Ákọ na Uche

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[[Usòrò:Confucius - Project Gutenberg eText 15250.jpg|thumb|ákọ na uche.]]
'''Ákọ na Uche''' bu ihe omúmú nke ihe basiri ihe échìchè maka ihe nọr na uwà na òtù ọ shi bya nge na gini kọ dị màkà, na [[ímá]], óbì ọbọdọ, nchèfwüor ihe, ákọ, na asụsụ. Ya na ájújú màkà ihe nọr na ùwà di íchè (dí kà ihe mmuo, akíkó irò, na nká ndi ozor) màkà ọ na chéfuta ihe, na ọ choro ihe nwéré íshí na ihe eziokwu. Na okwu bekee há nà kpọ ya &quot;Philosophy&quot;, ó shị asụsụ Greek na hé dèrè yá ka φιλοσοφία búrú ''Philosophia'', búrú &quot;Ifunaya àmàmífé&quot;.

{{ÉdéNtạ}}
==Lee==
* [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]

[[Òtù:Ákọ na Uche]]
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'''Patrick Nnaemeka Okorie''' {{Audio|Ig-Patrick Nnaemeka Okorie.ogg|Audio}}(amụrụ ya na 27 Mee 1990), &lt;ref name=&quot;NotjustOk.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://notjustok.com/artists/patoranking/|title=Patoranking|accessdate=4 June 2014|archivedate=30 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530023528/http://notjustok.com/artists/patoranking/}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke eji aha ọgbọ ya bụ '''Patoranking mara''', bụ onye regs nke Naịjirịa - onye otii egwu na onye na-ede egwu. Amụrụ ya ma zulite ya na Ijegun-Egba Satellite Town, Patoranking bụ onye Ọnịcha, [[Ȯra Ebonyi|Ebọnyị Steeti]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ebonyionline.com/top-nigeria-musicians-from-ebonyi-state/|title=Nigerian musicians from Ebonyi State|publisher=ONLINE DAILIES|accessdate=19 December 2017|archivedate=22 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051429/http://www.ebonyionline.com/top-nigeria-musicians-from-ebonyi-state/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/e-punch/patoranking-preaches-gospel-of-dancehall-reggae/|title=Patoranking preaches gospel of dancehall reggae|publisher=[[The Punch]]|accessdate=6 June 2014|archivedate=5 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405221222/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/e-punch/patoranking-preaches-gospel-of-dancehall-reggae/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere ọrụ iti egwu ya site na-ịrụkọ ọrụ n'okpuru  ndị nka dịka XProject, Konga, Slam na Reggie Rockstone . &lt;ref name=&quot;Premium Times&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/155598-patoranking-quits-timayas-dem-mama-records-foston-musik.html|title=Patoranking quits Timaya's Dem Mama Records for Foston Musik|accessdate=31 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ binyere aka na ndekọ egwu na &quot;K-Solo's Igberaga Records&quot; na 2010. Ọ wepụtara &quot;Up in D Club&quot; n'okpuru ndị ahụ. Patoranking ghọrọ onye nkwado nke Dem Mama Records mgbe ya na Timaya rụkọchara egwu ya bụ &quot;Alubarika&quot;. Na Febuwarị 2014, ọ bịanyere aka na ndekọ egwu ndị Foston Musik were wepụta &quot;Girlie O&quot;, nke mere ka ọ pụta ìhè.  Na 9 Febuwarị 2015, Patoranking kwupụtara na Instagram na ọ bịanyere aka na ụlọ ọrụ ndị VP Records . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Patoranking signs deal with world biggest reggae label|url=http://pulse.ng/music/pulse-tv-news-patoranking-signs-deal-with-world-biggest-reggae-label-id3471187.html|publisher=Pulse|accessdate=11 February 2015|archivedate=11 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211095238/http://pulse.ng/music/pulse-tv-news-patoranking-signs-deal-with-world-biggest-reggae-label-id3471187.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Septemba 28 Patoranking wepụtara egwu aha ya bụ [https://web.archive.org/web/20210116070616/https://nairagists.com/download-patoranking-abule-mp3-audio/ Abule] nke ọ wepụtara tupu abọm were pụta n'oge na-adịghị anya na 2020 

Na Disemba 2021, Patoranking lanarịrị ihe mberede ụgbọ ala na Nigeria.

== Ndụ na ọrụ egwu ya ==
A mụrụ Patoranking ma zulite ya na &quot;Ijegun-Egba Satellite Town&quot;, mana o nwere mgbọrọgwụ ezinụlọ na Onicha, [[Ȯra Ebonyi|Ebonyi Steeti]] . Ọ gara &quot;Citizen Comprehensive Koleji&quot; na Epe, Legọọsụ ma mesịa banye na &quot;Jibril Martin Memorial Grammar Sukulu&quot; na Iponri. &lt;ref name=&quot;NotjustOk.com&quot;/&gt; Patoranking malitere ịrụ ọrụ nkà ya dị ka otii egwu n'okporo ámá na ịgba egwu . N'ajụjụ ọnụ a jụrụ ya na 2012 na &quot;''Entertainment Express&quot;'', ọ sịrị na aha ọgbọ  ya bụ onye Jamaica nyere ya na &quot;Alpha Beach&quot; na Legọọsụ. Patoranking kpọrọ Buju Banton, [[Bob Marley]], Fela Kuti, Lucky Dube, Chaka Demus, Majek Fashek, Blackky, Blackface, Tuface na Marvelus Benjamin dị ka ndị metụtara iti egwu ya. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ ndị &quot;''Entertainment Express&quot;'', ọ kọwara egwu ya dị ka ụzọ omume dị iche iche nke ịgba egwu were kwukwa na ọ na-arụtụ aka n'okwu metụtara mmekọrịta ọha na eze. &lt;ref name=&quot;Entertainment Express&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.e-expressnigeria.com/blog/2012/07/reggae-the-music-of-the-future-patoranking|title=Reggae, the music of the future – Patoranking|publisher=Entertainment Express|accessdate=6 June 2014|archivedate=14 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714113327/http://www.e-expressnigeria.com/blog/2012/07/reggae-the-music-of-the-future-patoranking}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Mee 2012, Patoranking wepụtara otu egwu akpọrọ &quot;Iya Bisi&quot;, nke ya na Qdot na Kbaj tiri. Egwu akpọrọ &quot;Drumphase&quot; bụ ngwakọta nke dansịhọlụ na fuji. Patoranking gwara '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''Entertainment Express''' na Qdot na Kbaj nyere ya aka were dee egwu ahụ site na ha ichekorịta echiche ọnụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Entertainment Express&quot;/&gt;

Na 12 Septemba 2013, Patoranking wepụtara ọdịyo na vidiyo maka &quot;Alubarika&quot; n'otu oge. Egwu ahụ na nsụgharị n'ụzọ nkịtị pụtara &quot;Ngọzi Chineke&quot; ma gosipụta olu sitere na Timaya . Ihe nkiri vidiyo &quot;Alubarika&quot; bụ AJE Films mepere ya.O ruru nkeji 4 na sekọnd 16. Dika edemede nke Victor Akande nke &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwPQ&quot;&gt;Nation dere&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, Patoranking kọwara egwu a dịka nchịkọta  nke ndu ya dika onye egwu ma kwuo na o meghere ya ụzọ ịnwete ndị na-eso ya nakwa ndị egwu kwudosiri ike. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/ill-take-dancehall-to-the-world-says-patoranking/|title=I'll take dancehall to the world, says Patoranking|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=9 January 2014|accessdate=6 June 2014|author=Akande, Victor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Febuwarị 2014, Patoranking bịanyere aka na ndekọ egwu na Foston Musik wee mechie njikọ ya na Dem Mama Records. N'oge mkparịta ụka ya na Toolz na NdaniTV's ''The Juice'', Timaya kwuru na Patoranking hapụrụ aha ya na ọ nweghị mgbe ọ bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/2014/02/dancehall-singer-patoranking-parts-ways-with-timayas-dem-mama-records/|title=Dancehall singer Patoranking parts ways with Timaya's Dem Mama Records|date=20 February 2014|accessdate=10 June 2014|author=Alonge, Osagie}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://africamusiclaw.com/music-business-video-timaya-on-the-juice-with-toolz/|title=Music Business: (Video) Timaya Talks ‘Bum Bum,’ &amp; Ukwu on The Juice with Toolz|date=3 June 2014|accessdate=10 June 2014|author=Oduok, Uduak|archivedate=14 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212922/http://africamusiclaw.com/music-business-video-timaya-on-the-juice-with-toolz/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 4 Febuwarị 2014, Patoranking wepụtara &quot;Girlie O&quot;, egwu nke WizzyPro mepụtara. A gbagburu vidio egwu maka abụ ahụ site n'aka Moe Musa; e wepụtara ya na 5 Febụwarị 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ynaija.com/teen/teen-y-music-video-girlie-by-patoranking-download/|title=Teen Y! Music Video: Girlie by Patoranking (DOWNLOAD)|date=6 February 2014|accessdate=6 June 2014|author=Donnett, Jim|archivedate=14 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200357/http://ynaija.com/teen/teen-y-music-video-girlie-by-patoranking-download/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na vidio egwu, Patoranking napụtara onye agbata obi ya na-esote esemokwu ụlọ site na igosipụta mmetụta ebumpụta ụwa ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/04/top-music-videos-big-ideas-behind/|title=Top music videos and the big ideas behind them|date=26 April 2014|accessdate=6 June 2014|author=Oshevire, Abel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Foston Musik wepụtara &quot;Girlie O&quot;(ntigharị) nke Tiwa Savage nyere ya aka were tie na 19 Mee 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/05/19/bn-music-premiere-patoranking-feat-tiwa-savage-girlie-o-remix/|title=BN Music Premiere: Patoranking Feat. Tiwa Savage – Girlie ‘O’ (Remix)|publisher=Bellanaija|date=19 May 2014|accessdate=6 June 2014|author=S, Deji}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ pụtara na nke 9 na &quot;MTV Base 's Official Naija Top 10&quot; chaatị. Tiwa Savage gwara Ehiz nke MTV Base n'  egwu Patoranking na-amasị ya, ya mere o jiri were kpebie ịbịakwute ya ka ha were tigharịa egwu ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2014/03/12/tiwa-savage-wants-collabo-with-patoranking/|title=Tiwa Savage Wants Collabo With Patoranking|publisher=[[P.M. News]]|date=12 March 2014|accessdate=6 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moe Musa wepụtara Vidiyo egwu a ma dụzie egwu a bụ&quot;Girlie O&quot; (ntigharị) na London. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelstv.com/2014/05/20/patoranking-features-tiwa-savage-in-girlie-o-remix-video/|title=Patoranking Features Tiwa Savage in Girlie O Remix (Video)|publisher=Channels TV|date=20 May 2014|accessdate=6 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Joey Akan nke Pulse Nigeria kwuru, &quot;Na ntigharị ọhụrụ ahụ, na-atụfubeghị isi sekpụ ntị nke bụ mmeri. Ejigidere ha ma welite ha. Ha jigidere ụda egwu, ekwem  ukwe na dayamizim nakwa nnukwu ọrha tinyere na lirikis.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/music/reviews/beauty-and-the-pirate-girlie-o-remix-tiwa-savage-patoranking-did-not-disappoint-id2865403.html|title=Girlie O Remix: Tiwa Savage &amp; Patoranking Did Not Disappoint|publisher=Pulse|date=21 May 2014|accessdate=6 June 2014|author=Akan, Joey|archivedate=27 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527192039/http://pulse.ng/music/reviews/beauty-and-the-pirate-girlie-o-remix-tiwa-savage-patoranking-did-not-disappoint-id2865403.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Patoranking gosipụtara n'egwu Seyi Shay &quot;Murda&quot; ya na Shaydee. Dokta Frabz mepụtara egwu a ma wepụta ya na 1 Eprel 2014.   E tinyere vidiyo egwua “Murda”  na &quot;Vevo&quot; Meji Alabi nke &quot;JM Films&quot; bụ ndị nduzi. Egwu Patoranking ndị a &quot;Daniella Whine&quot; na &quot;My Woman, My Everything&quot; pụtara na chaatịị egwu iri nọ n'elu na &quot;MTV Base Official Naija Top 10&quot;. Nke mbụ gbara nke anọ na ọnwa Mee ma gbakwaa nke mbụ na ọnwa Juunu,   ebe nke ikpeazụ &quot;My Woman, My everything&quot; pụtakwara na chaatịị  dịka nke abụọ. 

=== 2016: &quot;''The Voice Nigeria&quot;'' na &quot;''God Over Everything&quot;'' ===
Na Jenụwarị 2016, e mere Patoranking dị ka otu n'ime ndị ikpe maka mbipụta nke asọmpi egwu ''The Voice Nigeria'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/events/the-voice-nigeria-2face-waje-timi-dakolo-patoranking-announced-coaches-id4578196.html|title=2face, Waje, Timi Dakolo, Patoranking announced Coaches|publisher=Pulse|date=19 January 2016|accessdate=14 August 2016|author=Adiele, Chinedu|archivedate=20 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820043833/http://pulse.ng/events/the-voice-nigeria-2face-waje-timi-dakolo-patoranking-announced-coaches-id4578196.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Patoranking wepụtara abọm studio izizi ya &quot;God Over Everything&quot; na 1 August 2016. O gosipụtara ndị egwu ọzọ n dịka [[Phyno]], [[Wizkid]], Sarkodie, Olamide, Elephant Man na Wasiu Ayinde Marshall . Abọm ahụ nọ nke 4 na chaatịị &quot;Billboard 'Reggae Albums&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/buzz/patoranking-singers-album-debuts-at-number-4-on-billboard-reggae-album-charts-id5364817.html|title=Singer's album debuts at number 4 on Billboard Reggae album charts|publisher=Pulse|date=10 August 2016|accessdate=14 August 2016|author=Solanke, Abiola|archivedate=14 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814201629/http://pulse.ng/buzz/patoranking-singers-album-debuts-at-number-4-on-billboard-reggae-album-charts-id5364817.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patoranking &quot;ALU Scholarship&quot; ==
Patoranking etinyela aka n'usoro ihe ọmụmụ maka ụmụaka Afrịka ndị na-enweghi ike inweta agụma akwụkwọ kwesịrị ekwesị. Na-agbanyeghị mmata a matara ya n'ụwa niile, onye na-eti egwuka  a ka nwere mmasị n'ebe agụmakwụkwọ dị.

Na 2019, O zutere onye guzobere mmemme agụmakwụkwọ ALU, ebe ọ bidoro mmemme iji zụọ ụmụaka iri obi na-anụ ọkụ ọkachasị na Ebute-Metta ebe ọ  nọ were tolitere na ndị ọzọ enweghị ego ha nwere maka agụm akwụkwọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommywilliams1/2020/02/24/meet-patoranking-nigerian-musician-launching-scholarship-for-africas-next-leaders/|title=Meet Patoranking: African Musician Launching University Scholarship For Africa’s Next Leaders|last=Williams|first=Tommy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Abọm ===

* ''God over Everything'' (2016)
* ''Wilmer'' (2019)
* ''Three'' (2020)

=== Egwu gbara iche ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Abọm
|-
|2009
|&quot;So Nice&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;15&quot; {{n/a|Non-album single}}
|-
|2010
|&quot;Up in D Club&quot;
|-
|2012
|&quot;Iya Bisi&quot; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring Qdot and Kbaj)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2013
|&quot;Tonite&quot; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(with Faze)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Park Well&quot;
|-
|&quot;Alubarika&quot; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring Timaya)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Gravity&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2014
|&quot;Girlie O&quot;
|-
|&quot;Sex Tape&quot;
|-
|&quot;Girlie O (Remix)&quot; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring Tiwa Savage)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2015
|&quot;Daniella Whine&quot;
|-
|&quot;My Woman&quot; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring Wande Coal) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Gal Ting Riddim (Cover)&quot;
|-
|&quot;Make Am&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016
|&quot;Another Level&quot;
|-
|&quot;No Kissing Baby&quot; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring Sarkodie) &lt;/span&gt;
|''God over Everything''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|&quot;Love You Die&quot; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring Diamond Platnumz) &lt;/span&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;6&quot; {{n/a|Non-Album Single}}
|-
|&quot;Available&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|&quot;Sunshine&quot;
|-
|&quot;Suh Different&quot;
|-
|&quot;Heal D world&quot;
|-
|&quot;Everyday&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019
|&quot;Confirm&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Wilmer''
|-
|&quot;Lenge Lenge&quot;
|-
|2020
|&quot;I'm in Love&quot;
|{{N/a|Non- Album single|color=Grey}}
|}

; Ndị Egwu ọzọ ha tikọrọ egwu

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Abọm
|-
|2010
|&quot;Baba&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Slimmz featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Non-album single
|-
|2011
|&quot;Oju Kan (Remix)&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Tupengo featuring Skales, Seriki, Reminisce, Phenom, Kel and Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2013
|&quot;Emergency&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(WizzyPro featuring Runtown, Skales, and Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Tonite&quot; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(with Faze)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |2014
|&quot;Judah&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Chopstix featuring Endia and Patoranking )&lt;/span&gt;
|''Parallax''
|-
|&quot;Lala BamBam&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Silver Jae featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;6&quot; {{n/a|TBA}}
|-
|&quot;Galilee&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Karat Kid featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Murda&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Seyi Shay featuring Patoranking and Shaydee)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Early MoMo&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(DJ Hazan featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Another One&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Sagga Lee featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;In Da Club&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Abiz featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Higher&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Seriki featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|''Seriki's Diary''
|-
|&quot;Bami Mujo&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Henry Knight featuring Yung L and Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot; {{n/a|TBA}}
|-
|&quot;Salamualekun (Remix)&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Hakym featuring Reminisce and Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Want Some More&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(CheekyChizzy featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Bosi Kpa Kpa&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(XP featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |2015
|&quot;Shaba&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(DJ Xclusive featuring Patoranking &amp; KCee)&lt;/span&gt;
|''According To X''
|-
|&quot;Condo&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(YCee featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;11&quot; {{n/a|TBA}}
|-
|&quot;Slowly (Remix)&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Boybreed featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Our Lagos&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Pasuma Wonder featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Hustler (Freestyle)&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(JoshBeatz featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Royal&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Eddy Kenzo featuring Patoranking) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Dance Well&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Music DJ Shiru – 'Dance well' ft Patoranking|url=http://pulse.ng/new_music/new-music-dj-shiru-dance-well-ft-patoranking-id4525122.html|publisher=Joey Akan|accessdate=6 January 2016|archivedate=7 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107184415/http://pulse.ng/new_music/new-music-dj-shiru-dance-well-ft-patoranking-id4525122.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(DJ Shiru featuring Patoranking) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Pull UP (Remix)&quot;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Stonebwoy featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Left For Good&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Waje featuring Patoranking &amp; Godwin Strings)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Another Day&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Halle featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;No Lie&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Khuli Chana featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&quot;Chukwuma (Remix)&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Young GreyC featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|2016
|&quot;For My Matter (Remix)&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Emma Nyra featuring Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt;
|}

== Onyinye na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
! Mmemme
! Nrite
! Onye nnata
! Nsonaazụ
! Ref
|-
| 2016
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | AFRIMA
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Best Dancehall Artist
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ya onwe ya|{{won}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2016 All Africa Music Awards, AFRIMA, Winners List|url=https://afrima.org/english/index.php/media2/news-update/203-2016-all-africa-music-awards-afrima-winners-list/|publisher=AFRIMA OFFICIAL WEBSITE|accessdate=27 December 2017|date=12 December 2016|archivedate=28 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228053945/https://afrima.org/english/index.php/media2/news-update/203-2016-all-africa-music-awards-afrima-winners-list/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 2015|{{nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://afrimma.com/nominees-2015/|title=Archived copy|accessdate=20 August 2016|archivedate=19 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219163216/http://afrimma.com/nominees-2015/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Onyinye egwu Vodafone Ghana
| Afrịkan Artiste nke Afọ
| Ya onwe ya|{{won}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://233livenews.com/2015/04/12/list-of-winners-at-2015-vodafone-ghana-music-awards/|title=List of Winners at 2015 Vodafone Ghana Music Awards|date=12 April 2015|accessdate=9 February 2017|archivedate=21 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221181409/http://233livenews.com/2015/04/12/list-of-winners-at-2015-vodafone-ghana-music-awards/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Isi
| Best Pop Song
| &quot;Nwanyị M Nwanyị M&quot;|{{nom}}
| &lt;ref name=&quot;tooxclusive.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tooxclusive.com/news/2015-hiphop-world-awards-headies-nomination-list/|title=2015 HipHop World Awards (Headies) Nomination List|accessdate=9 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Best Reggae / Dance hall otu
| &quot;Daniella Whyne&quot;|{{nom}}
| 
|-
| MTV Africa Music onyinye
| Iwu kacha mma
| Ya onwe ya|{{won}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mama.mtv.com/news/2015-mtv-africa-music-awards-winners/|title=Archived copy|accessdate=27 August 2015|archivedate=21 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721001010/http://mama.mtv.com/news/2015-mtv-africa-music-awards-winners/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| TooXlusive Online Music Awards
| Uche Ogbuagu Song
| &quot;Nwanyị M Nwanyị M&quot;|{{won}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tooxclusive.com/news/tooxclusive-awards-2015-winners/|title=tooXclusive AWARDS 2015 – WINNERS!|accessdate=9 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;17&quot; | 2014
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ben TV
| Iwu kacha mma
| Ya onwe ya|{{won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/01/bentv-awards-kicks-off-with-a-bang-toyin-aimakhu-ay-makun-victoria-kimani-ice-prince-cynthia-morgan-more/|title=BenTV Awards Kicks off with a Bang – Toyin Aimakhu, AY Makun, Victoria Kimani, Ice Prince, Cynthia Morgan &amp; More|accessdate=9 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Mmekọrịta kacha mma
| Ya onwe ya |{{won}}
|-
| Ihe kacha mma Reggae / Dancehall
| Ya onwe ya |{{won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Isi 2014
| Na-esote gosiri
| Ya onwe ya|{{won}}
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://businessdayonline.com/2014/10/the-headies-unveils-2014-nominees/#.VECS_ildVz0|title=The Headies unveils 2014 nominees|date=10 October 2014|accessdate=17 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Collabo kacha mma
| &quot;Girlie O Remix&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring Tiwa Savage )&lt;/span&gt; |{{nom}}
|-
| &quot;Mberede&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Wizz Pro na-egosi Skales, Patoranking na Runtown)&lt;/span&gt; |{{won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Best Reggae / Dancehall Na Na Na
| &quot;Girlie O Remix&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring Tiwa Savage)&lt;/span&gt; |{{won}}
|-
| &quot;Murda&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;( Seyi Shay featuring Shaydee na Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt; |{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2014 Channel O Music Video Awards
| Onye Onyinye Kacha Onyinye
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &quot;Girlie O (Remix)&quot;|{{nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Channel O Africa announces Music Video Awards nominees|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-09-05-channel-o-africa-announces-music-video-awards-nominees|accessdate=12 September 2014|date=5 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Kacha Onyinye Ragga Dancehall |{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Obodo Ndị Ntụrụndụ Obodo
| Dancehall / Reggae nke Afọ
| Ya onwe ya|{{Won}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who won what at City People Entertainment Awards 2014|url=http://thenet.ng/2014/06/who-won-what-at-city-people-entertainment-awards-2014/|publisher=Nigerian Entertainment Today|accessdate=30 June 2014|date=24 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Kasị ewu ewu Song nke Afọ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &quot;Allubarika&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(na-egosi Timaya )&lt;/span&gt;|{{Nominated}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/06/rita-dominic-davido-tiwa-savage-majid-michel-2014-city-people-entertainment-awards-nominees/|title=Rita Dominic, Davido, Tiwa Savage, Majid Michel – 2014 City People Entertainment Awards Nominees|publisher=Bellanaija.com|date=6 June 2014|accessdate=10 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Collabo kacha mma nke afọ |{{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Onyinye Ntụrụndụ 2014 Nigeria
| Best New Act nke Afọ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ya onwe ya|{{won}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Entertainment Awards; Full List of Winners|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/nigerian-entertainment-awards-full-list-winners?keepThis=true&amp;TB_iframe=true&amp;height=600&amp;width=850&amp;caption=Articles|publisher=Daily Times of Nigeria|accessdate=2 September 2014|date=1 September 2014|archivedate=22 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022043510/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/nigerian-entertainment-awards-full-list-winners?keepThis=true&amp;TB_iframe=true&amp;height=600&amp;width=850&amp;caption=Articles}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Nwoke Okike nke Afọ|{{nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/161770-pop-duo-skuki-reject-nigerian-entertainment-awards-nomination.html|title=Pop duo, Skuki, reject Nigerian Entertainment Awards nomination|date=31 May 2014|accessdate=1 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mmekọrịta kacha mma
| &quot;Mberede&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Wizzy Pro na-egosi Runtown, Skales, na Patoranking)&lt;/span&gt; |{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &quot;Allubarika&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(na-egosi Timaya )&lt;/span&gt; |{{nom}}
|-
| 2013
| Nigeria Music Video onyinye
| Best Dance Hall / Reggae Video|{{nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/10/flavour-olamide-dbanj-others-race-nmvas-2013/|title=Flavour, Olamide, D'banj, others race for NMVA 2013|publisher=Vanguard|date=10 October 2013|accessdate=6 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Hụ kwa ==
 

* Ndepụta ndị egwu Naịjirịa
* Ndepụta ndị Igbo
* Ndepụta ndị mmadụ si na Ebonyi Steeti

== Nsidee ==
{{Reflist|30em}}{{S-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{succession box|title=[[The Headies award for Next Rated|Next Rated Award]]|before=[[Sean Tizzle]] ([[The Headies 2013|2013]])|after=([[The Headies 2015|2015]])|years=[[The Headies 2014|2014]]}}
{{S-end}}
Onyinye na ihe Mmeta

Ọnọchiri 

Sean Tizzle (2013)	Next Rated Award

2014	nochie ya

(2015)
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Osonye Tess Onwueme</title>
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      <text bytes="17427" sha1="birlfaj9fkxurlnwl6m8e0vcfei006d" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Osonye Tess Onwueme''', {{Audio|Ig-Osonye Tess Onwueme.ogg|Audio}} amara dika '''T. Akaeke Onwueme''' (amụrụ na 8 Septemba 1995) bụ onye Naijiria na-ede egwuregwu, ọkà-mmụta na onye na-ede uri, onye ghọrọ onye a ma ama na-ede egwuregwu na isiokwu nke ikpe ọha, omenala, na gburugburu ebe obibi. Na 2010, ọ ghọrọ Prọfesọ nke Global Letters, maka ọrụ ya pụrụ iche dịka Prọfesọ na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na asụsụ Bekee na Mahadum [[:en:University_of_Wisconsin–Eau_Claire|Wisconsin–Eau Claire]]. Site n'egwuregwu ya, o nwere ike iji ụlọ ihe nkiri dị ka ikpo okwu iji kwupụta echiche ndị nke egbochori dị ka ụmụ nwanyị Africa, na-enwu ọkụ na ọnọdụ nke ndụ na Africa. Ọ na-akwado nkwado ya maka ndị ogbenye na ndị ntorobịa zuru ụwa ọnụ, yana ahụmịhe na nchegbu nke ndị Afrika bi obodo oyibo na ọrụ edemede ya. A na-ahụta ya dịka otu n'ime otu ndị ode akwụkwọ Africa dị oke mkpa.&lt;ref&gt;N. Graham Nesmith. &quot;Osonye Tess Onweume. ''What Mama Said: ihie omume akoro Ako 'Epic Drama''&quot;, in ''African American Review'', Spring-Summer 2005 accessed at [https://web.archive.org/web/20060625164657/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2838/is_1-2_39/ai_n15675165 March 29, 2007.]&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye na-ekwusi okwu ike banyere ime nwaanyị ihe megide n'ụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title='They can be stopped': Bukola Oriola takes her story of surviving domestic violence from Minnesota to Nigeria|author=Ibrahim Hirsi|url=https://www.minnpost.com/community-sketchbook/2015/09/they-can-be-stopped-bukola-oriola-takes-her-story-surviving-domestic-vi|website=Minn Post|date=4 September 2015|accessdate=25 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ndụ na mmuta ==
Amuru ya Osonye Akeake na [[:en:Ogwashi_Ukwu|Ogwashi Ukwu]], na [[:en:Delta_State,_Nigeria|Delta]] nke ugbua, bu ezi na-ulo nke barrister Chief Akaeke na Maria Eziashi. Osonye gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mary Mount Secondary School; ọ bụ mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ka ọ malitere ide akwụkwọ. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ lụrụ otu ọkà mmụta [[:en:Agronomy|agronomist]], I. C. Onwueme, wee mụọ ụmụ ise, n'oge ọ gara Mahadum nke [[:en:Obafemi_Awolowo_University|Ife]], maka nzere na mmuta agụmakwụkwọ (1979) na nzere mastas na ịgụ akwụkwọ (1982). O nwetara PhD nke African Drama na Mahadum [[:en:University_of_Benin_(Nigeria)|Benin]]. N’afọ 1998, ọ lụrụ Obika Gray, onye Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si Jamaica.&lt;ref&gt;Marvie Brooks, &quot;Onwueme, Tess&quot;, ''Who's Who in Contemporary Women's Writing'', Routledge, 2001, p. 243.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

* ''A Hen Too Soon'' (1983)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A hen too soon by Osonye Tess Onwueme {{!}} Open Library|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL33396214W/A_hen_too_soon|work=Open Library|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A hen too soon {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/19076953|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Broken Calabash'' (1984)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Broken Calabash: A Play by Osonye Tess Onwuerne|url=https://studylib.net/doc/9026949/the-broken-calabash|work=studylib.net|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Broken Calabash: A Play|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Broken_Calabash.html?id=zDmXzQEACAAJ|publisher=International Images Net, Llc|date=2018-12-30|isbn=978-1-970082-00-5|language=en|author=Tess Osonye Onwueme}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://writertess.com/creative-work/book/broken-calabash.asp|work=writertess.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|title=Broken Calabash}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Desert Encroaches'' (1985)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The desert encroaches {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/17189001|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The desert encroaches - Tess Akaeke Onwueme: 9789782337115 - AbeBooks|url=https://www.abebooks.com/9789782337115/desert-encroaches-Tess-Akaeke-Onwueme-9782337110/plp|work=www.abebooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The desert encroaches by Osonye Tess Onwueme {{!}} Open Library|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2618180W/The_desert_encroaches|work=Open Library|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Desert Encroaches|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Desert_Encroaches.html?id=U9QIAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Heins Nigeria Publishers|date=1985|isbn=978-978-2337-11-5|language=en|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Reign of Wazobia'' (1988)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Reign of Wazobia|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/4832006-the-reign-of-wazobia|work=Goodreads|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/234212|work=searchworks.stanford.edu|accessdate=2026-06-10|title=The Reign of Wazobia (1988)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Reign of Wazobia: A Play|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Reign_of_Wazobia.html?id=8xhaAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Heinemann Educational Books|date=1988|isbn=978-978-129-151-7|language=en|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The reign of Wazobia: a play|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2256631M/The_reign_of_Wazobia|publisher=Heinemann Educational Books|date=1988|location=Ibadan|isbn=978-978-129-151-7|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ban Empty Barn and other plays'' (1986)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Tess Onwueme: Dramatist in Quest of Change|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40148371|journal=World Literature Today|date=1992|issn=0196-3570|pages=464–467|volume=66|issue=3|doi=10.2307/40148371|author=J. O. J. Nwachukwu-Agbada}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Ban Empty Barn|url=https://www.booktopia.com.au/ban-empty-barn-tess-onwueme/ebook/9798201273484.html|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Legacies'' (1989)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Heritage Press|url=https://africanheritagepress.com/ourauthors3b85.html?AuthorID=10|work=africanheritagepress.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|archivedate=2021-06-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616070509/https://www.africanheritagepress.com/ourauthors3b85.html?AuthorID=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Osonye Tess Onwueme's Works|url=http://www.postcolonialweb.org/Nigeria/tess/works.html|work=www.postcolonialweb.org|accessdate=2026-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Legacies by Osonye Tess Onwueme {{!}} Open Library|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2618182W/Legacies?edition=key:/books/OL45304873M&amp;mode=all|work=Open Library|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Legacies: A Play|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Legacies.html?id=fIHPAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria) Limited|date=1989|isbn=978-978-129-168-5|language=en|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme, Tess Akaeke Onwueme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Three Plays: an anthology of plays by Tess Onwueme'' (1993)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Three Plays : The Broken Calabash, Parables for a Season, and the Reighn of Wazobia by Onwueme, Tess Akaeke: As New (1993) {{!}} GreatBookPrices|url=https://www.abebooks.com/Three-Plays-Broken-Calabash-Parables-Season/32258406753/bd|work=www.abebooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/5392065-three-plays|work=www.goodreads.com|accessdate=2026-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tell It To Women: an epic drama'' (1995).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b13027932?originalUrl=https%3A%2F%2Flegacycatalog.nypl.org%2Frecord%3Db13027932|work=www.nypl.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|title=Tell It To Women: an epic drama (1995).}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tell it to women an epic drama for women {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/871802035|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tell It to Women : An Epic Drama for Women [1&amp;nbsp;ed.] 9780814336779, 9780814326497|url=https://dokumen.pub/tell-it-to-women-an-epic-drama-for-women-1nbsped-9780814336779-9780814326497.html|work=dokumen.pub|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Tell it to Women: An Epic Drama for Women|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Tell_it_to_Women.html?id=AjHZKhJ2_tUC|publisher=Wayne State University Press|date=1997|isbn=978-0-8143-2649-7|language=en|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Riot In Heaven: drama for the voices of color'' (1996; 2006)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Riot in Heaven|url=https://africanbookscollective.com/books/riot-in-heaven/|work=African books collective|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Riot in Heaven: musical drama for the voices of color|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1024666M/Riot_in_Heaven|publisher=Africana Legacy Press|date=1996|location=New York|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Missing Face, a play'' (1997; 2000)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The missing face: musical drama for the voices of color|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1024667M/The_missing_face|publisher=Africana Legacy Press|date=1997|location=New York|isbn=978-1-57579-053-4|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3521760-the-missing-face|work=www.goodreads.com|accessdate=2026-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Missing Face - TheaterMania.com|url=https://www.theatermania.com/news/the-missing-face_1405/|date=2001-05-21|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Missing Face|url=https://africanbookscollective.com/books/the-missing-face/|work=African books collective|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://writertess.com/creative-work/book/the-missing-face-a-play.asp|work=writertess.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|title=The Missing Face, a play (1997; 2000)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Shakara: Dance-Hall Queen: a play'' (2000; 2006)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shakara. Dance-Hall Queen - Onwueme, Author Osonye Tess: 9780979085819 - AbeBooks|url=https://www.abebooks.com/9780979085819/Shakara-Dance-Hall-Queen-Onwueme-Author-0979085810/plp|work=www.abebooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shakara: Dance-Hall Queen|url=https://africanbookscollective.com/books/shakara-dance-hall-queen/|work=African books collective|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/4830395|work=www.goodreads.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|title=Shakara: Dance-Hall Queen: a play (2000; 2006)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Shakara Dance-hall Queen: A Play about Mothers &amp; Daughters|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Shakara_Dance_hall_Queen.html?id=BxlaAAAAMAAJ|publisher=African Heritage Press|date=2000|isbn=978-978-35158-2-6|language=en|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Then She Said It: a play'' (2003)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Then She Said It|url=https://africanbookscollective.com/books/then-she-said-it/|work=African books collective|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Books by Osonye Tess Onwueme (Author of The Reign of Wazobia)|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/525635.Osonye_Tess_Onwueme|work=www.goodreads.com|accessdate=2026-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Then She Said it: A Play|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Then_She_Said_it.html?id=p2YgAQAAIAAJ|publisher=African Heritage Press|date=2002|isbn=978-0-9628864-2-3|language=en|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''What Mama Said, an epic drama'' (2004)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Mama Said: An Epic Drama (African American Life) - Onwueme, Osonye Tess: 9780814331415 - AbeBooks|url=https://www.abebooks.com/9780814331415/What-Mama-Said-Epic-Drama-0814331416/plp|work=www.abebooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b15781720|work=www.nypl.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|title=What Mama Said, an epic drama (2004)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Mama Said : An Epic Drama [1&amp;nbsp;ed.] 9780814336786, 9780814331415|url=https://dokumen.pub/what-mama-said-an-epic-drama-1nbsped-9780814336786-9780814331415.html|work=dokumen.pub|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=What Mama Said: An Epic Drama|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/What_Mama_Said.html?id=SzupEkw7AowC|publisher=Wayne State University Press|date=2003-06-01|isbn=978-0-8143-3678-6|language=en|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''No Vacancy'' (2005)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NO VACANCY: A Play, by Tess Onwueme|url=https://africaworldpressbooks.com/no-vacancy-a-play-by-tess-onwueme/|work=Africa World Press &amp; The Red Sea Press|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=No Vacancy! (A Play) - Onwueme, Osonye Tess: 9781592212569 - AbeBooks|url=https://www.abebooks.com/9781592212569/Vacancy-Play-Onwueme-Osonye-Tess-1592212565/plp|work=www.abebooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://writertess.com/creative-work/book/no-vacancy.asp|work=writertess.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|title=No Vacancy (2005)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye nsọpụrụ ==
O merie ọtụtụ onyinye mba ụwa, gụnyere nke a ma ama Fonlon-Nichols (2009),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Celebrating Prof Tess Onwueme|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/01/celebrating-prof-tess-onwueme/|date=2019-01-26|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Phyllis Wheatley / Nwapa maka ndi oji na-ede akwukwo gbara ama (2008),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Delta-Born Tess Onwueme Celebrated Abroad|url=https://thepointernewsonline.com/?p=34700|date=2014-11-29|website=The Pointer News Online|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Martin_Luther_King_Jr.|Martin Luther King]], Jr./Caeser Chavez Distinguished Writers Award (1989/90),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Onwueme, Osonye Tess 1955– {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/onwueme-osonye-tess-1955|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Distinguished Authors Award (1988),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guide to the Tess Osonye Onwueme Papers, 1975-2014|url=https://www.uwec.edu/kb/article/guide-to-tess-osonye-onwueme-papers-1975-2014/|website=University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30|accessdate=2020-11-17|archivedate=2020-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812042027/https://www.uwec.edu/kb/article/guide-to-tess-osonye-onwueme-papers-1975-2014/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onyinye nke [[:en:Association_of_Nigerian_Authors|Nzukọ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na Naijiria]]  bụ Drama Prize, nke o meriri ọtụtụ oge na eije dịka ''The Desert Encroaches'' (1985),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Books Collective: Tess Osonye Onwueme|url=http://www.africanbookscollective.com/authors-editors/osonye-tess-onwueme|website=www.africanbookscollective.com|access-date=2020-05-30|accessdate=2020-11-17|archivedate=2019-02-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201125536/http://www.africanbookscollective.com/authors-editors/osonye-tess-onwueme}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Tell It To Women'' (1995),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Riot In Heaven: Drama for the Voices of Color|url=https://www.tessonwueme.com/riot-in-heaven-drama-for-the-voices-of-color.html|website=Dr. Tess Onwueme's Official Website|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Shakara: Dance-Hall Queen'' (2001)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African novel, women, theatre and culture, dramatist, Tess Onwueme|url=http://www.writertess.com/|website=www.writertess.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Then She Said it'' (2003) dgz.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.postcolonialweb.org/nigeria/tess/prizes.html Postcolonial Web]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe m si dee ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* [[Simon Gikandi]], ''Encyclopedia of African Literature'', Routledge (2002), {{ISBN|0-415-23019-5}} - pp.&amp;nbsp;414–15 
* Ini Uko, ''Gender and Identity in the Works of Tess Onwueme'', Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 2004
* Chris Dunton, &quot;Nigeria and the Diaspora, Solidarities and Discords: The Drama of Tess Onwueme&quot;, in Toyin Falola (ed.), ''Nigeria in the Twentieth Century''. Durham, North Carolina. Carolina Academic Press, 2002. pp.&amp;nbsp;791–798
* Therese Migraine-George, &quot;African Women on the Global Stage&quot;, ''African Women and Representation: From Performance to Politics''. Trenton: Africa World Press, 2008. pp.&amp;nbsp;157–178.
* Kanika Batra, &quot;Daughters who Know the Language of Power: Community, Sexuality, and Postcolonial Development In Tess Onwueme's ''Tell it to Women,''&quot; ''Interventions: Journal of Postcolonial Studies'', Vol. 9, 1 (2007), 124–138, (ISSN 1369-801X print/1469-929X online)
* J. O. J. Nwachukwu-Agbada, &quot;Tess Onwueme: Dramatist In Quest of Change&quot;, ''&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Literature_Today&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;World Literature Today&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;66&quot;&gt;World Literature Today&lt;/a&gt;'' (Summer 1992), 464–467.

== Njikọ dị na mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060828061956/http://www.writertess.com/tess/index.asp Dr. Osonye Tess Onwueme's website]


[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1955]]
[[Òtù:Ndị si Delta steetị]]
[[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]]
[[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ]]
[[Òtù:Onye agụmakwụkwọ na Naijiria]]
[[Òtù:Ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Benin]]</text>
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    <title>Mahadum Ọrụ Ugbo, Makurdi</title>
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'''Mahadum Agriculture, Makurdi''' ('''UAM''') bu ulo akwukwo di elu na [[Makurdi]], [[Ȯra Benue|Benue State]], [[Naijiria]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Commonwealth Education Partnerships, 2007|author=Nexus Strategic Partnerships|year=2007|publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]]|isbn=9780954962913}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthministers.com/special_reports/brief_profile_of_the_university_of_agriculture_makurdi_benue_state/|title=Brief profile of the University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State|work=Commonwealth Ministers|publisher=Henley Media Group|accessdate=4 May 2013|archivedate=9 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609050944/http://www.commonwealthministers.com/special_reports/brief_profile_of_the_university_of_agriculture_makurdi_benue_state}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E guzobere mahadum ahụ n'afọ 1988, ịgbaso ndụmọdụ nke gọọmentị etiti n'afọ 1987 akwụkwọ ọcha na usoro ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na mmepe na Naijiria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Anyanwu|first=Ogechi Emmanuel|title=The Politics of Access: University Education and Nation-Building in Nigeria, 1948-2000|url=https://www.questia.com/read/120831846|year=2011|publisher=University of Calgary Press {{Subscription required|via=[[Questia]]}}|isbn=978-1552385180|pages=174–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osote onye isi ala bụ Prọfesọ Anande Richard Kimbir, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/fuam-gets-new-vice-chancellor.html|title=FUAM gets new Vice Chancellor|date=30 June 2018|work=Daily Trust|accessdate=10 June 2021|archivedate=30 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630052915/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/fuam-gets-new-vice-chancellor.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye isi  Mahadum bụ Emir nke Ilorin, Alhaji Ibrahim Sulu Gambari CFR. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://royalnews.com.ng/profile-of-the-11th-emir-of-ilorin-his-royal-highness-alhaji-ibrahim-sulu-gambari/|title=Profile of the 11th Emir of Ilorin, His Royal Highness Alhaji Ibrahim Sulu-Gambari|author=editor|date=2019-06-13|work=Royal News|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-14|archivedate=2019-08-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823142340/https://royalnews.com.ng/profile-of-the-11th-emir-of-ilorin-his-royal-highness-alhaji-ibrahim-sulu-gambari/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N’abalị iri na anọ nke ọnwa  Julaị afọ 2019, Onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] kwadoro akwụkwọ iwu ka-akpọ ya Mahadum Joseph Sarwuan Tarka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/346592-buhari-approves-bills-that-change-names-of-two-major-nigerian-institutions.html|title=Buhari approves bills that change names of two major Nigerian institutions|date=14 August 2019|work=Premium Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngalaba dị iche iche ==
Mahadum Ọrụ Ugbo, Makurdi nwere ngalaba iri atọ na kọleji iri:

* kọleji nke Ọrụ Ugbo mkpụrụ osisi
*  kọleji nke Ọrụ Ugbo akụ na ụba na Mgbatị/ndọtị
* kọleji nke nke Injinia
* kọleji nke Sayensị umụ anụmanụ
* kọleji nke teknụzụ nri  na Ọmụmụ ihe mmadụ 
* kọleji nke nke Sayensị
* kọleji nke Ọrụ Ugbo na Sayensị mmụta
* kọleji nke nke ọgwụgwọ ọrịa anụmanụ
* kọleji nke oke ohia na ịzụ azu
*  kọleji nke nke Sayensị njikwa

Maka ịgbasa ozi na nkwado ọrụ ọhaneze, UAM guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Na-ahụ maka mgbasawanye (CEC) na ụlọ ọrụ maka nri na ọrụ ugbo (CEFAS) nke na-elekwasị anya na nkwado mgbakwunye ọrụ ugbo na ọrụ nkwado iwu ọha na eze.

== Usoro nyocha na ndọtị ==

* Mmemme mgbọrọgwụ na nri puru n'ime ala
* Mmemme ọka na Mkpụrụ
* Usoro oke ohia na ahihia
* Mmemme Ruminants
* Mmemme ndị na-abụghị ruminants
* Usoro ugbo
* Mmemme mmekọrịta akụ na ụba
* Mmemme nrụrụ ime obodo
* Mmemme Mechanization Agricultural
* Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi na nyocha yana usoro nhazi nri na ojiji

Ebe Ụlọ ọrụ Mgbatị/ndọtị ahụ site na  ọzụzụ ya na-arụkọ ọrụ  mgbatị ya na-ejikọ mmemme Mgbasa. Ụlọ ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nri na atụmatụ ọrụ ugbo na-achikota nkwado ọrụ ọha na eze na nri na ọrụ ugbo. UAM na-eme njikọ iji hụ na teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo na mmepụta nke nyocha ya ruru  ndị ọrụ ugbo obere nke Naijiria, ndị ebu n'uche ga-erite uru na nyocha mahadum na mmemme mgbatị 

Njikọ Ụlọ ọrụ ndị gọọmentị etiti na ndị Minista nke ọrụ ugbo na gọọmentị etiti na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ metụtara ya nága n'ihu iji mata mpaghara mmekorita na nkwado teknụzụ site na Mahadum a. Mahadum a etinyela aka na International Institute of Tropical Agriculture na nyocha banyere akụkụ mmekọrịta akụ na ụba nke soybean . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=IITA Annual report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ZCcinut_sC&amp;q=University+of+Agriculture%2C+Makurdi&amp;pg=PA58|year=1990}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahadum ahụ na-eme ka ọnụnọ ya gosipụta na Benue Steeti site na mmekọrịta mmemme na oru ngo. A na-eduzi mmemme ọzụzụ maka ndị  steeti ndị ọzọ sonyere na.

== Ntụgharị ==
 {{reflist}}

== Njikọ dị na mpụga ==

* Webụsaitị ụlọ ọrụ
[[Òtù:Category:Mahadum na kọleji nke Ndị ọrụ ugbo]]
[[Òtù:Category:Mahadum Gọọmentị dị na Naijiria]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ihe ndị eguzobere na Naijiria n'afọ 1988]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ụlọ Akwụkwọ ndị eguzobere na Naijiria]]
[[Òtù:Category:Mahadum na Kọleji dị na Naijiria]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nadia Buari</title>
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'''Nadia Buari''' (amuru na November 21, 1982) &lt;ref name=&quot;bio2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/content.asp?contentid=2465&amp;ContentTypeID=5|title=Interview with Nadia Buari at NigeriaFilms.com|accessdate=2009-10-15|archivedate=2011-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714182226/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/content.asp?contentid=2465&amp;ContentTypeID=5}}&lt;/ref&gt; bu onye Nkiri  [[Ghana]] . O nwetara nhọpụta abụọ maka Best Actress in a Leading Role na Africa Movie Academy Awards na 2009 .

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Buari na Sekondi-Takoradi, [[Ghana]], nye nna Lebanon na nne Ghana. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ụmụ nwanyị Mfantsiman &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201207/123699.php|title=Photo: Nadia Buari At Mfantsiman Girls School (Then &amp; Now)|date=13 July 2012|publisher=Peacefmonline|accessdate=23 June 2020|archivedate=27 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027205001/http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201207/123699.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee mụọ nka nka na Mahadum Ghana, wee gụchaa ma wee BFA degree . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/109577-ghanaian-actress-nadia-buari-biography.html|title=Full Nadia Buari profile|author=Efua|first=Adric|date=2018-05-17|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bio1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.modernghana.com/news2/2793/4/id-have-loved-to-marry-ramsey-nouah-nadia-buari.html|title=Nadia Buari&amp;nbsp;— Interview|accessdate=2009-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime oge niile ọ nọ na Mahadum Ghana, ọ na -etinye aka na ihe nkiri na ịgba egwu otu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nadia Buari|url=http://www.eximhaus.com/ghanaianfilmactorsactresses/id5.html|accessdate=22 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605120410/http://www.eximhaus.com/ghanaianfilmactorsactresses/id5.html|archivedate=5 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Buari bidoro na [[Ghana|onyonyo Ghana]] na usoro TV ''Games People Play'' na ngwụsị 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gbcghana.com/news/25217detail.html|title=Ghanaian movie stars up for AMAA|accessdate=2009-10-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219135338/http://www.gbcghana.com/news/25217detail.html|archivedate=February 19, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri izizi mbụ ya bụ ''Mummy's Daughter, mgbe'' nke ahụ ''gasị, ọ pụtara na Beyonce: The President's Daughter'' . Ọrụ ya na &quot;Beyonce&quot; bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma ya. Ọrụ ihe nkiri ya bidoro na -ekere òkè n'usoro ihe nkiri TV ''Games People Play'' na 2005, nke ọ họpụtara maka onye na -eme ihe nkiri kacha mma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=10 things you NEVER knew about Ghanaian actress, Nadia Buari on her birthday|url=http://ynaija.com/10-things-you-never-knew-about-ghanaian-actress-nadia-buari-on-her-birthday-10-hot-photos-look/|publisher=naija.com|accessdate=22 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nweela ihe nkiri karịrị iri abụọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2790044/|title=List of Movies from Nadia Buari|accessdate=2009-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2013, ọ pụtara ihe nkiri nke ya akpọrọ ''The Diary of Imogene Brown'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nadia Buari looking fab at her movie ‘Diary of Imogen Brown’ premiere|url=http://iafrica-tv.blogspot.ca/2013/12/nadia-buari-looking-fab-at-her-movie.html|accessdate=22 February 2015|date=31 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọganihu Nollywood na ihe ịga nke ọma ===
Buari si na ihe nkiri Ghana gaa na ihe nkiri Nollywood n'afọ 2008. Ọrụ ọ rụpụtara na Nollywood bụ na ihe nkiri ''[[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyonce]] &amp; [[Rihanna]]'' bu ru [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyonce]] n'akụkụ omee Nollywood Omotola Jalade Ekeinde onye mere dika Rihanna. Ihe nkiri a ghọrọ ihe na -amasị ma ndị Ghana na ndị Naịjirịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Beyoncé is my name|url=http://africamagic.dstv.com/2012/08/15/beyonce-is-my-name/|accessdate=22 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222091612/http://africamagic.dstv.com/2012/08/15/beyonce-is-my-name/|archivedate=22 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri Nollywood ndị ọzọ a ma ama gụnyere ''Rough Rider'', ''Beauty and the Beast'', ''Hollding Hope''na ''Single and Married'' .

A makwaara ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Nollywood ya na Jim Iyke na-eme ihe nkiri, nke nwekwara nlebara anya. Ihe nkiri ya ''Beyonce &amp; Rihanna fim series'' '', Hot Romance'' na ''Behind Smile.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Behind a Smile|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VK8KFJaI_4E|publisher=Youtube|accessdate=22 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jim Iyke And Nadia Buari In Hot Romance|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2rAjHem4YQ|publisher=Youtube|accessdate=22 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2013, ọ meriri ihe nrite Pan African Actress na nturu ugo nke aa N'eme n'afọ bu  Entertainment Awards nke Naijiria (NEA Awards) na [[New York City]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sarkodie, Nadia Buari, John Dumelo win at 2013 Nigerian Entertainment Awards|url=http://www.ameyawdebrah.com/sarkodie-nadia-buari-john-dumelo-win-2013-nigerian-entertainment-awards-neaawards/|accessdate=22 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ ọzọ ===
Buari ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya na Tablet India Limited (TIL) na 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tablet India Limited Unveils Nadia Buari As Brand Ambassador|url=http://omgghana.com/tablet-india-limited-unveils-nadia-buari-as-brand-ambassador/|publisher=omgghana.com|accessdate=22 February 2015|archivedate=22 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222070553/http://omgghana.com/tablet-india-limited-unveils-nadia-buari-as-brand-ambassador/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
N’afọ 2019, Buari kpughere n’ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ọ nwụrụ mmadụ ma nwee ụmụ anọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Nadia Buari finally speaks on why she got married and had 4 kids secretly|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Nadia-Buari-finally-speaks-on-why-she-got-married-and-had-4-kids-secretly-755275|accessdate=2 January 2021|publisher=Ghanaweb|date=15 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịghọta ==
N'afọ 2014, e nyere Buari onyinye nzere pụrụiche na Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Winners: 2014|url=http://www.africanachieversawards.net/winners-2014/|publisher=africanachieversawards.net|accessdate=22 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406012513/http://www.africanachieversawards.net/winners-2014/|archivedate=6 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Ihe nkiri ==

*''Beyoncé&amp;nbsp;— The President Daughter'' (2006)
*''The Return of Beyoncé''
*''Mummy’s Daughter''
*''Darkness of Sorrow'' (2006)
*''Slave to Lust''
*''In The Eyes of My Husband''
*''American Boy''
*''Wicked Intentions''
*''Tomorrow Must Wait''
*''Hidden Treasure''
*''Beyonce &amp; Rihanna''
*''Beauty and the Beast'' (2008)
*''My Last Ambition''
*''Love, Lies and Murder''
*''Secret Lie''
*''The Angle Against The Monster''
*''Heartless''
*''Last Hour Romance''
*''Under My Pillow''
*''Speechless''
*''Desperate Bride''
*''Innocent Sin''
*''Guilty Threat''
*''The Golden Lady''
*''Satanic Kingdom''
*''Rough Rider''
*''Crazy Scandal''
*''Unfaithful''
*''The Monster In Me''
*''Bad Egg''
*''Garden of Eden''
*''No More Love''
*''My Dove''
*''[[Agony of Christ (film)|Agony of Christ]]'' (2009)
*''[[Heart of Men]]'' (2009)
*''[[Heart of Men|Forbidden Fruit]]'' (2009)
*''[[Holding Hope]]'' (2010)
*''[[Chelsea (film)|Chelsea]]'' (2010)
*''[[Checkmate (Ghanaian Movie)|Checkmate]]'' (2010)
*''[[Single and Married]]'' (2012)
*''Heroes &amp; Zeros'' (2012)
*''Game Plan'' (2015)
*''[[American Driver (Film)|American Driver]]'' (2017)

== Nsidee ==
{{Reflist}}
 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Nadia Buari at IMDb
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nana Ama McBrown</title>
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'''Felicity Ama Agyemang''' (amụrụ 15 Ọgọst 1973), nke a maara dị ka '''Nana Ama McBrown''', bụ onye [[Ghana|omere Ghana]], onye ihe ngosi TV na onye ode akwụkwọ egwu. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama maka ọrụ ya na usoro ihe onyonyo ''Tentacles'' . Ka oge na-aga, ọ chọtara ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọma na-eso ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri asụsụ Twi ''&quot;Asoreba&quot;'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ASOREBA 1 - Latest 2017 Ghanaian Asante Akan Twi Movies|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDau-n6sw24|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=10 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbu a ọ bụ onye ọbịa ihe ngosi nri ihe ''onyonyo McBrown Kitchen'' na ihe ngosi ihe nkiri ''United Showbiz'' na UTV . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=McBrown gets massive praises from top American TV personality in new video|url=https://yen.com.gh/150539-american-entertainer-conan-obrien-praises-nana-ama-mcbrown-calls-fantastic-woman-video.html|author=Tetteh|first=O.|date=2020-03-17|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=McBrown stops Freda Rhymz from walking out of UTV studio after clash with Sista Afia (video)|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/mcbrown-stops-freda-rhymz-from-walking-out-of-utv-studio-after-clash-with-sista-afia/p2xhvln|date=2020-05-24|work=Entertainment|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Nana Ama McBrown Felicity Ama Agyemang na Kumasi, [[Ghana]], na 15 Ọgọst 1977. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Nana-Ama-McBrown-celebrates-41st-birthday-with-stunning-photos-676985|title=Nana Ama McBrown celebrates 41st birthday with stunning photos|work=www.ghanaweb.com|accessdate=2019-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne ya, Cecilia Agyenim Boateng, na nna ya Kwabena Nkrumah, &lt;ref name=&quot;Biography- Nana Ama McBrown&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/lifestyle/788/biography-nana-ama-mcbrown.html|title=Biography- Nana Ama McBrown|date=2009-04-01|work=Modern Ghana|accessdate=2019-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; gbara alụkwaghịm mgbe McBrown dị obere. Ebe nna ya gawara nne ya enweghị ike ilekọta ya na ụmụnne ya isii ndị ọzọ, ya na ụmụnne ya bụ Kofi McBrown na nwanne nne ya, Madam Betty Obiri Yeboah. &lt;ref name=&quot;Biography- Nana Ama McBrown&quot; /&gt;

Ya na ụmụnne ya isii, McBrown tolitere na Kwadaso, Kumasi ya na nwanne nne ya na nna kuchiri ya. Ruo taa, ọ na-ewere nwanne nne ya dị ka &quot;ezigbo nne&quot; ma kwuo maka ekele ya nye nwanne nne ya maka inye ya ụlọ anụ na nlekọta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Buzz&quot;&gt;[http://buzzghana.com/nana-ama-mcbrown/ &quot;10 Surprising Facts About Nana Ama McBrown&quot;], Buzz Ghana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://buzzghana.com/nana-ama-mcbrown/|title=Nana Ama Mcbrown Biography: 10 Surprising Facts About Her|date=2015-10-20|work=BuzzGhana - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McBrown gara St. Peter's International Residential School, gafere na Minnesota International wee gaa Central International. Ọ gara n'ihu na Kwadaso LAJSS, n'agbanyeghị na ọ kwụsịrị dị ka onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na enweghị ike ịnọdụ ala maka ule Asambodo Mmụta Basic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=I dropped out of JSS|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2017/December-14th/i-dropped-out-of-school-in-jhs-2-nana-ama-mcbrown-reveals.php|publisher=MyJoyOnline|accessdate=27 January 2018|archivedate=23 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723143922/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2017/December-14th/i-dropped-out-of-school-in-jhs-2-nana-ama-mcbrown-reveals.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; McBrown mechara gaa Coleji nke azụmahịa ebe ọ nwetara asambodo odeakwụkwọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
McBrown sụrụ ngọngọ n'ime eme ihe nkiri. Ọ zara oku nlele na redio site na Miracle Films ma were ya n'ọrụ ka ọ na-eme iji ngwa kama. Otú ọ dị, na setịpụ, ọ na-enwe ike ịdọrọ onye nduzi mgbe onye nduzi, Samuel Nyamekye, chere na ọ ka mma maka ọrụ ahụ. Na 2001, a tọhapụrụ ihe nkiri mbụ ya, ''That Day'', na-amalite ọrụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nana Ama McBrown|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/member/content.asp?ContentId=1771|publisher=onlinenigeria.com|accessdate=22 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ya ''na That Day'' nyeere ya aka inweta ọnọdụ na usoro TV ''Tentacles'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=10 most beautiful Ghanaian Actresses 2015|url=http://www.africaranking.com/most-beautiful-ghanaian-actresses/|publisher=africaranking.com|accessdate=22 February 2015|archivedate=7 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107093246/http://www.africaranking.com/most-beautiful-ghanaian-actresses/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2007, McBrown pụtara na ihe nkiri &quot; ''Asoreba&quot;'', na-emekọ ihe ọnụ Agya Koo na Mercy Aseidu. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/123203-20-kumawood-movies-ever.html|title=20 best Kumawood movies ever|author=Akwasi|first=Kofi|date=2019-02-22|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|accessdate=2019-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McBrown bụ onye nnọchi anya akara Royal Drinks. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kasapafmonline.com/2018/07/kasapreko-unveils-nana-ama-mcbrown-as-royal-drinks-brand-ambassador/|title=Nana Ama Mcbrown as Royal drink Ambassador|work=kasapafmonline.com|accessdate=2020-01-14|archivedate=2020-01-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114161120/https://kasapafmonline.com/2018/07/kasapreko-unveils-nana-ama-mcbrown-as-royal-drinks-brand-ambassador/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye ọbịa ihe ngosi nri ihe ''onyonyo McBrown Kitchen'' na ihe ngosi ihe nkiri United Showbiz na UTV . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Na Machị 2021, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya COVID-19 National Trust Fund. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nana Ama Mcbrown, Israel Laryea, Reggie Rockstone named as first batch of Covid-19 Trust Fund Ambassadors - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/nana-ama-mcbrown-israel-laryea-reggie-rockstone-named-as-first-batch-of-covid-19-trust-fund-ambassadors/|accessdate=2021-03-30|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
E jikọtara McBrown na Omar Sheriff Captan, onye na-arụkọ ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, ọ bụ ezie na ha abụọ nọgidere na-agọnahụ njikọ ịhụnanya ọ bụla. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sexy Nana Ama McBrown is Single Again|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/blogs/blog.article.php?blog=1465&amp;ID=1000001793|publisher=ghanaweb.com|accessdate=22 February 2015|archivedate=3 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235403/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/blogs/blog.article.php?blog=1465&amp;ID=1000001793}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2004, McBrown nwere ụbọchị dị mkpirikpi Okyeame Kwame, onye egwu Ghana. N'ime afọ ahụ, a hụrụ ka ha abụọ na-eme njem ọnụ na [[Ghana]] niile na-akwalite ntọhapụ nke Kwame. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nana Ama McBrown Broke My Heart – Okyeame Kwame|url=http://omgghana.com/nana-ama-mcbrown-broke-my-heart-okyeame-kwame/|publisher=omgghana.com|accessdate=22 February 2015|archivedate=22 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222065833/http://omgghana.com/nana-ama-mcbrown-broke-my-heart-okyeame-kwame/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 15 Julaị 2007, e chiri McBrown n'ocheeze dị ka &quot; ''Nkosuohemaa'' &quot; (ma ọ bụ emume ''eze nwanyị-nne mmepe'' ) nke Assin-Basiako nso Assin- Fosu na Assin North District nke Central Region, Ghana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Enstooled&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ghanadistricts.com/news/?read=6416&amp;PHPSESSID=ec30e7b8288ddad035e217fbb909239d|title=Nana Ama Mc Brown made queen mother|date=18 July 2008|work=Ghana Districts|publisher=Ministry of Local Government &amp; Rural Development and Maks Publications &amp; Media Services|accessdate=2009-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N’afọ 2016, ọ lụrụ enyi ya bụ́ Maxwell Mawu Mensah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Duah|first=Kofi|title=Marriage is not easy – Nana Ama McBrown|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/marriage-not-easy-nana-ama-mcbrown.html|work=www.graphic.com.gh|accessdate=10 November 2018|date=14 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na February 2019 McBrown mụrụ nwa nwanyi na [[Kánada|Canada]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Osafo-Nkansah|first=Eugene|title=Nana Ama McBrown And Husband Welcome Bouncy Baby Girl|url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201903/377133.php|work=PeaceFMOnline|accessdate=8 March 2019|archivedate=7 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107094303/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201903/377133.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/showbiz/news/nana-ama-mcbrown-welcomes-baby-girl.html#&amp;ts=undefined|work=www.graphic.com.gh|accessdate=2019-03-23|title=Nana Ama McBrown excites social media with baby news}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nana Ama Mcbrown shows baby’s face for the first time as she celebrates her 1st anniversary|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/62655/nana-ama-mcbrown-shows-babys-face-for-the-first.html|author=firm|first=Odartey Lamptey Odartey GH Media House is a new Ghanaian entertainment|work=Modern Ghana|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nana Ama McBrown officially names her daughter in a private ceremony|url=https://yen.com.gh/128155-nana-ama-mcbrown-holds-naming-ceremony-baby-maxin-mawushi-mensah-name.html|author=Mensah|first=Jeffrey|date=2019-05-25|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ahọpụtara ==

*''[[Coming to Africa]]''
*''Nnipa ye bad''
*''[[Side Chick Gang|SideChic Gang]]''
*''Abro''
*''[[He Is Mine]]''
*''Madam Joan''
*''[[Nsem Pii]]''
*''[[Kumasi Yonko]] ''
*''Odo Ntira''
*''Madam Moke''
*''[[Love Comes Back]]''
*''Kae Dabi''
*''Asoreba''
*''Wo Nyame som po ni''
*''Alicia''
*''[[Fools Paradise]]''
*''Dea Ade Wo No''
*''Girl Connection''
*''Playboy''
*''My Own Mother''
*''Friday Night''
*''Di Asempa (Osofo Maame)''
*''Asabea (The Blind Girl)''
*''Evil Heart''
*''The Pastor's Wife''
*''Pastors Club''
*''[[Onyame Tumi]]''
*''I Know My Rights''
*''The End''
*''Onyame ye Onyame''
*''[[John and John]]'' (2017)
*''Obidea Aba''
*''My Soldier Father''
*''Alhaji Grusa''
*''Agya Koo trotro Driver''
*''Nana Goes To Mecca''
*''Games of the Heart''
*''That Day''
*''[[Otan Hunu Kwah]]''
*''[[Aloe Vera (film)|Aloe Vera]]''

== Nkwanye ugwu na ihe nrite ==
McBrown emeela n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ma nwee ọtụtụ ihe nrite gụnyere Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Bekee kacha mma, onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'ọrụ ndu, ihe nkiri ọdịnala kacha mma na akụkọ kacha mma na 2011 Kumawood Awards. Ọ merikwara onye na-eme ihe nkiri ọkacha mmasị na 2016 Ghana Movie Awards na Eurostar Nwanyi achasị mma iyi uwe ama ama na kapeeti uhie na 2016 Ghana Movie Awards. O nwetakwara onye na-eme ihe nkiri Golden na ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị na ihe nkiri ''SideChic Gang'' na Golden Movie Awards na 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-11-02|title=Here's Everything You Probably Didn't Know About Nana Ama McBrown » GhBase•com™|url=https://www.ghbase.com/heres-everything-you-probably-didnt-know-about-nana-ama-mcbrown/|accessdate=2021-03-03|work=GhBase•com™|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115124349/https://www.ghbase.com/heres-everything-you-probably-didnt-know-about-nana-ama-mcbrown/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2020, e nyere ya ihe nrite Redio na Television Personality Awards TV Female Entertainment Show Onye ọbịa nke afọ 2019 – 2020. Ọ họpụtakwara ihe nrite ihe nrite nke nwanyị TV nke afọ 2019–2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Full list of 2020 RTP Award winners|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/full-list-of-2020-rtp-award-winners.html|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2020 ọ meriri ihe nrite maka nwanyị mara mma Brand Influencer na mbipụta nke atọ nke Ghana Outstanding Women Awards (GOWA). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Agency|first=Ghana News|date=2020-10-17|title=Delay wins big at Verna Ghana Outstanding Women Awards|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/delay-wins-big-at-verna-ghana-outstanding-women-awards/|accessdate=2020-10-18|work=News Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Machị 2021, e nyere ya ihe nkiri nwanyị nke afọ na ihe nrite ihe ntụrụndụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-27|title=Winners of Entertainment Achievement Awards 2021 [Full list]|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/03/winners-of-entertainment-achievement-awards-2021-full-list/|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* McBrown kichin
* ''[[Sidechic Gang|SideChic Gang]]''
* Ndepụta ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Ghana

== Nsidee ==
{{Reflist}}
 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|2747914}}  
* [http://www.modernghana.com/columnlifestyle/788/16/biography-nana-ama-mcbrown.html Akụkọ ndụ - Nana Ama McBrown]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Margaret Bamgbose</title>
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{{Infobox sportsperson|headercolor=lightgreen|education=[[University of Notre Dame]]|pb='''400 m''': &lt;br&gt;Outdoor 51.11 s (2016) &lt;br&gt; Indoor 52.10 (2015)|highestranking=|paralympics=|olympics=|nationals=|regionals=|team=|club=|collegeteam=[[Notre Dame Fighting Irish]]|event_type=[[Sprint (running)|Sprint]]|event=[[400 metres|400 m]]|sport=[[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]]|country={{flag|Nigeria}}|website=|name=Margaret Bamgbose|weight=62 kg|height=1.71 m&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/margaret-bamgbose |title=Rio 2016 Margaret Bamgbose bio |accessdate=2022-03-30 |archivedate=2016-11-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125045105/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/margaret-bamgbose }}&lt;/ref&gt;|death_place=|death_date=|birth_place=[[Evanston, Illinois]]&lt;br&gt;[[United States]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|1993|10|19|df=yes}}|residence=|nickname=|fullname=|birth_name=|caption=|imagesize=|image=|updated=28 July 2016}}

'''Margaret Bamgbose''' (amuru Ọktoba 19, 1993) bu onye oso egwu na ogige Naijiria nke ọpụrụiche na 400 mita . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/nigeria/margaret-bamgbose-279288|title=IAAF: Margaret Bamgbose {{!}} Profile|work=iaaf.org|accessdate=2016-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye iri na otu n'oge niile America na Mahadum Notre Dame.

== Ọkachamara ==
Bamgbose gbara ọsọ 400 mita na asọmpi mba ụwa nke afọ 2017 na nke iri abụọ n'oge 52.23.

Bamgbose gbara ọkpụ ụzọ n'ọsọ 4 × 400 m relay maka Nigeria na asọmpi ime ụlọ nke ụwa nke afọ 2016 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.und.com/sports/c-track/spec-rel/032116aaa.html|title=Alumnus Chris Giesting Races to Gold at IAAF World Indoor Championship|author=Mikes|first=Lizzie|date=2016-03-21|work=|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị otu nke mejupụtara Bamgbose, [[Regina George]], [[Tameka Jameson]] na Ada Benjamin Agbagharala oghere otu egwuregwu n'ebe nke anọ. O banyere nke atọ n'asọmpi Naijiria nke 2016 n'azụ [[Patience Okon George|Patience George]] na [[Omolara Omotosho|Omolara Omotoso]] wee si otú ahụ mechie ọkwa ya maka asọmpi Rio Olympik . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.makingofchamps.com/2016/07/08/okon-george-defends-400m-title-nigerian-olympic-trials/|title=Okon George defends 400m title at Nigerian Olympic Trials|author=Maduewesi|first=Christopher|date=2016-07-08|work=Making of Champions|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
!colspan=6| Representing [[Athletics Federation of Nigeria]]
|-
|2017
|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|2017 World Championships]]
|[[Olympic Stadium (London)]]
|20th
|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres|400 meters]]
|52.23&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/report-womens-400m-semi-final-iaaf-world-ch |title=2017 World Championships in Athletics WOMEN'S 400M SEMI-FINALS |author=IAAF |date=August 7, 2017 |work=[[IAAF]] |accessdate=October 26, 2017|author-link=IAAF }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|rowspan=2|2016
|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics#Women|2016 Summer Olympics]]
|[[Estádio Olímpico João Havelange]]&lt;br&gt;[[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]
|18th
|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metres|400 meters]]
|51.92&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/rio-2016-olympic-games-women-400m-semi-final |title=REPORT: WOMEN'S 400M SEMI-FINALS – RIO 2016 OLYMPIC GAMES |author=IAAF |date=August 14, 2016 |work=[[IAAF]] |accessdate=October 26, 2017|author-link=IAAF }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2016 World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Oregon Convention Center]]&lt;br&gt;[[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Oregon]]
|4th
|[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4x400 meters relay]]
|3:34.03&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/relay-portland-world-indoors-usa |title=REPORT: WOMEN'S 4X400M FINAL – IAAF WORLD INDOOR CHAMPIONSHIPS PORTLAND 2016 |author=IAAF |date=March 20, 2016 |work=[[IAAF]] |accessdate=October 26, 2017|author-link=IAAF }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Notre Dame ==
N'afọ 2016, Bamgbose gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Notre Dame wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na njikwa teknụzụ ozi sitere na mahadum Mendoza College of Business . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/evanston/sports/ct-evr-margaret-bamgbose-nigerian-olympic-team-tl-0714-20160714-story.html|title=Margaret Bamgbose qualifies for Nigeria's Olympic track team|author=Shalin|first=Dan|date=2016-07-15|work=Chicago Tribune|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye America niile ugboro iri na otu, o debere kọleji kacha mma na 200 m na 400 m na 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/athletes/4172707/Notre_Dame_IN/Margaret_Bamgbose.html|title=TFRRS {{!}} Margaret Bamgbose|author=|first=|date=|work=www.tfrrs.org|publisher=U.S. Track &amp; Field and Cross Country Coaches Association|accessdate=2016-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2014 na 2015, ọ gbachara n'ebe nke isii na NCAA Outdoor finals na  oge abụọ. O mekwara agba nke ikpeazụ n'afọ 2016 wee gụchaa n'ebe nke anọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.und.com/sports/c-track/mtt/margaret_bamgbose_810326.html|title=Margaret Bamgbose Bio|author=|first=|date=|work=Notre Dame Track &amp; Field :: UND.COM :: The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-27|archivedate=2016-07-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723133029/http://www.und.com/sports/c-track/mtt/margaret_bamgbose_810326.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye mmeri ACC Indoor 400 Mita 2015.

=== NCAA Track and field Championship ===
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
!colspan=6| Representing [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish]]
|-
|rowspan=4|2016
|rowspan=2|[[2016 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships]] 
|rowspan=2|[[Eugene, Oregon]]
|6th
|[[4x400 meters relay]]
|3:31.95&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/46699_2884153.html?athlete_hnd=|title=2016 NCAA D1 Outdoor Championships - 4x400 m results - June 2016 |author=TFRRS |date=June 8, 2016 |work=TFRRS.org |accessdate=October 25, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|4th
|[[400 metres|400 m]]
|51.57&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/46699_2884185.html?athlete_hnd=4172707|title=2016 NCAA D1 Outdoor Championships - 400 m results - June 2016 |author=TFRRS |date=June 8, 2016 |work=TFRRS.org |accessdate=October 25, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2016 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[University of Alabama at Birmingham]]
|5th
|[[400 meters]]
|52.12&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/44282_2702428.html?athlete_hnd=4172707|title=2016 NCAA D1 Indoor Championships - 400 m results - 03/11/16 |author=TFRRS |date=March 11, 2016 |work=TFRRS.org |accessdate=October 25, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|6th
|[[Distance medley relay]]
|11:01.86&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/44282_2702406.html?athlete_hnd=|title=2016 NCAA D1 Indoor Championships - DMR results - 03/11/16 |author=TFRRS |date=March 11, 2016 |work=TFRRS.org |accessdate=October 25, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4|2015
|rowspan=2|[[2015 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships]] 
|rowspan=2|[[Eugene, Oregon]]
|12th
|[[4x400 meters relay]]
|3:35.625&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/46699_2884153.html?athlete_hnd=|title=2015 NCAA D1 Outdoor Championships - 4x400 m results - June 2015 |author=TFRRS |date=June 13, 2015 |work=TFRRS.org |accessdate=October 25, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|6th
|[[400 metres|400 m]]
|52.13&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/41405_2568026.html?athlete_hnd=4172707|title=2015 NCAA D1 Outdoor Championships - 400 m results - June 2015 |author=TFRRS |date=June 13, 2015 |work=TFRRS.org |accessdate=October 25, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2015 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[University of Arkansas]]
|6th
|[[400 meters]]
|52.65&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/39148_2390389.html?athlete_hnd=4172707 |title=2015 NCAA D1 Indoor Championships - 400 m results - 03/14/15 |author=TFRRS |date=March 14, 2015 |work=TFRRS.org |accessdate=October 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|8th
|[[Distance medley relay]]
|11:15.96&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/39148_2390356.html?athlete_hnd= |title=2015 NCAA D1 Indoor Championships - DMR results - 03/14/15 |author=TFRRS |date=March 14, 2015 |work=TFRRS.org |accessdate=October 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-

|rowspan=3|2014
|rowspan=2|[[2014 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships]] 
|rowspan=2|[[Eugene, Oregon]]
|DNF
|[[4x400 meters relay]]
|DNF&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/36208_2250520.html?athlete_hnd= |title=2014 NCAA D1 Outdoor Championships - 4x400 m results - June 2014 |author=TFRRS |date=June 14, 2014 |work=TFRRS.org |accessdate=October 25, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|6th
|[[400 metres|400 m]]
|51.72&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/36208_2250551.html?athlete_hnd=4172707|title=2014 NCAA D1 Outdoor Championships - 400 m results - June 2014 |author=TFRRS |date=June 14, 2014 |work=TFRRS.org |accessdate=October 25, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[2014 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships]]
|[[University of New Mexico]]
|bgcolor=cc9900|3rd
|[[Distance medley relay]]
|11:11.54&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/34001_2083795.html?athlete_hnd= |title=2014 NCAA D1 Indoor Championships - DMR results - 03/15/14 |author=TFRRS |date=March 15, 2014 |work=TFRRS.org |accessdate=October 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|rowspan=3|2013
|rowspan=2|[[2013 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships]] 
|rowspan=2|[[Eugene, Oregon]]
|19th
|[[4x400 meters relay]]
|3:38.22&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/31188_1946750.html?athlete_hnd= |title=2013 NCAA D1 Outdoor Championships - 4x400 m results - June 2013 |author=TFRRS |date=June 8, 2013 |work=TFRRS.org |accessdate=October 25, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|18th
|[[400 metres|400 m]]
|53.38&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/31188_1946782.html?athlete_hnd=4172707|title=2013 NCAA D1 Outdoor Championships - 400 m results - June 2013 |author=TFRRS |date=June 8, 2013 |work=TFRRS.org |accessdate=October 25, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[NCAA Women's Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships|2013 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships]]
|[[Fayetteville, Arkansas]]&lt;br&gt;[[Randal Tyson Track Center|University of Arkansas]]
|11th
|[[4x400 meters relay]]
|3:35.85&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/29008_1787827.html?athlete_hnd= |title=2013 NCAA D1 Indoor Championships - 4x400 m results - March 2013 |author=TFRRS |date=March 8, 2013 |work=TFRRS.org |accessdate=October 25, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Nkeonwe na Prep ==
A mụrụ Bamgbose na United States na nne na nna si Naijiria, Sunday na Afusatu Bamgbose bụ ndị si [[Abeokuta]] na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Nigeria. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://suntimeshighschoolsports.com/2014/07/17/evanston-grad-margaret-bamgbose-enjoys-downtime-busy-spring-track/|title=Evanston grad Margaret Bamgbose enjoys downtime after busy spring on the track|author=Shalin|first=Dan|date=2014-07-17|work=Sun-Times High School Sports|accessdate=2016-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821055809/http://suntimeshighschoolsports.com/2014/07/17/evanston-grad-margaret-bamgbose-enjoys-downtime-busy-spring-track/|archivedate=2016-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere ụmụnne abụọ, nwanne nwanyị tọrọ ya na nwanne nwoke ọ tọrọ. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Evanston Township High School, [[Ilinoi|Illinois]] . Bamgbose malitere dịka onye na awu ihe mgbochi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na n'oge mahadum mbụ tupu ọ mara nke ọma na asọmpi 400 mita. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.evanstonroundtable.com/main.asp?SectionID=5&amp;SubSectionID=5&amp;ArticleID=12289|title=ETHS Alum Margaret Bamgbose to Compete in 2016 Olympics - Evanston RoundTable|author=Donohue|first=Jamie|date=2016-07-20|work=www.evanstonroundtable.com|publisher=Evanston Roundtable|accessdate=2016-07-27|archivedate=2016-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807165038/http://www.evanstonroundtable.com/main.asp?SectionID=5&amp;SubSectionID=5&amp;ArticleID=12289}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebensidee ==
{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Margaret Bamgbose  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170801091927/http://www.all-athletics.com/node/565609 Profaịlụ egwuregwu niile]
* Margaret Bamgbose  
{{Authority control}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Nonso Bassey</title>
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[[Category:Articles with short description]]
[[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
[[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]]
'''Chukwunonso Bassey,Àtụ:IPAc-en nke a na-akpọ Nonso Bassey, bụ onye Naijiria na-agụ egwú, onye na-agụ abụ, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nlereanya.  Ọ gụchara dị ka onye ikpeazụ 8 kacha elu na mbipụta mbụ nke Voice Nigeria wee bịanye aka na Universal Music Group Nigeria.  Ọ bụkwa onye isi ihe nkiri na telenovella Africa Magic TV, Battleground.''',{{IPAc-en|audio=Ig-Chukwunonso Bassey.ogg}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/music/nonso-bassey-releases-debut-single-411/|title=Nonso Bassey Releases Debut Single &quot;411&quot;|work=Guardian Newspaper|date=2 February 2018|accessdate=17 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/boomplay-partners-universal-music-on-distribution/|title=Boomplay partners Universal Music on distribution|work=Guardian Newspaper|date=10 November 2018|accessdate=17 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.galaxytvonline.com/entertainment/why-i-titled-my-single-411-nonso-bassey|title=Why i titled my single '411'- Nonso Bassey|work=Galaxy TV|date=10 November 2018|accessdate=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Bassey na Calabar site na nna Igbo si Imo na nne Efik si Cross River Steeti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.glanceng.com/2018/11/30/nonso-bassey-chats-with-glance-online/|title=SPOTLIGHT! – NONSO BASSEY CHATS WITH GLANCE ONLINE!|work=Glance Nigeria|date=30 November 2018|accessdate=17 September 2019|archivedate=27 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027082258/https://www.glanceng.com/2018/11/30/nonso-bassey-chats-with-glance-online/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2000, ọ banyere na Mahadum nke Calabar International Secondary School, Calabar ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 2006. Ọ gara Mahadum Covenant, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na klas nke abụọ na Bekee na Literary Studies mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ National Youth Service (NYSC) dị ka onye ọrụ obodo na ngalaba ụgbọelu na Imo Steeti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://changeforsociety.com/eagles-on-mission-beacon-set-5-years-anniversary-covenant-university-alumni/|title=Eagles On A Mission; Beacon Set 5 Years Anniversary – #CFSlocal in Nigeria|work=Change for Society|date=22 July 2016|accessdate=17 September 2019|archivedate=31 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031231659/https://changeforsociety.com/eagles-on-mission-beacon-set-5-years-anniversary-covenant-university-alumni/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ynaija.com/thevoicenigeria/|title=#TheVoiceNigeria: 40 things to know about the 8 finalists|work=Ynaija|date=31 July 2016|accessdate=17 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Bassey malitere ọrụ egwu ya mgbe e gosipụtara ya na egwu, My Dream na VJ Adams na rapper MI na afọ 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenativemag.com/music/top-8-voice-nigeria-2016/|title=WHERE ARE THE TOP 8 FROM THE VOICE NIGERIA 2016|work=The Native Magazine|date=13 July 2017|accessdate=17 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2016, ọ gara nyocha maka oge mbụ nke The Voice Nigeria, ma mee ya na ihe ngosi, ebe ọ gụsịrị dị ka onye ikpeazụ asatọ kachasị elu ma Universal Music Group bịanyere aka na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/nonso-bassey-the-voice-nigeria-blind-audition-was-the-most-nerve-wracking-experience/s086gsh|title=&quot;The Voice Nigeria blind audition was the most nerve-wracking experience of my life&quot;|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=23 August 2016|accessdate=17 September 2019|archivedate=16 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116211804/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/nonso-bassey-the-voice-nigeria-blind-audition-was-the-most-nerve-wracking-experience/s086gsh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/news/not-just-amazing-vocalists|title=Not just amazing vocalists|work=Africa Magic|date=8 May 2017|accessdate=17 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/universal-music-partners-with-nigerian-streaming-service-udux-1203182925/|title=Universal Music Partners With Nigerian Streaming Service uduX|work=Variety Magazine|date=8 April 2019|accessdate=17 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2017, a họpụtara ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ''Dr Emeka Kalu'' na telenovela Africa Magic, Battleground ebe ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Ini Dima-Okojie nwere nyocha dị mma site n'aka ndị nkatọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/nonso-bassey-actor-talks-about-battleground-favourite-tenka-moment-upcoming-projects/zsry2yj|title=Actor talks about &quot;Battleground,&quot; favourite Tenka moment, upcoming projects|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=9 December 2017|accessdate=17 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2017, o meghere maka Aṣa na egwu ya na Lagos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/asa-live-in-lagos-encore-singer-holds-second-edition-of-her-live-concert/y6ngse3|title=Singer holds second edition of her live concert|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=30 April 2017|accessdate=17 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Bassey pụtara na ihe nkiri Wurukum Roundabout ya na ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na-eme ihe nkiri Africa, gụnyere Juliet Ibrahim, Gbenro Ajibade, Susan Peters na Keppy Young.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7958892/fullcredits|title=Wurukum Roundabout (2017) Full Cast &amp; Crew|work=IMDB|date=30 April 2017|accessdate=17 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2018, Nonso Bassey wepụtara egwu izizi ya ''411'', nke Johny Drille mepụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://talkmediaafrica.com/2018/02/09/video-nonso-bassey-411/|title=VIDEO: Nonso Bassey – 411|work=Talk Media Africa|date=9 February 2018|accessdate=17 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A nabatara egwu ahụ nke ọma na onye na-enyocha Native Magazine, Edwin Okolo chịkọtara nyocha ya nke otu egwu ahụ na-ekwu, &quot;''Ọ bụ naanị''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenativemag.com/music/nonso-bassey-goes-broke-411/|title=NONSO BASSEY COMPELS YOU TO LOVE HIM WITH &quot;411&quot;|work=The Native Magazine|date=5 February 2018|accessdate=17 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/video/nonso-bassey-411|title=Nonso Bassey – 411|work=Africa Magic|date=29 April 2018|accessdate=17 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ole na ole n'ime ndị egwu Naịjirịa mepụtara ballads dị ike nke na ha nwere ike izuru anyị pụọ na hypnotic thump nke njem Afrobeat anyị na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị, na &quot;411&quot;, Nonso Bassey yiri ka ọ dị njikere isonyere ndị ahụ dị elu. &quot;

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2019, Bassey wepụtara egwu ya nke abụọ n'okpuru Universal Music Group Nigeria, egwu na-enye obi ụtọ For You nke Yekini 'Tiwezi' Temitayo mepụtara na vidiyo nke Adesua Okosun duziri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIGLTrKKMWc|title=Nonso Bassey – For You|work=Youtube|date=29 April 2019|accessdate=24 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọktọba 2019, a họpụtara Bassey maka onyinye maka ''Best Vocal Performance'' (Male) maka egwu izizi ya, ''411'' na mbipụta nke iri na atọ nke Headies Award.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 October 2019|title=Wizkid, Tiwa Savage, Others Battle for Biggest Awards at the Headies|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/10/19/wizkid-tiwa-savage-others-battle-for-biggest-award-at-headies/|work=PM News|accessdate=19 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara ya na Johnny Drille, Wurld, Funbi na Tay Iwar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 October 2019|title=Headies 2019: Here is Pulse's full list of predictions|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/headies-2019-burna-boy-falz-rema-to-win-big-pulse-predictions/0ws4wlr|work=PulseNG|accessdate=19 October 2019|archivedate=19 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019123635/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/headies-2019-burna-boy-falz-rema-to-win-big-pulse-predictions/0ws4wlr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 October 2019|title=Naira Marley: Why im name no dey Headies 2019 nominee list|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-49903777|work=BBC|accessdate=19 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ihe nrite
!Category
!Nsonaazụ
!Ref
|-
|2019
|Onyinye Headies
|''Best Vocal Performance (Nwoke)''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
|-
|2021
|Africa Movie Academy Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma n'ọrụ ndu
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Banjo|first=Noah|date=2021-10-29|title=FULL LIST: Ayinla, Omo Ghetto: The Saga bag multiple nominations at AMAA 2021|url=https://punchng.com/full-list-ayinla-omo-ghetto-the-saga-bag-multiple-nominations-at-amaa-2021/|accessdate=2021-10-30|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=See list of winners for di 2021 African Movie Academy Awards|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-59434725|work=BBC News Pidgin|accessdate=29 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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[[Usòrò:Meji Alabi Profile Photo.jpg|thumb|Méjí Alabi]]
'''Meji Alabi''' (a mụrụ na 13 Disemba n'afọ 1988) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye na-ese foto na onye na-emepụta ihe. Ọ bụ onye nduzi ma rụọ ọrụ na [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyonce]], [[Burna Boy]], [[Wizkid]], Davido&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/top-five-nigerian-music-video-directors/|title=Top five Nigerian music video directors|date=27 April 2021|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lbbonline.com/news/meji-alabi-tales-of-an-experience-junkie|title=Meji Alabi: Tales of an &quot;Experience Junkie&quot;|date=24 February 2019|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/2021/04/23/runtown-and-director-meji-alabi-go-virtual-this-weekend/|title=Runtown and director Meji Alabi go virtual this weekend|date=23 April 2021|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 May 2017|title=Runtown shares official music video for new single &quot;For Life&quot;|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/music/231986-runtown-shares-official-music-video-for-new-single-for-life.html|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Tiwa Savage]], Popcaan, Goldlink, Koffee na [[Nasty C]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:142&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=A N T I on Instagram: &quot;Black Is King, a film by @beyonce.⁣ Super pumped to have played our part on the Nigerian chapter of this film 🧡 alongside amazing…&quot;|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CCCPpchjO_r/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928005317/https://www.instagram.com/p/CCCPpchjO_r/|archivedate=2023-09-28|accessdate=2020-07-11|work=[[Instagram]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-57122864|title=Meji Alabi: Grammy-winning director on working with Beyonce, Burna Boy and Wizkid|date=17 May 2021|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/burna-boy-pull-up-nigeria-new-music-video-african-giant|title=Burna Boy Proves He’s Nigeria’s Most Stylish Musician in His New Video|date=21 August 2019|accessdate=13 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/life/the-meji-alabi-fever/|title=The Meji Alabi Fever|date=24 February 2019|accessdate=23 May 2021|archivedate=29 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729063659/https://guardian.ng/life/the-meji-alabi-fever/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://culturecustodian.com/watch-the-meji-alabi-video-for-goldlink-and-maleek-berrys-zulu-screams/|title=WATCH THE MEJI ALABI DIRECTED VIDEO FOR GOLDLINK AND MALEEK BERRY’S ‘ZULU SCREAMS’|date=21 May 2019|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ ya na [[Disemba]] 13, 1988, na [[London]], Meji nọrọ ọtụtụ oge nwata ya na nna ya na-agagharị mgbe nne na nna ya kewara na 1989. Ọ na-agagharị n'etiti London, Bahamas, na [[Texas]], [[USA]]. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ etiti Spring Forest na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Stratford na Houston, Texas. Meji Alabi gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke West London na klas mbụ summa cum laude distinction na ndekọ ego na ego, ma nwekwa nzere ikikere nke Nursing na St. Phillips College na San Antonio, Texas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/meji-alabi-nigeria-music-video/|title=Interview: Meji Alabi Is Bringing Nigerian Culture to the World, One Music Video at a Time|date=16 February 2021|accessdate=23 May 2021|archivedate=23 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011815/https://www.okayafrica.com/meji-alabi-nigeria-music-video/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 July 2020|title=WHAT WOULD I CHANGE: DIRECTOR MEJI ALABI|url=https://www.creativereview.co.uk/what-would-i-change-director-meji-alabi/|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 2014, Meji Alabi na Jimi Adesanya hiwere JM Films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.shootonline.com/video/director-meji-alabi-black-dog-films-draw-line-against-malaria|title=Director Meji Alabi, Black Dog Films Draw The Line Against Malaria|date=25 February 2021|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri JM (nke enyemaka nke Unbound Studios) bụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na mmepụta ọrụ pụrụ iche na ihe ngosi okike, vidiyo egwu, mgbasa ozi, ihe nkiri na telivishọn ma dabere na [[Lagos]], Naijiria. Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Priorgold Pictures nke bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke dị na Lagos Naijiria, nke e kere iji gboo mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ site n'inye ngwá ọrụ na ndị ọrụ maka ime ihe okike ọhụụ.

N'afọ 2014, ọ duziri vidiyo egwu maka 'Murda' nke Seyi Shay mere nke gosipụtara [[Patoranking]], Shaydee . Ihe ịga nke ọma nke vidiyo a mere ka ọ nweta ọtụtụ nlebara anya na ụlọ ọrụ egwu Naịjirịa ma a họpụtara ya n'otu afọ ahụ na MTV Africa Music Awards maka Best Video . Nakwa n'afọ 2014, ọ duziri vidiyo egwu maka ‘Crazy’ nke Seyi Shay mere nke gosipụtara [[Wizkid]] na a họpụtara vidiyo ahụ n'afọ 2015 maka Best Music Video of the Year (Artist and Director) na Nigeria Entertainment Awards nakwa Best Music Video na The Headies 2015.

N'afọ 2016, ọ duziri vidiyo maka 'Kontrol' nke [[Maleek Berry]] nke gosipụtara ebili mmiri ọhụrụ nke ya na-eduzi vidiyo egwu maka ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ egwu Naịjirịa. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ duziri 'Aje' nke Alikiba mere nke meriri ihe nrite Best Music Video na Soundcity MVP Awards Festival na 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/life/whatsnew-entertainment-celebrity-gist-and-so-on/nigerian-entertainment-awards-full-list-of-winners/|title=Nigerian Entertainment Awards: Full List Of Winners|date=27 November 2017|accessdate=23 May 2021|archivedate=23 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011815/https://guardian.ng/life/whatsnew-entertainment-celebrity-gist-and-so-on/nigerian-entertainment-awards-full-list-of-winners/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kemgbe afọ 2018, Meji Alabi na [[Burna Boy]] rụkọrọ ọrụ na ụfọdụ ọrụ ya. Ọ duziri Pull Up, On The Low, na Gum Body nke gosipụtara Jorja Smith na abọm Burna Boy 'African Giant'. Meji duziri vidiyo maka Way Too Big, Wonderful, Monsters You Made nke gosipụtara Chris Martin na Real Life nke gosipụtara Stormzy na 'Twice As Tall' album.

Meji Alabi na [[Wizkid]] rụkọrọ ọrụ na abọm Made in Lagos, ma na-eduzi ihe ndekọ maka vidiyo egwu maka Ginger nke gosipụtara [[Burna Boy]], No Stress na Smile nke gosipụtara H.E.R

N'afọ 2020, Meji Alabi jere ozi dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri nke Naijiria maka ọrụ ọhụụ Black Is King nke Beyonce Knowles-Carter mepụtara. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ n'akụkụ Ibra Ake na Jenn Nkiru iji mee ihe nkiri egwu 'Brown Skin Girl' nke meriri Grammy Award ma bụrụ onye nduzi maka otu ihe ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenet.ng/meji-alabi-co-director-black-is-king/|title=Meji Alabi: Co-Director, Black Is King|date=28 August 2020|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/video/beyonces-black-is-king-trailer-key-art/|title=Beyoncé’s ‘Black Is King’ Visual Album Releases First Full Trailer And Key Art|date=19 July 2020|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/nigerian-creatives-black-is-king/|title=Meji Alabi, Muhammad Atta &amp; Other Nigerian Creatives who Created Magic on Beyoncè’s &quot;Black Is King&quot;|date=30 June 2020|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2021, Meji Alabi na Black Dog Films rụkọrọ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke ọrụ ọhụụ maka mkpọsa 'Zero Malaria: Draw The Line Against Malaria'. Ngagharị ahụ nwere onye na-eme ihe nkiri Naijiria na onye na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde]], onye na-eme ihe nkiri nakwa ọchụnta ego Osas Ighodaro, onye Kenya Olympic Gold-medallist na onye na-edekọ ihe ndekọ ụwa nke marathon Eliud Kipchoge, onye South Afrịka na-eme nchọpụta na onye ugwu Saray Khumalo, onye na-ese ihe na Naijiria Laolu Senbanjo onye isi ndị otu egwuregwu Rugby mba South Afrịka Siya Kolisi, na onye Rwanda-British n-eme ihe choreographer, Sherrie Silver.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/metro/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-laolu-nyc-osas-ighodaro-meji-alabi-join-global-stars-in/sm9sprq|title=Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde, Laolu NYC, Osas Ighodaro, Meji Alabi join global stars in campaign against malaria|date=24 February 2021|accessdate=23 May 2021|archivedate=23 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011814/https://www.pulse.ng/news/metro/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-laolu-nyc-osas-ighodaro-meji-alabi-join-global-stars-in/sm9sprq}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Azụmahịa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Aha
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Afọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Brand(s)
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ref(s)
|-
|&quot;Cloth 
Surgeon&quot;
|2016
|Complex &amp; Selfridges
|
|-
|&quot;Npango&quot;
|2017
|Tigo Nipa
|
|-
|&quot;S4&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018
|Infinix
|
|-
|&quot;Fashion Week&quot;
|GTB
|
|-
|&quot;Beauty Launch Campaign&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2019
|UOMA
|
|-
|&quot;Autism: A Mother Knows&quot;
|GTB
|
|-
|Food &amp;
Drink&quot;
|GTB
|
|-
|&quot;Fashion Is Freedom&quot;
|GTB
|
|-
|&quot;No. 5&quot;
|Infinix
|
|}

== Edensibia ==
 
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>P. H. Polk</title>
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      <text bytes="6893" sha1="db6xfmbfnvzztcyacqievw3zypt6oy7" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Prentice Herman Polk (Ọnwa Nọvemba 25, afọ 1898 - rụọ ọnwa Desemba 29, afọ 1984) bụ '''onye''' Amerịka na-ese foto nke a maara maka foto ya nke [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị Afrịka Amerịka]]. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ ọtụtụ afọ dị ka onye isi nke Ngalaba Foto nke Tuskegee Institute.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Prentice Herman Polk n'ọnwa Nọvemba 25, afọ 1898, na Bessemer, [[Alabama]], otu n'ime ụmụ anọ nke Jacob Prentice Polk na Christine Romelia Ward.&lt;ref&gt;Washington, Anthony, [http://www.blackpast.org/aah/polk-prentice-herman-1898-1985 &quot;Polk, Prentice Herman (1898-1985)&quot;], ''The Black Past''.&lt;/ref&gt; Aha mbụ ya bụ Herman Polk, ọ nabatara aha nna ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị ma bụrụ onye a maara dị ka P. H.

N'afọ 1916, ọ debanyere aha na Tuskegee Institute na-ezube ịghọ onye na-ese ihe. Atụmatụ ya gbanwere mgbe ọ nụrụ onye na-ese foto C. M. Batteyń onye na-eduzi Ngalaba Foto nke Tuskegee site n'afọ 1916 ruo afọ 1927 banyere ikike nke mpaghara ahụ ma gbaa ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere mmasị ume ka ha bịa hụ ya. Mgbe ya na Battey kwurịtara okwu, Polk gara n'ihu mụọrọ ya foto site na akwụkwọ ozi.

N'afọ 1924, Polk kwagara [[Chicago]], Illinois, ebe ọ gara n'ihu n'ọmụmụ ya na onye na-ese foto ọcha, Fred A. Jensen.

Polk lụrụ Margaret Blanche Thompson na Chicago n'afọ 1926; ha mụrụ nwa nwoke.

== Ọrụ foto ==
Polk laghachiri Tuskegee n'afọ 1927 iji mepee ụlọ ọrụ nke ya n'ụlọ ya n'obodo ahụ. Onye nkuzi ya bụ Battey nwụrụ n'otu afọ ahụ, n'afọ sochirinụ Polk sonyeere ngalaba ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. N'afọ 1933, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke Ngalaba Foto, na-anọgide na ọrụ ahụ ruo afọ1938. Ọ hapụrụ otu afọ na mgbalị imeghe alaka nke ụlọ ọrụ foto ya na Atlanta, GA, tupu ọ laghachi Tuskegee ije ozi dị ka onye na-ese foto kọleji ruo afọ iri anọ. O dere ndị ọbịa ama ama dịka [[Paul Robeson]] na Langston Hughes na ihe omume dịka Civil Rights Movement na campus. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ nke ya n'obodo ahụ.

N'ịbụ ndị e sere na oji na ọcha, ndị Polk na-achị sitere na ndị Afrịka Amerịka ama ama dị ka George Washington Carver ruo ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ndị Alabamians dara ogbenye. Otu usoro, &quot;Old Characters&quot;, lekwasịrị anya n'idepụta ndị ikom na ndị inyom bụbu ndị ohu si Macon County. Dị ka Battey, Polk gbalịrị iji nkwanye ùgwù na mmetụta gosipụta ndị na-anọ ya. N'adịghị ka Battey, onye na-ahọrọ foto ndị dị nro na idealizing poses, Polk mepụtara ụdị nke nkọwa dị nkọ na ọkụ siri ike gosipụtara onye ọ na-ese. Ụzọ o si eme ihe pụtara ìhè na nkwupụta o mere banyere foto afọ 1932 site na usoro &quot;Old Characters&quot; nke akpọrọ The Boss: 

: &quot;E gosipụtara ya n'ihe eziokwu nke ya: obi ike, ịrụsi ọrụ ike, onye na-eme njem, onye siri ike. Ọnọdụ ahụ, n'otu akụkụ, na ngosipụta ya, nke nwere ikike na nke siri ike, abụghị nsonaazụ nke usoro m na-emekarị iji gbaa mmeghachi omume ume. Ọ na-eyi uwe nke ya. A naghị ekpuchi ya na mmegbu. Ọ bụghị onye ọmịiko; ya mere, a naghị egosi ya na gburugburu ọmịiko. Ọ bụghị onye na-enweghị enyemaka, ọ bụghịkwa onye mara mma. &quot;

N'ọrụ mbụ ya, Polk jiri igwefoto Kodak box nwere oghere Graphex. Ndị nkatọ ekwuola maka nkà na ụzụ ya n'ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka ọ nwere ngwá ọrụ kachasị mma.

Otu n'ime ihe oyiyi Polk kachasị emetụta bụ foto nke afọ 1941 nke First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt n'ụgbọelu ya na onye na-anya ụgbọelu Charles Anderson, onye bụ onye isi nkuzi ụgbọ elu nke Tuskegee Institute. E ji foto ahụ kwalite &quot;nnwale&quot; nke Tuskegee Airmen nke e guzobere ọhụrụ nke ga-emecha zụọ ihe dị ka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ elu ojii 450 maka itinye aka na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] dị ka ndị Tuskegee Flyers.

E gosipụtara foto Polk na Corcoran Gallery (Washington, DC), Museum of Natural History (New York, NY), Studio Museum na Harlem (NY), na ọtụtụ gallery na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 1980, e nyere ya Black Photographerńs Annual Testimonial Award, n'afọ sochirinụ, ọ meriri National Endowment for the Arts fellowship.

Polk lara ezumike nká na Tuskegee na mbido afọ 1980 wee nwụọ na Tallassee, AL, n'ọnwa Disemba 29, afọ 1984.

== Akwụkwọ gbasara ọrụ Polk ==

* Polk, P.H. P.H- Polk̀A Portfolio of Eleven Original Photographs.  South Light/Ohio State University, 1981. (E debanyere aha ya na mbipụta ole na ole)
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ndepụta ụlọ ngosi ihe nkiri Corcoran, 1981.
* Chapp, Belena S., na ndị ọzọ. P.H. Polk: Site n'anya ndị a: Foto nke P.H: Polk. Ụlọ ngosi nke Mahadum, 1998.

== Ihe edeturu na ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=&lt;ref name=so&gt;Otfinoski, Steven. &quot;Polk, P. H.&quot; In ''African Americans in the Visual Arts''. Infobase Publishing, 2014, p. 158.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=marter&gt;Marter, Joan M. &quot;Polk, P.H.&quot; ''The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art''. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=nastasi&gt;Nastasi, Alison. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190708222503/http://flavorwire.com/475131/10-essential-african-american-photographers/7 &quot;10 Essential African-American Photographers: P.H. Polk&quot;]. ''Flavorwire'', Aug. 31, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=movie&gt;In the 1995 film ''[[The Tuskegee Airmen]]'', Polk was omitted and the famous photograph taken by a white photographer. See Kambon (2015).&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=airforce&gt;{{cite web|last=Air Force|first=United States|title=Eagle Biography|url=http://www.goefoundation.com/index.php/eagles/biographies/a/anderson-c.-alfred-chief/|publisher=The Air Command and Staff College Gathering of Eagles Foundation|access-date=2016-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102171010/http://www.goefoundation.com/index.php/eagles/biographies/a/anderson-c.-alfred-chief/|archive-date=2013-11-02|url-status=dead|accessdate=2022-06-26|archivedate=2013-11-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102171010/http://www.goefoundation.com/index.php/eagles/biographies/a/anderson-c.-alfred-chief/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=kambon&gt;Kambon, Malaika. [http://sfbayview.com/2015/02/p-h-polk-one-of-10-essential-african-american-photographers/ &quot;P.H. Polk, one of ‘10 essential African-American photographers’&quot;]. ''San Francisco Bay View'', February 10, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=lomax&gt;Lomax, Pearl Cleage.[https://web.archive.org/web/20220926152727/https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/p-h-polk?all/all/all/all/0 &quot;P.H. Polk&quot;]. International Center of Photography website. Accessed February 13, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mafoluku Bus Terminal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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Mafoluku Bus Terminal dị nso na Murtala Muhammed International Airport, Ikeja. Mafoluku Terminal na-enye ụzọ njikọ na Murtala Muhammed International Airport (MMIA) na ngalaba ụlọ nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu ahụ, ọdụ ụgbọ elu bụkwa ọdụ ụgbọ elu nke ga-ejere Mafoluku, Oshodi, na Ajao Estate ozi, na-enye njikọ bọs karịsịa na [[Oshodi market|Oshodi]] Transport Interchange, [[Ikeja Bus Terminal]], Mile 2 na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke [[Lagos]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-27|title=Gov Sanwo-Olu inaugurates bus terminal in Mafoluku|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/gov-sanwo-olu-inaugurates-bus-terminal-in-mafoluku/k9knknv|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archivedate=2021-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603073150/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/gov-sanwo-olu-inaugurates-bus-terminal-in-mafoluku/k9knknv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Govano Babajide Sanwo-Olu kwuru na ma LAMATA na FAAN ga na-arụ ọrụ ụgbọ njem n'ime na n'ime ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Mafoluku. Ebe LAMATA ga-eji ụgbọ ala ndị njem na-aga Mile 2 na Oshodi, FAAN ga-arụ ọrụ ndị njem na ọdụ ụgbọ elu mpaghara na mba ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=THE TRANSFORMATION OF LAGOS-AIRPORT ROAD|url=https://lagosstate.gov.ng/blog/2019/05/16/the-transformation-of-lagos-airport-road/|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Lagos State Government|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603073150/https://lagosstate.gov.ng/blog/2019/05/16/the-transformation-of-lagos-airport-road/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụgbọ ala ụgbọ ala Mafoluku bụ otu n'ime ụgbọ ala anọ gọọmentị Lagos steeti malitere na 2017 na ebumnobi nke inye akụrụngwa ụgbọ ala dị mma nke ga-akwado atụmatụ mgbanwe ụgbọ ala gọọmentị. Arụmọrụ ọdụ ụgbọ ala bụ maka ịnye akụrụngwa njem ọha dị mma ma dịkwa mma nke dị mma na ntụkwasị obi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=LAGOS BUS REFORM INITIATIVE NARRATIVE|url=https://lagosstate.gov.ng/blog/2019/03/04/lagos-bus-reform-initiative-narrative/|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Lagos State Government|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-06-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220418/https://lagosstate.gov.ng/blog/2019/03/04/lagos-bus-reform-initiative-narrative/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe owuwu ==
Ndị wuru ọdụ ụgbọ ala MafolukuLagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA) na mmekorita ya na Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN), operators of the airport. Ewubere ọdụ ụgbọ ala ahụ n'ala dị square mita 7,952, nke FAAN nyere ya. Ihe owuwu ahụ nwere tarmac nke nwere ike iburu ụgbọ ala 27 dị elu ma gbapụ na mpaghara..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-26|title=Sanwo-Olu Commissions New Oshodi Bus Terminal|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/05/26/sanwo-olu-commissions-new-oshodi-bus-terminal/|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụlọ ọrụ ==
Ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ nwere akụrụngwa, gụnyere tiketi na ọdụ ọdụ, ụlọ njikwa, ebe a na-eri nri, ihe dị mma nke ọha, ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara azụmahịa, ụlọ ọrụ ATM na ngalaba IT. Ebe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwekwara mpaghara ebe a ga-arụzi ụgbọ ala, na mgbakwunye na akụrụngwa ọkụ na akụrụngwa nchekwa okporo ụzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sanwo-Olu commissions new bus terminal at Mafoluku to improve intra-city transportation {{!}} Encomium Magazine|url=https://encomium.ng/sanwo-olu-commissions-new-bus-terminal-at-mafoluku-to-improve-intra-city-transportation/|accessdate=2021-06-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịrụ ọrụ ==
Ọ bụ Gọvanọ nke [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos Stee]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ti, Babajide Sanwo-Olu yere ọdụ ụgbọ ala Mafolukuna 26 Mee, na afo2021, onye bịakwara maka inye ọrụ ahụ bụ Managing Director nke LAMATA, Oriakụ. Abimbola Akinajo na Managing Director of FAAN, Captain Rabiu Yadudu, onye isi na-ahụ maka ego nọchitere anya ya, OriakụNike Aboderin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-28|title=Sanwo-Olu unveils MMA/Mafoluku bus terminal|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/sanwo-olu-unveils-mma-mafoluku-bus-terminal/|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Odide ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Ndepụta nke ụlọọrụ redio na Lagos</title>
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      <text bytes="12763" sha1="59hpu9plh0vi2pf52kqvsbv8cjimo20" xml:space="preserve">Nke a bụ '''ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ redio''' dị na [[Lagos]], Nigeria.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size: 90%&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;
!Ụlọ Ọrụ Redio
!Freq
|-
|Egwuregwu Brila FM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.brila.net/|title=Latest Nigeria Sports News|author=|first=|date=|work=Brila|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901224744/https://www.brila.net/|archivedate=1 September 2019|accessdate=7 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 88.9 (MHz)
|-
|Eko FM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ekofm.net/|title=EkoFm|author=|first=|date=|work=EKO 89.7FM|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826123508/https://ekofm.net/|archivedate=26 August 2019|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 89.7 (MHz)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
FM 90.1 Lasgidi Fm
|-
|Redio Lagos&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://radiolagos.lagosstate.gov.ng/|title=Radio Lagos 107.5|author=|first=|date=|work=Radio Lagos 107.5FM|language=yo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826123508/https://radiolagos.lagosstate.gov.ng/|archivedate=26 August 2019|accessdate=2021-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|107.5FM (MHz)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Redio Lagos107.5FM 
|-
|-
|Rock FM Nigeria&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rockfmnigeria.com|title=Rock FM Nigeria online|author=|first=|date=|work=Rock FM Nigeria Online|language=yo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826123508/https://new.rockfmnigeria.com|archivedate=26 August 2019|accessdate=2021-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ONLINE RADIO
|-
|Top RadioFM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://radio.org.ng/top/|title=Top Radio 90.9 FM Nigeria|work=Radio.org.ng|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713022750/https://radio.org.ng/top/|archivedate=13 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 90.9 (MHz)
|-
|Mainland FM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mainland 98.3FM is here!|url=http://www.mainlandfm.com/|accessdate=2021-09-22|work=www.mainlandfm.com|archivedate=2021-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922021341/http://www.mainlandfm.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=/|title=Mainland 98.3 FM, Anthony, Lagos|work=|language=en|accessdate=2020-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713022750/https://|archivedate=10 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 98.3 (MHz)
|-
|Lagos Nkwurịta Okwu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lagostalks.com/|title=Lagos Talks 91.3 FM {{!}} Let's Get Talking|author=|first=|date=|work=Lagos Talks 91.3 FM|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806060351/http://lagostalks.com/|archivedate=6 August 2019|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 91.3 (MHz)
|-
|WFM 917&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://wfm917.com/|title=WFM 917|work=WFM 91.7|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030020729/http://wfm917.com/|archivedate=30 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 91.7 (MHz)
|-
|Mmụọ FM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ifm923.com/|title=Inspiration FM, #1 Family Radio Station – Inspiration FM, #1 Family Radio Station In Lagos Nigeria|author=|first=|date=|work=Inspiration FM|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904225416/http://ifm923.com/|archivedate=4 September 2019|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 92.3 (MHz)
|-
|BondFM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bond929.fm/|title=Bond929fm|author=|first=|date=|work=Bond 92.9FM Lagos|language=en,yo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103115751/https://bond929.fm/|archivedate=3 January 2020|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 92.9(MHz)
|-
|Hot FM Lagos 93.3&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hotfm.ng/lagos/|title=HotFm 93.3 Lagos - More Than Just Radio &amp;#124; Visual Radio|work=HotFM 93.3 Lagos|accessdate=7 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710113110/http://hotfm.ng/lagos/|archivedate=10 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 93.3 (MHz)
|-
|Rhythm 93.7 FM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rhythm937.com/|title=Where hit Music Lives|author=|first=|date=|work=Rhythm – 93.7|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831122143/https://rhythm937.com/|archivedate=31 August 2019|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 93.7(MHz)
|-
|Rainbow 94.1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rainbow941.fm/home/|title=HOME|author=|first=|date=|work=Rainbow 94.1|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624155222/http://www.rainbow941.fm/home/|archivedate=24 June 2019|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 94.1(MHz)
|-
|Wazobia FM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://wazobiafm.com/|title=Your Ogbonge Station|author=|first=|date=|work=wazobiafm.com|language=pcm,ig|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011192300/http://wazobiafm.com/|archivedate=11 October 2019|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 95.1(MHz)
|-
|LASU Radio (Lagos State University)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/02/18/lasu-radio-95-7-fm-begins-transmission/|title=LASU Radio 95.7 FM begins transmission|date=2016-02-18|work=P.M. News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 95.7(MHz)
|-
|[[Urban96 Radio Network|Urban96 Redio Network]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://urban96.fm/|title=Urban 96.5 FM {{!}} Your Feel Good Hit Music Radio Station in Lagos, Nigeria|author=|first=|date=|work=Urban 96.5 FM|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915170524/http://urban96.fm/|archivedate=15 September 2019|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 96.5(MHz)
|-
|Cool FM Nigeria&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://coolfm.ng/|title=Cool FM Nigeria {{!}} #1 Hit Music Station|author=|first=|date=|work=CoolFM|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909115743/https://www.coolfm.ng/|archivedate=9 September 2019|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 96.9 (MHz)
|-
|Classic FM 97.3&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.classic97.net/|title=Classic FM 97.3 {{!}} The Station That Plays Every Song You Know|work=www.classic97.net|accessdate=2020-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215115324/https://www.classic97.net/|archivedate=15 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 97.3(MHz)
|-
|Metro FM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://metro977.fm/|title=Metro FM – Music Station For All Flavours|author=|first=|date=|work=Metro FM|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103115740/https://metro977.fm/|archivedate=3 January 2020|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 97.7(MHz)
|-
|Smooth 98.1FM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://smooth981.fm/|title=SMOOTH 98.1FM|work=SMOOTH 98.1FM|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214064727/https://smooth981.fm/|archivedate=14 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 98.1 (MHz)
|-
|SoundCity Radio 98.5&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://soundcity.tv/listenlagos/|title=Listen Soundcity Radio 98.5, Lagos|author=|first=|date=|work=SoundcityTV Africa|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022014000/https://soundcity.tv/listenlagos/|archivedate=22 October 2019|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 98.5 (MHz)
|-
|KISS FM LAGOS&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://kissfm989.com/|title=Kiss FM 98.9|author=|first=|date=|work=Kiss FM 98.9|accessdate=|archivedate=2022-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920180526/http://kissfm989.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/kissfmlagos/|title=98.9 KISS FM LAGOS|work=www.facebook.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 98.9(MHz)
|-
|[[Nigeria Info|Nigeria Ihe ọmụma]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nigeriainfo.fm/|title=Nigeria Info|author=|first=|date=|work=Nigeria Info FM|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206125324/https://nigeriainfo.fm/|archivedate=6 December 2019|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.radio.net/s/nigeriainfofmlagos|title=Nigeria Info 99.3 FM Lagos|author=|first=|date=|work=radio.net|accessdate=2020-02-07|archivedate=2020-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207142030/https://www.radio.net/s/nigeriainfofmlagos}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 99.3 (MHz)
|-
|[[The Beat 99.9 FM|BeatFM]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebeat99.com/|title=The Beat 99.9 FM|work=www.thebeat99.com|accessdate=2020-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831122241/http://thebeat99.com/|archivedate=31 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 99.9(MHz)
|-
|&lt;small&gt;Raypower 100.5 FM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.influxgroup.net/raypower/orci-luctus-et-ultrices-posuere/|title=Raypower 100.5Fm Lagos|author=Aigbotsua|first=Sarah|date=16 December 2013|work=Raypower FM Network|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001012225/http://www.influxgroup.net/raypower/orci-luctus-et-ultrices-posuere|archivedate=1 October 2018|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|FM 100.(5MHz)
|-
|StarFM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stars.ng/starfm/|title=★ STAR 101.5★ Radio Station★ ⋆|work=★Site of STARS★|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-07|archivedate=2020-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207142034/https://www.stars.ng/starfm/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://streema.com/radios/Star_Fm_101.5|title=Star Fm 101.5|work=Streema|accessdate=2020-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225203856/http://streema.com/radios/Star_Fm_101.5|archivedate=25 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 10(1.5MHz)
|-
|[[Max FM|Max FM Lagos]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://max1023.fm/|title=Hit Music For Lagos|work=102.3 Max FM|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130155959/https://max1023.fm/|archivedate=30 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; (nke bụbu Redio Continental)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://technext.ng/2017/11/07/radio-continental-becomes-max-fm-unveils-murphy-ijemba/|title=Radio Continental Re-brands: Becomes Max Fm, Unveils Murphy Ijemba|date=2017-11-07|work=Technext|accessdate=2020-02-07|archivedate=2020-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207142029/https://technext.ng/2017/11/07/radio-continental-becomes-max-fm-unveils-murphy-ijemba/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 102.3(MHz)
|-
|NaijaFM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.naija102.com/lagos/|title=Naija FM 102.7 Lagos|author=|first=|date=|work=Na We Radio|language=pcm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901155756/http://www.naija102.com/lagos/|archivedate=1 September 2019|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 102.7(MHz)
|-
|UnilagFM [isi iyi  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/unilagfm_1031|title=UNILAG FM 103.1 (@unilagfm_1031) {{!}} Twitter|work=twitter.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324072139/https://twitter.com/unilagfm_1031|archivedate=24 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 103.1(MHz)
|-
|Redio 103.5FM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://radio1035.fm/|title=Radio 103.5FM|author=|first=|date=|work=Radio 103.5FM|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103115726/https://radio1035.fm/|archivedate=3 January 2020|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 103.5(MHz)
|-
|Iwu FM 103.9&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lawfmng.com/|title=Law FM 103.9|author=|first=|date=|work=Law FM 103.9|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303090615/https://www.lawfmng.com/|archivedate=3 March 2022|accessdate=2022-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 103.9(MHz)
|-
|Kennis 104.1 FM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kennis104fm.com/|title=Welcome|author=|first=|date=|work=Kennis 104.1 FM|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103103030/https://kennis104fm.com/|archivedate=3 January 2020|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/kennis104fm|title=KENNIS FM (@KENNIS104FM) &amp;#124; Twitter|work=twitter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 104.1(MHz)
|-
|S.M.A.fm&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.smafmonline.com/home/|title=104.7 S.M.A fm ...your learning frequency!|author=|first=|date=|work=S.M.A.fm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724230301/http://www.smafmonline.com/home/|archivedate=24 July 2019|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 104.7(MHz)
|-
|Obodo 105.1FM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.city1051fm.com/|title=City 105.1FM|author=|first=|date=|work=City 105.1FM|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210002020/https://www.city1051fm.com/|archivedate=10 December 2019|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tunein.com/radio/City-1051-FM-s179866/|title=Listen to THE RUN DOWN on City 105.1 FM on TuneIn|work=TuneIn|language=en-us|accessdate=2020-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731081443/http://tunein.com/radio/City-1051-FM-s179866/|archivedate=31 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 105.1(MHz)
|-
|[[Faaji FM]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://radio.org.ng/faaji/|title=Faaji FM 106.5 Listen Live|work=Radio.org.ng|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/2015/12/photos-faaji-fm-marks-3rd-anniversary/|title=PHOTOS: Faaji FM marks 3rd anniversary|author=Ajagunna|first=Timilehin|date=1 December 2015|work=Nigerian Entertainment Today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030193106/http://thenet.ng/2015/12/photos-faaji-fm-marks-3rd-anniversary/|archivedate=30 October 2016|accessdate=30 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FM 106.5(MHz)
|}

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oshodi - Abule-Egba BRT Lane</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{Databox}} 

Oshodi-Abule-Egba Bus Rapid Transit Lane bụ ụzọ dị kilomita 13.65 site na Oshodi ruo Abule-Egba nke [[Lagos]], Naijirịa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Commuters to enjoy shorter travel time as Oshodi-Abule Egba BRT begins operations|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/commuters-to-enjoy-shorter-travel-time-as-oshodi-abule-egba-brt-begins-operations/|work=Business Day|date=12 August 2020|publisher=Joshua Bassey|accessdate=Aug 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebumnuche ụzọ ahụ bụ inyere mmadụ puku iri isii na-eji ya eme ihe kwa ụbọchị aka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gov. Sanwo-Olu inaugurates Oshodi-Abule Egba BRT corridor|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/gov-sanwo-olu-inaugurates-oshodi-abule-egba-brt-corridor/edbknyw|work=Pulse.ng|date=12 August 2020|accessdate=August 12, 2020|archivedate=20 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920184724/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/gov-sanwo-olu-inaugurates-oshodi-abule-egba-brt-corridor/edbknyw}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Gọvanọ nke Lagos Steeti, Babajide Sanwo-Olu meghere Oshodi-Abule-Egba BRT Lane. Gọvanọ ahụ kwusiri ike na oge njem ga-ebelata site n'otu awa tupu oge eruo ruo ihe na-erughị nkeji iri atọ ma gbakwunye na bọs narị ise na iri ise dị elu na nke dị n'etiti ga-eje ozi n'ụzọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sanwo-Olu commissions Oshodi-Abule-Egba BRT corridor|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/sanwo-olu-commissions-oshodi-abule-egba-brt-corridor/|work=The Nations Nigeria|date=11 August 2020|publisher=Oziegbe Okoeki}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lagos Govt Inaugurates Oshodi-Abule Egba BRT Lane|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/lagos-govt-inaugurates-oshodi-abule-egba-brt-lane/|work=Nigerian Tribune|date=11 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ofosu Asamoah</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-22T06:20:45Z</timestamp>
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'''Ofosu Asamoah''' (amụrụ na 25 Nọvemba 1969) bụ onye ọka iwu ma bụrụ onye otu ndị omeiwu na-anọchite anya mpaghara Kade na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=195|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Ofosu, Asamoah|work=www.ghanamps.com|accessdate=2020-02-01|archivedate=2020-01-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113093421/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=195}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=134|title=Ghana Parliament member Asamoah Ofosu|work=www.ghanaweb.com|accessdate=2020-02-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Odekro {{!}} What has your MP done for you?|url=http://staging.odekro.org/person/asamoah-ofosu/|accessdate=2020-07-07|work=staging.odekro.org|archivedate=2022-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904125018/http://staging.odekro.org/person/asamoah-ofosu/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Ofosu na 25 Nọvemba 1969. Ọ si Kade, obodo dị na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; O nwetara nzere Bachelor of Arts na Law na Political Science na Mahadum Ghana n'afọ 1994. Ọ gara n'ihu nweta nzere bachelọ nke iwu na Ghana School of Law n'afọ 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Ofosu bụ onye New Patriotic Party. Ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii maka Iwu, Iwu na Omeiwu, Iwu enyemaka. Ọ ghọrọ onye otu nzuko omeiwu 5th nke Republic of Ghana nke anọ na-anọchite anya mpaghara Kade mgbe a họpụtara ya ọzọ n'ọkwa na ntuli aka mba Ghana nke afọ 2008. Ọ na-agba ọsọ nke 4 okwu n'ọfịs malite na Jenụwarị 2001 wee hapụ ọrụ na Jenụwarị 2017.
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Olutosin Araromi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23172</id>
    <revision>
      <id>705274</id>
      <parentid>131032</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-22T07:56:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Olutosin Araromi''' (amụrụ ụbọchị asatọ nke Jenụwarị na afọ nari iri itoolu iri itoolu na atọ) bụ onye Naijiria-Amerịka na-eme ihe ngosi na onye na-eme asọmpi ịma mma, e kpuwere ya okpueze kacha mma na Naijiria Universe afọ puku abụọ iri na itoolu.&lt;ref name=&quot;silverbird&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Miss Universe Pageant 2019 Excites Nigeria Representative Araromi|url=https://silverbirdtv.com/entertainment/65469/miss-universe-pageant-2019-exites-nigeria-representative-araromi/|author=Atume|first=Philip|date=December 2019|work=[[Silverbird Television]]|accessdate=12 May 2020|archivedate=18 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918132410/http://silverbirdtv.com/entertainment/65469/miss-universe-pageant-2019-exites-nigeria-representative-araromi/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nọchitere anya Naijiria na Miss Universe nke afọ puku abụọ iri na itoolu.&lt;ref name=&quot;missuniverse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Miss Universe Contestants|url=https://www.missuniverse.com/contestants|date=2019|work=missuniverse.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328072021/https://www.missuniverse.com/contestants/|archivedate=28 March 2020|accessdate=12 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
A mụrụ ya ma zụlite ya na [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], o nwere nzere bachelọ na Health and Human Services na Mahadum Montclair State.&lt;ref name=&quot;thisday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Silky Olutosin Araromi at Miss Universe|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/12/14/silky-olutosin-araromi-at-miss-universe/|date=14 December 2019|work=[[This Day]]|accessdate=12 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ meriri Nwa agbọghọ Kachasị Mma Na Nijiria Universe na afọ puku abụọ iri na itoolu, emume a mere ụbọchị iri na otu nke onwa October na Gabriel Okara Cultural Center Yenegoa, Bayelsa. ọ nọchitere anya Taraba steeti.

Olutosin nọchitere anya Naijiria na asọmpi Miss Universe nke iri isii na asatọ, nke emere na Disemba 8, 2019, na Tyler Perry Studios na Atlanta, Georgia ebe o tinyere n'elu iri abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;missuniverse&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=We're here for how Miss Nigeria, Olutosin Araromi is cheering the new Miss Universe|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/miss-nigeria-universe-cheers-miss-south-africa-as-she-wins-miss-universe-2019/76k88gz|author=Olamide|first=Ayeni|date=12 September 2019|work=Pulse.ng|accessdate=12 May 2020|archivedate=15 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215135420/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/miss-nigeria-universe-cheers-miss-south-africa-as-she-wins-miss-universe-2019/76k88gz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Aramide Lopez]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of MBGN Titles|Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria Universe]]|years=2019}}
{{s-inc}}
{{S-end}}{{Miss Universe 2019 delegates}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nsogbu mmiri Cape Town</title>
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'''Nsogbu mmiri nke Cape Town''' dị na obodo [[South Africa]] bụ oge oke ụkọ mmiri na mpaghara Western Cape, nke na-emetụta obodo Cape Town ofuma. Ọ bụ ezie na mmiri dam na-ebelata kemgbe afọ 2015, nsogbu mmiri nke ogbe Cape Town malitere nke ukwuu n'etiti afọ 2017 ruo n'etiti afọ 2018 mgbe mmiri na-efe n'etiti pasent 14 na 29 nke  mmiri niile.

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
Mpaghara Cape Town na-enwe ihu igwe Mediterenian na-ekpo ọkụ, oge ọkọchị na mmiri ozuzo n'oge oyi. Western Cape Water Supply System na-adabere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam na mmiri ozuzo, nke a na-ejide ma chekwaa na nnukwu ihe mgbochi mmiri isii dị n'ebe ugwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future|title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future|publisher=Yale Environment 360|first=Adam|author=Welz|date=1 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eme ka ihe mgbochi mmiri na-ada n'ebe ndị a na-enweta mmiri, karịsịa n'oge ọnwa oyi oyi dị jụụ site na Mee ruo Ọgọst, na ọkwa mmiri na-agbadata n'oge oge ọkọchị nkeonwa .

== Usoro iheomume ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot; |Mmiri dị ka pasent nke ikike mmiri zuru ezu site n'afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|author=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|language=en|accessdate=2017-06-01|archivedate=2019-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820172631/https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!Nnukwu ihe mgbochi mmiri
!Ikike (megalitres)
!17 Mee 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|accessdate=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!18 Mee 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|accessdate=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!13 Mee 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|accessdate=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!14 Mee 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|work=City of Cape Town|publisher=City of Cape Town|accessdate=17 May 2018|archivedate=7 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!15 Mee 2017
!15 Mee 2016
!15 Mee 2015
!15 Mee 2014
|-
|Ihe Mmiri nke Osimiri Berg
|130,010
|76.1
|65.6
|68.1
|39.2
|32.4
|27.2
|54.0
|90.5
|-
|Steenbras dị ala
|33,517
|58.0
|48.4
|38.6
|35.4
|26.5
|37.6
|47.9
|39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper
|31,767
|54.2
|96.5
|65.0
|59.6
|56.7
|56.9
|57.8
|79.1
|-
|Ọdọ Mmiri Theewaterskloof
|480,188
|75.2
|50.2
|36.1
|12.0
|15.0
|31.3
|51.3
|74.5
|-
|Ọdọ Mmiri Voelvlei
|164,095
|58.3
|50.4
|55.4
|14.5
|17.2
|21.3
|42.5
|59.5
|-
|Ọdọ Mmiri Wemmershoek
|58,644
|59.1
|43.3
|43.6
|48.4
|36.0
|48.5
|50.5
|58.8
|-
|Ngụkọta echekwara (megalitres)
|898,221
|626,907
|481,370
|411,849
|191,843
|190,300
|279,954
|450,429
|646,137
|-
|'''Ngụkọta % Nchekwa'''
|100
|'''69.8'''
|'''53.6'''
|'''45.9'''
|'''21.4'''
|'''21.2'''
|'''31.2'''
|'''50.1'''
|'''71.9'''
|}

[[Usòrò:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|400x400px|Ihe osise nke mmiri niile echekwara na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri isii kachasị ukwuu na Western Cape (acha anụnụ anụnụ) yana ọkwa mgbochi mmiri nke Cape Town (oroma) site na Nọvemba 2013 ruo Ọgọst 2021.]]

== Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya ==
[[Usòrò:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Map nke nnukwu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-enye mmiri na Cape Town]]
=== Oké ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ===
Ihe kpatara nsogbu mmiri ahụ bụ oke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo site n'afọ 2015-2017 nke karịrị ụkpụrụ atụmatụ nke Ngalaba Mmiri na Idi ocha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|work=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejikọta mbelata mmiri ozuzo na mgbanwe sara mbara na ikuku na oke osimiri, gụnyere mgbanwe nke Southern Hemisphere moisture corridor n'etiti afọ 2015 , mgbanwe nke jet-stream na mmụba nke usoro nrụgide dị elu nke South Atlantic.N'afọ  2017 bụ afọ kachasị akọrọ kemgbe 1933, ma eleghị anya tupu, ebe ọ bụ na data a pụrụ iji tụnyere otupu afp 1933 adịghị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sousa|first=Pedro M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ chọpụtakwara na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke oke a ga-eme ihe dịka otu ugboro n'ime afọ 300 ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|author=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|work=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchịkwa ihe achọrọ na ihe oriri ogologo oge ===
Ndị bi na Cape Town amụbaala site na nde mmadụ 2.4 bi n'afọ 1995 ruo nde mmadụ 4.1 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2015, na-anọchite anya mmụba pasent 71 nke ndị bi na afọ 20, ebe nchekwa mmiri mmiri mmiri na-abawanye site na pasent 17 n'otu oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|work=World Population Review|accessdate=2023-04-19|archivedate=2018-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133358/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Schutte, C. F., &amp; Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. ''WATER SA-PRETORIA-'', ''23'', 127–134.&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2007, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry buru amụma na mkpa na-eto eto na Western Cape Water Supply System ga-akarị ọkọnọ ma ọ bụrụ na obodo na obodo ndị ọzọ emezughị usoro nchekwa mmiri na njikwa ọchịchọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCWRSNewsletterMarch09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịda gọọmentị ===
Ọ bụ gọọmentị ime obodo, mpaghara na nke mba na-ekere òkè maka inye mmiri. Iwu Mmiri Mba (Iwu 36 nke 1998) na-ekwu na gọọmentị mba bụ &quot;onye nlekọta ọha na eze&quot; nke akụ mmiri nke mba ahụ iji hụ na a &quot;na-echebe, jiri, mepụta, chekwaa, jikwaa ma chịkwaa mmiri n'ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide na nke ziri ezi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/facts-and-myths-about-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=Facts and myths about Cape Town's water crisis|date=Jan 2018|work=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a kpatara esemokwu n'etiti gọọmentị ime obodo na nke mpaghara (Democratic Alliance, DA) nke ndị mmegide na-eduzi n'otu aka, na gọọmentị mba nke ọtụtụ ndị otu na-edu na nke ọzọ (African National Congress, ANC), na ndị otu na'ebo ibe ha ụta maka nsogbu mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunderson-Meyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|title=Commentary: In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water|author=Saunderson-Meyer|first=William|work=U.S.|accessdate=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akatọ DA maka enweghị echiche n'ihu maka mmepe nke isi iyi mmiri ọhụrụ na akụrụngwa, ebe a na-ebo ANC ebubo na ọ na-egbochi ego iji mebie ma mee nye nchịkwa DA iyere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-07-day-zero-heroes-maimane-hails-water-wise-capetonians-as-crisis-recedes/|title='Day Zero heroes': Maimane hails water-wise Capetonians as crisis recedes|author=Hyman|first=Aron|date=Mar 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pdf|title=REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION|work=South African Water Caucus|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925190453/https://www.emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pd|archivedate=25 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Helen Zille]], onye isi ala nke Western Cape, akpọọla gọọmentị mba ka ha kwụọghachi obodo Cape Town maka ego ọ ga-efu iji jikwaa nsogbu mmiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|work=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ịjụ ịpụ mmiri n'ime mmiri ===
Na 2018, Cape Town jụrụ onyinye sitere n'aka ndị [[Israel]] iji nyere ya aka iwu ụlọ ọrụ desalination.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226 In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water], Reuters, January 25, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/articles/cape-town-may-dry-up-because-of-an-aversion-to-israel-1519254816 Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel], Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aish.com/jw/me/The-Cape-Town-Water-Crisis-and-Hating-Israel.html The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel], aish, February 11, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/South-African-stupidity-540605 South African stupidity], Jerusalem Post,  February 3, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta ==
[[Usòrò:Westridge_Gardens_9.jpg|thumb|E guzobere ihe ncheta okooko osisi na Westridge Gardens iji cheta nzukọ ekpere nke kpọrọ maka ezigbo mmiri ozuzo n'oge nsogbu mmiri. ]]
Nsogbu mmiri ahụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na akụ na ụba, ahụike na nchekwa. O doro anya na inye mmiri obodo maka ịgba mmiri na iji obodo eme ihe nwere ihe dị mma n'ụdị nchekwa nri, ahụike ọha na eze,  na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa.

== Hụkwa ==

* Enweghị mmiri
* Nchebe mmiri
* Ebe a na-ahụkarị
* Ọdachi nke ndị nkịtị
* Oké ọkọchị nke otu puku afọ
* [[Nsogbu mmiri Chennai nke 2019]] Nsogbu mmiri yiri nke ahụ na-eme na Chennai, India
* [[20182021 Oké ọkọchị nke ndịda Afrịka|201820 Southern Africa ụkọ mmiri ozuzo]]
* Nchịkwa mmiri chọrọ

== Edensbịa ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210301162648/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20Demand%20FAQ.pdf Ụbọchị Zero na FAQ metụtara Mmiri]
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf Obodo Cape Town Dam Levels Dashboard]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180719065901/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/ Obodo Cape Town Ụbọchị Zero Dashboard]
* [http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels Obodo Cape Town Ọdọ Mmiri nke izu a]
* [http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/heres-how-the-new-water-by-laws-will-affect-you/ Ọ na-ekwu otú iwu mmiri ọhụrụ ga-esi metụta gị]
[[Òtù:Mgbanwe ihu igwe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ngwuputa ihe Endeavour</title>
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{{Databox}}Endeavour Mining bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe n'ọtụtụ mba nke nwere ma na-arụ ọrụ na [[Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Burkina Faso]] na [[Senegal]]. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ isi na London, England, ma gafere na London Stock Exchange na United Kingdom, Toronto Stock Exchange na Canada, na Over-The-Counter na United States.  Ọ bụ akụkụ nke FTSE 100 Index.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
lọ ọrụ ahụ, nke otu ndị Neil Woodyer duziri guzobere dị ka Endeavour Financial na'afọ 988, dịgasị iche site na ego na-egwupụta ihe na ọrụ na mmalite narị afọ nke 21.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.arisgold.com/about-us/management/default.aspx|title=Neil Woodyer|publisher=Aris Gold|accessdate=25 August 2021|archivedate=25 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825162851/https://www.arisgold.com/about-us/management/default.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ nwetara Etruscan Resources (gụnyere ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'Agbou na Côte d'Ivoire) na June 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.northernminer.com/stock-markets-investing/endeavour-to-take-the-rest-of-etruscan-resources/1000377120/|title=Endeavour to take the rest of Etruscan Resources|date=29 June 2010|work=The Northern Miner|accessdate=25 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Endeavor kwuputara na June 2017 na ọ ga-azụta Avnel Gold Mining Limited maka nde C$159.  Avnel nwere mmasị 80% na ọrụ Kalana Gold na Mali na ikike nyocha na gburugburu ar..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.juniorminingnetwork.com/junior-miner-news/press-releases/1125-tsx/edv/33886-endeavour-mining-to-acquire-avnel-gold-for-c-159-million.html|title=Endeavour Mining To Acquire Avnel Gold for C$159 Million|accessdate=2017-06-29|archivedate=2017-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629071301/https://www.juniorminingnetwork.com/junior-miner-news/press-releases/1125-tsx/edv/33886-endeavour-mining-to-acquire-avnel-gold-for-c-159-million.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Woodyer kwụsịrị dị ka onye isi oche ma were Sébastien de Montessus dochie ya na Mee 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.miningmx.com/news/gold/27218-woodyer-founding-ceo-of-endeavour-mining-to-step-down/|title=Woodyer, founding CEO of Endeavour Mining, to step down|date=9 May 2016|work=Mining MX|accessdate=25 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Julaị 2020, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwetara Semafo maka ebe a na-egwupụta ọlaedo Mana na Boungou na Burkina Faso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mining.com/canada-clears-endeavour-mining-semafo-merger/|title=Canada clears Endeavour Mining-Semafo merger|publisher=mining.com|date=26 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2021, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwetara Teranga Gold Corporation maka ebe a na-egwupụta ọla edo ya na Sabodala-Massawa na Senegal na ebe a na-egwu ọla edo Wahgnion na Burkina Faso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/02/10/2173621/0/en/Endeavour-Completes-Teranga-Acquisition-to-Create-New-Senior-Gold-Producer.html|title=Endeavour Completes Teranga Acquisition to Create New Senior Gold Producer|publisher=GlobeNewswire|date=10 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nọ n'okpuru onyinye mbụ ọha na eze na London Stock Exchange na June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.proactiveinvestors.co.uk/companies/news/952166/endeavour-mining-shares-begin-trading-on-london-stock-exchanges-main-market-952166.html|title=Endeavour Mining shares begin trading on London Stock Exchange's main market|date=14 June 2021|work=Proactive Investors|accessdate=25 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Plastic Soup Foundation</title>
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      <text bytes="11650" sha1="evbbh7mb9s5m4ol7sel9a0xyjzf8lbq" xml:space="preserve">Plastic Soup Foundation bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru na-echekwa mmiri nke na-achọ ibelata [[mmetọ plastik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=beveragedaily.com|title=Plastic Soup Foundation &amp; VU University Amsterdam to analyse effects of microplastics|url=https://www.beveragedaily.com/Article/2018/09/26/Plastic-Soup-Foundation-VU-University-Amsterdam-to-analyse-effects-of-microplastics|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=beveragedaily.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Microplastic Soup: The State of Our Oceans|url=https://theecologist.org/2013/oct/29/microplastic-soup-state-our-oceans|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=theecologist.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ onye guzosiri ike na 2011, Plastic Soup Foundation na-akwado ịkwado mmachibido iwu na / ma ọ bụ usoro afọ ofufo nke microbeads na ihe ịchọ mma n'ogo zuru ụwa ọnụ na mgbasa ozi Beat the Microbead.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Plastic Soup Foundation: UK microbeads ban first step to implementing plastic circular economy|url=https://www.edie.net/news/5/Plastic-Soup-Foundation--UK-microbeads-ban-an--important-step--to-creating-plastic-circular-economy/|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=edie.net|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Shackell|first=James|date=2021-02-14|title=Down the tubes: should you brush your teeth with toothpaste tablets?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2021/feb/15/down-the-tubes-should-you-brush-your-teeth-with-toothpaste-tablets|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Usoro Ọrụ ==

=== Mgbasa ozi Microbead ===
Malite na 2012, mkpọsa ahụ emeela ka ndị mmadụ mara ma tinye aka, ndị na-emepụta ihe ntecha na ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa n'ihe gbasara microbeads.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nieuwe app om producten te testen op microplastics {{!}} Witte Weekblad Nieuw-Vennep {{!}} Nieuws uit de regio Nieuw-Vennep|url=https://www.witteweekbladnieuw-vennep.nl/nieuws/beauty-lifestyle/344795/nieuwe-app-om-producten-te-testen-op-microplastics-705810|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=www.witteweekbladnieuw-vennep.nl|archivedate=2021-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125002709/https://www.witteweekbladnieuw-vennep.nl/nieuws/beauty-lifestyle/344795/nieuwe-app-om-producten-te-testen-op-microplastics-705810}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Harris|first=Kathleen|title=Naturally . . . how to avoid microbead products|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/fashion/beauty/naturally-how-to-avoid-microbead-products-1.2314940|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=The Irish Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nederlanders omarmen massaal de Beat the Microbead-app om plastic te detecteren in cosmetica|url=https://www.emerce.nl/wire/nederlanders-omarmen-massaal-beat-the-microbeadapp-om-plastic-detecteren-cosmetica|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=Emerce|language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe mkpọsa ahụ, mba iri na ise emeela ihe iji machibido microbeads iwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Plastic in make-up; Weet jij wat je op je huid en lippen smeert? {{!}} Houtens Nieuws {{!}} Nieuws uit de regio Houten|url=https://www.houtensnieuws.nl/nieuws/beauty-lifestyle/356518/plastic-in-make-up-weet-jij-wat-je-op-je-huid-en-lippen-smeert-|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=www.houtensnieuws.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2015-09-24|title=In the name of beauty|journal=Nature News|language=en|volume=525|issue=7570|pages=425|doi=10.1038/525425a|pmid=26399790}}&lt;/ref&gt; Beat the Microbead ewebatala ngwa nke na-achọpụta ihe karịrị 500 microplastic ingredients ka ndị ahịa jiri mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji mata ma zere ngwaahịa nwere microbeads, mgbe ọ na-emepụta nchekwa data.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=cosmeticsdesign-europe.com|title=Latest app detects presence of plastic micro-beads|url=https://www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com/Article/2013/10/16/Latest-app-detects-presence-of-plastic-micro-beads|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=cosmeticsdesign-europe.com|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002003340/https://www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com/Article/2013/10/16/Latest-app-detects-presence-of-plastic-micro-beads}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-01-09|title=Find Out if Your Facial Scrub Has Plastic Microbeads With New App|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/find-out-if-your-facial-scrub-has-plastic-microbeads-with-new-app-1881848830.html|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=EcoWatch|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=DuFault|first=Amy|date=2014-05-05|title=The microbead battle and the search for a greener replacement|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/microbeads-cosmetics-gyres-plastics-pollution-makeup|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; oru ngo ewebata akara ngosi “Zero Plastic Inside” iji kpalie ma mata ndi na-emepụta ihe na-eji uzo ozo enyi na enyi maka microbeads na ngwaahịa ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Microplastics, microbeads: What you did not know about self-care products|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/environment/microplastics-microbeads-what-you-did-not-know-about-self-care-products-71619|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=www.downtoearth.org.in|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-07-14|title=The Ocean Cleanup, Part 1: Alternatives to reduce ocean plastic {{!}} Deep Sea News|url=http://www.deepseanews.com/2014/07/the-ocean-cleanup-part-1-alternatives-to-reduce-ocean-plastic/|accessdate=2021-03-12|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302233338/https://www.deepseanews.com/2014/07/the-ocean-cleanup-part-1-alternatives-to-reduce-ocean-plastic/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbasa ozi dị ọcha n'Oké Osimiri ===
Kemgbe afọ 2016, Ocean Clean Wash na-ezube ibelata mmetọ eriri aka site na 80% n'ime afọ ndị na-abịanụ site n'ịkpali na ịkwalite ihe ngwọta ọhụrụ maka nzacha microfiber na itinye nrụgide na uwe na ndị na-emepụta igwe ịsa iji mepụta ngwaahịa ndị na-egbochi eriri na-aga na usoro mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mark Tutton and Katie Pisa|date=2019-11-14|title=Washing your clothes is causing plastic pollution, but a simple filter could help|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/14/world/microfiber-filter-plastic-pollution-intl/index.html|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=CNN|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-10-06|title=Is my washing to blame for the plastic problem?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45770358|accessdate=2021-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Microfibres may stop lungs mending in COVID patients|url=https://www.innovationintextiles.com/microfibres-may-stop-lungs-mending-in-covid-patients/|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=www.innovationintextiles.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105223253/https://www.innovationintextiles.com/microfibres-may-stop-lungs-mending-in-covid-patients/|archivedate=5 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbasa ozi a ewepụtala usoro na akara ọhụrụ maka ụdị ejiji na akwa akwa iji nwalee uwe ha maka ọnụọgụ mwepụta microfiber ebe a ga-ekenye ihe ndị a nwalere akara dịka ntọhapụ ahụ si dị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mowbray|first=John|title=Danish Fashion Institute joins ocean plastic campaign|url=https://www.ecotextile.com/2016051322122/materials-production-news/danish-fashion-institute-joins-ocean-plastic-campaign.html|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=Ecotextile News|language=en-GB|archivedate=2021-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421115958/https://www.ecotextile.com/2016051322122/materials-production-news/danish-fashion-institute-joins-ocean-plastic-campaign.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=News|first=Mirage|date=2021-03-08|title=Plastic soup detectives analyse sources of beach litter in West Greenland and find it is of local origin {{!}} Mirage News|url=https://www.miragenews.com/plastic-soup-detectives-analyse-sources-of-524732/,%20https://www.miragenews.com/plastic-soup-detectives-analyse-sources-of-524732|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=www.miragenews.com|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Njikọ Ahụike Plastic ===
Plastic Soup Foundation malitere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mba na gburugburu ebe obibi na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha iji kwalite nyocha ọzọ banyere mmetụta ahụike mmadụ nke plastik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Neill|first=Pippa|date=2020-06-26|title=Microplastics are contaminating fruit and veg|url=https://environmentjournal.online/articles/microplastics-contaiminating-fruit-and-veg/|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=Environment Journal|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reijmerink|first=Martin|date=2021-03-12|title=Dagelijks ommetje benutten tijdens de Landelijke Opschoondag op 20 maart|url=https://www.pen.nl/artikel/dagelijks-ommetje-benutten-tijdens-de-landelijke-opschoondag-op-20-maart|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=De Digitale Stad Nieuwegein|language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Straver|first=Frank|date=2021-02-15|title=Bospaden worden verhard met plastic bouwafval|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b70548d6|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=Trouw|language=nl-NL}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Foundation|first=Plastic Soup|title=Children Exposed to Toxic Microplastics, Experts Warn in New Research by the Plastic Soup Foundation|url=https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/children-exposed-to-toxic-microplastics-experts-warn-in-new-research-by-the-plastic-soup-foundation-850349457.html|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=www.prnewswire.co.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmụta ===
Plastic Soup Foundation mepụtara usoro nyocha a na-akpọ Plastic Supu Footprint ebe ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ịlele akara plastik ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Industry activists: How superyacht companies are helping save the oceans|url=https://www.boatinternational.com/luxury-yacht-life/marine-life/industry-activists-how-superyacht-companies-are-helping-save-the-oceans--36571|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=www.boatinternational.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Valenti|first=Lauren|title=5 Big Beauty Brands That Are Tackling the Industry's Plastic Problem|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/beauty-brands-companies-sustainable-packaging-plastic-earth-day-waste-pollution|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=Vogue|date=22 April 2019|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kraaijenbrink|first=Jeroen|title=How This Dutch Startup Plans To Disrupt The Supermarket Landscape|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeroenkraaijenbrink/2021/01/20/how-this-dutch-startup-is-going-to-disrupt-the-supermarket-landscape/|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=Forbes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nzukọ ahụ na-eme asọmpi ndị na-emepụta ihe iji chọta ihe ngwọta ọhụrụ maka mmetọ plastik dịka The Young Plastic Pollution Challenge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amsterdam has a bubble barrier to catch canal plastic|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/11/bubble-barrier-amsterdam-canal-plastic-pollution-waste-river-ocean-sea/|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=World Economic Forum|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=There's a single-use plastic you throw away without realising|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/there-s-a-single-use-plastic-you-ll-throw-away-today-without-realising/|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=World Economic Forum|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nzukọ ahụ bipụtakwara ihe nkuzi ma na-eduzi ndị nkuzi ọbịa banyere mmetọ plastik na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-09|title=Plastic in je crème: zo verweven zijn de chemische en cosmetische industrie|url=https://www.nu.nl/ondernemen/6089257/plastic-in-je-creme-zo-verweven-zijn-de-chemische-en-cosmetische-industrie.html|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=NU|language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Mmetọ plastik mmiri|Soup plastik]]
* Microbead

== Edensibia ==
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      <sha1>evbbh7mb9s5m4ol7sel9a0xyjzf8lbq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mahmoud Balarabe</title>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;Mahmud Balarabe&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;honorific-suffix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal; display:inline;&quot;&gt;Esq&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Born
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;bday&quot;&gt;1972-06-08&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; June 8, 1972&lt;span class=&quot;noprint ForceAgeToShow&quot;&gt; (age&amp;nbsp;51)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;[[Kano State]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Nationality
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; |Nigerian
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Education
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[LLB]] BL
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Alma&amp;nbsp;mater
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Ahmadu Bello University]], Zaria  [[Nigerian Law School]] Abuja
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Years&amp;nbsp;active
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |2003 to date
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Employer
| class=&quot;infobox-data org&quot; |[[Kano State Government]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Organization(s)
| class=&quot;infobox-data org&quot; |Public Complaint and Anti-Corruption Commission Kano
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Known&amp;nbsp;for
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Principle]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Title
| class=&quot;infobox-data title&quot; |Executive Chairman
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Website
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |https://web.archive.org/web/20230803221942/https://pcacc.kn.gov.ng/
|}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]

Mahmoud Balarabe bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria. Mahmoud Balarabe Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke mkpesa ọha na eze na Kano State Anti-corruption Commission. Steeti Kano&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Paki|first=Sani I.|date=2021-07-08|title=Ganduje appoints new chairman for state anti-corruption agency|url=https://dailytrust.com/just-in-ganduje-appoints-new-chairman-for-state-anti-corruption-agency/|accessdate=2023-01-18|work=Daily Trust|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mahmoud Balarabe (Ag. Executive Chairman)|url=https://pcacc.kn.gov.ng/mahmoud-balarabe-ag-executive-chairman/|accessdate=2023-01-18|work=Public Complaints and Anti-Corruption Commission|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118211914/https://pcacc.kn.gov.ng/mahmoud-balarabe-ag-executive-chairman/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Usman|first=Mustapha|date=2021-07-08|title=JUST IN: Ganduje appoints new Kano anti-corruption boss after sack of Muhuyi Rimingado|url=https://dailynigerian.com/ganduje-appoints-kanos/|accessdate=2023-01-18|work=Daily Nigerian|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ministries, Department and Agencies {{!}} Kano State Government Official Website|url=https://kanostate.gov.ng/ministries-department-and-agencies|accessdate=2023-01-18|work=kanostate.gov.ng|archivedate=2023-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118211952/https://kanostate.gov.ng/ministries-department-and-agencies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na R.A Sadiq &amp; Co na Nọvemba 2001. Ọ natara ọrụ na Ministri Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Kano State n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2003 dị ka onye enyemaka onye isi ndị ọkàiwu. N'afọ 2006, e zigara ya na Abubakar Rimi Market dị ka odeakwụkwọ na onye ndụmọdụ iwu. N'afọ 2011, e zigara ya na Zakka na Hubsi. N'afọ 2015, e zigara Mahmoud na Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Mkpesa Ọha na Anti-Corruption nke Kano Steeti dị ka onye nduzi nke Anti-corruption.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Report|first=Agency|date=2018-03-08|title=Court grants bail to Kano former commissioner accused of $294,300 scam|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/261132-court-grants-bail-kano-former-commissioner-accused-294300-scam.html|accessdate=2023-01-18|work=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ndị ọkàiwu tupu ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Commission na 2021 mgbe a kwụsịtụrụ onye isi oche Muhuyi Magaji Rimin Gado.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Usman|first=Mustapha|date=2021-07-08|title=JUST IN: Ganduje appoints new Kano anti-corruption boss after sack of Muhuyi Rimingado|url=https://dailynigerian.com/ganduje-appoints-kanos/|accessdate=2023-01-18|work=Daily Nigerian|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Adamu|first=Mustapha|date=2021-07-23|title=More trouble for suspended Kano anti-corruption boss as hospital disowns his medical report - Platinum Post News|url=https://platinumpost.ng/2021/07/23/more-trouble-for-suspended-kano-anti-corruption-boss-as-hospital-disowns-his-medical-report/|accessdate=2023-01-18|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118211913/https://platinumpost.ng/2021/07/23/more-trouble-for-suspended-kano-anti-corruption-boss-as-hospital-disowns-his-medical-report/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Adamu|first=Mustapha|date=2021-07-08|title=BREAKING : Ganduje appoints acting chairman for Kano state anti-corruption commission - Platinum Post News|url=https://platinumpost.ng/2021/07/08/breaking-ganduje-appoints-acting-chairman-for-kano-state-anti-corruption-commission/|accessdate=2023-01-18|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118211915/https://platinumpost.ng/2021/07/08/breaking-ganduje-appoints-acting-chairman-for-kano-state-anti-corruption-commission/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tracker|first=Nigerian|date=2021-12-10|title=Kano Leading In The Fight Against Corruption-Balarabe|url=https://nigeriantracker.com/2021/12/10/kano-leading-in-the-fight-against-corruption-balarabe/|accessdate=2023-01-18|work=Nigerian Tracker|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://154.16.119.246/?q=ganduje-appoints-acting-executive-chairman-kano-anti-corruption-agency|title=Ganduje Appoints Acting Executive Chairman for Kano Anti Corruption agency|date=8 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Aliyu|first=Muhammad A.|date=2021-07-08|title=Gov Ganduje appoints Mahmoud Balarabe as acting chairman for Kano anti-graft agency • Okay.ng|url=https://www.okay.ng/gov-ganduje-appoints-mahmoud-balarabe-as-acting-chairman-for-kano-anti-graft-agency/|accessdate=2023-01-18|work=Okay.ng|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Paki|first=Sani I.|date=2021-07-08|title=Ganduje appoints new chairman for state anti-corruption agency|url=https://dailytrust.com/just-in-ganduje-appoints-new-chairman-for-state-anti-corruption-agency/|accessdate=2023-01-18|work=Daily Trust|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gimba|first=Fatima|date=2021-09-03|title=PCACC collaborates with Kano House of Assembly to strengthen law of commission|url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2021/09/03/pcacc-collaborates-with-kano-house-assembly-to-strengthen-law-of-commission/|accessdate=2023-01-18|work=Neptune Prime|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118211951/https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2021/09/03/pcacc-collaborates-with-kano-house-assembly-to-strengthen-law-of-commission/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Maestra (ihe nkiri)</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="5589" sha1="6bklqaj9y1hdy54goqvtninfdw9b3rx" xml:space="preserve">&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
Maestra bụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke nkeji iri atọ na atọ nke Catherine Murphy duziri, banyere ụmụ nwanyị nkuzi kachasị nta nke 1961 Cuban Literacy Campaign.

N'afọ 1961, Cuba bu n'uche ikpochapụ amaghị akwụkwọ n'ime otu afọ. O zigara ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 250,000 gafee agwaetiti ahụ iji kụzie ịgụ na ide ihe n'ime ime obodo maka otu afọ. 100,000 n'ime ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo ahụ erubeghị afọ 18 ma ihe karịrị ọkara n'ime ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị.

N'afọ 2004, Murphy chọpụtara na ọ maara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Havana bụ ndị wepụtara onwe ha maka ọrụ ahụ; ha nọ n'afọ iri isii. Murphy ga-alaghachi na United States, mana tupu o mee nke a, o kpebiri idekọ ajụjụ ọnụ atọ ya na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke Literacy Campaign. Site na 2004 ruo 2010, Murphy gara n'ihu na-agbaso akụkọ nke ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke Literacy Campaign na ezinụlọ ndị kwadoro ha, n'ikpeazụ na-emepụta ma na-eduzi Maestra ma guzobe The Literacy Project.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guide&quot;&gt;[http://vanderbilt.edu/clas/curriculum-resources/resource.php?id=44 ''Maestra Vanderbilt Curriculum Guide''], Center for Latin American Studies, Vanderbilt University&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye edemede Pulitzer Prize-winning Alice Walker na-akọ ihe nkiri ahụ n'asụsụ Bekee ma gosipụta ajụjụ ọnụ asụsụ Spanish (nke nwere ndepụta okwu Bekee) na ụmụ nwanyị itoolu kụziri na Campaign. &lt;ref name=&quot;WMM&quot;&gt;[http://www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/pages/c863.shtml ''MAESTRA'']|Women Make Movies&lt;/ref&gt;Maestra na-enye ajụjụ ọnụ na Norma Guillard, otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Cuban mbụ na-akpọ onwe ya onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, na Diana Balboa, otu n&quot;ime ndị mbụ na-emeghe na ndị otu LGBT nke Cuba na onye na-akwado ikike nwoke na nwanyị. Ha abụọ dị afọ iri na ise n'oge mkpọsa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;PressKit&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://maestrathefilm.org/index.php?mnu=6&amp;lg=ing Press Kit].&quot; | Maestra Official Website.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị a nabatara ==
Maestra malitere na United States na Eprel 2011 na ngosipụta abụọ na San Francisco, CA.

Ihe nkiri ahụ enwetala ihe nrite ndị a:&lt;ref name=&quot;WMM&quot;/&gt;

* Black Maria Film Festival, onye mmeri Director's Choice Award
* Emume ihe nkiri Ojai, Aha Nsọpụrụ

Maestra egosila na mmemme ihe nkiri ndị a:

* Ndị Ọrụ Jikọọ! Emume ihe nkiri, New York City, NY, USA, May 2014
* Emume ihe nkiri ndị ọrụ, San Diego, CA, USA, 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;WFF&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061330/http://brianmyers.info/mayday/2014/03/07/maestra/ Maestra].&quot; Workers Film Festival. 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sarasota Film Festival, Sarasota, FL, USA, Eprel 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;SFF&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://prod5.agileticketing.net/websales/pages/info.aspx?evtinfo=21968~e8df1855-1d30-40e1-8284-23972b047cf9&amp; MAESTRA]&quot;. Sarasota Film Festival. 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;
* New Hampshire Film Festival, Portsmouth, NH, USA, 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;NHFF&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.nhfilmfestival.com/film/maestra/ Maestra].&quot; New Hampshire Film Festival. 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2013
* Louisville's International Festival of Film, Louisville, KY, USA, 2013
* New York African Diaspora International Film Festival, New York City, NY, USA, 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;NYADIFF&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210830183624/http://www.welcometoharlemcalendar.com/events/index.php?com=detail&amp;eID=5414 Maestra].&quot; New York African Diaspora International Film Festival. Fall 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Emume Ihe nkiri Mmiri Ozuzo, London, UK, 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;Raindance&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.raindance.org/site/index.php?id=602,9179,0,0,1,0 Maestra].&quot; Raindance Film Festival. 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
* LA Femme International Film Festival, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;LABeat&quot;&gt;Lynch, Tina. &quot;[http://thelosangelesbeat.com/2012/10/maestra-at-the-la-femme-film-festival-oct-13th-a-documentary-film-by-director-catherine-murphy-gives-us-more-than-a-cuban-history-lesson/ Maestra at the LA Femme Film Festival].&quot; ''The Los Angeles Beat''. 6 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Legacy Media Institute International Film Festival, Petersburg, VA, USA dị ka akụkụ nke Traveling Caribbean Showcase, 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;LMI&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://legacymediainstituteinterna2013.sched.org/event/3b67a9e96ea350570a2a677e4d59582d#.U5CyQS9Kgz9 Maestra].&quot; ''Schedule.'' Legacy Media Institute International Film Festival. 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Emume ihe nkiri Traverse City, Traverse City (MI, USA), 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;TCFF&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://secure.traversecityfilmfest.org/websales/pages/info.aspx?evtinfo=37253~4d61cd53-466a-4a38-9b0c-5dd9c77930d9&amp; Maestra].&quot; Traverse City Film Festival. 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nbudata ==
Maestra na-ekesa site na Women Make Movies, otu na-enweghị uru nke e guzobere na 1971 iji dozie nnọchiteanya na nnọchiteanya ụgha nke ụmụ nwanyị na mgbasa ozi nke na-eme ka mmepụta, nkwalite, nkesa, na ngosi nke ihe nkiri onwe onye site na ụmụ nwanyị na banyere ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMM&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WMMAbout&quot;&gt;[http://www.wmm.com/about/general_info.shtml ''General Info'']|About|Women Make Movies&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
* {{IMDb title|2163004}}
* [http://www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/pages/c863.shtml ''Onye nkụzi''] na Women Make Movies
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20231028125530/http://festivaldecineglobal.org/2013-en/conversation-catherine-murphy Ajụjụ ọnụ] ya na onye nduzi Catherine Murphy site na Festival de Cine Global
* Maestra (nke 8 nkeji) naYouTube</text>
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      <text bytes="81916" sha1="3hmf92w90k7nv58f9lrxcz48ivwcor3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Al otro lado del muro bụ telenovela asụsụ Spanish nke [[Telemundo]]_Global_Studios&quot; id=&quot;mwCg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Telemundo Global Studios&quot;&gt;Telemundo Global Studios na Argos Comunicación mepụtara nke malitere na Telemundo na 21 Febụwarị 2018, wee mechie na 11 June 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Telemundo Presents An Unforgettable Night With The Double Premiere Of &quot;Al Otro Lado Del Muro&quot; And &quot;Enemigo Íntimo,&quot; On February 21 At 9pm/8c|url=https://www.nbcumv.com/news/telemundo-presents-unforgettable-night-double-premiere-al-otro-lado-del-muro-and-enemigo-%C3%ADntimo?network=33144|work=nbcumv.com|accessdate=1 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;Usoro a na-agba gburugburu ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, otu sitere na mmalite dị ala na nke ọzọ bụ onye a ma ama, ndị si [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] gaa na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] iji gbanwee ndụ ha.

== Atụmatụ ==
Akụkọ ahụ na-agbaso ndụ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, otu sitere n'ebe dị ala na nke ọzọ bụ onye a ma ama, ndị gafere ókèala site na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] gaa na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] maka ihe dị iche iche: otu na-achụ nrọ na nke ọzọ na-agba ọsọ nrọ ọjọọ. N'usoro ihe omume a nke oge a, nke na-egosipụta eziokwu nke ọtụtụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ, ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ ga-eme ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume iji mee ka ụmụ ha gaa n'ihu ma dịrị ndụ, na-ahapụ ihe niile ha maara ruo mgbe ahụ.

== Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==

=== Ndị bụ isi ===

* Marjorie nke Sousa dị ka Sofía Villavicencio, bụ onye bụbu eze nwanyị mara mma, lụrụ Gọvanọ Ernesto Martínez.
* Litzy dị ka Eliza Romero, ọ bụ onye na-eme achịcha, lụrụ Max Sullivan.
* Gabriel Porras dị ka Ernesto Martínez, ọ bụ gọvanọ nke otu n'ime steeti Mexico.
* Adriana Barraza dị ka Carmen Rosales de Romero, ọ bụ nne Eliza. Ọ bụ nwanyị hụrụ mba ya n'anya nke hụrụ mba ya na ọdịbendị ya n'ahụ n'anya.

=== Ihe odide ndị a na-ahụkarị ===

* Uriel del Toro dị ka Andrés Suárez, nwoke nwere mmesapụ aka na nkwado. Andrés na nwunye ya, María, rutere na United States na-agbapụ ime ihe ike nke ụwa ọgwụ ọjọọ.
* Guillermo Iván dị ka Joel Benítez, ọ bụ onye uwe ojii Interpol, Joel na-etinye aka na ọrụ nzuzo iji mee ka netwọk okporo ụzọ mba ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka ghara ịrụ ọrụ maka mmegbu mmekọahụ.
* Gabriela Vergara dị ka Paula Duarte, bụ odeakwụkwọ onwe onye na onye hụrụ Ernesto n'anya. Ọ bụ nwanyị na-enweghị obi ụtọ ma nwee oké ọchịchọ nke na-ahụ maka ịhazi atụmatụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgbasa ozi iji kwado ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ernesto.&lt;ref name=&quot;newcast&quot; /&gt;
* Khotan Fernández dị ka Max Sullivan, ruo ọtụtụ afọ ọ na-ebi ndụ abụọ, lụrụ Eliza na Mexico na Jennifer na United States. Ọ bụghị onye ọjọọ ma jiri obi ya niile hụ ezinụlọ abụọ ahụ n'anya. Ihe na-esiwanye ike mgbe o kpebiri ịgba Jennifer alụkwaghịm ma kpọta Eliza na ụmụ ya abụọ ka ha biri na United States.
* Daniela Bascopé dị ka Jennifer Suárez, nne na nna ya si Latin America, mana a mụrụ ya ma zụlite ya na United States. Jennifer chọpụtara aghụghọ Max n'ihu onye ọ bụla ọzọ ma mgbe ọ matara ọrịa nwa ya nwoke, ọ manyere Max ka ya na ha nọrọ ma kwụsị mmekọrịta ọ bụla ya na ezinụlọ ya ndị ọzọ.
* Ana María Estupiñán dị ka Karina Sullivan, ọ bụ nwa nwanyị Max na Eliza, nwanne Rodrigo na ejima Tomás. Site n'oge ọ bụ nwata, Karina nwere mmasị dị ukwuu n'ịmụta ihe na ọmụmụ ya. Afọ iri ka e mesịrị, ọ ghọrọ nwa agbọghọ mara mma ma nwee ọgụgụ isi, nke maara omenala na ụzọ ndụ nke ndị America. 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=González|first=Moisés|title=De telenovela: Pancho López (Arath de la Torre) se integra a la segunda temporada de Mi marido tiene familia y otras 9 noticias|url=http://peopleenespanol.com/celebridades/arath-de-la-torre-a-mi-marido-tiene-familia/pancho-lpez-a-mi-marido-tiene-familia|work=peopleenespanol.com|publisher=[[People en Español]]|accessdate=22 December 2017|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223161051/http://peopleenespanol.com/celebridades/arath-de-la-torre-a-mi-marido-tiene-familia/pancho-lpez-a-mi-marido-tiene-familia/|archivedate=23 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Sofía Osorio dị ka Nwatakịrị Karina Sullivan&lt;ref name=&quot;newcast&quot; /&gt;
* Mauricio Novoa dị ka Tomas Sullivan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=González|first=Moisés|title=Conoce a los hijos adolescentes de Litzy en la nueva producción de Telemundo Al otro lado del muro|url=http://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/hijos-litzy-al-otro-lado-del-muro/|work=peopleenespanol.com|publisher=[[People en Español]]|accessdate=30 January 2018|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Samuel Sadovnik dị ka Nwatakịrị Tomas Sullivan&lt;ref name=&quot;newcast&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=González|first=Moisés|title=Detrás de cámaras de la nueva novela de Telemundo Al otro lado del muro que protagoniza Marjorie de Sousa|url=http://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/fotos-marjorie-de-sousa-al-otro-lado-del-muro/madre-e-hijo-1|work=peopleenespanol.com|publisher=[[People en Español]]|accessdate=17 November 2017|language=es|archivedate=9 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002715/http://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/fotos-marjorie-de-sousa-al-otro-lado-del-muro/madre-e-hijo-1/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Daniela Wong dị ka Alondra Martínez
* Regina Orquín dị ka Nwatakịrị Alondra Martínez&lt;ref name=&quot;mundohispanico.com&quot; /&gt;
* Jonathan Freudman dị ka Julián Martínez
* Emmanuel Pérez/Luis Antonio dị ka Nwatakịrị Julián Martínez&lt;ref name=&quot;mundohispanico.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marjorie de Sousa: Conoce a sus nuevos hijos en la serie 'Al otro lado del muro'|url=https://mundohispanico.com/entretenimiento/marjorie-de-sousa-conoce-a-sus-nuevos-hijos-en-la-serie-al-otro-lado-del-muro|work=mundohispanico.com|accessdate=2 November 2017|language=es|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023915/https://mundohispanico.com/entretenimiento/marjorie-de-sousa-conoce-a-sus-nuevos-hijos-en-la-serie-al-otro-lado-del-muro}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Eduardo Trucco dị ka Patrick O'Hara&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telemundo51.com/entretenimiento/actor-de-al-otro-lado-del-muro_tlmd-miami/60961/|title=Acceso Total a ed Trucco, actor de &quot;Al otro lado del Muro&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmepụta ==
E gosipụtara usoro ahụ n'oge Telemundo na-ekwu maka oge telivishọn 2017-2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Telemundo apuesta fuerte con el regreso de 'La reina del sur' y miniseries de Selena y Luis Miguel|url=http://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/sur-de-la-florida/article149960127.html|work=elnuevoherald.com|accessdate=7 October 2017|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mmepụta ahụ mechiri na Febụwarị 8, 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=González|first=Moisés|title=Rebelde ya tiene sucesora, expanelista de ¡Suelta la sopa! debuta como actriz en Televisa y otras 9 noticias ¡De telenovela!|url=http://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/rebelde-ya-tiene-sucesora-de-telenovela/finalizan-grabaciones|work=peopleenespanol.com|publisher=[[People en Español]]|accessdate=9 February 2018|language=es|archivedate=10 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210062210/http://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/rebelde-ya-tiene-sucesora-de-telenovela/finalizan-grabaciones/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchịkọta ===
N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2017, a mara ọkwa na Marjorie nke Sousa bịanyere aka na Telemundo ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi na usoro ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=González|first=Moisés|title=Marjorie de Sousa agradecida con Telemundo: &quot;Creyeron en mí, en Marjorie la profesional, sin importar cualquier otra cosa&quot;|url=http://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/marjorie-de-sousa-habla-de-su-llegada-a-telemundo/|work=peopleenespanol.com|publisher=[[People en Español]]|accessdate=7 October 2017|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gonzalez|first=Juan|title=Telenovela queen signs exclusive contract with Telemundo|url=https://www.rapidtvnews.com/2017100549104/telenovela-queen-signs-exclusive-contract-with-telemundo.html|work=rapidtvnews.com|accessdate=7 October 2017|archivedate=7 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007115833/https://www.rapidtvnews.com/2017100549104/telenovela-queen-signs-exclusive-contract-with-telemundo.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nke a ga-abụ ngosipụta mbụ nke Marjorie de Sousa na Telemundo, mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ maka Venevision ma bụrụ akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Televisa ruo ọtụtụ afọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=González|first=Moisés|title=Marjorie de Sousa se une a Telemundo como artista exclusiva|url=http://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/marjorie-de-sousa-llega-a-telemundo/|work=peopleenespanol.com|publisher=[[People en Español]]|accessdate=16 October 2017|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2017, e gosipụtara Litzy dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi na-eme ihe nkiri mgbe afọ atọ gachara na Señora Acero. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=González|first=Moisés|title=Litzy protagonizará la nueva producción de Telemundo Al otro lado del muro: &quot;Es una historia llena de verdad&quot;|url=http://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/litzy-protagonizara-al-otro-lado-del-muro/|work=peopleenespanol.com|publisher=[[People en Español]]|accessdate=16 October 2017|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'echi ya, e gosipụtara Gabriel Porras dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=González|first=Moisés|title=Marjorie de Sousa: &quot;Mi personaje en Al otro lado del muro es un heroe de verdad. Me identifico con el ya que hace todo por cuidar y mantener a salvo a sus hijos&quot;|url=http://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/marjorie-de-sousa-al-otro-lado-del-muro-telemundo/|work=peopleenespanol.com|publisher=[[People en Español]]|accessdate=17 October 2017|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;Dị ka magazin People en Español si kwuo, ihe nkiri ahụ ga-abụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri 6 nke atọ n'ime ha amaarala ma bụrụ ndị ga-eme ihe ngosi: Uriel del Toro, Guillermo Iván na Adriana Barraza bụ ndị rụrụ ọrụ na Telemundo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=González|first=Moisés|title=Guillermo Iván será el galán de Marjorie de Sousa en la nueva producción estelar de Telemundo Al otro lado del muro|url=http://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/guillermo-ivan-nuevo-galan-de-marjorie-de-sousa/|work=peopleenespanol.com|publisher=[[People en Español]]|accessdate=19 October 2017|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Uriel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=González|first=Moisés|title=Uriel del Toro será galán de Litzy en la nueva producción estelar de Telemundo Al otro lado del muro|url=http://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/uriel-del-toro-sera-galan-de-litzy-en-la-nueva-produccion-estelar-de-telemundo-al-otro-lado-del-muro/|work=peopleenespanol.com|accessdate=18 October 2017|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=González|first=Moisés|title=Adriana Barraza forma parte del elenco protagónico de Al otro lado del muro|url=http://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/adriana-barraza-en-al-otro-lado-del-muro/|work=peopleenespanol.com|publisher=[[People en Español]]|accessdate=20 October 2017|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nkwalite ===
E gosipụtara trailer mbụ nke usoro ahụ na Jenụwarị 2, 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Video: Primer promocional de 'Al Otro Lado del Muro', telenovela de Telemundo|url=https://laopinion.com/2018/01/02/video-primer-promocional-de-al-otro-lado-del-muro-telenovela-de-telemundo/|work=laopinion.com|date=2 January 2018|accessdate=4 January 2018|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụle ==
{{Television season ratings|hide_tv_season=y|hide_rank=y|hide_18_49_rating=y|hide_18_49_rank=y|timeslot1=Mon{{ndash}}Fri 9:00 pm|link1=#Episodes|episodes1=78&lt;!-- should reflect the number of episodes that contribute to the average given in the last column --&gt;|start1={{Start date|2018|02|21|df=y}}|end1={{End date|2018|06|11|df=y}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=González |first1=Moisés |title=Aracely Arambula tantea en redes sociales nuevo galán para la segunda temporada de La doña y otras 9 noticias ¡De telenovela! |url=http://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/aracely-arambula-la-dona-telenovela/ |website=peopleenespanol.com |publisher=[[People en Español]] |access-date=8 June 2018 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;|startrating1=1.42&lt;ref name=&quot;premiere&quot; /&gt;|endrating1=1.48&lt;ref name=&quot;finale&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pucci |first1=Douglas |title=Monday Final Ratings: Fox News Channel the Most-Watched Outlet for Start of Historic Trump-Kim Summit |url=http://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-fox-news-channel-the-most-watched-outlet-for-start-of-historic-trump-kim-summit/ |website=programminginsider.com |date=12 June 2018 |access-date=13 June 2018 |accessdate=29 October 2023 |archivedate=3 October 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003043327/https://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-fox-news-channel-the-most-watched-outlet-for-start-of-historic-trump-kim-summit/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;|viewers1={{decimals|{{#expr:((
                      1.424 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 1 --&gt;
                      1.140 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 2 --&gt;
                      1.273 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 3 --&gt;
                      1.329 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 4 --&gt;
                      1.166 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 5 --&gt;
                      1.366 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 6 --&gt;
                      1.239 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 7 --&gt;
                      1.263 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 8 --&gt;
                      1.334 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 9 --&gt;
                      1.281 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 10 --&gt;
                      1.138 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 11 --&gt;
                      1.164 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 12 --&gt;
                      1.052 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 13 --&gt;
                      1.128 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 14 --&gt;
                      1.107 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 15 --&gt;
                      1.124 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 16 --&gt;
                      1.129 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 17 --&gt;
                      1.149 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 18 --&gt;
                      1.200 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 19 --&gt;
                      1.327 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 20 --&gt;
                      1.367 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 21 --&gt;
                      1.039 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 22 --&gt;
                      1.217 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 23 --&gt;
                      1.186 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 24 --&gt;
                      1.234 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 25 --&gt;
                      1.154 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 26 --&gt;
                      1.050 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 27 --&gt;
                      0.878 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 28 --&gt;
                      1.151 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 29 --&gt;
                      1.070 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 30 --&gt;
                      1.214 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 31 --&gt;
                      1.163 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 32 --&gt;
                      1.074 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 33 --&gt;
                      1.260 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 34 --&gt;
                      1.131 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 35 --&gt;
                      1.125 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 36 --&gt;
                      1.110 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 37 --&gt;
                      1.010 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 38 --&gt;
                      1.198 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 39 --&gt;
                      1.168 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 40 --&gt;
                      1.254 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 41 --&gt;
                      1.254 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 42 --&gt;
                      1.047 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 43 --&gt;
                      1.141 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 44 --&gt;
                      1.211 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 45 --&gt;
                      1.255 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 46 --&gt;
                      1.053 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 47 --&gt;
                      1.115 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 48 --&gt;
                      1.070 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 49 --&gt;
                      1.293 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 50 --&gt;
                      1.166 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 51 --&gt;
                      1.012 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 52 --&gt;
                      1.209 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 53 --&gt;
                      1.229 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 54 --&gt;
                      1.208 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 55 --&gt;
                      1.094 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 56 --&gt;
                      1.080 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 57 --&gt;
                      1.053 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 58 --&gt;
                      1.104 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 59 --&gt;
                      1.125 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 60 --&gt;
                      1.210 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 61 --&gt;
                      1.071 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 62 --&gt;
                      1.095 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 63 --&gt;
                      1.112 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 64 --&gt;
                      1.159 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 65 --&gt;
                      1.161 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 66 --&gt;
                      0.986 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 67 --&gt;
                      1.052 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 68 --&gt;
                      1.215 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 69 --&gt;
                      1.161 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 70 --&gt;
                      1.126 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 71 --&gt;
                      0.942 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 72 --&gt;
                      1.126 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 73 --&gt;
                      1.139 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 74 --&gt;
                      1.089 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 75 --&gt;
                      1.111 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 76 --&gt;
                      1.138 + &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 77 --&gt;
                      1.486   &lt;!-- raw ratings data from Episode 78 --&gt;
                              &lt;!-- end of raw data; please make sure one plus sign (+) follows every number above except the last entry --&gt;
                      )/ 78  &lt;!-- c --&gt;
                      )}}|2}} &lt;!-- displays the result to two decimal places; please don't remove/move this or change the number to show more or less decimal places --&gt;}}{{Episode table|background=#61505E|overall=5|title=75|titleR=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Acerca de Al Otro Lado del Muro |url=http://now.telemundo.com/al-otro-lado-del-muro |website=now.telemundo.com |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612101757/http://now.telemundo.com/al-otro-lado-del-muro |archive-date=12 June 2018 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;|airdate=14|viewers=|country=US|episodes={{Episode table/part|part=1|c=#61505E}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=1
| Title=Dos vidas, un destino
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|2|21|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.42&lt;ref name=&quot;premiere&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=González|first1=Moisés|title=Fernanda Castillo o Marjorie de Sousa, ¿quién tuvo más audiencia en su estreno?|url=http://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/audiencia-estreno-enemigo-intimo-al-otro-lado-del-muro/|website=peopleenespanol.com|publisher=[[People en Español]]|access-date=23 February 2018|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=2
| Title=Sofía denuncia a su marido
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|2|22|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.14&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Thursday Final Ratings: PyeongChang Olympics on NBC Outlets Off 13 Percent from Comparable Night of Sochi Games|url=http://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-pyeongchang-olympics-nbc-outlets-off-13-percent-comparable-night-sochi-games/|website=programminginsider.com|date=26 February 2018|access-date=27 February 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=2 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202223739/https://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-pyeongchang-olympics-nbc-outlets-off-13-percent-comparable-night-sochi-games/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=3
| Title=Un francotirador mata a Irene
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|2|23|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.27&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Friday Final Ratings: PyeongChang Olympics on NBC, NBCSN and Streaming Off 6 Percent from Comparable Night of Sochi Games|url=http://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-pyeongchang-olympics-nbc-nbcsn-streaming-off-6-percent-comparable-night-sochi-games/|website=programminginsider.com|date=26 February 2018|access-date=27 February 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=8 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208192347/https://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-pyeongchang-olympics-nbc-nbcsn-streaming-off-6-percent-comparable-night-sochi-games/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=4
| Title=Eliza continúa su viaje a EEUU
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|2|26|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.32&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice' Spring Premiere on NBC Grows from the Fall; Modest Start for 'Good Girls'|url=http://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-voice-spring-premiere-nbc-grows-fall-modest-start-good-girls/|website=programminginsider.com|date=28 February 2018|access-date=28 February 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=3 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303113600/https://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-voice-spring-premiere-nbc-grows-fall-modest-start-good-girls/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=5
| Title=Sofía trata de escapar
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|2|27|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.16&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Tuesday Final Ratings: NBC and CBS Return to Shared Leadership Post-Olympics|url=http://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-nbc-cbs-return-shared-leadership-post-olympics/|website=programminginsider.com|date=28 February 2018|access-date=1 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002182822/https://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-nbc-cbs-return-shared-leadership-post-olympics/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=6
| Title=Sofía es blanco de un atentado
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|2|28|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.36&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: CBS Leads All Key Prime Time Figures with 36th Season Premiere of 'Survivor'|url=http://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-cbs-leads-key-prime-time-figures-36th-season-premiere-survivor/|website=programminginsider.com|date=March 2018|access-date=2 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=26 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226040121/https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-cbs-leads-key-prime-time-figures-36th-season-premiere-survivor/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=7
| Title=Sofía tiene un amante
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|1|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.23&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Thursday Final Ratings: CBS Leads Most Key Prime Time Figures; TGIT Provides ABC an Adults 18-34 Victory|url=http://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-cbs-leads-key-prime-time-figures-tgit-provides-abc-adults-18-34-victory/|website=programminginsider.com|date=2 March 2018|access-date=3 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=28 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928103615/https://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-cbs-leads-key-prime-time-figures-tgit-provides-abc-adults-18-34-victory/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=8
| Title=Sofía y su hija cruzan el muro
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|2|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.26&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Friday Final Ratings: Fox Wins Prime Time Among Adults 18-49 and 18-34 with 'MasterChef Junior' Season Premiere|url=http://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-fox-wins-prime-time-among-adults-18-49-18-34-masterchef-junior-season-premiere/|website=programminginsider.com|date=5 March 2018|access-date=5 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=1 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601201936/https://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-fox-wins-prime-time-among-adults-18-49-18-34-masterchef-junior-season-premiere/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}} 
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=9
| Title=Eliza espera encontrar a Max
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|5|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.33&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Monday Final Ratings: 'Good Girls' on NBC and 'Living Biblically' on CBS Each Drop About 13 Percent Among Adults 18-49 in Second Telecasts|url=http://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-good-girls-nbc-living-biblically-cbs-drop-13-percent-among-adults-18-49-second-telecasts/|website=programminginsider.com|date=7 March 2018|access-date=7 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=11 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211224946/https://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-good-girls-nbc-living-biblically-cbs-drop-13-percent-among-adults-18-49-second-telecasts/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}} 
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=10
| Title=Ernesto intenta matar a Joel
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|6|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.28&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Tuesday Final Ratings: 'The Bachelor' Special Lifts ABC to its Best Tuesday Adults 18-49 Delivery Since November 2016|url=http://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-bachelor-special-lifts-abc-best-tuesday-adults-18-49-delivery-since-november-2016/|website=programminginsider.com|date=7 March 2018|access-date=8 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=6 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206205634/https://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-bachelor-special-lifts-abc-best-tuesday-adults-18-49-delivery-since-november-2016/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}} 
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=11
| Title=Culpan a Sofía de asesinato
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|7|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.13&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: Soft Start for 'Life Sentence' on CW|url=http://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-soft-start-for-life-sentence-on-cw/|website=programminginsider.com|date=8 March 2018|access-date=9 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=7 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607013913/https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-soft-start-for-life-sentence-on-cw/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}  
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=12
| Title=Eliza está embarazada
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|8|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.16&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Thursday Final Ratings: Subpar Open for 'Champions' on NBC|url=http://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-subpar-open-for-champions-on-nbc/|website=programminginsider.com|date=9 March 2018|access-date=10 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=3 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303133235/https://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-subpar-open-for-champions-on-nbc/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}} 
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=13
| Title=Joel cerca de dar con Sofía
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|9|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.05&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Friday Final Ratings: Duke-North Carolina ACC Semifinal on ESPN Leads All of Prime Time Among Young Adults and Males|url=http://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-duke-north-carolina-acc-semifinal-on-espn-leads-all-of-prime-time-among-young-adults-and-males/|website=programminginsider.com|date=12 March 2018|access-date=12 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=22 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222142912/https://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-duke-north-carolina-acc-semifinal-on-espn-leads-all-of-prime-time-among-young-adults-and-males/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}} 
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=14
| Title=Joel arresta a Sofía
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|12|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.12&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice' on NBC Remains on Top Despite 'American Idol' Time Slot Premiere on ABC|url=http://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-the-voice-on-nbc-remains-on-top-despite-american-idol-time-slot-premiere-on-abc/|website=programminginsider.com|date=14 March 2018|access-date=15 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=3 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203201315/https://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-the-voice-on-nbc-remains-on-top-despite-american-idol-time-slot-premiere-on-abc/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}} 
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=15
| Title=El gobernador ataca a Sofía
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|13|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.10&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Tuesday Final Ratings: 'Rise' on NBC Squanders Most of 'This Is Us' Lead-In; 'For the People' Bows Low for ABC|url=http://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-rise-on-nbc-squanders-most-of-this-is-us-lead-in-for-the-people-bows-low-for-abc/|website=programminginsider.com|date=14 March 2018|access-date=15 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002135512/https://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-rise-on-nbc-squanders-most-of-this-is-us-lead-in-for-the-people-bows-low-for-abc/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}} 
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=16
| Title=Sofía se declara culpable
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|14|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.12&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: Arizona State-Syracuse on truTV Ranks as Third Most-Watched NCAA First Four Telecast To-Date|url=http://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-arizona-state-syracuse-on-trutv-ranks-as-third-most-watched-ncaa-first-four-telecast-to-date/|website=programminginsider.com|date=15 March 2018|access-date=16 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=9 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609180106/https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-arizona-state-syracuse-on-trutv-ranks-as-third-most-watched-ncaa-first-four-telecast-to-date/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}} 
{{Episode table/part|part=2|c=#48405b}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=17
| Title=Eliza encuentra a Max
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|15|df=y}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=González|first1=Moisés|title=Al otro lado del muro renueva su elenco este jueves|url=http://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/al-otro-lado-del-muro-renueva-su-elenco-nueva-etapa/te-la-vas-a-perder|website=peopleenespanol.com|publisher=[[People en Español]]|access-date=15 March 2018|language=es|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=13 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813001844/https://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/al-otro-lado-del-muro-renueva-su-elenco-nueva-etapa/te-la-vas-a-perder/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Viewers=1.12&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Thursday Final Ratings: NCAA Tournament on CBS and Turner Sports Tops All Adult and Male Prime Time Demos|url=http://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-ncaa-tournament-on-cbs-and-turner-sports-tops-all-adult-and-male-prime-time-demos/|website=programminginsider.com|date=16 March 2018|access-date=17 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=4 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204073625/https://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-ncaa-tournament-on-cbs-and-turner-sports-tops-all-adult-and-male-prime-time-demos/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}} 
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=18
| Title=Sofía trabaja de incógnito
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|16|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.14&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Friday Final Ratings: UMBC's Historic NCAA Tournament Win Over Top-Seeded Virginia on TNT Leads Prime Time Among Young Adults|url=http://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-umbcs-historic-ncaa-tournament-win-over-top-seeded-virginia-on-tnt-leads-prime-time-among-young-adults/|website=programminginsider.com|date=19 March 2018|access-date=21 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=1 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601193110/https://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-umbcs-historic-ncaa-tournament-win-over-top-seeded-virginia-on-tnt-leads-prime-time-among-young-adults/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}} 
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=19
| Title=Eliza está furiosa con Max
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|19|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice' Propels NBC to Win All Prime Time Key Figures|url=http://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-the-voice-propels-nbc-to-win-all-prime-time-key-figures/|website=programminginsider.com|date=21 March 2018|access-date=22 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=14 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414074110/https://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-the-voice-propels-nbc-to-win-all-prime-time-key-figures/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}} 
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=20
| Title=Max y Rodrigo se reconocen
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|20|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.32&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Tuesday Final Ratings: 'Rise' on NBC Retains Almost All of its Premiere Audience in Second Week and New Slot|url=http://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-rise-on-nbc-retains-almost-all-of-its-premiere-audience-in-second-week-and-new-slot/|website=programminginsider.com|date=21 March 2018|access-date=22 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=3 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303162746/https://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-rise-on-nbc-retains-almost-all-of-its-premiere-audience-in-second-week-and-new-slot/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}} 
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=21
| Title=Eliza confiesa todo sobre Max
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|21|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.36&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: '9-1-1' on Fox Concludes Season with Seven-Week High Among Adults 18-49|url=http://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-9-1-1-on-fox-concludes-season-with-seven-week-high-among-adults-18-49/|website=programminginsider.com|date=22 March 2018|access-date=22 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=5 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205215410/https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-9-1-1-on-fox-concludes-season-with-seven-week-high-among-adults-18-49/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}} 
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=22
| Title=Joel propone tregua a Sofía
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|22|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.21&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'Station 19' on ABC Tops NBC's 'Chicago Fire' Among Adults 18-34 but Not Adults 18-49 Nor Adults 25-54|url=http://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-station-19-on-abc-tops-nbcs-chicago-fire-among-adults-18-34-but-not-adults-18-49-nor-adults-25-54/|website=programminginsider.com|date=23 March 2018|access-date=24 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=28 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528221152/https://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-station-19-on-abc-tops-nbcs-chicago-fire-among-adults-18-34-but-not-adults-18-49-nor-adults-25-54/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}} 
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=23
| Title=Jennifer agrede a Eliza
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|23|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.03&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Friday Final Ratings: NCAA Men's Sweet Sixteen Games Tops on Broadcast and Cable|url=http://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-ncaa-mens-sweet-sixteen-games-tops-on-broadcast-and-cable/|website=programminginsider.com|date=26 March 2018|access-date=27 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=29 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229220059/https://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-ncaa-mens-sweet-sixteen-games-tops-on-broadcast-and-cable/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=24
| Title=Alondra enfrenta a Ernesto
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|26|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.18&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Monday Final Ratings: 'The Good Doctor' on ABC Concludes its Successful Inaugural Season on Winning Note|url=http://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-the-good-doctor-on-abc-concludes-its-successful-inaugural-season-on-winning-note/|website=programminginsider.com|date=27 March 2018|access-date=28 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=25 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925132541/https://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-the-good-doctor-on-abc-concludes-its-successful-inaugural-season-on-winning-note/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=25
| Title=Joel rescata a Alondra
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|27|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.23&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Tuesday Final Ratings: Massive Return for 'Roseanne' on ABC Outdraws its Last 12 Telecasts from 1997; Lead-Out 'black-ish' Benefits with its Most Viewers Since Series Premiere|url=http://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-strong-return-for-roseanne-on-abc-outdraws-its-last-12-telecasts-from-1997-lead-out-black-ish-benefits-with-its-most-viewers-since-series-premiere/|website=programminginsider.com|date=28 March 2018|access-date=28 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002042758/https://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-strong-return-for-roseanne-on-abc-outdraws-its-last-12-telecasts-from-1997-lead-out-black-ish-benefits-with-its-most-viewers-since-series-premiere/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=26
| Title=Eliza y Max se reconcilian
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|28|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.15&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: Fox Returns to Prime Time Demo Victory with 'Empire' and 'Star' Spring Premieres|url=http://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-fox-returns-to-prime-time-demo-victory-with-empire-and-star-spring-premieres/|website=programminginsider.com|date=29 March 2018|access-date=29 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=5 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605100620/https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-fox-returns-to-prime-time-demo-victory-with-empire-and-star-spring-premieres/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=27
| Title=Sofía y Joel otra vez juntos
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|29|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.05&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Douglas|first1=Pucci|title=Thursday Final Ratings: YES Network Delivers its Highest-Rated New York Yankees Season Opener in Seven Years|url=http://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-yes-network-delivers-its-highest-rated-new-york-yankees-season-opener-in-seven-years/|website=programminginsider.com|date=30 March 2018|access-date=30 March 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=30 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530021042/https://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-yes-network-delivers-its-highest-rated-new-york-yankees-season-opener-in-seven-years/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=28
| Title=Joel tiene otra mujer
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|3|30|df=y}}
| Viewers=0.87&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Friday Final Ratings: Despite Overtimes, Women's NCAA Final Four Games on ESPN2 Dip to Second Least-Watched in Ten Years|url=http://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-despite-overtimes-womens-ncaa-final-four-games-on-espn2-dip-to-second-least-watched-in-ten-years/|website=programminginsider.com|date=2 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=2 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202190238/https://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-despite-overtimes-womens-ncaa-final-four-games-on-espn2-dip-to-second-least-watched-in-ten-years/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=29
| Title=Una sorpresa para Eliza
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|2|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.15&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Monday Final Ratings: Villanova's Dominant Victory on Turner Sports Sinks Men's NCAA Basketball Championship to its Least-Viewed To-Date|url=http://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-villanovas-dominant-victory-on-turner-sports-sinks-mens-ncaa-basketball-championship-to-its-least-viewed-to-date/|website=programminginsider.com|date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=3 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203170638/https://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-villanovas-dominant-victory-on-turner-sports-sinks-mens-ncaa-basketball-championship-to-its-least-viewed-to-date/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=30
| Title=Sofía cambia su identidad
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|3|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.07&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Tuesday Final Ratings: 'The Middle' on ABC Boosted to 3-Year Highs Due to 'Roseanne' Lead-In|url=http://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-the-middle-on-abc-boosted-to-3-year-highs-due-to-roseanne-lead-in/|website=programminginsider.com|date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=16 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416125739/https://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-the-middle-on-abc-boosted-to-3-year-highs-due-to-roseanne-lead-in/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=31
| Title=Ernesto ve a Alejandra
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|4|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.21&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Survivor' on CBS Leads in Total Viewers and Adults 25-54; 'Empire' on Fox Tops Among Young Adults|url=http://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-survivor-on-cbs-leads-in-total-viewers-and-adults-25-54-empire-on-fox-tops-among-young-adults/|website=programminginsider.com|date=5 April 2018|access-date=5 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=22 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222134429/https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-survivor-on-cbs-leads-in-total-viewers-and-adults-25-54-empire-on-fox-tops-among-young-adults/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=32
| Title=Apuñalan a Max frente a Eliza
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|5|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.16&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'Jersey Shore Family Vacation' Series Premiere on MTV Tops Prime Time Among Adults 18-34|url=http://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-jersey-shore-family-vacation-series-premiere-on-mtv-tops-prime-time-among-adults-18-34/|website=programminginsider.com|date=6 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=7 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607091150/https://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-jersey-shore-family-vacation-series-premiere-on-mtv-tops-prime-time-among-adults-18-34/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=33
| Title=Alondra odia a su padre
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|6|df=y}}
| Viewers=0.99&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Friday Final Ratings: The Masters Gets a Tiger Woods-Infused Boost for ESPN|url=http://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-the-masters-gets-a-tiger-woods-infused-boost-for-espn/|website=programminginsider.com|date=9 April 2018|access-date=10 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=9 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609174111/https://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-the-masters-gets-a-tiger-woods-infused-boost-for-espn/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=34
| Title=Sofía desilusiona a Joel
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|9|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.26&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Monday Final Ratings: Second Most-Viewed 'WWE Raw' on USA in Two Years for Post-WrestleMania Edition|url=http://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-second-most-viewed-wwe-raw-on-usa-in-two-years-for-post-wrestlemania-edition/|website=programminginsider.com|date=11 April 2018|access-date=11 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=25 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225124653/https://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-second-most-viewed-wwe-raw-on-usa-in-two-years-for-post-wrestlemania-edition/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=35
| Title=Alondra ve a Alejandra
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|10|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.13&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Tuesday Final Ratings: Modest Results for 'Elton John: I'm Still Standing — A Grammy Salute' on CBS|url=http://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-modest-results-for-elton-john-im-still-standing-a-grammy-salute-on-cbs/|website=programminginsider.com|date=11 April 2018|access-date=11 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=2 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202122837/https://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-modest-results-for-elton-john-im-still-standing-a-grammy-salute-on-cbs/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=36
| Title=Karina teme ser deportada
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|11|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.12&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: Strong Increases for Both NHL Playoff Game Ones on NBCSN from Last Year|url=http://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-strong-increases-for-both-nhl-playoff-game-ones-on-nbcsn-from-last-year/|website=programminginsider.com|date=12 April 2018|access-date=12 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=24 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924071142/https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-strong-increases-for-both-nhl-playoff-game-ones-on-nbcsn-from-last-year/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=37
| Title=Max sorprende a Eliza
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|12|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.11&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Thursday Final Ratings: Slight Increase for First NHL Playoff Thursday on NBCSN from Last Year|url=http://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-slight-increase-for-first-thursday-of-nhl-playoffs-on-nbcsn-from-last-year/|website=programminginsider.com|date=13 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=28 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128164948/https://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-slight-increase-for-first-thursday-of-nhl-playoffs-on-nbcsn-from-last-year/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=38
| Title=Ernesto sospecha de Alejandra
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|13|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.01&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Friday Final Ratings: CBS Leads Prime Time in All Key Figures|url=http://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-cbs-leads-prime-time-in-all-key-figures/|website=programminginsider.com|date=16 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=8 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608160245/https://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-cbs-leads-prime-time-in-all-key-figures/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=39
| Title=Sofía espía a Ernesto
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|16|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.19&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Monday Final Ratings: Controversy Boosts Fox News' 'Hannity' to Become Night's Highest-Rated Cable Telecast|url=http://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-controversy-boosts-fox-news-hannity-to-become-nights-highest-rated-cable-telecast/|website=programminginsider.com|date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=2 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202015913/https://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-controversy-boosts-fox-news-hannity-to-become-nights-highest-rated-cable-telecast/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=40
| Title=Eliza conoce a Alejandra
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|17|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.16&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Tuesday Final Ratings: 'The Late Show with Stephen Colbert' on CBS Rises to Season High|url=http://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-the-late-show-with-stephen-colbert-on-cbs-rises-to-season-high/|website=programminginsider.com|date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=7 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207193626/https://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-the-late-show-with-stephen-colbert-on-cbs-rises-to-season-high/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=41
| Title=Max da su apellido a Rodrigo
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|18|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.25&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: Mark Burnett Shows 'The Voice' on NBC and 'Survivor' on CBS are the Two Most-Watched Prime Time Telecasts|url=http://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-mark-burnett-shows-the-voice-on-nbc-and-survivor-on-cbs-are-the-two-most-watched-prime-time-telecasts/|website=programminginsider.com|date=19 April 2018|access-date=20 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=28 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528233759/https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-mark-burnett-shows-the-voice-on-nbc-and-survivor-on-cbs-are-the-two-most-watched-prime-time-telecasts/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=42
| Title=Alondra va a vivir con Ernesto
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|19|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.25&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'Scandal' Series Finale Helps ABC Win the 10 p.m. Hour|url=http://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-scandal-series-finale-helps-abc-win-the-10-p-m-hour/|website=programminginsider.com|date=20 April 2018|access-date=20 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=30 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530035044/https://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-scandal-series-finale-helps-abc-win-the-10-p-m-hour/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=43
| Title=Sofía cae en las redes de Joel
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|20|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.04&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Friday Final Ratings: ESPN Wins All Key Adult and Male Demos with NBA Playoffs; Flyers-Penguins as Most-Watched NBCSN NHL First Round Game 5 in Six Years|url=http://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-espn-wins-all-key-adult-and-male-demos-with-nba-playoffs-flyers-penguins-as-most-watched-nbcsn-nhl-first-round-game-5-in-six-years/|website=programminginsider.com|date=23 April 2018|access-date=23 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=7 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607194629/https://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-espn-wins-all-key-adult-and-male-demos-with-nba-playoffs-flyers-penguins-as-most-watched-nbcsn-nhl-first-round-game-5-in-six-years/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=44
| Title=Alondra busca la verdad
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|23|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.14&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Monday Final Ratings: NBA Playoffs Continue Young Adults Demo Win Streak in Prime Time|url=http://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-nba-playoffs-continue-young-adults-demo-win-streak-in-prime-time/|website=programminginsider.com|date=25 April 2018|access-date=26 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=6 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206204041/https://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-nba-playoffs-continue-young-adults-demo-win-streak-in-prime-time/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=45
| Title=Max se compromete con Eliza
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|24|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.21&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Tuesday Final Ratings: 'The 100′ Season Premiere on CW Draws Series' Most-Watched Telecast in Two Years|url=http://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-the-100-season-premiere-on-cw-draws-series-most-watched-telecast-in-two-years/|website=programminginsider.com|date=25 April 2018|access-date=26 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=11 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211181456/https://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-the-100-season-premiere-on-cw-draws-series-most-watched-telecast-in-two-years/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=46
| Title=Jennifer engaña a Eliza
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|25|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.25&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: Maple Leafs-Bruins Game 7 Sets NBCSN Record for an NHL First Round Playoff Game|url=http://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-maple-leafs-bruins-game-7-sets-nbcsn-record-for-an-nhl-first-round-playoff-game/|website=programminginsider.com|date=26 April 2018|access-date=27 April 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=26 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926054050/https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-maple-leafs-bruins-game-7-sets-nbcsn-record-for-an-nhl-first-round-playoff-game/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=47
| Title=El sacrificio de Rodrigo
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|27|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.05&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Friday Final Ratings: ESPN Leads All Prime Time Demos with NBA First Round Playoff Game 6s|url=http://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-espn-leads-all-prime-time-demos-with-nba-first-round-playoff-game-6s/|website=programminginsider.com|date=30 April 2018|access-date=1 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=3 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203203142/https://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-espn-leads-all-prime-time-demos-with-nba-first-round-playoff-game-6s/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=48
| Title=La trampa de Sofía
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|4|30|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.11&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Monday Final Ratings: Athletes Edition of 'Dancing with the Stars' on ABC Delivers the Competition's Lowest Premiere Ratings To-Date|url=http://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-athletes-edition-of-dancing-with-the-stars-on-abc-delivers-the-competitions-lowest-premiere-ratings-to-date/|website=programminginsider.com|date=2 May 2018|access-date=3 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=4 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204005014/https://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-athletes-edition-of-dancing-with-the-stars-on-abc-delivers-the-competitions-lowest-premiere-ratings-to-date/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=49
| Title=Ordenan matar a Alejandra
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|1|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.07&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Tuesday Final Ratings: TNT Easily Wins All Adult and Male Demos in Prime Time Thanks to LeBron James|url=http://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-tnt-easily-wins-all-adult-and-male-demos-in-prime-time-thanks-to-lebron-james/|website=programminginsider.com|date=2 May 2018|access-date=3 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=11 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211124317/https://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-tnt-easily-wins-all-adult-and-male-demos-in-prime-time-thanks-to-lebron-james/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=50
| Title=Eliza abofetea a Jennifer
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|2|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.29&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: CBS Tops Prime Time in Total Viewers, TNT Leads Among Young Adults|url=http://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-cbs-tops-prime-time-in-total-viewers-tnt-leads-among-young-adults/|website=programminginsider.com|date=3 May 2018|access-date=4 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=9 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609182735/https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-cbs-tops-prime-time-in-total-viewers-tnt-leads-among-young-adults/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=51
| Title=Eliza rompe con Max
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|3|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.16&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Thursday Final Ratings: CBS and TNT Share Leadership for Second Consecutive Night|url=http://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-cbs-and-tnt-share-leadership-for-second-consecutive-night/|website=programminginsider.com|date=4 May 2018|access-date=4 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=28 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228093949/https://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-cbs-and-tnt-share-leadership-for-second-consecutive-night/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=52
| Title=Joel desconfía de Sofía
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|4|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.01&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Friday Final Ratings: 'MacGyver' on CBS Dips to Series Low in Season Finale but Easily Wins its Hour in Total Viewers|url=http://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-macgyver-on-cbs-dips-to-series-low-in-season-finale-but-easily-wins-its-hour-in-total-viewers/|website=programminginsider.com|date=7 May 2018|access-date=7 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=14 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414140926/https://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-macgyver-on-cbs-dips-to-series-low-in-season-finale-but-easily-wins-its-hour-in-total-viewers/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=53
| Title=Alejandra ilusiona a Ernesto
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|7|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Monday Final Ratings: Cleveland Cavaliers NBA Playoff Series Clinching Victory on TNT is Top Telecast in All Key Adult and Male Demos|url=http://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-cleveland-cavaliers-nba-playoff-series-clinching-victory-on-tnt-is-top-telecast-in-all-key-adult-and-male-demos/|website=programminginsider.com|date=9 May 2018|access-date=9 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=17 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417114600/https://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-cleveland-cavaliers-nba-playoff-series-clinching-victory-on-tnt-is-top-telecast-in-all-key-adult-and-male-demos/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=54
| Title=Ernesto presiona a Alejandra
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|8|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.22&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Tuesday Final Ratings: Abby's Farewell Boosts 'NCIS' to Season-Highs in Demos and its Most-Watched Telecast in 15 Months|url=http://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-abbys-farewell-boosts-ncis-to-season-highs-in-demos-and-its-most-watched-telecast-in-15-months/|website=programminginsider.com|date=9 May 2018|access-date=10 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=30 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930072349/https://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-abbys-farewell-boosts-ncis-to-season-highs-in-demos-and-its-most-watched-telecast-in-15-months/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=55
| Title=Sofía y Joel arriesgan la vida
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|9|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: TNT Dominates in Key Demos, Falls Just Shy of CBS for Prime Time Viewer Lead|url=http://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-tnt-dominates-in-key-demos-falls-just-shy-of-cbs-for-prime-time-viewer-lead/|website=programminginsider.com|date=10 May 2018|access-date=10 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=28 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228082518/https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-tnt-dominates-in-key-demos-falls-just-shy-of-cbs-for-prime-time-viewer-lead/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=56
| Title=Cae rey del tráfico de niños
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|10|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.09&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Thursday Final Ratings: Sheldon and Amy's Wedding in Season Finale Lifts 'The Big Bang Theory on CBS to a Four Month High|url=http://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-sheldon-and-amys-wedding-in-season-finale-lifts-the-big-bang-theory-on-cbs-to-a-four-month-high/|website=programminginsider.com|date=11 May 2018|access-date=12 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=24 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224093436/https://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-sheldon-and-amys-wedding-in-season-finale-lifts-the-big-bang-theory-on-cbs-to-a-four-month-high/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=57
| Title=Alondra halla pistas de Sofía
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|11|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.08&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Friday Final Ratings: 'Blue Bloods' on CBS Rises from Recent Weeks with Season Finale|url=http://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-blue-bloods-on-cbs-rises-from-recent-weeks-with-season-finale/|website=programminginsider.com|date=14 May 2018|access-date=15 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=29 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229080252/https://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-blue-bloods-on-cbs-rises-from-recent-weeks-with-season-finale/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=58
| Title=Jennifer evita que la atrapen
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|14|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.05&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Monday Final Ratings: Warriors-Rockets on TNT Draws Best Start to an NBA Western Conference Finals Series in 16 Years|url=http://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-warriors-rockets-on-tnt-draws-best-start-to-an-nba-western-conference-finals-series-in-16-years/|website=programminginsider.com|date=16 May 2018|access-date=16 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=11 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211213330/https://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-warriors-rockets-on-tnt-draws-best-start-to-an-nba-western-conference-finals-series-in-16-years/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=59
| Title=Lorena confiesa su error
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|15|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.10&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Tuesday Final Ratings: Cavaliers-Celtics on ESPN is Most-Viewed Second Game of an NBA Eastern Conference Finals in 6 Years|url=http://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-cavaliers-celtics-on-espn-is-most-viewed-second-game-of-an-nba-eastern-conference-finals-in-6-years/|website=programminginsider.com|date=16 May 2018|access-date=16 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=28 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928012124/https://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-cavaliers-celtics-on-espn-is-most-viewed-second-game-of-an-nba-eastern-conference-finals-in-6-years/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=60
| Title=Eliza amenaza de muerte a Max
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|16|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.12&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Riverdale' on CW Reaches 14-Week High Among Total Viewers with Season Finale|url=http://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-riverdale-on-cw-reaches-14-week-high-among-total-viewers-with-season-finale/|website=programminginsider.com|date=17 May 2018|access-date=18 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=28 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528201924/https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-riverdale-on-cw-reaches-14-week-high-among-total-viewers-with-season-finale/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=61
| Title=Eliza confirma sus sospechas
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|17|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.21&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'Arrow' on CW Rises to 4-Month High Among Total Viewers with Season Finale|url=http://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-arrow-on-cw-rises-to-4-month-high-among-total-viewers-with-season-finale/|website=programminginsider.com|date=18 May 2018|access-date=18 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=10 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610111600/https://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-arrow-on-cw-rises-to-4-month-high-among-total-viewers-with-season-finale/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=62
| Title=Jennifer expone a Eliza
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|18|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.07&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Friday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon a Time' on ABC Climbs to 9-Week High Among Total Viewers with Series Finale|url=http://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-on-abc-climbs-to-9-week-high-among-total-viewers-with-series-finale/|website=programminginsider.com|date=21 May 2018|access-date=22 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=9 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209151330/https://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-on-abc-climbs-to-9-week-high-among-total-viewers-with-series-finale/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=63
| Title=El socio de Eliza propone boda
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|21|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.09&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Monday Final Ratings: Season Finales of 'Dancing with the Stars' and 'American Idol' Deliver ABC's 6-Month Best Audiences in Respective Time Slots|url=http://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-season-finales-of-dancing-with-the-stars-and-american-idol-deliver-abcs-6-month-best-audiences-in-respective-time-slots/|website=programminginsider.com|date=22 May 2018|access-date=23 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=30 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530083835/https://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-season-finales-of-dancing-with-the-stars-and-american-idol-deliver-abcs-6-month-best-audiences-in-respective-time-slots/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=64
| Title=La tragedia une a Sofía y Joel
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|22|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.11&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Tuesday Final Ratings: 'The Middle' on ABC Ends its Series Run with Multi-Year Finale Milestones|url=http://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-the-middle-on-abc-ends-its-series-run-with-multi-year-finale-milestones/|website=programminginsider.com|date=23 May 2018|access-date=24 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=1 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201010417/https://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-the-middle-on-abc-ends-its-series-run-with-multi-year-finale-milestones/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=65
| Title=La tragedia une a Sofía y Joel
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|23|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.15&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: Cavaliers-Celtics NBA Eastern Finals Game 5 on ESPN Edges Past 'Survivor' Season Finale on CBS for Night's Most-Watched Telecast|url=http://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-cavaliers-celtics-nba-eastern-finals-game-5-on-espn-edges-past-survivor-season-finale-on-cbs-for-nights-most-watched-telecast/|website=programminginsider.com|date=24 May 2018|access-date=25 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=1 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301141245/https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-cavaliers-celtics-nba-eastern-finals-game-5-on-espn-edges-past-survivor-season-finale-on-cbs-for-nights-most-watched-telecast/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=66
| Title=Eliza se casará con Andrés
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|24|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.16&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Thursday Final Ratings: TNT Easily Wins First Prime Time of Summer TV Season|url=http://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-tnt-easily-wins-first-prime-time-of-summer-tv-season/|website=programminginsider.com|date=25 May 2018|access-date=26 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=5 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605094120/https://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-tnt-easily-wins-first-prime-time-of-summer-tv-season/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=812f09
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=67
| Title=Alondra echa a Sofía
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|25|df=y}}
| Viewers=0.98&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pucci|first1=Douglas|title=Friday Final Ratings: ESPN Dominates Prime Time with Celtics-Cavaliers in Game 6 of NBA Eastern Conference Finals|url=http://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-espn-dominates-prime-time-with-celtics-cavaliers-in-game-6-of-nba-eastern-conference-finals/|website=programminginsider.com|date=30 May 2018|access-date=30 May 2018|accessdate=29 October 2023|archivedate=8 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608014510/https://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-espn-dominates-prime-time-with-celtics-cavaliers-in-game-6-of-nba-eastern-conference-finals/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=68
| Title=Peligra la vida de Alondra
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|28|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.05&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pucci |first1=Douglas |title=Monday Final Ratings: Warriors-Rockets Game 7 on TNT Delivers Second Most-Viewed NBA Telecast Ever on Cable |url=http://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-warriors-rockets-game-7-on-tnt-delivers-second-most-viewed-nba-telecast-ever-on-cable/ |website=programminginsider.com |date=31 May 2018 |access-date=31 May 2018 |accessdate=29 October 2023 |archivedate=1 December 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201161212/https://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-warriors-rockets-game-7-on-tnt-delivers-second-most-viewed-nba-telecast-ever-on-cable/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=69
| Title=Max se divorcia de Eliza
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|29|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.21&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pucci |first1=Douglas |title=Tuesday Final Ratings: Season Premieres of 'America's Got Talent' and 'World of Dance' Help NBC Dominate Prime Time |url=http://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-season-premieres-of-americas-got-talent-and-world-of-dance-help-nbc-dominate-prime-time/ |website=programminginsider.com |date=31 May 2018 |access-date=1 June 2018 |accessdate=29 October 2023 |archivedate=25 September 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925025438/https://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-season-premieres-of-americas-got-talent-and-world-of-dance-help-nbc-dominate-prime-time/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=70
| Title=Sofía se casará con el enemigo
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|30|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.16&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pucci |first1=Douglas |title=Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Code Black' on CBS Leads All Prime Time Telecasts in Total Viewers and Households |url=http://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-code-black-on-cbs-leads-all-prime-time-telecasts-in-total-viewers-and-households/ |website=programminginsider.com |date=June 2018 |access-date=2 June 2018 |accessdate=29 October 2023 |archivedate=18 April 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418001904/https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-code-black-on-cbs-leads-all-prime-time-telecasts-in-total-viewers-and-households/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=71
| Title=Joel oye la verdad sobre Irene
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|5|31|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.12&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pucci |first1=Douglas |title=Thursday Final Ratings: Cavaliers-Warriors on ABC Still Dominant Despite Four-Year Low for NBA Finals Game One Viewership |url=http://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-cavaliers-warriors-on-abc-still-dominant-despite-four-year-low-for-nba-finals-game-one-viewership/ |website=programminginsider.com |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=5 June 2018 |accessdate=29 October 2023 |archivedate=10 December 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210200359/https://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-cavaliers-warriors-on-abc-still-dominant-despite-four-year-low-for-nba-finals-game-one-viewership/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=72
| Title=Lorena destruye las pruebas
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|6|1|df=y}}
| Viewers=0.94&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pucci |first1=Douglas |title=Friday Final Ratings: 'Undercover Boss' on CBS Leads Original Telecasts in Viewers and Adults 25-54 |url=http://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-undercover-boss-on-cbs-leads-original-telecasts-in-viewers-and-adults-25-54/ |website=programminginsider.com |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=5 June 2018 |accessdate=29 October 2023 |archivedate=30 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530083507/https://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-undercover-boss-on-cbs-leads-original-telecasts-in-viewers-and-adults-25-54/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=73
| Title=Joel le pide perdón a Sofía
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|6|4|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.12&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pucci |first1=Douglas |title=Monday Final Ratings: NHL Stanley Cup Final Game Four Helps NBC Win Prime Time in Total Viewers and Key Adult and Male Demos |url=http://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-nhl-stanley-cup-final-game-four-helps-nbc-win-prime-time-in-total-viewers-and-key-adult-and-male-demos/ |website=programminginsider.com |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=6 June 2018 |accessdate=29 October 2023 |archivedate=26 February 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226180143/https://programminginsider.com/monday-final-ratings-nhl-stanley-cup-final-game-four-helps-nbc-win-prime-time-in-total-viewers-and-key-adult-and-male-demos/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=74
| Title=Sofía oculta su boda a Joel
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|6|5|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.13&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pucci |first1=Douglas |title=Tuesday Final Ratings: NBC and Telemundo Have Top Two 10 p.m. Hour Telecasts Among Young Adults |url=http://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-nbc-and-telemundo-have-top-two-10-p-m-hour-telecasts-among-young-adults/ |website=programminginsider.com |date=6 June 2018 |access-date=7 June 2018 |accessdate=29 October 2023 |archivedate=23 September 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923220637/https://programminginsider.com/tuesday-final-ratings-nbc-and-telemundo-have-top-two-10-p-m-hour-telecasts-among-young-adults/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=75
| Title=Sofía droga a Ernesto
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|6|6|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.08&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pucci |first1=Douglas |title=Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Code Black' on CBS Holds Up Well Despite Competition from NBA Finals on ABC |url=http://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-code-black-on-cbs-holds-up-well-despite-competition-from-nba-finals-on-abc/ |website=programminginsider.com |date=7 June 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |accessdate=29 October 2023 |archivedate=10 June 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610101308/https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-final-ratings-code-black-on-cbs-holds-up-well-despite-competition-from-nba-finals-on-abc/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=76
| Title=Atacan a Alejandra y a su hija
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|6|7|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.11&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pucci |first1=Douglas |title=Thursday Final Ratings: Capitals' Series-Clinching Victory on NBC Delivers Most-Watched NHL Stanley Cup Final Game Five in 16 Years |url=http://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-capitals-series-clinching-victory-on-nbc-delivers-most-watched-nhl-stanley-cup-final-game-five-in-16-years/ |website=programminginsider.com |date=8 June 2018 |access-date=9 June 2018 |accessdate=29 October 2023 |archivedate=31 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531200744/https://programminginsider.com/thursday-final-ratings-capitals-series-clinching-victory-on-nbc-delivers-most-watched-nhl-stanley-cup-final-game-five-in-16-years/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=77
| Title=El rescate de Alondra
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|6|8|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.13&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pucci |first1=Douglas |title=Friday Final Ratings: Warriors' NBA Finals-Clinching Victory on ABC Dominates Prime Time |url=http://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-warriors-nba-finals-clinching-victory-on-abc-dominates-prime-time/ |website=programminginsider.com |date=11 June 2018 |access-date=12 June 2018 |accessdate=29 October 2023 |archivedate=31 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531193203/https://programminginsider.com/friday-final-ratings-warriors-nba-finals-clinching-victory-on-abc-dominates-prime-time/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=78
| Title=Eliza y Andrés se casan
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2018|6|11|df=y}}
| Viewers=1.48&lt;ref name=&quot;finale&quot; /&gt;
| ShortSummary=
| LineColor=61505E
}}}}

== Onyinye na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Afọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ihe nrite
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ụdị
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ndị a họpụtara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Nsonaazụ
|-
|2019
|Ihe nrite Emmy nke Mba Nile
|Best Non-English Language U.S. Primetime Program
|''N'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke mgbidi ahụ''| {{Nom}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Roxborough |first1=Scott |title=International Emmys: 'McMafia,' 'Bad Banks' Among Best Drama Nominees |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2019-international-emmy-nominations-complete-list-1241019/item/drama-series-1241080 |website=hollywoodreporter.com |date=19 September 2019 |publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=20 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb title|7526286|Al otro lado del muro}}
{{Telemundo telenovelas and series}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Olga Palagia</title>
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      <text bytes="5557" sha1="n37if6l1pmoepxou40buj2jntoqpgm3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;{{Databox}}
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/csps/events/professor-olga-palagia--the-sculptures-of-the-sanctuary-of-apollo-at-amyklai.aspx|title=Professor Olga Palagia &quot;The sculptures of the sanctuary of Apollo at Amyklai&quot; - The University of Nottingham|work=www.nottingham.ac.uk|accessdate=2019-06-11|archivedate=2018-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501094601/https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/csps/events/professor-olga-palagia--the-sculptures-of-the-sanctuary-of-apollo-at-amyklai.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://scholar.uoa.gr/opalagia/home|title=Olga Palagia|work=scholar.uoa.gr|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''Olga Palagia''' bụ Prọfesọ nke Classical Archaeology na Mahadum National na Kapodistrian nke Athens ma bụrụkwa ọkachamara na-eduga na ihe osise Gris oge ochie. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/205824|title=Handbook of Greek Sculpture|author=Palagia|first=Olga|editor=Palagia|date=2019|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=9781614515401|location=Berlin, Boston|language=en|doi=10.1515/9781614513537}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blackwells.co.uk/bookshop/product/Handbook-of-Greek-Sculpture-by-Olga-Palagia-editor/9781614515401|title=Handbook of Greek Sculpture|work=blackwells.co.uk|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Macedonians in Athens, 322-229 B.C.: Proceedings of an International Conference held at the University of Athens, May 24-26, 2001|date=2003|publisher=Oxbow Books|isbn=9781785705298|chapter=The Macedonians in Athens, 322-229 B.C}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/49333/frontmatter/9780521849333_frontmatter.htm|title=ART IN ATHENS DURING THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR|work=assets.cambridge.org|accessdate=2019-06-11|archivedate=2022-12-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227125429/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/49333/frontmatter/9780521849333_frontmatter.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; maara ya karịsịa maka ọrụ ya na ihe ọkpụkpụ n'[[Atens]] oge ochie [1] [2] ma dezie ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ntuziaka na ihe ọchụ ndị Gris.

== Ọrụ ==
Palagia mere BA ya na nkà mmụta ihe ochie na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum National na Kapodistrian nke Athens ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1972. Ọ kwagara na Mahadum Oxford iji mụọ maka diplọma na nkà mmụta ihe ochie oge ochie nke D.Phil sochiri., nke e nyere na 1977. Brill bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya, ''Euphranor'', na 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pollitt|first=J. J.|date=1984|title=Review of Euphranor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-archaeology_1984-07_88_3/page/417|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=88|issue=3|pages=417–419|doi=10.2307/504576|issn=0002-9114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịgbaso ọmụmụ Palagia, ọ rụrụ ọrụ mbụ dị ka onye enyemaka nyocha na Acropolis Museum nke Athens site na 1978 ruo 1981. Palagia sonyeere Mahadum National na Kapodistrian nke Athens dị ka onye nkuzi ma nye ya ọrụ n'afọ 1983. Ọ ghọrọ osote prọfesọ n'afọ 1988, osote profesa n'afọ 1993, ma mesịa bụrụ prọfesora n'afọ 1999. Palagia abụwo Onye isi oche nke Ngalaba Archaeology (2002-4) na osote Onye isi nke Ngalaba nke Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme na Archaeology (1996-7). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.arch.uoa.gr/fileadmin/arch.uoa.gr/uploads/cvs/palagia_en.pdf|title=Olga Palagia CV|date=2014|accessdate=2023-11-05|archivedate=2022-12-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227125430/http://www.arch.uoa.gr/fileadmin/arch.uoa.gr/uploads/cvs/palagia_en.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

LPalagia edepụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ntuziaka &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Palagia|first=Olga|date=2014-11-04|title=The Functions of Greek Art|url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783304.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199783304-e-012|journal=The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Art and Architecture|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783304.013.012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihe osise ndị Gris nke a na-eji eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na nkuzi na nyocha yana inye isiakwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ntuzi aka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.elginism.com/acropolis/olga-palagia-lectures-on-the-parthenon-sculptures/20051007/206/|title=Olga Palagia lectures on the Parthenon sculptures|date=2005-10-07|work=Elginism|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ ọkachamara na ihe a tụrụ atụ nke Parthenon, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, The Pediments of the Parthenon (Brill, Leiden), na 1993 ma na-akụzi ihe gbasara isiokwu ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/about/transcripts/episode27/|title=BBC - A History of the World - About: Transcripts - Episode 27 - Parthenon sculpture: Centaur and Lapith|work=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/events/2015/12/the-impact-of-alexander-the-great-on-the-arts-of-greece|title=The impact of Alexander the Great on the arts of Greece|work=Leiden University|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-11|archivedate=2021-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806044207/https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/events/2015/12/the-impact-of-alexander-the-great-on-the-arts-of-greece}}&lt;/ref&gt; jere ozi &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; Kọmitii maka mweghachi nke ihe ncheta Acropolis 2005-2009. [1] [2] [3]

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>n37if6l1pmoepxou40buj2jntoqpgm3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Majdhub</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-21T20:59:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="14389" sha1="dka71fxjh36mh4chfoksyfz13hr4cc7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''[[w:Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Majdhub|Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Madjub]]''' ({{Lang-ar|محمد المهدي المجذوب}} {{IPAc-en|||||||||||||||||||||audio=LL-Q22809485 (apc)-Hassan Hassoon-محمد المهدي المجذوب.wav}}; 1919 - 3 March 1982), a na-asúpekwa dịka '''al-Maghut''' maọbu '''al-Majzoub''', bụụrụ onye ode-uri mba Sudan ama ama. A maara ya gburugburu dịka otu n'ime na-ewu ewu n'odide uri na Sudan, ma na-ekwunyere ya na o so na ndị òdé uri mbụ nke uri [[w:|Sudanese-Arabic]] na &quot;''{{linktext|Sudanism}}''&quot;. Ntinye ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudan have enweela mmetụta na-adigide n'ebe ihe gbasara odide na ọgụgụ uri nke mba ahụ.

=== Mmalite Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ Ya ===
A mụrụ Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Majdhub n'afọ 1919 na [[w:|al-Damar]], isi [[w:River Nile (state)|Steeti River Nile]]  na North Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=رابطة أدباء الشام - أشعار المبدع الراحل محمد المهدي المجذوب |url=https://www.odabasham.net/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86/22567-%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%A8 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.odabasham.net |accessdate=2023-12-06 |archivedate=2023-05-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521143638/https://www.odabasham.net/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86/22567-%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%A8 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya bụ [[w:Sufism|Sufi Sheik]]  amaara na Sudan dịka Muhammad al-Majdhub, onye bụ ótù n'ime ndị [[w:Ja'alin tribe|Agbụrụ Ja’alin]] nke agbụrụ north-central Sudan. O nwetara ọmụmụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ [[w:Khalwa (school)|Khalwa]], ebe ọ mụtara ọgụgụ, odide nakwa [[w:Quran|Qur'an]]. Dịka Babkier Hassan Omer si kwuo, ọkụ Khalwa (amaara dịka ''al-Toqaba'') kwaliri mmụọ al-Majdhub ịkpọ usoro nchịkọta akwụkwọ mbụ ya o dere &quot;The Fire of Majdhib&quot; O dere n'ihuokwu nke akwụkwọ ahụ, “Ndi knight, ndị ọ̀ká ikpe na ndị ọpụrụiche mmadụ lere anya gburugburu ya, na-ebuli ya elu ma na-eti, N'Ebube Ya n'etiti ndị mmadụ na nnọsara-ahụ nke nchekwa, ruokwa ọtụtụ narị afọ&quot;.

Onye odee bụ ọkachamara akwụkwọ nke Sudan [[w:Abdullah El Tayib|Abdullah Al-Tayyib]] (1921-2003) toro n'ụlọ al-Majdhub mgbe nna ya nwụchara . Ha abụọ eto, bụrụ ndị enyi, bụrụkwa ndị òdé uri .
[[File:محمد-المهدي-المجذوب-بائعة-الكسره-780x470.jpg|right|thumb|Young al-Majzoub]]
al-Majdhub mere njem gaa Khartoum ịgụ akwụkwọ, wee debanye aha na [[w:|Gordon Memorial College]] ma gụchaa pụta dịka onye ọ̀gụ́ ego.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Selected Poem: The Deluge (Mohamed al- Mahdi al- Majzoub){{!}} Sudanow Magazine |url=https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?mainId=&amp;subId=30&amp;Id=1112 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=sudanow-magazine.net |accessdate=2023-12-06 |archivedate=2023-05-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521133647/https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?mainId=&amp;subId=30&amp;Id=1112 }}&lt;/ref&gt; al-Majdhub rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ọ̀gụ́ ego na gọọmenti Sudan rụọ ọrụ n'etiti mgbago úgwú, ndịda, ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba ahụ, nke baara ya uru n'ikepụta n'ime onwe ya ọ́bá uri na ihe nchepụta ndị ọzọ,nke, na atụkwasị nke ịbụ mmadụ dị njikere mgbe niile, sụụrụ ya ụzọ imelite nkà ide uri ya.

=== Akwụkwọ Ọgụgụ Ndị O Dere ===
N'ọ̀gbọ́ a, enwere mbipụta gasị ndị pụtara, dịka al-Sudan, al-Nahda, na al-Fajr. N'etiti íbé niile nke al-Fajr, ndị odee dịka [[w:|al-Tijani Yusuf Bashir]] na [[w:|Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub]] mere ngosipụta mbụ ha .&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Kramer |first1=Robert S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAs7lGNkVBkC&amp;dq=%22Muhammad+al-Mahdi+al-Majdhub%22+-wikipedia&amp;pg=PA284 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Sudan |last2=Lobban |first2=Richard Andrew |last3=Fluehr-Lobban |first3=Carolyn |date=2013 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8108-6180-0 |pages=265 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dịka onye ọkachamara na akụkọ ihe ndị mere eme bụ Huda Fakhreddine si dee, ndị òtù Fajr nwere nghọta nke omenala gwara ọgwa si n'aka ndị nna nna rute ndị Sudan aka, nakwa ihe ndị megasịrị eme mere ka omenala ha bụrụ ọpụrụiche. Ha bu n'obi inye ọdịdị nye akara ngosi asụsụ nke ga-akọwa njirimara mba.

Huda gara n'ihu na Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub chịkọtara isiokwu nke akwụkwọ akụkọ mba Sudan &quot;edere n'Arabic ma nwee ndịnime nke ịlụ niile nke ala anyị, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ nkea na-eme ka akwụkwọ akụkọ mba anyị bụrụ ọpụrụiche na ndị ọzọ.&quot; Òtù Fajr chọpụtara ngosi mbụ ya n'ọrụ nke Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Majdhub. Ọ bụzi ya bụ òdé uri mbụ nke ederede ya chere uche n'ihe banyere ịma maka ịbụ onye sonyeere ma omenala ndi &quot;Ojii&quot; na omenala ndị &quot;Arab&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Fakhreddine |first=Huda J. |title=Muhammad al-Maghut and Poetic Detachment |date=2021-03-31 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474962.003.0005 |work=The Arabic Prose Poem |pages=107–137 |access-date=2023-05-21 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press|doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474962.003.0005 |isbn=9781474474962 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mohamed al-Mahdi al-Majzoub.jpg|thumb|Late al-Majzoub]]

Onye nkatọ Osama Taj Al-Sir kweere na  &quot;''{{linktext|Sudanism}}''&quot; (maọbụ Sudanisation) pụtara ihe n'uri al-Majdhub, nke pụtara ìhè na nchepụta ya, ihe onyoonyoo na asụsụ ya, nke nwa ya nwụrụ anwụ, onye nta akụkọ[[w:|Awad Al-Karim al-Majdhub]], onye kwuru maka nna ya, &quot;Eleghị anya ihe gbapụrụ asụsụ al-Majdhub iche bụ  ngwakọ ya - mgbe ụfọdụ - N'etiti classical na dialectal Arabic ruo ógó nke iji asụsụ dịka esi asụ ya ma na-ekwu okwu wee kụnye ya n'ime akụrụ nke uri ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abusabib |first=Mohamed |date=March 2001 |title=Back to Mangu Zambiri: Art, Politics and Identity in Northern Sudan |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07393140120030359 |journal=New Political Science |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=89–111 |doi=10.1080/07393140120030359 |s2cid=145166757 |issn=0739-3148}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last='Abdul-Hai |first=Muhammad |date=1976 |title=Conflict and Identity : The Cultural Poetics of Contemporary Sudanese Poetry |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350498 |journal=Présence Africaine |volume=99-100 |issue=99/100 |pages=60–81 |doi=10.3917/presa.099.0060 |jstor=24350498 |issn=0032-7638}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osama Taj Al-Sir, Ọkammụta nke Akwụkwọ akụkọ na [[w:|University of Khartoum|Mahadum Khartoum]] gwara Al-Jazeera Net na &quot;al-Majdhub gosipụtara ndụ Sudan n'uri, wee bụrụ otú onye na ndị mbụ gwakọrọ ndị dị ike okwu na ndi nkịtị, ọrụ Sudan nye ya na-anọchi anya usoro omume ihe nwere ụdịdị gbapụrụ iche. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Al-Siddiq Omar Al-Siddiq, na-agba akaebe na ndị Sudanism abụghị naanị ihe a ma ama nke al-Majdhub, na ihe osise uri bụ otu n'ime ha doro anya. Al-Majzoub bụ ihe okike n'ise foto na nkwuwa okwu n'ise ha, na &quot;oke ike&quot; a ejedebeghị na foto naanị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Otu n'ime njirimara uri al-Majdhub kacha baa uru bụ mmasị o nwere n'ebe nwoke ahụ dikasrịsịrị ala n'ámá, dịka Osama Taj Al-Sir kwenyere na Al-Majzoub: &quot;bugara odide-uri - n'asụsụ dikasrịsịrị n'ụdị uri nwekwaa ihe ngosipụta n'ebe ọ dị elu - site n'ihe ndị bụ isiokwu na ndụ ruokwa na ndị nta ya (asụsụ, mmekọrịta, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị). O dere maka ndị nwere ụlọ azụmahịa ebe a na-ete kọfị, ndị na-eji chárá ndị mmadụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ, ndị na-eme aka ntụtụ, ndị na-ere àgwà, ndị na-ere shard, ndị na-arịọ arịrịọ, dgz.&quot; al-Majdhub kwuputara mkpatara ndị ahụ na nkọwa nke Nar al-Majdhub: &quot;I have benefited a lot from mingling with people, especially the poor, for they have a striking sincerity that has benefited me and cured me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

al-Majdhub authored a number of other books and collections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=المجذوب يضرب صدره علي وطن زائف |url=https://www.altaghyeer.info/ar/2022/03/03/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ac%d8%b0%d9%88%d8%a8-%d9%8a%d8%b6%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%b5%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%87-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a-%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86-%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%81/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=صحيفة التغيير السودانية , اخبار السودان |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also participated in the magazines, e.g., The Nile, Hana Omdurman, Youth and Sports, and other Sudanese magazines. In Arabic, Dar Al-Hilal, Al-Doha, and the Beirut magazine Al-Adab were publishing his work. He has several radio interviews, the most prominent of which are his interviews with Sudanese radio and television, [[Voice of the Arabs]], [[Voice of America]], German, Egyptian and Tunisian radio.{{quote box
| quote = &lt;poem&gt;
Noah’s Ark  is a womb of a virgin
That rested on Mount Judi, bestowing life
Moses coffin is a womb
Jesus’ cross is a womb
And Ghar Hiraa is a womb
And this Deluge abated with no ark,
No coffin, no cross and no Hiraa
Where is the refuge?
To the moon!
Does the earth escape from itself?
Searching for its kin?
&lt;/poem&gt;
| source = ''The Deluge''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
| width = 30%
| bgcolor = #c6dbf7
}}

=== Akwụkwọ Uri na Akwụkwọ Ndị Ọzọ O Dere ===
# [[Diwan (poetry)|Diwan]] ''Fire of al-Majazib (''{{Lang-ar|نار المجاذيب}}'')'', 1969&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=المجذوب |first=محمد المهدي |title=ديوان محمد المهدي المجذوب |url=https://www.aldiwan.net/cat-poet-muhammad-al-mahdi-al-majzoub |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=الديوان |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-16 |title=Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Majthub – Sudanese Literature |url=https://sudaneseliterature.com/muhammad-al-mahdi-al-majthub/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |language=en-US |accessdate=2023-12-14 |archivedate=2023-05-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521145159/https://sudaneseliterature.com/muhammad-al-mahdi-al-majthub/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Diwan ''Honor and Immigration (''{{Lang-ar|الشرافة والهجرة}}'')'', 1973
# ''Lengthy Good News, Crows, Exodus (''{{Lang-ar|طولة البشارة، الغربان، الخروج}}'')'', 1975
# Diwan ''Manabir (''{{Lang-ar|منابر}}'')'', 1982
# Diwan ''Of Those Things (''{{Lang-ar|تلك الأشياء}}'')'', 1982
# ''A Beggar in Khartoum (''{{Lang-ar|شحاذ في الخرطوم}}'')'', 1984 (poetry play)
# Diwan ''Cruelty in Milk (''{{Lang-ar|القسوة في الحليب}}'')'', 2005
# Diwan ''Sounds and Smoke (''{{Lang-ar|أصوات ودخان}}'')'', 2005
# Diwan ''Raid and Sunset (''{{Lang-ar|غارة وغروب}}'')'', 2013

=== Ndụ Ndọrọ Ndọrọ Ọchịchị Ya ===
al-Majdhub ya na [[w:Mahmoud Mohammed Taha|Mahmoud Muhammad Taha]] guzobere [[w:|Republican Brotherhood]] na Sudan n'afọ 1945.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | last=Thomas |first=Edward |url=https:// books.google.com/books?id=HeqKDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Muhammad+al-Mahdi+al-Majdhub%22&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Onye ọbịa zuru oke nke Islam: Ndụ Mahmud Muhammad Taha, Onye Mgbanwe Muslim nke Sudan | ụbọchị=2010-11 -23 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78673-496-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù Republican Brotherhood tinyere aka n’ọgụ maka nnwere onwe megide [[w:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan | Ọchịchị Briten-Ijipt ]]. al-Majdhub nwere uri na-eto ọkwá nke Republican Party na Mahmoud Muhammad Taha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | last=Thomas |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeqKDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq =%22Muhammad+al-Mahdi+al-Majdhub%22+-wikipedia&amp;pg=PA278 |title=Onye ọbịa zuru oke Islam: Ndụ nke Mahmud Muhammad Taha, Muslim Reformer of Sudan |ụbọchị=2010-11-23 |onye nkwusa=Bloomsbury Publishing | isbn=978-1-78673-496-9 |asụsụ=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

al-Majdhub nwụrụ na 3 Maachị 1982 na Omdurman, Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe Ncheta Ya ===
al-Majdhub enwetawo nkwanye ùgwù na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akwụkwọ Sudan dị ka onye na-eme ihe n'ịkwalite uri Sudan. A na-ekwu na ọ bụ onye tọrọ ntọala otu uri dị ịrịba ama, ya na onye ikwu ya [[w:Abdullah El Tayib|Abdalla al Tayeb]], bụ́ nke webatara ụzọ ọhụrụ e si emepụta uri, na-apụ n'ụdị uri na ozizi ọdịnala na nke siri ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ụlọ akwụkwọ uri ọhụrụ a nakweere ụdị na-adịghị ejide onwe ya na nnwere onwe, kwekọrọ na omume nke ndị na-ede uri nke oge a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịgụrụ Gawa ===
{{Citation |last=Fakhreddine |first=Huda J. |title=Muhammad al-Maghut and Poetic Detachment |date=2021-03-31 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474962.003.0005 |work=The Arabic Prose Poem |pages=107–137 |access-date=2023-05-21 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press|doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474962.003.0005 |isbn=9781474474962 }}

=== Edensibia ===
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Njikọ Mpụga ===
* {{Cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 - Something Understood, Moving with God |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03s69dg |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTaOXIEhsC4 |title=مغامرة محمد المهدي المجذوب في سودنة الشعر العربي |date=11 Dec 2017 |last=Sudania 24 TV |language=ar |trans-title=Muhammad Al-Mahdi Al-Majzoub's Adventure in the Sudanization of Arabic Poetry}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1919]]
[[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 1982]]
[[Category: Ndị òdé uri si mba Sudan]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Gordon Memorial College]]
[[Category: Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba Sudan]]
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Patience Mthunzi-Kufa (amụrụ na 2 Mee 1976) bụ onye South African physicist na onye isi nke Biophotonics research na Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Ọ natara Order of Mapungubwe na Bronze.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Patience Mthunzi-Kufa (Patience Mthundi) na Mee 2, 1976, na Orlando, Soweto . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/dr-patience-mthunzi|title=Dr Patience Mthunzi {{!}} The Presidency|work=www.thepresidency.gov.za|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-03|archivedate=2021-11-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111121643/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/dr-patience-mthunzi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara Reasöma Secondary School ma debanye aha maka nzere bachelọ na Psychology . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csir.co.za/dr-patience-thenjiwe-mthunzi-kufa|title=Dr Patience Thenjiwe Mthunzi-Kufa {{!}} CSIR|work=www.csir.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.csir.co.za/dr-patience-thenjiwe-mthunzi-kufa &quot;Dr Patience Thenjiwe Mthunzi-Kufa | CSIR&quot;]. ''www.csir.co.za''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 March&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; malitere inwe mmasị na sayensị nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, wee gbanwee majors, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Rand Afrikaans na 1999. [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;'otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Biochemistry. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/investments-immigration/science-technology/sa-scientist-forbes|title=South African scientist hailed as power woman|author=Mafika|date=2013-01-10|work=Brand South Africa|accessdate=2018-03-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-ekwu na nwanne nne ya bụ onye na-akpali ya: onye nkuzi, na naanị onye ezinụlọ ya mezue nzere masta.

Mthunzi malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.photonics.com/a51512/Ones_to_Watch|title=Ones to Watch|first=Caren B.|author=Les|accessdate=2018-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laser Centre na Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, ebe o guzobere ụlọ ọrụ cell-culture na-arụ ọrụ. Mgbe ọ nọ na nnọkọ na San Diego, Mthunzi-Kufa hụrụ ihe ngosi na tweezers anya nke mere ka ọ tụlee ọrụ na Biophotonics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Allemand&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.yase-conference.eu/index.php/en/program/yase-at-the-science-forum-south-africa/94-interview-with-patience-mthunzi-kufa|title=Interview with Patience Mthunzi-Kufa|author=Allemand|first=Luc|work=YASE Conference|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-03-03|archivedate=2018-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172526/http://www.yase-conference.eu/index.php/en/program/yase-at-the-science-forum-south-africa/94-interview-with-patience-mthunzi-kufa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAllemand&quot;&gt;Allemand, Luc. . ''YASE Conference''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 March&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kweghị ike ịmụ nke a na South Africa, ya mere ọ kwagara Mahadum St Andrews, ebe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ PhD mbụ nke South Africa na nkuzi ahụ.  nwetara Ph.D. ya na 2010, &quot;Optical sorting and photo-transfection of mammlian cells&quot;. [1] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://spie.org/membership/student-members/student-chapters/student-chapter?chapter_id=1015542&amp;SSO=1|title=Univ. of St. Andrews Chapter {{!}} SPIE Membership: SPIE|work=spie.org|accessdate=2018-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye otu SPIE ụmụ akwụkwọ na St Andrews . [1]

== Ọrụ ==
Dị ka onye ndu maka nyocha Biophotonics na Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Mthunzi na-eji lasers dị elu iji gosipụta ma gwọọ ọrịa.   Ọ na-eji lasers iji jiri anya na-achịkwa mkpụrụ ndụ na microscopic scale, gụnyere: &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

* Embryonic stem cells maka injinia anụ ahụ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mthunzi|first=Patience|date=2014-05-01|title=Graphene for improved femtosecond laser based pluripotent stem cell transfection|journal=Journal of Biophotonics|language=en|volume=7|issue=5|pages=351–362|doi=10.1002/jbio.201300028|pmid=23996967|issn=1864-0648}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mkpụrụ ndụ Neuroblastoma maka ọmụmụ neurodegenerative
* Mkpụrụ ndụ HIV-1 maka nnyefe ọgwụ a na-elekwasị anya na ebe ndị a na-ahụ anya
* Mkpụrụ ndụ kansa iji mụọ usoro otu mkpụrụ ndụ

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://groups.oist.jp/light/post/2013/10/16/dr-patience-mthunzi-csir-south-africa-visits-lmi-unit|title=Dr Patience Mthunzi CSIR, South Africa visits LMI Unit {{!}} OIST Groups|work=groups.oist.jp|accessdate=2018-03-03|date=2013-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; gara Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology iji kwurịta Biomedical Applications of Lasers in Biophotonics na 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://groups.oist.jp/light/event/seminar-dr-patience-mthunzi-biomedical-applications-lasers-biophotonics|title=Seminar by Dr. Patience Mthunzi 'Biomedical Applications of Lasers in Biophotonics' {{!}} OIST Groups|work=groups.oist.jp|accessdate=2018-03-03|date=2013-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2015, a họpụtara Mthunzi ka ọ bụrụ onye TED Fellow . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/patience_mthunzi|title=Patience Mthunzi {{!}} Speaker {{!}} TED|author=Mthunzi|first=Patience|accessdate=2018-03-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okwu TED ya, ''Anyị nwere ike iji lasers gwọọ nje HIV?'', e lere ya ihe karịrị otu nde ugboro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-31749754|title=Eighteen minutes to change the world|author=Wakefield|first=Jane|date=2015-03-16|work=BBC News|accessdate=2018-03-03|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://blog.ted.com/giant-pouched-rats-baby-corals-the-fbi-a-recap-of-tedfellows-session-2-at-ted2015/|title=Giant pouched rats, baby corals &amp; the FBI: A recap of TEDFellows Session 2 at TED2015|date=2015-03-17|work=TED Blog|accessdate=2018-03-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; jiri ohere ahụ kwurịta ọchịchọ ịsụgharị nyocha ya site na efere petri gaa na nyocha mmadụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://curebylaser.tumblr.com/|title=A Cure for HIV?|work=curebylaser.tumblr.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-03|archivedate=2019-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627162524/https://curebylaser.tumblr.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.medicalbag.com/tech-talk/tedxtalk-could-we-cure-hiv-with-lasers-patience-mthunzi/article/571296/|title=TEDxTalk: Could We Cure HIV with Lasers? {{!}} Patience Mthunzi|date=2016-11-07|work=Medical Bag|accessdate=2018-03-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hivequal.org/on-health/removing-hiv-with-laser-beams-the-sci-fi-treatment-that-just-might-work|title=Removing HIV With Laser Beams: The Sci-Fi Treatment That Just Might Work|work=www.hivequal.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-03|archivedate=2018-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055253/http://www.hivequal.org/on-health/removing-hiv-with-laser-beams-the-sci-fi-treatment-that-just-might-work}}&lt;/ref&gt;-ege ntị na Vancouver na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị n'ụwa niile nabatara okwu ya nke ọma.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Allemand&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sfsa.co.za/come-back-how-africa-attracts-its-young-scientists/|title=Come Back: How Africa Attracts Its Young Scientists – SFSA|work=www.sfsa.co.za|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-03-03|archivedate=2018-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055311/http://www.sfsa.co.za/come-back-how-africa-attracts-its-young-scientists/}}&lt;/ref&gt;-echegbu onwe ya banyere ụbụrụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Afrịka si South Africa pụọ. 'afọ 2014 o kwuru okwu na Girlpower UNISA . [1] 'afọ 2016 ọ pụtara na SABC 2 Visionaries' Lounge . [1]  pụtakwara na ''Moves na Shakers.'' . [1] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcafrica.com/tag/patience-mthunzi/|title=Patience Mthunzi Archives - CNBC Africa|work=CNBC Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-03-03|archivedate=2025-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221040744/https://www.cnbcafrica.com/tag/patience-mthunzi/}}&lt;/ref&gt; gosipụtara ya na CNBC Africa. [1] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://talkingheads.org.za/speakers-tags/dr-patience-mthunzi/|title=Dr Patience Mthunzi Archives - Talking Heads|work=Talking Heads|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-03-03|archivedate=2018-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172330/http://talkingheads.org.za/speakers-tags/dr-patience-mthunzi/}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye na-enye aka na Talking Heads, ikpo okwu ndị na-asụ asụsụ Africa maka ndị na-eme mgbanwe.

Mthunzi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekon.sun.ac.za/ebwresearch/Research/Blog/Entries/2013/7/8_Call_for_nominations_to_the_South_African_Young_Academy_of_Science_(SAYAS)_is_now_open_files/South%20African%20Young%20Academy%20of%20Science-%20Background%20Information.pdf|title=Background Information - SAYAS|author=|first=|date=|work=Department of Economics at Stellenbosch University|accessdate=2018-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye isi oche nke South African Young Academy of Science . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.sayas.org.za/?team=patience-mthunzi|title=Patience Mthunzi-Kufa - SAYAS|work=SAYAS|accessdate=2018-03-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  na-enyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eto eto nke Afrịka na Europe (YASE) aka na nzukọ ha nke afọ 2018, nke a raara nye ndị nchọpụta ọrụ mbụ nke Afrịka.

&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web|url=https://www.csir.co.za/dr-mthunzi-kufa-appointed-deputy-chairperson-advisory-council-on-national-orders|title=Dr Mthunzi-Kufa appointed as the Deputy Chairperson of the Advisory Council on National Orders|date=24 February 2022|work=CSIR|accessdate=17 October 2022}}
&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ 2022, Onye isi ala South Africa Cyril Ramaphosa họpụtara Dr. Mthunzi-Kufa dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Kansụl ndụmọdụ na Iwu Mba.

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==
2011 - A họpụtara ya isonye na nzukọ IAP / World Economic Forum's Summer Davos na Dalian, China &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

2012 - Order of Mapungubwe na ọla nchara, nke Jacob Zuma nyere ya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/order-mapungubwe-0|title=The Order of Mapungubwe {{!}} The Presidency|work=www.thepresidency.gov.za|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-03|archivedate=2021-11-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111120632/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/order-mapungubwe-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times/20120429/281646777146900|title=Zuma honours SA's heroes|accessdate=2018-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2012 - SPIE Otu ka a ga-ele &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://spie.org/about-spie/press-room/spie-member-news/ones-to-watch-8-2-12|title=SPIE Members Working in Optical Science Are 'Ones to Watch'|work=spie.org|accessdate=2018-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2012 - Magazin Forbes Ụmụ nwanyị iri kachasị ike n'Africa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000073955/ten-youngest-power-women-in-africa|title=Ten youngest power women in Africa|work=The Standard|accessdate=2018-03-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2012/12/06/the-20-youngest-power-women-in-africa-2012/#24cc3dd011e3|title=The 20 Youngest Power Women In Africa 2012|author=Nsehe|first=Mfonobong|work=Forbes|accessdate=2018-03-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.globalblackhistory.com/2012/12/20-youngest-power-women-in-africa.html|title=20 Youngest Power Women in Africa - Global Black History|date=2012-12-17|work=Global Black History|accessdate=2018-03-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2012 - Ụmụ nwanyị kachasị emetụta South Africa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://whoswho.co.za/patience-mthunzi-436922|title=Patience Mthunzi {{!}} Who's Who SA|work=whoswho.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-03|archivedate=2018-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172502/http://whoswho.co.za/patience-mthunzi-436922}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2014 - Ọkà okwu zuru oke na International Union of Pure and Applied Physics International Conference for Women in Physics &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://icwip2014.wlu.ca/indexd773.html?id=page&amp;slug=plenary_speakers|title=ICWIP 2014|work=icwip2014.wlu.ca|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2014 - A họpụtara ya na Global Young Academy

2014 - Onye ndu na-apụta na Genentech, San Francisco

2017 - A họpụtara ya ịga BRICS Young Scientist Forum na China, Mahadum Zhejiang &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csir.co.za/drs-patience-mthunzi-kufa-and-angela-dudley-fly-csir-flag-high|title=Drs Patience Mthunzi-Kufa and Angela Dudley fly CSIR flag high {{!}} CSIR|work=www.csir.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2367" sha1="5fef4v9dpxru8b4cz74ihf6tyq7lefg" xml:space="preserve">. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria after the 2011 General Elections —|url=https://aceproject.org/today/feature-articles/nigeria-after-the-2011-general-elections|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=aceproject.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2011 State Governorship Elections in Nigeria|url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/ng_2011governor.html|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=africanelections.tripod.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ruling party leads in Nigerian governorship elections - People's Daily Online|url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90855/7365455.html|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=en.people.cn|archivedate=2021-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430041346/http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90855/7365455.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nhọpụta mmetụta Plateau steeti n'afọ 2011 bụ mbụaka nke asaa nke Plateau steeti.  Emere na ndidi 26, 2011, onye nhọpụta People's Democratic Party Jonah David Jang meri aka ahụ, meri Pauline Tallen nke Labour Party &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Governors-Elect|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/50821/the-governors-elect.html|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=TABLE-Nigerian governorship election results|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20110508194900-iudkw/|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=news.trust.org|archivedate=2021-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430035844/https://news.trust.org/item/20110508194900-iudkw/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Live|first=PM NEWS|date=2011-04-28|title=PDP Sweeps Plateau, Taraba, Delta States; Ogboru Loses Again|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/04/28/pdp-sweeps-plateau-taraba-delta-states-ogboru-loses-again/|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=P.M. News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=HOW GOVERNORSHIP 'WAR' WAS WON AND LOST|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/50898/how-governorship-war-was-won-and-lost.html|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-11-01|title=It's my people's call to defeat Jang - Tallen|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/11/its-my-peoples-call-to-defeat-jang-tallen/|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ngụkọta nke mmadụ 9 mere mbụ aka na mbụ aka ahụ.  Jona David Jang sitere na People's Democratic Party meri na mbụ aka ahụ, meri Pauline Tallen sitere na Labour Party .  votu ziri ezi bụ 1,399,418</text>
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      <text bytes="2654" sha1="bz8jsau5dsguwapjm3taewz2pcfy6bz" xml:space="preserve">. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria after the 2011 General Elections —|url=https://aceproject.org/today/feature-articles/nigeria-after-the-2011-general-elections|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=aceproject.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2011 State Governorship Elections in Nigeria|url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/ng_2011governor.html|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=africanelections.tripod.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ruling party leads in Nigerian governorship elections - People's Daily Online|url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90855/7365455.html|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=en.people.cn|archivedate=2021-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430041346/http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90855/7365455.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Governors-Elect|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/50821/the-governors-elect.html|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nhọpụta mmetụta steeti Taraba n'afọ 2011 bụ ntọala nke ise na steeti steeti steeti .  Emere na biri 26, 2011, onye nhọpụta People's Democratic Party Danbaba Suntai meri aka ahụ, meri Ahmed Yusuf nke Congress for Progressive Change &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=TABLE-Nigerian governorship election results|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20110508194900-iudkw/|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=news.trust.org|archivedate=2021-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430035844/https://news.trust.org/item/20110508194900-iudkw/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-06-28|title=Ex-Taraba governor, Danbaba Suntai is dead|url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/ex-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-is-dead/|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=TVC News Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Live|first=PM NEWS|date=2011-01-10|title=Gov. Suntai Wins PDP Ticket In Taraba|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/01/10/gov-suntai-wins-pdp-ticket-in-taraba/|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=P.M. News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-08-27|title=As Danbaba Suntai, Taraba State former governor bows out finally|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/as-danbaba-suntai-taraba-state-former-governor-bows-out-finally/|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ngụkọta nke mmadụ iri na otu gbara aka na preaka ahụ.  Danbaba Suntai sitere na People's Democratic Party meri Ahmed Yusuf sitere na Congress for Progressive Change .  votu ziri ezi bụ 716,769 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-06-29|title=Tribute: Danbaba Suntai: The exit of a pilot-politician {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235393-tribute-danbaba-suntai-exit-pilot-politician.html|accessdate=2021-05-11|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Ngọzi Kụpụ</title>
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{{Databox}}

Knockout Blessing &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Knock Out Blessing: NollywoodWeek Film Festival|url=http://www.nollywoodweek.com/en/team/knock-out-blessing/|accessdate=2021-10-03|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921173257/http://www.nollywoodweek.com/en/team/knock-out-blessing/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihe nkiri na-akpali akpali nke Naijiria nke 2018 nke Dare Olaitan duziri ma Olaitan na Olufemi Ogunsanwo, Bibi Olaitan, na Niyi Olaitan jikọrọ aka mepụta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Knock Out Blessing|url=https://filmfreeway.com/KnockOutBlessingScreener|accessdate=2021-10-03|work=FilmFreeway|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vudu - Watch Movies|url=https://www.vudu.com/content/movies/details/Knockout-Blessing/1669525|accessdate=2021-10-03|work=www.vudu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Ade Laoye]] na Bucci Franklin, [[Ademola Adedoyin]], [[Linda Ejiofor]], [[Meg Otanwa]] na [[Tope Tedela]] na-akwado ọrụ. Ihe nkiri &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Knockout Blessing|url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/knockout-blessing/review/2060009984/|accessdate=2021-10-03|work=TVGuide.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-agba gburugburu nwa agbọghọ Blessing onye ebumnuche ya bụ inweta ihe ịga nke ọma na nrọ ya site na iwepụ ịda ogbenye. Otú &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-01-02|title=&quot;Knock Out Blessing&quot; is an absolutely entertaining movie|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/knock-out-blessing-is-an-absolutely-entertaining-movie/gnkt6n8|accessdate=2021-10-03|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archivedate=2021-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921173223/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/knock-out-blessing-is-an-absolutely-entertaining-movie/gnkt6n8}}&lt;/ref&gt; dị, ọ kwagara na mberede n'okpuru ụwa ndị omempụ ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ rute na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-01-12|title=&quot;Knockout Blessing&quot; intends social change but the plot is clumsy &gt; flickchat.tv|url=https://flickchat.tv/knockout-blessing-intends-social-change-but-the-plot-is-clumsy/|accessdate=2021-10-03|work=flickchat.tv|language=en-GB|archivedate=2021-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003093757/https://flickchat.tv/knockout-blessing-intends-social-change-but-the-plot-is-clumsy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=KnockOut Blessings|url=https://www.thefilmcatalogue.com/films/knockout-blessings-2|accessdate=2021-10-03|work=The Film Catalogue|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003093757/https://www.thefilmcatalogue.com/films/knockout-blessings-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; nkiri ahụ nwetara otuto &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nollywood Tackles #MeToo|url=https://africasacountry.com/2019/05/nollywood-tackles-metoo|accessdate=2021-10-03|work=africasacountry.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; mma nke ndị nkatọ ma gosipụta ya n'ụwa niile. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Custodian|first=Culture|date=2019-01-16|title=In Knock Out Blessing, Dare Olaitan Throws the Right Punches|url=https://culturecustodian.com/knockout-blessing-dare-olaitan-the-right-punches/|accessdate=2021-10-03|work=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014)|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Okiche|first=Wilfred|date=2019-01-16|title=Review: Knock Out Blessing delivers more hits than misses » YNaija|url=https://ynaija.com/knock-out-blessing-delivers-more-hits-than-misses/|accessdate=2021-10-03|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-01-03|title=Knockout Blessing's bold ambition can be the future of Nollywood|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/knockout-blessings-bold-ambition-can-be-the-future-of-nollywood/k0qvp2z|accessdate=2021-10-03|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==

* [[Ade Laoye]] dị ka Ngọzi
* Bucci Franklin dị ka Dagogo
* Ademola Adedoyin dị ka Gowon
* [[Linda Ejiofor]] dị ka Oby
* [[Meg Otanwa]] dị ka Hannah
* [[Tope Tedela]] dị ka Yomi
* Gbenga Titiloye dị ka Baba
* Adideji Abimbola dị ka Feyikewa

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb title|tt9208732}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>One Night in Vegas</title>
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      <text bytes="15274" sha1="iyqiu0p5d43iyc35smj44ydol048gbq" xml:space="preserve">'''''One Night in Vegas''''' bụ ihe nkiri ọchị Naijiria nke afọ 2013 nke John Uche duziri. O gosiputara Jimmy Jean-Louis, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=John Dumelo Stars Alongside Jimmy Jean Louis In New Movie-A Night In Vegas|url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2013/03/17/john-dumelo-stars-alongside-jimmy-jean-louis-in-new-movie-a-night-in-vegas/|publisher=GhanaCelebrities|accessdate=3 January 2014|archivedate=12 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812212903/http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2013/03/17/john-dumelo-stars-alongside-jimmy-jean-louis-in-new-movie-a-night-in-vegas/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Washington Post: Haitian actor Jimmy Jean-Louis wins local Caribbean arts award|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/local/wp/2013/12/03/haitian-actor-jimmy-jean-louis-wins-local-caribbean-arts-award/|accessdate=10 December 2013|work=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Info Nollywood: Premiere|url=http://infonollywood.com/2013/09/23/one-night-vegas-movie-premiere/|accessdate=10 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214091910/http://infonollywood.com/2013/09/23/one-night-vegas-movie-premiere/|archivedate=14 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[John Dumelo]], [[Yvonne Nelson]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Koby Maxwel's 'One Night In Vegas' Featured In The Washington Post With A Confusing Beginning About Actress Yvonne Nelson|url=http://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/koby-maxwels-one-night-in-vegas-featured-in-the-washington-post-with-a-confusing-beginning-about-actress-yvonne-nelson/|publisher=GhanaFilmIndustry|accessdate=3 January 2014|archivedate=20 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320192218/http://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/koby-maxwels-one-night-in-vegas-featured-in-the-washington-post-with-a-confusing-beginning-about-actress-yvonne-nelson/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yvonne Nelson Yells at Director|url=http://naija366.com/6356/am-not-a-robot-star-actress-yvonne-nelson-yells-at-movie-director-in-las-vegas/|accessdate=10 December 2013|archivedate=15 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215113715/http://naija366.com/6356/am-not-a-robot-star-actress-yvonne-nelson-yells-at-movie-director-in-las-vegas/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sarodj Bertin, [[Van Vicker]], [[Michael Blackson]] na [[Koby Maxwell]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Afrikan Post- Oct - Vegas DC Premiere|url=http://issuu.com/afrikanpost/docs/afrikan_post_october_issue_29018eedfef992/24|publisher=Afrikan Post|accessdate=3 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blog Talk Radio: Koby Maxwell One Night in Vegas|url=http://www.blogtalkradio.com/enterprise/2013/11/11/nollywoods-award-winning-film-producer-koby-maxwell-1|accessdate=10 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri a lekwasịrị anya na Di na Nwunye Ghana na-anwa ime ka mmekọrịta ha ka mma site na njem na Las Vegas. Ndị otu ahụ webatara Paparazzi Eye in the Dark mere ihe nkiri a na 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=DeNeen|title=Washington Post: Nollywood USA: African Movie Makers Expand Filming to D.C. Area|url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-05-22/lifestyle/39493340_1_actors-movie-star-production|accessdate=10 December 2013|work=Washington Post|date=26 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edebere ya na obere mmefu ego ọnụ ọgụgụ isii dị ala ma na-ese ya n'ime ụbọchị iri na itoolu, amaara ihe nkiri a n'ahịa [[Nollywood]] USA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nollywood Pay Per View Deal|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/nollywood-movies-to-target-us-audience-with-pay-per-view-launch/2013/05/30/aaf19bbc-c953-11e2-9245-773c0123c027_story.html|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=2 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ihe nkiri ahụ dị njikere ibuli ihe nkiri Africa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=United Nations Host One Night In Vegas Film|url=http://www.themonteoz.com/2013/11/film-poised-to-raise-bar-of-quality-will-play-at-united-nations-in-new-york-city/|accessdate=10 December 2013|archivedate=2 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102232031/http://www.themonteoz.com/2013/11/film-poised-to-raise-bar-of-quality-will-play-at-united-nations-in-new-york-city/}}&lt;/ref&gt; site na iji usoro ọdịda anyanwụ karịa. ka mmepụta àgwà na ụkpụrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CCTV: African Film Makers set up Hub in Washington|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANiNSW0QV50|publisher=CCTV|accessdate=10 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kachasị iji ahụmịhe nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri America (Tim &quot; Black Magic Tim &quot; Wilson) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Channel 9 News on One Night in Vegas|url=http://www.wusa9.com/news/article/274729/481/Part-of-One-Night-in-Vegas-shot-in-DC|accessdate=10 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213234115/http://www.wusa9.com/news/article/274729/481/Part-of-One-Night-in-Vegas-shot-in-DC|archivedate=13 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ese fim na onye nchịkọta akụkọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Voice of America: Nollywood in the USA|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANiNSW0QV50|publisher=VOA|accessdate=10 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwepụta nke ihe nkiri a bụ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Awake Etv|title=Koby Maxwell interview on Awake etv ghana|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRHFMKHxfQY|accessdate=22 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yvonne Nelson's Outfit at One Night in Vegas Ghana Premiere|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2013/12/27/yvonne-nelson-rocks-red-peplum-dress-christain-louboutins-to-one-night-in-vegas-premiere-are-you-feelin-her-look/|publisher=That1960chick|accessdate=2 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=One Night In Vegas Premiere's Xmas|url=http://swagofafrica.com/one-night-in-vegas-premieres-at-silverbird-ghana-from-20th-december/|publisher=Swag of Africa|accessdate=2 January 2014|archivedate=1 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701035533/https://www.hugedomains.com/domain_profile.cfm?d=swagofafrica&amp;e=com}}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Ghana]] bụ otu n'ime ihe ngosi kachasị ukwuu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Silverbird Theatre na Accra Mall . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Massive Turnout for One Night In Vegas|url=http://www.modernghana.com/musicthread1/24506/3/|publisher=Modern Ghana|accessdate=2 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nkiri a agbagoro na United Nations na New York City, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=United Nations Premiere|url=http://www.themonteoz.com/2013/11/film-poised-to-raise-bar-of-quality-will-play-at-united-nations-in-new-york-city/|work=Monteoz|accessdate=2 June 2014|archivedate=2 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102232031/http://www.themonteoz.com/2013/11/film-poised-to-raise-bar-of-quality-will-play-at-united-nations-in-new-york-city/}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Library of Congress na Washington DC, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bridging the Gap Library of Congress|url=http://swagofafrica.com/nollywood-film-production-and-bridging-the-gap-between-usa-and-african-economics-via-film-presented-by-the-library-of-congress/|work=Swag of Africa|publisher=Swag of Africa|accessdate=2 June 2014|archivedate=5 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014942/https://www.hugedomains.com/domain_profile.cfm?d=swagofafrica&amp;e=com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pan African Film Festival, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pan African Film Festival|url=http://www.paff.org/filmfest/2014-films/one-night-in-vegas/|work=PAFF|accessdate=2 June 2014|archivedate=5 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305183507/http://www.paff.org/filmfest/2014-films/one-night-in-vegas/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dublin Ireland, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dublin Premiere of One Night in Vegas|url=http://irokoheritage.com/2014/04/21/dublin-gives-one-night-in-vegas-stars-high-five-salute-during-film-premiere/|publisher=IrokoTV|accessdate=2 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haiti, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Haiti Film Festival|url=http://festivaldecineglobal.org/2013-en/#peliculas|work=Festival De Cine|accessdate=2 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria na July 18, 2014, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vegas Plays In Nigerian Cinemas|url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/29060/3/the-movie-one-night-in-vegas-hitting-nigeria-theat.html|work=Modern Ghana|accessdate=20 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Trailer for Lagos Premiere|url=https://vimeo.com/96764223|work=Vimeo|accessdate=2 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maryland, Virginia, California, United Kingdom, South Africa, na Sierra Leone.

Onye dere ihe nkiri  bụ onye edemede / onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Hollywood na Atlanta, onye obodo GA bụ B.J. Winfrey, onye, ma e wezụga na ọ na-eme &quot;Army Wives&quot;, &quot;Sabotage&quot; na Arnold Schwarzenegger, na Tyler Perry's &quot;The Haves and the Have Nots&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African NAFCA Beverly Hills – 2014 Winners And Honorees List|url=https://www.africanevents.com/african-nafca-beverly-hills-2014-winners-and-honorees-list}}/&lt;/ref&gt; nwetakwara aha ọjọọ na 2014 maka ịbụ onye America mbụ meriri Nigerian and African Film Critics Award (NAFCA) maka obere ihe nkiri &quot;Five&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=B.J. Winfrey|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1834253/?ref_=nv_sr_3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Atụmatụ ==
James Foster, nwoke nọ n'etiti onwe ya na alụmdi na nwunye ya. Na-apụta n'elu mgbe ikpe dị elu na otu ndị omempụ; James anọwo na-adịghị ọcha ruo ọnwa 18. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yvonne Nelson's 'One Night In Vegas' Starring Jimmy Jean-Louis|url=http://omgghana.com/watch-yvonne-nelsons-one-night-in-vegas-starring-akon-more/|publisher=OMG Ghana|accessdate=3 January 2014|archivedate=3 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103090400/http://omgghana.com/watch-yvonne-nelsons-one-night-in-vegas-starring-akon-more/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nollywood Critics Review|url=http://www.nollywoodcritics.com/Archives_Display.aspx?Videoid=487|accessdate=10 December 2013|archivedate=20 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520213548/http://nollywoodcritics.com/Archives_Display.aspx?Videoid=487}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=One Night in Vegas Plot|url=http://www.jamati.com/online/film/one-night-in-vegas-movie-premieres-in-washington-dc/|accessdate=10 December 2013|archivedate=13 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213121627/http://www.jamati.com/online/film/one-night-in-vegas-movie-premieres-in-washington-dc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; kpebiri na njem ya na nwunye ya Genie ga-abụ ụzọ dị mma iji mee ka mmekọrịta ha dịghachi mma yana ohere iji enyi ya na-eche ya nche, Nick, mee ihe ụbọchị ole na ole ọzọ dị ka ezumike &quot;ekele&quot; maka nchekwa ha n'okwu ahụ.

Nne Genie, Barbara, na-enwe obi abụọ ma njem ahụ ọ̀ ga-enyere Genie aka ime ka mmekọrịta ya na James sie ike ma ọ bụ dozie okwu chiri anya dị n'etiti ha. Mgbe ụfọdụ adịghị ike bụ ihe megidere ike, ma mgbe ụfọdụ adịghị ike nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ nke ike. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ riri ahụ bụ ihe megidere iche echiche, ma mgbe ụfọdụ, ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ nke iche echiche. Mgbe ụfọdụ ihe na-eme na Vegas na-anọ na Vegas, ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọ naghị adị&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Imdb|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3330194/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|accessdate=10 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Jimmy Jean-Louis dị ka Nick
* [[John Dumelo]] dị ka James
* [[Yvonne Nelson]] dị ka Genie
* Sarodj Bertin dị ka Ashely
* [[Michael Blackson]] dị ka Maazị Roland
* [[Van Vicker]] dị ka Tony
* [[Koby Maxwell]] dị ka Pat
* [[Sahndra Fon Dufe]] dị ka Mildred

== Ndị a nabatara ==

=== Nhọpụta ===

* 2013 NAFC Awards: Ihe nkiri kacha mma na Diaspora&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nafca Nominations 2013|url=http://www.moviemarkers.net/news/one-night-in-vegas-starring-yvonne-nelson-and-john-dumelo-steals-the-show-as-nafca-announces-2013-nominees/|accessdate=2024-02-15|archivedate=2020-11-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111223809/http://www.moviemarkers.net/news/one-night-in-vegas-starring-yvonne-nelson-and-john-dumelo-steals-the-show-as-nafca-announces-2013-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=One Night In Vegas' Not Released, 13 NAFCA Nominations|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/miraculous-one-night-in-vegas-not-released-13-nafca-nominations-id2513938.html|accessdate=10 December 2013|archivedate=31 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831092113/http://pulse.ng/movies/miraculous-one-night-in-vegas-not-released-13-nafca-nominations-id2513938.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; NAFC Awards: Ihe nkiri kacha mma [1]
* 2013 NAFC Awards: Best Sound
* 2013 NAFC Awards: Onye nduzi kacha mma na Diaspora
* 2013 NAFC Awards: Best Cinematography in the Diaspora
* 2013 NAFC Awards: Best Cinematography
* 2013 NAFC Awards: Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ nkwado
* 2013 NAFC Awards: Ihe nkiri kacha mma
* 2013 NAFC Awards: Ihe nkiri kacha mma na Diaspora
* 2013 NAFC Awards: Nhazi Kasị Mma
* 2013 NAFC Awards: Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ ndu
* 2013 NAFC Awards: Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ ndu
* 2013 NAFC Awards: Best Visual Effects
* 2013 Ghana Movie Awards: Best Editing/Sound&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana Movie Award 2013 Nominees|url=http://movies.lovenollywood.com/watch-nigerian-movies-music-videos-and-tv-online/ghana-movie-awardsa8217-2013-full-nomination-list.html|publisher=Love Nollywood|accessdate=2 January 2014|archivedate=3 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103050120/http://movies.lovenollywood.com/watch-nigerian-movies-music-videos-and-tv-online/ghana-movie-awardsa8217-2013-full-nomination-list.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013 Ghana Movie Awards: Egwú Kasị Mma
* 2013 Ghana Movie Awards: Best Performance site n'aka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ọrụ nkwado
* 2013 Ghana Movie Awards: Ihe nkiri kacha mma

=== Onyinye ===

* 2013 NAFCA: Best Cinematography&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=List of 2013 Winners|url=http://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/kofi-adjorlolo-and-jackie-appiah-grab-awards-at-nollywood-african-film-critics-awards-in-washington-dc/|accessdate=10 December 2013|archivedate=18 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218124354/http://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/kofi-adjorlolo-and-jackie-appiah-grab-awards-at-nollywood-african-film-critics-awards-in-washington-dc/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana Film Industry|url=http://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/tag/one-night-in-vegas/|accessdate=10 December 2013|archivedate=18 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218124356/http://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/tag/one-night-in-vegas/}}&lt;/ref&gt; NAFCA: Ihe nkiri kacha mma na Diaspora [1]
* &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shadow and Act: Jimmy Jean-Louis Books Role With Multi-Episode Arc On CW's 'Arrow|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/exclusive-jimmy-jean-louis-books-role-with-multi-episode-arc-on-cws-arrow|accessdate=10 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jimmy Jean Louis Wins|url=http://www.vibznation.com/#!jimmy-jean-louis-won-best-actor-/c254c|accessdate=10 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623114818/http://www.vibznation.com/#!jimmy-jean-louis-won-best-actor-/c254c|archivedate=23 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; NAFCA: Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ nkwado [1]

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ihe nkiri Naijiria nke 2013

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{Official website|http://www.onenightinvegasthemovie.com}}
* {{IMDb title|3330194}}</text>
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    <title>Namibia: Mgbalị Maka Nnwere Onwe</title>
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      <text bytes="3503" sha1="gxip34l1et3aeaf6o11rqrs8gq49r3s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film|name=Namibia: The Struggle for Liberation|caption=|director=[[Charles Burnett (director)|Charles Burnett]]|producer=Namibian Film Commission&lt;br /&gt;Pan Afrikan Center of Namibia|screenplay=Charles Burnett|starring=Carl Lumbly&lt;br /&gt;Danny Glover&lt;br /&gt;Chrisjan Appollus&lt;br /&gt;Lazarus Jacobs|music=[[Stephen James Taylor]]|cinematography=John Njaga Demps|editing=Edwin Santiago|distributor=|released=2007|runtime=161 minutes|country=Namibia&lt;br /&gt;United States|language=English&lt;br /&gt;Afrikaans&lt;br /&gt;Oshiwambo&lt;br /&gt;Otjiherero&lt;br /&gt;German|budget=|gross=}}{{Databox}}

[[Namibia]]: The Struggle for Liberation bụ ihe nkiri dị egwu nke afọ 2007 banyere ọgụ nnwere onwe Namibia megide ndị [[South Africa]] dịka a hụrụ ya site na ndụ Sam Nujoma, onye ndú nke South West Africa People's Organisation na onye isi ala mbụ nke Republic of Namibia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-32474959_ITM|title=AML - support.gale|work=www.accessmylibrary.com|accessdate=9 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ Charles Burnett dere ma duzie ihe nkiri ahụ na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Carl Lumbly na Danny Glover. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0804/12/i_if.01.html|title=CNN.com - Transcripts|work=transcripts.cnn.com|language=en|accessdate=9 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ gọọmentị Namibia kwadoro mmepụta ahụ. Egwú nke Stephen James Taylor dere meriri ihe nrite maka Best African Film na Kuala Lumpur International Film Festival ebe ihe nkiri ahụ merikwara maka Best Music Score na maka Best Director.

&lt;ref&gt;
[https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117934038.html?categoryid=31&amp;cs=1 Review: ''Namibia: The Struggle For Liberation''], Robert Koehler, ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', 29 June 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; ụka nke ihe nkiri ahụ &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2008/04/independence-day-charles-burnetts-namibia-the-struggle-for-liberation/], Lauren Wissot, &quot;Slant Magazine&quot;, 7 April 2008,&lt;/ref&gt; na Bekee, Afrikaans, [[Asụsụ Ovambo|Oshiwambo]], Otjiherero, na German.

== Atụmatụ ==
Carl Lumbly na-eme onye agha nnwere onwe nke Namibia na onye isi ala mbụ Sam Nujoma. E ji Joel Haikali mee ihe maka afọ ndị mbụ Sam Nujoma. Danny Glover na-eme ka onye ụkọchukwu Elias, onye ghọrọ enyi Sam Nujoma n'oge ihe nkiri ahụ.

== Mmepụta ==
Ọnụ ego mmepụta nke NAD  nde, ihe dịka US $ 15 nde, bụ nke Pan-African Center of Namibia kpuchiri. Asụsụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ bụ: Bekee (asụsụ bụ isi), Afrikaans, Oshivambo, Otjiherero na German. A na-akpọ mkparịta ụka ahụ n'asụsụ Bekee, a na-asụgharị asụsụ ndị ọzọ niile site na iji ndepụta okwu.

== Mbipụta ==
E gosipụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na Festival de cine Africano Córdoba na 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|accessdate=2013-11-22|publisher=festival de cine Africano Córdoba|title=Películas etiquetadas con: FCAT 2008|url=http://www.fcat.es/FCAT/index.php?option=com_zoo&amp;task=tag&amp;tag=FCAT+2008&amp;page=2&amp;Itemid=37|archivedate=2012-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708114933/http://www.fcat.es/FCAT/index.php?option=com_zoo&amp;task=tag&amp;tag=FCAT+2008&amp;page=2&amp;Itemid=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Germany, e wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na DVD na Machị 19, 2010 dị ka Namibia - The Fight for Freedom na France na Febụwarị 14, 2012 dị ka Namibia.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb title|1085469|Namibia: The Struggle for Liberation}}
* Namibia: Mgbalị Maka Nnwere OnwenaTomato rere ure
*</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya Garrett</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Garretts Almshouses 01.JPG]] → [[File:John Garrett's Almshouses, Barnet.jpg]] Higher quality image</comment>
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[[Usòrò:John Garrett's Almshouses, Barnet.jpg|thumb| oriri na mmeri Garrett]]
Onye ọrụ Alms nke Garrett bụ Grade II depụtara ụlọ ọrụ ebere na Wood Street, Chipping Barnet .  [1] E wuru ụlọ ndị ahụ na 1729 &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110126/http://barnetsociety.org.uk/component/k2/the-generosity-of-barnet-s-benefactors The generosity of Barnet’s benefactors.] Robin Bishop, The Barnet Society. Retrieved 17 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051647/https://www.barnet.gov.uk/citizen-home/libraries/local-studies-and-archives/pocket-histories/barnet/wood-street.html Wood Street.] London Borough of Barnet. Retrieved 17 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Aha]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Obodo Moringa</title>
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{{Databox}}'''Ogbe Moringa''' bụ ọrụ ebere dabere na [[Ghana]] bụ nke a raara nye ịkwalite ogo ndụ site na teknụzụ na-adigide yana dabara na mpaghara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Speer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Speer|first=Christine|title=10 Ways to Avoid Becoming a Stuff-Obsessed Grinch This Christmas|url=http://blogs.phillymag.com/the_philly_post/2011/11/30/10-ways-avoid-stuff-obsessed-grinch-christmas/|publisher=The Philly Post|accessdate=5 December 2011|date=30 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mission &amp; Philosophy|url=http://www.moringacommunity.org/OurWork/OurWork.html|publisher=Moringa Community|accessdate=5 December 2011|archivedate=3 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103014434/http://www.moringacommunity.org/OurWork/OurWork.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ a na-arụ ugbu a gbadoro ụkwụ na obodo [[Baako]], ebe a na-akụzi nkà n'ịrụ osisi na ichekwa nri n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ e ji arụ ọrụ .

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Na March 2007, Abubakar &quot;Abu&quot; Abdulai kpọtụụrụ [[Jeffry Lohr]] site na Internet Cafe na Cape Coast, obodo dị na [[Ghana]], West Africa, na-atụ anya ịgụ akwụkwọ na Jeffry's Lohr woodworking school na [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] ka o wee nweta nkà ndị ga-enyere ya aka ịzụlite ya. obodo. Mgbe ogologo oge gbalịsiri ike inweta visa, Abu rutere [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|US]] n'April 2008, site n'enyemaka nke ndị na-enye aka na-emesapụ aka bụ ndị nyere aka na ego Jeffry iji kwado njem Abu. &lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History Overview|url=http://www.moringacommunity.org/OurStory/History.html|publisher=Moringa Community|accessdate=5 December 2011|archivedate=25 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425230838/http://www.moringacommunity.org/OurStory/History.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ha mụtachara banyere eziokwu Ghana site na Abu, Jeffry na nwunye ya Linda ghọtara na iji nyere obodo ya aka, Abu achọghị [[Nka na Uzu|nkà na ụzụ]] Western, kama ọ chọrọ ngwá ọrụ dị ọnụ ala na nke bara uru na obodo ya. N'ihi nke a, Linda mepụtara Moringa's Food Conservation Project, nke ga-azụ ndị Ghana n'ụzọ bara uru, dị ọnụ ala iji chekwaa nri mkpọ ka ha nwee ike inwe ebe nchekwa nri maka oge mmiri ozuzo siri ike. Jeffry chepụtara echiche ahụ ka injinia akụrụngwa na-arụ osisi ga-agbanwe ngwa ngwa ngwa ike enwetara ngwa ọrụ ike ka ọ bụrụ nke ọma, akụrụngwa mmepụta Western. &lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;/&gt;

Abu hapụrụ United States na Julaị 2008, ma mgbe ọ laghachiri Ghana, ọ nwetara nkwado nke onye isi ọhụụ nke obodo Baako, aha ya bụ Nana Kweku Adu-Twum. Nana Kweku ji mmesapụ aka nye Abu nine ala, dị nso ọkụ eletrik ọha, ebe Abu na-arụzi Moringa Community Center, ebe a ga-amalite ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmaahịa zuru oke nke ga-abara obodo niile uru. Ka oge na-aga, ebumnuche bụ ịgbasa ọrụ ahụ site na itinye ndụ ndị ọzọ na nka ọrụ, yana ịgbasa mmetụta mpaghara na mpaghara ndị ọzọ na Ghana na West Africa. &lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;/&gt;

== 0Ọrụ dị ugbu a ==
Ọrụ ndị dị ugbu a gụnyere:

ala na nke bara uru na obodo ya. N'ihi nke a, Linda mepụtara Moringa's Food Conservation Project, nke ga-azụ ndị Ghana n'ụzọ bara

* Mkpọ na ọrụ nchekwa nri
* Ọrụ Ịrụ osisi n'ụwa nke atọ
* ''Moringa oleifera''
* Ahịhịa Cutter Ugbo
* Moringa [[Kente cloth|Kente]] na nka nka
* Sistemụ mmiri Artesian nke Moringa

== Ọrụ n'ọdịnihu ==

* ụlọ ahịa ịntanetị

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240405153306/https://www.moringacommunity.org/ Ibe mbụ] MorginaCommunity.org</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Phanor Arizabaleta-Arzayus</title>
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Phanor Arizabaleta-Arzayus (Mee 12, 1938 - 3, 2016) bụ onye na-ere ọgwụ na Colombia.  Ọ bụ onye otu Cali Cartel na nke ise mkpa na usoro iwu.

== Ozi ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.eud.com/1997/04/16/int_art_16106A.shtml |title={{in lang|es}} El Universal; Record Sentence for Cali Cartel Boss |accessdate=2024-04-06 |archivedate=2024-11-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126210002/http://www.eud.com/1997/04/16/int_art_16106A.shtml }}&lt;/ref&gt;Arizabaleta bụ onye na-ahụ maka ịhụrọ mmadụ na ịpụnara mmadụ ihe maka maka ihe maka ndị Colombia na Julaị 8, 1995. Gọọmenti Colombia mara ya ikpe ịga afu afọ 28 na nchekwa US$100,000 na-ebupụ.  Arizabaleta cherekwa ebubo akara ọgwụ ike n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, mgbakwunye nke apụ 60 n'ahụ ike

Arizabaleta nwara mgbapụ site n'ọnụ nke otu n'ime ihe ndị na-egosi, mana ndị uwe ojii mba Colombia we ndabere Arizabaleta na 15, 1997 n'obodo Villagorgona, Ngalaba Valle del Cauca obodo dị na obodo Candelaria n'otu ebe ụzọ okporo ụzọ yana  dabere ya.  onye nche.

Phanor Arizabaleta Arzayús nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 78 na Imbanaco Medical Center na Cali Colombia n'ihi nkụchi obi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/muerte-de-phanor-arizabaleta-excapo-del-cartel-de-cali-MG3866592|title=Muerte de Phanor Arizabaleta, excapo del cartel de Cali|author=Colombiano|first=El|work=www.elcolombiano.com|accessdate=2016-04-03|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Aha]]</text>
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    <title>Ndị Ọrụ Cartel</title>
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      <text bytes="19841" sha1="nd284jkac4zq4mkxqtk2kjvadcr0q69" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vh1press.com/series/cartel-crew|title=CARTEL CREW|publisher=VH1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cartel Crew bụ usoro ihe onyonyo n'ezie America nke ewepụtara na VH1 na Jenụwarị 7, 2019. Ọ na-akọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị nke ndị edemede ha nweburu njikọ na cartels na Miami, Florida .  Usoro a na-egosi ka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-anwa ịnya iwu na ndụ na ime ihe na- mmetụta nke cartel nwere na ndụ ha kwa ụbọchị.

== Nkedo ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Ihe nkiri nke ''Cartel Crew''
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Onye otu nkedo
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; | Oge
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | 1
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | 2
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | 3
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | Michael Blanco | colspan=&quot;3&quot; {{cMain}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | Marie Ramirez -D'Arellano | colspan=&quot;3&quot; {{cMain}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | Kat &quot;Tatu Baby&quot; Flores | colspan=&quot;3&quot; {{cMain}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | Stephanie Acevedo | colspan=&quot;3&quot; {{cMain}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | Nicole Zavala | colspan=&quot;3&quot; {{cMain}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | Carlos &quot;Loz&quot; Oliveros | colspan=&quot;2&quot; {{cMain}}| {{n/a|}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | Dayana Castellanos | colspan=&quot;3&quot; {{cMain}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | Michael Zavala | colspan=&quot;1&quot; {{cRecurring}}| colspan=&quot;2&quot; {{cMain}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | Salomé &quot;Betty Idol&quot; Jackson | {{n/a|}}| {{cRecurring}}| {{cMain}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | Mike &quot;Majix&quot; Yuen | colspan=&quot;3&quot; {{cRecurring}} 
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ali Cabrera Tapia | colspan=&quot;3&quot; {{cRecurring}} 
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | Eddie Soto | {{n/a|}}| colspan=&quot;2&quot; {{cRecurring}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ivette Saucedo | {{n/a|}}| colspan=&quot;2&quot; {{cRecurring}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | Emma Coronel Aispuro | {{n/a|}}| {{cGuest}}| {{n/a|}}
|-
|}

== Ihe omume ==
{{Series overview|color1=#B30219|link1=&lt;includeonly&gt;Cartel Crew&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 1 (2019)|episodes1=10|start1={{Start date|2019|1|7}}|end1={{End date|2019|3|11}}|color2=#030303|link2=&lt;includeonly&gt;Cartel Crew&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 2 (2019)|episodes2=11|start2={{Start date|2019|10|7}}|end2={{End date|2019|12|9}}|color3=#BCC9D2|link3=&lt;includeonly&gt;Cartel Crew&lt;/includeonly&gt;#Season 3 (2021)|episodes3=10|start3={{Start date|2021|6|7}}|end3={{End date|2021|8|9}}}}

=== Oge 1 (2019) ===
{{Episode table|background=#B30219|overall=5|season=5|title=54|airdate=21|viewers=14|country=U.S.|episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 1
| EpisodeNumber2  = 1
| Title           = Life After Narcos
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|7}}
| Viewers         = 0.95&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-7-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109062630/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-7-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=January 9, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals: 1.7.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=January 9, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109062630/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-7-2019.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = B30219
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 2
| EpisodeNumber2  = 2
| Title           = She Set Me Up
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|14}}
| Viewers         = 0.93&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-14-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200702/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-14-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=January 16, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals: 1.14.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=January 16, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200702/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-14-2019.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = B30219
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 3
| EpisodeNumber2  = 3
| Title           = The Ultimate Disrespect
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|21}}
| Viewers         = 0.81&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-21-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041538/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-21-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=January 24, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals: 1.21.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=January 24, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041538/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-21-2019.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = B30219
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 4
| EpisodeNumber2  = 4
| Title           = New York, Old Secrets
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|28}}
| Viewers         = 0.68&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-28-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201001858/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-28-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=February 1, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals: 1.28.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=February 1, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201001858/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-28-2019.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = B30219
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 5
| EpisodeNumber2  = 5
| Title           = Who Is Giselle Rosario?
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|4}}
| Viewers         = 0.67&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-4-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020029/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-4-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=February 7, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals: 2.4.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=February 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020029/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-4-2019.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = B30219
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 6
| EpisodeNumber2  = 6
| Title           = It's How You Die and When You Die
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|11}}
| Viewers         = 0.69&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-11-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123639/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-11-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=February 13, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals: 2.11.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=February 13, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123639/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-11-2019.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = B30219
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 7
| EpisodeNumber2  = 7
| Title           = Forbidden Paradise, Part 1
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|18}}
| Viewers         = 0.76&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-18-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221061753/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-18-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=February 21, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals: 2.18.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=February 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221061753/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-18-2019.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = B30219
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 8
| EpisodeNumber2  = 8
| Title           = Forbidden Paradise, Part 2
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|25}}
| Viewers         = 0.58&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-25-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060710/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-25-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=February 27, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals: 2.25.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=February 27, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060710/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-25-2019.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = B30219
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 9
| EpisodeNumber2  = 9
| Title           = Back to Miami, Back to Reality
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|3|4}}
| Viewers         = 0.64&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043448/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=March 6, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals: 3.4.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=March 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043448/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = B30219
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 10
| EpisodeNumber2  = 10
| Title           = Out With a Boom Boom
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|3|11}}
| Viewers         = 0.70&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043448/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=March 6, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals: 3.4.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=March 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043448/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = B30219
}}}}

=== Oge 2 (2019) ===
{{Episode table|background=#BCC9D2|overall=5|season=5|title=54|airdate=21|airdateR=&lt;ref name=&quot;TFC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cartel Crew – Listings |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/cartel-crew/listings/ |website=[[The Futon Critic]] |access-date=June 7, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|viewers=14|country=U.S.|episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 22
| EpisodeNumber2  = 1
| Title           = La Famila Over Everything
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|6|7}}
| Viewers         = 0.46&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-season-opener-leads-abc-to-victory/|title=Monday Ratings: Monday Ratings: 'The Bachelorette' Season-Opener Leads ABC to Victory|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=June 8, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=July 12, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=November 5, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105180157/https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-season-opener-leads-abc-to-victory/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = BCC9D2
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 23
| EpisodeNumber2  = 2
| Title           = It's the Prenup for Me
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|6|14}}
| Viewers         = 0.22&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-soft-starts-for-abcs-celebrity-dating-game-and-the-cw-drama-the-republic-of-sarah/|title=Monday Ratings: Soft Starts for ABC's ''Celebrity Dating Game'' and The CW Drama ''The Republic of Sarah''|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=June 15, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=July 12, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=July 11, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711083506/https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-soft-starts-for-abcs-celebrity-dating-game-and-the-cw-drama-the-republic-of-sarah/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = BCC9D2
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 24
| EpisodeNumber2  = 3
| Title           = Dear Michael
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|6|21}}
| Viewers         = 0.40&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-leads-abc-to-diluted-victory/|title=Monday Ratings: ''The Bachelorette'' Leads ABC to Diluted Victory|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=June 22, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=August 2, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=August 4, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804061454/https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-leads-abc-to-diluted-victory/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = BCC9D2
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 25
| EpisodeNumber2  = 4
| Title           = Never Break Bread with You
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|6|28}}
| Viewers         = 0.29&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-more-victory-for-the-home-of-the-bachelorette-abc/|title=Monday Ratings: More Victory for the Home of ''The Bachelorette'' – ABC|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=June 29, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=August 12, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=August 12, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812041759/https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-more-victory-for-the-home-of-the-bachelorette-abc/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = BCC9D2
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 26
| EpisodeNumber2  = 5
| Title           = What's the Tea
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|7|5}}
| Viewers         = 0.53&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-abc-and-nbc-share-modest-dominance/|title=Monday Ratings: ABC and NBC Share Modest Dominance|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=July 6, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=August 17, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=August 17, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817083345/https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-abc-and-nbc-share-modest-dominance/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = BCC9D2
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 27
| EpisodeNumber2  = 6
| Title           = A Very Blanco Wedding Part 1
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|7|12}}
| Viewers         = 0.51&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-abcs-the-bachelorette-tops-quiet-evening/|title=Monday Ratings: ABC's ''The Bachelorette'' Tops Quiet Evening|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=July 13, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=August 17, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=August 17, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817100243/https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-abcs-the-bachelorette-tops-quiet-evening/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = BCC9D2
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 28
| EpisodeNumber2  = 7
| Title           = A Very Blanco Wedding Part 2
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|7|19}}
| Viewers         = 0.41&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-leads-abc-to-more-victory/|title=Monday Ratings: ''The Bachelorette'' Leads ABC to More Victory|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=July 20, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=August 17, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=August 17, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817100244/https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-leads-abc-to-more-victory/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = BCC9D2
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 29
| EpisodeNumber2  = 8
| Title           = Journey for Justice
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|7|26}}
| Viewers         = 0.37&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-26-2021.html|title=ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals: 7.26.2021|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|author-link=Mitch Metcalf|date=July 27, 2021|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=September 26, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=August 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829213343/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-26-2021.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = BCC9D2
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 30
| EpisodeNumber2  = 9
| Title           = Part of the Solution
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|8|2}}
| Viewers         = 0.37&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-2-2021.html|title=ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals: 8.2.2021|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|author-link=Mitch Metcalf|date=August 3, 2021|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=September 26, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=August 22, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822011536/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-2-2021.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = BCC9D2
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 31
| EpisodeNumber2  = 10
| Title           = La Familia Forever
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|8|9}}
| Viewers         = 0.43&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-leads-abc-to-victory-modest-return-for-game-show-the-wall-on-nbc/|title=Monday Ratings: 'The Bachelorette' Leads ABC to Victory; Modest Return for Game Show 'The Wall' on NBC|last=Berman|first=Marc|work=Programming Insider|date=August 10, 2021|access-date=September 26, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=September 26, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926153936/https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-leads-abc-to-victory-modest-return-for-game-show-the-wall-on-nbc/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = BCC9D2
}}}}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website
* {{IMDb title|tt9425126}}
[[Òtù:Aha]]</text>
      <sha1>nd284jkac4zq4mkxqtk2kjvadcr0q69</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Obodo Opera Africa</title>
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[[Usòrò:Kere_operndorf_3.jpg|thumb| Echiche ikuku]]
[[Usòrò:Kere_lehrerhaeuser_2.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ ndị nkuzi]]
{{Databox}}
Opera Village Africa (French: Village-Opéra Afrique, German: Operndorf Afrika) bụ ọrụ mmụta nka dị na Ouagadougou, isi obodo Burkina Faso.  Ọ bụ onye ntụzi ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri German, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ese ihe, Christoph Schlingensief malitere ya.[1]  Festspielhaus Afrika na-arụ ya dị ka GmbH anaghị akwụ ụgwọ (ụlọ ọrụ nwere oke) dabere na Germany.[2]  Emechara akụkụ nke mbụ na Nọvemba 2011


, German: '''{{Lang|de|Operndorf Afrika}}'''&lt;/ bụ ọrụ nkuzi nka dị na Ouagadougou, isi obodo [[Burkina Faso]] . Ọ bụ onye ihe nkiri German na onye isi ihe nkiri, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ese ihe, Christoph Schlingensief malitere ya. &lt;ref&gt;Hegenbart, Sarah. (2012) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160526225414/http://www.thewhitereview.org/art/a-new-idea-of-art-christof-schlingensief-and-the-opera-village-africa/ &quot;A New Idea of Art: Christoph Schlingensief and the Opera Village Africa&quot;]. ''[[The White Review]]'', Issue 5.&lt;/ref&gt; {{Lang|de|Festspielhaus Afrika}} na-arụ ya&lt;/link&gt; dị ka GmbH anaghị akwụ ụgwọ (ụlọ ọrụ nwere oke) dabere na Germany. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.operndorf-afrika.com/en/the-project.html Website Village Opera Africa]&lt;/ref&gt; Emechara akụkụ nke mbụ na Nọvemba 2011. &lt;ref&gt;''The Art Newspaper'', [http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/First-phase-of-African-opera-village-completed/24907 &quot;First phase of African opera village completed 1 November 2011&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Echiche ==
Ndị mmadụ na-agba mbọ na Opera Village bụ ndị na-emepe emepe onwe ha na usoro a bụ ọrụ nka nka. Ugbua n'oge mmalite ya, Opera Village na-enye ohere ebe nzute omenala, ụlọ ọrụ na mgbanwe na-ewere ọnọdụ. Kemgbe njedebe nke 2012, ihe nkiri ihe nkiri, ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na mgbede ịkọ akụkọ na-eme mgbe niile; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.operndorf-afrika.com/en/home.html Website Village Opera Africa]&lt;/ref&gt; opera n'ezie abụghị akụkụ nke usoro ọmụmụ.

== Ụlọ ==
Iji ghọta ọrụ ahụ, n'afọ 2008 Christoph Schlingensief wetara onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye ọrụ mmepe [[Diébédo Francis Kéré]], bụ onye a mụrụ na Burkina Faso. Kéré na-achịkọta ụdị ụlọ ọdịnala nwere echiche gburugburu ebe obibi na nke na-adigide site na iji ihe na-adịgide adịgide. Ọ bụ ndị bi n’obodo ahụ bụ́ ndị nwetara ọzụzụ ihe owuwu wuru ụlọ ndị ahụ. N'ebe a, Kéré na-etinyekwa uru na ntụ oyi, na-enweta oyi site n'iji ihe owuwu ya emepụtara pụrụ iche. N'afọ 2010, a tọrọ ntọala ntọala na mpaghara ahụ jikọtara ya na usoro mmiri ọha na eze na ọkụ eletrik. 2011 hụrụ mmeghe nke ụlọ iri na isii gụnyere ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, nke na-ewe ụmụ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ 50 kwa afọ. Na mgbakwunye na ihe ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, a na-akụziri ụmụaka ihe nkiri, nka na egwu egwu. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062701/http://www.gicafrica.diplo.de/Vertretung/suedafrika-dz/en/__pr/2012/05/05-Opera-Village-may-12.html &quot;Schlingensief's Opera village in Africa comes to life&quot;], German Information Centre Africa, 11 May 2012&lt;/ref&gt;
 
N'April 2012, ọrụ ụlọ malitere n'ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nke nwere ngalaba nlekọta ahụike bụ isi, ebe a na-amụ nwa na ngalaba nlekọta eze. A ga-emecha ya n'April 2013 wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na Mee 2013. Ka Opera Village wee nwee ike nweta afọ ojuju nke ogologo oge, a na-eme atụmatụ inye ụlọ ọgwụ ike ọzọ n'ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ike anyanwụ nke a ga-etinye na Mee 2013. Emechaala egwuregwu bọọlụ na a ga-agbakwunye ebe egwuregwu ụmụaka n'afọ a. &quot; {{Lang|de|Festspielhaus}}&lt;/link&gt; &quot;- ebe a na-ezute omenala - na etiti ogige ahụ ga-abụ obi nke ọrụ ahụ.

== Edensibia ==
Ugbua n'oge mmalite ya, Opera Village na-enye ohere {{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Media related to Opera village at Wikimedia Commons
* [http://www.operndorf-afrika.com/en/home.html Website Opera Village Africa]</text>
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    <title>Obodo Umoja</title>
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The Umoja Village shantytown ntọala ntọala na October 23, 2006, na Liberty City ngalaba nke Miami, Florida, na nzaghachi na gentrification na obere ego ụlọ na Miami.  Aha Umoja bụ Swahili maka &quot;ịdị n'otu&quot;, ya mere &quot;Unity Village&quot;.

Ka ọnwa nke nhazichara, otu na [1] akpọ onwe ya Take Back the Land weghaara ikike nke oghere oghere dị na akuku 62nd St. na NW 17th Ave. Obodo Miami kwaturu.  [2] Weghachite ala ahụ wuru ọtụtụ ụlọ ma wuo ụlọ ndị e ji osisi nke iji nye ndị na- mama ebe obibi n'ony ụlọ ahụ.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://osaka.law.miami.edu/~schnably/pottinger/Settlement.html|title=Settlement Agreement|work=miami.edu|accessdate=19 August 2015|archivedate=3 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211458/http://osaka.law.miami.edu/~schnably/pottinger/Settlement.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; uwe ojii, Obodo Miami na ndị ọrụ Miami-Dade County akara ikepụ ndị bi ma ọ bụ ndị nhazi n'ihi akara ngosi 1996 Pottinger Settlement .  Mgbe ọtụtụ apụ nke ejide ndị na- Malebe obibi, obodo Miami gbara akwụkwọ site na Miami ACLU ;  ha mechara biri.  N'ime nhazi ahụ, obodo ahụ ahụ na apụghị ejide ndị na-ahụ ebe obibi ma ọ bụrụ na ha erute iwu ndị a:

# Onye ahụ enweghị ebe obibi;
# onye ahụ nọ na ala ọha ;
# ọ dịghị akwa dị n'ụlọ ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na obodo; na
# onye ahụ na-etinye aka na &quot;omume na-akwado ndụ,&quot; dị ka iri nri, ihi ụra, ịsa ahụ, &quot;ịza oku nke okike,&quot; ịchịkọta na iwulite &quot;ihe owuwu nwa oge&quot; iji chebe onwe ya pụọ na ikuku.

Take Back the Land ji nbi iwu wuo obodo ntakiri na Miami.  Ka ọ na-erule nsọ nke December, Obodo nta ahụ nwere ihe dị ka 50 ndị ọzọ na-eche ebe obibi, ma mee njikọ ahụ na Miami Herald, Sun-Sentinel, Los Angeles Times, Time.com na New York Times, yana  ọtụtụ akwụkwọ.  na blọọgụ.  &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ndị bi na-agba ọsọ n'Obodo ahụ, na-atụ vootu iwu ụlọ, kesaa onyinye, ịkwaga ndị bi na ọhụrụ na ịchụpụ ndị ọzọ. Obodo Umoja nwetara nkwado zuru oke n'ime obodo, ya mere, enwere ike imeri ọtụtụ mbọ ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na-eme ịchụpụ ha.

== mgba ala ==
Weghachite onye nhazi ala Max Rameau, nke Centre for Pan-African Development, ụka na Umoja Village Nwepụta maka ịrapara n'ahụ, kama ọ bụ &quot;mgba mgba ala&quot; zuru oke n'ụdị Brazil 's MST ( ndị ọrụ ego  ala').  Ntugharị ) na nsogbu ndị yiri ya na South Africa .  Dị ka onye na-akwado Pan-Africanism, Rameau kwusiri ike na ndị isi ojii kwesịrị ala na obodo ojii, dị ka obodo Umoja nzọụkwụ.

Ewubere obodo ahụ n'onwe ya site n'ebe ndị nke ndị ọcha na ndị isi obodo Latino, na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ọchịchị soja nke Take Back the Land

== Ọkụ ==
N'April 23, 2007, Umoja Village mere eme ememe nwanne isii nwoke e akara ya site n'ịkpọsa ọtụtụ ụlọ, iwu ikike iwu maka ala site na Obodo Miami, na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ iji nweta ala na ụlọ dị ala.  Otú ọ dị, n'ụbọchị mbụ a ga-arụ ụlọ, Umoja Village gbara ọkụ.  [1] enweghị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ahụ.  Ndị uwe ojii Miami nwụchiri ndị bi na 11 na ndị na-eme ihe ike maka ịnwa ịgba n'ala ahụ, Obodo ahụ wukwara ngwaọrụ waya gbara ụlọ ahụ n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.

Iji zere iwe, Obodo ahụ nyere Laghachi Ala ahụ ihe ụlọ ahụ, iji wuo ụlọ ndị na-akpata obere ego tupu ha eweghachi azụ ahụ n'okpuru ọchịchị sitere n'aka ndị na-ere ọkụ na mpaghara na ndị na-agba ọsọ ọsọ.  .  N'October 23, 2007, Take Back the Land, na ya serela ụlọ ụlọ na nke onwe ndị nwere ikike ma ọga ezina ahụ n'ụka ụlọ ndị ahụ, na ngwaọrụ ọ factory ụlọ &quot;ntọhapụ&quot;.  Dị ka nke February 2008, Take Back the Land nwere ndepụta ndepụta nche nke 14 na-echere echega n'otu n'ime ụlọ ndị ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samuels 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Samuels|first=Robert|title=Housing Activists Try Squatter Strategy|work=judicialaccountability.org|date=2012-02-29|url=http://www.judicialaccountability.org/articles/squatterstakeoverhousing.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229183916/http://www.judicialaccountability.org/articles/squatterstakeoverhousing.htm|archivedate=2012-02-29|accessdate=2018-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{Cite web|title=Center for Pan-African Development|work=thepanafrican.org|url=http://www.thepanafrican.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422155845/http://www.thepanafrican.org/|archivedate=2009-04-22}}
* {{Cite web|author=Mueller|first=Heather|title=Umoja Village :: Photo Essay :2|work=YES! Magazine|date=2015-01-19|url=http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/liberate-your-space/umoja-village-photo-essay-2|accessdate=2018-04-23|archivedate=2018-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071741/http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/liberate-your-space/umoja-village-photo-essay-2}}
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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    <title>Ogige Buckhead</title>
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      <text bytes="5468" sha1="hdmxjg98yfu8755l74i5j7hrfz7d1sy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Buckhead''' bụ ọdụ ụgbọ oloko dị na Atlanta, Georgia, na-eje ozi na Red Line nke Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri a bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri mbụ nke Line Red Line na-arụ. Ọ dị na mpaghara Buckhead na etiti nke State Route 400, okporo ụzọ a kpaara ókè, na Peachtree Road / State Route 141 . Ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ dị n'ebe dị anya n'ebe dị anya nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ebe ịzụ ahịa, gụnyere Lenox Square, ọ bụ ezie na ọdụ Lenox MARTA na-enye ohere ịnweta nnukwu ụlọ ahịa. Buc, ọrụ ụgbọ ala efu, na-enyekwa ụgbọ njem na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. Ebe Buckhead na-egosipụtakwa Zipcars . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Buckhead|url=http://www.itsmarta.com/ns-buc-overview.aspx|work=itsmarta|publisher=Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority|accessdate=July 22, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nhazi ọdụ ọdụ ==
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
| style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50&quot; |'''G'''
| style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; | Ọkwa okporo ụzọ
| style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; | Ọnụ ụzọ/Ọpụpụ, crossover gaa n'okporo ámá
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50&quot; | '''P&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; '''Ọkwa ikpo okwu'''
| style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;&quot; | '''Southbound'''
| style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;&quot; | ← &lt;span about=&quot;#mwt38&quot; data-mw=&quot;{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;attribs&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:[&lt;nowiki&gt;[{&amp;amp;quot;txt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;style&amp;amp;quot;},{&amp;amp;quot;html&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;color:#&lt;span about=\&amp;amp;quot;#mwt37\&amp;amp;quot; typeof=\&amp;amp;quot;mw:Transclusion\&amp;amp;quot; data-parsoid='{\&amp;amp;quot;pi\&amp;amp;quot;:[[{\&amp;amp;quot;k\&amp;amp;quot;:\&amp;amp;quot;1\&amp;amp;quot;},{\&amp;amp;quot;k\&amp;amp;quot;:\&amp;amp;quot;2\&amp;amp;quot;}]],\&amp;amp;quot;dsr\&amp;amp;quot;:[3206,3223,null,null]}' data-mw='{\&amp;amp;quot;parts\&amp;amp;quot;:[{\&amp;amp;quot;template\&amp;amp;quot;:{\&amp;amp;quot;target\&amp;amp;quot;:{\&amp;amp;quot;wt\&amp;amp;quot;:\&amp;amp;quot;rcr\&amp;amp;quot;,\&amp;amp;quot;href\&amp;amp;quot;:\&amp;amp;quot;./Template:Rcr\&amp;amp;quot;},\&amp;amp;quot;params\&amp;amp;quot;:{\&amp;amp;quot;1\&amp;amp;quot;:{\&amp;amp;quot;wt\&amp;amp;quot;:\&amp;amp;quot;MARTA\&amp;amp;quot;},\&amp;amp;quot;2\&amp;amp;quot;:{\&amp;amp;quot;wt\&amp;amp;quot;:\&amp;amp;quot;Red\&amp;amp;quot;}},\&amp;amp;quot;i\&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}'&gt;CF232D&lt;/span&gt;;&amp;amp;quot;}]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]}&quot; id=&quot;mwLA&quot; style=&quot;color:#CF232D;&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:ExpandedAttrs&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwLQ&quot;&gt;Uhie uhie&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu (abalị na-aga Lindbergh Center )
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; | Island platform, ọnụ ụzọ ga-emeghe n'aka ekpe
|-
| style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; | '''Northbound'''
| style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; | → [[Ahịrị uhie (MARTA)|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#{{rcr|MARTA|Red}};&quot;&gt;'''Red Line'''&lt;/span&gt;]] chere ihu [[North Springs ọdụ|North Springs]] &lt;small&gt;( [[Ụlọ ọrụ Medical Center (MARTA)|Medical Center]] )&lt;/small&gt; →
|}

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Emeghere Buckhead na June 8, 1996, otu ụbọchị dịka Medical Center na Dunwoody . Mgbe a na-arụ okporo ụzọ steeti 400 n'ebe ndịda nke gburugburu na 1993, a hapụrụ oghere nke kwere ka etinye egwu n'etiti etiti site na Buckhead ruo na Medical Center . N'afọ 2014, e wuru àkwà mmiri ndị na-agafe agafe n'akụkụ abụọ nke State Route 400, na-enye ohere ịnweta Stratford nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ yana Tower Place na ọdịda anyanwụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Buckhead &amp; Medical Center MARTA Stations|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UV2OXaqE3zU|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309234938/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UV2OXaqE3zU|archivedate=2016-03-09|work=YouTube|publisher=Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority|accessdate=July 22, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2023, site na February 17th ruo 22nd, Buckhead Station kwụsịrị na sistemụ n'ihi ngbanwe nke egwu na mgba ọkụ dị nso na mgbago ọdụ ụgbọ elu ahụ. Ụgbọ ala obodo na-elekọta ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ nke jigidere njikọ dị n'etiti ọdụ Lenox (Gold Line) na Medical Center (Red Line). E meghere ọnụ ụzọ ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, ma ọ dịghị ụgbọ oloko na-eje ozi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MARTA|url=https://www.itsmarta.com/trackreplacement.aspx|accessdate=2023-02-28|work=www.itsmarta.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ala dị nso na ebe ndị ama ama ==

* Atlanta Financial Center
* [[Capital City Plaza|Isi Obodo Plaza]]
* Buckhead Business District
* Ebe ịzụ ahịa nke Buckhead
* Phipps Plaza
* Lenox Square

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.itsmarta.com/ns-buc-overview.aspx Nchịkọta ọdụ ọdụ, gụnyere njegharị vidiyo]
* Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20150722230152/http://martaguide.com/ ntuziaka MARTA]  &lt;/link&gt;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180114231640/http://www.atlanta.net/buckhead/ Ozi Buckhead]
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;ll=33.847601,-84.367581&amp;spn=0.004473,0.013722&amp;z=17&amp;layer=c&amp;cbll=33.847601,-84.367581&amp;panoid=TXDiee39uaedLjFb_d-q9A&amp;cbp=12,312.9,,0,0.92 Peachtree Road/State Route 141 si na Google Maps Street View]</text>
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    <title>National Benevolent Fund for the Aged</title>
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Edebara aha National Benevolent Fund maka ndị agadi aha dị ka ọrụ ebere na 1957 wee bụrụ NBFA na-enyere ndị agadi aka na 2012.  owu na-ama na obere ego [1] ruo 2015 mgbe ọ mechiri ọrụ, na-akpata ego na akụ ya ike na ndị ọrụ ebere Kpọtụrụ Agadi.

== Nkọwa ==
Ọrụ ọrụ ebere ahụ nwere ogologo oge bụ iji gboo nsogbu zuru oke nke owu ọmụma na ikewapụ ndị agadi site na ọrụ na-enye ohere ịnweta mmekọrịta na nkwado. N'afọ 2011, e hibere mkpọsa nke mba - Mgbasa Ozi Ịkwụsị owu ọmụma - ma na-anọchite anya nzọụkwụ dị ịrịba ama n'iwelite nnukwu nsogbu nke ikewapụ ọha mmadụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eto ngwa ngwa na ịka nká na UK. NBFA na-enyere ndị agadi aka nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ iji gboo owu ọmụma na ikewapụ onwe ha site n'inye ndị agadi nọ n'enweghị nsogbu ọrụ kpọmkwem, karịsịa na mpaghara ndị nwere nnukwu ụkọ.

Ọrụ ebere ahụ site n'ikesa nri ego nye ndị otu dị adị na ndị ọrụ ebere na-akwado ndị agadi.  Nke mbụ n'ime ọrụ nke ya bụ inye ndị agadi nọnyere iche echiche ihe onyonyo - n'oge ndị enyi na ndị agbata obi na-ezukọ n'iche kacha nso nwere ikike ekiri ekiri.  Ụbọchị kacha ewu ewu na nke na-adịte aka bụ obere oge ezumike n'àgwà oke osimiri, emesịa me ya mma ka ụbọbụenyi na ụbụrụ oge, na ka ọ na-erule 1996, ihe nna ndị agadi 35,000 eritela uru site na obere ezumike n'  oké osimiri.  Ozi ndị ozi inye onyinye ụlọ ụlọ maka maka ndị agadi na-ahụ ike ka bi n'iche na inye onyinye TENS igwe na-achịkwa mgbu maka ndị agadi na-anagide n'iche na ngwaọrụ nke osisi ha mgbu na-ahụ ala ala  ala.  N'afọ 2015, ndị ọrụ ebere ahụ ji mwute mebere ọrụ ya ma na-ezube ikesa ego ike maka ndị agadi na- nga isi.

Tọrọ ntọala na 1957 site n'aka MP Jeremy Thorpe dị ka otu n'ime ndị mbụ mbụ ya, ọrụ ebere a gbanyere Medical na njikọ ya na Westminster na Churchill .  Clementine Churchill (nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke praịm minista) ozi onye isi ala na 1972. [1] [2] Onye isi oche site na 1995 ruo 2010 (na onye ikike 1974) bụ Winston Churchill (nwa nwa nke onye bụbu praịm).  minista), [3] onye na-elekọta ya nọnyere adọ bụ Mary Soames, Baroness Soames (ada Prime Minister Winston Churchill ).  Onye nsọ na-eje ozi bụ Minnie (Mary) Churchill.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Trustees and staff|work=web site|publisher=NBFA|url=http://www.nbfa.org.uk/about-us/our-trustees/|accessdate=5 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815111431/http://www.nbfa.org.uk/about-us/our-trustees/|archivedate=15 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ndị na-ahụ maka mbụ na nke ugbu a Paul Burstow, Dermot de Trafford, John de Trafford, Roger Pincham, Jeff Rooker, Baron Rooker, Laura Sandys, Stephen Lloyd, Sheila Gilmore na Tony Newton, Baron Newton nke Braintree .  Ndị osote onye isi oche bụ Frederick Forsyth, Christopher Herbert, John Alderdice, Baron Alderdice, Dafydd Elis-Thomas na David Steel .  George Thomas, 1st Viscount Tonypandy ka a onye isi oche nke NBFA na 1984 wee jee ozi afọ iri wee pụta ya onye isi oche.  Betty Boothroyd nọchiri ya dị ka onye isi oche nke nwere ọkwa ahụ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nka na 2015. Onye isi oche ugbu a bụ Marion Roe 

Nọmba ebere edebanyere aha 1147447. Debanye aha dị ka ụlọ ọrụ 07937093.

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240525135852/http://www.nbfa.org.uk/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị NBFA]
* http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04w1jmg
*
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nahida Esmail</title>
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'''Nahida Esmail''' bụ onye edemede Tanzanian &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 April 2021|title=Nahida Esmail on writing books|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/success/nahida-esmail-on-writing-books-2587196|accessdate=2022-12-28|work=The Citizen|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye na-ede uri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=africaindialogue|date=11 December 2020|title=Connecting the Seemingly Unconnected: A Dialogue with Nahida Esmail|url=https://africaindialogue.com/2020/12/11/connecting-the-seemingly-unconnected-a-dialogue-with-nahida-esmail/|accessdate=2022-12-28|work=Africa in Dialogue|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 June 2022|title=African Teen Writers Awards Receives Lifetime Sponsorship From Award-winning Tanzanian Writer Nahida Esmail|url=https://www.writersspace.net/african-teen-writers-awards-receives-lifetime-sponsorship-from-award-winning-tanzanian-writer-nahida-esmail/|accessdate=2022-12-28|work=Writers Space Africa|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nkwado ndụ nke 'The Teen Writers Awards'.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tanzanian Author Nahida Esmail Becomes a Lifetime Sponsor of The African Teen Awards|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/06/tanzanian-author-nahida-esmail-becomes-a-lifetime-sponsor-of-the-african-teen-awards/|accessdate=2022-12-28|work=brittlepaper.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ogah|first=Steve|date=15 June 2022|title=African Teen Writers Awards Receives Lifetime Sponsorship from Award-winning Tanzanian Writer Nahida Esmail|url=https://www.thedailyscrum.ca/2022/06/15/african-teen-writers-awards-receives-lifetime-sponsorship-from-tanzanian-award-winning-writer-nahida-esmail/|accessdate=2022-12-28|work=www.thedailyscrum.ca|language=en-CA|archivedate=2022-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228122844/https://www.thedailyscrum.ca/2022/06/15/african-teen-writers-awards-receives-lifetime-sponsorship-from-tanzanian-award-winning-writer-nahida-esmail/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mụrụ Nahida Esmail ma zụlite ya na Dar es Salaam, Tanzania . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mngodo|first=Esther Karin|title=50 Tanzanian Writers celebrate Abdulrazak Gurnah for Winning the Nobel Prize in Literature|url=https://udadisi.com/50-tanzanian-writers-celebrate-abdulrazak-gurnah-for-winning-the-nobel-prize-in-literature/|accessdate=2022-12-28|work=Udadisi|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Goldsmiths College, Mahadum London, na BSc na Psychology ma mechaa Masters na Child Development na Early Childhood Education na Institute of Education, Mahadim London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Writers Awards 2022 longlists announced|url=http://www.afropoetrytimes.co.za/2022/09/african-writers-awards-2022-longlists.html|accessdate=2022-12-28|archivedate=2022-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228184740/http://www.afropoetrytimes.co.za/2022/09/african-writers-awards-2022-longlists.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara lụọ di ma mụọ ụmụ ya nwanyị abụọ Hafsah na Humeira Khaled.

== Ọrụ ==
Esmail  ebipụtala [[Asụsụ Maasai|ano adult fiction novels and ten children's books of which some have been translated into swahili and Maa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Social Values In Young Adults Novels: A Study Of Selected Works By Nahida Esmail|url=https://afribary.com/works/social-values-in-young-adults-novels-a-study-of-selected-works-by-nahida-esmail|accessdate=2022-12-28|work=Afribary|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bassaw|first=Julia-Faith|date=30 September 2022|title=&quot;Create A Better Reading Culture In Africa&quot; – Nahida Esmail|url=https://www.munakalati.org/create-a-better-reading-culture-in-africa-nahida-esmail/|accessdate=2022-12-28|work=Muna Kalati|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228121125/https://www.munakalati.org/create-a-better-reading-culture-in-africa-nahida-esmail/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ederede ==
'''Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara'''

* {{Cite book|author=Esmail|first=Nahida|url=|title=Living in the Shade: Aiming for the Summit|date=29 December 2017|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-348-0|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|author=Esmail|first=Nahida|url=|title=Lessilie: The City Maasai|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-9976-4-0428-9|language=en}}

* {{Cite book|author=Nahida|first=Esmai|url=|title=The Detectives of Shangani|date=16 April 2018|publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers|isbn=978-9987-08-292-6|language=en}}

'''2017'''

* {{Cite book|author=Esmail|first=Nahida|url=|title=What Is Islam?|date=30 October 2017|publisher=Fitra Journal|isbn=978-0-9988260-4-2|language=en}}

'''2019'''

* {{Cite book|author=Esmail|first=Nahida|url=|title=Karafu: A Freed Slave|date=2019|publisher=Mkuki na Nyota|isbn=978-9987-08-331-2|language=en}}

'''2021'''

* {{Cite book|author=Esmail|first=Nahida|url=|title=Bahiya, the Little Zebra: A Picture Book from Tanzania and Egypt|date=2021|publisher=African Bureau Stories|isbn=978-9988-2-2702-9|language=en}}

'''Abụ''' 

* Ọdụm Atlas

N'afọ 2015, e nyere Esmail ihe nrite Tanzania Women's Achievement Award maka ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Visions|first=Pan African|date=5 November 2014|title=Tanzania Women of Achievement Awards (Twaa) 2015 Launched|url=https://panafricanvisions.com/2014/11/tanzania-women-achievement-awards-twaa-2015-launched/|accessdate=2022-12-30|work=PAN AFRICAN VISIONS|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya anọ na-eto eto, Living in the Shade, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 March 2015|title=Living in the Shade|url=https://www.burtaward.org/book/living-in-the-shade|accessdate=2022-12-28|work=CODE's Burt Literary Awards|language=en|archivedate=2022-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228112611/https://www.burtaward.org/book/living-in-the-shade}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lesslie the City Maasai, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 March 2015|title=Lessilie – the City Maasai|url=https://www.burtaward.org/book/lessilie-the-city-maasai|accessdate=2022-12-28|work=CODE's Burt Literary Awards|language=en|archivedate=2022-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228112611/https://www.burtaward.org/book/lessilie-the-city-maasai}}&lt;/ref&gt; Detectives of Shangani, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=30 July 2015|title=The Detectives of Shangani: The Mystery of Lost Rubies|url=https://www.burtaward.org/book/the-detectives-of-shangani-the-mystery-of-lost-rubies|accessdate=2022-12-28|work=CODE's Burt Literary Awards|language=en|archivedate=2022-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228112611/https://www.burtaward.org/book/the-detectives-of-shangani-the-mystery-of-lost-rubies}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Living in the shade: Aiming for the Summit &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 September 2017|title=Aiming for the Summit|url=https://www.burtaward.org/book/aiming-for-the-summit|accessdate=2022-12-28|work=CODE's Burt Literary Awards|language=en|archivedate=2022-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228112622/https://www.burtaward.org/book/aiming-for-the-summit}}&lt;/ref&gt; niile natara onyinye Burt nke CODE maka Akwụkwọ Africa.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Ogologo Maịlị</title>
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[[File:Miles-long-2011-AVN-awards.jpg|thumb|Ogologo Maịlị]]
'''Miles Long''' (amuru na Nọvemba 4, 1968) bụ onye ntụzi America, [1] onye na-ahụ ihe, [1] omee, onye edemede, [2] onye na-ese foto [3] na onye nwe akara ngosi. . &lt;ref name=&quot;AVNmags&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Magazine Covers|publisher=AVN.com|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/novelty/miles-long-continues-to-grow-photography-career-other-ventures-594373.html|accessdate=2015-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;AVNEDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Miles Long's EDM Label Announces Chip E. Appearances|publisher=AVN.com|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-longs-edm-label-announces-chip-e-appearance-769124.html|accessdate=2018-11-14|archivedate=2018-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114225025/https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-longs-edm-label-announces-chip-e-appearance-769124.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbalị Mainstream ==
Ogologo oge gụsịrị akwụkwọ na UC Berkeley na Degree na Legal Studies ma bụrụ onye MENSA kemgbe ọ bụ nwata, ihe ịrịba ama nke a na-ekwu maka ya na N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya maka Cover of Forbes [[Morocco]] na December 2023, &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Multifaceted Journey of Miles Long: Breaking Barriers and Redefining Success|publisher=Forbes|url=https://forbesmorocco.com/2023/12/19/the-multifaceted-journey-of-miles-long-breaking-barriers-and-redefining-success/|accessdate=2024-01-11|archivedate=2024-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111195328/https://forbesmorocco.com/2023/12/19/the-multifaceted-journey-of-miles-long-breaking-barriers-and-redefining-success/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya maka Cover of CEO Times na Febụwarị 2024, &lt;ref name=&quot;CEOTimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Miles Long: The Visionary Shaping Success Beyond Limits|publisher=CEO Times|url=https://ceotimesmag.com/leadership/miles-long-the-visionary-shaping-success-beyond-limits/|accessdate=2024-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana ajụjụ ọnụ ya maka mkpuchi akwụkwọ akụkọ Los Angeles na Machị 2024. &lt;ref name=&quot;LosAngelesMag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Unveiling Miles Long: A Connoisseur of Limitless Possibilities|publisher=CEO Times|url=https://losangelesmag.com/unveiling-miles-long-a-connoisseur-of-limitless-possibilities/|accessdate=2024-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọchịchọ ya maka Dance Music mere ka ọ mepee Ndekọ Ndekọ ya, nke na-elekwasị anya na EDM na House Music DJs and Artists, yana Social Media Management na Branding. The Label, Sights &amp; Sounds Productions, emela ọtụtụ ihe omume na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ abalị na ebe egwuregwu na US. &lt;ref name=&quot;EDM 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Miles Long Shoots Billboard for MGM Grand Las Vegas|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/miles-long-shoots-billboard-for-mgm-grand-las-vegas-731191.html|accessdate=2024-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;EDM 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Miles Long's EDM Label Announces Chip E. Appearances|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-longs-edm-label-announces-chip-e-appearance-769124.html|accessdate=2024-01-11|archivedate=2018-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114225025/https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-longs-edm-label-announces-chip-e-appearance-769124.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;EDM 3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Miles Long Co-Sponsoring FHM Magazine Release Party Tonight|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-long-co-sponsoring-fhm-magazine-release-party-oct-12-922245.html|accessdate=2024-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;EDM 4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nikki Phoenix Co-Hosts Party, Radio Show as Directorial Debut 'Candy Lickers' Streets From Juicy|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/Nikki-Phoenix-Co-Hosts-Party-Radio-Show-as-Directorial-Debut-Candy-Lickers-Streets-From-Juicy-604086.html|accessdate=2024-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;EDM 5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=AEE 2016 - AVN Show Party at Foxtail Nightclub|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/galleries/AEE-2016-AVN-Show-Party-at-Foxtail-Nightclub-629104|accessdate=2024-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;EDM 6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nikki Phoenix's Jackeld Phoenix Event at CliQue|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/galleries/nikki-phoenixs-jackeld-phoenix-event-at-clique-717645|accessdate=2024-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2021 Long malitere ijikọta foto ya, eserese vidiyo na imepụta ihe ngosi maka asọmpi Lingerie Fighting, mmemme MMA na mgba PPV ụmụ nwanyị niile nke bidoro ọwa nke ya na netwọkụ Roku. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roku&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=LFC Network on Roku|publisher=Roku|url=https://channelstore.roku.com/en-gb/details/7c200a43c78d889bf769ccc8c2be1726/lfc-networka|accessdate=2022-05-25|archivedate=2023-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811161245/https://channelstore.roku.com/en-gb/details/7c200a43c78d889bf769ccc8c2be1726/lfc-networka}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ngosi ya, ''Modz &amp; Bodz'' nwetara ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ na-atụle mmasị ya maka iwu ụgbọ ala ngosi omenala na igosi igwe kwụ otu ebe mgbe ọ naghị achụso ịhụnanya ya maka foto na mmepụta ihe nkiri. Ajụjụ ọnụ na ihe nkiri a pụtara na mbipụta n'ụwa nile gụnyere US, &lt;ref name=&quot;LA Weekly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ENTERTAINMENT ENTREPRENEUR MILES LONG LAUNCHES CAR SHOW FEATURING LINGERIE-CLAD MODELS|date=25 May 2022|publisher=LA Weekly|url=https://www.laweekly.com/entertainment-entrepreneur-miles-long-launches-car-show-featuring-lingerie-clad-models/|accessdate=2022-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; UK, &lt;ref name=&quot;Deadline News&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=EBUSINESS OWNER MILES LONG LAUNCHES CAR SHOW WITH A DIFFERENCE|date=28 April 2022|publisher=Deadline News|url=https://www.deadlinenews.co.uk/2022/04/28/business-owner-miles-long-launches-car-show-with-a-difference/|accessdate=2022-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singapore, &lt;ref name=&quot;IBT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Entertainment entrepreneur Miles Long launches car show featuring Lingerie-Clad models|work=International Business Times|date=22 April 2022|url=https://www.ibtimes.sg/entertainment-entrepreneur-miles-long-launches-car-show-featuring-lingerie-clad-models-64189|accessdate=2022-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp; [[Ndia|India]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;The WEEK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=An entertainment entrepreneur is combining his two passions to create a car show with a difference|publisher=The WEEK|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2022/04/22/an-entertainment-entrepreneur-is-combining-his-two-passions-to-c.html|accessdate=2022-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malite na 2022, Long malitere ịgbapụ nke ukwuu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Mainstream, yana foto ya gosipụtara n'ọtụtụ mkpuchi, okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu yana na Centerfolds nke akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama n'ụwa niile gụnyere FHM na Playboy . &lt;ref name=&quot;FHM1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rachael Cavalli Scores Aussie FHM Cover &amp; Playboy Feature|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/rachael-cavalli-delights-with-aussie-fhm-cover-amp-playboy-feature-908037.html|accessdate=2022-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;FHM2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jenna Starr Graces Cover of 'FHM' Magazine - French Edition|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/jenna-starr-graces-cover-of-fhm-magazine-french-edition-908339.html|accessdate=2022-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;FHM3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Eva Long - Living the Dream|publisher=FHM South Africa|url=https://fhmsa.co.za/living-the-dream/|accessdate=2022-06-01|archivedate=2022-08-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810135557/https://fhmsa.co.za/living-the-dream/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Playboy 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shay Lynn|publisher=Playboy South Africa|url=https://playboy.co.za/2022/07/01/sensual/|accessdate=2022-07-01|archivedate=2022-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013021252/https://playboy.co.za/2022/07/01/sensual/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;FHM4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Exhilarating Sofie Marie|publisher=FHM Australia|url=https://fhmaustralia.com/2022/08/01/exhilarating/|accessdate=2022-08-01|archivedate=2022-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013021258/https://fhmaustralia.com/2022/08/01/exhilarating/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;FHM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Good vibes Only Veronika Valentine|publisher=FHM Australia|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CjQroDGLA0y/?hl=en|accessdate=2022-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Playboy 3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=We Heart Angel Beau|publisher=Playboy Denmark|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CbzvWkDD-sn/|accessdate=2022-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Playboy 4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Miss Burlesque World 2022 Shimmy La Roux|publisher=Playboy Denmark|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CeRREQwA29Y/|accessdate=2022-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Playboy 5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Exotic Hochi Bound|publisher=Playboy Afrika|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CeRaR7ZAogx/|accessdate=2022-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Playboy 6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Miles Long Receives NightMoves Lifetime Achievement Award|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-long-receives-nightmoves-lifetime-achievement-award-910601.html|accessdate=2022-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;PBandFHM1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Miles Long Spotlights Tori Black on Playboy Africa, FHM Sweden|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-long-spotlights-tori-black-on-playboy-africa-fhm-sweden-915591.html|accessdate=2023-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Septemba 2023, Long gbara Shimmy La Roux maka mkpuchi na Centerfold maka onye egwuregwu egwuregwu Playboy [[Denmark]] nke afọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;PMOY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Playmate of the Year Shimmy La Roux|publisher=Playboy Denmark|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CwpqLENNUZI/|accessdate=2023-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'October 2023, Long Co kwadoro ma kwadoo otu FHM Magazine Release Party na Vegas na-egosipụta mkpokọta ụgbọ ala ya nke na-egosi na ihe ngosi ya ''Modz na Bodz'' yana Model ndị pụtara na mbipụta 2024 FHM Top 100. Getty Images na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ese foto na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi kpuchiri ihe omume a. &lt;ref name=&quot;FHMtop100&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Miles Long Co-Sponsoring FHM Magazine Release Party Tonight|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-long-co-sponsoring-fhm-magazine-release-party-oct-12-922245.html|accessdate=2023-10-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Getty1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=FHM's &quot;Top 100 Sexiest Women In The World&quot; Issue Release Party|publisher=Getty|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/fhms-top-100-sexiest-women-in-the-world-issue-release-party?assettype=image&amp;family=editorial&amp;phrase=FHM%27s%20%22Top%20100%20Sexiest%20Women%20In%20The%20World%22%20Issue%20Release%20Party&amp;events=776048438|accessdate=2023-10-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;AAIA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Miles Long Inducted Into AAIA Hall of Fame|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-long-inducted-into-aaia-hall-of-fame-918499.html|accessdate=2023-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;Long began working as a photographer and director of photography for Michael Ninn.  [1] Long spent on mainstream TV in 2007 as director of photography of the television series Untold Stripclub Disclosure.  [2] In 2011, he kept his stage name and successfully sued a company that used his stage name to sell products without his license.  [3] In April 2020, Newsweek magazine interviewed him about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on his company.  [4] In 2021 he started writing articles as a reporter for NightMoves Magazine interviewing stars he knew personally for interviews that allowed him to show the private parts of the girls he was interviewing  .  [5] [6] He continues to make radio appearances, being on LATalkRadio with Amber Lynn [7] and Vivid Radio on SiriusXM with Christy Canyon [8] &amp; Lisa Ann .  [9] [10] In June 2021 he appeared on the UK TV show This Morning and talked about his career, personal life and love life.  In TV interviews and his articles related to the Daily Mirror [11] and LADBible [12] As of 20233 he was inducted into the AVN, NightMoves, AAIA, Urban X and XRCO Halls of Fame, winning NightMoves Triple.  Sports Award for excellence in more than one field and also received Lifetime Achievement Award.  [13] [14] He is the first non-Australian to be inducted into the Australian Adult Industry Awards.

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 20em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
|+&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt&quot;&gt;'''Ndepụta otuto nke Miles Long nwetara'''&lt;/span&gt; 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |
{| class=&quot;collapsible collapsed&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #D9E8FF; text-align: center;&quot; | Ihe nrite na nhọpụta
|-
|- style=&quot;background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Ihe nrite'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;&quot; | '''meriri'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;&quot; | '''Ahọpụtara'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; AVN Awards 
|{{Won|4}}|{{Nom|55}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Fleshbot Awards 
|{{Won|0}}|{{Nom|3}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; NightMoves Awards 
|{{Won|5}}|{{Nom|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Ndị AAIA 
|{{Won|1}}|{{Nom|0}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Ihe nrite XBIZ 
|{{Won|0}}|{{Nom|16}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Ihe nrite XRCO 
|{{Won|1}}|{{Nom|10}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Urban X Awards 
|{{Won|3}}|{{Nom|7}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Ihe nrite Mmekọahụ 
|{{Won|0}}|{{Nom|1}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; IAFD Awards 
|{{Won|1}}|{{Nom|1}}
|}
|- style=&quot;background:#d9e8ff;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; '''Ngụkọta ọnụọgụ mmeri na nhọpụta''' 
|-|{{Won|'''Totals'''}}|{{Won|'''14'''}}|{{Nom|'''97'''}}
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Ceremony
!Result
!Category
!Work
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''2002'''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.avnawards.com/nomin-list.html|title=This Year's Nominees|accessdate=2015-01-27|publisher=AVN Awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011208103701/http://www.avnawards.com/nomin-list.html|archivedate=December 8, 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Best Music &lt;small&gt;(shared with Tommy Ganz)&lt;/small&gt;
|''Bad Wives 2''
|-
| {{Nom}}
|''Marissa''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''2006'''
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000010/2006/1?ref_=nmawd_ev_1|title=AVN AWARDS 2006 NOMINEES|accessdate=2022-11-15|publisher=IMDB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best New Video Production Company
|''Miles Long''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0852567/awards/|title=AVN AWARDS 2006 NOMINEES|accessdate=2022-11-15|publisher=IMDB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best All Girl Series
|''Muff 2''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''2007'''
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.avn.com/imagearchive/27/84/74/2784742007UpdatedNominations|title=AVN AWARDS 2007 NOMINEES|accessdate=2015-01-27|publisher=AVN Awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423104247/http://www.avn.com/imagearchive/27/84/74/2784742007UpdatedNominations|archivedate=April 23, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Director – Non-Feature
|''Addicted Again''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=addicted+2/year=2006/addicted+2.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best All Sex Release
|''Addicted Again''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''2008'''
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=ties+that+bind+2/year=2007/ties+that+bind+2.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best All Sex Release
|''Ties That Bind 2''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=addicted+3/year=2007/addicted+3.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best High-End All Sex Release
|''Addicted 3''
|-
| {{Nom}}
|Best High Definition Release
|''Addicted 3''
|-
| {{Nom}}
|Best Editing
|''Addicted 3''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''2009'''
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=nylons+4/year=2008/nylons+4.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Continuing Series
|''Nylons 4''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=big+loves+4/year=2008/big+loves+4.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Gonzo Release
|''Big Loves 4''
|-
| {{Nom}}
|Best Gonzo Series
|''Big Loves''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=cougar+club+1/year=2008/cougar+club+1.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Won}}
|Best MILF Release
|''The Cougar Club''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |'''2010'''
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0840274/awards?ref_=tt_awd|title=IMDb Movie Awards Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Won}}
|Best All-Sex Series
|''Addicted''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=nylons+5/year=2009/nylons+5.htm|title=AVN Announces the Winners of the 2011 AVN Awards|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Foot/Leg Fetish Release
|''Nylons 5''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=addicted+6/year=2009/addicted+6.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best All Sex Series
|''Addicted 6''
|-
| {{Nom}}
|Best High-End All Sex Release
|''Addicted 6''
|-
| {{Nom}}
|Best Vignette Series
|''Addicted 6''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=cougar+club+2/year=2009/cougar+club+2.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best MILF Release
|''The Cougar Club 2''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |'''2011'''
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/director-miles-long-inducted-into-2011-avn-hall-of-fame-425936.html|title=Director Miles Long Inducted Into 2011 AVN Hall of Fame|accessdate=2011-02-04|date=2018-11-25|publisher=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Won}}
|Hall of Fame
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |AVN Award&lt;ref name=&quot;IAFD Movie Page&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=nylons+7/year=2010/nylons+7.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Foot/Leg Fetish Release
|''Nylons 7''
|-
| {{Nom}}
|Best Specialty Tape: Other Genre
|''Nylons 7''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=kittens+and+their+milf/year=2010/kittens+and+their+milf.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Older Woman/Younger Girl Movie
|''Kittens And Their MILF''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1667906/reference/|title=IMDB Movie Page|accessdate=2023-11-15|publisher=IMDB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Packaging Innovation
|''Vajazzled''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1623664/reference/|title=IMDB Movie Page|accessdate=2023-11-15|publisher=IMDB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best All Girl Group Sex Scene
|''Girlfriends 2''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1692228/reference/|title=IMDB Movie Page|accessdate=2023-11-15|publisher=IMDB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Anal Sex Scene
|''Upskirts 2''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Urban X Award
| {{Won}}
|Best Couples Sex Scene&lt;ref name=&quot;AVN Bio Page&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/porn-stars/miles-long-260024.html|title=Miles Long Bio Page|accessdate=2019-10-27|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|''Vajazzled''
|-
| {{Nom}}
|Best Gonzo Director&lt;ref name=&quot;IAFD Director Page&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/person.rme/perfid=mileslong/gender=d/miles-long.htm|title=IAFD Director Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002654/2011/1|title=IMDb Awards Show Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{n/a}}
|-
| {{Nom}}
|Director of the Year&lt;ref name=&quot;IAFD Director Page&quot; /&gt;
| {{n/a}}
|-
|XBIZ Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/person.rme/perfid=mileslong/gender=d/miles-long.htm|title=IAFD Director Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002080/2011/1|title=IMDb Awards Show Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Director of the Year - Body of Work
| {{n/a}}
|-
|XBIZ Award&lt;ref name=&quot;IAFD Movie Page&quot; /&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Gonzo Release of the Year
|''Nylons 7''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;15&quot; |'''2012'''
|AVN Award&lt;ref name=&quot;iafd.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=nylons+8/year=2010/nylons+8.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Won}}
|Best Foot/Leg Fetish Release
|''Nylons 8''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref name=&quot;iafd.com&quot; /&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Director – Non Feature
|''Nylons 8''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=girlfriends+3/year=2011/girlfriends+3.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best All Girl Release
|''Girlfriends 3''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best All Girl Group Sex Scene
|''Girlfriends 3''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=young+thighs+in+knee+highs+1/year=2010/young+thighs+in+knee+highs+1.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Foot/Leg Fetish Release
|''Young Thighs in Knee Highs''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=cougar+club+3+(ii)/year=2011/cougar+club+3+(ii).htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best MILF Release
|''The Cougar Club 3''
|-
|Urban X Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/video/Urban-X-Awards-Announces-2012-Winners-482109.html|title=Urban X Awards Announces 2012 Winners|accessdate=2015-01-28|date=2012-06-22|publisher=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]|archivedate=2016-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319051237/http://business.avn.com/articles/video/Urban-X-Awards-Announces-2012-Winners-482109.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Won}}
|Hall of Fame
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |XBIZ Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://xbizawards.xbiz.com/nominees.php|title=2012 Nominees|accessdate=2015-01-27|publisher=XBIZ Awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131025101/http://xbizawards.xbiz.com/nominees.php|archivedate=January 31, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Director of the Year - Body of Work
| {{n/a}}
|-
| {{Nom}}
|Director of the Year - Individual Project
|''The Cougar Club 3''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |XBIZ Award&lt;ref name=&quot;iafd.com&quot; /&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Fetish Release of the Year
|''Nylons 8''
|-
| {{Nom}}
|Vignette Release of the Year
|''Nylons 8''
|-
|XBIZ Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=nooners/year=2011/nooners.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|All Sex Release of the Year
|''Nooners''
|-
|XBIZ Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=official+deal+or+no+deal+parody/year=2011/official+deal+or+no+deal+parody.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Parody Release of the Year
|''Official Deal or No Deal Parody''
|-
|XBIZ Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=sleazy+riders/year=2011/sleazy+riders.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Vignette Release of the Year
|''Sleazy Riders''
|-
|XRCO Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/video/XRCO-Announces-2012-Hall-of-Fame-Class-469121.html|title=XRCO Announces 2012 Hall of Fame Class|accessdate=2015-01-27|author=Peter Warren|date=2012-03-19|publisher=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]|archivedate=2013-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130022923/http://business.avn.com/articles/video/XRCO-Announces-2012-Hall-of-Fame-Class-469121.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Won}}
|XRCO Hall of Fame
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |'''2013'''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=girlfriends+4/year=2012/girlfriends+4.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best All Girl Series
|''Girlfriends''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=nylons+9/year=2012/nylons+9.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Foot/Leg Fetish Release
|''Nylons 9''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=laid+in+lingerie+1/year=2011/laid+in+lingerie+1.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Foot/Leg Fetish Release
|''Laid In Lingerie''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=more+than+you+bargained+for/year=2012/more+than+you+bargained+for.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Vignette Release
|''More Than You Bargained For''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=cheerleaders+gone+bad+1/year=2012/cheerleaders+gone+bad+1.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Young Girl Release
|''Cheerleaders Gone Bad''
|-
|The Sex Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/person.rme/perfid=mileslong/gender=d/miles-long.htm|title=IAFD Director Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002672/2013/1|title=IMDB Awards Show Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Favorite Director
| {{n/a}}
|-
|XBIZ Award&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Fetish Release of the Year
|''Nylons 9''
|-
|XBIZ Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=office+politics/year=2012/office+politics.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Vignette Release of the year
|''Office Politics''
|-
|XBIZ Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://xbizawards.xbiz.com/nominees.php|title=2013 Nominees|accessdate=2015-01-27|publisher=XBIZ Awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225104526/http://xbizawards.xbiz.com/nominees.php|archivedate=December 25, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Director of the Year - Non-Feature Release
|''Office Politics''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |'''2014'''
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=girlfriends+5/year=2012/girlfriends+5.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best All Girl Series
|''Girlfriends''
|-
|XBIZ Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://xbizawards.xbiz.com/nominees.php|title=Nominees|accessdate=2015-01-27|publisher=XBIZ Awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101433/http://xbizawards.xbiz.com/nominees.php|archivedate=October 6, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Director of the Year - Non-Feature Release
|''Angelic Asses''
|-
|XBIZ Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=angelic+asses/year=2013/angelic+asses.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|All Sex Release of the Year
|''Angelic Asses''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''2015'''
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://avnawards.avn.com/pages/4|title=2015 AVN Award Nominees|accessdate=2015-01-27|publisher=AVN Awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125015310/http://avnawards.avn.com/pages/4|archivedate=November 25, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Web Director
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |AVN Award&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=angelic+asses+3/year=2014/angelic+asses+3.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Anal Series
|''Angelic Asses''
|-
| {{Nom}}
|Best Big Butt Release
|''Angelic Asses''
|-
|XBIZ Award&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|All Sex Series of the Year
|''Angelic Asses''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''2016'''
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.die-screaming.com/2016-avn-award-nominees-54469/|title=AVN 2016 Nominees|date=21 November 2015|accessdate=2015-11-21|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best New Imprint
|''Little Dragon Pictures''
|-
|XRCO Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/xrco-announces-2016-nominations-649580.html|title=XRCO Announces 2016 Nominations|accessdate=2016-04-08|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Director: Web
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''2018'''
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/nominees|title=AVN 2018 Nominees|accessdate=2018-01-27|publisher=AVN}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000010/2018/1|title=IMDb Awards Nominations Page|accessdate=2018-01-27|publisher=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Oral Movie
|''POV Mania #9''
|-
|XRCO Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/nominations-announced-for-2018-xrco-awards-773548.html|title=XRCO Announces 2018 Nominees|accessdate=2018-04-20|author=Peter Warren|date=2018-04-20|publisher=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Web Director
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Urban X Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002654/2018/1|title=IMDb - 2018 Awards Show Nominees|accessdate=2018-04-20|author=IMDb|date=2018-11-14|publisher=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Won}}
|Studio of the Year&lt;ref name=&quot;AVN Bio Page&quot; /&gt;
|''Bangbros''
|-
| {{Nom}}
|Best Girl Girl Release
|''Pussy Crazy 4''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |'''2019'''
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/nominees|title=AVN 2019 Nominees|accessdate=2018-11-16|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Director - Web Channel/Site
| {{n/a}}
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/nominees|title=AVN 2019 Nominees|accessdate=2018-11-16|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Oral Movie
|''POV Mania #12''
|-
|XBIZ Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/240128/xbiz-announces-finalist-nominees-for-2019-xbiz-awards|title=XBIZ 2019 Nominees|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=2018-11-15|publisher=XBIZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Director or the Year - Web
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |XRCO Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/243622/2019-xrco-award-nominees-announced|title=XRCO Awards Nominees Announced|date=23 April 2019|accessdate=2019-04-25|publisher=XBIZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Director - Non Feature
|{{n/a}}
|-
| {{Nom}}
|Best Director - Web
|{{n/a}}
|-
|IAFD Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blog.iafd.com/2019/05/13/and-the-2019-spank-bank-award-goes-to/|title=IAFD Announces 2019 Winners|accessdate=2019-06-26|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Won}}
|Director or the Year - Web
| {{n/a}}
|-
|NightMoves Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://aan.xxx/27th-annual-nightmoves-awards-were-a-huge-success/|title=Winners for 27th Annual NightMoves Awards|accessdate=2019-10-14|publisher=Nightmoves Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/winners-announced-of-27th-annual-nightmoves-awards-849603.html|title=Winners Announced Of 27th Annual NightMoves Awards|accessdate=2019-10-14|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Won}}
|Triple Play Award
| {{n/a}}
|-
|NightMoves Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/245428/nominees-for-27th-annual-nightmoves-awards-announced|title=Nominees for 27th Annual NightMoves Awards Announced|date=15 July 2019|accessdate=2019-07-15|publisher=XBIZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Non-Feature Director
| {{n/a}}
|-
|Urban X Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/miles-long-receives-urban-x-awards-director-of-year-nomination-836291.html|title=AVN Announces 2019 Urban X Director Nominees|accessdate=2019-06-21|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Director of the Year
| {{n/a}}
|-
|Urban X Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://aiwards.com/news/urban-x-awards-2019-nominations-full-list-revealed|title=Urban X Awards 2019 Nominations Full List Revealed|accessdate=2019-06-22|publisher=AIwards}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Studio of the Year
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |'''2020'''
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/nominees|title=AVN 2020 Nominees|accessdate=2019-11-22|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Director - Web Channel/Site
| {{n/a}}
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/nominees|title=AVN 2020 Nominees|accessdate=2019-11-22|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Oral Production
|''POV Mania #20''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/nominees|title=AVN 2020 Nominees|accessdate=2019-11-22|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Gonzo Production
|''Full Service POV #7''
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/nominees|title=AVN 2020 Nominees|accessdate=2019-11-22|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best POV Sex Scene
|''Shooting With Sexy Eliza Ibarra'' / Eliza Ibarra &amp; Miles Long
|-
|IAFD Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blog.iafd.com/2020/05/28/the-2020-spank-bank-award-nominations/|title=IAFD Announces 2020 Nominees|accessdate=2020-06-02|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Director or the Year - Web
| {{n/a}}
|-
|NightMoves Award&lt;ref name=&quot;avn.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/voting-for-the-the-28th-annual-nightmoves-awards-started-886387.html|title=Nominees for 28th Annual NightMoves Awards Announced|accessdate=2020-08-17|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Non-Feature Director
| {{n/a}}
|-
|NightMoves Award&lt;ref name=&quot;avn.com&quot; /&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Fetish/Taboo/Specialty Release
|''Are You Rough Enough #4''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |XRCO Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/xrco-awards-announces-2020-nominees-in-video-on-avn-stars-890600.html|title=XRCO Awards Nominees Announced|accessdate=2020-11-07|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Director - Web
|{{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |'''2021'''
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2021_nominees|title=AVN 2021 Nominees|accessdate=2020-11-19|publisher=AVN|archivedate=2020-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120065709/https://avn.com/awards/2021_nominees}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Director - Web Channel/Site
| {{n/a}}
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2021_nominees|title=AVN 2021 Nominees|accessdate=2020-11-19|publisher=AVN|archivedate=2020-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120065709/https://avn.com/awards/2021_nominees}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best POV Sex Scene
|''Luna's 5 Star Vacation Day 1'' - Luna Star &amp; Miles Long
|-
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2021_nominees|title=AVN 2021 Nominees|accessdate=2020-11-19|publisher=AVN|archivedate=2020-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120065709/https://avn.com/awards/2021_nominees}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Double-Penetration Sex Scene
|''Brooklyn Chase''
|-
|Nightmoves Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2021-nightmoves-dates-announced-901877.html|title=Nightmoves 2021 Nominees|accessdate=2021-07-29|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best All Sex/ Gonzo Release
|''POV Mania #21''
|-
|Nightmoves Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2021-nightmoves-award-winners-announced-903127.html|title=Nightmoves 2021 Winners|accessdate=2021-10-12|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Won}}
|Hall of Fame
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |XRCO Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/xrco-announces-2021-award-nominees-902859.html|title=XRCO Announces 2021 Award Nominees|accessdate=2020-09-22|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Director - Web
|{{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Fleshbot Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2021-fleshbot-awards-nominees-announced-903261.html|title=2021 Fleshbot Awards Nominees Announced|accessdate=2021-10-20|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Director of the Year
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''2022'''
|AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2022_nominees|title=AVN 2022 Nominees|accessdate=2021-11-18|publisher=AVN|archivedate=2021-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119093549/https://avn.com/awards/2022_nominees}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Director - Banner/Network
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |XRCO Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/xrco-announces-nominees-for-2022-xrco-awards-906954.html|title=XRCO Announces 2022 Award Nominees|accessdate=2022-04-07|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Director - Web
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |NightMoves Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/winners-of-30th-annual-nightmoves-awards-announced-910567.html|title=30th annual Nightmoves Awards Announces 2022 Award Winners|accessdate=2022-10-11|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Won}}
|Lifetime Achievement
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Fleshbot Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/nominees-announced-for-2022-fleshbot-awards-910486.html|title=Nominees Announced for 2022 Fleshbot Awards|accessdate=2022-10-11|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Director of the Year
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |'''2023'''
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2023_nominees|title=AVN 2023 Nominees|accessdate=2022-11-06|publisher=AVN|archivedate=2022-11-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106183135/https://avn.com/awards/2023_nominees}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Director - Non-Narrative
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2023_nominees|title=AVN 2023 Nominees|accessdate=2022-11-06|publisher=AVN|archivedate=2022-11-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106183135/https://avn.com/awards/2023_nominees}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Mainstream Venture
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2023_nominees|title=AVN 2023 Nominees|accessdate=2022-11-06|publisher=AVN|archivedate=2022-11-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106183135/https://avn.com/awards/2023_nominees}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Solo/Tease Performance
|''When Girls Are Alone''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |AAI Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-long-inducted-into-aaia-hall-of-fame-918499.html|title=Miles Long Inducted Into AAIA Hall of Fame|accessdate=2023-05-15|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Won}}
|Hall of Fame
|{{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Urban X Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iafd.com/person.rme/perfid=mileslong/gender=d/miles-long.htm|title=IAFD performer awards page|accessdate=2023-06-29|publisher=IAFD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Director of the Year
|{{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |XRCO Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/xrco-announces-nominations-for-39th-annual-awards-show-918040.html|title=XRCO Announces 2023 Award Nominees|accessdate=2023-04-28|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Director - Web
|{{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Fleshbot Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://fleshbot.com/8976662/the-nominees-for-the-2023-fleshbot-awards/|title=Nominees Announced for 2023 Fleshbot Awards|date=19 October 2023|accessdate=2023-10-20|publisher=Fleshbot}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Oral Scene
|''POV Mania #22'' / Miles Long &amp; Kay Carter
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |NightMoves Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nightmovesonline.com/the-nightmoves-awards-history/|title=31st annual Nightmoves Awards Announces 2023 Award Winners|accessdate=2023-11-15|publisher=Nightmoves}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Won}}
|Best All Girl Release
|''Kenzie Loves Girls''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |'''2024'''
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2024_nominees|title=AVN 2024 Nominees|accessdate=2023-11-14|publisher=AVN|archivedate=2023-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114170527/https://avn.com/awards/2024_nominees}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best All Girl Release
|''Kenzie Loves Girls''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |AVN Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2024_nominees|title=AVN 2024 Nominees|accessdate=2023-11-14|publisher=AVN|archivedate=2023-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114170527/https://avn.com/awards/2024_nominees}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Mainstream Venture
|''Modz And Bodz''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |XRCO Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/nominees-announced-for-40th-annual-xrco-awards-930181.html|title=XRCO Announces 2024 Award Nominees|accessdate=2024-04-07|publisher=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Nom}}
|Best Director - Web
|{{n/a}}
|-
|}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Martine Syms</title>
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      <text bytes="37251" sha1="ihn76mda6977w4ecgnrmbroz5cgggce" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''BuMartine Syms''' (amụrụ 1988) bụ onye omenkà America bi na [[Los Angeles]], ọkachamara na usoro dị iche iche gụnyere mbipụta, vidiyo, nrụnye, na arụmọrụ . Mgbalị nka ya na-agbagharị gburugburu gburugburu njirimara, ọkachasị nnochite anya nke onwe, na-elekwasị anya na isiokwu dịka feminism na omenala ojii. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Martine Syms|url=https://www.sadiecoles.com/artists/44-martine-syms/|accessdate=2021-01-09|work=Sadie Coles HQ|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Syms na-ejikarị ọchị na nkọwa mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị ka ụgbọ ala maka nyocha n'ime ọrụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2007, o webatara okwu a bụ &quot; '''Conceptual Entrepreneur''' &quot; iji kọwaa ụzọ nka nka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;Fear and desire for connection and the blocks to it&quot;: artist Martine Syms on her exhibition Grand Calme|url=https://www.itsnicethat.com/features/martine-syms-art-200918|accessdate=2021-01-09|work=www.itsnicethat.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Martine Syms na 1988 na [[Los Angeles]] . Ọ tolitere na mpaghara Altadena nke obodo ya na ụmụnne ya atọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Anyangwe|first=Eliza|date=2016-05-09|title=Martine Syms at the ICA: 'people act like art is a white thing'|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/may/09/martine-syms-fact-and-trouble-ica-art-not-most-effective-protest|accessdate=2020-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ bụ nwata, ndị mụrụ ya nwetara ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ n'agbata afọ 7 na 12. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Martine Syms: 'Don't be afraid to be narcissistic'|url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/martine-syms-artist-interview-2018|accessdate=2020-08-11|work=British GQ|date=September 9, 2018|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịghọta mmasị ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata, Syms gosipụtara ọchịchọ ya ịghọ onye na-ese ihe n'oge. N'ịtụgharị uche n'ahụmahụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, Syms ekwuola banyere ihe ịma aka nke ịnweta agụmakwụkwọ dị mma na mpaghara ya, na-ekwu, &quot; ''Ebe m tolitere enweghị ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze kacha mma, ọ na-esikwa ike ime ka anyị niile banye n'otu ebe. ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe - maka ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, site na ihe ọ dị ka'' .&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-05-09|title=Martine Syms at the ICA: 'people act like art is a white thing'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/may/09/martine-syms-fact-and-trouble-ica-art-not-most-effective-protest|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna Syms abụọ kwalitere mmepe okike ya, nne ya nwere mmasị na nka na ide na nna ya bụ onye na-ese foto. Dịka akụkụ nke njem nka ya, ọ sonyere na California State Summer School for Arts (CSSSA) na CalArts.

Na 2007, Syms nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Fine Arts (BFA) na fim, vidiyo, na mgbasa ozi ọhụụ sitere na oflọ Akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Martine Syms|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/martine-syms-16-faces-of-2016|accessdate=March 6, 2016|work=www.interviewmagazine.com|date=December 29, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara nweta nzere Master of Fine Arts (MFA) na Bard College na Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, na-agụcha akwụkwọ ya na 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Diehl|first=Travis|title=The Many Lives of Martine Syms|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/02/arts/design/the-many-lives-of-martine-syms.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Site na 2007 ruo 2012, Syms bụ onye isi ngalaba nke Golden Age, oghere na-ese ihe na Chicago. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ghorashi|first=Hannah|date=2016-04-26|title='You Make Publics Around The Ideas': Martine Syms on Publishing, Self-Help, Zine Culture, and More|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/you-make-publics-around-the-ideas-martine-syms-on-publishing-self-help-zine-culture-and-more-6186/|accessdate=2021-03-06|work=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2015, Syms sonyere na New Museum Triennial ''Surround Audience'' . N'ime otu afọ ahụ, e gosipụtara vidiyo ya akpọrọ &quot; ''Notes on Gesture'' &quot; na Bridget Donahue Gallery na [[New York City]] na Machine Project na Los Angeles. Vidio a na-enyocha mkpa mmegharị ahụ nke yiri ka ọ bụ obere ihe n'ịkpụzi njirimara mmadụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Toro|first=Lauren Boyle, Solomon Chase, Marco Roso, Nick Scholl, David|title=Notes on Gesture {{!}} Martine Syms|url=http://dismagazine.com/dystopia/78525/notes-on-gesture/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050141/http://dismagazine.com/dystopia/78525/notes-on-gesture/|archivedate=March 4, 2016|accessdate=March 5, 2016|work=DIS Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Syms jikọrọ aka na Willo Perron na Associates n'inyere aka na ide okwu [[Kanyé West|Kanye West]] na 2015 MTV Video Music Awards, ebe o kwuputara ọkwa ya maka ntuli aka onye isi ala 2020 . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;Fear and desire for connection and the blocks to it&quot;: artist Martine Syms on her exhibition Grand Calme|url=https://www.itsnicethat.com/features/martine-syms-art-200918|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=www.itsnicethat.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2016, Syms gosipụtara ihe ngosi arụmọrụ &quot; ''Misdirected Kiss'' &quot; na Storm King Art Center na [[New York City|New York]] 's Hudson Valley, yana na Broad Museum na [[Los Angeles]] . Aha ọrụ ahụ sitere na ihe nkiri 1904 &quot; ''The Misdirected Kiss'' .&quot; Incorporating element reminiscent of a TED okwu, arụmọrụ na-enyocha nke ọma okwu metụtara asụsụ na nnọchiteanya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Miranda|first=Carolina A.|title=White suitor, black maid: Martine Syms takes on black women representations in 'Misdirected Kiss'|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cam-martine-syms-misdirected-kiss-broad-museum-20160120-column.html|accessdate=March 10, 2016|work=Los Angeles Times|date=January 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Walser|first=Adrienne|date=February 18, 2016|title=Martine Syms Misdirected Kiss at the Broad Museum|url=http://contemporaryartreview.la/martine-syms-misdirected-kiss-at-the-broad-museum/|journal=Contemporary Art Review Los Angeles|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Syms mere ihe ngosi solo na Institute of Contemporary Arts na [[London]], nke akpọrọ &quot; ''Martine Syms: Fact &amp; Trouble'' ,&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Martine Syms: Fact &amp; Trouble|url=https://archive.ica.art/whats-on/martine-syms-fact-trouble|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=archive.ica.art|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke gosipụtara usoro vidiyo ya &quot; ''Nkụzi'' .&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Na 2017, Syms nwere ihe ngosi solo na Museum of Modern Art na [[New York City|New York]], nke akpọrọ &quot; ''Projects 106: Martine Syms'' ,&quot; nke na-agbagharị na ihe nkiri dị ogologo nke a na-akpọ &quot; ''Inense, Sweaters &amp; Ice'' .&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Projects 106: Martine Syms {{!}} MoMA|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3665|accessdate=2020-08-11|work=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye, Syms ka edepụtara aha maka Ọdịnihu Art Prize &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Martine Syms|url=https://futuregenerationartprize.org/en/history/2017/martine-syms|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=futuregenerationartprize.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee nata onyinye Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation n'otu afọ ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Russeth|first=Andrew|date=2018-02-15|title=Here Are the 2017 Tiffany Foundation Grant Recipients|url=http://www.artnews.com/2018/02/15/2017-tiffany-foundation-grant-recipients/|accessdate=2018-03-03|work=ARTnews|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Syms sonyeere ngalaba nke California Institute of Arts na Septemba 2018 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Artists Martine Syms and Cauleen Smith to Join CalArts School of Art Faculty|url=http://blog.calarts.edu/2017/08/02/artists-martine-syms-and-cauleen-smith-to-join-calarts-school-of-art-faculty/|accessdate=2019-02-28|work=24700|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee nye ya onyinye Graham Foundation Fellowship maka Advanced Studies na Fine Arts. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Graham Foundation Announces Inaugural Fellows|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/graham-foundation-announces-inaugural-fellows-74616|accessdate=2018-03-17|work=www.artforum.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ natakwara Commission Fields Commission na mgbasa ozi dabere na oge site na Philadelphia Museum of Art na Fondazione Sandretto Rebaudengo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Martine Syms is New Recipient of Future Fields Commission|url=https://press.philamuseum.org/the-philadelphia-museum-of-art-and-fondazione-sandretto-re-rebaudengo-award-martine-syms-the-future-fields-commission-in-time-based-media/|accessdate=2020-08-11|work=Martine Syms is New Recipient of Future Fields Commission|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Syms hibere Dominica Publishing, akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị nka raara nye inyocha njirimara ojii na nka na omenala ọhụụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rhizome - Black by Distribution: A Conversation with Martine Syms|url=http://rhizome.org/editorial/2011/aug/31/black-distribution-conversation-martine-syms/|work=rhizome.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Conceptual entrepreneur ===
Echiche nke ndị na-ese ihe na-achọ mkpebi onwe onye nke ego bụ isiokwu na-emegharị ugboro ugboro na nka ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke oge a. Ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Marcel Duchamp, Marcel Broodthaers, Piero Manzoni, David Hammons, na Joe Scanlan enyochala echiche a. Scanlan, karịsịa, kwuputara echiche a na ederede ya &quot; ''Ndị mmadụ na ahia'' ,&quot; nke na-eme ka ikike azụmahịa nke nkà echiche pụta ìhè. Scanlan na-arụ ụka na ndị na-ese ihe nwere nkà pụrụ iche na ụzọ mmepụta ihe, dị ka Agnes Martin na David Hammons, na-agụnye akara nke onwe, ntinye uru na ụkpụrụ mmepụta oge. A na-elegharakarị ndị na-ese ihe anya maka ntinye aka ha na mmepụta ọhụrụ azụmahịa nke ọgbara ọhụrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Conceptualismo y Economía|url=http://www.ubu.com/papers/cuy_conceptualism-economy.pdf|accessdate=13 August 2020|work=www.ubu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Syms na-anabata echiche nke mkpebi onwe onye site na ụlọ ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide, na-emetụta mmasị ya na egwu onwe ya na azụmahịa ndị ojii nwere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Unreliable Narrator|url=http://moussemagazine.it/articolo.mm?id=1299|accessdate=2024-06-10|archivedate=2016-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002124312/http://moussemagazine.it/articolo.mm?id=1299}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='YOU MAKE PUBLICS AROUND THE IDEAS': MARTINE SYMS ON PUBLISHING, SELF-HELP, ZINE CULTURE, AND MORE|date=April 26, 2016|url=http://www.artnews.com/2016/04/26/you-make-publics-around-the-ideas-martine-syms-on-publishing-self-help-zine-culture-and-more/}}&lt;/ref&gt; E gosipụtara ihe osise ya na ebe dị iche iche, gụnyere ọrụ mmadụ, [[Bridget Donahue Gallery]], New Museum, Kunsthalle Bern, Ụlọ ihe nkiri Studio na Harlem, [[Index Stockholm]], MOCA Los Angeles, na MCA Chicago . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 6, 2016|title=Information|url=http://martinesyms.com/information|work=martinesyms.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://artforum.com/picks/id=55228|title=Bridget Donahue}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbu a, Syms na-ejide ọkwa nkuzi na California Institute of Arts . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Omume nka nke Syms na-abanye n'ime njirimara ndị ojii nke oge a, tiori queer, na mkpa asụsụ. Nchọgharị ya na-ewere ọnọdụ site na usoro dị iche iche dịka vidiyo, arụmọrụ, ide ihe, wdg &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Martine Syms, The Queen's English » Armory Center for the Arts|url=http://www.armoryarts.org/exhibitions/2014/martine-syms-the-queen-s-english/|accessdate=March 5, 2016|work=www.armoryarts.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-03-30|title=Martine Syms|url=https://www.contemporaryartsociety.org/news/artist-to-watch/martine-syms/|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=Contemporary Art Society|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Syms na-eji ọdịdị nkenke nke vidiyo akpọrọ ihe dị ka ụzọ isi nyefee ozi dị mkpa &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Motor Cars|first=Rolls-Royce|date=2020-10-21|title=Meet the Artists: Martine Syms|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzvS61NtmAs|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=16 January 2021|work=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma were onwe ya dị ka onye nchịkọta nke &quot;mgbasa ozi na-enweghị mgbei.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ na-enyocha ọrụ nke smartphones dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka ịmepụta njirimara, &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=AnOther|date=2020-04-14|title=The Intoxicating Collages of Martine Syms|url=https://www.anothermag.com/art-photography/12426/martine-syms-work-intoxicating-collage-turin-exhibition-2020|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=AnOther|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ezere iji mgbasa ozi ọha. Syms na-enweta ọñụ n'ịchọgharị ka njirimara arụrụ onwe ya si apụta site na nyiwe ndị a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; N'ime usoro nka ya, Syms na-ejikarị oghere gallery mepụta mkpokọta mgbasa ozi . &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; O nwere nka nka dị iche iche, gụnyere koodu nkuzi onwe onye agbakwunyere na klaasị na Armory Center for Arts na Los Angeles. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Satire bụ isi iyi nke mkpali maka Syms, na-eji parody na mkparị zie ozi nka nka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-akọwa ụdị ọrụ ya dị ka ihe na-arụ ọrụ, na-emegharị ụzọ ya n'oge njem okike. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Mbipụta ==
Na 2011, Syms nyere aka na Atụmatụ Ọdịnihu na mmemme mmemme site na ibipụta ''Mmetụta na Ọdịiche'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Syms|first=Martine|title=Implications &amp; distinctions: format, content and context in contemporary race film : a text|date=2011-01-01|publisher=Future Plan and Program|isbn=9780983381518|location=United States?|language=English|oclc=769680360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ a na-enyocha arụmọrụ nke njirimara ojii na sinima nke oge a ma bụrụ akụkụ nke nkwado nkwado nke [[Steffani Jemison]] duziri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IMPLICATIONS AND DISTINCTIONS {{!}} Future Plan and Program|url=http://futureplanandprogram.com/martine-syms/|accessdate=2017-03-11|work=futureplanandprogram.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2013, Syms bipụtara ''Mundane Afrofuturist Manifesto'' na Rhizome . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 6, 2016|title=Martine Syms and the 'Mundane Afrofuturist Manifesto'|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/martine-syms-and-the-mundane-afrofuturist-manifesto|work=www.kcet.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ngosi a na-akwado maka ndị na-emepụta ihe nka oji ojii ka ha lekwasị anya n'ịmepụta omenala nke na-echepụta ọdịnihu dị adị n'ụwa. Syms na-ekwusi ike ihe ịma aka nke iche n'echiche ụwa na-enweghị echiche efu ma ọ bụ mgbapụ, na-agba ume maka echiche nke ugbu a na ọdịnihu. N'ihota DuBois na Ol' Dirty Bastard, ọ na-atụgharị uche n'echiche nke &quot;abụọ&quot; na otú ọ dị ka a na-ahụ ya dị ka nsogbu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Syms|first=Martine|date=December 17, 2013|title=Rhizome|url=http://rhizome.org/editorial/2013/dec/17/mundane-afrofuturist-manifesto/|accessdate=February 17, 2016|work=Rhizome.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2014, Syms wepụtara ''Ọtụtụ Days'', na-egosi tebụl na-agụ ihe nkiri ya nke na-egosi nkezi ụbọchị na ndụ nwa agbọghọ ojii na 2050 Los Angeles. Neal Reinalda dere akara ọba ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black to the Future|url=http://bitchmagazine.org/article/black-to-the-future-afrofuturism-feminism-music-janelle-monae-kelis-ebony-bones-theesatisfaction|accessdate=February 17, 2016|work=Bitchmagazine.org|archivedate=April 9, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409180608/http://bitchmagazine.org/article/black-to-the-future-afrofuturism-feminism-music-janelle-monae-kelis-ebony-bones-theesatisfaction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Syms na-ekere òkè na bọl dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ maka Sativa Football Club, na-ewere ọnọdụ nke midfielder. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Martine Syms: 'Don't be afraid to be narcissistic'|url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/martine-syms-artist-interview-2018|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=British GQ|date=September 9, 2018|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta, nkuzi na ihe ngosi ==

=== Nkuzi na ọgbakọ &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Martine Syms - Biography|url=https://www.sadiecoles.com/artists/44-martine-syms/biography/|accessdate=2021-01-09|work=Sadie Coles HQ|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ===

* William Greaves: Psychodrama, Interruption, and Circulation, Lewis Center for the Arts, Princeton University, Princeton NJ, co-organized with Fia Backström, 21 Feb, 2020
* with Colin Self, Sadie Coles HQ, London, 01 Oct, 2018
* ''March Meeting 2018: Active Forms'', Sharjah Art Foundation, Shuwaihen, Sharjah, UAE, 17-19 Mar 2018
* ''Experience It: Martine Syms'', A conversation with Martine Syms, Sharon Hayes and Jon Rafman, The Lab with California College of the Arts, San Francisco CA, USA, 26 Feb 2018
* ''Lounge'' Talk, ''Yebisu International Festival for Art and Alternative Visions'', Tokyo Photographic Museum, Tokyo, Japan, 09 Feb 2018
* Martine Syms and Rizvana Bradley in conversation, Raven Row, London, England, 23 Apr 2017
* ''Friday Flights at the Getty'', Getty Center, Los Angeles CA, USA, 26 Aug 2016
* ''Martine Syms'', Todd Madigan Gallery &amp; Department of Art at California State University, Bakersfield CA, USA, 16 Feb 2016
* ''Tip of Her Tongue: Martine Syms 'Misdirected Kiss''', The Oculus Hall at The Broad, Los Angeles CA, USA, 21 Jan 2016
* A Pilot For A Show About Nowhere, PNCA Mediatheque, Portland OR, USA, 12 May 2015
* ''Seven on Seven'', 7th Edition: Empathy &amp; Disgust, Rhizome, New York NY, USA, 2 May 2015
* ''Lessons of the Tradition'', California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach CA, USA, 2015
* ''Quality Television'', Light Industry, New York NY, USA 28 Apr 2015
* ''Lessons of the Tradition'', Pomona College, Claremont CA, USA, 2015
* ''Nite Life'', O, Miami Poetry Festival, Miami FL, USA, 2015
* ''In the Archives, Contemporary Artists Books'', Los Angeles CA, USA, 2015
* ''Lessons of the Tradition'', Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA, 2014
* ''Black Radical Imagination II'', REDCAT, Los Angeles CA, USA, 14 Nov 2014
* ''Black Vernacular: Lessons of the Tradition'', London College of Communication, London, England, 17 Oct 2014
* ''Do You Follow? Art in Circulation'', Rhizome/ICA Institute of Contemporary Art London, London, England, 15-17 Oct 2014
* ''Black Vernacular: Lessons of the Tradition'', Oberlin College &amp; Observatory, Oberlin OH, USA, 29 April 2014
* ''Most Days'', Moogfest Biennial, Asheville NC, USA, 26 Apr 2014
* ''Black Vernacular'', Insights 2014 Design Lecture Series, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis MN, USA, 18 Mar 2014
* ''Direct Design'', Minneapolis College of Art and Design, Minneapolis MN, USA, 2014
* ''Most Days'', Arts Incubator, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA, 2014
* ''Direct Design'', Otis College of Art and Design, Los Angeles CA, USA, 2014
* ''Becoming Artists: Critique, Originality &amp; Identity - Managing Biography: Negotiating Audience'', [[Yale University]], New Haven CT, USA, 08 Feb 2014
* ''New Paradigms in Digital Media 'Mainstreaming' a DIY Culture'', Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, USA, 13 Apr 2013
* ''Conceptual Entrepreneurism'', Maryland Institute College of Art, Baltimore MD, USA, 2013
* ''Black Vernacular: Reading New Media'', SXSW, Austin TX, USA, 2013
* ''Science Fiction &amp; What It Feels Like To (Already) Live In the Future'', Actual Size, Los Angeles CA, 11 Jan 2013
* ''Real Talk'', California Institute of the Arts, Valencia CA, USA, 05 Nov 2012
* ''Reading Politics'', Summer Forum, Chicago IL, USA, 2012
* ''The Didactic Possibilities of Film Titles'', Houston Museum of African American Art, Houston TX, USA, 2011
* ''Artist/Authors'', The Gregory School, Houston TX, USA, 2011
* ''Implications &amp; Distinctions'', [[Ụlọ Project Row|Project Row Houses]], Houston TX, USA, 2011
* ''Future Plan and Program'' - Lecture by [[Steffani Jemison]] and Martine Syms, Prairie View A &amp;amp;amp; M University, Prairie View TX, USA, 19 Apr 2011

=== Ihe ngosi Solo ===

* Armory Center for the Arts (Pasadena, CA), ''Martine Syms, The Queen's English,'' 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.armoryarts.org/exhibitions/2014/martine-syms-the-queen-s-english/|title=Martine Syms, The Queen's English » Armory Center for the Arts|work=www.armoryarts.org|accessdate=March 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [http://locustprojects.org Locust Projects] (Miami), ''Art on the Move: Nite Life,'' 2015''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=LOCUST PROJECTS|url=http://www.locustprojects.org/exhibitions/art-on-the-move/nite-life.html|accessdate=2020-08-11|work=www.locustprojects.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240616112334/https://whiteflagprojects.org/wfp10/ White Flag Projects] (Saint Louis, Missouri), ''Martine Syms,'' 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=White Flag Projects|url=http://whiteflagprojects.org/wfp10/exhibition_details.cfm?eID=100|accessdate=March 5, 2016|work=whiteflagprojects.org|archivedate=August 17, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817025800/http://www.whiteflagprojects.org/wfp10/exhibition_details.cfm?eID=100}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Machine Project (Los Angeles, CA), ''Notes on Gesture,'' 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20241224094323/https://www.bridgetdonahue.nyc/ Bridget Donahue] (New York), ''Martine Syms: Vertical Elevated Oblique,'' 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Martine Syms: Vertical Elevated Oblique {{!}} Martine Syms {{!}} Bridget Donahue|url=https://www.bridgetdonahue.nyc/artists/syms-martine/solo/martine-syms-vertical-elevated-oblique/|accessdate=2020-08-11|work=www.bridgetdonahue.nyc|archivedate=2019-12-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224112736/https://www.bridgetdonahue.nyc/artists/syms-martine/solo/martine-syms-vertical-elevated-oblique/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Audain Gallery (Vancouver, Canada), ''Borrowed Lady'', 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Human Resources (Los Angeles), ''Martine Syms: Black Box,'' 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Human Resources Chinatown Los Angeles - Event Details - 2.6.2016 - 2.27.2016 Martine Syms &quot;Black Box&quot;|url=http://humanresourcesla.com/event-details/2016/1/26/262016-2272016-martine-syms-black-box.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320060013/http://humanresourcesla.com/event-details/2016/1/26/262016-2272016-martine-syms-black-box.html|archivedate=March 20, 2016|accessdate=March 5, 2016|work=humanresourcesla.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Karma International (Beverly Hills, California), ''Martine Syms: com port ment,'' 2016
* Institute of Contemporary Art (London, England), ''Martine Syms: Fact &amp; Trouble'', 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Martine Syms: Fact &amp; Trouble|url=https://archive.ica.art/whats-on/martine-syms-fact-trouble|accessdate=2020-08-11|work=archive.ica.art|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Museum of Modern Art (New York), ''Projects 106: Martine Syms,'' 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Projects 106: Martine Syms|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3665|accessdate=March 12, 2018|work=www.moma.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Camden Arts Centre (London, England), ''VNXXCAS: Martine Syms,'' 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* CONDO: Bridget Donahue hosted by Sadie Coles HQ (London, England), ''The Easy Demands,'' 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20241224094323/https://www.bridgetdonahue.nyc/ Bridget Donahue] (New York), ''Martine Syms: Big Surprise,'' 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Martine Syms: Big Surprise {{!}} Exhibitions {{!}} Bridget Donahue|url=https://www.bridgetdonahue.nyc/exhibitions/martine-syms/|accessdate=2020-08-11|work=www.bridgetdonahue.nyc|archivedate=2021-06-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625101319/https://www.bridgetdonahue.nyc/exhibitions/martine-syms/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Graham Foundation (Chicago IL), ''Incense Sweaters &amp; Ice'', 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Art Institute of Chicago (Chicago IL), ''SHE MAD: Laughing Gas,'' 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Sadie Coles HQ (London, England), ''Grand Calme,'' 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Serralves Foundation (Porto, Portugal), ''Contemporary Projects: Martine Syms,'' 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Secession (Vienna, Austria), ''Boon,'' 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Institute of Contemporary Art at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond VA), ''Shame Space'', 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Sadie Coles HQ off-site: 24 Cork Street (London, England), ''Ugly Plymouths'', 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* SLAM | Saint Louis Art Museum (St. Louis MO), ''New Media Series'', 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* 5239 Melrose Avenue (Los Angeles CA), New York, and Sadie Coles HQ (London, England), ''Ugly Plymouths,'' presented by Bridget Donahue, 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Bergen Kunsthall (Bergen, Norway), 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe ngosi otu ===

* The Green Gallery (Milwaukee), ''YOU CAN DEPEND ON THE SUNSHINE: Paul Cowan, Marco Kane, Martine Syms'', 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=west - The Green Gallery|url=http://www.thegreengallery.biz/past/west|accessdate=March 5, 2016|work=www.thegreengallery.biz}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* New Museum (New York), ''Museum as Hub: Alpha's Bet Is Not Over Yet'', 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
* MCA Chicago, ''We Are Here: Art &amp; Design Out of Context,'' 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MCA – We Are Here: Art &amp; Design Out of Context|url=https://mcachicago.org/Exhibitions/2011/We-Are-Here-Art-Design-Out-Of-Context|accessdate=March 5, 2016|work=mcachicago.org|archivedate=March 21, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321231557/https://mcachicago.org/Exhibitions/2011/We-Are-Here-Art-Design-Out-Of-Context}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Green Gallery (Milwaukee), ''Three Card Monte'', 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Public Fiction (Los Angeles), ''Act II: The Props'', 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Institute of Contemporary Art (Philadelphia), ''First Among Equals,'' 2012 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bodega|url=https://bodega-us.org/first_among_equals.html|accessdate=2020-08-11|work=bodega-us.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-08-30|title=First Among Equals - ICA Philadelphia|url=https://icaphila.org/exhibitions/first-among-equals/|accessdate=2020-08-11|work=Institute of Contemporary Art|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Badlands Unlimited, Apple iTunes, ''How to Download a Boyfriend'', 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Acid Rain TV (New York), ''The Didactic Possibilities of Film Titles'', 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Young Art (Los Angeles), ''Mise-En-Scéne'', 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Transfer Gallery (New York), ''gURLs'', 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Aran Cravey (Los Angeles), ''Rhetoric'', 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* New Museum (New York), ''First Look: Martine Syms: Reading Trayvon Martin'', 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* 356 Mission (Los Angeles), ''Another Cats Show'', 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* REDCAT (Los Angeles), ''Small New Films'', 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Cooper Union (New York), ''Black Radical Imagination'', 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Studio Museum (Harlem, New York), ''Speaking of People: Ebony, Jet and Contemporary Art'', 2014–2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/speaking-people-emebonyem-emjetem-and-contemporary-art|title=Speaking of People {{!}} The Studio Museum in Harlem|work=www.studiomuseum.org|accessdate=March 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ụlọ Project Row|Project Row Houses]] (Houston, Texas), ''How We Work'', 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Todd Madigan Gallery (California State University), ''Open House'', 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* ACTRE TV acretv.org, ''Tele-novela,'' 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Chan Gallery, Pomona College (Claremont), ''Candice Lin/Martine Syms'', 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* ICA Institute of Contemporary Art London (London, England), ''Artists' Film Club: Avant-Noir, Volume 2'', 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Bureau (New York), ''The Daily Show'', 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Walker Art Center (Minneapolis), ''Intangibles'', 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* New Museum (New York), ''2015 Triennial: Surround Audience'', 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/view/the-generational-triennial|title=2015 Triennial: Surround Audience|work=www.newmuseum.org|accessdate=March 5, 2016|archivedate=March 7, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307203204/http://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/view/the-generational-triennial}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Coming Community, Artspace NZ (Auckland, New Zealand), ''Potentially Yours'', 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Astrup Fearnley Museet (Oslo, Norway), ''Los Angeles - A Fiction'', 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Galerie Conradi (Hamburg, Germany), ''Umwelt Inversion'', 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Oakville Galleries (Oakville, Canada), ''Down To Write You This Poem Sat'', 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Occidental Temporary (Paris, France), ''Cool Memories'', 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* International Center of Photography (New York), ''Public, Private, Secret'', 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Hammer Museum (Los Angeles), ''Made in L.A. 2016: a, the, though, only''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Made in L.A. 2016: a, the, though, only {{!}} Hammer Museum|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/made-in-la-2016|accessdate=2020-08-11|work=hammer.ucla.edu|date=June 12, 2016|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Atlanta Contemporary (Atlanta), ''It Can Howl'', 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* HOME (Manchester, England), ''Imitation of Life: Melodrama and Race in the 21st Century'', 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Whitechapel Gallery (London, England), ''Electronic Superhighway (2016-1966)'', 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Index Stockholm- The Swedish Contemporary Art Foundation (Stockholm, Sweden), ''Autobiography'', 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Franklin Street Works (Stamford), ''Cut-Up: Contemporary Collage and Cut-Up Histories through a Feminist Lens'', 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* K11 Art Foundation pop-up space (Hong Kong), ''.COM/.CN'', presented by K11 Art Foundation and Klaus Biesenbach and Peter Eleey, 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology (Lisbon, Portugal), ''Electronic Superhighway (2016-1966)'', 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* ICA Institute of Contemporary Art Philadelphia (Philadelphia), ''Speech/Acts'', 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Artspace (Sydney, Australia), ''The Public Body'', 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* The Mistake Room (Los Angeles), ''Analog Currency'', 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Chateau Shatto (Los Angeles), ''At This Stage'', 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Palazzo Contarini Polignac (Venice, Italy), ''Future Generation Art Prize @ Venice 2017'', organised by the Victor Pinchuk Foundation, 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* The Kitchen (New York), ''That I am reading backwards and into for a purpose, to go on:'', 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Trinity Square Video (Toronto, Canada), ''What does one do with such a clairvoyant image?'', 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Raven Row (London, England), ''56 Artillery Lane'', 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Galerie PCP (Paris, France), ''Our Words Return in Patterns (Part 1''), 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Whitney Museum (New York), ''Whitney Biennal'', as part of the John Riepenhoff installation, 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Musée d'art Contemporain de Lyon (Lyon, France), ''Los Angeles - A Fiction'', 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Pinchuk Art Centre (Kyiv, Ukraine), ''Exhibition of 21 Artists Shortlisted for the Future Generation Art Prize 2017'', 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Public Art Fund (New York), ''Commercial Break'', 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Dazibao (Montreal, Canada), ''I Am the Organizer of My Own Archive'', 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Team Gallery (New York), ''The Love Object'' ''(organized by Tom Brewer)'', 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* University of Michigan Museum of Art (Ann Arbour MI), ''Art in the Age of the Internet, 1989 To Today'', 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Madre museo d'arte contemporanea Donnaregina (Naples, Italy), ''Per_forming a collection. The Show Must Go_ON'', 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* FRONT International: Cleveland Triennial For Contemporary Art, Toby Devan Lewis Gallery, Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland, ''An Evening of Queen White'', 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Gwangju (South Korea), ''The 12th Gwangju Biennale Exhibition: Imagined Borders'', 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Grunwald Gallery, School of Art, Architecture + Design (Bloomington IN), ''Out of Easy Reach'', 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Kunstverein (Amsterdam, the Netherlands), ''Succession Sounds'', 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Whitney Museum of American Art (New York), ''Eckhaus Latta: Possessed'', 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Allen Memorial Art Museum (Oberlin OH), ''Radically Ordinary: Scenes form Black Life in America Since 1968'', 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Art Basel (Basel, Switzerland), ''Unlimited'', 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* The Gallery, Michael's (Santa Monica CA), 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Gallery 400 and DePaul Art Museum (Chicago IL), ''Out of Easy Reach'', 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Kadist Foundation (Paris, France), ''This is Utopia, to Some'', 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* ''A Lone'', installed adjacent to Capitol Hill Link rail station within city-wide project, Seattle WA, 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Gordon Robichaux (New York), ''A Page from My Intimate Journal (Part 1)'', 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Tokyo Photographic Art Museum (Tokyo, Japan), Yebisu International Festival for Art and Alternative Visions 2018, ''Mapping the Invisible'', 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* ICA Institute of Contemporary Art Boston (Boston MA), ''Art in the Age of the Internet, 1989 to Today'', 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* The Shed (New York), ''Manual Override'', 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Yuz Museum (Shanghai, China), tongewölbe T25 (Ingolstadt, Germany), ''In Production: Art and the Studio System'', 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Stony Island Arts Bank (Chicago IL), ''In the Absence of Light: Gesture, Humor and Resistance in The Black Aesthetic: Selections from the Beth Rudin DeWoody Collection'', 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Yerba Buena Center for the Arts (San Francisco CA), ''The Body Electric'', 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Luma Westbau, (Zürich Switzerland), ''It's Urgent! – Part II'', 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Gladstone Gallery (New York), ''Dry Land'', 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Hammer Museum (Los Angeles), ''Celebration of Our Enemies: Selections from the Hammer Contemporary Collection'', 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Los Angeles, ''The Foundation of the Museum: MOCA's Collection, Museum of Contemporary Art'', 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* R &amp; Company (New York), ''Chairs Beyond Right &amp; Wrong'', 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Whitney Museum of American Art (New York), ''Whitney Biennial 2019'', 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Schinkel Pavillon (Berlin, Germany), ''Straying from the Line'', 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* FuturDome (Milan, Italy), ''Hypertimes'', 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Lismore Castle Arts (Waterford, Ireland), ''Palimpsest'', 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Walker Art Centre (Minneapolis MN), ''The Body Electric'', 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* ICA Institute of Contemporary Art at University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia PA), ''Colored People Time: Mundane Futures'', 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* MDC MOAD Miami Dade College Museum of Art and Design (Miami FL), ''The Body Electric'', 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* The Luminary online (St. Louis MO), ''Self Maintenance Resource Center 2020'', 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* TOWER MMK, MMK Frankfurt, (Frankfurt am Main Germany), ''Sammlung'', 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Gucci x Daelim Museum (Seoul, South Korea), ''No Space, Just a Place. Eterotopia'', 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Auckland Art Gallery (Auckland, New Zealand), ''Honestly Speaking: The Word, the Body and the Internet'', 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* de Young Museum (San Francisco CA), ''Uncanny Valley: Being Human in the Age of AI'', 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Princeton University (Princeton NJ), ''William Greaves, Sondra Perry, Martine Syms,'' organized by Martine Syms, 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* MIT List Visual Arts Center (Cambridge MA), ''Colored People Time: Mundane Futures, Quotidian Pasts, Banal Presents'', 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Mary Porter Sesnon Art Gallery, UC University California Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz CA), ''We Are Not Aliens: Arthur Jafa, Martine Syms, and Afro-Futurism 2.0'', as part of ''Beyond the End of the World: Approaches in Contemporary Art Seminar'', 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* Hunt, Amanda. &quot;Martine Syms.&quot; a ''perture: Magazine nke Photography na echiche.'' Ed. Michael Famighetti. New York: Aperture Foundation, 2016. 132–137.
* 
* St. Félix, Doreen. &quot; [https://www.newyorker.com/culture/persons-of-interest/how-to-be-a-successful-black-woman?mbid=nl_170708_Daily&amp;CNDID=46037684&amp;spMailingID=11432571&amp;spUserID=MTY2ODIxMzQyOTk4S0&amp;spJobID=1200684804&amp;spReportId=MTIwMDY4NDgwNAS2 Otu esi abụ nwanyị ojii na-aga nke ọma] .&quot; ''New Yorker'', Julaị 8, 2018. eweghachiri August 11, 2020.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.martinesy.ms/ Webụsaịtị gọọmentị]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsJan9FHjKc Martine Syms | Otu esi ahụ ọrụ 106 na Martine Syms, Museum of Modern Art]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170205121010/http://www.flashartonline.com/2015/03/k-hole-and-martine-syms-on-new-museum-triennial-new-york/ Flashartonline.com]
* [http://archive.kchungradio.org/2014-01-08/Artists_At_Work-01.08.2014.mp3 Archive.kchungradio.org]
* [https://vimeo.com/109255291 Vimeo.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221209130559/https://dominica.la/pages/info Mbipụta Dominica]
{{Authority control}}
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{{Databox}}'''Michael Matthews''' bụ onye odee South Africa, onye nrụpụta na onye ntụzi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://humansoffilmamsterdam.com/2018/08/09/film-review-five-fingers-for-marseilles-2017-director-michael-matthews/|title=Film Review: Five Fingers for Marseilles (2017); Director: Michael Matthews|accessdate=2019-11-30|archivedate=2021-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506183119/https://humansoffilmamsterdam.com/2018/08/09/film-review-five-fingers-for-marseilles-2017-director-michael-matthews/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2017, o duziri ''[[Five Fingers for Marseilles|mkpịsị aka ise maka Marseilles]]'', ihe nkiri nke meriri udi ihe nkiri kacha mma na 14th Africa Movie Academy Awards . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-45931117|title=AMAA 2018: Nigeria feem, 'Isoken' shine wella for Rwanda|work=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Matthews na Durban . Ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri na CityVarsity Cape Town campus. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/482/215235.html|title=Q&amp;A with SA director Michael Matthews on Oscar-nominated film Love and Monsters|work=Biz Community|first=Daniel|author=Derckson|date=28 April 2021|accessdate=2 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Matthews bụ onye nduzi nke ''[[Five Fingers for Marseilles|mkpịsị aka ise maka Marseilles]]'', ihe nkiri akpọrọ South Africa mbụ ọdịda anyanwụ ihe nkiri . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaescapist.com/2018/01/interview-michael-matthews-sean-drummond/|title=Interview: &quot;Five Fingers for Marseilles&quot; Director Michael Matthews and Writer Sean Drummond|author=Harding|first=Oscar|work=Cinema Escapist|accessdate=2019-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 14th Africa Movie Academy Awards, ''[[Five Fingers for Marseilles|Mkpịsị aka ise maka Marseilles]]'' nwetara nhọpụta 10, gụnyere onyinye maka ihe nkiri kacha mma, ihe nkiri mbụ kacha mma nke onye nduzi na ihe nkiri cinematography kacha mma. Ahọpụtakwara ihe nkiri a maka mmezu kacha mma na ntụzịaka - Feature Film na 2017 South African Film and Television Awards . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/here-are-the-top-safta-nominees-for-2019-20190208|title=Here are the top Safta nominees for 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya na mmepụta nke ''Apọkalips Ugbu a Ugbu a'', ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi dabeere na akwụkwọ nke otu aha, Matthews meriri ihe nkiri kachasị mma na 12th South African Film and Television Awards . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screenafrica.com/2018/03/22/film/film-content/saftas12-nominee-series-qa-with-apocalypse-now-now-director-michael-matthews/|title=SAFTAs12 nominee series: Apocalypse Now Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'October 2021, Matthews sonyeere dị ka onye isi maka ihe nkiri Disney na-abịa ''Merlin'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=October 15, 2021|title='Love and Monsters' Director Michael Matthews Boards Disney's 'Merlin'|url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/love-and-monsters-michael-matthews-disneys-merlin-1234856523/|accessdate=January 2, 2022|work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egoro Matthews ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke ''Nautilus'', usoro Disney + na-abịa, na Nọvemba 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=November 11, 2021|title=Shazad Latif Tapped To Play Captain Nemo In Disney+ Series 'Nautilus', Michael Matthews On Board To Direct|url=https://deadline.com/2021/11/shazad-latif-captain-nemo-disney-nautilus-michael-matthews-1234872277/|accessdate=November 20, 2021|work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==
'''Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi'''

nkiri a maka mmezu kacha mma na ntụzịaka - Feature Film na 2017 South African Film
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! Onye nduzi
! Onye nrụpụta
|-
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| ''Mepee emepe'' | {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|-
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| ''Obi ụtọ'' | {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|-
| 2018
| ''Apọkalips Ugbu a'' | {{yes}}| {{yes}}
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| ''[[Five Fingers for Marseilles|Mkpịsị aka ise maka Marseilles]]'' | {{yes}}| {{yes}}| {{yes|Story}}
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| ''Ịhụnanya na nnukwu anụ mmiri'' | {{yes}}| {{no}}| {{no}}
|-
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== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3462290}}
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Sterling Plumbing bụ aha akara nke ahịrị ngwaahịa pọmpụ nke Kohler Co rụpụtara. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-emepụta ma na-arụpụta ngwaahịa dị iche iche maka kichin na ịsa ahụ, gụnyere faucets, ụlọ mposi, sink, tubs mmiri mmiri, ọnụ ụzọ ịsa ahụ na ngwa ịsa ahụ.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==

=== Afọ ndị mbụ ===
Mgbọrọgwụ mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere na 1907 mgbe ụmụnne abụọ si Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Clark na John M. Beggs, wuru ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na Crafton, Pennsylvania iji mepụta valve gas ụlọ maka ọkụ ọkụ na ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ. N’otu afọ ahụ, otu nwoke aha ya bụ John Wesley “J.W.” Ruby, malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị ka ihe nchekwa. J.W. Ruby mechara bụrụ onyeisi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. N'afọ 1913, e hiwere ụlọ ọrụ Sterling Specialty of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. N'otu afọ ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wuru ihe owuwu na Newcomerstown, Ohio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Newcomers is assured of brass works|publisher=The Daily Times (New Philadelphia, Ohio)|date=10 July 1913|page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1931, a kpọgharịrị ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka The Sterling Faucet Company. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ pụrụ iche na mmepụta nke faucets. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyekwara ọrụ nke chrome na nickel plating maka akụkụ ụgbọ ala yana maka ngwa dọkịta na dọkịta ezé..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tribune Classified Advertising Information|work=The Tribune|date=12 May 1931|page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'October 1, 1936, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ rịọrọ ụlọ ikpe gọọmenti etiti ka ọ kwupụta na ha adịghị akwụ ụgwọ ma nye ikike ịhazigharị n'okpuru iwu US Bankruptcy.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=County firm is insolvent|publisher=The Daily Times|date=1 October 1936|page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Maachị 16, 1939, ọkụ bibiri ihe owuwu Sterling Faucet nke Newcomerstown, Ohio. Mgbe agbanyụchara ọkụ ahụ, amabeghị ma a ga-arụgharị ụlọ ahụ ma ọ bụ na a gaghị arụzi ya. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 80 n'oge ọkụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Faucet Plant is Lost Here|publisher=The Coshocton Tribune|date=9 Apr 1940|page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== N'etiti narị afọ nke 20 ===
N'April 9, 1940, a mara ọkwa na a ga-ebugharị ụlọ ọrụ Sterling Faucet na Morgantown, West Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Faucet Plant is Lost Here|publisher=The Coshocton Tribune|date=9 Apr 1940|page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na June 12, 1940, a kọrọ na ụlọ ọrụ Sterling Faucet rụzuru nnyefe nke akụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ Sabraton Works nke American Sheet and Tin Plate Company.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Faucet Plant Transferred|publisher=The Daily Times|date=12 June 1940|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; E debere J.W. Ruby ka ọ bụrụ onye na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ Morgantown.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sterling Plumbing - About Us|url=https://sterling.kohler.com/en/about-us|work=Sterling Plumbing|publisher=Kohler Co|accessdate=2024-07-08|archivedate=2024-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720152754/https://sterling.kohler.com/en/about-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge United States sonyere n'Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, Sterling gbanwere ọrụ ọla n'ime mmepụta agha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sterling Plumbing - About Us|url=https://sterling.kohler.com/en/about-us|work=Sterling Plumbing|publisher=Kohler Co|accessdate=2024-07-08|archivedate=2024-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720152754/https://sterling.kohler.com/en/about-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'October 20, 1944, Sterling Faucet Co. kwupụtara atụmatụ maka mmụba dị ukwuu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=50 Years Ago|work=The Tribune|date=20 October 1994|page=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Septemba 13, 1948, e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Sa-Mor Quality Brass, Inc. na Morgantown, West Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sa-Mor Quality Brass, Inc. - Company Profile|url=https://bizstanding.com/p/sa-mor+quality+brass+inc-103082537|work=BizStanding.com|accessdate=15 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1952, Sterling Faucet Company haziri ụlọ ọrụ atọ na Reedsville, West Virginia: Pittsburgh Valve Company, Sterling Manufacturing Company na Hardware Brass Manufacturing Company. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1953, ụlọ ọrụ atọ ahụ dị na Reedsville nwere ndị ọrụ iri isii na abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=234 F.2d 565|url=https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F2/234/234.F2d.565.7107.7122_1.html|work=law.resource.org|publisher=Public.Resource.Org|accessdate=15 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Julaị 9, 1953, Sterling Faucet Company debanyere aha Sa-Mor Quality Brass, Inc. dị ka ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka ọhụrụ aha ya bụ Sterling Tubular Products.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sa-Mor Quality Brass, Inc. - Company Profile|url=https://bizstanding.com/p/sa-mor+quality+brass+inc-103082537|work=BizStanding.com|accessdate=15 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1953, ụlọ ọrụ Sterling Tubular Products nwere ndị ọrụ 87 ebe ụlọ ọrụ Sterler Faucet Company nwere ndị ọrụ 571. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=234 F.2d 565|url=https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F2/234/234.F2d.565.7107.7122_1.html|work=law.resource.org|publisher=Public.Resource.Org|accessdate=15 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Disemba 24, 1958, Onye isi oche Sterling, J. Wesley Ruby, kwupụtara ịzụta Glauber nke Texas, Inc. nke bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọla dị na Tyler, Texas nwere ndị ọrụ 115. N'otu nkwupụta mgbasa ozi ahụ, a gwara ya na ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ọzọ, otu na Ohio na otu na Massachusetts ga-ejikọta ya na ise ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na West Virginia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=West Virginia Firm buys Plant in Texas|publisher=The Corpus Christy Caller-Times|date=25 November 1954|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1961, ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka Canada Sterling, Sterling Faucet Canada Ltd zụrụ ụlọ ọrụ dị na Oakville, Ontario, Canada n'aka [[United Carr Fastener Canada Ltd]] na ebumnuche nke iguzobe ụlọ ọrụ maka imepụta ngwaahịa ọla. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere atụmatụ iwe ndị ọrụ 50 n'ọrụ n'afọ mbụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=FP Reports on opportunities - new plants|publisher=National Post|date=26 August 1961|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1962, ụlọ ọrụ Reynolds Gas Regulator Company (nke dị n'okpuru Arkansas Louisiana Gas Company) kwupụtara iwu ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa gas na ụlọ ọrụ mita na Sheridan, Arkansas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sheridan Gets Gas Plant|publisher=The Northwest Arkansas Times|date=18 Aug 1962|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị (n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 1963) mgbe a na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Arkla Industries Inc. rere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Rockwell Manufacturing Co.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Arkla Industries Sales is disclosed|publisher=The Springfield News-Leader|date=3 Aug 1963|page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ga-emecha gbanwee ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta paucet.

Ka ọ na-erule 1967, Sterling Faucet Co. ruru US $ 28 nde na ahịa. Sterling Faucet Company na-arụ ọrụ na Reedsville, West Virginia, Tyler, Texas, na Oakville, Ontario, Canada na-ewe ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 2,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Rockwell Co. to Purchase W.Va. Company|publisher=The Daily Republican|date=18 November 1968|page=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Nọvemba 18, 1968, Rockwell Manufacturing Co. kwetara ịzụta Sterling Faucet Co. na ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka atọ, Sterling Manufacturing Co., Sterling Tubular Products Inc. na Sterling Falicet Canada Ltd. Mgbe ịzụta ahụ gwụchara, Sterling Faacet Company ghọrọ onye enyemaka nke Rockwell maka afọ ndị sochirinụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Rockwell buy W. VA Company|publisher=The Weirton Daily Times|date=15 November 1968|page=8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ná ngwụsị narị afọ nke 20 ===
N'afọ 1973, Rockwell International Corp., gbanwere aha ngalaba Sterling Faucet dị ka ngalaba Building Components . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Unit renamed by Rockwell|publisher=The Pittsburgh Press|date=7 June 1973|page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rockwell malitere imepụta paịpụ n'okpuru akara Rockwell.

Na Jenụwarị 10, 1974, ngalaba Building Components nke Rockwell International gwara na a ga-emechi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Tyler Texas na-ekwu maka mmepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ndị ọrụ 150 n'oge ọkwa ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tyler Plant to be Closed|publisher=Longview News-Journal|date=10 January 1974|page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Nọvemba 7, 1977, Rockwell International Corp, gwara ya na ọ nwere ike ire ngalaba Building Components ebe ọ bụ na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-achọ ịzụta. A mara ọkwa na ọ ga-emechi ụlọ ọrụ Reedsville, West Virginia na-ejikọta ya na ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Morgantown, West Virginia. Mgbe emechiela Reedsville Plant, ọrụ nke ngalaba ahụ nọgidere na ụlọ ọrụ Sheridan, Arkansas, na Morgantown, West Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Rockwell may sell division|publisher=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=7 November 1977|page=26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1978, William W. Boyd na David C. Wright zụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Rockwell International ma nye ya aha ọzọ dị ka Sterling Faucet Company. A gbanwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Christine Valzovano|title=Manufacturers|url=https://www.theanswerline.com/Manufacturers.php|work=The Answer Line|accessdate=2 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

na 1980, Sterling webatara n'ahịa ụdị ọkụ Accent. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Laundry Tray Faucet|publisher=Fort Lauderdale News|date=6 November 1980|page=114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Jenụwarị 26, 1984, Kohler Co. kwupụtara ịzụta Sterling Faucet Co. Ndị ọrụ Kohler kwuru na ịzụta ahụ ga-enye ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ohere ịbanye na njedebe akụ na ụba nke ahịa faucet, gbasaa ahịa ya ma gbasaa usoro ngwaahịa. Dị ka akụkụ nke nnweta ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ nchara na ụlọ ọrụ injection molding nke Morgantown, West Virginia na ụlọ ọrụ mgbakọ na injection molded nke Sheridan, Arkansas (a na-ewe ndị ọrụ 700 na 250 n'ọrụ) ghọrọ akụkụ nke Kohler. A na-ejikọta ụdị Sterling na Accent n'ime ezinụlọ ngwaahịa [[Kohler Kitchen &amp; Bath]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Kohler Co. Buys Faucet-Making Firm|publisher=The Sheboygan Press|date=26 January 1984|page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe nnweta ahụ gasịrị, Kohler malitere ịgbasawanye onyinye nke ngwaahịa Sterling na-agbakwunye n'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọnụ ụzọ tube, ọnụ ụzọ ịsa ahụ, oghere ịsa ahụ n'akụkụ, ihe ịsa ahụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, ihe ndị ọzọ na-acha odo odo, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Sterling Plumbing|url=https://sterlingplumbing.com/about-us|work=Sterling Plumbing|publisher=Kohler Co.|accessdate=2 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Disemba 29, 1986, Sterling Faucet Co. kwupụtara nnweta nke [[Polar Stainless Products Inc.]] nke nwere ụlọ ọrụ na Searcy, Arkansas kemgbe 1965 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Industrial Bond Issue|publisher=Northwest Arkansas Times|date=9 August 1965|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma were ndị ọrụ 150 n'ọrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Kohler Co. Subsidiary Gets Polar Stainless|publisher=The Sheboygan Press|date=29 December 1986|page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchịkọta ahụ wetara sinks na-enweghị ntụpọ na ezinụlọ Sterling nke ngwaahịa.

N'afọ 1987, Sterling Faucet Co. zụrụ ngalaba Bath Products na teknụzụ patent nke ụlọ ọrụ na-alụ ọgụ n'oge ahụ, Owens Corning. Azụmaahịa ahụ gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe na Huntsville, Alabama nke e wuru na 1972. Azụmaahịa a wetara Vikrell (a poly-resin / plastic and fiberglass compound) akara nke ihe ịsa ahụ na Sterling.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Home Page - The Taunton Press|date=2003|isbn=1-56158-584-X|url=https://archive.org/details/renovatingbathro00fine/page/47|author=Homebuilding|first=Fine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Machị 31, 1988, a gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Sterling Plumbing Group Inc . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Business Organization Detail|url=http://apps.sos.wv.gov/business/corporations/organization.aspx?org=121007|work=Online Data Services|publisher=West Virginia Secretary of State|accessdate=2 May 2018|archivedate=2 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502213155/http://apps.sos.wv.gov/business/corporations/organization.aspx?org=121007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sterling Plumbing Group lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta na ịzụ ahịa nke usoro zuru ezu nke ngwaahịa pọmpụ maka Hardware / Home Center, Plumbing na Hardware wholesale, Builder na Specialized OEM ahịa ọwa.

Na Nọvemba 16, 1988, Sterling zụrụ Kinkead Industries (nke USG Corporation) na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ya na Union City, Tennessee. Azụmaahịa a gbakwunyere ọnụ ụzọ ịsa ahụ, ịsa ahụ na ogige ịsa ahụ maka ezinụlọ Sterling nke ngwaahịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Kohler subsidiary buys Illinois firm|publisher=The Sheboygan Press|date=16 November 1988|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na 1994 ruo 1996, a na-ebufe ọrụ ọwa mmiri na Morgantown, West Virginia na ụlọ ọrụ dị n'obodo [[Arkansas]]&quot; id=&quot;mwfg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Sheridan, Arkansas&quot;&gt;Sheridan na Malvern, Arkansas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bill Henson|title=Sterling shifts its molding to Arkansas|url=http://www.plasticsnews.com/article/19950918/NEWS/309189980/sterling-shifts-its-molding-to-arkansas|work=www.plasticnews.com|publisher=Crain Communications Inc.|accessdate=3 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu oge ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwagara na Rolling Meadows, Illinois.

Na July 2, 1999, ụlọ ọrụ Sterling Plumbing Group Inc. jikọtara ya na Kohler Co.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Business Organization Detail|url=http://apps.sos.wv.gov/business/corporations/organization.aspx?org=27524|work=Online Data Services|publisher=West Virginia Secretary of State|accessdate=2 May 2018|archivedate=2 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502213639/http://apps.sos.wv.gov/business/corporations/organization.aspx?org=27524}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ ahụ, akara ngosi ndị dị na ụlọ ọrụ Sterling Plumbing Group ejiri akara ngosi Kohler dochie anya.

=== Narị afọ nke 21 ===
Na Jenụwarị 2003, na mwepụta mgbasa ozi, Sterling Plumbing kwupụtara nkwụsị nke ahịrị ngwaahịa faucet niile iji lekwasị anya na otu ngwaahịa ọkpọkọ ndị ọzọ. Mmepụta nke ọkpọkọ gara n'ihu n'ụlọ ọrụ Kohler dị iche iche n'okpuru akara Kohler. Nkwụsị ahụ gụnyere ahịrị ọkpọ mmiri Nova™, Starflo™, Gemini™, Tribute™, Eminence™, Progression™, mmiri ịsa ahụ/mmiri na ngwa..

Na Jenụwarị 13, 2012, Kohler Co. kwuputara na a ga-emechi ebe a na-adọba mmiri na Malvern Arkansas na a ga-ebufe ọrụ ndị dị ugbu a na ụlọ ọrụ Sheridan Arkansas na Kohler Wisconsin..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lindsey Tugman|title=Kohler Co. closing Malvern plant|url=http://hotsprings.thv11.com/news/news/83428-kohler-co-closing-malvern-plant|work=hotsprings.thv11.com|publisher=THV11|accessdate=2 May 2018|date=13 January 2012|archivedate=2 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502212700/http://hotsprings.thv11.com/news/news/83428-kohler-co-closing-malvern-plant}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2015, Sterling webatara igwe anaghị agba nchara sink nke gụnyere eriri sink kichin na-ebupụta ihe ncha. Nke a na-eweghachite, n'ụzọ nwere oke, eriri kichin na ahịrị ngwaahịa Sterling dị ugbu a, nke na-emeghị kemgbe 2004.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sterling R11402-2PC-NA Southhaven Double-Basin Kitchen Sink|url=https://www.lowes.ca/kitchen-sinks/sterling-r11402-2pc-na-southhaven-double-basin-kitchen-sink-33-in-x-22-in_g2502448.html|work=www.lowes.ca|publisher=Lowes Canada|accessdate=16 May 2018|archivedate=16 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516175021/https://www.lowes.ca/kitchen-sinks/sterling-r11402-2pc-na-southhaven-double-basin-kitchen-sink-33-in-x-22-in_g2502448.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Kohler Co.
* Ụlọ ọrụ Vollrath

== Ebem si dee ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Okpekpe</title>
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Okpekpe (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-a mmetụta ka Okphekphe ) bụ obodo dị na Etsako East Local Government Area nke Edo State, Nigeria .  Ọ dị ihe dịka kilomita 25 (16 mi) northeast of Auchi .  O nwere onu ogugu ndi mmadu 3155. [1] Ndị ya so na otu ndị mmadụ, nke a na-akpọ Afemai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Afemai {{!}} people {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Afemai|accessdate=2024-06-24|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Okpekpe township – Okpekpe|url=https://okpekperoadrace.com/race-info/about-okpekpe/okpekpe-township/|accessdate=2024-06-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okpekpe dị na latitude nke 7.2 (7° 12'0 N) na lonjituudu nke 6.47 (6° 28' 0 E), ihe dị ka kilomita 354 n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ (209°) nke etiti etiti Nigeria na 240 kilometres (150 mi) south-west (209°) nke isi obodo Abuja. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://geographical.org/geographic_names |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2024-08-07 |archivedate=2023-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304180728/https://geographical.org/geographic_names }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okpekpe dị na North Ibie, bụ nke otu nnukwu mmadụ, nke a okpukpera na ala Afemai, nke dị n'ụdị ugwu nke steeti Edo .  [5] Ndi Ibie dị n'ụsọ osimiri Niger n'ọwụwa ọmụmụ, Etsako West n'ebe mmalite egwuregwu, Auchi na ndịda, na Kwara State &amp; Kogi State n'ụdị ugwu.  Okpegbe gbara gburugburu na obodo ndi ozo dika Imiegba, Itsukwi, Imiakebu, Ebelle, Ukhomedokhai, Okeko, Ikphelli, Ukho, Amughe wdg.  A na-eme na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Ibie ruru ihe dị ka mmadụ 100,000, dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na 2006 si kwuo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Okpekpe township – Okpekpe|url=https://okpekperoadrace.com/race-info/about-okpekpe/okpekpe-township/|accessdate=2024-06-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye isi obodo na &quot;isi ezinụlọ&quot; ka a na-akpọ Onwueweko nke Okpekpe. Ọchịchị agbụrụ na-atụgharị n'etiti ndị ji aha Apa na Ede. Onye Onwueweko ugbua bu Peter Abalume Osigbemeh. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PETER ABALUME OSIGBEMEH – Royal News|url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tag/peter-abalume-osigbemeh/|accessdate=2024-06-23|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623143755/https://royalnews.com.ng/tag/peter-abalume-osigbemeh/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe Ede dị ugbu a bụ Engr. Donaldson Aloaye Eshilama. 

Ha nwere mmemme dị iche iche, agwa agwa na emume ọhụrụ Yam nke a na-akpọ Eshile na Ukpakpa n'otu n'otu.  [9] Ọ bụ anụ oge owuwe ihe ubi.  Ememme ọzọ ama ama na Okpekpe bụ emume ụbọchị mba &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Attend Okpekpe National Day.|work=|publisher=The Nation|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/36331/1/Attend-Okpekpe-national-day/Page1.html|accessdate=2011-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria: FCT's Okpekpe Indigenes Urged to Unite|work=|publisher=AllAfrican.com|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200312280073.html|accessdate=2011-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://archive.today/20130128083552/http://www.mbendi.com/a_sndmsg/place_view.asp?pid=165965%23description/#description/ Okpekpe]
* [http://okpekperoadrace.com/ Ọsọ okporo ụzọ Okpekpe]
* [[Etsako East]]</text>
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    <title>Nhazi nke ụmụ nwanyị nke Paraguay</title>
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      <text bytes="4345" sha1="im47bfh6ptsrnbp8hkobpuqcacsywdt" xml:space="preserve">Coordinación de Mujeres del [[Paraguay]] (Coordinating Body of Paraguayan Women, '''CMP''') bụ netwọk nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị na Paraguay. E hiwere CMP na 1987&lt;ref name=&quot;Feminism&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=R. Andrew Nickson|title=Historical Dictionary of Paraguay|year=2015|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-8108-7964-5|chapter=Feminism|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ji-CQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA228}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;BareiroSoto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Line Bareiro|chapter=Women|editor=Peter Lambert|title=The Transition to Democracy in Paraguay|year=1997|publisher=Macmillan Press Ltd|isbn=9781349257676|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Cu_DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA94}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Na mbido ya, CMP nwere ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị iri na ise nke Paraguay. &lt;ref name=&quot;BareiroSoto&quot;/&gt; E gosipụtara atụmatụ ịmepụta CMP, nke Mercedes Sandoval nke Hempel duziri,  dị ka ihe dị mkpa na nkwupụta nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị mgbe afọ iri atọ nke ọchịchị aka ike n'okpuru Alfredo Stroessner. &lt;ref name=&quot;Portal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.portalguarani.com/2554_mercedes_sandoval_de_hempel.html|title=Mercedes Sandoval de Hempel|publisher=Portal Guarani|accessdate=28 August 2021|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Aldo Benítez|title=Lo que dejó el stronismo y no hay que olvidar|work=La Nacion|date=3 November 2017|url=https://www.lanacion.com.py/politica/2017/11/03/lo-que-dejo-el-stronismo-y-no-hay-que-olvidar/|accessdate=28 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọchịchị aka ike gasịrị, CMP gosipụtara ọrụ ọhụrụ n'ime ikpe maka Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị. N'aha CMP, Sandoval dere Iwu 1/92, iwu metụtara [[Agbamakwụkwọ|alụmdi na nwunye]], nke Iwu Obodo Paraguay. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mural&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mural de mujeres políticas que hicieron historia|work=ABC Color|date=28 July 2021|url=https://www.abc.com.py/nacionales/2021/07/28/mural-de-mujeres-politicas-que-hicieron-historia/|accessdate=28 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ntuli aka zuru oke nke Paraguay na 1998, CMP gosipụtara ikpo okwu 13 nke atụmatụ iwu ụmụ nwanyị. &lt;ref name=&quot;p181&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=HIQWAAAAYAAJ Developments in Latin American Political Economy: States, Markets and Actors – Google Books]&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1999, CMP gbara mbọ maka iwu machibidoro Ime ihe ike n'ụlọ megide ụmụ nwanyị,  nke mere ka e nwee iwu n'afọ 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;aireana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Conxa Chaus Moreno|title=Living with the enemy|url=http://old.socialwatch.org/en/informesNacionales/301.html|accessdate=28 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coordinación de Mujeres del Paraguay – CMP|work=aireana.org|url=https://www.aireana.org.py/incidencia-nacional-e-internacional/redes-nacionales/cmp/|accessdate=2024-08-23|archivedate=2024-08-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823145326/https://www.aireana.org.py/incidencia-nacional-e-internacional/redes-nacionales/cmp/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ì.   N'okpuru nche anwụ nke CMP taa bụ Aireana - Group for Lesbian Rights, Trinidad Association, Community Support Educational Base (BECA), Ụlọ Ọrụ Akwụkwọ na Ọmụmụ (CDE), Kuña Róga, na United in Hope (UNES). Ndị otu ahụ gụnyekwara ndị otu n'otu n'otu. [7] Ndị otu gụnyere Line Bareiro, [9] Gloria Rubin. [10] na Mirta     .&lt;ref name=&quot;aireana&quot;/&gt; Ndị otu gụnyere Line Bareiro,  Gloria Rubin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nickson2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=R. Andrew Nickson|title=Historical Dictionary of Paraguay|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ji-CQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA81|year=2015|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-8108-7964-5|chapter=Bareiro, Line (1950–)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=6J8xDWDqOkEC&amp;pg=PA497 The International Who's Who of Women 2002 – Google Books]&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Mirta Moragas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Causa Abierta: Censura al género en la enseñanza pública de Paraguay|date=August 2019|work=Articulacion Feminista Marcosur|url=https://www.mujeresdelsur-afm.org/causa-abierta-censura-al-genero-en-la-ensenanza-publica-de-paraguay/|accessdate=28 August 2021|archivedate=28 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828113035/https://www.mujeresdelsur-afm.org/causa-abierta-censura-al-genero-en-la-ensenanza-publica-de-paraguay/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==</text>
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    <title>Ndị isi Manawa</title>
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      <text bytes="23039" sha1="6bzdtzl5jes88qj5bvt4us63gqcj2y1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Ndị Chiefs Manawa''' bụ otu ndị otu egwuregwu rugby nke ụmụ nwanyị New Zealand hiwere isi na Hamilton, New Zealand na-asọ mpi n'asọmpi Super Rugby Aupiki . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Green light for Super Rugby Aupiki|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/green-light-for-super-rugby-aupiki/|accessdate=2021-10-06|work=allblacks.com|date=6 October 2021|language=en-NZ|archivedate=2022-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802154426/https://www.allblacks.com/news/green-light-for-super-rugby-aupiki/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị isi Manawa meriri n'oge mmalite nke asọmpi Super Rugby Aupiki. Ha enweghị mmeri n'oge oge niile wee merie [[Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ|ụmụ nwanyị Blues]] 35-0 na agba ikpeazụ iji nweta aha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Chapman|first=Grant|date=2022-03-20|title=Super Rugby Aupiki: Chiefs Manawa dominate Blues to stay unbeaten, claim inaugural championship|language=en|work=Newshub|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2022/03/super-rugby-aupiki-chiefs-manawa-dominate-blues-to-stay-unbeaten-claim-inaugural-championship.html|accessdate=2022-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-20|title=Chiefs Manawa crowned Sky Super Rugby Aupiki champs|url=https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-crowned-sky-super-rugby-aupiki-champs/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320141247/https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-crowned-sky-super-rugby-aupiki-champs/|archivedate=20 March 2022|accessdate=2022-03-20|work=superrugby.co.nz|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reive|first=Christopher|date=2022-03-20|title=Super Rugby Aupiki: Chiefs storm away to claim inaugural title|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/super-rugby-aupiki-chiefs-storm-away-to-claim-inaugural-title/IINILWLWR5XINROLGSYNE5K4MI/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320153334/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/super-rugby-aupiki-chiefs-storm-away-to-claim-inaugural-title/IINILWLWR5XINROLGSYNE5K4MI/|archivedate=20 March 2022|accessdate=2022-03-20|work=NZ Herald|language=en-NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pearson|first=Joseph|date=2022-03-20|title=Chiefs Manawa overwhelm gallant Blues in decider to win first Super Rugby Aupiki title|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/128111108/chiefs-manawa-overwhelm-gallant-blues-in-decider-to-win-first-super-rugby-aupiki-title|accessdate=2022-03-20|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2023, ha gara n'ihu n'usoro mmeri ha n'oge oge niile, mana Matatu meriri ha na ngwụcha.

Ndị Chiefs Manawa bụ ndị ikpeazụ maka afọ nke atọ kwụ ọtọ n'afọ 2024 chere [[Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ|ụmụ nwanyị Blues]] ihu na Eden Park mana ha gụchara ọzọ. Agbanyeghị, na-eso nke ikpeazụ, ha jikọtara ọzọ ka ha tinye Chiefs Manawa Development XV ihu na USA n'ihu ule PAC4 ha megide Black Ferns. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/chiefs-manawa-development-xv-to-assist-usa-ahead-of-their-pac4-test|title=Chiefs Manawa Development XV to assist USA ahead of their PAC4 test|accessdate=2024-10-23|archivedate=2024-05-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525023751/https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/chiefs-manawa-development-xv-to-assist-usa-ahead-of-their-pac4-test}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Chiefs Manawa Development XV jikọtara ya na USA na egwuregwu ọzụzụ 29-29.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==

=== Esemokwu mere eme ===
[[Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ|Ụmụ nwanyị Chiefs na Blues]] kere akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbe ha gbara n'asọmpi Super Rugby ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na New Zealand na 1 Mee 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=History in the making as Chiefs and Blues women prepare to play at Eden Park|url=https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/history-in-the-making-as-chiefs-and-blues-women-prepare-to-play-at-eden-park/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=superrugby.co.nz|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215180521/https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/history-in-the-making-as-chiefs-and-blues-women-prepare-to-play-at-eden-park/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blues and Chiefs combine for historic first Super Aotearoa Women's clash|url=https://www.aucklandrugby.co.nz/aru/newsarticle/101802?newsfeedid=972103|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=www.aucklandrugby.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Blues kwadoro egwuregwu a na Eden Park wee kpọọ ya dị ka isi okpukpu abụọ tupu asọmpi Round 10 Super Rugby Aotearoa n'etiti otu ndị nwoke ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ndị isi ndị a bụ ndị Waitomo Group, bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ụgbọala na-arụ na Waikato, bụ ndị akpọrọ Waitomo Wahine Chiefs. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ndị Chiefs gosiri na ọ dị mma maka ụmụ nwanyị Blues ma merie ha nnukwu mmeri n'asọmpi akụkọ ihe mere eme ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-01|title=Chiefs women deliver crushing victory over Blues in historic women's Super Rugby fixture|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2021/05/01/chiefs-women-deliver-crushing-victory-over-blues-in-historic-womens-super-rugby-fixture/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=1 News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Burnes|first=Campbell|date=2021-05-01|title=Chiefs too good in historic Super women's clash|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/chiefs-too-good-in-historic-super-womens-clash/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=allblacks.com|language=en-NZ|archivedate=2022-03-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306180718/https://www.allblacks.com/news/chiefs-too-good-in-historic-super-womens-clash/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha meriri 39–12 ka otu abụọ ahụ gosipụtara nka ha wee gbarie ụfọdụ ọmarịcha mbọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Super Rugby Aupiki ọkwa; Ndị otu Squad na nkuzi akpọrọ aha ===
Na 6 Ọktoba 2021, New Zealand Rugby kwadoro asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị nwere otu anọ nke akpọrọ Super Rugby Aupiki maka Maachị 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-10-05|title=New Zealand Rugby confirms a Four-team women's Super Rugby Aupiki for March 2022|url=https://oceania.rugby/news/fourteam-womens-super-rugby-aupiki-confirmed-for-march-2022-2021106|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=oceania.rugby|language=en|archivedate=2022-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126231355/https://oceania.rugby/news/fourteam-womens-super-rugby-aupiki-confirmed-for-march-2022-2021106}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-10-06|title=NZR announces new women's Super Rugby competition|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/super-rugby-aupiki-new-zealand-rugby-announces-new-four-team-womens-competition/CYOQRVGXV6PZUGQI7BVZ45RWIM/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=NZ Herald|language=en-NZ|archivedate=2022-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202120855/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/super-rugby-aupiki-new-zealand-rugby-announces-new-four-team-womens-competition/CYOQRVGXV6PZUGQI7BVZ45RWIM/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nelson|first=Trudi|title=&quot;This is a no-brainer&quot;: New Zealand Rugby launches elite women's competition|url=https://www.sen.com.au/news/2021/10/06/this-is-a-no-brainer-new-zealand-rugby-launches-elite-womens-competition|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=www.sen.com.au|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asọmpi a ga-agba izu anọ a na-akwụkwa ụmụnwaanyị ụgwọ maka nsonye ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pearson|first=Joseph|date=2021-10-05|title=Super Rugby Aupiki: Players will be paid in NZ Rugby's new elite women's competition|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/126594314/super-rugby-aupiki-players-will-be-paid-in-nz-rugbys-new-elite-womens-competition|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Voerman|first=Andrew|date=2021-05-06|title=New Zealand Rugby commits to launching new elite women's competition in 2022|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/125045349/new-zealand-rugby-commits-to-launching-new-elite-womens-competition-in-2022|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Ndị isi ndị ahụ wepụtara ndepụta mbinye aka n'egwuregwu yana otu atọ ndị ọzọ na Nọvemba 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-04|title=Inaugural Super Rugby Aupiki squads announced|url=https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/inaugural-super-rugby-aupiki-squads-announced/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=superrugby.co.nz|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-02-11|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/inaugural-super-rugby-aupiki-squads-announced/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-04|title=Inaugural Super Rugby Aupiki squads announced|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/super-rugby-aupiki-inaugural-squads-announced/AUZWWP3I7UYKR72WSIRVYNOOTE/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=NZ Herald|language=en-NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-03|title=2022 Chiefs Women's Squad announced|url=https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/2022-chiefs-womens-squad-announced|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Chiefs|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103193205/https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/2022-chiefs-womens-squad-announced}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekwuputa nhazi nhazi ahụ ka emechara na Allan Bunting aha ya bụ Onye isi nchịkwa, Crystal Kaua na Rodney Gibbs ga-enyere ya aka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-10-06|title=Super Rugby: Rotorua's Allan Bunting named head coach of Chiefs Women|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/rotorua-daily-post/news/super-rugby-rotoruas-allan-bunting-named-head-coach-of-chiefs-women/LUCBKIBETO647NZAS2QUUF6ZCI/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006235606/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/rotorua-daily-post/news/super-rugby-rotoruas-allan-bunting-named-head-coach-of-chiefs-women/LUCBKIBETO647NZAS2QUUF6ZCI/|archivedate=6 October 2021|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=NZ Herald|language=en-NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-21|title=Chiefs Manawa announce coaching set-up|url=https://www.sunlive.co.nz/news/285781-chiefs-manawa-announce-coaching-setup.html|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=www.sunlive.co.nz|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-20|title=Chiefs Manawa unveil coaching line-up for inaugural Super Rugby Aupiki season|url=https://www.rugbypass.com/news/chiefs-manawa-unveil-coaching-line-up-for-inaugural-super-rugby-aupiki-season/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=www.rugbypass.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aha otu na njirimara ===
Ndị isi ahụ ewepụtala aha ọhụrụ ha na uwe ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị ga-eji n'oge mbido Super Rugby Aupiki. E kpughere na otu a ga-akpọ '''Chiefs Manawa''' . Okwu ''Manawa'' sitere na okwu abụọ - ''mana'' na ''wāhine'' . The Chiefs Mana ịbụ a &quot; ''Central ogidi nke club na wāhine ịbụ ndị kasị ama njirimara nke otu'' .&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-12-03|title=Chiefs unveil name, jersey for inaugural women's squad|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2021/12/03/chiefs-unveil-name-jersey-for-inaugural-womens-squad/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=1 News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-12-02|title=Chiefs women's team reveal 'Manawa' as their identity for Super Rugby Aupiki|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/300469301/chiefs-womens-team-reveal-manawa-as-their-identity-for-super-rugby-aupiki|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-12-03|title=Chiefs wahine team takes the name Chiefs Manawa|url=https://www.teaomaori.news/chiefs-wahine-team-takes-name-chiefs-manawa|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Māori Television|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ekpugherekwa uwe otu egwuregwu ahụ n'otu oge ahụ, akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke imewe ahụ bụ ''mangōpare'' (hammerhead shark) - imewe nke na-egosi &quot; ''mkpebi siri ike na ike'' &quot;; Mgbe a na-elele ya site n'akụkụ ọzọ ụkpụrụ ahụ na-egosi ọdịdị ''Manawa'' (obi na-akụ). N'ime uwe mwụda ahụ bụ ''Te Raranga Harakeke'' - akwa ákwà flax - &quot; ''nke na-ejikọta na nka nka nke ịkpa akwa nwanyị'' .&quot; Ọ na-anọdụ n'azụ nhazi nke ụkpụrụ ''kōwhaiwhai'' nke &quot; ''na-anọchi anya ụzọ mmiri na-ejikọta na mpaghara ndị isi ndị na-enye aka'' .&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

=== Ndị mmeri oge mbido ===
Ndị Chiefs Manawa gbara Matatọ n'ime egwuregwu oge tupu oge mbido Super Rugby Aupiki, ha meriri 28–20. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Goile|first=Aaron|date=2022-03-05|title=Chiefs Manawa Super Rugby Aupiki pre-season win over Matatū marred by injuries|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/127968026/chiefs-manawa-super-rugby-aupiki-preseason-win-over-matat-marred-by-injuries|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-05|title=Chiefs Manawa hold on to defeat Matatū in pre-season hit-out|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/chiefs-manawa-hold-on-to-defeat-matatu-in-pre-season-hit-out/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=allblacks.com|language=en-NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị isi Manawa chere Matatu ihu ọzọ na egwuregwu mmeghe nke Super Rugby Aupiki. Ha meriri ka ha gbasịrị mgba mgba na akara nke 17–15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Burnes|first=Campbell|date=2022-03-10|title=Chiefs Manawa edge Matatū in Sky Super Rugby Aupiki opener|url=https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-edge-matatu-in-sky-super-rugby-aupiki-opener/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=superrugby.co.nz|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524152051/https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-edge-matatu-in-sky-super-rugby-aupiki-opener/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Royen|first=Robert van|date=2022-03-10|title=Chiefs Manawa edge Matatū in thrilling Super Rugby Aupiki opener|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/300537173/chiefs-manawa-edge-matat-in-thrilling-super-rugby-aupiki-opener|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha zutere Hurricanes Poua na agba abụọ, ha gbara ọsọ n'ime ise iji merie egwuregwu nke abụọ ha 29–8 wee nọgide na-enweghi mmeri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Burnes|first=Campbell|date=2022-03-15|title=Chiefs Manawa go 2-0 in Sky Super Rugby Aupiki|url=https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-go-2-0-in-sky-super-rugby-aupiki/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=superrugby.co.nz|language=en-GB|archivedate=2024-04-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410075000/https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-go-2-0-in-sky-super-rugby-aupiki/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pearson|first=Joseph|date=2022-03-15|title=Super Rugby Aupiki: Chiefs Manawa overcome Hurricanes Poua despite losing two players to sinbin|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/128062589/super-rugby-aupiki-chiefs-manawa-overcome-hurricanes-poua-despite-losing-two-players-to-sinbin|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agba nke ikpeazụ hụrụ ka ha na-eche ihu megide [[Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ|ndị Bọọlụ]] ka ha na-emeri ha enweghị akara site na mmeri 35-0 wee kpue ndị mmeri mbụ nke Super Rugby Aupiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pearson|first=Joseph|date=2022-03-20|title=Chiefs Manawa overwhelm gallant Blues in decider to win first Super Rugby Aupiki title|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/128111108/chiefs-manawa-overwhelm-gallant-blues-in-decider-to-win-first-super-rugby-aupiki-title|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Burnes|first=Campbell|date=2022-03-20|title=Chiefs Manawa crowned Sky Super Rugby Aupiki champs|url=https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-crowned-sky-super-rugby-aupiki-champs/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=superrugby.co.nz|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320141247/https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-crowned-sky-super-rugby-aupiki-champs/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2023 ===
A họpụtara Crystal Kaua dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Chiefs Manawa maka oge 2023 Super Rugby Aupiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-09-28|title=Crystal Kaua named Head Coach of Waitomo Chiefs Manawa|url=https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/crystal-kaua-named-head-coach-of-waitomo-chiefs-manawa|accessdate=2022-10-17|work=Chiefs|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017084159/https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/crystal-kaua-named-head-coach-of-waitomo-chiefs-manawa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Powell|first=Alex|date=2022-09-28|title=Super Rugby Aupiki: First female coaches appointed for expanded 2023 competition|language=en|work=Newshub|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2022/09/super-rugby-aupiki-first-female-coaches-appointed-for-expanded-2023-competition.html|accessdate=2022-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-09-27|title=Super Rugby Aupiki returns for 2023 with two new coaches|url=https://www.nzsportswire.com/2022/09/28/super-rugby-aupiki-returns-for-2023-with-two-new-coaches/|accessdate=2022-10-17|work=NZ Sports Wire|language=en-NZ|archivedate=2022-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017004606/https://www.nzsportswire.com/2022/09/28/super-rugby-aupiki-returns-for-2023-with-two-new-coaches/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Chiefs Rugby Club kwuputara na Chiefs Manawa ga-egwu otu uwe na otu ndị nwoke iji mee ka ha sie ike dị ka akụkụ nke klọb na ịga n'ihu na-akwado maka ohere nha anya na rugby. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Both teams to play in the same jersey in 2023 {{!}} Chiefs Rugby|url=https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/both-teams-to-play-in-the-same-jersey-in-2023|accessdate=2023-07-25|work=Chiefs|language=en|archivedate=2023-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725035702/https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/both-teams-to-play-in-the-same-jersey-in-2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị otu dị ugbu a ==
Na 28 Nọvemba 2023, ekwuputara ndị otu egwuregwu Super Rugby Aupiki nke 2024 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-11-28|title=Super Rugby Aupiki: Squads announced for the extended 2024 competition|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/super-rugby/301016187/super-rugby-aupiki-squads-announced-for-the-extended-2024-competition|accessdate=2023-12-12|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-11-28|title=Chiefs Manawa squad announced for 2024|url=https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/chiefs-manawa-squad-announced-for-2024|accessdate=2023-12-22|work=Chiefs|language=en|archivedate=2023-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222075537/https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/chiefs-manawa-squad-announced-for-2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-size:90%;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Chiefs Super Rugby Aupiki squad
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|
'''Props'''

* {{Flagicon|Fiji}} '''[[Bitila Tawake]]'''
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Kate Henwood]]'''
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Krystal Murray]]'''
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Tanya Kalounivale]]'''
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Te Urupounamu McGarvey]]

'''Hookers'''

* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Luka Connor]]'''
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Vici-Rose Green]]

'''Locks'''

* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Charmaine Smith (rugby union)|Charmaine Smith]]'''
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Chelsea Bremner]]'''
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Chyna Hohepa]]
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Mia Anderson (rugby union)|Mia Anderson]]
|
'''Loose forwards'''

* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Ashlee Gaby-Sutherland]]
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Kennedy Simon]]''' ([[Captain (sports)|c]])
* {{Flagicon|Japan}} '''[[Seina Saito]]'''
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Victoria Edmonds]]

'''Halfbacks (scrum-halves)'''

* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Ariana Bayler]]'''
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Arihiana Marino-Tauhinu]]'''

'''First five-eighths (fly-halves)'''

* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Hazel Tubic]]'''
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Kiriana Nolan]]
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Chelsea Semple]]'''
|
'''Midfielders (centres)'''

* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Azalleyah Ma′aka]]
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Merania Paraone]]
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Grace Steinmetz]]'''

'''Outside backs'''

* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Apii Nicholls]]
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Georgia Daals|Georgia Thompson]]
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Grace Kukutai]]
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Mererangi Paul]]'''
* '''{{Flagicon|New Zealand}}''' [[Olive Watherston]]
* '''{{Flagicon|New Zealand}}''' [[Reese Anderson]]
* '''{{Flagicon|New Zealand}}''' '''[[Renee Holmes]]'''
* '''{{Flagicon|New Zealand}}''' '''[[Ruby Tui]]'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;height: 10px;&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;small&gt;(c) Denotes team Captain, '''Bold''' denotes internationally capped, &lt;sup&gt;SP&lt;/sup&gt; denotes a shadow player and &lt;sup&gt;ST&lt;/sup&gt; indicated short-term cover. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{notelist|group=&quot;Squad&quot;}}&lt;/small&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;reflist  reflist-lower-alpha &quot;&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|}

== Ndị nkuzi na njikwa ugbu a ==

* '''Onye isi nkuzi:''' Crystal Kaua
* '''Onye nkuzi enyemaka:''' Dwayne Sweeney
* '''Onye nkuzi enyemaka:''' Carla Hohepa
* '''Onye njikwa:''' Hannah Shalders
* '''Dọkịta:''' Thomas Pett
* '''Physio:''' Sian Northy
* '''Onye nkuzi ike na ntụzịaka:''' Tasmyn Jackson
* '''Onye nyocha:''' Tandi Keet
* '''Onye nyocha ihe enyemaka:''' Reese Lane

== Ndị isi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!Onye nkuzi
! Oge
! Ref
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt;[[Leslie-Ann Elder|Les Okenye]]
| 2022
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-02-24|title=Waitomo Chiefs Manawa Captain Announced|url=https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/waitomo-chiefs-manawa-captain-announced|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Chiefs|language=en|archivedate=2022-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518161517/https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/waitomo-chiefs-manawa-captain-announced}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Kennedy Simon]]
| 2023–Ọ dị ugbu a
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wood|first=Jesse|date=2024-02-06|title=New Chiefs captain ''drives the standards and lives the values'|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/waikato-news/news/kennedy-simon-retained-as-chiefs-manawa-captain-for-2024-sky-super-rugby-aupiki/LVY67TXCSFCWHK52DJMWVZVECI/|accessdate=2024-02-06|work=NZ Herald|language=en-NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Ndị nkuzi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Ndị isi Manawa na-azụ site na ụbọchị, egwuregwu na pasent mmeri &lt;big&gt;'''*'''&lt;/big&gt;
! Onye nkuzi
! Oge
! style=&quot;width:1.5em;&quot; | G
! style=&quot;width:1.5em;&quot; | W
! style=&quot;width:1.5em;&quot; | D
! style=&quot;width:1.5em;&quot; | L
! %
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Allan Bunting]]
| 2022
| 3
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 100%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Crystal Kaua]]
| 2023–Ọ dị ugbu a
| 12
| 8
| 0
| 4
| 66.66%
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ngụkọta (2022-ugbu a) *
! 15
! 11
! 0
! 4
! 73.33%
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:1px transparent; line-height:150%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;Emelitere na: '''13 Eprel 2024'''&lt;/small&gt;
|}
'''ndetu:'''&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.2em; margin-left:1.7em; font-size:88%;&quot;&gt;
  Official [[Super Rugby Aupiki]] competition matches only, including finals.&lt;/div&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
 {{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Okpukpe Bahá'í na Naijiria</title>
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      <text bytes="19030" sha1="2rku73txscguuf5159jpi5fyfm5l94p" xml:space="preserve">Mgbe ọnụnọ dịpụrụ adịpụ na njedebe 1920s, [1] Okwukwe Bahá'í na Nigeria malitere site na Bahá'ís na-asụ ụzọ na-abịa na Sub-Saharan West Africa na 1950 karịsịa na-agbaso mbọ nke Enoch Olinga bụ onye metụtara kpọmkwem na n'ụzọ doro anya uto nke okpukpe na Nigeria.[2] N'ịgbaso mmụba n'ofe ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, a họpụtara ọgbakọ Mgbakọ ime mmụọ na mpaghara na 1956.[3] Ka ndị obodo na-amụba n'obodo ukwu wee bụrụ ndị dị iche iche na ntinye aka ya, ọ họpụtara Mgbakọ Ime Mmụọ nke Mba nke ya site na 1979.[4]. Atụmatụ ndị otu na-adị iche iche - atụmatụ 2001 nke Operation World gosiri 1000 Bahá'ís na 2001[5] ebe Association of Religion Data Archives (na-adabere na World Christian Encyclopedia) mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka Bahá'ís 38,000 na 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;thousand&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Republic of Niger for August 29|work=Operation World|publisher=Paternoster Lifestyle|year=2001|url=http://www.operationworld.org/country/nige/owtext.html|accessdate=2008-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322044443/http://www.operationworld.org/country/nige/owtext.html|archivedate=2008-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WCE-05&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Most Baha'i Nations (2005)|work=QuickLists &gt; Compare Nations &gt; Religions &gt;|publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives|year=2005|url=http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp|accessdate=2009-07-04|archivedate=2016-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123095007/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afọ ndị mbụ ==
Richard St. Barbe Baker biri ma rụọ ọrụ na ụfọdụ n'ime mpaghara ndịda Naịjirịa na 1927-29, na-agbatị ọrụ ya nke Men of the Trees nke nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, yana dị ka onye Bahá'í kemgbe 1925. &lt;ref name=&quot;xviii&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Universal House of Justice|title=In Memoriam|publisher=Baháʼí World Centre|year=1986|url=http://bahai-library.org/books/bw18/800-825.html|isbn=0-85398-234-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Community|first=Baháʼí International|authorlink=Baháʼí International Community|title=We are what we eat, globally|journal=One Country|volume=18|issue=3|date=October–December 2006|url=http://www.onecountry.org/e183/e18316as_Review_Spirit_Agriculture_story.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1941, onye Naijiria [[K. O. Mbadiwe|Kingsley MBadiwe]] kwuru okwu n'ụlọ ọrụ Bahá'í nke New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=African Prince Speaks|work=The New York Age|page=4|date=15 November 1941|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47670/bahai_nigeria_new_york/|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A hụrụ uto sara mbara n'okpukpe ahụ gafee Sub-Saharan Africa ka ọ malitere na 1950s wee gbasaa na 1960s. &lt;ref name=&quot;UofC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Overview Of World Religions|work=General Essay on the Religions of Sub-Saharan Africa|publisher=Division of Religion and Philosophy, [[University of Cumbria]]|url=http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sub/geness.html|accessdate=2008-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209082606/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sub/geness.html|archivedate=2007-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1953, Shoghi Effendi, onye isi okpukpe ahụ, mere atụmatụ atụmatụ nkuzi mba ụwa nke a kpọrọ Agha Ntụte Afọ Iri. N'oge atụmatụ nkuzi ahụ, Maazị na Oriakụ Ali Nakhjavani ji ụgbọala na ndị ọsụ ụzọ Africa abụọ si Uganda mepee mba ọhụrụ maka okpukpe ahụ. Onye ọsụ ụzọ mbụ biri n'ebe bụ French Equatorial Africa n'oge ahụ, mgbe e mesịrị Enoch Olinga gara British Cameroon.&lt;ref name=&quot;uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mughrab|first=Jan|title=Jubilee Celebration in Cameroon|work=Baháʼí Journal of the Baháʼí Community of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|url=http://bahai-library.com/pdf/bjuk/bjuk_2004_jan-feb_v20_n5_7_Jubilee_Celebration_in_Cameroon.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1954, uto nke okwukwe Bahá'í na Cameroon mere ka ndị Bahá'ís ise na-eto eto bụrụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ n'ógbè ndị gbara ya gburugburu, onye ọ bụla ghọrọ Knight nke Bahá'u'lláh gụnyere [[Ghana]], na [[Togo]]. Ka ọ dịgodị, akwụkwọ Bahá'í nke Olinga, Paris Talks, ghọrọ ntọala nke Chọọchị Bahá'i na Naijiria, na [[Calabar]], nke rụrụ ọrụ na 1955-56. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Anthony|title=The Baháʼí Church of Calabar, West Africa: The Problem of Levels in Religious History|journal=Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies|volume=1|issue=6|date=November 1997|url=http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/bhpapers/vol1/africa1.htm|accessdate=September 19, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu oge na 1956 e nwere ihe karịrị 1000 Bahá'ís gafee North-West Africa,  nke mere ka e nwee nzukọ ime mmụọ nke mpaghara gụnyere Nigeria  na Olinga dị ka onyeisi oche ya na Tunis. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Effendi|first=Shoghi|authorlink=Shoghi Effendi|title=North West Africa|work=Baháʼí World 1954-63|publisher=[[Baháʼí International Community]]|year=1963|url=http://bahai-library.com/asia-pacific/country%20files/north_west_africa.htm|accessdate=2008-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;stats&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bahai-library.com/handscause_statistics_1953-63&amp;chapter=1#22|title=The Baháʼí Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Baháʼí Teaching &amp; Consolidation Plan 1953-1963|pages=22, 46}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=N. Richard|author=Francis|chapter=Enoch Olinga -Hand of the Cause of God, Father of Victories|year=1998|publisher=Baháʼí Faith Website of Reno, Nevada|url=http://bahai-library.com/francis_olinga_biography|title=Olinga, Enoch}}&lt;/ref&gt;Chọọchị ahụ kewapụrụ onwe ya na obodo Bahá'í, mana ọ na-etinye ozizi Bahá'ís na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị ikom Cameroon niile n'otu nnukwu ubi nkwụ. E guzobere chọọchị ahụ, nwee ọganihu, wee daa kpamkpam na-amaghị ma bụrụ nke ndị ọsụ ụzọ Bahá'í na ndị obodo Bahá'ís mba ụwa na-amagwa ruo mgbe otu n'ime ndị guzobere ya gbalịrị iweghachi akwụkwọ ahụ. Ndị isi abụọ nke ụka ahụ mechara sonye n'okpukpe ahụ, ha nyekwara aka guzobe Nzukọ Mmụọ nke mbụ nke Calabar na 1957 ma jee ozi n'ọkwa ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Anthony A.|title=The Baha'i Church of Calabar, West Africa: The Problem of Levels in Religious History|journal=Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies|volume=1|issue=6|date=November 1997|url=http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/bhpapers/vol1/africa1.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọganihu nke obodo ==
Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1964, mgbe ọ na-ejikọta ya na Nzukọ Mmụọ nke North West Africa, Naịjirịa nwere Nzukọ Mmiri Obodo na [[Abá|Aba]] (Nigeria), [[Afikpo]], Akpabuyo, Aningeje, Asata [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] (?), Calabar, [[Ibadan]], Lagos, Nyaje, Owom, na [[Sapele, Nigeria|Sapele]], na obere ìgwè Bahá'ís na [[Ebute Metta]], Ikot Okriba, Ojok, Old Ndebeji, Onitcha, na [[Oron]], na Bahá'is dịpụrụ adịpụ na [[Abakaléké|Abakaliki]], [[Abeokuta]] Falls, Mbeban Village. Mgbe ọnwụ Shoghi Effendi gasịrị, ụlọ ikpe zuru ụwa ọnụ a họpụtara bụ onye isi okpukpe ahụ wee malite ịhazigharị obodo Bahá'í nke Africa site na ịkewapụ obodo mba iji guzobe Nzukọ Mba nke ha, site na 1967 ọ bụ ezie na 1990s.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼí of South Africa|title=Baháʼís in South Africa - Progress of the Baháʼí Faith in South Africa since 1911|work=Official Website|publisher=National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of South Africa|year=1997|url=http://www.bahai.org.za/cm/node/19|accessdate=2008-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408202119/http://www.bahai.org.za/cm/node/19|archivedate=8 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na Jenụwarị ruo Machị 1970 Aka nke Ihe kpatara Rúhíyyih Khanum gafere Africa site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na-eleta ọtụtụ n'ime obodo ndị a gụnyere Naịjirịa na-ezute ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na ụlọ ọrụ ndị Bahá'í na obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Hand of the Cause of God Rúhíyyih Khanum Travels Six Thousand Miles Across Africa|journal=Baháʼí News|date=June 1970|pages=3–18|url=http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm|issue=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naijiria]] gasịrị na 1967-70, ndị Bahá'í nke Naijiria họpụtara Nzukọ Mmụọ nke Mba ha site na 1979. &lt;ref name=&quot;MacEoin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=MacEoin|first=Denis|title=Children/education (Listings)|work=The Babi and Baha'i Religions: An Annotated Bibliography|publisher=Greenwood Press's ongoing series of Bibliographies and Indexes in Religious Studies|url=http://bahai-library.com/books/biblio/children.education.html|accessdate=2008-03-26|archivedate=2024-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706174946/https://bahai-library.com/books/biblio/children.education.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1982, ndị Bahá'í nke Naijiria kwadoro otu n'ime nzukọ ise nke kọntinent kpọrọ oku site na Universal House of Justice, nke emere iji sọpụrụ ncheta ọnwụ Bahíyyih Khánum. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Geoffry W.|author=Marks|title=Messages from the Universal House of Justice 1963-86|publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust of the United States|year=1996|location=Wilmette, IL|url=http://bahai-library.com/uhj_messages_1963_1986|isbn=0-87743-239-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1983, kọmitii ụmụ Bahá'í nke mba ahụ mepụtara ọtụtụ ihe maka Ụlọ akwụkwọ Bahá'í na Naijiria, gụnyere nkuzi maka ụmụaka na isiokwu &quot;Akụkọ Bahá'i&quot;, &quot;Ịdị ndụ Bahá'ï&quot;, na &quot;ozizi Bahá'и&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacEoin&quot; /&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMacEoinWilliam_Collins&quot;&gt;MacEoin, Denis; William Collins.. ''The Babi and Baha'i Religions: An Annotated Bibliography''. Greenwood Press's ongoing series of Bibliographies and Indexes in Religious Studies. See entries pp. 60-63, 80, 139&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2008-03-26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1984, ụlọ ọrụ West African Center for Bahá'í Studies gosipụtara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ife, na Ile Ife.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lerche|first=Charles O.|title=Circle of Peace: Reflections on the Baha'I Teachings|publisher=Kalimat Press|year=1985|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KrIhZCNM99AC&amp;pg=PA57|isbn=0-933770-28-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tọrọ ntọala na 1986, site na 2004 Bahá'í Justice Society nwere ndị otu na ọtụtụ mba gụnyere Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Main Page|work=Official Webpage|publisher=Baháʼí Justice Society|date=2004-07-04|url=http://www.bahaijusticesociety.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403030152/http://bahaijusticesociety.org/|archivedate=April 3, 2008|accessdate=2008-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1996 Naijiria nyere aka na nhọpụta nke São Tomé National Spiritual Assembly . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Justice|first=Universal House of|authorlink=Universal House of Justice|title=Letter To all National Spiritual Assemblies|work=Newspaper and Magazine articles, pre-1997|publisher=Baháʼí Academics Resource Library|date=1996-02-11|url=http://bahai-library.com/newspapers/1996/PR021196.html|accessdate=2008-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obodo nke oge a ==
Ndị Bahá'ís nke Naijiria na-enwe ụlọ akwụkwọ dịgasị iche iche dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ Harmatan Bahá'í dị na [[Uyo]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Foxhall|first=R|title=Photos from Uyo|publisher=UNjobs Association of Geneva|date=2007-12-23|url=http://unjobs.org/duty_stations/nigeria/akwa-lbom/uyo/photos|accessdate=2008-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na ọrụ mmepe na obodo isii n'ọhịa agụmakwụkwọ, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka na ọrụ ugbo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Community|first=Baháʼí International|title=In the Field: Some Examples|work=Baháʼí Topics|publisher=[[Baháʼí International Community]]|year=2006|url=http://info.bahai.org/article-1-8-1-3.html|accessdate=2008-05-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512132612/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-8-1-3.html|archivedate=12 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nzukọ Mmụọ nke Mba ahọpụtala ụlọ ọrụ Bahá'í nke Mba maka Ọganihu nke Ụmụ nwanyị na Lagos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women's Organizations - Nigeria|work=Global List of Women's Organizations - A Subdivision of Fullmoon's Web|publisher=Denise Osted|date=2004-08-27|url=http://www.distel.ca/womlist/countries/nigeria.html|accessdate=2008-05-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411011658/http://www.distel.ca/womlist/countries/nigeria.html|archivedate=11 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Bahá'ís nke [[Ibadan]] na [[Idi-Ose]] nwere nzukọ okpukpe na ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst, Hindu, na ndị Alakụba, na &quot;Ndị inyom, Ịha nhata na Okpukpe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Community|first=Baháʼí International|authorlink=Baháʼí International Community|title=Women, Equality and Religion|journal=One Country|year=2006|url=http://www.onecountry.org/oc91/oc9112cp.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ==
Atụmatụ nke ndị otu dịgasị iche iche - atụmatụ 2001 nke Operation World gosipụtara 1000 Bahá'ís na 2001 &lt;ref name=&quot;thousand&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|title=Republic of Niger for August 29|work=Operation World|publisher=Paternoster Lifestyle|year=2001|url=http://www.operationworld.org/country/nige/owtext.html|accessdate=2008-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322044443/http://www.operationworld.org/country/nige/owtext.html|archivedate=2008-03-22}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080322044443/http://www.operationworld.org/country/nige/owtext.html &quot;Republic of Niger for August 29&quot;]. ''Operation World''. Paternoster Lifestyle. 2001. Archived from [http://www.operationworld.org/country/nige/owtext.html the original] on 2008-03-22&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2008-05-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ebe Association of Religion Data Archives (na-adabere na World Christian Encyclopedia) mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka 38,172 Bahá'í. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCE-05&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|title=Most Baha'i Nations (2005)|work=QuickLists &gt; Compare Nations &gt; Religions &gt;|publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives|year=2005|url=http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp|accessdate=2009-07-04|archivedate=2016-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123095007/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160123095007/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp &quot;Most Baha'i Nations (2005)&quot;]. ''QuickLists &gt; Compare Nations &gt; Religions &gt;''. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Archived from [http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp the original] on 2016-01-23&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2009-07-04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị ama ama ===
Richard St. Barbe Baker bụ onye a ma ama na-echekwa ọhịa ma na 1927-9 ọ bụ onye enyemaka na-echebara ọhịa maka mpaghara ndịda Naịjirịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=St. Barbe Baker|first=Richard|title=My Life, My Trees|location=Forres, Scotland|publisher=Findhorn Press|year=1985|isbn=0-905249-63-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Suheil Bushrui, onye rụrụ ọrụ na nkà ihe ọmụma Perennial ma bụrụ onye ọkà mmụta a ma ama na Khalil Gibran &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Khahlil.org|title=Baháʼí scholar receives interfaith honor|publisher=Khahlil.org|year=2006|url=http://www.kahlil.org/bushrui.html|accessdate=2008-05-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527082321/http://www.kahlil.org/bushrui.html|archivedate=2006-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye na-emeghe Mahadum Maryland, College Park Bahá'í Chair for World Peace,  mbụ kụziri na Naijiria na Mahadum Ibadan tupu ọ gaa [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]] na 1968.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Department of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland|title=Center for International Development and Conflict Management (CIDCM)Welcomes Dr. John Grayzel|work=GVPT News|publisher=Department of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland, College Park|date=February 2006|url=http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/newsletter/February_2006.pdf|accessdate=2008-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=International Community|first=Baháʼí|authorlink=Baháʼí International Community|title=From literature to peace: a scholar who strives to be a bridge between cultures|work=One Country|date=July–September 2003|url=http://www.onecountry.org/e152/e15204as_Profile_Bushrui_story.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Helen Elsie Austin biri na Lagos dị ka onye ọrụ US Foreign Service site na 1960 ruo 1970, ma na-eje ozi dị ka Onye na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na United States Information Agency. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ na Nzukọ Mmụọ Bahá'í (ụdị ọchịchị a họpụtara ahọpụta nke okpukpe ahụ.) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States|title=Selected profiles of African-American Baháʼís|publisher=National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States|url=http://www.bahai.us/node/77|accessdate=2008-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927092140/http://www.bahai.us/node/77|archivedate=2007-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Baháʼí International Community|authorlink=Baháʼí International Community|title=Standing up for justice and truth|work=Baháʼí World News Service|date=2004-12-05|url=http://news.bahai.org/story/338}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kiser Barnes bu ụzọ họpụta dịka onye otu Universal House of Justice na 2000. Na 1980s na 90s Barnes biri ndụ, rụọ ọrụ ọkachamara, ma jee ozi na nchịkwa nke okpukpe, na Nigeria. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi ukwu na ngalaba iwu na mahadum Obafemi Awolowo dị na Naịjirịa site n'afọ 1980 ruo 1993, wee nweta nzere masta. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ ọkwa dị elu nke na-aga nke ọma site na 1981 ruo 1993..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biographies of Co-Chairs, Faith Participants and Other Invitees|work=World Faiths and Development - Dialogue|publisher=The World Bank Group|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704142125/http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/faithsdialogue/bio.htm|archivedate=July 4, 2008|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/faithsdialogue/bio.htm|accessdate=2008-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke Naịjirịa
* [[Religion in Nigeria|Okpukpe na Naịjirịa]]
* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naịjirịa
* Okpukpe Bahá'í na Cameroon

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==
The Bahá'í Faith In Nigeria, Dialogue &amp; Alliance, Winter 1992, p104, nke Loni Bramson-Lerche.

== Edemsibia ==

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'''Phila Portia Ndwandwe''' (6 Febrụwarị 1965 &amp;#x2013; 1988), makwaara dị ka Zandile ma ọ bụ Zandi, bụ onye ọgụ Natal cadre nke uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) nke Muzi Ngwenya (Thami Zulu ma ọ bụ “TZ”) hibere na Swaziland. MK bụ nku agha (Spear of the Nation) nke African National Congress (ANC), nke [[Nelson Mandela]] kere na 1961.

== KwaZulu-Natal sitere ==
Zandi dị afọ 21 bụ nwa akwụkwọ ọgwụgwọ eze &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media/1997/9705/s970509b.htm|date=May 9, 1997|title=Family reunited as South Africa makes peace with past|work=www.justice.gov.za|publisher=[[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802190257/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media/1997/9705/s970509b.htm|archivedate=2 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe etinyere ya na ANC wee bụrụ onye ọgụ MK. Afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ike bi na Durban, a na-enyocha ya ma jide ya na ebubo iyi ọha egwu tupu ọ gbaga n'agha na Swaziland. Ndị ọrụ nchekwa Durban tọọrọ na Swaziland na Manzini Arms, ebe obibi, wee &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)&quot;&gt;ya&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; ma gbuo ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=6 August 2018|title=The South African freedom fighter who wouldn't betray her comrades and lost her life for it|url=https://afropunk.com/2018/08/the-south-african-freedom-fighter-who-wouldnt-betray-her-comrades-and-lost-her-life-for-it/|work=AFRO PUNK|accessdate=28 March 2025|archivedate=23 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423222423/https://afropunk.com/2018/08/the-south-african-freedom-fighter-who-wouldnt-betray-her-comrades-and-lost-her-life-for-it/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nke ya bụ aru mbụ nke Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) mebiri. N'oge ndị TRC na-ege ntị, onye ọrụ nke kwupụtara na ya so na ndị otu gbagburu ya dugara ndị ọchịchị n'ebe dị n'ugbo Elandkop ebe ha liri ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990|journal=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report|volume=2|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Maachị 12, 1997, a gwupụtara ọkpụkpụ Ndwandwe n'ubi dị na KwaZulu-Natal na nwa ya nwoke dị afọ 9 gara olili ozu steeti ya na nne na nna ya ochie na Nelson Mandela. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 August 2020|title=Story of Female Liberation Fighter Who Was Killed by White-Apartheid Police (Phila Portia Ndwandwe)|url=https://libertywritersglobal.com/story-of-female-liberation-fighter-who-was-killed-by-white-apartheid-police-phila-portia-ndwandwe/|work=Liberty Writers Global|accessdate=28 March 2025|archivedate=5 October 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005103536/https://libertywritersglobal.com/story-of-female-liberation-fighter-who-was-killed-by-white-apartheid-police-phila-portia-ndwandwe/}}&lt;/ref&gt; E yipụla ya uwe ma tie ya ihe ugboro ugboro n'ịgbalị 'ịtụgharị' ya mana o kwenyesiri ike ikwu okwu. Otu n'ime ndị jidere ya kọwara ọjụjụ ya dị ka &quot;nwere obi ike, nwee nnukwu obi ike.&quot; N'enweghị ihe akaebe a ga-ekpe ikpe megide Zandi, ha kpebiri igbu ya ma zoo ozu ahụ, kpuchie ya na lime na mpempe akwụkwọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phila Portia Ndwandwe|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/phila-portia-ndwandwe|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010040010/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/phila-portia-ndwandwe|archivedate=10 October 2016|work=South Africa History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; 11 ndị bụbu ndị ọrụ nchekwa nwetara mgbaghara na ndị na-agwa ndị tọọrọ ya ekpugheghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=11 former security police get amnesty|url=https://www.iol.co.za/travel/south-africa/11-former-security-police-get-amnesty-66860|work=www.iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nna ya, Nason Ndwandwe tụrụ egwu na ọ ghọwo onye na-eso ' askarị ' ma ọ bụ onye na-agwa ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mgbe ya na Nelson Mandela na ANC na-alaghachighị na 1993, ya mere ọ rịọrọ TRC maka ajụjụ ọnụ. Onye nyocha TRC Stephanie Miller chọtara ihe akaebe nke ndị uwe ojii 'kụrụ squad' na-arụ ọrụ na Durban wee weta nrụgide ka ọ nagide ndị otu ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1997, ndị tinyere akwụkwọ maka mgbaghara kpugheere kọmishọna akụkọ banyere ntọọrọ ya na igbu ọchụ sochirinụ. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, a gwara ezinụlọ ya na ọ gara Tanzania. 

== Hụkwa ==
ma tie ya ihe ugboro ugboro n'ịgbalị 'ịtụgharị' ya mana o kwenyesiri ike ikwu okwu. Otu n'ime ndị jidere ya kọwara ọjụjụ ya dị ka &quot;nwere obi ike, nwee nnukwu obi

* Victoria Mxenge
* Albie Sachs

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Onye uwe ojii Satta</title>
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Satta Fatumata Sheriff bụ onye na-ahụ maka [[Ikike mmadụ|Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ]] na Liberia, onye guzobere na onye isi nchịkwa Action for Justice and Human Rights (AJHR) - otu NGO na-arụ ọrụ iji chọọ ohere ikpe ziri ezi na nkwanye ùgwù maka ihe ndị Ruuru mmadụ na Libya. Ọ bụ otu n'ime 100 Ndị Ntorobịa Kasị Mmetụta n'Africa [https://www.africayouthawards.org/2020-100-most-influential-young-africans/] E debere ya na  Wayback Machine, onye ndu na-eto eto maka Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, United Nations [https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/satta-sheriff/] na onye bụbu ọkà okwu nke Nzukọ Ndị Ụmụaka Liberia. 

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Satta n'April 12, 1998, n'oge Agha Obodo Liberia na mpaghara ugwu Bong, Fulmah District Bongmines; ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị mgbe ọ dị afọ isii (6).

Nkwado Satta malitere mgbe ọ dị afọ (9) mgbe nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na atọ ga-alụ nwoke dị afọ iri atọ na itoolu n'obodo ya, Satta chere na ọ dị njọ; N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ gwara ndị nne na nna nwa agbọghọ ahụ na onye isi obodo ahụ, si otú a kwụsị alụmdi na nwunye ahụ. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ iji chọọ ohere ikpe ziri ezi na nkwanye ùgwù maka ikike mmadụ na [[Liberia]].

== Nkwado ==
Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, Satta ghọrọ onye nkuzi ọgbọ iji mee ka a mara mmetụta nke mkparị na ịkpa ókè n'ahụ ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa ndị HIV/AIDS metụtara na Liberia. Ọ duru otu ụmụ agbọghọ dị afọ iri na ụma n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ &quot;Daughters of the Kings&quot; na-akụziri ndị ntorobịa banyere ahụike ọmụmụ nwa, mmegbu mmekọahụ na mmegbu, mmegbu, afọ ime n'afọ iri na ụma, mmegbu ụmụaka, ndina n'ike, ụzọ mbufe na usoro mgbochi nke HIV, STIs na STDs na Kakata City, Margibi County.

Na mbido afọ 2017, e kwuru na onye omeiwu dinara otu onye dị afọ iri na atọ ma tụba ya ime.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/2016news/liberia-children-forum-want-lawmaker-investigated-for-rape/|title=Liberia Children Forum Want Lawmaker Investigated For Rape|date=25 May 2017|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2025|archivedate=22 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222073659/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/2016news/liberia-children-forum-want-lawmaker-investigated-for-rape/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na Satta na ndị ọzọ na-akwado, e mere nyocha, e jidere onye omeiwu ahụ ma zigara ikpe ya n'ụlọ ikpe. N'afọ 2016, Satta guzobere Joint Action Committee on Children (JACC) iji kwado ma chebe ikike ụmụaka na Liberia.  Site na JACC; Satta kwalitere mkpọsa mba iji maa ndị gburu ụmụaka Liberian abụọ (Alvin Moses &amp; Ruben Paye) ikpe bụ ndị e gburu n'ụzọ dị omimi na 2015. Kemgbe afọ 2016, Satta nọchitere anya Girls and Children of Liberia na Isi ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na New York na isi ụlọ akwụkwọ African Union n'oge dị iche iche iji gbachitere ikike ụmụaka na ụmụ nwanyị na mba ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;weebly.com&quot; /&gt;

Na mbido afọ 2016, e nyere Satta Diana Princess of Wales Active Campaigner Award maka ịgbachitere ikike ụmụaka na ijide n'aka na ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụaka nwere ohere dị nchebe na Liberia.

Na 2015, a họpụtara Satta dị ka onyeisi oche nwanyị mbụ nke omeiwu ụmụaka Liberia site n'aka ụmụaka si n'ofe Liberia mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iri na ise (15).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/news/child-advocate-reminds-gol-about-displeasing-attitude-toward-child-justice/|title=Child Advocate Reminds GoL about Displeasing Attitude toward Child Justice - Liberian Observer|work=www.liberianobserver.com|accessdate=2018-05-17|archivedate=2021-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227093620/https://www.liberianobserver.com/news/child-advocate-reminds-gol-about-displeasing-attitude-toward-child-justice/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka olu gọọmentị nke ụmụaka Liberia, Satta nyere ndụmọdụ n'aha ụmụaka ma nọchite anya ụmụaka Liberia n'ógbè, mba na mba ụwa.

N'afọ 2016, a kpọrọ Satta ihe nrite onye ntorobịa kachasị nwee mmetụta na Liberia maka nkwado ya ma na-eguzo n'ihe gbasara mba.

N'afọ 2015 n'oge nsogbu Ebola na Liberia, Satta malitere mmemme redio a kpọrọ &quot;Ụmụaka na U&quot; na Radio Joy Africa 97.5 MHz na Kakata City, Margibi County iji kwalite ikike ụmụaka ma nye ụmụaka ohere ikwu okwu gbasara nsogbu ndị metụtara ha na ọha mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;weebly.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://youthaidliberia.weebly.com/liberias-young-personality-of-the-month.html|title=Liberia's Young Personality of the Month|work=youthaidliberia.weebly.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://youthaidliberia.weebly.com/liberias-young-personality-of-the-month.html &quot;Liberia's Young Personality of the Month&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Mgbe Ebola gasịrị, Satta mepụtara ọrụ nke mesịrị ghọọ mkpọsa akpọrọ &quot;Nkwado gị, Ọdịnihu Anyị&quot; iji rịọ ihe ụlọ akwụkwọ dịgasị iche iche maka ụmụ mgbei karịsịa ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ọrịa Ebola.&lt;ref name=&quot;glocalteenhero.com&quot; /&gt;.

== Nsọpụrụ ==

* Onyinye Lillian Franklin Diversity: 2021
* 2020 100 Ndị Ntorobịa Afrịka Kasị Mmetụta: 2020
* Onye ọka iwu ntorobịa a ma ama n'afọ, Liberia: 2019
* One World Foundation Inc. Na-emetụta Onye ndu Nwanyị Na-eto eto n'Africa: 2017
* Onye na-eto eto kachasị nwee mmetụta na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụaka: 2016 &lt;ref name=&quot;glocalteenhero.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gitc.glocalteenhero.com/speakers/satta-sheriff/|title=Satta Sheriff - Glocal International Teen Conference|publisher=|accessdate=2018-05-17|archivedate=2021-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027025557/https://gitc.glocalteenhero.com/speakers/satta-sheriff/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Diana Princess of Wales International Awards: 2016
* Gọọmentị Kansụl Ụmụ akwụkwọ, St Edward Catholic School, Monrovia Liberia Onye ọkacha Ọkaibe Nwanyị Na-eto eto: 2016
* Liberia Inter-High School Debate asọmpi onye egwuregwu kacha baa uru (MVP) na otu n'ime ndị ọkà okwu kachasị ekwu okwu: 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/breeding-a-new-generation-of-liberian-intellectuals/|title=Breeding a New Generation of Liberian Intellectuals - Liberian Observer|work=www.liberianobserver.com|accessdate=2018-05-17|archivedate=2021-04-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415051324/https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/breeding-a-new-generation-of-liberian-intellectuals/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Margibi County Journalist Association na Redeem ndụ Christian Church, Kakata City, Margibi縣 kacha mma Onye mgbasa ozi na-eto eto: 2015

== Edemsibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ohita</title>
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      <text bytes="5452" sha1="m4kqvsoa93jluj7wn0bvx03k2n290gm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Ohita
| official_name      = Ohita Community, Ogbaru Local Government Area, Anambra State
| native_name        = Ọhịta
| settlement_type    = Town
| seat               = Anambra State
}}
Ohita bụ obodo dị na mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Ogbaru nke steeti Anambra. Ọ dị n'ime mpaghara omeiwu Anambra North ma kewaa ókèala ya na obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'akụkụ osimiri Ogbaru dịka Atani na Odekpe. Ndị Ohita na-asụ asụsụ Igbo ma na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ, na-eji ohere ahụ eme ihe n'ime mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Niger gbara ya gburugburu..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2023-08-18|title=Inside Ogbaru, Anambra community ravaged by flood|url=https://thesun.ng/inside-ogbaru-anambra-community-ravaged-by-flood/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ossai|first=Jude|date=2023-08-16|title=Flood ruins Ogbaru LG goldmines as residents cry out to FG, State Govts for rescue|url=https://dailynewsngr.com.ng/flood-ruins-ogbaru-lg-goldmines-as-residents-cry-out-to-fg-state-govts-for-rescue/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=Daily News Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211221955/https://dailynewsngr.com.ng/flood-ruins-ogbaru-lg-goldmines-as-residents-cry-out-to-fg-state-govts-for-rescue/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Idei Mmiri na Ohita ==
Idei mmiri na Ohita aghọọla ihe ịma aka na-aga n'ihu n'ihi ebe ọ dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Niger. Kwa afọ, oké mmiri ozuzo na oke mmiri ozuzo na-emikpu ala ugbo, ụlọ, na okporo ụzọ, na-amanye ọtụtụ ndị bi ebe ahụ ịkwaga ebe ọzọ nwa oge. Idei mmiri na-ebibikarị ihe ubi dị ka ji, aki, na osikapa, bụ́ isi ihe ndị mmadụ ji ebi ndụ, na-ebute ụkọ nri na nsogbu akụ na ụba. N'agbanyeghị arịrịọ ugboro ugboro, enyemaka gọọmentị ka dị obere, na-eme ka obodo ahụ ghara inwe ike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi na akụrụngwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2023-08-18|title=Inside Ogbaru, Anambra community ravaged by flood|url=https://thesun.ng/inside-ogbaru-anambra-community-ravaged-by-flood/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2025-08-04|title=Residents cry out as flood ravages Anambra's Ogbaru LGA|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/08/residents-cry-out-as-flood-ravages-anambras-ogbaru-lga/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị mmadụ na Ọrụ ==
Ndị Ohita na-asụkarị asụsụ Igbo ma bụrụ ndị ezinụlọ Ogbaru buru ibu na Anambra Steeti. A maara ha maka ịrụsi ọrụ ike na mmụọ obodo siri ike, ebe ọtụtụ ndị bi na-arụ [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] na ịkụ azụ dị ka isi ihe ha na-enweta. Ala ndị na-eme nri gbara Osimiri Niger gburugburu na-eme ka ọrụ ugbo na-amị mkpụrụ nke ukwuu, a na-akụkwa ihe ọkụkụ dịka yam, cassava, osikapa, ọka, na akwụkwọ nri n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ịkụ azụ na-aga nke ọma n'ihi ọtụtụ ndụ mmiri dị n'osimiri ahụ. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ugbo, ụfọdụ ndị bi na ya na-azụ ahịa ihe ọkụkụ na ahịa ndị dị nso dị ka Atani na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbaru Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/122/ogbaru?utm|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ossai|first=Jude|date=2023-08-16|title=Flood ruins Ogbaru LG goldmines as residents cry out to FG, State Govts for rescue|url=https://dailynewsngr.com.ng/flood-ruins-ogbaru-lg-goldmines-as-residents-cry-out-to-fg-state-govts-for-rescue/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=Daily News Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211221955/https://dailynewsngr.com.ng/flood-ruins-ogbaru-lg-goldmines-as-residents-cry-out-to-fg-state-govts-for-rescue/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Saka|first=Fatima|date=2023-08-18|title=Anambra Community Appeals for Urgent Assistance to Combat Recurrent Flooding|url=https://naturenews.africa/amp/anambra-community-appeals-for-urgent-assistance-to-combat-recurrent-flooding/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=Naturenews.africa|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndị a ma ama na onyinye ==
Ohita pụtara dị ka otu n'ime obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Ogbaru Local Government Area nke Anambra State. Ala ya na-eme nri na ịdị nso ya na Osimiri Niger na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na-enye aka na mmepụta nri na mpaghara ahụ, ọkachasị na ihe ọkụkụ dị ka yam, cassava, ọka, na osikapa. Obodo ahụ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwado ahịa mpaghara site n'inye obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ dị ka Atani, Odekpe, na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]]. E wezụga ọrụ ugbo, a maara ndị Ohita maka ụkpụrụ obodo ha siri ike, ile ọbịa, na ntachi obi n'ihu idei mmiri kwa afọ. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka ndị ahụ, ha na-aga n'ihu na-enye aka na ọdịbendị na akụ na ụba nke mpaghara Ogbaru na Anambra State n'ozuzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2023-08-18|title=Inside Ogbaru, Anambra community ravaged by flood|url=https://thesun.ng/inside-ogbaru-anambra-community-ravaged-by-flood/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Ìgbo]]
[[Otú:Naigeria]]
[[Otú:Ȯra Anambra]]</text>
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| name               = Ohita
| official_name      = Ohita Community, Ogbaru Local Government Area, Anambra State
| native_name        = Ọhịta
| settlement_type    = Town
| seat               = Anambra State
}}
Ohita bụ obodo dị na mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Ogbaru nke steeti Anambra. Ọ dị n'ime mpaghara omeiwu Anambra North ma kewaa ókèala ya na obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'akụkụ osimiri Ogbaru dịka Atani na Odekpe. Ndị Ohita na-asụ asụsụ Igbo ma na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ, na-eji ohere ahụ eme ihe n'ime mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Niger gbara ya gburugburu..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2023-08-18|title=Inside Ogbaru, Anambra community ravaged by flood|url=https://thesun.ng/inside-ogbaru-anambra-community-ravaged-by-flood/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ossai|first=Jude|date=2023-08-16|title=Flood ruins Ogbaru LG goldmines as residents cry out to FG, State Govts for rescue|url=https://dailynewsngr.com.ng/flood-ruins-ogbaru-lg-goldmines-as-residents-cry-out-to-fg-state-govts-for-rescue/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=Daily News Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211221955/https://dailynewsngr.com.ng/flood-ruins-ogbaru-lg-goldmines-as-residents-cry-out-to-fg-state-govts-for-rescue/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Idei Mmiri na Ohita ==
Idei mmiri na Ohita aghọọla ihe ịma aka na-aga n'ihu n'ihi ebe ọ dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Niger. Kwa afọ, oké mmiri ozuzo na oke mmiri ozuzo na-emikpu ala ugbo, ụlọ, na okporo ụzọ, na-amanye ọtụtụ ndị bi ebe ahụ ịkwaga ebe ọzọ nwa oge. Idei mmiri na-ebibikarị ihe ubi dị ka ji, aki, na osikapa, bụ́ isi ihe ndị mmadụ ji ebi ndụ, na-ebute ụkọ nri na nsogbu akụ na ụba. N'agbanyeghị arịrịọ ugboro ugboro, enyemaka gọọmentị ka dị obere, na-eme ka obodo ahụ ghara inwe ike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi na akụrụngwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2023-08-18|title=Inside Ogbaru, Anambra community ravaged by flood|url=https://thesun.ng/inside-ogbaru-anambra-community-ravaged-by-flood/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2025-08-04|title=Residents cry out as flood ravages Anambra's Ogbaru LGA|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/08/residents-cry-out-as-flood-ravages-anambras-ogbaru-lga/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị mmadụ na Ọrụ ==
Ndị Ohita na-asụkarị asụsụ Igbo ma bụrụ ndị ezinụlọ Ogbaru buru ibu na Anambra Steeti. A maara ha maka ịrụsi ọrụ ike na mmụọ obodo siri ike, ebe ọtụtụ ndị bi na-arụ [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] na ịkụ azụ dị ka isi ihe ha na-enweta. Ala ndị na-eme nri gbara Osimiri Niger gburugburu na-eme ka ọrụ ugbo na-amị mkpụrụ nke ukwuu, a na-akụkwa ihe ọkụkụ dịka yam, cassava, osikapa, ọka, na akwụkwọ nri n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ịkụ azụ na-aga nke ọma n'ihi ọtụtụ ndụ mmiri dị n'osimiri ahụ. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ugbo, ụfọdụ ndị bi na ya na-azụ ahịa ihe ọkụkụ na ahịa ndị dị nso dị ka Atani na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbaru Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/122/ogbaru?utm|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ossai|first=Jude|date=2023-08-16|title=Flood ruins Ogbaru LG goldmines as residents cry out to FG, State Govts for rescue|url=https://dailynewsngr.com.ng/flood-ruins-ogbaru-lg-goldmines-as-residents-cry-out-to-fg-state-govts-for-rescue/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=Daily News Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211221955/https://dailynewsngr.com.ng/flood-ruins-ogbaru-lg-goldmines-as-residents-cry-out-to-fg-state-govts-for-rescue/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Saka|first=Fatima|date=2023-08-18|title=Anambra Community Appeals for Urgent Assistance to Combat Recurrent Flooding|url=https://naturenews.africa/anambra-community-appeals-for-urgent-assistance-to-combat-recurrent-flooding/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=Naturenews.africa|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndị a ma ama na onyinye ==
Ohita pụtara dị ka otu n'ime obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Ogbaru Local Government Area nke Anambra State. Ala ya na-eme nri na ịdị nso ya na Osimiri Niger na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na-enye aka na mmepụta nri na mpaghara ahụ, ọkachasị na ihe ọkụkụ dị ka yam, cassava, ọka, na osikapa. Obodo ahụ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwado ahịa mpaghara site n'inye obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ dị ka Atani, Odekpe, na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]]. E wezụga ọrụ ugbo, a maara ndị Ohita maka ụkpụrụ obodo ha siri ike, ile ọbịa, na ntachi obi n'ihu idei mmiri kwa afọ. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka ndị ahụ, ha na-aga n'ihu na-enye aka na ọdịbendị na akụ na ụba nke mpaghara Ogbaru na Anambra State n'ozuzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2023-08-18|title=Inside Ogbaru, Anambra community ravaged by flood|url=https://thesun.ng/inside-ogbaru-anambra-community-ravaged-by-flood/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Ìgbo]]
[[Otú:Naigeria]]
[[Otú:Ȯra Anambra]]</text>
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    <title>Omasi</title>
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      <text bytes="3484" sha1="bfjm7ru2od3ff18np1uaxhytj5xwh53" xml:space="preserve">Omasi (a makwaara dịka Omashi) bụ obodo dị na mpaghara ọchịchị obodo Ayamelum nke steeti Anambra, Naịjirịa. Omasi Agu, nke nwere obodo Omasi Agu na Omasi Uno, gụnyere obodo Ugbene, Umuata, na obodo Obine-Oshia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ojoye|first=Taiwo|date=2016-05-06|title=Enugu killings: Herdsmen celebrated as they slit our kinsmen’s throats –Witnesses|url=https://punchng.com/enugu-killings-herdsmen-celebrated-slit-kinsmens-throats-witnesses/|accessdate=2023-11-01|work=[[The Punch]] Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AYAMELUM Wards new and existing polling unit - eduweb|url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/ayamelum-wards-new-and-existing-polling-unit/|accessdate=2023-11-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị dị na Omasi gụnyere Central Primary School, Tempo Migrant Farmers School, Ayamelum Migrant Farmers School Ikepan Omasi-Agu, na Unity Primary School. Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị na Omasi bụ Universal Secondary School.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anambra State Primary Education Board, Awka|url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/28684/appendixVII.pdf?sequence=15&amp;isAllowed=y}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2023-10-15|title=List of Government Approved Secondary Schools in Anambra {{!}} 2023|url=https://corporate.org.ng/list-of-government-approved-secondary-schools-in-anambra/|accessdate=2023-11-02|work=Corporate Affairs and Directories|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-11-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102033434/https://corporate.org.ng/list-of-government-approved-secondary-schools-in-anambra/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị ala ==
N'ihe gbasara ala, Omasi dị na Ayamelum Local Government Area nke Anambra State, Nigeria, nso ókèala ya na Enugu State. Coordinates ya bụ Latitude 6.70408° ma ọ bụ 6° 42' 15&quot; n'ebe ugwu na Longitude 6.97963° maọ dị 6° 58' 47&quot; n'ọwụwa anyanwụ, yana ịdị elu nke mita 48 (157 ụkwụ) n'elu oke osimiri na koodu zip nke 433114 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Umuata, Omasi, Ayamelum, Anambra: 433114 {{!}} Nigeria Postcode ✉️|url=https://nga.postcodebase.com/node/6713|accessdate=2023-11-01|work=nga.postcodebase.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe ==
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Dust {{!}} Description, Components, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/dust|accessdate=2024-06-23|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

N'aka nke ọzọ, oge mmiri ozuzo na-aga site na Mee ruo Ọktoba, na mmiri ozuzo kachasị na June na July. Ọ na-ejikarị ifufe siri ike na égbè eluigwe ebute ya. N'ụbọchị mmiri na-adịghị, okpomọkụ na-eru 26 °C n'ehihie na 20 °C n&quot;abalị. Mpaghara ahụ na-enweta nkezi nke 212.36 milimita (8.36 sentimita) nke mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ, na ụbọchị mmiri ozuzo 243.38 kwa afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anambra, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data|url=https://weatherandclimate.com/nigeria/anambra#:~:text=Anambra%20Climate%20Summary&amp;text=The%20city's%20yearly%20temperature%20is,%25%20of%20the%20time)%20annually.&amp;text=Average%20annual%20precip.|accessdate=2023-11-01|work=weatherandclimate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Edensibia ==
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    <title>MacDella Cooper</title>
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A mụrụ ya na Monrovia, a chụgara MacDella Cooper na Côte d'Ivoire n'oge agha obodo Liberia nke mbụ malitere tupu ya na ezinụlọ ya na United States.

Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Barringer High School na Newark, New Jersey, ebe ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ kacha elu na klaasị ya, ma mesịa nweta agụmakwụkwọ zuru oke na The College of New Jersey, ebe ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Electronic Communications.

Cooper rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọchụnta ego mba ụwa ruo ọtụtụ afọ tupu o hiwe MacDella Cooper Foundation, MacDella cooper Academy, na Movement for One Liberia.

N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2016, Cooper kwupụtara ebumnuche ya ịzọ ọkwa onye isi ala nke Liberia na Ntuli aka mba Liberia nke afọ 2017.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Cooper na isi obodo Liberia, Monrovia, ma biri n'ebe ahụ ruo mgbe ntiwapụ nke Agha Obodo Liberia nke mbụ.[1] Agha ahụ manyere Cooper ịgbaga Côte d'Ivoire dị nso, bụ́ ebe ọ nọrọ afọ iri na ụma ya dị ka onye gbara ọsọ ndụ ruo 1993, mgbe ya na ezinụlọ ya biri na United States. 

Ọ gara Barringer High School na Newark, New Jersey, ebe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ nke atọ na klas ya nke ụmụ akwụkwọ 1,200. E nyere ya agụmakwụkwọ zuru oke na The College of New Jersey na Ewing, New Jersey, ebe o mechara nweta akara ugo mmụta na Electronic Communications . 

Cooper malitere ọrụ ọkachamara ya na ahịa ejiji na mmekọrịta ọha na eze ma mesịa gbasaa na atụmatụ ụlọ ọrụ, na-enye ndụmọdụ maka òtù ụwa dị ka Citi Group, Duca Sartoria na Starwood, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.  

Cooper enweela ọtụtụ ọkwa ndị ndu, ndị ndụmọdụ na ndị isi na United States, Liberia, na mba ndị ọzọ, gụnyere nnọchiteanya na òtù ndị ọrụ ebere.

== MacDella Cooper Foundation (MCF) ==
N'afọ 2003, Cooper tọrọ ntọala MacDella Cooper Foundation, ọrụ ebere mba ụwa 501c3 bụ ọrụ ya bụ ịkụziri, zụọ na kpalie ụmụaka ndị Africa kacha emerụ ahụ, ndị ntorobịa enweghị nsogbu na ụmụ nwanyị a chụpụrụ n'ebe obibi, na-enyere ha aka ịghọ ndị na-enye aka na mmepe akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke obodo ha.

Ntọala ahụ nyere akụrụngwa dị mkpa iji nweta ọtụtụ nde dollar iji kwado ọrụ mmepe mba na Liberia. Cooper ji ikpo okwu ebere ya wepụta ego dị mkpa iji kwalite ikike mmadụ, gụnyere nchekwa nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka. Ntọala ahụ na-enyekwa ohere inweta agụmakwụkwọ, ahụike, ụlọ dị ọnụ ala, na ọrụ.

== MacDella Cooper Foundation Academy ==
Na Disemba 2010, MacDella Cooper Foundation mepere ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ na Liberia iji nye agụmakwụkwọ n'efu nke gụnyere ụlọ na nri.[1] Dị na Charlesville, Margibi County, Liberia, MacDella Cooper Foundation Academy nwere ikike maka ụmụ akwụkwọ 80, ndị gbara afọ 4 ruo 13.[2] Ọ bụ Winka Dubbeldam onye Dutch-American mere ụlọ akwụkwọ a.

Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye agụmakwụkwọ dị mma na nkà ndụ maka ụmụaka &quot;na-etinye n'ihe ize ndụ&quot;, ndị na-adịghị ike, na ndị nwere nsogbu na gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-enyere aka mmụta. Na MCF Academy, ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eri nri atọ n'ụbọchị nke nwere ihe ndị dị mma, ndị a na-akụ n'ógbè ahụ.

Ndị sonyere na ntọala ahụ ugbu a bụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri a ma ama na mba ụwa bụ ndị a kpọrọ òkù maka ihe omume dị iche iche gụnyere ememe ụbọchị Afrịka na Paris na UN Peace Concert na United States.

Tụkwasị na nke a, ụmụaka niile ruru eru site na MCF Academy dere ma gafee ule West African Examination Council (WAEC), ihe mpaghara chọrọ maka mmata n'ime West Africa.

MCF Academy nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgbanwe elu ụlọ mebiri emebi mgbe ọ dara, na-ahụ na ụmụaka dị nchebe ma dị nchebe n'ime ụlọ klas ha. Ntọala ahụ ewuwokwa klas nke iri na abụọ iji sọpụrụ Ezinụlọ Segal.

== Movement for One Liberia (MOL) Òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
MacDella Cooper bụ onye ndú ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ugbu a maka Movement for One Liberia (MOL), òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke e guzobere na 2019 ma nye ya ikike na 2020. Movement for One Liberia na-enye ụmụ nwanyị, ndị ntorobịa, na ndị nwere nkwarụ ohere isonye n'ọfịs ọha na eze. 

Ebumnuche nke pati ahụ bụ inye ikike ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na nnwere onwe obodo nye onye ọ bụla Liberia, ọkachasị ndị na-anọchite anya - ụmụ nwanyị, ndị ntorobịa, ndị nwere nkwarụ, na ndị nwere echiche dị iche iche.

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
N'October 17, 2016, MacDella Cooper kwupụtara onwe ya onye isi ala Liberia na ntuli aka 2017. Ọ bụkwa onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi nke Movement for One Liberia maka nhoputa ndi ochichi Montserrado County emere na Julaị 2, 2020. [1] [2]

Na 2022, MacDella Cooper kwupụtara ebumnuche ya ịzọ ọkwa onyeisiala na ntuli aka onye isi ala Liberia nke 2023, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ naanị nwanyị na-azọ ọkwa ọkwa kachasị elu na Liberia. Nchọ Cooper maka ịzọ ọkwa onyeisiala nwetara ewu ewu na ọ pụtara dịka ọbịa n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ redio na telivishọn a ma ama na Liberia. Na Mee 26, 2023, Cooper kwadoro n'ihu ọha onye bụbu osote onye isi ala Joseph Boakai maka onye isi ala, na-ekwupụta na ọ chọrọ isonye n'ike iji jikọta ndị Liberia. A mara ọkwa a n'isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Movement for One Liberia na Monrovia, ebe Cooper ka na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
MacDella Cooper bi na Monrovia, Liberia na di ya na ụmụ atọ.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260417183542/https://www.macdellacooper.org/ MacDella Cooper]
* [https://www.facebook.com/FriendsOfMacDella Movement for One Liberia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260415131152/https://macdellacooperfoundation.org/ MacDella Cooper Foundation]
* [http://www.mcfacademy.org MacDella Cooper Academy]
* [http://www.macdellacooperforpresident2023.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ MacDella Cooper Election]
* https://filmfreeway.com/MACDELLA
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 {{Reflist}}'''Ovbokha Agboyi''' (amụrụ na 14 n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1994) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka onye na-agba ọsọ n'etiti. Ọ bụ onye Nigeria U20 na 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup, ebe ọ na-egwuri egwu na egwuregwu anọ niile.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ovbokha Agboyin'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250123231725/https://www.nzs.si/tekmovanja/default.asp?action=igralecstat&amp;id_igralca=116849 Ovbokha Agboyi] na Nogometna звеza Slovenije (n'asụsụ Slovene) 
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'''Nwankwo Tochukwu''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Nwankwo Tochukwu.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 27 Eprel 1986 na Port Harcourt) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] ugbu a na Ventura County Fusion .&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.completesportsnigeria.com/2010/10/juth-sign-35-for-20102011/ JUTH SIGN 35 FOR 2010/2011]{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Ọrụ ==
Tochukwu Nwankwo bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu etiti nke toro na Jos, Naịjirịa. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ọgbọ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata bụ ndị egwuregwu dịka Mikel John Obi na Victor Obinna, ndị so n'òtù ndị egwuregwu ntorobịa nwere nkà nke si Jos pụta n'oge ahụ site na 2005 ruo 2007.

Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Jos University Teaching Hospital Football Club, nke a na-akpọkarị JUTH F.C. Na Naịjirịa, a maara ya dịka ọkachamara n'ịgba bọọlụ freekick, na-enye goolu ise n'otu oge site na freekicks.

Ọ kwagara na FC Koper nke Slovenia na Jenụwarị 2008.&lt;ref&gt;[http://24novice.aplikacije.net/2008/12/17/novice/amusan-in-tochukwu-nic-vec-kanarcka/ 24novice news]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.  Ọ gbara bọọlụ na UEFA Cup 2008-09 maka FC Koper wee laghachi Naijiria na Jenụwarị 2009 na klọb ndị ntorobịa ya JUTH F.C.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.npl.com.ng/index.php?option=com_joomsport&amp;task=player&amp;id=452&amp;sid=1&amp;Itemid=1 Tochukwu Nwankwo - NPL.com.ng]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-agba bọọlụ na-amalite, ezinụlọ ya kwagara na United States. Na Disemba 2010, na njedebe nke nkwekọrịta ya na JUTH, ọ kwagara na United States. Mgbe otu afọ gasịrị, ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ ya na Ventura County Fusion,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vcstar.com/news/2012/jun/07/schmid-knew-wynalda-was-special-from-start Tochkwu Nwankwo Scores from Distance]&lt;/ref&gt;.  otu na Premier Development League.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719104459/http://www.fckoper.si/index.php/index.php?page=igralec&amp;item=129&amp;tree_root=10&amp;target=clan&amp;id=582 Profaịlụ] na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Koper
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120515220313/http://www.prvaliga.si/klubi/mostvo/igralec.asp?idi=81817&amp;id= Profaịlụ, foto na stats sitere na Slovenia] na PrvaLiga.si

== Edensibịa ==
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above fn org&quot; |Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mba Abuja
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! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ebe
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Abuja]], [[Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria|FCT]], Nigeria
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Nhazi
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;[[Health system|Usoro nlekọta]]&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ndị mmadụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Hospital#Types|Ụdị]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; |[[Hospital#General|Mpaghara Ukwu]]
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Ọrụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;[[Emergency department|Ngalaba mberede]]&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ee
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Àkwà
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |850
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Akụkọ ihe mere eme
|-
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| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |22 Mee 1999
|-
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|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ndepụta
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National Hospital [[Abuja]] bụ ụlọ ọgwụ ọha na eze dị na Abuja, [[Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)|FCT]], Nigeria.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E hiwere Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mba Abuja n'okpuru atụmatụ Nkwado Ezinụlọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Atoyebi|first=Olufemi|title=National Hospital losing focus –Maryam Abacha|url=https://punchng.com/national-hospital-losing-focus-maryam-abacha/|work=[[The Punch]]|accessdate=31 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; e guzobere ya n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro dịka Iwu nke 36 nke 1999 si dị (Iwu nke 36 nke 1999). Abdulsalami Abubakar nyere iwu ka ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ rụọ ọrụ na 22 Mee 1999.  Na mbụ National Hospital For Women And Children, ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ meghere na 1 Septemba 1999. Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ natara aha ya ugbu a na 10 Mee 2000.

== Kọmitii Ndị Nlekọta ==

* Rt. Hon. Olubunmi P. Etteh CFR - Onye isi oche
* Prọfesọ Muhammad Raji Mahmud - Onye isi nchịkwa ahụike
* Mene A. Sunny
* Dr Victor Amuta
* Bakura Shettima
* Isa Bawa Adamu
* Dr Chris Osa Isokpunwu
* Prọfesọ Edward O. Ogirima, mni
* Prọfesọ Olufemi Ogunrinde
* Prọfesọ Oluwarotimi Ireti Akinola
* Oriakụ Jumoke Smith
* Oriakụ Elizabeth Egharevba
* Dr Abbaamasi Bad Kankarofi -Director Clinical Services/CMAC
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Olusegun Shokunbi - Onye Nlekọta Ag
* Danjuma Hassan Maaruf - Onye nduzi ego na ndekọ ego
* Dr. Peter Egwakhide PhD. - Onye nduzi Admin / odeakwụkwọ Board.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About – National Hospital Abuja|url=https://nationalhospital.gov.ng/about/|accessdate=2025-04-08|language=en|archivedate=2021-12-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214050343/https://nationalhospital.gov.ng/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngalaba na Ọrụ ==

* Radiotherapy na OncologyỌrịa Oncology
* Ọgwụ ụmụaka
* Ezé na MFU
* Nlekọta siri ike nke anaesthesia
* Ọgwụ Ezinụlọ
* Physics Ọgwụ
* Obstetrics &amp; GynaecologyỌmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị
* Ọrịa anya
* Otorhinolaryngology/Ịwa ahụ isi na olu
* Ọgwụgwọ ahụike
* Radiology
* Ịwa Ahụ
* Ọgwụ nke Ime
* Ọrụ Nọọsụ
* Ngalaba Ịwa Ahụ Plastic
* Ọgwụ Microbiology
* Ihe ndekọ ahụike
* Ọrịa Uche
* Ọbara ọbara
* National Trauma Center NHA
* Nri nri
* Ụlọ ọgwụ
* Ọrịa Ọgwụ
* Ọrịa Ọrịa Na-egbu Ọrịa
* Invitro Fertilization (IVF) 
* Ihe ndekọ ahụike
* Ọrụ Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ
* Ọgwụ nuklia&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Department &amp; Services – National Hospital Abuja|url=https://nationalhospital.gov.ng/department-services/|accessdate=2025-04-03|language=en|archivedate=2025-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403211926/https://nationalhospital.gov.ng/department-services/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị ọrịa a ma ama ==

* Mohammed Abacha
* Evan Enwerem&lt;ref name=&quot;aa&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Sufuyan|author=Ojeifo|title=Nigeria: Enwerem, Former Senate President, Dies At 71|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200708030231.html|work=[[Thisday]]|publisher=[[allAfrica.com]]|date=2007-08-03|accessdate=2007-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Aminu Safana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;l&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Chuks|author=Ohuegbe|title=Lingering House Crisis Killed My Husband -- Safana's Widow|url=http://www.leadershipnigeria.com/product_info.php?products_id=15740|work=Leadership|publisher=Leadership Newspapers Group|date=2007-10-20|accessdate=2007-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Zack Orji|Zach Orji]] (Nollywood Actor) 

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260515050902/http://nationalhospital.gov.ng/ Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mba Abuja]
{{Authority control}}
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Suguta</title>
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'''Osimiri Suguta''' bụ osimiri oge a na-enweta n'oge dị na [[Ndagwurugwu Rift, Kenya | Ndagwurugwu Rift Ukwu]] dị na [[Kenya]] (Afrịka), kpọmkwem na ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana]].
Ọ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ndagwurugwu Suguta]] n'oge mmiri ozuzo, na-emepụta Ọdọ Mmiri Alablad nwa oge, [[ọdọ mmiri akọrọ]] nke na-ejikọta ya na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Logipi]] na nsọtụ ugwu nke ndagwurugwu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/ilec/WLC13_Papers/others/5.pdf
 |page=18
 |first=Chege David
 |last=Mathea
 |title=OUR LAKES, OUR FUTURE
 |date=November 1, 2009
 |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation
 |access-date=2011-12-29
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426070349/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/ilec/WLC13_Papers/others/5.pdf
 |archive-date=April 26, 2012
 |url-status=dead
 |accessdate=July 7, 2026
 |archivedate=April 26, 2012
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426070349/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/ilec/WLC13_Papers/others/5.pdf
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osimiri Suguta na-amalite site n'ime iyi mmiri dị nso na-esi nke na-esi n'akụkụ [[Ugwu Silali]], ugwu mgbawa gbawara agbawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://northrifttourism.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;layout=blog&amp;id=71&amp;Itemid=213
 |title=About the Baringo Region
 |work=North Rift Tourism
 |access-date=2012-04-09
 |accessdate=2026-07-07
 |archivedate=2012-04-21
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421031920/http://northrifttourism.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;layout=blog&amp;id=71&amp;Itemid=213
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-eche na isi iyi ọkụ [[Kapedo]], nke na-asọda site na otu mmiri mmiri na-asọda na Osimiri Suguta, bụ ebe mmiri si na [[Lake Baringo]] {{convert|60|km|mi}} gaa na ndịda.&lt;ref name=Frommers/&gt;
N'otu oge, Osimiri Suguta gafere n'etiti ugwu mgbawa abụọ, isi iyi ọkụ na-esikwa n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ na-enye ya mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/Kenya/RiftValley/LogipiGeyser.htm
 |title=Logipi Geyser
 |work=WonderMondo
 |access-date=2012-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ebe ụfọdụ, a na-eji nkwụ kpuchie akụkụ Osimiri Suguta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.flyladylori.com/2011/09/sand-dunes-of-the-suguta-valley-2/
 |title=SAND DUNES OF THE SUGUTA VALLEY
 |work=Lady Lori
 |access-date=2012-04-09
 |accessdate=2026-07-07
 |archivedate=2016-03-04
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002610/http://www.flyladylori.com/2011/09/sand-dunes-of-the-suguta-valley-2/
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Osimiri ahụ na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya bụ ebe obibi nke [[cichlid]], [[Nịl tilapia#Ụdị|Suguta tilapia]] (''Oreochromis niloticus sugutae'').
Ọ bụ ezie na osimiri ahụ na-akpọnwụ mgbe mmiri ozuzo gasịrị, azụ̀ ndị ahụ na-adị ndụ n'ọdọ mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite FTP |url        = ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/inco2/docs/29_dookeyo.pdf
 |title      = TAXONOMY, COMMON NAMES AND DISTRIBUTION OF FISH IN THE EASTERN ARM OF THE RIFT VALLEY DRAINAGE, KENYA
 |author     = Daniel O. Okeyo
 |server     = FTP server
 |url-status = dead
 |access-date = 2012-04-09
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Osimiri ahụ bụkwa ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ agụ iyi.&lt;ref name=Frommers/&gt;
Nnukwu ìgwè flamingo bi n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.bigearth.com/location/suguta-valley-crossing/
 |work=Big Earth
 |title=Suguta Valley Crossing
 |access-date=2012-04-09
 |accessdate=2026-07-07
 |archivedate=2012-04-26
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081400/http://www.bigearth.com/location/suguta-valley-crossing/
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Leekwa==

* [[Ọdọ Mmiri Suguta]]

==Edensibia==
{{Reflist |refs=
&lt;ref name=Frommers&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtIuj0DenGwC&amp;pg=PA159
 |title=Frommer's Kenya and Tanzania
 |author1=Keith Bain |author2=Pippa De Bruyn |author3=Philip Briggs |author4=Lizzie Williams |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2010 |isbn=978-0470285589}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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    <title>Mercedes Pascual</title>
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'''Mercedes Pascual''' bụ onye Uruguay na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ,  na prọfesọ na Ngalaba nke Ecology na Evolution na Mahadum Chicago, ebe ọ na-eduga Laboratory for Modeling and Theory in Ecology and Epidemiology (MATE).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=Charles |title=Better than tea leaves |journal=HHMI Bulletin |date=2009 |issue=May |pages=32–37, 56 |url=https://www.hhmi.org/sites/default/files/Bulletin/2009/May/may2009.pdf |accessdate=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Chicago&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MATE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=People|url=https://voices.uchicago.edu/mercedespascual/people/|work=Modeling and Theory in Ecology and Epidemiology (MATE)|accessdate=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụbu Prọfesọ Rosemary Grant College na Mahadum Michigan na Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigato.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESA&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Pascual presented ESA's Robert T. MacArthur Award|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/news-events/all-news/archived-news/2014/08/pascual-presented-esas-robert-t--macarthur-award-.html|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|publisher=University of Michigan|date=August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pascual emepụtala ụdị sistemụ maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara usoro dị mgbagwoju anya na nke na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi, site na iji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ, ọnụọgụgụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọ na-eji ụdị ndị a eme ihe na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ntanetị nri. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gao&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gao|first=Peng|title=Uncovering food web structure using a novel trophic similarity measure|journal=Ecological Informatics|date=November 2015|volume=30|pages=110–118|doi=10.1016/j.ecoinf.2015.09.013|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283082261|accessdate=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Pascual, Mercedes|title=Ecological networks : linking structure to dynamics in food webs|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977505-7|location=Oxford|oclc=727944896}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Allesina&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Allesina|first=Stefano|title=Food web models: a plea for groups|journal=Ecology Letters|date=July 2009|volume=12|issue=7|pages=652–662|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01321.x|pmid=19453619|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75012/1/j.1461-0248.2009.01321.x.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; gburugburu ebe obibi, na epidemiology, ọkachasị evolushọn nke Ọrịa na-efe efe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS&quot; /&gt;

Ọ chọpụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti usoro ihu igwe El Niño na ọbịbịa nke ntiwapụ nke ọgbụgbọ na Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradbury&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bradbury|first=Jane|title=Climate change linked to human disease|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|date=October 2002|volume=2|issue=10|pages=588|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00416-4|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(02)00416-4/fulltext|accessdate=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gale&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gale|first=P.|title=The effect of climate change on the occurrence and prevalence of livestock diseases in Great Britain: a review|journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology|date=May 2009|volume=106|issue=5|pages=1409–1423|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04036.x|pmid=19191974}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rodo|first=X.|title=ENSO and cholera: A nonstationary link related to climate change?|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=12 September 2002|volume=99|issue=20|pages=12901–12906|doi=10.1073/pnas.182203999|pmid=12228724}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chaves&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pascual|first=M|title=Predicting endemic cholera: the role of climate variability and disease dynamics|journal=Climate Research|date=30 April 2008|volume=36|pages=131–140|doi=10.3354/cr00730}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime usoro ọ na-akọ bụ na ihe omume El Niño na-aghọ ihe na-akpali ọrịa na-arịwanye elu. Ọrụ ya nwere ike ịbụ ihe akaebe mbụ iji gosipụta Mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na-emetụta Ọrịa na-efe efe.&lt;ref name=&quot;McArthur&quot; /&gt; Ọrịa ndị ọzọ ọ na-amụ gụnyere [[Iba|ịba]]  na influenza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|title=Climate and Population Immunity in Malaria Dynamics: Harnessing Information from Endemicity Gradients|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=November 2015|volume=31|issue=11|pages=532–534|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2015.08.009|pmid=26422773}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Du|first=Xiangjun|title=Incidence Prediction for the 2017-2018 Influenza Season in the United States with an Evolution-informed Model|journal=PLOS Currents|volume=10|date=2018|doi=10.1371/currents.outbreaks.6f03b36587ae74b11353c1127cbe7d0e|pmid=29588875}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike iji ihe nlereanya ya mee ihe iji kwado ahụike ọha na eze.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Thometz&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Thometz|first=Kristen|title=UChicago Scientists Develop Tool to Predict Severity of Flu Season|url=https://news.wttw.com/2017/10/26/uchicago-scientists-develop-tool-predict-severity-flu-season|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=WTTW|date=October 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Malaria&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Early warning system provides 4-month forecast of malaria epidemics in northwest India|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-03/uom-ews030113.php|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=Eureka Alert|date=3 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmụta ==
A mụrụ Pascual na [[Uruguay]] ma too na [[Argentina]] na [[Brazil]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rucker&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rucker|first=Philip|title=Howard Hughes charity giving $600 million to 56 scientists Hughes charity to offer $600 million to medical research|url=https://www.chron.com/news/health/article/Howard-Hughes-charity-giving-600-million-to-56-1594736.php|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=The Washington Post|date=May 27, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya bụ injinia kemịkal.
Pascual rụrụ ọrụ Undergraduate na bayoloji mmiri na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Universidade Santa Úrsula (USU, 1978–1979) na na Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC, 1980). O nwetara nzere Licentiate na biology site na Universidad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales na Buenos Aires, Argentina na 1985. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta M.Sc. na mgbakọ na mwepụ sitere na New Mexico State University na Las Cruces, New Mexico na 1989. &lt;ref name=&quot;Regents&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Regents Communication|url=http://www.regents.umich.edu/meetings/07-08/2008-07-IV-1-11.pdf|work=The University of Michigan|accessdate=11 May 2019|date=July 17, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pascual nwetara Ph.D. ya na biological oceanography site na mmemme jikọrọ aka nke Massachusetts Institute of Technology na Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, na-aga site na 1989 ruo 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pascual-Dunlap&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis |last1=Pascual-Dunlap |first1=Maria Mercedes |title=Some Nonlinear Problems in Plankton Ecology |date=January 1995 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |location=Cambridge, MA |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a305897.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511031504/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a305897.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=May 11, 2019|doi=10.1575/1912/5631|hdl=1912/5631|type=Thesis |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na Hal Caswell rụkọrọ ọrụ.
Thesis ya bụ na Some Nonlinear Problems in Plankton Ecology . 
Ọ rụrụ ọrụ postdoctoral na Mahadum Princeton site na 1995 ruo 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;Chaos&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Na mgbakwunye na ọkwa ndị ọzọ, Pascual nwere osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Maryland &lt;ref name=&quot;McDonnell&quot; /&gt; site na 1997 ruo 2000. Ọ sonyeere Mahadum nke Michigan  dị ka osote prọfesọ na ngalaba ọhụrụ nke Ecology na Evolutionary Biology na 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;McArthur&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan|url=https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America|volume=95|date=October 2014|accessdate=10 May 2019|doi=10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf &quot;2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America''. '''95''': 331. October 2014. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318|10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 May&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EEBHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and its ancestors – Department of EEB: 2001–Present|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/about-us/history.html|work=Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|publisher=University of Michigan|accessdate=10 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ osote prọfesọ site na 2004 ruo 2008, yana Prọfesọ Rosemary Grant College site na 2008 ruo 2014. Na mgbakwunye, Pascual bụ onye nyocha Howard Hughes Medical Institute site na 2008 ruo 2015. Ruo 2015, Pascual ghọrọ prọfesọ na Ngalaba Ecology na Evolution na Mahadum Chicago.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chicago&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mercedes Pascual, Ph.D. Professor|url=https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html|work=Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago|accessdate=10 May 2019|archivedate=10 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510020806/https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;. ''Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago''. Archived from  on 10 May 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 May&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==
N'afọ 1996, Pascual natara U.S. Department of Energy Alexander Hollaender Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship iji mụọ na Mahadum Princeton.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chaos&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=12th Experimental Chaos and Complexity Conference|date=May 16–19, 2012|publisher=University of Michigan|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|pages=24–25|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190302235332/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf ''12th Experimental Chaos and Complexity Conference''] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan. May 16–19, 2012. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17396416 17396416]. Archived from [http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on March 2, 2019.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
Ọ natara Centennial fellowship site na James S. McDonnell Foundation na 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;McDonnell&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ten Young Researchers Each Awarded $1 Million By McDonnell Foundation|author=James S. McDonnell Foundation|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php|work=Eureka Alert|accessdate=10 May 2019|date=10 January 1999|archivedate=10 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510115919/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJames_S._McDonnell_Foundation1999&quot;&gt;James S. McDonnell Foundation (10 January 1999). . ''Eureka Alert''. Archived from  on 10 May 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 May&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
N'afọ 2002, magazin Discover matara Pascual dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 50 kachasị mkpa na sayensị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Svitil&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Svitil|first=Kathy|title=The 50 Most Important Women in Science|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2002/nov/feat50/|accessdate=9 May 2019|publisher=Discover|date=13 November 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Pascual natara 2014 Robert H. MacArthur Award site na Ecological Society of America . &lt;ref name=&quot;McArthur&quot;/&gt;

Pascual bụ onye otu American Association for the Advancement of Science, ma jee ozi na ndị nduzi ya site na 2015 ruo 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Four UChicago faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/four-uchicago-faculty-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=UChicago News|date=April 17, 2019|author=Louise Lerner}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLouise_LernerJack_Wang2019&quot;&gt;Louise Lerner; Jack Wang (April 17, 2019). [https://news.uchicago.edu/story/four-uchicago-faculty-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences &quot;Four UChicago faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences&quot;]. ''UChicago News''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 May&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Ecological Society of America na 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-05-07|title=Ecological Society of America announces 2015 Fellows|url=https://esa.org/blog/2015/05/07/ecological-society-of-america-announces-2015-fellows/|accessdate=2025-08-12|work=Ecological Society of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya na American Academy of Arts and Sciences . &lt;ref name=&quot;Academy&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Two UChicago scientists elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|url=https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/biological-sciences-articles/2019/april/two-uchicago-scientists-elected-to-the-american-academy-of-arts-and-sciences|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=At the Forefront|publisher=University of Chicago Medical Center|date=April 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

* {{Cite book|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|title=Ecological networks : linking structure to dynamics in food webs|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195188165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe-04Y2gKscC}}
* {{Cite book|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|editor=Fitzpatrick|title=Carving our destiny : scientific research faces a new millennium|chapter=Scales that matter: untangling complexity in ecological systems|date=2001|publisher=J.H. Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780309068482|chapterurl=http://link.library.mst.edu/portal/Carving-our-destiny--scientific-research-faces-a/s9xNwEo734k/|url=https://archive.org/details/carvingourdestin0000fitz}}

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Olashore International School</title>
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Olashore International bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na-ebi ebi nke onwe ya nke dị na Osun State, Nigeria . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Olashore International School Foundation Canvasses Improvement in Mental Health Service|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/10/07/olashore-international-school-foundation-canvasses-improvement-in-mental-health-service/|date=6 October 2020|work=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nwụrụ anwụ Oba Olashore guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Founder's Vision – Olashore International School|url=https://www.olashoreschool.com/about-us/founders-vision/|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-01-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122110524/https://www.olashoreschool.com/about-us/founders-vision/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Olashore International School dị na ogige dị hekta iri isii, ihe dịka awa atọ site na Lagos, Naịjirịa. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye ma usoro mmụta Naijiria na nke Britain, na-akwadebe ụmụ akwụkwọ maka ule gụnyere Cambridge IGCSE, West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (WASSCE), SAT, JAMB, na IELTS. N'afọ 2016, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ghọrọ onye otu Council of British International Schools. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekere òkè na ihe omume ndị ọzọ gụnyere egwuregwu, ime ihe nkiri, na atụmatụ Duke of Edinburgh Award. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'ebe ahụ ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-arụsi ọrụ ugbo bara uru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Olashore International School|url=https://www.olashoreschool.com/|accessdate=2026-03-26|work=Olashore International School|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ụlọ akwụkwọ mba ụwa nke Olashore malitere ọrụ na Jenụwarị 9, 1994, ma malite ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ 100 nke afọ 7.

Oba Oladele Olashore CON hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ a n'obodo ya bụ Iloko, Naịjirịa, a kpọkwara ya aha ya. Ya na onyeisi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, D. F. Burgess, ha metụtara afọ mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nke ukwuu

== Hụkwa ==

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Chloroquine</title>
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|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;9&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;International nonproprietary name (INN): &lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Chloroquine&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;Chloroquine&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Chloroquine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|250x250px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Chloroquine-ligand-CLQ-A-from-PDB-xtal-4FGL-Mercury-3D-balls.png|class=bg-transparent|233x233px]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ọmụma ahụike
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nkwupụta
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;rt-commentedText nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-fonipa&quot; class=&quot;IPA nopopups noexcerpt&quot;&gt;[[Help:IPA/English|/ˈklɔːrəkwiːn/]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#x20;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Aha azụmahịa]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Aralen, ndị ọzọ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Aha ndị ọzọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Chloroquine phosphate
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;www.drugs.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html Akwụkwọ edemede]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Ihe ndekọ ikike]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/small&gt; DailyMed: &lt;span title=&quot;dailymed.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&amp;query=Chloroquine Chloroquine]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụzọ nchịkwa&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Site n'ọnụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Koodu ATC
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* P01BA (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BA01 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) P01BB52 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BB52 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) &amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ọnọdụ iwu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọnọdụ iwu
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United Kingdom&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;UK&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt; P (Ọgwụ ọgwụ) &amp;#x20;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt;&amp;#x20;Nanị
* N'ozuzu: China (naanị ọgwụgwọ) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe omuma pharmacokinetic
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Metabolism
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Imeju
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;ọkara ndụ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; e wepụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ọnwa 1-2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ndị na-eme ka a mata ya
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Aha IUPAC&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt; (''RS'') -''N''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'- (7-chloroqui''N''-4-yl) -N,N-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nọmba CAS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=54-05-7 54-05-7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[./PubChem#&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;style= &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Compound ID&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;CID&lt;/abbr&gt;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;PubChem] CID
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2719 2719]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |IUPHAR/BPS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.guidetopharmacology.org&quot;&gt;[https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=5535 5535]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ọgwụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.drugbank.ca&quot;&gt;[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00608 DB00608]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChemSpider
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2618.html 2618]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |UNII
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/886U3H6UFF 886U3H6UFF]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |KEGG
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.kegg.jp&quot;&gt;[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02366 D02366]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEBI
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:3638 CHEBI:3638]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEMBL
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL76 ChEMBL76]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |NIAID ChemDB
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemdb.niaid.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://chemdb.niaid.nih.gov/CompoundDetails.aspx?AIDSNO=000733 000733]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt; (&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;comptox.epa.gov&quot;&gt;[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2040446 DTXSID2040446][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;echa.europa.eu&quot;&gt;ECHA InfoCard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe omuma kemịkal na nke anụ ahụ
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! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nhazi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;26&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Chlorine&quot;&gt;Cl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Nitrogen&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
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! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọkpụkpụ nke ọkpụkpụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;319.88&lt;/span&gt; g·mol-1&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
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! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ihe nlereanya 3D (JSmol) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Clc1cc2nccc%28c2cc1%29NC%28C%29CCCN%28CC%29CC Foto na-emekọrịta ihe]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Udo&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Clc1cc2nccc (c2cc1) NC (C) CCCN (CC) CC&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;InChI=1S/C18H26ClN3/c1-4-22 (5-2) 12-6-7-14 (3) 21-17-10-11-20-18-13-15 (19) 8-9-16 (17) 18/h8-11,13-14H,4-7,12H2,1-3H3, (H,20,21) &lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Isi:WHTVZRBIWZFKQO-UHFFFAO&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;-N Y&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Nobold/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&amp;rev1=459442331&amp;page2=Chloroquine  (Nnyocha)]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}
'''Chloroquine''' bụ ọgwụ eji egbochi ma na-agwọ arụmụka ịba. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ site n'imụba heme n'ọbara, nke bụ nsị nye nje ịba ahụ, wee si sv otú a gbuo ya ma mebie mgbasa ya. Ụdị ịba ahụ siri ike ma ọ bụ nke ọgwụ na-anaghị arụ na ya na-achọkarị usoro trịtmentị dị iche. Ewezuga ịba, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ amebiasis na-abụghị nke eriri afọ, rheumatoid arthritis, na lupus. A na-aṅụ ọgwụ a site n'ọnụ, o doro anya na ọ dị mma maka ndị dị ime ebe a mụchaghị mmetụta ya anya. N'agbanyeghị na a nwalere ya maka COVID-19 n'oge ọrịa ahụ tiwapụrụ, a kwụsịrị nyocha ndị ahụ n'afọ 2020, NIH anaghịkwa akwado ya maka nke ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=|title=Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828170647/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|archivedate=28 August 2020|accessdate=14 February 2021|work=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mmetụta ndị na-emekarị mgbe a ṅụrụ ọgwụ a gụnyere mgbu ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ, enweghị mmasị iri nri, afọ ọsịsa, na mgbakasị ahụ. Mmetụta ndị ka njọ nwere ike ịgụnye nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, mmerụ ahụ n'uru ahụ, nkụchi obi ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ, gụnyere mbelata nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Chloroquine nọ n'okpuru ezinụlọ ọgwụ a na-akpọ 4-aminoquinoline. Maka ịba, ọ na-alụso nje ahụ ọgụ mgbe ọ nọ n'agba asexual n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Seyanịtịstị ka na-enyocha kpọmkwem otú ọ sị arụ ọrụ n'ịgwọ rheumatoid arthritis na lupus.

E mepụtara Chloroquine site n'aka Hans Andersag n'afọ 1934. Ọ dị na ndepụta nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-ahọpụta maka ọgwụ ndị sịrị ike. A na-enweta ya n'ụzọ dị mfe dị ka ọgwụ nkịtị n'ahịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ojiji ọgwụ ==

=== Ịba ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology|chapter=Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: strategies for monitoring and deterrence|pages=55–79|year=2005|doi=10.1007/3-540-29088-5_3|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/malariadrugsdise0000unse/page/55|isbn=3-540-25363-7|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|publisher=Springer}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi=10.1007/3-540-29088-5_2|chapter=Antimalarial Multi-Drug Resistance in Asia: Mechanisms and Assessment|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|year=2005|pages=39–53|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-25363-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-eji chloroquine egbochi ma na-agwọ ịba nke ụdị Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, na P. malariae na-akpata. Otú ọ dị, a naghị ejikarị ya agwọ Plasmodium falciparum n'ihi na ụdị nje ahụ a mụbara ebe dị iche iche emepụtala ikike ịnagide ya.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet – chloroquine phosphate tablet, coated|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b585ad5-ae86-4403-b83f-8d8363d43da5|work=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=4 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208164343/http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b585ad5-ae86-4403-b83f-8d8363d43da5|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ebe ọ bụ na ejiri chloroquine mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'enweghị mgbochi, nke a mefuru ohere nkwalite ma mee ka nje na-anagide ọgwụ ahụ gbasaa. N'ihi nke a, ọ dị mma ịgbaso nyocha iji hụ ma ọ na-arụ oru n'obodo tupu e nye ya mmadụ. N'akụkụ ebe ọgwụ ahụ na- anaghị anya ọrụ, e nwere ike iji ndị ọzọ dị ka mefloquine ma ọ bụ atovaquone. Ụlọ ọrụ CDC na-atụ aro ka ejikọta ya na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ karịa iji naanị chloroquine agwọ ịba.

=== Ọrịa Amebiasis ===
Maka trịtmentị nke afọ ọsịsa na-ebute pụs n'akpa ume (amoebic liver abscess), enwere ike iji chloroquine mechie ohere ma ọ bụ tinyere ọgwụ ndị ọzọ mgbe metronidazole ma ọ bụ nitroimidazole na-arụghị ọrụ mgbe ụbọchị ise gachara, ma ọ bụ mgbe a na-enweghị ike iji ha mee ihe.

=== Ọrịa akpịrị ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Ebe ọ nwere ikike ibelata ike usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, a na-eji chloroquine agwọ ọrịa autoimmune ụfọdụ. Nke a gụnyere rheumatoid arthritis, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ lupus erythematosus n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke edepụtara na mbụ.

== Mmetụta ndị ọzọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs &amp; Medications|work=www.webmd.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/chloroquine-side-effects.html|title=Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mmetụta ndị ọzọ ọrịa a nwere ike iweta gụnyere ịhụ ụzọ mberede, ọgbụgbọ na ịgbọ agbọ, mgbu na mpaghara afọ, na isi ọwụwa siri ike. Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ ọzịza n'ụkwụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ nkwonkwo ụkwụ, ume nkpu, agba agba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ, n'mbọ ma ọ bụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ, gụnyere adịghị ike n'uru ahụ, mmerụ ahụ mfe ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụgbọ, yana nsogbu n'ịnụ ihe na steeti uche mmadụ.

* Ebe mmetụta ndị siri ike nwere ike ịpụta gụnyere mmegharị ahụ a na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa dị ka jijiji ire na ihu, ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ. Ndị mmadụ nwekwara ike inwe nsogbu na ntị gụnyere ntị chiri, ahụ erughị ala n'afọ dị ka ọgbụgbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, afọ ọsịsa na afọ mgbu, ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa siri ike. N'akụkụ uche, ọ nwere ike iweta mgbagwoju anya, mmerụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ obi, paranoia, nrọ efu, ma ọ bụ ịda mbà n'obi. Ihe mgbaama ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ gụnyere oke ahụ ọkụ, ntutu ịla n'iyi, mgbanwe agba akpụkpọ ahụ, na mgbakasị ahụ.rị a na-achọghị / nke a na-achịkwaghị (gụnyere ire na ihu na-ama jijiji, diskenesia, na dystonia) &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs &amp; Medications|work=www.webmd.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details &quot;Drugs &amp; Medications&quot;]. ''www.webmd.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 March&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị agadi ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;E nwebeghị data zuru ezu eji amụta ma chloroquine ọ dị mma n'ezie maka ndị agadi gbara afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ akụrụ na-ehichapụ ọgwụ a n'ahụ, ọ dị mkpa nyochaa ọkwa nsị ya n'ahụ ndị nwere nsogbu akụrụ—nke bụ ihe na-emekarị n'etiti ndị agadi.

== Mmekọrịta ọgwụ ọjọọ ==
Chloroquine nwere ike imetụta ma ọ bụ soro ọtụtụ ọgwụ ndị ọzọ rụọ ọrụ n'ụzọ nwere ike iweta nsogbu na trịtmentị:

* Ampicillin - chloroquine nwere ike belata ọkwa; &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Mefloquine - nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ nke nkụchi.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot; /&gt;  

== ⁰Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Ling2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Hydroxychloroquine overdose: case report and recommendations for management|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=15|issue=1|pages=16–18|date=February 2008|pmid=18180661|doi=10.1097/MEJ.0b013e3280adcb56}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ịṅụ chloroquine ebe ókè nwere ike iwebata ihe ize ndụ ọnwụ nke ruru ihe dị ka pasentị iri abụọ. Eriri afọ na-aṅụcha ọgwụ a n'ọsọ, ebe ihe mgbaama na-amalite pụta n'ime otu awa. Mgbe a ṅụbigara ya ókè, mmetụta ndị gụnyere ihu ụra, nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, nkụchi, nkwụsị iku ume, gụnyere nsogbu obi dị ka ventricular fibrillation na mgbada dị ukwuu nke ọbara mgbali. Mbelata nke potassium n'ọbara nwekwara ike ime mgbe nke a mee.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Are 1-2 dangerous? Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine exposure in toddlers|journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=28|issue=4|pages=437–443|date=May 2005|pmid=15837026|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.12.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Mgbe usoro trịtmentị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ miligram iri maka kịlogram ọ bụla nke ibu ahụ (10 mg/kg), mmetụta nsị na-amalite mgbe ọ ruru miligram iri abụọ (20 mg/kg). Ọnwa nwere ike ime ma a ṅụọ miligram iri atọ (30 mg/kg). Maka ụmụaka, naanị otu mbadamba ọgwụ a nwere ike ibute fatalitị ma ọ bụ igbu mmadụ.

Usoro trịtmentị a na-atụ aro mgbe e ṅụbigara ọgwụ a ókè gụnyere inye ikuku oxygen ngwa ngwa, nlekọta siri ike nke obi, na iji charcoọl emepụtara pụrụ iche (activated charcoal). N'ọnọdụ ebe mgbada ọbara mgbali na-eme, enwere ike inye mmiri na ọgwụ vasopressor, nke epinephrine bụ nhọrọ kacha mma. N'ihi nkụchi, benzodiazepines bụ ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji mee ka ahụ dajụọ. N'agbanyeghị na enwere ike inye potassium chloride n'ọbara iji gboo mbelata ya, nke a nwere ike iweta oke potassium karia nke kwesịrị mgbe mmadụ na-alụso nsogbu ahụ ọgụ. Nnyocha gosipụtakwara na dialysis anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'okwu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ling2008&quot; /&gt;

== Ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụ ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Nchịkọta nke ọgwụ a n'ahụ nwere ike iweta mkpụrụ ọgwụ ga-edobe n'anya, nke nwere ike ịkpata nhụjuanya anya na-adịghị mma na kpuru kpuru. Ọgwụ a na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ metụtara quinine ka ejikọtara na nsogbu nke mbibi retina, karịsịa mgbe e nyere ha n'ọtụtụ oke ma ọ bụ mgbe e ji ha mee ihe ogologo oge. Mgbe a na-ṅụ ya ogologo oge, a na-atụ aro ka a na-agakwuru dọkịta anya mgbe niile.

Chloroquine bụ ọgwụ na-aga n'ihu ahọrọ banye n'ime lysosome nke mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ (lysosomotropic agent). Ebe pKa nke nitrogen dị n'akụkụ quinoline nke chloroquine bụ 8.5, nke a pụtara na naanị ihe dị ka pasentị iri (10%) ka ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya na physiological pH (dị ka usoro Henderson-Hasselbalch si kọwaa). Ọkwa a na-agbada gaa na ihe dị ka pasentị 0.2 n'ime lysosome ebe pH ya nọ n'agbata 4.6. Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị nke ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya nwere ike ịfe mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ n'ụzọ dị mfe karịa nke nwere proton, nke a na-eme ka ọgwụ ahụ &quot;mịkọrọ ma kpọchie&quot; n'ime lysosomes n'ọtụtụ dị ukwuu.

== Usoro nke ọrụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Medical_quinolines_pathway.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|626x626px|Quinolin ọgwụ]]

=== Ịba ===
[[Faịlụ:Birefringence_of_malaria_pigment.jpg|thumb|Ọdịdị Hemozoin na ''P. falciparum'': ọtụtụ ihe na-egbochi ịba bụ ihe na-eme ka uto nke hemozoin crystal ghara ito.]]
A kwenyere na ikike chloroquine nwere iji mịkọrọ n'ime lysosome na-akọwa ọtụtụ n'ime ụzọ ọ sị alụso ịba ọgụ. Ọgwụ a na-aga kpọmkwem n'akpa nri nwere acid nke nje ịba, ebe ọ na-emebi usoro dị mkpa na-eme ka nje ahụ dị ndụ. Njirimara a na-enye mfe iji ya mee nyocha na kọmputa ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ nyocha (in vitro) gbasara ọrịa metụtara abụba dị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ, mmepụta nke autophagy, na ọnwụ mkpụrụ ndụ (apoptosis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine treatment of ARPE-19 cells leads to lysosome dilation and intracellular lipid accumulation: possible implications of lysosomal dysfunction in macular degeneration|journal=Cell &amp; Bioscience|volume=1|issue=1|date=March 2011|pmid=21711726|doi=10.1186/2045-3701-1-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Abeta-mediated NMDA receptor endocytosis in Alzheimer's disease involves ubiquitination of the tyrosine phosphatase STEP61|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|volume=30|issue=17|pages=5948–5957|date=April 2010|pmid=20427654|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0157-10.2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine activates the p53 pathway and induces apoptosis in human glioma cells|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=12|issue=4|pages=389–400|date=April 2010|pmid=20308316|doi=10.1093/neuonc/nop046}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, nje ịba—nke nọ n'agba ndụ ya na-enweghị mmekọahụ (asexual stage)—na-agbari protein hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid dị mkpa. Amino acid ndị a dị ezigbo mkpa maka imepụta protein nke aka ya na maka iwepụta ike (metabolism). Usoro nri a na-eme kpamkpam n'ime akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ahụ.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Hemoglobin nwere akụkụ protein (nke nje ahụ na-agbari) na akụkụ heme (nke nje ahụ na-adịghị eji eme ihe). N'oge usoro a, nje ahụ na-ewepụta heme nke nwere nsị siri ike ma nwee ike ịgbaze n'ọbara. Akụkụ heme a nwere mgbanaka porphyrin nke a na-akpọ Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX (FP). Iji zere mbibi nke molekul nke a ga-emere ya, nje ahụ na-agbanwe heme ka ọ ghọọ hemozoin—molekul na-adịghị egbu egbu. Hemozoin a na-akwakọba n'akpa nri nje ahụ dị ka kristal siri ike na-adịghị agbaze agbaze.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Chloroquine na-abanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie site na mgbasa dị mfe, na-erute n'akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ịba ahụ. N'ihi na akpa nri a nwere acid (pH 4.7), chloroquine na-enweta proton ma gbanwee gaa na \text{CQ}^{2+}; nke a na-eme ka ọ ghara nwee ike ịpụta ọzọ n'ihi mgbasa. Chloroquine na-ekpuchi kristal hemozoin iji gbochie biocrystallization nke heme, nke na-eme ka akụkụ heme na-egbu egbu na-akpakọba. Chloroquine na-ejikọta na heme (ma ọ bụ FP) iji mepụta ogige FP-chloroquine; ogige a nwere nsị siri ike ma na-emebi mgbidi (membrane) mkpụrụ ndụ. Nsị a sitere na FP-chloroquine na FP na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ daa ma gbawaa (lysis), nke na-eduga n'ikpeazụ na mbibi na nri aka ya nke nje ahụ (autodigestion). Nje ịba ndị na-adịghị emepụta hemozoin na-enwe ike iguzogide chloroquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lin2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Replication of Plasmodium in reticulocytes can occur without hemozoin formation, resulting in chloroquine resistance|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=212|issue=6|pages=893–903|date=June 2015|pmid=25941254|doi=10.1084/jem.20141731|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/500975/3/2015113.pdf|accessdate=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ịkwụsị ịba ====
Mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ gbasara mmeghachi omume iguzogide chloroquine site na P. falciparum n'afọ ndị 1950, ụdị nje na-enweghị ike ịnwụ n'ọgwụ a apụtala n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na West Africa, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na South America. Ịdị irè chloroquine nwere megide P. falciparum adaala nke ukwuu ka ụdị nje ndị a na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-agbasa gburugburu ụwa.

Nje ịba ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ nwere ike ịchụpụ chloroquine ngwa ngwa site n'akpa nri ha site n'ijikwa usoro mgbapụta (transmembrane pump). Nje P. falciparum ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-achụpụ chloroquine okpukpu iri anọ (40x) karịa ka ndị nke na-anabata ọgwụ na-eme. A na-akpọ protein na-ahụ maka mgbapụta a P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT). Ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke mgbapụta a sitere n'okike bụ ibuga protein x-a (peptides); mgbanwe e ji mara mgbapụta a iji nwee ike ịchụpụ chloroquine na-emebi ikike o nwere ibuga peptides. Nke a na-eweta mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ &quot;ọnụahịa&quot; n'ahụ nje ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọ ghara inwe ike itolite ma ọ bụ mụbaa n'ọsọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The natural function of the malaria parasite's chloroquine resistance transporter|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|date=August 2020|pmid=32764664|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17781-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-enwekarị mgbanwe na jinetik gene a na-akpọ P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (PfMDR1)—nke bụ otu n'ime ABC transporter. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a na-alere mgbanwe ndị a anya dị ka ihe na-enweghị nnukwu mkpa ma e jiri ha tụnyere mgbanwe na-eme na PfCRT. Dị ka mgbanwe si mee na protein CG2 ejikọtara na nsogbu iguzogide chloroquine, usoro ndị ọzọ na-akpata iguzogide ọgwụ a pụtara na ha nwekwara aka na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Essentials of Medical Pharmacology|edition=fifth|date=2003|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher Ltd|pages=739–740}}&lt;/ref&gt;

r.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alcantara2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chemosensitization potential of P-glycoprotein inhibitors in malaria parasites|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=134|issue=2|pages=235–243|date=June 2013|pmid=23541983|doi=10.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.022}}&lt;/ref&gt;A chọpụtala na Verapamil—ọgwụ na-egbochi ụzọ calcium (\text{Ca}^{2+} channel blocker)—nwere ike iweghachi ikike chloroquine nwere na ime ka nje ịba nwee mmetụta maka ọgwụ a ọzọ. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe gosipụtakwara na ha nwere ike ịalụso iguzogide chloroquine ọgụ na ịba gụnyere chlorpheniramine, gefitinib, imatinib, tariquidar, na zosuquidar.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2014, chloroquine ka na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ n'ala Thailand. N'edemede nyocha Sohsuebngarm na ndị otu ya mere n'afọ 2014 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Mahadum Chulalongkorn, ha nwalere Plasmodium gallinaceum wee chọpụta na ụdị nje ịba a echeghị mgbochi ma ọ bụ iguzogide chloroquine anya. E wezụga nke a, ọgwụ antidepressants dị ka sertraline, fluoxetine, na paroxetine nwere ike iweghachi mmetụta chloroquine, na-eme ka ụdị nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ a nwee ike ịnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na e jikọtara ha na ọgwụgwọ chloroquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellido-et-al-2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Antimicrobial activity of psychotropic drugs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=14|issue=3|pages=177–180|date=April 2000|pmid=10773485|doi=10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00154-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe na-egbochi nje virus ===
Chloroquine nwere ikike igbochi mmụba na mgbasa nke nje (viruses) ụfọdụ. Ọ na-eme ka ọkwa acidity (pH) dị n'ime endosome na lysosome rịọ elu, nke na-atụgharị na mmebi nke usoro nje ahụ si esi pụta n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ—ebe ọ bụ na ntọhapụ nke nje ahụ chọrọ pH dị ala ma na-atọ ụtọ na acid. Sịtị n'ihe a, nje ahụ enweghịzi ike ịhapụ ihe nketa ya (genetic material) n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ iji mụbaa ma mepụta gburugburu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al-Bari 2020 p.&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases|journal=Pharmacology Research &amp; Perspectives|volume=5|issue=1|pages=e00293|date=February 2017|pmid=28596841|doi=10.1002/prp2.293}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fredericksen Wei Yao Luo p.&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Inhibition of endosomal/lysosomal degradation increases the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=76|issue=22|pages=11440–11446|date=November 2002|pmid=12388705|doi=10.1128/JVI.76.22.11440-11446.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chloroquine pụtara na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka zinc ionophore, nke na-eme ka zinc dị n'èzí mkpụrụ ndụ nwee ike ịbanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Mgbe nke a mee, zinc ahụ na-egbochi enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase nke nje na-eji amụba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=10|date=1 October 2014|pmid=25271834|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109180}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=6|issue=11|date=November 2010|pmid=21079686|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị ọzọ ===
Chloroquine na-egbochi imịkọrọ na nsụsụ nke thiamine (vitamin B1) n'ahụ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ a site na imetụta ma na-egbochi protein na-ebugharị thiamine nke a na-akpọ SLC19A3.

Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo (rheumatoid arthritis). Ọ na-eme nke a site n'igbochi mmụba mkpụrụ ndụ lymphocyte, igbochi enzyme phospholipase A2, na igbochi ngosi antigen na mkpụrụ ndụ dendritic. E wezụga nke a, ọ na-egbochi ntọhapụ enzymes sịtị n'akpa lysosome, ntọhapụ nke ụdị oxygen na-emebi ihe (reactive oxygen species) sịtị na macrophages, gụnyere igbochi mmepụta nke protein IL-1. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (March 2024)&quot;&gt;medical citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Quinine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Quinine]]
Na Peru, ụmụ amaala wepụtara ụgbụgbọ osisi Cinchona (Cinchona officinalis) ma jiri ya mee ihe iji lụso oyi na ahụ ọkụ ọgụ na narị afọ nke iri na asaa. N'afọ 1633, e webatara ọgwụ ahịhịa a na Yurop, ebe e jiri ya mee ihe nke ukwuu ma malite iji ya na-agwọ ịba. N'afọ 1820, a chọpụtara quinine—bụ ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ—site na ihe e wepụtara n'ụgbụgbọ osisi a.
[[Faịlụ:3-methylchloroquine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|3-Methylchloroquine (sontochin) ]]
Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gachara, gọọmentị Germany chọrọ ihe ga-anọchi quinine. N'afọ 1934, Hans Andersag na ndị otu ya n'ụlọ nyocha Bayer chọpụtara chloroquine—bụ kemikal arụpụtara arụpụta (synthetic analogue) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka quinine—ndị mepụtara ya kpọrọ ya resochin. A hapụrụ ya aka ruo afọ iri n'ihi na a chere na ọ nwere nsị ga-emerụ mma mmadụ. Kama nke ahụ, n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị agha German Afrika Korps jiri ogige dị ka chloroquine a na-akpọ 3-methyl-chloroquine (nke e ji sontochin mara). Mgbe ndị agha jikọrọ aka (Allied forces) rutere Tunis, sontochin a dabara n'aka ndị America, bụ ndị zighachiri ya na United States maka nyocha—nke a mere na mmasị na chloroquine maliteghachiri. Nyocha ahụike nke gọọmentị United States kwadoro gosiri n'ụzọ doro anya na chloroquine nwere uru dị ukwuu dị ka ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ. N'ihi nke a, e webatara ya n'ọrụ ahụike n'afọ 1947 maka mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ ịba&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/index.htm#chloroquine|title=The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease|publisher=Centers for Disease Control|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828183012/http://www.cdc.gov//malaria//history//index.htm#chloroquine|archivedate=28 August 2010|date=29 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngwakọta kemịkal ===
A kọwara usoro mbụ e ji mepụta chloroquine site na njikọ kemikal (synthesis) n'akwụkwọ ikike nrụpụta (patent) nke ụlọ ọrụ IG Farben tinyere n'afọ 1937. N'alụdị ikpeazụ nke usoro a, ogige kemikal 4,7-dichloroquinoline na 1-diethylamino-4-aminopentane jikọtara iji mepụta ọgwụ ahụ.

: [[Faịlụ:Chloroquin_Synthese.svg|class=skin-invert-image|650x650px]]

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1949, e guzobere usoro mmepụta chloroquine dị mma iji hụ na e mepụtara ya n'ọtụtụ buru ibu maka ojiji zuru ebe kato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/ie50472a002|title=Chloroquine manufacture|date=1 April 1949|journal=Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry|volume=41|issue=4|pages=654–662}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọha na omenala ==
[[Faịlụ:Esochin®_Tabletten_(Rückseite).jpg|thumb|Ngwongwo mbadamba Resochin]]

=== Nkọwa ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/chloroquine#section=U-S-Imports|work=nih.gov|publisher=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Chloroquine na-abịa n'ụdị mbadamba (tablets) dị ka nnu phosphate, sulfate, na hydrochloride. Mgbe niile, a na-enyekarị chloroquine n'ụdị chloroquine phosphate.

=== Aha ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipca.com/pharmaceutical-formulations-manufacturers-india.html|title=Ipca Laboratories: Formulations – Branded|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406132110/https://ipca.com/pharmaceutical-formulations-manufacturers-india.html|archivedate=6 April 2019|accessdate=14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Aha ahịa nkwalite (brand names) e ji mara ọgwụ a gụnyere Chloroquine FNA, Resochin, Dawaquin, na Lariago.

== Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;McDougald-et-al-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diseases of Poultry|edition=14|chapter=Protozoal Infections|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|date=22 November 2019|isbn=978-1-119-37119-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-eji chloroquine—n'ụdị kemịkal dị iche iche pụta—agwọ na iji chịkwaa uto nke anemones na algae (ahịhịa mmiri). E wezụga nke a, a na-eji ya egbu ọtụtụ ụdị nje protozoan n'akwarium (aquarium), dị ka nje na-arịa azụ ahụike bụ Amyloodinium ocellatum. A na-ejikwa ọgwụ a eme ihe maka ịgwọ na igbochi ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ.

== Nnyocha ==
Na sayensị biomedicinal, a na-eji chloroquine eme ihe maka nnwale ''in vitro'' iji gbochie mmebi lysosomal nke ngwaahịa protein.

=== SARS-CoV ===
A tụpụtara Chloroquine dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka SARS, na nyocha ''in vitro'' na-egbochi ọrịa iku ume siri ike coronavirus (SARS-CoV).&lt;ref name=&quot;In vitro inhibition of severe acute&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|volume=323|issue=1|pages=264–268|date=October 2004|pmid=15351731|doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.085}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=55|issue=5|date=May 2020|pmid=32171740|doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2004, otu akụkọ e bipụtara kwuru na chloroquine na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi mmụba nke SARS-CoV in vitro.&lt;ref name=&quot;In vitro inhibition of severe acute&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2005, nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara kwadoro ma gbasaa nsonaazụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread|journal=Virology Journal|volume=2|date=August 2005|pmid=16115318|doi=10.1186/1743-422X-2-69}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Excerpt|Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic}}

=== Ndị ọzọ ===
A na-atụle Chloroquine na 2003, na ụdị tupu ụlọ ọgwụ dị ka onye nwere ike ịlụso [[chikungunya]] fever ọgụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases?|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=3|issue=11|pages=722–727|date=November 2003|pmid=14592603|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-enyocha ihe onwunwe nke chloroquine maka usoro mgbochi ọrịa kansa n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Risks and benefits of chloroquine use in anticancer strategies|journal=The Lancet. Oncology|volume=7|issue=10|pages=792–793|date=October 2006|pmid=17012039|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70875-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Adding chloroquine to conventional treatment for glioblastoma multiforme: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=144|issue=5|pages=337–343|date=March 2006|pmid=16520474|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00008}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Summaries for patients. Adding chloroquine to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=144|issue=5|pages=I31|date=March 2006|pmid=16520470|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-enyocha Chloroquine na ụdị ya gbanwere dịka nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ maka ọnọdụ ọzịza dị ka rheumatoid arthritis na ọrịa ọzịza eriri afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goel_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Chloroquine|title=StatPearls|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing LLC.|date=January 2020|doi=|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551512/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]</text>
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|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;9&quot; |'''Chloroquine'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Chloroquine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|250x250px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Chloroquine-ligand-CLQ-A-from-PDB-xtal-4FGL-Mercury-3D-balls.png|class=bg-transparent|233x233px]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ọmụma ahụike
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nkwupụta
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;rt-commentedText nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-fonipa&quot; class=&quot;IPA nopopups noexcerpt&quot;&gt;[[Help:IPA/English|/ˈklɔːrəkwiːn/]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#x20;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Aha azụmahịa]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Aralen, ndị ọzọ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Aha ndị ọzọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Chloroquine phosphate
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;www.drugs.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html Akwụkwọ edemede]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Ihe ndekọ ikike]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/small&gt; DailyMed: &lt;span title=&quot;dailymed.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&amp;query=Chloroquine Chloroquine]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụzọ nchịkwa&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Site n'ọnụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Koodu ATC
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* P01BA (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BA01 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) P01BB52 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BB52 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) &amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ọnọdụ iwu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọnọdụ iwu
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United Kingdom&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;UK&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt; P (Ọgwụ ọgwụ) &amp;#x20;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt;&amp;#x20;Nanị
* N'ozuzu: China (naanị ọgwụgwọ) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe omuma pharmacokinetic
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Metabolism
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Imeju
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;ọkara ndụ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; e wepụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ọnwa 1-2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ndị na-eme ka a mata ya
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Aha IUPAC&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt; (''RS'') -''N''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'- (7-chloroqui''N''-4-yl) -N,N-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nọmba CAS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=54-05-7 54-05-7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[./PubChem#&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;style= &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Compound ID&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;CID&lt;/abbr&gt;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;PubChem] CID
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2719 2719]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |IUPHAR/BPS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.guidetopharmacology.org&quot;&gt;[https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=5535 5535]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ọgwụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.drugbank.ca&quot;&gt;[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00608 DB00608]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChemSpider
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2618.html 2618]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |UNII
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/886U3H6UFF 886U3H6UFF]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |KEGG
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.kegg.jp&quot;&gt;[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02366 D02366]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEBI
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:3638 CHEBI:3638]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEMBL
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL76 ChEMBL76]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |NIAID ChemDB
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemdb.niaid.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://chemdb.niaid.nih.gov/CompoundDetails.aspx?AIDSNO=000733 000733]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt; (&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;comptox.epa.gov&quot;&gt;[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2040446 DTXSID2040446][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;echa.europa.eu&quot;&gt;ECHA InfoCard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.175 100.000.175][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe omuma kemịkal na nke anụ ahụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nhazi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;26&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Chlorine&quot;&gt;Cl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Nitrogen&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọkpụkpụ nke ọkpụkpụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;319.88&lt;/span&gt; g·mol-1&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ihe nlereanya 3D (JSmol) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Clc1cc2nccc%28c2cc1%29NC%28C%29CCCN%28CC%29CC Foto na-emekọrịta ihe]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Udo&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Clc1cc2nccc (c2cc1) NC (C) CCCN (CC) CC&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;InChI&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;InChI=1S/C18H26ClN3/c1-4-22 (5-2) 12-6-7-14 (3) 21-17-10-11-20-18-13-15 (19) 8-9-16 (17) 18/h8-11,13-14H,4-7,12H2,1-3H3, (H,20,21) &lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Isi:WHTVZRBIWZFKQO-UHFFFAO&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;-N Y&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Nobold/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&amp;rev1=459442331&amp;page2=Chloroquine  (Nnyocha)]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}
'''Chloroquine''' bụ ọgwụ eji egbochi ma na-agwọ arụmụka ịba. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ site n'imụba heme n'ọbara, nke bụ nsị nye nje ịba ahụ, wee si sv otú a gbuo ya ma mebie mgbasa ya. Ụdị ịba ahụ siri ike ma ọ bụ nke ọgwụ na-anaghị arụ na ya na-achọkarị usoro trịtmentị dị iche. Ewezuga ịba, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ amebiasis na-abụghị nke eriri afọ, rheumatoid arthritis, na lupus. A na-aṅụ ọgwụ a site n'ọnụ, o doro anya na ọ dị mma maka ndị dị ime ebe a mụchaghị mmetụta ya anya. N'agbanyeghị na a nwalere ya maka COVID-19 n'oge ọrịa ahụ tiwapụrụ, a kwụsịrị nyocha ndị ahụ n'afọ 2020, NIH anaghịkwa akwado ya maka nke ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=|title=Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828170647/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|archivedate=28 August 2020|accessdate=14 February 2021|work=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mmetụta ndị na-emekarị mgbe a ṅụrụ ọgwụ a gụnyere mgbu ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ, enweghị mmasị iri nri, afọ ọsịsa, na mgbakasị ahụ. Mmetụta ndị ka njọ nwere ike ịgụnye nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, mmerụ ahụ n'uru ahụ, nkụchi obi ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ, gụnyere mbelata nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Chloroquine nọ n'okpuru ezinụlọ ọgwụ a na-akpọ 4-aminoquinoline. Maka ịba, ọ na-alụso nje ahụ ọgụ mgbe ọ nọ n'agba asexual n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Seyanịtịstị ka na-enyocha kpọmkwem otú ọ sị arụ ọrụ n'ịgwọ rheumatoid arthritis na lupus.

E mepụtara Chloroquine site n'aka Hans Andersag n'afọ 1934. Ọ dị na ndepụta nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-ahọpụta maka ọgwụ ndị sịrị ike. A na-enweta ya n'ụzọ dị mfe dị ka ọgwụ nkịtị n'ahịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ojiji ọgwụ ==

=== Ịba ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology|chapter=Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: strategies for monitoring and deterrence|pages=55–79|year=2005|doi=10.1007/3-540-29088-5_3|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/malariadrugsdise0000unse/page/55|isbn=3-540-25363-7|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|publisher=Springer}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi=10.1007/3-540-29088-5_2|chapter=Antimalarial Multi-Drug Resistance in Asia: Mechanisms and Assessment|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|year=2005|pages=39–53|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-25363-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-eji chloroquine egbochi ma na-agwọ ịba nke ụdị Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, na P. malariae na-akpata. Otú ọ dị, a naghị ejikarị ya agwọ Plasmodium falciparum n'ihi na ụdị nje ahụ a mụbara ebe dị iche iche emepụtala ikike ịnagide ya.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet – chloroquine phosphate tablet, coated|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b585ad5-ae86-4403-b83f-8d8363d43da5|work=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=4 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208164343/http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b585ad5-ae86-4403-b83f-8d8363d43da5|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ebe ọ bụ na ejiri chloroquine mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'enweghị mgbochi, nke a mefuru ohere nkwalite ma mee ka nje na-anagide ọgwụ ahụ gbasaa. N'ihi nke a, ọ dị mma ịgbaso nyocha iji hụ ma ọ na-arụ oru n'obodo tupu e nye ya mmadụ. N'akụkụ ebe ọgwụ ahụ na- anaghị anya ọrụ, e nwere ike iji ndị ọzọ dị ka mefloquine ma ọ bụ atovaquone. Ụlọ ọrụ CDC na-atụ aro ka ejikọta ya na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ karịa iji naanị chloroquine agwọ ịba.

=== Ọrịa Amebiasis ===
Maka trịtmentị nke afọ ọsịsa na-ebute pụs n'akpa ume (amoebic liver abscess), enwere ike iji chloroquine mechie ohere ma ọ bụ tinyere ọgwụ ndị ọzọ mgbe metronidazole ma ọ bụ nitroimidazole na-arụghị ọrụ mgbe ụbọchị ise gachara, ma ọ bụ mgbe a na-enweghị ike iji ha mee ihe.

=== Ọrịa akpịrị ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Ebe ọ nwere ikike ibelata ike usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, a na-eji chloroquine agwọ ọrịa autoimmune ụfọdụ. Nke a gụnyere rheumatoid arthritis, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ lupus erythematosus n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke edepụtara na mbụ.

== Mmetụta ndị ọzọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs &amp; Medications|work=www.webmd.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/chloroquine-side-effects.html|title=Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mmetụta ndị ọzọ ọrịa a nwere ike iweta gụnyere ịhụ ụzọ mberede, ọgbụgbọ na ịgbọ agbọ, mgbu na mpaghara afọ, na isi ọwụwa siri ike. Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ ọzịza n'ụkwụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ nkwonkwo ụkwụ, ume nkpu, agba agba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ, n'mbọ ma ọ bụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ, gụnyere adịghị ike n'uru ahụ, mmerụ ahụ mfe ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụgbọ, yana nsogbu n'ịnụ ihe na steeti uche mmadụ.

* Ebe mmetụta ndị siri ike nwere ike ịpụta gụnyere mmegharị ahụ a na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa dị ka jijiji ire na ihu, ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ. Ndị mmadụ nwekwara ike inwe nsogbu na ntị gụnyere ntị chiri, ahụ erughị ala n'afọ dị ka ọgbụgbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, afọ ọsịsa na afọ mgbu, ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa siri ike. N'akụkụ uche, ọ nwere ike iweta mgbagwoju anya, mmerụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ obi, paranoia, nrọ efu, ma ọ bụ ịda mbà n'obi. Ihe mgbaama ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ gụnyere oke ahụ ọkụ, ntutu ịla n'iyi, mgbanwe agba akpụkpọ ahụ, na mgbakasị ahụ.rị a na-achọghị / nke a na-achịkwaghị (gụnyere ire na ihu na-ama jijiji, diskenesia, na dystonia) &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs &amp; Medications|work=www.webmd.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details &quot;Drugs &amp; Medications&quot;]. ''www.webmd.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 March&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị agadi ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;E nwebeghị data zuru ezu eji amụta ma chloroquine ọ dị mma n'ezie maka ndị agadi gbara afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ akụrụ na-ehichapụ ọgwụ a n'ahụ, ọ dị mkpa nyochaa ọkwa nsị ya n'ahụ ndị nwere nsogbu akụrụ—nke bụ ihe na-emekarị n'etiti ndị agadi.

== Mmekọrịta ọgwụ ọjọọ ==
Chloroquine nwere ike imetụta ma ọ bụ soro ọtụtụ ọgwụ ndị ọzọ rụọ ọrụ n'ụzọ nwere ike iweta nsogbu na trịtmentị:

* Ampicillin - chloroquine nwere ike belata ọkwa; &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Mefloquine - nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ nke nkụchi.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot; /&gt;  

== ⁰Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Ling2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Hydroxychloroquine overdose: case report and recommendations for management|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=15|issue=1|pages=16–18|date=February 2008|pmid=18180661|doi=10.1097/MEJ.0b013e3280adcb56}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ịṅụ chloroquine ebe ókè nwere ike iwebata ihe ize ndụ ọnwụ nke ruru ihe dị ka pasentị iri abụọ. Eriri afọ na-aṅụcha ọgwụ a n'ọsọ, ebe ihe mgbaama na-amalite pụta n'ime otu awa. Mgbe a ṅụbigara ya ókè, mmetụta ndị gụnyere ihu ụra, nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, nkụchi, nkwụsị iku ume, gụnyere nsogbu obi dị ka ventricular fibrillation na mgbada dị ukwuu nke ọbara mgbali. Mbelata nke potassium n'ọbara nwekwara ike ime mgbe nke a mee.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Are 1-2 dangerous? Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine exposure in toddlers|journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=28|issue=4|pages=437–443|date=May 2005|pmid=15837026|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.12.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Mgbe usoro trịtmentị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ miligram iri maka kịlogram ọ bụla nke ibu ahụ (10 mg/kg), mmetụta nsị na-amalite mgbe ọ ruru miligram iri abụọ (20 mg/kg). Ọnwa nwere ike ime ma a ṅụọ miligram iri atọ (30 mg/kg). Maka ụmụaka, naanị otu mbadamba ọgwụ a nwere ike ibute fatalitị ma ọ bụ igbu mmadụ.

Usoro trịtmentị a na-atụ aro mgbe e ṅụbigara ọgwụ a ókè gụnyere inye ikuku oxygen ngwa ngwa, nlekọta siri ike nke obi, na iji charcoọl emepụtara pụrụ iche (activated charcoal). N'ọnọdụ ebe mgbada ọbara mgbali na-eme, enwere ike inye mmiri na ọgwụ vasopressor, nke epinephrine bụ nhọrọ kacha mma. N'ihi nkụchi, benzodiazepines bụ ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji mee ka ahụ dajụọ. N'agbanyeghị na enwere ike inye potassium chloride n'ọbara iji gboo mbelata ya, nke a nwere ike iweta oke potassium karia nke kwesịrị mgbe mmadụ na-alụso nsogbu ahụ ọgụ. Nnyocha gosipụtakwara na dialysis anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'okwu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ling2008&quot; /&gt;

== Ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụ ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Nchịkọta nke ọgwụ a n'ahụ nwere ike iweta mkpụrụ ọgwụ ga-edobe n'anya, nke nwere ike ịkpata nhụjuanya anya na-adịghị mma na kpuru kpuru. Ọgwụ a na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ metụtara quinine ka ejikọtara na nsogbu nke mbibi retina, karịsịa mgbe e nyere ha n'ọtụtụ oke ma ọ bụ mgbe e ji ha mee ihe ogologo oge. Mgbe a na-ṅụ ya ogologo oge, a na-atụ aro ka a na-agakwuru dọkịta anya mgbe niile.

Chloroquine bụ ọgwụ na-aga n'ihu ahọrọ banye n'ime lysosome nke mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ (lysosomotropic agent). Ebe pKa nke nitrogen dị n'akụkụ quinoline nke chloroquine bụ 8.5, nke a pụtara na naanị ihe dị ka pasentị iri (10%) ka ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya na physiological pH (dị ka usoro Henderson-Hasselbalch si kọwaa). Ọkwa a na-agbada gaa na ihe dị ka pasentị 0.2 n'ime lysosome ebe pH ya nọ n'agbata 4.6. Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị nke ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya nwere ike ịfe mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ n'ụzọ dị mfe karịa nke nwere proton, nke a na-eme ka ọgwụ ahụ &quot;mịkọrọ ma kpọchie&quot; n'ime lysosomes n'ọtụtụ dị ukwuu.

== Usoro nke ọrụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Medical_quinolines_pathway.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|626x626px|Quinolin ọgwụ]]

=== Ịba ===
[[Faịlụ:Birefringence_of_malaria_pigment.jpg|thumb|Ọdịdị Hemozoin na ''P. falciparum'': ọtụtụ ihe na-egbochi ịba bụ ihe na-eme ka uto nke hemozoin crystal ghara ito.]]
A kwenyere na ikike chloroquine nwere iji mịkọrọ n'ime lysosome na-akọwa ọtụtụ n'ime ụzọ ọ sị alụso ịba ọgụ. Ọgwụ a na-aga kpọmkwem n'akpa nri nwere acid nke nje ịba, ebe ọ na-emebi usoro dị mkpa na-eme ka nje ahụ dị ndụ. Njirimara a na-enye mfe iji ya mee nyocha na kọmputa ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ nyocha (in vitro) gbasara ọrịa metụtara abụba dị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ, mmepụta nke autophagy, na ọnwụ mkpụrụ ndụ (apoptosis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine treatment of ARPE-19 cells leads to lysosome dilation and intracellular lipid accumulation: possible implications of lysosomal dysfunction in macular degeneration|journal=Cell &amp; Bioscience|volume=1|issue=1|date=March 2011|pmid=21711726|doi=10.1186/2045-3701-1-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Abeta-mediated NMDA receptor endocytosis in Alzheimer's disease involves ubiquitination of the tyrosine phosphatase STEP61|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|volume=30|issue=17|pages=5948–5957|date=April 2010|pmid=20427654|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0157-10.2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine activates the p53 pathway and induces apoptosis in human glioma cells|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=12|issue=4|pages=389–400|date=April 2010|pmid=20308316|doi=10.1093/neuonc/nop046}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, nje ịba—nke nọ n'agba ndụ ya na-enweghị mmekọahụ (asexual stage)—na-agbari protein hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid dị mkpa. Amino acid ndị a dị ezigbo mkpa maka imepụta protein nke aka ya na maka iwepụta ike (metabolism). Usoro nri a na-eme kpamkpam n'ime akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ahụ.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Hemoglobin nwere akụkụ protein (nke nje ahụ na-agbari) na akụkụ heme (nke nje ahụ na-adịghị eji eme ihe). N'oge usoro a, nje ahụ na-ewepụta heme nke nwere nsị siri ike ma nwee ike ịgbaze n'ọbara. Akụkụ heme a nwere mgbanaka porphyrin nke a na-akpọ Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX (FP). Iji zere mbibi nke molekul nke a ga-emere ya, nje ahụ na-agbanwe heme ka ọ ghọọ hemozoin—molekul na-adịghị egbu egbu. Hemozoin a na-akwakọba n'akpa nri nje ahụ dị ka kristal siri ike na-adịghị agbaze agbaze.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Chloroquine na-abanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie site na mgbasa dị mfe, na-erute n'akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ịba ahụ. N'ihi na akpa nri a nwere acid (pH 4.7), chloroquine na-enweta proton ma gbanwee gaa na \text{CQ}^{2+}; nke a na-eme ka ọ ghara nwee ike ịpụta ọzọ n'ihi mgbasa. Chloroquine na-ekpuchi kristal hemozoin iji gbochie biocrystallization nke heme, nke na-eme ka akụkụ heme na-egbu egbu na-akpakọba. Chloroquine na-ejikọta na heme (ma ọ bụ FP) iji mepụta ogige FP-chloroquine; ogige a nwere nsị siri ike ma na-emebi mgbidi (membrane) mkpụrụ ndụ. Nsị a sitere na FP-chloroquine na FP na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ daa ma gbawaa (lysis), nke na-eduga n'ikpeazụ na mbibi na nri aka ya nke nje ahụ (autodigestion). Nje ịba ndị na-adịghị emepụta hemozoin na-enwe ike iguzogide chloroquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lin2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Replication of Plasmodium in reticulocytes can occur without hemozoin formation, resulting in chloroquine resistance|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=212|issue=6|pages=893–903|date=June 2015|pmid=25941254|doi=10.1084/jem.20141731|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/500975/3/2015113.pdf|accessdate=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ịkwụsị ịba ====
Mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ gbasara mmeghachi omume iguzogide chloroquine site na P. falciparum n'afọ ndị 1950, ụdị nje na-enweghị ike ịnwụ n'ọgwụ a apụtala n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na West Africa, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na South America. Ịdị irè chloroquine nwere megide P. falciparum adaala nke ukwuu ka ụdị nje ndị a na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-agbasa gburugburu ụwa.

Nje ịba ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ nwere ike ịchụpụ chloroquine ngwa ngwa site n'akpa nri ha site n'ijikwa usoro mgbapụta (transmembrane pump). Nje P. falciparum ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-achụpụ chloroquine okpukpu iri anọ (40x) karịa ka ndị nke na-anabata ọgwụ na-eme. A na-akpọ protein na-ahụ maka mgbapụta a P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT). Ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke mgbapụta a sitere n'okike bụ ibuga protein x-a (peptides); mgbanwe e ji mara mgbapụta a iji nwee ike ịchụpụ chloroquine na-emebi ikike o nwere ibuga peptides. Nke a na-eweta mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ &quot;ọnụahịa&quot; n'ahụ nje ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọ ghara inwe ike itolite ma ọ bụ mụbaa n'ọsọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The natural function of the malaria parasite's chloroquine resistance transporter|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|date=August 2020|pmid=32764664|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17781-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-enwekarị mgbanwe na jinetik gene a na-akpọ P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (PfMDR1)—nke bụ otu n'ime ABC transporter. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a na-alere mgbanwe ndị a anya dị ka ihe na-enweghị nnukwu mkpa ma e jiri ha tụnyere mgbanwe na-eme na PfCRT. Dị ka mgbanwe si mee na protein CG2 ejikọtara na nsogbu iguzogide chloroquine, usoro ndị ọzọ na-akpata iguzogide ọgwụ a pụtara na ha nwekwara aka na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Essentials of Medical Pharmacology|edition=fifth|date=2003|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher Ltd|pages=739–740}}&lt;/ref&gt;

r.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alcantara2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chemosensitization potential of P-glycoprotein inhibitors in malaria parasites|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=134|issue=2|pages=235–243|date=June 2013|pmid=23541983|doi=10.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.022}}&lt;/ref&gt;A chọpụtala na Verapamil—ọgwụ na-egbochi ụzọ calcium (\text{Ca}^{2+} channel blocker)—nwere ike iweghachi ikike chloroquine nwere na ime ka nje ịba nwee mmetụta maka ọgwụ a ọzọ. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe gosipụtakwara na ha nwere ike ịalụso iguzogide chloroquine ọgụ na ịba gụnyere chlorpheniramine, gefitinib, imatinib, tariquidar, na zosuquidar.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2014, chloroquine ka na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ n'ala Thailand. N'edemede nyocha Sohsuebngarm na ndị otu ya mere n'afọ 2014 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Mahadum Chulalongkorn, ha nwalere Plasmodium gallinaceum wee chọpụta na ụdị nje ịba a echeghị mgbochi ma ọ bụ iguzogide chloroquine anya. E wezụga nke a, ọgwụ antidepressants dị ka sertraline, fluoxetine, na paroxetine nwere ike iweghachi mmetụta chloroquine, na-eme ka ụdị nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ a nwee ike ịnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na e jikọtara ha na ọgwụgwọ chloroquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellido-et-al-2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Antimicrobial activity of psychotropic drugs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=14|issue=3|pages=177–180|date=April 2000|pmid=10773485|doi=10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00154-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe na-egbochi nje virus ===
Chloroquine nwere ikike igbochi mmụba na mgbasa nke nje (viruses) ụfọdụ. Ọ na-eme ka ọkwa acidity (pH) dị n'ime endosome na lysosome rịọ elu, nke na-atụgharị na mmebi nke usoro nje ahụ si esi pụta n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ—ebe ọ bụ na ntọhapụ nke nje ahụ chọrọ pH dị ala ma na-atọ ụtọ na acid. Sịtị n'ihe a, nje ahụ enweghịzi ike ịhapụ ihe nketa ya (genetic material) n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ iji mụbaa ma mepụta gburugburu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al-Bari 2020 p.&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases|journal=Pharmacology Research &amp; Perspectives|volume=5|issue=1|pages=e00293|date=February 2017|pmid=28596841|doi=10.1002/prp2.293}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fredericksen Wei Yao Luo p.&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Inhibition of endosomal/lysosomal degradation increases the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=76|issue=22|pages=11440–11446|date=November 2002|pmid=12388705|doi=10.1128/JVI.76.22.11440-11446.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chloroquine pụtara na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka zinc ionophore, nke na-eme ka zinc dị n'èzí mkpụrụ ndụ nwee ike ịbanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Mgbe nke a mee, zinc ahụ na-egbochi enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase nke nje na-eji amụba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=10|date=1 October 2014|pmid=25271834|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109180}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=6|issue=11|date=November 2010|pmid=21079686|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị ọzọ ===
Chloroquine na-egbochi imịkọrọ na nsụsụ nke thiamine (vitamin B1) n'ahụ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ a site na imetụta ma na-egbochi protein na-ebugharị thiamine nke a na-akpọ SLC19A3.

Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo (rheumatoid arthritis). Ọ na-eme nke a site n'igbochi mmụba mkpụrụ ndụ lymphocyte, igbochi enzyme phospholipase A2, na igbochi ngosi antigen na mkpụrụ ndụ dendritic. E wezụga nke a, ọ na-egbochi ntọhapụ enzymes sịtị n'akpa lysosome, ntọhapụ nke ụdị oxygen na-emebi ihe (reactive oxygen species) sịtị na macrophages, gụnyere igbochi mmepụta nke protein IL-1. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (March 2024)&quot;&gt;medical citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Quinine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Quinine]]
Na Peru, ụmụ amaala wepụtara ụgbụgbọ osisi Cinchona (Cinchona officinalis) ma jiri ya mee ihe iji lụso oyi na ahụ ọkụ ọgụ na narị afọ nke iri na asaa. N'afọ 1633, e webatara ọgwụ ahịhịa a na Yurop, ebe e jiri ya mee ihe nke ukwuu ma malite iji ya na-agwọ ịba. N'afọ 1820, a chọpụtara quinine—bụ ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ—site na ihe e wepụtara n'ụgbụgbọ osisi a.
[[Faịlụ:3-methylchloroquine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|3-Methylchloroquine (sontochin) ]]
Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gachara, gọọmentị Germany chọrọ ihe ga-anọchi quinine. N'afọ 1934, Hans Andersag na ndị otu ya n'ụlọ nyocha Bayer chọpụtara chloroquine—bụ kemikal arụpụtara arụpụta (synthetic analogue) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka quinine—ndị mepụtara ya kpọrọ ya resochin. A hapụrụ ya aka ruo afọ iri n'ihi na a chere na ọ nwere nsị ga-emerụ mma mmadụ. Kama nke ahụ, n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị agha German Afrika Korps jiri ogige dị ka chloroquine a na-akpọ 3-methyl-chloroquine (nke e ji sontochin mara). Mgbe ndị agha jikọrọ aka (Allied forces) rutere Tunis, sontochin a dabara n'aka ndị America, bụ ndị zighachiri ya na United States maka nyocha—nke a mere na mmasị na chloroquine maliteghachiri. Nyocha ahụike nke gọọmentị United States kwadoro gosiri n'ụzọ doro anya na chloroquine nwere uru dị ukwuu dị ka ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ. N'ihi nke a, e webatara ya n'ọrụ ahụike n'afọ 1947 maka mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ ịba&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/index.htm#chloroquine|title=The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease|publisher=Centers for Disease Control|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828183012/http://www.cdc.gov//malaria//history//index.htm#chloroquine|archivedate=28 August 2010|date=29 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngwakọta kemịkal ===
A kọwara usoro mbụ e ji mepụta chloroquine site na njikọ kemikal (synthesis) n'akwụkwọ ikike nrụpụta (patent) nke ụlọ ọrụ IG Farben tinyere n'afọ 1937. N'alụdị ikpeazụ nke usoro a, ogige kemikal 4,7-dichloroquinoline na 1-diethylamino-4-aminopentane jikọtara iji mepụta ọgwụ ahụ.

: [[Faịlụ:Chloroquin_Synthese.svg|class=skin-invert-image|650x650px]]

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1949, e guzobere usoro mmepụta chloroquine dị mma iji hụ na e mepụtara ya n'ọtụtụ buru ibu maka ojiji zuru ebe kato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/ie50472a002|title=Chloroquine manufacture|date=1 April 1949|journal=Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry|volume=41|issue=4|pages=654–662}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọha na omenala ==
[[Faịlụ:Esochin®_Tabletten_(Rückseite).jpg|thumb|Ngwongwo mbadamba Resochin]]

=== Nkọwa ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/chloroquine#section=U-S-Imports|work=nih.gov|publisher=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Chloroquine na-abịa n'ụdị mbadamba (tablets) dị ka nnu phosphate, sulfate, na hydrochloride. Mgbe niile, a na-enyekarị chloroquine n'ụdị chloroquine phosphate.

=== Aha ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipca.com/pharmaceutical-formulations-manufacturers-india.html|title=Ipca Laboratories: Formulations – Branded|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406132110/https://ipca.com/pharmaceutical-formulations-manufacturers-india.html|archivedate=6 April 2019|accessdate=14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Aha ahịa nkwalite (brand names) e ji mara ọgwụ a gụnyere Chloroquine FNA, Resochin, Dawaquin, na Lariago.

== Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;McDougald-et-al-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diseases of Poultry|edition=14|chapter=Protozoal Infections|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|date=22 November 2019|isbn=978-1-119-37119-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-eji chloroquine—n'ụdị kemịkal dị iche iche pụta—agwọ na iji chịkwaa uto nke anemones na algae (ahịhịa mmiri). E wezụga nke a, a na-eji ya egbu ọtụtụ ụdị nje protozoan n'akwarium (aquarium), dị ka nje na-arịa azụ ahụike bụ Amyloodinium ocellatum. A na-ejikwa ọgwụ a eme ihe maka ịgwọ na igbochi ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ.

== Nnyocha ==
Na sayensị biomedicinal, a na-eji chloroquine eme ihe maka nnwale ''in vitro'' iji gbochie mmebi lysosomal nke ngwaahịa protein.

=== SARS-CoV ===
A tụpụtara Chloroquine dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka SARS, na nyocha ''in vitro'' na-egbochi ọrịa iku ume siri ike coronavirus (SARS-CoV).&lt;ref name=&quot;In vitro inhibition of severe acute&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|volume=323|issue=1|pages=264–268|date=October 2004|pmid=15351731|doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.085}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=55|issue=5|date=May 2020|pmid=32171740|doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2004, otu akụkọ e bipụtara kwuru na chloroquine na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi mmụba nke SARS-CoV in vitro.&lt;ref name=&quot;In vitro inhibition of severe acute&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2005, nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara kwadoro ma gbasaa nsonaazụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread|journal=Virology Journal|volume=2|date=August 2005|pmid=16115318|doi=10.1186/1743-422X-2-69}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Excerpt|Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic}}

=== Ndị ọzọ ===
A na-atụle Chloroquine na 2003, na ụdị tupu ụlọ ọgwụ dị ka onye nwere ike ịlụso [[chikungunya]] fever ọgụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases?|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=3|issue=11|pages=722–727|date=November 2003|pmid=14592603|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-enyocha ihe onwunwe nke chloroquine maka usoro mgbochi ọrịa kansa n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Risks and benefits of chloroquine use in anticancer strategies|journal=The Lancet. Oncology|volume=7|issue=10|pages=792–793|date=October 2006|pmid=17012039|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70875-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Adding chloroquine to conventional treatment for glioblastoma multiforme: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=144|issue=5|pages=337–343|date=March 2006|pmid=16520474|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00008}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Summaries for patients. Adding chloroquine to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=144|issue=5|pages=I31|date=March 2006|pmid=16520470|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-enyocha Chloroquine na ụdị ya gbanwere dịka nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ maka ọnọdụ ọzịza dị ka rheumatoid arthritis na ọrịa ọzịza eriri afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goel_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Chloroquine|title=StatPearls|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing LLC.|date=January 2020|doi=|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551512/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Chloroquine-ligand-CLQ-A-from-PDB-xtal-4FGL-Mercury-3D-balls.png|class=bg-transparent|233x233px]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ọmụma ahụike
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nkwupụta
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;rt-commentedText nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-fonipa&quot; class=&quot;IPA nopopups noexcerpt&quot;&gt;[[Help:IPA/English|/ˈklɔːrəkwiːn/]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#x20;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Aha azụmahịa]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Aralen, ndị ọzọ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Aha ndị ọzọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Chloroquine phosphate
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;www.drugs.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html Akwụkwọ edemede]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Ihe ndekọ ikike]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/small&gt; DailyMed: &lt;span title=&quot;dailymed.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&amp;query=Chloroquine Chloroquine]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụzọ nchịkwa&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Site n'ọnụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Koodu ATC
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* P01BA (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BA01 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) P01BB52 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BB52 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) &amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ọnọdụ iwu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọnọdụ iwu
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United Kingdom&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;UK&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt; P (Ọgwụ ọgwụ) &amp;#x20;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt;&amp;#x20;Nanị
* N'ozuzu: China (naanị ọgwụgwọ) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe omuma pharmacokinetic
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Metabolism
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Imeju
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;ọkara ndụ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; e wepụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ọnwa 1-2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ndị na-eme ka a mata ya
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Aha IUPAC&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt; (''RS'') -''N''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'- (7-chloroqui''N''-4-yl) -N,N-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nọmba CAS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=54-05-7 54-05-7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[./PubChem#&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;style= &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Compound ID&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;CID&lt;/abbr&gt;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;PubChem] CID
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2719 2719]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |IUPHAR/BPS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.guidetopharmacology.org&quot;&gt;[https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=5535 5535]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ọgwụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.drugbank.ca&quot;&gt;[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00608 DB00608]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChemSpider
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2618.html 2618]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |UNII
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/886U3H6UFF 886U3H6UFF]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |KEGG
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.kegg.jp&quot;&gt;[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02366 D02366]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEBI
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:3638 CHEBI:3638]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEMBL
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL76 ChEMBL76]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |NIAID ChemDB
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemdb.niaid.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://chemdb.niaid.nih.gov/CompoundDetails.aspx?AIDSNO=000733 000733]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt; (&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;comptox.epa.gov&quot;&gt;[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2040446 DTXSID2040446][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;echa.europa.eu&quot;&gt;ECHA InfoCard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.175 100.000.175][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe omuma kemịkal na nke anụ ahụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nhazi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;26&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Chlorine&quot;&gt;Cl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Nitrogen&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọkpụkpụ nke ọkpụkpụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;319.88&lt;/span&gt; g·mol-1&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ihe nlereanya 3D (JSmol) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Clc1cc2nccc%28c2cc1%29NC%28C%29CCCN%28CC%29CC Foto na-emekọrịta ihe]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Udo&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Clc1cc2nccc (c2cc1) NC (C) CCCN (CC) CC&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;InChI&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;InChI=1S/C18H26ClN3/c1-4-22 (5-2) 12-6-7-14 (3) 21-17-10-11-20-18-13-15 (19) 8-9-16 (17) 18/h8-11,13-14H,4-7,12H2,1-3H3, (H,20,21) &lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Isi:WHTVZRBIWZFKQO-UHFFFAO&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;-N Y&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Nobold/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&amp;rev1=459442331&amp;page2=Chloroquine  (Nnyocha)]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}
'''Chloroquine''' bụ ọgwụ eji egbochi ma na-agwọ ịba. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ site n'imụba &lt;nowiki&gt;[[heme]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; n'ọbara, nke bụ nsị nye nje ịba ahụ, wee si otú a gbuo ya ma mebie mgbasa ya&lt;ref name=AHFS2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ụdị ịba ahụ siri ike ma ọ bụ nke ọgwụ na-anaghị arụ na ya na-achọkarị usoro ọgwụgwọ dị iche. Ewezuga ịba, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ [[amebiasis]] na-abụghị nke [[eriri afọ]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], na [[lupus erythematosus]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; While it has not been formally studied in pregnancy, it appears safe.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chloroquine Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/chloroquine.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=16 April 2019 |quote=There are no controlled data in human pregnancies. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416201619/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/chloroquine.html |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-aṅụ ọgwụ a site n'ọnụ, o doro anya na ọ dị mma maka ndị dị ime ebe a mụchaghị mmetụta ya anya. N'agbanyeghị na a nwalere ya maka COVID-19 n'oge ọrịa ahụ tiwapụrụ, a kwụsịrị nyocha ndị ahụ n'afọ 2020, NIH anaghịkwa akwado ya maka nke ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=|title=Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828170647/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|archivedate=28 August 2020|accessdate=14 February 2021|work=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mmetụta ndị na-emekarị mgbe a ṅụrụ ọgwụ a gụnyere mgbu ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ, enweghị mmasị iri nri, afọ ọsịsa, na mgbakasị ahụ. Mmetụta ndị ka njọ nwere ike ịgụnye nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, mmerụ ahụ n'uru ahụ, nkụchi obi ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ, gụnyere mbelata nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Chloroquine nọ n'okpuru ezinụlọ ọgwụ a na-akpọ 4-aminoquinoline. Maka ịba, ọ na-alụso nje ahụ ọgụ mgbe ọ nọ n'agba asexual n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Seyanịtịstị ka na-enyocha kpọmkwem otú ọ sị arụ ọrụ n'ịgwọ rheumatoid arthritis na lupus.

E mepụtara Chloroquine site n'aka Hans Andersag n'afọ 1934. Ọ dị na ndepụta nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-ahọpụta maka ọgwụ ndị sịrị ike. A na-enweta ya n'ụzọ dị mfe dị ka ọgwụ nkịtị n'ahịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ojiji ọgwụ ==

=== Ịba ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology|chapter=Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: strategies for monitoring and deterrence|pages=55–79|year=2005|doi=10.1007/3-540-29088-5_3|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/malariadrugsdise0000unse/page/55|isbn=3-540-25363-7|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|publisher=Springer}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi=10.1007/3-540-29088-5_2|chapter=Antimalarial Multi-Drug Resistance in Asia: Mechanisms and Assessment|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|year=2005|pages=39–53|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-25363-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-eji chloroquine egbochi ma na-agwọ ịba nke ụdị Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, na P. malariae na-akpata. Otú ọ dị, a naghị ejikarị ya agwọ Plasmodium falciparum n'ihi na ụdị nje ahụ a mụbara ebe dị iche iche emepụtala ikike ịnagide ya.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet – chloroquine phosphate tablet, coated|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b585ad5-ae86-4403-b83f-8d8363d43da5|work=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=4 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208164343/http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b585ad5-ae86-4403-b83f-8d8363d43da5|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ebe ọ bụ na ejiri chloroquine mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'enweghị mgbochi, nke a mefuru ohere nkwalite ma mee ka nje na-anagide ọgwụ ahụ gbasaa. N'ihi nke a, ọ dị mma ịgbaso nyocha iji hụ ma ọ na-arụ oru n'obodo tupu e nye ya mmadụ. N'akụkụ ebe ọgwụ ahụ na- anaghị anya ọrụ, e nwere ike iji ndị ọzọ dị ka mefloquine ma ọ bụ atovaquone. Ụlọ ọrụ CDC na-atụ aro ka ejikọta ya na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ karịa iji naanị chloroquine agwọ ịba.

=== Ọrịa Amebiasis ===
Maka trịtmentị nke afọ ọsịsa na-ebute pụs n'akpa ume (amoebic liver abscess), enwere ike iji chloroquine mechie ohere ma ọ bụ tinyere ọgwụ ndị ọzọ mgbe metronidazole ma ọ bụ nitroimidazole na-arụghị ọrụ mgbe ụbọchị ise gachara, ma ọ bụ mgbe a na-enweghị ike iji ha mee ihe.

=== Ọrịa akpịrị ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Ebe ọ nwere ikike ibelata ike usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, a na-eji chloroquine agwọ ọrịa autoimmune ụfọdụ. Nke a gụnyere rheumatoid arthritis, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ lupus erythematosus n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke edepụtara na mbụ.

== Mmetụta ndị ọzọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs &amp; Medications|work=www.webmd.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/chloroquine-side-effects.html|title=Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mmetụta ndị ọzọ ọrịa a nwere ike iweta gụnyere ịhụ ụzọ mberede, ọgbụgbọ na ịgbọ agbọ, mgbu na mpaghara afọ, na isi ọwụwa siri ike. Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ ọzịza n'ụkwụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ nkwonkwo ụkwụ, ume nkpu, agba agba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ, n'mbọ ma ọ bụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ, gụnyere adịghị ike n'uru ahụ, mmerụ ahụ mfe ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụgbọ, yana nsogbu n'ịnụ ihe na steeti uche mmadụ.

* Ebe mmetụta ndị siri ike nwere ike ịpụta gụnyere mmegharị ahụ a na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa dị ka jijiji ire na ihu, ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ. Ndị mmadụ nwekwara ike inwe nsogbu na ntị gụnyere ntị chiri, ahụ erughị ala n'afọ dị ka ọgbụgbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, afọ ọsịsa na afọ mgbu, ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa siri ike. N'akụkụ uche, ọ nwere ike iweta mgbagwoju anya, mmerụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ obi, paranoia, nrọ efu, ma ọ bụ ịda mbà n'obi. Ihe mgbaama ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ gụnyere oke ahụ ọkụ, ntutu ịla n'iyi, mgbanwe agba akpụkpọ ahụ, na mgbakasị ahụ.rị a na-achọghị / nke a na-achịkwaghị (gụnyere ire na ihu na-ama jijiji, diskenesia, na dystonia) &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs &amp; Medications|work=www.webmd.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details &quot;Drugs &amp; Medications&quot;]. ''www.webmd.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 March&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị agadi ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;E nwebeghị data zuru ezu eji amụta ma chloroquine ọ dị mma n'ezie maka ndị agadi gbara afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ akụrụ na-ehichapụ ọgwụ a n'ahụ, ọ dị mkpa nyochaa ọkwa nsị ya n'ahụ ndị nwere nsogbu akụrụ—nke bụ ihe na-emekarị n'etiti ndị agadi.

== Mmekọrịta ọgwụ ọjọọ ==
Chloroquine nwere ike imetụta ma ọ bụ soro ọtụtụ ọgwụ ndị ọzọ rụọ ọrụ n'ụzọ nwere ike iweta nsogbu na trịtmentị:

* Ampicillin - chloroquine nwere ike belata ọkwa; &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Mefloquine - nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ nke nkụchi.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot; /&gt;  

== ⁰Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Ling2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Hydroxychloroquine overdose: case report and recommendations for management|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=15|issue=1|pages=16–18|date=February 2008|pmid=18180661|doi=10.1097/MEJ.0b013e3280adcb56}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ịṅụ chloroquine ebe ókè nwere ike iwebata ihe ize ndụ ọnwụ nke ruru ihe dị ka pasentị iri abụọ. Eriri afọ na-aṅụcha ọgwụ a n'ọsọ, ebe ihe mgbaama na-amalite pụta n'ime otu awa. Mgbe a ṅụbigara ya ókè, mmetụta ndị gụnyere ihu ụra, nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, nkụchi, nkwụsị iku ume, gụnyere nsogbu obi dị ka ventricular fibrillation na mgbada dị ukwuu nke ọbara mgbali. Mbelata nke potassium n'ọbara nwekwara ike ime mgbe nke a mee.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Are 1-2 dangerous? Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine exposure in toddlers|journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=28|issue=4|pages=437–443|date=May 2005|pmid=15837026|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.12.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Mgbe usoro trịtmentị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ miligram iri maka kịlogram ọ bụla nke ibu ahụ (10 mg/kg), mmetụta nsị na-amalite mgbe ọ ruru miligram iri abụọ (20 mg/kg). Ọnwa nwere ike ime ma a ṅụọ miligram iri atọ (30 mg/kg). Maka ụmụaka, naanị otu mbadamba ọgwụ a nwere ike ibute fatalitị ma ọ bụ igbu mmadụ.

Usoro trịtmentị a na-atụ aro mgbe e ṅụbigara ọgwụ a ókè gụnyere inye ikuku oxygen ngwa ngwa, nlekọta siri ike nke obi, na iji charcoọl emepụtara pụrụ iche (activated charcoal). N'ọnọdụ ebe mgbada ọbara mgbali na-eme, enwere ike inye mmiri na ọgwụ vasopressor, nke epinephrine bụ nhọrọ kacha mma. N'ihi nkụchi, benzodiazepines bụ ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji mee ka ahụ dajụọ. N'agbanyeghị na enwere ike inye potassium chloride n'ọbara iji gboo mbelata ya, nke a nwere ike iweta oke potassium karia nke kwesịrị mgbe mmadụ na-alụso nsogbu ahụ ọgụ. Nnyocha gosipụtakwara na dialysis anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'okwu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ling2008&quot; /&gt;

== Ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụ ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Nchịkọta nke ọgwụ a n'ahụ nwere ike iweta mkpụrụ ọgwụ ga-edobe n'anya, nke nwere ike ịkpata nhụjuanya anya na-adịghị mma na kpuru kpuru. Ọgwụ a na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ metụtara quinine ka ejikọtara na nsogbu nke mbibi retina, karịsịa mgbe e nyere ha n'ọtụtụ oke ma ọ bụ mgbe e ji ha mee ihe ogologo oge. Mgbe a na-ṅụ ya ogologo oge, a na-atụ aro ka a na-agakwuru dọkịta anya mgbe niile.

Chloroquine bụ ọgwụ na-aga n'ihu ahọrọ banye n'ime lysosome nke mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ (lysosomotropic agent). Ebe pKa nke nitrogen dị n'akụkụ quinoline nke chloroquine bụ 8.5, nke a pụtara na naanị ihe dị ka pasentị iri (10%) ka ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya na physiological pH (dị ka usoro Henderson-Hasselbalch si kọwaa). Ọkwa a na-agbada gaa na ihe dị ka pasentị 0.2 n'ime lysosome ebe pH ya nọ n'agbata 4.6. Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị nke ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya nwere ike ịfe mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ n'ụzọ dị mfe karịa nke nwere proton, nke a na-eme ka ọgwụ ahụ &quot;mịkọrọ ma kpọchie&quot; n'ime lysosomes n'ọtụtụ dị ukwuu.

== Usoro nke ọrụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Medical_quinolines_pathway.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|626x626px|Quinolin ọgwụ]]

=== Ịba ===
[[Faịlụ:Birefringence_of_malaria_pigment.jpg|thumb|Ọdịdị Hemozoin na ''P. falciparum'': ọtụtụ ihe na-egbochi ịba bụ ihe na-eme ka uto nke hemozoin crystal ghara ito.]]
A kwenyere na ikike chloroquine nwere iji mịkọrọ n'ime lysosome na-akọwa ọtụtụ n'ime ụzọ ọ sị alụso ịba ọgụ. Ọgwụ a na-aga kpọmkwem n'akpa nri nwere acid nke nje ịba, ebe ọ na-emebi usoro dị mkpa na-eme ka nje ahụ dị ndụ. Njirimara a na-enye mfe iji ya mee nyocha na kọmputa ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ nyocha (in vitro) gbasara ọrịa metụtara abụba dị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ, mmepụta nke autophagy, na ọnwụ mkpụrụ ndụ (apoptosis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine treatment of ARPE-19 cells leads to lysosome dilation and intracellular lipid accumulation: possible implications of lysosomal dysfunction in macular degeneration|journal=Cell &amp; Bioscience|volume=1|issue=1|date=March 2011|pmid=21711726|doi=10.1186/2045-3701-1-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Abeta-mediated NMDA receptor endocytosis in Alzheimer's disease involves ubiquitination of the tyrosine phosphatase STEP61|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|volume=30|issue=17|pages=5948–5957|date=April 2010|pmid=20427654|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0157-10.2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine activates the p53 pathway and induces apoptosis in human glioma cells|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=12|issue=4|pages=389–400|date=April 2010|pmid=20308316|doi=10.1093/neuonc/nop046}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, nje ịba—nke nọ n'agba ndụ ya na-enweghị mmekọahụ (asexual stage)—na-agbari protein hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid dị mkpa. Amino acid ndị a dị ezigbo mkpa maka imepụta protein nke aka ya na maka iwepụta ike (metabolism). Usoro nri a na-eme kpamkpam n'ime akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ahụ.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Hemoglobin nwere akụkụ protein (nke nje ahụ na-agbari) na akụkụ heme (nke nje ahụ na-adịghị eji eme ihe). N'oge usoro a, nje ahụ na-ewepụta heme nke nwere nsị siri ike ma nwee ike ịgbaze n'ọbara. Akụkụ heme a nwere mgbanaka porphyrin nke a na-akpọ Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX (FP). Iji zere mbibi nke molekul nke a ga-emere ya, nje ahụ na-agbanwe heme ka ọ ghọọ hemozoin—molekul na-adịghị egbu egbu. Hemozoin a na-akwakọba n'akpa nri nje ahụ dị ka kristal siri ike na-adịghị agbaze agbaze.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Chloroquine na-abanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie site na mgbasa dị mfe, na-erute n'akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ịba ahụ. N'ihi na akpa nri a nwere acid (pH 4.7), chloroquine na-enweta proton ma gbanwee gaa na \text{CQ}^{2+}; nke a na-eme ka ọ ghara nwee ike ịpụta ọzọ n'ihi mgbasa. Chloroquine na-ekpuchi kristal hemozoin iji gbochie biocrystallization nke heme, nke na-eme ka akụkụ heme na-egbu egbu na-akpakọba. Chloroquine na-ejikọta na heme (ma ọ bụ FP) iji mepụta ogige FP-chloroquine; ogige a nwere nsị siri ike ma na-emebi mgbidi (membrane) mkpụrụ ndụ. Nsị a sitere na FP-chloroquine na FP na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ daa ma gbawaa (lysis), nke na-eduga n'ikpeazụ na mbibi na nri aka ya nke nje ahụ (autodigestion). Nje ịba ndị na-adịghị emepụta hemozoin na-enwe ike iguzogide chloroquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lin2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Replication of Plasmodium in reticulocytes can occur without hemozoin formation, resulting in chloroquine resistance|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=212|issue=6|pages=893–903|date=June 2015|pmid=25941254|doi=10.1084/jem.20141731|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/500975/3/2015113.pdf|accessdate=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ịkwụsị ịba ====
Mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ gbasara mmeghachi omume iguzogide chloroquine site na P. falciparum n'afọ ndị 1950, ụdị nje na-enweghị ike ịnwụ n'ọgwụ a apụtala n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na West Africa, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na South America. Ịdị irè chloroquine nwere megide P. falciparum adaala nke ukwuu ka ụdị nje ndị a na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-agbasa gburugburu ụwa.

Nje ịba ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ nwere ike ịchụpụ chloroquine ngwa ngwa site n'akpa nri ha site n'ijikwa usoro mgbapụta (transmembrane pump). Nje P. falciparum ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-achụpụ chloroquine okpukpu iri anọ (40x) karịa ka ndị nke na-anabata ọgwụ na-eme. A na-akpọ protein na-ahụ maka mgbapụta a P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT). Ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke mgbapụta a sitere n'okike bụ ibuga protein x-a (peptides); mgbanwe e ji mara mgbapụta a iji nwee ike ịchụpụ chloroquine na-emebi ikike o nwere ibuga peptides. Nke a na-eweta mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ &quot;ọnụahịa&quot; n'ahụ nje ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọ ghara inwe ike itolite ma ọ bụ mụbaa n'ọsọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The natural function of the malaria parasite's chloroquine resistance transporter|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|date=August 2020|pmid=32764664|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17781-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-enwekarị mgbanwe na jinetik gene a na-akpọ P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (PfMDR1)—nke bụ otu n'ime ABC transporter. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a na-alere mgbanwe ndị a anya dị ka ihe na-enweghị nnukwu mkpa ma e jiri ha tụnyere mgbanwe na-eme na PfCRT. Dị ka mgbanwe si mee na protein CG2 ejikọtara na nsogbu iguzogide chloroquine, usoro ndị ọzọ na-akpata iguzogide ọgwụ a pụtara na ha nwekwara aka na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Essentials of Medical Pharmacology|edition=fifth|date=2003|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher Ltd|pages=739–740}}&lt;/ref&gt;

r.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alcantara2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chemosensitization potential of P-glycoprotein inhibitors in malaria parasites|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=134|issue=2|pages=235–243|date=June 2013|pmid=23541983|doi=10.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.022}}&lt;/ref&gt;A chọpụtala na Verapamil—ọgwụ na-egbochi ụzọ calcium (\text{Ca}^{2+} channel blocker)—nwere ike iweghachi ikike chloroquine nwere na ime ka nje ịba nwee mmetụta maka ọgwụ a ọzọ. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe gosipụtakwara na ha nwere ike ịalụso iguzogide chloroquine ọgụ na ịba gụnyere chlorpheniramine, gefitinib, imatinib, tariquidar, na zosuquidar.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2014, chloroquine ka na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ n'ala Thailand. N'edemede nyocha Sohsuebngarm na ndị otu ya mere n'afọ 2014 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Mahadum Chulalongkorn, ha nwalere Plasmodium gallinaceum wee chọpụta na ụdị nje ịba a echeghị mgbochi ma ọ bụ iguzogide chloroquine anya. E wezụga nke a, ọgwụ antidepressants dị ka sertraline, fluoxetine, na paroxetine nwere ike iweghachi mmetụta chloroquine, na-eme ka ụdị nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ a nwee ike ịnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na e jikọtara ha na ọgwụgwọ chloroquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellido-et-al-2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Antimicrobial activity of psychotropic drugs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=14|issue=3|pages=177–180|date=April 2000|pmid=10773485|doi=10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00154-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe na-egbochi nje virus ===
Chloroquine nwere ikike igbochi mmụba na mgbasa nke nje (viruses) ụfọdụ. Ọ na-eme ka ọkwa acidity (pH) dị n'ime endosome na lysosome rịọ elu, nke na-atụgharị na mmebi nke usoro nje ahụ si esi pụta n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ—ebe ọ bụ na ntọhapụ nke nje ahụ chọrọ pH dị ala ma na-atọ ụtọ na acid. Sịtị n'ihe a, nje ahụ enweghịzi ike ịhapụ ihe nketa ya (genetic material) n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ iji mụbaa ma mepụta gburugburu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al-Bari 2020 p.&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases|journal=Pharmacology Research &amp; Perspectives|volume=5|issue=1|pages=e00293|date=February 2017|pmid=28596841|doi=10.1002/prp2.293}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fredericksen Wei Yao Luo p.&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Inhibition of endosomal/lysosomal degradation increases the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=76|issue=22|pages=11440–11446|date=November 2002|pmid=12388705|doi=10.1128/JVI.76.22.11440-11446.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chloroquine pụtara na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka zinc ionophore, nke na-eme ka zinc dị n'èzí mkpụrụ ndụ nwee ike ịbanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Mgbe nke a mee, zinc ahụ na-egbochi enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase nke nje na-eji amụba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=10|date=1 October 2014|pmid=25271834|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109180}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=6|issue=11|date=November 2010|pmid=21079686|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị ọzọ ===
Chloroquine na-egbochi imịkọrọ na nsụsụ nke thiamine (vitamin B1) n'ahụ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ a site na imetụta ma na-egbochi protein na-ebugharị thiamine nke a na-akpọ SLC19A3.

Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo (rheumatoid arthritis). Ọ na-eme nke a site n'igbochi mmụba mkpụrụ ndụ lymphocyte, igbochi enzyme phospholipase A2, na igbochi ngosi antigen na mkpụrụ ndụ dendritic. E wezụga nke a, ọ na-egbochi ntọhapụ enzymes sịtị n'akpa lysosome, ntọhapụ nke ụdị oxygen na-emebi ihe (reactive oxygen species) sịtị na macrophages, gụnyere igbochi mmepụta nke protein IL-1. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (March 2024)&quot;&gt;medical citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Quinine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Quinine]]
Na Peru, ụmụ amaala wepụtara ụgbụgbọ osisi Cinchona (Cinchona officinalis) ma jiri ya mee ihe iji lụso oyi na ahụ ọkụ ọgụ na narị afọ nke iri na asaa. N'afọ 1633, e webatara ọgwụ ahịhịa a na Yurop, ebe e jiri ya mee ihe nke ukwuu ma malite iji ya na-agwọ ịba. N'afọ 1820, a chọpụtara quinine—bụ ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ—site na ihe e wepụtara n'ụgbụgbọ osisi a.
[[Faịlụ:3-methylchloroquine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|3-Methylchloroquine (sontochin) ]]
Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gachara, gọọmentị Germany chọrọ ihe ga-anọchi quinine. N'afọ 1934, Hans Andersag na ndị otu ya n'ụlọ nyocha Bayer chọpụtara chloroquine—bụ kemikal arụpụtara arụpụta (synthetic analogue) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka quinine—ndị mepụtara ya kpọrọ ya resochin. A hapụrụ ya aka ruo afọ iri n'ihi na a chere na ọ nwere nsị ga-emerụ mma mmadụ. Kama nke ahụ, n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị agha German Afrika Korps jiri ogige dị ka chloroquine a na-akpọ 3-methyl-chloroquine (nke e ji sontochin mara). Mgbe ndị agha jikọrọ aka (Allied forces) rutere Tunis, sontochin a dabara n'aka ndị America, bụ ndị zighachiri ya na United States maka nyocha—nke a mere na mmasị na chloroquine maliteghachiri. Nyocha ahụike nke gọọmentị United States kwadoro gosiri n'ụzọ doro anya na chloroquine nwere uru dị ukwuu dị ka ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ. N'ihi nke a, e webatara ya n'ọrụ ahụike n'afọ 1947 maka mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ ịba&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/index.htm#chloroquine|title=The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease|publisher=Centers for Disease Control|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828183012/http://www.cdc.gov//malaria//history//index.htm#chloroquine|archivedate=28 August 2010|date=29 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngwakọta kemịkal ===
A kọwara usoro mbụ e ji mepụta chloroquine site na njikọ kemikal (synthesis) n'akwụkwọ ikike nrụpụta (patent) nke ụlọ ọrụ IG Farben tinyere n'afọ 1937. N'alụdị ikpeazụ nke usoro a, ogige kemikal 4,7-dichloroquinoline na 1-diethylamino-4-aminopentane jikọtara iji mepụta ọgwụ ahụ.

: [[Faịlụ:Chloroquin_Synthese.svg|class=skin-invert-image|650x650px]]

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1949, e guzobere usoro mmepụta chloroquine dị mma iji hụ na e mepụtara ya n'ọtụtụ buru ibu maka ojiji zuru ebe kato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/ie50472a002|title=Chloroquine manufacture|date=1 April 1949|journal=Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry|volume=41|issue=4|pages=654–662}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọha na omenala ==
[[Faịlụ:Esochin®_Tabletten_(Rückseite).jpg|thumb|Ngwongwo mbadamba Resochin]]

=== Nkọwa ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/chloroquine#section=U-S-Imports|work=nih.gov|publisher=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Chloroquine na-abịa n'ụdị mbadamba (tablets) dị ka nnu phosphate, sulfate, na hydrochloride. Mgbe niile, a na-enyekarị chloroquine n'ụdị chloroquine phosphate.

=== Aha ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipca.com/pharmaceutical-formulations-manufacturers-india.html|title=Ipca Laboratories: Formulations – Branded|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406132110/https://ipca.com/pharmaceutical-formulations-manufacturers-india.html|archivedate=6 April 2019|accessdate=14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Aha ahịa nkwalite (brand names) e ji mara ọgwụ a gụnyere Chloroquine FNA, Resochin, Dawaquin, na Lariago.

== Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;McDougald-et-al-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diseases of Poultry|edition=14|chapter=Protozoal Infections|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|date=22 November 2019|isbn=978-1-119-37119-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-eji chloroquine—n'ụdị kemịkal dị iche iche pụta—agwọ na iji chịkwaa uto nke anemones na algae (ahịhịa mmiri). E wezụga nke a, a na-eji ya egbu ọtụtụ ụdị nje protozoan n'akwarium (aquarium), dị ka nje na-arịa azụ ahụike bụ Amyloodinium ocellatum. A na-ejikwa ọgwụ a eme ihe maka ịgwọ na igbochi ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ.

== Nnyocha ==
Na sayensị biomedicinal, a na-eji chloroquine eme ihe maka nnwale ''in vitro'' iji gbochie mmebi lysosomal nke ngwaahịa protein.

=== SARS-CoV ===
A tụpụtara Chloroquine dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka SARS, na nyocha ''in vitro'' na-egbochi ọrịa iku ume siri ike coronavirus (SARS-CoV).&lt;ref name=&quot;In vitro inhibition of severe acute&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|volume=323|issue=1|pages=264–268|date=October 2004|pmid=15351731|doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.085}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=55|issue=5|date=May 2020|pmid=32171740|doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2004, otu akụkọ e bipụtara kwuru na chloroquine na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi mmụba nke SARS-CoV in vitro.&lt;ref name=&quot;In vitro inhibition of severe acute&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2005, nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara kwadoro ma gbasaa nsonaazụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread|journal=Virology Journal|volume=2|date=August 2005|pmid=16115318|doi=10.1186/1743-422X-2-69}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Excerpt|Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic}}

=== Ndị ọzọ ===
A na-atụle Chloroquine na 2003, na ụdị tupu ụlọ ọgwụ dị ka onye nwere ike ịlụso [[chikungunya]] fever ọgụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases?|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=3|issue=11|pages=722–727|date=November 2003|pmid=14592603|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-enyocha ihe onwunwe nke chloroquine maka usoro mgbochi ọrịa kansa n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Risks and benefits of chloroquine use in anticancer strategies|journal=The Lancet. Oncology|volume=7|issue=10|pages=792–793|date=October 2006|pmid=17012039|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70875-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Adding chloroquine to conventional treatment for glioblastoma multiforme: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=144|issue=5|pages=337–343|date=March 2006|pmid=16520474|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00008}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Summaries for patients. Adding chloroquine to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=144|issue=5|pages=I31|date=March 2006|pmid=16520470|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-enyocha Chloroquine na ụdị ya gbanwere dịka nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ maka ọnọdụ ọzịza dị ka rheumatoid arthritis na ọrịa ọzịza eriri afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goel_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Chloroquine|title=StatPearls|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing LLC.|date=January 2020|doi=|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551512/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
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|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;9&quot; |'''Chloroquine'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Chloroquine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|250x250px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Chloroquine-ligand-CLQ-A-from-PDB-xtal-4FGL-Mercury-3D-balls.png|class=bg-transparent|233x233px]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ọmụma ahụike
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nkwupụta
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;rt-commentedText nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-fonipa&quot; class=&quot;IPA nopopups noexcerpt&quot;&gt;[[Help:IPA/English|/ˈklɔːrəkwiːn/]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#x20;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Aha azụmahịa]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Aralen, ndị ọzọ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Aha ndị ọzọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Chloroquine phosphate
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;www.drugs.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html Akwụkwọ edemede]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Ihe ndekọ ikike]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/small&gt; DailyMed: &lt;span title=&quot;dailymed.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&amp;query=Chloroquine Chloroquine]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụzọ nchịkwa&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Site n'ọnụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Koodu ATC
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* P01BA (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BA01 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) P01BB52 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BB52 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) &amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ọnọdụ iwu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọnọdụ iwu
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United Kingdom&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;UK&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt; P (Ọgwụ ọgwụ) &amp;#x20;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt;&amp;#x20;Nanị
* N'ozuzu: China (naanị ọgwụgwọ) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe omuma pharmacokinetic
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Metabolism
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Imeju
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;ọkara ndụ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; e wepụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ọnwa 1-2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ndị na-eme ka a mata ya
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Aha IUPAC&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt; (''RS'') -''N''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'- (7-chloroqui''N''-4-yl) -N,N-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nọmba CAS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=54-05-7 54-05-7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[./PubChem#&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;style= &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Compound ID&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;CID&lt;/abbr&gt;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;PubChem] CID
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2719 2719]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |IUPHAR/BPS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.guidetopharmacology.org&quot;&gt;[https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=5535 5535]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ọgwụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.drugbank.ca&quot;&gt;[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00608 DB00608]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChemSpider
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2618.html 2618]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |UNII
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/886U3H6UFF 886U3H6UFF]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |KEGG
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.kegg.jp&quot;&gt;[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02366 D02366]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEBI
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:3638 CHEBI:3638]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEMBL
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL76 ChEMBL76]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |NIAID ChemDB
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemdb.niaid.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://chemdb.niaid.nih.gov/CompoundDetails.aspx?AIDSNO=000733 000733]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt; (&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;comptox.epa.gov&quot;&gt;[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2040446 DTXSID2040446][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;echa.europa.eu&quot;&gt;ECHA InfoCard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.175 100.000.175][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe omuma kemịkal na nke anụ ahụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nhazi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;26&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Chlorine&quot;&gt;Cl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Nitrogen&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọkpụkpụ nke ọkpụkpụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;319.88&lt;/span&gt; g·mol-1&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ihe nlereanya 3D (JSmol) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Clc1cc2nccc%28c2cc1%29NC%28C%29CCCN%28CC%29CC Foto na-emekọrịta ihe]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Udo&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Clc1cc2nccc (c2cc1) NC (C) CCCN (CC) CC&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;InChI&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;InChI=1S/C18H26ClN3/c1-4-22 (5-2) 12-6-7-14 (3) 21-17-10-11-20-18-13-15 (19) 8-9-16 (17) 18/h8-11,13-14H,4-7,12H2,1-3H3, (H,20,21) &lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Isi:WHTVZRBIWZFKQO-UHFFFAO&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;-N Y&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Nobold/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&amp;rev1=459442331&amp;page2=Chloroquine  (Nnyocha)]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}
'''Chloroquine''' bụ ọgwụ eji egbochi ma na-agwọ ịba. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ site n'imụba &lt;nowiki&gt;[[heme]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; n'ọbara, nke bụ nsị nye nje ịba ahụ, wee si otú a gbuo ya ma mebie mgbasa ya&lt;ref name=AHFS2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ụdị ịba ahụ siri ike ma ọ bụ nke ọgwụ na-anaghị arụ na ya na-achọkarị usoro ọgwụgwọ dị iche. Ewezuga ịba, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ [[amebiasis]] na-abụghị nke [[eriri afọ]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], na [[lupus erythematosus]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chloroquine Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/chloroquine.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=16 April 2019 |quote=There are no controlled data in human pregnancies. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416201619/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/chloroquine.html |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-aṅụ ọgwụ a site n'ọnụ, o doro anya na ọ dị mma maka ndị dị ime ebe a mụchaghị mmetụta ya anya. N'agbanyeghị na a nwalere ya maka COVID-19 n'oge ọrịa ahụ tiwapụrụ, a kwụsịrị nyocha ndị ahụ n'afọ 2020, NIH anaghịkwa akwado ya maka nke ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=|title=Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828170647/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|archivedate=28 August 2020|accessdate=14 February 2021|work=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mmetụta ndị na-emekarị mgbe a ṅụrụ ọgwụ a gụnyere mgbu ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ, enweghị mmasị iri nri, afọ ọsịsa, na mgbakasị ahụ. Mmetụta ndị ka njọ nwere ike ịgụnye nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, mmerụ ahụ n'uru ahụ, nkụchi obi ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ, gụnyere mbelata nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Chloroquine nọ n'okpuru ezinụlọ ọgwụ a na-akpọ 4-aminoquinoline. Maka ịba, ọ na-alụso nje ahụ ọgụ mgbe ọ nọ n'agba asexual n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Seyanịtịstị ka na-enyocha kpọmkwem otú ọ sị arụ ọrụ n'ịgwọ rheumatoid arthritis na lupus.

E mepụtara Chloroquine site n'aka Hans Andersag n'afọ 1934. Ọ dị na ndepụta nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-ahọpụta maka ọgwụ ndị sịrị ike. A na-enweta ya n'ụzọ dị mfe dị ka ọgwụ nkịtị n'ahịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ojiji ọgwụ ==

=== Ịba ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology|chapter=Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: strategies for monitoring and deterrence|pages=55–79|year=2005|doi=10.1007/3-540-29088-5_3|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/malariadrugsdise0000unse/page/55|isbn=3-540-25363-7|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|publisher=Springer}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi=10.1007/3-540-29088-5_2|chapter=Antimalarial Multi-Drug Resistance in Asia: Mechanisms and Assessment|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|year=2005|pages=39–53|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-25363-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-eji chloroquine egbochi ma na-agwọ ịba nke ụdị Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, na P. malariae na-akpata. Otú ọ dị, a naghị ejikarị ya agwọ Plasmodium falciparum n'ihi na ụdị nje ahụ a mụbara ebe dị iche iche emepụtala ikike ịnagide ya.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet – chloroquine phosphate tablet, coated|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b585ad5-ae86-4403-b83f-8d8363d43da5|work=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=4 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208164343/http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b585ad5-ae86-4403-b83f-8d8363d43da5|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ebe ọ bụ na ejiri chloroquine mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'enweghị mgbochi, nke a mefuru ohere nkwalite ma mee ka nje na-anagide ọgwụ ahụ gbasaa. N'ihi nke a, ọ dị mma ịgbaso nyocha iji hụ ma ọ na-arụ oru n'obodo tupu e nye ya mmadụ. N'akụkụ ebe ọgwụ ahụ na- anaghị anya ọrụ, e nwere ike iji ndị ọzọ dị ka mefloquine ma ọ bụ atovaquone. Ụlọ ọrụ CDC na-atụ aro ka ejikọta ya na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ karịa iji naanị chloroquine agwọ ịba.

=== Ọrịa Amebiasis ===
Maka trịtmentị nke afọ ọsịsa na-ebute pụs n'akpa ume (amoebic liver abscess), enwere ike iji chloroquine mechie ohere ma ọ bụ tinyere ọgwụ ndị ọzọ mgbe metronidazole ma ọ bụ nitroimidazole na-arụghị ọrụ mgbe ụbọchị ise gachara, ma ọ bụ mgbe a na-enweghị ike iji ha mee ihe.

=== Ọrịa akpịrị ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Ebe ọ nwere ikike ibelata ike usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, a na-eji chloroquine agwọ ọrịa autoimmune ụfọdụ. Nke a gụnyere rheumatoid arthritis, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ lupus erythematosus n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke edepụtara na mbụ.

== Mmetụta ndị ọzọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs &amp; Medications|work=www.webmd.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/chloroquine-side-effects.html|title=Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mmetụta ndị ọzọ ọrịa a nwere ike iweta gụnyere ịhụ ụzọ mberede, ọgbụgbọ na ịgbọ agbọ, mgbu na mpaghara afọ, na isi ọwụwa siri ike. Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ ọzịza n'ụkwụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ nkwonkwo ụkwụ, ume nkpu, agba agba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ, n'mbọ ma ọ bụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ, gụnyere adịghị ike n'uru ahụ, mmerụ ahụ mfe ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụgbọ, yana nsogbu n'ịnụ ihe na steeti uche mmadụ.

* Ebe mmetụta ndị siri ike nwere ike ịpụta gụnyere mmegharị ahụ a na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa dị ka jijiji ire na ihu, ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ. Ndị mmadụ nwekwara ike inwe nsogbu na ntị gụnyere ntị chiri, ahụ erughị ala n'afọ dị ka ọgbụgbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, afọ ọsịsa na afọ mgbu, ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa siri ike. N'akụkụ uche, ọ nwere ike iweta mgbagwoju anya, mmerụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ obi, paranoia, nrọ efu, ma ọ bụ ịda mbà n'obi. Ihe mgbaama ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ gụnyere oke ahụ ọkụ, ntutu ịla n'iyi, mgbanwe agba akpụkpọ ahụ, na mgbakasị ahụ.rị a na-achọghị / nke a na-achịkwaghị (gụnyere ire na ihu na-ama jijiji, diskenesia, na dystonia) &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs &amp; Medications|work=www.webmd.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details &quot;Drugs &amp; Medications&quot;]. ''www.webmd.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 March&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị agadi ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;E nwebeghị data zuru ezu eji amụta ma chloroquine ọ dị mma n'ezie maka ndị agadi gbara afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ akụrụ na-ehichapụ ọgwụ a n'ahụ, ọ dị mkpa nyochaa ọkwa nsị ya n'ahụ ndị nwere nsogbu akụrụ—nke bụ ihe na-emekarị n'etiti ndị agadi.

== Mmekọrịta ọgwụ ọjọọ ==
Chloroquine nwere ike imetụta ma ọ bụ soro ọtụtụ ọgwụ ndị ọzọ rụọ ọrụ n'ụzọ nwere ike iweta nsogbu na trịtmentị:

* Ampicillin - chloroquine nwere ike belata ọkwa; &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Mefloquine - nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ nke nkụchi.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot; /&gt;  

== ⁰Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Ling2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Hydroxychloroquine overdose: case report and recommendations for management|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=15|issue=1|pages=16–18|date=February 2008|pmid=18180661|doi=10.1097/MEJ.0b013e3280adcb56}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ịṅụ chloroquine ebe ókè nwere ike iwebata ihe ize ndụ ọnwụ nke ruru ihe dị ka pasentị iri abụọ. Eriri afọ na-aṅụcha ọgwụ a n'ọsọ, ebe ihe mgbaama na-amalite pụta n'ime otu awa. Mgbe a ṅụbigara ya ókè, mmetụta ndị gụnyere ihu ụra, nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, nkụchi, nkwụsị iku ume, gụnyere nsogbu obi dị ka ventricular fibrillation na mgbada dị ukwuu nke ọbara mgbali. Mbelata nke potassium n'ọbara nwekwara ike ime mgbe nke a mee.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Are 1-2 dangerous? Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine exposure in toddlers|journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=28|issue=4|pages=437–443|date=May 2005|pmid=15837026|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.12.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Mgbe usoro trịtmentị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ miligram iri maka kịlogram ọ bụla nke ibu ahụ (10 mg/kg), mmetụta nsị na-amalite mgbe ọ ruru miligram iri abụọ (20 mg/kg). Ọnwa nwere ike ime ma a ṅụọ miligram iri atọ (30 mg/kg). Maka ụmụaka, naanị otu mbadamba ọgwụ a nwere ike ibute fatalitị ma ọ bụ igbu mmadụ.

Usoro trịtmentị a na-atụ aro mgbe e ṅụbigara ọgwụ a ókè gụnyere inye ikuku oxygen ngwa ngwa, nlekọta siri ike nke obi, na iji charcoọl emepụtara pụrụ iche (activated charcoal). N'ọnọdụ ebe mgbada ọbara mgbali na-eme, enwere ike inye mmiri na ọgwụ vasopressor, nke epinephrine bụ nhọrọ kacha mma. N'ihi nkụchi, benzodiazepines bụ ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji mee ka ahụ dajụọ. N'agbanyeghị na enwere ike inye potassium chloride n'ọbara iji gboo mbelata ya, nke a nwere ike iweta oke potassium karia nke kwesịrị mgbe mmadụ na-alụso nsogbu ahụ ọgụ. Nnyocha gosipụtakwara na dialysis anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'okwu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ling2008&quot; /&gt;

== Ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụ ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Nchịkọta nke ọgwụ a n'ahụ nwere ike iweta mkpụrụ ọgwụ ga-edobe n'anya, nke nwere ike ịkpata nhụjuanya anya na-adịghị mma na kpuru kpuru. Ọgwụ a na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ metụtara quinine ka ejikọtara na nsogbu nke mbibi retina, karịsịa mgbe e nyere ha n'ọtụtụ oke ma ọ bụ mgbe e ji ha mee ihe ogologo oge. Mgbe a na-ṅụ ya ogologo oge, a na-atụ aro ka a na-agakwuru dọkịta anya mgbe niile.

Chloroquine bụ ọgwụ na-aga n'ihu ahọrọ banye n'ime lysosome nke mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ (lysosomotropic agent). Ebe pKa nke nitrogen dị n'akụkụ quinoline nke chloroquine bụ 8.5, nke a pụtara na naanị ihe dị ka pasentị iri (10%) ka ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya na physiological pH (dị ka usoro Henderson-Hasselbalch si kọwaa). Ọkwa a na-agbada gaa na ihe dị ka pasentị 0.2 n'ime lysosome ebe pH ya nọ n'agbata 4.6. Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị nke ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya nwere ike ịfe mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ n'ụzọ dị mfe karịa nke nwere proton, nke a na-eme ka ọgwụ ahụ &quot;mịkọrọ ma kpọchie&quot; n'ime lysosomes n'ọtụtụ dị ukwuu.

== Usoro nke ọrụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Medical_quinolines_pathway.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|626x626px|Quinolin ọgwụ]]

=== Ịba ===
[[Faịlụ:Birefringence_of_malaria_pigment.jpg|thumb|Ọdịdị Hemozoin na ''P. falciparum'': ọtụtụ ihe na-egbochi ịba bụ ihe na-eme ka uto nke hemozoin crystal ghara ito.]]
A kwenyere na ikike chloroquine nwere iji mịkọrọ n'ime lysosome na-akọwa ọtụtụ n'ime ụzọ ọ sị alụso ịba ọgụ. Ọgwụ a na-aga kpọmkwem n'akpa nri nwere acid nke nje ịba, ebe ọ na-emebi usoro dị mkpa na-eme ka nje ahụ dị ndụ. Njirimara a na-enye mfe iji ya mee nyocha na kọmputa ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ nyocha (in vitro) gbasara ọrịa metụtara abụba dị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ, mmepụta nke autophagy, na ọnwụ mkpụrụ ndụ (apoptosis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine treatment of ARPE-19 cells leads to lysosome dilation and intracellular lipid accumulation: possible implications of lysosomal dysfunction in macular degeneration|journal=Cell &amp; Bioscience|volume=1|issue=1|date=March 2011|pmid=21711726|doi=10.1186/2045-3701-1-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Abeta-mediated NMDA receptor endocytosis in Alzheimer's disease involves ubiquitination of the tyrosine phosphatase STEP61|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|volume=30|issue=17|pages=5948–5957|date=April 2010|pmid=20427654|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0157-10.2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine activates the p53 pathway and induces apoptosis in human glioma cells|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=12|issue=4|pages=389–400|date=April 2010|pmid=20308316|doi=10.1093/neuonc/nop046}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, nje ịba—nke nọ n'agba ndụ ya na-enweghị mmekọahụ (asexual stage)—na-agbari protein hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid dị mkpa. Amino acid ndị a dị ezigbo mkpa maka imepụta protein nke aka ya na maka iwepụta ike (metabolism). Usoro nri a na-eme kpamkpam n'ime akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ahụ.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Hemoglobin nwere akụkụ protein (nke nje ahụ na-agbari) na akụkụ heme (nke nje ahụ na-adịghị eji eme ihe). N'oge usoro a, nje ahụ na-ewepụta heme nke nwere nsị siri ike ma nwee ike ịgbaze n'ọbara. Akụkụ heme a nwere mgbanaka porphyrin nke a na-akpọ Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX (FP). Iji zere mbibi nke molekul nke a ga-emere ya, nje ahụ na-agbanwe heme ka ọ ghọọ hemozoin—molekul na-adịghị egbu egbu. Hemozoin a na-akwakọba n'akpa nri nje ahụ dị ka kristal siri ike na-adịghị agbaze agbaze.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Chloroquine na-abanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie site na mgbasa dị mfe, na-erute n'akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ịba ahụ. N'ihi na akpa nri a nwere acid (pH 4.7), chloroquine na-enweta proton ma gbanwee gaa na \text{CQ}^{2+}; nke a na-eme ka ọ ghara nwee ike ịpụta ọzọ n'ihi mgbasa. Chloroquine na-ekpuchi kristal hemozoin iji gbochie biocrystallization nke heme, nke na-eme ka akụkụ heme na-egbu egbu na-akpakọba. Chloroquine na-ejikọta na heme (ma ọ bụ FP) iji mepụta ogige FP-chloroquine; ogige a nwere nsị siri ike ma na-emebi mgbidi (membrane) mkpụrụ ndụ. Nsị a sitere na FP-chloroquine na FP na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ daa ma gbawaa (lysis), nke na-eduga n'ikpeazụ na mbibi na nri aka ya nke nje ahụ (autodigestion). Nje ịba ndị na-adịghị emepụta hemozoin na-enwe ike iguzogide chloroquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lin2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Replication of Plasmodium in reticulocytes can occur without hemozoin formation, resulting in chloroquine resistance|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=212|issue=6|pages=893–903|date=June 2015|pmid=25941254|doi=10.1084/jem.20141731|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/500975/3/2015113.pdf|accessdate=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ịkwụsị ịba ====
Mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ gbasara mmeghachi omume iguzogide chloroquine site na P. falciparum n'afọ ndị 1950, ụdị nje na-enweghị ike ịnwụ n'ọgwụ a apụtala n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na West Africa, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na South America. Ịdị irè chloroquine nwere megide P. falciparum adaala nke ukwuu ka ụdị nje ndị a na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-agbasa gburugburu ụwa.

Nje ịba ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ nwere ike ịchụpụ chloroquine ngwa ngwa site n'akpa nri ha site n'ijikwa usoro mgbapụta (transmembrane pump). Nje P. falciparum ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-achụpụ chloroquine okpukpu iri anọ (40x) karịa ka ndị nke na-anabata ọgwụ na-eme. A na-akpọ protein na-ahụ maka mgbapụta a P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT). Ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke mgbapụta a sitere n'okike bụ ibuga protein x-a (peptides); mgbanwe e ji mara mgbapụta a iji nwee ike ịchụpụ chloroquine na-emebi ikike o nwere ibuga peptides. Nke a na-eweta mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ &quot;ọnụahịa&quot; n'ahụ nje ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọ ghara inwe ike itolite ma ọ bụ mụbaa n'ọsọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The natural function of the malaria parasite's chloroquine resistance transporter|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|date=August 2020|pmid=32764664|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17781-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-enwekarị mgbanwe na jinetik gene a na-akpọ P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (PfMDR1)—nke bụ otu n'ime ABC transporter. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a na-alere mgbanwe ndị a anya dị ka ihe na-enweghị nnukwu mkpa ma e jiri ha tụnyere mgbanwe na-eme na PfCRT. Dị ka mgbanwe si mee na protein CG2 ejikọtara na nsogbu iguzogide chloroquine, usoro ndị ọzọ na-akpata iguzogide ọgwụ a pụtara na ha nwekwara aka na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Essentials of Medical Pharmacology|edition=fifth|date=2003|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher Ltd|pages=739–740}}&lt;/ref&gt;

r.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alcantara2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chemosensitization potential of P-glycoprotein inhibitors in malaria parasites|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=134|issue=2|pages=235–243|date=June 2013|pmid=23541983|doi=10.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.022}}&lt;/ref&gt;A chọpụtala na Verapamil—ọgwụ na-egbochi ụzọ calcium (\text{Ca}^{2+} channel blocker)—nwere ike iweghachi ikike chloroquine nwere na ime ka nje ịba nwee mmetụta maka ọgwụ a ọzọ. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe gosipụtakwara na ha nwere ike ịalụso iguzogide chloroquine ọgụ na ịba gụnyere chlorpheniramine, gefitinib, imatinib, tariquidar, na zosuquidar.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2014, chloroquine ka na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ n'ala Thailand. N'edemede nyocha Sohsuebngarm na ndị otu ya mere n'afọ 2014 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Mahadum Chulalongkorn, ha nwalere Plasmodium gallinaceum wee chọpụta na ụdị nje ịba a echeghị mgbochi ma ọ bụ iguzogide chloroquine anya. E wezụga nke a, ọgwụ antidepressants dị ka sertraline, fluoxetine, na paroxetine nwere ike iweghachi mmetụta chloroquine, na-eme ka ụdị nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ a nwee ike ịnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na e jikọtara ha na ọgwụgwọ chloroquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellido-et-al-2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Antimicrobial activity of psychotropic drugs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=14|issue=3|pages=177–180|date=April 2000|pmid=10773485|doi=10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00154-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe na-egbochi nje virus ===
Chloroquine nwere ikike igbochi mmụba na mgbasa nke nje (viruses) ụfọdụ. Ọ na-eme ka ọkwa acidity (pH) dị n'ime endosome na lysosome rịọ elu, nke na-atụgharị na mmebi nke usoro nje ahụ si esi pụta n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ—ebe ọ bụ na ntọhapụ nke nje ahụ chọrọ pH dị ala ma na-atọ ụtọ na acid. Sịtị n'ihe a, nje ahụ enweghịzi ike ịhapụ ihe nketa ya (genetic material) n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ iji mụbaa ma mepụta gburugburu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al-Bari 2020 p.&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases|journal=Pharmacology Research &amp; Perspectives|volume=5|issue=1|pages=e00293|date=February 2017|pmid=28596841|doi=10.1002/prp2.293}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fredericksen Wei Yao Luo p.&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Inhibition of endosomal/lysosomal degradation increases the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=76|issue=22|pages=11440–11446|date=November 2002|pmid=12388705|doi=10.1128/JVI.76.22.11440-11446.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chloroquine pụtara na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka zinc ionophore, nke na-eme ka zinc dị n'èzí mkpụrụ ndụ nwee ike ịbanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Mgbe nke a mee, zinc ahụ na-egbochi enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase nke nje na-eji amụba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=10|date=1 October 2014|pmid=25271834|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109180}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=6|issue=11|date=November 2010|pmid=21079686|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị ọzọ ===
Chloroquine na-egbochi imịkọrọ na nsụsụ nke thiamine (vitamin B1) n'ahụ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ a site na imetụta ma na-egbochi protein na-ebugharị thiamine nke a na-akpọ SLC19A3.

Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo (rheumatoid arthritis). Ọ na-eme nke a site n'igbochi mmụba mkpụrụ ndụ lymphocyte, igbochi enzyme phospholipase A2, na igbochi ngosi antigen na mkpụrụ ndụ dendritic. E wezụga nke a, ọ na-egbochi ntọhapụ enzymes sịtị n'akpa lysosome, ntọhapụ nke ụdị oxygen na-emebi ihe (reactive oxygen species) sịtị na macrophages, gụnyere igbochi mmepụta nke protein IL-1. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (March 2024)&quot;&gt;medical citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Quinine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Quinine]]
Na Peru, ụmụ amaala wepụtara ụgbụgbọ osisi Cinchona (Cinchona officinalis) ma jiri ya mee ihe iji lụso oyi na ahụ ọkụ ọgụ na narị afọ nke iri na asaa. N'afọ 1633, e webatara ọgwụ ahịhịa a na Yurop, ebe e jiri ya mee ihe nke ukwuu ma malite iji ya na-agwọ ịba. N'afọ 1820, a chọpụtara quinine—bụ ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ—site na ihe e wepụtara n'ụgbụgbọ osisi a.
[[Faịlụ:3-methylchloroquine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|3-Methylchloroquine (sontochin) ]]
Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gachara, gọọmentị Germany chọrọ ihe ga-anọchi quinine. N'afọ 1934, Hans Andersag na ndị otu ya n'ụlọ nyocha Bayer chọpụtara chloroquine—bụ kemikal arụpụtara arụpụta (synthetic analogue) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka quinine—ndị mepụtara ya kpọrọ ya resochin. A hapụrụ ya aka ruo afọ iri n'ihi na a chere na ọ nwere nsị ga-emerụ mma mmadụ. Kama nke ahụ, n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị agha German Afrika Korps jiri ogige dị ka chloroquine a na-akpọ 3-methyl-chloroquine (nke e ji sontochin mara). Mgbe ndị agha jikọrọ aka (Allied forces) rutere Tunis, sontochin a dabara n'aka ndị America, bụ ndị zighachiri ya na United States maka nyocha—nke a mere na mmasị na chloroquine maliteghachiri. Nyocha ahụike nke gọọmentị United States kwadoro gosiri n'ụzọ doro anya na chloroquine nwere uru dị ukwuu dị ka ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ. N'ihi nke a, e webatara ya n'ọrụ ahụike n'afọ 1947 maka mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ ịba&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/index.htm#chloroquine|title=The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease|publisher=Centers for Disease Control|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828183012/http://www.cdc.gov//malaria//history//index.htm#chloroquine|archivedate=28 August 2010|date=29 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngwakọta kemịkal ===
A kọwara usoro mbụ e ji mepụta chloroquine site na njikọ kemikal (synthesis) n'akwụkwọ ikike nrụpụta (patent) nke ụlọ ọrụ IG Farben tinyere n'afọ 1937. N'alụdị ikpeazụ nke usoro a, ogige kemikal 4,7-dichloroquinoline na 1-diethylamino-4-aminopentane jikọtara iji mepụta ọgwụ ahụ.

: [[Faịlụ:Chloroquin_Synthese.svg|class=skin-invert-image|650x650px]]

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1949, e guzobere usoro mmepụta chloroquine dị mma iji hụ na e mepụtara ya n'ọtụtụ buru ibu maka ojiji zuru ebe kato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/ie50472a002|title=Chloroquine manufacture|date=1 April 1949|journal=Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry|volume=41|issue=4|pages=654–662}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọha na omenala ==
[[Faịlụ:Esochin®_Tabletten_(Rückseite).jpg|thumb|Ngwongwo mbadamba Resochin]]

=== Nkọwa ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/chloroquine#section=U-S-Imports|work=nih.gov|publisher=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Chloroquine na-abịa n'ụdị mbadamba (tablets) dị ka nnu phosphate, sulfate, na hydrochloride. Mgbe niile, a na-enyekarị chloroquine n'ụdị chloroquine phosphate.

=== Aha ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipca.com/pharmaceutical-formulations-manufacturers-india.html|title=Ipca Laboratories: Formulations – Branded|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406132110/https://ipca.com/pharmaceutical-formulations-manufacturers-india.html|archivedate=6 April 2019|accessdate=14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Aha ahịa nkwalite (brand names) e ji mara ọgwụ a gụnyere Chloroquine FNA, Resochin, Dawaquin, na Lariago.

== Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;McDougald-et-al-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diseases of Poultry|edition=14|chapter=Protozoal Infections|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|date=22 November 2019|isbn=978-1-119-37119-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-eji chloroquine—n'ụdị kemịkal dị iche iche pụta—agwọ na iji chịkwaa uto nke anemones na algae (ahịhịa mmiri). E wezụga nke a, a na-eji ya egbu ọtụtụ ụdị nje protozoan n'akwarium (aquarium), dị ka nje na-arịa azụ ahụike bụ Amyloodinium ocellatum. A na-ejikwa ọgwụ a eme ihe maka ịgwọ na igbochi ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ.

== Nnyocha ==
Na sayensị biomedicinal, a na-eji chloroquine eme ihe maka nnwale ''in vitro'' iji gbochie mmebi lysosomal nke ngwaahịa protein.

=== SARS-CoV ===
A tụpụtara Chloroquine dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka SARS, na nyocha ''in vitro'' na-egbochi ọrịa iku ume siri ike coronavirus (SARS-CoV).&lt;ref name=&quot;In vitro inhibition of severe acute&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|volume=323|issue=1|pages=264–268|date=October 2004|pmid=15351731|doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.085}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=55|issue=5|date=May 2020|pmid=32171740|doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2004, otu akụkọ e bipụtara kwuru na chloroquine na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi mmụba nke SARS-CoV in vitro.&lt;ref name=&quot;In vitro inhibition of severe acute&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2005, nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara kwadoro ma gbasaa nsonaazụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread|journal=Virology Journal|volume=2|date=August 2005|pmid=16115318|doi=10.1186/1743-422X-2-69}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Excerpt|Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic}}

=== Ndị ọzọ ===
A na-atụle Chloroquine na 2003, na ụdị tupu ụlọ ọgwụ dị ka onye nwere ike ịlụso [[chikungunya]] fever ọgụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases?|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=3|issue=11|pages=722–727|date=November 2003|pmid=14592603|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-enyocha ihe onwunwe nke chloroquine maka usoro mgbochi ọrịa kansa n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Risks and benefits of chloroquine use in anticancer strategies|journal=The Lancet. Oncology|volume=7|issue=10|pages=792–793|date=October 2006|pmid=17012039|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70875-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Adding chloroquine to conventional treatment for glioblastoma multiforme: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=144|issue=5|pages=337–343|date=March 2006|pmid=16520474|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00008}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Summaries for patients. Adding chloroquine to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=144|issue=5|pages=I31|date=March 2006|pmid=16520470|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-enyocha Chloroquine na ụdị ya gbanwere dịka nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ maka ọnọdụ ọzịza dị ka rheumatoid arthritis na ọrịa ọzịza eriri afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goel_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Chloroquine|title=StatPearls|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing LLC.|date=January 2020|doi=|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551512/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
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|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;9&quot; |'''Chloroquine'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Chloroquine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|250x250px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Chloroquine-ligand-CLQ-A-from-PDB-xtal-4FGL-Mercury-3D-balls.png|class=bg-transparent|233x233px]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ọmụma ahụike
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nkwupụta
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;rt-commentedText nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-fonipa&quot; class=&quot;IPA nopopups noexcerpt&quot;&gt;[[Help:IPA/English|/ˈklɔːrəkwiːn/]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#x20;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Aha azụmahịa]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Aralen, ndị ọzọ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Aha ndị ọzọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Chloroquine phosphate
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;www.drugs.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html Akwụkwọ edemede]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Ihe ndekọ ikike]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/small&gt; DailyMed: &lt;span title=&quot;dailymed.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&amp;query=Chloroquine Chloroquine]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụzọ nchịkwa&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Site n'ọnụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Koodu ATC
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* P01BA (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BA01 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) P01BB52 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BB52 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) &amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ọnọdụ iwu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọnọdụ iwu
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United Kingdom&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;UK&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt; P (Ọgwụ ọgwụ) &amp;#x20;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt;&amp;#x20;Nanị
* N'ozuzu: China (naanị ọgwụgwọ) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe omuma pharmacokinetic
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Metabolism
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Imeju
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;ọkara ndụ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; e wepụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ọnwa 1-2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ndị na-eme ka a mata ya
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Aha IUPAC&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt; (''RS'') -''N''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'- (7-chloroqui''N''-4-yl) -N,N-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nọmba CAS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=54-05-7 54-05-7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[./PubChem#&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;style= &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Compound ID&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;CID&lt;/abbr&gt;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;PubChem] CID
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2719 2719]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |IUPHAR/BPS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.guidetopharmacology.org&quot;&gt;[https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=5535 5535]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ọgwụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.drugbank.ca&quot;&gt;[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00608 DB00608]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChemSpider
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2618.html 2618]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |UNII
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/886U3H6UFF 886U3H6UFF]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |KEGG
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.kegg.jp&quot;&gt;[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02366 D02366]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEBI
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:3638 CHEBI:3638]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEMBL
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL76 ChEMBL76]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |NIAID ChemDB
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemdb.niaid.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://chemdb.niaid.nih.gov/CompoundDetails.aspx?AIDSNO=000733 000733]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt; (&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;comptox.epa.gov&quot;&gt;[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2040446 DTXSID2040446][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;echa.europa.eu&quot;&gt;ECHA InfoCard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.175 100.000.175][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe omuma kemịkal na nke anụ ahụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nhazi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;26&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Chlorine&quot;&gt;Cl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Nitrogen&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọkpụkpụ nke ọkpụkpụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;319.88&lt;/span&gt; g·mol-1&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ihe nlereanya 3D (JSmol) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Clc1cc2nccc%28c2cc1%29NC%28C%29CCCN%28CC%29CC Foto na-emekọrịta ihe]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Udo&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Clc1cc2nccc (c2cc1) NC (C) CCCN (CC) CC&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;InChI&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;InChI=1S/C18H26ClN3/c1-4-22 (5-2) 12-6-7-14 (3) 21-17-10-11-20-18-13-15 (19) 8-9-16 (17) 18/h8-11,13-14H,4-7,12H2,1-3H3, (H,20,21) &lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Isi:WHTVZRBIWZFKQO-UHFFFAO&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;-N Y&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Nobold/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&amp;rev1=459442331&amp;page2=Chloroquine  (Nnyocha)]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}
'''Chloroquine''' bụ ọgwụ eji egbochi ma na-agwọ ịba. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ site n'imụba &lt;nowiki&gt;[[heme]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; n'ọbara, nke bụ nsị nye nje ịba ahụ, wee si otú a gbuo ya ma mebie mgbasa ya&lt;ref name=AHFS2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ụdị ịba ahụ siri ike ma ọ bụ nke ọgwụ na-anaghị arụ na ya na-achọkarị usoro ọgwụgwọ dị iche. Ewezuga ịba, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ [[amebiasis]] na-abụghị nke [[eriri afọ]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], na [[lupus erythematosus]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chloroquine Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/chloroquine.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=16 April 2019 |quote=There are no controlled data in human pregnancies. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416201619/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/chloroquine.html |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-aṅụ ọgwụ a site n'ọnụ, o doro anya na ọ dị mma maka ndị dị ime ebe a mụchaghị mmetụta ya anya. N'agbanyeghị na a nwalere ya maka [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] n'oge ọrịa ahụ tiwapụrụ, a kwụsịrị nyocha ndị ahụ n'afọ 2020, [[National Institutes of Health|NIH]] anaghịkwa akwado ya maka nke ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=|title=Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828170647/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|archivedate=28 August 2020|accessdate=14 February 2021|work=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mmetụta ndị na-emekarị mgbe a ṅụrụ ọgwụ a gụnyere mgbu ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ, enweghị mmasị iri nri, afọ ọsịsa, na mgbakasị ahụ. Mmetụta ndị ka njọ nwere ike ịgụnye nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, mmerụ ahụ n'uru ahụ, nkụchi obi ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ, gụnyere mbelata nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Chloroquine nọ n'okpuru ezinụlọ ọgwụ a na-akpọ 4-aminoquinoline. Maka ịba, ọ na-alụso nje ahụ ọgụ mgbe ọ nọ n'agba asexual n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Seyanịtịstị ka na-enyocha kpọmkwem otú ọ sị arụ ọrụ n'ịgwọ rheumatoid arthritis na lupus.

E mepụtara Chloroquine site n'aka Hans Andersag n'afọ 1934. Ọ dị na ndepụta nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-ahọpụta maka ọgwụ ndị sịrị ike. A na-enweta ya n'ụzọ dị mfe dị ka ọgwụ nkịtị n'ahịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ojiji ọgwụ ==

=== Ịba ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology|chapter=Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: strategies for monitoring and deterrence|pages=55–79|year=2005|doi=10.1007/3-540-29088-5_3|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/malariadrugsdise0000unse/page/55|isbn=3-540-25363-7|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|publisher=Springer}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi=10.1007/3-540-29088-5_2|chapter=Antimalarial Multi-Drug Resistance in Asia: Mechanisms and Assessment|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|year=2005|pages=39–53|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-25363-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-eji chloroquine egbochi ma na-agwọ ịba nke ụdị Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, na P. malariae na-akpata. Otú ọ dị, a naghị ejikarị ya agwọ Plasmodium falciparum n'ihi na ụdị nje ahụ a mụbara ebe dị iche iche emepụtala ikike ịnagide ya.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet – chloroquine phosphate tablet, coated|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b585ad5-ae86-4403-b83f-8d8363d43da5|work=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=4 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208164343/http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b585ad5-ae86-4403-b83f-8d8363d43da5|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ebe ọ bụ na ejiri chloroquine mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'enweghị mgbochi, nke a mefuru ohere nkwalite ma mee ka nje na-anagide ọgwụ ahụ gbasaa. N'ihi nke a, ọ dị mma ịgbaso nyocha iji hụ ma ọ na-arụ oru n'obodo tupu e nye ya mmadụ. N'akụkụ ebe ọgwụ ahụ na- anaghị anya ọrụ, e nwere ike iji ndị ọzọ dị ka mefloquine ma ọ bụ atovaquone. Ụlọ ọrụ CDC na-atụ aro ka ejikọta ya na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ karịa iji naanị chloroquine agwọ ịba.

=== Ọrịa Amebiasis ===
Maka trịtmentị nke afọ ọsịsa na-ebute pụs n'akpa ume (amoebic liver abscess), enwere ike iji chloroquine mechie ohere ma ọ bụ tinyere ọgwụ ndị ọzọ mgbe metronidazole ma ọ bụ nitroimidazole na-arụghị ọrụ mgbe ụbọchị ise gachara, ma ọ bụ mgbe a na-enweghị ike iji ha mee ihe.

=== Ọrịa akpịrị ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Ebe ọ nwere ikike ibelata ike usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, a na-eji chloroquine agwọ ọrịa autoimmune ụfọdụ. Nke a gụnyere rheumatoid arthritis, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ lupus erythematosus n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke edepụtara na mbụ.

== Mmetụta ndị ọzọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs &amp; Medications|work=www.webmd.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/chloroquine-side-effects.html|title=Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mmetụta ndị ọzọ ọrịa a nwere ike iweta gụnyere ịhụ ụzọ mberede, ọgbụgbọ na ịgbọ agbọ, mgbu na mpaghara afọ, na isi ọwụwa siri ike. Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ ọzịza n'ụkwụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ nkwonkwo ụkwụ, ume nkpu, agba agba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ, n'mbọ ma ọ bụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ, gụnyere adịghị ike n'uru ahụ, mmerụ ahụ mfe ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụgbọ, yana nsogbu n'ịnụ ihe na steeti uche mmadụ.

* Ebe mmetụta ndị siri ike nwere ike ịpụta gụnyere mmegharị ahụ a na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa dị ka jijiji ire na ihu, ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ. Ndị mmadụ nwekwara ike inwe nsogbu na ntị gụnyere ntị chiri, ahụ erughị ala n'afọ dị ka ọgbụgbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, afọ ọsịsa na afọ mgbu, ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa siri ike. N'akụkụ uche, ọ nwere ike iweta mgbagwoju anya, mmerụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ obi, paranoia, nrọ efu, ma ọ bụ ịda mbà n'obi. Ihe mgbaama ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ gụnyere oke ahụ ọkụ, ntutu ịla n'iyi, mgbanwe agba akpụkpọ ahụ, na mgbakasị ahụ.rị a na-achọghị / nke a na-achịkwaghị (gụnyere ire na ihu na-ama jijiji, diskenesia, na dystonia) &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs &amp; Medications|work=www.webmd.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details &quot;Drugs &amp; Medications&quot;]. ''www.webmd.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 March&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị agadi ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;E nwebeghị data zuru ezu eji amụta ma chloroquine ọ dị mma n'ezie maka ndị agadi gbara afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ akụrụ na-ehichapụ ọgwụ a n'ahụ, ọ dị mkpa nyochaa ọkwa nsị ya n'ahụ ndị nwere nsogbu akụrụ—nke bụ ihe na-emekarị n'etiti ndị agadi.

== Mmekọrịta ọgwụ ọjọọ ==
Chloroquine nwere ike imetụta ma ọ bụ soro ọtụtụ ọgwụ ndị ọzọ rụọ ọrụ n'ụzọ nwere ike iweta nsogbu na trịtmentị:

* Ampicillin - chloroquine nwere ike belata ọkwa; &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Mefloquine - nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ nke nkụchi.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot; /&gt;  

== ⁰Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Ling2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Hydroxychloroquine overdose: case report and recommendations for management|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=15|issue=1|pages=16–18|date=February 2008|pmid=18180661|doi=10.1097/MEJ.0b013e3280adcb56}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ịṅụ chloroquine ebe ókè nwere ike iwebata ihe ize ndụ ọnwụ nke ruru ihe dị ka pasentị iri abụọ. Eriri afọ na-aṅụcha ọgwụ a n'ọsọ, ebe ihe mgbaama na-amalite pụta n'ime otu awa. Mgbe a ṅụbigara ya ókè, mmetụta ndị gụnyere ihu ụra, nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, nkụchi, nkwụsị iku ume, gụnyere nsogbu obi dị ka ventricular fibrillation na mgbada dị ukwuu nke ọbara mgbali. Mbelata nke potassium n'ọbara nwekwara ike ime mgbe nke a mee.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Are 1-2 dangerous? Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine exposure in toddlers|journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=28|issue=4|pages=437–443|date=May 2005|pmid=15837026|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.12.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Mgbe usoro trịtmentị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ miligram iri maka kịlogram ọ bụla nke ibu ahụ (10 mg/kg), mmetụta nsị na-amalite mgbe ọ ruru miligram iri abụọ (20 mg/kg). Ọnwa nwere ike ime ma a ṅụọ miligram iri atọ (30 mg/kg). Maka ụmụaka, naanị otu mbadamba ọgwụ a nwere ike ibute fatalitị ma ọ bụ igbu mmadụ.

Usoro trịtmentị a na-atụ aro mgbe e ṅụbigara ọgwụ a ókè gụnyere inye ikuku oxygen ngwa ngwa, nlekọta siri ike nke obi, na iji charcoọl emepụtara pụrụ iche (activated charcoal). N'ọnọdụ ebe mgbada ọbara mgbali na-eme, enwere ike inye mmiri na ọgwụ vasopressor, nke epinephrine bụ nhọrọ kacha mma. N'ihi nkụchi, benzodiazepines bụ ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji mee ka ahụ dajụọ. N'agbanyeghị na enwere ike inye potassium chloride n'ọbara iji gboo mbelata ya, nke a nwere ike iweta oke potassium karia nke kwesịrị mgbe mmadụ na-alụso nsogbu ahụ ọgụ. Nnyocha gosipụtakwara na dialysis anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'okwu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ling2008&quot; /&gt;

== Ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụ ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Nchịkọta nke ọgwụ a n'ahụ nwere ike iweta mkpụrụ ọgwụ ga-edobe n'anya, nke nwere ike ịkpata nhụjuanya anya na-adịghị mma na kpuru kpuru. Ọgwụ a na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ metụtara quinine ka ejikọtara na nsogbu nke mbibi retina, karịsịa mgbe e nyere ha n'ọtụtụ oke ma ọ bụ mgbe e ji ha mee ihe ogologo oge. Mgbe a na-ṅụ ya ogologo oge, a na-atụ aro ka a na-agakwuru dọkịta anya mgbe niile.

Chloroquine bụ ọgwụ na-aga n'ihu ahọrọ banye n'ime lysosome nke mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ (lysosomotropic agent). Ebe pKa nke nitrogen dị n'akụkụ quinoline nke chloroquine bụ 8.5, nke a pụtara na naanị ihe dị ka pasentị iri (10%) ka ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya na physiological pH (dị ka usoro Henderson-Hasselbalch si kọwaa). Ọkwa a na-agbada gaa na ihe dị ka pasentị 0.2 n'ime lysosome ebe pH ya nọ n'agbata 4.6. Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị nke ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya nwere ike ịfe mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ n'ụzọ dị mfe karịa nke nwere proton, nke a na-eme ka ọgwụ ahụ &quot;mịkọrọ ma kpọchie&quot; n'ime lysosomes n'ọtụtụ dị ukwuu.

== Usoro nke ọrụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Medical_quinolines_pathway.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|626x626px|Quinolin ọgwụ]]

=== Ịba ===
[[Faịlụ:Birefringence_of_malaria_pigment.jpg|thumb|Ọdịdị Hemozoin na ''P. falciparum'': ọtụtụ ihe na-egbochi ịba bụ ihe na-eme ka uto nke hemozoin crystal ghara ito.]]
A kwenyere na ikike chloroquine nwere iji mịkọrọ n'ime lysosome na-akọwa ọtụtụ n'ime ụzọ ọ sị alụso ịba ọgụ. Ọgwụ a na-aga kpọmkwem n'akpa nri nwere acid nke nje ịba, ebe ọ na-emebi usoro dị mkpa na-eme ka nje ahụ dị ndụ. Njirimara a na-enye mfe iji ya mee nyocha na kọmputa ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ nyocha (in vitro) gbasara ọrịa metụtara abụba dị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ, mmepụta nke autophagy, na ọnwụ mkpụrụ ndụ (apoptosis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine treatment of ARPE-19 cells leads to lysosome dilation and intracellular lipid accumulation: possible implications of lysosomal dysfunction in macular degeneration|journal=Cell &amp; Bioscience|volume=1|issue=1|date=March 2011|pmid=21711726|doi=10.1186/2045-3701-1-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Abeta-mediated NMDA receptor endocytosis in Alzheimer's disease involves ubiquitination of the tyrosine phosphatase STEP61|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|volume=30|issue=17|pages=5948–5957|date=April 2010|pmid=20427654|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0157-10.2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine activates the p53 pathway and induces apoptosis in human glioma cells|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=12|issue=4|pages=389–400|date=April 2010|pmid=20308316|doi=10.1093/neuonc/nop046}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, nje ịba—nke nọ n'agba ndụ ya na-enweghị mmekọahụ (asexual stage)—na-agbari protein hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid dị mkpa. Amino acid ndị a dị ezigbo mkpa maka imepụta protein nke aka ya na maka iwepụta ike (metabolism). Usoro nri a na-eme kpamkpam n'ime akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ahụ.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Hemoglobin nwere akụkụ protein (nke nje ahụ na-agbari) na akụkụ heme (nke nje ahụ na-adịghị eji eme ihe). N'oge usoro a, nje ahụ na-ewepụta heme nke nwere nsị siri ike ma nwee ike ịgbaze n'ọbara. Akụkụ heme a nwere mgbanaka porphyrin nke a na-akpọ Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX (FP). Iji zere mbibi nke molekul nke a ga-emere ya, nje ahụ na-agbanwe heme ka ọ ghọọ hemozoin—molekul na-adịghị egbu egbu. Hemozoin a na-akwakọba n'akpa nri nje ahụ dị ka kristal siri ike na-adịghị agbaze agbaze.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Chloroquine na-abanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie site na mgbasa dị mfe, na-erute n'akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ịba ahụ. N'ihi na akpa nri a nwere acid (pH 4.7), chloroquine na-enweta proton ma gbanwee gaa na \text{CQ}^{2+}; nke a na-eme ka ọ ghara nwee ike ịpụta ọzọ n'ihi mgbasa. Chloroquine na-ekpuchi kristal hemozoin iji gbochie biocrystallization nke heme, nke na-eme ka akụkụ heme na-egbu egbu na-akpakọba. Chloroquine na-ejikọta na heme (ma ọ bụ FP) iji mepụta ogige FP-chloroquine; ogige a nwere nsị siri ike ma na-emebi mgbidi (membrane) mkpụrụ ndụ. Nsị a sitere na FP-chloroquine na FP na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ daa ma gbawaa (lysis), nke na-eduga n'ikpeazụ na mbibi na nri aka ya nke nje ahụ (autodigestion). Nje ịba ndị na-adịghị emepụta hemozoin na-enwe ike iguzogide chloroquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lin2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Replication of Plasmodium in reticulocytes can occur without hemozoin formation, resulting in chloroquine resistance|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=212|issue=6|pages=893–903|date=June 2015|pmid=25941254|doi=10.1084/jem.20141731|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/500975/3/2015113.pdf|accessdate=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ịkwụsị ịba ====
Mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ gbasara mmeghachi omume iguzogide chloroquine site na P. falciparum n'afọ ndị 1950, ụdị nje na-enweghị ike ịnwụ n'ọgwụ a apụtala n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na West Africa, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na South America. Ịdị irè chloroquine nwere megide P. falciparum adaala nke ukwuu ka ụdị nje ndị a na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-agbasa gburugburu ụwa.

Nje ịba ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ nwere ike ịchụpụ chloroquine ngwa ngwa site n'akpa nri ha site n'ijikwa usoro mgbapụta (transmembrane pump). Nje P. falciparum ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-achụpụ chloroquine okpukpu iri anọ (40x) karịa ka ndị nke na-anabata ọgwụ na-eme. A na-akpọ protein na-ahụ maka mgbapụta a P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT). Ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke mgbapụta a sitere n'okike bụ ibuga protein x-a (peptides); mgbanwe e ji mara mgbapụta a iji nwee ike ịchụpụ chloroquine na-emebi ikike o nwere ibuga peptides. Nke a na-eweta mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ &quot;ọnụahịa&quot; n'ahụ nje ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọ ghara inwe ike itolite ma ọ bụ mụbaa n'ọsọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The natural function of the malaria parasite's chloroquine resistance transporter|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|date=August 2020|pmid=32764664|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17781-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-enwekarị mgbanwe na jinetik gene a na-akpọ P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (PfMDR1)—nke bụ otu n'ime ABC transporter. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a na-alere mgbanwe ndị a anya dị ka ihe na-enweghị nnukwu mkpa ma e jiri ha tụnyere mgbanwe na-eme na PfCRT. Dị ka mgbanwe si mee na protein CG2 ejikọtara na nsogbu iguzogide chloroquine, usoro ndị ọzọ na-akpata iguzogide ọgwụ a pụtara na ha nwekwara aka na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Essentials of Medical Pharmacology|edition=fifth|date=2003|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher Ltd|pages=739–740}}&lt;/ref&gt;

r.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alcantara2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chemosensitization potential of P-glycoprotein inhibitors in malaria parasites|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=134|issue=2|pages=235–243|date=June 2013|pmid=23541983|doi=10.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.022}}&lt;/ref&gt;A chọpụtala na Verapamil—ọgwụ na-egbochi ụzọ calcium (\text{Ca}^{2+} channel blocker)—nwere ike iweghachi ikike chloroquine nwere na ime ka nje ịba nwee mmetụta maka ọgwụ a ọzọ. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe gosipụtakwara na ha nwere ike ịalụso iguzogide chloroquine ọgụ na ịba gụnyere chlorpheniramine, gefitinib, imatinib, tariquidar, na zosuquidar.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2014, chloroquine ka na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ n'ala Thailand. N'edemede nyocha Sohsuebngarm na ndị otu ya mere n'afọ 2014 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Mahadum Chulalongkorn, ha nwalere Plasmodium gallinaceum wee chọpụta na ụdị nje ịba a echeghị mgbochi ma ọ bụ iguzogide chloroquine anya. E wezụga nke a, ọgwụ antidepressants dị ka sertraline, fluoxetine, na paroxetine nwere ike iweghachi mmetụta chloroquine, na-eme ka ụdị nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ a nwee ike ịnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na e jikọtara ha na ọgwụgwọ chloroquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellido-et-al-2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Antimicrobial activity of psychotropic drugs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=14|issue=3|pages=177–180|date=April 2000|pmid=10773485|doi=10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00154-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe na-egbochi nje virus ===
Chloroquine nwere ikike igbochi mmụba na mgbasa nke nje (viruses) ụfọdụ. Ọ na-eme ka ọkwa acidity (pH) dị n'ime endosome na lysosome rịọ elu, nke na-atụgharị na mmebi nke usoro nje ahụ si esi pụta n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ—ebe ọ bụ na ntọhapụ nke nje ahụ chọrọ pH dị ala ma na-atọ ụtọ na acid. Sịtị n'ihe a, nje ahụ enweghịzi ike ịhapụ ihe nketa ya (genetic material) n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ iji mụbaa ma mepụta gburugburu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al-Bari 2020 p.&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases|journal=Pharmacology Research &amp; Perspectives|volume=5|issue=1|pages=e00293|date=February 2017|pmid=28596841|doi=10.1002/prp2.293}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fredericksen Wei Yao Luo p.&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Inhibition of endosomal/lysosomal degradation increases the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=76|issue=22|pages=11440–11446|date=November 2002|pmid=12388705|doi=10.1128/JVI.76.22.11440-11446.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chloroquine pụtara na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka zinc ionophore, nke na-eme ka zinc dị n'èzí mkpụrụ ndụ nwee ike ịbanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Mgbe nke a mee, zinc ahụ na-egbochi enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase nke nje na-eji amụba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=10|date=1 October 2014|pmid=25271834|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109180}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=6|issue=11|date=November 2010|pmid=21079686|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị ọzọ ===
Chloroquine na-egbochi imịkọrọ na nsụsụ nke thiamine (vitamin B1) n'ahụ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ a site na imetụta ma na-egbochi protein na-ebugharị thiamine nke a na-akpọ SLC19A3.

Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo (rheumatoid arthritis). Ọ na-eme nke a site n'igbochi mmụba mkpụrụ ndụ lymphocyte, igbochi enzyme phospholipase A2, na igbochi ngosi antigen na mkpụrụ ndụ dendritic. E wezụga nke a, ọ na-egbochi ntọhapụ enzymes sịtị n'akpa lysosome, ntọhapụ nke ụdị oxygen na-emebi ihe (reactive oxygen species) sịtị na macrophages, gụnyere igbochi mmepụta nke protein IL-1. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (March 2024)&quot;&gt;medical citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Quinine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Quinine]]
Na Peru, ụmụ amaala wepụtara ụgbụgbọ osisi Cinchona (Cinchona officinalis) ma jiri ya mee ihe iji lụso oyi na ahụ ọkụ ọgụ na narị afọ nke iri na asaa. N'afọ 1633, e webatara ọgwụ ahịhịa a na Yurop, ebe e jiri ya mee ihe nke ukwuu ma malite iji ya na-agwọ ịba. N'afọ 1820, a chọpụtara quinine—bụ ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ—site na ihe e wepụtara n'ụgbụgbọ osisi a.
[[Faịlụ:3-methylchloroquine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|3-Methylchloroquine (sontochin) ]]
Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gachara, gọọmentị Germany chọrọ ihe ga-anọchi quinine. N'afọ 1934, Hans Andersag na ndị otu ya n'ụlọ nyocha Bayer chọpụtara chloroquine—bụ kemikal arụpụtara arụpụta (synthetic analogue) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka quinine—ndị mepụtara ya kpọrọ ya resochin. A hapụrụ ya aka ruo afọ iri n'ihi na a chere na ọ nwere nsị ga-emerụ mma mmadụ. Kama nke ahụ, n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị agha German Afrika Korps jiri ogige dị ka chloroquine a na-akpọ 3-methyl-chloroquine (nke e ji sontochin mara). Mgbe ndị agha jikọrọ aka (Allied forces) rutere Tunis, sontochin a dabara n'aka ndị America, bụ ndị zighachiri ya na United States maka nyocha—nke a mere na mmasị na chloroquine maliteghachiri. Nyocha ahụike nke gọọmentị United States kwadoro gosiri n'ụzọ doro anya na chloroquine nwere uru dị ukwuu dị ka ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ. N'ihi nke a, e webatara ya n'ọrụ ahụike n'afọ 1947 maka mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ ịba&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/index.htm#chloroquine|title=The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease|publisher=Centers for Disease Control|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828183012/http://www.cdc.gov//malaria//history//index.htm#chloroquine|archivedate=28 August 2010|date=29 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngwakọta kemịkal ===
A kọwara usoro mbụ e ji mepụta chloroquine site na njikọ kemikal (synthesis) n'akwụkwọ ikike nrụpụta (patent) nke ụlọ ọrụ IG Farben tinyere n'afọ 1937. N'alụdị ikpeazụ nke usoro a, ogige kemikal 4,7-dichloroquinoline na 1-diethylamino-4-aminopentane jikọtara iji mepụta ọgwụ ahụ.

: [[Faịlụ:Chloroquin_Synthese.svg|class=skin-invert-image|650x650px]]

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1949, e guzobere usoro mmepụta chloroquine dị mma iji hụ na e mepụtara ya n'ọtụtụ buru ibu maka ojiji zuru ebe kato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/ie50472a002|title=Chloroquine manufacture|date=1 April 1949|journal=Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry|volume=41|issue=4|pages=654–662}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọha na omenala ==
[[Faịlụ:Esochin®_Tabletten_(Rückseite).jpg|thumb|Ngwongwo mbadamba Resochin]]

=== Nkọwa ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/chloroquine#section=U-S-Imports|work=nih.gov|publisher=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Chloroquine na-abịa n'ụdị mbadamba (tablets) dị ka nnu phosphate, sulfate, na hydrochloride. Mgbe niile, a na-enyekarị chloroquine n'ụdị chloroquine phosphate.

=== Aha ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipca.com/pharmaceutical-formulations-manufacturers-india.html|title=Ipca Laboratories: Formulations – Branded|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406132110/https://ipca.com/pharmaceutical-formulations-manufacturers-india.html|archivedate=6 April 2019|accessdate=14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Aha ahịa nkwalite (brand names) e ji mara ọgwụ a gụnyere Chloroquine FNA, Resochin, Dawaquin, na Lariago.

== Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;McDougald-et-al-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diseases of Poultry|edition=14|chapter=Protozoal Infections|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|date=22 November 2019|isbn=978-1-119-37119-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-eji chloroquine—n'ụdị kemịkal dị iche iche pụta—agwọ na iji chịkwaa uto nke anemones na algae (ahịhịa mmiri). E wezụga nke a, a na-eji ya egbu ọtụtụ ụdị nje protozoan n'akwarium (aquarium), dị ka nje na-arịa azụ ahụike bụ Amyloodinium ocellatum. A na-ejikwa ọgwụ a eme ihe maka ịgwọ na igbochi ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ.

== Nnyocha ==
Na sayensị biomedicinal, a na-eji chloroquine eme ihe maka nnwale ''in vitro'' iji gbochie mmebi lysosomal nke ngwaahịa protein.

=== SARS-CoV ===
A tụpụtara Chloroquine dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka SARS, na nyocha ''in vitro'' na-egbochi ọrịa iku ume siri ike coronavirus (SARS-CoV).&lt;ref name=&quot;In vitro inhibition of severe acute&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|volume=323|issue=1|pages=264–268|date=October 2004|pmid=15351731|doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.085}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=55|issue=5|date=May 2020|pmid=32171740|doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2004, otu akụkọ e bipụtara kwuru na chloroquine na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi mmụba nke SARS-CoV in vitro.&lt;ref name=&quot;In vitro inhibition of severe acute&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2005, nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara kwadoro ma gbasaa nsonaazụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread|journal=Virology Journal|volume=2|date=August 2005|pmid=16115318|doi=10.1186/1743-422X-2-69}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Excerpt|Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic}}

=== Ndị ọzọ ===
A na-atụle Chloroquine na 2003, na ụdị tupu ụlọ ọgwụ dị ka onye nwere ike ịlụso [[chikungunya]] fever ọgụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases?|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=3|issue=11|pages=722–727|date=November 2003|pmid=14592603|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-enyocha ihe onwunwe nke chloroquine maka usoro mgbochi ọrịa kansa n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Risks and benefits of chloroquine use in anticancer strategies|journal=The Lancet. Oncology|volume=7|issue=10|pages=792–793|date=October 2006|pmid=17012039|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70875-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Adding chloroquine to conventional treatment for glioblastoma multiforme: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=144|issue=5|pages=337–343|date=March 2006|pmid=16520474|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00008}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Summaries for patients. Adding chloroquine to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=144|issue=5|pages=I31|date=March 2006|pmid=16520470|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-enyocha Chloroquine na ụdị ya gbanwere dịka nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ maka ọnọdụ ọzịza dị ka rheumatoid arthritis na ọrịa ọzịza eriri afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goel_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Chloroquine|title=StatPearls|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing LLC.|date=January 2020|doi=|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551512/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
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    <title>Anụ anwụnta</title>
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      <text bytes="47244" sha1="pxvran2n9y32oz1psn4o0i9defuacej" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Family of flies}}
{{About|the insect|}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{good article}}
{{use British English|date=February 2024}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange |99|0|earliest=125}} &lt;small&gt;[[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Cenomanian]]) – Recent&lt;/small&gt;
| image = Aedes aegypti.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'', the main [[Disease vector|vector]] of [[yellow fever]]
| taxon = Culicidae
| authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1818&lt;ref name=mosqInv&gt;{{cite web |url=https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 |title=Family Culicidae Meigen, 1818 |date=November 2, 2008 |last=Harbach |first=Ralph |work=Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory |access-date=December 26, 2025 |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003061320/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 |url-status=dead }}, see also [https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list Valid Species List] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315103505/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list |date=March 15, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = *[[List of mosquito genera#Subfamily Anophelinae|Anophelinae]]
*[[Culicinae]]
| diversity = 112 genera
| diversity_link = List of mosquito genera &lt;!--Culicidae#Systematics--&gt;
}}
'''Anwụnta (nke sitere na ezinụlọ ''Culicidae'')''' bụ obere ahụhụ nwere ihe dị ka ụdị 3,600 dị iche iche. Ahụ ha siri gịrịgịrị, nke e kewaara ekewa, nwee nku abụọ, ụkwụ gbatịrị ogologo, na proboscis pụrụ iche e ji amị ihe. Anwụnta niile na-eri mmiri ara okooko osisi, mana ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ ụdị ha amụtala ịṅụ ọbara.

Ha gbasara nke ukwuu n'ụwa n'oge Cretaceous. N'ihe gbasara sayensị, ndị ọkà mmụta Ihe Ndụ na-ele anwụnta anya dị ka ''micropredators''—obere anụmanụ na-aṅụ ọbara anụmanụ ka ukwuu n'egbughị ha ozugbo. Mgbe nke ahụ na-eme, ndị ọkachamara na-amụ maka ọrịa na-ahụ ha dị ka ndị na-ebufe nje (vectors), sị otu a na-esi n'otu onye gaa n'ozor na-agbasa protozoa, bacteria, ma ọ bụ virus.

Ihe e ji amara usoro ndụ anwụnta bụ ọkwa anọ pụrụ iche: àkwà, larva, pupa, na anwụnta tolitere etolite. Mgbe anwụnta yịrị àkwà n'elu mmiri, ha na-aghọ ụmụ ahụhụ na-agagharị agagharị (larvae) nke na-eri ahịhịa mmiri na ihe ndị mepụrụ emepụ. Ụmụ larva ndị a bụ nri dị mkpa nye anụmanụ mmiri dị ka azụ, ụmụ dragonfly, na ụfọdụ nnụnụ. Mgbe ha tolitere, ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-eji ọnụ ha pụrụ iche ama ahụ anụmanụ dị iche iche iji ṅụọ ọbara ha, nke bụ sọosọ ihe na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịyị àkwà.

Mgbe anwụnta gbara mmadu, ọ na-agba nsị ya n'ahụ onye ahụ, nke na-ebutekarị ọzịza na itching. E wezụga nke ahụ, ụmụ anwụnta ndị na-aṅụ ọbara na-enwere ike ịmịrị nje na-ebute ọrịa mgbe ha gbara onye bu ya, ma nwee ike ibuba ya n'ahụ onye ọzọ. Ihe atụ nke ọrịa ndị a gụnyere ọrịa parasites dị ka ịba na filariasis, gbaknyere ọrịa arbovirus dị ka yellow fever na dengue fever. N'ihi oké mgbasa nke ọrịa ndị a site n’anwụnta, ha na-egbu ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ n'ụwa niile kwa afọ.

== Nkọwa na ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Life-Cycle.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|frameless]]
Usoro ndụ anwụnta nwere ọkwa anọ pụrụ iche: àkwá, igurube (larva), pupụ, na anwụnta toro eto. Ọkwa atọ mbụ na-eme kpamkpam n'ime mmiri kwụ otu ebe, ebe a na-etinye àkwá ha. Mgbe àkwá ndị ahụ pụtara dị ka igurube, ha na-eri nri, na-eto, wee gbanwee ghọọ pupae. N'ikpeazụ, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-apụta site na pupa ahụ mgbe ọ na-ese n'elu mmiri. N'ozuzu, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-adị ndụ site n'otu izu ruo otu ọnwa, n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ ụdị na- enwere ike ịnọ n'ọnọdụ izu ike (diapause) wee gafere oge oyi..

=== Ndị toro eto ===
Anwụnta bụ obere ụmụ ahụhụ nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke na-adịkarị ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ oji, nwere ogologo sitere na milimita 3 ruo 6. Ha nwere otu nku abụọ dị warara, nwere scaly na ha, yana ogologo ụkwụ. Mgbe anwụnta na-ezu ike, ha na-etinyekarị ụkwụ ha nke mbụ gawa n'akụkụ. Anwụnta Anopheles nwere ike ife gaa n'ihu ruo kilomita 12 n'otu abalị n'agbụghị nkwụsị. Ụmụ nwoke na-eti nku ha ugboro 450 ruo 600 n'otu sekọnd site n'ike uru ahụ ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ obere ahụhụ, dị ka ụdị Aedes, ụdị ụfọdụ dị ka Toxorhynchites nwere ike itolite n'ogologo ahụ na nku nke ka ukwuu n'ezie.

&lt;ref name=&quot;UF/IFAS A. gambiae&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=African malaria mosquito|url=https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_gambiae.htm|publisher=[[University of Florida]]|accessdate=11 February 2024|archivedate=30 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330125827/https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_gambiae.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anụ anwụnta nwere ike itolite site na àkwá ruo okenye na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike iwe ihe ruru otu ọnwa.[1] N'isi ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ mgbede, n'ime ụbọchị nke pupating, ndị nwoke na-agbakọta n'ìgwè, na-alụ mgbe ndị nwanyị na-efe efe.[2] Nwanyị ahụ na-alụ naanị otu ugboro n'oge ndụ ya, na-adọrọ mmasị site na pheromones nke nwoke ahụ na-ewepụta.[3][4] N'ime ụdị ndị chọrọ ọbara ka àkwá ahụ too, nke nne na-achọta onye na-elekọta ya ma na-aṅụ ọbara zuru ezu. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-ezu ike ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ iji gbarie nri ahụ ma kwe ka àkwá ya too. Mgbe ahụ, ọ dị njikere itinye àkwá ma megharịa usoro nri na ịtụrụ.[2] Ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ibi ruo izu atọ n'ọhịa, dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, ikike ha nwere inweta nri ọbara, na izere ịbụ ndị anụ ha na-egbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC Anopheles&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/|accessdate=December 13, 2023|date=July 16, 2020|archivedate=9 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909055158/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peach-Gries-2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Peach|first=Daniel A. H.|title=Mosquito phytophagy – sources exploited, ecological function, and evolutionary transition to haematophagy|journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata|issue=2|doi=10.1111/eea.12852|year=2019|volume=168|pages=120–136}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;450&quot; widths=&quot;300&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Culex_pipiens_diagram_en.svg|Anatomy of an adult female mosquito
Faịlụ:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|Adult yellow fever mosquito ''Aedes aegypti'', typical of subfamily Culicinae. Male (left) has bushy antennae and longer palps than female (right)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Àkwá ===
Anwụnta na-enyekarị àkwá ha n'ime mmiri na-agagharịghị agagharị, dị ka ọdọ mmiri, ala apịtị, ma ọ bụ mmiri sọpụrụ n'oghere osisi na n'agbata akwụkwọ osisi bromeliad. Ụdị ụfọdụ na-eyi àkwá ha n'akụkụ mmiri ma ọ bụ n'elu ahịhịa mmiri. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ụfọdụ ụdị pụrụ iche dị ka Opifex fuscus na- amụ n'ime mmiri nnu gbara gburugburu ọdọ, ebe Wyeomyia smithii na-amụ n'ime ogbo osisi pitcher, ebe ụmụ larva ha na-eri ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ mmiri riri n'ebe ahụ.


&lt;ref name=&quot;Amorim Sa Rojas Santos Neto 2022 pp. 631–637&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Amorim|first=J. A.|title=Aquatic Macrophytes Hosting Immature Mansonia (Mansonia) Blanchard, 1901 (Diptera, Culicidae) in Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=59|issue=2|date=2022-03-16|doi=10.1093/jme/tjab223|pages=631–637|pmid=35043213}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìgwè àkwá nke ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-apụta n'otu oge, mana àkwá ''Aedes'' na diapause na-apụghị n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma n'ime ogologo oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang Walker Vulule Miller 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Juan|title=Daily temperature profiles in and around Western Kenyan larval habitats of Anopheles gambiae as related to egg mortality|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=5|issue=1|date=2006|pmid=17038186|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-5-87}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Anopheles_egg_2_(cropped).jpg|''[[Anopheles]]'' eggs with side floats
Faịlụ:Mosquito_egg_SEM.jpg|Electron micrograph of a culicine egg
Faịlụ:Gelege1_(cropped).jpg|''Culex'' egg raft
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Igurube ===
Isi larva anwụnta nhare brọsh ọnụ e ji ama nri, obi buru ibu nke na-enweghị ụkwụ, na afọ e kewaara ekewa. N'ihi na ọ na-eku ume site na siphon dị n'afọ ya, ọ na-apụta n'elu mmiri ugboro ugboro, ebe ọ na-eri ahịhịa mmiri (algae), bacteria, na obere ihe ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ihe sọrọ ya gburugburu, ọ na-agbada n'ala mmiri site n'ịkpụgharị ahụ ya ma ọ bụ iji brọsh ọnụ ya kwagharịa onwe ya. Larva na-agafe ọkwa utolite dị iche iche (instars) ma na-agbanwe akpụkpọ n'oge ọ bụla tupu ọ ghọọ pupa. E wezụga mgbe ha ka dị obere, ụmụ larva Aedes nwere ike iguzogide ebe kpọrọ nkụ, na-abanye n'ọnọdụ izu ike (diapause) ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri ha kporo nkwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang Walker Vulule Miller 2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot; widths=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:AnophelesLarvaPhoto_CDCHarryWeinburgh_publicdomain.jpg|''[[Anopheles]]'' larva
Faịlụ:Culex_restuans_larva_diagram_en.svg|Anatomy of a ''Culex'' larva
Faịlụ:Culex_sp_larvae.png|''Culex'' larvae plus one pupa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Pupa ===
Pupa anwụnta nwere isi na obi gwakọtara ọnụ ka cephalothorax, ebe afọ ya pịrị akpị n'okpuru. Pupa a na- enwere ike igwu mmiri nke ọma site n'ịkpụgharị afọ ya. Dị ka larva, ọ na-apụta n'elu mmiri ugboro ugboro iji kụọ ikuku site n'obere opi iku ume abụọ dị n'obi ya. Pupa anaghị eri nri, kama ọ na-ese naanị n'elu mmiri. Mgbe ihe na-eyi ya mgbagwoju anya, ọ na-amụbanye n'ala mmiri site n'ịkpụgharị afọ ya, mana ọ na-eseghachi n'elu n'oge na-adịghị anya. N'ikpeazụ, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-apụta site na pupa ahụ n'elu mmiri wee fepụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EPA life cycle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mosquito Life Cycle|date=21 February 2013|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle|publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]|accessdate=12 December 2023|archivedate=19 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219184319/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot; widths=&quot;400&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Underwater_view_of_mosquito_pupae_in_standing_water.jpg|Mosquito pupae, shortly before the adults emerged. The head and thorax are fused into the cephalothorax.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ndị toro eto na-enye nri ==

=== Nri ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Tasmania_crop.jpg|thumb|Nwanyị ''Aedes'' sp. na-eri ọbara sitere n'aka mmadụ. ]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wahid|first=Isra|date=2003|title=Maxillae and mandibles of male mosquitoes and female autogenous mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.150|pmid=12693842}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anụmanụ ndị bi na ya ===
Anwụnt

a na-aṅụ ọbara nwere anụmanụ pụrụ iche ha ka na-ahọrọ ịta, mana ha na-ata anụmanụ anya hụrụ mgbe nri na-anaghị adị mfe. Ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche na-aṅụ ọbara anụ bi n'ala na mmiri (amphibians), anụ na-akpụ akpụ dị ka agwọ, nnụnụ, na anụ na-enye nwa ara (mammals).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Chironius_scurrulus_(Yasuni)_(cropped)_with_mosquitoes.jpg|Feeding on a snake
Faịlụ:Mosquitoes_vs._Frog_(14555480700)_(cropped).jpg|Feeding on a frog
Faịlụ:JJeffreyApapaneMosquito.jpg|Feeding on a bird
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Ịchọta ndị ọbịa ===
[[Faịlụ:How_to_attract_mosquitoes.svg|thumb|Anụ anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara na-ahụ ndị na-elekọta ha site na iji ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere carbon dioxide, okpomọkụ, na ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche na-esi ísì ụtọ.]]
Ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-achọ nri n'isi ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ mgbede, wee gaa ezumike n'ebe dị jụụ mgbe okpomọkụ ehihie na-arị elu. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ụdị dị ka Asian tiger mosquito na-agagharị ma na-eri nri n'ehihie.

Anwụnta na-eji ọtụtụ njirimara pụrụ iche dị n'ahụ mmadụ wee họrọ onye ha ga-ata, n'ihi na nụrụ ísì CO2 n'ikuku na-akpali ha iji anya na usoro ịnụ ísì ha mewe nchọpụta miri emi. Nnyocha kemịkalụ na-egosi na ndị ahụ ha na-emepụta carboxylic acid n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na-adọta anwụnta kachasị. E wezụga nke ahụ, ísì ọsụsọ mmadụ nwere kemịkal pụrụ iche nke na-agwa anwụnta na ọ bụ mmadụ dị nso, ọ bụghị naanị anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ọbara ọkụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ísì ndị a (VOCs) na-apụta mgbe nje bacteria dị n'akpụkpọ ahụ na-agbari ọsụsọ, ebe ihe dị ka ịdị arọ ahụ, homonụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na nsogbu ahụike na-emekwa ka ísì ahụ onye ọ bụla dị iche. N'ikpeazụ, nje Plasmodium nke na-ebute ịba nwere ike ịgbanwe ísì onye ọrịa site na ime ka ọ mepụta nnukwu kemịkal aldehydes dị ka heptanal, octanal, na nonanal. Mpi anwụnta (antennae) na-achọpụta ísì ndị a ngwa ngwa, nke na-eme ka anwụnta na-akachasị ata ndị e mebiri ahụ site n'ọrịa ịba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Robinson|first=Ailie|date=May 2018|title=Plasmodium -associated changes in human odor attract mosquitoes|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|volume=115|issue=18|pages=E4209–E4218|doi=10.1073/pnas.1721610115|pmid=29666273}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E wezụga ịnụ ísì, anwụnta na-ejikwa anya ha na-achọ onye ha ga-ata site n'ileba anya n'ụdị ụcha dị iche iche. Ha na- enwere mmasị siri ike n'agba nwere ogologo wavelengths, nke na- pụta ìhè dị ka ụcha mmanụ anwụ (oroma) na ọbara ọbara—ụcha ndị pụrụ iche n'akpụkpọ mmadụ n'agbanyeghị ụdị agba anyị nwere. E wezụga nke ahụ, ha na- achọkarị ihe ndị gbara ọchịchịrị na ihe nwere contrast doro anya, n'ihi otú agba ndị a siri na-apụta ìhè mgbe e jiri ha tụnyere ebe ndị na-acha ọkụ n'azụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Alonso San Alberto|first=Diego|date=2022-02-04|title=The olfactory gating of visual preferences to human skin and visible spectra in mosquitoes|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=13|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28195-x|pmid=35121739}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Culex_mosquito_proboscis.jpg|thumb|Foto microscope eletrọn nke ọnụ nke anwụnta ''Culex'']]
.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;Ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche emepụtala usoro pụrụ iche e ji amata mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ha chọrọ ịta. Nnyocha e mere n'etiti ụdị Aedes aegypti na-ata naanị mmadụ na nke na-ata anụmanụ na-egosi na mmasị ha nwere maka ísì mmadụ sitere na mmụba nke receptor e ji amata kemịkalụ sulcatone n'ísì mmadụ, nke a na-akpọ AaegOr4. Agbanyeghị na anwụnta ịba Anopheles gambiae nwekwara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa OR4 nke sulcatone na-akpali, ha na AaegOr4 enweghị njikọ chiri anya. Nke a na-egosi na ụdị anwụnta abụọ a mụtara ịta mmadụ n'ụzọ dị iche n'onwe ha n'agbanyeghị na ha enweghị otu usoro evolushọn (evolution).

=== Akụkụ ọnụ ===
Akụkụ ọnụ anwụnta nke nwanyị na-amụta nke ọma na ịpịa akpụkpọ ahụ na ịmị ọbara. Ụmụ nwoke na-aṅụ naanị mmiri shuga, ha nwekwara ọnụ ndị na-adịchaghị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahid Sunahara Mogi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wahid|first=Isra|title=Maxillae and Mandibles of Male Mosquitoes and Female Autogenous Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=40|issue=2|date=2003-03-01|doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.150|pages=150–158|pmid=12693842}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR mouthparts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Quirós|first=Gabriela|title=WATCH: Mosquitoes Use 6 Needles To Suck Your Blood|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/480653821/watch-mosquitoes-use-6-needles-to-suck-your-blood|publisher=NPR|accessdate=13 December 2023|date=June 7, 2016|archivedate=3 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103011402/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/480653821/watch-mosquitoes-use-6-needles-to-suck-your-blood}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Choo Buss Tan Leal 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Choo|first=Young-Moo|title=Multitasking roles of mosquito labrum in oviposition and blood feeding|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=6|date=2015-10-29|pmid=26578978|doi=10.3389/fphys.2015.00306}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zahran Sawires Hamza 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zahran|first=Nagwan|title=Piercing and sucking mouth parts sensilla of irradiated mosquito, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) with gamma radiation|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=12|issue=1|date=2022-10-25|pmid=36284127|doi=10.1038/s41598-022-22348-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'èzí, usoro nri doro anya nke anwụnta bụ proboscis, nke nwere egbugbere ọnụ, U-shaped na ngalaba dị ka Mmiri ozuzo, nke na-ekpuchi ụyọkọ (fascicle) nke ọnụ isii na-agbapu ma ọ bụ stylets. Ndị a bụ agbà abụọ, agbà abụọ ahụ, hypopharynx, na labrum. Ọnụ ya na-agbadata n'ime ụta mgbe anwụnta ahụ malitere ịta, na-anọgide na-emetụ akpụkpọ ahụ aka ma na-eduzi stylets ala. A na-ebugharị isi ndị dị nkọ nke labrum na maxillae azụ na n'ihu iji hụ ụzọ ha ga-esi banye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ, na naanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ike ga-adị mkpa iji banye n'ahụ ahụ na agịga, na-akpata ntinye na-enweghị ihe mgbu.&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;275&quot; widths=&quot;350&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Evolution_of_mosquito_mouthparts.svg|Evolution of mosquito mouthparts, with grasshopper mouthparts (shown both ''in situ'' and separately) representing a more primitive condition. All the mouthparts except the labium are stylets, formed into a fascicle or bundle.
Faịlụ:Feeding_mosquito,_mouthparts_labelled.svg|Mouthparts of a female mosquito while feeding on blood, showing the flexible labium sheath supporting the piercing and sucking tube which penetrates the host's skin
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Mmanụ ala ===
E wezụga nke ahụ, mkpịsị anwụnta (saliva) nwere enzymes dị pụrụ iche nke na-enyere ha aka igbari nri shuga ha na-aṅụ, yana ihe ndị na-egbochi nje (antimicrobial agents) nke na-alụso uto nje bacteria ọgụ n'ime nri shuga ah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rossignol|first=P.A.|title=Bacteriolytic factor in the salivary glands of Aedes aegypti|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry|volume=83|issue=4|pages=819–822|year=1986|pmid=3519067|doi=10.1016/0305-0491(86)90153-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpịsị anwụnta (saliva) nwere ngwakọta pụrụ iche nke proteins na-enyere ya aka ịṅụ ọbara n'enweghị nsogbu site n'ichetara ma mebie usoro nchekwa ahụ nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ mmadụ ọ na-ata.

=== Ọganihu àkwá na ịgbari ọbara ===
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anopheles stephensi'' nwanyị na-etinye ọbara ma malite ịfe mmiri na-achọghị iji mee ohere n'ime eriri afọ ya maka ihe ndị ọzọ siri ike.]]
Mgb anwụnta nwanyị aṅụchaa ọbara buru ibu, nri ahụ na-akpali homonụ na-amalite mmepe àkwá n'ahụ ya. Mgbe ọ dọpụtara proboscis ya, eriri afọ ya jupụtara na ọbara na-ewepụta peritrophic membrane nke na-ekpuchi ọbara ahụ ka ọ kewapụ ya n'akụkụ afọ ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ọtụtụ ahụhụ na-aṅụ mmiri, anwụnta na-ewepụta mmiri karịrị akarị n'ahụ ya ọbụna mgbe ọ ka na-aṅụ ọbara ahụ, nke na-enyere ya aka ịnakọta naanị protin na ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ na-enweghị ibu mmiri arọ.

== Nbudata ==

=== Ọdịdị Ụwa ===
Anwụnt

a nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ (cosmopolitans), n'ihi na a na-enweta ha n'ala dum n'ụwa ma e wezụga Antarctica na obere agwaetiti ole na ole.

Àkwá

anwụnta ndị bi n'ebe oyi (temperate regions) na-agụ ike iguzogide oyi karịa àkwá ụdị sitere n'ebe na-ekpo ọkụ (tropics). Ọtụtụ na-aguzogide okpomọkụ dị ala nke ukwuu, ebe ndị tolitere etolite n'ime ụdị ụfọdụ na-alanarị oge oyi site n'izobe n'obere ebe dị jụụ dị ka oghere osisi ma ọ bụ n'ime ụlọ.

=== Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Horton|first=Helena|date=21 October 2025|title=Mosquitoes found in Iceland for first time as climate crisis warms country|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/oct/21/mosquitoes-found-iceland-first-time-climate-crisis-warms-country}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==

=== Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na nje ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Beck|first=Kevin|title=What Eats Mosquitoes?|date=November 22, 2019|url=https://sciencing.com/eats-mosquitoes-8568515.html|accessdate=31 May 2021|work=Sciencing|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215704/https://sciencing.com/eats-mosquitoes-8568515.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe anwụnta tolitere etolite pụta n'elu ọdọ mmiri, ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri anụ dị ka Empididae, Dolichopodidae, na ududo na-ejide ma na-eri ha ngwa ngwa. E wezụga nke ahụ, nnụnụ dị ka swifts na swallows, yana anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụsụ, na-achụ ma na-eri anwụnta ndị a mgbe ha na-efe efe n'ikuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medlock Snow 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Medlock|first=J. M.|title=Natural predators and parasites of British mosquitoes–a review|journal=European Mosquito Bulletin|volume=25|issue=1|year=2008|pages=1–11|url=https://e-m-b.myspecies.info/sites/e-m-b.org/files/European_Mosquito_Bulletin_Publications811/EMB25/EMB25_1.pdf|accessdate=15 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E wezụga anụmanụ na-eri ha, anwụnta na-arịawanye ọrịa site na obere ihe ndị dị ndụ na nje dị iche iche. Dị ka ihe atụ, ụmụ ahụhụ hydrachnid, ciliates dị ka Glaucoma, na microsporidians dị ka Thelohania na-amụba n'ahụ ha. E wezụga ha, ụdị fungi dị iche iche sitere na ezinụlọ Saprolegniaceae na Entomophthoraceae na-ebukwa anwụnta ọrịa ma na-egbu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medlock Snow 2008&quot; /&gt;

=== Mkpụrụ osisi ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_on_marigold_flower.JPG|thumb|Anụ anwụnta na-eleta okooko osisi marigold maka ihe na-atọ ụtọ]]
Ọtụtụ okooko osisi gụnyere ndị otu Asteraceae, Rosaceae na [[Orchid|Orchidaceae]] na-agbanye site na anwụnta, nke na-eleta iji nweta mmiri shuga. Njikọ osisi ole na ole bụ ndị pụrụ iche maka mmịpụta anwụnta, dị ka ''Platanthera'' orchids nke ụdị ''Aedes'' na-eme mmịpụta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Foster|first=Woodbridge A.|date=2024|title=Mosquito pollination of plants: an overview of their role and an assessment of the possible contribution of disease vectors|journal=[[Transgenic Research]]|volume=33|issue=5|pages=297–322|doi=10.1007/s11248-024-00394-w|pmid=39172353}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-adọrọ mmasị na okooko osisi site na ọtụtụ semiochemicals dị ka alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, na terpenes. Ha nwekwara ike iji akara ngosi anya gụnyere UV reflectivity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shannon|first=Danica M|date=2024|title=Mosquito floral visitation and pollination|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214574524000725|journal=Current Opinion in Insect Science|language=en|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.cois.2024.101230|pmid=38971524|accessdate=25 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anụ anwụnta eletawo ma na-eme ka okooko osisi na-agbasa kemgbe oge Cretaceous. O kwere omume na anwụnta na-amị ọbara na-amịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peach-Gries-2020&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịkpa Onwe Anụ ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;Poulin Randhawa 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Poulin|first=Robert|title=Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to genomics|journal=[[Parasitology (journal)|Parasitology]]|date=February 2015|volume=142|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S6–S15|doi=10.1017/S0031182013001674|pmid=24229807}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị ==

=== Ihe ndekọ fossil ===
[[Faịlụ:Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg|alt=Fossilized mosquito encased in amber|thumb|Anụ anwụnta Culex malariager butere nje ịba ''[[Dominican Republic|Dominican]]&quot; id=&quot;mwA2o&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Plasmodium dominicana&quot;&gt;Plasmodium Dominicana'', na amber Dominican nke afọ Miocene, 15-20 nde afọ gara aga &lt;ref name=&quot;Poinar 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Poinar|first=George|title=Evolutionary History of Terrestrial Pathogens and Endoparasites as Revealed in Fossils and Subfossils|journal=Advances in Biology|volume=2014|date=2014-06-12|doi=10.1155/2014/181353|pages=1–29}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2023 tụrụ aro na Libanoculex intermedius a chọtara na Lebanese amber (sitere n'oge Barremian nke Early Cretaceous, ihe dị ka nde afọ 125 gara aga) bụ anwụnta kacha ochie a maara. Otú ọ dị, a na-arụ ụka n'ezie njirimara ya, ebe ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ na-alụ na ọ bụ ụdị chaoborid kama.

=== Nchịkọta ===
There are over 3,700&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: About the mosquito|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/index.html|date=2024|accessdate=8 August 2025|archivedate=7 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807042937/https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; species of mosquitoes; 112 genera have been described. They are traditionally divided into two subfamilies, the Anophelinae and the Culicinae, which carry different diseases. Roughly speaking, protozoal diseases like malaria are transmitted by anophelines, while viral diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever are transmitted by culicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;Molina-Cruz Lehmann Knöckel 2013 pp. 530–537&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Molina-Cruz|first=Alvaro|title=Could culicine mosquitoes transmit human malaria?|journal=[[Trends in Parasitology]]|volume=29|issue=11|date=2013|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2013.09.003|pages=530–537|pmid=24140295}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye Germany na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ bụ Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha Culicidae na nhazi nke mpịakọta asaa ya nke e bipụtara na 1818-1838. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meigen 1818&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Meigen|first=Johann Wilhelm|authorlink=Johann Wilhelm Meigen|date=1818–1838|title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten|language=de|location=Aachen|publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/9/mode/1up|accessdate=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere ka ụyọkọ ụmụ ahụhụ dị elu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ Frederick Vincent Theobald bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke ise na Culicidae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Theobald1901&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Theobald|first=Frederick Vincent|authorlink=Frederick Vincent Theobald|date=1901|title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes|location=London|publisher=[[British Museum (Natural History)]]|url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n3/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere ya ihe atụ anwụnta e zigara na British Museum (Natural History)  site na gburugburu ụwa, na ntụziaka nke 1898 nke odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain, onye dere na &quot;n'ihi njikọ nwere ike ịdị na ịba na anwụnta, ọ dị mma inweta ihe ọmụma ziri ezi banyere ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị jikọtara ya na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Ya mere, m ga-arịọ gị ... ka ị nweta nchịkọta nke ụmụ ahụhụ nwere nku na Colony nke ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ anụmanụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harbach Kitching 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Harbach|first=R. E.|date=January 2016|title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=[[Zoologica Scripta]]|volume=45|pages=34–47|url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216|doi=10.1111/zsc.12137|accessdate=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịdị ===

==== N'èzí ====
Anụ anwụnta bụ ndị otu ezinụlọ nke ezi ụmụ ahụhụ (usoro Diptera) : Culicidae (site na Latịn {{Lang|la|culex}}, genitive {{Lang|la|culicis}}, nke pụtara &quot;midge&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;gnat&quot;). &lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-398-06179-3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jaeger|first=Edmund C.|authorlink=Edmund Jaeger|title=A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms|publisher=Thomas|location=Springfield, Ill|year=1959}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụ ndị otu Culicomorpha na superfamily Culicoidea. Osisi phylogenetic dabeere na ọrụ FLYTREE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yeates|first=David K.|title=Phylogeny of True Flies (Diptera): A 250 Million Year Old Success Story in Terrestrial Diversification|url=http://www.inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/|work=Flytree|publisher=Illinois Natural History Survey|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228210535/http://inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/|archivedate=28 December 2015|accessdate=24 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yeates|first=David K.|title=Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects|year=2007|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=1668|pages=565–590|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.27}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clade|{{clade 
   |1={{clade 
      |1=[[Ptychopteromorpha]] (phantom and primitive crane-flies) [[File:Ptychoptera contaminata male Walker 1856 plate-XXVIII.png|70px]]
      |label2=[[Culicomorpha]] 
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Chironomidae]] (non-biting midges) [[File:Chironomus ferrugineovittatus m.png|70px]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=Simulioidea (blackflies and biting midges) [[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 11052 Biting midge on human skin (cropped).jpg|60px]]
            |label2=[[Culicoidea]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Dixidae]] (meniscus midges) [[File:Dixa nebulosa adult John Curtis British Entomology 409.png|70px]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Corethrellidae]] (frog-biting midges)
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[[Chaoboridae]] (phantom midges) [[File:Chaoborus crystallinus male as Corethra plumicornis (Walker Insecta Britanica Vol 3 page 397 plate XXV).png|60px]]
                     |2='''Culicidae''' [[File:Stegomyia fasciata.jpg|100px]]
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |2={{clade
      |1=other midges and gnats [[File:Isoneuromyia annandalei.jpg|70px]]
      |2=all other flies, inc. [[Brachycera]] [[File:Syrphidae icon.jpg|70px]]
      }}
   }}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;|label1=[[Diptera]]|sublabel1=(true flies)}}Ezinụlọ abụọ nke anwụnta bụ Anophelinae, nke nwere ụdị atọ na ihe dịka ụdị 430, na Culicinae, Nke nwere agbụrụ 11, ụdị 108 na ụdị 3,046. Kyanne Reidenbach na ndị ọrụ ibe ya nyochara phylogenetics nke anwụnta na 2009, na-eji ma DNA nuklia na ọdịdị nke ụdị 26. Ha na-ekwu na Anophelinae gosipụtara na ọ bụ ihe dị n'okpuru, mana akụkụ ndị dị omimi nke osisi ahụ anaghị edozi nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reidenbach Cook Bertone Harbach 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Reidenbach|first=Kyanne R.|title=Phylogenetic analysis and temporal diversification of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) based on nuclear genes and morphology|journal=[[BMC Evolutionary Biology]]|volume=9|issue=1|date=2009|pmid=20028549|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-298}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clade|{{clade
   |1=basal spp.
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Anophelinae]] 
      |1=[[File:Anopheles gambiae mosquito feeding 1354.p lores.jpg|125px]]
      |label2=[[Culicinae]] 
      |2={{clade
         |1=other spp.
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Aedini]] [[File:Aedes aegypti feeding (cropped).jpg|125px]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=other spp.
               |2=[[Sabethini]] [[File:Sabethes albiprivus (cropped).jpg|125px]]
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;|label1='''Culicidae'''}}

== Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ mmadụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg|thumb|''Anopheles albimanus'' na-eri nri n'aka mmadụ. Dị ka anwụnta bụ naanị ihe na-ebute [[Iba|ịba]], ịchịkwa ha na-ebelata ọbịbịa ya.]]

=== Ihe ndị na-ebute ọrịa ===
Anụ anwụnta bụ ihe na-ebute ọtụtụ microorganisms na-akpata ọrịa gụnyere nje bacteria, Nje virus, na protozoan parasites. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ 700 na-arịa ọrịa anwụnta kwa afọ, na-akpata ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EBMED2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mosquito as Deadly Menace|url=https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link|publisher=[[Pfizer]]|accessdate=10 December 2023|archivedate=25 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825170028/https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Explainer: How climate change is amplifying mosquito-borne diseases|url=https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases|accessdate=2024-06-20|work=World Mosquito Program|date=22 April 2022|archivedate=27 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127042108/https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa nje virus na-ebute site na anwụnta na-agụnye yellow fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2 014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219011908/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|archivedate=19 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[chikungunya]] na dengue fever, niile na-ebufe site na ''Aedes aegypti''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf|title=Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|year=2009|isbn=978-92-4-154787-1|accessdate=2013-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC250814&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|work=BBC News|date=14 August 2025|first=Dominic|author=Hughes|title=UK cases of mosquito-borne virus more than double|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c7419g1l488o|accessdate=14 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa parasitic nke anwụnta na-ebute gụnyere [[Iba|ịba]] na lymphatic filariasis. Nje ''[[Plasmodium]]'' nke na-akpata ịba bụ nke anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' na-ebu. Lymphatic filariasis, isi ihe na-akpata elephantiasis, na-agbasa site na ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lymphatic Filariasis|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation]]|accessdate=24 August 2011|archivedate=5 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505163529/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa nje bacteria nke anwụnta ''Culex'' na ''Culiseta'' na-agbasa bụ tularemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21776596&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Muslu|first=H.|title=[Evaluation of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) identified in Manisa province according to their breeding sites and seasonal differences]|language=tr|journal=Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi|volume=35|issue=2|pages=100–104|year=2011|pmid=21776596|doi=10.5152/tpd.2011.25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchịkwa ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Netting.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta anwụnta nwere ike igbochi ndị mmadụ ịta ha mgbe ha na-ehi ụra.]]
A nwalere ọtụtụ usoro maka Nchịkwa anwụnta, gụnyere iwepụ ebe ha na-amụ nwa, iwepụ site na windo windo na ụgbụ anwụnta, nchịkwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na nje dịka fungi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/10/science/10mosquito.html|title=Fungus Fatal to Mosquito May Aid Global War on Malaria|date=10 June 2005|work=The New York Times|accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kramer|first=J.P.|title=''Entomophthora culicis'' (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales) as a pathogen of ''adultaedes aegypti'' (diptera, culicidae)|journal=Aquatic Insects|volume=4|issue=2|pages=73–79|year=1982|doi=10.1080/01650428209361085}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nematodes,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shamseldean|first=M.M.|title=''Romanomermis culicivorax'': penetration of larval mosquitoes|journal=[[Journal of Invertebrate Pathology]]|volume=54|issue=2|pages=191–199|date=September 1989|pmid=2570111|doi=10.1016/0022-2011(89)90028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ ndị na-eri ibe ha dị ka azụ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Krumholz|first=Louis A.|title=Reproduction in the Western Mosquitofish, ''Gambusia affinis affinis'' (Baird &amp; Girard), and Its Use in Mosquito Control|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=18|issue=1|year=1948|pages=1–43|doi=10.2307/1948627}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jianguo-Dashu-1995&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-27870-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html|chapter=Part III: Interactions - 31. A Comparative Study of the Ability of Fish to Catch Mosquito Larva|title=Rice-fish culture in China|isbn=978-1-55250-313-3|year=1995|publisher=International Development Research Centre|first=Wang|author=Jianguo|editor=MacKay}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fradin|first=M.S.|title=Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician's guide|journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]]|volume=128|issue=11|pages=931–940|date=June 1998|pmid=9634433|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-128-11-199806010-00013}}&lt;/ref&gt; copepods,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marten|first=G.G.|title=Cyclopoid copepods|journal=Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association|volume=23|issue=2 Suppl|pages=65–92|year=2007|pmid=17853599|doi=10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[65:CC]2.0.CO;2}}&lt;/ref&gt; dragonfly nymphs na ndị okenye, na ụfọdụ ụdị ezé na agụ owuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Canyon|first=D.V.|title=The gecko: an environmentally friendly biological agent for mosquito control|journal=Medical and Veterinary Entomology|volume=11|issue=4|pages=319–323|date=October 1997|pmid=9430109|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00416.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụzọ ọzọ bụ iwebata ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ nwoke na-adịghị amị. &lt;ref name=&quot;twsE44&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Carpenter|first=Jennifer|title=Spermless mosquitoes hold promise to stop malaria|publisher=[[BBC]]|quote=Scientists have created spermless mosquitoes in an effort to curb the spread of malaria.|date=8 August 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14422440|accessdate=5 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa gụnyere enweghị nkwekọrịta cytoplasmic, translocations chromosomal, mgbagwoju anya mmekọahụ na mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ nketa, ngwọta a na-ahụ dị ka ihe dị ọnụ ala na nke na-adịghị adabere na mgbochi vector. A tụwo aro ịchịkwa anwụnta na-ebu ọrịa site na iji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kyrou|first=Kyros Kyrou|title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting ''doublesex'' causes complete population suppression in caged ''Anopheles gambiae'' mosquitoes|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=36|issue=11|pages=1062–1066|date=Sep 24, 2018|doi=10.1038/nbt.4245|pmid=30247490|url=http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/64952/11/nbt.4245.pdf|accessdate=September 23, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Michael Le Page|title=Gene tool could halt malaria spread|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=Sep 29, 2018|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931974-000-evolution-defying-dna-makes-mosquitoes-infertile-by-changing-their-sex|accessdate=November 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe Na-egbochi ===
[[Faịlụ:Insect_repellents_in_Finnish_store.jpg|thumb|Ihe na-egbochi anwụnta (gụnyere coil anwụnta) n'ụlọ ahịa Finland]]
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf|title=Electronic mosquito repellents for preventing mosquito bites and malaria infection|accessdate=2018-09-19|archivedate=2017-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808175758/http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-etinye ihe na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ iji nweta nchebe pụọ n'ịta anwụnta. Kemịkalụ DEET na-achụpụ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ dị mma. Dị ka nhazi CDC si dị, ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ a na-atụ aro gụnyere picaridin, mmanụ eucalyptus (PMD), na ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535). E wezụga nke ahụ, pyrethrum nke sitere n'osisi Chrysanthemum bụ ihe mgbochi okike sitere na osisi. Agbanyeghị na a na-ere ngwaọrụ eletrọniki na-emepụta ultrasound iji gbochie anwụnta, enweghị nnyocha sitere na EPA ma ọ bụ mahadum gosiri na ngwaọrụ ndị a na-egbochi anwụnta ịta mmadụ n'ezie.

=== Ịta ===
Ịta anw

ụnta na-ebute mmeghachi omume dị iche iche n'akpụkpọ ahụ, nke pụrụ ikpata ahụ erughị ala siri ike ma ma a tụnyere ịta ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe na-ebute ụdị mmeghachi omume a bụ ahụ mmadụ ịmụta mgbochigabiga (hypersensitivity) n'ihi protin na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mkpịsị anwụnta.

== Na omenala mmadụ ==

=== Akụkọ ifo ndị Gris ===
[[Faịlụ:Rackham-gnat_and_bull.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Arthur Rackham nke akụkọ ifo nke &quot;The Bull and the Mosquito&quot;, 1912]]
Akụkọ ifo anụ ọhịa ndị Grik oge ochie gụnyere &quot;Enyí na Anụgbụgbọ&quot; na &quot;Nku na Anụgbọ Anụgbọ&quot;, na omume ọma n'ozuzu na nnukwu anụ ọhịa ahụ anaghị ahụ ọbụna obere, sitere na Mesopotemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adrados1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Adrados|first=Francisco Rodríguez|authorlink=Francisco Rodríguez Adrados|title=History of the Graeco-Latin Fable|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=093Gl8KEktMC&amp;pg=PA324|year=1999|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-11454-8|accessdate=2016-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akụkọ ifo mmalite ===
Ndị Siberia nwere akụkọ ifo gbasara anwụnta. Otu akụkọ ifo Ostiak na-akọ banyere nnukwu mmadụ na-eri mmadụ, ''Punegus'', onye dike gburu ma ọ gaghị anọgide na-anwụ. Onye dike ahụ mechara gbaa dike ahụ ọkụ, mana ntụ nke ọkụ ahụ ghọrọ anwụnta na-aga n'ihu na-ata ahụhụ. Akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ sitere na ndị Yakut, Goldes (Ndị Nanai), na Samoyed nwere ahụhụ sitere na ntụ ma ọ bụ iberibe nke ụfọdụ nnukwu ihe e kere eke ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. Akụkọ ndị yiri nke a chọtara n'akụkọ ifo ndị North America, na anwụnta sitere na ntụ nke onye na-eri mmadụ, na-atụ aro mmalite otu. Ndị Tatar nke Altai nwere ụdị nke otu akụkọ ifo ahụ, nke gụnyere iberibe nnukwu onye nwụrụ anwụ, ''Andalma-Muus'', na-aghọ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ.

Lafcadio Hearn na-ekwu na na Japan, a na-ahụ anwụnta dị ka reincarnations nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ, ndị njehie nke ndụ ha gara aga katọrọ na ọnọdụ nke ''Jiki-ketsu-gaki'', ma ọ bụ &quot;ihe na-aṅụ ọbara&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hearn|first=Lafcadio|authorlink=Lafcadio Hearn|chapter=Mosquitoes|title=Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|origdate=1968|year=2020|isbn=978-1-4209-6751-7|pages=72–74}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Winsor_McCay_(1912)_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm|thumbtime=00:36|alt=Silent animated black-and-white film of a giant mosquito drinking blood from a sleeping man.|thumb|''How a Mosquito Operates'' (1912)]]
Ihe nkiri Winsor McCay nke 1912 How a Mosquito Operates bụ otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke animation. A kọwawo ya dị anya karịa oge ya na nkà na ụzụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Webster|first=Chris|title=Action Analysis for Animators|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jylUYRFfcywC|year=2012|publisher=[[Focal Press]]|isbn=978-0-240-81218-2|accessdate=2022-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-egosi nnukwu anwụnta na-emekpa nwoke na-ehi ụra ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Canemaker|first=John|authorlink=John Canemaker|title=Winsor McCay: His Life and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vs82AQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=[[Abrams Books]]|isbn=978-0-8109-5941-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụgbọ mmiri iri na abụọ nke Royal Navy bu aha HMS Mosquito ma ọ bụ ụdị ochie nke aha ahụ, HMS ''Musquito'' . 

de Havilland Mosquito bụ ụgbọ elu na-agba ọsọ nke e mepụtara n'etiti 1940 na 1950, ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=De Havilland Mosquito|url=http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html|publisher=The Aviation History Online Museum|accessdate=21 November 2015|archivedate=11 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111050938/http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Obodo Russia nke Berezniki na-eme emume anwụnta ya kwa afọ site na 17th nke July ruo 20th na asọmpi &quot;nwa agbọghọ kachasị mma&quot;. N'asọmpi ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-eguzo maka nkeji iri abụọ na uwe mkpụmkpụ na uwe mkpuchi (British: vests), onye na-enweta ọtụtụ ihe na-emeri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-33525015|title=Russia: Mosquitoes honoured at annual festival|work=BBC News|date=July 14, 2015|accessdate=5 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-etinye Agịga sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Mosquito proboscis na imewe Biomimetic maka iji ya mee ihe na ọgwụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gurera|first=Dev|title=Lessons from mosquitoes' painless piercing|journal=Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials|date=August 2018|volume=84|pages=178–187|doi=10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.025|pmid=29793155}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=Annie D. R.|title=Mosquito proboscis-inspired needle insertion to reduce tissue deformation and organ displacement|journal=Scientific Reports|date=22 July 2020|volume=10|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-68596-w|pmid=32699296}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}

== Ihe odide ==
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      <text bytes="47059" sha1="3dkiw7nccgtwdu02c0x3vr5r5xkzd3p" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange |99|0|earliest=125}} &lt;small&gt;[[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Cenomanian]]) – Recent&lt;/small&gt;
| image = Aedes aegypti.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'', the main [[Disease vector|vector]] of [[yellow fever]]
| taxon = Culicidae
| authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1818&lt;ref name=mosqInv&gt;{{cite web |url=https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 |title=Family Culicidae Meigen, 1818 |date=November 2, 2008 |last=Harbach |first=Ralph |work=Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory |access-date=December 26, 2025 |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003061320/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 |url-status=dead }}, see also [https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list Valid Species List] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315103505/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list |date=March 15, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = *[[List of mosquito genera#Subfamily Anophelinae|Anophelinae]]
*[[Culicinae]]
| diversity = 112 genera
| diversity_link = List of mosquito genera &lt;!--Culicidae#Systematics--&gt;
}}
'''Anwụnta (nke sitere na ezinụlọ ''Culicidae'')''' bụ obere ahụhụ nwere ihe dị ka ụdị 3,600 dị iche iche. Ahụ ha siri gịrịgịrị, nke e kewaara ekewa, nwee nku abụọ, ụkwụ gbatịrị ogologo, na proboscis pụrụ iche e ji amị ihe. Anwụnta niile na-eri mmiri ara okooko osisi, mana ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ ụdị ha amụtala ịṅụ ọbara.

Ha gbasara nke ukwuu n'ụwa n'oge Cretaceous. N'ihe gbasara sayensị, ndị ọkà mmụta Ihe Ndụ na-ele anwụnta anya dị ka ''micropredators''—obere anụmanụ na-aṅụ ọbara anụmanụ ka ukwuu n'egbughị ha ozugbo. Mgbe nke ahụ na-eme, ndị ọkachamara na-amụ maka ọrịa na-ahụ ha dị ka ndị na-ebufe nje (vectors), sị otu a na-esi n'otu onye gaa n'ozor na-agbasa protozoa, bacteria, ma ọ bụ virus.

Ihe e ji amara usoro ndụ anwụnta bụ ọkwa anọ pụrụ iche: àkwà, larva, pupa, na anwụnta tolitere etolite. Mgbe anwụnta yịrị àkwà n'elu mmiri, ha na-aghọ ụmụ ahụhụ na-agagharị agagharị (larvae) nke na-eri ahịhịa mmiri na ihe ndị mepụrụ emepụ. Ụmụ larva ndị a bụ nri dị mkpa nye anụmanụ mmiri dị ka azụ, ụmụ dragonfly, na ụfọdụ nnụnụ. Mgbe ha tolitere, ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-eji ọnụ ha pụrụ iche ama ahụ anụmanụ dị iche iche iji ṅụọ ọbara ha, nke bụ sọosọ ihe na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịyị àkwà.

Mgbe anwụnta gbara mmadu, ọ na-agba nsị ya n'ahụ onye ahụ, nke na-ebutekarị ọzịza na itching. E wezụga nke ahụ, ụmụ anwụnta ndị na-aṅụ ọbara na-enwere ike ịmịrị nje na-ebute ọrịa mgbe ha gbara onye bu ya, ma nwee ike ibuba ya n'ahụ onye ọzọ. Ihe atụ nke ọrịa ndị a gụnyere ọrịa parasites dị ka ịba na filariasis, gbaknyere ọrịa arbovirus dị ka yellow fever na dengue fever. N'ihi oké mgbasa nke ọrịa ndị a site n’anwụnta, ha na-egbu ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ n'ụwa niile kwa afọ.

== Nkọwa na ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Life-Cycle.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|frameless]]
Usoro ndụ anwụnta nwere ọkwa anọ pụrụ iche: àkwá, igurube (larva), pupụ, na anwụnta toro eto. Ọkwa atọ mbụ na-eme kpamkpam n'ime mmiri kwụ otu ebe, ebe a na-etinye àkwá ha. Mgbe àkwá ndị ahụ pụtara dị ka igurube, ha na-eri nri, na-eto, wee gbanwee ghọọ pupae. N'ikpeazụ, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-apụta site na pupa ahụ mgbe ọ na-ese n'elu mmiri. N'ozuzu, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-adị ndụ site n'otu izu ruo otu ọnwa, n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ ụdị na- enwere ike ịnọ n'ọnọdụ izu ike (diapause) wee gafere oge oyi..

=== Ndị toro eto ===
Anwụnta bụ obere ụmụ ahụhụ nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke na-adịkarị ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ oji, nwere ogologo sitere na milimita 3 ruo 6. Ha nwere otu nku abụọ dị warara, nwere scaly na ha, yana ogologo ụkwụ. Mgbe anwụnta na-ezu ike, ha na-etinyekarị ụkwụ ha nke mbụ gawa n'akụkụ. Anwụnta Anopheles nwere ike ife gaa n'ihu ruo kilomita 12 n'otu abalị n'agbụghị nkwụsị. Ụmụ nwoke na-eti nku ha ugboro 450 ruo 600 n'otu sekọnd site n'ike uru ahụ ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ obere ahụhụ, dị ka ụdị Aedes, ụdị ụfọdụ dị ka Toxorhynchites nwere ike itolite n'ogologo ahụ na nku nke ka ukwuu n'ezie.

&lt;ref name=&quot;UF/IFAS A. gambiae&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=African malaria mosquito|url=https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_gambiae.htm|publisher=[[University of Florida]]|accessdate=11 February 2024|archivedate=30 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330125827/https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_gambiae.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anụ anwụnta nwere ike itolite site na àkwá ruo okenye na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike iwe ihe ruru otu ọnwa.[1] N'isi ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ mgbede, n'ime ụbọchị nke pupating, ndị nwoke na-agbakọta n'ìgwè, na-alụ mgbe ndị nwanyị na-efe efe.[2] Nwanyị ahụ na-alụ naanị otu ugboro n'oge ndụ ya, na-adọrọ mmasị site na pheromones nke nwoke ahụ na-ewepụta.[3][4] N'ime ụdị ndị chọrọ ọbara ka àkwá ahụ too, nke nne na-achọta onye na-elekọta ya ma na-aṅụ ọbara zuru ezu. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-ezu ike ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ iji gbarie nri ahụ ma kwe ka àkwá ya too. Mgbe ahụ, ọ dị njikere itinye àkwá ma megharịa usoro nri na ịtụrụ.[2] Ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ibi ruo izu atọ n'ọhịa, dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, ikike ha nwere inweta nri ọbara, na izere ịbụ ndị anụ ha na-egbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC Anopheles&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/|accessdate=December 13, 2023|date=July 16, 2020|archivedate=9 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909055158/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peach-Gries-2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Peach|first=Daniel A. H.|title=Mosquito phytophagy – sources exploited, ecological function, and evolutionary transition to haematophagy|journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata|issue=2|doi=10.1111/eea.12852|year=2019|volume=168|pages=120–136}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;450&quot; widths=&quot;300&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Culex_pipiens_diagram_en.svg|Anatomy of an adult female mosquito
Faịlụ:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|Adult yellow fever mosquito ''Aedes aegypti'', typical of subfamily Culicinae. Male (left) has bushy antennae and longer palps than female (right)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Àkwá ===
Anwụnta na-enyekarị àkwá ha n'ime mmiri na-agagharịghị agagharị, dị ka ọdọ mmiri, ala apịtị, ma ọ bụ mmiri sọpụrụ n'oghere osisi na n'agbata akwụkwọ osisi bromeliad. Ụdị ụfọdụ na-eyi àkwá ha n'akụkụ mmiri ma ọ bụ n'elu ahịhịa mmiri. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ụfọdụ ụdị pụrụ iche dị ka Opifex fuscus na- amụ n'ime mmiri nnu gbara gburugburu ọdọ, ebe Wyeomyia smithii na-amụ n'ime ogbo osisi pitcher, ebe ụmụ larva ha na-eri ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ mmiri riri n'ebe ahụ.


&lt;ref name=&quot;Amorim Sa Rojas Santos Neto 2022 pp. 631–637&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Amorim|first=J. A.|title=Aquatic Macrophytes Hosting Immature Mansonia (Mansonia) Blanchard, 1901 (Diptera, Culicidae) in Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=59|issue=2|date=2022-03-16|doi=10.1093/jme/tjab223|pages=631–637|pmid=35043213}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìgwè àkwá nke ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-apụta n'otu oge, mana àkwá ''Aedes'' na diapause na-apụghị n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma n'ime ogologo oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang Walker Vulule Miller 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Juan|title=Daily temperature profiles in and around Western Kenyan larval habitats of Anopheles gambiae as related to egg mortality|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=5|issue=1|date=2006|pmid=17038186|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-5-87}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Anopheles_egg_2_(cropped).jpg|''[[Anopheles]]'' eggs with side floats
Faịlụ:Mosquito_egg_SEM.jpg|Electron micrograph of a culicine egg
Faịlụ:Gelege1_(cropped).jpg|''Culex'' egg raft
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Igurube ===
Isi larva anwụnta nhare brọsh ọnụ e ji ama nri, obi buru ibu nke na-enweghị ụkwụ, na afọ e kewaara ekewa. N'ihi na ọ na-eku ume site na siphon dị n'afọ ya, ọ na-apụta n'elu mmiri ugboro ugboro, ebe ọ na-eri ahịhịa mmiri (algae), bacteria, na obere ihe ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ihe sọrọ ya gburugburu, ọ na-agbada n'ala mmiri site n'ịkpụgharị ahụ ya ma ọ bụ iji brọsh ọnụ ya kwagharịa onwe ya. Larva na-agafe ọkwa utolite dị iche iche (instars) ma na-agbanwe akpụkpọ n'oge ọ bụla tupu ọ ghọọ pupa. E wezụga mgbe ha ka dị obere, ụmụ larva Aedes nwere ike iguzogide ebe kpọrọ nkụ, na-abanye n'ọnọdụ izu ike (diapause) ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri ha kporo nkwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang Walker Vulule Miller 2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot; widths=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:AnophelesLarvaPhoto_CDCHarryWeinburgh_publicdomain.jpg|''[[Anopheles]]'' larva
Faịlụ:Culex_restuans_larva_diagram_en.svg|Anatomy of a ''Culex'' larva
Faịlụ:Culex_sp_larvae.png|''Culex'' larvae plus one pupa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Pupa ===
Pupa anwụnta nwere isi na obi gwakọtara ọnụ ka cephalothorax, ebe afọ ya pịrị akpị n'okpuru. Pupa a na- enwere ike igwu mmiri nke ọma site n'ịkpụgharị afọ ya. Dị ka larva, ọ na-apụta n'elu mmiri ugboro ugboro iji kụọ ikuku site n'obere opi iku ume abụọ dị n'obi ya. Pupa anaghị eri nri, kama ọ na-ese naanị n'elu mmiri. Mgbe ihe na-eyi ya mgbagwoju anya, ọ na-amụbanye n'ala mmiri site n'ịkpụgharị afọ ya, mana ọ na-eseghachi n'elu n'oge na-adịghị anya. N'ikpeazụ, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-apụta site na pupa ahụ n'elu mmiri wee fepụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EPA life cycle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mosquito Life Cycle|date=21 February 2013|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle|publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]|accessdate=12 December 2023|archivedate=19 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219184319/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot; widths=&quot;400&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Underwater_view_of_mosquito_pupae_in_standing_water.jpg|Mosquito pupae, shortly before the adults emerged. The head and thorax are fused into the cephalothorax.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ndị toro eto na-enye nri ==

=== Nri ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Tasmania_crop.jpg|thumb|Nwanyị ''Aedes'' sp. na-eri ọbara sitere n'aka mmadụ. ]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wahid|first=Isra|date=2003|title=Maxillae and mandibles of male mosquitoes and female autogenous mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.150|pmid=12693842}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anụmanụ ndị bi na ya ===
Anwụnt

a na-aṅụ ọbara nwere anụmanụ pụrụ iche ha ka na-ahọrọ ịta, mana ha na-ata anụmanụ anya hụrụ mgbe nri na-anaghị adị mfe. Ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche na-aṅụ ọbara anụ bi n'ala na mmiri (amphibians), anụ na-akpụ akpụ dị ka agwọ, nnụnụ, na anụ na-enye nwa ara (mammals).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Chironius_scurrulus_(Yasuni)_(cropped)_with_mosquitoes.jpg|Feeding on a snake
Faịlụ:Mosquitoes_vs._Frog_(14555480700)_(cropped).jpg|Feeding on a frog
Faịlụ:JJeffreyApapaneMosquito.jpg|Feeding on a bird
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Ịchọta ndị ọbịa ===
[[Faịlụ:How_to_attract_mosquitoes.svg|thumb|Anụ anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara na-ahụ ndị na-elekọta ha site na iji ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere carbon dioxide, okpomọkụ, na ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche na-esi ísì ụtọ.]]
Ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-achọ nri n'isi ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ mgbede, wee gaa ezumike n'ebe dị jụụ mgbe okpomọkụ ehihie na-arị elu. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ụdị dị ka Asian tiger mosquito na-agagharị ma na-eri nri n'ehihie.

Anwụnta na-eji ọtụtụ njirimara pụrụ iche dị n'ahụ mmadụ wee họrọ onye ha ga-ata, n'ihi na nụrụ ísì CO2 n'ikuku na-akpali ha iji anya na usoro ịnụ ísì ha mewe nchọpụta miri emi. Nnyocha kemịkalụ na-egosi na ndị ahụ ha na-emepụta carboxylic acid n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na-adọta anwụnta kachasị. E wezụga nke ahụ, ísì ọsụsọ mmadụ nwere kemịkal pụrụ iche nke na-agwa anwụnta na ọ bụ mmadụ dị nso, ọ bụghị naanị anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ọbara ọkụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ísì ndị a (VOCs) na-apụta mgbe nje bacteria dị n'akpụkpọ ahụ na-agbari ọsụsọ, ebe ihe dị ka ịdị arọ ahụ, homonụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na nsogbu ahụike na-emekwa ka ísì ahụ onye ọ bụla dị iche. N'ikpeazụ, nje Plasmodium nke na-ebute ịba nwere ike ịgbanwe ísì onye ọrịa site na ime ka ọ mepụta nnukwu kemịkal aldehydes dị ka heptanal, octanal, na nonanal. Mpi anwụnta (antennae) na-achọpụta ísì ndị a ngwa ngwa, nke na-eme ka anwụnta na-akachasị ata ndị e mebiri ahụ site n'ọrịa ịba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Robinson|first=Ailie|date=May 2018|title=Plasmodium -associated changes in human odor attract mosquitoes|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|volume=115|issue=18|pages=E4209–E4218|doi=10.1073/pnas.1721610115|pmid=29666273}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E wezụga ịnụ ísì, anwụnta na-ejikwa anya ha na-achọ onye ha ga-ata site n'ileba anya n'ụdị ụcha dị iche iche. Ha na- enwere mmasị siri ike n'agba nwere ogologo wavelengths, nke na- pụta ìhè dị ka ụcha mmanụ anwụ (oroma) na ọbara ọbara—ụcha ndị pụrụ iche n'akpụkpọ mmadụ n'agbanyeghị ụdị agba anyị nwere. E wezụga nke ahụ, ha na- achọkarị ihe ndị gbara ọchịchịrị na ihe nwere contrast doro anya, n'ihi otú agba ndị a siri na-apụta ìhè mgbe e jiri ha tụnyere ebe ndị na-acha ọkụ n'azụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Alonso San Alberto|first=Diego|date=2022-02-04|title=The olfactory gating of visual preferences to human skin and visible spectra in mosquitoes|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=13|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28195-x|pmid=35121739}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Culex_mosquito_proboscis.jpg|thumb|Foto microscope eletrọn nke ọnụ nke anwụnta ''Culex'']]
.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;Ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche emepụtala usoro pụrụ iche e ji amata mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ha chọrọ ịta. Nnyocha e mere n'etiti ụdị Aedes aegypti na-ata naanị mmadụ na nke na-ata anụmanụ na-egosi na mmasị ha nwere maka ísì mmadụ sitere na mmụba nke receptor e ji amata kemịkalụ sulcatone n'ísì mmadụ, nke a na-akpọ AaegOr4. Agbanyeghị na anwụnta ịba Anopheles gambiae nwekwara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa OR4 nke sulcatone na-akpali, ha na AaegOr4 enweghị njikọ chiri anya. Nke a na-egosi na ụdị anwụnta abụọ a mụtara ịta mmadụ n'ụzọ dị iche n'onwe ha n'agbanyeghị na ha enweghị otu usoro evolushọn (evolution).

=== Akụkụ ọnụ ===
Akụkụ ọnụ anwụnta nke nwanyị na-amụta nke ọma na ịpịa akpụkpọ ahụ na ịmị ọbara. Ụmụ nwoke na-aṅụ naanị mmiri shuga, ha nwekwara ọnụ ndị na-adịchaghị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahid Sunahara Mogi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wahid|first=Isra|title=Maxillae and Mandibles of Male Mosquitoes and Female Autogenous Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=40|issue=2|date=2003-03-01|doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.150|pages=150–158|pmid=12693842}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR mouthparts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Quirós|first=Gabriela|title=WATCH: Mosquitoes Use 6 Needles To Suck Your Blood|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/480653821/watch-mosquitoes-use-6-needles-to-suck-your-blood|publisher=NPR|accessdate=13 December 2023|date=June 7, 2016|archivedate=3 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103011402/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/480653821/watch-mosquitoes-use-6-needles-to-suck-your-blood}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Choo Buss Tan Leal 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Choo|first=Young-Moo|title=Multitasking roles of mosquito labrum in oviposition and blood feeding|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=6|date=2015-10-29|pmid=26578978|doi=10.3389/fphys.2015.00306}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zahran Sawires Hamza 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zahran|first=Nagwan|title=Piercing and sucking mouth parts sensilla of irradiated mosquito, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) with gamma radiation|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=12|issue=1|date=2022-10-25|pmid=36284127|doi=10.1038/s41598-022-22348-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'èzí, usoro nri doro anya nke anwụnta bụ proboscis, nke nwere egbugbere ọnụ, U-shaped na ngalaba dị ka Mmiri ozuzo, nke na-ekpuchi ụyọkọ (fascicle) nke ọnụ isii na-agbapu ma ọ bụ stylets. Ndị a bụ agbà abụọ, agbà abụọ ahụ, hypopharynx, na labrum. Ọnụ ya na-agbadata n'ime ụta mgbe anwụnta ahụ malitere ịta, na-anọgide na-emetụ akpụkpọ ahụ aka ma na-eduzi stylets ala. A na-ebugharị isi ndị dị nkọ nke labrum na maxillae azụ na n'ihu iji hụ ụzọ ha ga-esi banye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ, na naanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ike ga-adị mkpa iji banye n'ahụ ahụ na agịga, na-akpata ntinye na-enweghị ihe mgbu.&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;275&quot; widths=&quot;350&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Evolution_of_mosquito_mouthparts.svg|Evolution of mosquito mouthparts, with grasshopper mouthparts (shown both ''in situ'' and separately) representing a more primitive condition. All the mouthparts except the labium are stylets, formed into a fascicle or bundle.
Faịlụ:Feeding_mosquito,_mouthparts_labelled.svg|Mouthparts of a female mosquito while feeding on blood, showing the flexible labium sheath supporting the piercing and sucking tube which penetrates the host's skin
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Mmanụ ala ===
E wezụga nke ahụ, mkpịsị anwụnta (saliva) nwere enzymes dị pụrụ iche nke na-enyere ha aka igbari nri shuga ha na-aṅụ, yana ihe ndị na-egbochi nje (antimicrobial agents) nke na-alụso uto nje bacteria ọgụ n'ime nri shuga ah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rossignol|first=P.A.|title=Bacteriolytic factor in the salivary glands of Aedes aegypti|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry|volume=83|issue=4|pages=819–822|year=1986|pmid=3519067|doi=10.1016/0305-0491(86)90153-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpịsị anwụnta (saliva) nwere ngwakọta pụrụ iche nke proteins na-enyere ya aka ịṅụ ọbara n'enweghị nsogbu site n'ichetara ma mebie usoro nchekwa ahụ nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ mmadụ ọ na-ata.

=== Ọganihu àkwá na ịgbari ọbara ===
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anopheles stephensi'' nwanyị na-etinye ọbara ma malite ịfe mmiri na-achọghị iji mee ohere n'ime eriri afọ ya maka ihe ndị ọzọ siri ike.]]
Mgb anwụnta nwanyị aṅụchaa ọbara buru ibu, nri ahụ na-akpali homonụ na-amalite mmepe àkwá n'ahụ ya. Mgbe ọ dọpụtara proboscis ya, eriri afọ ya jupụtara na ọbara na-ewepụta peritrophic membrane nke na-ekpuchi ọbara ahụ ka ọ kewapụ ya n'akụkụ afọ ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ọtụtụ ahụhụ na-aṅụ mmiri, anwụnta na-ewepụta mmiri karịrị akarị n'ahụ ya ọbụna mgbe ọ ka na-aṅụ ọbara ahụ, nke na-enyere ya aka ịnakọta naanị protin na ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ na-enweghị ibu mmiri arọ.

== Nbudata ==

=== Ọdịdị Ụwa ===
Anwụnt

a nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ (cosmopolitans), n'ihi na a na-enweta ha n'ala dum n'ụwa ma e wezụga Antarctica na obere agwaetiti ole na ole.

Àkwá

anwụnta ndị bi n'ebe oyi (temperate regions) na-agụ ike iguzogide oyi karịa àkwá ụdị sitere n'ebe na-ekpo ọkụ (tropics). Ọtụtụ na-aguzogide okpomọkụ dị ala nke ukwuu, ebe ndị tolitere etolite n'ime ụdị ụfọdụ na-alanarị oge oyi site n'izobe n'obere ebe dị jụụ dị ka oghere osisi ma ọ bụ n'ime ụlọ.

=== Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Horton|first=Helena|date=21 October 2025|title=Mosquitoes found in Iceland for first time as climate crisis warms country|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/oct/21/mosquitoes-found-iceland-first-time-climate-crisis-warms-country}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==

=== Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na nje ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Beck|first=Kevin|title=What Eats Mosquitoes?|date=November 22, 2019|url=https://sciencing.com/eats-mosquitoes-8568515.html|accessdate=31 May 2021|work=Sciencing|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215704/https://sciencing.com/eats-mosquitoes-8568515.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe anwụnta tolitere etolite pụta n'elu ọdọ mmiri, ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri anụ dị ka Empididae, Dolichopodidae, na ududo na-ejide ma na-eri ha ngwa ngwa. E wezụga nke ahụ, nnụnụ dị ka swifts na swallows, yana anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụsụ, na-achụ ma na-eri anwụnta ndị a mgbe ha na-efe efe n'ikuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medlock Snow 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Medlock|first=J. M.|title=Natural predators and parasites of British mosquitoes–a review|journal=European Mosquito Bulletin|volume=25|issue=1|year=2008|pages=1–11|url=https://e-m-b.myspecies.info/sites/e-m-b.org/files/European_Mosquito_Bulletin_Publications811/EMB25/EMB25_1.pdf|accessdate=15 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E wezụga anụmanụ na-eri ha, anwụnta na-arịawanye ọrịa site na obere ihe ndị dị ndụ na nje dị iche iche. Dị ka ihe atụ, ụmụ ahụhụ hydrachnid, ciliates dị ka Glaucoma, na microsporidians dị ka Thelohania na-amụba n'ahụ ha. E wezụga ha, ụdị fungi dị iche iche sitere na ezinụlọ Saprolegniaceae na Entomophthoraceae na-ebukwa anwụnta ọrịa ma na-egbu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medlock Snow 2008&quot; /&gt;

=== Mkpụrụ osisi ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_on_marigold_flower.JPG|thumb|Anụ anwụnta na-eleta okooko osisi marigold maka ihe na-atọ ụtọ]]
Ọtụtụ okooko osisi gụnyere ndị otu Asteraceae, Rosaceae na [[Orchid|Orchidaceae]] na-agbanye site na anwụnta, nke na-eleta iji nweta mmiri shuga. Njikọ osisi ole na ole bụ ndị pụrụ iche maka mmịpụta anwụnta, dị ka ''Platanthera'' orchids nke ụdị ''Aedes'' na-eme mmịpụta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Foster|first=Woodbridge A.|date=2024|title=Mosquito pollination of plants: an overview of their role and an assessment of the possible contribution of disease vectors|journal=[[Transgenic Research]]|volume=33|issue=5|pages=297–322|doi=10.1007/s11248-024-00394-w|pmid=39172353}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-adọrọ mmasị na okooko osisi site na ọtụtụ semiochemicals dị ka alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, na terpenes. Ha nwekwara ike iji akara ngosi anya gụnyere UV reflectivity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shannon|first=Danica M|date=2024|title=Mosquito floral visitation and pollination|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214574524000725|journal=Current Opinion in Insect Science|language=en|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.cois.2024.101230|pmid=38971524|accessdate=25 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anụ anwụnta eletawo ma na-eme ka okooko osisi na-agbasa kemgbe oge Cretaceous. O kwere omume na anwụnta na-amị ọbara na-amịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peach-Gries-2020&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịkpa Onwe Anụ ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;Poulin Randhawa 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Poulin|first=Robert|title=Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to genomics|journal=[[Parasitology (journal)|Parasitology]]|date=February 2015|volume=142|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S6–S15|doi=10.1017/S0031182013001674|pmid=24229807}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị ==

=== Ihe ndekọ fossil ===
[[Faịlụ:Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg|alt=Fossilized mosquito encased in amber|thumb|Anụ anwụnta Culex malariager butere nje ịba ''[[Dominican Republic|Dominican]]&quot; id=&quot;mwA2o&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Plasmodium dominicana&quot;&gt;Plasmodium Dominicana'', na amber Dominican nke afọ Miocene, 15-20 nde afọ gara aga &lt;ref name=&quot;Poinar 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Poinar|first=George|title=Evolutionary History of Terrestrial Pathogens and Endoparasites as Revealed in Fossils and Subfossils|journal=Advances in Biology|volume=2014|date=2014-06-12|doi=10.1155/2014/181353|pages=1–29}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2023 tụrụ aro na Libanoculex intermedius a chọtara na Lebanese amber (sitere n'oge Barremian nke Early Cretaceous, ihe dị ka nde afọ 125 gara aga) bụ anwụnta kacha ochie a maara. Otú ọ dị, a na-arụ ụka n'ezie njirimara ya, ebe ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ na-alụ na ọ bụ ụdị chaoborid kama.

=== Nchịkọta ===
There are over 3,700&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: About the mosquito|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/index.html|date=2024|accessdate=8 August 2025|archivedate=7 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807042937/https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; species of mosquitoes; 112 genera have been described. They are traditionally divided into two subfamilies, the Anophelinae and the Culicinae, which carry different diseases. Roughly speaking, protozoal diseases like malaria are transmitted by anophelines, while viral diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever are transmitted by culicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;Molina-Cruz Lehmann Knöckel 2013 pp. 530–537&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Molina-Cruz|first=Alvaro|title=Could culicine mosquitoes transmit human malaria?|journal=[[Trends in Parasitology]]|volume=29|issue=11|date=2013|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2013.09.003|pages=530–537|pmid=24140295}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye Germany na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ bụ Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha Culicidae na nhazi nke mpịakọta asaa ya nke e bipụtara na 1818-1838. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meigen 1818&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Meigen|first=Johann Wilhelm|authorlink=Johann Wilhelm Meigen|date=1818–1838|title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten|language=de|location=Aachen|publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/9/mode/1up|accessdate=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere ka ụyọkọ ụmụ ahụhụ dị elu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ Frederick Vincent Theobald bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke ise na Culicidae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Theobald1901&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Theobald|first=Frederick Vincent|authorlink=Frederick Vincent Theobald|date=1901|title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes|location=London|publisher=[[British Museum (Natural History)]]|url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n3/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere ya ihe atụ anwụnta e zigara na British Museum (Natural History)  site na gburugburu ụwa, na ntụziaka nke 1898 nke odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain, onye dere na &quot;n'ihi njikọ nwere ike ịdị na ịba na anwụnta, ọ dị mma inweta ihe ọmụma ziri ezi banyere ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị jikọtara ya na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Ya mere, m ga-arịọ gị ... ka ị nweta nchịkọta nke ụmụ ahụhụ nwere nku na Colony nke ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ anụmanụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harbach Kitching 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Harbach|first=R. E.|date=January 2016|title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=[[Zoologica Scripta]]|volume=45|pages=34–47|url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216|doi=10.1111/zsc.12137|accessdate=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịdị ===

==== N'èzí ====
Anụ anwụnta bụ ndị otu ezinụlọ nke ezi ụmụ ahụhụ (usoro Diptera) : Culicidae (site na Latịn {{Lang|la|culex}}, genitive {{Lang|la|culicis}}, nke pụtara &quot;midge&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;gnat&quot;). &lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-398-06179-3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jaeger|first=Edmund C.|authorlink=Edmund Jaeger|title=A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms|publisher=Thomas|location=Springfield, Ill|year=1959}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụ ndị otu Culicomorpha na superfamily Culicoidea. Osisi phylogenetic dabeere na ọrụ FLYTREE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yeates|first=David K.|title=Phylogeny of True Flies (Diptera): A 250 Million Year Old Success Story in Terrestrial Diversification|url=http://www.inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/|work=Flytree|publisher=Illinois Natural History Survey|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228210535/http://inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/|archivedate=28 December 2015|accessdate=24 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yeates|first=David K.|title=Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects|year=2007|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=1668|pages=565–590|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.27}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clade|{{clade 
   |1={{clade 
      |1=[[Ptychopteromorpha]] (phantom and primitive crane-flies) [[File:Ptychoptera contaminata male Walker 1856 plate-XXVIII.png|70px]]
      |label2=[[Culicomorpha]] 
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Chironomidae]] (non-biting midges) [[File:Chironomus ferrugineovittatus m.png|70px]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=Simulioidea (blackflies and biting midges) [[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 11052 Biting midge on human skin (cropped).jpg|60px]]
            |label2=[[Culicoidea]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Dixidae]] (meniscus midges) [[File:Dixa nebulosa adult John Curtis British Entomology 409.png|70px]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Corethrellidae]] (frog-biting midges)
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[[Chaoboridae]] (phantom midges) [[File:Chaoborus crystallinus male as Corethra plumicornis (Walker Insecta Britanica Vol 3 page 397 plate XXV).png|60px]]
                     |2='''Culicidae''' [[File:Stegomyia fasciata.jpg|100px]]
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |2={{clade
      |1=other midges and gnats [[File:Isoneuromyia annandalei.jpg|70px]]
      |2=all other flies, inc. [[Brachycera]] [[File:Syrphidae icon.jpg|70px]]
      }}
   }}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;|label1=[[Diptera]]|sublabel1=(true flies)}}Ezinụlọ abụọ nke anwụnta bụ Anophelinae, nke nwere ụdị atọ na ihe dịka ụdị 430, na Culicinae, Nke nwere agbụrụ 11, ụdị 108 na ụdị 3,046. Kyanne Reidenbach na ndị ọrụ ibe ya nyochara phylogenetics nke anwụnta na 2009, na-eji ma DNA nuklia na ọdịdị nke ụdị 26. Ha na-ekwu na Anophelinae gosipụtara na ọ bụ ihe dị n'okpuru, mana akụkụ ndị dị omimi nke osisi ahụ anaghị edozi nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reidenbach Cook Bertone Harbach 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Reidenbach|first=Kyanne R.|title=Phylogenetic analysis and temporal diversification of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) based on nuclear genes and morphology|journal=[[BMC Evolutionary Biology]]|volume=9|issue=1|date=2009|pmid=20028549|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-298}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clade|{{clade
   |1=basal spp.
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Anophelinae]] 
      |1=[[File:Anopheles gambiae mosquito feeding 1354.p lores.jpg|125px]]
      |label2=[[Culicinae]] 
      |2={{clade
         |1=other spp.
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Aedini]] [[File:Aedes aegypti feeding (cropped).jpg|125px]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=other spp.
               |2=[[Sabethini]] [[File:Sabethes albiprivus (cropped).jpg|125px]]
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;|label1='''Culicidae'''}}

== Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ mmadụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg|thumb|''Anopheles albimanus'' na-eri nri n'aka mmadụ. Dị ka anwụnta bụ naanị ihe na-ebute [[Iba|ịba]], ịchịkwa ha na-ebelata ọbịbịa ya.]]

=== Ihe ndị na-ebute ọrịa ===
Anụ anwụnta bụ ihe na-ebute ọtụtụ microorganisms na-akpata ọrịa gụnyere nje bacteria, Nje virus, na protozoan parasites. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ 700 na-arịa ọrịa anwụnta kwa afọ, na-akpata ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EBMED2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mosquito as Deadly Menace|url=https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link|publisher=[[Pfizer]]|accessdate=10 December 2023|archivedate=25 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825170028/https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Explainer: How climate change is amplifying mosquito-borne diseases|url=https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases|accessdate=2024-06-20|work=World Mosquito Program|date=22 April 2022|archivedate=27 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127042108/https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa nje virus na-ebute site na anwụnta na-agụnye yellow fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2 014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219011908/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|archivedate=19 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[chikungunya]] na dengue fever, niile na-ebufe site na ''Aedes aegypti''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf|title=Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|year=2009|isbn=978-92-4-154787-1|accessdate=2013-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC250814&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|work=BBC News|date=14 August 2025|first=Dominic|author=Hughes|title=UK cases of mosquito-borne virus more than double|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c7419g1l488o|accessdate=14 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa parasitic nke anwụnta na-ebute gụnyere [[Iba|ịba]] na lymphatic filariasis. Nje ''[[Plasmodium]]'' nke na-akpata ịba bụ nke anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' na-ebu. Lymphatic filariasis, isi ihe na-akpata elephantiasis, na-agbasa site na ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lymphatic Filariasis|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation]]|accessdate=24 August 2011|archivedate=5 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505163529/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa nje bacteria nke anwụnta ''Culex'' na ''Culiseta'' na-agbasa bụ tularemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21776596&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Muslu|first=H.|title=[Evaluation of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) identified in Manisa province according to their breeding sites and seasonal differences]|language=tr|journal=Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi|volume=35|issue=2|pages=100–104|year=2011|pmid=21776596|doi=10.5152/tpd.2011.25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchịkwa ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Netting.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta anwụnta nwere ike igbochi ndị mmadụ ịta ha mgbe ha na-ehi ụra.]]
A nwalere ọtụtụ usoro maka Nchịkwa anwụnta, gụnyere iwepụ ebe ha na-amụ nwa, iwepụ site na windo windo na ụgbụ anwụnta, nchịkwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na nje dịka fungi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/10/science/10mosquito.html|title=Fungus Fatal to Mosquito May Aid Global War on Malaria|date=10 June 2005|work=The New York Times|accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kramer|first=J.P.|title=''Entomophthora culicis'' (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales) as a pathogen of ''adultaedes aegypti'' (diptera, culicidae)|journal=Aquatic Insects|volume=4|issue=2|pages=73–79|year=1982|doi=10.1080/01650428209361085}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nematodes,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shamseldean|first=M.M.|title=''Romanomermis culicivorax'': penetration of larval mosquitoes|journal=[[Journal of Invertebrate Pathology]]|volume=54|issue=2|pages=191–199|date=September 1989|pmid=2570111|doi=10.1016/0022-2011(89)90028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ ndị na-eri ibe ha dị ka azụ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Krumholz|first=Louis A.|title=Reproduction in the Western Mosquitofish, ''Gambusia affinis affinis'' (Baird &amp; Girard), and Its Use in Mosquito Control|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=18|issue=1|year=1948|pages=1–43|doi=10.2307/1948627}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jianguo-Dashu-1995&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-27870-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html|chapter=Part III: Interactions - 31. A Comparative Study of the Ability of Fish to Catch Mosquito Larva|title=Rice-fish culture in China|isbn=978-1-55250-313-3|year=1995|publisher=International Development Research Centre|first=Wang|author=Jianguo|editor=MacKay}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fradin|first=M.S.|title=Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician's guide|journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]]|volume=128|issue=11|pages=931–940|date=June 1998|pmid=9634433|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-128-11-199806010-00013}}&lt;/ref&gt; copepods,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marten|first=G.G.|title=Cyclopoid copepods|journal=Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association|volume=23|issue=2 Suppl|pages=65–92|year=2007|pmid=17853599|doi=10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[65:CC]2.0.CO;2}}&lt;/ref&gt; dragonfly nymphs na ndị okenye, na ụfọdụ ụdị ezé na agụ owuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Canyon|first=D.V.|title=The gecko: an environmentally friendly biological agent for mosquito control|journal=Medical and Veterinary Entomology|volume=11|issue=4|pages=319–323|date=October 1997|pmid=9430109|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00416.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụzọ ọzọ bụ iwebata ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ nwoke na-adịghị amị. &lt;ref name=&quot;twsE44&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Carpenter|first=Jennifer|title=Spermless mosquitoes hold promise to stop malaria|publisher=[[BBC]]|quote=Scientists have created spermless mosquitoes in an effort to curb the spread of malaria.|date=8 August 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14422440|accessdate=5 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa gụnyere enweghị nkwekọrịta cytoplasmic, translocations chromosomal, mgbagwoju anya mmekọahụ na mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ nketa, ngwọta a na-ahụ dị ka ihe dị ọnụ ala na nke na-adịghị adabere na mgbochi vector. A tụwo aro ịchịkwa anwụnta na-ebu ọrịa site na iji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kyrou|first=Kyros Kyrou|title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting ''doublesex'' causes complete population suppression in caged ''Anopheles gambiae'' mosquitoes|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=36|issue=11|pages=1062–1066|date=Sep 24, 2018|doi=10.1038/nbt.4245|pmid=30247490|url=http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/64952/11/nbt.4245.pdf|accessdate=September 23, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Michael Le Page|title=Gene tool could halt malaria spread|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=Sep 29, 2018|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931974-000-evolution-defying-dna-makes-mosquitoes-infertile-by-changing-their-sex|accessdate=November 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe Na-egbochi ===
[[Faịlụ:Insect_repellents_in_Finnish_store.jpg|thumb|Ihe na-egbochi anwụnta (gụnyere coil anwụnta) n'ụlọ ahịa Finland]]
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf|title=Electronic mosquito repellents for preventing mosquito bites and malaria infection|accessdate=2018-09-19|archivedate=2017-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808175758/http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-etinye ihe na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ iji nweta nchebe pụọ n'ịta anwụnta. Kemịkalụ DEET na-achụpụ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ dị mma. Dị ka nhazi CDC si dị, ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ a na-atụ aro gụnyere picaridin, mmanụ eucalyptus (PMD), na ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535). E wezụga nke ahụ, pyrethrum nke sitere n'osisi Chrysanthemum bụ ihe mgbochi okike sitere na osisi. Agbanyeghị na a na-ere ngwaọrụ eletrọniki na-emepụta ultrasound iji gbochie anwụnta, enweghị nnyocha sitere na EPA ma ọ bụ mahadum gosiri na ngwaọrụ ndị a na-egbochi anwụnta ịta mmadụ n'ezie.

=== Ịta ===
Ịta anw

ụnta na-ebute mmeghachi omume dị iche iche n'akpụkpọ ahụ, nke pụrụ ikpata ahụ erughị ala siri ike ma ma a tụnyere ịta ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe na-ebute ụdị mmeghachi omume a bụ ahụ mmadụ ịmụta mgbochigabiga (hypersensitivity) n'ihi protin na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mkpịsị anwụnta.

== Na omenala mmadụ ==

=== Akụkọ ifo ndị Gris ===
[[Faịlụ:Rackham-gnat_and_bull.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Arthur Rackham nke akụkọ ifo nke &quot;The Bull and the Mosquito&quot;, 1912]]
Akụkọ ifo anụ ọhịa ndị Grik oge ochie gụnyere &quot;Enyí na Anụgbụgbọ&quot; na &quot;Nku na Anụgbọ Anụgbọ&quot;, na omume ọma n'ozuzu na nnukwu anụ ọhịa ahụ anaghị ahụ ọbụna obere, sitere na Mesopotemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adrados1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Adrados|first=Francisco Rodríguez|authorlink=Francisco Rodríguez Adrados|title=History of the Graeco-Latin Fable|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=093Gl8KEktMC&amp;pg=PA324|year=1999|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-11454-8|accessdate=2016-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akụkọ ifo mmalite ===
Ndị Siberia nwere akụkọ ifo gbasara anwụnta. Otu akụkọ ifo Ostiak na-akọ banyere nnukwu mmadụ na-eri mmadụ, ''Punegus'', onye dike gburu ma ọ gaghị anọgide na-anwụ. Onye dike ahụ mechara gbaa dike ahụ ọkụ, mana ntụ nke ọkụ ahụ ghọrọ anwụnta na-aga n'ihu na-ata ahụhụ. Akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ sitere na ndị Yakut, Goldes (Ndị Nanai), na Samoyed nwere ahụhụ sitere na ntụ ma ọ bụ iberibe nke ụfọdụ nnukwu ihe e kere eke ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. Akụkọ ndị yiri nke a chọtara n'akụkọ ifo ndị North America, na anwụnta sitere na ntụ nke onye na-eri mmadụ, na-atụ aro mmalite otu. Ndị Tatar nke Altai nwere ụdị nke otu akụkọ ifo ahụ, nke gụnyere iberibe nnukwu onye nwụrụ anwụ, ''Andalma-Muus'', na-aghọ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ.

Lafcadio Hearn na-ekwu na na Japan, a na-ahụ anwụnta dị ka reincarnations nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ, ndị njehie nke ndụ ha gara aga katọrọ na ọnọdụ nke ''Jiki-ketsu-gaki'', ma ọ bụ &quot;ihe na-aṅụ ọbara&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hearn|first=Lafcadio|authorlink=Lafcadio Hearn|chapter=Mosquitoes|title=Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|origdate=1968|year=2020|isbn=978-1-4209-6751-7|pages=72–74}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Winsor_McCay_(1912)_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm|thumbtime=00:36|alt=Silent animated black-and-white film of a giant mosquito drinking blood from a sleeping man.|thumb|''How a Mosquito Operates'' (1912)]]
Ihe nkiri Winsor McCay nke 1912 How a Mosquito Operates bụ otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke animation. A kọwawo ya dị anya karịa oge ya na nkà na ụzụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Webster|first=Chris|title=Action Analysis for Animators|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jylUYRFfcywC|year=2012|publisher=[[Focal Press]]|isbn=978-0-240-81218-2|accessdate=2022-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-egosi nnukwu anwụnta na-emekpa nwoke na-ehi ụra ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Canemaker|first=John|authorlink=John Canemaker|title=Winsor McCay: His Life and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vs82AQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=[[Abrams Books]]|isbn=978-0-8109-5941-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụgbọ mmiri iri na abụọ nke Royal Navy bu aha HMS Mosquito ma ọ bụ ụdị ochie nke aha ahụ, HMS ''Musquito'' . 

de Havilland Mosquito bụ ụgbọ elu na-agba ọsọ nke e mepụtara n'etiti 1940 na 1950, ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=De Havilland Mosquito|url=http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html|publisher=The Aviation History Online Museum|accessdate=21 November 2015|archivedate=11 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111050938/http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Obodo Russia nke Berezniki na-eme emume anwụnta ya kwa afọ site na 17th nke July ruo 20th na asọmpi &quot;nwa agbọghọ kachasị mma&quot;. N'asọmpi ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-eguzo maka nkeji iri abụọ na uwe mkpụmkpụ na uwe mkpuchi (British: vests), onye na-enweta ọtụtụ ihe na-emeri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-33525015|title=Russia: Mosquitoes honoured at annual festival|work=BBC News|date=July 14, 2015|accessdate=5 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-etinye Agịga sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Mosquito proboscis na imewe Biomimetic maka iji ya mee ihe na ọgwụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gurera|first=Dev|title=Lessons from mosquitoes' painless piercing|journal=Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials|date=August 2018|volume=84|pages=178–187|doi=10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.025|pmid=29793155}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=Annie D. R.|title=Mosquito proboscis-inspired needle insertion to reduce tissue deformation and organ displacement|journal=Scientific Reports|date=22 July 2020|volume=10|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-68596-w|pmid=32699296}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}

== Ihe odide ==
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| fossil_range = {{fossilrange |99|0|earliest=125}} &lt;small&gt;[[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Cenomanian]]) – Recent&lt;/small&gt;
| image = Aedes aegypti.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'', the main [[Disease vector|vector]] of [[yellow fever]]
| taxon = Culicidae
| authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1818&lt;ref name=mosqInv&gt;{{cite web |url=https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 |title=Family Culicidae Meigen, 1818 |date=November 2, 2008 |last=Harbach |first=Ralph |work=Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory |access-date=December 26, 2025 |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003061320/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 |url-status=dead }}, see also [https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list Valid Species List] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315103505/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list |date=March 15, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = *[[List of mosquito genera#Subfamily Anophelinae|Anophelinae]]
*[[Culicinae]]
| diversity = 112 genera
| diversity_link = List of mosquito genera &lt;!--Culicidae#Systematics--&gt;
}}
'''Anwụnta (nke sitere na ezinụlọ ''Culicidae'')''' bụ obere ahụhụ nwere ihe dị ka ụdị 3,600 dị iche iche. Ahụ ha siri gịrịgịrị, nke e kewaara ekewa, nwee nku abụọ, ụkwụ gbatịrị ogologo, na proboscis pụrụ iche e ji amị ihe. Anwụnta niile na-eri mmiri ara okooko osisi, mana ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ ụdị ha amụtala ịṅụ ọbara.

Ha gbasara nke ukwuu n'ụwa n'oge Cretaceous. N'ihe gbasara sayensị, ndị ọkà mmụta Ihe Ndụ na-ele anwụnta anya dị ka ''micropredators''—obere anụmanụ na-aṅụ ọbara anụmanụ ka ukwuu n'egbughị ha ozugbo. Mgbe nke ahụ na-eme, ndị ọkachamara na-amụ maka ọrịa na-ahụ ha dị ka ndị na-ebufe nje (vectors), sị otu a na-esi n'otu onye gaa n'ozor na-agbasa protozoa, bacteria, ma ọ bụ virus.

Ihe e ji amara usoro ndụ anwụnta bụ ọkwa anọ pụrụ iche: àkwà, larva, pupa, na anwụnta tolitere etolite. Mgbe anwụnta yịrị àkwà n'elu mmiri, ha na-aghọ ụmụ ahụhụ na-agagharị agagharị (larvae) nke na-eri ahịhịa mmiri na ihe ndị mepụrụ emepụ. Ụmụ larva ndị a bụ nri dị mkpa nye anụmanụ mmiri dị ka azụ, ụmụ dragonfly, na ụfọdụ nnụnụ. Mgbe ha tolitere, ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-eji ọnụ ha pụrụ iche ama ahụ anụmanụ dị iche iche iji ṅụọ ọbara ha, nke bụ sọosọ ihe na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịyị àkwà.

Mgbe anwụnta gbara mmadu, ọ na-agba nsị ya n'ahụ onye ahụ, nke na-ebutekarị ọzịza na itching. E wezụga nke ahụ, ụmụ anwụnta ndị na-aṅụ ọbara na-enwere ike ịmịrị nje na-ebute ọrịa mgbe ha gbara onye bu ya, ma nwee ike ibuba ya n'ahụ onye ọzọ. Ihe atụ nke ọrịa ndị a gụnyere ọrịa parasites dị ka ịba na filariasis, gbaknyere ọrịa arbovirus dị ka yellow fever na dengue fever. N'ihi oké mgbasa nke ọrịa ndị a site n’anwụnta, ha na-egbu ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ n'ụwa niile kwa afọ.

== Nkọwa na ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Life-Cycle.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|frameless]]
Usoro ndụ anwụnta nwere ọkwa anọ pụrụ iche: àkwá, igurube (larva), pupụ, na anwụnta toro eto. Ọkwa atọ mbụ na-eme kpamkpam n'ime mmiri kwụ otu ebe, ebe a na-etinye àkwá ha. Mgbe àkwá ndị ahụ pụtara dị ka igurube, ha na-eri nri, na-eto, wee gbanwee ghọọ pupae. N'ikpeazụ, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-apụta site na pupa ahụ mgbe ọ na-ese n'elu mmiri. N'ozuzu, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-adị ndụ site n'otu izu ruo otu ọnwa, n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ ụdị na- enwere ike ịnọ n'ọnọdụ izu ike (diapause) wee gafere oge oyi..

=== Ndị toro eto ===
Anwụnta bụ obere ụmụ ahụhụ nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke na-adịkarị ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ oji, nwere ogologo sitere na milimita 3 ruo 6. Ha nwere otu nku abụọ dị warara, nwere scaly na ha, yana ogologo ụkwụ. Mgbe anwụnta na-ezu ike, ha na-etinyekarị ụkwụ ha nke mbụ gawa n'akụkụ. Anwụnta Anopheles nwere ike ife gaa n'ihu ruo kilomita 12 n'otu abalị n'agbụghị nkwụsị. Ụmụ nwoke na-eti nku ha ugboro 450 ruo 600 n'otu sekọnd site n'ike uru ahụ ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ obere ahụhụ, dị ka ụdị Aedes, ụdị ụfọdụ dị ka Toxorhynchites nwere ike itolite n'ogologo ahụ na nku nke ka ukwuu n'ezie.

&lt;ref name=&quot;UF/IFAS A. gambiae&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=African malaria mosquito|url=https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_gambiae.htm|publisher=[[University of Florida]]|accessdate=11 February 2024|archivedate=30 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330125827/https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_gambiae.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anụ anwụnta nwere ike itolite site na àkwá ruo okenye na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike iwe ihe ruru otu ọnwa.[1] N'isi ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ mgbede, n'ime ụbọchị nke pupating, ndị nwoke na-agbakọta n'ìgwè, na-alụ mgbe ndị nwanyị na-efe efe.[2] Nwanyị ahụ na-alụ naanị otu ugboro n'oge ndụ ya, na-adọrọ mmasị site na pheromones nke nwoke ahụ na-ewepụta.[3][4] N'ime ụdị ndị chọrọ ọbara ka àkwá ahụ too, nke nne na-achọta onye na-elekọta ya ma na-aṅụ ọbara zuru ezu. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-ezu ike ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ iji gbarie nri ahụ ma kwe ka àkwá ya too. Mgbe ahụ, ọ dị njikere itinye àkwá ma megharịa usoro nri na ịtụrụ.[2] Ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ibi ruo izu atọ n'ọhịa, dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, ikike ha nwere inweta nri ọbara, na izere ịbụ ndị anụ ha na-egbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC Anopheles&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/|accessdate=December 13, 2023|date=July 16, 2020|archivedate=9 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909055158/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peach-Gries-2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Peach|first=Daniel A. H.|title=Mosquito phytophagy – sources exploited, ecological function, and evolutionary transition to haematophagy|journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata|issue=2|doi=10.1111/eea.12852|year=2019|volume=168|pages=120–136}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;450&quot; widths=&quot;300&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Culex_pipiens_diagram_en.svg|Anatomy of an adult female mosquito
Faịlụ:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|Adult yellow fever mosquito ''Aedes aegypti'', typical of subfamily Culicinae. Male (left) has bushy antennae and longer palps than female (right)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Àkwá ===
Anwụnta na-enyekarị àkwá ha n'ime mmiri na-agagharịghị agagharị, dị ka ọdọ mmiri, ala apịtị, ma ọ bụ mmiri sọpụrụ n'oghere osisi na n'agbata akwụkwọ osisi bromeliad. Ụdị ụfọdụ na-eyi àkwá ha n'akụkụ mmiri ma ọ bụ n'elu ahịhịa mmiri. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ụfọdụ ụdị pụrụ iche dị ka Opifex fuscus na- amụ n'ime mmiri nnu gbara gburugburu ọdọ, ebe Wyeomyia smithii na-amụ n'ime ogbo osisi pitcher, ebe ụmụ larva ha na-eri ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ mmiri riri n'ebe ahụ.


&lt;ref name=&quot;Amorim Sa Rojas Santos Neto 2022 pp. 631–637&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Amorim|first=J. A.|title=Aquatic Macrophytes Hosting Immature Mansonia (Mansonia) Blanchard, 1901 (Diptera, Culicidae) in Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=59|issue=2|date=2022-03-16|doi=10.1093/jme/tjab223|pages=631–637|pmid=35043213}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìgwè àkwá nke ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-apụta n'otu oge, mana àkwá ''Aedes'' na diapause na-apụghị n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma n'ime ogologo oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang Walker Vulule Miller 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Juan|title=Daily temperature profiles in and around Western Kenyan larval habitats of Anopheles gambiae as related to egg mortality|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=5|issue=1|date=2006|pmid=17038186|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-5-87}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Anopheles_egg_2_(cropped).jpg|''[[Anopheles]]'' eggs with side floats
Faịlụ:Mosquito_egg_SEM.jpg|Electron micrograph of a culicine egg
Faịlụ:Gelege1_(cropped).jpg|''Culex'' egg raft
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Igurube ===
Isi larva anwụnta nhare brọsh ọnụ e ji ama nri, obi buru ibu nke na-enweghị ụkwụ, na afọ e kewaara ekewa. N'ihi na ọ na-eku ume site na siphon dị n'afọ ya, ọ na-apụta n'elu mmiri ugboro ugboro, ebe ọ na-eri ahịhịa mmiri (algae), bacteria, na obere ihe ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ihe sọrọ ya gburugburu, ọ na-agbada n'ala mmiri site n'ịkpụgharị ahụ ya ma ọ bụ iji brọsh ọnụ ya kwagharịa onwe ya. Larva na-agafe ọkwa utolite dị iche iche (instars) ma na-agbanwe akpụkpọ n'oge ọ bụla tupu ọ ghọọ pupa. E wezụga mgbe ha ka dị obere, ụmụ larva Aedes nwere ike iguzogide ebe kpọrọ nkụ, na-abanye n'ọnọdụ izu ike (diapause) ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri ha kporo nkwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang Walker Vulule Miller 2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot; widths=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:AnophelesLarvaPhoto_CDCHarryWeinburgh_publicdomain.jpg|''[[Anopheles]]'' larva
Faịlụ:Culex_restuans_larva_diagram_en.svg|Anatomy of a ''Culex'' larva
Faịlụ:Culex_sp_larvae.png|''Culex'' larvae plus one pupa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Pupa ===
Pupa anwụnta nwere isi na obi gwakọtara ọnụ ka cephalothorax, ebe afọ ya pịrị akpị n'okpuru. Pupa a na- enwere ike igwu mmiri nke ọma site n'ịkpụgharị afọ ya. Dị ka larva, ọ na-apụta n'elu mmiri ugboro ugboro iji kụọ ikuku site n'obere opi iku ume abụọ dị n'obi ya. Pupa anaghị eri nri, kama ọ na-ese naanị n'elu mmiri. Mgbe ihe na-eyi ya mgbagwoju anya, ọ na-amụbanye n'ala mmiri site n'ịkpụgharị afọ ya, mana ọ na-eseghachi n'elu n'oge na-adịghị anya. N'ikpeazụ, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-apụta site na pupa ahụ n'elu mmiri wee fepụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EPA life cycle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mosquito Life Cycle|date=21 February 2013|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle|publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]|accessdate=12 December 2023|archivedate=19 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219184319/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot; widths=&quot;400&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Underwater_view_of_mosquito_pupae_in_standing_water.jpg|Mosquito pupae, shortly before the adults emerged. The head and thorax are fused into the cephalothorax.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ndị toro eto na-enye nri ==

=== Nri ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Tasmania_crop.jpg|thumb|Nwanyị ''Aedes'' sp. na-eri ọbara sitere n'aka mmadụ. ]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wahid|first=Isra|date=2003|title=Maxillae and mandibles of male mosquitoes and female autogenous mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.150|pmid=12693842}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anụmanụ ndị bi na ya ===
Anwụnt

a na-aṅụ ọbara nwere anụmanụ pụrụ iche ha ka na-ahọrọ ịta, mana ha na-ata anụmanụ anya hụrụ mgbe nri na-anaghị adị mfe. Ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche na-aṅụ ọbara anụ bi n'ala na mmiri (amphibians), anụ na-akpụ akpụ dị ka agwọ, nnụnụ, na anụ na-enye nwa ara (mammals).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Chironius_scurrulus_(Yasuni)_(cropped)_with_mosquitoes.jpg|Feeding on a snake
Faịlụ:Mosquitoes_vs._Frog_(14555480700)_(cropped).jpg|Feeding on a frog
Faịlụ:JJeffreyApapaneMosquito.jpg|Feeding on a bird
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Ịchọta ndị Ọ ga-ebunye Ọrịa ===
[[Faịlụ:How_to_attract_mosquitoes.svg|thumb|Anụ anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara na-ahụ ndị na-elekọta ha site na iji ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere carbon dioxide, okpomọkụ, na ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche na-esi ísì ụtọ.]]
Ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-achọ nri n'isi ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ mgbede, wee gaa ezumike n'ebe dị jụụ mgbe okpomọkụ ehihie na-arị elu. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ụdị dị ka Asian tiger mosquito na-agagharị ma na-eri nri n'ehihie.

Anwụnta na-eji ọtụtụ njirimara pụrụ iche dị n'ahụ mmadụ wee họrọ onye ha ga-ata, n'ihi na nụrụ ísì CO2 n'ikuku na-akpali ha iji anya na usoro ịnụ ísì ha mewe nchọpụta miri emi. Nnyocha kemịkalụ na-egosi na ndị ahụ ha na-emepụta carboxylic acid n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na-adọta anwụnta kachasị. E wezụga nke ahụ, ísì ọsụsọ mmadụ nwere kemịkal pụrụ iche nke na-agwa anwụnta na ọ bụ mmadụ dị nso, ọ bụghị naanị anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ọbara ọkụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ísì ndị a (VOCs) na-apụta mgbe nje bacteria dị n'akpụkpọ ahụ na-agbari ọsụsọ, ebe ihe dị ka ịdị arọ ahụ, homonụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na nsogbu ahụike na-emekwa ka ísì ahụ onye ọ bụla dị iche. N'ikpeazụ, nje Plasmodium nke na-ebute ịba nwere ike ịgbanwe ísì onye ọrịa site na ime ka ọ mepụta nnukwu kemịkal aldehydes dị ka heptanal, octanal, na nonanal. Mpi anwụnta (antennae) na-achọpụta ísì ndị a ngwa ngwa, nke na-eme ka anwụnta na-akachasị ata ndị e mebiri ahụ site n'ọrịa ịba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Robinson|first=Ailie|date=May 2018|title=Plasmodium -associated changes in human odor attract mosquitoes|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|volume=115|issue=18|pages=E4209–E4218|doi=10.1073/pnas.1721610115|pmid=29666273}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E wezụga ịnụ ísì, anwụnta na-ejikwa anya ha na-achọ onye ha ga-ata site n'ileba anya n'ụdị ụcha dị iche iche. Ha na- enwere mmasị siri ike n'agba nwere ogologo wavelengths, nke na- pụta ìhè dị ka ụcha mmanụ anwụ (oroma) na ọbara ọbara—ụcha ndị pụrụ iche n'akpụkpọ mmadụ n'agbanyeghị ụdị agba anyị nwere. E wezụga nke ahụ, ha na- achọkarị ihe ndị gbara ọchịchịrị na ihe nwere contrast doro anya, n'ihi otú agba ndị a siri na-apụta ìhè mgbe e jiri ha tụnyere ebe ndị na-acha ọkụ n'azụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Alonso San Alberto|first=Diego|date=2022-02-04|title=The olfactory gating of visual preferences to human skin and visible spectra in mosquitoes|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=13|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28195-x|pmid=35121739}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Culex_mosquito_proboscis.jpg|thumb|Foto microscope eletrọn nke ọnụ nke anwụnta ''Culex'']]
.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;Ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche emepụtala usoro pụrụ iche e ji amata mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ha chọrọ ịta. Nnyocha e mere n'etiti ụdị Aedes aegypti na-ata naanị mmadụ na nke na-ata anụmanụ na-egosi na mmasị ha nwere maka ísì mmadụ sitere na mmụba nke receptor e ji amata kemịkalụ sulcatone n'ísì mmadụ, nke a na-akpọ AaegOr4. Agbanyeghị na anwụnta ịba Anopheles gambiae nwekwara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa OR4 nke sulcatone na-akpali, ha na AaegOr4 enweghị njikọ chiri anya. Nke a na-egosi na ụdị anwụnta abụọ a mụtara ịta mmadụ n'ụzọ dị iche n'onwe ha n'agbanyeghị na ha enweghị otu usoro evolushọn (evolution).

=== Akụkụ ọnụ ===
Akụkụ ọnụ anwụnta nke nwanyị na-amụta nke ọma na ịpịa akpụkpọ ahụ na ịmị ọbara. Ụmụ nwoke na-aṅụ naanị mmiri shuga, ha nwekwara ọnụ ndị na-adịchaghị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahid Sunahara Mogi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wahid|first=Isra|title=Maxillae and Mandibles of Male Mosquitoes and Female Autogenous Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=40|issue=2|date=2003-03-01|doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.150|pages=150–158|pmid=12693842}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR mouthparts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Quirós|first=Gabriela|title=WATCH: Mosquitoes Use 6 Needles To Suck Your Blood|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/480653821/watch-mosquitoes-use-6-needles-to-suck-your-blood|publisher=NPR|accessdate=13 December 2023|date=June 7, 2016|archivedate=3 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103011402/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/480653821/watch-mosquitoes-use-6-needles-to-suck-your-blood}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Choo Buss Tan Leal 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Choo|first=Young-Moo|title=Multitasking roles of mosquito labrum in oviposition and blood feeding|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=6|date=2015-10-29|pmid=26578978|doi=10.3389/fphys.2015.00306}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zahran Sawires Hamza 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zahran|first=Nagwan|title=Piercing and sucking mouth parts sensilla of irradiated mosquito, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) with gamma radiation|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=12|issue=1|date=2022-10-25|pmid=36284127|doi=10.1038/s41598-022-22348-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'èzí, usoro nri doro anya nke anwụnta bụ proboscis, nke nwere egbugbere ọnụ, U-shaped na ngalaba dị ka Mmiri ozuzo, nke na-ekpuchi ụyọkọ (fascicle) nke ọnụ isii na-agbapu ma ọ bụ stylets. Ndị a bụ agbà abụọ, agbà abụọ ahụ, hypopharynx, na labrum. Ọnụ ya na-agbadata n'ime ụta mgbe anwụnta ahụ malitere ịta, na-anọgide na-emetụ akpụkpọ ahụ aka ma na-eduzi stylets ala. A na-ebugharị isi ndị dị nkọ nke labrum na maxillae azụ na n'ihu iji hụ ụzọ ha ga-esi banye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ, na naanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ike ga-adị mkpa iji banye n'ahụ ahụ na agịga, na-akpata ntinye na-enweghị ihe mgbu.&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;275&quot; widths=&quot;350&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Evolution_of_mosquito_mouthparts.svg|Evolution of mosquito mouthparts, with grasshopper mouthparts (shown both ''in situ'' and separately) representing a more primitive condition. All the mouthparts except the labium are stylets, formed into a fascicle or bundle.
Faịlụ:Feeding_mosquito,_mouthparts_labelled.svg|Mouthparts of a female mosquito while feeding on blood, showing the flexible labium sheath supporting the piercing and sucking tube which penetrates the host's skin
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Mmanụ ala ===
E wezụga nke ahụ, mkpịsị anwụnta (saliva) nwere enzymes dị pụrụ iche nke na-enyere ha aka igbari nri shuga ha na-aṅụ, yana ihe ndị na-egbochi nje (antimicrobial agents) nke na-alụso uto nje bacteria ọgụ n'ime nri shuga ah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rossignol|first=P.A.|title=Bacteriolytic factor in the salivary glands of Aedes aegypti|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry|volume=83|issue=4|pages=819–822|year=1986|pmid=3519067|doi=10.1016/0305-0491(86)90153-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpịsị anwụnta (saliva) nwere ngwakọta pụrụ iche nke proteins na-enyere ya aka ịṅụ ọbara n'enweghị nsogbu site n'ichetara ma mebie usoro nchekwa ahụ nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ mmadụ ọ na-ata.

=== Ọganihu àkwá na ịgbari ọbara ===
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anopheles stephensi'' nwanyị na-etinye ọbara ma malite ịfe mmiri na-achọghị iji mee ohere n'ime eriri afọ ya maka ihe ndị ọzọ siri ike.]]
Mgb anwụnta nwanyị aṅụchaa ọbara buru ibu, nri ahụ na-akpali homonụ na-amalite mmepe àkwá n'ahụ ya. Mgbe ọ dọpụtara proboscis ya, eriri afọ ya jupụtara na ọbara na-ewepụta peritrophic membrane nke na-ekpuchi ọbara ahụ ka ọ kewapụ ya n'akụkụ afọ ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ọtụtụ ahụhụ na-aṅụ mmiri, anwụnta na-ewepụta mmiri karịrị akarị n'ahụ ya ọbụna mgbe ọ ka na-aṅụ ọbara ahụ, nke na-enyere ya aka ịnakọta naanị protin na ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ na-enweghị ibu mmiri arọ.

== Nbudata ==

=== Ọdịdị Ụwa ===
Anwụnt

a nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ (cosmopolitans), n'ihi na a na-enweta ha n'ala dum n'ụwa ma e wezụga Antarctica na obere agwaetiti ole na ole.

Àkwá

anwụnta ndị bi n'ebe oyi (temperate regions) na-agụ ike iguzogide oyi karịa àkwá ụdị sitere n'ebe na-ekpo ọkụ (tropics). Ọtụtụ na-aguzogide okpomọkụ dị ala nke ukwuu, ebe ndị tolitere etolite n'ime ụdị ụfọdụ na-alanarị oge oyi site n'izobe n'obere ebe dị jụụ dị ka oghere osisi ma ọ bụ n'ime ụlọ.

=== Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Horton|first=Helena|date=21 October 2025|title=Mosquitoes found in Iceland for first time as climate crisis warms country|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/oct/21/mosquitoes-found-iceland-first-time-climate-crisis-warms-country}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==

=== Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na nje ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Beck|first=Kevin|title=What Eats Mosquitoes?|date=November 22, 2019|url=https://sciencing.com/eats-mosquitoes-8568515.html|accessdate=31 May 2021|work=Sciencing|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215704/https://sciencing.com/eats-mosquitoes-8568515.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe anwụnta tolitere etolite pụta n'elu ọdọ mmiri, ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri anụ dị ka Empididae, Dolichopodidae, na ududo na-ejide ma na-eri ha ngwa ngwa. E wezụga nke ahụ, nnụnụ dị ka swifts na swallows, yana anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụsụ, na-achụ ma na-eri anwụnta ndị a mgbe ha na-efe efe n'ikuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medlock Snow 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Medlock|first=J. M.|title=Natural predators and parasites of British mosquitoes–a review|journal=European Mosquito Bulletin|volume=25|issue=1|year=2008|pages=1–11|url=https://e-m-b.myspecies.info/sites/e-m-b.org/files/European_Mosquito_Bulletin_Publications811/EMB25/EMB25_1.pdf|accessdate=15 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E wezụga anụmanụ na-eri ha, anwụnta na-arịawanye ọrịa site na obere ihe ndị dị ndụ na nje dị iche iche. Dị ka ihe atụ, ụmụ ahụhụ hydrachnid, ciliates dị ka Glaucoma, na microsporidians dị ka Thelohania na-amụba n'ahụ ha. E wezụga ha, ụdị fungi dị iche iche sitere na ezinụlọ Saprolegniaceae na Entomophthoraceae na-ebukwa anwụnta ọrịa ma na-egbu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medlock Snow 2008&quot; /&gt;

=== Mkpụrụ osisi ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_on_marigold_flower.JPG|thumb|Anụ anwụnta na-eleta okooko osisi marigold maka ihe na-atọ ụtọ]]
Ọtụtụ okooko osisi gụnyere ndị otu Asteraceae, Rosaceae na [[Orchid|Orchidaceae]] na-agbanye site na anwụnta, nke na-eleta iji nweta mmiri shuga. Njikọ osisi ole na ole bụ ndị pụrụ iche maka mmịpụta anwụnta, dị ka ''Platanthera'' orchids nke ụdị ''Aedes'' na-eme mmịpụta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Foster|first=Woodbridge A.|date=2024|title=Mosquito pollination of plants: an overview of their role and an assessment of the possible contribution of disease vectors|journal=[[Transgenic Research]]|volume=33|issue=5|pages=297–322|doi=10.1007/s11248-024-00394-w|pmid=39172353}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-adọrọ mmasị na okooko osisi site na ọtụtụ semiochemicals dị ka alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, na terpenes. Ha nwekwara ike iji akara ngosi anya gụnyere UV reflectivity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shannon|first=Danica M|date=2024|title=Mosquito floral visitation and pollination|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214574524000725|journal=Current Opinion in Insect Science|language=en|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.cois.2024.101230|pmid=38971524|accessdate=25 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anụ anwụnta eletawo ma na-eme ka okooko osisi na-agbasa kemgbe oge Cretaceous. O kwere omume na anwụnta na-amị ọbara na-amịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peach-Gries-2020&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịkpa Onwe Anụ ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;Poulin Randhawa 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Poulin|first=Robert|title=Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to genomics|journal=[[Parasitology (journal)|Parasitology]]|date=February 2015|volume=142|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S6–S15|doi=10.1017/S0031182013001674|pmid=24229807}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị ==

=== Ihe ndekọ fossil ===
[[Faịlụ:Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg|alt=Fossilized mosquito encased in amber|thumb|Anụ anwụnta Culex malariager butere nje ịba ''[[Dominican Republic|Dominican]]&quot; id=&quot;mwA2o&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Plasmodium dominicana&quot;&gt;Plasmodium Dominicana'', na amber Dominican nke afọ Miocene, 15-20 nde afọ gara aga &lt;ref name=&quot;Poinar 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Poinar|first=George|title=Evolutionary History of Terrestrial Pathogens and Endoparasites as Revealed in Fossils and Subfossils|journal=Advances in Biology|volume=2014|date=2014-06-12|doi=10.1155/2014/181353|pages=1–29}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2023 tụrụ aro na Libanoculex intermedius a chọtara na Lebanese amber (sitere n'oge Barremian nke Early Cretaceous, ihe dị ka nde afọ 125 gara aga) bụ anwụnta kacha ochie a maara. Otú ọ dị, a na-arụ ụka n'ezie njirimara ya, ebe ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ na-alụ na ọ bụ ụdị chaoborid kama.

=== Nchịkọta ===
There are over 3,700&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: About the mosquito|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/index.html|date=2024|accessdate=8 August 2025|archivedate=7 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807042937/https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; species of mosquitoes; 112 genera have been described. They are traditionally divided into two subfamilies, the Anophelinae and the Culicinae, which carry different diseases. Roughly speaking, protozoal diseases like malaria are transmitted by anophelines, while viral diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever are transmitted by culicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;Molina-Cruz Lehmann Knöckel 2013 pp. 530–537&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Molina-Cruz|first=Alvaro|title=Could culicine mosquitoes transmit human malaria?|journal=[[Trends in Parasitology]]|volume=29|issue=11|date=2013|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2013.09.003|pages=530–537|pmid=24140295}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye Germany na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ bụ Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha Culicidae na nhazi nke mpịakọta asaa ya nke e bipụtara na 1818-1838. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meigen 1818&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Meigen|first=Johann Wilhelm|authorlink=Johann Wilhelm Meigen|date=1818–1838|title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten|language=de|location=Aachen|publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/9/mode/1up|accessdate=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere ka ụyọkọ ụmụ ahụhụ dị elu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ Frederick Vincent Theobald bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke ise na Culicidae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Theobald1901&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Theobald|first=Frederick Vincent|authorlink=Frederick Vincent Theobald|date=1901|title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes|location=London|publisher=[[British Museum (Natural History)]]|url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n3/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere ya ihe atụ anwụnta e zigara na British Museum (Natural History)  site na gburugburu ụwa, na ntụziaka nke 1898 nke odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain, onye dere na &quot;n'ihi njikọ nwere ike ịdị na ịba na anwụnta, ọ dị mma inweta ihe ọmụma ziri ezi banyere ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị jikọtara ya na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Ya mere, m ga-arịọ gị ... ka ị nweta nchịkọta nke ụmụ ahụhụ nwere nku na Colony nke ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ anụmanụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harbach Kitching 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Harbach|first=R. E.|date=January 2016|title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=[[Zoologica Scripta]]|volume=45|pages=34–47|url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216|doi=10.1111/zsc.12137|accessdate=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịdị ===

==== N'èzí ====
Anụ anwụnta bụ ndị otu ezinụlọ nke ezi ụmụ ahụhụ (usoro Diptera) : Culicidae (site na Latịn {{Lang|la|culex}}, genitive {{Lang|la|culicis}}, nke pụtara &quot;midge&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;gnat&quot;). &lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-398-06179-3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jaeger|first=Edmund C.|authorlink=Edmund Jaeger|title=A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms|publisher=Thomas|location=Springfield, Ill|year=1959}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụ ndị otu Culicomorpha na superfamily Culicoidea. Osisi phylogenetic dabeere na ọrụ FLYTREE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yeates|first=David K.|title=Phylogeny of True Flies (Diptera): A 250 Million Year Old Success Story in Terrestrial Diversification|url=http://www.inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/|work=Flytree|publisher=Illinois Natural History Survey|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228210535/http://inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/|archivedate=28 December 2015|accessdate=24 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yeates|first=David K.|title=Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects|year=2007|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=1668|pages=565–590|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.27}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clade|{{clade 
   |1={{clade 
      |1=[[Ptychopteromorpha]] (phantom and primitive crane-flies) [[File:Ptychoptera contaminata male Walker 1856 plate-XXVIII.png|70px]]
      |label2=[[Culicomorpha]] 
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Chironomidae]] (non-biting midges) [[File:Chironomus ferrugineovittatus m.png|70px]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=Simulioidea (blackflies and biting midges) [[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 11052 Biting midge on human skin (cropped).jpg|60px]]
            |label2=[[Culicoidea]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Dixidae]] (meniscus midges) [[File:Dixa nebulosa adult John Curtis British Entomology 409.png|70px]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Corethrellidae]] (frog-biting midges)
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[[Chaoboridae]] (phantom midges) [[File:Chaoborus crystallinus male as Corethra plumicornis (Walker Insecta Britanica Vol 3 page 397 plate XXV).png|60px]]
                     |2='''Culicidae''' [[File:Stegomyia fasciata.jpg|100px]]
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |2={{clade
      |1=other midges and gnats [[File:Isoneuromyia annandalei.jpg|70px]]
      |2=all other flies, inc. [[Brachycera]] [[File:Syrphidae icon.jpg|70px]]
      }}
   }}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;|label1=[[Diptera]]|sublabel1=(true flies)}}Ezinụlọ abụọ nke anwụnta bụ Anophelinae, nke nwere ụdị atọ na ihe dịka ụdị 430, na Culicinae, Nke nwere agbụrụ 11, ụdị 108 na ụdị 3,046. Kyanne Reidenbach na ndị ọrụ ibe ya nyochara phylogenetics nke anwụnta na 2009, na-eji ma DNA nuklia na ọdịdị nke ụdị 26. Ha na-ekwu na Anophelinae gosipụtara na ọ bụ ihe dị n'okpuru, mana akụkụ ndị dị omimi nke osisi ahụ anaghị edozi nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reidenbach Cook Bertone Harbach 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Reidenbach|first=Kyanne R.|title=Phylogenetic analysis and temporal diversification of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) based on nuclear genes and morphology|journal=[[BMC Evolutionary Biology]]|volume=9|issue=1|date=2009|pmid=20028549|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-298}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clade|{{clade
   |1=basal spp.
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Anophelinae]] 
      |1=[[File:Anopheles gambiae mosquito feeding 1354.p lores.jpg|125px]]
      |label2=[[Culicinae]] 
      |2={{clade
         |1=other spp.
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Aedini]] [[File:Aedes aegypti feeding (cropped).jpg|125px]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=other spp.
               |2=[[Sabethini]] [[File:Sabethes albiprivus (cropped).jpg|125px]]
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;|label1='''Culicidae'''}}

== Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ mmadụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg|thumb|''Anopheles albimanus'' na-eri nri n'aka mmadụ. Dị ka anwụnta bụ naanị ihe na-ebute [[Iba|ịba]], ịchịkwa ha na-ebelata ọbịbịa ya.]]

=== Ihe ndị na-ebute ọrịa ===
Anụ anwụnta bụ ihe na-ebute ọtụtụ microorganisms na-akpata ọrịa gụnyere nje bacteria, Nje virus, na protozoan parasites. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ 700 na-arịa ọrịa anwụnta kwa afọ, na-akpata ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EBMED2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mosquito as Deadly Menace|url=https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link|publisher=[[Pfizer]]|accessdate=10 December 2023|archivedate=25 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825170028/https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Explainer: How climate change is amplifying mosquito-borne diseases|url=https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases|accessdate=2024-06-20|work=World Mosquito Program|date=22 April 2022|archivedate=27 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127042108/https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa nje virus na-ebute site na anwụnta na-agụnye yellow fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2 014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219011908/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|archivedate=19 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[chikungunya]] na dengue fever, niile na-ebufe site na ''Aedes aegypti''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf|title=Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|year=2009|isbn=978-92-4-154787-1|accessdate=2013-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC250814&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|work=BBC News|date=14 August 2025|first=Dominic|author=Hughes|title=UK cases of mosquito-borne virus more than double|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c7419g1l488o|accessdate=14 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa parasitic nke anwụnta na-ebute gụnyere [[Iba|ịba]] na lymphatic filariasis. Nje ''[[Plasmodium]]'' nke na-akpata ịba bụ nke anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' na-ebu. Lymphatic filariasis, isi ihe na-akpata elephantiasis, na-agbasa site na ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lymphatic Filariasis|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation]]|accessdate=24 August 2011|archivedate=5 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505163529/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa nje bacteria nke anwụnta ''Culex'' na ''Culiseta'' na-agbasa bụ tularemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21776596&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Muslu|first=H.|title=[Evaluation of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) identified in Manisa province according to their breeding sites and seasonal differences]|language=tr|journal=Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi|volume=35|issue=2|pages=100–104|year=2011|pmid=21776596|doi=10.5152/tpd.2011.25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchịkwa ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Netting.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta anwụnta nwere ike igbochi ndị mmadụ ịta ha mgbe ha na-ehi ụra.]]
A nwalere ọtụtụ usoro maka Nchịkwa anwụnta, gụnyere iwepụ ebe ha na-amụ nwa, iwepụ site na windo windo na ụgbụ anwụnta, nchịkwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na nje dịka fungi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/10/science/10mosquito.html|title=Fungus Fatal to Mosquito May Aid Global War on Malaria|date=10 June 2005|work=The New York Times|accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kramer|first=J.P.|title=''Entomophthora culicis'' (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales) as a pathogen of ''adultaedes aegypti'' (diptera, culicidae)|journal=Aquatic Insects|volume=4|issue=2|pages=73–79|year=1982|doi=10.1080/01650428209361085}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nematodes,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shamseldean|first=M.M.|title=''Romanomermis culicivorax'': penetration of larval mosquitoes|journal=[[Journal of Invertebrate Pathology]]|volume=54|issue=2|pages=191–199|date=September 1989|pmid=2570111|doi=10.1016/0022-2011(89)90028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ ndị na-eri ibe ha dị ka azụ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Krumholz|first=Louis A.|title=Reproduction in the Western Mosquitofish, ''Gambusia affinis affinis'' (Baird &amp; Girard), and Its Use in Mosquito Control|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=18|issue=1|year=1948|pages=1–43|doi=10.2307/1948627}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jianguo-Dashu-1995&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-27870-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html|chapter=Part III: Interactions - 31. A Comparative Study of the Ability of Fish to Catch Mosquito Larva|title=Rice-fish culture in China|isbn=978-1-55250-313-3|year=1995|publisher=International Development Research Centre|first=Wang|author=Jianguo|editor=MacKay}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fradin|first=M.S.|title=Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician's guide|journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]]|volume=128|issue=11|pages=931–940|date=June 1998|pmid=9634433|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-128-11-199806010-00013}}&lt;/ref&gt; copepods,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marten|first=G.G.|title=Cyclopoid copepods|journal=Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association|volume=23|issue=2 Suppl|pages=65–92|year=2007|pmid=17853599|doi=10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[65:CC]2.0.CO;2}}&lt;/ref&gt; dragonfly nymphs na ndị okenye, na ụfọdụ ụdị ezé na agụ owuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Canyon|first=D.V.|title=The gecko: an environmentally friendly biological agent for mosquito control|journal=Medical and Veterinary Entomology|volume=11|issue=4|pages=319–323|date=October 1997|pmid=9430109|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00416.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụzọ ọzọ bụ iwebata ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ nwoke na-adịghị amị. &lt;ref name=&quot;twsE44&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Carpenter|first=Jennifer|title=Spermless mosquitoes hold promise to stop malaria|publisher=[[BBC]]|quote=Scientists have created spermless mosquitoes in an effort to curb the spread of malaria.|date=8 August 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14422440|accessdate=5 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa gụnyere enweghị nkwekọrịta cytoplasmic, translocations chromosomal, mgbagwoju anya mmekọahụ na mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ nketa, ngwọta a na-ahụ dị ka ihe dị ọnụ ala na nke na-adịghị adabere na mgbochi vector. A tụwo aro ịchịkwa anwụnta na-ebu ọrịa site na iji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kyrou|first=Kyros Kyrou|title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting ''doublesex'' causes complete population suppression in caged ''Anopheles gambiae'' mosquitoes|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=36|issue=11|pages=1062–1066|date=Sep 24, 2018|doi=10.1038/nbt.4245|pmid=30247490|url=http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/64952/11/nbt.4245.pdf|accessdate=September 23, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Michael Le Page|title=Gene tool could halt malaria spread|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=Sep 29, 2018|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931974-000-evolution-defying-dna-makes-mosquitoes-infertile-by-changing-their-sex|accessdate=November 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe Na-egbochi ===
[[Faịlụ:Insect_repellents_in_Finnish_store.jpg|thumb|Ihe na-egbochi anwụnta (gụnyere coil anwụnta) n'ụlọ ahịa Finland]]
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf|title=Electronic mosquito repellents for preventing mosquito bites and malaria infection|accessdate=2018-09-19|archivedate=2017-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808175758/http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-etinye ihe na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ iji nweta nchebe pụọ n'ịta anwụnta. Kemịkalụ DEET na-achụpụ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ dị mma. Dị ka nhazi CDC si dị, ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ a na-atụ aro gụnyere picaridin, mmanụ eucalyptus (PMD), na ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535). E wezụga nke ahụ, pyrethrum nke sitere n'osisi Chrysanthemum bụ ihe mgbochi okike sitere na osisi. Agbanyeghị na a na-ere ngwaọrụ eletrọniki na-emepụta ultrasound iji gbochie anwụnta, enweghị nnyocha sitere na EPA ma ọ bụ mahadum gosiri na ngwaọrụ ndị a na-egbochi anwụnta ịta mmadụ n'ezie.

=== Ịta ===
Ịta anw

ụnta na-ebute mmeghachi omume dị iche iche n'akpụkpọ ahụ, nke pụrụ ikpata ahụ erughị ala siri ike ma ma a tụnyere ịta ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe na-ebute ụdị mmeghachi omume a bụ ahụ mmadụ ịmụta mgbochigabiga (hypersensitivity) n'ihi protin na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mkpịsị anwụnta.

== Na omenala mmadụ ==

=== Akụkọ ifo ndị Gris ===
[[Faịlụ:Rackham-gnat_and_bull.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Arthur Rackham nke akụkọ ifo nke &quot;The Bull and the Mosquito&quot;, 1912]]
Akụkọ ifo anụ ọhịa ndị Grik oge ochie gụnyere &quot;Enyí na Anụgbụgbọ&quot; na &quot;Nku na Anụgbọ Anụgbọ&quot;, na omume ọma n'ozuzu na nnukwu anụ ọhịa ahụ anaghị ahụ ọbụna obere, sitere na Mesopotemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adrados1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Adrados|first=Francisco Rodríguez|authorlink=Francisco Rodríguez Adrados|title=History of the Graeco-Latin Fable|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=093Gl8KEktMC&amp;pg=PA324|year=1999|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-11454-8|accessdate=2016-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akụkọ ifo mmalite ===
Ndị Siberia nwere akụkọ ifo gbasara anwụnta. Otu akụkọ ifo Ostiak na-akọ banyere nnukwu mmadụ na-eri mmadụ, ''Punegus'', onye dike gburu ma ọ gaghị anọgide na-anwụ. Onye dike ahụ mechara gbaa dike ahụ ọkụ, mana ntụ nke ọkụ ahụ ghọrọ anwụnta na-aga n'ihu na-ata ahụhụ. Akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ sitere na ndị Yakut, Goldes (Ndị Nanai), na Samoyed nwere ahụhụ sitere na ntụ ma ọ bụ iberibe nke ụfọdụ nnukwu ihe e kere eke ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. Akụkọ ndị yiri nke a chọtara n'akụkọ ifo ndị North America, na anwụnta sitere na ntụ nke onye na-eri mmadụ, na-atụ aro mmalite otu. Ndị Tatar nke Altai nwere ụdị nke otu akụkọ ifo ahụ, nke gụnyere iberibe nnukwu onye nwụrụ anwụ, ''Andalma-Muus'', na-aghọ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ.

Lafcadio Hearn na-ekwu na na Japan, a na-ahụ anwụnta dị ka reincarnations nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ, ndị njehie nke ndụ ha gara aga katọrọ na ọnọdụ nke ''Jiki-ketsu-gaki'', ma ọ bụ &quot;ihe na-aṅụ ọbara&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hearn|first=Lafcadio|authorlink=Lafcadio Hearn|chapter=Mosquitoes|title=Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|origdate=1968|year=2020|isbn=978-1-4209-6751-7|pages=72–74}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Winsor_McCay_(1912)_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm|thumbtime=00:36|alt=Silent animated black-and-white film of a giant mosquito drinking blood from a sleeping man.|thumb|''How a Mosquito Operates'' (1912)]]
Ihe nkiri Winsor McCay nke 1912 How a Mosquito Operates bụ otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke animation. A kọwawo ya dị anya karịa oge ya na nkà na ụzụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Webster|first=Chris|title=Action Analysis for Animators|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jylUYRFfcywC|year=2012|publisher=[[Focal Press]]|isbn=978-0-240-81218-2|accessdate=2022-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-egosi nnukwu anwụnta na-emekpa nwoke na-ehi ụra ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Canemaker|first=John|authorlink=John Canemaker|title=Winsor McCay: His Life and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vs82AQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=[[Abrams Books]]|isbn=978-0-8109-5941-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụgbọ mmiri iri na abụọ nke Royal Navy bu aha HMS Mosquito ma ọ bụ ụdị ochie nke aha ahụ, HMS ''Musquito'' . 

de Havilland Mosquito bụ ụgbọ elu na-agba ọsọ nke e mepụtara n'etiti 1940 na 1950, ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=De Havilland Mosquito|url=http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html|publisher=The Aviation History Online Museum|accessdate=21 November 2015|archivedate=11 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111050938/http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Obodo Russia nke Berezniki na-eme emume anwụnta ya kwa afọ site na 17th nke July ruo 20th na asọmpi &quot;nwa agbọghọ kachasị mma&quot;. N'asọmpi ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-eguzo maka nkeji iri abụọ na uwe mkpụmkpụ na uwe mkpuchi (British: vests), onye na-enweta ọtụtụ ihe na-emeri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-33525015|title=Russia: Mosquitoes honoured at annual festival|work=BBC News|date=July 14, 2015|accessdate=5 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-etinye Agịga sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Mosquito proboscis na imewe Biomimetic maka iji ya mee ihe na ọgwụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gurera|first=Dev|title=Lessons from mosquitoes' painless piercing|journal=Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials|date=August 2018|volume=84|pages=178–187|doi=10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.025|pmid=29793155}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=Annie D. R.|title=Mosquito proboscis-inspired needle insertion to reduce tissue deformation and organ displacement|journal=Scientific Reports|date=22 July 2020|volume=10|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-68596-w|pmid=32699296}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}

== Ihe odide ==
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      <text bytes="47093" sha1="0zhi2rggpuvvzfsq7gvyzecoclq8at0" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange |99|0|earliest=125}} &lt;small&gt;[[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Cenomanian]]) – Recent&lt;/small&gt;
| image = Aedes aegypti.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'', the main [[Disease vector|vector]] of [[yellow fever]]
| taxon = Culicidae
| authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1818&lt;ref name=mosqInv&gt;{{cite web |url=https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 |title=Family Culicidae Meigen, 1818 |date=November 2, 2008 |last=Harbach |first=Ralph |work=Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory |access-date=December 26, 2025 |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003061320/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 |url-status=dead }}, see also [https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list Valid Species List] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315103505/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list |date=March 15, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = *[[List of mosquito genera#Subfamily Anophelinae|Anophelinae]]
*[[Culicinae]]
| diversity = 112 genera
| diversity_link = List of mosquito genera &lt;!--Culicidae#Systematics--&gt;
}}
'''Anwụnta (nke sitere na ezinụlọ ''Culicidae'')''' bụ obere ahụhụ nwere ihe dị ka ụdị puku atọ na narị isii dị iche iche. Ahụ ha siri gịrịgịrị, nke e kewaara ekewa, nwee nku abụọ, ụkwụ gbatịrị ogologo, na proboscis pụrụ iche e ji amị ihe. Anwụnta niile na-eri mmiri ara okooko osisi, mana ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ ụdị ha amụtala ịṅụ ọbara.

Ha gbasara nke ukwuu n'ụwa n'oge Cretaceous. N'ihe gbasara sayensị, ndị ọkà mmụta Ihe Ndụ na-ele anwụnta anya dị ka ''micropredators''—obere anụmanụ na-aṅụ ọbara anụmanụ ka ukwuu n'egbughị ha ozugbo. Mgbe nke ahụ na-eme, ndị ọkachamara na-amụ maka ọrịa na-ahụ ha dị ka ndị na-ebufe nje (vectors), sị otu a na-esi n'otu onye gaa n'ozor na-agbasa protozoa, bacteria, ma ọ bụ virus.

Ihe e ji amara usoro ndụ anwụnta bụ ọkwa anọ pụrụ iche: àkwà, larva, pupa, na anwụnta tolitere etolite. Mgbe anwụnta yịrị àkwà n'elu mmiri, ha na-aghọ ụmụ ahụhụ na-agagharị agagharị (larvae) nke na-eri ahịhịa mmiri na ihe ndị mepụrụ emepụ. Ụmụ larva ndị a bụ nri dị mkpa nye anụmanụ mmiri dị ka azụ, ụmụ dragonfly, na ụfọdụ nnụnụ. Mgbe ha tolitere, ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-eji ọnụ ha pụrụ iche ama ahụ anụmanụ dị iche iche iji ṅụọ ọbara ha, nke bụ sọosọ ihe na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịyị àkwà.

Mgbe anwụnta gbara mmadu, ọ na-agba nsị ya n'ahụ onye ahụ, nke na-ebutekarị ọzịza na itching. E wezụga nke ahụ, ụmụ anwụnta ndị na-aṅụ ọbara na-enwere ike ịmịrị nje na-ebute ọrịa mgbe ha gbara onye bu ya, ma nwee ike ibuba ya n'ahụ onye ọzọ. Ihe atụ nke ọrịa ndị a gụnyere ọrịa parasites dị ka ịba na filariasis, gbaknyere ọrịa arbovirus dị ka yellow fever na dengue fever. N'ihi oké mgbasa nke ọrịa ndị a site n’anwụnta, ha na-egbu ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ n'ụwa niile kwa afọ.

== Nkọwa na ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Life-Cycle.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|frameless]]
Usoro ndụ anwụnta nwere ọkwa anọ pụrụ iche: àkwá, igurube (larva), pupụ, na anwụnta toro eto. Ọkwa atọ mbụ na-eme kpamkpam n'ime mmiri kwụ otu ebe, ebe a na-etinye àkwá ha. Mgbe àkwá ndị ahụ pụtara dị ka igurube, ha na-eri nri, na-eto, wee gbanwee ghọọ pupae. N'ikpeazụ, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-apụta site na pupa ahụ mgbe ọ na-ese n'elu mmiri. N'ozuzu, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-adị ndụ site n'otu izu ruo otu ọnwa, n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ ụdị na- enwere ike ịnọ n'ọnọdụ izu ike (diapause) wee gafere oge oyi..

=== Ndị toro eto ===
Anwụnta bụ obere ụmụ ahụhụ nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke na-adịkarị ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ oji, nwere ogologo sitere na milimita 3 ruo 6. Ha nwere otu nku abụọ dị warara, nwere scaly na ha, yana ogologo ụkwụ. Mgbe anwụnta na-ezu ike, ha na-etinyekarị ụkwụ ha nke mbụ gawa n'akụkụ. Anwụnta Anopheles nwere ike ife gaa n'ihu ruo kilomita 12 n'otu abalị n'agbụghị nkwụsị. Ụmụ nwoke na-eti nku ha ugboro 450 ruo 600 n'otu sekọnd site n'ike uru ahụ ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ obere ahụhụ, dị ka ụdị Aedes, ụdị ụfọdụ dị ka Toxorhynchites nwere ike itolite n'ogologo ahụ na nku nke ka ukwuu n'ezie.

&lt;ref name=&quot;UF/IFAS A. gambiae&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=African malaria mosquito|url=https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_gambiae.htm|publisher=[[University of Florida]]|accessdate=11 February 2024|archivedate=30 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330125827/https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_gambiae.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anụ anwụnta nwere ike itolite site na àkwá ruo okenye na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike iwe ihe ruru otu ọnwa.[1] N'isi ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ mgbede, n'ime ụbọchị nke pupating, ndị nwoke na-agbakọta n'ìgwè, na-alụ mgbe ndị nwanyị na-efe efe.[2] Nwanyị ahụ na-alụ naanị otu ugboro n'oge ndụ ya, na-adọrọ mmasị site na pheromones nke nwoke ahụ na-ewepụta.[3][4] N'ime ụdị ndị chọrọ ọbara ka àkwá ahụ too, nke nne na-achọta onye na-elekọta ya ma na-aṅụ ọbara zuru ezu. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-ezu ike ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ iji gbarie nri ahụ ma kwe ka àkwá ya too. Mgbe ahụ, ọ dị njikere itinye àkwá ma megharịa usoro nri na ịtụrụ.[2] Ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ibi ruo izu atọ n'ọhịa, dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, ikike ha nwere inweta nri ọbara, na izere ịbụ ndị anụ ha na-egbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC Anopheles&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/|accessdate=December 13, 2023|date=July 16, 2020|archivedate=9 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909055158/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peach-Gries-2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Peach|first=Daniel A. H.|title=Mosquito phytophagy – sources exploited, ecological function, and evolutionary transition to haematophagy|journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata|issue=2|doi=10.1111/eea.12852|year=2019|volume=168|pages=120–136}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;450&quot; widths=&quot;300&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Culex_pipiens_diagram_en.svg|Anatomy of an adult female mosquito
Faịlụ:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|Adult yellow fever mosquito ''Aedes aegypti'', typical of subfamily Culicinae. Male (left) has bushy antennae and longer palps than female (right)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Àkwá ===
Anwụnta na-enyekarị àkwá ha n'ime mmiri na-agagharịghị agagharị, dị ka ọdọ mmiri, ala apịtị, ma ọ bụ mmiri sọpụrụ n'oghere osisi na n'agbata akwụkwọ osisi bromeliad. Ụdị ụfọdụ na-eyi àkwá ha n'akụkụ mmiri ma ọ bụ n'elu ahịhịa mmiri. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ụfọdụ ụdị pụrụ iche dị ka Opifex fuscus na- amụ n'ime mmiri nnu gbara gburugburu ọdọ, ebe Wyeomyia smithii na-amụ n'ime ogbo osisi pitcher, ebe ụmụ larva ha na-eri ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ mmiri riri n'ebe ahụ.


&lt;ref name=&quot;Amorim Sa Rojas Santos Neto 2022 pp. 631–637&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Amorim|first=J. A.|title=Aquatic Macrophytes Hosting Immature Mansonia (Mansonia) Blanchard, 1901 (Diptera, Culicidae) in Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=59|issue=2|date=2022-03-16|doi=10.1093/jme/tjab223|pages=631–637|pmid=35043213}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìgwè àkwá nke ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-apụta n'otu oge, mana àkwá ''Aedes'' na diapause na-apụghị n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma n'ime ogologo oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang Walker Vulule Miller 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Juan|title=Daily temperature profiles in and around Western Kenyan larval habitats of Anopheles gambiae as related to egg mortality|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=5|issue=1|date=2006|pmid=17038186|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-5-87}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Anopheles_egg_2_(cropped).jpg|''[[Anopheles]]'' eggs with side floats
Faịlụ:Mosquito_egg_SEM.jpg|Electron micrograph of a culicine egg
Faịlụ:Gelege1_(cropped).jpg|''Culex'' egg raft
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Igurube ===
Isi larva anwụnta nhare brọsh ọnụ e ji ama nri, obi buru ibu nke na-enweghị ụkwụ, na afọ e kewaara ekewa. N'ihi na ọ na-eku ume site na siphon dị n'afọ ya, ọ na-apụta n'elu mmiri ugboro ugboro, ebe ọ na-eri ahịhịa mmiri (algae), bacteria, na obere ihe ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ihe sọrọ ya gburugburu, ọ na-agbada n'ala mmiri site n'ịkpụgharị ahụ ya ma ọ bụ iji brọsh ọnụ ya kwagharịa onwe ya. Larva na-agafe ọkwa utolite dị iche iche (instars) ma na-agbanwe akpụkpọ n'oge ọ bụla tupu ọ ghọọ pupa. E wezụga mgbe ha ka dị obere, ụmụ larva Aedes nwere ike iguzogide ebe kpọrọ nkụ, na-abanye n'ọnọdụ izu ike (diapause) ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri ha kporo nkwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang Walker Vulule Miller 2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot; widths=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:AnophelesLarvaPhoto_CDCHarryWeinburgh_publicdomain.jpg|''[[Anopheles]]'' larva
Faịlụ:Culex_restuans_larva_diagram_en.svg|Anatomy of a ''Culex'' larva
Faịlụ:Culex_sp_larvae.png|''Culex'' larvae plus one pupa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Pupa ===
Pupa anwụnta nwere isi na obi gwakọtara ọnụ ka cephalothorax, ebe afọ ya pịrị akpị n'okpuru. Pupa a na- enwere ike igwu mmiri nke ọma site n'ịkpụgharị afọ ya. Dị ka larva, ọ na-apụta n'elu mmiri ugboro ugboro iji kụọ ikuku site n'obere opi iku ume abụọ dị n'obi ya. Pupa anaghị eri nri, kama ọ na-ese naanị n'elu mmiri. Mgbe ihe na-eyi ya mgbagwoju anya, ọ na-amụbanye n'ala mmiri site n'ịkpụgharị afọ ya, mana ọ na-eseghachi n'elu n'oge na-adịghị anya. N'ikpeazụ, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-apụta site na pupa ahụ n'elu mmiri wee fepụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EPA life cycle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mosquito Life Cycle|date=21 February 2013|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle|publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]|accessdate=12 December 2023|archivedate=19 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219184319/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot; widths=&quot;400&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Underwater_view_of_mosquito_pupae_in_standing_water.jpg|Mosquito pupae, shortly before the adults emerged. The head and thorax are fused into the cephalothorax.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ndị toro eto na-enye nri ==

=== Nri ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Tasmania_crop.jpg|thumb|Nwanyị ''Aedes'' sp. na-eri ọbara sitere n'aka mmadụ. ]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wahid|first=Isra|date=2003|title=Maxillae and mandibles of male mosquitoes and female autogenous mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.150|pmid=12693842}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anụmanụ ndị bi na ya ===
Anwụnt

a na-aṅụ ọbara nwere anụmanụ pụrụ iche ha ka na-ahọrọ ịta, mana ha na-ata anụmanụ anya hụrụ mgbe nri na-anaghị adị mfe. Ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche na-aṅụ ọbara anụ bi n'ala na mmiri (amphibians), anụ na-akpụ akpụ dị ka agwọ, nnụnụ, na anụ na-enye nwa ara (mammals).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Chironius_scurrulus_(Yasuni)_(cropped)_with_mosquitoes.jpg|Feeding on a snake
Faịlụ:Mosquitoes_vs._Frog_(14555480700)_(cropped).jpg|Feeding on a frog
Faịlụ:JJeffreyApapaneMosquito.jpg|Feeding on a bird
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Ịchọta ndị Ọ ga-ebunye Ọrịa ===
[[Faịlụ:How_to_attract_mosquitoes.svg|thumb|Anụ anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara na-ahụ ndị na-elekọta ha site na iji ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere carbon dioxide, okpomọkụ, na ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche na-esi ísì ụtọ.]]
Ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-achọ nri n'isi ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ mgbede, wee gaa ezumike n'ebe dị jụụ mgbe okpomọkụ ehihie na-arị elu. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ụdị dị ka Asian tiger mosquito na-agagharị ma na-eri nri n'ehihie.

Anwụnta na-eji ọtụtụ njirimara pụrụ iche dị n'ahụ mmadụ wee họrọ onye ha ga-ata, n'ihi na nụrụ ísì CO2 n'ikuku na-akpali ha iji anya na usoro ịnụ ísì ha mewe nchọpụta miri emi. Nnyocha kemịkalụ na-egosi na ndị ahụ ha na-emepụta carboxylic acid n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na-adọta anwụnta kachasị. E wezụga nke ahụ, ísì ọsụsọ mmadụ nwere kemịkal pụrụ iche nke na-agwa anwụnta na ọ bụ mmadụ dị nso, ọ bụghị naanị anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ọbara ọkụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ísì ndị a (VOCs) na-apụta mgbe nje bacteria dị n'akpụkpọ ahụ na-agbari ọsụsọ, ebe ihe dị ka ịdị arọ ahụ, homonụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na nsogbu ahụike na-emekwa ka ísì ahụ onye ọ bụla dị iche. N'ikpeazụ, nje Plasmodium nke na-ebute ịba nwere ike ịgbanwe ísì onye ọrịa site na ime ka ọ mepụta nnukwu kemịkal aldehydes dị ka heptanal, octanal, na nonanal. Mpi anwụnta (antennae) na-achọpụta ísì ndị a ngwa ngwa, nke na-eme ka anwụnta na-akachasị ata ndị e mebiri ahụ site n'ọrịa ịba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Robinson|first=Ailie|date=May 2018|title=Plasmodium -associated changes in human odor attract mosquitoes|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|volume=115|issue=18|pages=E4209–E4218|doi=10.1073/pnas.1721610115|pmid=29666273}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E wezụga ịnụ ísì, anwụnta na-ejikwa anya ha na-achọ onye ha ga-ata site n'ileba anya n'ụdị ụcha dị iche iche. Ha na- enwere mmasị siri ike n'agba nwere ogologo wavelengths, nke na- pụta ìhè dị ka ụcha mmanụ anwụ (oroma) na ọbara ọbara—ụcha ndị pụrụ iche n'akpụkpọ mmadụ n'agbanyeghị ụdị agba anyị nwere. E wezụga nke ahụ, ha na- achọkarị ihe ndị gbara ọchịchịrị na ihe nwere contrast doro anya, n'ihi otú agba ndị a siri na-apụta ìhè mgbe e jiri ha tụnyere ebe ndị na-acha ọkụ n'azụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Alonso San Alberto|first=Diego|date=2022-02-04|title=The olfactory gating of visual preferences to human skin and visible spectra in mosquitoes|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=13|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28195-x|pmid=35121739}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Culex_mosquito_proboscis.jpg|thumb|Foto microscope eletrọn nke ọnụ nke anwụnta ''Culex'']]
.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;Ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche emepụtala usoro pụrụ iche e ji amata mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ha chọrọ ịta. Nnyocha e mere n'etiti ụdị Aedes aegypti na-ata naanị mmadụ na nke na-ata anụmanụ na-egosi na mmasị ha nwere maka ísì mmadụ sitere na mmụba nke receptor e ji amata kemịkalụ sulcatone n'ísì mmadụ, nke a na-akpọ AaegOr4. Agbanyeghị na anwụnta ịba Anopheles gambiae nwekwara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa OR4 nke sulcatone na-akpali, ha na AaegOr4 enweghị njikọ chiri anya. Nke a na-egosi na ụdị anwụnta abụọ a mụtara ịta mmadụ n'ụzọ dị iche n'onwe ha n'agbanyeghị na ha enweghị otu usoro evolushọn (evolution).

=== Akụkụ ọnụ ===
Akụkụ ọnụ anwụnta nke nwanyị na-amụta nke ọma na ịpịa akpụkpọ ahụ na ịmị ọbara. Ụmụ nwoke na-aṅụ naanị mmiri shuga, ha nwekwara ọnụ ndị na-adịchaghị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahid Sunahara Mogi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wahid|first=Isra|title=Maxillae and Mandibles of Male Mosquitoes and Female Autogenous Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=40|issue=2|date=2003-03-01|doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.150|pages=150–158|pmid=12693842}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR mouthparts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Quirós|first=Gabriela|title=WATCH: Mosquitoes Use 6 Needles To Suck Your Blood|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/480653821/watch-mosquitoes-use-6-needles-to-suck-your-blood|publisher=NPR|accessdate=13 December 2023|date=June 7, 2016|archivedate=3 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103011402/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/480653821/watch-mosquitoes-use-6-needles-to-suck-your-blood}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Choo Buss Tan Leal 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Choo|first=Young-Moo|title=Multitasking roles of mosquito labrum in oviposition and blood feeding|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=6|date=2015-10-29|pmid=26578978|doi=10.3389/fphys.2015.00306}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zahran Sawires Hamza 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zahran|first=Nagwan|title=Piercing and sucking mouth parts sensilla of irradiated mosquito, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) with gamma radiation|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=12|issue=1|date=2022-10-25|pmid=36284127|doi=10.1038/s41598-022-22348-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'èzí, usoro nri doro anya nke anwụnta bụ proboscis, nke nwere egbugbere ọnụ, U-shaped na ngalaba dị ka Mmiri ozuzo, nke na-ekpuchi ụyọkọ (fascicle) nke ọnụ isii na-agbapu ma ọ bụ stylets. Ndị a bụ agbà abụọ, agbà abụọ ahụ, hypopharynx, na labrum. Ọnụ ya na-agbadata n'ime ụta mgbe anwụnta ahụ malitere ịta, na-anọgide na-emetụ akpụkpọ ahụ aka ma na-eduzi stylets ala. A na-ebugharị isi ndị dị nkọ nke labrum na maxillae azụ na n'ihu iji hụ ụzọ ha ga-esi banye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ, na naanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ike ga-adị mkpa iji banye n'ahụ ahụ na agịga, na-akpata ntinye na-enweghị ihe mgbu.&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;275&quot; widths=&quot;350&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Evolution_of_mosquito_mouthparts.svg|Evolution of mosquito mouthparts, with grasshopper mouthparts (shown both ''in situ'' and separately) representing a more primitive condition. All the mouthparts except the labium are stylets, formed into a fascicle or bundle.
Faịlụ:Feeding_mosquito,_mouthparts_labelled.svg|Mouthparts of a female mosquito while feeding on blood, showing the flexible labium sheath supporting the piercing and sucking tube which penetrates the host's skin
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Mmanụ ala ===
E wezụga nke ahụ, mkpịsị anwụnta (saliva) nwere enzymes dị pụrụ iche nke na-enyere ha aka igbari nri shuga ha na-aṅụ, yana ihe ndị na-egbochi nje (antimicrobial agents) nke na-alụso uto nje bacteria ọgụ n'ime nri shuga ah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rossignol|first=P.A.|title=Bacteriolytic factor in the salivary glands of Aedes aegypti|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry|volume=83|issue=4|pages=819–822|year=1986|pmid=3519067|doi=10.1016/0305-0491(86)90153-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpịsị anwụnta (saliva) nwere ngwakọta pụrụ iche nke proteins na-enyere ya aka ịṅụ ọbara n'enweghị nsogbu site n'ichetara ma mebie usoro nchekwa ahụ nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ mmadụ ọ na-ata.

=== Ọganihu àkwá na ịgbari ọbara ===
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anopheles stephensi'' nwanyị na-etinye ọbara ma malite ịfe mmiri na-achọghị iji mee ohere n'ime eriri afọ ya maka ihe ndị ọzọ siri ike.]]
Mgb anwụnta nwanyị aṅụchaa ọbara buru ibu, nri ahụ na-akpali homonụ na-amalite mmepe àkwá n'ahụ ya. Mgbe ọ dọpụtara proboscis ya, eriri afọ ya jupụtara na ọbara na-ewepụta peritrophic membrane nke na-ekpuchi ọbara ahụ ka ọ kewapụ ya n'akụkụ afọ ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ọtụtụ ahụhụ na-aṅụ mmiri, anwụnta na-ewepụta mmiri karịrị akarị n'ahụ ya ọbụna mgbe ọ ka na-aṅụ ọbara ahụ, nke na-enyere ya aka ịnakọta naanị protin na ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ na-enweghị ibu mmiri arọ.

== Nbudata ==

=== Ọdịdị Ụwa ===
Anwụnt

a nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ (cosmopolitans), n'ihi na a na-enweta ha n'ala dum n'ụwa ma e wezụga Antarctica na obere agwaetiti ole na ole.

Àkwá

anwụnta ndị bi n'ebe oyi (temperate regions) na-agụ ike iguzogide oyi karịa àkwá ụdị sitere n'ebe na-ekpo ọkụ (tropics). Ọtụtụ na-aguzogide okpomọkụ dị ala nke ukwuu, ebe ndị tolitere etolite n'ime ụdị ụfọdụ na-alanarị oge oyi site n'izobe n'obere ebe dị jụụ dị ka oghere osisi ma ọ bụ n'ime ụlọ.

=== Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Horton|first=Helena|date=21 October 2025|title=Mosquitoes found in Iceland for first time as climate crisis warms country|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/oct/21/mosquitoes-found-iceland-first-time-climate-crisis-warms-country}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==

=== Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na nje ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Beck|first=Kevin|title=What Eats Mosquitoes?|date=November 22, 2019|url=https://sciencing.com/eats-mosquitoes-8568515.html|accessdate=31 May 2021|work=Sciencing|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215704/https://sciencing.com/eats-mosquitoes-8568515.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe anwụnta tolitere etolite pụta n'elu ọdọ mmiri, ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri anụ dị ka Empididae, Dolichopodidae, na ududo na-ejide ma na-eri ha ngwa ngwa. E wezụga nke ahụ, nnụnụ dị ka swifts na swallows, yana anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụsụ, na-achụ ma na-eri anwụnta ndị a mgbe ha na-efe efe n'ikuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medlock Snow 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Medlock|first=J. M.|title=Natural predators and parasites of British mosquitoes–a review|journal=European Mosquito Bulletin|volume=25|issue=1|year=2008|pages=1–11|url=https://e-m-b.myspecies.info/sites/e-m-b.org/files/European_Mosquito_Bulletin_Publications811/EMB25/EMB25_1.pdf|accessdate=15 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E wezụga anụmanụ na-eri ha, anwụnta na-arịawanye ọrịa site na obere ihe ndị dị ndụ na nje dị iche iche. Dị ka ihe atụ, ụmụ ahụhụ hydrachnid, ciliates dị ka Glaucoma, na microsporidians dị ka Thelohania na-amụba n'ahụ ha. E wezụga ha, ụdị fungi dị iche iche sitere na ezinụlọ Saprolegniaceae na Entomophthoraceae na-ebukwa anwụnta ọrịa ma na-egbu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medlock Snow 2008&quot; /&gt;

=== Mkpụrụ osisi ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_on_marigold_flower.JPG|thumb|Anụ anwụnta na-eleta okooko osisi marigold maka ihe na-atọ ụtọ]]
Ọtụtụ okooko osisi gụnyere ndị otu Asteraceae, Rosaceae na [[Orchid|Orchidaceae]] na-agbanye site na anwụnta, nke na-eleta iji nweta mmiri shuga. Njikọ osisi ole na ole bụ ndị pụrụ iche maka mmịpụta anwụnta, dị ka ''Platanthera'' orchids nke ụdị ''Aedes'' na-eme mmịpụta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Foster|first=Woodbridge A.|date=2024|title=Mosquito pollination of plants: an overview of their role and an assessment of the possible contribution of disease vectors|journal=[[Transgenic Research]]|volume=33|issue=5|pages=297–322|doi=10.1007/s11248-024-00394-w|pmid=39172353}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-adọrọ mmasị na okooko osisi site na ọtụtụ semiochemicals dị ka alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, na terpenes. Ha nwekwara ike iji akara ngosi anya gụnyere UV reflectivity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shannon|first=Danica M|date=2024|title=Mosquito floral visitation and pollination|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214574524000725|journal=Current Opinion in Insect Science|language=en|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.cois.2024.101230|pmid=38971524|accessdate=25 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anụ anwụnta eletawo ma na-eme ka okooko osisi na-agbasa kemgbe oge Cretaceous. O kwere omume na anwụnta na-amị ọbara na-amịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peach-Gries-2020&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịkpa Onwe Anụ ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;Poulin Randhawa 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Poulin|first=Robert|title=Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to genomics|journal=[[Parasitology (journal)|Parasitology]]|date=February 2015|volume=142|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S6–S15|doi=10.1017/S0031182013001674|pmid=24229807}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị ==

=== Ihe ndekọ fossil ===
[[Faịlụ:Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg|alt=Fossilized mosquito encased in amber|thumb|Anụ anwụnta Culex malariager butere nje ịba ''[[Dominican Republic|Dominican]]&quot; id=&quot;mwA2o&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Plasmodium dominicana&quot;&gt;Plasmodium Dominicana'', na amber Dominican nke afọ Miocene, 15-20 nde afọ gara aga &lt;ref name=&quot;Poinar 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Poinar|first=George|title=Evolutionary History of Terrestrial Pathogens and Endoparasites as Revealed in Fossils and Subfossils|journal=Advances in Biology|volume=2014|date=2014-06-12|doi=10.1155/2014/181353|pages=1–29}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2023 tụrụ aro na Libanoculex intermedius a chọtara na Lebanese amber (sitere n'oge Barremian nke Early Cretaceous, ihe dị ka nde afọ 125 gara aga) bụ anwụnta kacha ochie a maara. Otú ọ dị, a na-arụ ụka n'ezie njirimara ya, ebe ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ na-alụ na ọ bụ ụdị chaoborid kama.

=== Nchịkọta ===
There are over 3,700&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: About the mosquito|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/index.html|date=2024|accessdate=8 August 2025|archivedate=7 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807042937/https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; species of mosquitoes; 112 genera have been described. They are traditionally divided into two subfamilies, the Anophelinae and the Culicinae, which carry different diseases. Roughly speaking, protozoal diseases like malaria are transmitted by anophelines, while viral diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever are transmitted by culicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;Molina-Cruz Lehmann Knöckel 2013 pp. 530–537&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Molina-Cruz|first=Alvaro|title=Could culicine mosquitoes transmit human malaria?|journal=[[Trends in Parasitology]]|volume=29|issue=11|date=2013|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2013.09.003|pages=530–537|pmid=24140295}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye Germany na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ bụ Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha Culicidae na nhazi nke mpịakọta asaa ya nke e bipụtara na 1818-1838. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meigen 1818&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Meigen|first=Johann Wilhelm|authorlink=Johann Wilhelm Meigen|date=1818–1838|title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten|language=de|location=Aachen|publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/9/mode/1up|accessdate=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere ka ụyọkọ ụmụ ahụhụ dị elu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ Frederick Vincent Theobald bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke ise na Culicidae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Theobald1901&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Theobald|first=Frederick Vincent|authorlink=Frederick Vincent Theobald|date=1901|title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes|location=London|publisher=[[British Museum (Natural History)]]|url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n3/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere ya ihe atụ anwụnta e zigara na British Museum (Natural History)  site na gburugburu ụwa, na ntụziaka nke 1898 nke odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain, onye dere na &quot;n'ihi njikọ nwere ike ịdị na ịba na anwụnta, ọ dị mma inweta ihe ọmụma ziri ezi banyere ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị jikọtara ya na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Ya mere, m ga-arịọ gị ... ka ị nweta nchịkọta nke ụmụ ahụhụ nwere nku na Colony nke ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ anụmanụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harbach Kitching 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Harbach|first=R. E.|date=January 2016|title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=[[Zoologica Scripta]]|volume=45|pages=34–47|url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216|doi=10.1111/zsc.12137|accessdate=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịdị ===

==== N'èzí ====
Anụ anwụnta bụ ndị otu ezinụlọ nke ezi ụmụ ahụhụ (usoro Diptera) : Culicidae (site na Latịn {{Lang|la|culex}}, genitive {{Lang|la|culicis}}, nke pụtara &quot;midge&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;gnat&quot;). &lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-398-06179-3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jaeger|first=Edmund C.|authorlink=Edmund Jaeger|title=A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms|publisher=Thomas|location=Springfield, Ill|year=1959}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụ ndị otu Culicomorpha na superfamily Culicoidea. Osisi phylogenetic dabeere na ọrụ FLYTREE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yeates|first=David K.|title=Phylogeny of True Flies (Diptera): A 250 Million Year Old Success Story in Terrestrial Diversification|url=http://www.inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/|work=Flytree|publisher=Illinois Natural History Survey|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228210535/http://inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/|archivedate=28 December 2015|accessdate=24 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yeates|first=David K.|title=Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects|year=2007|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=1668|pages=565–590|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.27}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clade|{{clade 
   |1={{clade 
      |1=[[Ptychopteromorpha]] (phantom and primitive crane-flies) [[File:Ptychoptera contaminata male Walker 1856 plate-XXVIII.png|70px]]
      |label2=[[Culicomorpha]] 
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Chironomidae]] (non-biting midges) [[File:Chironomus ferrugineovittatus m.png|70px]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=Simulioidea (blackflies and biting midges) [[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 11052 Biting midge on human skin (cropped).jpg|60px]]
            |label2=[[Culicoidea]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Dixidae]] (meniscus midges) [[File:Dixa nebulosa adult John Curtis British Entomology 409.png|70px]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Corethrellidae]] (frog-biting midges)
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[[Chaoboridae]] (phantom midges) [[File:Chaoborus crystallinus male as Corethra plumicornis (Walker Insecta Britanica Vol 3 page 397 plate XXV).png|60px]]
                     |2='''Culicidae''' [[File:Stegomyia fasciata.jpg|100px]]
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |2={{clade
      |1=other midges and gnats [[File:Isoneuromyia annandalei.jpg|70px]]
      |2=all other flies, inc. [[Brachycera]] [[File:Syrphidae icon.jpg|70px]]
      }}
   }}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;|label1=[[Diptera]]|sublabel1=(true flies)}}Ezinụlọ abụọ nke anwụnta bụ Anophelinae, nke nwere ụdị atọ na ihe dịka ụdị 430, na Culicinae, Nke nwere agbụrụ 11, ụdị 108 na ụdị 3,046. Kyanne Reidenbach na ndị ọrụ ibe ya nyochara phylogenetics nke anwụnta na 2009, na-eji ma DNA nuklia na ọdịdị nke ụdị 26. Ha na-ekwu na Anophelinae gosipụtara na ọ bụ ihe dị n'okpuru, mana akụkụ ndị dị omimi nke osisi ahụ anaghị edozi nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reidenbach Cook Bertone Harbach 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Reidenbach|first=Kyanne R.|title=Phylogenetic analysis and temporal diversification of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) based on nuclear genes and morphology|journal=[[BMC Evolutionary Biology]]|volume=9|issue=1|date=2009|pmid=20028549|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-298}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clade|{{clade
   |1=basal spp.
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Anophelinae]] 
      |1=[[File:Anopheles gambiae mosquito feeding 1354.p lores.jpg|125px]]
      |label2=[[Culicinae]] 
      |2={{clade
         |1=other spp.
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Aedini]] [[File:Aedes aegypti feeding (cropped).jpg|125px]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=other spp.
               |2=[[Sabethini]] [[File:Sabethes albiprivus (cropped).jpg|125px]]
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;|label1='''Culicidae'''}}

== Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ mmadụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg|thumb|''Anopheles albimanus'' na-eri nri n'aka mmadụ. Dị ka anwụnta bụ naanị ihe na-ebute [[Iba|ịba]], ịchịkwa ha na-ebelata ọbịbịa ya.]]

=== Ihe ndị na-ebute ọrịa ===
Anụ anwụnta bụ ihe na-ebute ọtụtụ microorganisms na-akpata ọrịa gụnyere nje bacteria, Nje virus, na protozoan parasites. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ 700 na-arịa ọrịa anwụnta kwa afọ, na-akpata ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EBMED2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mosquito as Deadly Menace|url=https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link|publisher=[[Pfizer]]|accessdate=10 December 2023|archivedate=25 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825170028/https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Explainer: How climate change is amplifying mosquito-borne diseases|url=https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases|accessdate=2024-06-20|work=World Mosquito Program|date=22 April 2022|archivedate=27 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127042108/https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa nje virus na-ebute site na anwụnta na-agụnye yellow fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2 014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219011908/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|archivedate=19 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[chikungunya]] na dengue fever, niile na-ebufe site na ''Aedes aegypti''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf|title=Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|year=2009|isbn=978-92-4-154787-1|accessdate=2013-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC250814&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|work=BBC News|date=14 August 2025|first=Dominic|author=Hughes|title=UK cases of mosquito-borne virus more than double|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c7419g1l488o|accessdate=14 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa parasitic nke anwụnta na-ebute gụnyere [[Iba|ịba]] na lymphatic filariasis. Nje ''[[Plasmodium]]'' nke na-akpata ịba bụ nke anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' na-ebu. Lymphatic filariasis, isi ihe na-akpata elephantiasis, na-agbasa site na ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lymphatic Filariasis|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation]]|accessdate=24 August 2011|archivedate=5 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505163529/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa nje bacteria nke anwụnta ''Culex'' na ''Culiseta'' na-agbasa bụ tularemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21776596&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Muslu|first=H.|title=[Evaluation of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) identified in Manisa province according to their breeding sites and seasonal differences]|language=tr|journal=Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi|volume=35|issue=2|pages=100–104|year=2011|pmid=21776596|doi=10.5152/tpd.2011.25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchịkwa ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Netting.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta anwụnta nwere ike igbochi ndị mmadụ ịta ha mgbe ha na-ehi ụra.]]
A nwalere ọtụtụ usoro maka Nchịkwa anwụnta, gụnyere iwepụ ebe ha na-amụ nwa, iwepụ site na windo windo na ụgbụ anwụnta, nchịkwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na nje dịka fungi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/10/science/10mosquito.html|title=Fungus Fatal to Mosquito May Aid Global War on Malaria|date=10 June 2005|work=The New York Times|accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kramer|first=J.P.|title=''Entomophthora culicis'' (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales) as a pathogen of ''adultaedes aegypti'' (diptera, culicidae)|journal=Aquatic Insects|volume=4|issue=2|pages=73–79|year=1982|doi=10.1080/01650428209361085}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nematodes,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shamseldean|first=M.M.|title=''Romanomermis culicivorax'': penetration of larval mosquitoes|journal=[[Journal of Invertebrate Pathology]]|volume=54|issue=2|pages=191–199|date=September 1989|pmid=2570111|doi=10.1016/0022-2011(89)90028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ ndị na-eri ibe ha dị ka azụ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Krumholz|first=Louis A.|title=Reproduction in the Western Mosquitofish, ''Gambusia affinis affinis'' (Baird &amp; Girard), and Its Use in Mosquito Control|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=18|issue=1|year=1948|pages=1–43|doi=10.2307/1948627}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jianguo-Dashu-1995&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-27870-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html|chapter=Part III: Interactions - 31. A Comparative Study of the Ability of Fish to Catch Mosquito Larva|title=Rice-fish culture in China|isbn=978-1-55250-313-3|year=1995|publisher=International Development Research Centre|first=Wang|author=Jianguo|editor=MacKay}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fradin|first=M.S.|title=Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician's guide|journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]]|volume=128|issue=11|pages=931–940|date=June 1998|pmid=9634433|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-128-11-199806010-00013}}&lt;/ref&gt; copepods,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marten|first=G.G.|title=Cyclopoid copepods|journal=Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association|volume=23|issue=2 Suppl|pages=65–92|year=2007|pmid=17853599|doi=10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[65:CC]2.0.CO;2}}&lt;/ref&gt; dragonfly nymphs na ndị okenye, na ụfọdụ ụdị ezé na agụ owuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Canyon|first=D.V.|title=The gecko: an environmentally friendly biological agent for mosquito control|journal=Medical and Veterinary Entomology|volume=11|issue=4|pages=319–323|date=October 1997|pmid=9430109|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00416.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụzọ ọzọ bụ iwebata ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ nwoke na-adịghị amị. &lt;ref name=&quot;twsE44&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Carpenter|first=Jennifer|title=Spermless mosquitoes hold promise to stop malaria|publisher=[[BBC]]|quote=Scientists have created spermless mosquitoes in an effort to curb the spread of malaria.|date=8 August 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14422440|accessdate=5 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa gụnyere enweghị nkwekọrịta cytoplasmic, translocations chromosomal, mgbagwoju anya mmekọahụ na mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ nketa, ngwọta a na-ahụ dị ka ihe dị ọnụ ala na nke na-adịghị adabere na mgbochi vector. A tụwo aro ịchịkwa anwụnta na-ebu ọrịa site na iji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kyrou|first=Kyros Kyrou|title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting ''doublesex'' causes complete population suppression in caged ''Anopheles gambiae'' mosquitoes|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=36|issue=11|pages=1062–1066|date=Sep 24, 2018|doi=10.1038/nbt.4245|pmid=30247490|url=http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/64952/11/nbt.4245.pdf|accessdate=September 23, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Michael Le Page|title=Gene tool could halt malaria spread|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=Sep 29, 2018|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931974-000-evolution-defying-dna-makes-mosquitoes-infertile-by-changing-their-sex|accessdate=November 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe Na-egbochi ===
[[Faịlụ:Insect_repellents_in_Finnish_store.jpg|thumb|Ihe na-egbochi anwụnta (gụnyere coil anwụnta) n'ụlọ ahịa Finland]]
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf|title=Electronic mosquito repellents for preventing mosquito bites and malaria infection|accessdate=2018-09-19|archivedate=2017-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808175758/http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-etinye ihe na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ iji nweta nchebe pụọ n'ịta anwụnta. Kemịkalụ DEET na-achụpụ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ dị mma. Dị ka nhazi CDC si dị, ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ a na-atụ aro gụnyere picaridin, mmanụ eucalyptus (PMD), na ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535). E wezụga nke ahụ, pyrethrum nke sitere n'osisi Chrysanthemum bụ ihe mgbochi okike sitere na osisi. Agbanyeghị na a na-ere ngwaọrụ eletrọniki na-emepụta ultrasound iji gbochie anwụnta, enweghị nnyocha sitere na EPA ma ọ bụ mahadum gosiri na ngwaọrụ ndị a na-egbochi anwụnta ịta mmadụ n'ezie.

=== Ịta ===
Ịta anw

ụnta na-ebute mmeghachi omume dị iche iche n'akpụkpọ ahụ, nke pụrụ ikpata ahụ erughị ala siri ike ma ma a tụnyere ịta ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe na-ebute ụdị mmeghachi omume a bụ ahụ mmadụ ịmụta mgbochigabiga (hypersensitivity) n'ihi protin na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mkpịsị anwụnta.

== Na omenala mmadụ ==

=== Akụkọ ifo ndị Gris ===
[[Faịlụ:Rackham-gnat_and_bull.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Arthur Rackham nke akụkọ ifo nke &quot;The Bull and the Mosquito&quot;, 1912]]
Akụkọ ifo anụ ọhịa ndị Grik oge ochie gụnyere &quot;Enyí na Anụgbụgbọ&quot; na &quot;Nku na Anụgbọ Anụgbọ&quot;, na omume ọma n'ozuzu na nnukwu anụ ọhịa ahụ anaghị ahụ ọbụna obere, sitere na Mesopotemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adrados1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Adrados|first=Francisco Rodríguez|authorlink=Francisco Rodríguez Adrados|title=History of the Graeco-Latin Fable|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=093Gl8KEktMC&amp;pg=PA324|year=1999|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-11454-8|accessdate=2016-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akụkọ ifo mmalite ===
Ndị Siberia nwere akụkọ ifo gbasara anwụnta. Otu akụkọ ifo Ostiak na-akọ banyere nnukwu mmadụ na-eri mmadụ, ''Punegus'', onye dike gburu ma ọ gaghị anọgide na-anwụ. Onye dike ahụ mechara gbaa dike ahụ ọkụ, mana ntụ nke ọkụ ahụ ghọrọ anwụnta na-aga n'ihu na-ata ahụhụ. Akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ sitere na ndị Yakut, Goldes (Ndị Nanai), na Samoyed nwere ahụhụ sitere na ntụ ma ọ bụ iberibe nke ụfọdụ nnukwu ihe e kere eke ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. Akụkọ ndị yiri nke a chọtara n'akụkọ ifo ndị North America, na anwụnta sitere na ntụ nke onye na-eri mmadụ, na-atụ aro mmalite otu. Ndị Tatar nke Altai nwere ụdị nke otu akụkọ ifo ahụ, nke gụnyere iberibe nnukwu onye nwụrụ anwụ, ''Andalma-Muus'', na-aghọ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ.

Lafcadio Hearn na-ekwu na na Japan, a na-ahụ anwụnta dị ka reincarnations nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ, ndị njehie nke ndụ ha gara aga katọrọ na ọnọdụ nke ''Jiki-ketsu-gaki'', ma ọ bụ &quot;ihe na-aṅụ ọbara&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hearn|first=Lafcadio|authorlink=Lafcadio Hearn|chapter=Mosquitoes|title=Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|origdate=1968|year=2020|isbn=978-1-4209-6751-7|pages=72–74}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Winsor_McCay_(1912)_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm|thumbtime=00:36|alt=Silent animated black-and-white film of a giant mosquito drinking blood from a sleeping man.|thumb|''How a Mosquito Operates'' (1912)]]
Ihe nkiri Winsor McCay nke 1912 How a Mosquito Operates bụ otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke animation. A kọwawo ya dị anya karịa oge ya na nkà na ụzụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Webster|first=Chris|title=Action Analysis for Animators|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jylUYRFfcywC|year=2012|publisher=[[Focal Press]]|isbn=978-0-240-81218-2|accessdate=2022-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-egosi nnukwu anwụnta na-emekpa nwoke na-ehi ụra ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Canemaker|first=John|authorlink=John Canemaker|title=Winsor McCay: His Life and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vs82AQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=[[Abrams Books]]|isbn=978-0-8109-5941-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụgbọ mmiri iri na abụọ nke Royal Navy bu aha HMS Mosquito ma ọ bụ ụdị ochie nke aha ahụ, HMS ''Musquito'' . 

de Havilland Mosquito bụ ụgbọ elu na-agba ọsọ nke e mepụtara n'etiti 1940 na 1950, ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=De Havilland Mosquito|url=http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html|publisher=The Aviation History Online Museum|accessdate=21 November 2015|archivedate=11 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111050938/http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Obodo Russia nke Berezniki na-eme emume anwụnta ya kwa afọ site na 17th nke July ruo 20th na asọmpi &quot;nwa agbọghọ kachasị mma&quot;. N'asọmpi ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-eguzo maka nkeji iri abụọ na uwe mkpụmkpụ na uwe mkpuchi (British: vests), onye na-enweta ọtụtụ ihe na-emeri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-33525015|title=Russia: Mosquitoes honoured at annual festival|work=BBC News|date=July 14, 2015|accessdate=5 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-etinye Agịga sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Mosquito proboscis na imewe Biomimetic maka iji ya mee ihe na ọgwụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gurera|first=Dev|title=Lessons from mosquitoes' painless piercing|journal=Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials|date=August 2018|volume=84|pages=178–187|doi=10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.025|pmid=29793155}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=Annie D. R.|title=Mosquito proboscis-inspired needle insertion to reduce tissue deformation and organ displacement|journal=Scientific Reports|date=22 July 2020|volume=10|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-68596-w|pmid=32699296}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}

== Ihe odide ==
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      <text bytes="47223" sha1="iqb9sjlnmh19lvtui0o7qfmtlhlst5t" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange |99|0|earliest=125}} &lt;small&gt;[[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Cenomanian]]) – Recent&lt;/small&gt;
| image = Aedes aegypti.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'', the main [[Disease vector|vector]] of [[yellow fever]]
| taxon = Culicidae
| authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1818&lt;ref name=mosqInv&gt;{{cite web |url=https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 |title=Family Culicidae Meigen, 1818 |date=November 2, 2008 |last=Harbach |first=Ralph |work=Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory |access-date=December 26, 2025 |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003061320/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 |url-status=dead }}, see also [https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list Valid Species List] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315103505/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list |date=March 15, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = *[[List of mosquito genera#Subfamily Anophelinae|Anophelinae]]
*[[Culicinae]]
| diversity = 112 genera
| diversity_link = List of mosquito genera &lt;!--Culicidae#Systematics--&gt;
}}
'''Anwụnta (nke sitere na ezinụlọ ''Culicidae'')''' bụ obere ahụhụ nwere ihe dị ka ụdị puku atọ na narị isii dị iche iche. Ahụ ha siri gịrịgịrị, nke e kewaara ekewa, nwee nku abụọ, ụkwụ gbatịrị ogologo, na proboscis pụrụ iche e ji amị ihe. Anwụnta niile na-eri mmiri ara okooko osisi, mana ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ ụdị ha amụtala ịṅụ ọbara.

Ha gbasara nke ukwuu n'ụwa n'oge Cretaceous. N'ihe gbasara sayensị, ndị ọkà mmụta Ihe Ndụ na-ele anwụnta anya dị ka ''micropredators''—obere anụmanụ na-aṅụ ọbara anụmanụ ka ukwuu n'egbughị ha ozugbo. Mgbe nke ahụ na-eme, ndị ọkachamara na-amụ maka ọrịa na-ahụ ha dị ka ndị na-ebufe nje (vectors), sị otu a na-esi n'otu onye gaa n'ozor na-agbasa protozoa, bacteria, ma ọ bụ virus.

Ihe e ji amara usoro ndụ anwụnta bụ ọkwa anọ pụrụ iche: àkwà, larva, pupa, na anwụnta tolitere etolite. Mgbe anwụnta yịrị àkwà n'elu mmiri, ha na-aghọ ụmụ ahụhụ na-agagharị agagharị (larvae) nke na-eri ahịhịa mmiri na ihe ndị mepụrụ emepụ. Ụmụ larva ndị a bụ nri dị mkpa nye anụmanụ mmiri dị ka azụ, ụmụ dragonfly, na ụfọdụ nnụnụ. Mgbe ha tolitere, ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-eji ọnụ ha pụrụ iche ama ahụ anụmanụ dị iche iche iji ṅụọ ọbara ha, nke bụ sọosọ ihe na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịyị àkwà.

Mgbe anwụnta gbara mmadu, ọ na-agba nsị ya n'ahụ onye ahụ, nke na-ebutekarị ọzịza na itching. E wezụga nke ahụ, ụmụ anwụnta ndị na-aṅụ ọbara na-enwere ike ịmịrị nje na-ebute ọrịa mgbe ha gbara onye bu ya, ma nwee ike ibuba ya n'ahụ onye ọzọ. Ihe atụ nke ọrịa ndị a gụnyere ọrịa parasites dị ka ịba na filariasis, gbaknyere ọrịa arbovirus dị ka yellow fever na dengue fever. N'ihi oké mgbasa nke ọrịa ndị a site n’anwụnta, ha na-egbu ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ n'ụwa niile kwa afọ.

== Nkọwa na ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Life-Cycle.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|frameless]]
Usoro ndụ anwụnta nwere ọkwa anọ pụrụ iche: àkwá, igurube (larva), pupụ, na anwụnta toro eto. Ọkwa atọ mbụ na-eme kpamkpam n'ime mmiri kwụ otu ebe, ebe a na-etinye àkwá ha. Mgbe àkwá ndị ahụ pụtara dị ka igurube, ha na-eri nri, na-eto, wee gbanwee ghọọ pupae. N'ikpeazụ, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-apụta site na pupa ahụ mgbe ọ na-ese n'elu mmiri. N'ozuzu, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-adị ndụ site n'otu izu ruo otu ọnwa, n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ ụdị na- enwere ike ịnọ n'ọnọdụ izu ike (diapause) wee gafere oge oyi..

=== Ndị toro eto ===
Anwụnta bụ obere ụmụ ahụhụ nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke na-adịkarị ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ oji, nwere ogologo sitere na milimita 3 ruo 6. Ha nwere otu nku abụọ dị warara, nwere scaly na ha, yana ogologo ụkwụ. Mgbe anwụnta na-ezu ike, ha na-etinyekarị ụkwụ ha nke mbụ gawa n'akụkụ. Anwụnta Anopheles nwere ike ife gaa n'ihu ruo kilomita 12 n'otu abalị n'agbụghị nkwụsị. Ụmụ nwoke na-eti nku ha ugboro 450 ruo 600 n'otu sekọnd site n'ike uru ahụ ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ obere ahụhụ, dị ka ụdị Aedes, ụdị ụfọdụ dị ka Toxorhynchites nwere ike itolite n'ogologo ahụ na nku nke ka ukwuu n'ezie.

&lt;ref name=&quot;UF/IFAS A. gambiae&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=African malaria mosquito|url=https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_gambiae.htm|publisher=[[University of Florida]]|accessdate=11 February 2024|archivedate=30 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330125827/https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_gambiae.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anụ anwụnta nwere ike itolite site na àkwá ruo okenye na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike iwe ihe ruru otu ọnwa.[1] N'isi ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ mgbede, n'ime ụbọchị nke pupating, ndị nwoke na-agbakọta n'ìgwè, na-alụ mgbe ndị nwanyị na-efe efe.[2] Nwanyị ahụ na-alụ naanị otu ugboro n'oge ndụ ya, na-adọrọ mmasị site na pheromones nke nwoke ahụ na-ewepụta.[3][4] N'ime ụdị ndị chọrọ ọbara ka àkwá ahụ too, nke nne na-achọta onye na-elekọta ya ma na-aṅụ ọbara zuru ezu. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-ezu ike ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ iji gbarie nri ahụ ma kwe ka àkwá ya too. Mgbe ahụ, ọ dị njikere itinye àkwá ma megharịa usoro nri na ịtụrụ.[2] Ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ibi ruo izu atọ n'ọhịa, dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, ikike ha nwere inweta nri ọbara, na izere ịbụ ndị anụ ha na-egbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC Anopheles&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/|accessdate=December 13, 2023|date=July 16, 2020|archivedate=9 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909055158/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peach-Gries-2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Peach|first=Daniel A. H.|title=Mosquito phytophagy – sources exploited, ecological function, and evolutionary transition to haematophagy|journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata|issue=2|doi=10.1111/eea.12852|year=2019|volume=168|pages=120–136}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;450&quot; widths=&quot;300&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Culex_pipiens_diagram_en.svg|Ọdịdị ahụ nke anwụnta nwanyị toro eto
Faịlụ:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|Anwụnta yellow fever toro eto ''Aedes aegypti'', nke bụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị n’ime subfamily Culicinae. Nwoke (n’aka ekpe) nwere antenna juru ajị na palps dị ogologo karịa nke nwanyị (n’aka nri).
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Àkwá ===
Anwụnta na-enyekarị àkwá ha n'ime mmiri na-agagharịghị agagharị, dị ka ọdọ mmiri, ala apịtị, ma ọ bụ mmiri sọpụrụ n'oghere osisi na n'agbata akwụkwọ osisi bromeliad. Ụdị ụfọdụ na-eyi àkwá ha n'akụkụ mmiri ma ọ bụ n'elu ahịhịa mmiri. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ụfọdụ ụdị pụrụ iche dị ka Opifex fuscus na- amụ n'ime mmiri nnu gbara gburugburu ọdọ, ebe Wyeomyia smithii na-amụ n'ime ogbo osisi pitcher, ebe ụmụ larva ha na-eri ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ mmiri riri n'ebe ahụ.


&lt;ref name=&quot;Amorim Sa Rojas Santos Neto 2022 pp. 631–637&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Amorim|first=J. A.|title=Aquatic Macrophytes Hosting Immature Mansonia (Mansonia) Blanchard, 1901 (Diptera, Culicidae) in Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=59|issue=2|date=2022-03-16|doi=10.1093/jme/tjab223|pages=631–637|pmid=35043213}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìgwè àkwá nke ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-apụta n'otu oge, mana àkwá ''Aedes'' na diapause na-apụghị n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma n'ime ogologo oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang Walker Vulule Miller 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Juan|title=Daily temperature profiles in and around Western Kenyan larval habitats of Anopheles gambiae as related to egg mortality|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=5|issue=1|date=2006|pmid=17038186|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-5-87}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Anopheles_egg_2_(cropped).jpg|''[[Anopheles]]'' Àkwá na-esi n'akụkụ see n'elu mmiri
Faịlụ:Mosquito_egg_SEM.jpg|Foto microscope elektrọn nke àkwá culicine.

Faịlụ:Gelege1_(cropped).jpg|Otu ụyọkọ àkwá ''Culex''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Igurube ===
Isi larva anwụnta nhare brọsh ọnụ e ji ama nri, obi buru ibu nke na-enweghị ụkwụ, na afọ e kewaara ekewa. N'ihi na ọ na-eku ume site na siphon dị n'afọ ya, ọ na-apụta n'elu mmiri ugboro ugboro, ebe ọ na-eri ahịhịa mmiri (algae), bacteria, na obere ihe ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ihe sọrọ ya gburugburu, ọ na-agbada n'ala mmiri site n'ịkpụgharị ahụ ya ma ọ bụ iji brọsh ọnụ ya kwagharịa onwe ya. Larva na-agafe ọkwa utolite dị iche iche (instars) ma na-agbanwe akpụkpọ n'oge ọ bụla tupu ọ ghọọ pupa. E wezụga mgbe ha ka dị obere, ụmụ larva Aedes nwere ike iguzogide ebe kpọrọ nkụ, na-abanye n'ọnọdụ izu ike (diapause) ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri ha kporo nkwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang Walker Vulule Miller 2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot; widths=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:AnophelesLarvaPhoto_CDCHarryWeinburgh_publicdomain.jpg|''[[Anopheles]]'' larva
Faịlụ:Culex_restuans_larva_diagram_en.svg|Anatomy of a ''Culex'' larva
Faịlụ:Culex_sp_larvae.png|''Culex'' larvae plus one pupa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Pupa ===
Pupa anwụnta nwere isi na obi gwakọtara ọnụ ka cephalothorax, ebe afọ ya pịrị akpị n'okpuru. Pupa a na- enwere ike igwu mmiri nke ọma site n'ịkpụgharị afọ ya. Dị ka larva, ọ na-apụta n'elu mmiri ugboro ugboro iji kụọ ikuku site n'obere opi iku ume abụọ dị n'obi ya. Pupa anaghị eri nri, kama ọ na-ese naanị n'elu mmiri. Mgbe ihe na-eyi ya mgbagwoju anya, ọ na-amụbanye n'ala mmiri site n'ịkpụgharị afọ ya, mana ọ na-eseghachi n'elu n'oge na-adịghị anya. N'ikpeazụ, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-apụta site na pupa ahụ n'elu mmiri wee fepụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EPA life cycle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mosquito Life Cycle|date=21 February 2013|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle|publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]|accessdate=12 December 2023|archivedate=19 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219184319/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot; widths=&quot;400&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Underwater_view_of_mosquito_pupae_in_standing_water.jpg|Mosquito pupae, shortly before the adults emerged. The head and thorax are fused into the cephalothorax.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ndị toro eto na-enye nri ==

=== Nri ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Tasmania_crop.jpg|thumb|Nwanyị ''Aedes'' sp. na-eri ọbara sitere n'aka mmadụ. ]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wahid|first=Isra|date=2003|title=Maxillae and mandibles of male mosquitoes and female autogenous mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.150|pmid=12693842}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anụmanụ ndị bi na ya ===
Anwụnt

a na-aṅụ ọbara nwere anụmanụ pụrụ iche ha ka na-ahọrọ ịta, mana ha na-ata anụmanụ anya hụrụ mgbe nri na-anaghị adị mfe. Ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche na-aṅụ ọbara anụ bi n'ala na mmiri (amphibians), anụ na-akpụ akpụ dị ka agwọ, nnụnụ, na anụ na-enye nwa ara (mammals).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Chironius_scurrulus_(Yasuni)_(cropped)_with_mosquitoes.jpg|Feeding on a snake
Faịlụ:Mosquitoes_vs._Frog_(14555480700)_(cropped).jpg|Feeding on a frog
Faịlụ:JJeffreyApapaneMosquito.jpg|Feeding on a bird
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Ịchọta ndị Ọ ga-ebunye Ọrịa ===
[[Faịlụ:How_to_attract_mosquitoes.svg|thumb|Anụ anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara na-ahụ ndị na-elekọta ha site na iji ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere carbon dioxide, okpomọkụ, na ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche na-esi ísì ụtọ.]]
Ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-achọ nri n'isi ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ mgbede, wee gaa ezumike n'ebe dị jụụ mgbe okpomọkụ ehihie na-arị elu. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ụdị dị ka Asian tiger mosquito na-agagharị ma na-eri nri n'ehihie.

Anwụnta na-eji ọtụtụ njirimara pụrụ iche dị n'ahụ mmadụ wee họrọ onye ha ga-ata, n'ihi na nụrụ ísì CO2 n'ikuku na-akpali ha iji anya na usoro ịnụ ísì ha mewe nchọpụta miri emi. Nnyocha kemịkalụ na-egosi na ndị ahụ ha na-emepụta carboxylic acid n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na-adọta anwụnta kachasị. E wezụga nke ahụ, ísì ọsụsọ mmadụ nwere kemịkal pụrụ iche nke na-agwa anwụnta na ọ bụ mmadụ dị nso, ọ bụghị naanị anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ọbara ọkụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ísì ndị a (VOCs) na-apụta mgbe nje bacteria dị n'akpụkpọ ahụ na-agbari ọsụsọ, ebe ihe dị ka ịdị arọ ahụ, homonụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na nsogbu ahụike na-emekwa ka ísì ahụ onye ọ bụla dị iche. N'ikpeazụ, nje Plasmodium nke na-ebute ịba nwere ike ịgbanwe ísì onye ọrịa site na ime ka ọ mepụta nnukwu kemịkal aldehydes dị ka heptanal, octanal, na nonanal. Mpi anwụnta (antennae) na-achọpụta ísì ndị a ngwa ngwa, nke na-eme ka anwụnta na-akachasị ata ndị e mebiri ahụ site n'ọrịa ịba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Robinson|first=Ailie|date=May 2018|title=Plasmodium -associated changes in human odor attract mosquitoes|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|volume=115|issue=18|pages=E4209–E4218|doi=10.1073/pnas.1721610115|pmid=29666273}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E wezụga ịnụ ísì, anwụnta na-ejikwa anya ha na-achọ onye ha ga-ata site n'ileba anya n'ụdị ụcha dị iche iche. Ha na- enwere mmasị siri ike n'agba nwere ogologo wavelengths, nke na- pụta ìhè dị ka ụcha mmanụ anwụ (oroma) na ọbara ọbara—ụcha ndị pụrụ iche n'akpụkpọ mmadụ n'agbanyeghị ụdị agba anyị nwere. E wezụga nke ahụ, ha na- achọkarị ihe ndị gbara ọchịchịrị na ihe nwere contrast doro anya, n'ihi otú agba ndị a siri na-apụta ìhè mgbe e jiri ha tụnyere ebe ndị na-acha ọkụ n'azụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Alonso San Alberto|first=Diego|date=2022-02-04|title=The olfactory gating of visual preferences to human skin and visible spectra in mosquitoes|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=13|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28195-x|pmid=35121739}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Culex_mosquito_proboscis.jpg|thumb|Foto microscope eletrọn nke ọnụ nke anwụnta ''Culex'']]
.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;Ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche emepụtala usoro pụrụ iche e ji amata mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ha chọrọ ịta. Nnyocha e mere n'etiti ụdị Aedes aegypti na-ata naanị mmadụ na nke na-ata anụmanụ na-egosi na mmasị ha nwere maka ísì mmadụ sitere na mmụba nke receptor e ji amata kemịkalụ sulcatone n'ísì mmadụ, nke a na-akpọ AaegOr4. Agbanyeghị na anwụnta ịba Anopheles gambiae nwekwara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa OR4 nke sulcatone na-akpali, ha na AaegOr4 enweghị njikọ chiri anya. Nke a na-egosi na ụdị anwụnta abụọ a mụtara ịta mmadụ n'ụzọ dị iche n'onwe ha n'agbanyeghị na ha enweghị otu usoro evolushọn (evolution).

=== Akụkụ ọnụ ===
Akụkụ ọnụ anwụnta nke nwanyị na-amụta nke ọma na ịpịa akpụkpọ ahụ na ịmị ọbara. Ụmụ nwoke na-aṅụ naanị mmiri shuga, ha nwekwara ọnụ ndị na-adịchaghị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahid Sunahara Mogi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wahid|first=Isra|title=Maxillae and Mandibles of Male Mosquitoes and Female Autogenous Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=40|issue=2|date=2003-03-01|doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.150|pages=150–158|pmid=12693842}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR mouthparts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Quirós|first=Gabriela|title=WATCH: Mosquitoes Use 6 Needles To Suck Your Blood|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/480653821/watch-mosquitoes-use-6-needles-to-suck-your-blood|publisher=NPR|accessdate=13 December 2023|date=June 7, 2016|archivedate=3 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103011402/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/480653821/watch-mosquitoes-use-6-needles-to-suck-your-blood}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Choo Buss Tan Leal 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Choo|first=Young-Moo|title=Multitasking roles of mosquito labrum in oviposition and blood feeding|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=6|date=2015-10-29|pmid=26578978|doi=10.3389/fphys.2015.00306}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zahran Sawires Hamza 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zahran|first=Nagwan|title=Piercing and sucking mouth parts sensilla of irradiated mosquito, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) with gamma radiation|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=12|issue=1|date=2022-10-25|pmid=36284127|doi=10.1038/s41598-022-22348-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'èzí, usoro nri doro anya nke anwụnta bụ proboscis, nke nwere egbugbere ọnụ, U-shaped na ngalaba dị ka Mmiri ozuzo, nke na-ekpuchi ụyọkọ (fascicle) nke ọnụ isii na-agbapu ma ọ bụ stylets. Ndị a bụ agbà abụọ, agbà abụọ ahụ, hypopharynx, na labrum. Ọnụ ya na-agbadata n'ime ụta mgbe anwụnta ahụ malitere ịta, na-anọgide na-emetụ akpụkpọ ahụ aka ma na-eduzi stylets ala. A na-ebugharị isi ndị dị nkọ nke labrum na maxillae azụ na n'ihu iji hụ ụzọ ha ga-esi banye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ, na naanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ike ga-adị mkpa iji banye n'ahụ ahụ na agịga, na-akpata ntinye na-enweghị ihe mgbu.&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;275&quot; widths=&quot;350&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Evolution_of_mosquito_mouthparts.svg|Evolution of mosquito mouthparts, with grasshopper mouthparts (shown both ''in situ'' and separately) representing a more primitive condition. All the mouthparts except the labium are stylets, formed into a fascicle or bundle.
Faịlụ:Feeding_mosquito,_mouthparts_labelled.svg|Mouthparts of a female mosquito while feeding on blood, showing the flexible labium sheath supporting the piercing and sucking tube which penetrates the host's skin
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Mmanụ ala ===
E wezụga nke ahụ, mkpịsị anwụnta (saliva) nwere enzymes dị pụrụ iche nke na-enyere ha aka igbari nri shuga ha na-aṅụ, yana ihe ndị na-egbochi nje (antimicrobial agents) nke na-alụso uto nje bacteria ọgụ n'ime nri shuga ah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rossignol|first=P.A.|title=Bacteriolytic factor in the salivary glands of Aedes aegypti|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry|volume=83|issue=4|pages=819–822|year=1986|pmid=3519067|doi=10.1016/0305-0491(86)90153-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpịsị anwụnta (saliva) nwere ngwakọta pụrụ iche nke proteins na-enyere ya aka ịṅụ ọbara n'enweghị nsogbu site n'ichetara ma mebie usoro nchekwa ahụ nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ mmadụ ọ na-ata.

=== Ọganihu àkwá na ịgbari ọbara ===
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anopheles stephensi'' nwanyị na-etinye ọbara ma malite ịfe mmiri na-achọghị iji mee ohere n'ime eriri afọ ya maka ihe ndị ọzọ siri ike.]]
Mgb anwụnta nwanyị aṅụchaa ọbara buru ibu, nri ahụ na-akpali homonụ na-amalite mmepe àkwá n'ahụ ya. Mgbe ọ dọpụtara proboscis ya, eriri afọ ya jupụtara na ọbara na-ewepụta peritrophic membrane nke na-ekpuchi ọbara ahụ ka ọ kewapụ ya n'akụkụ afọ ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ọtụtụ ahụhụ na-aṅụ mmiri, anwụnta na-ewepụta mmiri karịrị akarị n'ahụ ya ọbụna mgbe ọ ka na-aṅụ ọbara ahụ, nke na-enyere ya aka ịnakọta naanị protin na ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ na-enweghị ibu mmiri arọ.

== Nbudata ==

=== Ọdịdị Ụwa ===
Anwụnt

a nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ (cosmopolitans), n'ihi na a na-enweta ha n'ala dum n'ụwa ma e wezụga Antarctica na obere agwaetiti ole na ole.

Àkwá

anwụnta ndị bi n'ebe oyi (temperate regions) na-agụ ike iguzogide oyi karịa àkwá ụdị sitere n'ebe na-ekpo ọkụ (tropics). Ọtụtụ na-aguzogide okpomọkụ dị ala nke ukwuu, ebe ndị tolitere etolite n'ime ụdị ụfọdụ na-alanarị oge oyi site n'izobe n'obere ebe dị jụụ dị ka oghere osisi ma ọ bụ n'ime ụlọ.

=== Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Horton|first=Helena|date=21 October 2025|title=Mosquitoes found in Iceland for first time as climate crisis warms country|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/oct/21/mosquitoes-found-iceland-first-time-climate-crisis-warms-country}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==

=== Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na nje ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Beck|first=Kevin|title=What Eats Mosquitoes?|date=November 22, 2019|url=https://sciencing.com/eats-mosquitoes-8568515.html|accessdate=31 May 2021|work=Sciencing|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215704/https://sciencing.com/eats-mosquitoes-8568515.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe anwụnta tolitere etolite pụta n'elu ọdọ mmiri, ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri anụ dị ka Empididae, Dolichopodidae, na ududo na-ejide ma na-eri ha ngwa ngwa. E wezụga nke ahụ, nnụnụ dị ka swifts na swallows, yana anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụsụ, na-achụ ma na-eri anwụnta ndị a mgbe ha na-efe efe n'ikuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medlock Snow 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Medlock|first=J. M.|title=Natural predators and parasites of British mosquitoes–a review|journal=European Mosquito Bulletin|volume=25|issue=1|year=2008|pages=1–11|url=https://e-m-b.myspecies.info/sites/e-m-b.org/files/European_Mosquito_Bulletin_Publications811/EMB25/EMB25_1.pdf|accessdate=15 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E wezụga anụmanụ na-eri ha, anwụnta na-arịawanye ọrịa site na obere ihe ndị dị ndụ na nje dị iche iche. Dị ka ihe atụ, ụmụ ahụhụ hydrachnid, ciliates dị ka Glaucoma, na microsporidians dị ka Thelohania na-amụba n'ahụ ha. E wezụga ha, ụdị fungi dị iche iche sitere na ezinụlọ Saprolegniaceae na Entomophthoraceae na-ebukwa anwụnta ọrịa ma na-egbu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medlock Snow 2008&quot; /&gt;

=== Mkpụrụ osisi ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_on_marigold_flower.JPG|thumb|Anụ anwụnta na-eleta okooko osisi marigold maka ihe na-atọ ụtọ]]
Ọtụtụ okooko osisi gụnyere ndị otu Asteraceae, Rosaceae na [[Orchid|Orchidaceae]] na-agbanye site na anwụnta, nke na-eleta iji nweta mmiri shuga. Njikọ osisi ole na ole bụ ndị pụrụ iche maka mmịpụta anwụnta, dị ka ''Platanthera'' orchids nke ụdị ''Aedes'' na-eme mmịpụta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Foster|first=Woodbridge A.|date=2024|title=Mosquito pollination of plants: an overview of their role and an assessment of the possible contribution of disease vectors|journal=[[Transgenic Research]]|volume=33|issue=5|pages=297–322|doi=10.1007/s11248-024-00394-w|pmid=39172353}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-adọrọ mmasị na okooko osisi site na ọtụtụ semiochemicals dị ka alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, na terpenes. Ha nwekwara ike iji akara ngosi anya gụnyere UV reflectivity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shannon|first=Danica M|date=2024|title=Mosquito floral visitation and pollination|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214574524000725|journal=Current Opinion in Insect Science|language=en|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.cois.2024.101230|pmid=38971524|accessdate=25 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anụ anwụnta eletawo ma na-eme ka okooko osisi na-agbasa kemgbe oge Cretaceous. O kwere omume na anwụnta na-amị ọbara na-amịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peach-Gries-2020&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịkpa Onwe Anụ ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;Poulin Randhawa 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Poulin|first=Robert|title=Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to genomics|journal=[[Parasitology (journal)|Parasitology]]|date=February 2015|volume=142|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S6–S15|doi=10.1017/S0031182013001674|pmid=24229807}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị ==

=== Ihe ndekọ fossil ===
[[Faịlụ:Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg|alt=Fossilized mosquito encased in amber|thumb|Anụ anwụnta Culex malariager butere nje ịba ''[[Dominican Republic|Dominican]]&quot; id=&quot;mwA2o&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Plasmodium dominicana&quot;&gt;Plasmodium Dominicana'', na amber Dominican nke afọ Miocene, 15-20 nde afọ gara aga &lt;ref name=&quot;Poinar 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Poinar|first=George|title=Evolutionary History of Terrestrial Pathogens and Endoparasites as Revealed in Fossils and Subfossils|journal=Advances in Biology|volume=2014|date=2014-06-12|doi=10.1155/2014/181353|pages=1–29}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2023 tụrụ aro na Libanoculex intermedius a chọtara na Lebanese amber (sitere n'oge Barremian nke Early Cretaceous, ihe dị ka nde afọ 125 gara aga) bụ anwụnta kacha ochie a maara. Otú ọ dị, a na-arụ ụka n'ezie njirimara ya, ebe ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ na-alụ na ọ bụ ụdị chaoborid kama.

=== Nchịkọta ===
There are over 3,700&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: About the mosquito|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/index.html|date=2024|accessdate=8 August 2025|archivedate=7 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807042937/https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; species of mosquitoes; 112 genera have been described. They are traditionally divided into two subfamilies, the Anophelinae and the Culicinae, which carry different diseases. Roughly speaking, protozoal diseases like malaria are transmitted by anophelines, while viral diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever are transmitted by culicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;Molina-Cruz Lehmann Knöckel 2013 pp. 530–537&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Molina-Cruz|first=Alvaro|title=Could culicine mosquitoes transmit human malaria?|journal=[[Trends in Parasitology]]|volume=29|issue=11|date=2013|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2013.09.003|pages=530–537|pmid=24140295}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye Germany na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ bụ Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha Culicidae na nhazi nke mpịakọta asaa ya nke e bipụtara na 1818-1838. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meigen 1818&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Meigen|first=Johann Wilhelm|authorlink=Johann Wilhelm Meigen|date=1818–1838|title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten|language=de|location=Aachen|publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/9/mode/1up|accessdate=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere ka ụyọkọ ụmụ ahụhụ dị elu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ Frederick Vincent Theobald bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke ise na Culicidae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Theobald1901&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Theobald|first=Frederick Vincent|authorlink=Frederick Vincent Theobald|date=1901|title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes|location=London|publisher=[[British Museum (Natural History)]]|url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n3/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere ya ihe atụ anwụnta e zigara na British Museum (Natural History)  site na gburugburu ụwa, na ntụziaka nke 1898 nke odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain, onye dere na &quot;n'ihi njikọ nwere ike ịdị na ịba na anwụnta, ọ dị mma inweta ihe ọmụma ziri ezi banyere ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị jikọtara ya na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Ya mere, m ga-arịọ gị ... ka ị nweta nchịkọta nke ụmụ ahụhụ nwere nku na Colony nke ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ anụmanụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harbach Kitching 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Harbach|first=R. E.|date=January 2016|title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=[[Zoologica Scripta]]|volume=45|pages=34–47|url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216|doi=10.1111/zsc.12137|accessdate=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịdị ===

==== N'èzí ====
Anụ anwụnta bụ ndị otu ezinụlọ nke ezi ụmụ ahụhụ (usoro Diptera) : Culicidae (site na Latịn {{Lang|la|culex}}, genitive {{Lang|la|culicis}}, nke pụtara &quot;midge&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;gnat&quot;). &lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-398-06179-3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jaeger|first=Edmund C.|authorlink=Edmund Jaeger|title=A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms|publisher=Thomas|location=Springfield, Ill|year=1959}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụ ndị otu Culicomorpha na superfamily Culicoidea. Osisi phylogenetic dabeere na ọrụ FLYTREE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yeates|first=David K.|title=Phylogeny of True Flies (Diptera): A 250 Million Year Old Success Story in Terrestrial Diversification|url=http://www.inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/|work=Flytree|publisher=Illinois Natural History Survey|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228210535/http://inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/|archivedate=28 December 2015|accessdate=24 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yeates|first=David K.|title=Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects|year=2007|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=1668|pages=565–590|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.27}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clade|{{clade 
   |1={{clade 
      |1=[[Ptychopteromorpha]] (phantom and primitive crane-flies) [[File:Ptychoptera contaminata male Walker 1856 plate-XXVIII.png|70px]]
      |label2=[[Culicomorpha]] 
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Chironomidae]] (non-biting midges) [[File:Chironomus ferrugineovittatus m.png|70px]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=Simulioidea (blackflies and biting midges) [[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 11052 Biting midge on human skin (cropped).jpg|60px]]
            |label2=[[Culicoidea]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Dixidae]] (meniscus midges) [[File:Dixa nebulosa adult John Curtis British Entomology 409.png|70px]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Corethrellidae]] (frog-biting midges)
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[[Chaoboridae]] (phantom midges) [[File:Chaoborus crystallinus male as Corethra plumicornis (Walker Insecta Britanica Vol 3 page 397 plate XXV).png|60px]]
                     |2='''Culicidae''' [[File:Stegomyia fasciata.jpg|100px]]
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |2={{clade
      |1=other midges and gnats [[File:Isoneuromyia annandalei.jpg|70px]]
      |2=all other flies, inc. [[Brachycera]] [[File:Syrphidae icon.jpg|70px]]
      }}
   }}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;|label1=[[Diptera]]|sublabel1=(true flies)}}Ezinụlọ abụọ nke anwụnta bụ Anophelinae, nke nwere ụdị atọ na ihe dịka ụdị 430, na Culicinae, Nke nwere agbụrụ 11, ụdị 108 na ụdị 3,046. Kyanne Reidenbach na ndị ọrụ ibe ya nyochara phylogenetics nke anwụnta na 2009, na-eji ma DNA nuklia na ọdịdị nke ụdị 26. Ha na-ekwu na Anophelinae gosipụtara na ọ bụ ihe dị n'okpuru, mana akụkụ ndị dị omimi nke osisi ahụ anaghị edozi nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reidenbach Cook Bertone Harbach 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Reidenbach|first=Kyanne R.|title=Phylogenetic analysis and temporal diversification of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) based on nuclear genes and morphology|journal=[[BMC Evolutionary Biology]]|volume=9|issue=1|date=2009|pmid=20028549|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-298}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clade|{{clade
   |1=basal spp.
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Anophelinae]] 
      |1=[[File:Anopheles gambiae mosquito feeding 1354.p lores.jpg|125px]]
      |label2=[[Culicinae]] 
      |2={{clade
         |1=other spp.
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Aedini]] [[File:Aedes aegypti feeding (cropped).jpg|125px]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=other spp.
               |2=[[Sabethini]] [[File:Sabethes albiprivus (cropped).jpg|125px]]
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;|label1='''Culicidae'''}}

== Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ mmadụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg|thumb|''Anopheles albimanus'' na-eri nri n'aka mmadụ. Dị ka anwụnta bụ naanị ihe na-ebute [[Iba|ịba]], ịchịkwa ha na-ebelata ọbịbịa ya.]]

=== Ihe ndị na-ebute ọrịa ===
Anụ anwụnta bụ ihe na-ebute ọtụtụ microorganisms na-akpata ọrịa gụnyere nje bacteria, Nje virus, na protozoan parasites. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ 700 na-arịa ọrịa anwụnta kwa afọ, na-akpata ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EBMED2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mosquito as Deadly Menace|url=https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link|publisher=[[Pfizer]]|accessdate=10 December 2023|archivedate=25 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825170028/https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Explainer: How climate change is amplifying mosquito-borne diseases|url=https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases|accessdate=2024-06-20|work=World Mosquito Program|date=22 April 2022|archivedate=27 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127042108/https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa nje virus na-ebute site na anwụnta na-agụnye yellow fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2 014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219011908/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|archivedate=19 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[chikungunya]] na dengue fever, niile na-ebufe site na ''Aedes aegypti''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf|title=Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|year=2009|isbn=978-92-4-154787-1|accessdate=2013-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC250814&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|work=BBC News|date=14 August 2025|first=Dominic|author=Hughes|title=UK cases of mosquito-borne virus more than double|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c7419g1l488o|accessdate=14 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa parasitic nke anwụnta na-ebute gụnyere [[Iba|ịba]] na lymphatic filariasis. Nje ''[[Plasmodium]]'' nke na-akpata ịba bụ nke anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' na-ebu. Lymphatic filariasis, isi ihe na-akpata elephantiasis, na-agbasa site na ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lymphatic Filariasis|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation]]|accessdate=24 August 2011|archivedate=5 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505163529/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa nje bacteria nke anwụnta ''Culex'' na ''Culiseta'' na-agbasa bụ tularemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21776596&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Muslu|first=H.|title=[Evaluation of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) identified in Manisa province according to their breeding sites and seasonal differences]|language=tr|journal=Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi|volume=35|issue=2|pages=100–104|year=2011|pmid=21776596|doi=10.5152/tpd.2011.25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchịkwa ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Netting.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta anwụnta nwere ike igbochi ndị mmadụ ịta ha mgbe ha na-ehi ụra.]]
A nwalere ọtụtụ usoro maka Nchịkwa anwụnta, gụnyere iwepụ ebe ha na-amụ nwa, iwepụ site na windo windo na ụgbụ anwụnta, nchịkwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na nje dịka fungi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/10/science/10mosquito.html|title=Fungus Fatal to Mosquito May Aid Global War on Malaria|date=10 June 2005|work=The New York Times|accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kramer|first=J.P.|title=''Entomophthora culicis'' (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales) as a pathogen of ''adultaedes aegypti'' (diptera, culicidae)|journal=Aquatic Insects|volume=4|issue=2|pages=73–79|year=1982|doi=10.1080/01650428209361085}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nematodes,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shamseldean|first=M.M.|title=''Romanomermis culicivorax'': penetration of larval mosquitoes|journal=[[Journal of Invertebrate Pathology]]|volume=54|issue=2|pages=191–199|date=September 1989|pmid=2570111|doi=10.1016/0022-2011(89)90028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ ndị na-eri ibe ha dị ka azụ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Krumholz|first=Louis A.|title=Reproduction in the Western Mosquitofish, ''Gambusia affinis affinis'' (Baird &amp; Girard), and Its Use in Mosquito Control|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=18|issue=1|year=1948|pages=1–43|doi=10.2307/1948627}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jianguo-Dashu-1995&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-27870-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html|chapter=Part III: Interactions - 31. A Comparative Study of the Ability of Fish to Catch Mosquito Larva|title=Rice-fish culture in China|isbn=978-1-55250-313-3|year=1995|publisher=International Development Research Centre|first=Wang|author=Jianguo|editor=MacKay}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fradin|first=M.S.|title=Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician's guide|journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]]|volume=128|issue=11|pages=931–940|date=June 1998|pmid=9634433|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-128-11-199806010-00013}}&lt;/ref&gt; copepods,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marten|first=G.G.|title=Cyclopoid copepods|journal=Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association|volume=23|issue=2 Suppl|pages=65–92|year=2007|pmid=17853599|doi=10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[65:CC]2.0.CO;2}}&lt;/ref&gt; dragonfly nymphs na ndị okenye, na ụfọdụ ụdị ezé na agụ owuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Canyon|first=D.V.|title=The gecko: an environmentally friendly biological agent for mosquito control|journal=Medical and Veterinary Entomology|volume=11|issue=4|pages=319–323|date=October 1997|pmid=9430109|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00416.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụzọ ọzọ bụ iwebata ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ nwoke na-adịghị amị. &lt;ref name=&quot;twsE44&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Carpenter|first=Jennifer|title=Spermless mosquitoes hold promise to stop malaria|publisher=[[BBC]]|quote=Scientists have created spermless mosquitoes in an effort to curb the spread of malaria.|date=8 August 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14422440|accessdate=5 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa gụnyere enweghị nkwekọrịta cytoplasmic, translocations chromosomal, mgbagwoju anya mmekọahụ na mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ nketa, ngwọta a na-ahụ dị ka ihe dị ọnụ ala na nke na-adịghị adabere na mgbochi vector. A tụwo aro ịchịkwa anwụnta na-ebu ọrịa site na iji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kyrou|first=Kyros Kyrou|title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting ''doublesex'' causes complete population suppression in caged ''Anopheles gambiae'' mosquitoes|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=36|issue=11|pages=1062–1066|date=Sep 24, 2018|doi=10.1038/nbt.4245|pmid=30247490|url=http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/64952/11/nbt.4245.pdf|accessdate=September 23, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Michael Le Page|title=Gene tool could halt malaria spread|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=Sep 29, 2018|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931974-000-evolution-defying-dna-makes-mosquitoes-infertile-by-changing-their-sex|accessdate=November 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe Na-egbochi ===
[[Faịlụ:Insect_repellents_in_Finnish_store.jpg|thumb|Ihe na-egbochi anwụnta (gụnyere coil anwụnta) n'ụlọ ahịa Finland]]
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf|title=Electronic mosquito repellents for preventing mosquito bites and malaria infection|accessdate=2018-09-19|archivedate=2017-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808175758/http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-etinye ihe na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ iji nweta nchebe pụọ n'ịta anwụnta. Kemịkalụ DEET na-achụpụ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ dị mma. Dị ka nhazi CDC si dị, ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ a na-atụ aro gụnyere picaridin, mmanụ eucalyptus (PMD), na ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535). E wezụga nke ahụ, pyrethrum nke sitere n'osisi Chrysanthemum bụ ihe mgbochi okike sitere na osisi. Agbanyeghị na a na-ere ngwaọrụ eletrọniki na-emepụta ultrasound iji gbochie anwụnta, enweghị nnyocha sitere na EPA ma ọ bụ mahadum gosiri na ngwaọrụ ndị a na-egbochi anwụnta ịta mmadụ n'ezie.

=== Ịta ===
Ịta anw

ụnta na-ebute mmeghachi omume dị iche iche n'akpụkpọ ahụ, nke pụrụ ikpata ahụ erughị ala siri ike ma ma a tụnyere ịta ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe na-ebute ụdị mmeghachi omume a bụ ahụ mmadụ ịmụta mgbochigabiga (hypersensitivity) n'ihi protin na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mkpịsị anwụnta.

== Na omenala mmadụ ==

=== Akụkọ ifo ndị Gris ===
[[Faịlụ:Rackham-gnat_and_bull.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Arthur Rackham nke akụkọ ifo nke &quot;The Bull and the Mosquito&quot;, 1912]]
Akụkọ ifo anụ ọhịa ndị Grik oge ochie gụnyere &quot;Enyí na Anụgbụgbọ&quot; na &quot;Nku na Anụgbọ Anụgbọ&quot;, na omume ọma n'ozuzu na nnukwu anụ ọhịa ahụ anaghị ahụ ọbụna obere, sitere na Mesopotemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adrados1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Adrados|first=Francisco Rodríguez|authorlink=Francisco Rodríguez Adrados|title=History of the Graeco-Latin Fable|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=093Gl8KEktMC&amp;pg=PA324|year=1999|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-11454-8|accessdate=2016-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akụkọ ifo mmalite ===
Ndị Siberia nwere akụkọ ifo gbasara anwụnta. Otu akụkọ ifo Ostiak na-akọ banyere nnukwu mmadụ na-eri mmadụ, ''Punegus'', onye dike gburu ma ọ gaghị anọgide na-anwụ. Onye dike ahụ mechara gbaa dike ahụ ọkụ, mana ntụ nke ọkụ ahụ ghọrọ anwụnta na-aga n'ihu na-ata ahụhụ. Akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ sitere na ndị Yakut, Goldes (Ndị Nanai), na Samoyed nwere ahụhụ sitere na ntụ ma ọ bụ iberibe nke ụfọdụ nnukwu ihe e kere eke ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. Akụkọ ndị yiri nke a chọtara n'akụkọ ifo ndị North America, na anwụnta sitere na ntụ nke onye na-eri mmadụ, na-atụ aro mmalite otu. Ndị Tatar nke Altai nwere ụdị nke otu akụkọ ifo ahụ, nke gụnyere iberibe nnukwu onye nwụrụ anwụ, ''Andalma-Muus'', na-aghọ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ.

Lafcadio Hearn na-ekwu na na Japan, a na-ahụ anwụnta dị ka reincarnations nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ, ndị njehie nke ndụ ha gara aga katọrọ na ọnọdụ nke ''Jiki-ketsu-gaki'', ma ọ bụ &quot;ihe na-aṅụ ọbara&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hearn|first=Lafcadio|authorlink=Lafcadio Hearn|chapter=Mosquitoes|title=Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|origdate=1968|year=2020|isbn=978-1-4209-6751-7|pages=72–74}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Winsor_McCay_(1912)_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm|thumbtime=00:36|alt=Silent animated black-and-white film of a giant mosquito drinking blood from a sleeping man.|thumb|''How a Mosquito Operates'' (1912)]]
Ihe nkiri Winsor McCay nke 1912 How a Mosquito Operates bụ otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke animation. A kọwawo ya dị anya karịa oge ya na nkà na ụzụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Webster|first=Chris|title=Action Analysis for Animators|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jylUYRFfcywC|year=2012|publisher=[[Focal Press]]|isbn=978-0-240-81218-2|accessdate=2022-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-egosi nnukwu anwụnta na-emekpa nwoke na-ehi ụra ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Canemaker|first=John|authorlink=John Canemaker|title=Winsor McCay: His Life and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vs82AQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=[[Abrams Books]]|isbn=978-0-8109-5941-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụgbọ mmiri iri na abụọ nke Royal Navy bu aha HMS Mosquito ma ọ bụ ụdị ochie nke aha ahụ, HMS ''Musquito'' . 

de Havilland Mosquito bụ ụgbọ elu na-agba ọsọ nke e mepụtara n'etiti 1940 na 1950, ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=De Havilland Mosquito|url=http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html|publisher=The Aviation History Online Museum|accessdate=21 November 2015|archivedate=11 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111050938/http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Obodo Russia nke Berezniki na-eme emume anwụnta ya kwa afọ site na 17th nke July ruo 20th na asọmpi &quot;nwa agbọghọ kachasị mma&quot;. N'asọmpi ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-eguzo maka nkeji iri abụọ na uwe mkpụmkpụ na uwe mkpuchi (British: vests), onye na-enweta ọtụtụ ihe na-emeri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-33525015|title=Russia: Mosquitoes honoured at annual festival|work=BBC News|date=July 14, 2015|accessdate=5 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-etinye Agịga sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Mosquito proboscis na imewe Biomimetic maka iji ya mee ihe na ọgwụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gurera|first=Dev|title=Lessons from mosquitoes' painless piercing|journal=Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials|date=August 2018|volume=84|pages=178–187|doi=10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.025|pmid=29793155}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=Annie D. R.|title=Mosquito proboscis-inspired needle insertion to reduce tissue deformation and organ displacement|journal=Scientific Reports|date=22 July 2020|volume=10|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-68596-w|pmid=32699296}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}

== Ihe odide ==
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      <text bytes="47220" sha1="p3uetrbsw4fqo78ji78knutnn2y71ct" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange |99|0|earliest=125}} &lt;small&gt;[[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Cenomanian]]) – Recent&lt;/small&gt;
| image = Aedes aegypti.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'', the main [[Disease vector|vector]] of [[yellow fever]]
| taxon = Culicidae
| authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1818&lt;ref name=mosqInv&gt;{{cite web |url=https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 |title=Family Culicidae Meigen, 1818 |date=November 2, 2008 |last=Harbach |first=Ralph |work=Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory |access-date=December 26, 2025 |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003061320/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 |url-status=dead }}, see also [https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list Valid Species List] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315103505/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list |date=March 15, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = *[[List of mosquito genera#Subfamily Anophelinae|Anophelinae]]
*[[Culicinae]]
| diversity = 112 genera
| diversity_link = List of mosquito genera &lt;!--Culicidae#Systematics--&gt;
}}
'''Anwụnta (nke sitere na ezinụlọ ''Culicidae'')''' bụ obere ahụhụ nwere ihe dị ka ụdị puku atọ na narị isii dị iche iche. Ahụ ha siri gịrịgịrị, nke e kewaara ekewa, nwee nku abụọ, ụkwụ gbatịrị ogologo, na proboscis pụrụ iche e ji amị ihe. Anwụnta niile na-eri mmiri ara okooko osisi, mana ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ ụdị ha amụtala ịṅụ ọbara.

Ha gbasara nke ukwuu n'ụwa n'oge Cretaceous. N'ihe gbasara sayensị, ndị ọkà mmụta Ihe Ndụ na-ele anwụnta anya dị ka ''micropredators''—obere anụmanụ na-aṅụ ọbara anụmanụ ka ukwuu n'egbughị ha ozugbo. Mgbe nke ahụ na-eme, ndị ọkachamara na-amụ maka ọrịa na-ahụ ha dị ka ndị na-ebufe nje (vectors), sị otu a na-esi n'otu onye gaa n'ozor na-agbasa protozoa, bacteria, ma ọ bụ virus.

Ihe e ji amara usoro ndụ anwụnta bụ ọkwa anọ pụrụ iche: àkwà, larva, pupa, na anwụnta tolitere etolite. Mgbe anwụnta yịrị àkwà n'elu mmiri, ha na-aghọ ụmụ ahụhụ na-agagharị agagharị (larvae) nke na-eri ahịhịa mmiri na ihe ndị mepụrụ emepụ. Ụmụ larva ndị a bụ nri dị mkpa nye anụmanụ mmiri dị ka azụ, ụmụ dragonfly, na ụfọdụ nnụnụ. Mgbe ha tolitere, ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-eji ọnụ ha pụrụ iche ama ahụ anụmanụ dị iche iche iji ṅụọ ọbara ha, nke bụ sọosọ ihe na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịyị àkwà.

Mgbe anwụnta gbara mmadu, ọ na-agba nsị ya n'ahụ onye ahụ, nke na-ebutekarị ọzịza na itching. E wezụga nke ahụ, ụmụ anwụnta ndị na-aṅụ ọbara na-enwere ike ịmịrị nje na-ebute ọrịa mgbe ha gbara onye bu ya, ma nwee ike ibuba ya n'ahụ onye ọzọ. Ihe atụ nke ọrịa ndị a gụnyere ọrịa parasites dị ka ịba na filariasis, gbaknyere ọrịa arbovirus dị ka yellow fever na dengue fever. N'ihi oké mgbasa nke ọrịa ndị a site n’anwụnta, ha na-egbu ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ n'ụwa niile kwa afọ.

== Nkọwa na ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Life-Cycle.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|frameless]]
Usoro ndụ anwụnta nwere ọkwa anọ pụrụ iche: àkwá, igurube (larva), pupụ, na anwụnta toro eto. Ọkwa atọ mbụ na-eme kpamkpam n'ime mmiri kwụ otu ebe, ebe a na-etinye àkwá ha. Mgbe àkwá ndị ahụ pụtara dị ka igurube, ha na-eri nri, na-eto, wee gbanwee ghọọ pupae. N'ikpeazụ, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-apụta site na pupa ahụ mgbe ọ na-ese n'elu mmiri. N'ozuzu, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-adị ndụ site n'otu izu ruo otu ọnwa, n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ ụdị na- enwere ike ịnọ n'ọnọdụ izu ike (diapause) wee gafere oge oyi..

=== Ndị toro eto ===
Anwụnta bụ obere ụmụ ahụhụ nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke na-adịkarị ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ oji, nwere ogologo sitere na milimita 3 ruo 6. Ha nwere otu nku abụọ dị warara, nwere scaly na ha, yana ogologo ụkwụ. Mgbe anwụnta na-ezu ike, ha na-etinyekarị ụkwụ ha nke mbụ gawa n'akụkụ. Anwụnta Anopheles nwere ike ife gaa n'ihu ruo kilomita 12 n'otu abalị n'agbụghị nkwụsị. Ụmụ nwoke na-eti nku ha ugboro 450 ruo 600 n'otu sekọnd site n'ike uru ahụ ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ obere ahụhụ, dị ka ụdị Aedes, ụdị ụfọdụ dị ka Toxorhynchites nwere ike itolite n'ogologo ahụ na nku nke ka ukwuu n'ezie.

&lt;ref name=&quot;UF/IFAS A. gambiae&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=African malaria mosquito|url=https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_gambiae.htm|publisher=[[University of Florida]]|accessdate=11 February 2024|archivedate=30 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330125827/https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_gambiae.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anụ anwụnta nwere ike itolite site na àkwá ruo okenye na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike iwe ihe ruru otu ọnwa.[1] N'isi ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ mgbede, n'ime ụbọchị nke pupating, ndị nwoke na-agbakọta n'ìgwè, na-alụ mgbe ndị nwanyị na-efe efe.[2] Nwanyị ahụ na-alụ naanị otu ugboro n'oge ndụ ya, na-adọrọ mmasị site na pheromones nke nwoke ahụ na-ewepụta.[3][4] N'ime ụdị ndị chọrọ ọbara ka àkwá ahụ too, nke nne na-achọta onye na-elekọta ya ma na-aṅụ ọbara zuru ezu. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-ezu ike ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ iji gbarie nri ahụ ma kwe ka àkwá ya too. Mgbe ahụ, ọ dị njikere itinye àkwá ma megharịa usoro nri na ịtụrụ.[2] Ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ibi ruo izu atọ n'ọhịa, dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, ikike ha nwere inweta nri ọbara, na izere ịbụ ndị anụ ha na-egbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC Anopheles&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/|accessdate=December 13, 2023|date=July 16, 2020|archivedate=9 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909055158/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peach-Gries-2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Peach|first=Daniel A. H.|title=Mosquito phytophagy – sources exploited, ecological function, and evolutionary transition to haematophagy|journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata|issue=2|doi=10.1111/eea.12852|year=2019|volume=168|pages=120–136}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;450&quot; widths=&quot;300&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Culex_pipiens_diagram_en.svg|Ọdịdị ahụ nke anwụnta nwanyị toro eto
Faịlụ:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|Anwụnta yellow fever toro eto ''Aedes aegypti'', nke bụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị n’ime subfamily Culicinae. Nwoke (n’aka ekpe) nwere antenna juru ajị na palps dị ogologo karịa nke nwanyị (n’aka nri).
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Àkwá ===
Anwụnta na-enyekarị àkwá ha n'ime mmiri na-agagharịghị agagharị, dị ka ọdọ mmiri, ala apịtị, ma ọ bụ mmiri sọpụrụ n'oghere osisi na n'agbata akwụkwọ osisi bromeliad. Ụdị ụfọdụ na-eyi àkwá ha n'akụkụ mmiri ma ọ bụ n'elu ahịhịa mmiri. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ụfọdụ ụdị pụrụ iche dị ka Opifex fuscus na- amụ n'ime mmiri nnu gbara gburugburu ọdọ, ebe Wyeomyia smithii na-amụ n'ime ogbo osisi pitcher, ebe ụmụ larva ha na-eri ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ mmiri riri n'ebe ahụ.


&lt;ref name=&quot;Amorim Sa Rojas Santos Neto 2022 pp. 631–637&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Amorim|first=J. A.|title=Aquatic Macrophytes Hosting Immature Mansonia (Mansonia) Blanchard, 1901 (Diptera, Culicidae) in Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=59|issue=2|date=2022-03-16|doi=10.1093/jme/tjab223|pages=631–637|pmid=35043213}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìgwè àkwá nke ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-apụta n'otu oge, mana àkwá ''Aedes'' na diapause na-apụghị n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma n'ime ogologo oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang Walker Vulule Miller 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Juan|title=Daily temperature profiles in and around Western Kenyan larval habitats of Anopheles gambiae as related to egg mortality|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=5|issue=1|date=2006|pmid=17038186|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-5-87}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Anopheles_egg_2_(cropped).jpg|''[[Anopheles]]'' Àkwá na-esi n'akụkụ see n'elu mmiri
Faịlụ:Mosquito_egg_SEM.jpg|Foto microscope elektrọn nke àkwá culicine.

Faịlụ:Gelege1_(cropped).jpg|Otu ụyọkọ àkwá ''Culex''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Igurube ===
Isi larva anwụnta nhare brọsh ọnụ e ji ama nri, obi buru ibu nke na-enweghị ụkwụ, na afọ e kewaara ekewa. N'ihi na ọ na-eku ume site na siphon dị n'afọ ya, ọ na-apụta n'elu mmiri ugboro ugboro, ebe ọ na-eri ahịhịa mmiri (algae), bacteria, na obere ihe ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ihe sọrọ ya gburugburu, ọ na-agbada n'ala mmiri site n'ịkpụgharị ahụ ya ma ọ bụ iji brọsh ọnụ ya kwagharịa onwe ya. Larva na-agafe ọkwa utolite dị iche iche (instars) ma na-agbanwe akpụkpọ n'oge ọ bụla tupu ọ ghọọ pupa. E wezụga mgbe ha ka dị obere, ụmụ larva Aedes nwere ike iguzogide ebe kpọrọ nkụ, na-abanye n'ọnọdụ izu ike (diapause) ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri ha kporo nkwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang Walker Vulule Miller 2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot; widths=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:AnophelesLarvaPhoto_CDCHarryWeinburgh_publicdomain.jpg|''[[Anopheles]]'' larva
Faịlụ:Culex_restuans_larva_diagram_en.svg|Anatomy of a ''Culex'' larva
Faịlụ:Culex_sp_larvae.png|''Culex'' larvae plus one pupa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Pupa ===
Pupa anwụnta nwere isi na obi gwakọtara ọnụ ka cephalothorax, ebe afọ ya pịrị akpị n'okpuru. Pupa a na- enwere ike igwu mmiri nke ọma site n'ịkpụgharị afọ ya. Dị ka larva, ọ na-apụta n'elu mmiri ugboro ugboro iji kụọ ikuku site n'obere opi iku ume abụọ dị n'obi ya. Pupa anaghị eri nri, kama ọ na-ese naanị n'elu mmiri. Mgbe ihe na-eyi ya mgbagwoju anya, ọ na-amụbanye n'ala mmiri site n'ịkpụgharị afọ ya, mana ọ na-eseghachi n'elu n'oge na-adịghị anya. N'ikpeazụ, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-apụta site na pupa ahụ n'elu mmiri wee fepụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EPA life cycle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mosquito Life Cycle|date=21 February 2013|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle|publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]|accessdate=12 December 2023|archivedate=19 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219184319/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot; widths=&quot;400&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Underwater_view_of_mosquito_pupae_in_standing_water.jpg|Mosquito pupae, shortly before the adults emerged. The head and thorax are fused into the cephalothorax.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ndị toro eto na-enye nri ==

=== Nri ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Tasmania_crop.jpg|thumb|Nwanyị ''Aedes'' sp. na-eri ọbara sitere n'aka mmadụ. ]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wahid|first=Isra|date=2003|title=Maxillae and mandibles of male mosquitoes and female autogenous mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.150|pmid=12693842}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anụmanụ ndị bi na ya ===
Anwụnt

a na-aṅụ ọbara nwere anụmanụ pụrụ iche ha ka na-ahọrọ ịta, mana ha na-ata anụmanụ anya hụrụ mgbe nri na-anaghị adị mfe. Ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche na-aṅụ ọbara anụ bi n'ala na mmiri (amphibians), anụ na-akpụ akpụ dị ka agwọ, nnụnụ, na anụ na-enye nwa ara (mammals).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Chironius_scurrulus_(Yasuni)_(cropped)_with_mosquitoes.jpg|Feeding on a snake
Faịlụ:Mosquitoes_vs._Frog_(14555480700)_(cropped).jpg|Feeding on a frog
Faịlụ:JJeffreyApapaneMosquito.jpg|Feeding on a bird
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Ịchọta ndị Ọ ga-ebunye Ọrịa ===
[[Faịlụ:How_to_attract_mosquitoes.svg|thumb|Anụ anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara na-ahụ ndị na-elekọta ha site na iji ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere carbon dioxide, okpomọkụ, na ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche na-esi ísì ụtọ.]]
Ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-achọ nri n'isi ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ mgbede, wee gaa ezumike n'ebe dị jụụ mgbe okpomọkụ ehihie na-arị elu. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ụdị dị ka Asian tiger mosquito na-agagharị ma na-eri nri n'ehihie.

Anwụnta na-eji ọtụtụ njirimara pụrụ iche dị n'ahụ mmadụ wee họrọ onye ha ga-ata, n'ihi na nụrụ ísì CO2 n'ikuku na-akpali ha iji anya na usoro ịnụ ísì ha mewe nchọpụta miri emi. Nnyocha kemịkalụ na-egosi na ndị ahụ ha na-emepụta carboxylic acid n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na-adọta anwụnta kachasị. E wezụga nke ahụ, ísì ọsụsọ mmadụ nwere kemịkal pụrụ iche nke na-agwa anwụnta na ọ bụ mmadụ dị nso, ọ bụghị naanị anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ọbara ọkụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ísì ndị a (VOCs) na-apụta mgbe nje bacteria dị n'akpụkpọ ahụ na-agbari ọsụsọ, ebe ihe dị ka ịdị arọ ahụ, homonụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na nsogbu ahụike na-emekwa ka ísì ahụ onye ọ bụla dị iche. N'ikpeazụ, nje Plasmodium nke na-ebute ịba nwere ike ịgbanwe ísì onye ọrịa site na ime ka ọ mepụta nnukwu kemịkal aldehydes dị ka heptanal, octanal, na nonanal. Mpi anwụnta (antennae) na-achọpụta ísì ndị a ngwa ngwa, nke na-eme ka anwụnta na-akachasị ata ndị e mebiri ahụ site n'ọrịa ịba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Robinson|first=Ailie|date=May 2018|title=Plasmodium -associated changes in human odor attract mosquitoes|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|volume=115|issue=18|pages=E4209–E4218|doi=10.1073/pnas.1721610115|pmid=29666273}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E wezụga ịnụ ísì, anwụnta na-ejikwa anya ha na-achọ onye ha ga-ata site n'ileba anya n'ụdị ụcha dị iche iche. Ha na- enwere mmasị siri ike n'agba nwere ogologo wavelengths, nke na- pụta ìhè dị ka ụcha mmanụ anwụ (oroma) na ọbara ọbara—ụcha ndị pụrụ iche n'akpụkpọ mmadụ n'agbanyeghị ụdị agba anyị nwere. E wezụga nke ahụ, ha na- achọkarị ihe ndị gbara ọchịchịrị na ihe nwere contrast doro anya, n'ihi otú agba ndị a siri na-apụta ìhè mgbe e jiri ha tụnyere ebe ndị na-acha ọkụ n'azụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Alonso San Alberto|first=Diego|date=2022-02-04|title=The olfactory gating of visual preferences to human skin and visible spectra in mosquitoes|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=13|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28195-x|pmid=35121739}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Culex_mosquito_proboscis.jpg|thumb|Foto microscope eletrọn nke ọnụ nke anwụnta ''Culex'']]
.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;Ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche emepụtala usoro pụrụ iche e ji amata mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ha chọrọ ịta. Nnyocha e mere n'etiti ụdị Aedes aegypti na-ata naanị mmadụ na nke na-ata anụmanụ na-egosi na mmasị ha nwere maka ísì mmadụ sitere na mmụba nke receptor e ji amata kemịkalụ sulcatone n'ísì mmadụ, nke a na-akpọ AaegOr4. Agbanyeghị na anwụnta ịba Anopheles gambiae nwekwara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa OR4 nke sulcatone na-akpali, ha na AaegOr4 enweghị njikọ chiri anya. Nke a na-egosi na ụdị anwụnta abụọ a mụtara ịta mmadụ n'ụzọ dị iche n'onwe ha n'agbanyeghị na ha enweghị otu usoro evolushọn (evolution).

=== Akụkụ ọnụ ===
Akụkụ ọnụ anwụnta nke nwanyị na-amụta nke ọma na ịpịa akpụkpọ ahụ na ịmị ọbara. Ụmụ nwoke na-aṅụ naanị mmiri shuga, ha nwekwara ọnụ ndị na-adịchaghị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahid Sunahara Mogi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wahid|first=Isra|title=Maxillae and Mandibles of Male Mosquitoes and Female Autogenous Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=40|issue=2|date=2003-03-01|doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.150|pages=150–158|pmid=12693842}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR mouthparts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Quirós|first=Gabriela|title=WATCH: Mosquitoes Use 6 Needles To Suck Your Blood|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/480653821/watch-mosquitoes-use-6-needles-to-suck-your-blood|publisher=NPR|accessdate=13 December 2023|date=June 7, 2016|archivedate=3 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103011402/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/480653821/watch-mosquitoes-use-6-needles-to-suck-your-blood}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Choo Buss Tan Leal 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Choo|first=Young-Moo|title=Multitasking roles of mosquito labrum in oviposition and blood feeding|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=6|date=2015-10-29|pmid=26578978|doi=10.3389/fphys.2015.00306}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zahran Sawires Hamza 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zahran|first=Nagwan|title=Piercing and sucking mouth parts sensilla of irradiated mosquito, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) with gamma radiation|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=12|issue=1|date=2022-10-25|pmid=36284127|doi=10.1038/s41598-022-22348-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'èzí, usoro nri doro anya nke anwụnta bụ proboscis, nke nwere egbugbere ọnụ, U-shaped na ngalaba dị ka Mmiri ozuzo, nke na-ekpuchi ụyọkọ (fascicle) nke ọnụ isii na-agbapu ma ọ bụ stylets. Ndị a bụ agbà abụọ, agbà abụọ ahụ, hypopharynx, na labrum. Ọnụ ya na-agbadata n'ime ụta mgbe anwụnta ahụ malitere ịta, na-anọgide na-emetụ akpụkpọ ahụ aka ma na-eduzi stylets ala. A na-ebugharị isi ndị dị nkọ nke labrum na maxillae azụ na n'ihu iji hụ ụzọ ha ga-esi banye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ, na naanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ike ga-adị mkpa iji banye n'ahụ ahụ na agịga, na-akpata ntinye na-enweghị ihe mgbu.&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;275&quot; widths=&quot;350&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Evolution_of_mosquito_mouthparts.svg|Evolution of mosquito mouthparts, with grasshopper mouthparts (shown both ''in situ'' and separately) representing a more primitive condition. All the mouthparts except the labium are stylets, formed into a fascicle or bundle.
Faịlụ:Feeding_mosquito,_mouthparts_labelled.svg|Mouthparts of a female mosquito while feeding on blood, showing the flexible labium sheath supporting the piercing and sucking tube which penetrates the host's skin
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Mmanụ ala ===
E wezụga nke ahụ, mkpịsị anwụnta (saliva) nwere enzymes dị pụrụ iche nke na-enyere ha aka igbari nri shuga ha na-aṅụ, yana ihe ndị na-egbochi nje (antimicrobial agents) nke na-alụso uto nje bacteria ọgụ n'ime nri shuga ah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rossignol|first=P.A.|title=Bacteriolytic factor in the salivary glands of Aedes aegypti|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry|volume=83|issue=4|pages=819–822|year=1986|pmid=3519067|doi=10.1016/0305-0491(86)90153-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpịsị anwụnta (saliva) nwere ngwakọta pụrụ iche nke proteins na-enyere ya aka ịṅụ ọbara n'enweghị nsogbu site n'ichetara ma mebie usoro nchekwa ahụ nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ mmadụ ọ na-ata.

=== Ọganihu àkwá na ịgbari ọbara ===
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anopheles stephensi'' nwanyị na-etinye ọbara ma malite ịfe mmiri na-achọghị iji mee ohere n'ime eriri afọ ya maka ihe ndị ọzọ siri ike.]]
Mgb anwụnta nwanyị aṅụchaa ọbara buru ibu, nri ahụ na-akpali homonụ na-amalite mmepe àkwá n'ahụ ya. Mgbe ọ dọpụtara proboscis ya, eriri afọ ya jupụtara na ọbara na-ewepụta peritrophic membrane nke na-ekpuchi ọbara ahụ ka ọ kewapụ ya n'akụkụ afọ ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ọtụtụ ahụhụ na-aṅụ mmiri, anwụnta na-ewepụta mmiri karịrị akarị n'ahụ ya ọbụna mgbe ọ ka na-aṅụ ọbara ahụ, nke na-enyere ya aka ịnakọta naanị protin na ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ na-enweghị ibu mmiri arọ.

== Nbudata ==

=== Ọdịdị Ụwa ===
Anwụnta nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ (cosmopolitans), n'ihi na a na-enweta ha n'ala dum n'ụwa ma e wezụga Antarctica na obere agwaetiti ole na ole.

Àkwá anwụnta ndị bi n'ebe oyi (temperate regions) na-agụ ike iguzogide oyi karịa àkwá ụdị sitere n'ebe na-ekpo ọkụ (tropics). Ọtụtụ na-aguzogide okpomọkụ dị ala nke ukwuu, ebe ndị tolitere etolite n'ime ụdị ụfọdụ na-alanarị oge oyi site n'izobe n'obere ebe dị jụụ dị ka oghere osisi ma ọ bụ n'ime ụlọ.

=== Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Horton|first=Helena|date=21 October 2025|title=Mosquitoes found in Iceland for first time as climate crisis warms country|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/oct/21/mosquitoes-found-iceland-first-time-climate-crisis-warms-country}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==

=== Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na nje ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Beck|first=Kevin|title=What Eats Mosquitoes?|date=November 22, 2019|url=https://sciencing.com/eats-mosquitoes-8568515.html|accessdate=31 May 2021|work=Sciencing|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215704/https://sciencing.com/eats-mosquitoes-8568515.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe anwụnta tolitere etolite pụta n'elu ọdọ mmiri, ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri anụ dị ka Empididae, Dolichopodidae, na ududo na-ejide ma na-eri ha ngwa ngwa. E wezụga nke ahụ, nnụnụ dị ka swifts na swallows, yana anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụsụ, na-achụ ma na-eri anwụnta ndị a mgbe ha na-efe efe n'ikuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medlock Snow 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Medlock|first=J. M.|title=Natural predators and parasites of British mosquitoes–a review|journal=European Mosquito Bulletin|volume=25|issue=1|year=2008|pages=1–11|url=https://e-m-b.myspecies.info/sites/e-m-b.org/files/European_Mosquito_Bulletin_Publications811/EMB25/EMB25_1.pdf|accessdate=15 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E wezụga anụmanụ na-eri ha, anwụnta na-arịawanye ọrịa site na obere ihe ndị dị ndụ na nje dị iche iche. Dị ka ihe atụ, ụmụ ahụhụ hydrachnid, ciliates dị ka Glaucoma, na microsporidians dị ka Thelohania na-amụba n'ahụ ha. E wezụga ha, ụdị fungi dị iche iche sitere na ezinụlọ Saprolegniaceae na Entomophthoraceae na-ebukwa anwụnta ọrịa ma na-egbu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medlock Snow 2008&quot; /&gt;

=== Mkpụrụ osisi ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_on_marigold_flower.JPG|thumb|Anụ anwụnta na-eleta okooko osisi marigold maka ihe na-atọ ụtọ]]
Ọtụtụ okooko osisi gụnyere ndị otu Asteraceae, Rosaceae na [[Orchid|Orchidaceae]] na-agbanye site na anwụnta, nke na-eleta iji nweta mmiri shuga. Njikọ osisi ole na ole bụ ndị pụrụ iche maka mmịpụta anwụnta, dị ka ''Platanthera'' orchids nke ụdị ''Aedes'' na-eme mmịpụta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Foster|first=Woodbridge A.|date=2024|title=Mosquito pollination of plants: an overview of their role and an assessment of the possible contribution of disease vectors|journal=[[Transgenic Research]]|volume=33|issue=5|pages=297–322|doi=10.1007/s11248-024-00394-w|pmid=39172353}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-adọrọ mmasị na okooko osisi site na ọtụtụ semiochemicals dị ka alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, na terpenes. Ha nwekwara ike iji akara ngosi anya gụnyere UV reflectivity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shannon|first=Danica M|date=2024|title=Mosquito floral visitation and pollination|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214574524000725|journal=Current Opinion in Insect Science|language=en|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.cois.2024.101230|pmid=38971524|accessdate=25 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anụ anwụnta eletawo ma na-eme ka okooko osisi na-agbasa kemgbe oge Cretaceous. O kwere omume na anwụnta na-amị ọbara na-amịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peach-Gries-2020&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịkpa Onwe Anụ ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;Poulin Randhawa 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Poulin|first=Robert|title=Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to genomics|journal=[[Parasitology (journal)|Parasitology]]|date=February 2015|volume=142|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S6–S15|doi=10.1017/S0031182013001674|pmid=24229807}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị ==

=== Ihe ndekọ fossil ===
[[Faịlụ:Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg|alt=Fossilized mosquito encased in amber|thumb|Anụ anwụnta Culex malariager butere nje ịba ''[[Dominican Republic|Dominican]]&quot; id=&quot;mwA2o&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Plasmodium dominicana&quot;&gt;Plasmodium Dominicana'', na amber Dominican nke afọ Miocene, 15-20 nde afọ gara aga &lt;ref name=&quot;Poinar 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Poinar|first=George|title=Evolutionary History of Terrestrial Pathogens and Endoparasites as Revealed in Fossils and Subfossils|journal=Advances in Biology|volume=2014|date=2014-06-12|doi=10.1155/2014/181353|pages=1–29}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2023 tụrụ aro na Libanoculex intermedius a chọtara na Lebanese amber (sitere n'oge Barremian nke Early Cretaceous, ihe dị ka nde afọ 125 gara aga) bụ anwụnta kacha ochie a maara. Otú ọ dị, a na-arụ ụka n'ezie njirimara ya, ebe ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ na-alụ na ọ bụ ụdị chaoborid kama.

=== Nchịkọta ===
There are over 3,700&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: About the mosquito|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/index.html|date=2024|accessdate=8 August 2025|archivedate=7 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807042937/https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; species of mosquitoes; 112 genera have been described. They are traditionally divided into two subfamilies, the Anophelinae and the Culicinae, which carry different diseases. Roughly speaking, protozoal diseases like malaria are transmitted by anophelines, while viral diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever are transmitted by culicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;Molina-Cruz Lehmann Knöckel 2013 pp. 530–537&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Molina-Cruz|first=Alvaro|title=Could culicine mosquitoes transmit human malaria?|journal=[[Trends in Parasitology]]|volume=29|issue=11|date=2013|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2013.09.003|pages=530–537|pmid=24140295}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye Germany na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ bụ Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha Culicidae na nhazi nke mpịakọta asaa ya nke e bipụtara na 1818-1838. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meigen 1818&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Meigen|first=Johann Wilhelm|authorlink=Johann Wilhelm Meigen|date=1818–1838|title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten|language=de|location=Aachen|publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/9/mode/1up|accessdate=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere ka ụyọkọ ụmụ ahụhụ dị elu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ Frederick Vincent Theobald bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke ise na Culicidae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Theobald1901&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Theobald|first=Frederick Vincent|authorlink=Frederick Vincent Theobald|date=1901|title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes|location=London|publisher=[[British Museum (Natural History)]]|url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n3/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere ya ihe atụ anwụnta e zigara na British Museum (Natural History)  site na gburugburu ụwa, na ntụziaka nke 1898 nke odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain, onye dere na &quot;n'ihi njikọ nwere ike ịdị na ịba na anwụnta, ọ dị mma inweta ihe ọmụma ziri ezi banyere ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị jikọtara ya na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Ya mere, m ga-arịọ gị ... ka ị nweta nchịkọta nke ụmụ ahụhụ nwere nku na Colony nke ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ anụmanụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harbach Kitching 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Harbach|first=R. E.|date=January 2016|title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=[[Zoologica Scripta]]|volume=45|pages=34–47|url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216|doi=10.1111/zsc.12137|accessdate=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịdị ===

==== N'èzí ====
Anụ anwụnta bụ ndị otu ezinụlọ nke ezi ụmụ ahụhụ (usoro Diptera) : Culicidae (site na Latịn {{Lang|la|culex}}, genitive {{Lang|la|culicis}}, nke pụtara &quot;midge&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;gnat&quot;). &lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-398-06179-3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jaeger|first=Edmund C.|authorlink=Edmund Jaeger|title=A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms|publisher=Thomas|location=Springfield, Ill|year=1959}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụ ndị otu Culicomorpha na superfamily Culicoidea. Osisi phylogenetic dabeere na ọrụ FLYTREE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yeates|first=David K.|title=Phylogeny of True Flies (Diptera): A 250 Million Year Old Success Story in Terrestrial Diversification|url=http://www.inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/|work=Flytree|publisher=Illinois Natural History Survey|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228210535/http://inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/|archivedate=28 December 2015|accessdate=24 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yeates|first=David K.|title=Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects|year=2007|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=1668|pages=565–590|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.27}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clade|{{clade 
   |1={{clade 
      |1=[[Ptychopteromorpha]] (phantom and primitive crane-flies) [[File:Ptychoptera contaminata male Walker 1856 plate-XXVIII.png|70px]]
      |label2=[[Culicomorpha]] 
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Chironomidae]] (non-biting midges) [[File:Chironomus ferrugineovittatus m.png|70px]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=Simulioidea (blackflies and biting midges) [[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 11052 Biting midge on human skin (cropped).jpg|60px]]
            |label2=[[Culicoidea]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Dixidae]] (meniscus midges) [[File:Dixa nebulosa adult John Curtis British Entomology 409.png|70px]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Corethrellidae]] (frog-biting midges)
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[[Chaoboridae]] (phantom midges) [[File:Chaoborus crystallinus male as Corethra plumicornis (Walker Insecta Britanica Vol 3 page 397 plate XXV).png|60px]]
                     |2='''Culicidae''' [[File:Stegomyia fasciata.jpg|100px]]
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |2={{clade
      |1=other midges and gnats [[File:Isoneuromyia annandalei.jpg|70px]]
      |2=all other flies, inc. [[Brachycera]] [[File:Syrphidae icon.jpg|70px]]
      }}
   }}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;|label1=[[Diptera]]|sublabel1=(true flies)}}Ezinụlọ abụọ nke anwụnta bụ Anophelinae, nke nwere ụdị atọ na ihe dịka ụdị 430, na Culicinae, Nke nwere agbụrụ 11, ụdị 108 na ụdị 3,046. Kyanne Reidenbach na ndị ọrụ ibe ya nyochara phylogenetics nke anwụnta na 2009, na-eji ma DNA nuklia na ọdịdị nke ụdị 26. Ha na-ekwu na Anophelinae gosipụtara na ọ bụ ihe dị n'okpuru, mana akụkụ ndị dị omimi nke osisi ahụ anaghị edozi nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reidenbach Cook Bertone Harbach 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Reidenbach|first=Kyanne R.|title=Phylogenetic analysis and temporal diversification of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) based on nuclear genes and morphology|journal=[[BMC Evolutionary Biology]]|volume=9|issue=1|date=2009|pmid=20028549|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-298}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clade|{{clade
   |1=basal spp.
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Anophelinae]] 
      |1=[[File:Anopheles gambiae mosquito feeding 1354.p lores.jpg|125px]]
      |label2=[[Culicinae]] 
      |2={{clade
         |1=other spp.
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Aedini]] [[File:Aedes aegypti feeding (cropped).jpg|125px]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=other spp.
               |2=[[Sabethini]] [[File:Sabethes albiprivus (cropped).jpg|125px]]
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;|label1='''Culicidae'''}}

== Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ mmadụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg|thumb|''Anopheles albimanus'' na-eri nri n'aka mmadụ. Dị ka anwụnta bụ naanị ihe na-ebute [[Iba|ịba]], ịchịkwa ha na-ebelata ọbịbịa ya.]]

=== Ihe ndị na-ebute ọrịa ===
Anụ anwụnta bụ ihe na-ebute ọtụtụ microorganisms na-akpata ọrịa gụnyere nje bacteria, Nje virus, na protozoan parasites. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ 700 na-arịa ọrịa anwụnta kwa afọ, na-akpata ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EBMED2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mosquito as Deadly Menace|url=https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link|publisher=[[Pfizer]]|accessdate=10 December 2023|archivedate=25 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825170028/https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Explainer: How climate change is amplifying mosquito-borne diseases|url=https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases|accessdate=2024-06-20|work=World Mosquito Program|date=22 April 2022|archivedate=27 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127042108/https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa nje virus na-ebute site na anwụnta na-agụnye yellow fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2 014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219011908/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|archivedate=19 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[chikungunya]] na dengue fever, niile na-ebufe site na ''Aedes aegypti''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf|title=Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|year=2009|isbn=978-92-4-154787-1|accessdate=2013-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC250814&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|work=BBC News|date=14 August 2025|first=Dominic|author=Hughes|title=UK cases of mosquito-borne virus more than double|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c7419g1l488o|accessdate=14 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa parasitic nke anwụnta na-ebute gụnyere [[Iba|ịba]] na lymphatic filariasis. Nje ''[[Plasmodium]]'' nke na-akpata ịba bụ nke anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' na-ebu. Lymphatic filariasis, isi ihe na-akpata elephantiasis, na-agbasa site na ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lymphatic Filariasis|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation]]|accessdate=24 August 2011|archivedate=5 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505163529/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa nje bacteria nke anwụnta ''Culex'' na ''Culiseta'' na-agbasa bụ tularemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21776596&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Muslu|first=H.|title=[Evaluation of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) identified in Manisa province according to their breeding sites and seasonal differences]|language=tr|journal=Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi|volume=35|issue=2|pages=100–104|year=2011|pmid=21776596|doi=10.5152/tpd.2011.25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchịkwa ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Netting.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta anwụnta nwere ike igbochi ndị mmadụ ịta ha mgbe ha na-ehi ụra.]]
A nwalere ọtụtụ usoro maka Nchịkwa anwụnta, gụnyere iwepụ ebe ha na-amụ nwa, iwepụ site na windo windo na ụgbụ anwụnta, nchịkwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na nje dịka fungi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/10/science/10mosquito.html|title=Fungus Fatal to Mosquito May Aid Global War on Malaria|date=10 June 2005|work=The New York Times|accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kramer|first=J.P.|title=''Entomophthora culicis'' (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales) as a pathogen of ''adultaedes aegypti'' (diptera, culicidae)|journal=Aquatic Insects|volume=4|issue=2|pages=73–79|year=1982|doi=10.1080/01650428209361085}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nematodes,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shamseldean|first=M.M.|title=''Romanomermis culicivorax'': penetration of larval mosquitoes|journal=[[Journal of Invertebrate Pathology]]|volume=54|issue=2|pages=191–199|date=September 1989|pmid=2570111|doi=10.1016/0022-2011(89)90028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ ndị na-eri ibe ha dị ka azụ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Krumholz|first=Louis A.|title=Reproduction in the Western Mosquitofish, ''Gambusia affinis affinis'' (Baird &amp; Girard), and Its Use in Mosquito Control|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=18|issue=1|year=1948|pages=1–43|doi=10.2307/1948627}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jianguo-Dashu-1995&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-27870-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html|chapter=Part III: Interactions - 31. A Comparative Study of the Ability of Fish to Catch Mosquito Larva|title=Rice-fish culture in China|isbn=978-1-55250-313-3|year=1995|publisher=International Development Research Centre|first=Wang|author=Jianguo|editor=MacKay}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fradin|first=M.S.|title=Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician's guide|journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]]|volume=128|issue=11|pages=931–940|date=June 1998|pmid=9634433|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-128-11-199806010-00013}}&lt;/ref&gt; copepods,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marten|first=G.G.|title=Cyclopoid copepods|journal=Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association|volume=23|issue=2 Suppl|pages=65–92|year=2007|pmid=17853599|doi=10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[65:CC]2.0.CO;2}}&lt;/ref&gt; dragonfly nymphs na ndị okenye, na ụfọdụ ụdị ezé na agụ owuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Canyon|first=D.V.|title=The gecko: an environmentally friendly biological agent for mosquito control|journal=Medical and Veterinary Entomology|volume=11|issue=4|pages=319–323|date=October 1997|pmid=9430109|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00416.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụzọ ọzọ bụ iwebata ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ nwoke na-adịghị amị. &lt;ref name=&quot;twsE44&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Carpenter|first=Jennifer|title=Spermless mosquitoes hold promise to stop malaria|publisher=[[BBC]]|quote=Scientists have created spermless mosquitoes in an effort to curb the spread of malaria.|date=8 August 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14422440|accessdate=5 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa gụnyere enweghị nkwekọrịta cytoplasmic, translocations chromosomal, mgbagwoju anya mmekọahụ na mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ nketa, ngwọta a na-ahụ dị ka ihe dị ọnụ ala na nke na-adịghị adabere na mgbochi vector. A tụwo aro ịchịkwa anwụnta na-ebu ọrịa site na iji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kyrou|first=Kyros Kyrou|title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting ''doublesex'' causes complete population suppression in caged ''Anopheles gambiae'' mosquitoes|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=36|issue=11|pages=1062–1066|date=Sep 24, 2018|doi=10.1038/nbt.4245|pmid=30247490|url=http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/64952/11/nbt.4245.pdf|accessdate=September 23, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Michael Le Page|title=Gene tool could halt malaria spread|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=Sep 29, 2018|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931974-000-evolution-defying-dna-makes-mosquitoes-infertile-by-changing-their-sex|accessdate=November 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe Na-egbochi ===
[[Faịlụ:Insect_repellents_in_Finnish_store.jpg|thumb|Ihe na-egbochi anwụnta (gụnyere coil anwụnta) n'ụlọ ahịa Finland]]
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf|title=Electronic mosquito repellents for preventing mosquito bites and malaria infection|accessdate=2018-09-19|archivedate=2017-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808175758/http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-etinye ihe na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ iji nweta nchebe pụọ n'ịta anwụnta. Kemịkalụ DEET na-achụpụ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ dị mma. Dị ka nhazi CDC si dị, ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ a na-atụ aro gụnyere picaridin, mmanụ eucalyptus (PMD), na ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535). E wezụga nke ahụ, pyrethrum nke sitere n'osisi Chrysanthemum bụ ihe mgbochi okike sitere na osisi. Agbanyeghị na a na-ere ngwaọrụ eletrọniki na-emepụta ultrasound iji gbochie anwụnta, enweghị nnyocha sitere na EPA ma ọ bụ mahadum gosiri na ngwaọrụ ndị a na-egbochi anwụnta ịta mmadụ n'ezie.

=== Ịta ===
Ịta anw

ụnta na-ebute mmeghachi omume dị iche iche n'akpụkpọ ahụ, nke pụrụ ikpata ahụ erughị ala siri ike ma ma a tụnyere ịta ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe na-ebute ụdị mmeghachi omume a bụ ahụ mmadụ ịmụta mgbochigabiga (hypersensitivity) n'ihi protin na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mkpịsị anwụnta.

== Na omenala mmadụ ==

=== Akụkọ ifo ndị Gris ===
[[Faịlụ:Rackham-gnat_and_bull.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Arthur Rackham nke akụkọ ifo nke &quot;The Bull and the Mosquito&quot;, 1912]]
Akụkọ ifo anụ ọhịa ndị Grik oge ochie gụnyere &quot;Enyí na Anụgbụgbọ&quot; na &quot;Nku na Anụgbọ Anụgbọ&quot;, na omume ọma n'ozuzu na nnukwu anụ ọhịa ahụ anaghị ahụ ọbụna obere, sitere na Mesopotemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adrados1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Adrados|first=Francisco Rodríguez|authorlink=Francisco Rodríguez Adrados|title=History of the Graeco-Latin Fable|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=093Gl8KEktMC&amp;pg=PA324|year=1999|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-11454-8|accessdate=2016-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akụkọ ifo mmalite ===
Ndị Siberia nwere akụkọ ifo gbasara anwụnta. Otu akụkọ ifo Ostiak na-akọ banyere nnukwu mmadụ na-eri mmadụ, ''Punegus'', onye dike gburu ma ọ gaghị anọgide na-anwụ. Onye dike ahụ mechara gbaa dike ahụ ọkụ, mana ntụ nke ọkụ ahụ ghọrọ anwụnta na-aga n'ihu na-ata ahụhụ. Akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ sitere na ndị Yakut, Goldes (Ndị Nanai), na Samoyed nwere ahụhụ sitere na ntụ ma ọ bụ iberibe nke ụfọdụ nnukwu ihe e kere eke ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. Akụkọ ndị yiri nke a chọtara n'akụkọ ifo ndị North America, na anwụnta sitere na ntụ nke onye na-eri mmadụ, na-atụ aro mmalite otu. Ndị Tatar nke Altai nwere ụdị nke otu akụkọ ifo ahụ, nke gụnyere iberibe nnukwu onye nwụrụ anwụ, ''Andalma-Muus'', na-aghọ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ.

Lafcadio Hearn na-ekwu na na Japan, a na-ahụ anwụnta dị ka reincarnations nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ, ndị njehie nke ndụ ha gara aga katọrọ na ọnọdụ nke ''Jiki-ketsu-gaki'', ma ọ bụ &quot;ihe na-aṅụ ọbara&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hearn|first=Lafcadio|authorlink=Lafcadio Hearn|chapter=Mosquitoes|title=Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|origdate=1968|year=2020|isbn=978-1-4209-6751-7|pages=72–74}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Winsor_McCay_(1912)_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm|thumbtime=00:36|alt=Silent animated black-and-white film of a giant mosquito drinking blood from a sleeping man.|thumb|''How a Mosquito Operates'' (1912)]]
Ihe nkiri Winsor McCay nke 1912 How a Mosquito Operates bụ otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke animation. A kọwawo ya dị anya karịa oge ya na nkà na ụzụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Webster|first=Chris|title=Action Analysis for Animators|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jylUYRFfcywC|year=2012|publisher=[[Focal Press]]|isbn=978-0-240-81218-2|accessdate=2022-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-egosi nnukwu anwụnta na-emekpa nwoke na-ehi ụra ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Canemaker|first=John|authorlink=John Canemaker|title=Winsor McCay: His Life and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vs82AQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=[[Abrams Books]]|isbn=978-0-8109-5941-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụgbọ mmiri iri na abụọ nke Royal Navy bu aha HMS Mosquito ma ọ bụ ụdị ochie nke aha ahụ, HMS ''Musquito'' . 

de Havilland Mosquito bụ ụgbọ elu na-agba ọsọ nke e mepụtara n'etiti 1940 na 1950, ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=De Havilland Mosquito|url=http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html|publisher=The Aviation History Online Museum|accessdate=21 November 2015|archivedate=11 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111050938/http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Obodo Russia nke Berezniki na-eme emume anwụnta ya kwa afọ site na 17th nke July ruo 20th na asọmpi &quot;nwa agbọghọ kachasị mma&quot;. N'asọmpi ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-eguzo maka nkeji iri abụọ na uwe mkpụmkpụ na uwe mkpuchi (British: vests), onye na-enweta ọtụtụ ihe na-emeri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-33525015|title=Russia: Mosquitoes honoured at annual festival|work=BBC News|date=July 14, 2015|accessdate=5 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-etinye Agịga sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Mosquito proboscis na imewe Biomimetic maka iji ya mee ihe na ọgwụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gurera|first=Dev|title=Lessons from mosquitoes' painless piercing|journal=Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials|date=August 2018|volume=84|pages=178–187|doi=10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.025|pmid=29793155}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=Annie D. R.|title=Mosquito proboscis-inspired needle insertion to reduce tissue deformation and organ displacement|journal=Scientific Reports|date=22 July 2020|volume=10|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-68596-w|pmid=32699296}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>p3uetrbsw4fqo78ji78knutnn2y71ct</sha1>
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        <username>Pablowhite44</username>
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      <comment>Nsụgharị nkọwa foto ka m mere.</comment>
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      <text bytes="47453" sha1="aiyyunh8l0yxnma4u5k9taxxv2gu3l0" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange |99|0|earliest=125}} &lt;small&gt;[[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Cenomanian]]) – Recent&lt;/small&gt;
| image = Aedes aegypti.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'', the main [[Disease vector|vector]] of [[yellow fever]]
| taxon = Culicidae
| authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1818&lt;ref name=mosqInv&gt;{{cite web |url=https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 |title=Family Culicidae Meigen, 1818 |date=November 2, 2008 |last=Harbach |first=Ralph |work=Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory |access-date=December 26, 2025 |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003061320/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 |url-status=dead }}, see also [https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list Valid Species List] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315103505/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list |date=March 15, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = *[[List of mosquito genera#Subfamily Anophelinae|Anophelinae]]
*[[Culicinae]]
| diversity = 112 genera
| diversity_link = List of mosquito genera &lt;!--Culicidae#Systematics--&gt;
}}
'''Anwụnta (nke sitere na ezinụlọ ''Culicidae'')''' bụ obere ahụhụ nwere ihe dị ka ụdị puku atọ na narị isii dị iche iche. Ahụ ha siri gịrịgịrị, nke e kewaara ekewa, nwee nku abụọ, ụkwụ gbatịrị ogologo, na proboscis pụrụ iche e ji amị ihe. Anwụnta niile na-eri mmiri ara okooko osisi, mana ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ ụdị ha amụtala ịṅụ ọbara.

Ha gbasara nke ukwuu n'ụwa n'oge Cretaceous. N'ihe gbasara sayensị, ndị ọkà mmụta Ihe Ndụ na-ele anwụnta anya dị ka ''micropredators''—obere anụmanụ na-aṅụ ọbara anụmanụ ka ukwuu n'egbughị ha ozugbo. Mgbe nke ahụ na-eme, ndị ọkachamara na-amụ maka ọrịa na-ahụ ha dị ka ndị na-ebufe nje (vectors), sị otu a na-esi n'otu onye gaa n'ozor na-agbasa protozoa, bacteria, ma ọ bụ virus.

Ihe e ji amara usoro ndụ anwụnta bụ ọkwa anọ pụrụ iche: àkwà, larva, pupa, na anwụnta tolitere etolite. Mgbe anwụnta yịrị àkwà n'elu mmiri, ha na-aghọ ụmụ ahụhụ na-agagharị agagharị (larvae) nke na-eri ahịhịa mmiri na ihe ndị mepụrụ emepụ. Ụmụ larva ndị a bụ nri dị mkpa nye anụmanụ mmiri dị ka azụ, ụmụ dragonfly, na ụfọdụ nnụnụ. Mgbe ha tolitere, ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-eji ọnụ ha pụrụ iche ama ahụ anụmanụ dị iche iche iji ṅụọ ọbara ha, nke bụ sọosọ ihe na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịyị àkwà.

Mgbe anwụnta gbara mmadu, ọ na-agba nsị ya n'ahụ onye ahụ, nke na-ebutekarị ọzịza na itching. E wezụga nke ahụ, ụmụ anwụnta ndị na-aṅụ ọbara na-enwere ike ịmịrị nje na-ebute ọrịa mgbe ha gbara onye bu ya, ma nwee ike ibuba ya n'ahụ onye ọzọ. Ihe atụ nke ọrịa ndị a gụnyere ọrịa parasites dị ka ịba na filariasis, gbaknyere ọrịa arbovirus dị ka yellow fever na dengue fever. N'ihi oké mgbasa nke ọrịa ndị a site n’anwụnta, ha na-egbu ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ n'ụwa niile kwa afọ.

== Nkọwa na ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Life-Cycle.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|frameless]]
Usoro ndụ anwụnta nwere ọkwa anọ pụrụ iche: àkwá, igurube (larva), pupụ, na anwụnta toro eto. Ọkwa atọ mbụ na-eme kpamkpam n'ime mmiri kwụ otu ebe, ebe a na-etinye àkwá ha. Mgbe àkwá ndị ahụ pụtara dị ka igurube, ha na-eri nri, na-eto, wee gbanwee ghọọ pupae. N'ikpeazụ, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-apụta site na pupa ahụ mgbe ọ na-ese n'elu mmiri. N'ozuzu, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-adị ndụ site n'otu izu ruo otu ọnwa, n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ ụdị na- enwere ike ịnọ n'ọnọdụ izu ike (diapause) wee gafere oge oyi..

=== Ndị toro eto ===
Anwụnta bụ obere ụmụ ahụhụ nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke na-adịkarị ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ oji, nwere ogologo sitere na milimita 3 ruo 6. Ha nwere otu nku abụọ dị warara, nwere scaly na ha, yana ogologo ụkwụ. Mgbe anwụnta na-ezu ike, ha na-etinyekarị ụkwụ ha nke mbụ gawa n'akụkụ. Anwụnta Anopheles nwere ike ife gaa n'ihu ruo kilomita 12 n'otu abalị n'agbụghị nkwụsị. Ụmụ nwoke na-eti nku ha ugboro 450 ruo 600 n'otu sekọnd site n'ike uru ahụ ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ obere ahụhụ, dị ka ụdị Aedes, ụdị ụfọdụ dị ka Toxorhynchites nwere ike itolite n'ogologo ahụ na nku nke ka ukwuu n'ezie.

&lt;ref name=&quot;UF/IFAS A. gambiae&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=African malaria mosquito|url=https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_gambiae.htm|publisher=[[University of Florida]]|accessdate=11 February 2024|archivedate=30 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330125827/https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_gambiae.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anụ anwụnta nwere ike itolite site na àkwá ruo okenye na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike iwe ihe ruru otu ọnwa.[1] N'isi ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ mgbede, n'ime ụbọchị nke pupating, ndị nwoke na-agbakọta n'ìgwè, na-alụ mgbe ndị nwanyị na-efe efe.[2] Nwanyị ahụ na-alụ naanị otu ugboro n'oge ndụ ya, na-adọrọ mmasị site na pheromones nke nwoke ahụ na-ewepụta.[3][4] N'ime ụdị ndị chọrọ ọbara ka àkwá ahụ too, nke nne na-achọta onye na-elekọta ya ma na-aṅụ ọbara zuru ezu. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-ezu ike ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ iji gbarie nri ahụ ma kwe ka àkwá ya too. Mgbe ahụ, ọ dị njikere itinye àkwá ma megharịa usoro nri na ịtụrụ.[2] Ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ibi ruo izu atọ n'ọhịa, dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, ikike ha nwere inweta nri ọbara, na izere ịbụ ndị anụ ha na-egbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC Anopheles&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/|accessdate=December 13, 2023|date=July 16, 2020|archivedate=9 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909055158/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peach-Gries-2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Peach|first=Daniel A. H.|title=Mosquito phytophagy – sources exploited, ecological function, and evolutionary transition to haematophagy|journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata|issue=2|doi=10.1111/eea.12852|year=2019|volume=168|pages=120–136}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;450&quot; widths=&quot;300&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Culex_pipiens_diagram_en.svg|Ọdịdị ahụ nke anwụnta nwanyị toro eto
Faịlụ:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|Anwụnta yellow fever toro eto ''Aedes aegypti'', nke bụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị n’ime subfamily Culicinae. Nwoke (n’aka ekpe) nwere antenna juru ajị na palps dị ogologo karịa nke nwanyị (n’aka nri).
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Àkwá ===
Anwụnta na-enyekarị àkwá ha n'ime mmiri na-agagharịghị agagharị, dị ka ọdọ mmiri, ala apịtị, ma ọ bụ mmiri sọpụrụ n'oghere osisi na n'agbata akwụkwọ osisi bromeliad. Ụdị ụfọdụ na-eyi àkwá ha n'akụkụ mmiri ma ọ bụ n'elu ahịhịa mmiri. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ụfọdụ ụdị pụrụ iche dị ka Opifex fuscus na- amụ n'ime mmiri nnu gbara gburugburu ọdọ, ebe Wyeomyia smithii na-amụ n'ime ogbo osisi pitcher, ebe ụmụ larva ha na-eri ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ mmiri riri n'ebe ahụ.


&lt;ref name=&quot;Amorim Sa Rojas Santos Neto 2022 pp. 631–637&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Amorim|first=J. A.|title=Aquatic Macrophytes Hosting Immature Mansonia (Mansonia) Blanchard, 1901 (Diptera, Culicidae) in Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=59|issue=2|date=2022-03-16|doi=10.1093/jme/tjab223|pages=631–637|pmid=35043213}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìgwè àkwá nke ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-apụta n'otu oge, mana àkwá ''Aedes'' na diapause na-apụghị n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma n'ime ogologo oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang Walker Vulule Miller 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Juan|title=Daily temperature profiles in and around Western Kenyan larval habitats of Anopheles gambiae as related to egg mortality|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=5|issue=1|date=2006|pmid=17038186|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-5-87}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Anopheles_egg_2_(cropped).jpg|''[[Anopheles]]'' Àkwá na-esi n'akụkụ see n'elu mmiri
Faịlụ:Mosquito_egg_SEM.jpg|Foto microscope elektrọn nke àkwá culicine.

Faịlụ:Gelege1_(cropped).jpg|Otu ụyọkọ àkwá ''Culex''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Igurube ===
Isi larva anwụnta nhare brọsh ọnụ e ji ama nri, obi buru ibu nke na-enweghị ụkwụ, na afọ e kewaara ekewa. N'ihi na ọ na-eku ume site na siphon dị n'afọ ya, ọ na-apụta n'elu mmiri ugboro ugboro, ebe ọ na-eri ahịhịa mmiri (algae), bacteria, na obere ihe ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ihe sọrọ ya gburugburu, ọ na-agbada n'ala mmiri site n'ịkpụgharị ahụ ya ma ọ bụ iji brọsh ọnụ ya kwagharịa onwe ya. Larva na-agafe ọkwa utolite dị iche iche (instars) ma na-agbanwe akpụkpọ n'oge ọ bụla tupu ọ ghọọ pupa. E wezụga mgbe ha ka dị obere, ụmụ larva Aedes nwere ike iguzogide ebe kpọrọ nkụ, na-abanye n'ọnọdụ izu ike (diapause) ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri ha kporo nkwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang Walker Vulule Miller 2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot; widths=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:AnophelesLarvaPhoto_CDCHarryWeinburgh_publicdomain.jpg|''[[Anopheles]]'' larva
Faịlụ:Culex_restuans_larva_diagram_en.svg|Ọdịdị ahụ kpalakpụm Culex
Faịlụ:Culex_sp_larvae.png|''Kpalakpụm Culex dị iche iche na pupa otu''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Pupa ===
Pupa anwụnta nwere isi na obi gwakọtara ọnụ ka cephalothorax, ebe afọ ya pịrị akpị n'okpuru. Pupa a na- enwere ike igwu mmiri nke ọma site n'ịkpụgharị afọ ya. Dị ka larva, ọ na-apụta n'elu mmiri ugboro ugboro iji kụọ ikuku site n'obere opi iku ume abụọ dị n'obi ya. Pupa anaghị eri nri, kama ọ na-ese naanị n'elu mmiri. Mgbe ihe na-eyi ya mgbagwoju anya, ọ na-amụbanye n'ala mmiri site n'ịkpụgharị afọ ya, mana ọ na-eseghachi n'elu n'oge na-adịghị anya. N'ikpeazụ, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-apụta site na pupa ahụ n'elu mmiri wee fepụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EPA life cycle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mosquito Life Cycle|date=21 February 2013|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle|publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]|accessdate=12 December 2023|archivedate=19 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219184319/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot; widths=&quot;400&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Underwater_view_of_mosquito_pupae_in_standing_water.jpg|Pupa anwụnta dị iche iche, obere oge tupu ndị nke tozuru etozu apụta. Isi na igbe obi ha agwakọtawo pụta cephalothorax.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ndị toro eto na-enye nri ==

=== Nri ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Tasmania_crop.jpg|thumb|Nwanyị ''Aedes'' sp. na-eri ọbara sitere n'aka mmadụ. ]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wahid|first=Isra|date=2003|title=Maxillae and mandibles of male mosquitoes and female autogenous mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.150|pmid=12693842}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anụmanụ ndị bi na ya ===
Anwụnt

a na-aṅụ ọbara nwere anụmanụ pụrụ iche ha ka na-ahọrọ ịta, mana ha na-ata anụmanụ anya hụrụ mgbe nri na-anaghị adị mfe. Ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche na-aṅụ ọbara anụ bi n'ala na mmiri (amphibians), anụ na-akpụ akpụ dị ka agwọ, nnụnụ, na anụ na-enye nwa ara (mammals).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Chironius_scurrulus_(Yasuni)_(cropped)_with_mosquitoes.jpg|Iri nri n'ahụ agwọ
Faịlụ:Mosquitoes_vs._Frog_(14555480700)_(cropped).jpg|Iri nri n'ahụ akpọkiri
Faịlụ:JJeffreyApapaneMosquito.jpg|Iri nri n'ahụ nnụnnụ
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Ịchọta ndị Ọ ga-ebunye Ọrịa ===
[[Faịlụ:How_to_attract_mosquitoes.svg|thumb|Anụ anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara na-ahụ ndị na-elekọta ha site na iji ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere carbon dioxide, okpomọkụ, na ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche na-esi ísì ụtọ.]]
Ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-achọ nri n'isi ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ mgbede, wee gaa ezumike n'ebe dị jụụ mgbe okpomọkụ ehihie na-arị elu. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ụdị dị ka Asian tiger mosquito na-agagharị ma na-eri nri n'ehihie.

Anwụnta na-eji ọtụtụ njirimara pụrụ iche dị n'ahụ mmadụ wee họrọ onye ha ga-ata, n'ihi na nụrụ ísì CO2 n'ikuku na-akpali ha iji anya na usoro ịnụ ísì ha mewe nchọpụta miri emi. Nnyocha kemịkalụ na-egosi na ndị ahụ ha na-emepụta carboxylic acid n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na-adọta anwụnta kachasị. E wezụga nke ahụ, ísì ọsụsọ mmadụ nwere kemịkal pụrụ iche nke na-agwa anwụnta na ọ bụ mmadụ dị nso, ọ bụghị naanị anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ọbara ọkụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ísì ndị a (VOCs) na-apụta mgbe nje bacteria dị n'akpụkpọ ahụ na-agbari ọsụsọ, ebe ihe dị ka ịdị arọ ahụ, homonụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na nsogbu ahụike na-emekwa ka ísì ahụ onye ọ bụla dị iche. N'ikpeazụ, nje Plasmodium nke na-ebute ịba nwere ike ịgbanwe ísì onye ọrịa site na ime ka ọ mepụta nnukwu kemịkal aldehydes dị ka heptanal, octanal, na nonanal. Mpi anwụnta (antennae) na-achọpụta ísì ndị a ngwa ngwa, nke na-eme ka anwụnta na-akachasị ata ndị e mebiri ahụ site n'ọrịa ịba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Robinson|first=Ailie|date=May 2018|title=Plasmodium -associated changes in human odor attract mosquitoes|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|volume=115|issue=18|pages=E4209–E4218|doi=10.1073/pnas.1721610115|pmid=29666273}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E wezụga ịnụ ísì, anwụnta na-ejikwa anya ha na-achọ onye ha ga-ata site n'ileba anya n'ụdị ụcha dị iche iche. Ha na- enwere mmasị siri ike n'agba nwere ogologo wavelengths, nke na- pụta ìhè dị ka ụcha mmanụ anwụ (oroma) na ọbara ọbara—ụcha ndị pụrụ iche n'akpụkpọ mmadụ n'agbanyeghị ụdị agba anyị nwere. E wezụga nke ahụ, ha na- achọkarị ihe ndị gbara ọchịchịrị na ihe nwere contrast doro anya, n'ihi otú agba ndị a siri na-apụta ìhè mgbe e jiri ha tụnyere ebe ndị na-acha ọkụ n'azụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Alonso San Alberto|first=Diego|date=2022-02-04|title=The olfactory gating of visual preferences to human skin and visible spectra in mosquitoes|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=13|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28195-x|pmid=35121739}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Culex_mosquito_proboscis.jpg|thumb|Foto microscope eletrọn nke ọnụ nke anwụnta ''Culex'']]
.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;Ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche emepụtala usoro pụrụ iche e ji amata mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ha chọrọ ịta. Nnyocha e mere n'etiti ụdị Aedes aegypti na-ata naanị mmadụ na nke na-ata anụmanụ na-egosi na mmasị ha nwere maka ísì mmadụ sitere na mmụba nke receptor e ji amata kemịkalụ sulcatone n'ísì mmadụ, nke a na-akpọ AaegOr4. Agbanyeghị na anwụnta ịba Anopheles gambiae nwekwara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa OR4 nke sulcatone na-akpali, ha na AaegOr4 enweghị njikọ chiri anya. Nke a na-egosi na ụdị anwụnta abụọ a mụtara ịta mmadụ n'ụzọ dị iche n'onwe ha n'agbanyeghị na ha enweghị otu usoro evolushọn (evolution).

=== Akụkụ ọnụ ===
Akụkụ ọnụ anwụnta nke nwanyị na-amụta nke ọma na ịpịa akpụkpọ ahụ na ịmị ọbara. Ụmụ nwoke na-aṅụ naanị mmiri shuga, ha nwekwara ọnụ ndị na-adịchaghị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahid Sunahara Mogi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wahid|first=Isra|title=Maxillae and Mandibles of Male Mosquitoes and Female Autogenous Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=40|issue=2|date=2003-03-01|doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.150|pages=150–158|pmid=12693842}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR mouthparts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Quirós|first=Gabriela|title=WATCH: Mosquitoes Use 6 Needles To Suck Your Blood|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/480653821/watch-mosquitoes-use-6-needles-to-suck-your-blood|publisher=NPR|accessdate=13 December 2023|date=June 7, 2016|archivedate=3 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103011402/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/480653821/watch-mosquitoes-use-6-needles-to-suck-your-blood}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Choo Buss Tan Leal 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Choo|first=Young-Moo|title=Multitasking roles of mosquito labrum in oviposition and blood feeding|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=6|date=2015-10-29|pmid=26578978|doi=10.3389/fphys.2015.00306}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zahran Sawires Hamza 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zahran|first=Nagwan|title=Piercing and sucking mouth parts sensilla of irradiated mosquito, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) with gamma radiation|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=12|issue=1|date=2022-10-25|pmid=36284127|doi=10.1038/s41598-022-22348-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'èzí, usoro nri doro anya nke anwụnta bụ proboscis, nke nwere egbugbere ọnụ, U-shaped na ngalaba dị ka Mmiri ozuzo, nke na-ekpuchi ụyọkọ (fascicle) nke ọnụ isii na-agbapu ma ọ bụ stylets. Ndị a bụ agbà abụọ, agbà abụọ ahụ, hypopharynx, na labrum. Ọnụ ya na-agbadata n'ime ụta mgbe anwụnta ahụ malitere ịta, na-anọgide na-emetụ akpụkpọ ahụ aka ma na-eduzi stylets ala. A na-ebugharị isi ndị dị nkọ nke labrum na maxillae azụ na n'ihu iji hụ ụzọ ha ga-esi banye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ, na naanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ike ga-adị mkpa iji banye n'ahụ ahụ na agịga, na-akpata ntinye na-enweghị ihe mgbu.&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;275&quot; widths=&quot;350&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Evolution_of_mosquito_mouthparts.svg|Mmepegharị akụkụ ọnụ anwụnta ka oge na-aga, ebe akụkụ ọnụ ụsụ-akụ (nke e gosipụtara ma n'ọnọdụ ha ma nke kewapụrụ iche) na-anọchi anya ọnọdụ mbụ ga-enwe mbụ. Akụkụ ọnụ niile gbanahụrụ labium bụ stylets, nke e mere ka ọ bụrụ ngwugwu ma ọ bụ ukwu.
Faịlụ:Feeding_mosquito,_mouthparts_labelled.svg|Akụkụ ọnụ anwụnta nwanyị mgbe ọ na-aṅụ ọbara, nke na-egosipụta obere akpa labium na-ehachi ehachi nke na-akwado paịpụ ịghọ na ịṅụ ihe nke na-adụkebe n'akpụkpọ ahụ onye o nọ n'ahụ ya.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Mmanụ ala ===
E wezụga nke ahụ, mkpịsị anwụnta (saliva) nwere enzymes dị pụrụ iche nke na-enyere ha aka igbari nri shuga ha na-aṅụ, yana ihe ndị na-egbochi nje (antimicrobial agents) nke na-alụso uto nje bacteria ọgụ n'ime nri shuga ah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rossignol|first=P.A.|title=Bacteriolytic factor in the salivary glands of Aedes aegypti|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry|volume=83|issue=4|pages=819–822|year=1986|pmid=3519067|doi=10.1016/0305-0491(86)90153-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpịsị anwụnta (saliva) nwere ngwakọta pụrụ iche nke proteins na-enyere ya aka ịṅụ ọbara n'enweghị nsogbu site n'ichetara ma mebie usoro nchekwa ahụ nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ mmadụ ọ na-ata.

=== Ọganihu àkwá na ịgbari ọbara ===
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anopheles stephensi'' nwanyị na-etinye ọbara ma malite ịfe mmiri na-achọghị iji mee ohere n'ime eriri afọ ya maka ihe ndị ọzọ siri ike.]]
Mgb anwụnta nwanyị aṅụchaa ọbara buru ibu, nri ahụ na-akpali homonụ na-amalite mmepe àkwá n'ahụ ya. Mgbe ọ dọpụtara proboscis ya, eriri afọ ya jupụtara na ọbara na-ewepụta peritrophic membrane nke na-ekpuchi ọbara ahụ ka ọ kewapụ ya n'akụkụ afọ ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ọtụtụ ahụhụ na-aṅụ mmiri, anwụnta na-ewepụta mmiri karịrị akarị n'ahụ ya ọbụna mgbe ọ ka na-aṅụ ọbara ahụ, nke na-enyere ya aka ịnakọta naanị protin na ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ na-enweghị ibu mmiri arọ.

== Nbudata ==

=== Ọdịdị Ụwa ===
Anwụnta nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ (cosmopolitans), n'ihi na a na-enweta ha n'ala dum n'ụwa ma e wezụga Antarctica na obere agwaetiti ole na ole.

Àkwá anwụnta ndị bi n'ebe oyi (temperate regions) na-agụ ike iguzogide oyi karịa àkwá ụdị sitere n'ebe na-ekpo ọkụ (tropics). Ọtụtụ na-aguzogide okpomọkụ dị ala nke ukwuu, ebe ndị tolitere etolite n'ime ụdị ụfọdụ na-alanarị oge oyi site n'izobe n'obere ebe dị jụụ dị ka oghere osisi ma ọ bụ n'ime ụlọ.

=== Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Horton|first=Helena|date=21 October 2025|title=Mosquitoes found in Iceland for first time as climate crisis warms country|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/oct/21/mosquitoes-found-iceland-first-time-climate-crisis-warms-country}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==

=== Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na nje ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Beck|first=Kevin|title=What Eats Mosquitoes?|date=November 22, 2019|url=https://sciencing.com/eats-mosquitoes-8568515.html|accessdate=31 May 2021|work=Sciencing|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215704/https://sciencing.com/eats-mosquitoes-8568515.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe anwụnta tolitere etolite pụta n'elu ọdọ mmiri, ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri anụ dị ka Empididae, Dolichopodidae, na ududo na-ejide ma na-eri ha ngwa ngwa. E wezụga nke ahụ, nnụnụ dị ka swifts na swallows, yana anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụsụ, na-achụ ma na-eri anwụnta ndị a mgbe ha na-efe efe n'ikuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medlock Snow 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Medlock|first=J. M.|title=Natural predators and parasites of British mosquitoes–a review|journal=European Mosquito Bulletin|volume=25|issue=1|year=2008|pages=1–11|url=https://e-m-b.myspecies.info/sites/e-m-b.org/files/European_Mosquito_Bulletin_Publications811/EMB25/EMB25_1.pdf|accessdate=15 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E wezụga anụmanụ na-eri ha, anwụnta na-arịawanye ọrịa site na obere ihe ndị dị ndụ na nje dị iche iche. Dị ka ihe atụ, ụmụ ahụhụ hydrachnid, ciliates dị ka Glaucoma, na microsporidians dị ka Thelohania na-amụba n'ahụ ha. E wezụga ha, ụdị fungi dị iche iche sitere na ezinụlọ Saprolegniaceae na Entomophthoraceae na-ebukwa anwụnta ọrịa ma na-egbu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medlock Snow 2008&quot; /&gt;

=== Mkpụrụ osisi ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_on_marigold_flower.JPG|thumb|Anụ anwụnta na-eleta okooko osisi marigold maka ihe na-atọ ụtọ]]
Ọtụtụ okooko osisi gụnyere ndị otu Asteraceae, Rosaceae na [[Orchid|Orchidaceae]] na-agbanye site na anwụnta, nke na-eleta iji nweta mmiri shuga. Njikọ osisi ole na ole bụ ndị pụrụ iche maka mmịpụta anwụnta, dị ka ''Platanthera'' orchids nke ụdị ''Aedes'' na-eme mmịpụta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Foster|first=Woodbridge A.|date=2024|title=Mosquito pollination of plants: an overview of their role and an assessment of the possible contribution of disease vectors|journal=[[Transgenic Research]]|volume=33|issue=5|pages=297–322|doi=10.1007/s11248-024-00394-w|pmid=39172353}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-adọrọ mmasị na okooko osisi site na ọtụtụ semiochemicals dị ka alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, na terpenes. Ha nwekwara ike iji akara ngosi anya gụnyere UV reflectivity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shannon|first=Danica M|date=2024|title=Mosquito floral visitation and pollination|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214574524000725|journal=Current Opinion in Insect Science|language=en|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.cois.2024.101230|pmid=38971524|accessdate=25 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anụ anwụnta eletawo ma na-eme ka okooko osisi na-agbasa kemgbe oge Cretaceous. O kwere omume na anwụnta na-amị ọbara na-amịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peach-Gries-2020&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịkpa Onwe Anụ ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;Poulin Randhawa 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Poulin|first=Robert|title=Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to genomics|journal=[[Parasitology (journal)|Parasitology]]|date=February 2015|volume=142|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S6–S15|doi=10.1017/S0031182013001674|pmid=24229807}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị ==

=== Ihe ndekọ fossil ===
[[Faịlụ:Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg|alt=Fossilized mosquito encased in amber|thumb|Anụ anwụnta Culex malariager butere nje ịba ''[[Dominican Republic|Dominican]]&quot; id=&quot;mwA2o&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Plasmodium dominicana&quot;&gt;Plasmodium Dominicana'', na amber Dominican nke afọ Miocene, 15-20 nde afọ gara aga &lt;ref name=&quot;Poinar 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Poinar|first=George|title=Evolutionary History of Terrestrial Pathogens and Endoparasites as Revealed in Fossils and Subfossils|journal=Advances in Biology|volume=2014|date=2014-06-12|doi=10.1155/2014/181353|pages=1–29}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2023 tụrụ aro na Libanoculex intermedius a chọtara na Lebanese amber (sitere n'oge Barremian nke Early Cretaceous, ihe dị ka nde afọ 125 gara aga) bụ anwụnta kacha ochie a maara. Otú ọ dị, a na-arụ ụka n'ezie njirimara ya, ebe ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ na-alụ na ọ bụ ụdị chaoborid kama.

=== Nchịkọta ===
There are over 3,700&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: About the mosquito|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/index.html|date=2024|accessdate=8 August 2025|archivedate=7 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807042937/https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; species of mosquitoes; 112 genera have been described. They are traditionally divided into two subfamilies, the Anophelinae and the Culicinae, which carry different diseases. Roughly speaking, protozoal diseases like malaria are transmitted by anophelines, while viral diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever are transmitted by culicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;Molina-Cruz Lehmann Knöckel 2013 pp. 530–537&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Molina-Cruz|first=Alvaro|title=Could culicine mosquitoes transmit human malaria?|journal=[[Trends in Parasitology]]|volume=29|issue=11|date=2013|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2013.09.003|pages=530–537|pmid=24140295}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye Germany na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ bụ Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha Culicidae na nhazi nke mpịakọta asaa ya nke e bipụtara na 1818-1838. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meigen 1818&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Meigen|first=Johann Wilhelm|authorlink=Johann Wilhelm Meigen|date=1818–1838|title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten|language=de|location=Aachen|publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/9/mode/1up|accessdate=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere ka ụyọkọ ụmụ ahụhụ dị elu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ Frederick Vincent Theobald bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke ise na Culicidae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Theobald1901&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Theobald|first=Frederick Vincent|authorlink=Frederick Vincent Theobald|date=1901|title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes|location=London|publisher=[[British Museum (Natural History)]]|url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n3/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere ya ihe atụ anwụnta e zigara na British Museum (Natural History)  site na gburugburu ụwa, na ntụziaka nke 1898 nke odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain, onye dere na &quot;n'ihi njikọ nwere ike ịdị na ịba na anwụnta, ọ dị mma inweta ihe ọmụma ziri ezi banyere ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị jikọtara ya na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Ya mere, m ga-arịọ gị ... ka ị nweta nchịkọta nke ụmụ ahụhụ nwere nku na Colony nke ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ anụmanụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harbach Kitching 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Harbach|first=R. E.|date=January 2016|title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=[[Zoologica Scripta]]|volume=45|pages=34–47|url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216|doi=10.1111/zsc.12137|accessdate=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịdị ===

==== N'èzí ====
Anụ anwụnta bụ ndị otu ezinụlọ nke ezi ụmụ ahụhụ (usoro Diptera) : Culicidae (site na Latịn {{Lang|la|culex}}, genitive {{Lang|la|culicis}}, nke pụtara &quot;midge&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;gnat&quot;). &lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-398-06179-3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jaeger|first=Edmund C.|authorlink=Edmund Jaeger|title=A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms|publisher=Thomas|location=Springfield, Ill|year=1959}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụ ndị otu Culicomorpha na superfamily Culicoidea. Osisi phylogenetic dabeere na ọrụ FLYTREE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yeates|first=David K.|title=Phylogeny of True Flies (Diptera): A 250 Million Year Old Success Story in Terrestrial Diversification|url=http://www.inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/|work=Flytree|publisher=Illinois Natural History Survey|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228210535/http://inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/|archivedate=28 December 2015|accessdate=24 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yeates|first=David K.|title=Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects|year=2007|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=1668|pages=565–590|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.27}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clade|{{clade 
   |1={{clade 
      |1=[[Ptychopteromorpha]] (phantom and primitive crane-flies) [[File:Ptychoptera contaminata male Walker 1856 plate-XXVIII.png|70px]]
      |label2=[[Culicomorpha]] 
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Chironomidae]] (non-biting midges) [[File:Chironomus ferrugineovittatus m.png|70px]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=Simulioidea (blackflies and biting midges) [[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 11052 Biting midge on human skin (cropped).jpg|60px]]
            |label2=[[Culicoidea]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Dixidae]] (meniscus midges) [[File:Dixa nebulosa adult John Curtis British Entomology 409.png|70px]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Corethrellidae]] (frog-biting midges)
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[[Chaoboridae]] (phantom midges) [[File:Chaoborus crystallinus male as Corethra plumicornis (Walker Insecta Britanica Vol 3 page 397 plate XXV).png|60px]]
                     |2='''Culicidae''' [[File:Stegomyia fasciata.jpg|100px]]
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |2={{clade
      |1=other midges and gnats [[File:Isoneuromyia annandalei.jpg|70px]]
      |2=all other flies, inc. [[Brachycera]] [[File:Syrphidae icon.jpg|70px]]
      }}
   }}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;|label1=[[Diptera]]|sublabel1=(true flies)}}Ezinụlọ abụọ nke anwụnta bụ Anophelinae, nke nwere ụdị atọ na ihe dịka ụdị 430, na Culicinae, Nke nwere agbụrụ 11, ụdị 108 na ụdị 3,046. Kyanne Reidenbach na ndị ọrụ ibe ya nyochara phylogenetics nke anwụnta na 2009, na-eji ma DNA nuklia na ọdịdị nke ụdị 26. Ha na-ekwu na Anophelinae gosipụtara na ọ bụ ihe dị n'okpuru, mana akụkụ ndị dị omimi nke osisi ahụ anaghị edozi nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reidenbach Cook Bertone Harbach 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Reidenbach|first=Kyanne R.|title=Phylogenetic analysis and temporal diversification of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) based on nuclear genes and morphology|journal=[[BMC Evolutionary Biology]]|volume=9|issue=1|date=2009|pmid=20028549|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-298}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clade|{{clade
   |1=basal spp.
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Anophelinae]] 
      |1=[[File:Anopheles gambiae mosquito feeding 1354.p lores.jpg|125px]]
      |label2=[[Culicinae]] 
      |2={{clade
         |1=other spp.
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Aedini]] [[File:Aedes aegypti feeding (cropped).jpg|125px]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=other spp.
               |2=[[Sabethini]] [[File:Sabethes albiprivus (cropped).jpg|125px]]
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;|label1='''Culicidae'''}}

== Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ mmadụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg|thumb|''Anopheles albimanus'' na-eri nri n'aka mmadụ. Dị ka anwụnta bụ naanị ihe na-ebute [[Iba|ịba]], ịchịkwa ha na-ebelata ọbịbịa ya.]]

=== Ihe ndị na-ebute ọrịa ===
Anụ anwụnta bụ ihe na-ebute ọtụtụ microorganisms na-akpata ọrịa gụnyere nje bacteria, Nje virus, na protozoan parasites. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ 700 na-arịa ọrịa anwụnta kwa afọ, na-akpata ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EBMED2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mosquito as Deadly Menace|url=https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link|publisher=[[Pfizer]]|accessdate=10 December 2023|archivedate=25 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825170028/https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Explainer: How climate change is amplifying mosquito-borne diseases|url=https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases|accessdate=2024-06-20|work=World Mosquito Program|date=22 April 2022|archivedate=27 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127042108/https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa nje virus na-ebute site na anwụnta na-agụnye yellow fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2 014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219011908/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|archivedate=19 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[chikungunya]] na dengue fever, niile na-ebufe site na ''Aedes aegypti''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf|title=Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|year=2009|isbn=978-92-4-154787-1|accessdate=2013-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC250814&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|work=BBC News|date=14 August 2025|first=Dominic|author=Hughes|title=UK cases of mosquito-borne virus more than double|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c7419g1l488o|accessdate=14 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa parasitic nke anwụnta na-ebute gụnyere [[Iba|ịba]] na lymphatic filariasis. Nje ''[[Plasmodium]]'' nke na-akpata ịba bụ nke anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' na-ebu. Lymphatic filariasis, isi ihe na-akpata elephantiasis, na-agbasa site na ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lymphatic Filariasis|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation]]|accessdate=24 August 2011|archivedate=5 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505163529/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa nje bacteria nke anwụnta ''Culex'' na ''Culiseta'' na-agbasa bụ tularemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21776596&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Muslu|first=H.|title=[Evaluation of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) identified in Manisa province according to their breeding sites and seasonal differences]|language=tr|journal=Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi|volume=35|issue=2|pages=100–104|year=2011|pmid=21776596|doi=10.5152/tpd.2011.25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchịkwa ===
[[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Netting.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta anwụnta nwere ike igbochi ndị mmadụ ịta ha mgbe ha na-ehi ụra.]]
A nwalere ọtụtụ usoro maka Nchịkwa anwụnta, gụnyere iwepụ ebe ha na-amụ nwa, iwepụ site na windo windo na ụgbụ anwụnta, nchịkwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na nje dịka fungi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/10/science/10mosquito.html|title=Fungus Fatal to Mosquito May Aid Global War on Malaria|date=10 June 2005|work=The New York Times|accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kramer|first=J.P.|title=''Entomophthora culicis'' (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales) as a pathogen of ''adultaedes aegypti'' (diptera, culicidae)|journal=Aquatic Insects|volume=4|issue=2|pages=73–79|year=1982|doi=10.1080/01650428209361085}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nematodes,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shamseldean|first=M.M.|title=''Romanomermis culicivorax'': penetration of larval mosquitoes|journal=[[Journal of Invertebrate Pathology]]|volume=54|issue=2|pages=191–199|date=September 1989|pmid=2570111|doi=10.1016/0022-2011(89)90028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ ndị na-eri ibe ha dị ka azụ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Krumholz|first=Louis A.|title=Reproduction in the Western Mosquitofish, ''Gambusia affinis affinis'' (Baird &amp; Girard), and Its Use in Mosquito Control|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=18|issue=1|year=1948|pages=1–43|doi=10.2307/1948627}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jianguo-Dashu-1995&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-27870-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html|chapter=Part III: Interactions - 31. A Comparative Study of the Ability of Fish to Catch Mosquito Larva|title=Rice-fish culture in China|isbn=978-1-55250-313-3|year=1995|publisher=International Development Research Centre|first=Wang|author=Jianguo|editor=MacKay}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fradin|first=M.S.|title=Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician's guide|journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]]|volume=128|issue=11|pages=931–940|date=June 1998|pmid=9634433|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-128-11-199806010-00013}}&lt;/ref&gt; copepods,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marten|first=G.G.|title=Cyclopoid copepods|journal=Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association|volume=23|issue=2 Suppl|pages=65–92|year=2007|pmid=17853599|doi=10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[65:CC]2.0.CO;2}}&lt;/ref&gt; dragonfly nymphs na ndị okenye, na ụfọdụ ụdị ezé na agụ owuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Canyon|first=D.V.|title=The gecko: an environmentally friendly biological agent for mosquito control|journal=Medical and Veterinary Entomology|volume=11|issue=4|pages=319–323|date=October 1997|pmid=9430109|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00416.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụzọ ọzọ bụ iwebata ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ nwoke na-adịghị amị. &lt;ref name=&quot;twsE44&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Carpenter|first=Jennifer|title=Spermless mosquitoes hold promise to stop malaria|publisher=[[BBC]]|quote=Scientists have created spermless mosquitoes in an effort to curb the spread of malaria.|date=8 August 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14422440|accessdate=5 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa gụnyere enweghị nkwekọrịta cytoplasmic, translocations chromosomal, mgbagwoju anya mmekọahụ na mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ nketa, ngwọta a na-ahụ dị ka ihe dị ọnụ ala na nke na-adịghị adabere na mgbochi vector. A tụwo aro ịchịkwa anwụnta na-ebu ọrịa site na iji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kyrou|first=Kyros Kyrou|title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting ''doublesex'' causes complete population suppression in caged ''Anopheles gambiae'' mosquitoes|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=36|issue=11|pages=1062–1066|date=Sep 24, 2018|doi=10.1038/nbt.4245|pmid=30247490|url=http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/64952/11/nbt.4245.pdf|accessdate=September 23, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Michael Le Page|title=Gene tool could halt malaria spread|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=Sep 29, 2018|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931974-000-evolution-defying-dna-makes-mosquitoes-infertile-by-changing-their-sex|accessdate=November 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe Na-egbochi ===
[[Faịlụ:Insect_repellents_in_Finnish_store.jpg|thumb|Ihe na-egbochi anwụnta (gụnyere coil anwụnta) n'ụlọ ahịa Finland]]
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf|title=Electronic mosquito repellents for preventing mosquito bites and malaria infection|accessdate=2018-09-19|archivedate=2017-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808175758/http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-etinye ihe na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ iji nweta nchebe pụọ n'ịta anwụnta. Kemịkalụ DEET na-achụpụ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ dị mma. Dị ka nhazi CDC si dị, ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ a na-atụ aro gụnyere picaridin, mmanụ eucalyptus (PMD), na ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535). E wezụga nke ahụ, pyrethrum nke sitere n'osisi Chrysanthemum bụ ihe mgbochi okike sitere na osisi. Agbanyeghị na a na-ere ngwaọrụ eletrọniki na-emepụta ultrasound iji gbochie anwụnta, enweghị nnyocha sitere na EPA ma ọ bụ mahadum gosiri na ngwaọrụ ndị a na-egbochi anwụnta ịta mmadụ n'ezie.

=== Ịta ===
Ịta anw

ụnta na-ebute mmeghachi omume dị iche iche n'akpụkpọ ahụ, nke pụrụ ikpata ahụ erughị ala siri ike ma ma a tụnyere ịta ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe na-ebute ụdị mmeghachi omume a bụ ahụ mmadụ ịmụta mgbochigabiga (hypersensitivity) n'ihi protin na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mkpịsị anwụnta.

== Na omenala mmadụ ==

=== Akụkọ ifo ndị Gris ===
[[Faịlụ:Rackham-gnat_and_bull.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Arthur Rackham nke akụkọ ifo nke &quot;The Bull and the Mosquito&quot;, 1912]]
Akụkọ ifo anụ ọhịa ndị Grik oge ochie gụnyere &quot;Enyí na Anụgbụgbọ&quot; na &quot;Nku na Anụgbọ Anụgbọ&quot;, na omume ọma n'ozuzu na nnukwu anụ ọhịa ahụ anaghị ahụ ọbụna obere, sitere na Mesopotemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adrados1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Adrados|first=Francisco Rodríguez|authorlink=Francisco Rodríguez Adrados|title=History of the Graeco-Latin Fable|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=093Gl8KEktMC&amp;pg=PA324|year=1999|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-11454-8|accessdate=2016-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akụkọ ifo mmalite ===
Ndị Siberia nwere akụkọ ifo gbasara anwụnta. Otu akụkọ ifo Ostiak na-akọ banyere nnukwu mmadụ na-eri mmadụ, ''Punegus'', onye dike gburu ma ọ gaghị anọgide na-anwụ. Onye dike ahụ mechara gbaa dike ahụ ọkụ, mana ntụ nke ọkụ ahụ ghọrọ anwụnta na-aga n'ihu na-ata ahụhụ. Akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ sitere na ndị Yakut, Goldes (Ndị Nanai), na Samoyed nwere ahụhụ sitere na ntụ ma ọ bụ iberibe nke ụfọdụ nnukwu ihe e kere eke ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. Akụkọ ndị yiri nke a chọtara n'akụkọ ifo ndị North America, na anwụnta sitere na ntụ nke onye na-eri mmadụ, na-atụ aro mmalite otu. Ndị Tatar nke Altai nwere ụdị nke otu akụkọ ifo ahụ, nke gụnyere iberibe nnukwu onye nwụrụ anwụ, ''Andalma-Muus'', na-aghọ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ.

Lafcadio Hearn na-ekwu na na Japan, a na-ahụ anwụnta dị ka reincarnations nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ, ndị njehie nke ndụ ha gara aga katọrọ na ọnọdụ nke ''Jiki-ketsu-gaki'', ma ọ bụ &quot;ihe na-aṅụ ọbara&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hearn|first=Lafcadio|authorlink=Lafcadio Hearn|chapter=Mosquitoes|title=Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|origdate=1968|year=2020|isbn=978-1-4209-6751-7|pages=72–74}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Winsor_McCay_(1912)_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm|thumbtime=00:36|alt=Silent animated black-and-white film of a giant mosquito drinking blood from a sleeping man.|thumb|''How a Mosquito Operates'' (1912)]]
Ihe nkiri Winsor McCay nke 1912 How a Mosquito Operates bụ otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke animation. A kọwawo ya dị anya karịa oge ya na nkà na ụzụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Webster|first=Chris|title=Action Analysis for Animators|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jylUYRFfcywC|year=2012|publisher=[[Focal Press]]|isbn=978-0-240-81218-2|accessdate=2022-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-egosi nnukwu anwụnta na-emekpa nwoke na-ehi ụra ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Canemaker|first=John|authorlink=John Canemaker|title=Winsor McCay: His Life and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vs82AQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=[[Abrams Books]]|isbn=978-0-8109-5941-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụgbọ mmiri iri na abụọ nke Royal Navy bu aha HMS Mosquito ma ọ bụ ụdị ochie nke aha ahụ, HMS ''Musquito'' . 

de Havilland Mosquito bụ ụgbọ elu na-agba ọsọ nke e mepụtara n'etiti 1940 na 1950, ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=De Havilland Mosquito|url=http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html|publisher=The Aviation History Online Museum|accessdate=21 November 2015|archivedate=11 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111050938/http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Obodo Russia nke Berezniki na-eme emume anwụnta ya kwa afọ site na 17th nke July ruo 20th na asọmpi &quot;nwa agbọghọ kachasị mma&quot;. N'asọmpi ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-eguzo maka nkeji iri abụọ na uwe mkpụmkpụ na uwe mkpuchi (British: vests), onye na-enweta ọtụtụ ihe na-emeri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-33525015|title=Russia: Mosquitoes honoured at annual festival|work=BBC News|date=July 14, 2015|accessdate=5 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-etinye Agịga sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Mosquito proboscis na imewe Biomimetic maka iji ya mee ihe na ọgwụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gurera|first=Dev|title=Lessons from mosquitoes' painless piercing|journal=Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials|date=August 2018|volume=84|pages=178–187|doi=10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.025|pmid=29793155}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=Annie D. R.|title=Mosquito proboscis-inspired needle insertion to reduce tissue deformation and organ displacement|journal=Scientific Reports|date=22 July 2020|volume=10|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-68596-w|pmid=32699296}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}

== Ihe odide ==
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