ụmụ nkịta ha. Ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị sitere na ọdọ mmiri ruo na tankị mmiri, apịtị, olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anopheles Mosquitoes |url=https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/vector-species/anopheles-mosquitoes/ |website=Global Vector Hub |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>Otú ọ dị, ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ dịka savanna na Sahel nke Afrịka. Ha nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya site na mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ifufe kwesịrị ekwesị na-efesa ha ruo ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ndị toro eto nwere ike inwe ahụ iru ala ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa n'otu oge, na-ehi ụra n'oge okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọgide na-enwe ahụ iru ala n'oge Africa oge ọkọchị <ref name="Baldini Viana 2023 pp. 1–3">{{cite journal |last1=Baldini |first1=Francesco |last2=Viana |first2=Mafalda |title=Dried out but alive: how mosquitoes survive 8 months |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.006 |pages=1–3|pmid=36470782 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, ''Anopheles'' have been documented travelling in baggage, such as on aircraft.<ref name="Ibáñez-Justicia Smitz den Hartog van de Vossenberg 2020 p. 3450">{{cite journal |last1=Ibáñez-Justicia |first1=Adolfo |last2=Smitz |first2=Nathalie |last3=den Hartog |first3=Wietse |last4=van de Vossenberg |first4=Bart |last5=De Wolf |first5=Katrien |last6=Deblauwe |first6=Isra |last7=Van Bortel |first7=Wim |last8=Jacobs |first8=Frans |last9=Vaux |first9=Alexander G. C. |last10=Medlock |first10=Jolyon M. |last11=Stroo |first11=Arjan |display-authors=5 |title=Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=10 |date=2020-05-15 |pmid=32429218 |pmc=7277938 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17103450 |page=3450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Parasiti === Nje nke "Anopheles" gụnyere Microsporidia nke ụdị "'Amblyospora'', ''Crepidulospora'', ''Senoma'' na ''Parathelohania'''<ref name="Simakova 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Simakova, A. V. |author2=Pankova, T. F. |year=2008 |title=Ecology and epizootology of microsporidia in malarial mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the south of western Siberia |journal=Parazitologiia |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |pmid=18664069 |language=ru}}</ref>A na-ahụ usoro ndụ abụọ dị iche iche na Microsporidia. N'ụdị nke mbụ, nje ahụ na-ebufe site na ụzọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ya na-adịghị ahụkebe. Na nke abụọ, ebe ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ a na-esi ebute ọrịa, nje ahụ na-eri n'ime onye nwere ọrịa dị n'etiti. Ọrịa nke ụdị nku ụmụ ahụhụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ na-agụnyekarịkwa ahụ abụba. Nnyefe kwụ ọtọ (transovarial) na-emekwa. <ref name="Baker Vossbrinck Becnel 1998">{{cite journal |author1=Baker, Michael D. |author2=Vossbrinck, Charles R. |author3=Becnel, James J. |author4=Andreadis, Theodore G. |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny of ''Amblyospora'' (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=199–206 |pmid=9538024 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1997.4725 |bibcode=1998JInvP..71..199B |url=http://www.ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106080553/http://ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> A mụọla nje bacteria ''Wolbachia'' maka iji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-achịkwa ọrịa.<ref name="Discovery Article">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |title=Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease |website=Discovery News |date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123222013/http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |archive-date=23 November 2009 }}</ref> === Ndị na-añụ ọbara anụ ọzọ === Ududo na-awụli elu ''Evarcha culicivora'' na-eri ọbara ọkpụkpụ azụ site n'ịchụso 'Anopheles'' nke nwanyị..<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |title=Use of ''Anopheles''-specific prey-capture behavior by the small juveniles of ''Evarcha culicivora'', a mosquito-eating jumping spider |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |date=2005 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref>Ududo ụmụaka na-ahọrọ "Anopheles" karịa anụ oriri ọ bụla ọzọ n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ ọbara ka o bu. <ref name="Jackson Cross 2015">Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R. "Mosquito-terminator spiders and the meaning of predatory specialization." The Journal of Arachnology 43.2 (2015): 123–142.</ref> Ududo ụmụaka ewerela omume njide anụ "Anopheles" nke a na-akpọ "Anopheles", na-eji ọnọdụ "Anopheles" eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji amata ha.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005"/> "Anopheles" nwere ọnọdụ izu ike pụrụ iche yana afọ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. N'ọnọdụ a, ududo ahụ na-abịa site n'azụ anwụnta na n'okpuru afọ ya, wee si n'okpuru wakpo ya. ref name="Nelson Jackson 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=A Predator from East Africa that Chooses Malaria Vectors as Preferred Prey |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=132 |date=2006 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000132 |pmid=17205136 |pmc=1762417 |bibcode=2006PLoSO...1..132N |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe == === Isi mmalite ndị a kacha amasị maka nri ọbara === Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị "Anopheles" bụ naanị ihe na-ebute ịba, a mụọla ya nke ọma n'ịchọ ụzọ njikwa dị irè. Otu ihe dị mkpa gbasara omume bụ otú ụdị "Anopheles" si ahọrọ iri ụmụ mmadụ anthropophily ma ọ bụ anụmanụ dịka ehi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ (zoophily). Ndị "Anthropophilic" "Anopheles" nwere ike ibufe nje ịba site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ "Anopheles" abụghị naanị ihe na-akpata ịba ma ọ bụ nje, gụnyere ihe na-akpata ịba mbụ na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, Anopheles freeborni|''A. freeborni''.<ref>Carpenter, S. J.; LaCasse, W. J. (1955). ''Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico)''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 39–42. {{ISBN|0-520-02638-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McHugh |first=Chad P. |date=1989-08-01 |title=Ecology of a Semi-Isolated Population of Adult Anopheles Freeborni: Abundance, Trophic Status, Parity, Survivorship, Gonotrophic Cycle Length, and Host Selection |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.169 |pmid=2774063}}</ref> However, the primary malaria vectors in Africa, ''Anopheles gambiae|A. gambiae'' and ''A. funestus'', are strongly anthropophilic and are consequently major vectors of human malaria.<ref name="cdc"/> === Ohere nke ibute ọrịa ịba === Ozugbo anwụnta riri nje ịba, nje ịba ga-etolite n'ime anwụnta tupu ha ebute ọrịa nye mmadụ. Oge achọrọ maka nje ahụ itolite n'ime anwụnta (oge mpụga incubation) dị site na ụbọchị iri ruo iri abụọ na otu, dabere na ụdị nje ahụ na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na anwụnta anaghị adị ndụ ruo ogologo oge ka nje ahụ tolite, mgbe ahụ ọ naghị ebufe nje ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc"/> Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle ndụ anwụnta n'okike ozugbo, mana emeela atụmatụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ ụdị "Anopheles". Atụmatụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Tanzania nke "A. gambiae", ihe na-ebute nje "Plasmodium falciparum" dị ize ndụ, dị site na 0.77 ruo 0.84, nke pụtara na mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị, n'etiti 77% na 84% adịla ndụ.<ref name="Charlwood Smith Billingsley Takken 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Charlwood |first1=J. D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Billingsley |first3=P. F. |last4=Takken |first4=W. |last5=Lyimo |first5=E. O. K. |last6=Meuwissen |first6=J. H. E. T. |title=Survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in humans |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |volume=87 |issue=5 |date=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0007485300041304 |pages=445–453 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/298415/files/S0007485300041304.pdf }}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta a na-adịgide ruo ogologo ndụ anwụnta, ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke ụmụ nwanyị "A. gambiae" ga-adị ndụ karịa oge ịnọ n'èzí ụbọchị 14. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị amụbaa ruo 0.9, ihe karịrị pasent 20 nke anwụnta ga-adị ndụ karịa otu oge ahụ. Usoro njikwa nke dabere na ọgwụ ahụhụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgba ọgwụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ) nwere ike imetụta ịba. Nnyefe (ọgwụ)|nnyefe site na mmetụta ha na ogologo ndụ ndị okenye karịa site na mmetụta ha na ọnụọgụ anwụnta ndị toro eto.<ref name="cdc"/> === Usoro nri na izu ike === Ọtụtụ ''Anopheles'' bụ crepuscular (na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ chi ọbụbọ) ma ọ bụ abalị (na-arụ ọrụ n'abalị). Ụfọdụ na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ (endophagic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-eri nri n'èzí (exophagic). Mgbe ha nyesịrị nri, ụfọdụ anwụnta ọbara na-ahọrọ izu ike n'ime ụlọ (endophilic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ izu ike n'èzí (exofical). Enwere ike ibelata ịta ahụhụ site na 'Anopheles'' site na abalị, endophagic site na iji ụgbụ akwa e ji ọgwụ Ịnsektisaịdị gwọọ ma ọ bụ site na owuwu ụlọ ka mma iji gbochie anwụnta ịbanye (dịka ọmụmaatụ window screens. A na-achịkwa anwụnta Endophilic ngwa ngwa site na ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-achịkwa vektọ exophagic/exophilic site na ibibi ebe ọmụmụ, dịka site na ijupụta ọdọ mmiri.<ref name="cdc"/> === Osisi afọ === Ebe ọ bụ na mbufe ọrịa site na anwụnta chọrọ iri ọbara, osisi afọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ọganiihu nke ọrịa nke anwụnta na-ebi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweta site na photosynthetic cyanobacteria, ebe n'ime ndị toro eto, bakteria gram-negative na Pseudomonadota na Bacteroidota phyla na-achịkwa nke ukwuu. Nri ọbara na-ebelata ụdị nje dị iche iche dị na afọ, na-eme ka nje bacteria na-amasị ha nke ukwuu.<ref name="Wang 2011">{{cite journal |title=Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024767 |vauthors=Wang Y, ((Gilbreath TM III)), Kukutla P, Yan G, Xu J |year=2011 |editor1-last=Leulier |editor1-first=François |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24767 |pmid=21957459 |pmc=3177825 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624767W |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Njikwa == [[File:PMI IRS2-2-1140x684.jpg|alt=Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent mosquitoes.|thumb|Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent malaria.]] === Njikwa === Igbu ụmụ ahụhụ gụnyere ụzọ mbụ isi kpochapụ anwụnta ịba. Agbanyeghị, anwụnta, n'oge obere oge, nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ngwa ngwa, dịka e mere n'oge mkpọsa Mkpochapụ Ịba Ahụ́ nke Mba Nile nke afọ 1950.<ref name="Najera 1999">{{cite web |last1=Najera |first1=J. A. |title=Malaria Control: Achievements, Problems, & Strategies |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66640/WHO_MAL_99.1087.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=23 January 2024 |ref=WHO/MAL/99.1087 |date=1999}}</ref>Ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ọrụ ugbo emeela ka ọnụọgụ anwụnta ghara iguzogide, nke pụtara na mmemme njikwa dị irè ga-enyocha maka iguzogide ma gbanwee gaa n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta na a na-egbochi iguzogide. <ref name="CDC Biology">{{cite web |title=Biology: Anopheles Mosquitoes (tab 5) |date=16 July 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/#tabs-1-5 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> === Mkpochapu === Na 2016, a tụrụ aro usoro CRISPR-Cas9 njine drive iji kpochapụ ''Anopheles gambiae'',,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Andrew |last2=Galizi |first2=Roberto |last3=Kyrou |first3=Kyros |last4=Simoni |first4=Alekos |last5=Siniscalchi |first5=Carla |last6=Katsanos |first6=Dimitris |last7=Gribble |first7=Matthew |last8=Baker |first8=Dean |last9=Marois |first9=Eric |last10=Russell |first10=Steven |last11=Burt |first11=Austin |display-authors=5 |date=January 2016 |title=A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3439 |pmid=26641531 |pmc=4913862}}</ref> by deleting the ''Doublesex|dsx'' gene, causing female sterility. Such a gene drive system has been shown to suppress an entire caged ''A. gambiae'' population<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kyrou |first1=Kyros |last2=Hammond |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Galizi |first3=Roberto |last4=Kranjc |first4=Nace |last5=Burt |first5=Austin |last6=Beaghton |first6=Andrea K. |last7=Nolan |first7=Tony |last8=Crisanti |first8=Andrea |date=November 2018 |title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1038/nbt.4245 |pmid=30247490 |pmc=6871539 |bibcode=2018NatBi..36.1062K |doi-access=free}}</ref> n'ime ọgbọ asaa ruo nke iri na otu, nke na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị otu afọ. Nke a ebutela nchegbu gbasara ma arụmọrụ nke usoro mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmetụta omume na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmemme iwepụ ụdị ọrịa a. journal |last1=Taning |first1=Clauvis Nji Tizi |last2=Van Eynde |first2=Benigna |last3=Yu |first3=Na |last4=Ma |first4=Sanyuan |last5=Smagghe |first5=Guy |date=April 2017 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 in insects: Applications, best practices and biosafety concerns |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=98 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.007 |pmid=28108316|bibcode=2017JInsP..98..245T |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8511395/file/8511396 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>Ya mere, a na-agba mbọ iji usoro njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide "Plasmodium" dịkwuo mma n'ime ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ, dịka ilekwasị anya na iwepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "FREP1" na "Anopheles gambiae". ''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yuemei |last2=Simões |first2=Maria L. |last3=Marois |first3=Eric |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=George |date=2018-03-08 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 -mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006898 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898 |pmid=29518156 |pmc=5843335 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na Burkina Faso emepụtala ụdị ero "Metarhizium pinghaense" nke e mepụtara site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta nsị nke ududo ntanetị nke Australia; ikpughe ya na ero ahụ mere ka ọnụọgụgụ "Anopheles" daa site na 99% na nnwale a na-achịkwa. <ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=31 May 2019 |title=GM fungus rapidly kills 99% of malaria mosquitoes, study suggests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48464510 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=31 Dec 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ==Edensibịa == {{reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ Mpụga== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ ''Anopheles'' Database] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index ''Anopheles gambiae'' Genome and Related Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index |date=2012-12-03 }} * [https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921000929/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/mosquito/map.htm CDC – World map showing distribution of various ''Anopheles'' species] (archived) * [http://www.wrbu.org/ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173327/https://www.wrbu.org/|date=15 December 2018|title=Archived version}}) – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330171641/http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035207/http://www.metapathogen.com/mosquito/anopheles/ ''Anopheles gambiae'' taxonomy, facts and life cycle] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170130141158/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_quadrimaculatus.htm ''Anopheles quadrimaculatus'', common malaria mosquito] (archived) on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ''Featured Creatures'' website *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html ''Anopheles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821202050/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html|date=5 May 2021|title=Archived version}} do034u6x93kcn4jjet42ehpaxmxa5ol 705136 705135 2026-08-20T04:07:34Z Goodymeraj 16207 705136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Genus of mosquito}} {{good article}} {{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}} {{automatic taxobox | image = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''[[Anopheles stephensi]]'', female | taxon = Anopheles | authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]] 1818 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = For a full description, see the main article: [[Taxonomy of Anopheles]] }} '''''Anopheles'''' (IPac-en|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|f|ᵻ|l|iː|z) bụ anwụnta nke onye German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen|J. W. Meigen kọwara na mbụ na 1818, a makwaara ha dị ka '''anwụnta mbọ''' na '''anwụnta ala mmiri'''.<ref name="USFWS">{{cite web |title=Nail Mosquito |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/nail-mosquito-anopheles |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=16 December 2023 |quote=Common Name: Nail Mosquito, marsh mosquitoes}}</ref>Ọtụtụ anwụnta ndị dị otu a bụ ọrịa vector nke nje ahụ ''Plasmodium'', ụdị protozoans nke na-akpata ịba na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje nnụnụ, ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje anụ na-akpụ akpụ, na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje ma ọ bụghị anụmanụ, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ. Anwụnta ''Anopheles gambiae'' bụ ụdị anwụnta a ma ama nke a na-ebufe ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nke bụ ọrịa ịba Parasitism parasite nke na-egbu mmadụ; ọ dịghị ụdị anwụnta ọzọ nke na-ebute ịba mmadụ. Ụdị "Anopheles" dị iche na anwụnta ndị ọzọ dị ihe dị ka Ma 100 (myrmya), dịka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, àkwá, larvae, na pupae bụ anụmanụ mmiri. Nnwale "Anopheles" enweghị mmiri iku ume nke ọ ga-esi na ya eku ume, ya mere ọ na-eku ume ma na-eri nri na ahụ ya kwụ ọtọ n'elu mmiri. Anwụnta toro eto na-esi n'elu pụta ma na-eri nectar nke okooko osisi; anwụnta nwanyị na-erikwa ọbara, nke nri anụmanụ na-enye ha ohere ibu ma na-ebufe nje n'etiti ndị ọbịa. Ọnọdụ nri onye toro eto dị n'ala, n'adịghị ka ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ nke culicines. "Anopheles" na-ekesa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụwa niile, n'oge okpomọkụ, n'okpuru ala okpomọkụ, na mpaghara dị jụụ nke ụwa. N'oge ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, "Anopheles" aestivate, nke bụ ọnọdụ ụra nke na-eme ka anwụnta dị ndụ na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka Sahel. == Mmalite == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fosil === Fossil nke ụdị 'Anopheles' dị ụkọ; naanị abụọ ka achọpụtara na 2015.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015"/> They are ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' <small>Zavortink & Poinar</small> in Dominican Republic amber from the Late Eocene Ma|40.4 to Ma 33.9,<ref name="Zavortink Poinar 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Zavortink |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Dominican Amber |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=93 |issue=6 |date=2000-11-01 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1230:ANDSND]2.0.CO;2 |pages=1230–1235|s2cid=86221732 }}</ref> and ''Anopheles rottensis'' <small>Statz</small> in German amber from the Late Oligocene Ma|28.4 to Ma|23.0.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=Lucas A. |last2=Russo |first2=Claudia A. M. |last3=Voloch |first3=Carolina M. |last4=Mutaquiha |first4=Olívio C. F. |last5=Marques |first5=Lucas P. |last6=Schrago |first6=Carlos G. |title=Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |date=2015-08-05 |pmid=26244561 |pmc=4526650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134462 |article-number=e0134462 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034462F |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Phylogeny=== Ndị nna ochie nke Ijiji niile gụnyere anwụnta pụtara Ma 260..<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Complete mtDNA genomes of ''Anopheles darlingi'' and an approach to anopheline divergence time |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Culicinae culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between Ma120 and Ma|150.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">{{cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darlingi'' reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy |journal=[[BMC Genomics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between Ma|80 and Ma|95.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''Anopheles darlingi'' diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~Ma|100.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N }}</ref> The cladogram is based on an analysis of mosquito genomes by Heafsey and colleagues in 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/> |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Taxonomy === Ọ bụ onye German na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ bụ 'Anopheles'' na 1818. Ọ kọwara ụdị abụọ, ''A. birfurcatus'' na ụdị ụdị, ''Anopheles maculipennis''. O kwuru na aha ahụ pụtara lang|de|beschwerlich, "ihe dị arọ".<ref name="Meigen 1818">{{cite book |last=Meigen |first=Johann Wilhelm |author-link=Johann Wilhelm Meigen |date=1818 |title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten |language=de |trans-title=Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects |location=Aachen |publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann |volume=1 |pages=10–12 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/54/mode/1up}}</ref> Ọ bụ na asụsụ Grik ochie ka esi weta ya lang|grc|ἀνωφελής transliteration|grc|anōphelḗs 'useless', derived from lang|el|ἀν- transliteration|grc|an-, 'not', 'un-' and lang|el|[[:wikt:ὄφελος|ὄφελος} {{transliteration|grc|óphelos}} 'profit'.<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book |author=Stevenson, Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=19 August 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |page=64}}</ref> Usoro nhazi nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị elu nke ukwuu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Frederick Vincent Theobald kọwara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 39 nke "Anopheles" n'akwụkwọ mpịakọta 5 ya na Culicidae.<ref name=Theobald1901>{{cite book |last=Theobald |first=Frederick Vincent |author-link=Frederick Vincent Theobald |date=1901 |title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-178-51903-7 |pages=115–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref> He was provided with mosquito specimens sent in to the British Museum (Natural History) from around the world, on the 1898 instruction of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016"/> "Anopheles" (nke nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ) bụ nke ezinụlọ dị n'okpuru Anophelinae tinyere ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ: "'Bironella" (nke e kewara na Australasia) na "Chagasia" (nke e kewara na Neotropics). Usoro a ka dịgidere nke ọma.<ref name="Krzywinski2003">{{cite journal |last1=Krzywinski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Besansky |first2=Nora J. |author-link2=Nora J. Besansky |year=2003 |title=Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: From Subgenera to Subpopulations |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647 |pmid=12208816 |bibcode=2003AREnt..48..111K }}</ref><ref name="Foley 1998">{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0457 |pmid=9562985 |title=Evolution and Systematics of ''Anopheles'':Insights from a Molecular Phylogeny of Australasian Mosquitoes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=262–275 |year=1998 |last1=Foley |first1=Desmond H. |last2=Bryan |first2=Joan H. |last3=Yeates |first3=David |last4=Saul |first4=Allan |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..262F }}</ref> Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics – wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences.<ref name="Rattanarithikul 2006">{{cite journal |pmid=17262930 |year=2006 |last1=Rattanarithikul |first1=R. |author-link=Rampa Rattanarithikul|title=Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. IV. Anopheles |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=37 |pages=1–128 |last2=Harrison |first2=B. A. |last3=Harbach |first3=R. E. |last4=Panthusiri |first4=P. |last5=Coleman |first5=R. E. |last6=Panthusiri |first6=P. |issue=Suppl 2 }}</ref><ref name="Walton 2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.05.001 |pmid=16782411 |title=Genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the Anopheles maculatus group using the ITS2 region of rDNA |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2007 |last1=Walton |first1=C. |last2=Somboon |first2=P. |last3=o'Loughlin |first3=S. M. |last4=Zhang |first4=S. |last5=Harbach |first5=R.E. |last6=Linton |first6=Y.-M. |last7=Chen |first7=B. |last8=Nolan |first8=K. |last9=Duong |first9=S. |last10=Fong |first10=M.-Y |last11=Vythilingum |first11=I. |last12=Mohammed |first12=Z. D. |last13=Trung |first13=Ho Dinh |last14=Butlin |first14=R. K. |bibcode=2007InfGE...7...93W |display-authors=5 }}</ref><ref name="Garros Harbach Manguin 2005">{{cite journal |pmid=16119539 |year=2005 |last1=Garros |first1=C. |last2=Harbach |first2=R. E |last3=Manguin |first3=S. |title=Morphological assessment and molecular phylogenetics of the Funestus and Minimus groups of Anopheles (Cellia) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=522–536 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522 |s2cid=22776177 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the taxonomy published by Harbach and Kitching in 2016, it was shown that three species of ''Bironella'' (Bironella confusa|B. confusa'', ''Bironella gracilis|B. gracilis,'' and ''Bironella hollandi|B. hollandi'') are phylogenetically more similar to ''Anopheles kyondawensis|A. kyondawensis'' than other ''Bironella'' species. That phylogeny argues that, based on genetic similarity, ''Anopheles implexus|A. implexus'' is divergent from the common ancestor of ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Harbach |first1=R. E. |last2=Kitching |first2=I. |date=January 2016 |title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of ''Anopheles'' (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=34–47 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Usoro ndụ == Dịka anwụnta niile, anophelines na-agafe usoro anọ n'usoro ndụ ha: akwa (bayọlọji), larva, pupa, na imago|okenye. Usoro atọ mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ma ha abụọ na-adịru ụbọchị 5-14, dabere na ụdị na okpomọkụ gburugburu. Oge okenye bụ mgbe nwanyị "'Anopheles'" na-arụ ọrụ dị ka malaria Vector (epidemiology). Ụmụ nwanyị toro eto nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo otu ọnwa (maọbụ karịa n'agha), mana o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị adị ndụ karịa izu abụọ n'okike.<ref name="cdc">citation-attribution|1={{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-anopheles-mosquitoes.html |title=Life Cycle of ''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 23, 2026 |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> === Akwa === [[File:Anopheles egg 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Anopheles'' eggs with their distinctive side floats]] Ndị inyom toro eto na-etinye àkwá 50–200 kwa oviposition. Àkwá ndị ahụ dị obere (ihe dị ka Tụgharịa|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1 × Tụgharịa|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1). A na-etinye àkwá n'otu n'otu na ozugbo n'ime mmiri. Ha pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Àkwá anaghị anabata nkụ ma ọ bụ ịpụta n'ime ụbọchị 2–3, ọ bụ ezie na ịmụpụta nwere ike were izu abụọ maọbụ atọ n'ebe oyi na-atụ.<ref name="cdc"/> === Larvae === Nwa anwụnta ahụ nwere isi ya nke ọma, nke nwere ahịhịa ọnụ e ji enye nri, nnukwu Thorax (ahụ ahụhụ) na akụkụ itoolu afọ. O nweghị ụkwụ. Ọdịghị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, larva "'Anopheles'' enweghị siphon iku ume, ya mere ọ na-eguzo onwe ya ka ahụ ya wee dị n'elu mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, larva nke anwụnta culicine na-arapara n'elu mmiri site na siphon azụ, ahụ na-atụ aka ala. Larvae na-eku ume site na Spiracle (arthropods) dị na akụkụ afọ nke asatọ, ya mere ọ ga-abịa n'elu elu ugboro ugboro. Larvae ahụ na-etinye oge ha niile na-eri algae, bacteria, na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'ime akwa dị gịrịgịrị. Ha na-amaba n'okpuru elu ahụ naanị mgbe a kpasuru ha iwe. Larvae na-egwu mmiri site na mmegharị ahụ dum ma ọ bụ site na Mmiri propulsion site na iji ahịhịa ọnụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Larvae na-etolite site na usoro anọ, ma ọ bụ instars, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ha metamorphosis,metamorphose na pupae. Na njedebe nke mmalite ọ bụla, larvae na-akpụ akpụ, na-awụpụ exoskeletons ha, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, iji mee ka uto dịkwuo elu. Larvae ndị ahụ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, mana ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-adịghị emerụ emerụ. A chọtala larvae nke "Anopheles" n'ime apịtị mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu, apịtị mangrove, ubi osikapa, olulu ahịhịa, nsọtụ iyi na osimiri, na obere ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo nwa oge. Ọtụtụ ụdị a na-ahọrọ ebe obibi nwere ahịhịa. Ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ebe obibi na-enweghị nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ na-amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, mgbe anyanwụ na-enwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ndị nwere ndò n'ime ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa n'ime oghere osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ axils nke ụfọdụ osisi.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto CDCHarryWeinburgh publicdomain.jpg|''Anopheles'' larva File:Anopheles Culex larvae feeding position-USDA.jpg|Feeding position of an ''Anopheles'' larva (A), culicine larva with its siphon (B) </gallery> === Pupae === Pupa (a makwaara dị ka tumbler) dị ka comma ma a lee ya anya site n'akụkụ. A na-ejikọta isi na Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ)n'ime cephalothorax, afọ na-agbagharị n'okpuru ya. Dịka ọ dị na ụmụ ahụhụ, nwamba ahụ ga-abịa n'elu mgbe niile iji kuo ume, nke ọ na-eme site na opi iku ume abụọ na cephalothorax ya. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị dịka nwamba, elu azụ nke cephalothorax na-agbawa agbawa, anwụnta toro eto na-apụtakwa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> Anopheles (YPM IZ 093745).jpeg|Pupa File:The pupa of a mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis). Reproductio Wellcome V0022598 (cropped).jpg|''Anopheles maculipennis|A. maculipennis'' pupa, breathing at the surface </gallery> === OKENYE YA=== [[File:Anopheles Culex adult resting position-USDA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Resting positions of adult ''Anopheles'' (A, B) are more upright than that of Culicinae (C).]] Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna (bayọlọji)|antennae. Antennae dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Anwụnta nwanyị na-ebu "Plasmodium'', nje ndị na-akpata ịba, na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu na ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta na-enweghị ọrịa.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Malaria Infected Mosquitoes Express Enhanced Attraction to Human Odor |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ya nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis nke e ji enye nri, yana maxillary palps abụọ. Palp ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta anwụnta nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ) bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka mgbaze nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ.<ref name="cdc"/> A pụrụ ịmata "Anopheles" site na anwụnta ndị ọzọ site na palps, nke dị ogologo dịka proboscis, yana site na ọnụnọ nke ihe mkpuchi ojii na ọcha dị iche iche na nku. A pụkwara ịchọpụta ndị toro eto site na ọnọdụ izu ike ha: nwoke na nwanyị na-ezu ike na afọ ha na-atụ aka elu, n'adịghị ka anwụnta culicine. Anwụnta ndị toro eto na-abụkarị ndị na-akpakọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ha si n'ọkwa nwa pụta. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ụmụ nwoke na-etolite nnukwu square, na-abụkarị n'oge mgbede, ụmụ nwanyị na-efekwa n'ime ìgwè ahụ iji kpaa. Oge site na àkwá ruo okenye dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị, okpomọkụ gburugburu na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu. Anwụnta nwere ike ịmalite site na àkwá ruo okenye n'ime obere ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike were ụbọchị 10-14 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Ndị ikom na-ebi ihe dị ka otu izu, na-eri nectar na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nke sugar. Ndị ikom enweghị ike iri ọbara, n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ ma na-egbu ha n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ihe dị ka ndụ ha niile dịka nri naanị mmiri.diet. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikbakhtzadeh |first1=Mahmood R. |last2=Buss |first2=Garrison K. |last3=Leal |first3=Walter S. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Toxic Effect of Blood Feeding in Male Mosquitoes |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=7 |page=4 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00004 |pmc=4726748 |pmid=26858651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eri shuga maka ike, mana ha na-achọkarị nri ọbara maka mmepụta àkwá. Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nri ọbara zuru oke, nwanyị ahụ na-ezu ike ruo ụbọchị ole na ole ka ọbara na-agbari ma na-etolite àkwá. Usoro a dabere na okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-3 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ozugbo àkwá ahụ tolitere nke ọma, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye ha ma maliteghachi ịchọ onye ọbịa. Usoro ahụ na-emegharị onwe ya ruo mgbe nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịdị ndụ karịa otu ọnwa n'agha, ọtụtụ anaghị adị ndụ karịa otu izu ruo abụọ n'okike. Ndụ ha dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, na ikike ha inweta nri ọbara nke ọma ma na-ezere nchebe onye ọbịa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery mode=packed heights=350> File:Anopheles female Turkhud (bw).png|Morphology of female ''Anopheles'' </gallery> === Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi === === Nkesa=== "Anopheles" bi ma n'ebe okpomọkụ a maara maka ịba dịka ndịda Sahara Africa, nakwa n'ebe oyi na-atụ. Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe emeela n'oge gara aga n'ebe oyi na-atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge e wuru Rideau Canal na Kanada n'afọ 1820.<ref name="Wylie 1983">{{cite journal |author=Wylie WNT |s2cid=143040362 |year=1983 |title=Poverty, Distress, and Disease: Labour and the Construction of the Rideau Canal, 1826–32 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=11 |pages=7–29 |jstor=25140199 |doi=10.2307/25140199}}</ref>Ụdị "Anopheles" nke nwere ike ibufe ịba abụghị naanị n'ebe ndị ọrịa ịba na-agbasa, yabụ ebe ndị a na-ewepụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmaliteghachi ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020">{{cite web |date=April 9, 2020 |title=CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Where Malaria occurs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> [[File:Anopheles-range-map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.5|Global distribution of ''Anopheles'' species covers both the tropics with numerous malarias, and colder areas not subject to malaria at the start of the 21st century.<ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020"/>]] ===Ebe obibi=== "Anopheles" chọrọ mmiri, ikekwe obere na oge ụfọdụ, maka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na ụmụ nkịta ha. Ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị sitere na ọdọ mmiri ruo na tankị mmiri, apịtị, olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anopheles Mosquitoes |url=https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/vector-species/anopheles-mosquitoes/ |website=Global Vector Hub |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>Otú ọ dị, ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ dịka savanna na Sahel nke Afrịka. Ha nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya site na mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ifufe kwesịrị ekwesị na-efesa ha ruo ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ndị toro eto nwere ike inwe ahụ iru ala ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa n'otu oge, na-ehi ụra n'oge okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọgide na-enwe ahụ iru ala n'oge Africa oge ọkọchị <ref name="Baldini Viana 2023 pp. 1–3">{{cite journal |last1=Baldini |first1=Francesco |last2=Viana |first2=Mafalda |title=Dried out but alive: how mosquitoes survive 8 months |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.006 |pages=1–3|pmid=36470782 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, ''Anopheles'' have been documented travelling in baggage, such as on aircraft.<ref name="Ibáñez-Justicia Smitz den Hartog van de Vossenberg 2020 p. 3450">{{cite journal |last1=Ibáñez-Justicia |first1=Adolfo |last2=Smitz |first2=Nathalie |last3=den Hartog |first3=Wietse |last4=van de Vossenberg |first4=Bart |last5=De Wolf |first5=Katrien |last6=Deblauwe |first6=Isra |last7=Van Bortel |first7=Wim |last8=Jacobs |first8=Frans |last9=Vaux |first9=Alexander G. C. |last10=Medlock |first10=Jolyon M. |last11=Stroo |first11=Arjan |display-authors=5 |title=Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=10 |date=2020-05-15 |pmid=32429218 |pmc=7277938 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17103450 |page=3450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Parasiti === Nje nke "Anopheles" gụnyere Microsporidia nke ụdị "'Amblyospora'', ''Crepidulospora'', ''Senoma'' na ''Parathelohania'''<ref name="Simakova 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Simakova, A. V. |author2=Pankova, T. F. |year=2008 |title=Ecology and epizootology of microsporidia in malarial mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the south of western Siberia |journal=Parazitologiia |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |pmid=18664069 |language=ru}}</ref>A na-ahụ usoro ndụ abụọ dị iche iche na Microsporidia. N'ụdị nke mbụ, nje ahụ na-ebufe site na ụzọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ya na-adịghị ahụkebe. Na nke abụọ, ebe ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ a na-esi ebute ọrịa, nje ahụ na-eri n'ime onye nwere ọrịa dị n'etiti. Ọrịa nke ụdị nku ụmụ ahụhụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ na-agụnyekarịkwa ahụ abụba. Nnyefe kwụ ọtọ (transovarial) na-emekwa. <ref name="Baker Vossbrinck Becnel 1998">{{cite journal |author1=Baker, Michael D. |author2=Vossbrinck, Charles R. |author3=Becnel, James J. |author4=Andreadis, Theodore G. |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny of ''Amblyospora'' (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=199–206 |pmid=9538024 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1997.4725 |bibcode=1998JInvP..71..199B |url=http://www.ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106080553/http://ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> A mụọla nje bacteria ''Wolbachia'' maka iji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-achịkwa ọrịa.<ref name="Discovery Article">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |title=Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease |website=Discovery News |date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123222013/http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |archive-date=23 November 2009 }}</ref> === Ndị na-añụ ọbara anụ ọzọ === Ududo na-awụli elu ''Evarcha culicivora'' na-eri ọbara ọkpụkpụ azụ site n'ịchụso 'Anopheles'' nke nwanyị..<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |title=Use of ''Anopheles''-specific prey-capture behavior by the small juveniles of ''Evarcha culicivora'', a mosquito-eating jumping spider |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |date=2005 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref>Ududo ụmụaka na-ahọrọ "Anopheles" karịa anụ oriri ọ bụla ọzọ n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ ọbara ka o bu. <ref name="Jackson Cross 2015">Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R. "Mosquito-terminator spiders and the meaning of predatory specialization." The Journal of Arachnology 43.2 (2015): 123–142.</ref> Ududo ụmụaka ewerela omume njide anụ "Anopheles" nke a na-akpọ "Anopheles", na-eji ọnọdụ "Anopheles" eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji amata ha.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005"/> "Anopheles" nwere ọnọdụ izu ike pụrụ iche yana afọ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. N'ọnọdụ a, ududo ahụ na-abịa site n'azụ anwụnta na n'okpuru afọ ya, wee si n'okpuru wakpo ya. ref name="Nelson Jackson 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=A Predator from East Africa that Chooses Malaria Vectors as Preferred Prey |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=132 |date=2006 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000132 |pmid=17205136 |pmc=1762417 |bibcode=2006PLoSO...1..132N |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe == === Isi mmalite ndị a kacha amasị maka nri ọbara === Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị "Anopheles" bụ naanị ihe na-ebute ịba, a mụọla ya nke ọma n'ịchọ ụzọ njikwa dị irè. Otu ihe dị mkpa gbasara omume bụ otú ụdị "Anopheles" si ahọrọ iri ụmụ mmadụ anthropophily ma ọ bụ anụmanụ dịka ehi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ (zoophily). Ndị "Anthropophilic" "Anopheles" nwere ike ibufe nje ịba site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ "Anopheles" abụghị naanị ihe na-akpata ịba ma ọ bụ nje, gụnyere ihe na-akpata ịba mbụ na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, Anopheles freeborni|''A. freeborni''.<ref>Carpenter, S. J.; LaCasse, W. J. (1955). ''Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico)''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 39–42. {{ISBN|0-520-02638-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McHugh |first=Chad P. |date=1989-08-01 |title=Ecology of a Semi-Isolated Population of Adult Anopheles Freeborni: Abundance, Trophic Status, Parity, Survivorship, Gonotrophic Cycle Length, and Host Selection |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.169 |pmid=2774063}}</ref> However, the primary malaria vectors in Africa, ''Anopheles gambiae|A. gambiae'' and ''A. funestus'', are strongly anthropophilic and are consequently major vectors of human malaria.<ref name="cdc"/> === Ohere nke ibute ọrịa ịba === Ozugbo anwụnta riri nje ịba, nje ịba ga-etolite n'ime anwụnta tupu ha ebute ọrịa nye mmadụ. Oge achọrọ maka nje ahụ itolite n'ime anwụnta (oge mpụga incubation) dị site na ụbọchị iri ruo iri abụọ na otu, dabere na ụdị nje ahụ na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na anwụnta anaghị adị ndụ ruo ogologo oge ka nje ahụ tolite, mgbe ahụ ọ naghị ebufe nje ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc"/> Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle ndụ anwụnta n'okike ozugbo, mana emeela atụmatụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ ụdị "Anopheles". Atụmatụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Tanzania nke "A. gambiae", ihe na-ebute nje "Plasmodium falciparum" dị ize ndụ, dị site na 0.77 ruo 0.84, nke pụtara na mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị, n'etiti 77% na 84% adịla ndụ.<ref name="Charlwood Smith Billingsley Takken 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Charlwood |first1=J. D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Billingsley |first3=P. F. |last4=Takken |first4=W. |last5=Lyimo |first5=E. O. K. |last6=Meuwissen |first6=J. H. E. T. |title=Survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in humans |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |volume=87 |issue=5 |date=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0007485300041304 |pages=445–453 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/298415/files/S0007485300041304.pdf }}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta a na-adịgide ruo ogologo ndụ anwụnta, ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke ụmụ nwanyị "A. gambiae" ga-adị ndụ karịa oge ịnọ n'èzí ụbọchị 14. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị amụbaa ruo 0.9, ihe karịrị pasent 20 nke anwụnta ga-adị ndụ karịa otu oge ahụ. Usoro njikwa nke dabere na ọgwụ ahụhụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgba ọgwụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ) nwere ike imetụta ịba. Nnyefe (ọgwụ)|nnyefe site na mmetụta ha na ogologo ndụ ndị okenye karịa site na mmetụta ha na ọnụọgụ anwụnta ndị toro eto.<ref name="cdc"/> === Usoro nri na izu ike === Ọtụtụ ''Anopheles'' bụ crepuscular (na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ chi ọbụbọ) ma ọ bụ abalị (na-arụ ọrụ n'abalị). Ụfọdụ na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ (endophagic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-eri nri n'èzí (exophagic). Mgbe ha nyesịrị nri, ụfọdụ anwụnta ọbara na-ahọrọ izu ike n'ime ụlọ (endophilic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ izu ike n'èzí (exofical). Enwere ike ibelata ịta ahụhụ site na 'Anopheles'' site na abalị, endophagic site na iji ụgbụ akwa e ji ọgwụ Ịnsektisaịdị gwọọ ma ọ bụ site na owuwu ụlọ ka mma iji gbochie anwụnta ịbanye (dịka ọmụmaatụ window screens. A na-achịkwa anwụnta Endophilic ngwa ngwa site na ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-achịkwa vektọ exophagic/exophilic site na ibibi ebe ọmụmụ, dịka site na ijupụta ọdọ mmiri.<ref name="cdc"/> === Osisi afọ === Ebe ọ bụ na mbufe ọrịa site na anwụnta chọrọ iri ọbara, osisi afọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ọganiihu nke ọrịa nke anwụnta na-ebi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweta site na photosynthetic cyanobacteria, ebe n'ime ndị toro eto, bakteria gram-negative na Pseudomonadota na Bacteroidota phyla na-achịkwa nke ukwuu. Nri ọbara na-ebelata ụdị nje dị iche iche dị na afọ, na-eme ka nje bacteria na-amasị ha nke ukwuu.<ref name="Wang 2011">{{cite journal |title=Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024767 |vauthors=Wang Y, ((Gilbreath TM III)), Kukutla P, Yan G, Xu J |year=2011 |editor1-last=Leulier |editor1-first=François |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24767 |pmid=21957459 |pmc=3177825 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624767W |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Njikwa == [[File:PMI IRS2-2-1140x684.jpg|alt=Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent mosquitoes.|thumb|Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent malaria.]] === Njikwa === Igbu ụmụ ahụhụ gụnyere ụzọ mbụ isi kpochapụ anwụnta ịba. Agbanyeghị, anwụnta, n'oge obere oge, nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ngwa ngwa, dịka e mere n'oge mkpọsa Mkpochapụ Ịba Ahụ́ nke Mba Nile nke afọ 1950.<ref name="Najera 1999">{{cite web |last1=Najera |first1=J. A. |title=Malaria Control: Achievements, Problems, & Strategies |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66640/WHO_MAL_99.1087.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=23 January 2024 |ref=WHO/MAL/99.1087 |date=1999}}</ref>Ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ọrụ ugbo emeela ka ọnụọgụ anwụnta ghara iguzogide, nke pụtara na mmemme njikwa dị irè ga-enyocha maka iguzogide ma gbanwee gaa n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta na a na-egbochi iguzogide. <ref name="CDC Biology">{{cite web |title=Biology: Anopheles Mosquitoes (tab 5) |date=16 July 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/#tabs-1-5 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> === Mkpochapu === Na 2016, a tụrụ aro usoro CRISPR-Cas9 njine drive iji kpochapụ ''Anopheles gambiae'',,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Andrew |last2=Galizi |first2=Roberto |last3=Kyrou |first3=Kyros |last4=Simoni |first4=Alekos |last5=Siniscalchi |first5=Carla |last6=Katsanos |first6=Dimitris |last7=Gribble |first7=Matthew |last8=Baker |first8=Dean |last9=Marois |first9=Eric |last10=Russell |first10=Steven |last11=Burt |first11=Austin |display-authors=5 |date=January 2016 |title=A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3439 |pmid=26641531 |pmc=4913862}}</ref> by deleting the ''Doublesex|dsx'' gene, causing female sterility. Such a gene drive system has been shown to suppress an entire caged ''A. gambiae'' population<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kyrou |first1=Kyros |last2=Hammond |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Galizi |first3=Roberto |last4=Kranjc |first4=Nace |last5=Burt |first5=Austin |last6=Beaghton |first6=Andrea K. |last7=Nolan |first7=Tony |last8=Crisanti |first8=Andrea |date=November 2018 |title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1038/nbt.4245 |pmid=30247490 |pmc=6871539 |bibcode=2018NatBi..36.1062K |doi-access=free}}</ref> n'ime ọgbọ asaa ruo nke iri na otu, nke na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị otu afọ. Nke a ebutela nchegbu gbasara ma arụmọrụ nke usoro mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmetụta omume na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmemme iwepụ ụdị ọrịa a. journal |last1=Taning |first1=Clauvis Nji Tizi |last2=Van Eynde |first2=Benigna |last3=Yu |first3=Na |last4=Ma |first4=Sanyuan |last5=Smagghe |first5=Guy |date=April 2017 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 in insects: Applications, best practices and biosafety concerns |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=98 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.007 |pmid=28108316|bibcode=2017JInsP..98..245T |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8511395/file/8511396 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>Ya mere, a na-agba mbọ iji usoro njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide "Plasmodium" dịkwuo mma n'ime ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ, dịka ilekwasị anya na iwepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "FREP1" na "Anopheles gambiae". ''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yuemei |last2=Simões |first2=Maria L. |last3=Marois |first3=Eric |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=George |date=2018-03-08 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 -mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006898 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898 |pmid=29518156 |pmc=5843335 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na Burkina Faso emepụtala ụdị ero "Metarhizium pinghaense" nke e mepụtara site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta nsị nke ududo ntanetị nke Australia; ikpughe ya na ero ahụ mere ka ọnụọgụgụ "Anopheles" daa site na 99% na nnwale a na-achịkwa. <ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=31 May 2019 |title=GM fungus rapidly kills 99% of malaria mosquitoes, study suggests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48464510 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=31 Dec 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ==Edensibịa == {{reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ Mpụga== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ ''Anopheles'' Database] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index ''Anopheles gambiae'' Genome and Related Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index |date=2012-12-03 }} * [https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921000929/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/mosquito/map.htm CDC – World map showing distribution of various ''Anopheles'' species] (archived) * [http://www.wrbu.org/ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173327/https://www.wrbu.org/|date=15 December 2018|title=Archived version}}) – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330171641/http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035207/http://www.metapathogen.com/mosquito/anopheles/ ''Anopheles gambiae'' taxonomy, facts and life cycle] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170130141158/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_quadrimaculatus.htm ''Anopheles quadrimaculatus'', common malaria mosquito] (archived) on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ''Featured Creatures'' website *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html ''Anopheles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821202050/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html|date=5 May 2021|title=Archived version}} ltytey67dvg9j8d7l846vop5yd4gi9w 705137 705136 2026-08-20T04:08:03Z Goodymeraj 16207 705137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Genus of mosquito}} {{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}} {{automatic taxobox | image = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''[[Anopheles stephensi]]'', female | taxon = Anopheles | authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]] 1818 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = For a full description, see the main article: [[Taxonomy of Anopheles]] }} '''''Anopheles'''' (IPac-en|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|f|ᵻ|l|iː|z) bụ anwụnta nke onye German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen|J. W. Meigen kọwara na mbụ na 1818, a makwaara ha dị ka '''anwụnta mbọ''' na '''anwụnta ala mmiri'''.<ref name="USFWS">{{cite web |title=Nail Mosquito |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/nail-mosquito-anopheles |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=16 December 2023 |quote=Common Name: Nail Mosquito, marsh mosquitoes}}</ref>Ọtụtụ anwụnta ndị dị otu a bụ ọrịa vector nke nje ahụ ''Plasmodium'', ụdị protozoans nke na-akpata ịba na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje nnụnụ, ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje anụ na-akpụ akpụ, na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje ma ọ bụghị anụmanụ, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ. Anwụnta ''Anopheles gambiae'' bụ ụdị anwụnta a ma ama nke a na-ebufe ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nke bụ ọrịa ịba Parasitism parasite nke na-egbu mmadụ; ọ dịghị ụdị anwụnta ọzọ nke na-ebute ịba mmadụ. Ụdị "Anopheles" dị iche na anwụnta ndị ọzọ dị ihe dị ka Ma 100 (myrmya), dịka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, àkwá, larvae, na pupae bụ anụmanụ mmiri. Nnwale "Anopheles" enweghị mmiri iku ume nke ọ ga-esi na ya eku ume, ya mere ọ na-eku ume ma na-eri nri na ahụ ya kwụ ọtọ n'elu mmiri. Anwụnta toro eto na-esi n'elu pụta ma na-eri nectar nke okooko osisi; anwụnta nwanyị na-erikwa ọbara, nke nri anụmanụ na-enye ha ohere ibu ma na-ebufe nje n'etiti ndị ọbịa. Ọnọdụ nri onye toro eto dị n'ala, n'adịghị ka ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ nke culicines. "Anopheles" na-ekesa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụwa niile, n'oge okpomọkụ, n'okpuru ala okpomọkụ, na mpaghara dị jụụ nke ụwa. N'oge ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, "Anopheles" aestivate, nke bụ ọnọdụ ụra nke na-eme ka anwụnta dị ndụ na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka Sahel. == Mmalite == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fosil === Fossil nke ụdị 'Anopheles' dị ụkọ; naanị abụọ ka achọpụtara na 2015.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015"/> They are ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' <small>Zavortink & Poinar</small> in Dominican Republic amber from the Late Eocene Ma|40.4 to Ma 33.9,<ref name="Zavortink Poinar 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Zavortink |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Dominican Amber |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=93 |issue=6 |date=2000-11-01 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1230:ANDSND]2.0.CO;2 |pages=1230–1235|s2cid=86221732 }}</ref> and ''Anopheles rottensis'' <small>Statz</small> in German amber from the Late Oligocene Ma|28.4 to Ma|23.0.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=Lucas A. |last2=Russo |first2=Claudia A. M. |last3=Voloch |first3=Carolina M. |last4=Mutaquiha |first4=Olívio C. F. |last5=Marques |first5=Lucas P. |last6=Schrago |first6=Carlos G. |title=Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |date=2015-08-05 |pmid=26244561 |pmc=4526650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134462 |article-number=e0134462 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034462F |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Phylogeny=== Ndị nna ochie nke Ijiji niile gụnyere anwụnta pụtara Ma 260..<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Complete mtDNA genomes of ''Anopheles darlingi'' and an approach to anopheline divergence time |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Culicinae culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between Ma120 and Ma|150.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">{{cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darlingi'' reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy |journal=[[BMC Genomics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between Ma|80 and Ma|95.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''Anopheles darlingi'' diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~Ma|100.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N }}</ref> The cladogram is based on an analysis of mosquito genomes by Heafsey and colleagues in 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/> |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Taxonomy === Ọ bụ onye German na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ bụ 'Anopheles'' na 1818. Ọ kọwara ụdị abụọ, ''A. birfurcatus'' na ụdị ụdị, ''Anopheles maculipennis''. O kwuru na aha ahụ pụtara lang|de|beschwerlich, "ihe dị arọ".<ref name="Meigen 1818">{{cite book |last=Meigen |first=Johann Wilhelm |author-link=Johann Wilhelm Meigen |date=1818 |title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten |language=de |trans-title=Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects |location=Aachen |publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann |volume=1 |pages=10–12 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/54/mode/1up}}</ref> Ọ bụ na asụsụ Grik ochie ka esi weta ya lang|grc|ἀνωφελής transliteration|grc|anōphelḗs 'useless', derived from lang|el|ἀν- transliteration|grc|an-, 'not', 'un-' and lang|el|[[:wikt:ὄφελος|ὄφελος} {{transliteration|grc|óphelos}} 'profit'.<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book |author=Stevenson, Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=19 August 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |page=64}}</ref> Usoro nhazi nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị elu nke ukwuu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Frederick Vincent Theobald kọwara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 39 nke "Anopheles" n'akwụkwọ mpịakọta 5 ya na Culicidae.<ref name=Theobald1901>{{cite book |last=Theobald |first=Frederick Vincent |author-link=Frederick Vincent Theobald |date=1901 |title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-178-51903-7 |pages=115–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref> He was provided with mosquito specimens sent in to the British Museum (Natural History) from around the world, on the 1898 instruction of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016"/> "Anopheles" (nke nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ) bụ nke ezinụlọ dị n'okpuru Anophelinae tinyere ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ: "'Bironella" (nke e kewara na Australasia) na "Chagasia" (nke e kewara na Neotropics). Usoro a ka dịgidere nke ọma.<ref name="Krzywinski2003">{{cite journal |last1=Krzywinski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Besansky |first2=Nora J. |author-link2=Nora J. Besansky |year=2003 |title=Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: From Subgenera to Subpopulations |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647 |pmid=12208816 |bibcode=2003AREnt..48..111K }}</ref><ref name="Foley 1998">{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0457 |pmid=9562985 |title=Evolution and Systematics of ''Anopheles'':Insights from a Molecular Phylogeny of Australasian Mosquitoes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=262–275 |year=1998 |last1=Foley |first1=Desmond H. |last2=Bryan |first2=Joan H. |last3=Yeates |first3=David |last4=Saul |first4=Allan |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..262F }}</ref> Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics – wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences.<ref name="Rattanarithikul 2006">{{cite journal |pmid=17262930 |year=2006 |last1=Rattanarithikul |first1=R. |author-link=Rampa Rattanarithikul|title=Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. IV. Anopheles |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=37 |pages=1–128 |last2=Harrison |first2=B. A. |last3=Harbach |first3=R. E. |last4=Panthusiri |first4=P. |last5=Coleman |first5=R. E. |last6=Panthusiri |first6=P. |issue=Suppl 2 }}</ref><ref name="Walton 2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.05.001 |pmid=16782411 |title=Genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the Anopheles maculatus group using the ITS2 region of rDNA |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2007 |last1=Walton |first1=C. |last2=Somboon |first2=P. |last3=o'Loughlin |first3=S. M. |last4=Zhang |first4=S. |last5=Harbach |first5=R.E. |last6=Linton |first6=Y.-M. |last7=Chen |first7=B. |last8=Nolan |first8=K. |last9=Duong |first9=S. |last10=Fong |first10=M.-Y |last11=Vythilingum |first11=I. |last12=Mohammed |first12=Z. D. |last13=Trung |first13=Ho Dinh |last14=Butlin |first14=R. K. |bibcode=2007InfGE...7...93W |display-authors=5 }}</ref><ref name="Garros Harbach Manguin 2005">{{cite journal |pmid=16119539 |year=2005 |last1=Garros |first1=C. |last2=Harbach |first2=R. E |last3=Manguin |first3=S. |title=Morphological assessment and molecular phylogenetics of the Funestus and Minimus groups of Anopheles (Cellia) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=522–536 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522 |s2cid=22776177 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the taxonomy published by Harbach and Kitching in 2016, it was shown that three species of ''Bironella'' (Bironella confusa|B. confusa'', ''Bironella gracilis|B. gracilis,'' and ''Bironella hollandi|B. hollandi'') are phylogenetically more similar to ''Anopheles kyondawensis|A. kyondawensis'' than other ''Bironella'' species. That phylogeny argues that, based on genetic similarity, ''Anopheles implexus|A. implexus'' is divergent from the common ancestor of ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Harbach |first1=R. E. |last2=Kitching |first2=I. |date=January 2016 |title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of ''Anopheles'' (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=34–47 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Usoro ndụ == Dịka anwụnta niile, anophelines na-agafe usoro anọ n'usoro ndụ ha: akwa (bayọlọji), larva, pupa, na imago|okenye. Usoro atọ mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ma ha abụọ na-adịru ụbọchị 5-14, dabere na ụdị na okpomọkụ gburugburu. Oge okenye bụ mgbe nwanyị "'Anopheles'" na-arụ ọrụ dị ka malaria Vector (epidemiology). Ụmụ nwanyị toro eto nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo otu ọnwa (maọbụ karịa n'agha), mana o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị adị ndụ karịa izu abụọ n'okike.<ref name="cdc">citation-attribution|1={{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-anopheles-mosquitoes.html |title=Life Cycle of ''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 23, 2026 |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> === Akwa === [[File:Anopheles egg 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Anopheles'' eggs with their distinctive side floats]] Ndị inyom toro eto na-etinye àkwá 50–200 kwa oviposition. Àkwá ndị ahụ dị obere (ihe dị ka Tụgharịa|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1 × Tụgharịa|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1). A na-etinye àkwá n'otu n'otu na ozugbo n'ime mmiri. Ha pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Àkwá anaghị anabata nkụ ma ọ bụ ịpụta n'ime ụbọchị 2–3, ọ bụ ezie na ịmụpụta nwere ike were izu abụọ maọbụ atọ n'ebe oyi na-atụ.<ref name="cdc"/> === Larvae === Nwa anwụnta ahụ nwere isi ya nke ọma, nke nwere ahịhịa ọnụ e ji enye nri, nnukwu Thorax (ahụ ahụhụ) na akụkụ itoolu afọ. O nweghị ụkwụ. Ọdịghị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, larva "'Anopheles'' enweghị siphon iku ume, ya mere ọ na-eguzo onwe ya ka ahụ ya wee dị n'elu mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, larva nke anwụnta culicine na-arapara n'elu mmiri site na siphon azụ, ahụ na-atụ aka ala. Larvae na-eku ume site na Spiracle (arthropods) dị na akụkụ afọ nke asatọ, ya mere ọ ga-abịa n'elu elu ugboro ugboro. Larvae ahụ na-etinye oge ha niile na-eri algae, bacteria, na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'ime akwa dị gịrịgịrị. Ha na-amaba n'okpuru elu ahụ naanị mgbe a kpasuru ha iwe. Larvae na-egwu mmiri site na mmegharị ahụ dum ma ọ bụ site na Mmiri propulsion site na iji ahịhịa ọnụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Larvae na-etolite site na usoro anọ, ma ọ bụ instars, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ha metamorphosis,metamorphose na pupae. Na njedebe nke mmalite ọ bụla, larvae na-akpụ akpụ, na-awụpụ exoskeletons ha, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, iji mee ka uto dịkwuo elu. Larvae ndị ahụ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, mana ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-adịghị emerụ emerụ. A chọtala larvae nke "Anopheles" n'ime apịtị mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu, apịtị mangrove, ubi osikapa, olulu ahịhịa, nsọtụ iyi na osimiri, na obere ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo nwa oge. Ọtụtụ ụdị a na-ahọrọ ebe obibi nwere ahịhịa. Ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ebe obibi na-enweghị nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ na-amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, mgbe anyanwụ na-enwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ndị nwere ndò n'ime ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa n'ime oghere osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ axils nke ụfọdụ osisi.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto CDCHarryWeinburgh publicdomain.jpg|''Anopheles'' larva File:Anopheles Culex larvae feeding position-USDA.jpg|Feeding position of an ''Anopheles'' larva (A), culicine larva with its siphon (B) </gallery> === Pupae === Pupa (a makwaara dị ka tumbler) dị ka comma ma a lee ya anya site n'akụkụ. A na-ejikọta isi na Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ)n'ime cephalothorax, afọ na-agbagharị n'okpuru ya. Dịka ọ dị na ụmụ ahụhụ, nwamba ahụ ga-abịa n'elu mgbe niile iji kuo ume, nke ọ na-eme site na opi iku ume abụọ na cephalothorax ya. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị dịka nwamba, elu azụ nke cephalothorax na-agbawa agbawa, anwụnta toro eto na-apụtakwa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> Anopheles (YPM IZ 093745).jpeg|Pupa File:The pupa of a mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis). Reproductio Wellcome V0022598 (cropped).jpg|''Anopheles maculipennis|A. maculipennis'' pupa, breathing at the surface </gallery> === OKENYE YA=== [[File:Anopheles Culex adult resting position-USDA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Resting positions of adult ''Anopheles'' (A, B) are more upright than that of Culicinae (C).]] Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna (bayọlọji)|antennae. Antennae dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Anwụnta nwanyị na-ebu "Plasmodium'', nje ndị na-akpata ịba, na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu na ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta na-enweghị ọrịa.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Malaria Infected Mosquitoes Express Enhanced Attraction to Human Odor |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ya nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis nke e ji enye nri, yana maxillary palps abụọ. Palp ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta anwụnta nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ) bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka mgbaze nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ.<ref name="cdc"/> A pụrụ ịmata "Anopheles" site na anwụnta ndị ọzọ site na palps, nke dị ogologo dịka proboscis, yana site na ọnụnọ nke ihe mkpuchi ojii na ọcha dị iche iche na nku. A pụkwara ịchọpụta ndị toro eto site na ọnọdụ izu ike ha: nwoke na nwanyị na-ezu ike na afọ ha na-atụ aka elu, n'adịghị ka anwụnta culicine. Anwụnta ndị toro eto na-abụkarị ndị na-akpakọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ha si n'ọkwa nwa pụta. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ụmụ nwoke na-etolite nnukwu square, na-abụkarị n'oge mgbede, ụmụ nwanyị na-efekwa n'ime ìgwè ahụ iji kpaa. Oge site na àkwá ruo okenye dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị, okpomọkụ gburugburu na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu. Anwụnta nwere ike ịmalite site na àkwá ruo okenye n'ime obere ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike were ụbọchị 10-14 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Ndị ikom na-ebi ihe dị ka otu izu, na-eri nectar na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nke sugar. Ndị ikom enweghị ike iri ọbara, n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ ma na-egbu ha n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ihe dị ka ndụ ha niile dịka nri naanị mmiri.diet. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikbakhtzadeh |first1=Mahmood R. |last2=Buss |first2=Garrison K. |last3=Leal |first3=Walter S. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Toxic Effect of Blood Feeding in Male Mosquitoes |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=7 |page=4 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00004 |pmc=4726748 |pmid=26858651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eri shuga maka ike, mana ha na-achọkarị nri ọbara maka mmepụta àkwá. Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nri ọbara zuru oke, nwanyị ahụ na-ezu ike ruo ụbọchị ole na ole ka ọbara na-agbari ma na-etolite àkwá. Usoro a dabere na okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-3 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ozugbo àkwá ahụ tolitere nke ọma, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye ha ma maliteghachi ịchọ onye ọbịa. Usoro ahụ na-emegharị onwe ya ruo mgbe nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịdị ndụ karịa otu ọnwa n'agha, ọtụtụ anaghị adị ndụ karịa otu izu ruo abụọ n'okike. Ndụ ha dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, na ikike ha inweta nri ọbara nke ọma ma na-ezere nchebe onye ọbịa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery mode=packed heights=350> File:Anopheles female Turkhud (bw).png|Morphology of female ''Anopheles'' </gallery> === Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi === === Nkesa=== "Anopheles" bi ma n'ebe okpomọkụ a maara maka ịba dịka ndịda Sahara Africa, nakwa n'ebe oyi na-atụ. Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe emeela n'oge gara aga n'ebe oyi na-atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge e wuru Rideau Canal na Kanada n'afọ 1820.<ref name="Wylie 1983">{{cite journal |author=Wylie WNT |s2cid=143040362 |year=1983 |title=Poverty, Distress, and Disease: Labour and the Construction of the Rideau Canal, 1826–32 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=11 |pages=7–29 |jstor=25140199 |doi=10.2307/25140199}}</ref>Ụdị "Anopheles" nke nwere ike ibufe ịba abụghị naanị n'ebe ndị ọrịa ịba na-agbasa, yabụ ebe ndị a na-ewepụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmaliteghachi ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020">{{cite web |date=April 9, 2020 |title=CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Where Malaria occurs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> [[File:Anopheles-range-map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.5|Global distribution of ''Anopheles'' species covers both the tropics with numerous malarias, and colder areas not subject to malaria at the start of the 21st century.<ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020"/>]] ===Ebe obibi=== "Anopheles" chọrọ mmiri, ikekwe obere na oge ụfọdụ, maka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na ụmụ nkịta ha. Ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị sitere na ọdọ mmiri ruo na tankị mmiri, apịtị, olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anopheles Mosquitoes |url=https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/vector-species/anopheles-mosquitoes/ |website=Global Vector Hub |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>Otú ọ dị, ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ dịka savanna na Sahel nke Afrịka. Ha nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya site na mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ifufe kwesịrị ekwesị na-efesa ha ruo ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ndị toro eto nwere ike inwe ahụ iru ala ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa n'otu oge, na-ehi ụra n'oge okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọgide na-enwe ahụ iru ala n'oge Africa oge ọkọchị <ref name="Baldini Viana 2023 pp. 1–3">{{cite journal |last1=Baldini |first1=Francesco |last2=Viana |first2=Mafalda |title=Dried out but alive: how mosquitoes survive 8 months |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.006 |pages=1–3|pmid=36470782 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, ''Anopheles'' have been documented travelling in baggage, such as on aircraft.<ref name="Ibáñez-Justicia Smitz den Hartog van de Vossenberg 2020 p. 3450">{{cite journal |last1=Ibáñez-Justicia |first1=Adolfo |last2=Smitz |first2=Nathalie |last3=den Hartog |first3=Wietse |last4=van de Vossenberg |first4=Bart |last5=De Wolf |first5=Katrien |last6=Deblauwe |first6=Isra |last7=Van Bortel |first7=Wim |last8=Jacobs |first8=Frans |last9=Vaux |first9=Alexander G. C. |last10=Medlock |first10=Jolyon M. |last11=Stroo |first11=Arjan |display-authors=5 |title=Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=10 |date=2020-05-15 |pmid=32429218 |pmc=7277938 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17103450 |page=3450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Parasiti === Nje nke "Anopheles" gụnyere Microsporidia nke ụdị "'Amblyospora'', ''Crepidulospora'', ''Senoma'' na ''Parathelohania'''<ref name="Simakova 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Simakova, A. V. |author2=Pankova, T. F. |year=2008 |title=Ecology and epizootology of microsporidia in malarial mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the south of western Siberia |journal=Parazitologiia |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |pmid=18664069 |language=ru}}</ref>A na-ahụ usoro ndụ abụọ dị iche iche na Microsporidia. N'ụdị nke mbụ, nje ahụ na-ebufe site na ụzọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ya na-adịghị ahụkebe. Na nke abụọ, ebe ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ a na-esi ebute ọrịa, nje ahụ na-eri n'ime onye nwere ọrịa dị n'etiti. Ọrịa nke ụdị nku ụmụ ahụhụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ na-agụnyekarịkwa ahụ abụba. Nnyefe kwụ ọtọ (transovarial) na-emekwa. <ref name="Baker Vossbrinck Becnel 1998">{{cite journal |author1=Baker, Michael D. |author2=Vossbrinck, Charles R. |author3=Becnel, James J. |author4=Andreadis, Theodore G. |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny of ''Amblyospora'' (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=199–206 |pmid=9538024 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1997.4725 |bibcode=1998JInvP..71..199B |url=http://www.ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106080553/http://ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> A mụọla nje bacteria ''Wolbachia'' maka iji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-achịkwa ọrịa.<ref name="Discovery Article">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |title=Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease |website=Discovery News |date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123222013/http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |archive-date=23 November 2009 }}</ref> === Ndị na-añụ ọbara anụ ọzọ === Ududo na-awụli elu ''Evarcha culicivora'' na-eri ọbara ọkpụkpụ azụ site n'ịchụso 'Anopheles'' nke nwanyị..<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |title=Use of ''Anopheles''-specific prey-capture behavior by the small juveniles of ''Evarcha culicivora'', a mosquito-eating jumping spider |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |date=2005 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref>Ududo ụmụaka na-ahọrọ "Anopheles" karịa anụ oriri ọ bụla ọzọ n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ ọbara ka o bu. <ref name="Jackson Cross 2015">Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R. "Mosquito-terminator spiders and the meaning of predatory specialization." The Journal of Arachnology 43.2 (2015): 123–142.</ref> Ududo ụmụaka ewerela omume njide anụ "Anopheles" nke a na-akpọ "Anopheles", na-eji ọnọdụ "Anopheles" eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji amata ha.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005"/> "Anopheles" nwere ọnọdụ izu ike pụrụ iche yana afọ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. N'ọnọdụ a, ududo ahụ na-abịa site n'azụ anwụnta na n'okpuru afọ ya, wee si n'okpuru wakpo ya. ref name="Nelson Jackson 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=A Predator from East Africa that Chooses Malaria Vectors as Preferred Prey |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=132 |date=2006 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000132 |pmid=17205136 |pmc=1762417 |bibcode=2006PLoSO...1..132N |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe == === Isi mmalite ndị a kacha amasị maka nri ọbara === Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị "Anopheles" bụ naanị ihe na-ebute ịba, a mụọla ya nke ọma n'ịchọ ụzọ njikwa dị irè. Otu ihe dị mkpa gbasara omume bụ otú ụdị "Anopheles" si ahọrọ iri ụmụ mmadụ anthropophily ma ọ bụ anụmanụ dịka ehi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ (zoophily). Ndị "Anthropophilic" "Anopheles" nwere ike ibufe nje ịba site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ "Anopheles" abụghị naanị ihe na-akpata ịba ma ọ bụ nje, gụnyere ihe na-akpata ịba mbụ na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, Anopheles freeborni|''A. freeborni''.<ref>Carpenter, S. J.; LaCasse, W. J. (1955). ''Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico)''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 39–42. {{ISBN|0-520-02638-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McHugh |first=Chad P. |date=1989-08-01 |title=Ecology of a Semi-Isolated Population of Adult Anopheles Freeborni: Abundance, Trophic Status, Parity, Survivorship, Gonotrophic Cycle Length, and Host Selection |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.169 |pmid=2774063}}</ref> However, the primary malaria vectors in Africa, ''Anopheles gambiae|A. gambiae'' and ''A. funestus'', are strongly anthropophilic and are consequently major vectors of human malaria.<ref name="cdc"/> === Ohere nke ibute ọrịa ịba === Ozugbo anwụnta riri nje ịba, nje ịba ga-etolite n'ime anwụnta tupu ha ebute ọrịa nye mmadụ. Oge achọrọ maka nje ahụ itolite n'ime anwụnta (oge mpụga incubation) dị site na ụbọchị iri ruo iri abụọ na otu, dabere na ụdị nje ahụ na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na anwụnta anaghị adị ndụ ruo ogologo oge ka nje ahụ tolite, mgbe ahụ ọ naghị ebufe nje ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc"/> Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle ndụ anwụnta n'okike ozugbo, mana emeela atụmatụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ ụdị "Anopheles". Atụmatụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Tanzania nke "A. gambiae", ihe na-ebute nje "Plasmodium falciparum" dị ize ndụ, dị site na 0.77 ruo 0.84, nke pụtara na mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị, n'etiti 77% na 84% adịla ndụ.<ref name="Charlwood Smith Billingsley Takken 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Charlwood |first1=J. D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Billingsley |first3=P. F. |last4=Takken |first4=W. |last5=Lyimo |first5=E. O. K. |last6=Meuwissen |first6=J. H. E. T. |title=Survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in humans |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |volume=87 |issue=5 |date=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0007485300041304 |pages=445–453 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/298415/files/S0007485300041304.pdf }}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta a na-adịgide ruo ogologo ndụ anwụnta, ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke ụmụ nwanyị "A. gambiae" ga-adị ndụ karịa oge ịnọ n'èzí ụbọchị 14. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị amụbaa ruo 0.9, ihe karịrị pasent 20 nke anwụnta ga-adị ndụ karịa otu oge ahụ. Usoro njikwa nke dabere na ọgwụ ahụhụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgba ọgwụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ) nwere ike imetụta ịba. Nnyefe (ọgwụ)|nnyefe site na mmetụta ha na ogologo ndụ ndị okenye karịa site na mmetụta ha na ọnụọgụ anwụnta ndị toro eto.<ref name="cdc"/> === Usoro nri na izu ike === Ọtụtụ ''Anopheles'' bụ crepuscular (na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ chi ọbụbọ) ma ọ bụ abalị (na-arụ ọrụ n'abalị). Ụfọdụ na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ (endophagic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-eri nri n'èzí (exophagic). Mgbe ha nyesịrị nri, ụfọdụ anwụnta ọbara na-ahọrọ izu ike n'ime ụlọ (endophilic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ izu ike n'èzí (exofical). Enwere ike ibelata ịta ahụhụ site na 'Anopheles'' site na abalị, endophagic site na iji ụgbụ akwa e ji ọgwụ Ịnsektisaịdị gwọọ ma ọ bụ site na owuwu ụlọ ka mma iji gbochie anwụnta ịbanye (dịka ọmụmaatụ window screens. A na-achịkwa anwụnta Endophilic ngwa ngwa site na ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-achịkwa vektọ exophagic/exophilic site na ibibi ebe ọmụmụ, dịka site na ijupụta ọdọ mmiri.<ref name="cdc"/> === Osisi afọ === Ebe ọ bụ na mbufe ọrịa site na anwụnta chọrọ iri ọbara, osisi afọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ọganiihu nke ọrịa nke anwụnta na-ebi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweta site na photosynthetic cyanobacteria, ebe n'ime ndị toro eto, bakteria gram-negative na Pseudomonadota na Bacteroidota phyla na-achịkwa nke ukwuu. Nri ọbara na-ebelata ụdị nje dị iche iche dị na afọ, na-eme ka nje bacteria na-amasị ha nke ukwuu.<ref name="Wang 2011">{{cite journal |title=Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024767 |vauthors=Wang Y, ((Gilbreath TM III)), Kukutla P, Yan G, Xu J |year=2011 |editor1-last=Leulier |editor1-first=François |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24767 |pmid=21957459 |pmc=3177825 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624767W |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Njikwa == [[File:PMI IRS2-2-1140x684.jpg|alt=Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent mosquitoes.|thumb|Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent malaria.]] === Njikwa === Igbu ụmụ ahụhụ gụnyere ụzọ mbụ isi kpochapụ anwụnta ịba. Agbanyeghị, anwụnta, n'oge obere oge, nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ngwa ngwa, dịka e mere n'oge mkpọsa Mkpochapụ Ịba Ahụ́ nke Mba Nile nke afọ 1950.<ref name="Najera 1999">{{cite web |last1=Najera |first1=J. A. |title=Malaria Control: Achievements, Problems, & Strategies |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66640/WHO_MAL_99.1087.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=23 January 2024 |ref=WHO/MAL/99.1087 |date=1999}}</ref>Ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ọrụ ugbo emeela ka ọnụọgụ anwụnta ghara iguzogide, nke pụtara na mmemme njikwa dị irè ga-enyocha maka iguzogide ma gbanwee gaa n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta na a na-egbochi iguzogide. <ref name="CDC Biology">{{cite web |title=Biology: Anopheles Mosquitoes (tab 5) |date=16 July 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/#tabs-1-5 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> === Mkpochapu === Na 2016, a tụrụ aro usoro CRISPR-Cas9 njine drive iji kpochapụ ''Anopheles gambiae'',,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Andrew |last2=Galizi |first2=Roberto |last3=Kyrou |first3=Kyros |last4=Simoni |first4=Alekos |last5=Siniscalchi |first5=Carla |last6=Katsanos |first6=Dimitris |last7=Gribble |first7=Matthew |last8=Baker |first8=Dean |last9=Marois |first9=Eric |last10=Russell |first10=Steven |last11=Burt |first11=Austin |display-authors=5 |date=January 2016 |title=A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3439 |pmid=26641531 |pmc=4913862}}</ref> by deleting the ''Doublesex|dsx'' gene, causing female sterility. Such a gene drive system has been shown to suppress an entire caged ''A. gambiae'' population<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kyrou |first1=Kyros |last2=Hammond |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Galizi |first3=Roberto |last4=Kranjc |first4=Nace |last5=Burt |first5=Austin |last6=Beaghton |first6=Andrea K. |last7=Nolan |first7=Tony |last8=Crisanti |first8=Andrea |date=November 2018 |title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1038/nbt.4245 |pmid=30247490 |pmc=6871539 |bibcode=2018NatBi..36.1062K |doi-access=free}}</ref> n'ime ọgbọ asaa ruo nke iri na otu, nke na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị otu afọ. Nke a ebutela nchegbu gbasara ma arụmọrụ nke usoro mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmetụta omume na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmemme iwepụ ụdị ọrịa a. journal |last1=Taning |first1=Clauvis Nji Tizi |last2=Van Eynde |first2=Benigna |last3=Yu |first3=Na |last4=Ma |first4=Sanyuan |last5=Smagghe |first5=Guy |date=April 2017 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 in insects: Applications, best practices and biosafety concerns |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=98 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.007 |pmid=28108316|bibcode=2017JInsP..98..245T |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8511395/file/8511396 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>Ya mere, a na-agba mbọ iji usoro njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide "Plasmodium" dịkwuo mma n'ime ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ, dịka ilekwasị anya na iwepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "FREP1" na "Anopheles gambiae". ''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yuemei |last2=Simões |first2=Maria L. |last3=Marois |first3=Eric |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=George |date=2018-03-08 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 -mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006898 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898 |pmid=29518156 |pmc=5843335 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na Burkina Faso emepụtala ụdị ero "Metarhizium pinghaense" nke e mepụtara site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta nsị nke ududo ntanetị nke Australia; ikpughe ya na ero ahụ mere ka ọnụọgụgụ "Anopheles" daa site na 99% na nnwale a na-achịkwa. <ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=31 May 2019 |title=GM fungus rapidly kills 99% of malaria mosquitoes, study suggests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48464510 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=31 Dec 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ==Edensibịa == {{reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ Mpụga== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ ''Anopheles'' Database] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index ''Anopheles gambiae'' Genome and Related Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index |date=2012-12-03 }} * [https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921000929/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/mosquito/map.htm CDC – World map showing distribution of various ''Anopheles'' species] (archived) * [http://www.wrbu.org/ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173327/https://www.wrbu.org/|date=15 December 2018|title=Archived version}}) – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330171641/http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035207/http://www.metapathogen.com/mosquito/anopheles/ ''Anopheles gambiae'' taxonomy, facts and life cycle] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170130141158/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_quadrimaculatus.htm ''Anopheles quadrimaculatus'', common malaria mosquito] (archived) on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ''Featured Creatures'' website *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html ''Anopheles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821202050/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html|date=5 May 2021|title=Archived version}} l13keney4ua87491hnj0mlgm1o8sdvn 705138 705137 2026-08-20T04:08:31Z Goodymeraj 16207 705138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Genus of mosquito}} {{automatic taxobox | image = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''[[Anopheles stephensi]]'', female | taxon = Anopheles | authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]] 1818 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = For a full description, see the main article: [[Taxonomy of Anopheles]] }} '''''Anopheles'''' (IPac-en|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|f|ᵻ|l|iː|z) bụ anwụnta nke onye German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen|J. W. Meigen kọwara na mbụ na 1818, a makwaara ha dị ka '''anwụnta mbọ''' na '''anwụnta ala mmiri'''.<ref name="USFWS">{{cite web |title=Nail Mosquito |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/nail-mosquito-anopheles |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=16 December 2023 |quote=Common Name: Nail Mosquito, marsh mosquitoes}}</ref>Ọtụtụ anwụnta ndị dị otu a bụ ọrịa vector nke nje ahụ ''Plasmodium'', ụdị protozoans nke na-akpata ịba na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje nnụnụ, ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje anụ na-akpụ akpụ, na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje ma ọ bụghị anụmanụ, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ. Anwụnta ''Anopheles gambiae'' bụ ụdị anwụnta a ma ama nke a na-ebufe ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nke bụ ọrịa ịba Parasitism parasite nke na-egbu mmadụ; ọ dịghị ụdị anwụnta ọzọ nke na-ebute ịba mmadụ. Ụdị "Anopheles" dị iche na anwụnta ndị ọzọ dị ihe dị ka Ma 100 (myrmya), dịka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, àkwá, larvae, na pupae bụ anụmanụ mmiri. Nnwale "Anopheles" enweghị mmiri iku ume nke ọ ga-esi na ya eku ume, ya mere ọ na-eku ume ma na-eri nri na ahụ ya kwụ ọtọ n'elu mmiri. Anwụnta toro eto na-esi n'elu pụta ma na-eri nectar nke okooko osisi; anwụnta nwanyị na-erikwa ọbara, nke nri anụmanụ na-enye ha ohere ibu ma na-ebufe nje n'etiti ndị ọbịa. Ọnọdụ nri onye toro eto dị n'ala, n'adịghị ka ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ nke culicines. "Anopheles" na-ekesa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụwa niile, n'oge okpomọkụ, n'okpuru ala okpomọkụ, na mpaghara dị jụụ nke ụwa. N'oge ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, "Anopheles" aestivate, nke bụ ọnọdụ ụra nke na-eme ka anwụnta dị ndụ na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka Sahel. == Mmalite == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fosil === Fossil nke ụdị 'Anopheles' dị ụkọ; naanị abụọ ka achọpụtara na 2015.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015"/> They are ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' <small>Zavortink & Poinar</small> in Dominican Republic amber from the Late Eocene Ma|40.4 to Ma 33.9,<ref name="Zavortink Poinar 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Zavortink |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Dominican Amber |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=93 |issue=6 |date=2000-11-01 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1230:ANDSND]2.0.CO;2 |pages=1230–1235|s2cid=86221732 }}</ref> and ''Anopheles rottensis'' <small>Statz</small> in German amber from the Late Oligocene Ma|28.4 to Ma|23.0.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=Lucas A. |last2=Russo |first2=Claudia A. M. |last3=Voloch |first3=Carolina M. |last4=Mutaquiha |first4=Olívio C. F. |last5=Marques |first5=Lucas P. |last6=Schrago |first6=Carlos G. |title=Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |date=2015-08-05 |pmid=26244561 |pmc=4526650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134462 |article-number=e0134462 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034462F |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Phylogeny=== Ndị nna ochie nke Ijiji niile gụnyere anwụnta pụtara Ma 260..<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Complete mtDNA genomes of ''Anopheles darlingi'' and an approach to anopheline divergence time |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Culicinae culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between Ma120 and Ma|150.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">{{cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darlingi'' reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy |journal=[[BMC Genomics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between Ma|80 and Ma|95.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''Anopheles darlingi'' diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~Ma|100.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N }}</ref> The cladogram is based on an analysis of mosquito genomes by Heafsey and colleagues in 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/> |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Taxonomy === Ọ bụ onye German na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ bụ 'Anopheles'' na 1818. Ọ kọwara ụdị abụọ, ''A. birfurcatus'' na ụdị ụdị, ''Anopheles maculipennis''. O kwuru na aha ahụ pụtara lang|de|beschwerlich, "ihe dị arọ".<ref name="Meigen 1818">{{cite book |last=Meigen |first=Johann Wilhelm |author-link=Johann Wilhelm Meigen |date=1818 |title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten |language=de |trans-title=Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects |location=Aachen |publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann |volume=1 |pages=10–12 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/54/mode/1up}}</ref> Ọ bụ na asụsụ Grik ochie ka esi weta ya lang|grc|ἀνωφελής transliteration|grc|anōphelḗs 'useless', derived from lang|el|ἀν- transliteration|grc|an-, 'not', 'un-' and lang|el|[[:wikt:ὄφελος|ὄφελος} {{transliteration|grc|óphelos}} 'profit'.<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book |author=Stevenson, Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=19 August 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |page=64}}</ref> Usoro nhazi nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị elu nke ukwuu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Frederick Vincent Theobald kọwara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 39 nke "Anopheles" n'akwụkwọ mpịakọta 5 ya na Culicidae.<ref name=Theobald1901>{{cite book |last=Theobald |first=Frederick Vincent |author-link=Frederick Vincent Theobald |date=1901 |title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-178-51903-7 |pages=115–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref> He was provided with mosquito specimens sent in to the British Museum (Natural History) from around the world, on the 1898 instruction of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016"/> "Anopheles" (nke nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ) bụ nke ezinụlọ dị n'okpuru Anophelinae tinyere ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ: "'Bironella" (nke e kewara na Australasia) na "Chagasia" (nke e kewara na Neotropics). Usoro a ka dịgidere nke ọma.<ref name="Krzywinski2003">{{cite journal |last1=Krzywinski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Besansky |first2=Nora J. |author-link2=Nora J. Besansky |year=2003 |title=Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: From Subgenera to Subpopulations |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647 |pmid=12208816 |bibcode=2003AREnt..48..111K }}</ref><ref name="Foley 1998">{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0457 |pmid=9562985 |title=Evolution and Systematics of ''Anopheles'':Insights from a Molecular Phylogeny of Australasian Mosquitoes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=262–275 |year=1998 |last1=Foley |first1=Desmond H. |last2=Bryan |first2=Joan H. |last3=Yeates |first3=David |last4=Saul |first4=Allan |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..262F }}</ref> Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics – wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences.<ref name="Rattanarithikul 2006">{{cite journal |pmid=17262930 |year=2006 |last1=Rattanarithikul |first1=R. |author-link=Rampa Rattanarithikul|title=Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. IV. Anopheles |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=37 |pages=1–128 |last2=Harrison |first2=B. A. |last3=Harbach |first3=R. E. |last4=Panthusiri |first4=P. |last5=Coleman |first5=R. E. |last6=Panthusiri |first6=P. |issue=Suppl 2 }}</ref><ref name="Walton 2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.05.001 |pmid=16782411 |title=Genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the Anopheles maculatus group using the ITS2 region of rDNA |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2007 |last1=Walton |first1=C. |last2=Somboon |first2=P. |last3=o'Loughlin |first3=S. M. |last4=Zhang |first4=S. |last5=Harbach |first5=R.E. |last6=Linton |first6=Y.-M. |last7=Chen |first7=B. |last8=Nolan |first8=K. |last9=Duong |first9=S. |last10=Fong |first10=M.-Y |last11=Vythilingum |first11=I. |last12=Mohammed |first12=Z. D. |last13=Trung |first13=Ho Dinh |last14=Butlin |first14=R. K. |bibcode=2007InfGE...7...93W |display-authors=5 }}</ref><ref name="Garros Harbach Manguin 2005">{{cite journal |pmid=16119539 |year=2005 |last1=Garros |first1=C. |last2=Harbach |first2=R. E |last3=Manguin |first3=S. |title=Morphological assessment and molecular phylogenetics of the Funestus and Minimus groups of Anopheles (Cellia) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=522–536 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522 |s2cid=22776177 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the taxonomy published by Harbach and Kitching in 2016, it was shown that three species of ''Bironella'' (Bironella confusa|B. confusa'', ''Bironella gracilis|B. gracilis,'' and ''Bironella hollandi|B. hollandi'') are phylogenetically more similar to ''Anopheles kyondawensis|A. kyondawensis'' than other ''Bironella'' species. That phylogeny argues that, based on genetic similarity, ''Anopheles implexus|A. implexus'' is divergent from the common ancestor of ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Harbach |first1=R. E. |last2=Kitching |first2=I. |date=January 2016 |title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of ''Anopheles'' (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=34–47 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Usoro ndụ == Dịka anwụnta niile, anophelines na-agafe usoro anọ n'usoro ndụ ha: akwa (bayọlọji), larva, pupa, na imago|okenye. Usoro atọ mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ma ha abụọ na-adịru ụbọchị 5-14, dabere na ụdị na okpomọkụ gburugburu. Oge okenye bụ mgbe nwanyị "'Anopheles'" na-arụ ọrụ dị ka malaria Vector (epidemiology). Ụmụ nwanyị toro eto nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo otu ọnwa (maọbụ karịa n'agha), mana o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị adị ndụ karịa izu abụọ n'okike.<ref name="cdc">citation-attribution|1={{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-anopheles-mosquitoes.html |title=Life Cycle of ''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 23, 2026 |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> === Akwa === [[File:Anopheles egg 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Anopheles'' eggs with their distinctive side floats]] Ndị inyom toro eto na-etinye àkwá 50–200 kwa oviposition. Àkwá ndị ahụ dị obere (ihe dị ka Tụgharịa|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1 × Tụgharịa|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1). A na-etinye àkwá n'otu n'otu na ozugbo n'ime mmiri. Ha pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Àkwá anaghị anabata nkụ ma ọ bụ ịpụta n'ime ụbọchị 2–3, ọ bụ ezie na ịmụpụta nwere ike were izu abụọ maọbụ atọ n'ebe oyi na-atụ.<ref name="cdc"/> === Larvae === Nwa anwụnta ahụ nwere isi ya nke ọma, nke nwere ahịhịa ọnụ e ji enye nri, nnukwu Thorax (ahụ ahụhụ) na akụkụ itoolu afọ. O nweghị ụkwụ. Ọdịghị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, larva "'Anopheles'' enweghị siphon iku ume, ya mere ọ na-eguzo onwe ya ka ahụ ya wee dị n'elu mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, larva nke anwụnta culicine na-arapara n'elu mmiri site na siphon azụ, ahụ na-atụ aka ala. Larvae na-eku ume site na Spiracle (arthropods) dị na akụkụ afọ nke asatọ, ya mere ọ ga-abịa n'elu elu ugboro ugboro. Larvae ahụ na-etinye oge ha niile na-eri algae, bacteria, na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'ime akwa dị gịrịgịrị. Ha na-amaba n'okpuru elu ahụ naanị mgbe a kpasuru ha iwe. Larvae na-egwu mmiri site na mmegharị ahụ dum ma ọ bụ site na Mmiri propulsion site na iji ahịhịa ọnụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Larvae na-etolite site na usoro anọ, ma ọ bụ instars, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ha metamorphosis,metamorphose na pupae. Na njedebe nke mmalite ọ bụla, larvae na-akpụ akpụ, na-awụpụ exoskeletons ha, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, iji mee ka uto dịkwuo elu. Larvae ndị ahụ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, mana ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-adịghị emerụ emerụ. A chọtala larvae nke "Anopheles" n'ime apịtị mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu, apịtị mangrove, ubi osikapa, olulu ahịhịa, nsọtụ iyi na osimiri, na obere ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo nwa oge. Ọtụtụ ụdị a na-ahọrọ ebe obibi nwere ahịhịa. Ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ebe obibi na-enweghị nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ na-amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, mgbe anyanwụ na-enwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ndị nwere ndò n'ime ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa n'ime oghere osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ axils nke ụfọdụ osisi.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto CDCHarryWeinburgh publicdomain.jpg|''Anopheles'' larva File:Anopheles Culex larvae feeding position-USDA.jpg|Feeding position of an ''Anopheles'' larva (A), culicine larva with its siphon (B) </gallery> === Pupae === Pupa (a makwaara dị ka tumbler) dị ka comma ma a lee ya anya site n'akụkụ. A na-ejikọta isi na Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ)n'ime cephalothorax, afọ na-agbagharị n'okpuru ya. Dịka ọ dị na ụmụ ahụhụ, nwamba ahụ ga-abịa n'elu mgbe niile iji kuo ume, nke ọ na-eme site na opi iku ume abụọ na cephalothorax ya. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị dịka nwamba, elu azụ nke cephalothorax na-agbawa agbawa, anwụnta toro eto na-apụtakwa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> Anopheles (YPM IZ 093745).jpeg|Pupa File:The pupa of a mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis). Reproductio Wellcome V0022598 (cropped).jpg|''Anopheles maculipennis|A. maculipennis'' pupa, breathing at the surface </gallery> === OKENYE YA=== [[File:Anopheles Culex adult resting position-USDA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Resting positions of adult ''Anopheles'' (A, B) are more upright than that of Culicinae (C).]] Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna (bayọlọji)|antennae. Antennae dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Anwụnta nwanyị na-ebu "Plasmodium'', nje ndị na-akpata ịba, na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu na ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta na-enweghị ọrịa.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Malaria Infected Mosquitoes Express Enhanced Attraction to Human Odor |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ya nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis nke e ji enye nri, yana maxillary palps abụọ. Palp ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta anwụnta nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ) bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka mgbaze nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ.<ref name="cdc"/> A pụrụ ịmata "Anopheles" site na anwụnta ndị ọzọ site na palps, nke dị ogologo dịka proboscis, yana site na ọnụnọ nke ihe mkpuchi ojii na ọcha dị iche iche na nku. A pụkwara ịchọpụta ndị toro eto site na ọnọdụ izu ike ha: nwoke na nwanyị na-ezu ike na afọ ha na-atụ aka elu, n'adịghị ka anwụnta culicine. Anwụnta ndị toro eto na-abụkarị ndị na-akpakọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ha si n'ọkwa nwa pụta. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ụmụ nwoke na-etolite nnukwu square, na-abụkarị n'oge mgbede, ụmụ nwanyị na-efekwa n'ime ìgwè ahụ iji kpaa. Oge site na àkwá ruo okenye dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị, okpomọkụ gburugburu na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu. Anwụnta nwere ike ịmalite site na àkwá ruo okenye n'ime obere ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike were ụbọchị 10-14 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Ndị ikom na-ebi ihe dị ka otu izu, na-eri nectar na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nke sugar. Ndị ikom enweghị ike iri ọbara, n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ ma na-egbu ha n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ihe dị ka ndụ ha niile dịka nri naanị mmiri.diet. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikbakhtzadeh |first1=Mahmood R. |last2=Buss |first2=Garrison K. |last3=Leal |first3=Walter S. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Toxic Effect of Blood Feeding in Male Mosquitoes |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=7 |page=4 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00004 |pmc=4726748 |pmid=26858651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eri shuga maka ike, mana ha na-achọkarị nri ọbara maka mmepụta àkwá. Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nri ọbara zuru oke, nwanyị ahụ na-ezu ike ruo ụbọchị ole na ole ka ọbara na-agbari ma na-etolite àkwá. Usoro a dabere na okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-3 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ozugbo àkwá ahụ tolitere nke ọma, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye ha ma maliteghachi ịchọ onye ọbịa. Usoro ahụ na-emegharị onwe ya ruo mgbe nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịdị ndụ karịa otu ọnwa n'agha, ọtụtụ anaghị adị ndụ karịa otu izu ruo abụọ n'okike. Ndụ ha dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, na ikike ha inweta nri ọbara nke ọma ma na-ezere nchebe onye ọbịa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery mode=packed heights=350> File:Anopheles female Turkhud (bw).png|Morphology of female ''Anopheles'' </gallery> === Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi === === Nkesa=== "Anopheles" bi ma n'ebe okpomọkụ a maara maka ịba dịka ndịda Sahara Africa, nakwa n'ebe oyi na-atụ. Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe emeela n'oge gara aga n'ebe oyi na-atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge e wuru Rideau Canal na Kanada n'afọ 1820.<ref name="Wylie 1983">{{cite journal |author=Wylie WNT |s2cid=143040362 |year=1983 |title=Poverty, Distress, and Disease: Labour and the Construction of the Rideau Canal, 1826–32 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=11 |pages=7–29 |jstor=25140199 |doi=10.2307/25140199}}</ref>Ụdị "Anopheles" nke nwere ike ibufe ịba abụghị naanị n'ebe ndị ọrịa ịba na-agbasa, yabụ ebe ndị a na-ewepụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmaliteghachi ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020">{{cite web |date=April 9, 2020 |title=CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Where Malaria occurs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> [[File:Anopheles-range-map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.5|Global distribution of ''Anopheles'' species covers both the tropics with numerous malarias, and colder areas not subject to malaria at the start of the 21st century.<ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020"/>]] ===Ebe obibi=== "Anopheles" chọrọ mmiri, ikekwe obere na oge ụfọdụ, maka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na ụmụ nkịta ha. Ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị sitere na ọdọ mmiri ruo na tankị mmiri, apịtị, olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anopheles Mosquitoes |url=https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/vector-species/anopheles-mosquitoes/ |website=Global Vector Hub |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>Otú ọ dị, ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ dịka savanna na Sahel nke Afrịka. Ha nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya site na mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ifufe kwesịrị ekwesị na-efesa ha ruo ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ndị toro eto nwere ike inwe ahụ iru ala ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa n'otu oge, na-ehi ụra n'oge okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọgide na-enwe ahụ iru ala n'oge Africa oge ọkọchị <ref name="Baldini Viana 2023 pp. 1–3">{{cite journal |last1=Baldini |first1=Francesco |last2=Viana |first2=Mafalda |title=Dried out but alive: how mosquitoes survive 8 months |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.006 |pages=1–3|pmid=36470782 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, ''Anopheles'' have been documented travelling in baggage, such as on aircraft.<ref name="Ibáñez-Justicia Smitz den Hartog van de Vossenberg 2020 p. 3450">{{cite journal |last1=Ibáñez-Justicia |first1=Adolfo |last2=Smitz |first2=Nathalie |last3=den Hartog |first3=Wietse |last4=van de Vossenberg |first4=Bart |last5=De Wolf |first5=Katrien |last6=Deblauwe |first6=Isra |last7=Van Bortel |first7=Wim |last8=Jacobs |first8=Frans |last9=Vaux |first9=Alexander G. C. |last10=Medlock |first10=Jolyon M. |last11=Stroo |first11=Arjan |display-authors=5 |title=Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=10 |date=2020-05-15 |pmid=32429218 |pmc=7277938 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17103450 |page=3450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Parasiti === Nje nke "Anopheles" gụnyere Microsporidia nke ụdị "'Amblyospora'', ''Crepidulospora'', ''Senoma'' na ''Parathelohania'''<ref name="Simakova 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Simakova, A. V. |author2=Pankova, T. F. |year=2008 |title=Ecology and epizootology of microsporidia in malarial mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the south of western Siberia |journal=Parazitologiia |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |pmid=18664069 |language=ru}}</ref>A na-ahụ usoro ndụ abụọ dị iche iche na Microsporidia. N'ụdị nke mbụ, nje ahụ na-ebufe site na ụzọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ya na-adịghị ahụkebe. Na nke abụọ, ebe ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ a na-esi ebute ọrịa, nje ahụ na-eri n'ime onye nwere ọrịa dị n'etiti. Ọrịa nke ụdị nku ụmụ ahụhụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ na-agụnyekarịkwa ahụ abụba. Nnyefe kwụ ọtọ (transovarial) na-emekwa. <ref name="Baker Vossbrinck Becnel 1998">{{cite journal |author1=Baker, Michael D. |author2=Vossbrinck, Charles R. |author3=Becnel, James J. |author4=Andreadis, Theodore G. |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny of ''Amblyospora'' (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=199–206 |pmid=9538024 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1997.4725 |bibcode=1998JInvP..71..199B |url=http://www.ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106080553/http://ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> A mụọla nje bacteria ''Wolbachia'' maka iji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-achịkwa ọrịa.<ref name="Discovery Article">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |title=Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease |website=Discovery News |date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123222013/http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |archive-date=23 November 2009 }}</ref> === Ndị na-añụ ọbara anụ ọzọ === Ududo na-awụli elu ''Evarcha culicivora'' na-eri ọbara ọkpụkpụ azụ site n'ịchụso 'Anopheles'' nke nwanyị..<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |title=Use of ''Anopheles''-specific prey-capture behavior by the small juveniles of ''Evarcha culicivora'', a mosquito-eating jumping spider |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |date=2005 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref>Ududo ụmụaka na-ahọrọ "Anopheles" karịa anụ oriri ọ bụla ọzọ n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ ọbara ka o bu. <ref name="Jackson Cross 2015">Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R. "Mosquito-terminator spiders and the meaning of predatory specialization." The Journal of Arachnology 43.2 (2015): 123–142.</ref> Ududo ụmụaka ewerela omume njide anụ "Anopheles" nke a na-akpọ "Anopheles", na-eji ọnọdụ "Anopheles" eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji amata ha.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005"/> "Anopheles" nwere ọnọdụ izu ike pụrụ iche yana afọ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. N'ọnọdụ a, ududo ahụ na-abịa site n'azụ anwụnta na n'okpuru afọ ya, wee si n'okpuru wakpo ya. ref name="Nelson Jackson 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=A Predator from East Africa that Chooses Malaria Vectors as Preferred Prey |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=132 |date=2006 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000132 |pmid=17205136 |pmc=1762417 |bibcode=2006PLoSO...1..132N |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe == === Isi mmalite ndị a kacha amasị maka nri ọbara === Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị "Anopheles" bụ naanị ihe na-ebute ịba, a mụọla ya nke ọma n'ịchọ ụzọ njikwa dị irè. Otu ihe dị mkpa gbasara omume bụ otú ụdị "Anopheles" si ahọrọ iri ụmụ mmadụ anthropophily ma ọ bụ anụmanụ dịka ehi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ (zoophily). Ndị "Anthropophilic" "Anopheles" nwere ike ibufe nje ịba site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ "Anopheles" abụghị naanị ihe na-akpata ịba ma ọ bụ nje, gụnyere ihe na-akpata ịba mbụ na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, Anopheles freeborni|''A. freeborni''.<ref>Carpenter, S. J.; LaCasse, W. J. (1955). ''Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico)''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 39–42. {{ISBN|0-520-02638-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McHugh |first=Chad P. |date=1989-08-01 |title=Ecology of a Semi-Isolated Population of Adult Anopheles Freeborni: Abundance, Trophic Status, Parity, Survivorship, Gonotrophic Cycle Length, and Host Selection |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.169 |pmid=2774063}}</ref> However, the primary malaria vectors in Africa, ''Anopheles gambiae|A. gambiae'' and ''A. funestus'', are strongly anthropophilic and are consequently major vectors of human malaria.<ref name="cdc"/> === Ohere nke ibute ọrịa ịba === Ozugbo anwụnta riri nje ịba, nje ịba ga-etolite n'ime anwụnta tupu ha ebute ọrịa nye mmadụ. Oge achọrọ maka nje ahụ itolite n'ime anwụnta (oge mpụga incubation) dị site na ụbọchị iri ruo iri abụọ na otu, dabere na ụdị nje ahụ na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na anwụnta anaghị adị ndụ ruo ogologo oge ka nje ahụ tolite, mgbe ahụ ọ naghị ebufe nje ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc"/> Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle ndụ anwụnta n'okike ozugbo, mana emeela atụmatụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ ụdị "Anopheles". Atụmatụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Tanzania nke "A. gambiae", ihe na-ebute nje "Plasmodium falciparum" dị ize ndụ, dị site na 0.77 ruo 0.84, nke pụtara na mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị, n'etiti 77% na 84% adịla ndụ.<ref name="Charlwood Smith Billingsley Takken 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Charlwood |first1=J. D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Billingsley |first3=P. F. |last4=Takken |first4=W. |last5=Lyimo |first5=E. O. K. |last6=Meuwissen |first6=J. H. E. T. |title=Survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in humans |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |volume=87 |issue=5 |date=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0007485300041304 |pages=445–453 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/298415/files/S0007485300041304.pdf }}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta a na-adịgide ruo ogologo ndụ anwụnta, ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke ụmụ nwanyị "A. gambiae" ga-adị ndụ karịa oge ịnọ n'èzí ụbọchị 14. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị amụbaa ruo 0.9, ihe karịrị pasent 20 nke anwụnta ga-adị ndụ karịa otu oge ahụ. Usoro njikwa nke dabere na ọgwụ ahụhụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgba ọgwụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ) nwere ike imetụta ịba. Nnyefe (ọgwụ)|nnyefe site na mmetụta ha na ogologo ndụ ndị okenye karịa site na mmetụta ha na ọnụọgụ anwụnta ndị toro eto.<ref name="cdc"/> === Usoro nri na izu ike === Ọtụtụ ''Anopheles'' bụ crepuscular (na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ chi ọbụbọ) ma ọ bụ abalị (na-arụ ọrụ n'abalị). Ụfọdụ na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ (endophagic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-eri nri n'èzí (exophagic). Mgbe ha nyesịrị nri, ụfọdụ anwụnta ọbara na-ahọrọ izu ike n'ime ụlọ (endophilic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ izu ike n'èzí (exofical). Enwere ike ibelata ịta ahụhụ site na 'Anopheles'' site na abalị, endophagic site na iji ụgbụ akwa e ji ọgwụ Ịnsektisaịdị gwọọ ma ọ bụ site na owuwu ụlọ ka mma iji gbochie anwụnta ịbanye (dịka ọmụmaatụ window screens. A na-achịkwa anwụnta Endophilic ngwa ngwa site na ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-achịkwa vektọ exophagic/exophilic site na ibibi ebe ọmụmụ, dịka site na ijupụta ọdọ mmiri.<ref name="cdc"/> === Osisi afọ === Ebe ọ bụ na mbufe ọrịa site na anwụnta chọrọ iri ọbara, osisi afọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ọganiihu nke ọrịa nke anwụnta na-ebi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweta site na photosynthetic cyanobacteria, ebe n'ime ndị toro eto, bakteria gram-negative na Pseudomonadota na Bacteroidota phyla na-achịkwa nke ukwuu. Nri ọbara na-ebelata ụdị nje dị iche iche dị na afọ, na-eme ka nje bacteria na-amasị ha nke ukwuu.<ref name="Wang 2011">{{cite journal |title=Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024767 |vauthors=Wang Y, ((Gilbreath TM III)), Kukutla P, Yan G, Xu J |year=2011 |editor1-last=Leulier |editor1-first=François |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24767 |pmid=21957459 |pmc=3177825 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624767W |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Njikwa == [[File:PMI IRS2-2-1140x684.jpg|alt=Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent mosquitoes.|thumb|Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent malaria.]] === Njikwa === Igbu ụmụ ahụhụ gụnyere ụzọ mbụ isi kpochapụ anwụnta ịba. Agbanyeghị, anwụnta, n'oge obere oge, nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ngwa ngwa, dịka e mere n'oge mkpọsa Mkpochapụ Ịba Ahụ́ nke Mba Nile nke afọ 1950.<ref name="Najera 1999">{{cite web |last1=Najera |first1=J. A. |title=Malaria Control: Achievements, Problems, & Strategies |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66640/WHO_MAL_99.1087.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=23 January 2024 |ref=WHO/MAL/99.1087 |date=1999}}</ref>Ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ọrụ ugbo emeela ka ọnụọgụ anwụnta ghara iguzogide, nke pụtara na mmemme njikwa dị irè ga-enyocha maka iguzogide ma gbanwee gaa n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta na a na-egbochi iguzogide. <ref name="CDC Biology">{{cite web |title=Biology: Anopheles Mosquitoes (tab 5) |date=16 July 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/#tabs-1-5 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> === Mkpochapu === Na 2016, a tụrụ aro usoro CRISPR-Cas9 njine drive iji kpochapụ ''Anopheles gambiae'',,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Andrew |last2=Galizi |first2=Roberto |last3=Kyrou |first3=Kyros |last4=Simoni |first4=Alekos |last5=Siniscalchi |first5=Carla |last6=Katsanos |first6=Dimitris |last7=Gribble |first7=Matthew |last8=Baker |first8=Dean |last9=Marois |first9=Eric |last10=Russell |first10=Steven |last11=Burt |first11=Austin |display-authors=5 |date=January 2016 |title=A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3439 |pmid=26641531 |pmc=4913862}}</ref> by deleting the ''Doublesex|dsx'' gene, causing female sterility. Such a gene drive system has been shown to suppress an entire caged ''A. gambiae'' population<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kyrou |first1=Kyros |last2=Hammond |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Galizi |first3=Roberto |last4=Kranjc |first4=Nace |last5=Burt |first5=Austin |last6=Beaghton |first6=Andrea K. |last7=Nolan |first7=Tony |last8=Crisanti |first8=Andrea |date=November 2018 |title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1038/nbt.4245 |pmid=30247490 |pmc=6871539 |bibcode=2018NatBi..36.1062K |doi-access=free}}</ref> n'ime ọgbọ asaa ruo nke iri na otu, nke na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị otu afọ. Nke a ebutela nchegbu gbasara ma arụmọrụ nke usoro mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmetụta omume na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmemme iwepụ ụdị ọrịa a. journal |last1=Taning |first1=Clauvis Nji Tizi |last2=Van Eynde |first2=Benigna |last3=Yu |first3=Na |last4=Ma |first4=Sanyuan |last5=Smagghe |first5=Guy |date=April 2017 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 in insects: Applications, best practices and biosafety concerns |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=98 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.007 |pmid=28108316|bibcode=2017JInsP..98..245T |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8511395/file/8511396 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>Ya mere, a na-agba mbọ iji usoro njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide "Plasmodium" dịkwuo mma n'ime ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ, dịka ilekwasị anya na iwepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "FREP1" na "Anopheles gambiae". ''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yuemei |last2=Simões |first2=Maria L. |last3=Marois |first3=Eric |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=George |date=2018-03-08 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 -mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006898 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898 |pmid=29518156 |pmc=5843335 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na Burkina Faso emepụtala ụdị ero "Metarhizium pinghaense" nke e mepụtara site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta nsị nke ududo ntanetị nke Australia; ikpughe ya na ero ahụ mere ka ọnụọgụgụ "Anopheles" daa site na 99% na nnwale a na-achịkwa. <ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=31 May 2019 |title=GM fungus rapidly kills 99% of malaria mosquitoes, study suggests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48464510 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=31 Dec 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ==Edensibịa == {{reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ Mpụga== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ ''Anopheles'' Database] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index ''Anopheles gambiae'' Genome and Related Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index |date=2012-12-03 }} * [https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921000929/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/mosquito/map.htm CDC – World map showing distribution of various ''Anopheles'' species] (archived) * [http://www.wrbu.org/ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173327/https://www.wrbu.org/|date=15 December 2018|title=Archived version}}) – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330171641/http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035207/http://www.metapathogen.com/mosquito/anopheles/ ''Anopheles gambiae'' taxonomy, facts and life cycle] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170130141158/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_quadrimaculatus.htm ''Anopheles quadrimaculatus'', common malaria mosquito] (archived) on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ''Featured Creatures'' website *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html ''Anopheles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821202050/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html|date=5 May 2021|title=Archived version}} jdkozynbskivf3p2y89biol65qafiir 705139 705138 2026-08-20T04:09:09Z Goodymeraj 16207 705139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Genus of mosquito}} {{automatic taxobox | image = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''[[Anopheles stephensi]]'', female | taxon = Anopheles | authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]] 1818 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = For a full description, see the main article: [[Taxonomy of Anopheles]] }} '''''Anopheles'''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|f|ᵻ|l|iː|z}}) bụ anwụnta nke onye German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen|J. W. Meigen kọwara na mbụ na 1818, a makwaara ha dị ka '''anwụnta mbọ''' na '''anwụnta ala mmiri'''.<ref name="USFWS">{{cite web |title=Nail Mosquito |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/nail-mosquito-anopheles |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=16 December 2023 |quote=Common Name: Nail Mosquito, marsh mosquitoes}}</ref>Ọtụtụ anwụnta ndị dị otu a bụ ọrịa vector nke nje ahụ ''Plasmodium'', ụdị protozoans nke na-akpata ịba na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje nnụnụ, ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje anụ na-akpụ akpụ, na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje ma ọ bụghị anụmanụ, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ. Anwụnta ''Anopheles gambiae'' bụ ụdị anwụnta a ma ama nke a na-ebufe ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nke bụ ọrịa ịba Parasitism parasite nke na-egbu mmadụ; ọ dịghị ụdị anwụnta ọzọ nke na-ebute ịba mmadụ. Ụdị "Anopheles" dị iche na anwụnta ndị ọzọ dị ihe dị ka Ma 100 (myrmya), dịka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, àkwá, larvae, na pupae bụ anụmanụ mmiri. Nnwale "Anopheles" enweghị mmiri iku ume nke ọ ga-esi na ya eku ume, ya mere ọ na-eku ume ma na-eri nri na ahụ ya kwụ ọtọ n'elu mmiri. Anwụnta toro eto na-esi n'elu pụta ma na-eri nectar nke okooko osisi; anwụnta nwanyị na-erikwa ọbara, nke nri anụmanụ na-enye ha ohere ibu ma na-ebufe nje n'etiti ndị ọbịa. Ọnọdụ nri onye toro eto dị n'ala, n'adịghị ka ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ nke culicines. "Anopheles" na-ekesa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụwa niile, n'oge okpomọkụ, n'okpuru ala okpomọkụ, na mpaghara dị jụụ nke ụwa. N'oge ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, "Anopheles" aestivate, nke bụ ọnọdụ ụra nke na-eme ka anwụnta dị ndụ na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka Sahel. == Mmalite == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fosil === Fossil nke ụdị 'Anopheles' dị ụkọ; naanị abụọ ka achọpụtara na 2015.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015"/> They are ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' <small>Zavortink & Poinar</small> in Dominican Republic amber from the Late Eocene Ma|40.4 to Ma 33.9,<ref name="Zavortink Poinar 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Zavortink |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Dominican Amber |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=93 |issue=6 |date=2000-11-01 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1230:ANDSND]2.0.CO;2 |pages=1230–1235|s2cid=86221732 }}</ref> and ''Anopheles rottensis'' <small>Statz</small> in German amber from the Late Oligocene Ma|28.4 to Ma|23.0.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=Lucas A. |last2=Russo |first2=Claudia A. M. |last3=Voloch |first3=Carolina M. |last4=Mutaquiha |first4=Olívio C. F. |last5=Marques |first5=Lucas P. |last6=Schrago |first6=Carlos G. |title=Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |date=2015-08-05 |pmid=26244561 |pmc=4526650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134462 |article-number=e0134462 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034462F |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Phylogeny=== Ndị nna ochie nke Ijiji niile gụnyere anwụnta pụtara Ma 260..<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Complete mtDNA genomes of ''Anopheles darlingi'' and an approach to anopheline divergence time |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Culicinae culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between Ma120 and Ma|150.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">{{cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darlingi'' reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy |journal=[[BMC Genomics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between Ma|80 and Ma|95.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''Anopheles darlingi'' diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~Ma|100.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N }}</ref> The cladogram is based on an analysis of mosquito genomes by Heafsey and colleagues in 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/> |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Taxonomy === Ọ bụ onye German na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ bụ 'Anopheles'' na 1818. Ọ kọwara ụdị abụọ, ''A. birfurcatus'' na ụdị ụdị, ''Anopheles maculipennis''. O kwuru na aha ahụ pụtara lang|de|beschwerlich, "ihe dị arọ".<ref name="Meigen 1818">{{cite book |last=Meigen |first=Johann Wilhelm |author-link=Johann Wilhelm Meigen |date=1818 |title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten |language=de |trans-title=Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects |location=Aachen |publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann |volume=1 |pages=10–12 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/54/mode/1up}}</ref> Ọ bụ na asụsụ Grik ochie ka esi weta ya lang|grc|ἀνωφελής transliteration|grc|anōphelḗs 'useless', derived from lang|el|ἀν- transliteration|grc|an-, 'not', 'un-' and lang|el|[[:wikt:ὄφελος|ὄφελος} {{transliteration|grc|óphelos}} 'profit'.<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book |author=Stevenson, Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=19 August 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |page=64}}</ref> Usoro nhazi nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị elu nke ukwuu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Frederick Vincent Theobald kọwara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 39 nke "Anopheles" n'akwụkwọ mpịakọta 5 ya na Culicidae.<ref name=Theobald1901>{{cite book |last=Theobald |first=Frederick Vincent |author-link=Frederick Vincent Theobald |date=1901 |title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-178-51903-7 |pages=115–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref> He was provided with mosquito specimens sent in to the British Museum (Natural History) from around the world, on the 1898 instruction of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016"/> "Anopheles" (nke nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ) bụ nke ezinụlọ dị n'okpuru Anophelinae tinyere ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ: "'Bironella" (nke e kewara na Australasia) na "Chagasia" (nke e kewara na Neotropics). Usoro a ka dịgidere nke ọma.<ref name="Krzywinski2003">{{cite journal |last1=Krzywinski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Besansky |first2=Nora J. |author-link2=Nora J. Besansky |year=2003 |title=Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: From Subgenera to Subpopulations |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647 |pmid=12208816 |bibcode=2003AREnt..48..111K }}</ref><ref name="Foley 1998">{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0457 |pmid=9562985 |title=Evolution and Systematics of ''Anopheles'':Insights from a Molecular Phylogeny of Australasian Mosquitoes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=262–275 |year=1998 |last1=Foley |first1=Desmond H. |last2=Bryan |first2=Joan H. |last3=Yeates |first3=David |last4=Saul |first4=Allan |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..262F }}</ref> Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics – wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences.<ref name="Rattanarithikul 2006">{{cite journal |pmid=17262930 |year=2006 |last1=Rattanarithikul |first1=R. |author-link=Rampa Rattanarithikul|title=Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. IV. Anopheles |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=37 |pages=1–128 |last2=Harrison |first2=B. A. |last3=Harbach |first3=R. E. |last4=Panthusiri |first4=P. |last5=Coleman |first5=R. E. |last6=Panthusiri |first6=P. |issue=Suppl 2 }}</ref><ref name="Walton 2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.05.001 |pmid=16782411 |title=Genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the Anopheles maculatus group using the ITS2 region of rDNA |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2007 |last1=Walton |first1=C. |last2=Somboon |first2=P. |last3=o'Loughlin |first3=S. M. |last4=Zhang |first4=S. |last5=Harbach |first5=R.E. |last6=Linton |first6=Y.-M. |last7=Chen |first7=B. |last8=Nolan |first8=K. |last9=Duong |first9=S. |last10=Fong |first10=M.-Y |last11=Vythilingum |first11=I. |last12=Mohammed |first12=Z. D. |last13=Trung |first13=Ho Dinh |last14=Butlin |first14=R. K. |bibcode=2007InfGE...7...93W |display-authors=5 }}</ref><ref name="Garros Harbach Manguin 2005">{{cite journal |pmid=16119539 |year=2005 |last1=Garros |first1=C. |last2=Harbach |first2=R. E |last3=Manguin |first3=S. |title=Morphological assessment and molecular phylogenetics of the Funestus and Minimus groups of Anopheles (Cellia) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=522–536 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522 |s2cid=22776177 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the taxonomy published by Harbach and Kitching in 2016, it was shown that three species of ''Bironella'' (Bironella confusa|B. confusa'', ''Bironella gracilis|B. gracilis,'' and ''Bironella hollandi|B. hollandi'') are phylogenetically more similar to ''Anopheles kyondawensis|A. kyondawensis'' than other ''Bironella'' species. That phylogeny argues that, based on genetic similarity, ''Anopheles implexus|A. implexus'' is divergent from the common ancestor of ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Harbach |first1=R. E. |last2=Kitching |first2=I. |date=January 2016 |title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of ''Anopheles'' (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=34–47 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Usoro ndụ == Dịka anwụnta niile, anophelines na-agafe usoro anọ n'usoro ndụ ha: akwa (bayọlọji), larva, pupa, na imago|okenye. Usoro atọ mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ma ha abụọ na-adịru ụbọchị 5-14, dabere na ụdị na okpomọkụ gburugburu. Oge okenye bụ mgbe nwanyị "'Anopheles'" na-arụ ọrụ dị ka malaria Vector (epidemiology). Ụmụ nwanyị toro eto nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo otu ọnwa (maọbụ karịa n'agha), mana o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị adị ndụ karịa izu abụọ n'okike.<ref name="cdc">citation-attribution|1={{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-anopheles-mosquitoes.html |title=Life Cycle of ''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 23, 2026 |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> === Akwa === [[File:Anopheles egg 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Anopheles'' eggs with their distinctive side floats]] Ndị inyom toro eto na-etinye àkwá 50–200 kwa oviposition. Àkwá ndị ahụ dị obere (ihe dị ka Tụgharịa|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1 × Tụgharịa|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1). A na-etinye àkwá n'otu n'otu na ozugbo n'ime mmiri. Ha pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Àkwá anaghị anabata nkụ ma ọ bụ ịpụta n'ime ụbọchị 2–3, ọ bụ ezie na ịmụpụta nwere ike were izu abụọ maọbụ atọ n'ebe oyi na-atụ.<ref name="cdc"/> === Larvae === Nwa anwụnta ahụ nwere isi ya nke ọma, nke nwere ahịhịa ọnụ e ji enye nri, nnukwu Thorax (ahụ ahụhụ) na akụkụ itoolu afọ. O nweghị ụkwụ. Ọdịghị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, larva "'Anopheles'' enweghị siphon iku ume, ya mere ọ na-eguzo onwe ya ka ahụ ya wee dị n'elu mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, larva nke anwụnta culicine na-arapara n'elu mmiri site na siphon azụ, ahụ na-atụ aka ala. Larvae na-eku ume site na Spiracle (arthropods) dị na akụkụ afọ nke asatọ, ya mere ọ ga-abịa n'elu elu ugboro ugboro. Larvae ahụ na-etinye oge ha niile na-eri algae, bacteria, na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'ime akwa dị gịrịgịrị. Ha na-amaba n'okpuru elu ahụ naanị mgbe a kpasuru ha iwe. Larvae na-egwu mmiri site na mmegharị ahụ dum ma ọ bụ site na Mmiri propulsion site na iji ahịhịa ọnụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Larvae na-etolite site na usoro anọ, ma ọ bụ instars, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ha metamorphosis,metamorphose na pupae. Na njedebe nke mmalite ọ bụla, larvae na-akpụ akpụ, na-awụpụ exoskeletons ha, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, iji mee ka uto dịkwuo elu. Larvae ndị ahụ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, mana ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-adịghị emerụ emerụ. A chọtala larvae nke "Anopheles" n'ime apịtị mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu, apịtị mangrove, ubi osikapa, olulu ahịhịa, nsọtụ iyi na osimiri, na obere ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo nwa oge. Ọtụtụ ụdị a na-ahọrọ ebe obibi nwere ahịhịa. Ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ebe obibi na-enweghị nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ na-amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, mgbe anyanwụ na-enwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ndị nwere ndò n'ime ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa n'ime oghere osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ axils nke ụfọdụ osisi.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto CDCHarryWeinburgh publicdomain.jpg|''Anopheles'' larva File:Anopheles Culex larvae feeding position-USDA.jpg|Feeding position of an ''Anopheles'' larva (A), culicine larva with its siphon (B) </gallery> === Pupae === Pupa (a makwaara dị ka tumbler) dị ka comma ma a lee ya anya site n'akụkụ. A na-ejikọta isi na Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ)n'ime cephalothorax, afọ na-agbagharị n'okpuru ya. Dịka ọ dị na ụmụ ahụhụ, nwamba ahụ ga-abịa n'elu mgbe niile iji kuo ume, nke ọ na-eme site na opi iku ume abụọ na cephalothorax ya. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị dịka nwamba, elu azụ nke cephalothorax na-agbawa agbawa, anwụnta toro eto na-apụtakwa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> Anopheles (YPM IZ 093745).jpeg|Pupa File:The pupa of a mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis). Reproductio Wellcome V0022598 (cropped).jpg|''Anopheles maculipennis|A. maculipennis'' pupa, breathing at the surface </gallery> === OKENYE YA=== [[File:Anopheles Culex adult resting position-USDA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Resting positions of adult ''Anopheles'' (A, B) are more upright than that of Culicinae (C).]] Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna (bayọlọji)|antennae. Antennae dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Anwụnta nwanyị na-ebu "Plasmodium'', nje ndị na-akpata ịba, na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu na ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta na-enweghị ọrịa.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Malaria Infected Mosquitoes Express Enhanced Attraction to Human Odor |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ya nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis nke e ji enye nri, yana maxillary palps abụọ. Palp ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta anwụnta nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ) bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka mgbaze nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ.<ref name="cdc"/> A pụrụ ịmata "Anopheles" site na anwụnta ndị ọzọ site na palps, nke dị ogologo dịka proboscis, yana site na ọnụnọ nke ihe mkpuchi ojii na ọcha dị iche iche na nku. A pụkwara ịchọpụta ndị toro eto site na ọnọdụ izu ike ha: nwoke na nwanyị na-ezu ike na afọ ha na-atụ aka elu, n'adịghị ka anwụnta culicine. Anwụnta ndị toro eto na-abụkarị ndị na-akpakọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ha si n'ọkwa nwa pụta. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ụmụ nwoke na-etolite nnukwu square, na-abụkarị n'oge mgbede, ụmụ nwanyị na-efekwa n'ime ìgwè ahụ iji kpaa. Oge site na àkwá ruo okenye dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị, okpomọkụ gburugburu na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu. Anwụnta nwere ike ịmalite site na àkwá ruo okenye n'ime obere ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike were ụbọchị 10-14 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Ndị ikom na-ebi ihe dị ka otu izu, na-eri nectar na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nke sugar. Ndị ikom enweghị ike iri ọbara, n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ ma na-egbu ha n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ihe dị ka ndụ ha niile dịka nri naanị mmiri.diet. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikbakhtzadeh |first1=Mahmood R. |last2=Buss |first2=Garrison K. |last3=Leal |first3=Walter S. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Toxic Effect of Blood Feeding in Male Mosquitoes |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=7 |page=4 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00004 |pmc=4726748 |pmid=26858651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eri shuga maka ike, mana ha na-achọkarị nri ọbara maka mmepụta àkwá. Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nri ọbara zuru oke, nwanyị ahụ na-ezu ike ruo ụbọchị ole na ole ka ọbara na-agbari ma na-etolite àkwá. Usoro a dabere na okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-3 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ozugbo àkwá ahụ tolitere nke ọma, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye ha ma maliteghachi ịchọ onye ọbịa. Usoro ahụ na-emegharị onwe ya ruo mgbe nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịdị ndụ karịa otu ọnwa n'agha, ọtụtụ anaghị adị ndụ karịa otu izu ruo abụọ n'okike. Ndụ ha dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, na ikike ha inweta nri ọbara nke ọma ma na-ezere nchebe onye ọbịa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery mode=packed heights=350> File:Anopheles female Turkhud (bw).png|Morphology of female ''Anopheles'' </gallery> === Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi === === Nkesa=== "Anopheles" bi ma n'ebe okpomọkụ a maara maka ịba dịka ndịda Sahara Africa, nakwa n'ebe oyi na-atụ. Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe emeela n'oge gara aga n'ebe oyi na-atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge e wuru Rideau Canal na Kanada n'afọ 1820.<ref name="Wylie 1983">{{cite journal |author=Wylie WNT |s2cid=143040362 |year=1983 |title=Poverty, Distress, and Disease: Labour and the Construction of the Rideau Canal, 1826–32 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=11 |pages=7–29 |jstor=25140199 |doi=10.2307/25140199}}</ref>Ụdị "Anopheles" nke nwere ike ibufe ịba abụghị naanị n'ebe ndị ọrịa ịba na-agbasa, yabụ ebe ndị a na-ewepụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmaliteghachi ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020">{{cite web |date=April 9, 2020 |title=CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Where Malaria occurs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> [[File:Anopheles-range-map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.5|Global distribution of ''Anopheles'' species covers both the tropics with numerous malarias, and colder areas not subject to malaria at the start of the 21st century.<ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020"/>]] ===Ebe obibi=== "Anopheles" chọrọ mmiri, ikekwe obere na oge ụfọdụ, maka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na ụmụ nkịta ha. Ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị sitere na ọdọ mmiri ruo na tankị mmiri, apịtị, olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anopheles Mosquitoes |url=https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/vector-species/anopheles-mosquitoes/ |website=Global Vector Hub |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>Otú ọ dị, ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ dịka savanna na Sahel nke Afrịka. Ha nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya site na mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ifufe kwesịrị ekwesị na-efesa ha ruo ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ndị toro eto nwere ike inwe ahụ iru ala ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa n'otu oge, na-ehi ụra n'oge okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọgide na-enwe ahụ iru ala n'oge Africa oge ọkọchị <ref name="Baldini Viana 2023 pp. 1–3">{{cite journal |last1=Baldini |first1=Francesco |last2=Viana |first2=Mafalda |title=Dried out but alive: how mosquitoes survive 8 months |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.006 |pages=1–3|pmid=36470782 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, ''Anopheles'' have been documented travelling in baggage, such as on aircraft.<ref name="Ibáñez-Justicia Smitz den Hartog van de Vossenberg 2020 p. 3450">{{cite journal |last1=Ibáñez-Justicia |first1=Adolfo |last2=Smitz |first2=Nathalie |last3=den Hartog |first3=Wietse |last4=van de Vossenberg |first4=Bart |last5=De Wolf |first5=Katrien |last6=Deblauwe |first6=Isra |last7=Van Bortel |first7=Wim |last8=Jacobs |first8=Frans |last9=Vaux |first9=Alexander G. C. |last10=Medlock |first10=Jolyon M. |last11=Stroo |first11=Arjan |display-authors=5 |title=Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=10 |date=2020-05-15 |pmid=32429218 |pmc=7277938 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17103450 |page=3450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Parasiti === Nje nke "Anopheles" gụnyere Microsporidia nke ụdị "'Amblyospora'', ''Crepidulospora'', ''Senoma'' na ''Parathelohania'''<ref name="Simakova 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Simakova, A. V. |author2=Pankova, T. F. |year=2008 |title=Ecology and epizootology of microsporidia in malarial mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the south of western Siberia |journal=Parazitologiia |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |pmid=18664069 |language=ru}}</ref>A na-ahụ usoro ndụ abụọ dị iche iche na Microsporidia. N'ụdị nke mbụ, nje ahụ na-ebufe site na ụzọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ya na-adịghị ahụkebe. Na nke abụọ, ebe ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ a na-esi ebute ọrịa, nje ahụ na-eri n'ime onye nwere ọrịa dị n'etiti. Ọrịa nke ụdị nku ụmụ ahụhụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ na-agụnyekarịkwa ahụ abụba. Nnyefe kwụ ọtọ (transovarial) na-emekwa. <ref name="Baker Vossbrinck Becnel 1998">{{cite journal |author1=Baker, Michael D. |author2=Vossbrinck, Charles R. |author3=Becnel, James J. |author4=Andreadis, Theodore G. |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny of ''Amblyospora'' (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=199–206 |pmid=9538024 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1997.4725 |bibcode=1998JInvP..71..199B |url=http://www.ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106080553/http://ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> A mụọla nje bacteria ''Wolbachia'' maka iji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-achịkwa ọrịa.<ref name="Discovery Article">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |title=Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease |website=Discovery News |date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123222013/http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |archive-date=23 November 2009 }}</ref> === Ndị na-añụ ọbara anụ ọzọ === Ududo na-awụli elu ''Evarcha culicivora'' na-eri ọbara ọkpụkpụ azụ site n'ịchụso 'Anopheles'' nke nwanyị..<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |title=Use of ''Anopheles''-specific prey-capture behavior by the small juveniles of ''Evarcha culicivora'', a mosquito-eating jumping spider |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |date=2005 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref>Ududo ụmụaka na-ahọrọ "Anopheles" karịa anụ oriri ọ bụla ọzọ n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ ọbara ka o bu. <ref name="Jackson Cross 2015">Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R. "Mosquito-terminator spiders and the meaning of predatory specialization." The Journal of Arachnology 43.2 (2015): 123–142.</ref> Ududo ụmụaka ewerela omume njide anụ "Anopheles" nke a na-akpọ "Anopheles", na-eji ọnọdụ "Anopheles" eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji amata ha.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005"/> "Anopheles" nwere ọnọdụ izu ike pụrụ iche yana afọ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. N'ọnọdụ a, ududo ahụ na-abịa site n'azụ anwụnta na n'okpuru afọ ya, wee si n'okpuru wakpo ya. ref name="Nelson Jackson 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=A Predator from East Africa that Chooses Malaria Vectors as Preferred Prey |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=132 |date=2006 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000132 |pmid=17205136 |pmc=1762417 |bibcode=2006PLoSO...1..132N |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe == === Isi mmalite ndị a kacha amasị maka nri ọbara === Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị "Anopheles" bụ naanị ihe na-ebute ịba, a mụọla ya nke ọma n'ịchọ ụzọ njikwa dị irè. Otu ihe dị mkpa gbasara omume bụ otú ụdị "Anopheles" si ahọrọ iri ụmụ mmadụ anthropophily ma ọ bụ anụmanụ dịka ehi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ (zoophily). Ndị "Anthropophilic" "Anopheles" nwere ike ibufe nje ịba site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ "Anopheles" abụghị naanị ihe na-akpata ịba ma ọ bụ nje, gụnyere ihe na-akpata ịba mbụ na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, Anopheles freeborni|''A. freeborni''.<ref>Carpenter, S. J.; LaCasse, W. J. (1955). ''Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico)''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 39–42. {{ISBN|0-520-02638-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McHugh |first=Chad P. |date=1989-08-01 |title=Ecology of a Semi-Isolated Population of Adult Anopheles Freeborni: Abundance, Trophic Status, Parity, Survivorship, Gonotrophic Cycle Length, and Host Selection |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.169 |pmid=2774063}}</ref> However, the primary malaria vectors in Africa, ''Anopheles gambiae|A. gambiae'' and ''A. funestus'', are strongly anthropophilic and are consequently major vectors of human malaria.<ref name="cdc"/> === Ohere nke ibute ọrịa ịba === Ozugbo anwụnta riri nje ịba, nje ịba ga-etolite n'ime anwụnta tupu ha ebute ọrịa nye mmadụ. Oge achọrọ maka nje ahụ itolite n'ime anwụnta (oge mpụga incubation) dị site na ụbọchị iri ruo iri abụọ na otu, dabere na ụdị nje ahụ na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na anwụnta anaghị adị ndụ ruo ogologo oge ka nje ahụ tolite, mgbe ahụ ọ naghị ebufe nje ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc"/> Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle ndụ anwụnta n'okike ozugbo, mana emeela atụmatụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ ụdị "Anopheles". Atụmatụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Tanzania nke "A. gambiae", ihe na-ebute nje "Plasmodium falciparum" dị ize ndụ, dị site na 0.77 ruo 0.84, nke pụtara na mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị, n'etiti 77% na 84% adịla ndụ.<ref name="Charlwood Smith Billingsley Takken 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Charlwood |first1=J. D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Billingsley |first3=P. F. |last4=Takken |first4=W. |last5=Lyimo |first5=E. O. K. |last6=Meuwissen |first6=J. H. E. T. |title=Survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in humans |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |volume=87 |issue=5 |date=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0007485300041304 |pages=445–453 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/298415/files/S0007485300041304.pdf }}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta a na-adịgide ruo ogologo ndụ anwụnta, ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke ụmụ nwanyị "A. gambiae" ga-adị ndụ karịa oge ịnọ n'èzí ụbọchị 14. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị amụbaa ruo 0.9, ihe karịrị pasent 20 nke anwụnta ga-adị ndụ karịa otu oge ahụ. Usoro njikwa nke dabere na ọgwụ ahụhụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgba ọgwụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ) nwere ike imetụta ịba. Nnyefe (ọgwụ)|nnyefe site na mmetụta ha na ogologo ndụ ndị okenye karịa site na mmetụta ha na ọnụọgụ anwụnta ndị toro eto.<ref name="cdc"/> === Usoro nri na izu ike === Ọtụtụ ''Anopheles'' bụ crepuscular (na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ chi ọbụbọ) ma ọ bụ abalị (na-arụ ọrụ n'abalị). Ụfọdụ na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ (endophagic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-eri nri n'èzí (exophagic). Mgbe ha nyesịrị nri, ụfọdụ anwụnta ọbara na-ahọrọ izu ike n'ime ụlọ (endophilic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ izu ike n'èzí (exofical). Enwere ike ibelata ịta ahụhụ site na 'Anopheles'' site na abalị, endophagic site na iji ụgbụ akwa e ji ọgwụ Ịnsektisaịdị gwọọ ma ọ bụ site na owuwu ụlọ ka mma iji gbochie anwụnta ịbanye (dịka ọmụmaatụ window screens. A na-achịkwa anwụnta Endophilic ngwa ngwa site na ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-achịkwa vektọ exophagic/exophilic site na ibibi ebe ọmụmụ, dịka site na ijupụta ọdọ mmiri.<ref name="cdc"/> === Osisi afọ === Ebe ọ bụ na mbufe ọrịa site na anwụnta chọrọ iri ọbara, osisi afọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ọganiihu nke ọrịa nke anwụnta na-ebi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweta site na photosynthetic cyanobacteria, ebe n'ime ndị toro eto, bakteria gram-negative na Pseudomonadota na Bacteroidota phyla na-achịkwa nke ukwuu. Nri ọbara na-ebelata ụdị nje dị iche iche dị na afọ, na-eme ka nje bacteria na-amasị ha nke ukwuu.<ref name="Wang 2011">{{cite journal |title=Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024767 |vauthors=Wang Y, ((Gilbreath TM III)), Kukutla P, Yan G, Xu J |year=2011 |editor1-last=Leulier |editor1-first=François |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24767 |pmid=21957459 |pmc=3177825 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624767W |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Njikwa == [[File:PMI IRS2-2-1140x684.jpg|alt=Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent mosquitoes.|thumb|Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent malaria.]] === Njikwa === Igbu ụmụ ahụhụ gụnyere ụzọ mbụ isi kpochapụ anwụnta ịba. Agbanyeghị, anwụnta, n'oge obere oge, nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ngwa ngwa, dịka e mere n'oge mkpọsa Mkpochapụ Ịba Ahụ́ nke Mba Nile nke afọ 1950.<ref name="Najera 1999">{{cite web |last1=Najera |first1=J. A. |title=Malaria Control: Achievements, Problems, & Strategies |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66640/WHO_MAL_99.1087.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=23 January 2024 |ref=WHO/MAL/99.1087 |date=1999}}</ref>Ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ọrụ ugbo emeela ka ọnụọgụ anwụnta ghara iguzogide, nke pụtara na mmemme njikwa dị irè ga-enyocha maka iguzogide ma gbanwee gaa n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta na a na-egbochi iguzogide. <ref name="CDC Biology">{{cite web |title=Biology: Anopheles Mosquitoes (tab 5) |date=16 July 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/#tabs-1-5 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> === Mkpochapu === Na 2016, a tụrụ aro usoro CRISPR-Cas9 njine drive iji kpochapụ ''Anopheles gambiae'',,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Andrew |last2=Galizi |first2=Roberto |last3=Kyrou |first3=Kyros |last4=Simoni |first4=Alekos |last5=Siniscalchi |first5=Carla |last6=Katsanos |first6=Dimitris |last7=Gribble |first7=Matthew |last8=Baker |first8=Dean |last9=Marois |first9=Eric |last10=Russell |first10=Steven |last11=Burt |first11=Austin |display-authors=5 |date=January 2016 |title=A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3439 |pmid=26641531 |pmc=4913862}}</ref> by deleting the ''Doublesex|dsx'' gene, causing female sterility. Such a gene drive system has been shown to suppress an entire caged ''A. gambiae'' population<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kyrou |first1=Kyros |last2=Hammond |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Galizi |first3=Roberto |last4=Kranjc |first4=Nace |last5=Burt |first5=Austin |last6=Beaghton |first6=Andrea K. |last7=Nolan |first7=Tony |last8=Crisanti |first8=Andrea |date=November 2018 |title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1038/nbt.4245 |pmid=30247490 |pmc=6871539 |bibcode=2018NatBi..36.1062K |doi-access=free}}</ref> n'ime ọgbọ asaa ruo nke iri na otu, nke na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị otu afọ. Nke a ebutela nchegbu gbasara ma arụmọrụ nke usoro mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmetụta omume na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmemme iwepụ ụdị ọrịa a. journal |last1=Taning |first1=Clauvis Nji Tizi |last2=Van Eynde |first2=Benigna |last3=Yu |first3=Na |last4=Ma |first4=Sanyuan |last5=Smagghe |first5=Guy |date=April 2017 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 in insects: Applications, best practices and biosafety concerns |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=98 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.007 |pmid=28108316|bibcode=2017JInsP..98..245T |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8511395/file/8511396 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>Ya mere, a na-agba mbọ iji usoro njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide "Plasmodium" dịkwuo mma n'ime ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ, dịka ilekwasị anya na iwepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "FREP1" na "Anopheles gambiae". ''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yuemei |last2=Simões |first2=Maria L. |last3=Marois |first3=Eric |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=George |date=2018-03-08 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 -mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006898 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898 |pmid=29518156 |pmc=5843335 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na Burkina Faso emepụtala ụdị ero "Metarhizium pinghaense" nke e mepụtara site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta nsị nke ududo ntanetị nke Australia; ikpughe ya na ero ahụ mere ka ọnụọgụgụ "Anopheles" daa site na 99% na nnwale a na-achịkwa. <ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=31 May 2019 |title=GM fungus rapidly kills 99% of malaria mosquitoes, study suggests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48464510 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=31 Dec 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ==Edensibịa == {{reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ Mpụga== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ ''Anopheles'' Database] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index ''Anopheles gambiae'' Genome and Related Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index |date=2012-12-03 }} * [https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921000929/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/mosquito/map.htm CDC – World map showing distribution of various ''Anopheles'' species] (archived) * [http://www.wrbu.org/ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173327/https://www.wrbu.org/|date=15 December 2018|title=Archived version}}) – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330171641/http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035207/http://www.metapathogen.com/mosquito/anopheles/ ''Anopheles gambiae'' taxonomy, facts and life cycle] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170130141158/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_quadrimaculatus.htm ''Anopheles quadrimaculatus'', common malaria mosquito] (archived) on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ''Featured Creatures'' website *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html ''Anopheles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821202050/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html|date=5 May 2021|title=Archived version}} re3k4a2ppkt0n8j0jsjeq6rd1647ku6 705140 705139 2026-08-20T04:09:31Z Goodymeraj 16207 Wepụrụ mgbanwe [[Special:Diff/705139|705139]] nke [[Special:Contributions/Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] ([[User talk:Goodymeraj|talk]]) mere 705140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Genus of mosquito}} {{automatic taxobox | image = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''[[Anopheles stephensi]]'', female | taxon = Anopheles | authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]] 1818 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = For a full description, see the main article: [[Taxonomy of Anopheles]] }} '''''Anopheles'''' (IPac-en|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|f|ᵻ|l|iː|z) bụ anwụnta nke onye German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen|J. W. Meigen kọwara na mbụ na 1818, a makwaara ha dị ka '''anwụnta mbọ''' na '''anwụnta ala mmiri'''.<ref name="USFWS">{{cite web |title=Nail Mosquito |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/nail-mosquito-anopheles |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=16 December 2023 |quote=Common Name: Nail Mosquito, marsh mosquitoes}}</ref>Ọtụtụ anwụnta ndị dị otu a bụ ọrịa vector nke nje ahụ ''Plasmodium'', ụdị protozoans nke na-akpata ịba na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje nnụnụ, ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje anụ na-akpụ akpụ, na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje ma ọ bụghị anụmanụ, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ. Anwụnta ''Anopheles gambiae'' bụ ụdị anwụnta a ma ama nke a na-ebufe ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nke bụ ọrịa ịba Parasitism parasite nke na-egbu mmadụ; ọ dịghị ụdị anwụnta ọzọ nke na-ebute ịba mmadụ. Ụdị "Anopheles" dị iche na anwụnta ndị ọzọ dị ihe dị ka Ma 100 (myrmya), dịka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, àkwá, larvae, na pupae bụ anụmanụ mmiri. Nnwale "Anopheles" enweghị mmiri iku ume nke ọ ga-esi na ya eku ume, ya mere ọ na-eku ume ma na-eri nri na ahụ ya kwụ ọtọ n'elu mmiri. Anwụnta toro eto na-esi n'elu pụta ma na-eri nectar nke okooko osisi; anwụnta nwanyị na-erikwa ọbara, nke nri anụmanụ na-enye ha ohere ibu ma na-ebufe nje n'etiti ndị ọbịa. Ọnọdụ nri onye toro eto dị n'ala, n'adịghị ka ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ nke culicines. "Anopheles" na-ekesa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụwa niile, n'oge okpomọkụ, n'okpuru ala okpomọkụ, na mpaghara dị jụụ nke ụwa. N'oge ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, "Anopheles" aestivate, nke bụ ọnọdụ ụra nke na-eme ka anwụnta dị ndụ na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka Sahel. == Mmalite == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fosil === Fossil nke ụdị 'Anopheles' dị ụkọ; naanị abụọ ka achọpụtara na 2015.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015"/> They are ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' <small>Zavortink & Poinar</small> in Dominican Republic amber from the Late Eocene Ma|40.4 to Ma 33.9,<ref name="Zavortink Poinar 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Zavortink |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Dominican Amber |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=93 |issue=6 |date=2000-11-01 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1230:ANDSND]2.0.CO;2 |pages=1230–1235|s2cid=86221732 }}</ref> and ''Anopheles rottensis'' <small>Statz</small> in German amber from the Late Oligocene Ma|28.4 to Ma|23.0.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=Lucas A. |last2=Russo |first2=Claudia A. M. |last3=Voloch |first3=Carolina M. |last4=Mutaquiha |first4=Olívio C. F. |last5=Marques |first5=Lucas P. |last6=Schrago |first6=Carlos G. |title=Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |date=2015-08-05 |pmid=26244561 |pmc=4526650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134462 |article-number=e0134462 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034462F |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Phylogeny=== Ndị nna ochie nke Ijiji niile gụnyere anwụnta pụtara Ma 260..<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Complete mtDNA genomes of ''Anopheles darlingi'' and an approach to anopheline divergence time |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Culicinae culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between Ma120 and Ma|150.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">{{cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darlingi'' reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy |journal=[[BMC Genomics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between Ma|80 and Ma|95.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''Anopheles darlingi'' diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~Ma|100.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N }}</ref> The cladogram is based on an analysis of mosquito genomes by Heafsey and colleagues in 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/> |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Taxonomy === Ọ bụ onye German na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ bụ 'Anopheles'' na 1818. Ọ kọwara ụdị abụọ, ''A. birfurcatus'' na ụdị ụdị, ''Anopheles maculipennis''. O kwuru na aha ahụ pụtara lang|de|beschwerlich, "ihe dị arọ".<ref name="Meigen 1818">{{cite book |last=Meigen |first=Johann Wilhelm |author-link=Johann Wilhelm Meigen |date=1818 |title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten |language=de |trans-title=Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects |location=Aachen |publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann |volume=1 |pages=10–12 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/54/mode/1up}}</ref> Ọ bụ na asụsụ Grik ochie ka esi weta ya lang|grc|ἀνωφελής transliteration|grc|anōphelḗs 'useless', derived from lang|el|ἀν- transliteration|grc|an-, 'not', 'un-' and lang|el|[[:wikt:ὄφελος|ὄφελος} {{transliteration|grc|óphelos}} 'profit'.<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book |author=Stevenson, Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=19 August 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |page=64}}</ref> Usoro nhazi nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị elu nke ukwuu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Frederick Vincent Theobald kọwara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 39 nke "Anopheles" n'akwụkwọ mpịakọta 5 ya na Culicidae.<ref name=Theobald1901>{{cite book |last=Theobald |first=Frederick Vincent |author-link=Frederick Vincent Theobald |date=1901 |title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-178-51903-7 |pages=115–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref> He was provided with mosquito specimens sent in to the British Museum (Natural History) from around the world, on the 1898 instruction of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016"/> "Anopheles" (nke nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ) bụ nke ezinụlọ dị n'okpuru Anophelinae tinyere ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ: "'Bironella" (nke e kewara na Australasia) na "Chagasia" (nke e kewara na Neotropics). Usoro a ka dịgidere nke ọma.<ref name="Krzywinski2003">{{cite journal |last1=Krzywinski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Besansky |first2=Nora J. |author-link2=Nora J. Besansky |year=2003 |title=Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: From Subgenera to Subpopulations |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647 |pmid=12208816 |bibcode=2003AREnt..48..111K }}</ref><ref name="Foley 1998">{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0457 |pmid=9562985 |title=Evolution and Systematics of ''Anopheles'':Insights from a Molecular Phylogeny of Australasian Mosquitoes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=262–275 |year=1998 |last1=Foley |first1=Desmond H. |last2=Bryan |first2=Joan H. |last3=Yeates |first3=David |last4=Saul |first4=Allan |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..262F }}</ref> Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics – wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences.<ref name="Rattanarithikul 2006">{{cite journal |pmid=17262930 |year=2006 |last1=Rattanarithikul |first1=R. |author-link=Rampa Rattanarithikul|title=Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. IV. Anopheles |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=37 |pages=1–128 |last2=Harrison |first2=B. A. |last3=Harbach |first3=R. E. |last4=Panthusiri |first4=P. |last5=Coleman |first5=R. E. |last6=Panthusiri |first6=P. |issue=Suppl 2 }}</ref><ref name="Walton 2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.05.001 |pmid=16782411 |title=Genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the Anopheles maculatus group using the ITS2 region of rDNA |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2007 |last1=Walton |first1=C. |last2=Somboon |first2=P. |last3=o'Loughlin |first3=S. M. |last4=Zhang |first4=S. |last5=Harbach |first5=R.E. |last6=Linton |first6=Y.-M. |last7=Chen |first7=B. |last8=Nolan |first8=K. |last9=Duong |first9=S. |last10=Fong |first10=M.-Y |last11=Vythilingum |first11=I. |last12=Mohammed |first12=Z. D. |last13=Trung |first13=Ho Dinh |last14=Butlin |first14=R. K. |bibcode=2007InfGE...7...93W |display-authors=5 }}</ref><ref name="Garros Harbach Manguin 2005">{{cite journal |pmid=16119539 |year=2005 |last1=Garros |first1=C. |last2=Harbach |first2=R. E |last3=Manguin |first3=S. |title=Morphological assessment and molecular phylogenetics of the Funestus and Minimus groups of Anopheles (Cellia) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=522–536 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522 |s2cid=22776177 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the taxonomy published by Harbach and Kitching in 2016, it was shown that three species of ''Bironella'' (Bironella confusa|B. confusa'', ''Bironella gracilis|B. gracilis,'' and ''Bironella hollandi|B. hollandi'') are phylogenetically more similar to ''Anopheles kyondawensis|A. kyondawensis'' than other ''Bironella'' species. That phylogeny argues that, based on genetic similarity, ''Anopheles implexus|A. implexus'' is divergent from the common ancestor of ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Harbach |first1=R. E. |last2=Kitching |first2=I. |date=January 2016 |title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of ''Anopheles'' (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=34–47 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Usoro ndụ == Dịka anwụnta niile, anophelines na-agafe usoro anọ n'usoro ndụ ha: akwa (bayọlọji), larva, pupa, na imago|okenye. Usoro atọ mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ma ha abụọ na-adịru ụbọchị 5-14, dabere na ụdị na okpomọkụ gburugburu. Oge okenye bụ mgbe nwanyị "'Anopheles'" na-arụ ọrụ dị ka malaria Vector (epidemiology). Ụmụ nwanyị toro eto nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo otu ọnwa (maọbụ karịa n'agha), mana o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị adị ndụ karịa izu abụọ n'okike.<ref name="cdc">citation-attribution|1={{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-anopheles-mosquitoes.html |title=Life Cycle of ''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 23, 2026 |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> === Akwa === [[File:Anopheles egg 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Anopheles'' eggs with their distinctive side floats]] Ndị inyom toro eto na-etinye àkwá 50–200 kwa oviposition. Àkwá ndị ahụ dị obere (ihe dị ka Tụgharịa|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1 × Tụgharịa|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1). A na-etinye àkwá n'otu n'otu na ozugbo n'ime mmiri. Ha pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Àkwá anaghị anabata nkụ ma ọ bụ ịpụta n'ime ụbọchị 2–3, ọ bụ ezie na ịmụpụta nwere ike were izu abụọ maọbụ atọ n'ebe oyi na-atụ.<ref name="cdc"/> === Larvae === Nwa anwụnta ahụ nwere isi ya nke ọma, nke nwere ahịhịa ọnụ e ji enye nri, nnukwu Thorax (ahụ ahụhụ) na akụkụ itoolu afọ. O nweghị ụkwụ. Ọdịghị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, larva "'Anopheles'' enweghị siphon iku ume, ya mere ọ na-eguzo onwe ya ka ahụ ya wee dị n'elu mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, larva nke anwụnta culicine na-arapara n'elu mmiri site na siphon azụ, ahụ na-atụ aka ala. Larvae na-eku ume site na Spiracle (arthropods) dị na akụkụ afọ nke asatọ, ya mere ọ ga-abịa n'elu elu ugboro ugboro. Larvae ahụ na-etinye oge ha niile na-eri algae, bacteria, na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'ime akwa dị gịrịgịrị. Ha na-amaba n'okpuru elu ahụ naanị mgbe a kpasuru ha iwe. Larvae na-egwu mmiri site na mmegharị ahụ dum ma ọ bụ site na Mmiri propulsion site na iji ahịhịa ọnụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Larvae na-etolite site na usoro anọ, ma ọ bụ instars, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ha metamorphosis,metamorphose na pupae. Na njedebe nke mmalite ọ bụla, larvae na-akpụ akpụ, na-awụpụ exoskeletons ha, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, iji mee ka uto dịkwuo elu. Larvae ndị ahụ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, mana ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-adịghị emerụ emerụ. A chọtala larvae nke "Anopheles" n'ime apịtị mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu, apịtị mangrove, ubi osikapa, olulu ahịhịa, nsọtụ iyi na osimiri, na obere ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo nwa oge. Ọtụtụ ụdị a na-ahọrọ ebe obibi nwere ahịhịa. Ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ebe obibi na-enweghị nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ na-amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, mgbe anyanwụ na-enwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ndị nwere ndò n'ime ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa n'ime oghere osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ axils nke ụfọdụ osisi.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto CDCHarryWeinburgh publicdomain.jpg|''Anopheles'' larva File:Anopheles Culex larvae feeding position-USDA.jpg|Feeding position of an ''Anopheles'' larva (A), culicine larva with its siphon (B) </gallery> === Pupae === Pupa (a makwaara dị ka tumbler) dị ka comma ma a lee ya anya site n'akụkụ. A na-ejikọta isi na Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ)n'ime cephalothorax, afọ na-agbagharị n'okpuru ya. Dịka ọ dị na ụmụ ahụhụ, nwamba ahụ ga-abịa n'elu mgbe niile iji kuo ume, nke ọ na-eme site na opi iku ume abụọ na cephalothorax ya. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị dịka nwamba, elu azụ nke cephalothorax na-agbawa agbawa, anwụnta toro eto na-apụtakwa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> Anopheles (YPM IZ 093745).jpeg|Pupa File:The pupa of a mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis). Reproductio Wellcome V0022598 (cropped).jpg|''Anopheles maculipennis|A. maculipennis'' pupa, breathing at the surface </gallery> === OKENYE YA=== [[File:Anopheles Culex adult resting position-USDA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Resting positions of adult ''Anopheles'' (A, B) are more upright than that of Culicinae (C).]] Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna (bayọlọji)|antennae. Antennae dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Anwụnta nwanyị na-ebu "Plasmodium'', nje ndị na-akpata ịba, na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu na ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta na-enweghị ọrịa.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Malaria Infected Mosquitoes Express Enhanced Attraction to Human Odor |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ya nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis nke e ji enye nri, yana maxillary palps abụọ. Palp ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta anwụnta nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ) bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka mgbaze nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ.<ref name="cdc"/> A pụrụ ịmata "Anopheles" site na anwụnta ndị ọzọ site na palps, nke dị ogologo dịka proboscis, yana site na ọnụnọ nke ihe mkpuchi ojii na ọcha dị iche iche na nku. A pụkwara ịchọpụta ndị toro eto site na ọnọdụ izu ike ha: nwoke na nwanyị na-ezu ike na afọ ha na-atụ aka elu, n'adịghị ka anwụnta culicine. Anwụnta ndị toro eto na-abụkarị ndị na-akpakọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ha si n'ọkwa nwa pụta. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ụmụ nwoke na-etolite nnukwu square, na-abụkarị n'oge mgbede, ụmụ nwanyị na-efekwa n'ime ìgwè ahụ iji kpaa. Oge site na àkwá ruo okenye dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị, okpomọkụ gburugburu na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu. Anwụnta nwere ike ịmalite site na àkwá ruo okenye n'ime obere ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike were ụbọchị 10-14 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Ndị ikom na-ebi ihe dị ka otu izu, na-eri nectar na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nke sugar. Ndị ikom enweghị ike iri ọbara, n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ ma na-egbu ha n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ihe dị ka ndụ ha niile dịka nri naanị mmiri.diet. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikbakhtzadeh |first1=Mahmood R. |last2=Buss |first2=Garrison K. |last3=Leal |first3=Walter S. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Toxic Effect of Blood Feeding in Male Mosquitoes |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=7 |page=4 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00004 |pmc=4726748 |pmid=26858651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eri shuga maka ike, mana ha na-achọkarị nri ọbara maka mmepụta àkwá. Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nri ọbara zuru oke, nwanyị ahụ na-ezu ike ruo ụbọchị ole na ole ka ọbara na-agbari ma na-etolite àkwá. Usoro a dabere na okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-3 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ozugbo àkwá ahụ tolitere nke ọma, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye ha ma maliteghachi ịchọ onye ọbịa. Usoro ahụ na-emegharị onwe ya ruo mgbe nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịdị ndụ karịa otu ọnwa n'agha, ọtụtụ anaghị adị ndụ karịa otu izu ruo abụọ n'okike. Ndụ ha dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, na ikike ha inweta nri ọbara nke ọma ma na-ezere nchebe onye ọbịa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery mode=packed heights=350> File:Anopheles female Turkhud (bw).png|Morphology of female ''Anopheles'' </gallery> === Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi === === Nkesa=== "Anopheles" bi ma n'ebe okpomọkụ a maara maka ịba dịka ndịda Sahara Africa, nakwa n'ebe oyi na-atụ. Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe emeela n'oge gara aga n'ebe oyi na-atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge e wuru Rideau Canal na Kanada n'afọ 1820.<ref name="Wylie 1983">{{cite journal |author=Wylie WNT |s2cid=143040362 |year=1983 |title=Poverty, Distress, and Disease: Labour and the Construction of the Rideau Canal, 1826–32 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=11 |pages=7–29 |jstor=25140199 |doi=10.2307/25140199}}</ref>Ụdị "Anopheles" nke nwere ike ibufe ịba abụghị naanị n'ebe ndị ọrịa ịba na-agbasa, yabụ ebe ndị a na-ewepụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmaliteghachi ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020">{{cite web |date=April 9, 2020 |title=CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Where Malaria occurs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> [[File:Anopheles-range-map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.5|Global distribution of ''Anopheles'' species covers both the tropics with numerous malarias, and colder areas not subject to malaria at the start of the 21st century.<ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020"/>]] ===Ebe obibi=== "Anopheles" chọrọ mmiri, ikekwe obere na oge ụfọdụ, maka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na ụmụ nkịta ha. Ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị sitere na ọdọ mmiri ruo na tankị mmiri, apịtị, olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anopheles Mosquitoes |url=https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/vector-species/anopheles-mosquitoes/ |website=Global Vector Hub |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>Otú ọ dị, ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ dịka savanna na Sahel nke Afrịka. Ha nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya site na mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ifufe kwesịrị ekwesị na-efesa ha ruo ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ndị toro eto nwere ike inwe ahụ iru ala ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa n'otu oge, na-ehi ụra n'oge okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọgide na-enwe ahụ iru ala n'oge Africa oge ọkọchị <ref name="Baldini Viana 2023 pp. 1–3">{{cite journal |last1=Baldini |first1=Francesco |last2=Viana |first2=Mafalda |title=Dried out but alive: how mosquitoes survive 8 months |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.006 |pages=1–3|pmid=36470782 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, ''Anopheles'' have been documented travelling in baggage, such as on aircraft.<ref name="Ibáñez-Justicia Smitz den Hartog van de Vossenberg 2020 p. 3450">{{cite journal |last1=Ibáñez-Justicia |first1=Adolfo |last2=Smitz |first2=Nathalie |last3=den Hartog |first3=Wietse |last4=van de Vossenberg |first4=Bart |last5=De Wolf |first5=Katrien |last6=Deblauwe |first6=Isra |last7=Van Bortel |first7=Wim |last8=Jacobs |first8=Frans |last9=Vaux |first9=Alexander G. C. |last10=Medlock |first10=Jolyon M. |last11=Stroo |first11=Arjan |display-authors=5 |title=Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=10 |date=2020-05-15 |pmid=32429218 |pmc=7277938 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17103450 |page=3450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Parasiti === Nje nke "Anopheles" gụnyere Microsporidia nke ụdị "'Amblyospora'', ''Crepidulospora'', ''Senoma'' na ''Parathelohania'''<ref name="Simakova 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Simakova, A. V. |author2=Pankova, T. F. |year=2008 |title=Ecology and epizootology of microsporidia in malarial mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the south of western Siberia |journal=Parazitologiia |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |pmid=18664069 |language=ru}}</ref>A na-ahụ usoro ndụ abụọ dị iche iche na Microsporidia. N'ụdị nke mbụ, nje ahụ na-ebufe site na ụzọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ya na-adịghị ahụkebe. Na nke abụọ, ebe ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ a na-esi ebute ọrịa, nje ahụ na-eri n'ime onye nwere ọrịa dị n'etiti. Ọrịa nke ụdị nku ụmụ ahụhụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ na-agụnyekarịkwa ahụ abụba. Nnyefe kwụ ọtọ (transovarial) na-emekwa. <ref name="Baker Vossbrinck Becnel 1998">{{cite journal |author1=Baker, Michael D. |author2=Vossbrinck, Charles R. |author3=Becnel, James J. |author4=Andreadis, Theodore G. |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny of ''Amblyospora'' (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=199–206 |pmid=9538024 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1997.4725 |bibcode=1998JInvP..71..199B |url=http://www.ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106080553/http://ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> A mụọla nje bacteria ''Wolbachia'' maka iji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-achịkwa ọrịa.<ref name="Discovery Article">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |title=Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease |website=Discovery News |date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123222013/http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |archive-date=23 November 2009 }}</ref> === Ndị na-añụ ọbara anụ ọzọ === Ududo na-awụli elu ''Evarcha culicivora'' na-eri ọbara ọkpụkpụ azụ site n'ịchụso 'Anopheles'' nke nwanyị..<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |title=Use of ''Anopheles''-specific prey-capture behavior by the small juveniles of ''Evarcha culicivora'', a mosquito-eating jumping spider |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |date=2005 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref>Ududo ụmụaka na-ahọrọ "Anopheles" karịa anụ oriri ọ bụla ọzọ n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ ọbara ka o bu. <ref name="Jackson Cross 2015">Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R. "Mosquito-terminator spiders and the meaning of predatory specialization." The Journal of Arachnology 43.2 (2015): 123–142.</ref> Ududo ụmụaka ewerela omume njide anụ "Anopheles" nke a na-akpọ "Anopheles", na-eji ọnọdụ "Anopheles" eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji amata ha.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005"/> "Anopheles" nwere ọnọdụ izu ike pụrụ iche yana afọ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. N'ọnọdụ a, ududo ahụ na-abịa site n'azụ anwụnta na n'okpuru afọ ya, wee si n'okpuru wakpo ya. ref name="Nelson Jackson 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=A Predator from East Africa that Chooses Malaria Vectors as Preferred Prey |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=132 |date=2006 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000132 |pmid=17205136 |pmc=1762417 |bibcode=2006PLoSO...1..132N |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe == === Isi mmalite ndị a kacha amasị maka nri ọbara === Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị "Anopheles" bụ naanị ihe na-ebute ịba, a mụọla ya nke ọma n'ịchọ ụzọ njikwa dị irè. Otu ihe dị mkpa gbasara omume bụ otú ụdị "Anopheles" si ahọrọ iri ụmụ mmadụ anthropophily ma ọ bụ anụmanụ dịka ehi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ (zoophily). Ndị "Anthropophilic" "Anopheles" nwere ike ibufe nje ịba site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ "Anopheles" abụghị naanị ihe na-akpata ịba ma ọ bụ nje, gụnyere ihe na-akpata ịba mbụ na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, Anopheles freeborni|''A. freeborni''.<ref>Carpenter, S. J.; LaCasse, W. J. (1955). ''Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico)''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 39–42. {{ISBN|0-520-02638-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McHugh |first=Chad P. |date=1989-08-01 |title=Ecology of a Semi-Isolated Population of Adult Anopheles Freeborni: Abundance, Trophic Status, Parity, Survivorship, Gonotrophic Cycle Length, and Host Selection |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.169 |pmid=2774063}}</ref> However, the primary malaria vectors in Africa, ''Anopheles gambiae|A. gambiae'' and ''A. funestus'', are strongly anthropophilic and are consequently major vectors of human malaria.<ref name="cdc"/> === Ohere nke ibute ọrịa ịba === Ozugbo anwụnta riri nje ịba, nje ịba ga-etolite n'ime anwụnta tupu ha ebute ọrịa nye mmadụ. Oge achọrọ maka nje ahụ itolite n'ime anwụnta (oge mpụga incubation) dị site na ụbọchị iri ruo iri abụọ na otu, dabere na ụdị nje ahụ na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na anwụnta anaghị adị ndụ ruo ogologo oge ka nje ahụ tolite, mgbe ahụ ọ naghị ebufe nje ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc"/> Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle ndụ anwụnta n'okike ozugbo, mana emeela atụmatụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ ụdị "Anopheles". Atụmatụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Tanzania nke "A. gambiae", ihe na-ebute nje "Plasmodium falciparum" dị ize ndụ, dị site na 0.77 ruo 0.84, nke pụtara na mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị, n'etiti 77% na 84% adịla ndụ.<ref name="Charlwood Smith Billingsley Takken 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Charlwood |first1=J. D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Billingsley |first3=P. F. |last4=Takken |first4=W. |last5=Lyimo |first5=E. O. K. |last6=Meuwissen |first6=J. H. E. T. |title=Survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in humans |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |volume=87 |issue=5 |date=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0007485300041304 |pages=445–453 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/298415/files/S0007485300041304.pdf }}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta a na-adịgide ruo ogologo ndụ anwụnta, ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke ụmụ nwanyị "A. gambiae" ga-adị ndụ karịa oge ịnọ n'èzí ụbọchị 14. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị amụbaa ruo 0.9, ihe karịrị pasent 20 nke anwụnta ga-adị ndụ karịa otu oge ahụ. Usoro njikwa nke dabere na ọgwụ ahụhụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgba ọgwụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ) nwere ike imetụta ịba. Nnyefe (ọgwụ)|nnyefe site na mmetụta ha na ogologo ndụ ndị okenye karịa site na mmetụta ha na ọnụọgụ anwụnta ndị toro eto.<ref name="cdc"/> === Usoro nri na izu ike === Ọtụtụ ''Anopheles'' bụ crepuscular (na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ chi ọbụbọ) ma ọ bụ abalị (na-arụ ọrụ n'abalị). Ụfọdụ na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ (endophagic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-eri nri n'èzí (exophagic). Mgbe ha nyesịrị nri, ụfọdụ anwụnta ọbara na-ahọrọ izu ike n'ime ụlọ (endophilic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ izu ike n'èzí (exofical). Enwere ike ibelata ịta ahụhụ site na 'Anopheles'' site na abalị, endophagic site na iji ụgbụ akwa e ji ọgwụ Ịnsektisaịdị gwọọ ma ọ bụ site na owuwu ụlọ ka mma iji gbochie anwụnta ịbanye (dịka ọmụmaatụ window screens. A na-achịkwa anwụnta Endophilic ngwa ngwa site na ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-achịkwa vektọ exophagic/exophilic site na ibibi ebe ọmụmụ, dịka site na ijupụta ọdọ mmiri.<ref name="cdc"/> === Osisi afọ === Ebe ọ bụ na mbufe ọrịa site na anwụnta chọrọ iri ọbara, osisi afọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ọganiihu nke ọrịa nke anwụnta na-ebi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweta site na photosynthetic cyanobacteria, ebe n'ime ndị toro eto, bakteria gram-negative na Pseudomonadota na Bacteroidota phyla na-achịkwa nke ukwuu. Nri ọbara na-ebelata ụdị nje dị iche iche dị na afọ, na-eme ka nje bacteria na-amasị ha nke ukwuu.<ref name="Wang 2011">{{cite journal |title=Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024767 |vauthors=Wang Y, ((Gilbreath TM III)), Kukutla P, Yan G, Xu J |year=2011 |editor1-last=Leulier |editor1-first=François |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24767 |pmid=21957459 |pmc=3177825 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624767W |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Njikwa == [[File:PMI IRS2-2-1140x684.jpg|alt=Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent mosquitoes.|thumb|Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent malaria.]] === Njikwa === Igbu ụmụ ahụhụ gụnyere ụzọ mbụ isi kpochapụ anwụnta ịba. Agbanyeghị, anwụnta, n'oge obere oge, nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ngwa ngwa, dịka e mere n'oge mkpọsa Mkpochapụ Ịba Ahụ́ nke Mba Nile nke afọ 1950.<ref name="Najera 1999">{{cite web |last1=Najera |first1=J. A. |title=Malaria Control: Achievements, Problems, & Strategies |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66640/WHO_MAL_99.1087.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=23 January 2024 |ref=WHO/MAL/99.1087 |date=1999}}</ref>Ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ọrụ ugbo emeela ka ọnụọgụ anwụnta ghara iguzogide, nke pụtara na mmemme njikwa dị irè ga-enyocha maka iguzogide ma gbanwee gaa n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta na a na-egbochi iguzogide. <ref name="CDC Biology">{{cite web |title=Biology: Anopheles Mosquitoes (tab 5) |date=16 July 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/#tabs-1-5 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> === Mkpochapu === Na 2016, a tụrụ aro usoro CRISPR-Cas9 njine drive iji kpochapụ ''Anopheles gambiae'',,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Andrew |last2=Galizi |first2=Roberto |last3=Kyrou |first3=Kyros |last4=Simoni |first4=Alekos |last5=Siniscalchi |first5=Carla |last6=Katsanos |first6=Dimitris |last7=Gribble |first7=Matthew |last8=Baker |first8=Dean |last9=Marois |first9=Eric |last10=Russell |first10=Steven |last11=Burt |first11=Austin |display-authors=5 |date=January 2016 |title=A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3439 |pmid=26641531 |pmc=4913862}}</ref> by deleting the ''Doublesex|dsx'' gene, causing female sterility. Such a gene drive system has been shown to suppress an entire caged ''A. gambiae'' population<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kyrou |first1=Kyros |last2=Hammond |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Galizi |first3=Roberto |last4=Kranjc |first4=Nace |last5=Burt |first5=Austin |last6=Beaghton |first6=Andrea K. |last7=Nolan |first7=Tony |last8=Crisanti |first8=Andrea |date=November 2018 |title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1038/nbt.4245 |pmid=30247490 |pmc=6871539 |bibcode=2018NatBi..36.1062K |doi-access=free}}</ref> n'ime ọgbọ asaa ruo nke iri na otu, nke na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị otu afọ. Nke a ebutela nchegbu gbasara ma arụmọrụ nke usoro mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmetụta omume na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmemme iwepụ ụdị ọrịa a. journal |last1=Taning |first1=Clauvis Nji Tizi |last2=Van Eynde |first2=Benigna |last3=Yu |first3=Na |last4=Ma |first4=Sanyuan |last5=Smagghe |first5=Guy |date=April 2017 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 in insects: Applications, best practices and biosafety concerns |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=98 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.007 |pmid=28108316|bibcode=2017JInsP..98..245T |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8511395/file/8511396 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>Ya mere, a na-agba mbọ iji usoro njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide "Plasmodium" dịkwuo mma n'ime ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ, dịka ilekwasị anya na iwepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "FREP1" na "Anopheles gambiae". ''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yuemei |last2=Simões |first2=Maria L. |last3=Marois |first3=Eric |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=George |date=2018-03-08 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 -mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006898 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898 |pmid=29518156 |pmc=5843335 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na Burkina Faso emepụtala ụdị ero "Metarhizium pinghaense" nke e mepụtara site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta nsị nke ududo ntanetị nke Australia; ikpughe ya na ero ahụ mere ka ọnụọgụgụ "Anopheles" daa site na 99% na nnwale a na-achịkwa. <ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=31 May 2019 |title=GM fungus rapidly kills 99% of malaria mosquitoes, study suggests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48464510 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=31 Dec 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ==Edensibịa == {{reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ Mpụga== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ ''Anopheles'' Database] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index ''Anopheles gambiae'' Genome and Related Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index |date=2012-12-03 }} * [https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921000929/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/mosquito/map.htm CDC – World map showing distribution of various ''Anopheles'' species] (archived) * [http://www.wrbu.org/ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173327/https://www.wrbu.org/|date=15 December 2018|title=Archived version}}) – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330171641/http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035207/http://www.metapathogen.com/mosquito/anopheles/ ''Anopheles gambiae'' taxonomy, facts and life cycle] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170130141158/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_quadrimaculatus.htm ''Anopheles quadrimaculatus'', common malaria mosquito] (archived) on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ''Featured Creatures'' website *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html ''Anopheles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821202050/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html|date=5 May 2021|title=Archived version}} jdkozynbskivf3p2y89biol65qafiir 705141 705140 2026-08-20T04:15:07Z Goodymeraj 16207 705141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Genus of mosquito}} {{automatic taxobox | image = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''[[Anopheles stephensi]]'', female | taxon = Anopheles | authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]] 1818 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = For a full description, see the main article: [[Taxonomy of Anopheles]] }} '''''Anopheles'''' (([/əˈnɒfɪliːz/])) bụ [[ìgwè ụdị dị n’usoro nhazi ihe ndị dị ndụ]] nke [[anwụnta]] nke onye German [[na-amụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ]] [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|J. W. Meigen]] kọwara na mbụ na 1818, a makwaara ha dị ka '''anwụnta mbọ''' na '''anwụnta ala mmiri'''.<ref name="USFWS">{{cite web |title=Nail Mosquito |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/nail-mosquito-anopheles |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=16 December 2023 |quote=Common Name: Nail Mosquito, marsh mosquitoes}}</ref>Ọtụtụ anwụnta ndị dị otu a bụ ọrịa vector nke nje ahụ ''Plasmodium'', ụdị protozoans nke na-akpata ịba na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje nnụnụ, ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje anụ na-akpụ akpụ, na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje ma ọ bụghị anụmanụ, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ. Anwụnta ''Anopheles gambiae'' bụ ụdị anwụnta a ma ama nke a na-ebufe ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nke bụ ọrịa ịba Parasitism parasite nke na-egbu mmadụ; ọ dịghị ụdị anwụnta ọzọ nke na-ebute ịba mmadụ. Ụdị "Anopheles" dị iche na anwụnta ndị ọzọ dị ihe dị ka Ma 100 (myrmya), dịka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, àkwá, larvae, na pupae bụ anụmanụ mmiri. Nnwale "Anopheles" enweghị mmiri iku ume nke ọ ga-esi na ya eku ume, ya mere ọ na-eku ume ma na-eri nri na ahụ ya kwụ ọtọ n'elu mmiri. Anwụnta toro eto na-esi n'elu pụta ma na-eri nectar nke okooko osisi; anwụnta nwanyị na-erikwa ọbara, nke nri anụmanụ na-enye ha ohere ibu ma na-ebufe nje n'etiti ndị ọbịa. Ọnọdụ nri onye toro eto dị n'ala, n'adịghị ka ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ nke culicines. "Anopheles" na-ekesa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụwa niile, n'oge okpomọkụ, n'okpuru ala okpomọkụ, na mpaghara dị jụụ nke ụwa. N'oge ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, "Anopheles" aestivate, nke bụ ọnọdụ ụra nke na-eme ka anwụnta dị ndụ na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka Sahel. == Mmalite == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fosil === Fossil nke ụdị 'Anopheles' dị ụkọ; naanị abụọ ka achọpụtara na 2015.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015"/> They are ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' <small>Zavortink & Poinar</small> in Dominican Republic amber from the Late Eocene Ma|40.4 to Ma 33.9,<ref name="Zavortink Poinar 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Zavortink |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Dominican Amber |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=93 |issue=6 |date=2000-11-01 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1230:ANDSND]2.0.CO;2 |pages=1230–1235|s2cid=86221732 }}</ref> and ''Anopheles rottensis'' <small>Statz</small> in German amber from the Late Oligocene Ma|28.4 to Ma|23.0.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=Lucas A. |last2=Russo |first2=Claudia A. M. |last3=Voloch |first3=Carolina M. |last4=Mutaquiha |first4=Olívio C. F. |last5=Marques |first5=Lucas P. |last6=Schrago |first6=Carlos G. |title=Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |date=2015-08-05 |pmid=26244561 |pmc=4526650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134462 |article-number=e0134462 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034462F |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Phylogeny=== Ndị nna ochie nke Ijiji niile gụnyere anwụnta pụtara Ma 260..<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Complete mtDNA genomes of ''Anopheles darlingi'' and an approach to anopheline divergence time |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Culicinae culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between Ma120 and Ma|150.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">{{cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darlingi'' reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy |journal=[[BMC Genomics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between Ma|80 and Ma|95.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''Anopheles darlingi'' diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~Ma|100.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N }}</ref> The cladogram is based on an analysis of mosquito genomes by Heafsey and colleagues in 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/> |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Taxonomy === Ọ bụ onye German na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ bụ 'Anopheles'' na 1818. Ọ kọwara ụdị abụọ, ''A. birfurcatus'' na ụdị ụdị, ''Anopheles maculipennis''. O kwuru na aha ahụ pụtara lang|de|beschwerlich, "ihe dị arọ".<ref name="Meigen 1818">{{cite book |last=Meigen |first=Johann Wilhelm |author-link=Johann Wilhelm Meigen |date=1818 |title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten |language=de |trans-title=Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects |location=Aachen |publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann |volume=1 |pages=10–12 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/54/mode/1up}}</ref> Ọ bụ na asụsụ Grik ochie ka esi weta ya lang|grc|ἀνωφελής transliteration|grc|anōphelḗs 'useless', derived from lang|el|ἀν- transliteration|grc|an-, 'not', 'un-' and lang|el|[[:wikt:ὄφελος|ὄφελος} {{transliteration|grc|óphelos}} 'profit'.<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book |author=Stevenson, Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=19 August 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |page=64}}</ref> Usoro nhazi nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị elu nke ukwuu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Frederick Vincent Theobald kọwara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 39 nke "Anopheles" n'akwụkwọ mpịakọta 5 ya na Culicidae.<ref name=Theobald1901>{{cite book |last=Theobald |first=Frederick Vincent |author-link=Frederick Vincent Theobald |date=1901 |title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-178-51903-7 |pages=115–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref> He was provided with mosquito specimens sent in to the British Museum (Natural History) from around the world, on the 1898 instruction of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016"/> "Anopheles" (nke nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ) bụ nke ezinụlọ dị n'okpuru Anophelinae tinyere ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ: "'Bironella" (nke e kewara na Australasia) na "Chagasia" (nke e kewara na Neotropics). Usoro a ka dịgidere nke ọma.<ref name="Krzywinski2003">{{cite journal |last1=Krzywinski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Besansky |first2=Nora J. |author-link2=Nora J. Besansky |year=2003 |title=Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: From Subgenera to Subpopulations |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647 |pmid=12208816 |bibcode=2003AREnt..48..111K }}</ref><ref name="Foley 1998">{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0457 |pmid=9562985 |title=Evolution and Systematics of ''Anopheles'':Insights from a Molecular Phylogeny of Australasian Mosquitoes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=262–275 |year=1998 |last1=Foley |first1=Desmond H. |last2=Bryan |first2=Joan H. |last3=Yeates |first3=David |last4=Saul |first4=Allan |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..262F }}</ref> Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics – wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences.<ref name="Rattanarithikul 2006">{{cite journal |pmid=17262930 |year=2006 |last1=Rattanarithikul |first1=R. |author-link=Rampa Rattanarithikul|title=Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. IV. Anopheles |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=37 |pages=1–128 |last2=Harrison |first2=B. A. |last3=Harbach |first3=R. E. |last4=Panthusiri |first4=P. |last5=Coleman |first5=R. E. |last6=Panthusiri |first6=P. |issue=Suppl 2 }}</ref><ref name="Walton 2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.05.001 |pmid=16782411 |title=Genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the Anopheles maculatus group using the ITS2 region of rDNA |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2007 |last1=Walton |first1=C. |last2=Somboon |first2=P. |last3=o'Loughlin |first3=S. M. |last4=Zhang |first4=S. |last5=Harbach |first5=R.E. |last6=Linton |first6=Y.-M. |last7=Chen |first7=B. |last8=Nolan |first8=K. |last9=Duong |first9=S. |last10=Fong |first10=M.-Y |last11=Vythilingum |first11=I. |last12=Mohammed |first12=Z. D. |last13=Trung |first13=Ho Dinh |last14=Butlin |first14=R. K. |bibcode=2007InfGE...7...93W |display-authors=5 }}</ref><ref name="Garros Harbach Manguin 2005">{{cite journal |pmid=16119539 |year=2005 |last1=Garros |first1=C. |last2=Harbach |first2=R. E |last3=Manguin |first3=S. |title=Morphological assessment and molecular phylogenetics of the Funestus and Minimus groups of Anopheles (Cellia) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=522–536 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522 |s2cid=22776177 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the taxonomy published by Harbach and Kitching in 2016, it was shown that three species of ''Bironella'' (Bironella confusa|B. confusa'', ''Bironella gracilis|B. gracilis,'' and ''Bironella hollandi|B. hollandi'') are phylogenetically more similar to ''Anopheles kyondawensis|A. kyondawensis'' than other ''Bironella'' species. That phylogeny argues that, based on genetic similarity, ''Anopheles implexus|A. implexus'' is divergent from the common ancestor of ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Harbach |first1=R. E. |last2=Kitching |first2=I. |date=January 2016 |title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of ''Anopheles'' (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=34–47 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Usoro ndụ == Dịka anwụnta niile, anophelines na-agafe usoro anọ n'usoro ndụ ha: akwa (bayọlọji), larva, pupa, na imago|okenye. Usoro atọ mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ma ha abụọ na-adịru ụbọchị 5-14, dabere na ụdị na okpomọkụ gburugburu. Oge okenye bụ mgbe nwanyị "'Anopheles'" na-arụ ọrụ dị ka malaria Vector (epidemiology). Ụmụ nwanyị toro eto nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo otu ọnwa (maọbụ karịa n'agha), mana o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị adị ndụ karịa izu abụọ n'okike.<ref name="cdc">citation-attribution|1={{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-anopheles-mosquitoes.html |title=Life Cycle of ''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 23, 2026 |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> === Akwa === [[File:Anopheles egg 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Anopheles'' eggs with their distinctive side floats]] Ndị inyom toro eto na-etinye àkwá 50–200 kwa oviposition. Àkwá ndị ahụ dị obere (ihe dị ka Tụgharịa|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1 × Tụgharịa|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1). A na-etinye àkwá n'otu n'otu na ozugbo n'ime mmiri. Ha pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Àkwá anaghị anabata nkụ ma ọ bụ ịpụta n'ime ụbọchị 2–3, ọ bụ ezie na ịmụpụta nwere ike were izu abụọ maọbụ atọ n'ebe oyi na-atụ.<ref name="cdc"/> === Larvae === Nwa anwụnta ahụ nwere isi ya nke ọma, nke nwere ahịhịa ọnụ e ji enye nri, nnukwu Thorax (ahụ ahụhụ) na akụkụ itoolu afọ. O nweghị ụkwụ. Ọdịghị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, larva "'Anopheles'' enweghị siphon iku ume, ya mere ọ na-eguzo onwe ya ka ahụ ya wee dị n'elu mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, larva nke anwụnta culicine na-arapara n'elu mmiri site na siphon azụ, ahụ na-atụ aka ala. Larvae na-eku ume site na Spiracle (arthropods) dị na akụkụ afọ nke asatọ, ya mere ọ ga-abịa n'elu elu ugboro ugboro. Larvae ahụ na-etinye oge ha niile na-eri algae, bacteria, na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'ime akwa dị gịrịgịrị. Ha na-amaba n'okpuru elu ahụ naanị mgbe a kpasuru ha iwe. Larvae na-egwu mmiri site na mmegharị ahụ dum ma ọ bụ site na Mmiri propulsion site na iji ahịhịa ọnụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Larvae na-etolite site na usoro anọ, ma ọ bụ instars, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ha metamorphosis,metamorphose na pupae. Na njedebe nke mmalite ọ bụla, larvae na-akpụ akpụ, na-awụpụ exoskeletons ha, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, iji mee ka uto dịkwuo elu. Larvae ndị ahụ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, mana ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-adịghị emerụ emerụ. A chọtala larvae nke "Anopheles" n'ime apịtị mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu, apịtị mangrove, ubi osikapa, olulu ahịhịa, nsọtụ iyi na osimiri, na obere ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo nwa oge. Ọtụtụ ụdị a na-ahọrọ ebe obibi nwere ahịhịa. Ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ebe obibi na-enweghị nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ na-amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, mgbe anyanwụ na-enwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ndị nwere ndò n'ime ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa n'ime oghere osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ axils nke ụfọdụ osisi.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto CDCHarryWeinburgh publicdomain.jpg|''Anopheles'' larva File:Anopheles Culex larvae feeding position-USDA.jpg|Feeding position of an ''Anopheles'' larva (A), culicine larva with its siphon (B) </gallery> === Pupae === Pupa (a makwaara dị ka tumbler) dị ka comma ma a lee ya anya site n'akụkụ. A na-ejikọta isi na Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ)n'ime cephalothorax, afọ na-agbagharị n'okpuru ya. Dịka ọ dị na ụmụ ahụhụ, nwamba ahụ ga-abịa n'elu mgbe niile iji kuo ume, nke ọ na-eme site na opi iku ume abụọ na cephalothorax ya. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị dịka nwamba, elu azụ nke cephalothorax na-agbawa agbawa, anwụnta toro eto na-apụtakwa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> Anopheles (YPM IZ 093745).jpeg|Pupa File:The pupa of a mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis). Reproductio Wellcome V0022598 (cropped).jpg|''Anopheles maculipennis|A. maculipennis'' pupa, breathing at the surface </gallery> === OKENYE YA=== [[File:Anopheles Culex adult resting position-USDA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Resting positions of adult ''Anopheles'' (A, B) are more upright than that of Culicinae (C).]] Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna (bayọlọji)|antennae. Antennae dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Anwụnta nwanyị na-ebu "Plasmodium'', nje ndị na-akpata ịba, na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu na ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta na-enweghị ọrịa.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Malaria Infected Mosquitoes Express Enhanced Attraction to Human Odor |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ya nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis nke e ji enye nri, yana maxillary palps abụọ. Palp ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta anwụnta nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ) bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka mgbaze nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ.<ref name="cdc"/> A pụrụ ịmata "Anopheles" site na anwụnta ndị ọzọ site na palps, nke dị ogologo dịka proboscis, yana site na ọnụnọ nke ihe mkpuchi ojii na ọcha dị iche iche na nku. A pụkwara ịchọpụta ndị toro eto site na ọnọdụ izu ike ha: nwoke na nwanyị na-ezu ike na afọ ha na-atụ aka elu, n'adịghị ka anwụnta culicine. Anwụnta ndị toro eto na-abụkarị ndị na-akpakọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ha si n'ọkwa nwa pụta. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ụmụ nwoke na-etolite nnukwu square, na-abụkarị n'oge mgbede, ụmụ nwanyị na-efekwa n'ime ìgwè ahụ iji kpaa. Oge site na àkwá ruo okenye dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị, okpomọkụ gburugburu na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu. Anwụnta nwere ike ịmalite site na àkwá ruo okenye n'ime obere ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike were ụbọchị 10-14 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Ndị ikom na-ebi ihe dị ka otu izu, na-eri nectar na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nke sugar. Ndị ikom enweghị ike iri ọbara, n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ ma na-egbu ha n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ihe dị ka ndụ ha niile dịka nri naanị mmiri.diet. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikbakhtzadeh |first1=Mahmood R. |last2=Buss |first2=Garrison K. |last3=Leal |first3=Walter S. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Toxic Effect of Blood Feeding in Male Mosquitoes |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=7 |page=4 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00004 |pmc=4726748 |pmid=26858651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eri shuga maka ike, mana ha na-achọkarị nri ọbara maka mmepụta àkwá. Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nri ọbara zuru oke, nwanyị ahụ na-ezu ike ruo ụbọchị ole na ole ka ọbara na-agbari ma na-etolite àkwá. Usoro a dabere na okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-3 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ozugbo àkwá ahụ tolitere nke ọma, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye ha ma maliteghachi ịchọ onye ọbịa. Usoro ahụ na-emegharị onwe ya ruo mgbe nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịdị ndụ karịa otu ọnwa n'agha, ọtụtụ anaghị adị ndụ karịa otu izu ruo abụọ n'okike. Ndụ ha dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, na ikike ha inweta nri ọbara nke ọma ma na-ezere nchebe onye ọbịa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery mode=packed heights=350> File:Anopheles female Turkhud (bw).png|Morphology of female ''Anopheles'' </gallery> === Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi === === Nkesa=== "Anopheles" bi ma n'ebe okpomọkụ a maara maka ịba dịka ndịda Sahara Africa, nakwa n'ebe oyi na-atụ. Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe emeela n'oge gara aga n'ebe oyi na-atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge e wuru Rideau Canal na Kanada n'afọ 1820.<ref name="Wylie 1983">{{cite journal |author=Wylie WNT |s2cid=143040362 |year=1983 |title=Poverty, Distress, and Disease: Labour and the Construction of the Rideau Canal, 1826–32 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=11 |pages=7–29 |jstor=25140199 |doi=10.2307/25140199}}</ref>Ụdị "Anopheles" nke nwere ike ibufe ịba abụghị naanị n'ebe ndị ọrịa ịba na-agbasa, yabụ ebe ndị a na-ewepụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmaliteghachi ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020">{{cite web |date=April 9, 2020 |title=CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Where Malaria occurs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> [[File:Anopheles-range-map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.5|Global distribution of ''Anopheles'' species covers both the tropics with numerous malarias, and colder areas not subject to malaria at the start of the 21st century.<ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020"/>]] ===Ebe obibi=== "Anopheles" chọrọ mmiri, ikekwe obere na oge ụfọdụ, maka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na ụmụ nkịta ha. Ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị sitere na ọdọ mmiri ruo na tankị mmiri, apịtị, olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anopheles Mosquitoes |url=https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/vector-species/anopheles-mosquitoes/ |website=Global Vector Hub |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>Otú ọ dị, ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ dịka savanna na Sahel nke Afrịka. Ha nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya site na mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ifufe kwesịrị ekwesị na-efesa ha ruo ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ndị toro eto nwere ike inwe ahụ iru ala ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa n'otu oge, na-ehi ụra n'oge okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọgide na-enwe ahụ iru ala n'oge Africa oge ọkọchị <ref name="Baldini Viana 2023 pp. 1–3">{{cite journal |last1=Baldini |first1=Francesco |last2=Viana |first2=Mafalda |title=Dried out but alive: how mosquitoes survive 8 months |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.006 |pages=1–3|pmid=36470782 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, ''Anopheles'' have been documented travelling in baggage, such as on aircraft.<ref name="Ibáñez-Justicia Smitz den Hartog van de Vossenberg 2020 p. 3450">{{cite journal |last1=Ibáñez-Justicia |first1=Adolfo |last2=Smitz |first2=Nathalie |last3=den Hartog |first3=Wietse |last4=van de Vossenberg |first4=Bart |last5=De Wolf |first5=Katrien |last6=Deblauwe |first6=Isra |last7=Van Bortel |first7=Wim |last8=Jacobs |first8=Frans |last9=Vaux |first9=Alexander G. C. |last10=Medlock |first10=Jolyon M. |last11=Stroo |first11=Arjan |display-authors=5 |title=Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=10 |date=2020-05-15 |pmid=32429218 |pmc=7277938 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17103450 |page=3450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Parasiti === Nje nke "Anopheles" gụnyere Microsporidia nke ụdị "'Amblyospora'', ''Crepidulospora'', ''Senoma'' na ''Parathelohania'''<ref name="Simakova 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Simakova, A. V. |author2=Pankova, T. F. |year=2008 |title=Ecology and epizootology of microsporidia in malarial mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the south of western Siberia |journal=Parazitologiia |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |pmid=18664069 |language=ru}}</ref>A na-ahụ usoro ndụ abụọ dị iche iche na Microsporidia. N'ụdị nke mbụ, nje ahụ na-ebufe site na ụzọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ya na-adịghị ahụkebe. Na nke abụọ, ebe ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ a na-esi ebute ọrịa, nje ahụ na-eri n'ime onye nwere ọrịa dị n'etiti. Ọrịa nke ụdị nku ụmụ ahụhụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ na-agụnyekarịkwa ahụ abụba. Nnyefe kwụ ọtọ (transovarial) na-emekwa. <ref name="Baker Vossbrinck Becnel 1998">{{cite journal |author1=Baker, Michael D. |author2=Vossbrinck, Charles R. |author3=Becnel, James J. |author4=Andreadis, Theodore G. |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny of ''Amblyospora'' (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=199–206 |pmid=9538024 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1997.4725 |bibcode=1998JInvP..71..199B |url=http://www.ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106080553/http://ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> A mụọla nje bacteria ''Wolbachia'' maka iji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-achịkwa ọrịa.<ref name="Discovery Article">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |title=Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease |website=Discovery News |date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123222013/http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |archive-date=23 November 2009 }}</ref> === Ndị na-añụ ọbara anụ ọzọ === Ududo na-awụli elu ''Evarcha culicivora'' na-eri ọbara ọkpụkpụ azụ site n'ịchụso 'Anopheles'' nke nwanyị..<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |title=Use of ''Anopheles''-specific prey-capture behavior by the small juveniles of ''Evarcha culicivora'', a mosquito-eating jumping spider |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |date=2005 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref>Ududo ụmụaka na-ahọrọ "Anopheles" karịa anụ oriri ọ bụla ọzọ n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ ọbara ka o bu. <ref name="Jackson Cross 2015">Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R. "Mosquito-terminator spiders and the meaning of predatory specialization." The Journal of Arachnology 43.2 (2015): 123–142.</ref> Ududo ụmụaka ewerela omume njide anụ "Anopheles" nke a na-akpọ "Anopheles", na-eji ọnọdụ "Anopheles" eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji amata ha.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005"/> "Anopheles" nwere ọnọdụ izu ike pụrụ iche yana afọ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. N'ọnọdụ a, ududo ahụ na-abịa site n'azụ anwụnta na n'okpuru afọ ya, wee si n'okpuru wakpo ya. ref name="Nelson Jackson 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=A Predator from East Africa that Chooses Malaria Vectors as Preferred Prey |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=132 |date=2006 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000132 |pmid=17205136 |pmc=1762417 |bibcode=2006PLoSO...1..132N |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe == === Isi mmalite ndị a kacha amasị maka nri ọbara === Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị "Anopheles" bụ naanị ihe na-ebute ịba, a mụọla ya nke ọma n'ịchọ ụzọ njikwa dị irè. Otu ihe dị mkpa gbasara omume bụ otú ụdị "Anopheles" si ahọrọ iri ụmụ mmadụ anthropophily ma ọ bụ anụmanụ dịka ehi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ (zoophily). Ndị "Anthropophilic" "Anopheles" nwere ike ibufe nje ịba site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ "Anopheles" abụghị naanị ihe na-akpata ịba ma ọ bụ nje, gụnyere ihe na-akpata ịba mbụ na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, Anopheles freeborni|''A. freeborni''.<ref>Carpenter, S. J.; LaCasse, W. J. (1955). ''Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico)''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 39–42. {{ISBN|0-520-02638-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McHugh |first=Chad P. |date=1989-08-01 |title=Ecology of a Semi-Isolated Population of Adult Anopheles Freeborni: Abundance, Trophic Status, Parity, Survivorship, Gonotrophic Cycle Length, and Host Selection |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.169 |pmid=2774063}}</ref> However, the primary malaria vectors in Africa, ''Anopheles gambiae|A. gambiae'' and ''A. funestus'', are strongly anthropophilic and are consequently major vectors of human malaria.<ref name="cdc"/> === Ohere nke ibute ọrịa ịba === Ozugbo anwụnta riri nje ịba, nje ịba ga-etolite n'ime anwụnta tupu ha ebute ọrịa nye mmadụ. Oge achọrọ maka nje ahụ itolite n'ime anwụnta (oge mpụga incubation) dị site na ụbọchị iri ruo iri abụọ na otu, dabere na ụdị nje ahụ na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na anwụnta anaghị adị ndụ ruo ogologo oge ka nje ahụ tolite, mgbe ahụ ọ naghị ebufe nje ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc"/> Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle ndụ anwụnta n'okike ozugbo, mana emeela atụmatụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ ụdị "Anopheles". Atụmatụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Tanzania nke "A. gambiae", ihe na-ebute nje "Plasmodium falciparum" dị ize ndụ, dị site na 0.77 ruo 0.84, nke pụtara na mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị, n'etiti 77% na 84% adịla ndụ.<ref name="Charlwood Smith Billingsley Takken 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Charlwood |first1=J. D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Billingsley |first3=P. F. |last4=Takken |first4=W. |last5=Lyimo |first5=E. O. K. |last6=Meuwissen |first6=J. H. E. T. |title=Survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in humans |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |volume=87 |issue=5 |date=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0007485300041304 |pages=445–453 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/298415/files/S0007485300041304.pdf }}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta a na-adịgide ruo ogologo ndụ anwụnta, ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke ụmụ nwanyị "A. gambiae" ga-adị ndụ karịa oge ịnọ n'èzí ụbọchị 14. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị amụbaa ruo 0.9, ihe karịrị pasent 20 nke anwụnta ga-adị ndụ karịa otu oge ahụ. Usoro njikwa nke dabere na ọgwụ ahụhụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgba ọgwụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ) nwere ike imetụta ịba. Nnyefe (ọgwụ)|nnyefe site na mmetụta ha na ogologo ndụ ndị okenye karịa site na mmetụta ha na ọnụọgụ anwụnta ndị toro eto.<ref name="cdc"/> === Usoro nri na izu ike === Ọtụtụ ''Anopheles'' bụ crepuscular (na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ chi ọbụbọ) ma ọ bụ abalị (na-arụ ọrụ n'abalị). Ụfọdụ na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ (endophagic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-eri nri n'èzí (exophagic). Mgbe ha nyesịrị nri, ụfọdụ anwụnta ọbara na-ahọrọ izu ike n'ime ụlọ (endophilic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ izu ike n'èzí (exofical). Enwere ike ibelata ịta ahụhụ site na 'Anopheles'' site na abalị, endophagic site na iji ụgbụ akwa e ji ọgwụ Ịnsektisaịdị gwọọ ma ọ bụ site na owuwu ụlọ ka mma iji gbochie anwụnta ịbanye (dịka ọmụmaatụ window screens. A na-achịkwa anwụnta Endophilic ngwa ngwa site na ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-achịkwa vektọ exophagic/exophilic site na ibibi ebe ọmụmụ, dịka site na ijupụta ọdọ mmiri.<ref name="cdc"/> === Osisi afọ === Ebe ọ bụ na mbufe ọrịa site na anwụnta chọrọ iri ọbara, osisi afọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ọganiihu nke ọrịa nke anwụnta na-ebi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweta site na photosynthetic cyanobacteria, ebe n'ime ndị toro eto, bakteria gram-negative na Pseudomonadota na Bacteroidota phyla na-achịkwa nke ukwuu. Nri ọbara na-ebelata ụdị nje dị iche iche dị na afọ, na-eme ka nje bacteria na-amasị ha nke ukwuu.<ref name="Wang 2011">{{cite journal |title=Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024767 |vauthors=Wang Y, ((Gilbreath TM III)), Kukutla P, Yan G, Xu J |year=2011 |editor1-last=Leulier |editor1-first=François |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24767 |pmid=21957459 |pmc=3177825 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624767W |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Njikwa == [[File:PMI IRS2-2-1140x684.jpg|alt=Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent mosquitoes.|thumb|Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent malaria.]] === Njikwa === Igbu ụmụ ahụhụ gụnyere ụzọ mbụ isi kpochapụ anwụnta ịba. Agbanyeghị, anwụnta, n'oge obere oge, nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ngwa ngwa, dịka e mere n'oge mkpọsa Mkpochapụ Ịba Ahụ́ nke Mba Nile nke afọ 1950.<ref name="Najera 1999">{{cite web |last1=Najera |first1=J. A. |title=Malaria Control: Achievements, Problems, & Strategies |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66640/WHO_MAL_99.1087.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=23 January 2024 |ref=WHO/MAL/99.1087 |date=1999}}</ref>Ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ọrụ ugbo emeela ka ọnụọgụ anwụnta ghara iguzogide, nke pụtara na mmemme njikwa dị irè ga-enyocha maka iguzogide ma gbanwee gaa n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta na a na-egbochi iguzogide. <ref name="CDC Biology">{{cite web |title=Biology: Anopheles Mosquitoes (tab 5) |date=16 July 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/#tabs-1-5 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> === Mkpochapu === Na 2016, a tụrụ aro usoro CRISPR-Cas9 njine drive iji kpochapụ ''Anopheles gambiae'',,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Andrew |last2=Galizi |first2=Roberto |last3=Kyrou |first3=Kyros |last4=Simoni |first4=Alekos |last5=Siniscalchi |first5=Carla |last6=Katsanos |first6=Dimitris |last7=Gribble |first7=Matthew |last8=Baker |first8=Dean |last9=Marois |first9=Eric |last10=Russell |first10=Steven |last11=Burt |first11=Austin |display-authors=5 |date=January 2016 |title=A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3439 |pmid=26641531 |pmc=4913862}}</ref> by deleting the ''Doublesex|dsx'' gene, causing female sterility. Such a gene drive system has been shown to suppress an entire caged ''A. gambiae'' population<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kyrou |first1=Kyros |last2=Hammond |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Galizi |first3=Roberto |last4=Kranjc |first4=Nace |last5=Burt |first5=Austin |last6=Beaghton |first6=Andrea K. |last7=Nolan |first7=Tony |last8=Crisanti |first8=Andrea |date=November 2018 |title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1038/nbt.4245 |pmid=30247490 |pmc=6871539 |bibcode=2018NatBi..36.1062K |doi-access=free}}</ref> n'ime ọgbọ asaa ruo nke iri na otu, nke na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị otu afọ. Nke a ebutela nchegbu gbasara ma arụmọrụ nke usoro mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmetụta omume na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmemme iwepụ ụdị ọrịa a. journal |last1=Taning |first1=Clauvis Nji Tizi |last2=Van Eynde |first2=Benigna |last3=Yu |first3=Na |last4=Ma |first4=Sanyuan |last5=Smagghe |first5=Guy |date=April 2017 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 in insects: Applications, best practices and biosafety concerns |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=98 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.007 |pmid=28108316|bibcode=2017JInsP..98..245T |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8511395/file/8511396 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>Ya mere, a na-agba mbọ iji usoro njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide "Plasmodium" dịkwuo mma n'ime ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ, dịka ilekwasị anya na iwepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "FREP1" na "Anopheles gambiae". ''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yuemei |last2=Simões |first2=Maria L. |last3=Marois |first3=Eric |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=George |date=2018-03-08 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 -mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006898 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898 |pmid=29518156 |pmc=5843335 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na Burkina Faso emepụtala ụdị ero "Metarhizium pinghaense" nke e mepụtara site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta nsị nke ududo ntanetị nke Australia; ikpughe ya na ero ahụ mere ka ọnụọgụgụ "Anopheles" daa site na 99% na nnwale a na-achịkwa. <ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=31 May 2019 |title=GM fungus rapidly kills 99% of malaria mosquitoes, study suggests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48464510 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=31 Dec 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ==Edensibịa == {{reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ Mpụga== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ ''Anopheles'' Database] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index ''Anopheles gambiae'' Genome and Related Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index |date=2012-12-03 }} * [https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921000929/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/mosquito/map.htm CDC – World map showing distribution of various ''Anopheles'' species] (archived) * [http://www.wrbu.org/ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173327/https://www.wrbu.org/|date=15 December 2018|title=Archived version}}) – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330171641/http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035207/http://www.metapathogen.com/mosquito/anopheles/ ''Anopheles gambiae'' taxonomy, facts and life cycle] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170130141158/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_quadrimaculatus.htm ''Anopheles quadrimaculatus'', common malaria mosquito] (archived) on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ''Featured Creatures'' website *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html ''Anopheles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821202050/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html|date=5 May 2021|title=Archived version}} s1wjq05596h5ib7ntdx4u6lm5jn4f7o 705144 705141 2026-08-20T04:35:26Z Goodymeraj 16207 705144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Genus of mosquito}} {{automatic taxobox | image = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''[[Anopheles stephensi]]'', female | taxon = Anopheles | authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]] 1818 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = For a full description, see the main article: [[Taxonomy of Anopheles]] }} '''''Anopheles'''' (([/əˈnɒfɪliːz/])) bụ [[ìgwè ụdị dị n’usoro nhazi ihe ndị dị ndụ]] nke [[anwụnta]] nke onye German [[na-amụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ]] [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|J. W. Meigen]] kọwara na mbụ na 1818, a makwaara ha dị ka '''anwụnta mbọ''' na '''anwụnta ala mmiri'''.<ref name="USFWS">{{cite web |title=Nail Mosquito |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/nail-mosquito-anopheles |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=16 December 2023 |quote=Common Name: Nail Mosquito, marsh mosquitoes}}</ref>Ọtụtụ anwụnta ndị dị otu a bụ [[Disease vector|ndị nkesa nje na-ebute ọrịa]] nke nje [[Plasmodium]], ụdị protozoans nke na-akpata [[ọrịa Ịba]] na [[Plasmodium species infecting birds|ụmụ nnụnụ]], [[Plasmodium species infecting reptiles|anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ]], na [[Plasmodium species infecting mammals other than primates|anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara]], gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ. Anwụnta [[Anopheles gambiae]] bụ ụdị anwụnta a ma ama nke a na-ebufe [[Plasmodium falciparum]], nke bụ [[Parasitism|nje]] ọrịa ịba nke na-egbu mmadụ; ọ dịghị ụdị anwụnta ọzọ nke na-ebute ịba mmadụ. Ụdị "Anopheles" dị iche na anwụnta ndị ọzọ dị ihe dị ka {{Ma 100}} ([[myr|mya]]), dịka ọ dị na anwụnta ndị ọzọ, àkwá ya, [[larva]] ya, na [[pupa]] ya bụ [[Aquatic animal|anụmanụ mmiri]]. Nwa [[Anopheles]] enweghị siphon iku ume (respiratory siphon) nke ọ ga-esi na ya eku ume. N’ihi ya, ọ na-eku ume ma na-eri nri mgbe ahụ ya dị n’ahịrị kwụ ọtọ n’elu mmiri. Anwụnta toro eto na-esi n’elu mmiri apụta ma na-eri nectar nke okooko osisi; anwụnta nwanyị na-erikwa ọbara, nke nri sitere n’anụmanụ na-enyere ya aka ibu ma bufee nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa ịba site n’otu onye ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ọbịa gaa na onye ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ọzọ. Mgbe anwụnta toro eto na-eri nri, isi ya na-eche ihu n’ala, nke dị iche na nke culicines, ndị na-akwụ ọtọ mgbe ha na-eri nri. A na-ahụ [[Anopheles]] ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n’ụwa niile, n’akụkụ mpaghara okpomọkụ (tropics), mpaghara dị n’etiti okpomọkụ na oyi (subtropics), na mpaghara ihu igwe dị n’etiti okpomọkụ na oyi nke ụwa. Mgbe ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, Anopheles toro eto nwere ike ịbanye n’ọnọdụ a na-akpọ [[aestivation]], ya bụ ọnọdụ ụra ma ọ bụ izu ike nke na-enyere anwụnta ahụ aka ịlanarị n’ebe na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ, dịka [[Sahel]]. == Mmalite == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fossil === [[Fossil]] nke ụdị [[Anopheles]] dị ụkọ; naanị abụọ ka a chọpụtara na 2015.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015"/> They are ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' <small>Zavortink & Poinar</small> in Dominican Republic amber from the Late Eocene Ma|40.4 to Ma 33.9,<ref name="Zavortink Poinar 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Zavortink |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Dominican Amber |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=93 |issue=6 |date=2000-11-01 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1230:ANDSND]2.0.CO;2 |pages=1230–1235|s2cid=86221732 }}</ref> and ''Anopheles rottensis'' <small>Statz</small> in German amber from the Late Oligocene Ma|28.4 to Ma|23.0.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=Lucas A. |last2=Russo |first2=Claudia A. M. |last3=Voloch |first3=Carolina M. |last4=Mutaquiha |first4=Olívio C. F. |last5=Marques |first5=Lucas P. |last6=Schrago |first6=Carlos G. |title=Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |date=2015-08-05 |pmid=26244561 |pmc=4526650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134462 |article-number=e0134462 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034462F |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Phylogeny=== Ndị nna ochie nke Ijiji niile gụnyere anwụnta pụtara Ma 260..<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Complete mtDNA genomes of ''Anopheles darlingi'' and an approach to anopheline divergence time |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Culicinae culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between Ma120 and Ma|150.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">{{cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darlingi'' reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy |journal=[[BMC Genomics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between Ma|80 and Ma|95.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''Anopheles darlingi'' diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~Ma|100.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N }}</ref> The cladogram is based on an analysis of mosquito genomes by Heafsey and colleagues in 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/> |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Taxonomy === Ọ bụ onye German na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ bụ 'Anopheles'' na 1818. Ọ kọwara ụdị abụọ, ''A. birfurcatus'' na ụdị ụdị, ''Anopheles maculipennis''. O kwuru na aha ahụ pụtara lang|de|beschwerlich, "ihe dị arọ".<ref name="Meigen 1818">{{cite book |last=Meigen |first=Johann Wilhelm |author-link=Johann Wilhelm Meigen |date=1818 |title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten |language=de |trans-title=Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects |location=Aachen |publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann |volume=1 |pages=10–12 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/54/mode/1up}}</ref> Ọ bụ na asụsụ Grik ochie ka esi weta ya lang|grc|ἀνωφελής transliteration|grc|anōphelḗs 'useless', derived from lang|el|ἀν- transliteration|grc|an-, 'not', 'un-' and lang|el|[[:wikt:ὄφελος|ὄφελος} {{transliteration|grc|óphelos}} 'profit'.<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book |author=Stevenson, Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=19 August 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |page=64}}</ref> Usoro nhazi nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị elu nke ukwuu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Frederick Vincent Theobald kọwara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 39 nke "Anopheles" n'akwụkwọ mpịakọta 5 ya na Culicidae.<ref name=Theobald1901>{{cite book |last=Theobald |first=Frederick Vincent |author-link=Frederick Vincent Theobald |date=1901 |title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-178-51903-7 |pages=115–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref> He was provided with mosquito specimens sent in to the British Museum (Natural History) from around the world, on the 1898 instruction of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016"/> "Anopheles" (nke nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ) bụ nke ezinụlọ dị n'okpuru Anophelinae tinyere ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ: "'Bironella" (nke e kewara na Australasia) na "Chagasia" (nke e kewara na Neotropics). Usoro a ka dịgidere nke ọma.<ref name="Krzywinski2003">{{cite journal |last1=Krzywinski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Besansky |first2=Nora J. |author-link2=Nora J. Besansky |year=2003 |title=Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: From Subgenera to Subpopulations |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647 |pmid=12208816 |bibcode=2003AREnt..48..111K }}</ref><ref name="Foley 1998">{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0457 |pmid=9562985 |title=Evolution and Systematics of ''Anopheles'':Insights from a Molecular Phylogeny of Australasian Mosquitoes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=262–275 |year=1998 |last1=Foley |first1=Desmond H. |last2=Bryan |first2=Joan H. |last3=Yeates |first3=David |last4=Saul |first4=Allan |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..262F }}</ref> Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics – wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences.<ref name="Rattanarithikul 2006">{{cite journal |pmid=17262930 |year=2006 |last1=Rattanarithikul |first1=R. |author-link=Rampa Rattanarithikul|title=Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. IV. Anopheles |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=37 |pages=1–128 |last2=Harrison |first2=B. A. |last3=Harbach |first3=R. E. |last4=Panthusiri |first4=P. |last5=Coleman |first5=R. E. |last6=Panthusiri |first6=P. |issue=Suppl 2 }}</ref><ref name="Walton 2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.05.001 |pmid=16782411 |title=Genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the Anopheles maculatus group using the ITS2 region of rDNA |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2007 |last1=Walton |first1=C. |last2=Somboon |first2=P. |last3=o'Loughlin |first3=S. M. |last4=Zhang |first4=S. |last5=Harbach |first5=R.E. |last6=Linton |first6=Y.-M. |last7=Chen |first7=B. |last8=Nolan |first8=K. |last9=Duong |first9=S. |last10=Fong |first10=M.-Y |last11=Vythilingum |first11=I. |last12=Mohammed |first12=Z. D. |last13=Trung |first13=Ho Dinh |last14=Butlin |first14=R. K. |bibcode=2007InfGE...7...93W |display-authors=5 }}</ref><ref name="Garros Harbach Manguin 2005">{{cite journal |pmid=16119539 |year=2005 |last1=Garros |first1=C. |last2=Harbach |first2=R. E |last3=Manguin |first3=S. |title=Morphological assessment and molecular phylogenetics of the Funestus and Minimus groups of Anopheles (Cellia) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=522–536 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522 |s2cid=22776177 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the taxonomy published by Harbach and Kitching in 2016, it was shown that three species of ''Bironella'' (Bironella confusa|B. confusa'', ''Bironella gracilis|B. gracilis,'' and ''Bironella hollandi|B. hollandi'') are phylogenetically more similar to ''Anopheles kyondawensis|A. kyondawensis'' than other ''Bironella'' species. That phylogeny argues that, based on genetic similarity, ''Anopheles implexus|A. implexus'' is divergent from the common ancestor of ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Harbach |first1=R. E. |last2=Kitching |first2=I. |date=January 2016 |title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of ''Anopheles'' (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=34–47 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Usoro ndụ == Dịka anwụnta niile, anophelines na-agafe usoro anọ n'usoro ndụ ha: akwa (bayọlọji), larva, pupa, na imago|okenye. Usoro atọ mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ma ha abụọ na-adịru ụbọchị 5-14, dabere na ụdị na okpomọkụ gburugburu. Oge okenye bụ mgbe nwanyị "'Anopheles'" na-arụ ọrụ dị ka malaria Vector (epidemiology). Ụmụ nwanyị toro eto nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo otu ọnwa (maọbụ karịa n'agha), mana o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị adị ndụ karịa izu abụọ n'okike.<ref name="cdc">citation-attribution|1={{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-anopheles-mosquitoes.html |title=Life Cycle of ''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 23, 2026 |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> === Akwa === [[File:Anopheles egg 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Anopheles'' eggs with their distinctive side floats]] Ndị inyom toro eto na-etinye àkwá 50–200 kwa oviposition. Àkwá ndị ahụ dị obere (ihe dị ka Tụgharịa|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1 × Tụgharịa|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1). A na-etinye àkwá n'otu n'otu na ozugbo n'ime mmiri. Ha pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Àkwá anaghị anabata nkụ ma ọ bụ ịpụta n'ime ụbọchị 2–3, ọ bụ ezie na ịmụpụta nwere ike were izu abụọ maọbụ atọ n'ebe oyi na-atụ.<ref name="cdc"/> === Larvae === Nwa anwụnta ahụ nwere isi ya nke ọma, nke nwere ahịhịa ọnụ e ji enye nri, nnukwu Thorax (ahụ ahụhụ) na akụkụ itoolu afọ. O nweghị ụkwụ. Ọdịghị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, larva "'Anopheles'' enweghị siphon iku ume, ya mere ọ na-eguzo onwe ya ka ahụ ya wee dị n'elu mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, larva nke anwụnta culicine na-arapara n'elu mmiri site na siphon azụ, ahụ na-atụ aka ala. Larvae na-eku ume site na Spiracle (arthropods) dị na akụkụ afọ nke asatọ, ya mere ọ ga-abịa n'elu elu ugboro ugboro. Larvae ahụ na-etinye oge ha niile na-eri algae, bacteria, na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'ime akwa dị gịrịgịrị. Ha na-amaba n'okpuru elu ahụ naanị mgbe a kpasuru ha iwe. Larvae na-egwu mmiri site na mmegharị ahụ dum ma ọ bụ site na Mmiri propulsion site na iji ahịhịa ọnụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Larvae na-etolite site na usoro anọ, ma ọ bụ instars, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ha metamorphosis,metamorphose na pupae. Na njedebe nke mmalite ọ bụla, larvae na-akpụ akpụ, na-awụpụ exoskeletons ha, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, iji mee ka uto dịkwuo elu. Larvae ndị ahụ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, mana ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-adịghị emerụ emerụ. A chọtala larvae nke "Anopheles" n'ime apịtị mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu, apịtị mangrove, ubi osikapa, olulu ahịhịa, nsọtụ iyi na osimiri, na obere ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo nwa oge. Ọtụtụ ụdị a na-ahọrọ ebe obibi nwere ahịhịa. Ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ebe obibi na-enweghị nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ na-amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, mgbe anyanwụ na-enwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ndị nwere ndò n'ime ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa n'ime oghere osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ axils nke ụfọdụ osisi.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto CDCHarryWeinburgh publicdomain.jpg|''Anopheles'' larva File:Anopheles Culex larvae feeding position-USDA.jpg|Feeding position of an ''Anopheles'' larva (A), culicine larva with its siphon (B) </gallery> === Pupae === Pupa (a makwaara dị ka tumbler) dị ka comma ma a lee ya anya site n'akụkụ. A na-ejikọta isi na Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ)n'ime cephalothorax, afọ na-agbagharị n'okpuru ya. Dịka ọ dị na ụmụ ahụhụ, nwamba ahụ ga-abịa n'elu mgbe niile iji kuo ume, nke ọ na-eme site na opi iku ume abụọ na cephalothorax ya. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị dịka nwamba, elu azụ nke cephalothorax na-agbawa agbawa, anwụnta toro eto na-apụtakwa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> Anopheles (YPM IZ 093745).jpeg|Pupa File:The pupa of a mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis). Reproductio Wellcome V0022598 (cropped).jpg|''Anopheles maculipennis|A. maculipennis'' pupa, breathing at the surface </gallery> === OKENYE YA=== [[File:Anopheles Culex adult resting position-USDA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Resting positions of adult ''Anopheles'' (A, B) are more upright than that of Culicinae (C).]] Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna (bayọlọji)|antennae. Antennae dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Anwụnta nwanyị na-ebu "Plasmodium'', nje ndị na-akpata ịba, na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu na ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta na-enweghị ọrịa.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Malaria Infected Mosquitoes Express Enhanced Attraction to Human Odor |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ya nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis nke e ji enye nri, yana maxillary palps abụọ. Palp ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta anwụnta nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ) bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka mgbaze nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ.<ref name="cdc"/> A pụrụ ịmata "Anopheles" site na anwụnta ndị ọzọ site na palps, nke dị ogologo dịka proboscis, yana site na ọnụnọ nke ihe mkpuchi ojii na ọcha dị iche iche na nku. A pụkwara ịchọpụta ndị toro eto site na ọnọdụ izu ike ha: nwoke na nwanyị na-ezu ike na afọ ha na-atụ aka elu, n'adịghị ka anwụnta culicine. Anwụnta ndị toro eto na-abụkarị ndị na-akpakọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ha si n'ọkwa nwa pụta. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ụmụ nwoke na-etolite nnukwu square, na-abụkarị n'oge mgbede, ụmụ nwanyị na-efekwa n'ime ìgwè ahụ iji kpaa. Oge site na àkwá ruo okenye dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị, okpomọkụ gburugburu na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu. Anwụnta nwere ike ịmalite site na àkwá ruo okenye n'ime obere ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike were ụbọchị 10-14 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Ndị ikom na-ebi ihe dị ka otu izu, na-eri nectar na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nke sugar. Ndị ikom enweghị ike iri ọbara, n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ ma na-egbu ha n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ihe dị ka ndụ ha niile dịka nri naanị mmiri.diet. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikbakhtzadeh |first1=Mahmood R. |last2=Buss |first2=Garrison K. |last3=Leal |first3=Walter S. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Toxic Effect of Blood Feeding in Male Mosquitoes |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=7 |page=4 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00004 |pmc=4726748 |pmid=26858651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eri shuga maka ike, mana ha na-achọkarị nri ọbara maka mmepụta àkwá. Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nri ọbara zuru oke, nwanyị ahụ na-ezu ike ruo ụbọchị ole na ole ka ọbara na-agbari ma na-etolite àkwá. Usoro a dabere na okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-3 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ozugbo àkwá ahụ tolitere nke ọma, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye ha ma maliteghachi ịchọ onye ọbịa. Usoro ahụ na-emegharị onwe ya ruo mgbe nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịdị ndụ karịa otu ọnwa n'agha, ọtụtụ anaghị adị ndụ karịa otu izu ruo abụọ n'okike. Ndụ ha dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, na ikike ha inweta nri ọbara nke ọma ma na-ezere nchebe onye ọbịa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery mode=packed heights=350> File:Anopheles female Turkhud (bw).png|Morphology of female ''Anopheles'' </gallery> === Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi === === Nkesa=== "Anopheles" bi ma n'ebe okpomọkụ a maara maka ịba dịka ndịda Sahara Africa, nakwa n'ebe oyi na-atụ. Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe emeela n'oge gara aga n'ebe oyi na-atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge e wuru Rideau Canal na Kanada n'afọ 1820.<ref name="Wylie 1983">{{cite journal |author=Wylie WNT |s2cid=143040362 |year=1983 |title=Poverty, Distress, and Disease: Labour and the Construction of the Rideau Canal, 1826–32 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=11 |pages=7–29 |jstor=25140199 |doi=10.2307/25140199}}</ref>Ụdị "Anopheles" nke nwere ike ibufe ịba abụghị naanị n'ebe ndị ọrịa ịba na-agbasa, yabụ ebe ndị a na-ewepụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmaliteghachi ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020">{{cite web |date=April 9, 2020 |title=CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Where Malaria occurs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> [[File:Anopheles-range-map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.5|Global distribution of ''Anopheles'' species covers both the tropics with numerous malarias, and colder areas not subject to malaria at the start of the 21st century.<ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020"/>]] ===Ebe obibi=== "Anopheles" chọrọ mmiri, ikekwe obere na oge ụfọdụ, maka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na ụmụ nkịta ha. Ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị sitere na ọdọ mmiri ruo na tankị mmiri, apịtị, olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anopheles Mosquitoes |url=https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/vector-species/anopheles-mosquitoes/ |website=Global Vector Hub |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>Otú ọ dị, ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ dịka savanna na Sahel nke Afrịka. Ha nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya site na mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ifufe kwesịrị ekwesị na-efesa ha ruo ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ndị toro eto nwere ike inwe ahụ iru ala ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa n'otu oge, na-ehi ụra n'oge okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọgide na-enwe ahụ iru ala n'oge Africa oge ọkọchị <ref name="Baldini Viana 2023 pp. 1–3">{{cite journal |last1=Baldini |first1=Francesco |last2=Viana |first2=Mafalda |title=Dried out but alive: how mosquitoes survive 8 months |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.006 |pages=1–3|pmid=36470782 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, ''Anopheles'' have been documented travelling in baggage, such as on aircraft.<ref name="Ibáñez-Justicia Smitz den Hartog van de Vossenberg 2020 p. 3450">{{cite journal |last1=Ibáñez-Justicia |first1=Adolfo |last2=Smitz |first2=Nathalie |last3=den Hartog |first3=Wietse |last4=van de Vossenberg |first4=Bart |last5=De Wolf |first5=Katrien |last6=Deblauwe |first6=Isra |last7=Van Bortel |first7=Wim |last8=Jacobs |first8=Frans |last9=Vaux |first9=Alexander G. C. |last10=Medlock |first10=Jolyon M. |last11=Stroo |first11=Arjan |display-authors=5 |title=Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=10 |date=2020-05-15 |pmid=32429218 |pmc=7277938 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17103450 |page=3450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Parasiti === Nje nke "Anopheles" gụnyere Microsporidia nke ụdị "'Amblyospora'', ''Crepidulospora'', ''Senoma'' na ''Parathelohania'''<ref name="Simakova 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Simakova, A. V. |author2=Pankova, T. F. |year=2008 |title=Ecology and epizootology of microsporidia in malarial mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the south of western Siberia |journal=Parazitologiia |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |pmid=18664069 |language=ru}}</ref>A na-ahụ usoro ndụ abụọ dị iche iche na Microsporidia. N'ụdị nke mbụ, nje ahụ na-ebufe site na ụzọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ya na-adịghị ahụkebe. Na nke abụọ, ebe ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ a na-esi ebute ọrịa, nje ahụ na-eri n'ime onye nwere ọrịa dị n'etiti. Ọrịa nke ụdị nku ụmụ ahụhụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ na-agụnyekarịkwa ahụ abụba. Nnyefe kwụ ọtọ (transovarial) na-emekwa. <ref name="Baker Vossbrinck Becnel 1998">{{cite journal |author1=Baker, Michael D. |author2=Vossbrinck, Charles R. |author3=Becnel, James J. |author4=Andreadis, Theodore G. |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny of ''Amblyospora'' (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=199–206 |pmid=9538024 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1997.4725 |bibcode=1998JInvP..71..199B |url=http://www.ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106080553/http://ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> A mụọla nje bacteria ''Wolbachia'' maka iji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-achịkwa ọrịa.<ref name="Discovery Article">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |title=Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease |website=Discovery News |date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123222013/http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |archive-date=23 November 2009 }}</ref> === Ndị na-añụ ọbara anụ ọzọ === Ududo na-awụli elu ''Evarcha culicivora'' na-eri ọbara ọkpụkpụ azụ site n'ịchụso 'Anopheles'' nke nwanyị..<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |title=Use of ''Anopheles''-specific prey-capture behavior by the small juveniles of ''Evarcha culicivora'', a mosquito-eating jumping spider |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |date=2005 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref>Ududo ụmụaka na-ahọrọ "Anopheles" karịa anụ oriri ọ bụla ọzọ n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ ọbara ka o bu. <ref name="Jackson Cross 2015">Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R. "Mosquito-terminator spiders and the meaning of predatory specialization." The Journal of Arachnology 43.2 (2015): 123–142.</ref> Ududo ụmụaka ewerela omume njide anụ "Anopheles" nke a na-akpọ "Anopheles", na-eji ọnọdụ "Anopheles" eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji amata ha.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005"/> "Anopheles" nwere ọnọdụ izu ike pụrụ iche yana afọ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. N'ọnọdụ a, ududo ahụ na-abịa site n'azụ anwụnta na n'okpuru afọ ya, wee si n'okpuru wakpo ya. ref name="Nelson Jackson 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=A Predator from East Africa that Chooses Malaria Vectors as Preferred Prey |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=132 |date=2006 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000132 |pmid=17205136 |pmc=1762417 |bibcode=2006PLoSO...1..132N |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe == === Isi mmalite ndị a kacha amasị maka nri ọbara === Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị "Anopheles" bụ naanị ihe na-ebute ịba, a mụọla ya nke ọma n'ịchọ ụzọ njikwa dị irè. Otu ihe dị mkpa gbasara omume bụ otú ụdị "Anopheles" si ahọrọ iri ụmụ mmadụ anthropophily ma ọ bụ anụmanụ dịka ehi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ (zoophily). Ndị "Anthropophilic" "Anopheles" nwere ike ibufe nje ịba site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ "Anopheles" abụghị naanị ihe na-akpata ịba ma ọ bụ nje, gụnyere ihe na-akpata ịba mbụ na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, Anopheles freeborni|''A. freeborni''.<ref>Carpenter, S. J.; LaCasse, W. J. (1955). ''Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico)''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 39–42. {{ISBN|0-520-02638-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McHugh |first=Chad P. |date=1989-08-01 |title=Ecology of a Semi-Isolated Population of Adult Anopheles Freeborni: Abundance, Trophic Status, Parity, Survivorship, Gonotrophic Cycle Length, and Host Selection |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.169 |pmid=2774063}}</ref> However, the primary malaria vectors in Africa, ''Anopheles gambiae|A. gambiae'' and ''A. funestus'', are strongly anthropophilic and are consequently major vectors of human malaria.<ref name="cdc"/> === Ohere nke ibute ọrịa ịba === Ozugbo anwụnta riri nje ịba, nje ịba ga-etolite n'ime anwụnta tupu ha ebute ọrịa nye mmadụ. Oge achọrọ maka nje ahụ itolite n'ime anwụnta (oge mpụga incubation) dị site na ụbọchị iri ruo iri abụọ na otu, dabere na ụdị nje ahụ na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na anwụnta anaghị adị ndụ ruo ogologo oge ka nje ahụ tolite, mgbe ahụ ọ naghị ebufe nje ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc"/> Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle ndụ anwụnta n'okike ozugbo, mana emeela atụmatụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ ụdị "Anopheles". Atụmatụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Tanzania nke "A. gambiae", ihe na-ebute nje "Plasmodium falciparum" dị ize ndụ, dị site na 0.77 ruo 0.84, nke pụtara na mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị, n'etiti 77% na 84% adịla ndụ.<ref name="Charlwood Smith Billingsley Takken 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Charlwood |first1=J. D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Billingsley |first3=P. F. |last4=Takken |first4=W. |last5=Lyimo |first5=E. O. K. |last6=Meuwissen |first6=J. H. E. T. |title=Survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in humans |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |volume=87 |issue=5 |date=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0007485300041304 |pages=445–453 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/298415/files/S0007485300041304.pdf }}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta a na-adịgide ruo ogologo ndụ anwụnta, ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke ụmụ nwanyị "A. gambiae" ga-adị ndụ karịa oge ịnọ n'èzí ụbọchị 14. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị amụbaa ruo 0.9, ihe karịrị pasent 20 nke anwụnta ga-adị ndụ karịa otu oge ahụ. Usoro njikwa nke dabere na ọgwụ ahụhụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgba ọgwụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ) nwere ike imetụta ịba. Nnyefe (ọgwụ)|nnyefe site na mmetụta ha na ogologo ndụ ndị okenye karịa site na mmetụta ha na ọnụọgụ anwụnta ndị toro eto.<ref name="cdc"/> === Usoro nri na izu ike === Ọtụtụ ''Anopheles'' bụ crepuscular (na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ chi ọbụbọ) ma ọ bụ abalị (na-arụ ọrụ n'abalị). Ụfọdụ na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ (endophagic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-eri nri n'èzí (exophagic). Mgbe ha nyesịrị nri, ụfọdụ anwụnta ọbara na-ahọrọ izu ike n'ime ụlọ (endophilic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ izu ike n'èzí (exofical). Enwere ike ibelata ịta ahụhụ site na 'Anopheles'' site na abalị, endophagic site na iji ụgbụ akwa e ji ọgwụ Ịnsektisaịdị gwọọ ma ọ bụ site na owuwu ụlọ ka mma iji gbochie anwụnta ịbanye (dịka ọmụmaatụ window screens. A na-achịkwa anwụnta Endophilic ngwa ngwa site na ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-achịkwa vektọ exophagic/exophilic site na ibibi ebe ọmụmụ, dịka site na ijupụta ọdọ mmiri.<ref name="cdc"/> === Osisi afọ === Ebe ọ bụ na mbufe ọrịa site na anwụnta chọrọ iri ọbara, osisi afọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ọganiihu nke ọrịa nke anwụnta na-ebi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweta site na photosynthetic cyanobacteria, ebe n'ime ndị toro eto, bakteria gram-negative na Pseudomonadota na Bacteroidota phyla na-achịkwa nke ukwuu. Nri ọbara na-ebelata ụdị nje dị iche iche dị na afọ, na-eme ka nje bacteria na-amasị ha nke ukwuu.<ref name="Wang 2011">{{cite journal |title=Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024767 |vauthors=Wang Y, ((Gilbreath TM III)), Kukutla P, Yan G, Xu J |year=2011 |editor1-last=Leulier |editor1-first=François |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24767 |pmid=21957459 |pmc=3177825 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624767W |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Njikwa == [[File:PMI IRS2-2-1140x684.jpg|alt=Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent mosquitoes.|thumb|Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent malaria.]] === Njikwa === Igbu ụmụ ahụhụ gụnyere ụzọ mbụ isi kpochapụ anwụnta ịba. Agbanyeghị, anwụnta, n'oge obere oge, nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ngwa ngwa, dịka e mere n'oge mkpọsa Mkpochapụ Ịba Ahụ́ nke Mba Nile nke afọ 1950.<ref name="Najera 1999">{{cite web |last1=Najera |first1=J. A. |title=Malaria Control: Achievements, Problems, & Strategies |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66640/WHO_MAL_99.1087.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=23 January 2024 |ref=WHO/MAL/99.1087 |date=1999}}</ref>Ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ọrụ ugbo emeela ka ọnụọgụ anwụnta ghara iguzogide, nke pụtara na mmemme njikwa dị irè ga-enyocha maka iguzogide ma gbanwee gaa n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta na a na-egbochi iguzogide. <ref name="CDC Biology">{{cite web |title=Biology: Anopheles Mosquitoes (tab 5) |date=16 July 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/#tabs-1-5 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> === Mkpochapu === Na 2016, a tụrụ aro usoro CRISPR-Cas9 njine drive iji kpochapụ ''Anopheles gambiae'',,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Andrew |last2=Galizi |first2=Roberto |last3=Kyrou |first3=Kyros |last4=Simoni |first4=Alekos |last5=Siniscalchi |first5=Carla |last6=Katsanos |first6=Dimitris |last7=Gribble |first7=Matthew |last8=Baker |first8=Dean |last9=Marois |first9=Eric |last10=Russell |first10=Steven |last11=Burt |first11=Austin |display-authors=5 |date=January 2016 |title=A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3439 |pmid=26641531 |pmc=4913862}}</ref> by deleting the ''Doublesex|dsx'' gene, causing female sterility. Such a gene drive system has been shown to suppress an entire caged ''A. gambiae'' population<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kyrou |first1=Kyros |last2=Hammond |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Galizi |first3=Roberto |last4=Kranjc |first4=Nace |last5=Burt |first5=Austin |last6=Beaghton |first6=Andrea K. |last7=Nolan |first7=Tony |last8=Crisanti |first8=Andrea |date=November 2018 |title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1038/nbt.4245 |pmid=30247490 |pmc=6871539 |bibcode=2018NatBi..36.1062K |doi-access=free}}</ref> n'ime ọgbọ asaa ruo nke iri na otu, nke na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị otu afọ. Nke a ebutela nchegbu gbasara ma arụmọrụ nke usoro mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmetụta omume na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmemme iwepụ ụdị ọrịa a. journal |last1=Taning |first1=Clauvis Nji Tizi |last2=Van Eynde |first2=Benigna |last3=Yu |first3=Na |last4=Ma |first4=Sanyuan |last5=Smagghe |first5=Guy |date=April 2017 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 in insects: Applications, best practices and biosafety concerns |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=98 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.007 |pmid=28108316|bibcode=2017JInsP..98..245T |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8511395/file/8511396 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>Ya mere, a na-agba mbọ iji usoro njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide "Plasmodium" dịkwuo mma n'ime ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ, dịka ilekwasị anya na iwepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "FREP1" na "Anopheles gambiae". ''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yuemei |last2=Simões |first2=Maria L. |last3=Marois |first3=Eric |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=George |date=2018-03-08 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 -mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006898 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898 |pmid=29518156 |pmc=5843335 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na Burkina Faso emepụtala ụdị ero "Metarhizium pinghaense" nke e mepụtara site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta nsị nke ududo ntanetị nke Australia; ikpughe ya na ero ahụ mere ka ọnụọgụgụ "Anopheles" daa site na 99% na nnwale a na-achịkwa. <ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=31 May 2019 |title=GM fungus rapidly kills 99% of malaria mosquitoes, study suggests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48464510 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=31 Dec 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ==Edensibịa == {{reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ Mpụga== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ ''Anopheles'' Database] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index ''Anopheles gambiae'' Genome and Related Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index |date=2012-12-03 }} * [https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921000929/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/mosquito/map.htm CDC – World map showing distribution of various ''Anopheles'' species] (archived) * [http://www.wrbu.org/ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173327/https://www.wrbu.org/|date=15 December 2018|title=Archived version}}) – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330171641/http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035207/http://www.metapathogen.com/mosquito/anopheles/ ''Anopheles gambiae'' taxonomy, facts and life cycle] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170130141158/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_quadrimaculatus.htm ''Anopheles quadrimaculatus'', common malaria mosquito] (archived) on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ''Featured Creatures'' website *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html ''Anopheles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821202050/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html|date=5 May 2021|title=Archived version}} c00rja1lxfly4sewk7zdubdspzai8tk 705145 705144 2026-08-20T04:41:00Z Goodymeraj 16207 705145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Genus of mosquito}} {{automatic taxobox | image = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''[[Anopheles stephensi]]'', female | taxon = Anopheles | authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]] 1818 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = For a full description, see the main article: [[Taxonomy of Anopheles]] }} '''''Anopheles'''' (([/əˈnɒfɪliːz/])) bụ [[ìgwè ụdị dị n’usoro nhazi ihe ndị dị ndụ]] nke [[anwụnta]] nke onye German [[na-amụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ]] [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|J. W. Meigen]] kọwara na mbụ na 1818, a makwaara ha dị ka '''anwụnta mbọ''' na '''anwụnta ala mmiri'''.<ref name="USFWS">{{cite web |title=Nail Mosquito |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/nail-mosquito-anopheles |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=16 December 2023 |quote=Common Name: Nail Mosquito, marsh mosquitoes}}</ref>Ọtụtụ anwụnta ndị dị otu a bụ [[Disease vector|ndị nkesa nje na-ebute ọrịa]] nke nje [[Plasmodium]], ụdị protozoans nke na-akpata [[ọrịa Ịba]] na [[Plasmodium species infecting birds|ụmụ nnụnụ]], [[Plasmodium species infecting reptiles|anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ]], na [[Plasmodium species infecting mammals other than primates|anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara]], gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ. Anwụnta [[Anopheles gambiae]] bụ ụdị anwụnta a ma ama nke a na-ebufe [[Plasmodium falciparum]], nke bụ [[Parasitism|nje]] ọrịa ịba nke na-egbu mmadụ; ọ dịghị ụdị anwụnta ọzọ nke na-ebute ịba mmadụ. Ụdị "Anopheles" dị iche na anwụnta ndị ọzọ dị ihe dị ka {{Ma 100}} ([[myr|mya]]), dịka ọ dị na anwụnta ndị ọzọ, àkwá ya, [[larva]] ya, na [[pupa]] ya bụ [[Aquatic animal|anụmanụ mmiri]]. Nwa [[Anopheles]] anaghị enwe siphon iku ume (respiratory siphon) nke ọ ga-esi na ya eku ume. N’ihi ya, ọ na-eku ume ma na-eri nri mgbe ahụ ya dị n’ahịrị kwụ ọtọ n’elu mmiri. Anwụnta toro eto na-esi na nwa Anopheles ahu dị n’elu mmiri apụta ma na-eri nectar nke okooko osisi; anwụnta nwanyị na-erikwa ọbara, nke nri sitere n’anụmanụ na-enyere ya aka ibu ma bufee nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa ịba site n’otu onye ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ọbịa gaa na onye ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ọzọ. Mgbe anwụnta toro eto na-eri nri, isi ya na-eche ihu n’ala, nke dị iche na nke culicines, ndị na-akwụ ọtọ mgbe ha na-eri nri. A na-ahụ [[Anopheles]] ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n’ụwa niile, n’akụkụ mpaghara okpomọkụ (tropics), mpaghara dị n’etiti okpomọkụ na oyi (subtropics), na mpaghara ihu igwe dị n’etiti okpomọkụ na oyi nke ụwa. Mgbe ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, Anopheles toro eto nwere ike ịbanye n’ọnọdụ a na-akpọ [[aestivation]], ya bụ ọnọdụ ụra ma ọ bụ izu ike nke na-enyere anwụnta ahụ aka ịlanarị n’ebe na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ, dịka [[Sahel]]. == Mmalite == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fossil === [[Fossil]] nke ụdị [[Anopheles]] dị ụkọ; naanị abụọ ka a chọpụtara na 2015.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015"/> They are ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' <small>Zavortink & Poinar</small> in Dominican Republic amber from the Late Eocene Ma|40.4 to Ma 33.9,<ref name="Zavortink Poinar 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Zavortink |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Dominican Amber |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=93 |issue=6 |date=2000-11-01 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1230:ANDSND]2.0.CO;2 |pages=1230–1235|s2cid=86221732 }}</ref> and ''Anopheles rottensis'' <small>Statz</small> in German amber from the Late Oligocene Ma|28.4 to Ma|23.0.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=Lucas A. |last2=Russo |first2=Claudia A. M. |last3=Voloch |first3=Carolina M. |last4=Mutaquiha |first4=Olívio C. F. |last5=Marques |first5=Lucas P. |last6=Schrago |first6=Carlos G. |title=Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |date=2015-08-05 |pmid=26244561 |pmc=4526650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134462 |article-number=e0134462 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034462F |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Phylogeny=== Ndị nna ochie nke Ijiji niile gụnyere anwụnta pụtara Ma 260..<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Complete mtDNA genomes of ''Anopheles darlingi'' and an approach to anopheline divergence time |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Culicinae culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between Ma120 and Ma|150.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">{{cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darlingi'' reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy |journal=[[BMC Genomics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between Ma|80 and Ma|95.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''Anopheles darlingi'' diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~Ma|100.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N }}</ref> The cladogram is based on an analysis of mosquito genomes by Heafsey and colleagues in 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/> |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Taxonomy === Ọ bụ onye German na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ bụ 'Anopheles'' na 1818. Ọ kọwara ụdị abụọ, ''A. birfurcatus'' na ụdị ụdị, ''Anopheles maculipennis''. O kwuru na aha ahụ pụtara lang|de|beschwerlich, "ihe dị arọ".<ref name="Meigen 1818">{{cite book |last=Meigen |first=Johann Wilhelm |author-link=Johann Wilhelm Meigen |date=1818 |title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten |language=de |trans-title=Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects |location=Aachen |publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann |volume=1 |pages=10–12 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/54/mode/1up}}</ref> Ọ bụ na asụsụ Grik ochie ka esi weta ya lang|grc|ἀνωφελής transliteration|grc|anōphelḗs 'useless', derived from lang|el|ἀν- transliteration|grc|an-, 'not', 'un-' and lang|el|[[:wikt:ὄφελος|ὄφελος} {{transliteration|grc|óphelos}} 'profit'.<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book |author=Stevenson, Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=19 August 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |page=64}}</ref> Usoro nhazi nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị elu nke ukwuu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Frederick Vincent Theobald kọwara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 39 nke "Anopheles" n'akwụkwọ mpịakọta 5 ya na Culicidae.<ref name=Theobald1901>{{cite book |last=Theobald |first=Frederick Vincent |author-link=Frederick Vincent Theobald |date=1901 |title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-178-51903-7 |pages=115–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref> He was provided with mosquito specimens sent in to the British Museum (Natural History) from around the world, on the 1898 instruction of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016"/> "Anopheles" (nke nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ) bụ nke ezinụlọ dị n'okpuru Anophelinae tinyere ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ: "'Bironella" (nke e kewara na Australasia) na "Chagasia" (nke e kewara na Neotropics). Usoro a ka dịgidere nke ọma.<ref name="Krzywinski2003">{{cite journal |last1=Krzywinski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Besansky |first2=Nora J. |author-link2=Nora J. Besansky |year=2003 |title=Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: From Subgenera to Subpopulations |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647 |pmid=12208816 |bibcode=2003AREnt..48..111K }}</ref><ref name="Foley 1998">{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0457 |pmid=9562985 |title=Evolution and Systematics of ''Anopheles'':Insights from a Molecular Phylogeny of Australasian Mosquitoes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=262–275 |year=1998 |last1=Foley |first1=Desmond H. |last2=Bryan |first2=Joan H. |last3=Yeates |first3=David |last4=Saul |first4=Allan |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..262F }}</ref> Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics – wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences.<ref name="Rattanarithikul 2006">{{cite journal |pmid=17262930 |year=2006 |last1=Rattanarithikul |first1=R. |author-link=Rampa Rattanarithikul|title=Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. IV. Anopheles |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=37 |pages=1–128 |last2=Harrison |first2=B. A. |last3=Harbach |first3=R. E. |last4=Panthusiri |first4=P. |last5=Coleman |first5=R. E. |last6=Panthusiri |first6=P. |issue=Suppl 2 }}</ref><ref name="Walton 2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.05.001 |pmid=16782411 |title=Genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the Anopheles maculatus group using the ITS2 region of rDNA |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2007 |last1=Walton |first1=C. |last2=Somboon |first2=P. |last3=o'Loughlin |first3=S. M. |last4=Zhang |first4=S. |last5=Harbach |first5=R.E. |last6=Linton |first6=Y.-M. |last7=Chen |first7=B. |last8=Nolan |first8=K. |last9=Duong |first9=S. |last10=Fong |first10=M.-Y |last11=Vythilingum |first11=I. |last12=Mohammed |first12=Z. D. |last13=Trung |first13=Ho Dinh |last14=Butlin |first14=R. K. |bibcode=2007InfGE...7...93W |display-authors=5 }}</ref><ref name="Garros Harbach Manguin 2005">{{cite journal |pmid=16119539 |year=2005 |last1=Garros |first1=C. |last2=Harbach |first2=R. E |last3=Manguin |first3=S. |title=Morphological assessment and molecular phylogenetics of the Funestus and Minimus groups of Anopheles (Cellia) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=522–536 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522 |s2cid=22776177 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the taxonomy published by Harbach and Kitching in 2016, it was shown that three species of ''Bironella'' (Bironella confusa|B. confusa'', ''Bironella gracilis|B. gracilis,'' and ''Bironella hollandi|B. hollandi'') are phylogenetically more similar to ''Anopheles kyondawensis|A. kyondawensis'' than other ''Bironella'' species. That phylogeny argues that, based on genetic similarity, ''Anopheles implexus|A. implexus'' is divergent from the common ancestor of ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Harbach |first1=R. E. |last2=Kitching |first2=I. |date=January 2016 |title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of ''Anopheles'' (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=34–47 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Usoro ndụ == Dịka anwụnta niile, anophelines na-agafe usoro anọ n'usoro ndụ ha: akwa (bayọlọji), larva, pupa, na imago|okenye. Usoro atọ mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ma ha abụọ na-adịru ụbọchị 5-14, dabere na ụdị na okpomọkụ gburugburu. Oge okenye bụ mgbe nwanyị "'Anopheles'" na-arụ ọrụ dị ka malaria Vector (epidemiology). Ụmụ nwanyị toro eto nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo otu ọnwa (maọbụ karịa n'agha), mana o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị adị ndụ karịa izu abụọ n'okike.<ref name="cdc">citation-attribution|1={{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-anopheles-mosquitoes.html |title=Life Cycle of ''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 23, 2026 |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> === Akwa === [[File:Anopheles egg 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Anopheles'' eggs with their distinctive side floats]] Ndị inyom toro eto na-etinye àkwá 50–200 kwa oviposition. Àkwá ndị ahụ dị obere (ihe dị ka Tụgharịa|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1 × Tụgharịa|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1). A na-etinye àkwá n'otu n'otu na ozugbo n'ime mmiri. Ha pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Àkwá anaghị anabata nkụ ma ọ bụ ịpụta n'ime ụbọchị 2–3, ọ bụ ezie na ịmụpụta nwere ike were izu abụọ maọbụ atọ n'ebe oyi na-atụ.<ref name="cdc"/> === Larvae === Nwa anwụnta ahụ nwere isi ya nke ọma, nke nwere ahịhịa ọnụ e ji enye nri, nnukwu Thorax (ahụ ahụhụ) na akụkụ itoolu afọ. O nweghị ụkwụ. Ọdịghị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, larva "'Anopheles'' enweghị siphon iku ume, ya mere ọ na-eguzo onwe ya ka ahụ ya wee dị n'elu mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, larva nke anwụnta culicine na-arapara n'elu mmiri site na siphon azụ, ahụ na-atụ aka ala. Larvae na-eku ume site na Spiracle (arthropods) dị na akụkụ afọ nke asatọ, ya mere ọ ga-abịa n'elu elu ugboro ugboro. Larvae ahụ na-etinye oge ha niile na-eri algae, bacteria, na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'ime akwa dị gịrịgịrị. Ha na-amaba n'okpuru elu ahụ naanị mgbe a kpasuru ha iwe. Larvae na-egwu mmiri site na mmegharị ahụ dum ma ọ bụ site na Mmiri propulsion site na iji ahịhịa ọnụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Larvae na-etolite site na usoro anọ, ma ọ bụ instars, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ha metamorphosis,metamorphose na pupae. Na njedebe nke mmalite ọ bụla, larvae na-akpụ akpụ, na-awụpụ exoskeletons ha, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, iji mee ka uto dịkwuo elu. Larvae ndị ahụ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, mana ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-adịghị emerụ emerụ. A chọtala larvae nke "Anopheles" n'ime apịtị mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu, apịtị mangrove, ubi osikapa, olulu ahịhịa, nsọtụ iyi na osimiri, na obere ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo nwa oge. Ọtụtụ ụdị a na-ahọrọ ebe obibi nwere ahịhịa. Ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ebe obibi na-enweghị nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ na-amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, mgbe anyanwụ na-enwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ndị nwere ndò n'ime ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa n'ime oghere osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ axils nke ụfọdụ osisi.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto CDCHarryWeinburgh publicdomain.jpg|''Anopheles'' larva File:Anopheles Culex larvae feeding position-USDA.jpg|Feeding position of an ''Anopheles'' larva (A), culicine larva with its siphon (B) </gallery> === Pupae === Pupa (a makwaara dị ka tumbler) dị ka comma ma a lee ya anya site n'akụkụ. A na-ejikọta isi na Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ)n'ime cephalothorax, afọ na-agbagharị n'okpuru ya. Dịka ọ dị na ụmụ ahụhụ, nwamba ahụ ga-abịa n'elu mgbe niile iji kuo ume, nke ọ na-eme site na opi iku ume abụọ na cephalothorax ya. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị dịka nwamba, elu azụ nke cephalothorax na-agbawa agbawa, anwụnta toro eto na-apụtakwa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> Anopheles (YPM IZ 093745).jpeg|Pupa File:The pupa of a mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis). Reproductio Wellcome V0022598 (cropped).jpg|''Anopheles maculipennis|A. maculipennis'' pupa, breathing at the surface </gallery> === OKENYE YA=== [[File:Anopheles Culex adult resting position-USDA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Resting positions of adult ''Anopheles'' (A, B) are more upright than that of Culicinae (C).]] Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna (bayọlọji)|antennae. Antennae dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Anwụnta nwanyị na-ebu "Plasmodium'', nje ndị na-akpata ịba, na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu na ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta na-enweghị ọrịa.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Malaria Infected Mosquitoes Express Enhanced Attraction to Human Odor |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ya nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis nke e ji enye nri, yana maxillary palps abụọ. Palp ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta anwụnta nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ) bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka mgbaze nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ.<ref name="cdc"/> A pụrụ ịmata "Anopheles" site na anwụnta ndị ọzọ site na palps, nke dị ogologo dịka proboscis, yana site na ọnụnọ nke ihe mkpuchi ojii na ọcha dị iche iche na nku. A pụkwara ịchọpụta ndị toro eto site na ọnọdụ izu ike ha: nwoke na nwanyị na-ezu ike na afọ ha na-atụ aka elu, n'adịghị ka anwụnta culicine. Anwụnta ndị toro eto na-abụkarị ndị na-akpakọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ha si n'ọkwa nwa pụta. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ụmụ nwoke na-etolite nnukwu square, na-abụkarị n'oge mgbede, ụmụ nwanyị na-efekwa n'ime ìgwè ahụ iji kpaa. Oge site na àkwá ruo okenye dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị, okpomọkụ gburugburu na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu. Anwụnta nwere ike ịmalite site na àkwá ruo okenye n'ime obere ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike were ụbọchị 10-14 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Ndị ikom na-ebi ihe dị ka otu izu, na-eri nectar na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nke sugar. Ndị ikom enweghị ike iri ọbara, n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ ma na-egbu ha n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ihe dị ka ndụ ha niile dịka nri naanị mmiri.diet. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikbakhtzadeh |first1=Mahmood R. |last2=Buss |first2=Garrison K. |last3=Leal |first3=Walter S. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Toxic Effect of Blood Feeding in Male Mosquitoes |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=7 |page=4 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00004 |pmc=4726748 |pmid=26858651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eri shuga maka ike, mana ha na-achọkarị nri ọbara maka mmepụta àkwá. Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nri ọbara zuru oke, nwanyị ahụ na-ezu ike ruo ụbọchị ole na ole ka ọbara na-agbari ma na-etolite àkwá. Usoro a dabere na okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-3 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ozugbo àkwá ahụ tolitere nke ọma, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye ha ma maliteghachi ịchọ onye ọbịa. Usoro ahụ na-emegharị onwe ya ruo mgbe nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịdị ndụ karịa otu ọnwa n'agha, ọtụtụ anaghị adị ndụ karịa otu izu ruo abụọ n'okike. Ndụ ha dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, na ikike ha inweta nri ọbara nke ọma ma na-ezere nchebe onye ọbịa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery mode=packed heights=350> File:Anopheles female Turkhud (bw).png|Morphology of female ''Anopheles'' </gallery> === Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi === === Nkesa=== "Anopheles" bi ma n'ebe okpomọkụ a maara maka ịba dịka ndịda Sahara Africa, nakwa n'ebe oyi na-atụ. Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe emeela n'oge gara aga n'ebe oyi na-atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge e wuru Rideau Canal na Kanada n'afọ 1820.<ref name="Wylie 1983">{{cite journal |author=Wylie WNT |s2cid=143040362 |year=1983 |title=Poverty, Distress, and Disease: Labour and the Construction of the Rideau Canal, 1826–32 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=11 |pages=7–29 |jstor=25140199 |doi=10.2307/25140199}}</ref>Ụdị "Anopheles" nke nwere ike ibufe ịba abụghị naanị n'ebe ndị ọrịa ịba na-agbasa, yabụ ebe ndị a na-ewepụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmaliteghachi ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020">{{cite web |date=April 9, 2020 |title=CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Where Malaria occurs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> [[File:Anopheles-range-map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.5|Global distribution of ''Anopheles'' species covers both the tropics with numerous malarias, and colder areas not subject to malaria at the start of the 21st century.<ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020"/>]] ===Ebe obibi=== "Anopheles" chọrọ mmiri, ikekwe obere na oge ụfọdụ, maka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na ụmụ nkịta ha. Ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị sitere na ọdọ mmiri ruo na tankị mmiri, apịtị, olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anopheles Mosquitoes |url=https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/vector-species/anopheles-mosquitoes/ |website=Global Vector Hub |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>Otú ọ dị, ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ dịka savanna na Sahel nke Afrịka. Ha nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya site na mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ifufe kwesịrị ekwesị na-efesa ha ruo ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ndị toro eto nwere ike inwe ahụ iru ala ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa n'otu oge, na-ehi ụra n'oge okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọgide na-enwe ahụ iru ala n'oge Africa oge ọkọchị <ref name="Baldini Viana 2023 pp. 1–3">{{cite journal |last1=Baldini |first1=Francesco |last2=Viana |first2=Mafalda |title=Dried out but alive: how mosquitoes survive 8 months |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.006 |pages=1–3|pmid=36470782 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, ''Anopheles'' have been documented travelling in baggage, such as on aircraft.<ref name="Ibáñez-Justicia Smitz den Hartog van de Vossenberg 2020 p. 3450">{{cite journal |last1=Ibáñez-Justicia |first1=Adolfo |last2=Smitz |first2=Nathalie |last3=den Hartog |first3=Wietse |last4=van de Vossenberg |first4=Bart |last5=De Wolf |first5=Katrien |last6=Deblauwe |first6=Isra |last7=Van Bortel |first7=Wim |last8=Jacobs |first8=Frans |last9=Vaux |first9=Alexander G. C. |last10=Medlock |first10=Jolyon M. |last11=Stroo |first11=Arjan |display-authors=5 |title=Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=10 |date=2020-05-15 |pmid=32429218 |pmc=7277938 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17103450 |page=3450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Parasiti === Nje nke "Anopheles" gụnyere Microsporidia nke ụdị "'Amblyospora'', ''Crepidulospora'', ''Senoma'' na ''Parathelohania'''<ref name="Simakova 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Simakova, A. V. |author2=Pankova, T. F. |year=2008 |title=Ecology and epizootology of microsporidia in malarial mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the south of western Siberia |journal=Parazitologiia |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |pmid=18664069 |language=ru}}</ref>A na-ahụ usoro ndụ abụọ dị iche iche na Microsporidia. N'ụdị nke mbụ, nje ahụ na-ebufe site na ụzọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ya na-adịghị ahụkebe. Na nke abụọ, ebe ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ a na-esi ebute ọrịa, nje ahụ na-eri n'ime onye nwere ọrịa dị n'etiti. Ọrịa nke ụdị nku ụmụ ahụhụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ na-agụnyekarịkwa ahụ abụba. Nnyefe kwụ ọtọ (transovarial) na-emekwa. <ref name="Baker Vossbrinck Becnel 1998">{{cite journal |author1=Baker, Michael D. |author2=Vossbrinck, Charles R. |author3=Becnel, James J. |author4=Andreadis, Theodore G. |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny of ''Amblyospora'' (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=199–206 |pmid=9538024 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1997.4725 |bibcode=1998JInvP..71..199B |url=http://www.ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106080553/http://ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> A mụọla nje bacteria ''Wolbachia'' maka iji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-achịkwa ọrịa.<ref name="Discovery Article">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |title=Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease |website=Discovery News |date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123222013/http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |archive-date=23 November 2009 }}</ref> === Ndị na-añụ ọbara anụ ọzọ === Ududo na-awụli elu ''Evarcha culicivora'' na-eri ọbara ọkpụkpụ azụ site n'ịchụso 'Anopheles'' nke nwanyị..<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |title=Use of ''Anopheles''-specific prey-capture behavior by the small juveniles of ''Evarcha culicivora'', a mosquito-eating jumping spider |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |date=2005 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref>Ududo ụmụaka na-ahọrọ "Anopheles" karịa anụ oriri ọ bụla ọzọ n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ ọbara ka o bu. <ref name="Jackson Cross 2015">Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R. "Mosquito-terminator spiders and the meaning of predatory specialization." The Journal of Arachnology 43.2 (2015): 123–142.</ref> Ududo ụmụaka ewerela omume njide anụ "Anopheles" nke a na-akpọ "Anopheles", na-eji ọnọdụ "Anopheles" eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji amata ha.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005"/> "Anopheles" nwere ọnọdụ izu ike pụrụ iche yana afọ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. N'ọnọdụ a, ududo ahụ na-abịa site n'azụ anwụnta na n'okpuru afọ ya, wee si n'okpuru wakpo ya. ref name="Nelson Jackson 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=A Predator from East Africa that Chooses Malaria Vectors as Preferred Prey |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=132 |date=2006 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000132 |pmid=17205136 |pmc=1762417 |bibcode=2006PLoSO...1..132N |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe == === Isi mmalite ndị a kacha amasị maka nri ọbara === Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị "Anopheles" bụ naanị ihe na-ebute ịba, a mụọla ya nke ọma n'ịchọ ụzọ njikwa dị irè. Otu ihe dị mkpa gbasara omume bụ otú ụdị "Anopheles" si ahọrọ iri ụmụ mmadụ anthropophily ma ọ bụ anụmanụ dịka ehi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ (zoophily). Ndị "Anthropophilic" "Anopheles" nwere ike ibufe nje ịba site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ "Anopheles" abụghị naanị ihe na-akpata ịba ma ọ bụ nje, gụnyere ihe na-akpata ịba mbụ na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, Anopheles freeborni|''A. freeborni''.<ref>Carpenter, S. J.; LaCasse, W. J. (1955). ''Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico)''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 39–42. {{ISBN|0-520-02638-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McHugh |first=Chad P. |date=1989-08-01 |title=Ecology of a Semi-Isolated Population of Adult Anopheles Freeborni: Abundance, Trophic Status, Parity, Survivorship, Gonotrophic Cycle Length, and Host Selection |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.169 |pmid=2774063}}</ref> However, the primary malaria vectors in Africa, ''Anopheles gambiae|A. gambiae'' and ''A. funestus'', are strongly anthropophilic and are consequently major vectors of human malaria.<ref name="cdc"/> === Ohere nke ibute ọrịa ịba === Ozugbo anwụnta riri nje ịba, nje ịba ga-etolite n'ime anwụnta tupu ha ebute ọrịa nye mmadụ. Oge achọrọ maka nje ahụ itolite n'ime anwụnta (oge mpụga incubation) dị site na ụbọchị iri ruo iri abụọ na otu, dabere na ụdị nje ahụ na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na anwụnta anaghị adị ndụ ruo ogologo oge ka nje ahụ tolite, mgbe ahụ ọ naghị ebufe nje ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc"/> Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle ndụ anwụnta n'okike ozugbo, mana emeela atụmatụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ ụdị "Anopheles". Atụmatụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Tanzania nke "A. gambiae", ihe na-ebute nje "Plasmodium falciparum" dị ize ndụ, dị site na 0.77 ruo 0.84, nke pụtara na mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị, n'etiti 77% na 84% adịla ndụ.<ref name="Charlwood Smith Billingsley Takken 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Charlwood |first1=J. D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Billingsley |first3=P. F. |last4=Takken |first4=W. |last5=Lyimo |first5=E. O. K. |last6=Meuwissen |first6=J. H. E. T. |title=Survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in humans |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |volume=87 |issue=5 |date=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0007485300041304 |pages=445–453 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/298415/files/S0007485300041304.pdf }}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta a na-adịgide ruo ogologo ndụ anwụnta, ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke ụmụ nwanyị "A. gambiae" ga-adị ndụ karịa oge ịnọ n'èzí ụbọchị 14. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị amụbaa ruo 0.9, ihe karịrị pasent 20 nke anwụnta ga-adị ndụ karịa otu oge ahụ. Usoro njikwa nke dabere na ọgwụ ahụhụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgba ọgwụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ) nwere ike imetụta ịba. Nnyefe (ọgwụ)|nnyefe site na mmetụta ha na ogologo ndụ ndị okenye karịa site na mmetụta ha na ọnụọgụ anwụnta ndị toro eto.<ref name="cdc"/> === Usoro nri na izu ike === Ọtụtụ ''Anopheles'' bụ crepuscular (na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ chi ọbụbọ) ma ọ bụ abalị (na-arụ ọrụ n'abalị). Ụfọdụ na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ (endophagic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-eri nri n'èzí (exophagic). Mgbe ha nyesịrị nri, ụfọdụ anwụnta ọbara na-ahọrọ izu ike n'ime ụlọ (endophilic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ izu ike n'èzí (exofical). Enwere ike ibelata ịta ahụhụ site na 'Anopheles'' site na abalị, endophagic site na iji ụgbụ akwa e ji ọgwụ Ịnsektisaịdị gwọọ ma ọ bụ site na owuwu ụlọ ka mma iji gbochie anwụnta ịbanye (dịka ọmụmaatụ window screens. A na-achịkwa anwụnta Endophilic ngwa ngwa site na ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-achịkwa vektọ exophagic/exophilic site na ibibi ebe ọmụmụ, dịka site na ijupụta ọdọ mmiri.<ref name="cdc"/> === Osisi afọ === Ebe ọ bụ na mbufe ọrịa site na anwụnta chọrọ iri ọbara, osisi afọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ọganiihu nke ọrịa nke anwụnta na-ebi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweta site na photosynthetic cyanobacteria, ebe n'ime ndị toro eto, bakteria gram-negative na Pseudomonadota na Bacteroidota phyla na-achịkwa nke ukwuu. Nri ọbara na-ebelata ụdị nje dị iche iche dị na afọ, na-eme ka nje bacteria na-amasị ha nke ukwuu.<ref name="Wang 2011">{{cite journal |title=Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024767 |vauthors=Wang Y, ((Gilbreath TM III)), Kukutla P, Yan G, Xu J |year=2011 |editor1-last=Leulier |editor1-first=François |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24767 |pmid=21957459 |pmc=3177825 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624767W |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Njikwa == [[File:PMI IRS2-2-1140x684.jpg|alt=Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent mosquitoes.|thumb|Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent malaria.]] === Njikwa === Igbu ụmụ ahụhụ gụnyere ụzọ mbụ isi kpochapụ anwụnta ịba. Agbanyeghị, anwụnta, n'oge obere oge, nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ngwa ngwa, dịka e mere n'oge mkpọsa Mkpochapụ Ịba Ahụ́ nke Mba Nile nke afọ 1950.<ref name="Najera 1999">{{cite web |last1=Najera |first1=J. A. |title=Malaria Control: Achievements, Problems, & Strategies |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66640/WHO_MAL_99.1087.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=23 January 2024 |ref=WHO/MAL/99.1087 |date=1999}}</ref>Ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ọrụ ugbo emeela ka ọnụọgụ anwụnta ghara iguzogide, nke pụtara na mmemme njikwa dị irè ga-enyocha maka iguzogide ma gbanwee gaa n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta na a na-egbochi iguzogide. <ref name="CDC Biology">{{cite web |title=Biology: Anopheles Mosquitoes (tab 5) |date=16 July 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/#tabs-1-5 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> === Mkpochapu === Na 2016, a tụrụ aro usoro CRISPR-Cas9 njine drive iji kpochapụ ''Anopheles gambiae'',,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Andrew |last2=Galizi |first2=Roberto |last3=Kyrou |first3=Kyros |last4=Simoni |first4=Alekos |last5=Siniscalchi |first5=Carla |last6=Katsanos |first6=Dimitris |last7=Gribble |first7=Matthew |last8=Baker |first8=Dean |last9=Marois |first9=Eric |last10=Russell |first10=Steven |last11=Burt |first11=Austin |display-authors=5 |date=January 2016 |title=A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3439 |pmid=26641531 |pmc=4913862}}</ref> by deleting the ''Doublesex|dsx'' gene, causing female sterility. Such a gene drive system has been shown to suppress an entire caged ''A. gambiae'' population<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kyrou |first1=Kyros |last2=Hammond |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Galizi |first3=Roberto |last4=Kranjc |first4=Nace |last5=Burt |first5=Austin |last6=Beaghton |first6=Andrea K. |last7=Nolan |first7=Tony |last8=Crisanti |first8=Andrea |date=November 2018 |title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1038/nbt.4245 |pmid=30247490 |pmc=6871539 |bibcode=2018NatBi..36.1062K |doi-access=free}}</ref> n'ime ọgbọ asaa ruo nke iri na otu, nke na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị otu afọ. Nke a ebutela nchegbu gbasara ma arụmọrụ nke usoro mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmetụta omume na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmemme iwepụ ụdị ọrịa a. journal |last1=Taning |first1=Clauvis Nji Tizi |last2=Van Eynde |first2=Benigna |last3=Yu |first3=Na |last4=Ma |first4=Sanyuan |last5=Smagghe |first5=Guy |date=April 2017 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 in insects: Applications, best practices and biosafety concerns |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=98 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.007 |pmid=28108316|bibcode=2017JInsP..98..245T |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8511395/file/8511396 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>Ya mere, a na-agba mbọ iji usoro njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide "Plasmodium" dịkwuo mma n'ime ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ, dịka ilekwasị anya na iwepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "FREP1" na "Anopheles gambiae". ''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yuemei |last2=Simões |first2=Maria L. |last3=Marois |first3=Eric |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=George |date=2018-03-08 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 -mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006898 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898 |pmid=29518156 |pmc=5843335 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na Burkina Faso emepụtala ụdị ero "Metarhizium pinghaense" nke e mepụtara site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta nsị nke ududo ntanetị nke Australia; ikpughe ya na ero ahụ mere ka ọnụọgụgụ "Anopheles" daa site na 99% na nnwale a na-achịkwa. <ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=31 May 2019 |title=GM fungus rapidly kills 99% of malaria mosquitoes, study suggests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48464510 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=31 Dec 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ==Edensibịa == {{reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ Mpụga== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ ''Anopheles'' Database] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index ''Anopheles gambiae'' Genome and Related Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index |date=2012-12-03 }} * [https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921000929/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/mosquito/map.htm CDC – World map showing distribution of various ''Anopheles'' species] (archived) * [http://www.wrbu.org/ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173327/https://www.wrbu.org/|date=15 December 2018|title=Archived version}}) – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330171641/http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035207/http://www.metapathogen.com/mosquito/anopheles/ ''Anopheles gambiae'' taxonomy, facts and life cycle] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170130141158/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_quadrimaculatus.htm ''Anopheles quadrimaculatus'', common malaria mosquito] (archived) on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ''Featured Creatures'' website *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html ''Anopheles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821202050/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html|date=5 May 2021|title=Archived version}} 2mf7d8mz138lz163elbuv00cn6ymo2h 705146 705145 2026-08-20T04:42:04Z Goodymeraj 16207 705146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Genus of mosquito}} {{automatic taxobox | image = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''[[Anopheles stephensi]]'', female | taxon = Anopheles | authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]] 1818 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = For a full description, see the main article: [[Taxonomy of Anopheles]] }} '''''Anopheles''' (([/əˈnɒfɪliːz/])) bụ [[ìgwè ụdị dị n’usoro nhazi ihe ndị dị ndụ]] nke [[anwụnta]] nke onye German [[na-amụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ]] [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|J. W. Meigen]] kọwara na mbụ na 1818, a makwaara ha dị ka '''anwụnta mbọ''' na '''anwụnta ala mmiri'''.<ref name="USFWS">{{cite web |title=Nail Mosquito |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/nail-mosquito-anopheles |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=16 December 2023 |quote=Common Name: Nail Mosquito, marsh mosquitoes}}</ref>Ọtụtụ anwụnta ndị dị otu a bụ [[Disease vector|ndị nkesa nje na-ebute ọrịa]] nke nje [[Plasmodium]], ụdị protozoans nke na-akpata [[ọrịa Ịba]] na [[Plasmodium species infecting birds|ụmụ nnụnụ]], [[Plasmodium species infecting reptiles|anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ]], na [[Plasmodium species infecting mammals other than primates|anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara]], gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ. Anwụnta [[Anopheles gambiae]] bụ ụdị anwụnta a ma ama nke a na-ebufe [[Plasmodium falciparum]], nke bụ [[Parasitism|nje]] ọrịa ịba nke na-egbu mmadụ; ọ dịghị ụdị anwụnta ọzọ nke na-ebute ịba mmadụ.'' Ụdị "Anopheles" dị iche na anwụnta ndị ọzọ dị ihe dị ka {{Ma 100}} ([[myr|mya]]), dịka ọ dị na anwụnta ndị ọzọ, àkwá ya, [[larva]] ya, na [[pupa]] ya bụ [[Aquatic animal|anụmanụ mmiri]]. Nwa [[Anopheles]] anaghị enwe siphon iku ume (respiratory siphon) nke ọ ga-esi na ya eku ume. N’ihi ya, ọ na-eku ume ma na-eri nri mgbe ahụ ya dị n’ahịrị kwụ ọtọ n’elu mmiri. Anwụnta toro eto na-esi na nwa Anopheles ahu dị n’elu mmiri apụta ma na-eri nectar nke okooko osisi; anwụnta nwanyị na-erikwa ọbara, nke nri sitere n’anụmanụ na-enyere ya aka ibu ma bufee nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa ịba site n’otu onye ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ọbịa gaa na onye ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ọzọ. Mgbe anwụnta toro eto na-eri nri, isi ya na-eche ihu n’ala, nke dị iche na nke culicines, ndị na-akwụ ọtọ mgbe ha na-eri nri. A na-ahụ [[Anopheles]] ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n’ụwa niile, n’akụkụ mpaghara okpomọkụ (tropics), mpaghara dị n’etiti okpomọkụ na oyi (subtropics), na mpaghara ihu igwe dị n’etiti okpomọkụ na oyi nke ụwa. Mgbe ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, Anopheles toro eto nwere ike ịbanye n’ọnọdụ a na-akpọ [[aestivation]], ya bụ ọnọdụ ụra ma ọ bụ izu ike nke na-enyere anwụnta ahụ aka ịlanarị n’ebe na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ, dịka [[Sahel]]. == Mmalite == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fossil === [[Fossil]] nke ụdị [[Anopheles]] dị ụkọ; naanị abụọ ka a chọpụtara na 2015.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015"/> They are ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' <small>Zavortink & Poinar</small> in Dominican Republic amber from the Late Eocene Ma|40.4 to Ma 33.9,<ref name="Zavortink Poinar 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Zavortink |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Dominican Amber |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=93 |issue=6 |date=2000-11-01 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1230:ANDSND]2.0.CO;2 |pages=1230–1235|s2cid=86221732 }}</ref> and ''Anopheles rottensis'' <small>Statz</small> in German amber from the Late Oligocene Ma|28.4 to Ma|23.0.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=Lucas A. |last2=Russo |first2=Claudia A. M. |last3=Voloch |first3=Carolina M. |last4=Mutaquiha |first4=Olívio C. F. |last5=Marques |first5=Lucas P. |last6=Schrago |first6=Carlos G. |title=Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |date=2015-08-05 |pmid=26244561 |pmc=4526650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134462 |article-number=e0134462 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034462F |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Phylogeny=== Ndị nna ochie nke Ijiji niile gụnyere anwụnta pụtara Ma 260..<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Complete mtDNA genomes of ''Anopheles darlingi'' and an approach to anopheline divergence time |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Culicinae culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between Ma120 and Ma|150.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">{{cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darlingi'' reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy |journal=[[BMC Genomics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between Ma|80 and Ma|95.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''Anopheles darlingi'' diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~Ma|100.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N }}</ref> The cladogram is based on an analysis of mosquito genomes by Heafsey and colleagues in 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/> |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Taxonomy === Ọ bụ onye German na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ bụ 'Anopheles'' na 1818. Ọ kọwara ụdị abụọ, ''A. birfurcatus'' na ụdị ụdị, ''Anopheles maculipennis''. O kwuru na aha ahụ pụtara lang|de|beschwerlich, "ihe dị arọ".<ref name="Meigen 1818">{{cite book |last=Meigen |first=Johann Wilhelm |author-link=Johann Wilhelm Meigen |date=1818 |title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten |language=de |trans-title=Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects |location=Aachen |publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann |volume=1 |pages=10–12 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/54/mode/1up}}</ref> Ọ bụ na asụsụ Grik ochie ka esi weta ya lang|grc|ἀνωφελής transliteration|grc|anōphelḗs 'useless', derived from lang|el|ἀν- transliteration|grc|an-, 'not', 'un-' and lang|el|[[:wikt:ὄφελος|ὄφελος} {{transliteration|grc|óphelos}} 'profit'.<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book |author=Stevenson, Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=19 August 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |page=64}}</ref> Usoro nhazi nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị elu nke ukwuu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Frederick Vincent Theobald kọwara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 39 nke "Anopheles" n'akwụkwọ mpịakọta 5 ya na Culicidae.<ref name=Theobald1901>{{cite book |last=Theobald |first=Frederick Vincent |author-link=Frederick Vincent Theobald |date=1901 |title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-178-51903-7 |pages=115–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref> He was provided with mosquito specimens sent in to the British Museum (Natural History) from around the world, on the 1898 instruction of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016"/> "Anopheles" (nke nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ) bụ nke ezinụlọ dị n'okpuru Anophelinae tinyere ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ: "'Bironella" (nke e kewara na Australasia) na "Chagasia" (nke e kewara na Neotropics). Usoro a ka dịgidere nke ọma.<ref name="Krzywinski2003">{{cite journal |last1=Krzywinski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Besansky |first2=Nora J. |author-link2=Nora J. Besansky |year=2003 |title=Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: From Subgenera to Subpopulations |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647 |pmid=12208816 |bibcode=2003AREnt..48..111K }}</ref><ref name="Foley 1998">{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0457 |pmid=9562985 |title=Evolution and Systematics of ''Anopheles'':Insights from a Molecular Phylogeny of Australasian Mosquitoes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=262–275 |year=1998 |last1=Foley |first1=Desmond H. |last2=Bryan |first2=Joan H. |last3=Yeates |first3=David |last4=Saul |first4=Allan |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..262F }}</ref> Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics – wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences.<ref name="Rattanarithikul 2006">{{cite journal |pmid=17262930 |year=2006 |last1=Rattanarithikul |first1=R. |author-link=Rampa Rattanarithikul|title=Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. IV. Anopheles |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=37 |pages=1–128 |last2=Harrison |first2=B. A. |last3=Harbach |first3=R. E. |last4=Panthusiri |first4=P. |last5=Coleman |first5=R. E. |last6=Panthusiri |first6=P. |issue=Suppl 2 }}</ref><ref name="Walton 2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.05.001 |pmid=16782411 |title=Genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the Anopheles maculatus group using the ITS2 region of rDNA |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2007 |last1=Walton |first1=C. |last2=Somboon |first2=P. |last3=o'Loughlin |first3=S. M. |last4=Zhang |first4=S. |last5=Harbach |first5=R.E. |last6=Linton |first6=Y.-M. |last7=Chen |first7=B. |last8=Nolan |first8=K. |last9=Duong |first9=S. |last10=Fong |first10=M.-Y |last11=Vythilingum |first11=I. |last12=Mohammed |first12=Z. D. |last13=Trung |first13=Ho Dinh |last14=Butlin |first14=R. K. |bibcode=2007InfGE...7...93W |display-authors=5 }}</ref><ref name="Garros Harbach Manguin 2005">{{cite journal |pmid=16119539 |year=2005 |last1=Garros |first1=C. |last2=Harbach |first2=R. E |last3=Manguin |first3=S. |title=Morphological assessment and molecular phylogenetics of the Funestus and Minimus groups of Anopheles (Cellia) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=522–536 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522 |s2cid=22776177 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the taxonomy published by Harbach and Kitching in 2016, it was shown that three species of ''Bironella'' (Bironella confusa|B. confusa'', ''Bironella gracilis|B. gracilis,'' and ''Bironella hollandi|B. hollandi'') are phylogenetically more similar to ''Anopheles kyondawensis|A. kyondawensis'' than other ''Bironella'' species. That phylogeny argues that, based on genetic similarity, ''Anopheles implexus|A. implexus'' is divergent from the common ancestor of ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Harbach |first1=R. E. |last2=Kitching |first2=I. |date=January 2016 |title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of ''Anopheles'' (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=34–47 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Usoro ndụ == Dịka anwụnta niile, anophelines na-agafe usoro anọ n'usoro ndụ ha: akwa (bayọlọji), larva, pupa, na imago|okenye. Usoro atọ mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ma ha abụọ na-adịru ụbọchị 5-14, dabere na ụdị na okpomọkụ gburugburu. Oge okenye bụ mgbe nwanyị "'Anopheles'" na-arụ ọrụ dị ka malaria Vector (epidemiology). Ụmụ nwanyị toro eto nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo otu ọnwa (maọbụ karịa n'agha), mana o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị adị ndụ karịa izu abụọ n'okike.<ref name="cdc">citation-attribution|1={{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-anopheles-mosquitoes.html |title=Life Cycle of ''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 23, 2026 |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> === Akwa === [[File:Anopheles egg 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Anopheles'' eggs with their distinctive side floats]] Ndị inyom toro eto na-etinye àkwá 50–200 kwa oviposition. Àkwá ndị ahụ dị obere (ihe dị ka Tụgharịa|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1 × Tụgharịa|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1). A na-etinye àkwá n'otu n'otu na ozugbo n'ime mmiri. Ha pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Àkwá anaghị anabata nkụ ma ọ bụ ịpụta n'ime ụbọchị 2–3, ọ bụ ezie na ịmụpụta nwere ike were izu abụọ maọbụ atọ n'ebe oyi na-atụ.<ref name="cdc"/> === Larvae === Nwa anwụnta ahụ nwere isi ya nke ọma, nke nwere ahịhịa ọnụ e ji enye nri, nnukwu Thorax (ahụ ahụhụ) na akụkụ itoolu afọ. O nweghị ụkwụ. Ọdịghị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, larva "'Anopheles'' enweghị siphon iku ume, ya mere ọ na-eguzo onwe ya ka ahụ ya wee dị n'elu mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, larva nke anwụnta culicine na-arapara n'elu mmiri site na siphon azụ, ahụ na-atụ aka ala. Larvae na-eku ume site na Spiracle (arthropods) dị na akụkụ afọ nke asatọ, ya mere ọ ga-abịa n'elu elu ugboro ugboro. Larvae ahụ na-etinye oge ha niile na-eri algae, bacteria, na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'ime akwa dị gịrịgịrị. Ha na-amaba n'okpuru elu ahụ naanị mgbe a kpasuru ha iwe. Larvae na-egwu mmiri site na mmegharị ahụ dum ma ọ bụ site na Mmiri propulsion site na iji ahịhịa ọnụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Larvae na-etolite site na usoro anọ, ma ọ bụ instars, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ha metamorphosis,metamorphose na pupae. Na njedebe nke mmalite ọ bụla, larvae na-akpụ akpụ, na-awụpụ exoskeletons ha, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, iji mee ka uto dịkwuo elu. Larvae ndị ahụ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, mana ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-adịghị emerụ emerụ. A chọtala larvae nke "Anopheles" n'ime apịtị mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu, apịtị mangrove, ubi osikapa, olulu ahịhịa, nsọtụ iyi na osimiri, na obere ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo nwa oge. Ọtụtụ ụdị a na-ahọrọ ebe obibi nwere ahịhịa. Ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ebe obibi na-enweghị nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ na-amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, mgbe anyanwụ na-enwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ndị nwere ndò n'ime ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa n'ime oghere osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ axils nke ụfọdụ osisi.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto CDCHarryWeinburgh publicdomain.jpg|''Anopheles'' larva File:Anopheles Culex larvae feeding position-USDA.jpg|Feeding position of an ''Anopheles'' larva (A), culicine larva with its siphon (B) </gallery> === Pupae === Pupa (a makwaara dị ka tumbler) dị ka comma ma a lee ya anya site n'akụkụ. A na-ejikọta isi na Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ)n'ime cephalothorax, afọ na-agbagharị n'okpuru ya. Dịka ọ dị na ụmụ ahụhụ, nwamba ahụ ga-abịa n'elu mgbe niile iji kuo ume, nke ọ na-eme site na opi iku ume abụọ na cephalothorax ya. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị dịka nwamba, elu azụ nke cephalothorax na-agbawa agbawa, anwụnta toro eto na-apụtakwa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> Anopheles (YPM IZ 093745).jpeg|Pupa File:The pupa of a mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis). Reproductio Wellcome V0022598 (cropped).jpg|''Anopheles maculipennis|A. maculipennis'' pupa, breathing at the surface </gallery> === OKENYE YA=== [[File:Anopheles Culex adult resting position-USDA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Resting positions of adult ''Anopheles'' (A, B) are more upright than that of Culicinae (C).]] Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna (bayọlọji)|antennae. Antennae dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Anwụnta nwanyị na-ebu "Plasmodium'', nje ndị na-akpata ịba, na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu na ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta na-enweghị ọrịa.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Malaria Infected Mosquitoes Express Enhanced Attraction to Human Odor |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ya nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis nke e ji enye nri, yana maxillary palps abụọ. Palp ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta anwụnta nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ) bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka mgbaze nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ.<ref name="cdc"/> A pụrụ ịmata "Anopheles" site na anwụnta ndị ọzọ site na palps, nke dị ogologo dịka proboscis, yana site na ọnụnọ nke ihe mkpuchi ojii na ọcha dị iche iche na nku. A pụkwara ịchọpụta ndị toro eto site na ọnọdụ izu ike ha: nwoke na nwanyị na-ezu ike na afọ ha na-atụ aka elu, n'adịghị ka anwụnta culicine. Anwụnta ndị toro eto na-abụkarị ndị na-akpakọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ha si n'ọkwa nwa pụta. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ụmụ nwoke na-etolite nnukwu square, na-abụkarị n'oge mgbede, ụmụ nwanyị na-efekwa n'ime ìgwè ahụ iji kpaa. Oge site na àkwá ruo okenye dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị, okpomọkụ gburugburu na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu. Anwụnta nwere ike ịmalite site na àkwá ruo okenye n'ime obere ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike were ụbọchị 10-14 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Ndị ikom na-ebi ihe dị ka otu izu, na-eri nectar na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nke sugar. Ndị ikom enweghị ike iri ọbara, n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ ma na-egbu ha n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ihe dị ka ndụ ha niile dịka nri naanị mmiri.diet. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikbakhtzadeh |first1=Mahmood R. |last2=Buss |first2=Garrison K. |last3=Leal |first3=Walter S. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Toxic Effect of Blood Feeding in Male Mosquitoes |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=7 |page=4 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00004 |pmc=4726748 |pmid=26858651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eri shuga maka ike, mana ha na-achọkarị nri ọbara maka mmepụta àkwá. Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nri ọbara zuru oke, nwanyị ahụ na-ezu ike ruo ụbọchị ole na ole ka ọbara na-agbari ma na-etolite àkwá. Usoro a dabere na okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-3 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ozugbo àkwá ahụ tolitere nke ọma, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye ha ma maliteghachi ịchọ onye ọbịa. Usoro ahụ na-emegharị onwe ya ruo mgbe nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịdị ndụ karịa otu ọnwa n'agha, ọtụtụ anaghị adị ndụ karịa otu izu ruo abụọ n'okike. Ndụ ha dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, na ikike ha inweta nri ọbara nke ọma ma na-ezere nchebe onye ọbịa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery mode=packed heights=350> File:Anopheles female Turkhud (bw).png|Morphology of female ''Anopheles'' </gallery> === Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi === === Nkesa=== "Anopheles" bi ma n'ebe okpomọkụ a maara maka ịba dịka ndịda Sahara Africa, nakwa n'ebe oyi na-atụ. Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe emeela n'oge gara aga n'ebe oyi na-atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge e wuru Rideau Canal na Kanada n'afọ 1820.<ref name="Wylie 1983">{{cite journal |author=Wylie WNT |s2cid=143040362 |year=1983 |title=Poverty, Distress, and Disease: Labour and the Construction of the Rideau Canal, 1826–32 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=11 |pages=7–29 |jstor=25140199 |doi=10.2307/25140199}}</ref>Ụdị "Anopheles" nke nwere ike ibufe ịba abụghị naanị n'ebe ndị ọrịa ịba na-agbasa, yabụ ebe ndị a na-ewepụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmaliteghachi ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020">{{cite web |date=April 9, 2020 |title=CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Where Malaria occurs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> [[File:Anopheles-range-map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.5|Global distribution of ''Anopheles'' species covers both the tropics with numerous malarias, and colder areas not subject to malaria at the start of the 21st century.<ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020"/>]] ===Ebe obibi=== "Anopheles" chọrọ mmiri, ikekwe obere na oge ụfọdụ, maka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na ụmụ nkịta ha. Ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị sitere na ọdọ mmiri ruo na tankị mmiri, apịtị, olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anopheles Mosquitoes |url=https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/vector-species/anopheles-mosquitoes/ |website=Global Vector Hub |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>Otú ọ dị, ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ dịka savanna na Sahel nke Afrịka. Ha nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya site na mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ifufe kwesịrị ekwesị na-efesa ha ruo ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ndị toro eto nwere ike inwe ahụ iru ala ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa n'otu oge, na-ehi ụra n'oge okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọgide na-enwe ahụ iru ala n'oge Africa oge ọkọchị <ref name="Baldini Viana 2023 pp. 1–3">{{cite journal |last1=Baldini |first1=Francesco |last2=Viana |first2=Mafalda |title=Dried out but alive: how mosquitoes survive 8 months |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.006 |pages=1–3|pmid=36470782 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, ''Anopheles'' have been documented travelling in baggage, such as on aircraft.<ref name="Ibáñez-Justicia Smitz den Hartog van de Vossenberg 2020 p. 3450">{{cite journal |last1=Ibáñez-Justicia |first1=Adolfo |last2=Smitz |first2=Nathalie |last3=den Hartog |first3=Wietse |last4=van de Vossenberg |first4=Bart |last5=De Wolf |first5=Katrien |last6=Deblauwe |first6=Isra |last7=Van Bortel |first7=Wim |last8=Jacobs |first8=Frans |last9=Vaux |first9=Alexander G. C. |last10=Medlock |first10=Jolyon M. |last11=Stroo |first11=Arjan |display-authors=5 |title=Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=10 |date=2020-05-15 |pmid=32429218 |pmc=7277938 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17103450 |page=3450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Parasiti === Nje nke "Anopheles" gụnyere Microsporidia nke ụdị "'Amblyospora'', ''Crepidulospora'', ''Senoma'' na ''Parathelohania'''<ref name="Simakova 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Simakova, A. V. |author2=Pankova, T. F. |year=2008 |title=Ecology and epizootology of microsporidia in malarial mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the south of western Siberia |journal=Parazitologiia |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |pmid=18664069 |language=ru}}</ref>A na-ahụ usoro ndụ abụọ dị iche iche na Microsporidia. N'ụdị nke mbụ, nje ahụ na-ebufe site na ụzọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ya na-adịghị ahụkebe. Na nke abụọ, ebe ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ a na-esi ebute ọrịa, nje ahụ na-eri n'ime onye nwere ọrịa dị n'etiti. Ọrịa nke ụdị nku ụmụ ahụhụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ na-agụnyekarịkwa ahụ abụba. Nnyefe kwụ ọtọ (transovarial) na-emekwa. <ref name="Baker Vossbrinck Becnel 1998">{{cite journal |author1=Baker, Michael D. |author2=Vossbrinck, Charles R. |author3=Becnel, James J. |author4=Andreadis, Theodore G. |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny of ''Amblyospora'' (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=199–206 |pmid=9538024 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1997.4725 |bibcode=1998JInvP..71..199B |url=http://www.ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106080553/http://ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> A mụọla nje bacteria ''Wolbachia'' maka iji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-achịkwa ọrịa.<ref name="Discovery Article">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |title=Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease |website=Discovery News |date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123222013/http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |archive-date=23 November 2009 }}</ref> === Ndị na-añụ ọbara anụ ọzọ === Ududo na-awụli elu ''Evarcha culicivora'' na-eri ọbara ọkpụkpụ azụ site n'ịchụso 'Anopheles'' nke nwanyị..<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |title=Use of ''Anopheles''-specific prey-capture behavior by the small juveniles of ''Evarcha culicivora'', a mosquito-eating jumping spider |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |date=2005 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref>Ududo ụmụaka na-ahọrọ "Anopheles" karịa anụ oriri ọ bụla ọzọ n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ ọbara ka o bu. <ref name="Jackson Cross 2015">Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R. "Mosquito-terminator spiders and the meaning of predatory specialization." The Journal of Arachnology 43.2 (2015): 123–142.</ref> Ududo ụmụaka ewerela omume njide anụ "Anopheles" nke a na-akpọ "Anopheles", na-eji ọnọdụ "Anopheles" eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji amata ha.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005"/> "Anopheles" nwere ọnọdụ izu ike pụrụ iche yana afọ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. N'ọnọdụ a, ududo ahụ na-abịa site n'azụ anwụnta na n'okpuru afọ ya, wee si n'okpuru wakpo ya. ref name="Nelson Jackson 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=A Predator from East Africa that Chooses Malaria Vectors as Preferred Prey |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=132 |date=2006 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000132 |pmid=17205136 |pmc=1762417 |bibcode=2006PLoSO...1..132N |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe == === Isi mmalite ndị a kacha amasị maka nri ọbara === Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị "Anopheles" bụ naanị ihe na-ebute ịba, a mụọla ya nke ọma n'ịchọ ụzọ njikwa dị irè. Otu ihe dị mkpa gbasara omume bụ otú ụdị "Anopheles" si ahọrọ iri ụmụ mmadụ anthropophily ma ọ bụ anụmanụ dịka ehi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ (zoophily). Ndị "Anthropophilic" "Anopheles" nwere ike ibufe nje ịba site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ "Anopheles" abụghị naanị ihe na-akpata ịba ma ọ bụ nje, gụnyere ihe na-akpata ịba mbụ na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, Anopheles freeborni|''A. freeborni''.<ref>Carpenter, S. J.; LaCasse, W. J. (1955). ''Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico)''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 39–42. {{ISBN|0-520-02638-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McHugh |first=Chad P. |date=1989-08-01 |title=Ecology of a Semi-Isolated Population of Adult Anopheles Freeborni: Abundance, Trophic Status, Parity, Survivorship, Gonotrophic Cycle Length, and Host Selection |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.169 |pmid=2774063}}</ref> However, the primary malaria vectors in Africa, ''Anopheles gambiae|A. gambiae'' and ''A. funestus'', are strongly anthropophilic and are consequently major vectors of human malaria.<ref name="cdc"/> === Ohere nke ibute ọrịa ịba === Ozugbo anwụnta riri nje ịba, nje ịba ga-etolite n'ime anwụnta tupu ha ebute ọrịa nye mmadụ. Oge achọrọ maka nje ahụ itolite n'ime anwụnta (oge mpụga incubation) dị site na ụbọchị iri ruo iri abụọ na otu, dabere na ụdị nje ahụ na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na anwụnta anaghị adị ndụ ruo ogologo oge ka nje ahụ tolite, mgbe ahụ ọ naghị ebufe nje ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc"/> Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle ndụ anwụnta n'okike ozugbo, mana emeela atụmatụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ ụdị "Anopheles". Atụmatụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Tanzania nke "A. gambiae", ihe na-ebute nje "Plasmodium falciparum" dị ize ndụ, dị site na 0.77 ruo 0.84, nke pụtara na mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị, n'etiti 77% na 84% adịla ndụ.<ref name="Charlwood Smith Billingsley Takken 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Charlwood |first1=J. D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Billingsley |first3=P. F. |last4=Takken |first4=W. |last5=Lyimo |first5=E. O. K. |last6=Meuwissen |first6=J. H. E. T. |title=Survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in humans |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |volume=87 |issue=5 |date=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0007485300041304 |pages=445–453 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/298415/files/S0007485300041304.pdf }}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta a na-adịgide ruo ogologo ndụ anwụnta, ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke ụmụ nwanyị "A. gambiae" ga-adị ndụ karịa oge ịnọ n'èzí ụbọchị 14. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị amụbaa ruo 0.9, ihe karịrị pasent 20 nke anwụnta ga-adị ndụ karịa otu oge ahụ. Usoro njikwa nke dabere na ọgwụ ahụhụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgba ọgwụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ) nwere ike imetụta ịba. Nnyefe (ọgwụ)|nnyefe site na mmetụta ha na ogologo ndụ ndị okenye karịa site na mmetụta ha na ọnụọgụ anwụnta ndị toro eto.<ref name="cdc"/> === Usoro nri na izu ike === Ọtụtụ ''Anopheles'' bụ crepuscular (na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ chi ọbụbọ) ma ọ bụ abalị (na-arụ ọrụ n'abalị). Ụfọdụ na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ (endophagic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-eri nri n'èzí (exophagic). Mgbe ha nyesịrị nri, ụfọdụ anwụnta ọbara na-ahọrọ izu ike n'ime ụlọ (endophilic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ izu ike n'èzí (exofical). Enwere ike ibelata ịta ahụhụ site na 'Anopheles'' site na abalị, endophagic site na iji ụgbụ akwa e ji ọgwụ Ịnsektisaịdị gwọọ ma ọ bụ site na owuwu ụlọ ka mma iji gbochie anwụnta ịbanye (dịka ọmụmaatụ window screens. A na-achịkwa anwụnta Endophilic ngwa ngwa site na ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-achịkwa vektọ exophagic/exophilic site na ibibi ebe ọmụmụ, dịka site na ijupụta ọdọ mmiri.<ref name="cdc"/> === Osisi afọ === Ebe ọ bụ na mbufe ọrịa site na anwụnta chọrọ iri ọbara, osisi afọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ọganiihu nke ọrịa nke anwụnta na-ebi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweta site na photosynthetic cyanobacteria, ebe n'ime ndị toro eto, bakteria gram-negative na Pseudomonadota na Bacteroidota phyla na-achịkwa nke ukwuu. Nri ọbara na-ebelata ụdị nje dị iche iche dị na afọ, na-eme ka nje bacteria na-amasị ha nke ukwuu.<ref name="Wang 2011">{{cite journal |title=Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024767 |vauthors=Wang Y, ((Gilbreath TM III)), Kukutla P, Yan G, Xu J |year=2011 |editor1-last=Leulier |editor1-first=François |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24767 |pmid=21957459 |pmc=3177825 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624767W |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Njikwa == [[File:PMI IRS2-2-1140x684.jpg|alt=Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent mosquitoes.|thumb|Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent malaria.]] === Njikwa === Igbu ụmụ ahụhụ gụnyere ụzọ mbụ isi kpochapụ anwụnta ịba. Agbanyeghị, anwụnta, n'oge obere oge, nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ngwa ngwa, dịka e mere n'oge mkpọsa Mkpochapụ Ịba Ahụ́ nke Mba Nile nke afọ 1950.<ref name="Najera 1999">{{cite web |last1=Najera |first1=J. A. |title=Malaria Control: Achievements, Problems, & Strategies |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66640/WHO_MAL_99.1087.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=23 January 2024 |ref=WHO/MAL/99.1087 |date=1999}}</ref>Ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ọrụ ugbo emeela ka ọnụọgụ anwụnta ghara iguzogide, nke pụtara na mmemme njikwa dị irè ga-enyocha maka iguzogide ma gbanwee gaa n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta na a na-egbochi iguzogide. <ref name="CDC Biology">{{cite web |title=Biology: Anopheles Mosquitoes (tab 5) |date=16 July 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/#tabs-1-5 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> === Mkpochapu === Na 2016, a tụrụ aro usoro CRISPR-Cas9 njine drive iji kpochapụ ''Anopheles gambiae'',,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Andrew |last2=Galizi |first2=Roberto |last3=Kyrou |first3=Kyros |last4=Simoni |first4=Alekos |last5=Siniscalchi |first5=Carla |last6=Katsanos |first6=Dimitris |last7=Gribble |first7=Matthew |last8=Baker |first8=Dean |last9=Marois |first9=Eric |last10=Russell |first10=Steven |last11=Burt |first11=Austin |display-authors=5 |date=January 2016 |title=A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3439 |pmid=26641531 |pmc=4913862}}</ref> by deleting the ''Doublesex|dsx'' gene, causing female sterility. Such a gene drive system has been shown to suppress an entire caged ''A. gambiae'' population<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kyrou |first1=Kyros |last2=Hammond |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Galizi |first3=Roberto |last4=Kranjc |first4=Nace |last5=Burt |first5=Austin |last6=Beaghton |first6=Andrea K. |last7=Nolan |first7=Tony |last8=Crisanti |first8=Andrea |date=November 2018 |title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1038/nbt.4245 |pmid=30247490 |pmc=6871539 |bibcode=2018NatBi..36.1062K |doi-access=free}}</ref> n'ime ọgbọ asaa ruo nke iri na otu, nke na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị otu afọ. Nke a ebutela nchegbu gbasara ma arụmọrụ nke usoro mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmetụta omume na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmemme iwepụ ụdị ọrịa a. journal |last1=Taning |first1=Clauvis Nji Tizi |last2=Van Eynde |first2=Benigna |last3=Yu |first3=Na |last4=Ma |first4=Sanyuan |last5=Smagghe |first5=Guy |date=April 2017 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 in insects: Applications, best practices and biosafety concerns |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=98 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.007 |pmid=28108316|bibcode=2017JInsP..98..245T |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8511395/file/8511396 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>Ya mere, a na-agba mbọ iji usoro njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide "Plasmodium" dịkwuo mma n'ime ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ, dịka ilekwasị anya na iwepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "FREP1" na "Anopheles gambiae". ''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yuemei |last2=Simões |first2=Maria L. |last3=Marois |first3=Eric |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=George |date=2018-03-08 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 -mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006898 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898 |pmid=29518156 |pmc=5843335 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na Burkina Faso emepụtala ụdị ero "Metarhizium pinghaense" nke e mepụtara site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta nsị nke ududo ntanetị nke Australia; ikpughe ya na ero ahụ mere ka ọnụọgụgụ "Anopheles" daa site na 99% na nnwale a na-achịkwa. <ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=31 May 2019 |title=GM fungus rapidly kills 99% of malaria mosquitoes, study suggests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48464510 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=31 Dec 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ==Edensibịa == {{reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ Mpụga== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ ''Anopheles'' Database] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index ''Anopheles gambiae'' Genome and Related Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index |date=2012-12-03 }} * [https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921000929/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/mosquito/map.htm CDC – World map showing distribution of various ''Anopheles'' species] (archived) * [http://www.wrbu.org/ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173327/https://www.wrbu.org/|date=15 December 2018|title=Archived version}}) – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330171641/http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035207/http://www.metapathogen.com/mosquito/anopheles/ ''Anopheles gambiae'' taxonomy, facts and life cycle] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170130141158/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_quadrimaculatus.htm ''Anopheles quadrimaculatus'', common malaria mosquito] (archived) on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ''Featured Creatures'' website *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html ''Anopheles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821202050/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html|date=5 May 2021|title=Archived version}} 5ys75xfjhsshepmmrkw85g84k36fmy6 0 78177 705099 699212 2026-08-19T13:04:09Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357475149|Presentation National High School]]" 705099 wikitext text/x-wiki Presentation National High School bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nke sọ ụmụnwanyị, dị na Usunobun Street, [[Ugbekun]] Quarters, Benin City, Edo State Nigeria. Ọ bụ Achịbishọp nke Benin City, Achịbisọp Patrick Ebosele Ekpu, guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi a na Nọvemba 21, 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL|url=https://africatopschools.com/posts/national-high-school|accessdate=2024-06-28|work=africatopschools.com|language=en}}</ref> Ụlọ akwụkwọ Presentation National nke mba bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị kachasị mma (NTA), Mee 2, 2016.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ebumnuche ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ ịmepụta ọnọdụ na-akwado mmụta na ịkekọrịta n'agbanyeghị Agbụrụ ma ọ bụ agbụrụ. Ụkpụrụ iwu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ: "''Potestas Ex Scientia''" (Ihe ọmụma bụ ike). O nwetara ọkwa nke iri na otu na 2006 West African Senior Secondary Certificate Exams. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Presentation National na Nọvemba 21, 1989, e ji ụmụ akwụkwọ iri isii wee bido. == Usoro mmụta == Ụlọ akwụkwọ a na-enye ọtụtụ isiokwu dị iche iche, gụnyere sayensị, nka, na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. A na-agba ụmụakwụkwọ ume ka ha sonye na ihe omume ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke ụlọ akwụkwọ, dịka egwuregwu, egwu, na ihe ejije. Ụlọ akwụkwọ a na-enyekwa ọzụzụ ọrụ aka na ngalaba dịka isi nri, imewe ejiji, na sayensị kọmputa. == Akụrụngwa ==   == Edensibịa ==   5ac408xhxrx73rhpnm5t3fsbr7tdci9 0 79122 705108 700942 2026-08-19T16:06:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705108 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Caine Youngman''' (a mụrụ ya naFrancistown <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Mooka|first=Yvonne|date=4 September 2018|title='I am gay to the core'|work=The Midweek Sun|url=http://www.themidweeksun.co.bw/10317-i-am-gay-to-the-core/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref>) ọ bụ [[Human rights defender|Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruru mmadụ]] na onye otu LGBT na [[Botswana]]. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=24 November 2014|title=LEGABIBO's court victory- what's next? Caine Youngman speaks to lifestyle|work=Sunday Standard|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/legabiboocos-court-victory-whatocos-next-caine-youngman-speaks-to-lifestyle/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref> Aha ya bara ụba na mba ụwa na 2011 mgbe ọ chọrọ i wepu mmachi iwu mba ahụ mechiri mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke, maọbu nwaanyị na nwaanyị.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Andrew|first=Mike|date=11 March 2011|title=Gay activist sues Botswana over anti-Gay law|work=Seattle Gay News|url=http://www.sgn.org/sgnnews39_10/page16.cfm|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Akanji|first=Olajide|date=1 October 2013|title=Human Rights Challenge in Africa: Sexual Minority Rights and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights|journal=Sexual Diversity in Africa: Politics, Theory, and Citizenship|pages=29}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka otu ikike mmadụ LEGABIBO (mmekọrịta nwanyị na nwanyị, mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke na nwoke ịdị ka nwanyị maọbu nwaanyị ịdị ka nwoke na Botswana) ruo Disemba 2022 ma jee ozi na bọọdụ Pan Africa ILGA, ngalaba mpaghara nke International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=21 December 2022|title=Social Justice Activist of the Year|pages=11|work=The Midweek Sun}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Press Release: Pan Africa ILGA Hosts a Regional Conference In Kenya 2014|url=https://ilga.org/press-release-pan-africa-ilga-hosts-a-regional-conference-in-kenya-2014|date=4 July 2014|work=International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association|accessdate=29 May 2020|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195403/https://ilga.org/press-release-pan-africa-ilga-hosts-a-regional-conference-in-kenya-2014}}</ref> Youngman tinyere Onwe ya n'okwu ikpe na-agwa gọọmentị Botswana ka ha debanye aha ndị otu LEGABIBO n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro ma mee ka mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke maọbu nwaanyị na nwanyị bụrụ ihe abụghị mpụ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=14 November 2014|title=Botswana gay rights group wins landmark case|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30054459|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=15 June 2019|title=Gefeiert und getanzt|page=75|work=Der Spiegel}}</ref> Youngman banyere LEGABIBO n'afọ 2005, ebe ọ bụ onye isi nke iwu na e kwupụta iwu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Caine Youngman|url=https://vimeo.com/99151244|date=1 May 2012|work=Vimeo}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ nzukọ ahụ n'afọ 2022 iji kwaga mba ọzọ.<ref name=":3"/> O tinyere aka na mbọ ikpe iji melite ọnọdụ iwu nke ndị LGBT na Botswana. N'afọ 2009, o kwukwara okwu ikpe iji mee ka mmachi iwu Botswana mechiri mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke maọbu nwaanyị na nwaanyị, nke e tinyere na 2011 mana e wepụrụ ya iji nweta ozi ndị ọzọ maka ohere dị elu nke ihe ịga nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 April 2009|title=Gay group challenges Botswana sodomy law|work=IOL|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/gay-group-challenges-botswana-sodomy-law-441930|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 March 2011|title=Sodomy lawsuit stirs debate on gays in Botswana|work=TimesLIVE|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2011-03-16-sodomy-lawsuit-stirs-debate-on-gays-in-botswana/|accessdate=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Achieving an AIDS-Free Generation for Gay Men and Other MSM in Southern Africa|publisher=amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research & Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health|year=2013|pages=37}}</ref> Mgbe otu ndị na-ekwusa ozi ọma jiri nwoke idina nwoke tụnyere mmekọahụ na onye ikwu na osote ọkà okwu nke Nzukọ Mba Botswana kpọrọ ndị na-edina nwoke "ndị mmụọ ọjọọ ji na ndị na eme mpụ", Youngman katọrọ nkwupụta okwu ndị a dị ka "ndị na-enweghị nkwanye ùgwù, ndị kpọrọ asị na ndị na-amaghị ihe". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Butale|first=Biggie|date=2 February 2011|title=EFB {{as written|aga|nist [sic]}} legalisation of homosexuality and prostitution|work=Mmegi|url=https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=2&aid=616&dir=2011/February/Wednesday2/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Botswana MP says he hates gays and lesbians|work=PinkNews|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/02/11/botswana-mp-says-he-hates-gays-and-lesbians/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Youngman|first=Caine|date=18 February 2011|title=Does God love me? I am gay|work=Mmegi|url=https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=2&aid=1032&dir=2011/February/Friday18|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ kwutọsịrị na a na-anaghị anabata ndị na-edina nwoke ibe ha ma na e mechukwa ha ihu 'oge nzukọ mdị ka soro nyocha iwu nke Botswana na'afọ 022. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Molelo|first=Laone|date=27 June 2022|title=LGBTQ say Constitutional Review Committee sidelines them|work=Sunday Standard|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/lgbtq-say-constitutional-review-committee-sidelines-them/|accessdate=6 January 2023}}</ref> N'okwu ikpe nke ụlọ ikpe gwara Gọọmentị Botswana ka ha dabanye aha LEGABIBO n'afọ 2014, o so n'ime ndị na-ekpe ikpe ma kọwaa ọjụjụ gọọmentị dị ka mmebi nke "ikike ha maka ịhe nweta nnwere onwe ikwu okwu na nnwere onwe nke nzukọ na mkpakọrịta" <ref>{{Cite news|date=17 March 2016|title=Court of Appeal to rule on LEGABIBO registration|work=Sunday Standard|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/court-of-appeal-to-rule-on-legabibo-registration/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4"/>Gọọmentị jụrụ idebanye aha otu ahụ ruo afọ itoolu.<ref name=":1"/> Site na LEGABIBO, Youngman tinyere aka na ikpe Ụlọ ikpe Kasị Elu nke Botswana nke mere ka mmekọrịta nwoke na ibe ya bụrụ ihe iwu n'afọ 2019. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Fleischmann|first=Anne|date=15 June 2019|title=Homosexuelle hoffen nach Entkriminalisierung auf "friedliches" Leben|work=Euronews|url=https://de.euronews.com/2019/06/14/homosexuelle-hoffen-nach-entkriminalisierung-auf-friedliches-leben|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref> A hụrụ ikpe ahụ dị ka mkpebi bụ Ihe ịrịba ama nke metụtara mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka. <ref name=":5"/><ref>{{Cite news|author=Chappell|first=Bill|date=11 June 2019|title=Botswana's High Court Rules Homosexuality Is Not A Crime|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/06/11/731576727/botswanas-high-court-rules-homosexuality-is-not-a-crime?t=1590772123939|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=11 June 2019|title=Botswana's High Court rejects laws criminalising homosexuality|work=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/botswana-high-court-rejects-laws-criminalising-homosexuality-190611100525546.html|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tabengwa|first=Monica|year=2020|title=Africa and the Contestation of Sexual and Gender Diversity: Imperial and Contemporary Regulation|journal=The Oxford Handbook of Global LGBT and Sexual Diversity Politics}}</ref> Youngman katọrọ onye isi ọka iwu ukwu ahụ mgbe steeti ahụ dere akwụkwọ maka mkpebi ụlọ ikpe ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Benza|first=Brian|date=6 July 2019|title=Botswana seeks to overturn ruling that legalized gay sex|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-lgbt/botswana-seeks-to-overturn-ruling-that-legalized-gay-sex-idUSKCN1U1071|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref> N'arụmụka redio n'afọ 2016, onye ụkọchukwu America Steven Anderson ji okwu ọnụ kọtọọ Youngman maka nkwado mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke maọbu nwaanyị na nwanyị ma kpọọ gọọmentị Botswana ka ha gbuo ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Collison|first=Carl|date=23 September 2016|title='Kill the gays' pastor Steven Anderson faces backlash from LGBTI activists|work=Mail & Guardian|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-09-23-00-activists-to-hound-hate-preacher-who-finally-leaves/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref> Mgbe mgbasa ozi ahụ gasịrị, onye isi ala nke oge ahụ bụ Ian Khama nyere iwu ka achụlaa Anderson maka okwu mkpọmasị.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cropley|first=Ed|date=20 September 2016|title=Botswana deports U.S. pastor Steven Anderson over anti-gay views|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-lgbt-idUSKCN11Q1CS|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref> N'oge ihe omume ya na onye nọchiri anya US na Germany Richard Grenell, Youngman kpọrọ United States ka ha kwụsị ndị ụkọchukwu America na Africa "maka ịmanye gọọmentị anyị ka ha mee ka iwu sodomy ma ọ bụ mee ka ha sie ike ma nwee ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ dị ka iwu maka LGBTI (obodo)."<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lavers|first=Michael K.|date=31 July 2019|title=U.S. Embassy in Germany hosts meeting with LGBTI activists|work=Washington Blade|url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2019/07/31/u-s-embassy-in-germany-hosts-meeting-with-lgbti-activists/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref> Youngman kwenyere na ndị na-enye onyinye si mba ọzọ ekwesịghị ikpuchi ọrụ LGBT n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 July 2019|title=The Long, Successful Fight to Decriminalise Same-Sex Relations in Botswana|work=LSVD Blog|url=http://www.lsvd-blog.de/?p=17857|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref> N'ọrụ ya, ọ na-eji okwu [[Tswana language|Setswana]] maka okwu Bekee dị ka mmasị mmekọahụ ma soro ndị nnọchiteanya si n'ofe ọha mmadụ rụọ ọrụ, gụnyere ndị isi okpukpe na Ndị isi ọdịnala.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 June 2019|title=Botswana is a rainbow nation|work=Gender Links|url=https://genderlinks.org.za/news/botswana-is-a-rainbow-nation/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Lesidi|first=Bashi|title=When who looks like Ms. Do Right is actually Mr. Do Wrong|work=The Patriot on Sunday|url=http://www.thepatriot.co.bw/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=2681:when-who-looks-like-ms-do-right-is-actually-mr-do-wrong&Itemid=113|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na bọọdụ nke Pan-Africa ILGA, ngalaba mpaghara nke International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, ọ bụkwa onye nlekọta maka The Other Foundation.<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Trustees|url=https://theotherfoundation.org/our-team/|accessdate=6 January 2023|work=The Other Foundation|archivedate=6 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106120315/https://theotherfoundation.org/our-team/}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, e gosipụtara ya na mmemme BBC World News "Working Lives".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Working Lives Gaborone: Caine Youngman|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-37222687/working-lives-gaborone-caine-youngman|date=2 September 2016|work=BBC News|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref> Youngman ghọtara na ya bụ nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị.<ref name=":0"/> Ọtụtụ ndị ikwu na ibe ya matara banyere omume mmekọ ya na nwoke ibe ya mgbe o kwupụtara ikpe ya n'afọ 2009. O kwuru na ezinụlọ ya niile na akwado bụ ndị Katọlik .<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite news|date=14 March 2011|title=Dare to be different|work=Sunday Standard|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/dare-to-be-different/|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ nwanyị na mba ọzọ abụghị Botswana n'afọ 2019 wee hapụ obodo ahụ n'afọ 2022. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Shaya|date=29 November 2019|title=Young love|work=The Voice|url=https://news.thevoicebw.com/young-love/|accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref name=":3"/> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] aaxrcv8u0v1sfbezredilvhr6uyqr5c 0 79173 705154 705064 2026-08-20T07:54:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705154 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ Agụmakwụkwọ ka elu nke gọọmentị etiti dị na Asaba City, Delta State, Naịjịrịa . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-04|title=List of Accredited Colleges of Education in Nigeria|url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/colleges-of-education-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2021-05-30|work=www.myschoolgist.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NCCE Online|url=http://www.ncceonline.edu.ng/colleges.php|accessdate=2021-05-30|work=www.ncceonline.edu.ng|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213105/http://www.ncceonline.edu.ng/colleges.php}}</ref> Ọ nwere njikọ na [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|Mahadum Benin (Naijira)]] maka mmemme nzere ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNIBEN approves 5 additional degree courses for Federal College of Education Technical Asaba - Samphina Nigeria|url=https://samphina.com.ng/federal-college-education-technical-asaba-undergraduate-courses/|work=Samphina Nigeria|date=26 November 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ASABA|url=https://universitycompass.com/colleges/Federal-College-of-Education-Asaba.php|work=Universitycompass}}</ref> Kọleji ahụ malitere n'afọ 1987 na ụlọ akwụkwọ [[Asaba]] Technical koleji, (ATC) na ebe nwa oge ya. Asaba bụ Urban Center na-emepe ngwa ngwa na isi ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa nke Delta State.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FCE Asaba Gets First Female Provost {{!}} Independent Newspapers Nigeria|url=https://www.independent.ng/fcet-asaba-gets-first-female-provost/|accessdate=2020-10-27|work=www.independent.ng}}</ref> Ugbua, onye isi nke ụlọakwụkwọ Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba bụ Josephine Anene-Okakwa. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-04|title=Lecturers, Students, Accuse Federal College Of Education Provost Of Nepotism, Highhandedness, Intimidation|url=http://saharareporters.com/2021/03/04/lecturers-students-accuse-federal-college-education-provost-nepotism-highhandedness|accessdate=2021-06-04|work=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> E guzobere ụlọakwụkwọ Federal College of Education (Technical) Asaba n'afo 1987. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-03-29|title=Asaba College to commence NOUN programme|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/03/asaba-college-to-commence-noun-programme/|accessdate=2021-06-04|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Septemba n'afọ 1987, kọleji ahụ meghere maka azụmahịa na ebe nwa oge dị ugbu a nke nwere Asaba Technical College, Asaba. Kọleji ahụ akwagala n'ebe ọ nọ ogologo oge na Asaba's Ibusa Road. Agụmakwụkwọ azụmahịa, agụmakwụkwọ teknụzụ, na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ọrụ aka akwagala n'ebe na-adịgide adịgide nke kọleji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://fcetasaba-edu.ng/history/|accessdate=2024-03-06|work=Federal College College of Education (Technical) Asaba|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọbá akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ ọbá akwụkwọ ọgbara ọhụrụ nwere akụrụngwa ozi na-akwado nkuzi na mmụta.<ref name=":0"/> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye nkuzi ndị a;<ref>{{Cite web|author=Admin|first=I. J. N.|date=2020-10-14|title=Full List of Courses Offered In Federal College Of Education Asaba (FCEASABA)|url=https://itsjambnews.com.ng/jamb/fceasaba-courses/|accessdate=2021-05-30|work=ITSJAMBNEWS|language=en-US|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213336/https://itsjambnews.com.ng/jamb/fceasaba-courses/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Samphina Academy|date=2019-02-26|title=Courses in Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba|url=https://samphina.com.ng/federal-college-education-technical-asaba-undergraduate-courses/|accessdate=2021-05-30|work=Samphina Academy|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-18|title=Full List of FCET Asaba Courses Offered For 2020/2021|url=https://schoolinfo.com.ng/federal-college-of-education-technical-asaba-courses/|accessdate=2021-05-30|work=Schoolinfo.com.ng|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Real Mina Blog|date=2019-03-08|title=List of Courses in Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba (FCETASABA)|url=https://www.realmina.com/2019/03/list-of-courses-in-federal-college-of-education-technical-asaba-fcetasaba/|accessdate=2021-05-30|work=Real Mina Blog|language=en-US|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214842/https://www.realmina.com/2019/03/list-of-courses-in-federal-college-of-education-technical-asaba-fcetasaba/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2021-01-01|title=FCETASABA New Courses and Requirement {{!}} See Full list of Courses Offered in Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba|url=https://topinfoguide.com/school-news/fcetasaba-courses/|accessdate=2021-05-30|work=TOP INFO GUIDE|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Sayensị ọrụ ugbo|Sayensị Ọrụ Ugbo]] * Sayensị na agụmakwụkwọ * Mmụta Azụmaahịa * Mmuta kọmputa Science Education/Integrated Science * Kọmputa Science Education/Mathematics * Mmụta na Biology * Agụmakwụkwọ na Chemistry * Agụmakwụkwọ na Sayensị Jikọtara * Agụmakwụkwọ na mgbakọ na mwepụ * Agụmakwụkwọ na Physics * Nkà mara mma na nke a na-etinye n'ọrụ * Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ụlọ * Agụmakwụkwọ sayensị / mgbakọ na mwepụ * Sayensị / Physics jikọtara ọnụ * Mmụta Nkà na Ụzụ Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ejikọta ụmụ akwụkwọ ya n'ebe ọrụ dị iche iche iji nweta ahụmịhe bara uru site na mmemme (SIWES). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-19|title=Federal Colleges Of Education In Nigeria Participating In SIWES|url=https://siwesbeginner.com/siwes-participating-fcoe/|accessdate=2021-05-30|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424192001/https://siwesbeginner.com/siwes-participating-fcoe/}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta == Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere njikọ na Mahadum Benin, Benin City iji nye mmemme na-eduga na Bachelors of Science, Education, B.Sc (ed) na;<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-25|title=FCET Asaba (in affiliation with UNIBEN) Post UTME Form 2020/2021|url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/fcet-asaba-degree-post-utme-form/|accessdate=2021-05-30|work=www.myschoolgist.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=FCET Asaba (in Affiliation with UNIBEN) Degree Form 2020/2021|url=https://www.lasu-info.com/2021/01/fcet-asaba-degree-admission-form.html|accessdate=2021-05-30|work=Lagos Universities Info (LASU-INFO) {{!}} Nigerian Schools and Exam News}}</ref> * Mmụta Physics * Mmụta Biology * Mmụta Chemistry * Mmụta mgbakọ na mwepụ * Mmụta Sayensị Jikọtara * Mmụta Azụmaahịa * Mmụta akụ na ụba n'ụlọ * Mmụta Sayensị Ọrụ Ugbo * Mmụta Nkà na Ụzụ == Edensibia ==     g47h0l93r3s0qjcxxunadvw86yw6jew 2 79175 705066 2026-08-19T12:00:52Z 10kdollz 19775 Edit made 705066 wikitext text/x-wiki My name is Ifechukwu Goodness 7g6uspq85ubfixwvwe1l20pqcbukjnq 0 79176 705067 2026-08-19T12:02:05Z Chinwenduobi 61783 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361656101|Jigawa State College of Education and Legal Studies]]" 705067 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Jigawa State College of Education and Legal Studies''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Agụmakwụkwọ ka elu nke gọọmentị dị na Ringim, [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa Steeti]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Onye isi nchịkwa ugbu a bụ Dr. Jummai Ali Kazaure.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Asbringim|first=Abubakar Sabo Baba|date=2015-06-09|title='250 students take lectures in one hall at Jigawa College of Education and Legal Studies, Ringim|url=https://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/funding-education-1500-students-take-lectures-in-one-hall-at-jigawa-college-of/0cfn4qd|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-10-15|title=Jigawa Govt. sponsors 60 students to study medicine in China|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/jigawa-govt-sponsors-60-students-study-medicine-china/|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Aliyu|first=Muhammad|date=2021-07-15|title=Badaru reconstitutes 4 Jigawa tertiary institutions’ governing boards|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/badaru-reconstitutes-4-jigawa-tertiary-institutions-governing-boards/|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Admin|date=2015-02-11|title=Gov. Lamido appoints new provost for College of Islamic Studies, Ringim|url=https://sundiatapost.com/gov-lamido-appoints-new-provost-for-college-of-islamic-studies-ringim/|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=SundiataPost|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere Jigawa State College of Education na Legal Studies Ringim n'afo 1992.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-06-08|title=College provost lists problems affecting academic programs|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/06/college-provost-lists-problems-affecting-academic-programs/|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=As provosts protest de-listing from TETfund|url=https://dailytrust.com/as-provosts-protest-de-listing-from-tetfund|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe ọmụmụ == Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye nkuzi ndị a; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Official List of Courses Offered in Jigawa State College of Islamic and Legal Studies (JSCILS) - Myschool|url=https://myschool.ng/classroom/institution-courses/jigawa-state-college-of-islamic-and-legal-studies|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=myschool.ng|language=en}}</ref> [[Degree Programmes|Ihe omume ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ]] * Diploma ọkachamara na agụmakwụkwọ (PED), na njikọ ya na Ahmadu Bello University Zaria * [[Degree Programmes|Usoro ihe omume Degree]] * BA. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Bekee * BA. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mmụta Primary * BA. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkọ ihe mere eme * BA. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ndị Hausa * BA. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Arabic * BA. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọmụmụ Alakụba * [[NCE Programmes|Ihe omume NCE]] * Arabic / Bekee * Arabic / Hausa * Arabic / Islamic Studies * Arabic Medium * Mmụta Nlekọta Ụmụaka (Double Major) * Akụ na ụba / Bekee * Akụ na ụba / Ọmụmụ Alakụba * Akụ na ụba / Akụkọ ihe mere eme * Bekee / Hausa * Bekee / Ọmụmụ Alakụba * Bekee / Social Studies * Hausa / Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme * Ọmụmụ ihe ndị Hausa / Alakụba * Ọmụmụ Ọha na Eze * Akụkọ ihe mere eme / Hausa * Akụkọ ihe mere eme / Bekee * Akụkọ ihe mere eme / Ọmụmụ Alakụba * Akụkọ ihe mere eme / Ọmụmụ Ọha * Ọmụmụ Alakụba / Ọmụmụ Ọha * mgbakọ na mwepụ / Ọmụmụ Kọmputa * Mmụta praịmarị (Double Major) * [[Diploma Programmes|Ihe omume diplọma]] * Diploma na Iwu * Diploma Criminology Studies * Diploma na Shari'ah na Civil Law * Diploma na Sayensị kor'an == Ihe Ndị A Na-achọ Ịbata == Ndị na-achọ ịbanye na ụlọakwụkwọ Jigawa State College of Education na Legal Studies, Ringim ga-enwerịrị akara ịse na ule West Africa council (WAEC) , National Examination Council (NECO) ma nwee akara otu nari na ịrị ịse na njikọ aka Admission Matriculation Board Examination Jamb maka ndị ka na chọ ịbanye akwụkwọ mahadum na akara otu nari maka NCE Programmes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jigawa State College of Education and Legal Studies|url=https://nucis.ng/institute/jigawa-state-college-of-education-and-legal-studies/|accessdate=2024-12-18|work=NUCIS|language=en-US}}</ref> == Njikọ == Jigawa steeti kọleji na ụlọakwụkwọ Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto na ụlọakwụkwọ Federal University Dutse, na ndị ọzọ iji kwalite nyocha na Foster academy excellence n'ime ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-11-28|title=Sule Lamido University partners Jigawa State College for academic excellence - Trending News|url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/11/sule-lamido-university-partners-jigawa-state-college-for-academic-excellence/|accessdate=2024-12-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia ==    <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|12.1499|9.1541|type:edu_globe:earth_region:NG}} pv5mfdg1ldnn9tacxc09sn9jlzwmib1 0 79177 705068 2026-08-19T12:05:29Z Senator Choko 13011 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367586176|Norwegian International School (Port Harcourt)]]" 705068 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mba Nile nke Norway (nke a kpọrọ NIS) dị na New GRA, Port Harcourt. E hiwere ya n'afo 1983 iji gboo mkpa agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụaka si mba ọzọ si Bulkcem Cement Company. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ buru ụzọ rụọ ọrụ na ndị nkuzi abụọ na ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ iri na abụọ mana kemgbe ahụ, ụmụaka sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-aga ya. Ugbu a, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-eje ozi na ngalaba ụmụaka ruo na sekọndrị, dị afọ abụọ ruo n'afo ịrị abụo na isii.<ref name="NIS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nisng.com/about/history.html|title=Brief history|publisher=Nisng.com|accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref> Usoro ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere ihe ndị dị na Usoro Ọmụmụ Mba Bekee, tinyere ụkpụrụ ọmụmụ nke Mmemme Primary Mba Cambridge (CIPP) na Asambodo General nke Mmụta Sekọndrị Mba Nile (IGCSE).<ref name="NIS1">{{Cite web|url=http://nigerianschoolsdirectory.com/school-norwegian_international_school__g_r_a__port_harcourt|title=Norwegian International School, G.R.A, Port Harcourt|publisher=Nigerian Schools Directory|accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.nisng.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|4|49|13|N|6|59|28|E|type:edu}}{{Port Harcourt}}{{International schools in Nigeria}}{{Norwegian international schools}} 6sue8dxc74uhyk9x57qr28gmw6the2z 705070 705068 2026-08-19T12:10:31Z Senator Choko 13011 705070 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mba Nile nke Norway (nke a kpọrọ NIS) dị na New GRA, Port Harcourt. E hiwere ya n'afo 1983 iji gboo mkpa agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụaka si mba ọzọ si Bulkcem Cement Company. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ buru ụzọ rụọ ọrụ na ndị nkuzi abụọ na ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ iri na abụọ mana kemgbe ahụ, ụmụaka sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-aga ya. Ugbu a, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-eje ozi na ngalaba ụmụaka ruo na sekọndrị, dị afọ abụọ ruo n'afo ịrị abụo na isii.<ref name="NIS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nisng.com/about/history.html|title=Brief history|publisher=Nisng.com|accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref> Usoro ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere ihe ndị dị na Usoro Ọmụmụ Mba Bekee, tinyere ụkpụrụ ọmụmụ nke Mmemme Primary Mba Cambridge (CIPP) na Asambodo General nke Mmụta Sekọndrị Mba Nile (IGCSE).<ref name="NIS1">{{Cite web|url=http://nigerianschoolsdirectory.com/school-norwegian_international_school__g_r_a__port_harcourt|title=Norwegian International School, G.R.A, Port Harcourt|publisher=Nigerian Schools Directory|accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref>   == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.nisng.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|4|49|13|N|6|59|28|E|type:edu}}{{Port Harcourt}}{{International schools in Nigeria}}{{Norwegian international schools}} 8mr5qmyqyins1nrp16s9ufyij8qvtwj 0 79178 705069 2026-08-19T12:07:25Z Ikechukwu Goodness 65571 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339839552|Emmanuel Baptist College]]" 705069 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Emmanuel Baptist College, Ilorin |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ebe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Emmanuel Baptist College","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q56290298"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Emmanuel Baptist College"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q56290298"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[4.5003,8.4815],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Emmanuel Baptist College","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- class="adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="street-address" style="display:inline;">Ụzọ Emmanuel Baptist College</div><br /><div class="locality" style="display:inline;">[[Ilorin]]</div>,<div class="region" style="display:inline;">[[Kwara]]</div><br /><div class="country-name" style="display:inline;">Naịjirịa</div><br /><templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Emmanuel_Baptist_College&params=8_28_53.400_N_4_30_1.080_E_type:edu <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°28′53.400′′N</span> <span class="longitude">4°30′1.080′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.48150000°N 4.50030000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8.48150000; 4.50030000</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:8}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Emmanuel_Baptist_College&params=8_28_53.400_N_4_30_1.080_E_type:edu <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°28′53.400″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°30′1.080″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.48150000°N 4.50030000°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">8.48150000; 4.50030000</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |Nke onwe, ụbọchị na mbata, Co-educational |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụkpụrụ nduzi | class="infobox-data" |'Na Chineke anyị tụkwasịrị obi' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ntọala | class="infobox-data" |Ọktoba 2000 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Isi</div> | class="infobox-data" |Maazị Adebayo |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndebanye aha | class="infobox-data" |412 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mmekọrịta | class="infobox-data" |Nzukọ Baptist nke Naijiria |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[https://ebco.com.ng/ ebco.com.ng]</span> |}   '''Emmanuel Baptist College''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Baptist dị na Tanke na [[Ilorin]], Kwara State, Naịjịrịa. Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ nke onwe. Ọ nwere njikọ na Nzukọ Baptist nke Naijiria. Emmanuel Baptist koleji, [[Ilorin]] bụ nke Emmanuel Baptist Church, Ilorin guzobere na afọ October 9, 2000. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emmanuel Baptist College|url=http://embcilorin.org/embcollege.php}}</ref> Emmanuel Baptist College bụ onye debanyere aha na Nigerian Baptist Convention of Private Schools. Ọ na-ekere òkè na Seminars na workshops nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Baptist Mission a na-ahazi kwa afọ. Ọ bụ kọmitii sitere na chọọchị na-achịkwa ya. Kọmitii ahụ na-ahọpụta onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ iji jikwaa ihe omume ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Emmanuel Baptist College bụ ụlọ ọrụ NECO SSCE na WASSCE kwadoro.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Emmanuel Baptist College na-eme egwuregwu egwuregwu ya n'etiti ụlọ kwa afọ ma ọ bụ ugboro abụọ n'afọ. Flo ndị dị na Iran ahụ bụ ike, ịga ije, tenis , ụdị dị ogologo na nke dị na ọsọ marathon. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Emmanuel Baptist koleji nwere ngalaba ngalaba, nka na azụmahịa maka ụmụ akwụkwọ dị elu ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ se ndị na-eme ihe dị ala niile na-eme otu isiokwu ahụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Edensiba == [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] jr1or1j1fymibe6aakzgon34j3fwhsc 705147 705069 2026-08-20T04:50:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705147 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Emmanuel Baptist College, Ilorin |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ebe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Emmanuel Baptist College","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q56290298"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Emmanuel Baptist College"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q56290298"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[4.5003,8.4815],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Emmanuel Baptist College","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- class="adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="street-address" style="display:inline;">Ụzọ Emmanuel Baptist College</div><br /><div class="locality" style="display:inline;">[[Ilorin]]</div>,<div class="region" style="display:inline;">[[Kwara]]</div><br /><div class="country-name" style="display:inline;">Naịjirịa</div><br /><templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Emmanuel_Baptist_College&params=8_28_53.400_N_4_30_1.080_E_type:edu <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°28′53.400′′N</span> <span class="longitude">4°30′1.080′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.48150000°N 4.50030000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8.48150000; 4.50030000</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:8}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Emmanuel_Baptist_College&params=8_28_53.400_N_4_30_1.080_E_type:edu <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°28′53.400″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°30′1.080″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.48150000°N 4.50030000°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">8.48150000; 4.50030000</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |Nke onwe, ụbọchị na mbata, Co-educational |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụkpụrụ nduzi | class="infobox-data" |'Na Chineke anyị tụkwasịrị obi' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ntọala | class="infobox-data" |Ọktoba 2000 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Isi</div> | class="infobox-data" |Maazị Adebayo |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndebanye aha | class="infobox-data" |412 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mmekọrịta | class="infobox-data" |Nzukọ Baptist nke Naijiria |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[https://ebco.com.ng/ ebco.com.ng]</span> |}   '''Emmanuel Baptist College''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Baptist dị na Tanke na [[Ilorin]], Kwara State, Naịjịrịa. Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ nke onwe. Ọ nwere njikọ na Nzukọ Baptist nke Naijiria. Emmanuel Baptist koleji, [[Ilorin]] bụ nke Emmanuel Baptist Church, Ilorin guzobere na afọ October 9, 2000. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emmanuel Baptist College|url=http://embcilorin.org/embcollege.php|accessdate=2026-08-19|archivedate=2018-12-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229201556/http://www.embcilorin.org/embcollege.php}}</ref> Emmanuel Baptist College bụ onye debanyere aha na Nigerian Baptist Convention of Private Schools. Ọ na-ekere òkè na Seminars na workshops nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Baptist Mission a na-ahazi kwa afọ. Ọ bụ kọmitii sitere na chọọchị na-achịkwa ya. Kọmitii ahụ na-ahọpụta onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ iji jikwaa ihe omume ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Emmanuel Baptist College bụ ụlọ ọrụ NECO SSCE na WASSCE kwadoro.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Emmanuel Baptist College na-eme egwuregwu egwuregwu ya n'etiti ụlọ kwa afọ ma ọ bụ ugboro abụọ n'afọ. Flo ndị dị na Iran ahụ bụ ike, ịga ije, tenis , ụdị dị ogologo na nke dị na ọsọ marathon. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Emmanuel Baptist koleji nwere ngalaba ngalaba, nka na azụmahịa maka ụmụ akwụkwọ dị elu ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ se ndị na-eme ihe dị ala niile na-eme otu isiokwu ahụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Edensiba == [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] ia7f53sifo6bx5pvt9iivgpqego13ns 0 79179 705071 2026-08-19T12:12:41Z Favorgrace 62357 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360072065|International College of Creative Arts]]" 705071 wikitext text/x-wiki    International College of Creative Arts, nke a na-akpọ ICCA, bụ mahadum ọkachamara maka nka okike nke e debanyere aha na United Kingdom na Nigeria. E hiwere ya n'afọ 2007, ma na-enye ọzụzụ site na undergraduate ruo na masters, na nkuzi ndị ọzọ dị mkpirikpi n'akụkụ niile nke nka okike. ICCA nwere ikike site na Accreditation Service maka International Colleges, Federal government na Naijiria na ndị ọzọ na-enye ikike.[1] == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere International College of Creative Arts na 2007 dị ka Tenstrings Music School nke lekwasịrị anya dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ na Naịjirịa, ebe ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ egwu kachasị na mba ahụ nwere ebe ọmụmụ ihe na Ikeja, Surulere, Festac Town, Lekki, Port Harcourt na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị metụtara ya na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke mba ahụ. N'ime afọ itoolu gara aga, Tenstrings edebanyela ụmụ akwụkwọ si na mba Africa iri ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Ghana, Zambia, Kenya, Uganda, Cameroon, wdg.[1][2][3][4] Akapo Emmanuel - onye nkuzi egwu Naịjirịa hiwere Tenstrings n'afọ 2007, mgbe ọ kụzichara egwu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị na nkeonwe ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịmepụta ebe a na-azụ ọrụ aka maka ndị ntorobịa na ndị nwere nkà bụ́ ndị na-arọ nrọ ịchụso ọrụ egwu a ma ama; dịka Hip Hop, R&B, Gospel, Afro Music, wdg, bụ́ ndị ụlọ akwụkwọ egwu oge ochie na-anaghị enye nlekọta. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe omume na ihe omume ndị ama ama nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-ahazi mgbe niile gụnyere; The Starmingle,[1] HippyJams, Gospel Breakfast, Playing4Change na The Ones2Watch Concert.[2][3][4][5] Ụlọ akwụkwọ a na-enye ọzụzụ ọkachamara n'azụmahịa egwu, ịbụ abụ, ịkpọ ngwa egwu, ịgba egwu, ime egwu, igwu egwu na diski, mmepụta egwu, mmemme egwu ozi ọma, na injinịa ụda. Na Septemba 2016, a kọrọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ azụọla ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 7000 n'ime ihe dị ka afọ iri nke mmalite ya. Na 2015, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ guzobere ọrụ njikwa ọrụ na nkwalite maka ndị na-akwado ya.[1][2][3] == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba a ma ama == === Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama === * === Ikike a ma ama === * == Edensibia ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://tenstrings.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Tenstrings] 3u7gmdmiu4o4znt320m12k72rpfajg3 0 79180 705072 2026-08-19T12:16:58Z Paramount victory 61785 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368927335|Government Girls Science and Technical College Potiskum]]" 705072 wikitext text/x-wiki Government Girls Science and Technical College [[Potiskum]] bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ọha na eze nke e guzobere na afo 1979 iji nye ụmụ nwanyị agụmakwụkwọ na Potiskum, Yobe State, Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailytrust.com/optimism-as-yobe-moves-to-boost-education|title=Optimism as Yobe moves to boost education|date=10 February 2022|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/yobe-to-commence-phase-2-renovation-of-6-schools/|title=Yobe to commence phase 2 renovation of 6 schools|date=28 July 2021|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/company/37212/government-girls-science-technical-college-potiskum|title=Government Girls Science Technical College , Potiskum}}</ref> Onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Nke ahụ di ugbu aha ya bụ Malama Sharifatu Abdussalam Atiyaye . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/10/yobe-rehabilitates-upgrades-7-schools-with-n3-5bn/|title=Yobe rehabilitates, upgrades 7 schools with N3.5bn|date=26 October 2018|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/11/Suspected-Boko-Haram-Suicide-Bomber-Kills-50-Students-at-Government-Science-Technical-College-Potiskum/382595/|title=Boko Haram's War on Nigeria's Students|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=10 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government Girls Science and technical Secondary School, Potiskum|url=https://cultureintelligence.ynaija.com/platforms/government-girls-science-and-technical-secondary-school-potiskum/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Culture Intelligence from RED|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-01-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105201049/https://cultureintelligence.ynaija.com/platforms/government-girls-science-and-technical-secondary-school-potiskum/}}</ref> == Ngalaba == Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ngalaba Anọ ndị a: * Ngalaba Sayensị * Ngalaba nka * Ngalaba Kọmputa * Ngalaba Humanities/A'kụkụ == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|11.682|11.088|type:edu_region:NG}} b1ezbymu2ap2r9lupednr9edlro5oot 0 79181 705073 2026-08-19T12:19:24Z Ikechukwu Goodness 65571 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357668295|Federal Government College, Sokoto]]" 705073 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Federal Government College, Sokoto |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Federal Government College, Sokoto","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q19571745"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Federal Government College, Sokoto"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q19571745"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[5.2453762,13.0225531],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Federal Government College, Sokoto","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụkpụrụ nduzi | class="infobox-data" |Nkwado |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |1966 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1966</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |P.H Davis |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.fgcsokoto.sch.ng www.fgcsokoto.sch.ng]</span> |}   {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Federal Government College, Sokoto |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Federal Government College, Sokoto","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q19571745"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Federal Government College, Sokoto"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q19571745"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[5.2453762,13.0225531],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Federal Government College, Sokoto","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụkpụrụ nduzi | class="infobox-data" |Nkwado |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |1966 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1966</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |P.H Davis |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.fgcsokoto.sch.ng www.fgcsokoto.sch.ng]</span> |} == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ nke mbụ n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ atọ mbụ, nke a na-akpọbu Inter Regional Secondary Schools ma mesịa kpọọ Federal Government Colleges, ka emeghe ya na mbido afọ 1966, abụọ ndị ọzọ bụ Federal Government College Okposi na Federal Government College,Warri N'afọ 1970, ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ gụsịrị asambodo ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.schoolandcollegelistings.com/NG/Sokoto/554913087855859/Federal-Government-College%2C-Sokoto|title=Federal Government College, Sokoto|publisher=Edu Portal|accessdate=2019-01-01}}</ref>N'afọ 1971, ọnụ ọgụgu akwụkwọ na-enweta asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ West Africa (WASC) na asambodo ụlọ ọrụ dị elu (HSC) bụ 70 na 53 n'otu n'otu. Mgbe e mesịrị, e wegara ngalaba ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu na Federal School of Arts and Science, nke bụzi Federal Science College, Sokoto. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fgcsokoto.sch.ng/about.php|title=Director's Foreword|publisher=Federal Government College, Sokoto|accessdate=2019-01-01|archivedate=2019-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621100920/https://fgcsokoto.sch.ng/about.php}}</ref> == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama == * [[Onyebuchi Chukwu]], onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị * [[Donald Duke]], onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị * [[Badamasi Maccido]], onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị * [[Fati Lami Abubakar]], onye ọka ikpe * Oluseyi Pet texri, onye bụbu onyeisi ndị ọrụ nchekwa * [[Salihu Mustafa]] bụbu osote onye isi nke Federal University of Technology Yola (FUTY) == Edensiba ==   [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 6jpp85rcrony5guqz45ytmqvrxemlsv 0 79182 705075 2026-08-19T12:21:52Z Paramount victory 61785 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346977602|Government Secondary School, Eneka]]" 705075 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''ụỤlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gọọmentị, Eneka (GSS) bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ọha na eze na Rivers State, Nigeria.&amp;nbsp; Ọ dị n'ime Eneka, obodo dị na mpaghara ọchịchị Obio-Akpor.&amp;nbsp; Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ malitere ọrụ n'afọ 1977 n'okpuru onye isi ntọala Uchendu Achi.&amp;nbsp; Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ya gụnyere ọgwụ ndị ọkachamara, injinia, iwu,''' wdg.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Wike, Equipping An Alma-Mater|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2016/03/09/wike-equipping-an-alma-mater/|date=19 March 2016|accessdate=27 May 2016|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]}}</ref> == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama == * Worgu Boms, onye ọka iwu  * [[Ezenwo Nyesom Wike]], Gọvanọ nke Rivers State ugbu a<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mutsoli|first=Vivian|date=14 December 2020|title=Nyesom Wike's biography and career: All the interesting details|url=https://www.legit.ng/1198474-nyesom-wikes-biography-career.html|accessdate=4 September 2023|work=[[Legit.ng]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwachukwu|first=John Owen|date=3 May 2022|title=2023: I can tell you my seat-mates in university - Wike speaks on doubts about certificates|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/03/2023-i-can-tell-you-my-seat-mates-in-university-wike-speaks-on-doubts-about-certificates/|accessdate=16 September 2023|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Port Harcourt * * Portal agụmakwụkwọ == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == {{Port Harcourt}} tkf4iufw333pb277w6j5r8yhu04s35e 705076 705075 2026-08-19T12:24:22Z Paramount victory 61785 705076 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''ụỤlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gọọmentị, Eneka (GSS)''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ọha na eze na Rivers State, Nigeria.&amp;nbsp; Ọ dị n'ime Eneka, obodo dị na mpaghara ọchịchị Obio-Akpor.&amp;nbsp; Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ malitere ọrụ n'afọ 1977 n'okpuru onye isi ntọala Uchendu Achi.&amp;nbsp; Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ya gụnyere ọgwụ ndị ọkachamara, injinia, iwu, wdg.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Wike, Equipping An Alma-Mater|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2016/03/09/wike-equipping-an-alma-mater/|date=19 March 2016|accessdate=27 May 2016|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]}}</ref> == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama == * Worgu Boms, onye ọka iwu  * [[Ezenwo Nyesom Wike]], Gọvanọ nke Rivers State ugbu a<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mutsoli|first=Vivian|date=14 December 2020|title=Nyesom Wike's biography and career: All the interesting details|url=https://www.legit.ng/1198474-nyesom-wikes-biography-career.html|accessdate=4 September 2023|work=[[Legit.ng]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwachukwu|first=John Owen|date=3 May 2022|title=2023: I can tell you my seat-mates in university - Wike speaks on doubts about certificates|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/03/2023-i-can-tell-you-my-seat-mates-in-university-wike-speaks-on-doubts-about-certificates/|accessdate=16 September 2023|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Port Harcourt * * Portal agụmakwụkwọ == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == {{Port Harcourt}} eqr4m0caiqnd6tv8kvkm16b2i29sczr 705077 705076 2026-08-19T12:24:38Z Paramount victory 61785 705077 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gọọmentị, Eneka (GSS)''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ọha na eze na Rivers State, Nigeria.&amp;nbsp; Ọ dị n'ime Eneka, obodo dị na mpaghara ọchịchị Obio-Akpor.&amp;nbsp; Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ malitere ọrụ n'afọ 1977 n'okpuru onye isi ntọala Uchendu Achi.&amp;nbsp; Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ya gụnyere ọgwụ ndị ọkachamara, injinia, iwu, wdg.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Wike, Equipping An Alma-Mater|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2016/03/09/wike-equipping-an-alma-mater/|date=19 March 2016|accessdate=27 May 2016|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]}}</ref> == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama == * Worgu Boms, onye ọka iwu  * [[Ezenwo Nyesom Wike]], Gọvanọ nke Rivers State ugbu a<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mutsoli|first=Vivian|date=14 December 2020|title=Nyesom Wike's biography and career: All the interesting details|url=https://www.legit.ng/1198474-nyesom-wikes-biography-career.html|accessdate=4 September 2023|work=[[Legit.ng]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwachukwu|first=John Owen|date=3 May 2022|title=2023: I can tell you my seat-mates in university - Wike speaks on doubts about certificates|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/03/2023-i-can-tell-you-my-seat-mates-in-university-wike-speaks-on-doubts-about-certificates/|accessdate=16 September 2023|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Port Harcourt * * Portal agụmakwụkwọ == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == {{Port Harcourt}} lfmval4hgh5rfz7toeivyjlfs5zecw9 705080 705077 2026-08-19T12:27:31Z Paramount victory 61785 705080 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gọọmentị, Eneka (GSS)''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ọha na eze na Rivers State, Nigeria.&amp;nbsp; Ọ dị n'ime Eneka, obodo dị na mpaghara ọchịchị Obio-Akpor.&amp;nbsp; Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ malitere ọrụ n'afọ 1977 n'okpuru onye isi ntọala Uchendu Achi.&amp;nbsp; Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ya gụnyere ọgwụ ndị ọkachamara, injinia, iwu, wdg. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wike, Equipping An Alma-Mater|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2016/03/09/wike-equipping-an-alma-mater/|date=19 March 2016|accessdate=27 May 2016|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]}}</ref> == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama == * Worgu Boms, onye ọka iwu  * [[Ezenwo Nyesom Wike]], Gọvanọ nke Rivers State ugbu a<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mutsoli|first=Vivian|date=14 December 2020|title=Nyesom Wike's biography and career: All the interesting details|url=https://www.legit.ng/1198474-nyesom-wikes-biography-career.html|accessdate=4 September 2023|work=[[Legit.ng]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwachukwu|first=John Owen|date=3 May 2022|title=2023: I can tell you my seat-mates in university - Wike speaks on doubts about certificates|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/03/2023-i-can-tell-you-my-seat-mates-in-university-wike-speaks-on-doubts-about-certificates/|accessdate=16 September 2023|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Port Harcourt * * Portal agụmakwụkwọ == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == {{Port Harcourt}} 6v0hlqfz0vgxr8rfj3j4mc6633egoao 0 79183 705078 2026-08-19T12:26:24Z 10kdollz 19775 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354241991|Rainbow College]]" 705078 wikitext text/x-wiki    E hiwere '''Rainbow College''' na 1996 na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Ọ dị na kilomita 39 Lagos/[[Ibadan]] expressway, Ogun State . Ọ na-arụ ọrụ iji kwadebe ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị maka agụmakwụkwọ ọzọ ma ọ bụ na mahadum dị na Naijiria ma ọ bụ n'ebe ndị ọzọ n'ụwa. Ọ bụ kọleji na-enye mmemme agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nke mba niile. Agụmakwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na kọleji na-ewe afọ isii ma nwee afọ atọ na Junior Secondary School sochiri afọ atọ na Senior Secondary School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rainbowcollege.org/|title=Home|work=rainbowcollege.org}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime asụsụ ndị a na-enye na kọleji Rainbow gụnyere [[Asụsụ Bekee]], [[Asụsụ French]], [[Asụsụ Yoruba]], na [[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Asụsụ Igbo]]. Ụlọ akwụkwọ Senior Secondary na-elekwasị anya n’ịkwadebe ụmụ akwụkwọ maka ule isi atọ bụ West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE), National Examination Council (NECO) Senior School Certificate Examination, na International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE). Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-akwadebe ụmụ akwụkwọ maka ule ndị ọzọ dịka Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), SAT Reasoning Test (SAT), University Matriculation Examination (UME) nke Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB), na ule Cambridge. == Edensibia == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.rainbowcollege.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Rainbow College] 92tczba9cmjq8uj8mrxrpy6gogf1yy1 0 79184 705079 2026-08-19T12:27:25Z Chinwenduobi 61783 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365318200|Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse]]" 705079 wikitext text/x-wiki  <gallery> Faịlụ:Jigawa_State_Polytechnic,_Dutse.jpg Faịlụ:Jigawa_State_Polytechnic.jpg Faịlụ:Prof_Garba_Uba_Goje_(Rector_Jigawa_State_Polytechnic).jpg </gallery>'''Jigawa State Polytechnic, [[Dutse]]''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu nke gọọmentị dị na Dutse, [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa Steeti]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ugbu a bụ Aliyu Abdu Ibrahim . <ref>{{Cite news|author=III|first=Editorial|date=2018-12-20|title=NBTE grants Jigawa Poly full accreditation|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/nbte-grants-jigawa-poly-full-accreditation/|accessdate=2021-09-05|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=III|first=Editorial|date=2019-07-16|title=Jigawa poly first to complete 2014 ETF projects –Rector|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/jigawa-poly-first-to-complete-2014-etf-projects-rector/|accessdate=2021-09-05|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse na afọ 2007,mgbe gọọmentị etiti nke Naijiria weghaara Hussaini Adamu Polytechnic ma nye ya aha Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic nke ọna azazị ugba . <ref>{{Cite web|title=About – Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse|url=http://jigpoly.edu.ng/about/|accessdate=2021-09-05|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ọmụmụ == Ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye ọmụmụ ihe ndị a; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Courses Offered – Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse|url=http://jigpoly.edu.ng/courses-offered/|accessdate=2021-09-05|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905145333/http://jigpoly.edu.ng/courses-offered/}}</ref> * Ahụike Gburugburu Ebe Obibi * Nchịkwa Ọchịchị * Eletrik na Electronics * Sayensị Kọmputa * Micrọbiọlọgy * Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa * Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ * Nnyocha Ọnụ Ọdịda * Nkà na ụzụ iwu ụlọ * Atụmatụ Obodo na Ógbè * Biokemistri * Injinia Civil * Akụkọ ihe mere eme * Nkà na ụzụ nke ụlọ nyocha sayensị * Ihe owuwu * Ịgba ígwè na Ịmepụta * Injinia igwe * Ngwa eletrọniki Fizik * Nchịkwa ala == Ihe odide == jn6831i1ulenl5kdyg0h7mbbx3f3u10 705081 705079 2026-08-19T12:28:08Z Chinwenduobi 61783 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365318200|Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse]]" 705081 wikitext text/x-wiki  <gallery> Faịlụ:Jigawa_State_Polytechnic,_Dutse.jpg Faịlụ:Jigawa_State_Polytechnic.jpg Faịlụ:Prof_Garba_Uba_Goje_(Rector_Jigawa_State_Polytechnic).jpg </gallery>'''Jigawa State Polytechnic, [[Dutse]]''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu nke gọọmentị dị na Dutse, [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa Steeti]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ugbu a bụ Aliyu Abdu Ibrahim . <ref>{{Cite news|author=III|first=Editorial|date=2018-12-20|title=NBTE grants Jigawa Poly full accreditation|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/nbte-grants-jigawa-poly-full-accreditation/|accessdate=2021-09-05|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=III|first=Editorial|date=2019-07-16|title=Jigawa poly first to complete 2014 ETF projects –Rector|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/jigawa-poly-first-to-complete-2014-etf-projects-rector/|accessdate=2021-09-05|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse na afọ 2007,mgbe gọọmentị etiti nke Naijiria weghaara Hussaini Adamu Polytechnic ma nye ya aha Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic nke ọna azazị ugba . <ref>{{Cite web|title=About – Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse|url=http://jigpoly.edu.ng/about/|accessdate=2021-09-05|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ọmụmụ == Ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye ọmụmụ ihe ndị a; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Courses Offered – Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse|url=http://jigpoly.edu.ng/courses-offered/|accessdate=2021-09-05|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905145333/http://jigpoly.edu.ng/courses-offered/}}</ref> * Ahụike Gburugburu Ebe Obibi * Nchịkwa Ọchịchị * Eletrik na Electronics * Sayensị Kọmputa * Micrọbiọlọgy * Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa * Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ * Nnyocha Ọnụ Ọdịda * Nkà na ụzụ iwu ụlọ * Atụmatụ Obodo na Ógbè * Biokemistri * Injinia Civil * Akụkọ ihe mere eme * Nkà na ụzụ nke ụlọ nyocha sayensị * Ihe owuwu * Ịgba ígwè na Ịmepụta * Injinia igwe * Ngwa eletrọniki Fizik * Nchịkwa ala <gallery> Faịlụ:Jigawa_State_Polytechnic,_Dutse.jpg Faịlụ:Jigawa_State_Polytechnic.jpg Faịlụ:Prof_Garba_Uba_Goje_(Rector_Jigawa_State_Polytechnic).jpg </gallery> == Edensibia ==   2kx465ox2rhgzwgdm4utxfrz7qtbddr 705082 705081 2026-08-19T12:29:07Z Chinwenduobi 61783 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365318200|Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse]]" 705082 wikitext text/x-wiki  <gallery> Faịlụ:Jigawa_State_Polytechnic,_Dutse.jpg Faịlụ:Jigawa_State_Polytechnic.jpg Faịlụ:Prof_Garba_Uba_Goje_(Rector_Jigawa_State_Polytechnic).jpg </gallery> [[Faịlụ:Jigawa_State_Polytechnic,_Dutse.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke Jigawa State Polytechnic]] '''Jigawa State Polytechnic, [[Dutse]]''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu nke gọọmentị dị na Dutse, [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa Steeti]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ugbu a bụ Aliyu Abdu Ibrahim . <ref>{{Cite news|author=III|first=Editorial|date=2018-12-20|title=NBTE grants Jigawa Poly full accreditation|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/nbte-grants-jigawa-poly-full-accreditation/|accessdate=2021-09-05|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=III|first=Editorial|date=2019-07-16|title=Jigawa poly first to complete 2014 ETF projects –Rector|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/jigawa-poly-first-to-complete-2014-etf-projects-rector/|accessdate=2021-09-05|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse na afọ 2007,mgbe gọọmentị etiti nke Naijiria weghaara Hussaini Adamu Polytechnic ma nye ya aha Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic nke ọna azazị ugba . <ref>{{Cite web|title=About – Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse|url=http://jigpoly.edu.ng/about/|accessdate=2021-09-05|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ọmụmụ == Ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye ọmụmụ ihe ndị a; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Courses Offered – Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse|url=http://jigpoly.edu.ng/courses-offered/|accessdate=2021-09-05|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905145333/http://jigpoly.edu.ng/courses-offered/}}</ref> * Ahụike Gburugburu Ebe Obibi * Nchịkwa Ọchịchị * Eletrik na Electronics * Sayensị Kọmputa * Micrọbiọlọgy * Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa * Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ * Nnyocha Ọnụ Ọdịda * Nkà na ụzụ iwu ụlọ * Atụmatụ Obodo na Ógbè * Biokemistri * Injinia Civil * Akụkọ ihe mere eme * Nkà na ụzụ nke ụlọ nyocha sayensị * Ihe owuwu * Ịgba ígwè na Ịmepụta * Injinia igwe * Ngwa eletrọniki Fizik * Nchịkwa ala <gallery> Faịlụ:Jigawa_State_Polytechnic,_Dutse.jpg Faịlụ:Jigawa_State_Polytechnic.jpg Faịlụ:Prof_Garba_Uba_Goje_(Rector_Jigawa_State_Polytechnic).jpg </gallery> == Edensibia ==   j04amc92ko5dswdp9o8whka2mra7ssx 0 79185 705084 2026-08-19T12:31:28Z Senator Choko 13011 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357476591|Olashore International School]]" 705084 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox school/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Ụlọ akwụkwọ Olashore International bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nkeonwe nke dị na Osun Steeti, Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Olashore International School Foundation Canvasses Improvement in Mental Health Service|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/10/07/olashore-international-school-foundation-canvasses-improvement-in-mental-health-service/|date=6 October 2020|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nwụrụ anwụ Oba Olashore guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ n'afo 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Founder's Vision – Olashore International School|url=https://www.olashoreschool.com/about-us/founders-vision/|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Ụlọakwụkwọ mba nile nke Olashore dị n'ogige dị hekta iri isii, ihe dị ka awa atọ site na Lagos, Naịjirịa. Ụlọ akwụkwọ a na-enye usoro ọmụmụ Naịjirịa na nke Britain, na-akwadebe ụmụ akwụkwọ maka ule gụnyere Cambridge IGCSE, West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (WASSCE), SAT, JAMB, na IELTS. N'afo 2016, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ghọrọ onye otu Kansụl nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ mba nile nke Britain. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-esonye na ihe omume ndị ọzọ gụnyere egwuregwu, ihe ngosi nka, na atụmatụ onyinye Duke nke Edinburgh. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'ebe ahụ ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo bara uru..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olashore International School|url=https://www.olashoreschool.com/|accessdate=2026-03-26|work=Olashore International School|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ụlọ akwụkwọ mba ụwa nke Olashore malitere ọrụ na Jenụwarị 9, n'afo 1994, ma malite ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ 100 nke afọ asaa. Oba Oladele Olashore CON hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ a n'obodo ya bụ Iloko, [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], a kpọkwara ya aha ya. Ya na onyeisi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, D. F. Burgess, ha metụtara afọ mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nke ukwuu. == Hụkwa == * [[British International School Lagos]] == Edensibia ==   ik49ud6baa61w3o765nl5txbxerie73 705092 705084 2026-08-19T12:43:55Z 10kdollz 19775 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357476591|Olashore International School]]" 705092 wikitext text/x-wiki     Olashore International bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke onwe ya, nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-anọkwa n’ụlọ akwụkwọ, nke dị na Osun State, Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Olashore International School Foundation Canvasses Improvement in Mental Health Service|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/10/07/olashore-international-school-foundation-canvasses-improvement-in-mental-health-service/|date=6 October 2020|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ Oba Olashore, onye nwụrụ anwụ, guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ n’afọ 1994..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Founder's Vision – Olashore International School|url=https://www.olashoreschool.com/about-us/founders-vision/|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Olashore International School dị n’ogige buru ibu nke ruru hekta 60, nke dị ihe dịka awa atọ site na Lagos, Nigeria. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-agbaso usoro agụmakwụkwọ Naịjirịa na nke Britain, ma na-akwadebe ụmụ akwụkwọ maka ule dịka Cambridge IGCSE, West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE), SAT, JAMB na IELTS. N’afọ 2016, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ghọrọ onye otu Council of British International Schools. Na mgbakwunye na agụmakwụkwọ, ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekere òkè n’ihe omume dịka egwuregwu, ime ihe nkiri na Duke of Edinburgh Award. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwekwara ugbo nke ya, ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweta ohere ịrụ ọrụ ugbo bara uru.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olashore International School|url=https://www.olashoreschool.com/|accessdate=2026-03-26|work=Olashore International School|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Olashore International School malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Jenụwarị 9, 1994, wee malite na 100 afọ 7 ụmụ akwụkwọ. The school was founded by Oba Oladele Olashore CON in his hometown of Iloko, [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] and named after himself. Together with the founding Principal, Dr. D. F. Burgess they influenced the early years of the school greatly. == Hụkwa == * [[British International School Lagos]] == Edensibia ==   p511t0741e1nbojvvcb1vaq3rabypuv 705103 705092 2026-08-19T13:17:56Z Favorgrace 62357 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357476591|Olashore International School]]" 705103 wikitext text/x-wiki Olashore International bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na-ebi ebi nke onwe ya nke dị na Osun State, Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Olashore International School Foundation Canvasses Improvement in Mental Health Service|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/10/07/olashore-international-school-foundation-canvasses-improvement-in-mental-health-service/|date=6 October 2020|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nwụrụ anwụ Oba Olashore guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Founder's Vision – Olashore International School|url=https://www.olashoreschool.com/about-us/founders-vision/|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Olashore International School dị na ogige dị hekta iri isii, ihe dịka awa atọ site na Lagos, Naịjirịa. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye ma usoro mmụta Naijiria na nke Britain, na-akwadebe ụmụ akwụkwọ maka ule gụnyere Cambridge IGCSE, West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (WASSCE), SAT, JAMB, na IELTS. N'afọ 2016, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ghọrọ onye otu Council of British International Schools. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekere òkè na ihe omume ndị ọzọ gụnyere egwuregwu, ime ihe nkiri, na atụmatụ Duke of Edinburgh Award. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'ebe ahụ ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-arụsi ọrụ ugbo bara uru.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olashore International School|url=https://www.olashoreschool.com/|accessdate=2026-03-26|work=Olashore International School|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ụlọ akwụkwọ mba ụwa nke Olashore malitere ọrụ na Jenụwarị 9, 1994, ma malite ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ 100 nke afọ 7. Oba Oladele Olashore CON hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ a n'obodo ya bụ Iloko, Naịjirịa, a kpọkwara ya aha ya. Ya na onyeisi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, D. F. Burgess, ha metụtara afọ mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nke ukwuu == Hụkwa == == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  8vlwcs0mxjqsdoygwpgey3z6bxchbr5 0 79186 705085 2026-08-19T12:34:16Z Chinwenduobi 61783 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365847705|Ladela Secondary School, Abuja]]" 705085 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ladela Schools''' ('''LS''') Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ladela (LS) bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe dị na mpaghara Wuse II nke Abuja, isi obodo Naịjirịa. Ụlọ akwụkwọ a na-enye agụmakwụkwọ n'ọkwa ụmụaka, praịmarị na nke sekọndrị. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere na 6 Septemba 2004, Ladela Schools malitere klas n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na Mọnde, 13 Septemba 2004. == Edensibia ==   iywrsbarn6hzzem2p5dezrpzepydoqb 0 79187 705086 2026-08-19T12:35:57Z Ikechukwu Goodness 65571 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360475447|Federal Polytechnic Monguno]]" 705086 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Federal polytechnic Mongun bụ polytechnic ọha na eze dị na Monguno,Borno State, n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria .''' <ref>{{Cite news|author=Maina|first=Maina|date=2023-11-24|title=Zulum approves new road, hostel for Fed Poly Monguno|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/11/24/zulum-approves-new-road-hostel-for-fed-poly-monguno/|accessdate=2025-02-01|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2021-11-18|title=Fedpoly: Zulum commends MT Monguno for allocating N500m in 2022 budget, donating 2 new 18 seater buses for take-off|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/fedpoly-zulum-commends-mt-monguno-for-allocating-n500m-in-2022-budget-donating-2-new-18-seater-buses-for-take-off/|accessdate=2025-02-01|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Federal Polytechnic Monguno guzobere na Jenụwarị 2021 site na Gọọmentị Federal nke Naijiria dị ka polytechnic mbụ nke gọọmentị etiti na Borno Steeti. Ntọala ahụ bu n'uche inye agụmakwụkwọ teknụzụ na ọrụ aka na mpaghara ahụ, na-ekwu maka enweghị ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa. Polytechnic malitere na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ asatọ gafee ụlọ akwụkwọ atọ, na-enye ọmụmụ ihe na ngalaba ndị dị ka nchịkwa azụmaahịa, ndekọ ego, the sayensị ọrụ ugbo, na sayensị kọmputa. [3] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Federal Polytechnic Monguno -|url=https://fedpolymonguno.edu.ng/|accessdate=2025-02-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Egbodo|first=Joshua|date=2024-11-24|title=Financial infractions: Reps query Federel polytechnic Damaturu, Mubi, Monguno|url=https://blueprint.ng/financial-infractions-reps-query-federel-polytechnic-damaturu-mubi-monguno/|accessdate=2025-02-01|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ == Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ihe ọmụma na-akwado nkuzi na mmụta na ụlọ ọrụ <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hotnigerianjobs|title=Polytechnic Librarian at the Federal Polytechnic, Monguno|url=https://www.hotnigerianjobs.com/hotjobs/673588/polytechnic-librarian-at-the-federal-polytechnic-m.html|accessdate=2025-02-02|work=Hot Nigerian Jobs|language=English}}</ref> == Ihụkwa == * Ndepụta nke polytechnics na Naijiria == Edensiba ==   fwy1mhs1oaoe7lcjrfy2bzeegrqm18m 0 79188 705088 2026-08-19T12:36:13Z Paramount victory 61785 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357474712|Government Secondary School, North-Bank]]" 705088 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Government Secondary School, North-Bank''',<ref>{{Cite web|title=GOVERNMENT SECONDARY SCHOOL, NORTH BANK, MAKURDI|url=https://africatopschools.com/schools/government-secondary-school-north-bank-makurdi|work=africatopschools.com|accessdate=5 November 2025|language=en}}</ref> nke dị na Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị na ogige nke 72nd airborne brigade nke ndị agha Naijiria na Makurdi, Benue State.  Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị na-eji enyemaka ndị agha gọọmentị na-arụ. == Edensibia ==   j2y7szqpxft9nsz4k1fd82c8ptvru3h 0 79189 705089 2026-08-19T12:42:04Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361265866|Olumawu Basic Education School]]" 705089 wikitext text/x-wiki   Olumawu Basic Education School bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na [[Abuja]], Nigeria. Olumawu College bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nkeonwe dị na Wuse II, Abuja. Ọ nwere usoro mmụta maka ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, nke gụnyere ebe nlekọta ụmụọhụrụ, otu egwuregwu ụmụaka, yana klaasị ntaakara nke mbụ na abụọ. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, e nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị site na Praịmarị nke mbụ (1) ruo nke isii (e). ara ngalaba ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị site na JSS1 ruo SS3. == Agụmakwụkwọ == Mmemme ụlọakwụkwọ nkwadobe na-elekọta ụmụaka site na afọ abụọ malite na otu egwuregwu. Mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ọtaakara gụnyere klaasị ụlọakwụkwọ nchekọta, nke na-esote klaasị otaakara nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmemme Mmụta Ntọala maka ụmụaka dị afọ ise na karịa gụnyere klaasị praịmarị nke mbụ ruo nke isii na klaasị sekọndrị nke obere. A na-enyocha ụmụ akwụkwọ niile site na ule njedebe, ule nyocha na-aga n'ihu nke na-apụta n'afọ agụmakwụkwọ niile n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọtaakara na Ụlọakwụkwọ Ntọala. Ntụle a na-etinye n'ule ime ụlọ, ọrụ ule na ọrụ ule ụlọ, n'otu aka, na ule na njedebe nke oge agụmakwụkwọ dị iche n'etiti ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na ụlọ akwụkwọ ntọala. Iji bulie nwa akwụkwọ gaa na klaasị ọzọ, a na-atụkarị anya na ọ ga-enweta akara ngafe dị mkpa na nyocha nke arụmọrụ ha na ule njedebe na ule klaasị. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.olumawu.org.ng/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Olumawu Basic Education School] my5uwlm5cllq3g6rxh23ii8ulw115ye 0 79190 705090 2026-08-19T12:43:24Z Favorgrace 62357 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357827527|Ijebu Ode Grammar School]]" 705090 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ụlọ == * Ụlọ Gansallo (Blue) * Ụlọ Johnson (Red) * Ụlọ Kuti (Grey) * Ụlọ Odumosu (Green) * Ụlọ Phillips (Yellow) * Ụlọ Akwụkwọ (Purple) * == Ikike a ma ama == == Òtù Ụmụ Akwụkwọ Ochie == Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Grammar Ijebu-Ode nwere otu Ndị Mmụta Ochie a na-akpọ JOGSOBA (Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Grammar Ochie nke Jebu-Ode)Ijebu-Ode Grammar School nwere Old Students Association a na-akpọ JOGSOBA (Jebu-Ote Grammar School Old Boys Association) == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> p94pcodtm1qmfbn4p21ab5a3z3oq5wl 0 79191 705091 2026-08-19T12:43:37Z Paramount victory 61785 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341712592|Grait International College]]" 705091 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Grait International College |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Grait-college.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Grait International College","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q25101354"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Grait International College"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q25101354"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[3.16213,6.68151],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Grait International College","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- class="adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="locality" style="display:inline;">[[Ota, Ogun|Ota]]</div>,<div class="region" style="display:inline;">[[Ogun State|Ogun]]</div><br /><div class="country-name" style="display:inline;">[[Nigeria|Naịjirịa]]</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị ụlọ akwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" |[[Boarding School|Ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |1995<span class="noprint">; Afọ 31 gara aga&#x20;&nbsp;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1995</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mmekọahụ | class="infobox-data" |[[Mixed-sex education|Ngwakọta]] |} '''Grait International College''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere onwe nke dị na Sango Otta, Ogun State, South West, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/3314/|title=Bibliotherapy: An Option for Enhancing Students' Motivation for Academic Achievement in Iganmode Grammar School and Grait International College, Ota - Ogun State|author=Ilogho|first=Julie E.|date=2011|work=Covenant University Repository|publisher=Covenant University|accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref> e guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ n'afo 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.graitschools-ng.com/about-us|title=Official Website|accessdate=2016-01-28|archivedate=2016-01-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131135535/http://www.graitschools-ng.com/about-us/}}</ref> Ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji bụ maka ma ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, ụbọchị na ịbanye. == Edensibia == [[Otú:Articles with short description]] dbpdd94bm517djqamf0lti1n0ppefim 0 79192 705094 2026-08-19T12:50:15Z Favorgrace 62357 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282848853|Mapo Central School]]" 705094 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Mapo Central School |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Mapo Central School","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q25101280"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Mapo Central School"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q25101280"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[3.8973,7.3775],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Mapo Central School","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- class="adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="locality" style="display:inline;">[[Ibadan]]</div><br /><div class="country-name" style="display:inline;">[[Nigeria|Naịjirịa]]</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Mmekọrịta okpukpe</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Church Mission Society|Òtù Ndị Ozi Chọọchị]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |Afọ ndị 1930 |} == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama == * == Njikọ mpụga ==   [[Otú:Articles with short description]] hxycef0oodx0reuw9an4ci8i6i5fn22 0 79193 705095 2026-08-19T12:51:30Z Ikechukwu Goodness 65571 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345796624|Federal Government College, Minna]]" 705095 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Federal Government College Minna |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ebe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Federal Government College, Minna","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q99308095"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Federal Government College, Minna"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q99308095"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[6.593832,9.583555],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Federal Government College, Minna","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- class="adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="street-address" style="display:inline;">Tunga goro, Chanchaga</div><br /><div class="locality" style="display:inline;">n'okporo ụzọ [[Minna]] paiko, Niger State[[Niger State|Steeti Niger]]</div>,<div class="region" style="display:inline;">[[Nigeria|Naịjirịa]]</div><br /><templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Federal_Government_College,_Minna&params=9.583555_N_6.593832_E_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100 <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°35′01′′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°35′38′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.583555°N 6.593832°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.583555; 6.593832</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:5}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Federal_Government_College,_Minna&params=9.583555_N_6.593832_E_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100 <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°35′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°35′38″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.583555°N 6.593832°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">9.583555; 6.593832</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke gọọmentị etiti na ụbọchị |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |Jenụwarị 1, 1979 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |Gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha njirimara | class="infobox-data" |FGC Minna, FGCminna |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[https://fgcminna.sch.ng/ fgcminna.sch.ng]</span> |}   {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Federal Government College Minna |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ebe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Federal Government College, Minna","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q99308095"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Federal Government College, Minna"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q99308095"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[6.593832,9.583555],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Federal Government College, Minna","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- class="adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="street-address" style="display:inline;">Tunga goro, Chanchaga</div><br /><div class="locality" style="display:inline;">n'okporo ụzọ [[Minna]] paiko, Niger State[[Niger State|Steeti Niger]]</div>,<div class="region" style="display:inline;">[[Nigeria|Naịjirịa]]</div><br /><templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Federal_Government_College,_Minna&params=9.583555_N_6.593832_E_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100 <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°35′01′′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°35′38′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.583555°N 6.593832°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.583555; 6.593832</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:5}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Federal_Government_College,_Minna&params=9.583555_N_6.593832_E_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100 <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°35′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°35′38″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.583555°N 6.593832°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">9.583555; 6.593832</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke gọọmentị etiti na ụbọchị |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |Jenụwarị 1, 1979 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |Gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha njirimara | class="infobox-data" |FGC Minna, FGCminna |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[https://fgcminna.sch.ng/ fgcminna.sch.ng]</span> |} Ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị etiti, Minna bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke gọọmentị etiti nwere na Minna, Chanchaga, Niger State ma bụrụ otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ Federal Unity School. E wuru ya ya ma malite ọrụ ya na Jenụwarị 1979 n'ebe nwa oge a maara ugbu a dị ka Government Teachers koleji. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Federal Government College Minna, Tungan Goro Road, Chanchaga Local Government Area, Minna (2020)|url=https://www.schoolandcollegelistings.com/NG/Minna/143821745685068/Federal-Government-College-Minna|accessdate=2020-08-21|work=www.schoolandcollegelistings.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Federal Government College, Minna {{!}} About us|url=https://fgcminna.com/about-us|accessdate=2020-08-21|work=fgcminna.com|archivedate=2021-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515101733/https://fgcminna.com/about-us}}</ref> == Edensiba == [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] q1ciot0tjehghhj8omkm2q88nsvwqb3 0 79194 705096 2026-08-19T13:00:59Z 10kdollz 19775 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346980636|Methodist Girls High School (Port Harcourt)]]" 705096 wikitext text/x-wiki   Methodist Girls High School, nke a na-akpọbu Government Girls Secondary School, bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke onwe ya maka ụmụ agbọghọ naanị, nke dị na Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Chọọchị Methodist nke Nigeria, Port Harcourt Diocese bụ onye nwe ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ma na-ahụ maka ọrụ ya..<ref>{{Cite news|title=Group Urges Synergy Between Government, Missionary Schools|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2013/06/24/group-urges-synergy-between-government-missionary-schools/|accessdate=28 May 2016|date=24 June 2013|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  msawxxeqrmojdrj7t5fwaf4vnyrt0uh 0 79195 705098 2026-08-19T13:01:13Z Favorgrace 62357 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367586246|Marygold International School]]" 705098 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mba Nile Marygold |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Marygold.png|class=logo|150x150px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ebe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Marygold International School","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q22032264"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Marygold International School"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q22032264"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[7.080955555555556,4.841688888888888],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Marygold International School","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- class="adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="street-address" style="display:inline;">Ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè 58</div><br /><div class="locality" style="display:inline;">[[Elelenwo, Port Harcourt]]</div>,<div class="region" style="display:inline;">[[Rivers State|Steeti Osimiri]]</div><br /><div class="country-name" style="display:inline;">Naịjirịa</div><br /><templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marygold_International_School&params=4_50_30.08_N_7_4_51.44_E_type:edu_region:NG-RI <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°50′30.08′′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°4′51.44′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.8416889°N 7.0809556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">4.8416889; 7.0809556</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:7}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marygold_International_School&params=4_50_30.08_N_7_4_51.44_E_type:edu_region:NG-RI <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°50′30.08″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°4′51.44″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.8416889°N 7.0809556°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">4.8416889; 7.0809556</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị ụlọ akwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" |Nkeonwe, Co-educational, Day na InterningỊbanye n'ụgbọelu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụkpụrụ nduzi | class="infobox-data" |''Ntọala siri ike'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |2002 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2002</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |Janeth Weli, Obinna Weli |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.marygoldschool.com www.marygoldschool.com]</span> |} Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mba Nile nke Marygold bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe, nke nwere agụmakwụkwọ, ebe obibi na ụlọ akwụkwọ ehihie nke Maazị Obinna na Oriakụ Janeth Weli hiwere na 2002. Ụlọ akwụkwọ a nwere ebe a na-elekọta ụmụaka, ebe a na-amụ nwa tupu ha eruo afọ 2002, ebe a na-amụ nwa tupu ha erute afọ 2002, ebe a na-amụ nwa, ebe a na-amụ nwa tupu ha erute afọ 2003, ebe a na-amụ nwa, ebe a na-amụ nwa, ebe a na-amụ nwa, praịmarị na sekọndrị. Ụlọ ya bụ isi dị na 58 Station Road, Elelenwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.[1][2] == Ngalaba == Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ugbu a gụnyere ngalaba ndị a: * Ngalaba Sayensị == Ihe odide ==   [[Otú:Articles with short description]] lo1xo7d6s4hpo28fwb79bjnhr99q8mn 0 79196 705101 2026-08-19T13:17:31Z Paramount victory 61785 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346994713|Holy Rosary College, Enugu]]" 705101 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Holy Rosary College, Enugu |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Holy Rosary College, Enugu","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q25053714"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Holy Rosary College, Enugu"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q25053714"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[7.495735,6.428968],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Holy Rosary College, Enugu","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị ụlọ akwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" |[[Boarding school|Ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |1935<span class="noprint">; Afọ 91 gara aga&#x20;&nbsp;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1935</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mmekọahụ | class="infobox-data" |[[Single-sex education|Ụmụ agbọghọ]] |} Holy Rosary College bụ Ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi ụmụ agbọghọ niile nke onye ozi ala ọzọ na-ahazi dị na Enugu, Naịjirịa. Archbishop Charles Heerey meghere ya na 2 Febụwarị n'afo1935.. <ref name="Ezeh">{{Cite book|title=Archbishop Charles Heerey and the History of the Church in Nigeria, 1890–1967|first=Mary-Noëlle|author=Ezeh|year=2005}}</ref><ref name="Nwosu">{{Cite book|title=The Catholic Church in Onitsha: People, Places, and Events, 1885–1985|chapter=The First Catholic Teacher Training College for Women in Igboland|pages=89 et seq.|year=1985|editor=Vincent A. Nwosu}}</ref> Ndị nọn ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Ireland sitere na Missionary Sisters of the Holy Rosary bụ ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na ya. Ọ bụbu Kọleji ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi maka ụmụ agbọghọ. == Ụmụ akwụkwọ ama ama == * Joy Nwosu Lo-Bamijoko, ethnomusicologist, onye nduzi ukwe, onye nkatọ egwu na soprano == Hụkwa ==   * Agụmakwụkwọ na Naijiria * Ndepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ na Naịjirịa == Edensibia == [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] pm5wb8w2f089hj0i4rw5cety6b0xbev 705102 705101 2026-08-19T13:17:44Z Paramount victory 61785 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346994713|Holy Rosary College, Enugu]]" 705102 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Holy Rosary College, Enugu |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Holy Rosary College, Enugu","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q25053714"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Holy Rosary College, Enugu"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q25053714"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[7.495735,6.428968],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Holy Rosary College, Enugu","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị ụlọ akwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" |[[Boarding school|Ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |1935<span class="noprint">; Afọ 91 gara aga&#x20;&nbsp;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1935</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mmekọahụ | class="infobox-data" |[[Single-sex education|Ụmụ agbọghọ]] |} Holy Rosary College bụ Ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi ụmụ agbọghọ niile nke onye ozi ala ọzọ na-ahazi dị na Enugu, Naịjirịa. Archbishop Charles Heerey meghere ya na 2 Febụwarị n'afo1935.. <ref name="Ezeh">{{Cite book|title=Archbishop Charles Heerey and the History of the Church in Nigeria, 1890–1967|first=Mary-Noëlle|author=Ezeh|year=2005}}</ref><ref name="Nwosu">{{Cite book|title=The Catholic Church in Onitsha: People, Places, and Events, 1885–1985|chapter=The First Catholic Teacher Training College for Women in Igboland|pages=89 et seq.|year=1985|editor=Vincent A. Nwosu}}</ref> Ndị nọn ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Ireland sitere na Missionary Sisters of the Holy Rosary bụ ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na ya. Ọ bụbu Kọleji ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi maka ụmụ agbọghọ. == Ụmụ akwụkwọ ama ama == * Joy Nwosu Lo-Bamijoko, ethnomusicologist, onye nduzi ukwe, onye nkatọ egwu na soprano == Hụkwa ==   * Agụmakwụkwọ na Naijiria * Ndepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ na Naịjirịa == Edensibia == <references> <ref name="Ezeh">{{cite book|page=97|title=Archbishop Charles Heerey and the History of the Church in Nigeria, 1890–1967|first1=Mary-Noëlle|last1=Ezeh|year=2005}}</ref> <ref name="Nwosu">{{cite book|title=The Catholic Church in Onitsha: People, Places, and Events, 1885–1985|chapter=The First Catholic Teacher Training College for Women in Igboland|pages=89 et seq.|year=1985|editor=Vincent A. Nwosu}}</ref> </references> [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] rjy3s4ixihp66ofois40rk2ci4rosjd 0 79197 705106 2026-08-19T13:24:15Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365796719|Zamfara State University]]" 705106 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-03-13|title=NUC approves Zamfara State University, governor okays N3b for take-off|url=https://m.guardian.ng/news/nuc-approves-zamfara-state-university-governor-okays-n3b-for-take-off/|accessdate=2020-10-08|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref>Mahadum Steeti Zamfara bụ ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ka elu nke gọọmentị nwere, nke dị na Talata Mafara, Steeti Zamfara, Naịjirịa. E guzobere ya n'afọ 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-12|title=Zamfara ex-Gov, Yari expends N3bn on state university project ―Committee|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/02/zamfara-ex-gov-yari-expends-n3bn-on-state-university-project-―committee/|accessdate=2020-10-08|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The university was founded and established in 2018 by the then Ex-governor of Zamfara State, [[:en:Abdul'aziz_Abubakar_Yari|Abdul'aziz Yari]] for the expansion of higher learning education in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-03-18|title=New Zamfara University set to commence operation - Gov. Yari|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/320853-new-zamfara-university-set-to-commence-operation-gov-yari.html|accessdate=2020-10-08|language=en-GB|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-02-25|title=NANS hails Zamfara State govt over establishment of state University|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/02/nans-hails-zamfara-state-govt-establishment-state-university/|accessdate=2020-10-08|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ == Na Jenụwarị 4, 2015, Ọbá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Federal Gusau meghere ụzọ ya n'ebe mahadum ahụ na-adịgide adịgide site na ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 4,000 na mbipụta 265 (nke obodo na nke mba ofesi). Ọtụtụ n'ime onyinye maka nchịkọta ahụ sitere na Book Aid for Africa na Sir Emeka Offor Foundation, sochiri onyinye sitere na Prọfesọ A. D. Forbes na Allen Forbes, Gusau Institute, na ụfọdụ òtù na ndị mmadụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama. Ugbu a, ọbá akwụkwọ bụ isi dị n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ Multipurpose ọhụrụ e wuru, nke dị nso na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mahadum na Ngalaba nke Mmadụ na Mmụta. Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ na-eje ozi ngalaba atọ na ngalaba iri na asaa n'ime mahadum ahụ. Ọbụna dịka ọbá akwụkwọ na-eto eto, anyị nwere ike ịnya isi na nchịkọta nke nwere ihe dị ka akwụkwọ puku iri abụọ na otu narị isii na iri asatọ na isii (21,686) na ihe dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ/usoro akụkọ otu puku narị ise na iri ise na ise (1,555), nke mejupụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ obodo na nke mba ụwa, akwụkwọ akụkọ, magazin, akwụkwọ ọkwa, na mbipụta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The University Library|url=https://www.fugusau.edu.ng/the-university-library/|accessdate=2022-12-28|work=Federal University Gusau|language=en-US}}</ref> Ebe nchekwa data nke ọbá akwụkwọ bụ: * EBSCOHOST * HINARI * AGORA * OARE * CALIBRE (na-abụghị n'ịntanetị) == Ihe ọmụmụ ndị a na-enye == Basic Medical Sciences. # B.Sc. Ọgwụgwọ ahụike # B.Sc. Nọọsụ # B.Sc. Ahụike Ọha # B.Sc. Nri Mmadụ na Nri Ọbara == Hụkwa == Ọ́bá akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na Naijiria == Edensibịa ==   [[Otú:Ȯra Zamfara]] syj3mrz95tcsniq72bvgld0r2ehfmu6 3 79198 705112 2026-08-19T18:00:26Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 705112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Paramount victory|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 18:00, 19 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)}} s9r24oqcr2g8qxyrmratl90mzhdsp3y 3 79199 705113 2026-08-19T18:00:36Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 705113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Chinwenduobi|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 18:00, 19 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)}} 8w66r5wxf3112q0fvoqnj0sks1oqirm 3 79200 705114 2026-08-19T18:00:46Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 705114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Favorgrace|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 18:00, 19 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)}} tbybt4cem1okw736c9n0d1avxxph1jw 0 79201 705157 2026-08-20T09:06:37Z Pablowhite44 65239 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368924934|Chloroquine]]" 705157 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="9" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Chloroquine</nowiki&gt;">Chloroquine</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Chloroquine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|250x250px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Chloroquine-ligand-CLQ-A-from-PDB-xtal-4FGL-Mercury-3D-balls.png|class=bg-transparent|233x233px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Ihe ọmụma ahụike |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Nkwupụta | class="infobox-data" |<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span lang="en-fonipa" class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt">[[Help:IPA/English|/ˈklɔːrəkwiːn/]]</span></span>&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Aha azụmahịa]] | class="infobox-data" |Aralen, ndị ọzọ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Aha ndị ọzọ | class="infobox-data" |Chloroquine phosphate |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html Akwụkwọ edemede]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Ihe ndekọ ikike]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr></small> DailyMed: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Chloroquine Chloroquine]</span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ụzọ nchịkwa<nowiki><br></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |Site n'ọnụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Koodu ATC | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * P01BA (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BA01 WHO]</span>) P01BB52 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BB52 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Ọnọdụ iwu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ọnọdụ iwu | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United Kingdom</nowiki&gt;">UK</abbr>:</small> P (Ọgwụ ọgwụ) &#x20; * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr>:</small>&#x20;Nanị * N'ozuzu: China (naanị ọgwụgwọ) &nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Ihe omuma pharmacokinetic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Metabolism | class="infobox-data" |Imeju |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span class="nowrap">ọkara ndụ</span></nowiki> e wepụrụ | class="infobox-data" |Ọnwa 1-2 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Ihe ndị na-eme ka a mata ya |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Aha IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;"> (''RS'') -''N''<nowiki/>'- (7-chloroqui''N''-4-yl) -N,N-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Nọmba CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=54-05-7 54-05-7]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2719 2719]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |IUPHAR/BPS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org">[https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=5535 5535]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ọgwụ | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.drugbank.ca">[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00608 DB00608]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2618.html 2618]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/886U3H6UFF 886U3H6UFF]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02366 D02366]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEBI | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:3638 CHEBI:3638]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL76 ChEMBL76]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |NIAID ChemDB | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemdb.niaid.nih.gov">[https://chemdb.niaid.nih.gov/CompoundDetails.aspx?AIDSNO=000733 000733]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2040446 DTXSID2040446][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.175 100.000.175][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Ihe omuma kemịkal na nke anụ ahụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Nhazi | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span>₁₈<span title="Hydrogen">H</span>₂₆<span title="Chlorine">Cl</span><span title="Nitrogen">N</span>₃ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ọkpụkpụ nke ọkpụkpụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">319.88</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;⁻¹ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ihe nlereanya 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Clc1cc2nccc%28c2cc1%29NC%28C%29CCCN%28CC%29CC Foto na-emekọrịta ihe]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Udo</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Clc1cc2nccc (c2cc1) NC (C) CCCN (CC) CC</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C18H26ClN3/c1-4-22 (5-2) 12-6-7-14 (3) 21-17-10-11-20-18-13-15 (19) 8-9-16 (17) 18/h8-11,13-14H,4-7,12H2,1-3H3, (H,20,21) ^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Isi:WHTVZRBIWZFKQO-UHFFFAO^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}-N Y</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=459442331&page2=Chloroquine (Nnyocha)]</span></span> |} '''Chloroquine''' bụ ọgwụ eji egbochi ma na-agwọ arụmụka ịba. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ site n'imụba heme n'ọbara, nke bụ nsị nye nje ịba ahụ, wee si sv otú a gbuo ya ma mebie mgbasa ya. Ụdị ịba ahụ siri ike ma ọ bụ nke ọgwụ na-anaghị arụ na ya na-achọkarị usoro trịtmentị dị iche. Ewezuga ịba, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ amebiasis na-abụghị nke eriri afọ, rheumatoid arthritis, na lupus. A na-aṅụ ọgwụ a site n'ọnụ, o doro anya na ọ dị mma maka ndị dị ime ebe a mụchaghị mmetụta ya anya. N'agbanyeghị na a nwalere ya maka COVID-19 n'oge ọrịa ahụ tiwapụrụ, a kwụsịrị nyocha ndị ahụ n'afọ 2020, NIH anaghịkwa akwado ya maka nke ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=|title=Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828170647/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|archivedate=28 August 2020|accessdate=14 February 2021|work=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}</ref>Mmetụta ndị na-emekarị mgbe a ṅụrụ ọgwụ a gụnyere mgbu ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ, enweghị mmasị iri nri, afọ ọsịsa, na mgbakasị ahụ. Mmetụta ndị ka njọ nwere ike ịgụnye nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, mmerụ ahụ n'uru ahụ, nkụchi obi ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ, gụnyere mbelata nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Chloroquine nọ n'okpuru ezinụlọ ọgwụ a na-akpọ 4-aminoquinoline. Maka ịba, ọ na-alụso nje ahụ ọgụ mgbe ọ nọ n'agba asexual n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Seyanịtịstị ka na-enyocha kpọmkwem otú ọ sị arụ ọrụ n'ịgwọ rheumatoid arthritis na lupus. E mepụtara Chloroquine site n'aka Hans Andersag n'afọ 1934. Ọ dị na ndepụta nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-ahọpụta maka ọgwụ ndị sịrị ike. A na-enweta ya n'ụzọ dị mfe dị ka ọgwụ nkịtị n'ahịa. <ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html "Aralen Phosphate"]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> == Ojiji ọgwụ == === Ịba === <ref>{{Cite book|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology|chapter=Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: strategies for monitoring and deterrence|pages=55–79|year=2005|doi=10.1007/3-540-29088-5_3|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/malariadrugsdise0000unse/page/55|isbn=3-540-25363-7|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|publisher=Springer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.1007/3-540-29088-5_2|chapter=Antimalarial Multi-Drug Resistance in Asia: Mechanisms and Assessment|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|year=2005|pages=39–53|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-25363-1}}</ref>A na-eji chloroquine egbochi ma na-agwọ ịba nke ụdị Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, na P. malariae na-akpata. Otú ọ dị, a naghị ejikarị ya agwọ Plasmodium falciparum n'ihi na ụdị nje ahụ a mụbara ebe dị iche iche emepụtala ikike ịnagide ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet – chloroquine phosphate tablet, coated|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b585ad5-ae86-4403-b83f-8d8363d43da5|work=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=4 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208164343/http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b585ad5-ae86-4403-b83f-8d8363d43da5|archivedate=8 December 2015}}</ref>Ebe ọ bụ na ejiri chloroquine mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'enweghị mgbochi, nke a mefuru ohere nkwalite ma mee ka nje na-anagide ọgwụ ahụ gbasaa. N'ihi nke a, ọ dị mma ịgbaso nyocha iji hụ ma ọ na-arụ oru n'obodo tupu e nye ya mmadụ. N'akụkụ ebe ọgwụ ahụ na- anaghị anya ọrụ, e nwere ike iji ndị ọzọ dị ka mefloquine ma ọ bụ atovaquone. Ụlọ ọrụ CDC na-atụ aro ka ejikọta ya na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ karịa iji naanị chloroquine agwọ ịba. === Ọrịa Amebiasis === Maka trịtmentị nke afọ ọsịsa na-ebute pụs n'akpa ume (amoebic liver abscess), enwere ike iji chloroquine mechie ohere ma ọ bụ tinyere ọgwụ ndị ọzọ mgbe metronidazole ma ọ bụ nitroimidazole na-arụghị ọrụ mgbe ụbọchị ise gachara, ma ọ bụ mgbe a na-enweghị ike iji ha mee ihe. === Ọrịa akpịrị === <ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html "Aralen Phosphate"]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref>Ebe ọ nwere ikike ibelata ike usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, a na-eji chloroquine agwọ ọrịa autoimmune ụfọdụ. Nke a gụnyere rheumatoid arthritis, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ lupus erythematosus n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke edepụtara na mbụ. == Mmetụta ndị ọzọ == <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs & Medications|work=www.webmd.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/chloroquine-side-effects.html|title=Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}</ref>Mmetụta ndị ọzọ ọrịa a nwere ike iweta gụnyere ịhụ ụzọ mberede, ọgbụgbọ na ịgbọ agbọ, mgbu na mpaghara afọ, na isi ọwụwa siri ike. Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ ọzịza n'ụkwụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ nkwonkwo ụkwụ, ume nkpu, agba agba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ, n'mbọ ma ọ bụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ, gụnyere adịghị ike n'uru ahụ, mmerụ ahụ mfe ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụgbọ, yana nsogbu n'ịnụ ihe na steeti uche mmadụ. * Ebe mmetụta ndị siri ike nwere ike ịpụta gụnyere mmegharị ahụ a na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa dị ka jijiji ire na ihu, ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ. Ndị mmadụ nwekwara ike inwe nsogbu na ntị gụnyere ntị chiri, ahụ erughị ala n'afọ dị ka ọgbụgbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, afọ ọsịsa na afọ mgbu, ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa siri ike. N'akụkụ uche, ọ nwere ike iweta mgbagwoju anya, mmerụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ obi, paranoia, nrọ efu, ma ọ bụ ịda mbà n'obi. Ihe mgbaama ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ gụnyere oke ahụ ọkụ, ntutu ịla n'iyi, mgbanwe agba akpụkpọ ahụ, na mgbakasị ahụ.rị a na-achọghị / nke a na-achịkwaghị (gụnyere ire na ihu na-ama jijiji, diskenesia, na dystonia) <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs & Medications|work=www.webmd.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details "Drugs & Medications"]. ''www.webmd.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="FDA2018Label">{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}</ref> === Ndị agadi === <ref name="FDA2018Label">{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc "Chloroquine phosphate tablet"]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref>E nwebeghị data zuru ezu eji amụta ma chloroquine ọ dị mma n'ezie maka ndị agadi gbara afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ akụrụ na-ehichapụ ọgwụ a n'ahụ, ọ dị mkpa nyochaa ọkwa nsị ya n'ahụ ndị nwere nsogbu akụrụ—nke bụ ihe na-emekarị n'etiti ndị agadi. == Mmekọrịta ọgwụ ọjọọ == Chloroquine nwere ike imetụta ma ọ bụ soro ọtụtụ ọgwụ ndị ọzọ rụọ ọrụ n'ụzọ nwere ike iweta nsogbu na trịtmentị: * Ampicillin - chloroquine nwere ike belata ọkwa; <ref name="FDA2018Label">{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc "Chloroquine phosphate tablet"]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref>  * Mefloquine - nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ nke nkụchi.<ref name="FDA2018Label" />  == ⁰Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè == <ref name="Ling2008">{{Cite journal|title=Hydroxychloroquine overdose: case report and recommendations for management|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=15|issue=1|pages=16–18|date=February 2008|pmid=18180661|doi=10.1097/MEJ.0b013e3280adcb56}}</ref>Ịṅụ chloroquine ebe ókè nwere ike iwebata ihe ize ndụ ọnwụ nke ruru ihe dị ka pasentị iri abụọ. Eriri afọ na-aṅụcha ọgwụ a n'ọsọ, ebe ihe mgbaama na-amalite pụta n'ime otu awa. Mgbe a ṅụbigara ya ókè, mmetụta ndị gụnyere ihu ụra, nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, nkụchi, nkwụsị iku ume, gụnyere nsogbu obi dị ka ventricular fibrillation na mgbada dị ukwuu nke ọbara mgbali. Mbelata nke potassium n'ọbara nwekwara ike ime mgbe nke a mee. <ref name="Smith2005">{{Cite journal|title=Are 1-2 dangerous? Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine exposure in toddlers|journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=28|issue=4|pages=437–443|date=May 2005|pmid=15837026|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.12.011}}</ref><ref name="FDA2018Label">{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc "Chloroquine phosphate tablet"]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref>Mgbe usoro trịtmentị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ miligram iri maka kịlogram ọ bụla nke ibu ahụ (10 mg/kg), mmetụta nsị na-amalite mgbe ọ ruru miligram iri abụọ (20 mg/kg). Ọnwa nwere ike ime ma a ṅụọ miligram iri atọ (30 mg/kg). Maka ụmụaka, naanị otu mbadamba ọgwụ a nwere ike ibute fatalitị ma ọ bụ igbu mmadụ. Usoro trịtmentị a na-atụ aro mgbe e ṅụbigara ọgwụ a ókè gụnyere inye ikuku oxygen ngwa ngwa, nlekọta siri ike nke obi, na iji charcoọl emepụtara pụrụ iche (activated charcoal). N'ọnọdụ ebe mgbada ọbara mgbali na-eme, enwere ike inye mmiri na ọgwụ vasopressor, nke epinephrine bụ nhọrọ kacha mma. N'ihi nkụchi, benzodiazepines bụ ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji mee ka ahụ dajụọ. N'agbanyeghị na enwere ike inye potassium chloride n'ọbara iji gboo mbelata ya, nke a nwere ike iweta oke potassium karia nke kwesịrị mgbe mmadụ na-alụso nsogbu ahụ ọgụ. Nnyocha gosipụtakwara na dialysis anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'okwu a.<ref name="Ling2008" /> == Ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụ == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>Nchịkọta nke ọgwụ a n'ahụ nwere ike iweta mkpụrụ ọgwụ ga-edobe n'anya, nke nwere ike ịkpata nhụjuanya anya na-adịghị mma na kpuru kpuru. Ọgwụ a na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ metụtara quinine ka ejikọtara na nsogbu nke mbibi retina, karịsịa mgbe e nyere ha n'ọtụtụ oke ma ọ bụ mgbe e ji ha mee ihe ogologo oge. Mgbe a na-ṅụ ya ogologo oge, a na-atụ aro ka a na-agakwuru dọkịta anya mgbe niile. Chloroquine bụ ọgwụ na-aga n'ihu ahọrọ banye n'ime lysosome nke mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ (lysosomotropic agent). Ebe pKa nke nitrogen dị n'akụkụ quinoline nke chloroquine bụ 8.5, nke a pụtara na naanị ihe dị ka pasentị iri (10%) ka ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya na physiological pH (dị ka usoro Henderson-Hasselbalch si kọwaa). Ọkwa a na-agbada gaa na ihe dị ka pasentị 0.2 n'ime lysosome ebe pH ya nọ n'agbata 4.6. Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị nke ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya nwere ike ịfe mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ n'ụzọ dị mfe karịa nke nwere proton, nke a na-eme ka ọgwụ ahụ "mịkọrọ ma kpọchie" n'ime lysosomes n'ọtụtụ dị ukwuu. == Usoro nke ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:Medical_quinolines_pathway.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|626x626px|Quinolin ọgwụ]] === Ịba === [[Faịlụ:Birefringence_of_malaria_pigment.jpg|thumb|Ọdịdị Hemozoin na ''P. falciparum'': ọtụtụ ihe na-egbochi ịba bụ ihe na-eme ka uto nke hemozoin crystal ghara ito.]] A kwenyere na ikike chloroquine nwere iji mịkọrọ n'ime lysosome na-akọwa ọtụtụ n'ime ụzọ ọ sị alụso ịba ọgụ. Ọgwụ a na-aga kpọmkwem n'akpa nri nwere acid nke nje ịba, ebe ọ na-emebi usoro dị mkpa na-eme ka nje ahụ dị ndụ. Njirimara a na-enye mfe iji ya mee nyocha na kọmputa ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ nyocha (in vitro) gbasara ọrịa metụtara abụba dị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ, mmepụta nke autophagy, na ọnwụ mkpụrụ ndụ (apoptosis).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine treatment of ARPE-19 cells leads to lysosome dilation and intracellular lipid accumulation: possible implications of lysosomal dysfunction in macular degeneration|journal=Cell & Bioscience|volume=1|issue=1|date=March 2011|pmid=21711726|doi=10.1186/2045-3701-1-10}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Abeta-mediated NMDA receptor endocytosis in Alzheimer's disease involves ubiquitination of the tyrosine phosphatase STEP61|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|volume=30|issue=17|pages=5948–5957|date=April 2010|pmid=20427654|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0157-10.2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine activates the p53 pathway and induces apoptosis in human glioma cells|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=12|issue=4|pages=389–400|date=April 2010|pmid=20308316|doi=10.1093/neuonc/nop046}}</ref> N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, nje ịba—nke nọ n'agba ndụ ya na-enweghị mmekọahụ (asexual stage)—na-agbari protein hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid dị mkpa. Amino acid ndị a dị ezigbo mkpa maka imepụta protein nke aka ya na maka iwepụta ike (metabolism). Usoro nri a na-eme kpamkpam n'ime akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ahụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Hemoglobin nwere akụkụ protein (nke nje ahụ na-agbari) na akụkụ heme (nke nje ahụ na-adịghị eji eme ihe). N'oge usoro a, nje ahụ na-ewepụta heme nke nwere nsị siri ike ma nwee ike ịgbaze n'ọbara. Akụkụ heme a nwere mgbanaka porphyrin nke a na-akpọ Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX (FP). Iji zere mbibi nke molekul nke a ga-emere ya, nje ahụ na-agbanwe heme ka ọ ghọọ hemozoin—molekul na-adịghị egbu egbu. Hemozoin a na-akwakọba n'akpa nri nje ahụ dị ka kristal siri ike na-adịghị agbaze agbaze.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Chloroquine na-abanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie site na mgbasa dị mfe, na-erute n'akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ịba ahụ. N'ihi na akpa nri a nwere acid (pH 4.7), chloroquine na-enweta proton ma gbanwee gaa na \text{CQ}^{2+}; nke a na-eme ka ọ ghara nwee ike ịpụta ọzọ n'ihi mgbasa. Chloroquine na-ekpuchi kristal hemozoin iji gbochie biocrystallization nke heme, nke na-eme ka akụkụ heme na-egbu egbu na-akpakọba. Chloroquine na-ejikọta na heme (ma ọ bụ FP) iji mepụta ogige FP-chloroquine; ogige a nwere nsị siri ike ma na-emebi mgbidi (membrane) mkpụrụ ndụ. Nsị a sitere na FP-chloroquine na FP na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ daa ma gbawaa (lysis), nke na-eduga n'ikpeazụ na mbibi na nri aka ya nke nje ahụ (autodigestion). Nje ịba ndị na-adịghị emepụta hemozoin na-enwe ike iguzogide chloroquine.<ref name="Lin2015">{{Cite journal|title=Replication of Plasmodium in reticulocytes can occur without hemozoin formation, resulting in chloroquine resistance|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=212|issue=6|pages=893–903|date=June 2015|pmid=25941254|doi=10.1084/jem.20141731|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/500975/3/2015113.pdf|accessdate=4 November 2018}}</ref> ==== Ịkwụsị ịba ==== Mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ gbasara mmeghachi omume iguzogide chloroquine site na P. falciparum n'afọ ndị 1950, ụdị nje na-enweghị ike ịnwụ n'ọgwụ a apụtala n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na West Africa, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na South America. Ịdị irè chloroquine nwere megide P. falciparum adaala nke ukwuu ka ụdị nje ndị a na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-agbasa gburugburu ụwa. Nje ịba ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ nwere ike ịchụpụ chloroquine ngwa ngwa site n'akpa nri ha site n'ijikwa usoro mgbapụta (transmembrane pump). Nje P. falciparum ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-achụpụ chloroquine okpukpu iri anọ (40x) karịa ka ndị nke na-anabata ọgwụ na-eme. A na-akpọ protein na-ahụ maka mgbapụta a P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT). Ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke mgbapụta a sitere n'okike bụ ibuga protein x-a (peptides); mgbanwe e ji mara mgbapụta a iji nwee ike ịchụpụ chloroquine na-emebi ikike o nwere ibuga peptides. Nke a na-eweta mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ "ọnụahịa" n'ahụ nje ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọ ghara inwe ike itolite ma ọ bụ mụbaa n'ọsọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The natural function of the malaria parasite's chloroquine resistance transporter|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|date=August 2020|pmid=32764664|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17781-6}}</ref> Nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-enwekarị mgbanwe na jinetik gene a na-akpọ P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (PfMDR1)—nke bụ otu n'ime ABC transporter. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a na-alere mgbanwe ndị a anya dị ka ihe na-enweghị nnukwu mkpa ma e jiri ha tụnyere mgbanwe na-eme na PfCRT. Dị ka mgbanwe si mee na protein CG2 ejikọtara na nsogbu iguzogide chloroquine, usoro ndị ọzọ na-akpata iguzogide ọgwụ a pụtara na ha nwekwara aka na ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Essentials of Medical Pharmacology|edition=fifth|date=2003|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher Ltd|pages=739–740}}</ref> r.<ref name="Alcantara2013">{{Cite journal|title=Chemosensitization potential of P-glycoprotein inhibitors in malaria parasites|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=134|issue=2|pages=235–243|date=June 2013|pmid=23541983|doi=10.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.022}}</ref>A chọpụtala na Verapamil—ọgwụ na-egbochi ụzọ calcium (\text{Ca}^{2+} channel blocker)—nwere ike iweghachi ikike chloroquine nwere na ime ka nje ịba nwee mmetụta maka ọgwụ a ọzọ. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe gosipụtakwara na ha nwere ike ịalụso iguzogide chloroquine ọgụ na ịba gụnyere chlorpheniramine, gefitinib, imatinib, tariquidar, na zosuquidar. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2014, chloroquine ka na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ n'ala Thailand. N'edemede nyocha Sohsuebngarm na ndị otu ya mere n'afọ 2014 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Mahadum Chulalongkorn, ha nwalere Plasmodium gallinaceum wee chọpụta na ụdị nje ịba a echeghị mgbochi ma ọ bụ iguzogide chloroquine anya. E wezụga nke a, ọgwụ antidepressants dị ka sertraline, fluoxetine, na paroxetine nwere ike iweghachi mmetụta chloroquine, na-eme ka ụdị nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ a nwee ike ịnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na e jikọtara ha na ọgwụgwọ chloroquine.<ref name="Bellido-et-al-2000">{{Cite journal|title=Antimicrobial activity of psychotropic drugs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=14|issue=3|pages=177–180|date=April 2000|pmid=10773485|doi=10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00154-5}}</ref> === Ihe na-egbochi nje virus === Chloroquine nwere ikike igbochi mmụba na mgbasa nke nje (viruses) ụfọdụ. Ọ na-eme ka ọkwa acidity (pH) dị n'ime endosome na lysosome rịọ elu, nke na-atụgharị na mmebi nke usoro nje ahụ si esi pụta n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ—ebe ọ bụ na ntọhapụ nke nje ahụ chọrọ pH dị ala ma na-atọ ụtọ na acid. Sịtị n'ihe a, nje ahụ enweghịzi ike ịhapụ ihe nketa ya (genetic material) n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ iji mụbaa ma mepụta gburugburu.<ref name="Al-Bari 2020 p.">{{Cite journal|title=Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases|journal=Pharmacology Research & Perspectives|volume=5|issue=1|pages=e00293|date=February 2017|pmid=28596841|doi=10.1002/prp2.293}}</ref><ref name="Fredericksen Wei Yao Luo p.">{{Cite journal|title=Inhibition of endosomal/lysosomal degradation increases the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=76|issue=22|pages=11440–11446|date=November 2002|pmid=12388705|doi=10.1128/JVI.76.22.11440-11446.2002}}</ref> Chloroquine pụtara na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka zinc ionophore, nke na-eme ka zinc dị n'èzí mkpụrụ ndụ nwee ike ịbanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Mgbe nke a mee, zinc ahụ na-egbochi enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase nke nje na-eji amụba.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=10|date=1 October 2014|pmid=25271834|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109180}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=6|issue=11|date=November 2010|pmid=21079686|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176}}</ref> === Ndị ọzọ === Chloroquine na-egbochi imịkọrọ na nsụsụ nke thiamine (vitamin B1) n'ahụ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ a site na imetụta ma na-egbochi protein na-ebugharị thiamine nke a na-akpọ SLC19A3. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo (rheumatoid arthritis). Ọ na-eme nke a site n'igbochi mmụba mkpụrụ ndụ lymphocyte, igbochi enzyme phospholipase A2, na igbochi ngosi antigen na mkpụrụ ndụ dendritic. E wezụga nke a, ọ na-egbochi ntọhapụ enzymes sịtị n'akpa lysosome, ntọhapụ nke ụdị oxygen na-emebi ihe (reactive oxygen species) sịtị na macrophages, gụnyere igbochi mmepụta nke protein IL-1. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (March 2024)">medical citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Quinine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Quinine]] Na Peru, ụmụ amaala wepụtara ụgbụgbọ osisi Cinchona (Cinchona officinalis) ma jiri ya mee ihe iji lụso oyi na ahụ ọkụ ọgụ na narị afọ nke iri na asaa. N'afọ 1633, e webatara ọgwụ ahịhịa a na Yurop, ebe e jiri ya mee ihe nke ukwuu ma malite iji ya na-agwọ ịba. N'afọ 1820, a chọpụtara quinine—bụ ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ—site na ihe e wepụtara n'ụgbụgbọ osisi a. [[Faịlụ:3-methylchloroquine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|3-Methylchloroquine (sontochin) ]] Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gachara, gọọmentị Germany chọrọ ihe ga-anọchi quinine. N'afọ 1934, Hans Andersag na ndị otu ya n'ụlọ nyocha Bayer chọpụtara chloroquine—bụ kemikal arụpụtara arụpụta (synthetic analogue) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka quinine—ndị mepụtara ya kpọrọ ya resochin. A hapụrụ ya aka ruo afọ iri n'ihi na a chere na ọ nwere nsị ga-emerụ mma mmadụ. Kama nke ahụ, n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị agha German Afrika Korps jiri ogige dị ka chloroquine a na-akpọ 3-methyl-chloroquine (nke e ji sontochin mara). Mgbe ndị agha jikọrọ aka (Allied forces) rutere Tunis, sontochin a dabara n'aka ndị America, bụ ndị zighachiri ya na United States maka nyocha—nke a mere na mmasị na chloroquine maliteghachiri. Nyocha ahụike nke gọọmentị United States kwadoro gosiri n'ụzọ doro anya na chloroquine nwere uru dị ukwuu dị ka ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ. N'ihi nke a, e webatara ya n'ọrụ ahụike n'afọ 1947 maka mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ ịba<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/index.htm#chloroquine|title=The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease|publisher=Centers for Disease Control|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828183012/http://www.cdc.gov//malaria//history//index.htm#chloroquine|archivedate=28 August 2010|date=29 July 2019}}</ref> === Ngwakọta kemịkal === A kọwara usoro mbụ e ji mepụta chloroquine site na njikọ kemikal (synthesis) n'akwụkwọ ikike nrụpụta (patent) nke ụlọ ọrụ IG Farben tinyere n'afọ 1937. N'alụdị ikpeazụ nke usoro a, ogige kemikal 4,7-dichloroquinoline na 1-diethylamino-4-aminopentane jikọtara iji mepụta ọgwụ ahụ. : [[Faịlụ:Chloroquin_Synthese.svg|class=skin-invert-image|650x650px]] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1949, e guzobere usoro mmepụta chloroquine dị mma iji hụ na e mepụtara ya n'ọtụtụ buru ibu maka ojiji zuru ebe kato.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/ie50472a002|title=Chloroquine manufacture|date=1 April 1949|journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry|volume=41|issue=4|pages=654–662}}</ref> == Ọha na omenala == [[Faịlụ:Esochin®_Tabletten_(Rückseite).jpg|thumb|Ngwongwo mbadamba Resochin]] === Nkọwa === <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/chloroquine#section=U-S-Imports|work=nih.gov|publisher=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=24 March 2020}}</ref>Chloroquine na-abịa n'ụdị mbadamba (tablets) dị ka nnu phosphate, sulfate, na hydrochloride. Mgbe niile, a na-enyekarị chloroquine n'ụdị chloroquine phosphate. === Aha === <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipca.com/pharmaceutical-formulations-manufacturers-india.html|title=Ipca Laboratories: Formulations – Branded|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406132110/https://ipca.com/pharmaceutical-formulations-manufacturers-india.html|archivedate=6 April 2019|accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref>Aha ahịa nkwalite (brand names) e ji mara ọgwụ a gụnyere Chloroquine FNA, Resochin, Dawaquin, na Lariago. == Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ == <ref name="McDougald-et-al-2019">{{Cite book|title=Diseases of Poultry|edition=14|chapter=Protozoal Infections|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|date=22 November 2019|isbn=978-1-119-37119-9}}</ref>A na-eji chloroquine—n'ụdị kemịkal dị iche iche pụta—agwọ na iji chịkwaa uto nke anemones na algae (ahịhịa mmiri). E wezụga nke a, a na-eji ya egbu ọtụtụ ụdị nje protozoan n'akwarium (aquarium), dị ka nje na-arịa azụ ahụike bụ Amyloodinium ocellatum. A na-ejikwa ọgwụ a eme ihe maka ịgwọ na igbochi ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ. == Nnyocha == Na sayensị biomedicinal, a na-eji chloroquine eme ihe maka nnwale ''in vitro'' iji gbochie mmebi lysosomal nke ngwaahịa protein. === SARS-CoV === A tụpụtara Chloroquine dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka SARS, na nyocha ''in vitro'' na-egbochi ọrịa iku ume siri ike coronavirus (SARS-CoV).<ref name="In vitro inhibition of severe acute">{{Cite journal|title=In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|volume=323|issue=1|pages=264–268|date=October 2004|pmid=15351731|doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.085}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=55|issue=5|date=May 2020|pmid=32171740|doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2004, otu akụkọ e bipụtara kwuru na chloroquine na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi mmụba nke SARS-CoV in vitro.<ref name="In vitro inhibition of severe acute" /> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2005, nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara kwadoro ma gbasaa nsonaazụ ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread|journal=Virology Journal|volume=2|date=August 2005|pmid=16115318|doi=10.1186/1743-422X-2-69}}</ref>{{Excerpt|Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic}} === Ndị ọzọ === A na-atụle Chloroquine na 2003, na ụdị tupu ụlọ ọgwụ dị ka onye nwere ike ịlụso [[chikungunya]] fever ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases?|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=3|issue=11|pages=722–727|date=November 2003|pmid=14592603|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5}}</ref> A na-enyocha ihe onwunwe nke chloroquine maka usoro mgbochi ọrịa kansa n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Risks and benefits of chloroquine use in anticancer strategies|journal=The Lancet. Oncology|volume=7|issue=10|pages=792–793|date=October 2006|pmid=17012039|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70875-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Adding chloroquine to conventional treatment for glioblastoma multiforme: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=144|issue=5|pages=337–343|date=March 2006|pmid=16520474|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00008}}<br /><br />{{Cite journal|title=Summaries for patients. Adding chloroquine to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=144|issue=5|pages=I31|date=March 2006|pmid=16520470|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00004}}</ref> A na-enyocha Chloroquine na ụdị ya gbanwere dịka nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ maka ọnọdụ ọzịza dị ka rheumatoid arthritis na ọrịa ọzịza eriri afọ.<ref name="Goel_2020">{{Cite book|chapter=Chloroquine|title=StatPearls|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing LLC.|date=January 2020|doi=|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551512/}}</ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] mf73ghmc9qi0qnyqaxohqs1tzhrorcj 705159 705157 2026-08-20T09:10:57Z Pablowhite44 65239 "Agbakwunyere gburugburu ntụaka" 705159 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="9" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Chloroquine</nowiki&gt;">Chloroquine</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Chloroquine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|250x250px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Chloroquine-ligand-CLQ-A-from-PDB-xtal-4FGL-Mercury-3D-balls.png|class=bg-transparent|233x233px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Ihe ọmụma ahụike |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Nkwupụta | class="infobox-data" |<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span lang="en-fonipa" class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt">[[Help:IPA/English|/ˈklɔːrəkwiːn/]]</span></span>&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Aha azụmahịa]] | class="infobox-data" |Aralen, ndị ọzọ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Aha ndị ọzọ | class="infobox-data" |Chloroquine phosphate |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html Akwụkwọ edemede]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Ihe ndekọ ikike]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr></small> DailyMed: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Chloroquine Chloroquine]</span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ụzọ nchịkwa<nowiki><br></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |Site n'ọnụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Koodu ATC | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * P01BA (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BA01 WHO]</span>) P01BB52 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BB52 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Ọnọdụ iwu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ọnọdụ iwu | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United Kingdom</nowiki&gt;">UK</abbr>:</small> P (Ọgwụ ọgwụ) &#x20; * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr>:</small>&#x20;Nanị * N'ozuzu: China (naanị ọgwụgwọ) &nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Ihe omuma pharmacokinetic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Metabolism | class="infobox-data" |Imeju |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span class="nowrap">ọkara ndụ</span></nowiki> e wepụrụ | class="infobox-data" |Ọnwa 1-2 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Ihe ndị na-eme ka a mata ya |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Aha IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;"> (''RS'') -''N''<nowiki/>'- (7-chloroqui''N''-4-yl) -N,N-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Nọmba CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=54-05-7 54-05-7]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2719 2719]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |IUPHAR/BPS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org">[https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=5535 5535]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ọgwụ | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.drugbank.ca">[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00608 DB00608]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2618.html 2618]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/886U3H6UFF 886U3H6UFF]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02366 D02366]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEBI | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:3638 CHEBI:3638]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL76 ChEMBL76]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |NIAID ChemDB | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemdb.niaid.nih.gov">[https://chemdb.niaid.nih.gov/CompoundDetails.aspx?AIDSNO=000733 000733]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2040446 DTXSID2040446][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.175 100.000.175][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Ihe omuma kemịkal na nke anụ ahụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Nhazi | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span>₁₈<span title="Hydrogen">H</span>₂₆<span title="Chlorine">Cl</span><span title="Nitrogen">N</span>₃ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ọkpụkpụ nke ọkpụkpụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">319.88</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;⁻¹ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ihe nlereanya 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Clc1cc2nccc%28c2cc1%29NC%28C%29CCCN%28CC%29CC Foto na-emekọrịta ihe]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Udo</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Clc1cc2nccc (c2cc1) NC (C) CCCN (CC) CC</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C18H26ClN3/c1-4-22 (5-2) 12-6-7-14 (3) 21-17-10-11-20-18-13-15 (19) 8-9-16 (17) 18/h8-11,13-14H,4-7,12H2,1-3H3, (H,20,21) ^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Isi:WHTVZRBIWZFKQO-UHFFFAO^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}-N Y</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=459442331&page2=Chloroquine (Nnyocha)]</span></span> |} '''Chloroquine''' bụ ọgwụ eji egbochi ma na-agwọ arụmụka ịba. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ site n'imụba heme n'ọbara, nke bụ nsị nye nje ịba ahụ, wee si sv otú a gbuo ya ma mebie mgbasa ya. Ụdị ịba ahụ siri ike ma ọ bụ nke ọgwụ na-anaghị arụ na ya na-achọkarị usoro trịtmentị dị iche. Ewezuga ịba, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ amebiasis na-abụghị nke eriri afọ, rheumatoid arthritis, na lupus. A na-aṅụ ọgwụ a site n'ọnụ, o doro anya na ọ dị mma maka ndị dị ime ebe a mụchaghị mmetụta ya anya. N'agbanyeghị na a nwalere ya maka COVID-19 n'oge ọrịa ahụ tiwapụrụ, a kwụsịrị nyocha ndị ahụ n'afọ 2020, NIH anaghịkwa akwado ya maka nke ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=|title=Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828170647/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|archivedate=28 August 2020|accessdate=14 February 2021|work=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}</ref>Mmetụta ndị na-emekarị mgbe a ṅụrụ ọgwụ a gụnyere mgbu ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ, enweghị mmasị iri nri, afọ ọsịsa, na mgbakasị ahụ. Mmetụta ndị ka njọ nwere ike ịgụnye nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, mmerụ ahụ n'uru ahụ, nkụchi obi ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ, gụnyere mbelata nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Chloroquine nọ n'okpuru ezinụlọ ọgwụ a na-akpọ 4-aminoquinoline. Maka ịba, ọ na-alụso nje ahụ ọgụ mgbe ọ nọ n'agba asexual n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Seyanịtịstị ka na-enyocha kpọmkwem otú ọ sị arụ ọrụ n'ịgwọ rheumatoid arthritis na lupus. E mepụtara Chloroquine site n'aka Hans Andersag n'afọ 1934. Ọ dị na ndepụta nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-ahọpụta maka ọgwụ ndị sịrị ike. A na-enweta ya n'ụzọ dị mfe dị ka ọgwụ nkịtị n'ahịa. <ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html "Aralen Phosphate"]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> == Ojiji ọgwụ == === Ịba === <ref>{{Cite book|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology|chapter=Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: strategies for monitoring and deterrence|pages=55–79|year=2005|doi=10.1007/3-540-29088-5_3|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/malariadrugsdise0000unse/page/55|isbn=3-540-25363-7|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|publisher=Springer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.1007/3-540-29088-5_2|chapter=Antimalarial Multi-Drug Resistance in Asia: Mechanisms and Assessment|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|year=2005|pages=39–53|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-25363-1}}</ref>A na-eji chloroquine egbochi ma na-agwọ ịba nke ụdị Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, na P. malariae na-akpata. Otú ọ dị, a naghị ejikarị ya agwọ Plasmodium falciparum n'ihi na ụdị nje ahụ a mụbara ebe dị iche iche emepụtala ikike ịnagide ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet – chloroquine phosphate tablet, coated|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b585ad5-ae86-4403-b83f-8d8363d43da5|work=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=4 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208164343/http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b585ad5-ae86-4403-b83f-8d8363d43da5|archivedate=8 December 2015}}</ref>Ebe ọ bụ na ejiri chloroquine mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'enweghị mgbochi, nke a mefuru ohere nkwalite ma mee ka nje na-anagide ọgwụ ahụ gbasaa. N'ihi nke a, ọ dị mma ịgbaso nyocha iji hụ ma ọ na-arụ oru n'obodo tupu e nye ya mmadụ. N'akụkụ ebe ọgwụ ahụ na- anaghị anya ọrụ, e nwere ike iji ndị ọzọ dị ka mefloquine ma ọ bụ atovaquone. Ụlọ ọrụ CDC na-atụ aro ka ejikọta ya na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ karịa iji naanị chloroquine agwọ ịba. === Ọrịa Amebiasis === Maka trịtmentị nke afọ ọsịsa na-ebute pụs n'akpa ume (amoebic liver abscess), enwere ike iji chloroquine mechie ohere ma ọ bụ tinyere ọgwụ ndị ọzọ mgbe metronidazole ma ọ bụ nitroimidazole na-arụghị ọrụ mgbe ụbọchị ise gachara, ma ọ bụ mgbe a na-enweghị ike iji ha mee ihe. === Ọrịa akpịrị === <ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html "Aralen Phosphate"]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref>Ebe ọ nwere ikike ibelata ike usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, a na-eji chloroquine agwọ ọrịa autoimmune ụfọdụ. Nke a gụnyere rheumatoid arthritis, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ lupus erythematosus n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke edepụtara na mbụ. == Mmetụta ndị ọzọ == <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs & Medications|work=www.webmd.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/chloroquine-side-effects.html|title=Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}</ref>Mmetụta ndị ọzọ ọrịa a nwere ike iweta gụnyere ịhụ ụzọ mberede, ọgbụgbọ na ịgbọ agbọ, mgbu na mpaghara afọ, na isi ọwụwa siri ike. Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ ọzịza n'ụkwụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ nkwonkwo ụkwụ, ume nkpu, agba agba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ, n'mbọ ma ọ bụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ, gụnyere adịghị ike n'uru ahụ, mmerụ ahụ mfe ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụgbọ, yana nsogbu n'ịnụ ihe na steeti uche mmadụ. * Ebe mmetụta ndị siri ike nwere ike ịpụta gụnyere mmegharị ahụ a na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa dị ka jijiji ire na ihu, ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ. Ndị mmadụ nwekwara ike inwe nsogbu na ntị gụnyere ntị chiri, ahụ erughị ala n'afọ dị ka ọgbụgbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, afọ ọsịsa na afọ mgbu, ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa siri ike. N'akụkụ uche, ọ nwere ike iweta mgbagwoju anya, mmerụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ obi, paranoia, nrọ efu, ma ọ bụ ịda mbà n'obi. Ihe mgbaama ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ gụnyere oke ahụ ọkụ, ntutu ịla n'iyi, mgbanwe agba akpụkpọ ahụ, na mgbakasị ahụ.rị a na-achọghị / nke a na-achịkwaghị (gụnyere ire na ihu na-ama jijiji, diskenesia, na dystonia) <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs & Medications|work=www.webmd.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details "Drugs & Medications"]. ''www.webmd.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="FDA2018Label">{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}</ref> === Ndị agadi === <ref name="FDA2018Label">{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc "Chloroquine phosphate tablet"]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref>E nwebeghị data zuru ezu eji amụta ma chloroquine ọ dị mma n'ezie maka ndị agadi gbara afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ akụrụ na-ehichapụ ọgwụ a n'ahụ, ọ dị mkpa nyochaa ọkwa nsị ya n'ahụ ndị nwere nsogbu akụrụ—nke bụ ihe na-emekarị n'etiti ndị agadi. == Mmekọrịta ọgwụ ọjọọ == Chloroquine nwere ike imetụta ma ọ bụ soro ọtụtụ ọgwụ ndị ọzọ rụọ ọrụ n'ụzọ nwere ike iweta nsogbu na trịtmentị: * Ampicillin - chloroquine nwere ike belata ọkwa; <ref name="FDA2018Label">{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc "Chloroquine phosphate tablet"]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref>  * Mefloquine - nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ nke nkụchi.<ref name="FDA2018Label" />  == ⁰Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè == <ref name="Ling2008">{{Cite journal|title=Hydroxychloroquine overdose: case report and recommendations for management|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=15|issue=1|pages=16–18|date=February 2008|pmid=18180661|doi=10.1097/MEJ.0b013e3280adcb56}}</ref>Ịṅụ chloroquine ebe ókè nwere ike iwebata ihe ize ndụ ọnwụ nke ruru ihe dị ka pasentị iri abụọ. Eriri afọ na-aṅụcha ọgwụ a n'ọsọ, ebe ihe mgbaama na-amalite pụta n'ime otu awa. Mgbe a ṅụbigara ya ókè, mmetụta ndị gụnyere ihu ụra, nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, nkụchi, nkwụsị iku ume, gụnyere nsogbu obi dị ka ventricular fibrillation na mgbada dị ukwuu nke ọbara mgbali. Mbelata nke potassium n'ọbara nwekwara ike ime mgbe nke a mee. <ref name="Smith2005">{{Cite journal|title=Are 1-2 dangerous? Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine exposure in toddlers|journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=28|issue=4|pages=437–443|date=May 2005|pmid=15837026|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.12.011}}</ref><ref name="FDA2018Label">{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc "Chloroquine phosphate tablet"]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref>Mgbe usoro trịtmentị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ miligram iri maka kịlogram ọ bụla nke ibu ahụ (10 mg/kg), mmetụta nsị na-amalite mgbe ọ ruru miligram iri abụọ (20 mg/kg). Ọnwa nwere ike ime ma a ṅụọ miligram iri atọ (30 mg/kg). Maka ụmụaka, naanị otu mbadamba ọgwụ a nwere ike ibute fatalitị ma ọ bụ igbu mmadụ. Usoro trịtmentị a na-atụ aro mgbe e ṅụbigara ọgwụ a ókè gụnyere inye ikuku oxygen ngwa ngwa, nlekọta siri ike nke obi, na iji charcoọl emepụtara pụrụ iche (activated charcoal). N'ọnọdụ ebe mgbada ọbara mgbali na-eme, enwere ike inye mmiri na ọgwụ vasopressor, nke epinephrine bụ nhọrọ kacha mma. N'ihi nkụchi, benzodiazepines bụ ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji mee ka ahụ dajụọ. N'agbanyeghị na enwere ike inye potassium chloride n'ọbara iji gboo mbelata ya, nke a nwere ike iweta oke potassium karia nke kwesịrị mgbe mmadụ na-alụso nsogbu ahụ ọgụ. Nnyocha gosipụtakwara na dialysis anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'okwu a.<ref name="Ling2008" /> == Ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụ == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>Nchịkọta nke ọgwụ a n'ahụ nwere ike iweta mkpụrụ ọgwụ ga-edobe n'anya, nke nwere ike ịkpata nhụjuanya anya na-adịghị mma na kpuru kpuru. Ọgwụ a na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ metụtara quinine ka ejikọtara na nsogbu nke mbibi retina, karịsịa mgbe e nyere ha n'ọtụtụ oke ma ọ bụ mgbe e ji ha mee ihe ogologo oge. Mgbe a na-ṅụ ya ogologo oge, a na-atụ aro ka a na-agakwuru dọkịta anya mgbe niile. Chloroquine bụ ọgwụ na-aga n'ihu ahọrọ banye n'ime lysosome nke mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ (lysosomotropic agent). Ebe pKa nke nitrogen dị n'akụkụ quinoline nke chloroquine bụ 8.5, nke a pụtara na naanị ihe dị ka pasentị iri (10%) ka ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya na physiological pH (dị ka usoro Henderson-Hasselbalch si kọwaa). Ọkwa a na-agbada gaa na ihe dị ka pasentị 0.2 n'ime lysosome ebe pH ya nọ n'agbata 4.6. Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị nke ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya nwere ike ịfe mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ n'ụzọ dị mfe karịa nke nwere proton, nke a na-eme ka ọgwụ ahụ "mịkọrọ ma kpọchie" n'ime lysosomes n'ọtụtụ dị ukwuu. == Usoro nke ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:Medical_quinolines_pathway.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|626x626px|Quinolin ọgwụ]] === Ịba === [[Faịlụ:Birefringence_of_malaria_pigment.jpg|thumb|Ọdịdị Hemozoin na ''P. falciparum'': ọtụtụ ihe na-egbochi ịba bụ ihe na-eme ka uto nke hemozoin crystal ghara ito.]] A kwenyere na ikike chloroquine nwere iji mịkọrọ n'ime lysosome na-akọwa ọtụtụ n'ime ụzọ ọ sị alụso ịba ọgụ. Ọgwụ a na-aga kpọmkwem n'akpa nri nwere acid nke nje ịba, ebe ọ na-emebi usoro dị mkpa na-eme ka nje ahụ dị ndụ. Njirimara a na-enye mfe iji ya mee nyocha na kọmputa ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ nyocha (in vitro) gbasara ọrịa metụtara abụba dị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ, mmepụta nke autophagy, na ọnwụ mkpụrụ ndụ (apoptosis).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine treatment of ARPE-19 cells leads to lysosome dilation and intracellular lipid accumulation: possible implications of lysosomal dysfunction in macular degeneration|journal=Cell & Bioscience|volume=1|issue=1|date=March 2011|pmid=21711726|doi=10.1186/2045-3701-1-10}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Abeta-mediated NMDA receptor endocytosis in Alzheimer's disease involves ubiquitination of the tyrosine phosphatase STEP61|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|volume=30|issue=17|pages=5948–5957|date=April 2010|pmid=20427654|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0157-10.2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine activates the p53 pathway and induces apoptosis in human glioma cells|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=12|issue=4|pages=389–400|date=April 2010|pmid=20308316|doi=10.1093/neuonc/nop046}}</ref> N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, nje ịba—nke nọ n'agba ndụ ya na-enweghị mmekọahụ (asexual stage)—na-agbari protein hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid dị mkpa. Amino acid ndị a dị ezigbo mkpa maka imepụta protein nke aka ya na maka iwepụta ike (metabolism). Usoro nri a na-eme kpamkpam n'ime akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ahụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Hemoglobin nwere akụkụ protein (nke nje ahụ na-agbari) na akụkụ heme (nke nje ahụ na-adịghị eji eme ihe). N'oge usoro a, nje ahụ na-ewepụta heme nke nwere nsị siri ike ma nwee ike ịgbaze n'ọbara. Akụkụ heme a nwere mgbanaka porphyrin nke a na-akpọ Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX (FP). Iji zere mbibi nke molekul nke a ga-emere ya, nje ahụ na-agbanwe heme ka ọ ghọọ hemozoin—molekul na-adịghị egbu egbu. Hemozoin a na-akwakọba n'akpa nri nje ahụ dị ka kristal siri ike na-adịghị agbaze agbaze.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Chloroquine na-abanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie site na mgbasa dị mfe, na-erute n'akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ịba ahụ. N'ihi na akpa nri a nwere acid (pH 4.7), chloroquine na-enweta proton ma gbanwee gaa na \text{CQ}^{2+}; nke a na-eme ka ọ ghara nwee ike ịpụta ọzọ n'ihi mgbasa. Chloroquine na-ekpuchi kristal hemozoin iji gbochie biocrystallization nke heme, nke na-eme ka akụkụ heme na-egbu egbu na-akpakọba. Chloroquine na-ejikọta na heme (ma ọ bụ FP) iji mepụta ogige FP-chloroquine; ogige a nwere nsị siri ike ma na-emebi mgbidi (membrane) mkpụrụ ndụ. Nsị a sitere na FP-chloroquine na FP na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ daa ma gbawaa (lysis), nke na-eduga n'ikpeazụ na mbibi na nri aka ya nke nje ahụ (autodigestion). Nje ịba ndị na-adịghị emepụta hemozoin na-enwe ike iguzogide chloroquine.<ref name="Lin2015">{{Cite journal|title=Replication of Plasmodium in reticulocytes can occur without hemozoin formation, resulting in chloroquine resistance|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=212|issue=6|pages=893–903|date=June 2015|pmid=25941254|doi=10.1084/jem.20141731|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/500975/3/2015113.pdf|accessdate=4 November 2018}}</ref> ==== Ịkwụsị ịba ==== Mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ gbasara mmeghachi omume iguzogide chloroquine site na P. falciparum n'afọ ndị 1950, ụdị nje na-enweghị ike ịnwụ n'ọgwụ a apụtala n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na West Africa, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na South America. Ịdị irè chloroquine nwere megide P. falciparum adaala nke ukwuu ka ụdị nje ndị a na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-agbasa gburugburu ụwa. Nje ịba ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ nwere ike ịchụpụ chloroquine ngwa ngwa site n'akpa nri ha site n'ijikwa usoro mgbapụta (transmembrane pump). Nje P. falciparum ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-achụpụ chloroquine okpukpu iri anọ (40x) karịa ka ndị nke na-anabata ọgwụ na-eme. A na-akpọ protein na-ahụ maka mgbapụta a P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT). Ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke mgbapụta a sitere n'okike bụ ibuga protein x-a (peptides); mgbanwe e ji mara mgbapụta a iji nwee ike ịchụpụ chloroquine na-emebi ikike o nwere ibuga peptides. Nke a na-eweta mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ "ọnụahịa" n'ahụ nje ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọ ghara inwe ike itolite ma ọ bụ mụbaa n'ọsọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The natural function of the malaria parasite's chloroquine resistance transporter|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|date=August 2020|pmid=32764664|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17781-6}}</ref> Nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-enwekarị mgbanwe na jinetik gene a na-akpọ P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (PfMDR1)—nke bụ otu n'ime ABC transporter. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a na-alere mgbanwe ndị a anya dị ka ihe na-enweghị nnukwu mkpa ma e jiri ha tụnyere mgbanwe na-eme na PfCRT. Dị ka mgbanwe si mee na protein CG2 ejikọtara na nsogbu iguzogide chloroquine, usoro ndị ọzọ na-akpata iguzogide ọgwụ a pụtara na ha nwekwara aka na ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Essentials of Medical Pharmacology|edition=fifth|date=2003|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher Ltd|pages=739–740}}</ref> r.<ref name="Alcantara2013">{{Cite journal|title=Chemosensitization potential of P-glycoprotein inhibitors in malaria parasites|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=134|issue=2|pages=235–243|date=June 2013|pmid=23541983|doi=10.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.022}}</ref>A chọpụtala na Verapamil—ọgwụ na-egbochi ụzọ calcium (\text{Ca}^{2+} channel blocker)—nwere ike iweghachi ikike chloroquine nwere na ime ka nje ịba nwee mmetụta maka ọgwụ a ọzọ. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe gosipụtakwara na ha nwere ike ịalụso iguzogide chloroquine ọgụ na ịba gụnyere chlorpheniramine, gefitinib, imatinib, tariquidar, na zosuquidar. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2014, chloroquine ka na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ n'ala Thailand. N'edemede nyocha Sohsuebngarm na ndị otu ya mere n'afọ 2014 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Mahadum Chulalongkorn, ha nwalere Plasmodium gallinaceum wee chọpụta na ụdị nje ịba a echeghị mgbochi ma ọ bụ iguzogide chloroquine anya. E wezụga nke a, ọgwụ antidepressants dị ka sertraline, fluoxetine, na paroxetine nwere ike iweghachi mmetụta chloroquine, na-eme ka ụdị nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ a nwee ike ịnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na e jikọtara ha na ọgwụgwọ chloroquine.<ref name="Bellido-et-al-2000">{{Cite journal|title=Antimicrobial activity of psychotropic drugs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=14|issue=3|pages=177–180|date=April 2000|pmid=10773485|doi=10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00154-5}}</ref> === Ihe na-egbochi nje virus === Chloroquine nwere ikike igbochi mmụba na mgbasa nke nje (viruses) ụfọdụ. Ọ na-eme ka ọkwa acidity (pH) dị n'ime endosome na lysosome rịọ elu, nke na-atụgharị na mmebi nke usoro nje ahụ si esi pụta n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ—ebe ọ bụ na ntọhapụ nke nje ahụ chọrọ pH dị ala ma na-atọ ụtọ na acid. Sịtị n'ihe a, nje ahụ enweghịzi ike ịhapụ ihe nketa ya (genetic material) n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ iji mụbaa ma mepụta gburugburu.<ref name="Al-Bari 2020 p.">{{Cite journal|title=Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases|journal=Pharmacology Research & Perspectives|volume=5|issue=1|pages=e00293|date=February 2017|pmid=28596841|doi=10.1002/prp2.293}}</ref><ref name="Fredericksen Wei Yao Luo p.">{{Cite journal|title=Inhibition of endosomal/lysosomal degradation increases the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=76|issue=22|pages=11440–11446|date=November 2002|pmid=12388705|doi=10.1128/JVI.76.22.11440-11446.2002}}</ref> Chloroquine pụtara na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka zinc ionophore, nke na-eme ka zinc dị n'èzí mkpụrụ ndụ nwee ike ịbanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Mgbe nke a mee, zinc ahụ na-egbochi enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase nke nje na-eji amụba.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=10|date=1 October 2014|pmid=25271834|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109180}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=6|issue=11|date=November 2010|pmid=21079686|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176}}</ref> === Ndị ọzọ === Chloroquine na-egbochi imịkọrọ na nsụsụ nke thiamine (vitamin B1) n'ahụ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ a site na imetụta ma na-egbochi protein na-ebugharị thiamine nke a na-akpọ SLC19A3. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo (rheumatoid arthritis). Ọ na-eme nke a site n'igbochi mmụba mkpụrụ ndụ lymphocyte, igbochi enzyme phospholipase A2, na igbochi ngosi antigen na mkpụrụ ndụ dendritic. E wezụga nke a, ọ na-egbochi ntọhapụ enzymes sịtị n'akpa lysosome, ntọhapụ nke ụdị oxygen na-emebi ihe (reactive oxygen species) sịtị na macrophages, gụnyere igbochi mmepụta nke protein IL-1. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (March 2024)">medical citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Quinine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Quinine]] Na Peru, ụmụ amaala wepụtara ụgbụgbọ osisi Cinchona (Cinchona officinalis) ma jiri ya mee ihe iji lụso oyi na ahụ ọkụ ọgụ na narị afọ nke iri na asaa. N'afọ 1633, e webatara ọgwụ ahịhịa a na Yurop, ebe e jiri ya mee ihe nke ukwuu ma malite iji ya na-agwọ ịba. N'afọ 1820, a chọpụtara quinine—bụ ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ—site na ihe e wepụtara n'ụgbụgbọ osisi a. [[Faịlụ:3-methylchloroquine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|3-Methylchloroquine (sontochin) ]] Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gachara, gọọmentị Germany chọrọ ihe ga-anọchi quinine. N'afọ 1934, Hans Andersag na ndị otu ya n'ụlọ nyocha Bayer chọpụtara chloroquine—bụ kemikal arụpụtara arụpụta (synthetic analogue) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka quinine—ndị mepụtara ya kpọrọ ya resochin. A hapụrụ ya aka ruo afọ iri n'ihi na a chere na ọ nwere nsị ga-emerụ mma mmadụ. Kama nke ahụ, n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị agha German Afrika Korps jiri ogige dị ka chloroquine a na-akpọ 3-methyl-chloroquine (nke e ji sontochin mara). Mgbe ndị agha jikọrọ aka (Allied forces) rutere Tunis, sontochin a dabara n'aka ndị America, bụ ndị zighachiri ya na United States maka nyocha—nke a mere na mmasị na chloroquine maliteghachiri. Nyocha ahụike nke gọọmentị United States kwadoro gosiri n'ụzọ doro anya na chloroquine nwere uru dị ukwuu dị ka ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ. N'ihi nke a, e webatara ya n'ọrụ ahụike n'afọ 1947 maka mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ ịba<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/index.htm#chloroquine|title=The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease|publisher=Centers for Disease Control|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828183012/http://www.cdc.gov//malaria//history//index.htm#chloroquine|archivedate=28 August 2010|date=29 July 2019}}</ref> === Ngwakọta kemịkal === A kọwara usoro mbụ e ji mepụta chloroquine site na njikọ kemikal (synthesis) n'akwụkwọ ikike nrụpụta (patent) nke ụlọ ọrụ IG Farben tinyere n'afọ 1937. N'alụdị ikpeazụ nke usoro a, ogige kemikal 4,7-dichloroquinoline na 1-diethylamino-4-aminopentane jikọtara iji mepụta ọgwụ ahụ. : [[Faịlụ:Chloroquin_Synthese.svg|class=skin-invert-image|650x650px]] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1949, e guzobere usoro mmepụta chloroquine dị mma iji hụ na e mepụtara ya n'ọtụtụ buru ibu maka ojiji zuru ebe kato.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/ie50472a002|title=Chloroquine manufacture|date=1 April 1949|journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry|volume=41|issue=4|pages=654–662}}</ref> == Ọha na omenala == [[Faịlụ:Esochin®_Tabletten_(Rückseite).jpg|thumb|Ngwongwo mbadamba Resochin]] === Nkọwa === <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/chloroquine#section=U-S-Imports|work=nih.gov|publisher=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=24 March 2020}}</ref>Chloroquine na-abịa n'ụdị mbadamba (tablets) dị ka nnu phosphate, sulfate, na hydrochloride. Mgbe niile, a na-enyekarị chloroquine n'ụdị chloroquine phosphate. === Aha === <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipca.com/pharmaceutical-formulations-manufacturers-india.html|title=Ipca Laboratories: Formulations – Branded|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406132110/https://ipca.com/pharmaceutical-formulations-manufacturers-india.html|archivedate=6 April 2019|accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref>Aha ahịa nkwalite (brand names) e ji mara ọgwụ a gụnyere Chloroquine FNA, Resochin, Dawaquin, na Lariago. == Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ == <ref name="McDougald-et-al-2019">{{Cite book|title=Diseases of Poultry|edition=14|chapter=Protozoal Infections|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|date=22 November 2019|isbn=978-1-119-37119-9}}</ref>A na-eji chloroquine—n'ụdị kemịkal dị iche iche pụta—agwọ na iji chịkwaa uto nke anemones na algae (ahịhịa mmiri). E wezụga nke a, a na-eji ya egbu ọtụtụ ụdị nje protozoan n'akwarium (aquarium), dị ka nje na-arịa azụ ahụike bụ Amyloodinium ocellatum. A na-ejikwa ọgwụ a eme ihe maka ịgwọ na igbochi ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ. == Nnyocha == Na sayensị biomedicinal, a na-eji chloroquine eme ihe maka nnwale ''in vitro'' iji gbochie mmebi lysosomal nke ngwaahịa protein. === SARS-CoV === A tụpụtara Chloroquine dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka SARS, na nyocha ''in vitro'' na-egbochi ọrịa iku ume siri ike coronavirus (SARS-CoV).<ref name="In vitro inhibition of severe acute">{{Cite journal|title=In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|volume=323|issue=1|pages=264–268|date=October 2004|pmid=15351731|doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.085}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=55|issue=5|date=May 2020|pmid=32171740|doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2004, otu akụkọ e bipụtara kwuru na chloroquine na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi mmụba nke SARS-CoV in vitro.<ref name="In vitro inhibition of severe acute" /> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2005, nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara kwadoro ma gbasaa nsonaazụ ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread|journal=Virology Journal|volume=2|date=August 2005|pmid=16115318|doi=10.1186/1743-422X-2-69}}</ref>{{Excerpt|Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic}} === Ndị ọzọ === A na-atụle Chloroquine na 2003, na ụdị tupu ụlọ ọgwụ dị ka onye nwere ike ịlụso [[chikungunya]] fever ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases?|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=3|issue=11|pages=722–727|date=November 2003|pmid=14592603|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5}}</ref> A na-enyocha ihe onwunwe nke chloroquine maka usoro mgbochi ọrịa kansa n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Risks and benefits of chloroquine use in anticancer strategies|journal=The Lancet. Oncology|volume=7|issue=10|pages=792–793|date=October 2006|pmid=17012039|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70875-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Adding chloroquine to conventional treatment for glioblastoma multiforme: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=144|issue=5|pages=337–343|date=March 2006|pmid=16520474|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00008}}<br /><br />{{Cite journal|title=Summaries for patients. Adding chloroquine to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=144|issue=5|pages=I31|date=March 2006|pmid=16520470|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00004}}</ref> A na-enyocha Chloroquine na ụdị ya gbanwere dịka nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ maka ọnọdụ ọzịza dị ka rheumatoid arthritis na ọrịa ọzịza eriri afọ.<ref name="Goel_2020">{{Cite book|chapter=Chloroquine|title=StatPearls|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing LLC.|date=January 2020|doi=|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551512/}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] s4253kiadrofijxmp0bxjr31xyjvxos