Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 9849 705516 537719 2026-08-23T11:59:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adenike Grange''' bụ onye bụbu Mịnịsta na-elekọta Mịnịstịrị ahụ ike dị n'aka nke gọọmentị etiti. == Ndabere == '''Adenike Grange''' gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na [[Lagos|Legos]] steeti, ma mechaa gaa St. Francis 'College,na Letchworth dị na United Kingdom. Site n'afọ 1958 ruo afọ 1964 ka ọ gụrụ maka ọgwụ na Mahadum St Andrews di na Scotland. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Dudley Road Hospital dị na Birmingham tupu ọ laghachite Naijiria n'afọ 1965, ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Legos. Ọ laghachiri U.K n'afọ 1967 were bụrụ onye isi ụlọ (ọgwụgwọ ụmụaka) na Ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụaka St. Mary's, were nweta diplọma na Ahụike ụmụka n'afọ 1969. N'afọ 1971, ọ banyere na Lagos University Teaching Hospital . N’afọ 1978, ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi na College of Medicine, Mahadum nke Lagos . Ọ ghọrọ Onye Nkuzi dị elu n'afo 1981 nakwa Prọfesọ n'afọ 1995. <ref name="who">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/pmnch/about/members/agrangecitation.pdf|title=Professor Adenike Grange|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=31 October 2009}}</ref> Adenike Grange mere ka onye ndụmọdụ nke <a href="./Ministry of Health (Nigeria)" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="44" data-cx="{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;sourceTitle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Federal Ministry of Health (Nigeria)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;pageprops&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wikibase_item&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Q5440303&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;pagelanguage&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;targetFrom&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;mt&amp;quot;}" class="cx-link" id="mwGw" title="Ministry of Health (Nigeria)">Mịnịstịrị</a> ahụ ike dị n'aka nke gọọmentị etiti, WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA na USAID . Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ WHO na mmemme Ahụike ịmụ nwa na Naijiria site n'afọ 1993 ruo n'afọ 1999. Ọ bụ onye ode akwụkwọ ihe karịrị akwụkwọ sayensị iri ise, ọ kachasị n'afọ ọsịsa na nri na-edozi ahụ ụmụaka. O jere ozi dị ka Onye isi nke International Pediatric Association. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriahealthwatch.com/2007/07/welcoming-adenike-grange-and-gabriel.html|date=27 July 2007|title=Welcoming Adenike Grange and Gabriel Aduku|publisher=Nigeria Health Watch|accessdate=31 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429124629/http://www.nigeriahealthwatch.com/2007/07/welcoming-adenike-grange-and-gabriel.html|archivedate=29 April 2010}}</ref> N'ime ogologo ọrụ ya, a bịara mara ya dị ka olu siri ike n'ọgụ iji meziwanye ahụike nke ụmụaka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-592466921|title=Article: Adenike Grange – Crusading for the African Child's Health|publisher=Women & Environments International Magazine Article|date=1 October 2002|accessdate=31 October 2009}}</ref> == Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka ahụike == N'ụbọchị nke 25 n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2007, Adenike Grange ka a họpụtara ị bụ Mịnịsta Ahụike nke Mịnịstịrị ahụ ike dị n'aka nke gọọmentị etiti, nwanyị mbụ na-abụ Mịnịsta nke Ahụike. N'ụbọchị nke 9 n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2007, Prọfesọ Adenike Grange nyere Lancet Lecture na Centre for International Health & Development nke UCL. O kwuru na "E nwere izuoke n'ihe gbasara atụmatụ ihe mmụta,usoro, ngwa ọrụ, ọgwụ na usoro ọgwụgwọ iji gwọọ ọrịa ma mee ka ndụ dị ogologo, mana nke bụ eziokwu bụ na sistemụ e hiwere iji nweta ndapụta ndị a ezughi oke ma ya fọdụzie ị dị. Nke a bụ nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ. " Ọ kọwara ọrụ na Naịjirịa iji dozie ụzọ esi e nweta ahụike ma ị ṅomi omume kachasị mma n'aka mba ndị ọzọ. Ihe ndị dị mkpa gụnyere i kpochapụ ọrịa polio, ị chịkwa ịba, i belata ọnwụ ndị nne na-amụ nwa, na i belata ogo nke ọrịa na otu ndị ọ kachasị e metụta. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0711/07111203|title=UCL Lancet Lecture: health reform in Nigeria|date=12 November 2007|publisher=University College London|accessdate=31 October 2009|archivedate=22 January 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122004803/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0711/07111203}}</ref> N'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2008, na mmemme nke nwunye Onye isi ala Turai Umar Musa Yar'Adua bịara, Adenike Grange gwara nwanyị mbụ a ka ọ dọta uche Naijiria maka mkpa ahụike metụtara Millennium Development Goals . Ọ kpọkuru <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Nigeria" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="National Assembly of Nigeria" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="65">National Assembly</a> ka ha mee ngwa ngwa i wepụta akwụkwọ iwu ahụike Naijiria, ma kpọkuo ndị nwunye nke ndị Gọvanọ Steeti ka ha mee ka iwu kwalite ọdịnma ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://devcomsmediadelivernow.blogspot.com/2008/01/imnch-turai-yar-adua-commits-to-saving.html|date=29 January 2008|title=Turai Yar 'Adua commits to saving women and children|author=Constance Ndubuisi-Enyali|publisher=Development Communications Network|accessdate=31 October 2009}}</ref> == Igba arụkwaghị na ikpe == N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2008, onye isi ala [[Umaru Yar'Adua]] nyere iwu ka e jide Adenike Grange jidere maka mmefu nke ego nde narị naira atọ nke bọjetị afọ 2007 na inye ndị ọrụ ngo ọrụ, ma nyocha ya site na Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC). O sịrị na ndị ndu ya duhiere ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://odili.net/news/source/2008/mar/3/299.html|title=Yar'Adua Moves Against Health Minister|author=Stanley Nkwazema, Kingsley Nwezeh|date=3 March 2008|publisher=This Day|accessdate=31 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827203433/http://odili.net/news/source/2008/mar/3/299.html|archivedate=27 August 2008}}</ref> A kọrọ na Onye isi ala nyere iwu ka e weghachi ego niile ndị e jighi rụọ ọrụ, mana e kwuru na ndị ọrụ ahụike na-ekeriela ya bụ ego. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200803260005.html|title=Health Ministers Quit|author=Ben Agande and Inalegwu Shuaibu|date=26 March 2008|publisher=The Vanguard|accessdate=31 October 2009}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2008, Onye isi ala Yar’adua nabatara leta arụkwaghịm nke Adenike Grange. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200803260402.html|title=Fired! Yar'Adua Sacks Health Minister Over N300m Scam|author=Daniel Idonor and Sylvester Akor|date=26 March 2008|publisher=Daily Champion|accessdate=31 October 2009}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị nke afọ 2008, [[:en:Nigerian_Medical_Association|Nigerian Medical Association]] (NEC) tara onwe ha ụta maka ihe niile kpatara Adenike Grange jiri gbaa arụkwaghịm. Ndi NEC kwenyere i guzosi ike n'ezi ihe, ezi obi na itinye aka n'ọrụ nke Adenike Grange, ntụnye oke ya nye nlekota nke otutu nde umuaka nke Naijiria na mgbalị ya n'obere oge ya na Mịnịstịrị ahụ ike dị n'aka nke gọọmentị etiti. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriannma.org/commemergnec08.htm|title=COMMUNIQUÉ OF THE EMERGENCY NATIONAL EXECUTIVE COUNCIL MEETING OF THE NIGERIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (NMA) HELD AT PARKVIEW HOTEL, ABUJA ON 29TH MARCH, 2008|publisher=Nigerian Medical Association|accessdate=31 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723181506/http://www.nigeriannma.org/commemergnec08.htm|archivedate=23 July 2008}}</ref> N’ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008, otu ụlọikpe dị elu nke dị [[Abuja|n’Abuja]] nyere iwu ka a kpọchie ya n’ụlọ mkpọrọ nke Economic and Financial Crime Commission. E [[Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello|boro Sinetọ Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello]], ada onyebubụ isi ala [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ebubo ma ọ bịaghị n'ụlọ ikpe. N'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ 2009, Ụlọ ikpe Mkpegharị nke nọ na [[Abuja|https://www.ipa-world.org/]], na kpere ikpe nkwekọrịta, nye iwu ka Prọfesọ Grange ghara iguzo ọzọ n'ikpe ọbụla. A gbahapụrụ ya na ikpe niile ma kachapụ ebubo niile. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/12/n300m-scam-appeal-court-acquits-ex-health-minister-grange/|title=N300m scam: Appeal Court acquits ex-Health Minister, Grange|author=Ise-Oluwa Ige|date=11 December 2009|publisher=The Daily Vanguard|accessdate=11 December 2009}}</ref> == Ndụ mgbe ọ gbachara arụkwaghịm == Okanmuta Adenike Grange laghachiri n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'imezu nkwa ya iji kwalite ahụike nke ndị nne na ụmụaka ka ọ nabatara ọrụ siri ike nke ị bụ onye isi n'ụlọ ọgwụ Naijiria bụ ọpụrụiche n'ihe gbasara ụmụaka, a na-akpọ Otunba Tunwase National Pediatric Center, nke o nyere aka guzobe ma nyefee ya [[:en:University_College_Hospital,_Ibadan|University College Hospital]], nke Ibadan dị ka ụzọ isi kwalite ọrụ ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ. O webatara ọtụtụ atụmatụ mmepe nke nyeere ụlọ ọgwụ aka itolite nke ukwuu. Otu n'ime atụmatụ ndị o webatara bụ Local Health Insurance Scheme maka ndị bi n'Ijebu bụ ndị e nweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ezigbo nlekọta ahụike, sitekwazie na atụmatụ mkpuchi a, ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'obodo ahụ nwere ike ịnweta i nweta nlekọta nke ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ. . Kemgbe ahụ ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na Global Alliance for Vaccination. Site n'enyemaka nke otu onye ntorobịa a ma ama na Naijiria bụkwazị onye ọkachamara n'ihe nzụlite ndị ntorobịa, Abayomi Mighty, ọ malitere AdeGrange Child Foundation, otu NGO gbara mbọ ị kwalite ọdịnma nke ndị nne na ụmụaka site na mmemme nkwado. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/blog/uch-takes-over-otunba-tunwase-paediatric-centre-2/|title=OTNPC handed over to UCH|author=AZOMA CHIKWE|date=3 January 2012|publisher=NFB NEWS|accessdate=1 May 2014|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045837/http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/blog/uch-takes-over-otunba-tunwase-paediatric-centre-2/}}</ref> == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Grange, Adenike}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Ụmụ rụrụ ọrụ mịnịsta na Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria nọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchichi]] pa4ip1ol3e74w7tsemcblknknoycfmq 0 11688 705577 514658 2026-08-24T11:54:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ememe Kanival '''Calabar''' na [[Naijiria]], nke a makwaara dị ka " '''Africa's Biggest Street Party''' " ma ọ bụ " '''Nganga Nigeria''' ", <ref>{{Cite web|title=🏅 CALABAR CARNIVAL 2020-NIGERIA {{!}} Dates, Events & More|url=https://www.carnivaland.net/calabar-carnival/|accessdate=2021-08-01|work=www.carnivaland.net|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731135028/https://www.carnivaland.net/calabar-carnival/}}</ref> bụ mmemme a na-eme kwa afọ na [[Ȯra Cross River|Cross River State]], na mpaghara ndida nke Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-14|title=Inside Calabar Carnival, Africa's Biggest Street Party|url=https://folio.ng/the-magic-of-the-calabar-carnival/|accessdate=2021-08-18|work=Folio|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-eme mmemme ahụ kwa [[Disemba|ọnwa Disemba]] ma bụrụkwa onye gọvanọ oge ahụ bụ Maazị Donald Duke kwuputara na o gaabụ mmemme eji emerube emume ekeresimesi ma kwuo na ebumnuche ya maka ime mmemme ahụ bụ ime ka [[Ȯra Cross River|Cross-River]] bụrụ ebe njem nlegharị anya na ile ọbịa na [[Naijiria]] na [[Eluàlà|Africa]] . . Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, àgwà nke ememe a na-etowanye eto ma na-aghọkwa ememe mba ụwa nakwa emume Kanival kachasị na ala Naijiria. Ọ na-abụ mmemme a na-eme otu ọnwa nke na-amalitekarị n'abalị mbụ nke ọnwa Disemba ruo mgbe Benedict Ayade wedara ya izu abụọ mgbe a họpụtara ya. N'oge mmemme mmemme nke afọ 2017 Gọvanọ Ayade kwuru n'okwu ya na mmemme Kanival a bụ igosi [[Eluàlà|Africa]] dị ka kọntinent kacha baa ọgaranya na ebe a gọziri agọzi ebe ndị na-eto eto kwesịrị ịnya isi na ha bụ. Emume Kanival a na-abụkarị ihe a na-atụ anya ka asọmpi dị iche iche na-ewere ọnọdụ nke a na-erite kwa ego buru ibu dịka ihe nrite, kanival a bụ nnọọ nke n'ama mma. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-07|title=Many shades of Calabar Carnival 2017|url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/many-shades-of-calabar-carnival-2017/|accessdate=2021-08-18|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818174138/https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/many-shades-of-calabar-carnival-2017/}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ememe kanival Calabar malitere n'afọ 2004 site n'aka Gọvanọ Donald Duke nke Cross River, dịka ụzọ isi kwalite njem nlegharị anya na ịkwalite akụ na ụba obodo <ref>{{Cite web|title=🏅 CALABAR CARNIVAL 2020-NIGERIA {{!}} Dates, Events & More|url=https://www.carnivaland.net/calabar-carnival/|accessdate=2021-08-01|work=www.carnivaland.net|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731135028/https://www.carnivaland.net/calabar-carnival/}}</ref> . <ref name=":0"/> Dị ka Osima-Dokubo si kwuo, "Kanival bụ iji tinyekwuo akụkụ nke ihe nketa na omenala obodo na n'otu oge ahụ na-ewusi ikike nke ndị obodo ike isonye n'ụzọ bara uru." <ref>{{Cite web|title=🏅 CALABAR CARNIVAL 2020-NIGERIA {{!}} Dates, Events & More|url=https://www.carnivaland.net/calabar-carnival/|accessdate=2021-08-01|work=www.carnivaland.net|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731135028/https://www.carnivaland.net/calabar-carnival/}}</ref> == Ihe Omume == A na-ahazi mmemme ahụ kwa afọ nke ọ bụ kọmitii na-ahụ maka njem nlegharị anya na ihe omume omenala na-ahụ maka ya, a na-ebute atụmatụ ọhụrụ kwa afọ na isiokwu dị iche iche a na-ahọrọ kwa afọ iji wee mee ka kanival a na aga n'ihu. Na Disemba 2009, kọmitii kanival haziri "iko emume Kanival ahụ nke afọ 2009", asọmpi bọọlụ n'etiti ndị otu egwuregwu asọmpi ise - Seagull, Passion 4, Masta Blasta, Bayside na Freedom. Enwere ike ịmata ndị otu a site n'agba ha. Ndị otu Seagull bu ndi agba na acha uhie uhie bu ndi a maara dika ndị kachasị achikọta onwe ha, otu Passion 4 bu ndi nke ha na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ha bukwa ndị kachasị eme nke ọma, Masta Blasta bu ndi nke ha na-achagha achagha, ha bukwa ndị kachasị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ, otu Bayside bụ nke na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, na otu Freedom bụ ndi nke ha na-acha odo. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-14|title=Inside Calabar Carnival, Africa's Biggest Street Party|url=https://folio.ng/the-magic-of-the-calabar-carnival/|accessdate=2021-08-18|work=Folio|language=en-US}}</ref> Ememe a na-agụnyekwa egwu sitere na ndị mpaghara a na nke mba ụwa, emume kanival Calabar a na-eme kwa afọ, Boat regatta, ihe ngosi Ejiji (e wepụtara na 2016), Beauty pageant (Miss Africa ewepụtara na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Miss Africa Archives|url=https://theparadise.ng/topic/miss-africa/|accessdate=2019-10-18|work=The Paradise|language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182838/https://theparadise.ng/topic/miss-africa/|archivedate=9 July 2021}}</ref> ) Christmas Village, egwu ọdịnala na emume Ekpe a na-eme kwa afọ bu mmemme na-ebute puku kwuru puku ndị njem nleta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Ifop|first=Frank|date=2016-12-25|title=History of Carnival Calabar, It Bands & More|url=https://theparadise.ng/carnival-calabar|accessdate=2019-10-18|work=The Paradise|language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713073328/https://theparadise.ng/carnival-calabar/|archivedate=13 July 2021}}</ref> Ihe omume ndị ọzọ mebere kanival nke a gụnyere asọmpi ide edemede nke metụtara ma ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum. Emebere asọmpi ndị a iji kwalite omenala ịgụ akwụkwọ n'etiti ndị ntorobịa steeti nakwa ịkụnye omenala oriri na ọṅụṅụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-11-20|title=Cross River students write essay|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/cross-river-students-write-essay/|accessdate=2022-02-18|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndị na-esonye == [[Usòrò:Calabar_carnival_Dec_2016...1.jpg|thumb]] Ihe omume a na-anabata ndị egwu obodo na mba ofesi, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Nollywood, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị nwoke na nwanyị ndị ọzọ ama ama si Naijiria na mba ofesi. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri bụ ndị gara oriri na ọṅụṅụ gụnyere Lucky Dube, Akon, Fat Joe, Young Jeezy, Nelly, Kirk Franklin. Kanival Calabar nke afọ 2013 l lekwasịrị anya na ndị egwu na Naijiria. <ref name=":0"/> == Kanival Calabar nke afọ 2015, Isiokwu: "Mgbanwe ihu igwe" == Emere ememe kanival Calabar na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriantouristguide.com/calabar-carnival-2015-pictures/|title=CALABAR CARNIVAL 2015|work=Nigerian Tourist Guide|language=en-US|accessdate=2016-03-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310032926/http://www.nigeriantouristguide.com/calabar-carnival-2015-pictures/#|archivedate=10 March 2016}}</ref> Mmemme a nabatara ihe karịrị mba iri na ise n'afọ 2015 dịka Gọvanọ steeti Cross RIver bụ Maazị Ben Ayade siri kwuo. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-13|title=15 countries to attend Calabar Carnival 2015 {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/195134-15-countries-to-attend-calabar-carnival-2015.html|accessdate=2021-08-14|language=en-GB}}</ref> Gọvanọ ahụ kpọbatara ndị ụmụ agbọghọ mara mma ka ọ guzobe otu egwu a maara dị ka ndị egwu gọvanọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-27|title=Calabar Carnival 2015: Gov Ayade adopts beauty queens|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/11/calabar-carnival-2015-gov-ayade-adopts-beauty-queens/|accessdate=2021-08-14|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ememe na Kanival Calabar nke afọ 2017, Isiokwu: Mbugharị == Mbugharị <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ifop|first=Frank|title=CRSG Reveals 2017 Carnival Calabar Theme|url=https://theparadise.ng/carnival-calabar-theme-2017|accessdate=2019-10-18|work=The Paradise|language=en-GB|archivedate=2024-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205150628/https://theparadise.ng/carnival-calabar-theme-2017/}}</ref> nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme n'Africa, dịka ọ bụkwa ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ omenala kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://carnivalcalabar.com.ng/home-10/ |title=http://carnivalcalabar.net/ |accessdate=2022-02-23 |archivedate=2022-01-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123085230/https://carnivalcalabar.com.ng/home-10/ }}</ref> == Ememe na Kanival Calabar nke afọ2018 Isiokwu: "Africanism" == Na ememe nke afọ 2018, nke mere ya emume nke iri na ise kemgbe mmalite ya na 2004, Gọvanọ steeti Cross River, Sen, Benedict Ayade webatara isiokwu ọhụrụ nke a kpọrọ " Africanism " iji kọọ akụkọ Africa site n'echiche Africa. Isi okwu a bu n'obi igosikwa na Afrịka enwerela onwe ya pụọ n'ịchịkwa ọchịchị nke akụ na ụba nke ndị ọcha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ifop|first=Frank|title=Carnival Calabar 2018 Theme Dubbed 'Africanism'|url=https://theparadise.ng/carnival-calabar-2018-theme-africanism|accessdate=2019-10-18|work=The Paradise|language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711072454/https://theparadise.ng/carnival-calabar-2018-theme-africanism/|archivedate=11 July 2021}}</ref> == Akpọrọ isiokwu Ememe na Kanival Calabar nke afọ 2019 "Humanity" == E kere isiokwu kanival Calabar nke a kpọrọ "Humanity" iji maa mmadụ aka na mmadụ ọ bụla nwere ikike ịdị adị. E bukwa n'uche ka isiokwu ahụ gwa ụmụ mmadụ ka ha ghara ịbụ ihe na-ebute nwute nye ndụ onye ọzọ. Ewezuga ịgba egwu na igosiputa omenala ndi Afrika, emume kanival Calabar bu n'obi ilebanye anya na nsogbu nke uwa, nke mmeso obi ojoo so na ya. Ka Gọvanọ Benedict Ayade siri kwupụta isiokwu nke afọ a - Humanity o kwusiri ike na ọ dị mkpa ka mmadụ niile gbanarị agha n'ihi na nke a anaghị egosipụta ezi àgwà nke ndị na-ekwu na ha na-emere mmadụ ihe. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ifop|first=Frank|date=2019-08-16|title=Carnival Calabar 2019 Theme Is "Humanity" - Ayade|url=https://theparadise.ng/carnival-calabar-2019-theme-humanity-ayade|accessdate=2019-10-18|work=The Paradise|language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711122624/https://theparadise.ng/carnival-calabar-2019-theme-humanity-ayade/|archivedate=11 July 2021}}</ref> == Ememe na Kanival Calabar nke afọ 2020 == N'afọ 2020, n'ihi ọrịa mba uwa coronavirus na mmachi amachiri nnukwu nnọkọ na mba ahụ, amachibidoro ememe ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=CALABAR so different this December!|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/calabar-so-different-this-december/|accessdate=2021-08-14|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị ụlọ omebe iwu steeti Cross River kpọkwara oku ka ha kwụsị mmemme ahụ n'afọ 2020 n'ihi oke mbibi na ịkwakọrọ ngwongwo na akụrụngwa nke ndị omekome zokpuru n'okpuru ngagharị iwe #EndSARS na-eme nakwa n'ihi n'ọrịa Covid 19 ka na-aga n'ihu n'ụwa na n'ime obodo. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-19|title=Cross River Assembly calls for suspension of Calabar Christmas Carnival|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/cross-river-assembly-calls-for-suspension-of-calabar-christmas-carnival/|accessdate=2021-08-14|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ememme na Naijiria == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220223163928/http://www.carnivalcalabar.com.ng/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Carnival Calabar] * [http://www.crossriverstate.gov.ng/ Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị Cross River State] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090624072650/http://www.nigeriantourism.com/cross-rivers.htm Cross River State .] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090624072650/http://www.nigeriantourism.com/cross-rivers.htm .] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090624072650/http://www.nigeriantourism.com/cross-rivers.htm .] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090624072650/http://www.nigeriantourism.com/cross-rivers.htm Paradaịs ndị mmadụ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091015073640/http://www.crossriverfestival.com/ Weebụsaịtị Cross River State Festival] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100108100308/http://www.crossriverforum.org/tourism.html Cross River Forum.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100108100308/http://www.crossriverforum.org/tourism.html .] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100108100308/http://www.crossriverforum.org/tourism.html Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ njem na itinye ego] {{Coor|4.9685|N|8.3408|E|region:NG}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|4.9685|N|8.3408|E|region:NG}} [[Òtù:Ȯra Cross River]] h43myb2n1thw0hpcg18vezokjetk9ks 0 14416 705555 541510 2026-08-24T02:46:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] '''Daniel Benson''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 14 n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 1997) nke a maara dịka '''Bnxn''' (nke a na-akpọ '''Benson''') na onye a maara dị ka '''Buju''', bụ onye Naijiria na-agụ egwu Afro-fusion, onye na-ede egwu na onye na-emepụta ihe ndekọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Singer Buju changes stage name to 'BNXN'|url=https://punchng.com/singer-buju-changes-stage-name-to-bnxn/|first=Victoria|author=Edeme|work=[[The Punch]]|publisher=The Punch Newspaper|accessdate=18 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/mayorkun-is-shocked-that-bujus-name-is-daniel-benson/renp6g8|title=Mayorkun is shocked that Buju's name is Daniel Benson|first=Motolani|author=Alake|date=4 November 2021|accessdate=8 November 2021|work=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/burna-boy-joeboy-omah-lay-buju-tems-emerge-as-part-of-the-most-streamed-artists-in/1bsz3rk|title=Burna Boy, Joeboy, Omah Lay, Buju, Tems emerge as part of the most-streamed artists in the world on Audiomack|first=Motolani|author=Alake|date=26 May 2021|accessdate=23 May 2021|work=Pulse Nigeria|archivedate=26 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526120931/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/burna-boy-joeboy-omah-lay-buju-tems-emerge-as-part-of-the-most-streamed-artists-in/1bsz3rk}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ ya na [[Lagos]], Naijiria. O si na steeti [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom]]. Bnxn bụ onye Afro-fusion na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu. Ọ na arụ ọrụ na [[Burna Boy|Burna]] Boy's Spaceship Records.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/buju-exits-burna-boys-label/|title=Buju exits Burna Boy's label|first=Sampson|author=Unamka|date=5 July 2021|accessdate=23 May 2021|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Ya na ezinụlọ ya tolitere na Gbagada, kwaga Ogun Steeti. == Ọrụ ya == === 2021: ''Sorry I'm Late'' === ==== Ndabere ==== ''Sorry I'm Late'' bụ ọrụ mgbatị (EP) nke Buju, ewepụtara ya na 27 Ọktoba afọ 2021, n'okpuru njikwa nke T.Y.E / EMPIRE. Ọ na-egosi ndị ọbịa sitere na Nigerian Highlife music duo, The Cavemen, na mmepụta site na Steph, Perlz, Denzl, Timi Jay na [[Rexxie]]. Ọ bụ Vtek na Poppil gwakọtara ya ma mara ya nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/stream-buju-sorry-im-late/lfs7pdx|title=Buju releases 7-track sophomore EP, 'Sorry I'm Late'|first=Motolani|author=Alake|date=28 October 2021|accessdate=8 November 2021|work=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> Motolani Alake nke ''Pulse Nigeria'' kwuru na ọ "na-egosi obi ike, mmeri na 'nkasi obi'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/review-buju-sorry-im-late-ep/psmxdjb|title=Buju's ''Sorry I'm Late'' projects confidence, wins and 'comfort' [Pulse EP Review]|first=Motolani|author=Alake|date=29 October 2021|accessdate=8 November 2021|work=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Lady|first=Boss|date=2022-03-30|title=BNXN (Buju) - For Days|url=https://www.entmediahub.com.ng/bnxn-buju-for-days/|accessdate=2022-03-30|work=Entmediahub|archivedate=2022-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209055245/https://entmediahub.com.ng/bnxn-buju-for-days/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=234hit|date=2022-03-30|title=Kilometer (Remix) (feat Zinoleesky)|url=https://234hit.com/buju-bnxn-ft-zinoleesky-kilometer-remix/|accessdate=2022-03-30|work=234Hit|archivedate=2022-07-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702121427/https://234hit.com/buju-bnxn-ft-zinoleesky-kilometer-remix/}}</ref> Buju mere ihe ngosi mbụ ya na London na onwa Nọvemba 30, na-egosi mmalite nke njem Sorry I'm Late.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/buju-thrills-fans-in-london-as-he-kick-starts-his-sorry-im-late-tour/ys6cjzq|title=BUJU thrills fans in London as he kick-starts his|author=Pulse Mix|date=7 December 2021|accessdate=23 May 2021|work=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2021, Buju mere egwu mbụ ya rere ere, nke bụkwa egwu izizi ya na Legos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/buju-debut-concert-for-lagos/|title=Buju debut concert|first=Mutiat|author=Lawore|date=13 November 2021|accessdate=4 March 2022|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://independent.ng/buju-announces-first-major-concert-in-lagos/|title=Buju Announces First Major Concert In Lagos|date=13 November 2021|first=Tomi|author=Falade|accessdate=23 May 2021|work=[[Independent Nigeria]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businessday.ng/arts-and-life/article/buju-debut-concert-sorry-im-late-to-hold-in-lagos/|title=Buju debut concert 'Sorry I'm late' to hold in Lagos|first=Ifeoma|author=Okeke|date=14 November 2021|accessdate=23 May 2021|work=[[Business Day (Nigeria)|Business Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/12/buju-to-shut-down-balmoral-convection-centre-this-wednesday-dec-22-2021/|title=Buju to shut down Balmoral Convection centre this Wednesday December|date=22 December 2021|accessdate=23 May 2021|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Na afọ 2022, Buju gbanwere aha ya na BNXN.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Daily|first=Trust|date=May 2, 2022|title=Would Buju Tyre’s Fame Survive The Change Of His Name To BNXN?|url=https://dailytrust.com/would-buju-tyres-fame-survive-the-change-of-his-name-to-bnxn|accessdate=June 9, 2022|archivedate=April 5, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405075102/https://dailytrust.com/would-buju-tyres-fame-survive-the-change-of-his-name-to-bnxn/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-26|title=Learn more about BNXN|url=https://starlogue.com/person/bnxn|accessdate=2022-05-20|work=Starlogue|language=en}}</ref> == Discography == * ''Sorry I'm Late'' (EP)<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lady|first=Boss|date=2021-10-27|title=Buju - Sorry I'm Late|url=https://www.entmediahub.com.ng/album-buju-sorry-im-late-the-ep/|accessdate=2022-02-20|work=ENT Media Hub|archivedate=2022-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220172500/https://www.entmediahub.com.ng/album-buju-sorry-im-late-the-ep/}}</ref> === Single === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Nkọwa |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |"Catch a Vibe" | |- |"Wahala" | |- | rowspan="5" |2019 |"Energy" | |- |"Onye isi" |- |"Mmụọ" (nke gosipụtara Zlatan) |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenativemag.com/buju-features-zlatan-new-single-spiritual/|title=BUJU FEATURES ZLATAN ON NEW SINGLE, "SPIRITUAL"|first=Dennis|author=Ade Peter|date=9 August 2021|accessdate=23 May 2021|work=[[The Native]]}}</ref> |- |"L'enu" | |- |"Ohema & TMXO" | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |“Ọ Dị Mma” | |- |"Lenu Remix" (gosipụtara Burna Boy) |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pan-african-music.com/en/nigerian-afro-fusion-artist-buju-invites-burna-boy-on-lenu-remix-music-video/|title=Nigerian Afro fusion artist Buju invites Burna Boy on "Lenu Remix" music video|first=Pan|author=African Music|date=17 July 2020|accessdate=23 May 2021|work=Pan African Music}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2021 |"N'èzí" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/buju-releases-new-single-outside-single/tdwxgfl|title=Did Buju hint at an exit from Burna Boy's label on new single, 'Outside'?|first=Motolani|author=Alake|date=20 May 2021|accessdate=23 May 2021|work=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> |- |"Ihe akaebe" | |- |"Ịtali" (nke gosipụtara Blaq Diamond) | |- |} === Dị ka egosiri === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Onye Mmepụta !Abọm !Nkọwa |- | rowspan="8" |2021 |"Feeling" (<small>[[Ladipoe]]</small>) |P.Prime |Providence (EP) | |- |"Bling" (<small>Blaqbonez</small>) | |Mmekọahụ karịa ịhụnanya | |- |"Alubarika" (<small>[[Zlatan (musician)|Zlatan]]</small>) |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/life/listen-zlatan-features-buju-in-new-single-alubarika/|title=Listen: Zlatan Features Buju In New Single "Alubarika"|first=Modupeoluwa|author=Adekanye|date=6 August 2021|accessdate=23 May 2021|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Life]]|archivedate=6 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806093320/https://guardian.ng/life/listen-zlatan-features-buju-in-new-single-alubarika/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/can-buju-and-zlatan-make-a-joint-ep-already/9nq1wes|title=Can Buju and Zlatan make a joint EP already!?|first=Israel|author=Olorunnisola|date=6 August 2021|accessdate=23 May 2021|work=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> |Resan |- |"Nkwenye obi ike" (<small>Savage</small>) | | | |- |"Mood" (<small>[[Wizkid]]</small>) |P2J |''Emere na Lagos'' |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-02|title=Buju links up with Wizkid, others days after public outrage|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/buju-links-up-with-wizkid-others-days-after-public-outrage/|first=Ekaete|author=Bassey|accessdate=2021-09-01|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |"Ọkpụkpụ Gị" (<small>[[Basketmouth]]</small>) | | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/basketmouth-flexes-muscle-taps-buju-in-new-single-your-body/|title=Basketmouth flexes muscle, taps BUJU in new single, "Your Body"|author=Admin|date=10 October 2021|accessdate=8 November 2021|work=The Guardian on Sunday|archivedate=8 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108162833/https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/basketmouth-flexes-muscle-taps-buju-in-new-single-your-body/}}</ref> |- |"Oge abụọ" (<small>Wani</small>) | | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/life/wani-releases-times-two-ft-buju-ahead-lagos-city-vice-ii-ep/|title=WANI RELEASES "TIMES TWO" FT BUJU AHEAD "LAGOS CITY VICE II" EP|author=Guardian Life|date=23 July 2021|accessdate=8 November 2021|work=The GuardianLife}}</ref> |- |"Cold Outside" (<small>[[Timaya]]</small>) | | | |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |"Sweet Daddy" (<small>Dai Verse</small>) |Semzi | | |- |"Saloo (Remix)" (<small>Kashcoming</small>) | | | |- |"Hustle" (Reminisce) |Sarz | | |- |"Finesse" (<small>[[Pheelz]]</small>) |Miichkel | | |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Afọ !Ihe omume !Nrite !Onye natara ya !Nsonaazụ !Ref |- |2019 |The Headies 2020 |Rookie |Ya onwe ya |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/10/headies-award-2019-nominees-and-winners/|title=Headies Award 2019: Nominees and Winners|date=19 October 2021|accessdate=23 May 2021|work=Vanguard}}</ref> |- |2020 |City People Entertainment Awards |Nkpughe nke Afọ |Ya onwe ya |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/winners-emerge-at-2020-city-people-music-awards-full-list/|title=WINNERS EMERGE AT 2020 CITY PEOPLE MUSIC AWARDS [FULL LIST]|date=7 December 2020|author=Reporter|accessdate=12 May 2021|work=[[City People Magazine]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |2021 |AFRIMMA |African Fan Favourite |"N'èzí"[A] |{{Nom}} | |- |AFRIMMA |Best Artist ma ọ bụ Duo Group |[[Ladipoe]] featuring Buju - "Feeling"[A] |{{Nom}} | |- |AFRIMMA |Best African Rapper or Lyricist |Ladipoe featuring Buju - "Feeling"[A] |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/list-of-nominees-for-the-2021-afrimma-awards-full-list/pvrdzs1|title=List of Nominees for the 2021 AFRIMMA Awards (Full List)|first=Dennis|author=Milimo|date=6 October 2021|accessdate=8 November 2021|work=Pulse Kenya}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Onye egwu kacha mma |"N'èzí"[A] |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/world-58668545|title=Afrima Nominations 2021 Full list of nominees both Nigerians, oda Africans artists|date=23 September 2021|accessdate=8 November 2021|work=[[BBC Pidgin]]}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Best Artiste, Duo or Group in African Hip Hop |Blaqbonez - "Bling" nke gosipụtara Amaarae na Buju)[A] |{{Nom}} | |- |2022 |Grammy Awards |Abọm egwu kachasị mma zuru ụwa ọnụ |''Emere na Lagos'' Deluxe Edition nke Wizkid |{{Nom}} | |} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abokimusik.com/buju-bnxn-latest-songs-2022/|title=Buju [BNXN] Latest Songs 2022|date=23 July 2021|accessdate=8 November 2021|work=abokimusik.com|archivedate=5 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305151459/https://abokimusik.com/buju-bnxn-latest-songs-2022/}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} <ref>Latest update [https://web.archive.org/web/20220517084921/https://www.six9ja.com/bnxn-all-songs/ BNXN]</ref>{{authority control}} <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nn5krmdd4b7rwuy86d6o1t982wunwib 0 17337 705553 129637 2026-08-24T02:04:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Benny Andrews''' (ubochí irí na atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba, 1930 rụo ụbọchị irí n'ọnwa Nọvemba, 2006) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe, ónyé na-eme ihe ike na ónyé nkuzi. A mụrụ ya na Plainview, GA, Andrews nwetara BFA na eserese site na School of the Art Institute of Chicago na 1958, ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ kwagara New York. A maara ya maka ihe osise ya na-egosipụta ihe, nke na-ejikarị akwa collaged na ihe ndị ọzọ. Andrews nyere aka chọta Black Emergency Cultural Coalition, nke na-eme mkpọtụ maka nnọchiteanya ka ukwuu nke ndị na-ese ihe na ndị nlekọta Africa America na nnukwu ebe ngosi nka na New York na ngwụcha afọ 1960 na 70. Ọ duziri otu ahụ n'ịtọ ntọala mmemme agụmakwụkwọ nka n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na ebe ndị a na-edebe ndị mkpọrọ. Andrews kụziri nka na Queens College ruo afọ iri atọ, site na 1982 ruo 1984, jere ozi dị ka ónyé nduzi nke Visual Arts Program maka National Endowment for the Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bennyandrews.com/cvchronology|title=Benny Andrews, CV and Chronology|work=Benny Andrews Estate|accessdate=March 17, 2021}}</ref> Ọ natara ọtụtụ onyinye, gụnyere John Hay Whitney Fellowship (1965), New York Council on the Arts fellowships (1971), na National Endowment for the Arts Fellowsship (19748).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/historians-miscellaneous-biographies/benny-andrews|title=Andrews, Benny, 1930-|date=2005|work=Contemporary Black Biography. Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=March 10, 2018}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Benny Andrews n'ezinụlọ mmadụ iri n'ubochí irí na atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba, 1930, na obéré ọbọdọ Plainview, Georgia. Nné na nnà ya, George na Viola (née Perryman), bụ ndị na-ekere òkè.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/historians-miscellaneous-biographies/benny-andrews|title=Benny Andrews facts, information, pictures|work=Encyclopedia.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-07}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/12/nyregion/12andrews.html|title=Benny Andrews, 75, Dies; Painted Life in the South|author=Genocchio|first=Benjamin|date=2006-11-12|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2018-03-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Nné ya na nnà ya mesiri ike mkpa agụmakwụkwọ, okpukpe, na nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. Nnà Andrews bụ ónyé na-ese ihe n'onwe ya nke ihe osise ya na ihe osise mere ka ọ bụrụ ónyé a ma ama dị ka "Dot Man" na ihe ngosi na Morris Museum of Art. N'agbanyeghị nrụgide nne na nna ya na agụmakwụkwọ, ha enweghị ike ịhapụ Andrews ka ọ gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ha chọrọ enyemaka ya iji kụọ ma ọ bụ kụọ ogho. Ọ gara Plainview Elementary School, ụlọ osisi nwere otu ọnụ ụlọ na ọkara.<ref name=":5"/> A kwụsịrị agụmakwụkwọ gafere klas nke asaa n'ime ọbọdọ na-ekere òkè, mana ndị nne na nna Andrews kwere ka ya na ụmụnne ya gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'oge ọnwa oyi.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":5" /> Andrews jisiri ike gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Burney Street High School na Madison, Georgia na 1948, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ónyé gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị mbụ n'ezinụlọ ya. N'afọ 1976, Andrews ghọrọ ónyé nduzi mmemme nka màkà Inner City Roundtable of Youths.<ref name=":5"/> Ndị otu a bụ ndị òtù ndị na-achọ ịlụso ime ihe ike ndị ntorobịa ọgụ ma mee ka ọbọdọ ndị dị na New York City sie ike.<ref name=":5" /> Malite na 1970s, Andrews na-anọkarị na MacDowell.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bennyandrews.com/biography|title=Biography|work=Benny Andrews Estate|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-02-20}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ ónyé nduzi nke mpaghara ahụ n'afọ 1987. == Ihe osise == Benny Andrews bụ onye na-ese ihe osise n'ụdị ngosipụta nke sere ọtụtụ isiokwu nke nhụjuanya na ikpe na-ezighị ezi, gụnyere Holocaust, Native American forced migrations, na Hurricane Katrina. N'afọ ndị 1960 ọ malitere ịchọta ụdị ihe osise nke ya, nke mepụtara n'otu ógè na-aga n'ihu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com|title=Benny Andrews|author=Cullen|first=Deborah|work=Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref> Mmetụta ndị ọzọ na ọrụ ya gụnyere surrealism na Southern folk art. Ọrụ ya dị na Metropolitan Museum of Art na New York City; Art Institute of Chicago; Studio Museum na Harlem (New York City); High Museum of Art dị na Atlanta, Georgia; Hirshhorn Museum dị na Washington, DC; na Ogden Museum of Southern Art dị na New Orleans, Louisiana. == Ndụ ezinụlọ == Benny Andrews lụrụ Mary Ellen Jones Smith, ónyé na-ese foto, na 1957.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/andrewsbenny845/|title=Benny Andrews papers, 1940-2006|author=Andrews|first=Benny|date=2007-01-09|work=findingaids.library.emory.edu|accessdate=2019-02-20|archivedate=2019-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221000415/https://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/andrewsbenny845/}}</ref> Di na nwunye ahụ mụrụ ụmụ atọ, Christopher, Thomas, na Julia, tupu ha kewaa na 1976.<ref name=":3" /> Di na nwunye ahụ gbara alụkwaghịm n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na 1986.<ref name=":5"/> Andrews lụrụ ónyé na-ese ihe Nene Humphrey na 1986.<ref name=":3"/> Di na nwunye ahụ zutere na MacDowell.<ref name=":5"/> Andrews nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa na n'ubochí irí n'ọnwa Nọvemba, 2006 mgbè ọ dị afọ irí asaá na isé. == Nsọpụrụ na onyinye == * John Hay Whitney Fellowship - 1965-66<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/benny-andrews-1930-2006|title=Benny Andrews (1930-2006)|author=Klacsmann|first=Karen Towers|date=August 17, 2017|work=New Georgia Encyclopedia}}</ref> * New York Council for the Arts Fellowship - 1971-1981<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bennyandrews.com/pagecv|title=CV|work=Benny Andrews Estate|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-02-20|archivedate=2019-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221054640/http://www.bennyandrews.com/pagecv}}</ref> * MacDowell Fellowships - 1972-1973, 1975-1978<ref name=":4" /> * National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship - 1974-1981<ref name=":4" /> * Ihe nrite O'Hara Museum, Tokyo -1976<ref name=":4" /> * Bellagio Fellowship, Rockefeller Foundation - 1990<ref name=":4" /> * Onye otu National Academy of Design - 1997<ref name=":4" /> * Onyinye onye isi oche na Benny Andrews Foundation, United Negro College Fund - 2010<ref name=":4" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/12/nyregion/12andrews.html Akụkọ ọnwụ nke New York Times] * Akwụkwọ Benny Andrews, 1945-1968 site na Smithsonian Archives of American Art * Benny Andrews at Library of Congress Authorities, with 26 catalog records * Benny Andrews na Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN * Akwụkwọ Benny Andrews, 1940-2006 site na Stuart A. Rose Library, Mahadum Emory * [http://www.bennyandrews.com Ebe] nrụọrụ weebụ Benny Andrew's Estate blabrm5nt7v9di1ly85i9di0pjlngo7 0 22300 705574 674231 2026-08-24T10:56:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|website=}}{{Databox}} '''Edvin Kanka Ćudić''' (bụ onye [[Bosnia na Herzegovina|amụrụ]] na Disemba 31, 1988 dị ka '''Edvin Ćudić'''), bụ onye Bosnia na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye nta akụkọ, na onye nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke a maara nke ọma dị ka onye ndú nke UDIK, otu na-eme mkpọsa maka ihe ndị Ruuru mmadụ na ime udo na Yugoslavia mbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biografija.org/novinarstvo/edvin-kanka-cudic/|title=Edvin Kanka Ćudić - Biografija|publisher=biografija.org|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na isiokwu ndị gụnyere ikike mmadụ, ncheta ọdịbendị, ikpe ziri ezi na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Brčko, SR Bosnia na Herzegovina (n'oge ahụ akụkụ nke Yugoslavia), Ćudić tolitere na Gračanica na Brčko. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Sarajevo na Mahadim Ankara . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ n'afọ 2012 na Mahadum Sarajevo na nzere na journalism n'afọ 2018 nwetara nzere masta ya na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fpn.unsa.ba/b/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DRUGI-CIKLUS-STUDIJA-FAKULTET-POLITI%C4%8CKIH-NAUKA-SARAJEVO-2018-1.pdf|title=Drugi ciklus studija - Fakultet političkih nauka Sarajevo, No. 40, 2018|publisher=fpn.unsa.ba|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, Ćudić sonyeere Academy of Martial Arts nke Bosnia na Herzegovina, (onye otu International Martial Arts Federation - IMAF Europe), nke Boško Vidović duziri na Brčko.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.judoforall.org/judo-directory/europe/bosnia-and-herzegovina/academy-of-martial-arts-bosnia-and-herzegovina|title=Martial Arts Academy of Bosnia and Herzegovina - judoforall|publisher=judoforall.org|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07|archivedate=2015-07-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722012512/http://www.judoforall.org/judo-directory/europe/bosnia-and-herzegovina/academy-of-martial-arts-bosnia-and-herzegovina}}</ref> N'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, Ćudić zụrụ afọ 8 wee nweta belt ojii na jūjutsu. N'afọ 2017 n'otu Academy ahụ, o nwetara belt ojii na jūdō.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biografija.org/novinarstvo/edvin-kanka-cudic/|title=Edvin Kanka Ćudić - Biografija|publisher=biografija.org|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> Na 2022 ọ ghọrọ nna ukwu nke aikido.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aiki.rs/dan_ispiti.html|title=Dan ispiti - 2022|publisher=aiki.rs|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> Site na 2006 ruo 2008 ọ bụ onye nkuzi jūjutsu na ụlọ akwụkwọ martial arts nke Academy of Martial Arts nke Bosnia na Herzegovina, na Donji Žabar na Gornji Zovik nso Brčko.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.udik.org/sarajevo/osnivac/|title=Founder|publisher=udik.org|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Edvin_kanka_cudic_florence_hartmann.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Edvin_kanka_cudic_florence_hartmann.jpg/220px-Edvin_kanka_cudic_florence_hartmann.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Edvin Kanka Ćudić na onye nta akụkọ French Florence Hartmann, 2012]] [[Usòrò:Edvin_kanka_cudic_nora_cortinas.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Edvin_kanka_cudic_nora_cortinas.jpg/220px-Edvin_kanka_cudic_nora_cortinas.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Edvin Kanka Ćudić na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ n'Argentina Nora Morales de Cortiñas, 2015]] Dị ka onye nta akụkọ, ya na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi mpaghara rụkọtara ọrụ, gụnyere Monitor, Oslobođenje na Danas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oslobodjenje.ba/autor/edvin-kanka-cudic-500089|title=Articles by Edvin Kanka Ćudić - Oslobođenje|publisher=oslobodjenje.ba|date=19 October 2022 |accessdate=2022-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.me/?s=Edvin+kanka+%C4%87udi%C4%87|title=Articles by Edvin Kanka Ćudić - Monitor|publisher=monitor.co.me|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na mgbasa ozi ndị a, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na redio na telivishọn dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnywJP5TAgc&t=11s|title=Zločin bez kazne: Živa spaljena - TV Alfa Sarajevo|publisher=youtube.com|date=27 June 2012|accessdate=2019-08-12}}</ref> Iji kwalite udo na usoro ime udo na nke ime udo na Yugoslavia mbụ, Ćudić esorowo ndị ọkachamara obodo na ndị mba ọzọ, ndị na-ese ihe, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị nta akụkọ, yana ndị prọfesọ gburugburu ụwa rụkọọ ọrụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ: Roy Gutman, Ron Haviv, Stjepan Mesić, Florence Hartmann, Robert King, Rémy Ourdan wdg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infobiro.ba/author/23290|title=Edvin Kanka Ćudić - Infobiro|publisher=infobiro.ba|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07|archivedate=2019-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804165631/http://www.infobiro.ba/author/23290}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ọ bịanyere [[Nkwuputa N'asụsụ Dị N'Otu|aka na nkwupụta na Asụsụ Ndị Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia na Montenegro]].<ref>[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XVGV5Z306SeDFzpdpUHhfeK-voAFdaakS48LqXfGozA/pubhtml Signatories of the Declaration on the Common Language], official website, retrieved on 2018-08-16.</ref> N'afọ 2013, Edvin Kanka Ćudić guzobere ma ghọọ onye nhazi nke UDIK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.udik.org/sarajevo/founder/?lang=en|title=Founder – UDIK|publisher=|accessdate=15 September 2016|archivedate=16 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216141303/http://www.udik.org/sarajevo/founder/?lang=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.znamo.ba/edvin-kanka-cudic-o-udik-u-kako-smo-nastali-kome-smetamo-i-kako-nam-prijete/|title=Edvin Kanka Ćudić o UDIK-u: Kako smo nastali, kome smetano i kako nam prijete|publisher=znamo.ba|accessdate=18 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117110834/http://www.znamo.ba/edvin-kanka-cudic-o-udik-u-kako-smo-nastali-kome-smetamo-i-kako-nam-prijete/|archivedate=17 January 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya na Kansụl Ógbè nke RECOM Reconciliation Network. Na UDIK, ọ malitere ime ihe ike, site na ncheta ọha na eze a raara nye ndị agha gara aga merụrụ ahụ na Yugoslavia (1991-2001). N'oge ahụ, e mere ụfọdụ mpụ agha na nke mbụ na Sarajevo, yana n'obodo ndị ọzọ dị na Bosnia na Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro na Serbia. Ememe ncheta ndị a chọtara Ćudić na otu n'ime ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ a ma ama na Bosnia na Herzegovina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/udik-obiljezio-23-godisnjicu-stradanja-civila-u-selu-trusina-kod-konjica/160415083|title=UDIK obilježio 23. godišnjicu stradanja civila u selu Trusina|publisher=klix.ba|date=15 April 2016|accessdate=2019-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/u-sarajevu-odata-pocast-zrtvama-vukovara/131117036|title=U Sarajevu odata počast žrtvama Vukovara|publisher=klix.ba|date=17 November 2013|accessdate=2019-08-12}}</ref> Site n'omume na mgbalị ya, o nyere aka iburu mpụ ndị ahụ na Kazani n'isi. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị malitere iwu ihe ncheta na saịtị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oslobodjenje.ba/dosjei/intervjui/edvin-kanka-cudic-sarajlije-vise-ne-poricu-zlocine-na-kazanima-669926|title=Edvin Kanka Ćudić: Sarajlije više ne poriču zločine na Kazanima|publisher=oslobodjenje.ba|date=2017-08-05|accessdate=2020-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.danas.rs/vesti/drustvo/udik-danas-se-navrsava-28-godina-od-monstruoznih-zlocina-na-kazanima/|title=UDIK: Danas se navršava 28 godina od monstruoznih zločina na Kazanima|publisher=danas.rs|date=2017-08-05|accessdate=2020-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Priča koja ne govori samo o zločinu: Moji roditelji nemaju grob, zaklali su ih na Kazanima|url=https://www.oslobodjenje.ba/dosjei/teme/prica-koja-ne-govori-samo-o-zlocinu-moji-roditelji-nemaju-grob-zaklali-su-ih-na-kazanima-598656?fbclid=IwAR05WmB_bcEA4refjNZYg5pjk3EAcHJQ2G8LDCfAg7z6knxXIvx0EcHI6lg|publisher=Oslobođenje|author=Edina Kamenica|year=2020|accessdate=2020-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/bs/kazani-zona-odgovornosti-cacine-brigade/a-18022201--|title=Edvin Kanka Ćudić poručuje: Za spomenik ubijenim na Kazanima ne postoji politička podrška|publisher=source.ba|date=2016-10-25|accessdate=2018-08-31}}</ref> == Arụmụka == Ọ na-abụkarị onye iyi egwu site n'aka ndị homophobic na ndị na-ahụ mba n'anya nke agbụrụ niile na Bosnia na Herzegovina. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2014, ọ bịara n'ihu ọha n'oge ọgba aghara na Bosnia na Herzegovina. Dị ka onye nhazi nke ngagharị iwe na Brčko District, ọ natara ihe karịrị otu narị egwu ọnwụ. N'ọnwa Julaị, Dino Šimunjak, onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na esemokwu Israel na Palestine, yiri ya egwu, onye gwara ya n'ihu ọha: "Ị gaghị esi na nke a pụta, Ćudić".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bljesak.info/rubrika/vijesti/clanak/preko-interneta-pozivaju-na-linc-mirovnog-aktiviste-iz-brckog/76443|title=Preko interneta pozivaju na linč mirovnog aktiviste iz Brčkog - Bljesak.info|publisher=bljesak.info|date=10 February 2014|accessdate=2016-11-26|archivedate=2017-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806020359/http://www.bljesak.info/rubrika/vijesti/clanak/preko-interneta-pozivaju-na-linc-mirovnog-aktiviste-iz-brckog/76443}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zenskamreza.ba/en/public-reaction-regarding-the-threats-to-activist-of-udik-edvin-cudic/|title=Public reaction regarding the threats to activist of UDIK – Edvin Kanka Ćudić – Ženska mreža BiH|publisher=zenskamreza.ba|date=12 February 2014|accessdate=2016-11-26|archivedate=2018-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161724/http://zenskamreza.ba/en/public-reaction-regarding-the-threats-to-activist-of-udik-edvin-cudic/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/brcak-iz-izraela-prijeti-clanovima-udik-a-neces-se-izvuci-iz-ovoga-cudicu/140724130|title=Brčak iz Izraela prijet članovima UDIK-a: Nećeš se izvući iz ovoga Ćudiću – Klix|publisher=klix.ba|date=24 July 2014|accessdate=2016-11-26}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2015, n'ihu Katidral Obi Dị Nsọ na Sarajevo, mgbe UDIK na-echeta ncheta ncheta nke ogbugbu Štrpci, otu ìgwè ndị hooligans wakporo Edvin Kanka Ćudić. N'oge ahụ, ha kwuru na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ga-aga icheta mpụ na Banja Luka, na-ezo aka na akara mpụ UDIK na Kravica na Jenụwarị 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mreza-mira.net/vijesti/aktivnosti-mreze/saopstenje-mreze-za-izgradnju-mira-povodom-nada-na-aktiviste-udik/|title=Saopštenje Mreže za izgradnju mira povodom napada na aktiviste/kinje UDIK-a|publisher=mreza-mira.net|date=24 July 2014|accessdate=5 August 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee, n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ UDIK na Sarajevo, a wakporo ya na onye ọzọ na-eme ngagharị iwe UDIK. Naanị ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị, mwakpo yiri nke ahụ mere n'otu ebe ahụ. Onye nnọchi anya US na Bosnia na Herzegovina, Maureen Cormack, meghachiri omume ma kwuo na ọ bụ ihe a na-ekwe sịghị ekwesị ịwakpo onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Bosnia na herzegovina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vijesti.ba/clanak/272304/americka-ambasada-osvijetljena-duginim-bojama|title=Američka ambasada u duginim bojama|publisher=Vijesti.ba|date=24 July 2014|accessdate=5 August 2017|archivedate=5 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805221510/http://vijesti.ba/clanak/272304/americka-ambasada-osvijetljena-duginim-bojama}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba, n'ihu Katidral Obi Dị Nsọ na Sarajevo na Sarajevo, mgbe UDIK na-echeta ncheta nke mpụ ndị ahụ na Kazani, otu onye omekome na-anwa ịwakpo Edvin Kanka Ćudić. Ndị uwe ojii jidere onye mwakpo ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya, mana ha tọhapụrụ ya ozugbo ma ghara ikpe ya ikpe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-No3nlRpAAw|title=Sjećanje na žrtve stradanja na Kazanima|publisher=youtube.com|date=25 October 2015|accessdate=2019-04-10}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2017 Ćudić, wakporo ọzọ na Sarajevo, ya na ndị UDIK abụọ ndị ọzọ. Mwakpo ahụ mere n'akụkụ ụlọ omebe iwu nke Bosnia na Herzegovina. N'oge ahụ, ụmụ okorobịa ji nkume wakpo ya ma kpọọ ya ''Chetnik'' (onye Serb na-akwado mba n'aka nri).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.faktor.ba/vijest/u-sarajevu-napadnuti-aktivisti-udik-a-236114|title=U Sarajevu napadnuti aktivisti UDIK-a|publisher=faktor.ba|date=11 February 2017|accessdate=5 August 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị, ndị a na-amaghị ama mebiri ụgbọala ya kwụsịrị n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ UDIK na Sarajevo. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2019, Ćudić kwadoro ngagharị LGBT mbụ nke Bosnia na Herzegovina na ajụjụ ọnụ maka ọnụ ụzọ ịntanetị Source.ba. N'ihi nkọwa na-ezighi ezi nke ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, ọkachasị n'akụkụ metụtara ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'ụwa ndị Arab, ọ natara ọtụtụ egwu (gụnyere ọgwụgwọ ọnwụ) site n'aka ndị Alakụba si Bosnia na Herzegovina na Sandžak. Ndị Fundamentalists kwukwara na ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ahazi Parade ahụ. Ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị, UDIK gọnahụrụ na ọ haziri ngagharị ahụ, mana UDIK kwadoro ya ma gosipụta ịdị n'otu nye ndị niile a na-eyi egwu ma ọ bụ napụ ha ikike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://source.ba/clanak/BiH/492432/dt|title=Iz UDIK-a poručili: Edvin Kanka Ćudić dobio veliki broj prijetnji i pozivanja na linč, nismo organizatori "povorke ponosa"|publisher=source.ba|date=7 April 2019|accessdate=2019-04-07}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị, a wakporo Ćudić na ndị ọzọ na-eme ngagharị iwe UDIK n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ UDIK dị na Sarajevo. N'oge a, ndị mwakpo ahụ kpọrọ ya ''onye ndú'' ''Fags''. Ćudić sere foto nke ndị mwakpo ma kọọrọ Ngalaba Ndị Uwe Ojii Novo Sarajevo ikpe ahụ. Ndị uwe ojii echebaraghị foto ndị ahụ echiche n'oge nyocha ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://depo.ba/clanak/191242/u-sarajevu-napali-edvina-kanku-cudica-i-vikali-vodo-pedera-zasto-policija-nije-zatrazila-fotografiju-napadaca|title=U Sarajevu napali Edvina Kanku Ćudića i vikali 'vođo pedera': Zašto policija nije zatražila fotografiju napadača?!|publisher=depo.ba|date=16 July 2019|accessdate=2019-07-16}}</ref> Federal Ministry of Interior nke Bosnia na Herzegovina enwetụbeghị ikpe ndị mwakpo ahụ. == Ọrụ == * ''Taj maj '92''. (Brčko, 2012) * N'ihi ya, ọ bụ otu ihe pụrụ iche n'ime obodo ahụ (Sarajevo, 2019) == Nsọpụrụ == N'af''ọ'' 2012, onye Bosnian na-ede uri Adem Deniz Garić raara ya nye nke akpọrọ uril ne treba da šutiš (Na ọ dịghị mkpa ka ị gbachie nkịtị).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/adem-deniz-gari%C4%87/i-ne-treba-da-%C5%A1uti%C5%A1/474896692539086/?hc_ref=ARRnCIYcTIDPfNEg-7maBJ4nGViJbmHRCcVeQYPh5SpG9f8uoSvxGEgKztDIv6HsJGE|title=I ne treba da šutiš - Adem Garić|publisher=Adem Garić|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> E dere uri ahụ dị ka nzaghachi nye isiokwu Ćudić nke dị n'okpuru (''Agaghị m agbachi nkịtị''), nke e bipụtara na 2012 n'oge ncheta nke mgbukpọ agbụrụ na Srebrenica. N'afọ 2014 na 2018, na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu akụkọ ndụ ''Ko je ko u BiH'' (Ònye bụ Ònye na B&H), edepụtara Edvin Kanka Ćudić n'etiti ndị kachasị mkpa na Bosnia na Herzegovina taa, nke site na ọrụ ha na omume ha na-enye aka na Bosnia na herzegovina ka mma ma na-eme ka mba a bụrụ ebe obi ụtọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://novovrijeme.ba/ko-je-ko-u-bih-knjiga-o-najznacajnijim-licnostima-bih/|title=Ko je ko u BiH - knjiga o najznačajnijim ličnostima u BiH - Novo Vrijeme|publisher=novovrijeme.ba|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030115344/http://novovrijeme.ba/ko-je-ko-u-bih-knjiga-o-najznacajnijim-licnostima-bih/|archivedate=30 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kojekoubih.ba/sadrzaj-biografskog-leksikona-ko-je-ko-u-bih-izdanje-2014-2018/|title=Sadržaj biografskog leksikona Ko je ko u BiH – izdanje 2014–2018 – Ko je ko u BiH|publisher=kojekoubih.ba|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317020523/http://www.kojekoubih.ba/sadrzaj-biografskog-leksikona-ko-je-ko-u-bih-izdanje-2014-2018/|archivedate=17 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kojekoubih.ba/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/sadrzaj-PRVI-TOM.pdf|title=Sadržaj biografskog leksikona Ko je ko u BiH – izdanje 2018–2022 – Ko je ko u BiH|publisher=kojekoubih.ba|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07|archivedate=2018-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510190119/https://kojekoubih.ba/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/sadrzaj-PRVI-TOM.pdf}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, onye France a mụrụ na Bosnia bụ Mirza Morić mepụtara ihe ncheta a raara nye ndị nkịtị nwụrụ na Brčko (1992-1995). Morić dere akụkọ ahụ dum a na-akpọ "Tụlee m ga-akpọ ha asị", nke Edvin Kanka Ćudić dere n'afọ 2011. E debere ihe ncheta ahụ na Paris.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/magazin/kultura/kipar-mirza-moric-napravio-skulpturu-u-cast-ubijenim-brcacima/190422030|title=Kipar Mirza Morić napravio skulpturu u čast ubijenim Brčacima - Klix|publisher=klix.ba|date=30 March 2019|accessdate=2019-03-30}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, Edvin Kanka Ćudić meriri n'ọkwa nke abụọ maka Emerging Europe Award na ngalaba: Young Influencer of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://emerging-europe.com/news/emerging-europe-recognises-its-champions/|title=Emerging Europe recognises its champions - Emerging Europe|publisher=emerging-europe.com|date=30 March 2019|accessdate=2019-03-30}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, onye Bosnia na-ede uri Erbein Osmanović, raara ya nye uri ''Geronimo''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scontent.fsjj1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/294192783_10228517164456796_8708348467390629947_n.jpg?_nc_cat=110&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=8bfeb9&_nc_ohc=seFKca23-zsAX9j0nVf&_nc_ht=scontent.fsjj1-1.fna&oh=00_AT8QSU36KLRJPSc2m4PG-22rNg1bDrl-ZUYz-O4HIpfOhg&oe=633715B7|title=Geronimo - Edvin Kanka Ćudić|publisher=Edvin Kanka Ćudić|date=30 March 2019|accessdate=2022-09-25|archivedate=2022-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926185630/https://scontent.fsjj1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/294192783_10228517164456796_8708348467390629947_n.jpg?_nc_cat=110&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=8bfeb9&_nc_ohc=seFKca23-zsAX9j0nVf&_nc_ht=scontent.fsjj1-1.fna&oh=00_AT8QSU36KLRJPSc2m4PG-22rNg1bDrl-ZUYz-O4HIpfOhg&oe=633715B7}}</ref> == Ndemsibia == <div style="height: 500px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px;text-align: left; border: 1px solid #000000;"> <references group="" responsive="0"></references> </div> * (in Spanish) [https://www.elpais.com/internacional/2018/11/07/actualidad/1541612115_961961.html%3foutputType=amp La memoria, última trinchera de la guerra de Bosnia]— an interview with Edvin Kanka Ćudić in ''[[El País]]'' {{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=Position created}} {{s-ttl|title=[[UDIK|Coordinator of UDIK]]|years=2013–}} {{s-inc}} {{s-bef|before=Dženana Karup Druško}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Initiative for RECOM|Member of the Regional Council of the RECOM Reconciliation Network for Bosnia nad Herzegovina]]|years=2019–}} {{s-inc}} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cudic, Edvin Kanka}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị bịanyere aka na Nkwupụta N'asụsụ Dị N'Otu]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3ubxq9m8ykaw6kxobrtn5phc28l3z1r 0 24230 705567 202606 2026-08-24T06:31:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705567 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Morocco-agadir-azro.jpg|thumb|Mmiri kpọrọ nkụ na Agadir. Mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-amụba oke ọkọchị na Morocco.]] A na-atụ anya na '''mgbanwe ihu igwe na Morocco''' ga-emetụta mba [[Morocco]] n'ọtụtụ akụkụ, dịka mba ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara MENA. Dị ka mba dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na nke kpọrọ nkụ, mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi site na mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ịdị ukwuu ma dịgasị iche. A na-atụ anya nyocha nke mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a na akụ na ụba nke Morocco iji mepụta ihe ịma aka na ọkwa niile nke akụ na ụba. A ga-enwe mmetụta ndị bụ isi na usoro ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ nke na-ewe ọkara nke ndị bi na ya n'ọrụ, ma bụrụ 14% nke GDP.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Climate Risk Profile: Morocco|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-change-risk-profile-morocco|work=Climatelinks|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-13|archivedate=2020-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019130301/https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-change-risk-profile-morocco}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, n'ihi na 60% nke ndị bi na ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, [[Tashin matakin teku|ịrị elu nke oke osimiri]] bụ nnukwu ihe iyi egwu nye isi akụ na ụba.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2019 Climate Change Performance Index, Morocco nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ na nkwadebe n'azụ Sweden.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=MOROCCO: Ranked second worldwide in climate change control|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/morocco-ranked-second-worldwide-in-climate-change-control/|date=2020-04-30|work=Afrik 21|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29|archivedate=2020-12-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210154206/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/morocco-ranked-second-worldwide-in-climate-change-control/}}</ref> == Mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi == === Okpomọkụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe ===   === Mmiri na-arị elu === Pasentị iri isii (60%) nke ndị bi na mba Morocco bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri, a na-atụkwa anya na idei mmiri na ịrị elu nke oke osimiri ga-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nke ukwuu.<ref name=":0" /> Mmetụta ndị a ga-emetụta ọrụ akụ na ụba, gụnyere njem nleta, ọrụ ugbo, na ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Dabere na akụkọ teknụzụ nke ịrị elu nke oke osimiri nke NOAA 2022 si kwuo, ịrị elu nke oké osimiri ga-eme ka nnukwu mgbanwe na idei mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ime afọ 30 na-esote site n'ime ka oke mmiri na oké ifufe na-abawanye ma na-eru n'ime ime obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2022 Sea Level Rise Technical Report|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/sealevelrise/sealevelrise-tech-report.html|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=EN-US}}</ref> Mmụba nke ịrị elu nke oke osimiri ga-emetụta ebe ndị dị ka ala dị ala gbara Moulouya delta gburugburu, ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Morocco, nke na-emetụta ịrị elu nke oké osimiri na nrụgide, idei mmiri, erosion, na mbibi nke mpaghara ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Snoussi|first=Maria|date=2008-04-10|title=Vulnerability assessment of the impact of sea-level rise and flooding on the Moroccan coast: The case of the Mediterranean eastern zone|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771407004404|journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science|language=en|volume=77|issue=2|pages=206–213|doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2007.09.024|issn=0272-7714}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' chịkọtara nyocha mgbanwe ihu igwe nke IPCC nke afọ 2022, na-ekwu na ịrị elu nke oke osimiri ndị a nwere ike "karịa ihe ọtụtụ mba nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ," ma n'echiche nke ala mebiri emebi na mmetụta akụ na ụba.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Plumer|first=Brad|date=2022-02-28|title=Climate Change Is Harming the Planet Faster Than We Can Adapt, U.N. Warns|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/climate/climate-change-ipcc-report.html|accessdate=2022-02-28}}</ref> === Ihe onwunwe mmiri === A na-atụ anya na mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-etinye ọtụtụ nrụgide na mmiri na Morocco. Nkọwa na-egosi mbelata 10%-20% na mmiri ozuzo gafee mba ahụ, na nke kachasị njọ na mpaghara Sahara site n'afọ 2100.<ref name=":0" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-ebelata snowpack na Ugwu Atlas.<ref name=":0" /> Nke a na-etinye nrụgide na akụrụngwa mmiri, nke isi mmalite ndị ọzọ dị ka mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, uto obodo, ụlọ ọrụ, na njem nleta kwusiri ike.<ref name=":0" /> Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ aquifers dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ga-enwekwu nrụgide n'ihi salinization nke osimiri. == Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta ndị mmadụ == === Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba === ==== Ọrụ ugbo ====   Usoro ọrụ ugbo na Morocco na-emetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe karịsịa. Mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (87%) site na ọrụ ugbo mmiri ozuzo.<ref name=":0" /> Oké ọkọchị nke afọ 2016 mere ka mbelata 70% nke ihe ọkụkụ, ma belata akụ na ụba.<ref name=":0" /> == Mbelata na ime mgbanwe == === Ike na-agbanwe agbanwe === {{Excerpt|Renewable energy in Morocco}} === Iwu ike === {{Excerpt|Energy policy of Morocco}} == Iwu na iwu gọọmentị == [[Usòrò:King_Mohammed_VI.jpg|thumb|Mohammed VI nke Morocco na-ekwu okwu na 2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference na Marrakesh.]] Morocco nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ n'ụzọ ọ na-esi edozi mgbanwe ihu igwe na 2018 na 2019 Climate Change Performance Index.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morocco ranked second in Climate Change Performance Index 2018|url=http://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/blogpost/morocco-ranked-second-climate-change-performance-index-2018|author=Environment|first=U. N.|date=2018-12-20|work=UN Environment|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-13}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Climate Change Performance Index 2022: Morocco maintains its rank in the top 10 worldwide – The North Africa Post|url=https://northafricapost.com/53722-climate-change-performance-index-2022-morocco-maintains-its-rank-in-the-top-10-worldwide.html}}</ref> Dị ka CCPI 2022 si kwuo, Morocco nọ n'ọnọdụ nke 8 n'etiti mba 68 gburugburu ụwa na akara zuru oke nke 71.64%.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Latrech|first=Oumaima|title=2022 Climate Change Performance Index: Morocco 5th Best Country Worldwide|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/11/345439/2022-climate-change-performance-index-morocco-5th-best-country-worldwide|work=Morocco World News|language=en}}</ref> Gọọmentị mba Morocco nwere atụmatụ Plan Vert iji merie mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=5 things Morocco is doing about Climate Change|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/11/17/5-things-morocco-is-doing-about-climate-change|work=World Bank|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-13|archivedate=2020-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803114231/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/11/17/5-things-morocco-is-doing-about-climate-change}}</ref> N'ime atụmatụ a, gọọmentị na-agba mbọ imepụta ihe karịrị ọkara nke ike ya site na renewables site n'afọ 2030, na-ewepụ enyemaka nke mmanụ ala, na-etinye aka na ọrụ ahịhịa ndụ, na-elekwasị anya na njikwa akụ nke oké osimiri na ichekwa aquifers.<ref name=":1" /> == Hụkwa == * Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Middle East na North Africa == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} 9r3tlhp9w93matsahsdbrwqd8d57fcj 0 24707 705570 621698 2026-08-24T07:28:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Daniel Nathaniel|image=|image_size=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date={{birth-date and age|14 July 1992}}|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|death_cause=|other_names=|known_for=|education=|employer=|occupation=Men volleyball player|spouse=|partner=|children=|parents=|relatives=|signature=|website=|footnotes=|nationality=Nigerian}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Daniel Nathaniel''' (amụrụ na mkpụrụ ụbọchi iri na anọ na ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1992) bụ nwoke onye [[Ndị Naijiria|Naijiria]] nke na-agba egwuruegwu [[:en:Volleyball|volleyball]] onye gbara ndị otu egwuruegwu Sunshine Spikers nke [[Akure]] nakwa ndị [[:en:Nigeria_Men's_national_volleyball_team|Nigeria Men's national volleyball team]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daniel Nathaniel » indoor tournaments :|url=https://volleybox.net/daniel-nathaniel-p29364/indoor_tournaments|accessdate=2023-03-02|work=Volleybox|language=en|archivedate=2023-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302121541/https://volleybox.net/daniel-nathaniel-p29364/indoor_tournaments}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-03|title=Abdallah Names 12-man Squad For 2021 African Nations Volleyball Championship|url=https://bestchoicesports.com.ng/abdallah-names-12-man-squad-for-2021-african-nations-volleyball-championship/|accessdate=2023-03-02|work=Best Choice Sports|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302121801/https://bestchoicesports.com.ng/abdallah-names-12-man-squad-for-2021-african-nations-volleyball-championship/}}</ref> == Ndụ == Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ihe gbasara ''Igwe ọkụ eletrik'' nke bụ Electrical Electronic Engineering onye na-egwuri egwu dị ka onye nhazi na otu Naịjirịa Sunshine Spikers volley bọọlụ, Akure na Ondo Steeti. Daniel gbakwara ndi otu nwoke volley bọọlụ nke otu "A" nke [[:en:Nigeria_Men's_national_volleyball_team|Nigeria Men's national volleyball team]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kuti|first=Dare|date=2020-05-31|title=Leading Nigeria to the 2019 AG was an honour - Daniel Nathaniel|url=https://www.aclsports.com/leading-nigeria-to-the-2019-ag-was-an-honour-daniel-nathaniel/|accessdate=2023-03-02|work=ACLSports|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302130131/https://www.aclsports.com/leading-nigeria-to-the-2019-ag-was-an-honour-daniel-nathaniel/}}</ref> == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == Ọ bụ onyeisi ndị otu egwuregwu nke ndi nwoke akpọrọ Naijiria Mens National Volleyball.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Saliu|first=Mohammed|date=2019-05-17|title=Nigeria’s men’s volleyball team set for AAG qualifier in Abidjan|url=https://www.brila.net/nigerias-mens-volleyball-team-set-for-aag-qualifier-in-abidjan/|accessdate=2023-03-02|work=Latest Sports News In Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529092002/https://www.brila.net/nigerias-mens-volleyball-team-set-for-aag-qualifier-in-abidjan/}}</ref> Daniel Nathaniel so n'ime ndị otu meriri National Division One Volleyball League na [[Bauchi]] n'afọ 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-28|title=Sunshine Spikers, Super Force win Division One Volleyball League|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/sunshine-spikers-super-force-win-division-one-volleyball-league/|accessdate=2023-03-02|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302122052/https://guardian.ng/sport/sunshine-spikers-super-force-win-division-one-volleyball-league/}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị otu meriri n'afọ 2022 nke Regional Unity Invitational Challenge Cup na Kwara Steeti, merie New Waves nke Ogun Steeti na asọmpi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kuti|first=Dare|date=2022-01-15|title=Sunshine Spikers, Plateau Rocks win Regional Unity Cup|url=https://www.aclsports.com/sunshine-spikers-plateau-rocks-win-regional-unity-cup/|accessdate=2023-03-02|work=ACLSports|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302122224/https://www.aclsports.com/sunshine-spikers-plateau-rocks-win-regional-unity-cup/}}</ref> Otu n'ime nnukwu ihe ndị ọ rụzuru bụ iduzi ndị otu volleybọọlụ ụmụ nwoke Naijiria na egwuregwu Afrịka nke afọ 2019 na [[Morocco]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Moseph|first=Queen|date=2019-05-22|title=Zone 3 Volleyball: Nigeria qualify for 2019 All Africa Games|url=https://www.aclsports.com/zone-3-volleyball-nigeria-qualify-for-2019-all-africa-games/|accessdate=2023-03-02|work=ACLSports|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302121705/https://www.aclsports.com/zone-3-volleyball-nigeria-qualify-for-2019-all-africa-games/}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nathaniel, Daniel}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dop0jayt2byiewcux4ir6wpo50c2wp3 0 30576 705573 637867 2026-08-24T09:06:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|website=}} '''Donald Dari Soditey''' (amụrụ na Septemba 25, 1957) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana na onye otu Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Isii nke Republic nke Anọ nke Ghana na-anọchite anya Sawla / Tuana / Kalba Constituency na Northern Region na tiketi nke National Democratic Congress .<ref name="details">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=229|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Soditey, Donald Dari|work=www.ghanamps.com|accessdate=2020-02-07|archivedate=2021-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117130918/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=229}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Soditey na Septemba 25, 1957.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2016-04-25|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Soditey, Dari Donald|url=http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=2587|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425025233/http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=2587|archivedate=2016-04-25|accessdate=2020-07-10}}</ref> Ọ si Carpenteryir - Sawla, obodo dị na Northern Region nke [[Ghana]].<ref name="details" /> O nwetara asambodo onye nkuzi n'afọ 1990.<ref name="details" /> Ọ gụkwara maka diplọma na agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Mmụta, Winneba .<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == Donald bụ onye isi nchịkwa na onye isi nkuzi dị ka Belma Primary School.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ onye omeiwu site na Jenụwarị afọ 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na onye nkuzi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Soditey, Donald Dari|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=229|accessdate=2020-07-10|work=ghanamps.com|archivedate=2020-07-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710132927/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=229}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Soditey bụ onye otu National Democratic Congress (NDC). Na ntuli aka Ghana nke afọ 2008, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Sawla / Tuana / Kalba maka ndị omeiwu nke ise nke mba nke anọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Results Parliamentary Elections|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/election2008/election.results.parliamentary.php|accessdate=2020-07-10|work=www.ghanaweb.com|archivedate=2020-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024033152/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/election2008/election.results.parliamentary.php}}</ref> A họpụtara ya na 12,290 n'ime 21,050 nke ngụkọta vootu ziri ezi, nke kwekọrọ na 58.38% nke ngụcha vootu ziri ewu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ghana/10489.pdf|title=Ghana Elections 2008|publisher=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung|year=2010|location=Ghana|pages=105}}</ref> A họpụtara ya karịa Joseph Hongiri Naah Vugu nke New Patriotic Party, Yaapuo Edward Kwabena nke People's National Convention, Gilbieri Jonathan Laamiitey nke Democratic Freedom Party na Abdulai A Wahid nke Convention People's Party.<ref name=":1" /> Ndị a nwetara 38.33%, 1.49%, 0.67% na 1.13% n'otu n'otu nke ngụkọta vootu ziri ezi.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2012, ọ gbara ọsọ maka oche Sawla/Tuna/Kalba na tiketi nke NDC maka onye omeiwu nke isii nke mba nke anọ wee merie.<ref name="details" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Soditey bụ Onye Kraịst (Katolik).<ref name=":0" /> Ọ lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ asatọ.<ref name="details" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dtrf2mrmoyic0yhhtf7gy4wnl0v3pe4 0 30579 705572 623311 2026-08-24T07:59:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Oppong Kusi''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana na onye otu Nzukọ nke Isii nke Republic nke Anọ nke Ghana na-anọchite anya Ofoase / Ayirebi Constituency na Eastern Region na tiketi nke New Patriotic Party .<ref name="mps">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2527|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Kusi, Oppong David|work=www.ghanamps.com|accessdate=2020-02-08|archivedate=2020-01-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114055527/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2527}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kusi bụ Onye Kraịst (Methodist). Ọ lụrụ nwanyị (ya nwere ụmụ asaa).<ref name="mps" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Kusi n'ụbọchị nke itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1958. Ọ si Akyem Ofoase, obodo dị na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Ghana]].<ref name="mps" /> Ọ banyere na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Kwame Nkrumah wee nweta nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na teknụzụ ụlọ n'afọ 1987. Ọ gakwara Mahadum nke Ghana wee nweta nzere Master of Business Administration na njikwa ọrụ na 2006.<ref name="mps" /> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == A họpụtara Kusi na mbụ ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu na tiketi nke New Patriotic Party (NPP) n'oge ntuli aka nke Disemba 2008 dị ka onye otu ndị omeiwu maka mpaghara Ofoase / Ayirebi. O nwetara vootu 14,938 n'ime vootu 27,614 ziri ezi nke na-anọchite anya 54.10%.<ref>{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=Parliament - Ofoase / Ayirebi Constituency Election 2008 Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/parliament/eastern/105/index.php|accessdate=2020-07-04|work=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archivedate=2020-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706161001/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/parliament/eastern/105/index.php}}</ref> O sonyere ọzọ na ntuli aka nke afọ 2012 nke o ji vootu 19,025 merie n'ime vootu 35,262 dị mma nke na-anọchite anya 53.95%.<ref name="mps" /> == Ọrụ == * Onye njikwa nkwekọrịta, Ngalaba Okporo ụzọ Obodo, Accra<ref name="mps" /> * Onye omeiwu (Jenụwarị, 2005-dị ugbu a; oge nke atọ)<ref name="mps" /> * Onye ọrụ mmepe / onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ / onye na'enyocha ọnụ ọgụgụ<ref name="mps" /> == Mmachibido Iwu Maka Plastiki == Kusi kpọrọ oku ka a machibido iji plastik eme ihe na 1 June 2005. O kwuru, sị, "Ọ bụrụ na anyị emeghị ihe ugbu a, anyị ga-eji unyi kpuchie anyị ma kwụọ ụgwọ dị oké ọnụ ahịa n'ọdịnihu". O kwukwara na, "Anyị na-eji aka ha na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ndụ nke ọgbọ na-abịa n'ọdịnihu maka ọdịmma nke ọgbọ dị ugbu a".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ban the use of plastics - Oppon-Kusi|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/79100/ban-the-use-of-plastics-oppon-kusi.html|accessdate=2020-07-04|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kusi, David}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cp1aeadr8l5j0fi0fsa2bvy7gj9sivw 0 33347 705517 161119 2026-08-23T11:59:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adeolu Akande''' bụ nwa afọ Otu na Itesuwaju Local Government nke Oyo steeti ma bụrụkwa onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria na prọfesọ nke sayensị sayensị na Mahadum Igbinedion, Okada, Edo Steeti. == Mmụta == <ref name="sunnewsonline.com">{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Igbinedion University appoints Adeolu Akande, Professor of Political Science|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/igbinedion-university-appoints-adeolu-akande-professor-of-political-science/|work=The Sun|date=16 July 2017|accessdate=13 April 2018}}</ref> O nwetara nzere mahadum n'afọ 1987, nweta MSc n'afọ 1990, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta doctoral na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 1997, ha niile sitere na mahadum nke Ibadan. == Ọrụ == Akande bidoro dịka onye enyemaka gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum nke Ibadan ka ọ natachara nzere masters. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nta akụkọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na Naijiria, dịka Nigerian Tribune na The Punch n'etiti 1991 na 1999. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ laghachiri n'agụmakwụkwọ na ngalaba sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke alma mater. A họpụtara Akande osote onye isi ode akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi nke Vice President Atiku Abubakar na 2001. N'afọ 2003, Akande ghọrọ onye enyemaka pụrụ iche maka nyocha na usoro nzikọrịta ozi nye Onye isi ala Olusegun Obasanjo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneonlineng.com/amp/i-will-use-agriculture-generate-revenue-oyo-adeolu-akande/|title=I will use agriculture to generate revenue in Oyo —Adeolu Akande|date=29 August 2017|author=Alimi|first=Nurudeen|work=Nigerian Tribune|accessdate=13 April 2018|archivedate=4 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104001103/https://tribuneonlineng.com/i-will-use-agriculture-generate-revenue-oyo-adeolu-akande/}}</ref>'afọ 2011, a họpụtara Akande dị ka onyeisi ndị ọrụ nke gọvanọ nke Oyo Steeti, Senator [[Abiola Ajimobi]] . <ref name="sunnewsonline.com" /> Ajimobi wepụrụ Akande <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/145263-updated-tsunami-in-oyo-as-gov-ajimobi-sacks-ssg-all-commissioners-advisers.html|title=Updated: Tsunami in Oyo as Gov. Ajimobi sacks SSG, all commissioners, advisers|date=23 September 2013|work=The Premium Times|first=Jide|author=Jegede|accessdate=13 April 2018}}</ref> ndị ọzọ so na kansụl steeti n'ọrụ ha n'afọ 2013. A họpụtara Akande ka ọ bụrụ Prọfesọ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na Mahadum Igbinedion na Julaị 2017. <ref name="sunnewsonline.com" /> == References == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5ke0kvh26rp4nsd8zdx9z05252vbj7l 0 42690 705550 161862 2026-08-23T23:45:49Z Michael Snow 38238 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Julia A. Child.jpg]] → [[File:Julia Alleman Child (Relief Society Magazine, 1930).jpg]] Harmonize filename with other portraits from this series 705550 wikitext text/x-wiki Ndepụta nke ndị isi-nduzizuzu nke otu Relief Society gụnyere Onye-isi-nduzi Ọchịchị na ndị ndụmọdụ nke Relief Society General Presidency nke Nzukọ-nsọ ​​nke Jisus Kraịst nke Ndị-nsọ Ụbọchị Ikpeazụ a. {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" !No. ! width="270px" |Dates ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |General President ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |First Counselor ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Second Counselor |- |1 |{{Start date|1842|03|17}} – 1844 | width="130px" |Emma Smith | width="80px" |{{center|[[File:EmmaSmith.jpg|70px]]}} | width="190px" |Sarah M. Cleveland | width="80px" | | rowspan="2" width="200px" |Elizabeth Ann Whitney | rowspan="2" width="160px" |{{center|[[File:Elizabeth Ann Whitney.jpg|70px]]}} |- |2 |December 1866 &#x2013; {{end date|1887|12|05}} |Eliza R. Snow |{{center|[[File:Eliza Roxcy Snow photograph.PNG|70px]]}} |Zina D. H. Young |{{center|[[File:Zina D. H. Young.JPG|70px]]}} |- |3 |{{Start date|1888|04|08}} &#x2013; {{end date|1901|08|28}} |Zina D. H. Young |{{center|[[File:Zina D. H. Young.JPG|70px]]}} |Jane S. Richards |{{center|[[File:Jane S. Richards2.jpg|70px]]}} |Bathsheba W. Smith |{{center|[[File:Bathsheba W. Smith.JPG|70px]]}} |- | rowspan="2" |4 | rowspan="2" |{{Start date|1901|11|10}} &#x2013; {{end date|1910|09|20}} | rowspan="2" |Bathsheba W. Smith | rowspan="2" |{{center|[[File:Bathsheba W. Smith.JPG|70px]]}} |Annie Taylor Hyde (1901–09) |{{center|[[File:Annie T. Hyde.jpg|70px]]}} | rowspan="2" |Ida S. Dusenberry | rowspan="2" |{{center|[[File:Ida Smoot Dusenberry.jpg|70px]]}} |- | colspan="2" |None (1909–10) |- |5 |{{Start date|1910|10|03}} &#x2013; {{end date|1921|04|02}} |Emmeline B. Wells |{{center|[[File:Emmeline B. Wells.JPG|70px]]}} |Clarissa S. Williams |{{center|[[File:Clarissa S. Williams.jpg|70px]]}} |Julina L. Smith |{{center|[[File:Julina Lambson Smith.jpg|70px]]}} |- |6 |{{Start date|1921|04|02}} &#x2013; {{end date|1928|10|07}} |Clarissa S. Williams |{{center|[[File:Clarissa S. Williams.jpg|70px]]}} |Jennie B. Knight |{{center|[[File:Jennie B. Knight.jpg|70px]]}} |Louise Y. Robison |{{center|[[File:General President of Relief Society 1928-1939 Louise Yates Robison.jpg|70px]]}} |- | rowspan="2" |7 | rowspan="2" |{{Start date|1928|10|07}} &#x2013; {{end date|1939|12|31}} | rowspan="2" width="130px" |Louise Y. Robison | rowspan="2" |{{center|[[File:General President of Relief Society 1928-1939 Louise Yates Robison.jpg|70px]]}} | rowspan="2" |Amy B. Lyman | rowspan="2" |{{center|[[File:Amy Brown Lyman3.jpg|70px]]}} |Julia A. Child (1928–35) |{{center|[[File:Julia Alleman Child (Relief Society Magazine, 1930).jpg|70px]]}} |- |Kate M. Barker (1935–39) |{{center|[[File:Kate M. Barker.jpg|70px]]}} |- | rowspan="2" |8 | rowspan="2" |{{Start date|1940|01|01}} &#x2013; {{end date|1945|04|06}} | rowspan="2" |Amy B. Lyman | rowspan="2" |{{center|[[File:Amy Brown Lyman3.jpg|70px]]}} | rowspan="2" |Marcia K. Howells | rowspan="2" |{{center|[[File:Marcia K. Howells.jpg|70px]]}} |Donna D. Sorensen (1940–42) |{{center|[[File:Donna D. Sorensen.jpg|70px]]}} |- |Belle S. Spafford (1942–45) |{{center|[[File: Belle S. Spafford3.jpg|70px]]}} |- | rowspan="4" |9 | rowspan="4" |{{Start date|1945|04|06}} &#x2013; {{end date|1974|10|03}} | rowspan="4" |Belle S. Spafford | rowspan="4" |{{center|[[File:Belle S. Spafford3.jpg|70px]]}} | rowspan="4" |Marianne C. Sharp | rowspan="4" |{{center|[[File:Marianne C. Sharp2.jpg|70px]]}} |Gertrude R. Garff (1945–47) |{{center|[[File:Gertrude R. Garff.jpg|70px]]}} |- |Velma N. Simonsen (1947–56) |{{center|[[File:Velma N. Simonsen2.jpg|70px]]}} |- |Helen W. Anderson (1957–58) |{{center|[[File:Helen W. Anderson.jpg|70px]]}} |- |Louise W. Madsen (1958–74) |{{center|[[File:Louise W. Madsen.jpg|70px]]}} |- | rowspan="3" |10 | rowspan="3" |{{Start date|1974|10|03}} &#x2013; {{end date|1984|04|07}} | rowspan="3" |Barbara B. Smith | rowspan="3" |{{center|[[File:Barbara B. Smith.jpg|70px]]}} |Janath R. Cannon (1974–78) | |Marian R. Boyer (1974–78) | |- | rowspan="2" |Marian R. Boyer (1978–84) | rowspan="2" | |Shirley W. Thomas (1978–83) | |- |Ann S. Reese (1983–84) | |- |11 |{{Start date|1984|04|07}} &#x2013; {{end date|1990|03|31}} |Barbara W. Winder | |Joy F. Evans | |Joanne B. Doxey | |- |12 |{{Start date|1990|03|31}} &#x2013; {{end date|1997|04|05}} |Elaine L. Jack | |Chieko N. Okazaki | |Aileen H. Clyde | |- |13 |{{Start date|1997|04|05}} &#x2013; {{end date|2002|04|06}} |Mary Ellen W. Smoot | |Virginia U. Jensen | |Sheri L. Dew | |- |14 |{{Start date|2002|04|06}} &#x2013; {{end date|2007|03|31}} |Bonnie D. Parkin | |Kathleen H. Hughes | |Anne C. Pingree | |- |15 |{{Start date|2007|03|31}} &#x2013; {{end date|2012|03|31}} |Julie B. Beck | |Silvia H. Allred | |Barbara Thompson | |- |16 |{{Start date|2012|03|31}} &#x2013; {{end date|2017|04|01}} |Linda K. Burton | |Carole M. Stephens | |Linda S. Reeves | |- |17 |{{Start date|2017|04|01}} &#x2013; {{end date|2022|08|01}} |Jean B. Bingham | |Sharon Eubank | |Reyna I. Aburto | |- |18 |{{Start date|2022|08|01}} |Camille N. Johnson<ref name="Newsroom">[https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/new-leaders-april-2022-conference Meet the New Leaders Called at the April 2022 General Conference], ''Newsroom'', churchofjesuschrist.org, 2 April 2022. </ref><ref name="Sustaining">[https://media.ldscdn.org/pdf/2022-04-2010-sustaining-of-general-authorities-area-seventies-and-general-officers-eng.pdf?lang=eng Sustaining of General Authorities, Area Seventies, and General Officers], ''Liahona'', May 2022, pp. 30-31.</ref> | |J. Anette Davis<ref name="Newsroom" /><ref name="Sustaining" /> | |Kristin M. Yee<ref name="Newsroom" /><ref name="Sustaining" /> | |} == Ntụaka == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} 23egkso2fauybgdmj55tx8k7xst5hei 705552 705550 2026-08-24T00:23:24Z Michael Snow 38238 [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Jennie B. Knight.jpg]] → [[File:Jennie Brimhall Knight (Relief Society Magazine, 1930).jpg]] Harmonize filename with other portraits from this series 705552 wikitext text/x-wiki Ndepụta nke ndị isi-nduzizuzu nke otu Relief Society gụnyere Onye-isi-nduzi Ọchịchị na ndị ndụmọdụ nke Relief Society General Presidency nke Nzukọ-nsọ ​​nke Jisus Kraịst nke Ndị-nsọ Ụbọchị Ikpeazụ a. {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" !No. ! width="270px" |Dates ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |General President ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |First Counselor ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Second Counselor |- |1 |{{Start date|1842|03|17}} – 1844 | width="130px" |Emma Smith | width="80px" |{{center|[[File:EmmaSmith.jpg|70px]]}} | width="190px" |Sarah M. Cleveland | width="80px" | | rowspan="2" width="200px" |Elizabeth Ann Whitney | rowspan="2" width="160px" |{{center|[[File:Elizabeth Ann Whitney.jpg|70px]]}} |- |2 |December 1866 &#x2013; {{end date|1887|12|05}} |Eliza R. Snow |{{center|[[File:Eliza Roxcy Snow photograph.PNG|70px]]}} |Zina D. H. Young |{{center|[[File:Zina D. H. Young.JPG|70px]]}} |- |3 |{{Start date|1888|04|08}} &#x2013; {{end date|1901|08|28}} |Zina D. H. Young |{{center|[[File:Zina D. H. Young.JPG|70px]]}} |Jane S. Richards |{{center|[[File:Jane S. Richards2.jpg|70px]]}} |Bathsheba W. Smith |{{center|[[File:Bathsheba W. Smith.JPG|70px]]}} |- | rowspan="2" |4 | rowspan="2" |{{Start date|1901|11|10}} &#x2013; {{end date|1910|09|20}} | rowspan="2" |Bathsheba W. Smith | rowspan="2" |{{center|[[File:Bathsheba W. Smith.JPG|70px]]}} |Annie Taylor Hyde (1901–09) |{{center|[[File:Annie T. Hyde.jpg|70px]]}} | rowspan="2" |Ida S. Dusenberry | rowspan="2" |{{center|[[File:Ida Smoot Dusenberry.jpg|70px]]}} |- | colspan="2" |None (1909–10) |- |5 |{{Start date|1910|10|03}} &#x2013; {{end date|1921|04|02}} |Emmeline B. Wells |{{center|[[File:Emmeline B. Wells.JPG|70px]]}} |Clarissa S. Williams |{{center|[[File:Clarissa S. Williams.jpg|70px]]}} |Julina L. Smith |{{center|[[File:Julina Lambson Smith.jpg|70px]]}} |- |6 |{{Start date|1921|04|02}} &#x2013; {{end date|1928|10|07}} |Clarissa S. Williams |{{center|[[File:Clarissa S. Williams.jpg|70px]]}} |Jennie B. Knight |{{center|[[File:Jennie Brimhall Knight (Relief Society Magazine, 1930).jpg|70px]]}} |Louise Y. Robison |{{center|[[File:General President of Relief Society 1928-1939 Louise Yates Robison.jpg|70px]]}} |- | rowspan="2" |7 | rowspan="2" |{{Start date|1928|10|07}} &#x2013; {{end date|1939|12|31}} | rowspan="2" width="130px" |Louise Y. Robison | rowspan="2" |{{center|[[File:General President of Relief Society 1928-1939 Louise Yates Robison.jpg|70px]]}} | rowspan="2" |Amy B. Lyman | rowspan="2" |{{center|[[File:Amy Brown Lyman3.jpg|70px]]}} |Julia A. Child (1928–35) |{{center|[[File:Julia Alleman Child (Relief Society Magazine, 1930).jpg|70px]]}} |- |Kate M. Barker (1935–39) |{{center|[[File:Kate M. Barker.jpg|70px]]}} |- | rowspan="2" |8 | rowspan="2" |{{Start date|1940|01|01}} &#x2013; {{end date|1945|04|06}} | rowspan="2" |Amy B. Lyman | rowspan="2" |{{center|[[File:Amy Brown Lyman3.jpg|70px]]}} | rowspan="2" |Marcia K. Howells | rowspan="2" |{{center|[[File:Marcia K. Howells.jpg|70px]]}} |Donna D. Sorensen (1940–42) |{{center|[[File:Donna D. Sorensen.jpg|70px]]}} |- |Belle S. Spafford (1942–45) |{{center|[[File: Belle S. Spafford3.jpg|70px]]}} |- | rowspan="4" |9 | rowspan="4" |{{Start date|1945|04|06}} &#x2013; {{end date|1974|10|03}} | rowspan="4" |Belle S. Spafford | rowspan="4" |{{center|[[File:Belle S. Spafford3.jpg|70px]]}} | rowspan="4" |Marianne C. Sharp | rowspan="4" |{{center|[[File:Marianne C. Sharp2.jpg|70px]]}} |Gertrude R. Garff (1945–47) |{{center|[[File:Gertrude R. Garff.jpg|70px]]}} |- |Velma N. Simonsen (1947–56) |{{center|[[File:Velma N. Simonsen2.jpg|70px]]}} |- |Helen W. Anderson (1957–58) |{{center|[[File:Helen W. Anderson.jpg|70px]]}} |- |Louise W. Madsen (1958–74) |{{center|[[File:Louise W. Madsen.jpg|70px]]}} |- | rowspan="3" |10 | rowspan="3" |{{Start date|1974|10|03}} &#x2013; {{end date|1984|04|07}} | rowspan="3" |Barbara B. Smith | rowspan="3" |{{center|[[File:Barbara B. Smith.jpg|70px]]}} |Janath R. Cannon (1974–78) | |Marian R. Boyer (1974–78) | |- | rowspan="2" |Marian R. Boyer (1978–84) | rowspan="2" | |Shirley W. Thomas (1978–83) | |- |Ann S. Reese (1983–84) | |- |11 |{{Start date|1984|04|07}} &#x2013; {{end date|1990|03|31}} |Barbara W. Winder | |Joy F. Evans | |Joanne B. Doxey | |- |12 |{{Start date|1990|03|31}} &#x2013; {{end date|1997|04|05}} |Elaine L. Jack | |Chieko N. Okazaki | |Aileen H. Clyde | |- |13 |{{Start date|1997|04|05}} &#x2013; {{end date|2002|04|06}} |Mary Ellen W. Smoot | |Virginia U. Jensen | |Sheri L. Dew | |- |14 |{{Start date|2002|04|06}} &#x2013; {{end date|2007|03|31}} |Bonnie D. Parkin | |Kathleen H. Hughes | |Anne C. Pingree | |- |15 |{{Start date|2007|03|31}} &#x2013; {{end date|2012|03|31}} |Julie B. Beck | |Silvia H. Allred | |Barbara Thompson | |- |16 |{{Start date|2012|03|31}} &#x2013; {{end date|2017|04|01}} |Linda K. Burton | |Carole M. Stephens | |Linda S. Reeves | |- |17 |{{Start date|2017|04|01}} &#x2013; {{end date|2022|08|01}} |Jean B. Bingham | |Sharon Eubank | |Reyna I. Aburto | |- |18 |{{Start date|2022|08|01}} |Camille N. Johnson<ref name="Newsroom">[https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/new-leaders-april-2022-conference Meet the New Leaders Called at the April 2022 General Conference], ''Newsroom'', churchofjesuschrist.org, 2 April 2022. </ref><ref name="Sustaining">[https://media.ldscdn.org/pdf/2022-04-2010-sustaining-of-general-authorities-area-seventies-and-general-officers-eng.pdf?lang=eng Sustaining of General Authorities, Area Seventies, and General Officers], ''Liahona'', May 2022, pp. 30-31.</ref> | |J. Anette Davis<ref name="Newsroom" /><ref name="Sustaining" /> | |Kristin M. Yee<ref name="Newsroom" /><ref name="Sustaining" /> | |} == Ntụaka == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} 3g85624iz7r4fr5sp4p3y9hcxae2sau 0 45337 705575 698945 2026-08-24T10:59:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Edward Mitchell Bannister''' (November 2, 1828 January 9, 1901) bụ onye Canada-American na-ese mmanụ nke Ụlọ akwụkwọ American Barbizon.   A mụrụ ya na New Brunswick, ọ nọrọ ndụ ya na New England na United States. N'ebe ahụ, ya na nwunye ya Christiana Carteaux, ọ bụ onye ama ama n'etiti ndị Afrịka na ndị America na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, dị ka Boston abolition movement. Bannister nwetara nkwado mba mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ihe nrite mbụ na eserese na 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition. Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Providence Art Club na Rhode Island School of Design. Ụdị Bannister na isiokwu ndị na-akụzi ihe gosipụtara mmasị ya maka onye France na-ese ihe Jean-François Millet na ụlọ akwụkwọ French Barbizon. Onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide, ọ gakwara n'akụkụ osimiri Rhode Island maka mkpali. Bannister nọgidere na-anwale, na ihe osise ya na-egosipụta nkà ihe ọmụma Idealist ya na njikwa ya nke agba na ikuku. Ọ malitere ọrụ ọkachamara ya dị ka onye na-ese foto na onye na-ede foto tupu ọ mepụta ụdị ọdịdị ala ya a ma ama. Ka oge na-aga, ụdị eserese ala nke Bannister kwụsịrị ịbụ ihe a hụrụ n'anya. Site na mbelata ahịa ihe osise, ya na Christiana Carteaux si na College Hill na Providence kwaga Boston wee nwee obere ụlọ na Wilson Street na Providence. E leghaara Bannister anya na ọmụmụ ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe ngosi nke America mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1901, ruo mgbe ụlọ ọrụ dị ka National Museum of African Art weghachiri ya n'uche mba na 1960s na 1970s. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === A mụrụ Bannister na Nọvemba 2, 1828, na Saint Andrews, ebe obibi dị na Colony nke New Brunswick nso Osimiri St. Croix. A mụrụ nna ya, Edward Bannister, na Barbados.<ref name="Holland&Jennings">Holland and Jennings, Edward Mitchell Bannister, 1828–1901, 17; and Bearden and Henderson, A History of African-American Artists, 41.</ref> A mụrụ nne ya, Hannah Bannister (née Alexander), [1] <ref>{{Cite web|title=County Council Marriage Records, 1789-1887|url=https://archives.gnb.ca/Search/CountyCouncilMarriageRecords/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&Key=22788e8b-5582-4190-ae45-2010e3602440|work=[[Provincial Archives of New Brunswick]]|accessdate=13 May 2024}}</ref> na New Brunswick, dị ka Bannister si kwuo, "otu nkume nke ebe a mụrụ m n'akụkụ Osimiri St. Croix. " <ref name="Holland&Jennings" /> Nne na nna Hannah nwere ike isi Barbados. {{R|Encyclopedia}}<ref>"United States Census, 1900", FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M97T-ZQ2 : Thu Oct 05 00:59:35 UTC 2023), Entry for Edward M Bannister and Christiana Bannister, 1900.</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na nne na nna ya abụọ bụ ndị ojii, Bannister ka a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka "Mulatto". N'oge ahụ, aha a dabere na agba akpụkpọ ahụ dị ka onye na-ewere ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ si ghọta, ọ gosighịkwa njirimara onwe onye ma ọ bụ akụkọ ezinụlọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidsullivan.ca/oldstandrews/scrapbook/blacks/blackgeneology.html|title=An Historical Scrapbook|accessdate=2024-05-24|archivedate=2025-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414213248/https://davidsullivan.ca/oldstandrews/scrapbook/blacks/blackgeneology.html}}</ref><ref> Hochschild, J. L., & Powell, B. M. (2008). </ref>{{R|Holland}}: 23 [ihe odide ala ala peeji 2] Nna Bannister nwụrụ na 1832, ya mere Edward na nwanne ya nwoke nke obere William bụ ndị nne ha zụlitere.[3] Na mbido, Bannister bụ onye na-amụta ọrụ n'aka onye na-eme akpụkpọ ụkwụ, mana a marala nkà ya n'etiti ndị enyi ya na ezinụlọ ya.{{R|Kenkebala}}: 67 Bannister nyere nne ya otuto maka ịkpali mmasị ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata na nka. Ọ nwụrụ na 1844, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị Bannister na nwanne ya nwoke biri n'ugbo nke onye ọka iwu na onye ahịa bara ọgaranya Harris Hatch.[11]{{R|Kenkebala}}: 17 N'ebe ahụ, ọ na-ese ihe site na ịmegharị foto ezinụlọ Hatch na iṅomi ihe osise ndị Britain n'ọbá akwụkwọ ezinụlọ.{{R|Webb}} Ọ bụ ezie na ọ chọrọ ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe, Bannister nwere nsogbu ịchọta mmụta ma ọ bụ mmemme agụmakwụkwọ ga-anabata ya, n'ihi ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ. Boston bụ ebe ndị abolitionist siri ike, mana ọ bụkwa otu n'ime obodo ndị a na-ekewapụ iche na US na 1860. {{R|Holland}}: 17 Bannister ga-emesị kwupụta nkụda mmụọ ya na a machibidoro ya na agụmakwụkwọ nka: "Ihe ọ bụla nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịga nke ọma m dị ka onye na-ese ihe bụ n'ihi ikike e ketara karịa ntụziaka" na "Ihe niile m ga-eme enweghị m ike ... naanị maka enweghị ọzụzụ kwesịrị ekwesị".{{R|Kenkebala}}  Bannister natara ọrụ ise ihe mbụ ya, The Ship Outward Bound, na 1854 site n'aka dọkịta Africa America, John V. DeGrasse.{{R|Encyclopedia}} Jacob R. Andrews, onye na-ese ihe, onye na onye otu Histrionic Club, mepụtara okpokoro ọla edo nke kọmitii ahụ.{{R|Kenkebala}}: 60,67 DeGrasse mechara nye Bannister ọrụ ise foto ya na nwunye ya.{{R|Bearden}}: 42 Patronage dị ka DeGrasse dị oke egwu maka ọrụ mbụ Bannister, ebe ndị obodo Africa America chọrọ ịkwado ma gosipụta onyinye ya na ọdịbendị dị elu.[11]{{R|Kenkebala}}: 23 African Americans hụrụ portraiture dị ka "ihe dị mma" maka igosipụta nnwere onwe na ohere ha, nke bụ ma eleghị anya ihe mere ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ mbụ Bannister ji dị n'ime ụdị ahụ.{{R|Holland}}{{R|DuBoisShaw}} === Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe na Boston, onye na-ese ihe, na nwa akwụkwọ === [[Usòrò:Edward_Mitchell_Bannister_-_Portrait_of_Christiana_Carteaux_Bannister_-_2016.38.1_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg|alt=Oil painting portrait of Christiana Bannister. She sits on an upholstered chair and wears a brown skirt and blouse, with a red bow at her throat. She is clasping her hands and resting them on a nearby table.|thumb|''Portrait of Christiana Carteaux Bannister'', Edward Mitchell Bannister, {{circa|1860}}]] Bannister zutere Christiana Carteaux, onye na-edozi ntutu na onye ọchụnta ego amụrụ na Rhode Island na nne na nna African American na Narragansett, na 1853 mgbe ọ tinyere akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye na-akpụ isi na salon ya. Ha abụọ bụ ndị otu abolitionist dị iche iche nke Boston, na ebe a na-akpụ isi bụ ebe nzukọ dị mkpa maka ndị abolitionists nke Africa America. {{R|Holland}}: 23 Ha lụrụ na June 10, 1857, : 23 ma ọ ghọrọ, n'ezie, onye nkwado ya kachasị mkpa. {{R|Kenkebala}}{{R|Lancaster}}:<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 103">&#x3A;&#x200A;103&#x200A;</span></sup> Di na nwunye ahụ sonyeere Lewis Hayden na Harriet Bell Hayden na 66 Southac Street, ebe nkwụsị na Boston's Underground Railroad (network nkwado maka ndị ohu gbapụrụ agbapụ). [15]{{R|Lancaster}} N'afọ 1855, William Cooper Nell kwetara na Bannister na-arịwanye elu na The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution maka The Ship Outward Bound. Bannister nwetakwara agbamume ka ọ gaa n'ihu na-ese ihe site n'aka onye na-ese egwu Francis Bicknell Carpenter.{{R|Bearden}}: 42 Ka ọ na-erule 1858, edepụtara Bannister dị ka onye na-ese ihe na ndekọ obodo Boston.{{R|Kenkebala}}: 23 N'ihe dị ka 1862, ọ nọrọ otu afọ na-azụ onwe ya na foto na New York, ma eleghị anya iji kwado ọrụ ise ihe ya. Mgbe ahụ, ọ chọtara ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto, na-ewere efere anyanwụ ma na-ese onyinyo. Otu n'ime foto ndị mbụ Bannister nyere bụ nke Prudence Nelson Bell na 1864, nke dị gburugburu mgbe ọ chọtara ohere studio na Studio Building na Boston.{{R|Encyclopedia}} Na Studio Building, ya na ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ a ma ama, dị ka Elihu Vedder na John La Farge zutere.{{R|Holland}}:<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 170">&#x3A;&#x200A;170&#x200A;</span></sup> Ozugbo e guzobere Bannister dị ka onye na-ese ihe, onye abolitionist William Wells Brown toro ya n'akwụkwọ ya n'afọ 1865: === Nkwado === [[Usòrò:Oak_Trees_SAAM-1983.95.155_1.tif|alt=A pastoral oil painting with a small pond in the foreground, with cows grazing nearby. A man is walking down a path toward the pond, with oars carried over his shoulder. A copse of oak trees darken the center and left side of the background, while further back at right another body of water and hills are visible.|thumb|Ihe osise e dechara n'oge Under the Oaks ma chee na ọ ga-adị ka ihe osise ya.{{R|Kenkebala|p=36}}: 36 ''Osisi Oak'', mmanụ n'elu ákwà, 1876]] [[Usòrò:2021_Seril_Dodge_House,_Providence_Art_Club,_11_Thomas_Street.jpg|alt=A color photograph of buildings along Thomas Street in Providence, Rhode Island. The brick Seril Dodge House at right has three stories. It has a large wooden door, over which a lamp hangs. A small iron sign saying "Providence Art Club" hangs from side of the building, over the sidewalk. A small brick archway connects it to the other Seril Dodge House at left, just out of view.|thumb|Ihu ụlọ Seril Dodge dị n'aka nri, ebe Providence Art Club bụ nke mbụ na 1886 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Seril Dodge House II|url=https://guide.ppsri.org/property/seril-dodge-house-ii|work=Guide to Providence Architecture|publisher=Providence Preservation Society|accessdate=June 27, 2021|archivedate=June 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627024615/https://guide.ppsri.org/property/seril-dodge-house-ii}}</ref>]] N'ịbụ onye Carteaux kwadoro, Bannister ghọrọ onye na-ese ihe oge niile na 1870, obere oge ka ha kwagara Providence, Rhode Island, na ngwụcha 1869.{{R|Lancaster}}:<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 114">&#x3A;&#x200A;114&#x200A;</span></sup> O bu ụzọ gaa ụlọ ọrụ na Mercantile National Bank Building wee kwaga na Woods Building na Providence, ebe ya na ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Sydney Burleigh nwekọrọ ala ma bụrụ enyi na onye na-ese Providence George William Whitaker. O sere ihe osise ndị ọzọ ka oge na- - na-enweta ihe nrite 1872 na Rhode Island Industrial Exposition maka Summer Afternoon - wee malite ịnye ihe osise na Boston Art Club.{{R|Kenkebala}} Bannister natara otuto mba maka ọrụ ya mgbe ọ nwetara ihe nrite mbụ maka nnukwu mmanụ ya n'okpuru Oaks na 1876 Philadelphia Centennial.[ihe odide ala ala peeji] Ọbụna mgbe ahụ, onye ọka ikpe ahụ chọrọ ịkagbu ihe nrite ahụ mgbe ọ matara onye ọ bụ ruo mgbe ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe ngosi mere mkpesa; mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Bannister tụgharịrị uche, sị: "Enweghị m obi ụtọ ịmara na ndị ọka ikpe nke ihe nrite amaghị ihe ọ bụla gbasara m, akụkọ m, agba ma ọ bụ agbụrụ. " Bannister kpachara anya nye ihe osise ya naanị otu akara aka ejikọtara ya iji hụ na a ga-ekpe ya ikpe n'ụzọ ziri ezi.{{R|Kenkebala}}{{R|Kenkebala}}: 36 Ka ọrụ ya na-etolite, ọ natara ọrụ ndị ọzọ ma nweta ọtụtụ nsọpụrụ, ọtụtụ site na Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association (ihe nrite ọlaọcha na 1881 na 1884). {{R|Encyclopedia}} Ndị na-anakọta ihe na ndị ama ama n'ógbè ahụ bụ Isaac Comstock Bates na Joseph Ely so na ndị na-akwado ya.[11]{{R|Kenkebala}} == Ụdị nka == [[Usòrò:Edward_Mitchell_Bannister_-_Approaching_Storm_-_1983.95.62_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg|alt=A pastoral oil painting. In the foreground, a small figuring carrying an ax over its shoulder holds onto its hat in a high wind as it makes its way along a country path. In the background, several trees are bent by the wind and the sky above, while still somewhat sunny, contains dark clouds on the horizon.|thumb|Ọ na-eru nso Storm, Edward Mitchell Bannister, 1886, mmanụ n'elu ákwà, 102.2 cm x 152.4 cm]] Bannister na-eto eto kpọsara onwe ya dị ka onye na-ese foto, mana o mechara bụrụ onye a ma ama maka ọdịdị ala na ọdịdị mmiri ya.{{R|Kenkebala}}: 25 N'ịdabere na ihe ọmụma ya banyere uri, akwụkwọ ochie, na akwụkwọ Bekee dị ka onye na-amụta onwe ya, : 47 ọ na-ese ihe nkiri Bible, akụkọ ifo, na ụdị.{{R|Bearden}} Dị nnọọ ka George Inness, : ọrụ ya gosipụtara ihe osise, ọnọdụ, na mmetụta nke ndị na-ese ihe na Barbizon nke France Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Jean-François Millet, na Charles-François Daubigny.{{R|Holland}} N'ịgbachitere Millet na The Artist and His Critics, Bannister hụrụ ya dị ka "onye na- ihe ime mmụọ nke oge anyị" onye kwupụtara "ndụ mwute, nke na-enweghị obi ụtọ ọ hụrụ banyere ya - na nke ọ nwere ọmịiko miri emi".[11]{{R|Kenkebala}} Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Joseph Skerrett kwuru mmetụta nke Hudson River School na Bannister, ka ọ na-ekwusi ike na ọ na-anwale mgbe niile n'ọrụ ya: "Bannister jisiri ike mee ka ndị New England nwee mmasị na nka mgbe ọ na-aga n'ihu na-anwa usoro na ụdị ọhụrụ. " <ref>{{Cite web|author=Appiah-Duffell|first=Salima|title=African American Artists and the Hudson River School|url=https://blog.library.si.edu/blog/2015/02/26/african-american-artists-and-the-hudson-river-school/|work=Unbound|publisher=Smithsonian Libraries and Archives|accessdate=January 12, 2021|date=February 26, 2015|archivedate=December 18, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218065154/https://blog.library.si.edu/blog/2015/02/26/african-american-artists-and-the-hudson-river-school/}}</ref> Maka mmekọrịta ha na Hudson River School, e jiri Bannister tụnyere onye na-ese ihe n'oge ya, onye na Ohio nke African American [[Robert S. Duncanson]].{{R|Skerrett}} N'adịghị ka ndị na-ese ihe na Hudson River School, : 49 Bannister emeghị ka e mepụta ala mara mma : mana o lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta "ụdị osisi na ugwu buru ibu ma na-ekpughe ihe" ma rụọ ọrụ ndị mara mma karịa nke dị ebube.{{R|Bearden}}{{R|Driskell}}: 49 Bannister zere "ịdị ukwuu nke mba" nke a na-ahụkarị na ihe osise Hudson River School. {{R|Holland}} [[Usòrò:Edward_Mitchell_Bannister_-_Boston_Street_Scene_(Boston_Common)_-_Walters_372766.jpg|alt=A bright painting of a Boston street scene, rendered with blurred impressionistic strokes. A woman pushes a baby carriage along a sidewalk in the foreground, and in the background several carts, store fronts, and people walking on the opposite side of the street are visible. Leafy trees stretch into the visible, blue sky from the right side of the painting.|thumb|Boston Street Scene (Boston Common), (1898-99). Ebe ngosi nka Walters.]] Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Traci Lee Costa ekwuola na nkwenye "nwere" na akụkọ ndụ Bannister ewepụla uche na nyocha ndị ọkà mmụta nke ọrụ nka ya.{{R|CostaChapter|p=89}}: 89 N'okwu The Artist and His Critics nyere Anne Eliza Club na Eprel 15, 1886, ma bipụta ya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Bannister kwupụtara nkwenye ya na ime nka bụ omume ime mmụọ dị elu - ihe kachasị elu nke ihe mmadụ rụzuru. N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ okpukpe ma lekwasị anya na ihe ngosi nke okike, e jirila nkà ihe ọmụma Bannister tụnyere ma German Idealism na American Transcendentalism. Na nkuzi ya, Bannister zoro aka na ọrụ nke American Transcendentalist Washington Allston. Enyi Bannister bụ George W. Whitaker kpọrọ ya "The Idealist" n'otu edemede 1914 "Reminiscences of Providence Artists".[32]{{R|CostaChapter|p=100}}:<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 100">&#x3A;&#x200A;100&#x200A;</span></sup> Okwu ahụ na echiche ya jikọtara ya na Bannister's Approaching Storm (lee aka nri), nke ọ dechara n'otu afọ ahụ. Ifufe na-eru nso na-egosi onyinyo mmadụ n'etiti ya, nke ala gbara ya gburugburu na-eme ka ọ dị obere. N'agbanyeghị ihe nkiri ahụ, Bannister jiri ụcha dị jụụ nke na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na-acha odo odo dị iche iche nke na-enye okpomọkụ megide igwe gbara ọchịchịrị, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-achụ odo.[32]{{R|CostaChapter|p=97}}: 97 Ọdịiche nke ihe ndị na-ewute na ndị ọzọ na-atọ ụtọ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ihe osise Bannister.{{R|Raynor}} == Ihe Nketa == Bannister bụ naanị onye isi African American na-ese ihe na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nke zụlitere nkà ya na-enweghị ngosipụta Europe; a maara ya nke ọma n'etiti ndị na-ese egwu nke Providence ma nwee mmasị n'ime ụwa nka East Coast.{{R|Bearden}}: 40 Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka chefuru ya ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu narị afọ, karịsịa n'ihi ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ.{{R|DuBoisShaw}}: 70 A na-ewepụkarị nka ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke 20, : na ụdị ya nke melancholic, nke dị jụụ dakwara n'ụdị ejiji. [13]{{R|Bearden}}: 51 N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ya na ihe osise ya bụ akụkụ a na-apụghị ihichapụ n'ime mmekọrịta a gbanwere n'etiti ọdịbendị ndị Africa America na ọdịdị ala nke oge Reconstruction America.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Armstead|first=Myra B. Young|title=Revisiting Hotels and Other Lodgings: American Tourist Spaces through the Lens of Black Pleasure-Travelers, 1880–1950|journal=[[The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts]]|date=2005|volume=25|pages=136–159|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40007722|issn=0888-7314|accessdate=January 5, 2021}}</ref> Ihe osise Bannister nọgidere na-enweta nkwado site na gallery dị ka Barnett-Aden Gallery na Art Institute of Chicago. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mann|first=Lina|title=Diversity in White House Art: Alma Thomas|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/diversity-in-white-house-art-alma-thomas|publisher=White House Historical Association|date=August 7, 2020|accessdate=July 14, 2021|language=en|archivedate=July 14, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714205519/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/diversity-in-white-house-art-alma-thomas}}</ref>{{R|Bearden}}:<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 338">&#x3A;&#x200A;338&#x200A;</span></sup> N'ịgbaso Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ n'afọ ndị 1960, a na-eme emume ọzọ ma na-anakọta ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ebe. Na mmekorita ya na Rhode Island School of Design na Frederick Douglass Institute, National Museum of African Art mere ihe ngosi akpọrọ Edward Mitchell Bannister, 1828-1901: Providence Artist na 1973.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cook|first=Karen|title=The Museum of African Art|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_spring-1973_6_3/page/21|journal=[[African Arts (journal)|African Arts]]|date=1973|volume=6|issue=3|pages=21–63|doi=10.2307/3334690}}</ref> The Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame webatara Bannister na 1976, na Rhode Island College mepụtara Bannister Gallery na 1978 na ihe ngosi mmeghe Four from Providence: Bannister, Prophet, Alston, Jennings. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Edward Mitchell Bannister|url=http://www.riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=219|work=Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame|accessdate=August 12, 2021|archivedate=February 25, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225090838/http://riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=219}}</ref><ref name="gallbio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ric.edu/department-directory/bannister-gallery/about-edward-mitchell-bannister|title=Edward Mitchell Bannister|date=2021|publisher=[[Rhode Island College]]|accessdate=June 26, 2021|archivedate=June 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627014738/https://www.ric.edu/department-directory/bannister-gallery/about-edward-mitchell-bannister}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Four from Providence: Bannister, Prophet, Alston, Jennings|date=1978|publisher=Rhode Island College|location=Providence, Rhode Island|oclc=81435712}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Edward_Mitchell_Bannister_statue_by_Prentiss.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe oyiyi Bannister na Providence's Market SquareAhịa Square]] == Ụlọ == N'afọ 1884, Bannister na Carteaux si n'ụlọ obibi Ransom Parker kwaga 93 Benevolent Street, ma biri ebe ahụ ruo afọ 1899.{{R|Lancaster}}:<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 116">&#x3A;&#x200A;116&#x200A;</span></sup> Ọ bụ onye injinia Charles E. Paine wuru ụlọ osisi nwere okpukpu abụọ na ọkara n'ihe dị ka 1854 ma a maara ya ugbu a dị ka "The Vault" ma ọ bụ "The Bannister House".<ref name="VaultBrown">{{Cite news|author=Rufa|first=Zach|title="The Vault" on Benevolent St. Remains Closed, for Now|url=http://www.browndailyherald.com/the-vault-on-benevolent-st-remains-closed-for-now-1.2347170|date=September 29, 2010|work=[[The Brown Daily Herald]]|accessdate=September 30, 2010}}</ref> Euchlin Reeves na Louise Herreshoff zụrụ ụlọ ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 1930 wee rụzigharịa ya iji gbakwunye brik n'èzí.{{R|Sweren}} E mere mmezigharị ahụ iji mepụta nkwekọrịta na ihe onwunwe ha na-esote, ka ụlọ abụọ ahụ wee nwee ike ijide "obere ebe ngosi nka" nke ihe ochie. Herreshoff nwụrụ n'afọ 1967 ma nye Mahadum Washington na Lee ihe ndị e ji arịa mee jupụtara n'ụlọ Bannister. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Fuchs II|first=Ron|title=The Reeves Collection Of Ceramics At Washington And Lee University|date=January 28, 2014|url=https://www.incollect.com/articles/the-reeves-collection-of-ceramics-at-washington-and-lee-university|work=InCollect|language=en|accessdate=June 26, 2021|archivedate=January 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109204027/https://www.incollect.com/articles/the-reeves-collection-of-ceramics-at-washington-and-lee-university}}</ref> A na-edepụta ụlọ ahụ ugbu a dị ka ihe na-enye aka na Aha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke College Hill. Mahadum Brown zụrụ ihe onwunwe ahụ na 1989 ma jiri ya chekwaa friji.{{R|Sweren}} N'ihi enweghị atụmatụ maka nchekwa na ojiji ya, Providence Preservation Society tinyere Bannister House na ndepụta ya nke 2001 nke ụlọ kachasị n'ihe ize ndụ na Providence.{{R|VaultBrown}} Onye isi oche nke Mahadum Brown Ruth Simmons mesiri onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye bụbu osote odeakwụkwọ nke steeti Rhode Island Ray Rickman obi ike na a ga-echekwa ụlọ ahụ, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Downing|first=Neil|title=Black Contributions Kept Alive|url=https://marilynrichardson.art/2009/03/01/save-edward-bannisters-providence-home/|accessdate=January 7, 2021|work=[[The Providence Journal]]|date=March 1, 2009}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na mahadum ahụ arụrịta ụka ma ọ ga-ere ụlọ ahụ onye nke atọ. {{R|VaultBrown}} == Ihe osise ndị a họọrọ == <gallery widths="165" heights="165" style="line-height:140%"> Usòrò:Newspaper_Boy_1983.95.85_1a.jpg|alt=An oil painting portrait of a young African American boy, who wears a newsboy cap and carries a newspaper in his right hand.|''Newspaper Boy'', 1869, oil on canvas, Smithsonian American Art Museum Usòrò:'Governor_Sprague's_White_Horse'_by_Edward_Mitchell_Bannister,_1869.jpg|alt=Oil painting of a horse groom, with his back to the viewer, brushing a large, white horse that is pawing the ground and turning to look at the groom.|''Governor Sprague's White Horse'', 1869, oil on canvas, Rhode Island Historical Society Usòrò:'Fort_Dumpling,_Jamestown,_Rhode_Island'_by_Edward_Mitchell_Bannister.jpg|alt=A seaside scene of groups of people relaxing on the side of a grassy hill. A round fort rises further back, with two people standing atop it. A two-masted boat and a small spritsail sloop are sailing past the fort in the background.|''Fort Dumpling, Jamestown, Rhode Island'', {{circa|1890}}, private collection Usòrò:'Palmer_River'_by_Edward_Mitchell_Bannister,_1885.jpg|alt=An oil painting of the woody landscape along a river. Large clouds fill the sky, but the light is clear and sunny. Little orange flowers grow in the grass that slopes down from the left side of the painting toward the river.|''Palmer River'', 1885, oil on canvas, private collection<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gagosz|first=Alexa|title=Painting by Edward Mitchell Bannister, a Black Artist and Cultural Leader in R.I., Sold for $277k|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/25/metro/painting-by-edward-mitchell-bannister-black-artist-cultural-leader-ri-sold-277k/|accessdate=26 May 2021|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=25 May 2021}}</ref> Usòrò:'The_Woodsman'_by_Edward_Mitchell_Bannister,_1885,_graphite_.jpg|alt=A graphite drawing on laid paper of a man walking along a forest trail, carrying a walking stick. The trees loom over him, filling most of the page, but there is a small clearing in the trees visible up ahead.|''The Woodsman'', 1885, graphite, Providence Art Club Usòrò:Edward_Mitchell_Bannister_-_Neutakonkanut_-_1983.95.10_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg|alt=A bright watercolor of a thin blue river, surrounded by greenery and rocks. A small, twisted tree sits along the river bank.|''Neutakonkanut'', 1891, watercolor, Smithsonian American Art Museum </gallery> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|22em|refs=<ref name=Bearden>{{cite book |last1=Bearden |first1=Romare |author-link=Romare Bearden |last2=Henderson |first2=Harry |title=A History of African American Artists from 1792 to the Present |publisher=Pantheon |location=New York |date=1993 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican00bear/ |isbn=978-0-394-57016-7 |oclc=799475571 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=William Wells |author-link=William Wells Brown |title=The Black Man: His Antecedents, His Genius, and His Achievements |chapter=Edwin M. Bannister |date=1863 |publisher=R.F. Wallcut |location=Boston |pages=216–217 |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/brownww/brown.html#brown214 |oclc=752306068 |language=en |access-date=March 24, 2021 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225175846/https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/brownww/brown.html#brown214 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=CostaChapter>{{cite book |last1=Costa |first1=Traci Lee |editor1-last=Fowler |editor1-first=Cynthia |title=Locating American Art: "Finding Art's Meaning in Museums, Colonial Period to the Present " |year=2017 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=London |isbn=978-1-351-55981-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1D8rDwAAQBAJ&q=Lee+Costa,+Traci+bannister&pg=PP1 |language=en |chapter=Edward Mitchell Bannister and the Aesthetics of Idealism |oclc=1004362008 |access-date=July 14, 2021 |archive-date=July 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714205003/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1D8rDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Lee+Costa,+Traci+bannister&ots=rcJjVoD_wn&sig=n5_hQqXhSO152HtQiaQZEguO68c |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Driskell>{{cite book |last=Driskell |first=David C. |author-link=David C. Driskell |title=Two Centuries of Black American art |location=Los Angeles |publisher=[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]]; Knopf |date=1976 |url=https://archive.org/details/twocenturiesofbl00dris |isbn=978-0-394-40887-3 |oclc=2318292}}</ref> <ref name=DuBoisShaw>{{cite book |last1=DuBois Shaw |first1=Gwendolyn |editor1-last=McCaskill |editor1-first=Barbara |editor2-last=Gebhard |editor2-first=Caroline |chapter=Landscapes of Labor: Race, Religion, and Rhode Island in the Painting of Edward Mitchell Bannister |title=Post-bellum, Pre-Harlem: African American Literature and Culture, 1877–1919 |date=2006 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8147-3167-3 |pages=59–73 |language=en |oclc=62766073}}</ref> <ref name=Encyclopedia>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Holland |first=Juanita Marie |title=Edward Mitchell Bannister |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History |date=2006 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/K3444700104/BIC?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-BIC&xid=89b0bbda |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |access-date=September 13, 2020 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813174411/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=BIC&u=wikipedia&id=GALE{{!}}K3444700104&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-BIC&asid=89b0bbda |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Holland>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last1=Holland |first1=Juanita Marie |title="Co-workers in the kingdom of culture": Edward Mitchell Bannister and the Boston community of African-American artists, 1848–1901 |date=1998 |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |oclc=46802253 }}</ref> <ref name=Kenkebala>{{cite book |last1=Holland |first1=Juanita Marie |last2=Jennings |first2=Corrine |title=Edward Mitchell Bannister: 1828–1901 |date=1992 |publisher=Kenkeleba House |location=New York |isbn=0-87427-083-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/edwardmitchellba7928bann/page/n5/mode/2up |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> {{cite journal |last1=Kresser |first1=Katie Mullis |title=Power and Glory: Brahmin Identity and the Shaw Memorial |url=https://archive.org/details/american-art_fall-2006_20_3/page/32 |journal=[[American Art (journal)|American Art]] |date=September 2006 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=32–57 |doi=10.1086/511094|s2cid=160840665 }}</ref> <ref name=Lancaster>{{cite journal |last1=Lancaster |first1=Jane |title='I Would Have Made Out Very Poorly Had It Not Been for Her': The Life and Work of Christiana Bannister, Hair Doctress and Philanthropist |journal=[[Rhode Island History Journal]] |date=November 2001 |volume=59 |pages=103–122}}</ref> {{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Regenia A. |title=Selections of Nineteenth-Century Afro-American Art |date=1976 |location=New York |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |pages=13–14 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Selections_of_Nineteenth_Century_Afro_American_Art |oclc=463123638 |access-date=September 13, 2020 |archive-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604043333/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/selections_of_nineteenth_century_afro_american_art |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Raynor>{{cite news |last1=Raynor |first1=Vivien |author-link=Vivien Raynor |title=Moody Observations of Nature |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/13/nyregion/art-moody-observations-of-nature.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 13, 1992 |access-date=March 24, 2021 |archive-date=March 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317060739/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/13/nyregion/art-moody-observations-of-nature.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{cite book |last1=Richardson |first1=Marilyn |chapter=Taken From Life: Edward M. Bannister, Edmonia Lewis, and the Memorialization of the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Regiment |title=Hope & Glory: Essays on the Legacy of the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment |publisher=[[University of Massachusetts]]; [[Massachusetts Historical Society]] |location=Amherst |isbn=978-1-55849-722-1 |pages=94–115 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781558497221/page/94/mode/2up |date=2009}}</ref> {{cite book |last1=Roses |first1=Lorraine Elena |title=Black Bostonians and the Politics of Culture, 1920–1940 |date=2017 |location=Amherst |publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]] |isbn=978-1-61376-477-0 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/56823 |oclc=1136281222 |access-date=March 24, 2021 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813174355/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/56823 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Skerrett>{{cite journal |last1=Skerrett |first1=Joseph T. |title=Edward M. Bannister, Afro-American Painter (1828–1901) |journal=[[Negro History Bulletin]] |date=1978 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=829 |jstor=44213838 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44213838 |issn=0028-2529 |author-link=Joseph Skerrett}}</ref> <ref name=Sweren>{{cite news |last1=Sweren |first1=Evan |title=For Sale: the Bannister House |url=https://www.browndailyherald.com/2015/02/27/sweren-15-sale-bannister-house/ |work=[[The Brown Daily Herald]] |access-date=January 6, 2021 |date=February 27, 2015 |archive-date=August 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811214849/https://www.browndailyherald.com/2015/02/27/sweren-15-sale-bannister-house/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Webb>{{cite news |last1=Webb |first1=Steven |title=Call him an 'activist artist': Giving New Brunswick-born painter E.M. Bannister his due |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/em-bannister-activist-artist-1.5928018 |access-date=June 10, 2021 |work=[[CBC.ca]] |date=February 28, 2021 |archive-date=March 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304111340/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/em-bannister-activist-artist-1.5928018 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} jl26n6hz2fdpodz8c8phe7g8lbrfwyt 0 54612 705578 194906 2026-08-24T11:57:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705578 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ememme Ogun bụ emume a na-eme kwa afọ nke Ndị Yoruba nke Ondo State, Nigeria na-eme iji sọpụrụ Ogun, onye agha na ike dị ike nke ọrụ ozi nke ndị Yoroba mụrụ na ọ bụ chi mbụ rutere n'ụwa.. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Dị ka Akụkọ ifo Yoruba si kwuo, [1] Ogun bụ Eze na nna Oranmiyan, na onye mbụ rutere n'ụwa;   o jiri cutlass na ụfọdụ ndị ụzọ maka mbata nke chi ndị ọzọ.   [2] A na-ekwukwa na o nyere ihe ikpeazụ na ndị mmadụ mbụ Obatala, chi Yoruba nke okike kere.[3]A na-emekarị emume ya n'ihe dị ka Ọgọst ma ọ bụ September na Ondo Steeti na ụfọdụ nke Ekiti  steeti.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ogun Festival » Facts.ng|url=https://www.facts.ng/culture/festivals/the-ogun-festival/|work=Facts.ng|accessdate=12 January 2018|date=23 September 2014|archivedate=17 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917010420/https://www.facts.ng/culture/festivals/the-ogun-festival/}}</ref><ref name="bc">{{Cite web|title=Ogun Festival|url=https://zodml.org/discover-nigeria/heritage-and-culture/ogun-festival|work=ZODML|accessdate=12 January 2018|language=en|archivedate=13 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113094440/https://zodml.org/discover-nigeria/heritage-and-culture/ogun-festival#.Wlig8KinHIV}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''ZODML''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=HERITAGE: At Ogunnire Festival, Ire-Ekiti Remembers Ogun, God of Iron|url=http://westernpostnigeria.com/heritage-at-ogunnire-festival-ire-ekiti-remembers-ogun-god-of-iron/|accessdate=12 January 2018|work=Western Post News|date=17 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=[General] - IRE-EKITI: Town where Ogun, Yoruba god of iron, 'disappeared'|url=http://www.villagesquare.ng/xenforo/index.php?threads/ire-ekiti-town-where-ogun-yoruba-god-of-iron-disappeared.85260/|work=NVS XenForo|accessdate=12 January 2018|archivedate=1 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101122019/http://www.villagesquare.ng/xenforo/index.php?threads/ire-ekiti-town-where-ogun-yoruba-god-of-iron-disappeared.85260/}}</ref> == Nkwadebe == <ref>{{Cite book|author=Fieldhouse|first=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ|title=Food, feasts, and faith : an encyclopedia of food culture in world religions|publisher=ABC-CLIO, an Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC|year=2017|isbn=9781610694124|location=Santa Barbara, California}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogun Festival|url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Ogun+Festival|work=TheFreeDictionary.com|accessdate=12 January 2018}}</ref>.<ref name="bc"/><ref>{{Cite news|title=Origin Of Ogun – God Of Iron - Ekimogun Descendant United Kingdom & Northern Ireland|url=http://www.ekimogundescendant.org/origin-of-ogun-god-of-iron/|accessdate=12 January 2018|work=Ekimogun Descendant United Kingdom & Northern Ireland}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ondo indigenes celebrate Ogun festival amidst fanfare - The Hope Newspapers|url=http://thehopenewspapers.com/2017/09/ondo-indigenes-celebrate-ogun-festival-amidst-fanfare/|work=The Hope Newspapers|accessdate=12 January 2018|date=18 September 2017}}</ref> Nkwadebe maka emume ahụ na-amalite ụbọchị iri na asaa tupu oge eruo.  Onye isi na-enwe ịhụ ụnwa ọhụrụ (nke a ga-ahụ tupu ahụ enyo) site na ịfụ opi (opi obodo) ruo ụbọchị asaa.  ahụhụ mgbe ọ hụchara alụ ọhụrụ, eze onye ozi ka ọ kpọsaa emume ahụ.  Nkwadebe maka emume ahụ egwu egwu mmiri na egwu ụzọ ụkwụ.  Ememe ahụ na-aga n'ihu na nche a na-akpọ Ilagun, Asoro ma ọ bụ aisun ogun nke na-ewere ọnọdụ atọ tupu ụbọchị Ogun.  Ndị na-akpụ ihe n'obodo Ife na-enye nkwado, hoes na bell gongs, a na- hardware osisi nkwụ, cowries na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ele ụlọ nsbọ ahụ mma.  Mgbe ahụ, a na-awụnye, a na'eme ememe ịgba gburugburu ebe nsụhọ ahụ, a ma na-ekpe ekpere.  A na- ጎማ maka vidiyo àjà == Ememe == Emume a na-eme ka ọ dị egwu n'ime ụbọchị atọ gara aga.  A na-egbu ụdị nke bụ isi etiti ahụ na nke mbụ n'ime ụbọchị ndị a.  Mmadụ abụọ na-agagharị n'ụdị dị iche iche na- ụdị ahụ n'ebe onwe ha nọ ya mere na-amanye ya ịnwụrụ ma na-egbu mgbu.  Mgbe ụfọdụ, nnukwu onye ezinụlọ na-egbu, ahụ site na iji mma tie ya tupu ya anwụọ n'ezie.[1]  A na-agwakọta agwa ụdị ahụ na nnu, kolanuts, ike nkwụ na ụtụ nkwụ, ma wụsa ya n'elu ngwá ọrụ ndị na-efe ofufe nke a na-achịkọta n'ime efere;  a na ike nke a ga-echebe ha nsogbu na nsogbu ma weta dị ukwuu.  Ogun bụ onye Nkwado nke ndị na-eji arụ ọrụ kwa ụbọchị, dị ka onye na-akpụ ihe, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala, ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ndị na-awa ahụ.  Arụ ime emume ahụ n'ebe ọ dịka nnukwu onye ike na-eme emume ahụ na Abuja mgbe ụfọdụ n'agbaghị usoro ụbọchị iri na asaa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Michael|title=Nigeria: Live Dog Sacrifices To Ogun, The God Of Iron|work=Fight Dog Meat|url=https://fightdogmeat.com/2016/06/05/nigeria-live-dog-sacrifices-to-ogun-the-god-of-iron/|date=5 June 2016|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sotunde|first=Afolabi|title=Ogun: Sacrifice to the iron : Orikini cult group and the Ogun festival god|url=https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/ogun-sacrifice-to-the-iron-god|accessdate=12 January 2018|work=The Wider Image|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} ou159b2nfsl16smnyut8le3g01zokze 0 57467 705549 202626 2026-08-23T22:52:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Tampusi}} Tampulma, nke a na-akpọ Tamprusi bụ Asụsụ Mabia (nke bụbu Gur) nke Ghana.  A na-asụkarị ya na mpaghara Savannah .  [1] [2][3] Ọ nwere njikọ na dere Deg, Sisaala na Vagla. == Okwu mmalite == Tampulma na-ezo aka n'asụsụ ahụ, ebe Tamprusi na-ezo Aka n'etiti ndị mmadụ.  Aha a na-akpọ ahụ bụ Tampulma.  A na-ahụ aha Tamprusi eme ihe iji zoo aka n'agbụrụ ndị na-asụrụ akwụkwọ ahụ, ndị na-ekwu okwu eji eme ihe iji ọrụ ahụ.. == Ebe a na-ekesa ya == Ndị Mamprusi dị na mpaghara Savannah, na North Gonja District, malitere Ndị Gonja na na Mamprusi District, na ụmụ Mamprusi.  Tampulma, Hanga na Kamara bụ ndị nke ndị ozi n'ebe ahụ egwuregwu White Volta tupu agha nke Dagbon na 1600s.[1]  Taa, ndị Tamprusi, Hanga, na Kamara bụ ndị nke Gonja Traditional Council, ọ bụ ebe na ha nwere njikọ njikọ na ndị Dagombas, ebe ha niile bụ ndị agha Mabia.  N'asụsụ, Hanga na Kamara na Asụsụ Dagbanli na ihu ibe ha.  Ụfọdụ ndị Tamprusi akpọwo oku maka Kansụl Ọdịnala Na-ahụ n'Otu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Gonjas and Tampulmas Conflict in the North Gonja District, on January 13, 2018.|url=https://wanep.org/wanep/files/2018/Jan/QUICK_UPDATE_ON_NORTH_GONJA_2018_Final_2018_01_19(1).pdf|accessdate=March 14, 2025|archivedate=October 19, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019223337/http://www.wanep.org/wanep/files/2018/Jan/QUICK_UPDATE_ON_NORTH_GONJA_2018_Final_2018_01_19(1).pdf}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Asụsụ Tampulma bụ otu n'ime Asụsụ Gurunsi, otu nke Asụsụ Mabia nke Asụsụ Niger-Congo.  Ọ nwere njikọ na dere Dega, Sisaala na Vagla.  Asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ịrị ahụ ịkpọ Mampruli na Gonja, nke bụ Asụsụ Kwa, bụ nkuzi n'ọ́ ndị a.  E nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Dagbanli n siri ahụ. Dị nnọọ ka ọtụtụ ugboro Afrịka, Tampulma nwere usoro klas Noun.  nkọwa, Tampulma bụ ụzọ nke Tamp- na -ulma, yiri Kiswahili, nke nwere Ki- na -swahili.. == Hụkwa == * [[Asụsụ Tammari]] * [[Asụsụ Mamprusi]] * [[Kusasi language|Asụsụ Kusasi]] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 0sshhzo4ra86kdse6sjikwtiwsuqpw5 0 67642 705519 701005 2026-08-23T13:37:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Akili Ozizor | native_name = Akili Ozizor town | settlement_type = Town | seat = Ogbaru }} Akili Ozizor bụ obodo dị n'okpuru ọchịchị[[ogbaru]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anambra North Senatorial District|url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/anambra-north-senatorial-district/|accessdate=2025-11-07|work=Centre for Community and Rural Development|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017011114/https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/anambra-north-senatorial-district/}}</ref> nke steeti Anambra. Ọ dị na Anambra North senatorial district.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nation|first=The|date=2022-08-30|title=Who represents Anambra North in the Senate?|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/who-represents-anambra-north-in-the-senate/|accessdate=2025-11-07|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Amos|date=2018-09-23|title=Sen. Oduah never belonged to us — Ogbaru APGA|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/sen-oduah-never-belonged-to-us-ogbaru-apga/|accessdate=2025-11-07|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ obodo na-asụ asụsụ Igbo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1987-09-23|title=21st Century (2001–Present) Archives - Page 18 Of 59 - Igbo Genealogy And Biographies|url=https://biography.igbopeople.org/era/21st-century/page/18/|accessdate=2025-11-07|work=biography.igbopeople.org|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị bi obodo ahụ bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo. == Idei Mmiri na Akili Ozizor == Okpuru ọchịchị Ogbaru, nke gụnyere obodo ndị dị ka Akili Ozizor, Odekpe, na Atani, na-ata ahụhụ kwa afọ site na idei mmiri n'ihi ọnọdụ ya n'akụkụ [[Oshimiri Orimiri|Osimiri Niger.]]Oge udu mmiri ọ bụla, mmiri na-asọpụta na-ekpuchi ụlọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, àkwà mmiri, na ala ubi gasị, na-amanye ndị bi na ya ịkwaga n'ebe dị ugwu. Idei mmiri nke afọ 2022 bụ nke bibiri ihe karịsịa, na-akwada àkwà mmiri, na-egbu ndị bi na ya, ma na-ebibie ọtụtụ ihe ndị a rụgasịrị ruru ọtụtụ nde naira, na-ahapụ obodo ahụ n'ịda ogbenye ma bụrụ nke a gụpụrụ"<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2023-08-18|title=Inside Ogbaru, Anambra community ravaged by flood|url=https://thesun.ng/inside-ogbaru-anambra-community-ravaged-by-flood/|accessdate=2025-11-07|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ossai|first=Jude|date=2023-08-16|title=Flood ruins Ogbaru LG goldmines as residents cry out to FG, State Govts for rescue|url=https://dailynewsngr.com.ng/flood-ruins-ogbaru-lg-goldmines-as-residents-cry-out-to-fg-state-govts-for-rescue/|accessdate=2025-11-07|work=Daily News Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211221955/https://dailynewsngr.com.ng/flood-ruins-ogbaru-lg-goldmines-as-residents-cry-out-to-fg-state-govts-for-rescue/}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <references /> [[Otú:Naigeria]] [[Otú:Ȯra Anambra]] rl3tysh0nwjv3atrnmox06wu2nmu5g7 0 71920 705565 578076 2026-08-24T05:29:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} '''Chinedu Oguejiofo Okoye''' (C.O. Okoye) bụ ọkammụta nke nhazi obodo mepere emepe na njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ onye isi nọ ugbu a, na Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Mahadum Nnamdi Azikiwe, Awka, steeti Anambra, Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dean's Office|url=https://environmentalsciences.unizik.edu.ng/administration/deans-office/|accessdate=2025-11-16|work=Faculty Of Environmental Sciences|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-09-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912211908/https://environmentalsciences.unizik.edu.ng/administration/deans-office/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Systems|first=CIRM|title=Prof. Chinedu Oguejiofo Okoye - Nnamdi Azikiwe University|url=https://profile.unizik.edu.ng/NAU2595|accessdate=2025-11-16|work=profile.unizik.edu.ng|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọkachamara na Housing Studies, Environmental Impact Assessment Studies, Urban Environmental Studies, Infrastructure facilities studies na Waste Management Studies. == Ndụ Mbido na Agụmakwụkwọ == Enweghị nkọwa zuru ezu banyere mmalite ndụ Prọfesọ Okoye, ebe a mụrụ ya nakwa afọ ọ malitere na profaịlụ agụmakwụkwọ, nke na-egosi na ọ na-elekwasị anya na ímé ntinye ọkachamara ya. Ọ nwetara nzere B.Sc. na M.Sc. na Urban and Regional Planning, nke nzere Ph.D. na Environmental Management sochiri, site na UNIZIK na / ma ọ bụ mahadum Naijiria ndị metụtara ya. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Okoye, Oguejiofo Chinedu}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lxebzk8t9kwzkun3l1yr28h8hgcu8e6 0 74953 705576 656778 2026-08-24T11:52:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = | name = Elza van Lingen | honorific_suffix = | image = Elza Van Lingen, MP.jpg | width = | caption = Van Lingen in 2010 | office1 = Mayor of the [[Kouga Local Municipality]] | termstart1 = 17 August 2016 | termend1 = 19 April 2018 | predecessor1 = Daphne Kettledas | successor1 = [[Horatio Hendricks]] | office2 = [[Permanent Delegate to the National Council of Provinces]] | termstart2 = 6 May 2009 | termend2 = August 2016 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | birth_name = | birth_date = 26 November 1949 | birth_place = [[Willowmore]], [[Cape Province]], [[Union of South Africa]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|4|19|1949|11|26|df=y}} | death_place = [[Cape St. Francis]], [[Eastern Cape]], South Africa | party = [[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|Democratic Alliance]] (from 2002) | otherparty = | spouse = | partner = | relations = | children = 2 | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | profession = Politician | committees = | awards = | website = }} '''Elizabeth Christina van Lingen''' (26 Nọvemba 1949 - 19 Eprel 2018) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mba [[South Africa]]. Ọbụ ónyé ọtú Democratic Alliance. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye kansụl nke Cacadu n'afọ 2002. A họpụtakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu National Council of Provinces n'afọ 2009. ==Mmalite ndụ na orụ== Amuru Van Lingen na obodo {{ill|Willowmore|en}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Christina (Elza) GREEFF b. 26 Nov 1949: Greeff Family History |url=https://www.greeff.info/tng01/getperson.php?personID=I4818&tree=GreeffMainTree |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.greeff.info |accessdate=2026-04-21 |archivedate=2025-01-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120140155/https://www.greeff.info/tng01/getperson.php?personID=I4818&tree=GreeffMainTree }}</ref><ref name="News24Apr18">{{Cite web |last=Etheridge |first=Jenna |title=Kouga mayor loses 9-year battle with cancer |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/kouga-mayor-loses-9-year-battle-with-cancer-20180419 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Obu mgbe ọna aru oru na {{ill|KWV|en}} ka ozutere di ya, Michael.<ref name="StFrancis">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-25 |title=Goodbye to a remarkable lady |url=https://stfrancistoday.com/goodbye-to-a-remarkable-lady/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=St Francis Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Ha abụọ rụrụ ma bido ọrụ ugbo na obodo {{ill|Middelburg, Eastern Cape|en}}. Van Lingen mụtara Mick na Caroline. Obukwa nne nne Robin nakwa Lawrence.<ref name="StFrancis"/> Van Lingen bidoro oru nweta ndị agadi nwoke na nwaanyi ndị nọ na obodo Middelburg.<ref name="News24She">{{Cite web |title=Uphila ngcono apho akhoyo {{!}} Sy het lewens aangeraak {{!}} She bettered lives |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/uphila-ngcono-apho-akhoyo-sy-het-lewens-aangeraak-she-bettered-lives-20180627 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Onwekwara ụlọ oru na arụ akwa nakwa akpụkpọ ụkwụ.<ref name="StFrancis"/> Van Lingen na di ya biri na obodo {{ill|Cape St. Francis|en}} n'afọ 2000.<ref name="News24Apr18"/> ==Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị== Van Lingen enwelaarị mmasị na orụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kama ọ kweghị n'ihi na nwa ya ka di ntà.<ref name="News24Apr18"/> Ọ banyere otu {{ill|Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|en}} n'afọ 2002. Ahọrọ ya dika onye ndu (councillor) nke obodo mepere emepe ana akpọ {{ill|Cacadu District Municipality|en}};<ref name="News24Apr18"/> ọrụrụ ọrụ ahụ karịa afọ isii tupu ahọpụta ya ka onye nnọchiteanya DA otu ahụ na {{ill|National Council of Provinces|en}} (NCOP) dika permanent delegate nke si {{ill|Eastern Cape|en}} mgbe emechala {{ill|2009 South African general election|en}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of NCOP MPs|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/list-of-ncop-mps |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.politicsweb.co.za |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kouga mayor loses battle with cancer |url=https://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/2018-04-20-kouga-mayor-loses-battle-with-cancer/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Heraldlive |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ahọpụtakwara Van Lingen dika onye ndu DA caucus n'ime NCOP n'afọ 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-28 |title='Historic moment' for DA: The rise of Lindiwe Mazibuko |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2011-10-28-historic-moment-for-da/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website={{Ill|Mail & Guardian|en}}}}</ref> Mgbe emechala {{ill|2014 South African general election|en}} Van Lingen meriri, burukwa onye nnọchiteanya DA n'ime NCOP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-21 |title=Elza van Lingen re-appointed as NCOP delegate for Eastern Cape |url=https://www.dabhisho.org.za/2014/05/21/elza-van-lingen-re-appointed-as-ncop-delegate-for-eastern-cape/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=DA Bhisho - The Democratic Alliance at the Bhisho Legislature |accessdate=2026-04-21 |archivedate=2025-01-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120140004/https://www.dabhisho.org.za/2014/05/21/elza-van-lingen-re-appointed-as-ncop-delegate-for-eastern-cape/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maimane appointed DA Parly leader |url=https://ewn.co.za/2014/05/29/Maimane-elected-to-lead-DA-in-Parliament |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=ewn.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Mgbe emechala {{ill|2016 South African municipal elections|en}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kouga's new mayor vows to 'clean up' problems the 'ANC never took care of' |url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/politics/2016-08-04-kougas-new-mayor-vows-to-clean-up-problems-the-anc-never-took-care-of/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Dispatchlive |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Van Lingen meriri ndọrọ onye ndu ana akpọ mayor n'afọ 19 August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Council inaugurated |url=https://www.kouga.gov.za/article/new-council-inaugurated |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.kouga.gov.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Kouga Council inaugurated|url=https://www.algoafm.co.za/local/new-kouga-council-inaugurated |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.algoafm.co.za |language=en}}</ref> ==Onwu== A chọpụtara na Van Lingen nwere ọrịa kansa nke ara n'afọ 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kouga mayor loses battle with cancer |url=https://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/2018-04-20-kouga-mayor-loses-battle-with-cancer/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=HeraldLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 19 April 2018 n'ụlọ ya di nà Cape St. Francis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kouga Mayor passes away |url=https://www.kouga.gov.za/article/kouga-mayor-passes-away |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.kouga.gov.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-19 |title=Mayor of Kouga passes away |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/mayor-kouga-passes-away/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=SABC News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RIP Elza: The DA has lost a great woman and leader |url=https://www.da.org.za/2018/04/rip-elza-da-lost-great-woman-leader |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Democratic Alliance |language=en}}</ref> Emere ọrụ ncheta maka ọnwụ ya na ubochi 23 Eprel n'afọ 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moving farewell for Mayor |url=https://www.netwerk24.com/netwerk24/za/kouga-express/moving-farewell-for-mayor-20180425-6 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Netwerk24 |date=26 April 2018}}</ref> ==Edensibia== {{reflist}} ma9tbjy2qcqvve1gkkk0ct6427aqlj4 0 76696 705571 700972 2026-08-24T07:35:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}  '''Danny Ionescu''' (Hibru) bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na mmiri nke na-edu otu nnyocha na ngalaba Environmental Microbiomics na Technische Universität Berlin.. Nnyocha ya bụ isi na-elekwasị anya na ihe ndị dị ndụ nke nnukwu nje bacteria na ndụ nje dị ndụ n'ime Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ.<ref>Ionescu. Group Ionescu - Tu Berlin. (n.d.). https://web.archive.org/web/20241204230434/https://www.tu.berlin/en/umb/research/working-groups/group-ionescu</ref> <ref>Ionescu, Danny & Bizic, Mina. (2019). Giant Bacteria. 10.1002/9780470015902.a0020371.pub2.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ionescu |first1=Danny |last2=Volland |first2=Jean-Marie |last3=Contarini |first3=Paul-Emile |last4=Gros |first4=Olivier |date= 2023|title=Genomic Mysteries of Giant Bacteria: Insights and Implications |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/9/evad163/7274083 |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=15 |issue=9 |article-number=evad163 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evad163 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=10519445 |pmid=37708391}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == N'agbata afọ 2000 na 2003, Ionescu nwetara akara ugo mmụta BSc na Sayensị Mmiri na Sayensị Gburugburu Ebe Obibi Mmiri site na School of Marine Sciences na Ruppin Academic Center dị na Israel..<ref name="IGB">http://www.igb-berlin.de. Danny Ionescu | IGB. [online] Available at: https://www.igb-berlin.de/en/profile/danny-ionescu [Accessed 1 Feb. 2024]</ref> Njem agụmakwụkwọ ya gara n'ihu na nzere masta n'etiti 2003 na 2005, nke Prọfesọ Aharon Oren mere na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem, ya na Prọfesọ Karlheinz Altendorf na Dr. Andre Lipski na Mahadum Osnabrueck na Germany jikọrọ aka. Akwụkwọ edemede Master ya, nke akpọrọ "Nkọwa nke obodo nje endoevaporitic na Eilat salterns site na nyocha fatty acid na stabil isotope labeling.", <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ionescu|first=Danny|date=2007-02-01|title=Characterization of the endoevaporitic microbial communities in a hypersaline gypsum crust by fatty acid analysis|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10750-006-0289-7|journal=Hydrobiologia|language=en|volume=576|issue=1|pages=15–26|doi=10.1007/s10750-006-0289-7|issn=1573-5117}}</ref> gosipụtara nchọpụta ya n'oge a. === Ph.D. na nyocha postdoctoral === N'afọ 2005, Ionescu malitere nzere Ph.D. na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem, dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ udo "Bridging the Rift",<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.cs.cornell.edu/projects/btr/|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=www.cs.cornell.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bridging the Rift at the Dead Sea {{!}} Breuerpress International|url=https://www.breuerpress.com/2006/03/03/bridging-the-rift-at-the-dead-sea/|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=www.breuerpress.com|language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Science Center to Bridge the Rift|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/new-science-center-bridge-rift|accessdate=2024-09-04}}</ref> na mmekorita ya na Prọfesọ Muna Hindiyeh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornell and Stanford to work with Israel and Jordan on Bridging the Rift research center to include world's first databank for all living systems {{!}} Cornell Chronicle |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2004/02/worlds-first-databank-all-living-systems |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=news.cornell.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Muna Hindiyeh|url=https://www.gju.edu.jo/content/prof-muna-hindiyeh-1556|accessdate=2024-09-04}}</ref> na Prọf. Mohhamad Wedyan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Hashemite University Faculty Staff Website|url=https://staff.hu.edu.jo/Err.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/CV_e.aspx|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=staff.hu.edu.jo}}</ref> Isiokwu edemede doctoral ya bụ "Cyanobacterial Biogeography and Nitrogen Fixation: Lessons from environmental and model organisms". N'oge nyocha postdoctoral mbụ ya, nke malitere na 2009, na Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology na Bremen, Ionescu duziri nchọpụta sayensị mbụ nke Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ. [[Faịlụ:Underwater_Fresh_Water_Springs_in_the_Dead_Sea,_2012.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto anọ nke usoro mmiri dị ọcha dị n'okpuru mmiri a hụrụ n'Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, ihe dị ka kilomita 1.8 n'ọdịda anyanwụ Mitzpe Shalem, nke Danny Ionescu sere n'afọ 2010.]] <ref>The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2011) IONESCU, DANNY - PhD Thesis. Available at: http://www.research-students.huji.ac.il/en/ionescu-0 (Accessed: 01 February 2024). Cyanobacterial Biogeography and Nitrogen Fixation: Lessons form Environmental and Model Organisms</ref> Njem ahụ gosiri ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria dị ndụ n'ime na gburugburu isi iyi mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri.i. <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHLiobkTUd0&t=20s |title=First Scientific Diving Expedition at the Dead Sea |date=2011-09-21 |last= |access-date=2024-09-04 |via=YouTube}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=21.09.2011 Springs of Life in the Dead Sea|url=https://www.mpi-bremen.de/en/Springs-of-Life-in-the-Dead-Sea.html|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=www.mpi-bremen.de|archivedate=2024-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808232034/https://www.mpi-bremen.de/en/Springs-of-Life-in-the-Dead-Sea.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-09-30|title=New Life-Forms Found at Bottom of Dead Sea|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/110928-new-life-dead-sea-bacteria-underwater-craters-science|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=Science|language=en}}</ref> </ref><ref>American Associates, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. "Dead Sea researchers discover freshwater springs and numerous micro-organisms." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 September 2011. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110927112546.htm>. </ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|volume=7|issue=6|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038319|year=2012|author=Ionescu|first=Danny|title=Microbial and Chemical Characterization of Underwater Fresh Water Springs in the Dead Sea|journal=PLOS ONE|pmid=22679498}}</ref> E gosipụtara ihe nkiri vidio dị iche iche gbasara Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ n'okpuru mmiri.<ref>Watch extreme! - from Valley Deep to mountain high online (no date) Prime Video. Available at: https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Extreme---From-Valley-Deep-to-Mountain-High/0KEO7MIWB3USSG9HPIGE0YWYRO (Accessed: 01 February 2024).</ref> Ọrụ ya na Max Planck Institute gụnyere ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mineral na mkpụrụ ndụ nje, nke Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory mere na Sweden. nakwa n'agwaetiti Kiritimati<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ionescu|first=D.|date=2015|title=Calcium dynamics in microbialite-forming exopolymer-rich mats on the atoll of K iritimati, R epublic of K iribati, C entral P acific|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gbi.12120|journal=Geobiology|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|pages=170–180|doi=10.1111/gbi.12120|pmid=25515845|issn=1472-4677}}</ref> dịka akụkụ nke otu ndị nchọpụta FOR571.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ionescu |first1=D. |last2=Spitzer |first2=S. |last3=Reimer |first3=A. |last4=Schneider |first4=D. |last5=Daniel |first5=R. |last6=Reitner |first6=J. |last7=de Beer |first7=D. |last8=Arp |first8=G. |date= 2015|title=Calcium dynamics in microbialite-forming exopolymer-rich mats on the atoll of K iritimati, R epublic of K iribati, C entral P acific |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gbi.12120 |journal=Geobiology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |doi=10.1111/gbi.12120 |pmid=25515845 |bibcode=2015Gbio...13..170I |issn=1472-4677|url-access=subscription }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=DFG - GEPRIS - FOR 571: Geobiology of Organo- and Biofilms: Coupling of the Geosphere and the Biosphere by Microbial Processes|url=https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/5471545?language=en|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=gepris.dfg.de}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 2014 na 2024, Ionescu mere nnyocha ya na Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), ebe nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na genomics na ecology nke nnukwu nje bacteria, ọkachasị ụdị Achromatium. Ihe pụrụ iche bụ na na 2017, Ionescu chọpụtara na ọtụtụ kromosomes nke nnukwu nje bacteria ndị a nwere abụghị otu, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Riesenbakterium enthält Erbgut für eine ganze Bevölkerung|url=https://idw-online.de/de/news680656|accessdate=2024-09-04|archivedate=2024-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718211716/https://idw-online.de/de/news680656}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Lakeside Tale|date=25 September 2017|url=https://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2017/09/a-lakeside-tale.html|accessdate=2024-09-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ionescu|first=Danny|date=2017-09-06|title=Community-like genome in single cells of the sulfur bacterium Achromatium oxaliferum|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-00342-9|issn=2041-1723|pmid=28878209}}</ref> na-eme ka ha pụta ìhè na gburugburu ebe dị iche iche. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-19|title=Giant aquatic bacterium is a master of adaptation|url=https://www.igb-berlin.de/en/news/giant-aquatic-bacterium-master-adaptation|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=igb-berlin.de|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Danny|author=Ionescu|date=2022-01-28|title=When it comes to the giant bacterium Achromatium, everything is everywhere|url=https://www.thesciencebreaker.org/breaks/evolution-behaviour/when-it-comes-to-the-giant-bacterium-achromatium-everything-is-everywhere|journal=TheScienceBreaker|volume=08|language=en|doi=10.25250/thescbr.brk613|issn=2571-9262}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Heterozygous, Polyploid, Giant Bacterium, Achromatium, Possesses an Identical Functional Inventory Worldwide across Drastically Different Ecosystems|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/38/3/1040/5970467|accessdate=2024-09-04|date=2021|doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa273|author=Ionescu|first=Danny|pages=1040–1059}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Ionescu natara onyinye nyocha onwe ya site na German Research Foundation (DFG) iji nyochaa isiokwu ndị a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DFG - GEPRIS - Eco-evolution and cellular functionality of the heterozygous bacterial genus Achromatium|url=https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/465407921?language=en|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=gepris.dfg.de}}</ref> == Onyinye agụmakwụkwọ == Ionescu enyela aka nke ukwuu n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nje bacteria dị n'ime mmiri. Enwere ike ịchọta ndepụta zuru oke nke akwụkwọ ya na ORCID ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4658-8597|title=ORCID}}</ref> na Google Scholar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=z-XVkFMAAAAJ|title=Google Scholar}}</ref> peeji. Tinyere nke ahụ, Ionescu na-esonye nke ọma n'obodo sayensị. Ọ na-eje ozi na Bọọdụ Njikwa nke ikpo okwu nyocha oghere PCI Genomics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PCI Genomics|url=https://genomics.peercommunityin.org/public/user_public_page?userId=360|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=genomics.peercommunityin.org|language=en-us}}</ref> ma na-enye aka dị ka onye na-atụ aro maka PCI Microbiology. <ref>{{Cite web|title=PCI Microbiol|url=https://microbiol.peercommunityin.org/public/user_public_page?userId=33|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=microbiol.peercommunityin.org}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ọ na-enwe ọkwa dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka Frontiers in Microbiology na onye otu nchịkọta akụkọ nke Scientific Reports . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Danny Ionescu|url=https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/165182/overview|accessdate=2024-09-04}}</ref><ref>http://www.nature.com. Editors | Scientific Reports. [online] Available at: https://www.nature.com/srep/about/editors#microbiology [Accessed 1 Feb. 2024].</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Ionescu na ezinụlọ ya na Bucharest, Romania, n'afọ 1976, ọ kwagara Izrel n'afọ 1984. Ọ lụrụ Dr. Mina Bizic, onye bụkwa ọkà mmụta sayensị, di na nwunye ahụ nwekwara ụmụ abụọ..<ref>vimeo.com. #02 - Aquatic ecologist Dr. Mina Bizic (IGB): exploring life in water and dealing with dual careers in science. [online] Available at: https://vimeo.com/470103616 [Accessed 1 Feb. 2024].</ref> Nwanne Ionescu, Ariel Ionescu,<ref>{{Cite web|title=ARIEL LOENESCU|url=https://neuroscience-innovation.org/project-ariel-loenescu|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=The HBP Curriculum - HBP Student Learning Needs|language=en-US}}</ref> bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akwara ụbụrụ, nwanne di ya nwoke, David Bizic, bụkwa onye na-abụ egwu opera.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/danny.ionescu/about_family_and_relationships</ref><ref>SSI Certificate Gold 500 Diver. My.divessi.com. (n.d.). https://my.divessi.com/code/thickbox/ccard_db_query.php?ccard_uid=797001Y4292798091053-IL </ref><ref>Blackburn, Nicky, and Karin Kloosterman. "Dead Sea Divers Discover New Forms of Life." ISRAEL21c, 12 Sept. 2012, www.israel21c.org/dead-sea-divers-discover-new-forms-of-life. Accessed 4 Feb. 2024.</ref> Ionescu bụ onye nkuzi na-egwu mmiri nke SSI Gold == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] e3oziqwz9xrk4a1tfjsd3fqybz3u0k8 1728 79155 705520 705317 2026-08-23T14:23:19Z Chinemeremprince 13026 705520 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Igbo Wiktionary project 2.0 flier.jpg|thumb|Igbo Wiktionary project 2.0 flier]] =='''Overview'''== Project Summary The Igbo Wiktionary Project is a joint initiative of the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Imo State University, established to expand the availability of new entries in Igbo Wiktionary. The project seeks to produce 100 accurate entries of Igbo words making them accessible to both native and non-native Igbo speakers. By addressing the shortage of new entries, the initiative will strengthen community participation, support language preservation and localization efforts, and provide a lasting resource for learning, research, and reference. =='''Project timeline'''== * August 22 - September 5, 2026 * Project Launch and Physical event - August 22, 2026 10:00 AM WAT * Venue: Pinewood hotel, Owerri * Online training session - August 31, 2026 5:00 PM WAT * Project ends - September 5, 2026 11:59 PM WAT<br /> =='''Project team'''== * Project Lead: [[User:Chiziqa|Chiziqa]] * Logistics and technical officer:[[User:Chinemeremprince|Chinemeremprince]] * Communication manager and trainer: [[User:Chinemeremprince|Chinemeremprince]] =='''Resources'''== [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1duD8XPeqXNLW7pqNH18gija1E5eMQTpYbZK5fq-T5cI/edit?gid=1407701844#gid=1407701844 Topic List] =='''Prizes'''== TBD [[Otú:Mmemme]] [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] b9hlkdkjdrhb6sq1iaf90piicvi8zwk 0 79202 705548 705265 2026-08-23T17:45:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 705548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossilrange |99|0|earliest=125}} <small>[[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Cenomanian]]) – Recent</small> | image = Aedes aegypti.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'', the main [[Disease vector|vector]] of [[yellow fever]] | taxon = Culicidae | authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1818<ref name=mosqInv>{{cite web |url=https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 |title=Family Culicidae Meigen, 1818 |date=November 2, 2008 |last=Harbach |first=Ralph |work=Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory |access-date=December 26, 2025 |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003061320/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 |url-status=dead |accessdate=August 22, 2026 |archivedate=October 3, 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003061320/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818 }}, see also [https://web.archive.org/web/20220315103505/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list Valid Species List] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315103505/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list |date=March 15, 2022 }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = *[[List of mosquito genera#Subfamily Anophelinae|Anophelinae]] *[[Culicinae]] | diversity = 112 genera | diversity_link = List of mosquito genera <!--Culicidae#Systematics--> }} '''Anwụnta (nke sitere na ezinụlọ ''Culicidae'')''' bụ obere ahụhụ nwere ihe dị ka ụdị puku atọ na narị isii dị iche iche. Ahụ ha siri gịrịgịrị, nke e kewaara ekewa, nwee nku abụọ, ụkwụ gbatịrị ogologo, na proboscis pụrụ iche e ji amị ihe. Anwụnta niile na-eri mmiri ara okooko osisi, mana ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ ụdị ha amụtala ịṅụ ọbara. Ha gbasara nke ukwuu n'ụwa n'oge Cretaceous. N'ihe gbasara sayensị, ndị ọkà mmụta Ihe Ndụ na-ele anwụnta anya dị ka ''micropredators''—obere anụmanụ na-aṅụ ọbara anụmanụ ka ukwuu n'egbughị ha ozugbo. Mgbe nke ahụ na-eme, ndị ọkachamara na-amụ maka ọrịa na-ahụ ha dị ka ndị na-ebufe nje (vectors), sị otu a na-esi n'otu onye gaa n'ozor na-agbasa protozoa, bacteria, ma ọ bụ virus. Ihe e ji amara usoro ndụ anwụnta bụ ọkwa anọ pụrụ iche: àkwà, larva, pupa, na anwụnta tolitere etolite. Mgbe anwụnta yịrị àkwà n'elu mmiri, ha na-aghọ ụmụ ahụhụ na-agagharị agagharị (larvae) nke na-eri ahịhịa mmiri na ihe ndị mepụrụ emepụ. Ụmụ larva ndị a bụ nri dị mkpa nye anụmanụ mmiri dị ka azụ, ụmụ dragonfly, na ụfọdụ nnụnụ. Mgbe ha tolitere, ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-eji ọnụ ha pụrụ iche ama ahụ anụmanụ dị iche iche iji ṅụọ ọbara ha, nke bụ sọosọ ihe na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịyị àkwà. Mgbe anwụnta gbara mmadu, ọ na-agba nsị ya n'ahụ onye ahụ, nke na-ebutekarị ọzịza na itching. E wezụga nke ahụ, ụmụ anwụnta ndị na-aṅụ ọbara na-enwere ike ịmịrị nje na-ebute ọrịa mgbe ha gbara onye bu ya, ma nwee ike ibuba ya n'ahụ onye ọzọ. Ihe atụ nke ọrịa ndị a gụnyere ọrịa parasites dị ka ịba na filariasis, gbaknyere ọrịa arbovirus dị ka yellow fever na dengue fever. N'ihi oké mgbasa nke ọrịa ndị a site n’anwụnta, ha na-egbu ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ n'ụwa niile kwa afọ. == Nkọwa na ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Life-Cycle.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|frameless]] Usoro ndụ anwụnta nwere ọkwa anọ pụrụ iche: àkwá, igurube (larva), pupụ, na anwụnta toro eto. Ọkwa atọ mbụ na-eme kpamkpam n'ime mmiri kwụ otu ebe, ebe a na-etinye àkwá ha. Mgbe àkwá ndị ahụ pụtara dị ka igurube, ha na-eri nri, na-eto, wee gbanwee ghọọ pupae. N'ikpeazụ, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-apụta site na pupa ahụ mgbe ọ na-ese n'elu mmiri. N'ozuzu, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-adị ndụ site n'otu izu ruo otu ọnwa, n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ ụdị na- enwere ike ịnọ n'ọnọdụ izu ike (diapause) wee gafere oge oyi.. === Ndị toro eto === Anwụnta bụ obere ụmụ ahụhụ nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke na-adịkarị ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ oji, nwere ogologo sitere na milimita 3 ruo 6. Ha nwere otu nku abụọ dị warara, nwere scaly na ha, yana ogologo ụkwụ. Mgbe anwụnta na-ezu ike, ha na-etinyekarị ụkwụ ha nke mbụ gawa n'akụkụ. Anwụnta Anopheles nwere ike ife gaa n'ihu ruo kilomita 12 n'otu abalị n'agbụghị nkwụsị. Ụmụ nwoke na-eti nku ha ugboro 450 ruo 600 n'otu sekọnd site n'ike uru ahụ ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ obere ahụhụ, dị ka ụdị Aedes, ụdị ụfọdụ dị ka Toxorhynchites nwere ike itolite n'ogologo ahụ na nku nke ka ukwuu n'ezie. <ref name="UF/IFAS A. gambiae">{{Cite web|title=African malaria mosquito|url=https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_gambiae.htm|publisher=[[University of Florida]]|accessdate=11 February 2024|archivedate=30 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330125827/https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_gambiae.htm}}</ref> Anụ anwụnta nwere ike itolite site na àkwá ruo okenye na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike iwe ihe ruru otu ọnwa.[1] N'isi ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ mgbede, n'ime ụbọchị nke pupating, ndị nwoke na-agbakọta n'ìgwè, na-alụ mgbe ndị nwanyị na-efe efe.[2] Nwanyị ahụ na-alụ naanị otu ugboro n'oge ndụ ya, na-adọrọ mmasị site na pheromones nke nwoke ahụ na-ewepụta.[3][4] N'ime ụdị ndị chọrọ ọbara ka àkwá ahụ too, nke nne na-achọta onye na-elekọta ya ma na-aṅụ ọbara zuru ezu. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-ezu ike ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ iji gbarie nri ahụ ma kwe ka àkwá ya too. Mgbe ahụ, ọ dị njikere itinye àkwá ma megharịa usoro nri na ịtụrụ.[2] Ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ibi ruo izu atọ n'ọhịa, dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, ikike ha nwere inweta nri ọbara, na izere ịbụ ndị anụ ha na-egbu.<ref name="CDC Anopheles">{{Cite web|title=''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/|accessdate=December 13, 2023|date=July 16, 2020|archivedate=9 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909055158/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/}}</ref><ref name="Peach-Gries-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Peach|first=Daniel A. H.|title=Mosquito phytophagy – sources exploited, ecological function, and evolutionary transition to haematophagy|journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata|issue=2|doi=10.1111/eea.12852|year=2019|volume=168|pages=120–136}}</ref><gallery class="center" mode="nolines" heights="450" widths="300"> Faịlụ:Culex_pipiens_diagram_en.svg|Ọdịdị ahụ nke anwụnta nwanyị toro eto Faịlụ:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|Anwụnta yellow fever toro eto ''Aedes aegypti'', nke bụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị n’ime subfamily Culicinae. Nwoke (n’aka ekpe) nwere antenna juru ajị na palps dị ogologo karịa nke nwanyị (n’aka nri). </gallery> === Àkwá === Anwụnta na-enyekarị àkwá ha n'ime mmiri na-agagharịghị agagharị, dị ka ọdọ mmiri, ala apịtị, ma ọ bụ mmiri sọpụrụ n'oghere osisi na n'agbata akwụkwọ osisi bromeliad. Ụdị ụfọdụ na-eyi àkwá ha n'akụkụ mmiri ma ọ bụ n'elu ahịhịa mmiri. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ụfọdụ ụdị pụrụ iche dị ka Opifex fuscus na- amụ n'ime mmiri nnu gbara gburugburu ọdọ, ebe Wyeomyia smithii na-amụ n'ime ogbo osisi pitcher, ebe ụmụ larva ha na-eri ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ mmiri riri n'ebe ahụ. <ref name="Amorim Sa Rojas Santos Neto 2022 pp. 631–637">{{Cite journal|author=Amorim|first=J. A.|title=Aquatic Macrophytes Hosting Immature Mansonia (Mansonia) Blanchard, 1901 (Diptera, Culicidae) in Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=59|issue=2|date=2022-03-16|doi=10.1093/jme/tjab223|pages=631–637|pmid=35043213}}</ref> Ìgwè àkwá nke ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-apụta n'otu oge, mana àkwá ''Aedes'' na diapause na-apụghị n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma n'ime ogologo oge.<ref name="Huang Walker Vulule Miller 2006">{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Juan|title=Daily temperature profiles in and around Western Kenyan larval habitats of Anopheles gambiae as related to egg mortality|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=5|issue=1|date=2006|pmid=17038186|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-5-87}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Faịlụ:Anopheles_egg_2_(cropped).jpg|''[[Anopheles]]'' Àkwá na-esi n'akụkụ see n'elu mmiri Faịlụ:Mosquito_egg_SEM.jpg|Foto microscope elektrọn nke àkwá culicine. Faịlụ:Gelege1_(cropped).jpg|Otu ụyọkọ àkwá ''Culex'' </gallery> === Igurube === Isi larva anwụnta nhare brọsh ọnụ e ji ama nri, obi buru ibu nke na-enweghị ụkwụ, na afọ e kewaara ekewa. N'ihi na ọ na-eku ume site na siphon dị n'afọ ya, ọ na-apụta n'elu mmiri ugboro ugboro, ebe ọ na-eri ahịhịa mmiri (algae), bacteria, na obere ihe ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ihe sọrọ ya gburugburu, ọ na-agbada n'ala mmiri site n'ịkpụgharị ahụ ya ma ọ bụ iji brọsh ọnụ ya kwagharịa onwe ya. Larva na-agafe ọkwa utolite dị iche iche (instars) ma na-agbanwe akpụkpọ n'oge ọ bụla tupu ọ ghọọ pupa. E wezụga mgbe ha ka dị obere, ụmụ larva Aedes nwere ike iguzogide ebe kpọrọ nkụ, na-abanye n'ọnọdụ izu ike (diapause) ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri ha kporo nkwụ.<ref name="Huang Walker Vulule Miller 2006" /><gallery class="center" mode="nolines" heights="200" widths="200"> Faịlụ:AnophelesLarvaPhoto_CDCHarryWeinburgh_publicdomain.jpg|''[[Anopheles]]'' larva Faịlụ:Culex_restuans_larva_diagram_en.svg|Ọdịdị ahụ kpalakpụm Culex Faịlụ:Culex_sp_larvae.png|''Kpalakpụm Culex dị iche iche na pupa otu'' </gallery> === Pupa === Pupa anwụnta nwere isi na obi gwakọtara ọnụ ka cephalothorax, ebe afọ ya pịrị akpị n'okpuru. Pupa a na- enwere ike igwu mmiri nke ọma site n'ịkpụgharị afọ ya. Dị ka larva, ọ na-apụta n'elu mmiri ugboro ugboro iji kụọ ikuku site n'obere opi iku ume abụọ dị n'obi ya. Pupa anaghị eri nri, kama ọ na-ese naanị n'elu mmiri. Mgbe ihe na-eyi ya mgbagwoju anya, ọ na-amụbanye n'ala mmiri site n'ịkpụgharị afọ ya, mana ọ na-eseghachi n'elu n'oge na-adịghị anya. N'ikpeazụ, anwụnta tolitere etolite na-apụta site na pupa ahụ n'elu mmiri wee fepụ.<ref name="EPA life cycle">{{Cite web|title=Mosquito Life Cycle|date=21 February 2013|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle|publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]|accessdate=12 December 2023|archivedate=19 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219184319/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle}}</ref><gallery class="center" mode="nolines" heights="200" widths="400"> Faịlụ:Underwater_view_of_mosquito_pupae_in_standing_water.jpg|Pupa anwụnta dị iche iche, obere oge tupu ndị nke tozuru etozu apụta. Isi na igbe obi ha agwakọtawo pụta cephalothorax. </gallery> == Ndị toro eto na-enye nri == === Nri === [[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Tasmania_crop.jpg|thumb|Nwanyị ''Aedes'' sp. na-eri ọbara sitere n'aka mmadụ. ]] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wahid|first=Isra|date=2003|title=Maxillae and mandibles of male mosquitoes and female autogenous mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.150|pmid=12693842}}</ref> === Anụmanụ ndị bi na ya === Anwụnt a na-aṅụ ọbara nwere anụmanụ pụrụ iche ha ka na-ahọrọ ịta, mana ha na-ata anụmanụ anya hụrụ mgbe nri na-anaghị adị mfe. Ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche na-aṅụ ọbara anụ bi n'ala na mmiri (amphibians), anụ na-akpụ akpụ dị ka agwọ, nnụnụ, na anụ na-enye nwa ara (mammals).<gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> Faịlụ:Chironius_scurrulus_(Yasuni)_(cropped)_with_mosquitoes.jpg|Iri nri n'ahụ agwọ Faịlụ:Mosquitoes_vs._Frog_(14555480700)_(cropped).jpg|Iri nri n'ahụ akpọkiri Faịlụ:JJeffreyApapaneMosquito.jpg|Iri nri n'ahụ nnụnnụ </gallery> === Ịchọta ndị Ọ ga-ebunye Ọrịa === [[Faịlụ:How_to_attract_mosquitoes.svg|thumb|Anụ anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara na-ahụ ndị na-elekọta ha site na iji ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere carbon dioxide, okpomọkụ, na ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche na-esi ísì ụtọ.]] Ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta na-achọ nri n'isi ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ mgbede, wee gaa ezumike n'ebe dị jụụ mgbe okpomọkụ ehihie na-arị elu. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ụdị dị ka Asian tiger mosquito na-agagharị ma na-eri nri n'ehihie. Anwụnta na-eji ọtụtụ njirimara pụrụ iche dị n'ahụ mmadụ wee họrọ onye ha ga-ata, n'ihi na nụrụ ísì CO2 n'ikuku na-akpali ha iji anya na usoro ịnụ ísì ha mewe nchọpụta miri emi. Nnyocha kemịkalụ na-egosi na ndị ahụ ha na-emepụta carboxylic acid n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na-adọta anwụnta kachasị. E wezụga nke ahụ, ísì ọsụsọ mmadụ nwere kemịkal pụrụ iche nke na-agwa anwụnta na ọ bụ mmadụ dị nso, ọ bụghị naanị anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ọbara ọkụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ísì ndị a (VOCs) na-apụta mgbe nje bacteria dị n'akpụkpọ ahụ na-agbari ọsụsọ, ebe ihe dị ka ịdị arọ ahụ, homonụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na nsogbu ahụike na-emekwa ka ísì ahụ onye ọ bụla dị iche. N'ikpeazụ, nje Plasmodium nke na-ebute ịba nwere ike ịgbanwe ísì onye ọrịa site na ime ka ọ mepụta nnukwu kemịkal aldehydes dị ka heptanal, octanal, na nonanal. Mpi anwụnta (antennae) na-achọpụta ísì ndị a ngwa ngwa, nke na-eme ka anwụnta na-akachasị ata ndị e mebiri ahụ site n'ọrịa ịba.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Robinson|first=Ailie|date=May 2018|title=Plasmodium -associated changes in human odor attract mosquitoes|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|volume=115|issue=18|pages=E4209–E4218|doi=10.1073/pnas.1721610115|pmid=29666273}}</ref> E wezụga ịnụ ísì, anwụnta na-ejikwa anya ha na-achọ onye ha ga-ata site n'ileba anya n'ụdị ụcha dị iche iche. Ha na- enwere mmasị siri ike n'agba nwere ogologo wavelengths, nke na- pụta ìhè dị ka ụcha mmanụ anwụ (oroma) na ọbara ọbara—ụcha ndị pụrụ iche n'akpụkpọ mmadụ n'agbanyeghị ụdị agba anyị nwere. E wezụga nke ahụ, ha na- achọkarị ihe ndị gbara ọchịchịrị na ihe nwere contrast doro anya, n'ihi otú agba ndị a siri na-apụta ìhè mgbe e jiri ha tụnyere ebe ndị na-acha ọkụ n'azụ ha.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|author=Alonso San Alberto|first=Diego|date=2022-02-04|title=The olfactory gating of visual preferences to human skin and visible spectra in mosquitoes|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=13|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28195-x|pmid=35121739}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Culex_mosquito_proboscis.jpg|thumb|Foto microscope eletrọn nke ọnụ nke anwụnta ''Culex'']] .<ref name="ReferenceA" />Ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche emepụtala usoro pụrụ iche e ji amata mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ha chọrọ ịta. Nnyocha e mere n'etiti ụdị Aedes aegypti na-ata naanị mmadụ na nke na-ata anụmanụ na-egosi na mmasị ha nwere maka ísì mmadụ sitere na mmụba nke receptor e ji amata kemịkalụ sulcatone n'ísì mmadụ, nke a na-akpọ AaegOr4. Agbanyeghị na anwụnta ịba Anopheles gambiae nwekwara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa OR4 nke sulcatone na-akpali, ha na AaegOr4 enweghị njikọ chiri anya. Nke a na-egosi na ụdị anwụnta abụọ a mụtara ịta mmadụ n'ụzọ dị iche n'onwe ha n'agbanyeghị na ha enweghị otu usoro evolushọn (evolution). === Akụkụ ọnụ === Akụkụ ọnụ anwụnta nke nwanyị na-amụta nke ọma na ịpịa akpụkpọ ahụ na ịmị ọbara. Ụmụ nwoke na-aṅụ naanị mmiri shuga, ha nwekwara ọnụ ndị na-adịchaghị mma.<ref name="Wahid Sunahara Mogi 2003">{{Cite journal|author=Wahid|first=Isra|title=Maxillae and Mandibles of Male Mosquitoes and Female Autogenous Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=40|issue=2|date=2003-03-01|doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.150|pages=150–158|pmid=12693842}}</ref> <ref name="NPR mouthparts">{{Cite web|author=Quirós|first=Gabriela|title=WATCH: Mosquitoes Use 6 Needles To Suck Your Blood|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/480653821/watch-mosquitoes-use-6-needles-to-suck-your-blood|publisher=NPR|accessdate=13 December 2023|date=June 7, 2016|archivedate=3 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103011402/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/480653821/watch-mosquitoes-use-6-needles-to-suck-your-blood}}</ref> <ref name="Choo Buss Tan Leal 2015">{{Cite journal|author=Choo|first=Young-Moo|title=Multitasking roles of mosquito labrum in oviposition and blood feeding|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=6|date=2015-10-29|pmid=26578978|doi=10.3389/fphys.2015.00306}}</ref><ref name="Zahran Sawires Hamza 2022">{{Cite journal|author=Zahran|first=Nagwan|title=Piercing and sucking mouth parts sensilla of irradiated mosquito, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) with gamma radiation|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=12|issue=1|date=2022-10-25|pmid=36284127|doi=10.1038/s41598-022-22348-0}}</ref>N'èzí, usoro nri doro anya nke anwụnta bụ proboscis, nke nwere egbugbere ọnụ, U-shaped na ngalaba dị ka Mmiri ozuzo, nke na-ekpuchi ụyọkọ (fascicle) nke ọnụ isii na-agbapu ma ọ bụ stylets. Ndị a bụ agbà abụọ, agbà abụọ ahụ, hypopharynx, na labrum. Ọnụ ya na-agbadata n'ime ụta mgbe anwụnta ahụ malitere ịta, na-anọgide na-emetụ akpụkpọ ahụ aka ma na-eduzi stylets ala. A na-ebugharị isi ndị dị nkọ nke labrum na maxillae azụ na n'ihu iji hụ ụzọ ha ga-esi banye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ, na naanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ike ga-adị mkpa iji banye n'ahụ ahụ na agịga, na-akpata ntinye na-enweghị ihe mgbu.<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" heights="275" widths="350"> Faịlụ:Evolution_of_mosquito_mouthparts.svg|Mmepegharị akụkụ ọnụ anwụnta ka oge na-aga, ebe akụkụ ọnụ ụsụ-akụ (nke e gosipụtara ma n'ọnọdụ ha ma nke kewapụrụ iche) na-anọchi anya ọnọdụ mbụ ga-enwe mbụ. Akụkụ ọnụ niile gbanahụrụ labium bụ stylets, nke e mere ka ọ bụrụ ngwugwu ma ọ bụ ukwu. Faịlụ:Feeding_mosquito,_mouthparts_labelled.svg|Akụkụ ọnụ anwụnta nwanyị mgbe ọ na-aṅụ ọbara, nke na-egosipụta obere akpa labium na-ehachi ehachi nke na-akwado paịpụ ịghọ na ịṅụ ihe nke na-adụkebe n'akpụkpọ ahụ onye o nọ n'ahụ ya. </gallery> === Mmanụ ala === E wezụga nke ahụ, mkpịsị anwụnta (saliva) nwere enzymes dị pụrụ iche nke na-enyere ha aka igbari nri shuga ha na-aṅụ, yana ihe ndị na-egbochi nje (antimicrobial agents) nke na-alụso uto nje bacteria ọgụ n'ime nri shuga ah. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rossignol|first=P.A.|title=Bacteriolytic factor in the salivary glands of Aedes aegypti|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry|volume=83|issue=4|pages=819–822|year=1986|pmid=3519067|doi=10.1016/0305-0491(86)90153-7}}</ref> Mkpịsị anwụnta (saliva) nwere ngwakọta pụrụ iche nke proteins na-enyere ya aka ịṅụ ọbara n'enweghị nsogbu site n'ichetara ma mebie usoro nchekwa ahụ nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ mmadụ ọ na-ata. === Ọganihu àkwá na ịgbari ọbara === [[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anopheles stephensi'' nwanyị na-etinye ọbara ma malite ịfe mmiri na-achọghị iji mee ohere n'ime eriri afọ ya maka ihe ndị ọzọ siri ike.]] Mgb anwụnta nwanyị aṅụchaa ọbara buru ibu, nri ahụ na-akpali homonụ na-amalite mmepe àkwá n'ahụ ya. Mgbe ọ dọpụtara proboscis ya, eriri afọ ya jupụtara na ọbara na-ewepụta peritrophic membrane nke na-ekpuchi ọbara ahụ ka ọ kewapụ ya n'akụkụ afọ ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ọtụtụ ahụhụ na-aṅụ mmiri, anwụnta na-ewepụta mmiri karịrị akarị n'ahụ ya ọbụna mgbe ọ ka na-aṅụ ọbara ahụ, nke na-enyere ya aka ịnakọta naanị protin na ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ na-enweghị ibu mmiri arọ. == Nbudata == === Ọdịdị Ụwa === Anwụnta nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ (cosmopolitans), n'ihi na a na-enweta ha n'ala dum n'ụwa ma e wezụga Antarctica na obere agwaetiti ole na ole. Àkwá anwụnta ndị bi n'ebe oyi (temperate regions) na-agụ ike iguzogide oyi karịa àkwá ụdị sitere n'ebe na-ekpo ọkụ (tropics). Ọtụtụ na-aguzogide okpomọkụ dị ala nke ukwuu, ebe ndị tolitere etolite n'ime ụdị ụfọdụ na-alanarị oge oyi site n'izobe n'obere ebe dị jụụ dị ka oghere osisi ma ọ bụ n'ime ụlọ. === Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe === <ref>{{Cite news|author=Horton|first=Helena|date=21 October 2025|title=Mosquitoes found in Iceland for first time as climate crisis warms country|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/oct/21/mosquitoes-found-iceland-first-time-climate-crisis-warms-country}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == === Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na nje === <ref>{{Cite web|author=Beck|first=Kevin|title=What Eats Mosquitoes?|date=November 22, 2019|url=https://sciencing.com/eats-mosquitoes-8568515.html|accessdate=31 May 2021|work=Sciencing|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215704/https://sciencing.com/eats-mosquitoes-8568515.html}}</ref> Mgbe anwụnta tolitere etolite pụta n'elu ọdọ mmiri, ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri anụ dị ka Empididae, Dolichopodidae, na ududo na-ejide ma na-eri ha ngwa ngwa. E wezụga nke ahụ, nnụnụ dị ka swifts na swallows, yana anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụsụ, na-achụ ma na-eri anwụnta ndị a mgbe ha na-efe efe n'ikuku.<ref name="Medlock Snow 2008">{{Cite journal|author=Medlock|first=J. M.|title=Natural predators and parasites of British mosquitoes–a review|journal=European Mosquito Bulletin|volume=25|issue=1|year=2008|pages=1–11|url=https://e-m-b.myspecies.info/sites/e-m-b.org/files/European_Mosquito_Bulletin_Publications811/EMB25/EMB25_1.pdf|accessdate=15 December 2023}}</ref> E wezụga anụmanụ na-eri ha, anwụnta na-arịawanye ọrịa site na obere ihe ndị dị ndụ na nje dị iche iche. Dị ka ihe atụ, ụmụ ahụhụ hydrachnid, ciliates dị ka Glaucoma, na microsporidians dị ka Thelohania na-amụba n'ahụ ha. E wezụga ha, ụdị fungi dị iche iche sitere na ezinụlọ Saprolegniaceae na Entomophthoraceae na-ebukwa anwụnta ọrịa ma na-egbu ha.<ref name="Medlock Snow 2008" /> === Mkpụrụ osisi === [[Faịlụ:Mosquito_on_marigold_flower.JPG|thumb|Anụ anwụnta na-eleta okooko osisi marigold maka ihe na-atọ ụtọ]] Ọtụtụ okooko osisi gụnyere ndị otu Asteraceae, Rosaceae na [[Orchid|Orchidaceae]] na-agbanye site na anwụnta, nke na-eleta iji nweta mmiri shuga. Njikọ osisi ole na ole bụ ndị pụrụ iche maka mmịpụta anwụnta, dị ka ''Platanthera'' orchids nke ụdị ''Aedes'' na-eme mmịpụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Foster|first=Woodbridge A.|date=2024|title=Mosquito pollination of plants: an overview of their role and an assessment of the possible contribution of disease vectors|journal=[[Transgenic Research]]|volume=33|issue=5|pages=297–322|doi=10.1007/s11248-024-00394-w|pmid=39172353}}</ref> Ha na-adọrọ mmasị na okooko osisi site na ọtụtụ semiochemicals dị ka alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, na terpenes. Ha nwekwara ike iji akara ngosi anya gụnyere UV reflectivity.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shannon|first=Danica M|date=2024|title=Mosquito floral visitation and pollination|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214574524000725|journal=Current Opinion in Insect Science|language=en|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.cois.2024.101230|pmid=38971524|accessdate=25 October 2025}}</ref> Anụ anwụnta eletawo ma na-eme ka okooko osisi na-agbasa kemgbe oge Cretaceous. O kwere omume na anwụnta na-amị ọbara na-amịrị.<ref name="Peach-Gries-2020" /> === Ịkpa Onwe Anụ === <ref name="Poulin Randhawa 2015">{{Cite journal|author=Poulin|first=Robert|title=Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to genomics|journal=[[Parasitology (journal)|Parasitology]]|date=February 2015|volume=142|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S6–S15|doi=10.1017/S0031182013001674|pmid=24229807}} {{open access}}</ref> == Ọdịdị == === Ihe ndekọ fossil === [[Faịlụ:Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg|alt=Fossilized mosquito encased in amber|thumb|Anụ anwụnta Culex malariager butere nje ịba ''[[Dominican Republic|Dominican]]" id="mwA2o" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Plasmodium dominicana">Plasmodium Dominicana'', na amber Dominican nke afọ Miocene, 15-20 nde afọ gara aga <ref name="Poinar 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Poinar|first=George|title=Evolutionary History of Terrestrial Pathogens and Endoparasites as Revealed in Fossils and Subfossils|journal=Advances in Biology|volume=2014|date=2014-06-12|doi=10.1155/2014/181353|pages=1–29}}</ref>]] Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2023 tụrụ aro na Libanoculex intermedius a chọtara na Lebanese amber (sitere n'oge Barremian nke Early Cretaceous, ihe dị ka nde afọ 125 gara aga) bụ anwụnta kacha ochie a maara. Otú ọ dị, a na-arụ ụka n'ezie njirimara ya, ebe ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ na-alụ na ọ bụ ụdị chaoborid kama. === Nchịkọta === There are over 3,700<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: About the mosquito|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/index.html|date=2024|accessdate=8 August 2025|archivedate=7 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807042937/https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/index.html}}</ref> species of mosquitoes; 112 genera have been described. They are traditionally divided into two subfamilies, the Anophelinae and the Culicinae, which carry different diseases. Roughly speaking, protozoal diseases like malaria are transmitted by anophelines, while viral diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever are transmitted by culicines.<ref name="Molina-Cruz Lehmann Knöckel 2013 pp. 530–537">{{Cite journal|author=Molina-Cruz|first=Alvaro|title=Could culicine mosquitoes transmit human malaria?|journal=[[Trends in Parasitology]]|volume=29|issue=11|date=2013|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2013.09.003|pages=530–537|pmid=24140295}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Germany na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ bụ Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha Culicidae na nhazi nke mpịakọta asaa ya nke e bipụtara na 1818-1838. <ref name="Meigen 1818">{{Cite book|author=Meigen|first=Johann Wilhelm|authorlink=Johann Wilhelm Meigen|date=1818–1838|title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten|language=de|location=Aachen|publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/9/mode/1up|accessdate=16 December 2023}}</ref> E mere ka ụyọkọ ụmụ ahụhụ dị elu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ Frederick Vincent Theobald bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke ise na Culicidae.<ref name="Theobald1901">{{Cite book|author=Theobald|first=Frederick Vincent|authorlink=Frederick Vincent Theobald|date=1901|title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes|location=London|publisher=[[British Museum (Natural History)]]|url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n3/mode/2up}}</ref> E nyere ya ihe atụ anwụnta e zigara na British Museum (Natural History) site na gburugburu ụwa, na ntụziaka nke 1898 nke odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain, onye dere na "n'ihi njikọ nwere ike ịdị na ịba na anwụnta, ọ dị mma inweta ihe ọmụma ziri ezi banyere ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị jikọtara ya na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Ya mere, m ga-arịọ gị ... ka ị nweta nchịkọta nke ụmụ ahụhụ nwere nku na Colony nke ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ anụmanụ".<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{Cite journal|author=Harbach|first=R. E.|date=January 2016|title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=[[Zoologica Scripta]]|volume=45|pages=34–47|url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216|doi=10.1111/zsc.12137|accessdate=16 December 2023}}</ref> === Ọdịdị === ==== N'èzí ==== Anụ anwụnta bụ ndị otu ezinụlọ nke ezi ụmụ ahụhụ (usoro Diptera) : Culicidae (site na Latịn {{Lang|la|culex}}, genitive {{Lang|la|culicis}}, nke pụtara "midge" ma ọ bụ "gnat"). <ref name="isbn0-398-06179-3">{{Cite book|author=Jaeger|first=Edmund C.|authorlink=Edmund Jaeger|title=A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms|publisher=Thomas|location=Springfield, Ill|year=1959}}</ref> Ha bụ ndị otu Culicomorpha na superfamily Culicoidea. Osisi phylogenetic dabeere na ọrụ FLYTREE.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yeates|first=David K.|title=Phylogeny of True Flies (Diptera): A 250 Million Year Old Success Story in Terrestrial Diversification|url=http://www.inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/|work=Flytree|publisher=Illinois Natural History Survey|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228210535/http://inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/|archivedate=28 December 2015|accessdate=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yeates|first=David K.|title=Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects|year=2007|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=1668|pages=565–590|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.27}}</ref>{{clade|{{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Ptychopteromorpha]] (phantom and primitive crane-flies) [[File:Ptychoptera contaminata male Walker 1856 plate-XXVIII.png|70px]] |label2=[[Culicomorpha]] |2={{clade |1=[[Chironomidae]] (non-biting midges) [[File:Chironomus ferrugineovittatus m.png|70px]] |2={{clade |1=Simulioidea (blackflies and biting midges) [[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 11052 Biting midge on human skin (cropped).jpg|60px]] |label2=[[Culicoidea]] |2={{clade |1=[[Dixidae]] (meniscus midges) [[File:Dixa nebulosa adult John Curtis British Entomology 409.png|70px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Corethrellidae]] (frog-biting midges) |2={{clade |1=[[Chaoboridae]] (phantom midges) [[File:Chaoborus crystallinus male as Corethra plumicornis (Walker Insecta Britanica Vol 3 page 397 plate XXV).png|60px]] |2='''Culicidae''' [[File:Stegomyia fasciata.jpg|100px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=other midges and gnats [[File:Isoneuromyia annandalei.jpg|70px]] |2=all other flies, inc. [[Brachycera]] [[File:Syrphidae icon.jpg|70px]] }} }}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;|label1=[[Diptera]]|sublabel1=(true flies)}}Ezinụlọ abụọ nke anwụnta bụ Anophelinae, nke nwere ụdị atọ na ihe dịka ụdị 430, na Culicinae, Nke nwere agbụrụ 11, ụdị 108 na ụdị 3,046. Kyanne Reidenbach na ndị ọrụ ibe ya nyochara phylogenetics nke anwụnta na 2009, na-eji ma DNA nuklia na ọdịdị nke ụdị 26. Ha na-ekwu na Anophelinae gosipụtara na ọ bụ ihe dị n'okpuru, mana akụkụ ndị dị omimi nke osisi ahụ anaghị edozi nke ọma.<ref name="Reidenbach Cook Bertone Harbach 2009">{{Cite journal|author=Reidenbach|first=Kyanne R.|title=Phylogenetic analysis and temporal diversification of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) based on nuclear genes and morphology|journal=[[BMC Evolutionary Biology]]|volume=9|issue=1|date=2009|pmid=20028549|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-298}}</ref>{{clade|{{clade |1=basal spp. |2={{clade |label1=[[Anophelinae]] |1=[[File:Anopheles gambiae mosquito feeding 1354.p lores.jpg|125px]] |label2=[[Culicinae]] |2={{clade |1=other spp. |2={{clade |1=[[Aedini]] [[File:Aedes aegypti feeding (cropped).jpg|125px]] |2={{clade |1=other spp. |2=[[Sabethini]] [[File:Sabethes albiprivus (cropped).jpg|125px]] }} }} }} }} }}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;|label1='''Culicidae'''}} == Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ mmadụ == [[Faịlụ:Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg|thumb|''Anopheles albimanus'' na-eri nri n'aka mmadụ. Dị ka anwụnta bụ naanị ihe na-ebute [[Iba|ịba]], ịchịkwa ha na-ebelata ọbịbịa ya.]] === Ihe ndị na-ebute ọrịa === Anụ anwụnta bụ ihe na-ebute ọtụtụ microorganisms na-akpata ọrịa gụnyere nje bacteria, Nje virus, na protozoan parasites. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ 700 na-arịa ọrịa anwụnta kwa afọ, na-akpata ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ.<ref name="EBMED2014">{{Cite web|title=Mosquito as Deadly Menace|url=https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link|publisher=[[Pfizer]]|accessdate=10 December 2023|archivedate=25 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825170028/https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Explainer: How climate change is amplifying mosquito-borne diseases|url=https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases|accessdate=2024-06-20|work=World Mosquito Program|date=22 April 2022|archivedate=27 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127042108/https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases}}</ref> Ọrịa nje virus na-ebute site na anwụnta na-agụnye yellow fever,<ref name="WHO2 014">{{Cite web|title=Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219011908/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|archivedate=19 February 2014}}</ref> [[chikungunya]] na dengue fever, niile na-ebufe site na ''Aedes aegypti''.<ref name="WHO 2009">{{Cite book|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf|title=Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|year=2009|isbn=978-92-4-154787-1|accessdate=2013-08-13}}</ref><ref name="BBC250814">{{Cite news|work=BBC News|date=14 August 2025|first=Dominic|author=Hughes|title=UK cases of mosquito-borne virus more than double|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c7419g1l488o|accessdate=14 August 2025}}</ref> Ọrịa parasitic nke anwụnta na-ebute gụnyere [[Iba|ịba]] na lymphatic filariasis. Nje ''[[Plasmodium]]'' nke na-akpata ịba bụ nke anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' na-ebu. Lymphatic filariasis, isi ihe na-akpata elephantiasis, na-agbasa site na ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lymphatic Filariasis|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation]]|accessdate=24 August 2011|archivedate=5 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505163529/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/}}</ref> Ọrịa nje bacteria nke anwụnta ''Culex'' na ''Culiseta'' na-agbasa bụ tularemia.<ref name="pmid21776596">{{Cite journal|author=Muslu|first=H.|title=[Evaluation of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) identified in Manisa province according to their breeding sites and seasonal differences]|language=tr|journal=Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi|volume=35|issue=2|pages=100–104|year=2011|pmid=21776596|doi=10.5152/tpd.2011.25}}</ref> === Nchịkwa === [[Faịlụ:Mosquito_Netting.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta anwụnta nwere ike igbochi ndị mmadụ ịta ha mgbe ha na-ehi ụra.]] A nwalere ọtụtụ usoro maka Nchịkwa anwụnta, gụnyere iwepụ ebe ha na-amụ nwa, iwepụ site na windo windo na ụgbụ anwụnta, nchịkwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na nje dịka fungi<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/10/science/10mosquito.html|title=Fungus Fatal to Mosquito May Aid Global War on Malaria|date=10 June 2005|work=The New York Times|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kramer|first=J.P.|title=''Entomophthora culicis'' (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales) as a pathogen of ''adultaedes aegypti'' (diptera, culicidae)|journal=Aquatic Insects|volume=4|issue=2|pages=73–79|year=1982|doi=10.1080/01650428209361085}}</ref> na nematodes,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shamseldean|first=M.M.|title=''Romanomermis culicivorax'': penetration of larval mosquitoes|journal=[[Journal of Invertebrate Pathology]]|volume=54|issue=2|pages=191–199|date=September 1989|pmid=2570111|doi=10.1016/0022-2011(89)90028-1}}</ref> ma ọ bụ ndị na-eri ibe ha dị ka azụ,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Krumholz|first=Louis A.|title=Reproduction in the Western Mosquitofish, ''Gambusia affinis affinis'' (Baird & Girard), and Its Use in Mosquito Control|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=18|issue=1|year=1948|pages=1–43|doi=10.2307/1948627}}</ref><ref name="Jianguo-Dashu-1995">{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-27870-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html|chapter=Part III: Interactions - 31. A Comparative Study of the Ability of Fish to Catch Mosquito Larva|title=Rice-fish culture in China|isbn=978-1-55250-313-3|year=1995|publisher=International Development Research Centre|first=Wang|author=Jianguo|editor=MacKay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fradin|first=M.S.|title=Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician's guide|journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]]|volume=128|issue=11|pages=931–940|date=June 1998|pmid=9634433|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-128-11-199806010-00013}}</ref> copepods,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Marten|first=G.G.|title=Cyclopoid copepods|journal=Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association|volume=23|issue=2 Suppl|pages=65–92|year=2007|pmid=17853599|doi=10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[65:CC]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> dragonfly nymphs na ndị okenye, na ụfọdụ ụdị ezé na agụ owuru.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Canyon|first=D.V.|title=The gecko: an environmentally friendly biological agent for mosquito control|journal=Medical and Veterinary Entomology|volume=11|issue=4|pages=319–323|date=October 1997|pmid=9430109|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00416.x}}</ref> Ụzọ ọzọ bụ iwebata ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ nwoke na-adịghị amị. <ref name="twsE44">{{Cite news|author=Carpenter|first=Jennifer|title=Spermless mosquitoes hold promise to stop malaria|publisher=[[BBC]]|quote=Scientists have created spermless mosquitoes in an effort to curb the spread of malaria.|date=8 August 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14422440|accessdate=5 August 2011}}</ref> Usoro mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa gụnyere enweghị nkwekọrịta cytoplasmic, translocations chromosomal, mgbagwoju anya mmekọahụ na mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ nketa, ngwọta a na-ahụ dị ka ihe dị ọnụ ala na nke na-adịghị adabere na mgbochi vector. A tụwo aro ịchịkwa anwụnta na-ebu ọrịa site na iji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kyrou|first=Kyros Kyrou|title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting ''doublesex'' causes complete population suppression in caged ''Anopheles gambiae'' mosquitoes|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=36|issue=11|pages=1062–1066|date=Sep 24, 2018|doi=10.1038/nbt.4245|pmid=30247490|url=http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/64952/11/nbt.4245.pdf|accessdate=September 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Michael Le Page|title=Gene tool could halt malaria spread|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=Sep 29, 2018|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931974-000-evolution-defying-dna-makes-mosquitoes-infertile-by-changing-their-sex|accessdate=November 2, 2018}}</ref> === Ihe Na-egbochi === [[Faịlụ:Insect_repellents_in_Finnish_store.jpg|thumb|Ihe na-egbochi anwụnta (gụnyere coil anwụnta) n'ụlọ ahịa Finland]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf|title=Electronic mosquito repellents for preventing mosquito bites and malaria infection|accessdate=2018-09-19|archivedate=2017-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808175758/http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf}}</ref>A na-etinye ihe na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ iji nweta nchebe pụọ n'ịta anwụnta. Kemịkalụ DEET na-achụpụ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ dị mma. Dị ka nhazi CDC si dị, ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ a na-atụ aro gụnyere picaridin, mmanụ eucalyptus (PMD), na ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535). E wezụga nke ahụ, pyrethrum nke sitere n'osisi Chrysanthemum bụ ihe mgbochi okike sitere na osisi. Agbanyeghị na a na-ere ngwaọrụ eletrọniki na-emepụta ultrasound iji gbochie anwụnta, enweghị nnyocha sitere na EPA ma ọ bụ mahadum gosiri na ngwaọrụ ndị a na-egbochi anwụnta ịta mmadụ n'ezie. === Ịta === Ịta anw ụnta na-ebute mmeghachi omume dị iche iche n'akpụkpọ ahụ, nke pụrụ ikpata ahụ erughị ala siri ike ma ma a tụnyere ịta ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe na-ebute ụdị mmeghachi omume a bụ ahụ mmadụ ịmụta mgbochigabiga (hypersensitivity) n'ihi protin na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mkpịsị anwụnta. == Na omenala mmadụ == === Akụkọ ifo ndị Gris === [[Faịlụ:Rackham-gnat_and_bull.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Arthur Rackham nke akụkọ ifo nke "The Bull and the Mosquito", 1912]] Akụkọ ifo anụ ọhịa ndị Grik oge ochie gụnyere "Enyí na Anụgbụgbọ" na "Nku na Anụgbọ Anụgbọ", na omume ọma n'ozuzu na nnukwu anụ ọhịa ahụ anaghị ahụ ọbụna obere, sitere na Mesopotemia.<ref name="Adrados1999">{{Cite book|author=Adrados|first=Francisco Rodríguez|authorlink=Francisco Rodríguez Adrados|title=History of the Graeco-Latin Fable|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=093Gl8KEktMC&pg=PA324|year=1999|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-11454-8|accessdate=2016-02-18}}</ref> === Akụkọ ifo mmalite === Ndị Siberia nwere akụkọ ifo gbasara anwụnta. Otu akụkọ ifo Ostiak na-akọ banyere nnukwu mmadụ na-eri mmadụ, ''Punegus'', onye dike gburu ma ọ gaghị anọgide na-anwụ. Onye dike ahụ mechara gbaa dike ahụ ọkụ, mana ntụ nke ọkụ ahụ ghọrọ anwụnta na-aga n'ihu na-ata ahụhụ. Akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ sitere na ndị Yakut, Goldes (Ndị Nanai), na Samoyed nwere ahụhụ sitere na ntụ ma ọ bụ iberibe nke ụfọdụ nnukwu ihe e kere eke ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. Akụkọ ndị yiri nke a chọtara n'akụkọ ifo ndị North America, na anwụnta sitere na ntụ nke onye na-eri mmadụ, na-atụ aro mmalite otu. Ndị Tatar nke Altai nwere ụdị nke otu akụkọ ifo ahụ, nke gụnyere iberibe nnukwu onye nwụrụ anwụ, ''Andalma-Muus'', na-aghọ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ. Lafcadio Hearn na-ekwu na na Japan, a na-ahụ anwụnta dị ka reincarnations nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ, ndị njehie nke ndụ ha gara aga katọrọ na ọnọdụ nke ''Jiki-ketsu-gaki'', ma ọ bụ "ihe na-aṅụ ọbara".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hearn|first=Lafcadio|authorlink=Lafcadio Hearn|chapter=Mosquitoes|title=Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|origdate=1968|year=2020|isbn=978-1-4209-6751-7|pages=72–74}}</ref> === Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ === [[Faịlụ:Winsor_McCay_(1912)_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm|thumbtime=00:36|alt=Silent animated black-and-white film of a giant mosquito drinking blood from a sleeping man.|thumb|''How a Mosquito Operates'' (1912)]] Ihe nkiri Winsor McCay nke 1912 How a Mosquito Operates bụ otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke animation. A kọwawo ya dị anya karịa oge ya na nkà na ụzụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Webster|first=Chris|title=Action Analysis for Animators|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jylUYRFfcywC|year=2012|publisher=[[Focal Press]]|isbn=978-0-240-81218-2|accessdate=2022-09-04}}</ref> Ọ na-egosi nnukwu anwụnta na-emekpa nwoke na-ehi ụra ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Canemaker|first=John|authorlink=John Canemaker|title=Winsor McCay: His Life and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vs82AQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=[[Abrams Books]]|isbn=978-0-8109-5941-5}}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri iri na abụọ nke Royal Navy bu aha HMS Mosquito ma ọ bụ ụdị ochie nke aha ahụ, HMS ''Musquito'' . de Havilland Mosquito bụ ụgbọ elu na-agba ọsọ nke e mepụtara n'etiti 1940 na 1950, ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=De Havilland Mosquito|url=http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html|publisher=The Aviation History Online Museum|accessdate=21 November 2015|archivedate=11 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111050938/http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html}}</ref> Obodo Russia nke Berezniki na-eme emume anwụnta ya kwa afọ site na 17th nke July ruo 20th na asọmpi "nwa agbọghọ kachasị mma". N'asọmpi ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-eguzo maka nkeji iri abụọ na uwe mkpụmkpụ na uwe mkpuchi (British: vests), onye na-enweta ọtụtụ ihe na-emeri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-33525015|title=Russia: Mosquitoes honoured at annual festival|work=BBC News|date=July 14, 2015|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> A na-etinye Agịga sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Mosquito proboscis na imewe Biomimetic maka iji ya mee ihe na ọgwụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gurera|first=Dev|title=Lessons from mosquitoes' painless piercing|journal=Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials|date=August 2018|volume=84|pages=178–187|doi=10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.025|pmid=29793155}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=Annie D. R.|title=Mosquito proboscis-inspired needle insertion to reduce tissue deformation and organ displacement|journal=Scientific Reports|date=22 July 2020|volume=10|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-68596-w|pmid=32699296}}</ref>{{Clear}} == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g5wetgvl18dii4628ek4lkohhdb8q2f 0 79206 705521 705302 2026-08-23T15:14:45Z Topcriminologist 65515 705521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàakụ̀ azụ̀''' [[File:20160805 Inle Lake 7434.jpg|thumb|Fisherman on Inle Lake in Myanmar]] ==Nkọwa== bụ onye na-ejide azụ na anụmanụ mmiri ndị ọzọ maka ọrụ, maka nri, ma ọ bụ maka ntụrụndụ. ==Nkejiasụsụ== Aha ==Ọmụmaatụmatụ== *Nnam bụ onyè nàakụ̀ azụ̀ *onyè nàakụ̀ azụ̀ n'abịa n'ụlọ anyị taa ==Mkpọpụta== [[File:Ig-onyè nàakụ̀ azụ̀.ogg|thumb|Ig-onyè nàakụ̀ azụ̀]] ==Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherman Fisherman] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù:Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] 5j91kpgmycp6irfrudz2dblu5hzsckb 705568 705521 2026-08-24T06:53:55Z Topcriminologist 65515 705568 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàakụ̀ azụ̀''' [[File:20160805 Inle Lake 7434.jpg|thumb|Fisherman on Inle Lake in Myanmar]] ==Nkọwa== bụ onye na-ejide azụ na anụmanụ mmiri ndị ọzọ maka ọrụ, maka nri, ma ọ bụ maka ntụrụndụ. ==Nkejiasụsụ== Aha ==Ọmụmaatụmatụ== *Nnam bụ onyè nàakụ̀ azụ̀ *onyè nàakụ̀ azụ̀ n'abịa n'ụlọ anyị taa ==Mkpọpụta== [[File:Ig-onyè nàakụ̀ azụ̀.ogg|thumb|Ig-onyè nàakụ̀ azụ̀]] ==Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherman Fisherman] [[Otù:Aha]] [[Otù:Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] sy0fas86gk5luqzbdwxe4lesal1hzs3 705569 705568 2026-08-24T06:54:25Z Topcriminologist 65515 705569 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàakụ̀ azụ̀''' [[File:20160805 Inle Lake 7434.jpg|thumb|Fisherman on Inle Lake in Myanmar]] ==Nkọwa== bụ onye na-ejide azụ na anụmanụ mmiri ndị ọzọ maka ọrụ, maka nri, ma ọ bụ maka ntụrụndụ. ==Nkejiasụsụ== Aha ==Ọmụmaatụmatụ== *Nnam bụ onyè nàakụ̀ azụ̀ *onyè nàakụ̀ azụ̀ n'abịa n'ụlọ anyị taa ==Mkpọpụta== [[File:Ig-onyè nàakụ̀ azụ̀.ogg|thumb|Ig-onyè nàakụ̀ azụ̀]] ==Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherman Fisherman] [[Otú:Aha]] [[Otú:Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] i2o6gnuyj2vvoxxilsicogbix8r89p9 0 79213 705524 705487 2026-08-23T15:22:07Z Topcriminologist 65515 705524 wikitext text/x-wiki ===onyè n'esì nrì=== [[File:Failatu Abdul Razak (Chef Faila).jpg|thumb|Chef Failatu the current record holder of the Guinness World Records longest cooking marathon 227 hours.]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-akwadebe nri, na-eme ka ọ dị ụtọ, ma na-esi nri ndị mmadụ ga-eri. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Nne m bụ onye n'eso nri *Aga m abụ onye n'esi nri ===Mkpọpụta=== [[File:Ig-Onyè nàesì nrì.ogg|thumb|Ig-Onyè nàesì nrì]] ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook Cook] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù:Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] fz9hrkon3sqhrngu24cvmofgxinuqu5 0 79217 705522 705508 2026-08-23T15:15:30Z Topcriminologist 65515 705522 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàesè ihè''' [[File:Artist Dileep at CPIM State conference Artists camp.jpg|thumb|Artist Dileep at CPIM State conference Artists camp]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-emepụta ihe osise. Nke a gụnyere onye ọ bụla nke na-eji echiche, nkà, na echiche ihe okike eme ihe dị ka eserese, egwu, ide ihe, ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Ebube bụ onye n'esè ihè ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist Artist] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù:Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] qk0luo2ysp6j14a17xxkf5jgr66nhl3 705523 705522 2026-08-23T15:18:59Z Topcriminologist 65515 705523 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàesè ihè''' [[File:Artist Dileep at CPIM State conference Artists camp.jpg|thumb|Artist Dileep at CPIM State conference Artists camp]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-emepụta ihe osise. Nke a gụnyere onye ọ bụla nke na-eji echiche, nkà, na echiche ihe okike eme ihe dị ka eserese, egwu, ide ihe, ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Ebube bụ onye n'esè ihè ===Mkpọpụta=== [[File:Ig-onyè nàesè ihè.ogg|thumb|Ig-onyè nàesè ihè]] ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist Artist] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù:Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] 32qzyb27sjyanunmqtbu19muj98rzpk 0 79219 705525 2026-08-23T15:34:53Z Topcriminologist 65515 Jiri ''''onyè ntụgharị̀ asụsụ̀''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ ọkachamara nke na-agbanwe okwu ederede site n'otu asụsụ gaa na asụsụ ọzọ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Onyè ntụgharị asụsụ ahụ nwere ezigbo ụlọ *Nna Emeka bụ onyè ntụgharị asụsụ ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation Translator] [[Òtù:Aha]] Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Proj...' kere ihü 705525 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè ntụgharị̀ asụsụ̀''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ ọkachamara nke na-agbanwe okwu ederede site n'otu asụsụ gaa na asụsụ ọzọ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Onyè ntụgharị asụsụ ahụ nwere ezigbo ụlọ *Nna Emeka bụ onyè ntụgharị asụsụ ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation Translator] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] j48tofckit4ybm8kwygg5pcqwklrpb6 705526 705525 2026-08-23T15:37:14Z Topcriminologist 65515 705526 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè ntụgharị̀ asụsụ̀''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ ọkachamara nke na-agbanwe okwu ederede site n'otu asụsụ gaa na asụsụ ọzọ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Onyè ntụgharị asụsụ ahụ nwere ezigbo ụlọ *Nna Emeka bụ onyè ntụgharị asụsụ ===Mkpọpụta=== [File:Ig-Onyè ntụgharị̀ asụsụ̀.ogg|thumb|Ig-Onyè ntụgharị̀ asụsụ̀] ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation Translator] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] pwdpl4piv9hk5fpfb6qooixaij8y1qb 705527 705526 2026-08-23T15:39:07Z Topcriminologist 65515 705527 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè ntụgharị̀ asụsụ̀''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ ọkachamara nke na-agbanwe okwu ederede site n'otu asụsụ gaa na asụsụ ọzọ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Onyè ntụgharị asụsụ ahụ nwere ezigbo ụlọ *Nna Emeka bụ onyè ntụgharị asụsụ ===Mkpọpụta=== [[File:Ig-Onyè ntụgharị̀ asụsụ̀.ogg|thumb|Ig-Onyè ntụgharị̀ asụsụ̀]] ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translator Translator] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] eilphduy5n9m350iteyhhhfzcn1wagf 705556 705527 2026-08-24T02:51:37Z Topcriminologist 65515 705556 wikitext text/x-wiki <blockquote></blockquote>'''onyè ntụgharị̀ asụsụ̀''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ ọkachamara nke na-agbanwe okwu ederede site n'otu asụsụ gaa na asụsụ ọzọ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Onyè ntụgharị asụsụ ahụ nwere ezigbo ụlọ *Nna Emeka bụ onyè ntụgharị asụsụ ===Mkpọpụta=== [[File:Ig-Onyè ntụgharị̀ asụsụ̀.ogg|thumb|Ig-Onyè ntụgharị̀ asụsụ̀]] ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translator Translator] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] thconi92vxljl74v2k0rhidk24zuyh4 0 79220 705528 2026-08-23T15:48:10Z Topcriminologist 65515 Jiri ''''onyè nyochà''' [[File:Researcher at work in her laboratory.jpg|thumb|A researcher works until late in her laboratory.]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ ọkachamara maọbụ ọkà mmụta nke na-eme nyocha a haziri ahazi na nke dị n'usoro iji chọpụta eziokwu ọhụrụ, nwalee echiche efu, ma gbasaa ihe ọmụma n'ọtụtụ ngalaba dịka sayensị, ọgwụ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== Onyè nyochà ahụ nwere ego ===Mkpọpụta=== ==...' kere ihü 705528 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nyochà''' [[File:Researcher at work in her laboratory.jpg|thumb|A researcher works until late in her laboratory.]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ ọkachamara maọbụ ọkà mmụta nke na-eme nyocha a haziri ahazi na nke dị n'usoro iji chọpụta eziokwu ọhụrụ, nwalee echiche efu, ma gbasaa ihe ọmụma n'ọtụtụ ngalaba dịka sayensị, ọgwụ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== Onyè nyochà ahụ nwere ego ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Researcher Researcher] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] 67g64why862g0p6f21s9xoxzpde0zr6 705529 705528 2026-08-23T15:50:01Z Topcriminologist 65515 705529 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nyochà''' [[File:Researcher at work in her laboratory.jpg|thumb|A researcher works until late in her laboratory.]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ ọkachamara maọbụ ọkà mmụta nke na-eme nyocha a haziri ahazi na nke dị n'usoro iji chọpụta eziokwu ọhụrụ, nwalee echiche efu, ma gbasaa ihe ọmụma n'ọtụtụ ngalaba dịka sayensị, ọgwụ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== Onyè nyochà ahụ nwere ego ===Mkpọpụta=== [[File:Ig-onyè nyochà.ogg|thumb|Ig-onyè nyochà]] ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Researcher Researcher] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] 9bousici86ydhr855hh567l2fn8gt3r 0 79221 705530 2026-08-23T16:00:27Z Topcriminologist 65515 Jiri ''''onyè ndụmọdụ̀''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ ọkachamara nke ọrụ ya bụ inye ndụmọdụ ọkachamara, nduzi, ma ọ bụ ndụmọdụ nye mmadụ, ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ gọọmentị. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== * Onyè ndụmọdụ bịara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị taa * Onyè ndụmọdụ gbara anyị okwu ndụmọdụ ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wi...' kere ihü 705530 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè ndụmọdụ̀''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ ọkachamara nke ọrụ ya bụ inye ndụmọdụ ọkachamara, nduzi, ma ọ bụ ndụmọdụ nye mmadụ, ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ gọọmentị. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== * Onyè ndụmọdụ bịara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị taa * Onyè ndụmọdụ gbara anyị okwu ndụmọdụ ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adviser Adviser] [[Òtù:aha]] [[Òtù:Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] fb74o0c0jptcjrevuxauhsvoadz9y78 705531 705530 2026-08-23T16:01:17Z Topcriminologist 65515 705531 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè ndụmọdụ̀''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ ọkachamara nke ọrụ ya bụ inye ndụmọdụ ọkachamara, nduzi, ma ọ bụ ndụmọdụ nye mmadụ, ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ gọọmentị. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== * Onyè ndụmọdụ bịara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị taa * Onyè ndụmọdụ gbara anyị okwu ndụmọdụ ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adviser Adviser] [[òtù:aha]] [[òtù:Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] c2tae1ddn7rlh7tnlxc9wwagavbbvzc 705532 705531 2026-08-23T16:01:52Z Topcriminologist 65515 705532 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè ndụmọdụ̀''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ ọkachamara nke ọrụ ya bụ inye ndụmọdụ ọkachamara, nduzi, ma ọ bụ ndụmọdụ nye mmadụ, ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ gọọmentị. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== * Onyè ndụmọdụ bịara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị taa * Onyè ndụmọdụ gbara anyị okwu ndụmọdụ ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adviser Adviser] [[òtù:aha]] [[òtù:igbo wiktionary project 2.0]] stvuoalt2l00tnk6t4sgjsudl4z1i3f 705533 705532 2026-08-23T16:03:08Z Topcriminologist 65515 705533 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè ndụmọdụ̀''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ ọkachamara nke ọrụ ya bụ inye ndụmọdụ ọkachamara, nduzi, ma ọ bụ ndụmọdụ nye mmadụ, ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ gọọmentị. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== * Onyè ndụmọdụ bịara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị taa * Onyè ndụmọdụ gbara anyị okwu ndụmọdụ ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adviser Adviser] [[Òtù:aha]] [[Òtù:igbo wiktionary project 2.0]] e7wkpiipznlenwycwy1g8jnikhxssh7 705534 705533 2026-08-23T16:03:45Z Topcriminologist 65515 705534 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè ndụmọdụ̀''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ ọkachamara nke ọrụ ya bụ inye ndụmọdụ ọkachamara, nduzi, ma ọ bụ ndụmọdụ nye mmadụ, ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ gọọmentị. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== * Onyè ndụmọdụ bịara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị taa * Onyè ndụmọdụ gbara anyị okwu ndụmọdụ ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adviser Adviser] [[Òtù:aha]] [[Òtù:Igbo Wiktionary Project2.0]] 31apu06dyoewwlpxagmw8cgrxgghd4u 705535 705534 2026-08-23T16:04:12Z Topcriminologist 65515 705535 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè ndụmọdụ̀''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ ọkachamara nke ọrụ ya bụ inye ndụmọdụ ọkachamara, nduzi, ma ọ bụ ndụmọdụ nye mmadụ, ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ gọọmentị. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== * Onyè ndụmọdụ bịara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị taa * Onyè ndụmọdụ gbara anyị okwu ndụmọdụ ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adviser Adviser] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù:Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] 5extnhy2x55fceo3z185uw7zddy0dwi 705536 705535 2026-08-23T16:07:05Z Topcriminologist 65515 705536 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè ndụmọdụ̀''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ ọkachamara nke ọrụ ya bụ inye ndụmọdụ ọkachamara, nduzi, ma ọ bụ ndụmọdụ nye mmadụ, ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ gọọmentị. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== * Onyè ndụmọdụ bịara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị taa * Onyè ndụmọdụ gbara anyị okwu ndụmọdụ ===Mkpọpụta=== [[File:Ig-Onyè ndụmọdụ̀.ogg|thumb|Ig-Onyè ndụmọdụ̀]] ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adviser Adviser] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù:Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] 798vipydvsadry1lgee2syuecqi5bku 0 79222 705537 2026-08-23T16:15:28Z Topcriminologist 65515 Jiri ''''onyè ndù''' ===Nkọwa=== onye na-eduzi, na-akpali, ma na-enyere otu ìgwè mmadụ aka ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji ruo otu ebumnuche. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Onyè ndù ụmụ isreal na akwụkwọ nso bụ chukwu okike *A bụ m onyè ndù n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader Leader] [[Òtù:Aha]] Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Proj...' kere ihü 705537 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè ndù''' ===Nkọwa=== onye na-eduzi, na-akpali, ma na-enyere otu ìgwè mmadụ aka ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji ruo otu ebumnuche. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Onyè ndù ụmụ isreal na akwụkwọ nso bụ chukwu okike *A bụ m onyè ndù n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader Leader] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] e8jivqapju80fmivl0qml26vij5t6su 705538 705537 2026-08-23T16:17:59Z Topcriminologist 65515 705538 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè ndù''' ===Nkọwa=== onye na-eduzi, na-akpali, ma na-enyere otu ìgwè mmadụ aka ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji ruo otu ebumnuche. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Onyè ndù ụmụ isreal na akwụkwọ nso bụ chukwu okike *A bụ m onyè ndù n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị ===Mkpọpụta=== [[File:Ig-onyè ndù.ogg|thumb|Ig-onyè ndù]] ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader Leader] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] th7eqrsapmhls5gtmw4ca1btgmcilcb 0 79223 705539 2026-08-23T16:32:12Z Topcriminologist 65515 Jiri ''''onyè nlekọtà''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye e were n'ọrụ ilekọta ụlọ, ala, ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe mgbe onye nwe ya na-anọghị ebe ahụ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *onyè nlekọtà ụlọ anyị bụ onye ọjọọ *Nna m bụ onyè nlekọtà ụlọ ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker Caretaker] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]]' kere ihü 705539 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nlekọtà''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye e were n'ọrụ ilekọta ụlọ, ala, ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe mgbe onye nwe ya na-anọghị ebe ahụ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *onyè nlekọtà ụlọ anyị bụ onye ọjọọ *Nna m bụ onyè nlekọtà ụlọ ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker Caretaker] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] 819qwwydfu1x3oz3mk9z5a2ex9cfg46 705540 705539 2026-08-23T16:36:14Z Topcriminologist 65515 705540 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nlekọtà''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye e were n'ọrụ ilekọta ụlọ, ala, ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe mgbe onye nwe ya na-anọghị ebe ahụ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *onyè nlekọtà ụlọ anyị bụ onye ọjọọ *Nna m bụ onyè nlekọtà ụlọ ===Mkpọpụta=== [[File:Ig-onyè nlekọtà.ogg|thumb|Ig-onyè nlekọtà]] ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker Caretaker] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] ltuhtkdkt3fx5aonsrme2ota4dgjpue 0 79224 705541 2026-08-23T16:46:01Z Topcriminologist 65515 Jiri ''''onyè nàagbà egwú̀''' [[File:Anna-Duncan-danse-sur-la-plage.jpg|thumb|Anna-Duncan-danse-sur-la-plage]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-akwagharị ahụ n'ụzọ dị egwu, na-abụkarị n'egwu, iji gosipụta echiche, ịkọ akụkọ, ma ọ bụ mee ihe ngosi maka ndị na-ege ntị. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Nwanne nwanyị bụ onyè nàagbà egwú̀ *Nne m bụ onyè nàagbà egwú̀ ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ...' kere ihü 705541 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàagbà egwú̀''' [[File:Anna-Duncan-danse-sur-la-plage.jpg|thumb|Anna-Duncan-danse-sur-la-plage]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-akwagharị ahụ n'ụzọ dị egwu, na-abụkarị n'egwu, iji gosipụta echiche, ịkọ akụkọ, ma ọ bụ mee ihe ngosi maka ndị na-ege ntị. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Nwanne nwanyị bụ onyè nàagbà egwú̀ *Nne m bụ onyè nàagbà egwú̀ ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancer Dancer] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] 1c16jt9vpib9dwbarn46yssdp1xhxfe 705542 705541 2026-08-23T16:54:48Z Topcriminologist 65515 705542 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàagbà egwú̀''' [[File:Anna-Duncan-danse-sur-la-plage.jpg|thumb|Anna-Duncan-danse-sur-la-plage]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-akwagharị ahụ n'ụzọ dị egwu, na-abụkarị n'egwu, iji gosipụta echiche, ịkọ akụkọ, ma ọ bụ mee ihe ngosi maka ndị na-ege ntị. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Nwanne nwanyị bụ onyè nàagbà egwú̀ *Nne m bụ onyè nàagbà egwú̀ ===Mkpọpụta=== [[File:Ig-onyè nàagbà egwú̀.ogg|thumb|Ig-onyè nàagbà egwú̀]] ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancer Dancer] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] 4316vosio32k8em17palnw6ofi11zmr 0 79225 705543 2026-08-23T17:04:44Z Topcriminologist 65515 Jiri ''''onyè nàakpọ̀ egwù''' [[File:James Hetfield with Metallica -- 7 October 2004.jpg|thumb|James Hetfield with Metallica in 2004.]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-ede ihe, na-egwu egwu, na-abụ abụ, ma ọ bụ na-eme egwu. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *onyè nàakpọ̀ egwù abụọ bịara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị taa *Nwanne nwoke bụ onyè nàakpọ̀ egwù ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [h...' kere ihü 705543 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàakpọ̀ egwù''' [[File:James Hetfield with Metallica -- 7 October 2004.jpg|thumb|James Hetfield with Metallica in 2004.]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-ede ihe, na-egwu egwu, na-abụ abụ, ma ọ bụ na-eme egwu. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *onyè nàakpọ̀ egwù abụọ bịara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị taa *Nwanne nwoke bụ onyè nàakpọ̀ egwù ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musician Musician] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] 8ly61ucn2db7wqg0lxnkw7ghwn0sw1g 705544 705543 2026-08-23T17:07:11Z Topcriminologist 65515 705544 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàakpọ̀ egwù''' [[File:James Hetfield with Metallica -- 7 October 2004.jpg|thumb|James Hetfield with Metallica in 2004.]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-ede ihe, na-egwu egwu, na-abụ abụ, ma ọ bụ na-eme egwu. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *onyè nàakpọ̀ egwù abụọ bịara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị taa *Nwanne nwoke bụ onyè nàakpọ̀ egwù ===Mkpọpụta=== [[File:Ig-onyè nàakpọ̀ egwù.ogg|thumb|Ig-onyè nàakpọ̀ egwù]] ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musician Musician] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] 1a74ii6p4uf5bfdt0oxoxegg1cre1b5 0 79226 705545 2026-08-23T17:17:30Z Topcriminologist 65515 Jiri ''''onyè nàemè ihè''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-emepụta, na-ewu, ma ọ bụ na-emepụta ihe site na iji nkà aka. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== A bụ m onyè nàemè ihè ===Mkpọpụta=== ====Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maker Maker] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]]' kere ihü 705545 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàemè ihè''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-emepụta, na-ewu, ma ọ bụ na-emepụta ihe site na iji nkà aka. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== A bụ m onyè nàemè ihè ===Mkpọpụta=== ====Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maker Maker] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] q13qsbxa4tmbyxlpsh29r5g4xxy040j 705546 705545 2026-08-23T17:17:50Z Topcriminologist 65515 705546 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàemè ihè''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-emepụta, na-ewu, ma ọ bụ na-emepụta ihe site na iji nkà aka. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== A bụ m onyè nàemè ihè ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maker Maker] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] pvd91bu64eu9pay6yzpocg1ef9i6r2h 705547 705546 2026-08-23T17:20:35Z Topcriminologist 65515 705547 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàemè ihè''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-emepụta, na-ewu, ma ọ bụ na-emepụta ihe site na iji nkà aka. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== A bụ m onyè nàemè ihè ===Mkpọpụta=== [[File:Ig-onyè nàemè ihè.ogg|thumb|Ig-onyè nàemè ihè]] ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maker Maker] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] 5t5el7dx48eyidzrjbnp3w8kqma9ksd 3 79227 705551 2026-08-24T00:00:54Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 705551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Michael Snow|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 00:00, 24 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)}} 1icz0ytt2untxc6va78awfzpx37kw8u 0 79228 705554 2026-08-24T02:42:49Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369615750|History of malaria]]" 705554 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:"Keep_out_malaria_mosquitoes_repair_your_torn_screen"_-_NARA_-_514969.jpg|thumb|ihe ngosi nke [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] "Kwụsị anwụnta na-ebute ịba, dozie [[:en:Mosquito_net|ihe mkpuchi]] gị dọkara adọka". U.S. Public Health Service, 1941-45]] '''Akụkọ banyere ịba''' sitere na mmalite ya dị ka ọrịa zoonotic na primates nke [[Afrịka]] ruo na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu. Ọrịa na-efe efe nke mmadụ nke gazuru n'ebe nile ma nwee ike igbu mmadụ, n'oge ọ kachasị elu, [[Iba|ịba]] jupụtara na kọntinent ọ bụla ma e wezụga Antarctica.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria|journal=Clin Microbiol Rev|volume=15|issue=4|pages=564–94|year=2002|pmid=12364370|url=http://skishore.wikispaces.com/file/view/Evo-Historical+Aspects+of+Malaria.pdf|doi=10.1128/cmr.15.4.564-594.2002|accessdate=4 August 2012}}</ref> E lekwasịla anya na mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ ya na sayensị na ọgwụgwọ ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Kemgbe nchọpụta nke nje ''[[Plasmodium]]'' nke na-akpata ya, nchọpụta lekwasịrị anya na usoro ndụ ha yana nke anwụnta nke na-ebufe nje ahụ. A na-ahụ ntụaka maka ahụ ọkụ ya pụrụ iche, nke na-eme kwa mgbe kwa mgbe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, malite na puku afọ mbụ BC na Gris na China. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria, a Journey in Time: In Search of the Lost Myths and Forgotten Stories|journal=Am J Med Sci|issue=6|pages=492–98|year=2010|pmid=20601857|doi=10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181e7fe6c|volume=340}}</ref> Ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ, a na-eji ọgwụ mkpá akwụkwọ ọdịnala agwọ ịba.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Traditional herbal medicines for malaria|journal=BMJ|year=2004|volume=329|pages=1156–59|pmid=15539672|doi=10.1136/bmj.329.7475.1156|url=http://www.giftsofhealth.org/ritam/flyer/Willcox%26Bodeker2004.pdf|issue=7475|accessdate=21 February 2010}}</ref> Ọgwụgwọ mbụ dị irè maka ịba sitere na mkpekere Osisi cinchona, nke nwere quinine. Mgbe a chọpụtachara njikọ dị n'etiti anwụnta na nje ha na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ, a malitere usoro nchịkwa anwụnta dịka ị na-agba ọgwụ ahụhụ DDT n'ọtụtụ ebe, ikpochasị ọwara mmiri, ikpuchi ma ọ bụ ị na-etinye mmanụ n'elu ebe niile mmiri si apụta a na-ekpuchighi ekpuchi, ịgba ọgwụ anwụnta n'ime ụlọ, na iji ụgbụ e tinyere ọgwụ nwụnta arahụ ụra. E depụtara ka a na-aṅụ quinine maka mgbochi ịba n'ebe ndị a na-arịasi ọrịa ịba ike, e wepụtakwara ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ, gụnyere chloroquine na artemisinins, iji guzogide ihe otiti ahụ. Taa, artemisinin dị na ọgwụ ọ bụla a na-enye maka ọgwụgwọ ịba. Mgbe eweputachara artemisinin dị ka ọgwụgwọ a na-enye ya na ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ, ọnwụ site n'ọrịa ịba n'Africa belatara site na ọkara, ọ bụ ezie na o mechara gbasagharịa. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta banyere ịba enwetala ọtụtụ ihe nrite Nobel maka ihe ha rụzuru, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ ka na-aga n'ihu na-emetụta ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị abụọ (200 million) kwa afọ, na-egbu ihe karịrị narị puku isii (600,000). Ịba bụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike kachasị mkpa ndị agha US zutere na South Pacific n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], ebe ihe dị ka ndị ikom narị puku ise butere ya bụ ọrịa.<ref name="Bray 2004">{{Cite book|author=Bray RS|title=Armies of Pestilence: The Effects of Pandemics on History|year=2004|publisher=James Clarke|isbn=978-0-227-17240-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djPWGnvBm08C&pg=PA102}}</ref> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ịba nọgidere na-adị n'ihe karịrị mba otu narị n'ebe okpomọkụ na mpaghara ndị na-adịchaghị ọkụ, gụnyere nnukwu mpaghara nke Central na South America, Hispaniola (Haiti na Dominican Republic), Africa, Middle East, mpaghara India, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na Oceania. Nguzogide nke ''Plasmodium'' nye ọgwụ mgbochi ịba, yana nguzogide nke anwụnta nye [[Ọgwụ ahụhụ]] na nchọpụta nke ụdị zoonotic nke nje ahụ emeela ka usoro nchịkwa dị mgbagwoju anya. Otu atụmatụ e mere, nke e bipụtara na edemede ''[[:en:Nature_(journal)|Nature]]'' nke afọ 2002, na-ekwu na ịba nwere ike ọ bụrụ na o gbuola ijeri mmadụ iri ise ruo iri isii n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma ọ bụ ihe dịka ọkara nke ụmụ mmadụ niile dịrịla ndụ n'ụwa.<ref name="Whitfield2">{{Cite journal|author=Whitfield, J.|year=2002|title=Portrait of a serial killer|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/news021001-6|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news021001-6}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọ na-ekwu na podcast BBC bụ More or Less, Emeritus Professor of Medical Statistics na Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Brian Faragher kwupụtara obi abụọ banyere atụmatụ a, na-ekwupụta na isiokwu Nature a na-ekwu okwu a enweghị ebe ọ rụtụrụ aka iji kwadoo ya bụ okwu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Pomeroy|first=Ross|date=3 October 2019|title=Has Malaria Really Killed Half of Everyone Who Ever Lived?|url=https://www.realclearscience.com/blog/2019/10/03/has_malaria_really_killed_half_of_everyone_who_ever_lived.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125151055/https://www.realclearscience.com/blog/2019/10/03/has_malaria_really_killed_half_of_everyone_who_ever_lived.html|archivedate=25 January 2023|accessdate=28 June 2023|work=RealClear Science}}</ref> Faragher nyere atụmatụ nwa oge nke ihe dị ka pasent anọ euo pasent ise nke ọnwụ na-esite na ịba, dị ala karịa pasent iri ise a na-azọrọ.<ref name=":0" /> ''More or Less'' enwenwughị ike ịchọta ebe nrụaka ọ bụla maka ọnụ ọgụgụ mbụ ahụ o kwuụtara ma e wezụga ọrụ ndị mere nkwupụta ahụ n'enwekwaghị nrụaka nke ha.<ref name=":1" /><templatestyles src="Template:TOC limit/styles.css" />  == Mmalite na oge dịrị tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme amalite == [[Faịlụ:Baltic_Amber_necklace_with_insects_inclusions.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Anwụnta na [[:en:Fly|ijiji]] dị n'ihe olu amber Baltic a dị n'agbata nde afọ iri anọ na iri isii.]] A chọtara ihe akaebe mbụ nke nje ịba na anwụnta echekwara na amber site na Oge Palaeogene nke dị ihe dịka nde afọ iri atọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Poinar G|title=Plasmodium dominicana n. sp. (Plasmodiidae: Haemospororida) from Tertiary Dominican amber|journal=Syst. Parasitol.|volume=61|issue=1|pages=47–52|year=2005|pmid=15928991|doi=10.1007/s11230-004-6354-6}}</ref> Malaria protozoa dịgasị iche iche n'ụdị ndị na-adị n'ime adaka, oke, nnụnụ, na anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Early origin and recent expansion of Plasmodium falciparum|journal=Science|volume=300|issue=5617|pages=318–21|year=2003|pmid=12690197|doi=10.1126/science.1081449}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Big bang in the evolution of extant malaria parasites|journal=Mol Biol Evol|volume=25|issue=10|pages=2233–39|year=2008|pmid=18687771|doi=10.1093/molbev/msn171}}</ref> DNA nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na-egosi otu usoro nke ịdị iche iche dị ka ndị na-adị na mmadụ, na-enwe ụdị iche iche ka ukwuu n'Africa karịa n'ụwa ndị ọzọ, na-egosi na ụmụ mmadụ nke oge a nwere ọrịa ahụ tupu ha ahapụ Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Higham|first=Tom|title=The World Before Us: How Science is Revealing a New Story of Our Human Origins|publisher=Penguin Viking|year=2021|isbn=978-0-241-44067-4}}</ref> Ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ọ bụrụ na ha butere ''P. falciparum'' site na gorillas.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liu W|title=Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in gorillas|journal=Nature|volume=467|issue=7314|pages=420–25|year=2010|pmid=20864995|doi=10.1038/nature09442}}</ref> ''[[:en:Plasmodium_vivax|P. vivax]]'', ụdị Plasmodium ọzọ nke ịba so n'etiti isii na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, nke yikarịkwara ka ọ malitere na ndị gorilla na chimpanzee Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=African origin of the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax|journal=Nature Communications|date=21 February 2014|issue=5|doi=10.1038/ncomms4346|pmid=24557500|volume=5}}</ref> Ụdị ịba ọzọ a chọpụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na ụmụ mmadụ na-ebute ya, ''[[Plasmodium knowlesi|P. knowlesi]]'', sitere na enwe ndị Eshia bụ [[:en:Macaque_monkey|macaque monkeys]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium knowlesi: reservoir hosts and tracking the emergence in humans and macaques.|journal=PLOS Pathog|year=2011|issue=4|pmid=21490952|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002015|volume=7}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ''[[:en:Plasmodium_malariae|P. malariae]]'' bụ ụmụ mmadụ na-ebukarị ya, e nwere ihe akaebe ụfọdụ na ọrịa a na-adịghị enwe mgbaàmà na-aga n'ihu n'etiti chimpanzees ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hayakawa|first=Toshiyuki|title=Identification of Plasmodium malariae, a human malaria parasite, in imported chimpanzees|date=2009|volume=4|issue=10|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007412|pmid=19823579|journal=PLOS ONE}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ puku iri gara aga, ịba malitere inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ndụ mmadụ, na-adaba na mmalite nke ọrụ ugbo na [[:en:Neolithic_Revolution|Neolithic Revolution]]. Ihe nlụpụta ya gụnyere nhọrọ okike maka [[:en:Sickle-cell_disease|ọrịa sickle-cell]], [[:en:Thalassaemias|thalassaemias]], ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, [[:en:Southeast_Asian_ovalocytosis|ovalocytosis nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia]], [[:en:Elliptocytosis|elliptocytosis]], na ọnwụ nke Gerbich antigen (glycophorin C) na Duffy antigen na erythrocytes, n'ihi na Nsogbu ọbara dị otú ahụ na-enye uru nhọrọ megide ọrịa ịba ([[:en:Balancing_selection|ịkwado nhọpụta]]). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Canali S|title=Researches on thalassemia and malaria in Italy and the origins of the "Haldane hypothesis"|journal=Med Secoli|volume=20|issue=3|pages=827–46|year=2008|pmid=19848219|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38028954}}</ref> Ụdị atọ dị mkpa nke [[Ikike Nguzogide Ịba nke Mmadụ sitere na Mkpụrụ Ndụ Ihe Nketa]] (ọrịa mkpụrụ ndụ na-arịa ọrịa, thalassaemias, na ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) dị n'ụwa Mediterenian n'oge Alaeze Ukwu Rom, ihe dị ka afọ 2000 gara aga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity: New Approaches to Old Problems|journal=Med Hist|volume=48|issue=3|pages=311–28|year=2004|pmid=16021928|doi=10.1017/s0025727300007651}}</ref> Usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa akwadoola oke mgbasa nke ''P. falciparum'' ịba na [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ijipt oge ochie]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brier B|title=Infectious diseases in ancient Egypt|journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am|year=2004|pmid=15081501|doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00097-7|volume=18|pages=17–27|issue=1}}<br /><br />{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum in Ancient Egypt|journal=Emerg Infect Dis|volume=14|pages=1317–19|year=2008|pmid=18680669|doi=10.3201/eid1408.080235|issue=8}}</ref> Onye Grik oge ochie na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Herodotus dere na e nyere ndị wuru pyramids nke Ijipt (ihe dị ka 2700 ruo 1700 BC) galik buru ibu, ikekwe iji chebe ha pụọ na ịba.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Macaulay GC|title=The History of Herodotus, parallel English/Greek translation|year=1890|pages=Herodotus, 2.125|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/hh2120.htm}}</ref> Fero Sneferu, onye guzobere [[:en:Fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt|usoro nke anọ nke Ijipt]], onye chịrị site na 2613 ruo 2589 BC, nọ na-eji ụgbụ àkwà na-ehi ụra dị ka ihe nchebe megide anwụnta. Cleopatra nke Asaa, Fero ikpeazụ nke Ijipt oge ochie, nọkwa na-ehi ụra n'okpuru ụgbụ anwụnta.<ref name="malariasite">{{Cite web|url=http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/history_control.htm|title=History of Malaria Control|accessdate=2009-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111231452/http://www.malariasite.com/MALARIA/history_control.htm|archivedate=11 November 2009}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, a maghị ma a nọ na-eji ụgbụ anwụnta ehi ụra n'ebumnuche mgbochi ịba, ma ọ bụ maka ebumnucha ụwa nke izere ahụ erughị ala nke ọtịta anwụnta. Ọnụnọ nke ịba n'[[Ịjịpt|Ijipt]] site n'ihe dị ka 800 BC gaa n'ihu abụrụla nke e kwetara na ọ dị site na usoro DNA.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Molecular identification of falciparum malaria and human tuberculosis co-infections in mummies from the Fayum depression (lower Egypt)|journal=PLOS ONE|pmid=23565222|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0060307|volume=8|issue=4|year=2013}}</ref> == Oge ochie == Ịba ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na Gris oge ochie site na narị afọ nke anọ BC ma na-emetụta mbelata nke ọnụọgụ nke ọtụtụ [[:en:City-state|city-state]]. ''Okwu ahụ'' bụ Radaσμα (okwu Grik maka miasma: " ntụpọ" ma ọ bụ "mmetọ") bụ nke Hippocrates nke Kos chepụtara iji kọwaa anwụrụ ọkụ dị ize ndụ sitere n'ala nke ifufe na-ebusa ma nwee ike ịkpata ọrịa siri ike. Hippocrates (460-370 BC), "nna nke ọgwụ", jikọrọ ọnụnọ nke ahụ ọkụ na-abịa kwa mgbe kwa mgbe yana ọnọdụ ihu igwe na gburugburu ebe obibi ma kewaa ahụ ọkụ ndị ahụ daber na oge ha na-eme: Gk.:''tritaios pyretos'' / L.:''febris tertiana'' (ahụ ọkụ kwa ụbọchị nke atọ ọbụla), na Gk.:''tetartaios pyretos'' / L.:febris quartana (ọrịa ahụ ọkụ kwa ụbọchị nke anọ ọbụla).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hippocrates|title=Of the epidemics|publisher=The Internet Classics Archive|url=http://classics.mit.edu//Hippocrates/epidemics.mb.txt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Insights into infectious disease in the era of Hippocrates|journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|year=2008|pmid=18178502|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2007.11.003|volume=12|pages=347–50|issue=4}}</ref> Chinese ''Huangdi Neijing'' (The Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor) nke sitere na ~300 BC ruo 200 AD yiri ka ọ na-ezo aka na ahụ ọkụ na-emekarị kwa mgbe kwa mgbe nke e jikọtara ya na spleens buru ibu ma nwee ike ịgbasa agbasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cox F|title=History of human parasitology|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=15|issue=4|pages=595–612|year=2002|pmid=12364371|doi=10.1128/CMR.15.4.595-612.2002}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka 168 BC, ọgwụ mkpá akwụkwọ ''Qing-hao'' ([[:zh:青蒿素|青蒿]]) (''Artemisia annua'') ka a malitere iji mee ihe na China iji gwọọ ọbara ọgbụgba nwanyị (''Wushi'er bingfang'' a sụgharịrị dị ka "Ọgwụgwọ maka ụdị ọrịa iri ise na abụọ" nke e gwupụtara na Mawangdui). <ref name="Li">{{Cite journal|title=An over four millennium story behind qinghaosu (artemisinin) – a fantastic antimalarial drug from a traditional Chinese herb|journal=Current Medicinal Chemistry|volume=10|pages=2197–230|year=2003|pmid=14529339|doi=10.2174/0929867033456710|issue=21}}</ref> Ọ bụ Ge Hong bu ụzọ tụọ aro ''Qing-hao'' maka oke ahụ ọkụ dị ka ọgwụ dị irè na narị afọ nke anọ nke China ''Zhou hou bei ji fang'', nke a na-asụgharịkarị dị ka "Nchịkọta Mberede E debere n'aka mmadụ". <ref name="Wright2010">{{Cite journal|title=Ancient Chinese methods are remarkably effective for the preparation of artemisinin-rich extracts of qing hao with potent antimalarial activity|journal=Molecules|volume=15|pages=804–12|year=2010|pmid=20335947|doi=10.3390/molecules15020804|issue=2}}</ref> Ntuziaka ya bụ itinye ahịhịa artemisia ọhụrụ na mmiri oyi, fọọ ha, ma ṅụọ mmiri ya dị ilu otu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hsu E|title=Reflections on the 'discovery' of the antimalarial qinghao|journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|volume=61|issue=6|pages=666–70|year=2006|pmid=16722826|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02673.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=How Chinese scientists discovered qinghaosu (artemisinin) and developed its derivatives? What are the future perspectives?|journal=Médecine Tropicale|volume=58|issue=Suppl. 3|pages=9–12|year=1998|pmid=10212890|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13085247}}</ref> "Ọrịa ahụ ọkụ Rom" na-ezo aka na ọrịa ịba na-egbu egbu nke metụtara Campagna nke Rom na obodo Rom n'oge dị iche iche n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref>{{Cite book|author=North|first=W.|url=https://archive.org/details/b24750025/|title=Roman fever: the results of an enquiry during three years' residence on the spot into the origin, history, distribution and nature of the malarial fever of the Roman Campagna, with especial reference to their supposed connection with pathogenic organisms|date=1896|publisher=London : Sampson Low, Marston & Company|others=London Royal College of Physicians}}</ref> Ntiwapụ nke ahụ ọkụ Rom n'oge narị afọ nke ise AD nwere ike iso na ihe kpatara ọdịda nke Alaeze Ukwu Rom.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=W. H. S. (William Henry Samuel)|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924012431700/|title=Malaria, a neglected factor in the history of Greece and Rome|date=1907|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press | Cambridge]]; [[Macmillan Publishers | Macmillan & Bowes]]|others=Cornell University Library}}</ref> A tụwo aro ọtụtụ ọgwụgwọ iji belata ọzịza ọkpụkpụ ahụ na ''[[:en:De_Materia_Medica|De Materia Medica]]'' nke Pedanius Dioscorides ịbụ nzaghachi maka ịba na-adịghị ala ala n'alaeze ukwu Rom.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.ibidispress.scriptmania.com/box_widget.html|title=Dioscorides: De Materia Medica|publisher=Ibidis|author=Osbaldeston, Tess Anne|year=2000|pages=Introduction, xxvi}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ihe a na-akpọ "[[:en:Vampire_burial|olili ozu vampire]]" n'Oge ochie nwere ike ịbụ na emere ha iji meghachi omume nye ntiwapụ ọrịa ịba. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, e liri ụfọdụ ụmụaka nwụrụ n'ọrịa ịba na [[:en:Necropolis|ili]] ndị dị na Lugnano na Teverina site na iji emume ọdịnaala ndị ga-egbochi ha [[:en:Undead|isi n'ọnwụ bilie]]. Ndị ọkà mmụta nke oge a na-ekwu na obodo gasị nọ na-atụ egwu na ndị nwụrụ anwụ ga-alaghachi ma gbasaa ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/archaeologists-find-vampire-burial-site-child-feared-capable-rising-dead|title=Archaeologists find 'vampire burial' site of a child feared capable of rising from the dead|author=Phillips|first=Kristine|date=2018-10-15|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=2018-10-15}}</ref> N'afọ 835, ememe Hallowmas (Ụbọchị Ndị Nsọ Nile) ka e bufere si na Mee gaa na Nọvemba n'iwu nke Popu Gregory nke Anọ, n'ihi na "ihe mere eme nke bụ na Rom n'oge okpomọkụ enweghị ike ịnabata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị njem ala nsọ na-agbakọta na ya", ma eleghị anya n'ihi nchebara echiche ahụike ọha na eze gbasara Ahụ ọkụ Rom, nke gburu ọtụtụ ndị njem ala nsọ n'oge oge okpomọkụ nke mpaghara ahụ. [[Faịlụ:Cinchona_pubescens_1696.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Osisi Cinchona nke Theodor Zwinger, 1696]] == Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya == N'oge [[:en:Middle_Ages|ụwa na-emepechabeghị anya]], ọgwụgwọ maka ịba (na ọrịa ndị ọzọ) gụnyere ịpụ ọbara, ịkpata ịgbọ agbọ, igbupụ aka, na [[:en:Trepanning|trepanning]]. Ndị dọkịta na ndị dọkịta-ọwa ahụ n'oge ahụ jiri ọgwụ mkpá akwụkwọ dị ka belladonna belata ihe mgbu na ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa.<ref name="medline">{{Cite web|url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/531.html|title=Belladonna|date=2009-12-16|work=Medline Plus|accessdate=2010-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220172635/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/531.html|archivedate=20 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Ebadi, Manuchair|title=Pharmacodynamic Basis of Herbal Medicine|publisher=CRC Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8493-7050-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMJKgfhCKzIC&pg=PA203}}</ref> === Oge Mmepe anya sitere na Europe === Aha bụ ịba sitere na {{lang|it|mal aria}} ('ikuku ọjọọ' n'asụsụ [[:en:Italian_language#History|Medieval Italian]]). Echiche a sitere n'aka ndị Rom oge ochie, bụ ndị chere na ọrịa a sitere na anwụrụ ọkụ na-efe efesite n'ebe ndị bụ ala mmiri. Okwu a bụ ịba nwere mgbọrọgwụ ya na [[:en:Miasma_theory|echiche miasma]], dịka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na chancellor nke Florence Leonardo Bruni kọwara na {{lang|la|Historiarum Florentini populi libri XII}} ya nke bụ ihe atụ mbụ dị mkpa nke ederede akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Renaissance: <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bad air, amulets and mosquitoes: 2,000 years of changing perspectives on malaria|journal=Malar. J.|volume=12|issue=1|year=2013|pmid=23835014|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-12-232|url=http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-12-232.pdf}}</ref>   Mgbe ndị Florentine merichara ebe nche a siri ike, ma tinye ndị nche ọma ka ha na-echekwa ya, ha nọ na-akparịta ụka n’etiti onwe ha banyere ihe ha ga-eme ọzọ. Ụfọdụ n’ime ha chere na ọ ga-akacha baa uru ma dịkwa mkpa ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị agha, karịsịa n’ihi na ọrịa na '''ikuku ọjọọ''' emeela ka ike gwụ ha nke ukwuu, nakwa n’ihi ogologo oge na ihe isi ike ha nwere n’ogige agha ndị dị n’ebe na-adịghị mma n’oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ. Ha (ndị Florentine) chekwara ọzọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị agha belatara n’ihi ikike ịla ezumike nke ndị isi ha nyere ọtụtụ ndị agha. N’ezie, n’oge nnọchibido ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị agha rịọrọ ma nweta ikike ịla ezumike n’ihi ihe isi ike dị n’ogige agha na egwu ịrịa ọrịa. Ala dị larịị nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ndịda Ịtali si n'ihe a ma ama n'ụwa niile daa mgbe ịba gbasara na narị afọ nke iri na isii. N'ihe dị ka n'otu oge ahụ, n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke England, ọnwụ site na "marsh ''fever''" ma ọ bụ "tertian fever" (ague: site na French site na Latin {{Lang|la|acuta}} (febris), oke ọkụ) yiri nke dị na mpaghara [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]] taa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dobson MJ|title=Malaria in England: a geographical and historical perspective|journal=Parassitologia|volume=36|pages=35–60|year=1994|pmid=7898959|issue=1–2}}<br /><br />{{Cite book|author=Knottnerus O S|chapter=Malaria Around the North Sea: A Survey|editor=Gerold Wefer|title=Climatic Development and History of the North Atlantic Realm: Hanse Conference Report|publisher=Springer-Verlag|pages=339–353|year=2002|chapterurl=http://www.xs4all.nl/~ottoknot/werk/Malaria.html}}</ref> A mụrụ [[William Shakespeare]] na mbido oge oyi karịsịa nke ndị na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na-akpọ "[[:en:Little_Ice_Age|Little Ice Age]]", ma ọ maara nke ọma banyere mbibi nke ọrịa ahụ iji kwuo ya na egwuregwu asatọ ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Reiter P|title=From Shakespeare to Defoe: malaria in England in the Little Ice Age|journal=Emerg Infect Dis|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–11|year=2000|pmid=10653562|doi=10.3201/eid0601.000101}}</ref> Ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'akụkụ Osimiri Thames n'oge ahụ na n'etiti oge Victoria.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dobson|first=Mary|year=1980|title="Marsh Fever" – the geography of malaria in England|journal=Journal of Historical Geography|volume=6|issue=4|pages=357–389|doi=10.1016/0305-7488(80)90145-0|pmid=11632265}}</ref> Akụkọ ahụike na akụkọ nchọpụta oge ochie e mer na ndị nwụrụ anwụ na-ekwu na ịba nke atọ kpatara ọnwụ nke ndị otu anọ n'ezinụlọ [[:en:Medici|Medici]] a ma ama nke Florence.E jiri usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ kwado nkwupụta ndị a.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.06.007|title=Plasmodium falciparum immunodetection in bone remains of members of the Renaissance Medici family (Florence, Italy, sixteenth century)|journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg|volume=104|issue=9|pages=583–87|year=2010|pmid=20673935}}</ref> == Mgbasa Gaa Na Amerịka == A kpọtụghị ịba aha na "akwụkwọ ọgwụ" nke Ndị Maya ma ọ bụ ndị [[:en:Aztecs|Aztec]]. N'agbanyeghị nke a, achọpụtala ihe ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ n'ime ụfọdụ ozu ndị South America a gbasiri agbasi, na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụdị ịba na ndị Amerịka nwere ike ịnwe mmalite tupu oge Columbus. Ndị bi na Europe na ndị ohu West Africa nwere ike iweta ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ na Amerịka na narị afọ nke iri na isii.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Was malaria present in the Amazon before the European conquest? Available evidence and future research agenda|journal=J. Archaeol. Sci.|volume=32|pages=337–40|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2004.10.004|issue=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Ebron|first=Paulla A.|title=Feral Atlas: The More-Than-Human Anthropocene|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-1-5036-1504-5|editor=Tsing|location=Stanford|language=EN|chapter=Slave ships were incubators for infectious diseases}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Multiple independent introductions of Plasmodium falciparum in South America|journal=PNAS|year=2011|doi=10.1073/pnas.1119058109|volume=109|issue=2|pages=511–16|pmid=22203975}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ya ''[[:en:1493:_Uncovering_the_New_World_Columbus_Created|1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created]]'', Charles Mann hotara ebe ndị o si nwta nrụaka na-eche na ihe mere e ji kpọta ndị ohu Africa na British Americas bụ n'ihi na ha na-eguzogide ịba. Mpaghara ndị ahụ chọrọ ndị ọrụ ugbo a ga na-akwụ ụgwọ dị ala,nke mere na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Britain dara ogbenye dịkwa njikere ịkwaga ebe ahụ. N'ebe ugwu nke [[:en:Mason–Dixon_line|akara Mason-Dixon]], ebe anwụnta na-ebute ịba adịghị apụ ndụ nke ọma, ndị ọrụ Britain [[:en:Indentured_servitude_in_British_America|ndị kwere ịrụ ọrụ ruo oge ụfọdụ iji nweta nnwere onwe ha]] gosipụtara uru karịa, ebe ha ga-arụ ọrụ maka nnwere onwe ha. Otú ọ dị, ka malaria gbasara n’ebe dịka mpaghara mmiri na-asọ na Virginia na South Carolina, ndị nwe nnukwu ugbo malitere ịdabere n’iji ndị West Afrika na-eguzogide ịba dị ka ndị ohu, ebe ndị ọcha nwere obere ala na-eche nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ịda ogbenye mgbe ha rịara ọrịa. Ọrịa ahụ nyekwara aka ime ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Amerịka mbụ belata ma mee ka ha bụrụ ndị nwere ike ibute ọrịa ndị ọzọ ngwa ngwa.Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme gbasara ịgba ohu na America na Caribbean agbaala ajụjụ banyere echiche na-ekwu na ihe kpatara e ji jiri ndị ọrụ ojii rụọ ọrụ n’ogige nnukwu ugbo bụ n’ihi na ha nwere ike iguzogide malaria, kama ihe kpatara ya bụ ihe gbasara akụ na ụba ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ịba kpatara nnukwu mfu nye ndị agha Britain na South n'oge Agha Mgbanwe nakwa ndị agha Union n'oge agha obodo. === Osisi Cinchona === Ndị ozi ala ọzọ si Spain chọpụtara na Ndị Amerindian na-agwọ ahụ ọkụ na nso Loxa ([[Ecuador]]) site na ntụ sitere [[:en:Jesuit's_bark|mkpekere azụ osisi Peruvian]] (nke e mesịrị guzobe na ọ bụ nke ọ bụla n'ime ọtụtụ osisi nke ụdị ''Cinchona''). <ref>{{Cite journal|title=A brief history of malaria chemotherapy|journal=J R Coll Physicians Edinb|volume=40|issue=2|pages=172–77|year=2010|pmid=20695174|doi=10.4997/JRCPE.2010.216}}</ref> Ndị Quechua Indian nke Ecuador jiri ya mee ihe iji belata mmetụta ịma jijiji nke oke oyi kpatara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Guerra F.|title=The introduction of Cinchona in the treatment of malaria|journal=J Trop Med Hyg|volume=80|issue=6|pages=112–18, 135–40|year=1977|pmid=330870}}</ref> Nwanne [[:en:Jesuit|Jesuit]] Agostino Salumbrino (1561-1642), onye biri na Lima ma bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ site na ọzụzụ, hụrụ ndị Quechua na-eji ụgbụ osisi cinchona maka nzube ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na mmetụta ya n'ịgwọ ịba (sikwa otu ahụ agwọ ịma jijiji nke ịba kpatara) enweghị njikọ na mmetụta ya na ịchịkwa ịma jijiji site na oyi, ọ ka dị irè maka ịba. Ndị ozi ala ọzọ Jesuit ([[:en:Jesuit's_bark|ụgbụgbọ osisi Jesuit]]) webatara iji "sisio ahụ kụ" mee ihe na ọgwụ Europe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Greenwood D.|title=The quinine connection|journal=J Antimicrob Chemother|volume=30|issue=4|pages=417–27|year=1992|pmid=1490916|doi=10.1093/jac/30.4.417}}<br /><br />{{Cite journal|title=The quest for quinine: those who won the battles and those who won the war|journal=Angew Chem Int Ed Engl|volume=44|issue=6|pages=854–85|year=2005|pmid=15669029|doi=10.1002/anie.200400663}}</ref> Jesuit Bernabé de Cobo (1582-1657), onye nyochara Mexico na Peru, kaa na-ekwu na ọ bụ ya buuru oagbụgbọ sisi cinchona gaa Europe. O si Lima weta osisi ahụ na Spain, wee gaa Rome na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Ịtali, na 1632. Francesco Torti dere na 1712 na ọ bụ naanị "ọrịa ọahụ kụ na-aeme kwa mgbe kwa mgbe ka osisi ọahụ kụ nahụ a-emetụta. Ọrụ a mechara gosipụta ọdịdị pụrụ iche nke ụgbụgbọ osisi cinchona ma mee ka oejiri ya mee ihe n'ozuzu ya na ọgwụ.<ref name="Chwatt">{{Cite journal|author=Bruce-Chwatt LJ|title=Three hundred and fifty years of the Peruvian fever bark|journal=British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition)|volume=296|issue=6635|pages=1486–87|year=1988|pmid=3134079|doi=10.1136/bmj.296.6635.1486}}</ref> Ọ ga-abụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ narị abụọ tupu e wepụ ụkpụrụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ, quinine na alkaloids ndị ọzọ, nke ụgbụ cinchona. Quinine, alkaloid osisi na-egbu egbu, bụ, na mgbakwunye na njirimara ya nke igbochi ịba, na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide [[:en:Cramp|nkụchi ụkwụ]] n'abalị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Guay DR|title=Are there alternatives to the use of quinine to treat nocturnal leg cramps?|journal=Consult Pharm|volume=23|issue=2|pages=141–56|year=2008|pmid=18454580|doi=10.4140/TCP.n.2008.141}}</ref> === Ihe mgbaàmà ahụike === N'afọ 1717, onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe bụ Giovanni Maria Lancisi bipụtara ihe na-eji oji nke ọkpụkpụ na ụbụrụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'akwụkwọ ya bụ ''De noxiis paludum effluviis eorumque remediis'' .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-25|title=Malariotherapy|url=https://factrepublic.com/facts/34907/|accessdate=2022-07-21|work=FactRepublic.com}}</ref> Nke a bụ otu n’ime akụkọ mbụ banyere nnukwu mgbanwe e ji mara ịba ụba nke splin (spleen) na agba ọchịchịrị nke splin na ụbụrụ, bụ́ ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị mgbe a nyochachara ozu mmadụ nwụrụ, nke na-egosi ọrịa malaria na-adịte aka. O jikọtara mgbasa malaria n’ebe ndị nwere apịtị na mmiri juru anya na ọnụnọ ijiji, ma tụọ aro ka a kpọọ ma kpochapụ mmiri apịtị iji gbochie ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Perceptions of malaria transmission before Ross' discovery in 1897|journal=Postgrad Med J|volume=76|issue=901|pages=738–40|year=2000|doi=10.1136/pmj.76.901.738|pmid=11060174}}</ref> == Narị afọ nke Iri na Itoolu == Na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, e mepụtara ọgwụ mbụ iji gwọọ ịba, a chọpụtakwara nje dị ka ebe o si apụta. === Ọgwụ ndị na-egbochi Ịba === ==== Quinine ==== [[Faịlụ:Original_preparation_of_quinine_acetate_2.jpeg|thumb|Nkwadebe mbụ nke quinine acetate site na Pelletier. n'ihe dị ka 1820.]] Onye France na-emepụta kemịkal Pierre Joseph Pelletier na onye France na-ahụ maka ọgwụ Joseph Bienaimé Caventou kewara na 1820 alkaloids cinchonine na quinine site na ụgbụ osisi ahụ ọkụ, na-enye ohere maka ịmepụta doses nke ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ. <ref>Pelletier and Caventou (1820) [https://books.google.com/books?id=veE3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA337 "Suite: Des recherches chimiques sur les quinquinas"] (Continuation: Chemical research on quinquinas), ''Annales de Chimie et de Physique'', vol. 15, pp. 337–65. The authors name quinine on p. 348: "..., nous avons cru devoir la nommer ''quinine'', pour la distinguer de la cinchonine par un nom qui indique également son origine." (..., we thought that we should name it "quinine" in order to distinguish it from cinchonine by means of a name that also indicates its origin.)<br /><br />{{Cite journal|title=Discoverers of quinine|journal=JAMA|volume=229|issue=4|year=1974|pmid=4600403|doi=10.1001/jama.229.4.462}}</ref> Tupu afọ 1820, a na-amịkpọ ụgbụgbọ ahụ, kwọọ ya ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ma gwakọta ya na ihe dị mmiri mmiri (nke na-abụkarị mmanya) maka ịṅụ ya aṅụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Robert Talbor, Charles II, and cinchona: a contemporary document|journal=Med Hist|volume=6|issue=1|pages=82–85|year=1962|pmid=16562233|doi=10.1017/s0025727300026892}}</ref> Manuel Incra Mamani nọrọ afọ anọ na-anakọta mkpụrụ cinchona na Andes na [[Bolivia]], nke nwere oke ọnụ ahịa nke ukwuu maka quinine ha nwere mana a machibidoro mbupụ ya iwu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canales|first=Nataly Allasi|date=7 April 2022|title=Hunting lost plants in botanical collections|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/YjyPpREAAB8AhS-R|accessdate=2022-05-09|work=Wellcome Collection|language=en}}</ref> O nyere ha onye ahịa Bekee, Charles Ledger, onye zigaara nwanne ya nwoke nọ n'England ka ọ ree ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2 April 2020|title=The weird and wonderful world of the plant hunters - part 4: Quinine, the cinchona tree and empires in competition|url=https://treesforcities.org/stories/the-weird-and-wonderful-world-of-the-plant-hunters-part-4|accessdate=2022-05-09|work=Trees for Cities|language=en}}</ref> Ha resiri ha gọọmentị Dutch, bụ ndị kụrụ osisi ''Cinchona ledgeriana'' dị puku iri abụọ na Java (Indonesia). Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ndị Dutch ehiwela ọchịchị naanị ha n’elu maka inye ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gramiccia G|title=Ledger's cinchona seeds: a composite of field experience, chance, and intuition|journal=Parassitologia|volume=29|issue=2–3|pages=207–20|year=1987|pmid=3334083}}</ref> ==== 'Ngwakọta Warburg' ==== N'afọ 1834, na British Guiana, onye dọkịta Germany, Carl Warburg, mepụtara [[:en:Antipyretic|ọgwụ na-ebelata ahụ ọkụ]]: 'Ngwakọta Warbug'. Ọgwụ nzuzo a nwere quinine na ahịhịa ndị ọzọ. E mere ikpe na Europe n'afọ ndị 1840 na 1850. Ọ bụ Alaeze Ukwu Austria nabatara ya n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na 1847. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ahụike weere ya dị ka [[:en:Antimalarial|ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] dị irè karịa quinine. Ọ dịkwa ọnụ ala karịa. Gọọmentị Britain nyere ndị agha nọ na India na mpaghara ndị ọzọ Tincture nke Warburg. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Maclean WC|title=Professor Maclean, C.B., on the true composition and therapeutic value of Warburg's Tincture|journal=Lancet|volume=106|pages=716–18|year=1875|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)30835-3|issue=2724|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1565450}}<br /><br />{{Cite book|title=An Illustrated History of Malaria|location=New York|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4fyLSwLP3MC|publisher=Informa Health Care|isbn=978-1-85070-068-5}}</ref> ==== Methylene na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ==== N'afọ 1876, onye Germany na-emepụta kemịkalụ bụ Heinrich Caro mepụtara methylene blue.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=In search of the malarial parasite: Biographical sketches of the blood stain contributors|journal=Parasitol Research|volume=109|pages=521–29|year=2011|pmid=21660627|doi=10.1007/s00436-011-2475-4|issue=3|url=https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/69796}}</ref> Paul Ehrlich na 1880 kọwara ojiji nke daị "na-anọpụ iche" - ngwakọta nke daị nwere acid na daị nke nwere base - iji mata ọdịiche dị n’etiti mkpụrụ ndụ dị n’ime ihe nlele ọbara nke a gbasara n’elu iko microscope (peripheral blood smears). N’afọ 1891, Ernst Malachowski<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Malachowski E|title=Zur Morphologie des ''Plasmodium malariae''|journal=Centbl F Klin Med|volume=31|pages=601–03|year=1891}}</ref> na Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Romanowsky D|title=Zur Frage der Parasitologie und Therapie der Malaria|journal=St Petersburg Med Wochenschr|volume=16|pages=297–302, 307–15|year=1891}}</ref> mepụtara usoro n'onwe ha site na iji ngwakọta nke Eosin Y na methylene blue (methylene azure) nke mepụtara [[:en:Hue|ụcha pụrụ iche]] nke a na-apụghị ikwu na ọ bụ naanị otu n’ime ihe abụọ ahụ na-akpata ya: ọ bụ agba odo odo (purple)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Understanding Romanowsky staining. I: The Romanowsky-Giemsa effect in blood smears|journal=Histochemistry|volume=86|issue=3|pages=331–36|year=1987|pmid=2437082|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20719192|doi=10.1007/bf00490267}}<br /><br />{{Cite journal|author=Woronzoff-Dashkoff KK.|title=The wright-giemsa stain. Secrets revealed|journal=Clin Lab Med.|volume=22|issue=1|pages=15–23|year=2002|pmid=11933573|doi=10.1016/S0272-2712(03)00065-9|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11431311}}</ref> Malachowski jiri '''ngwọta''' methylene blue e ji alkali gwọọ mee ihe, ebe Romanowsky jiri ngwọta methylene blue a kpụziri ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ kaa nká. Usoro ọhụrụ a mere ka o kwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n’etiti [[Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara]] ma gosikwa nuclei (isi mkpụrụ ndụ) nke nje ndị na-akpata malaria. Usoro agba nke Malachowski bụ otu n’ime ọganihu teknụzụ kacha mkpa n’akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nyocha na ọmụmụ malaria.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The color purple: from royalty to laboratory, with apologies to Malachowski|journal=Biotech Histochem|volume=86|pages=7–35|year=2011|pmid=21235291|doi=10.3109/10520295.2010.515490|issue=1|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49755721}}</ref> N’afọ 1891, Paul Guttmann na Ehrlich chọpụtara na methylene blue nwere nnukwu mmasị n’ahụ́ ụfọdụ anụ ahụ, nakwa na ihe e ji agba ihe a nwere obere ikike ịlụso malaria ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ueber die Wirkung des Methylenblau bei Malaria|journal=Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift|volume=28|pages=953–56|year=1891|url=http://www.pei.de/cln_092/nn_164284/SharedDocs/Downloads/institut/paul-ehrlich/1886-1896/1891-wirkung-methylenblau-malaria,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/1891-wirkung-methylenblau-malaria.pdf|accessdate=24 July 2010}}</ref> Methylene blue na ihe ndị yiri ya n’ihe gbasara kemịkalụ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ site n’igbochi biocrystallization nke heme, ya bụ usoro nke heme si emepụta kristal.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The phenothiazinium chromophore and the evolution of antimalarial drugs|journal=Trop Med Int Health|volume=10|issue=6|pages=501–11|year=2005|pmid=15941412|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01417.x}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Laveran_malaria_drawings.png|thumb|N'afọ 1880, Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran hụrụ nje ndị na-acha odo odo na exflagellation nke ụmụ nwoke gametocytes.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Laveran CLA|title=Note sur un nouveau parasite trouvé dans le sang de plusieurs malades atteints de fièvre palustres|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie de Médecine|volume=9|pages=1235–36|year=1880}}</ref>]] === Ihe kpatara ya: Ịmata ''Plasmodium'' na ''Anopheles'' === N'afọ 1848, onye Germany na-ahụ maka ahụike mmadụ bụ Johann Heinrich Meckel <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Die Medizinerfamilie Meckel aus Wetzlar|journal=Hess Aerzteblatt|volume=2|pages=95–99|year=2005|url=http://www.laekh.de/upload/Hess._Aerzteblatt/2005/2005_02/2005_02_08.pdf}}</ref> dekọrọ [[:en:Hemozoin|ihe na-eji oji na-acha nchara nchara]] n'ọbara na [[:en:Spleen|ọkpụkpụ]] nke onye ọrịa nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị isi mgbaka. A na-eche na Meckel nọ na-ele [[:en:Parasitism|nje]] ịba anya n'amaghị ya; ọ kpọghị ịba aha na akụkọ ya. O kwuru na ihe ahụ na-acha uhie uhie bụ melanin.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Meckel H.|title=Ueber schwarzes Pigment in der Milz und dem Blute einer Geisteskranken|journal=Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie|volume=IV|pages=198–226|year=1847}}</ref> E guzobere mmekọrịta nke nje ahụ na-akpata ọrịa ihe ahụ na-acha uhie uhie na 1880, mgbe onye dọkịta French bụ Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị agha nke Constantine, Algeria, hụrụ ihe na-akpụ akpụ n'ime [[:en:Red_blood_cell|mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara uhie]] nke ndị na-arịa ịba. Ọ hụrụ ihe omume nke mwepụ flagella wee kwenye na flagella na-agagharị bụ microorganisms na-ebute ọrịa. O kwuru na quinine wepụrụ nje ndị ahụ n'ọbara. Laveran kpọrọ ihe microscopic organism a Oscillaria malariae ma kwuo na ọ bụ protozoan a kpatara ịba.<ref name="Cox">{{Cite journal|author=Cox FE|title=History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors|journal=Parasites & Vectors|volume=3|year=2010|doi=10.1186/1756-3305-3-5|url=http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/pdf/1756-3305-3-5.pdf|pmid=20205846|issue=1}}</ref> Nchọpụta a nọgidere na-ese okwu ruo mgbe mmepe nke [[:en:Oil_immersion|oghere mmanụ]] na 1884 na mmetọ nke ụzọ dị elu na 1890 ruo 1891. N'afọ 1885, Ettore Marchiafava, Angelo Celli na Camillo Golgi nyochara usoro mmụba n'ime ọbara mmadụ (Golgi cycles). Golgi chọpụtara na nje niile dị n'ọbara kewara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'otu oge ka ha na-ekewa ahụ, nke na-adakọta n'otu mgbe ahụ ọkụ na-awakpo. N'afọ 1886, Golgi kọwara ọdịiche ọdịdị nke a ka na-eji amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị nje ịba abụọ ''Plasmodium vivax'' na ''[[:en:Plasmodium_malariae|Plasmodium malariae]]''. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke a gasịrị, Sakharov na 1889 na Marchiafava & Celli na 1890 n'onwe ha chọpụtara ''Plasmodium falciparum'' dị ka ụdị dị iche na ''P. vivax'' na P. malariae. N'afọ 1890, Grassi na Feletti nyochara ozi ndị dịnụ ma kpọọ ha aha bụ P. malariae na ''P. vivax'' (ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị n'ime ụdị ''Haemamoeba''.) <ref name="Grassi1890">{{Cite journal|author=Grassi|first=B|year=1890|title=Parasites malariques chez les oiseaux.|journal=Arch. Ital. Biol.|volume=13|pages=297–300}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1890, a nabatara nje Laveran n'ozuzu ya, mana a tụfuru ọtụtụ n'ime echiche mbụ ya maka ọrụ taxonomic na ọrịa nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Italian. Marchiafava na Celli kpọrọ microorganism ọhụrụ ahụ ''[[Plasmodium]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Laveran's germ: the reception and use of a medical discovery|journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg|volume=34|issue=1|pages=2–20|year=1985|pmid=2578751|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.2}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya, a gbanwere aha ''H. vivax'' ka ọ bụrụ ''Plasmodium vivax''. N'afọ 1892, Marchiafava na Bignami gosipụtara na ọtụtụ ụdị ahụ ndị Laveran hụrụ sitere n'otu ụdị. E mechara kpọọ ụdị a ''P. falciparum''. E nyere Laveran ihe nrite Nobel nke 1907 [[:en:Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicine|Nobel Prize maka Physiology maọbụ Medicine]]" n'ịghọta ọrụ ya na ọrụ protozoa na-arụ n'ịkpata ọrịa". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Biography of Alphonse Laveran|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1907/laveran-bio.html|accessdate=2007-06-15}}</ref> Dọkịta Dutch Pieter Pel bu ụzọ chepụta ọkwa anụ ahụ nke nje ịba na 1886, na-egosi nchọpụta ya site na ihe karịrị afọ iri ise. E kwughachiri aro a na 1893 mgbe Golgi tụrụ aro na nje ndị ahụ nwere ike ịnwe akụkụ anụ ahụ a na-achọpụtaghị (n'oge a na mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Golgi C|title=Sulle febbri malariche estivo-autumnali di Roma|journal=Gass Med di Pavia|volume=2|pages=481–93, 505–20, 529–44, 553–59|year=1893}}</ref> Pel kwadoro echiche Golgi nke latent phase na 1896. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pel PK|title=Mededeelingen uit de Geneeskundige kliniek. Malaria infectie|journal=Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd|volume=22|pages=341–58|year=1886}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Ross,_20.Aug.1897.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|323x323px|Akwụkwọ ndekọ nke Ronald Ross kọwara nke mbụ ya nje ịba na-acha odo odo na anụ ahụ nke afọ nke anwụnta ''Anopheles'', 20 na 21 Ọgọst 1897]] Site n'ihe dị ka n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, nguzobe nke usoro sayensị chọrọ echiche ndị a na-anwale anwale na ihe ndị e nwere ike inyochapụta maka ihe kpatara ọrịa yana nnyefe ya. Akụkọ anecdotes, na nchọpụta e mere na 1881 na anwụnta bụ ihe na-ebute ọrịa yellow fever, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=WHO|title=Yellow fever|journal=Fact Sheet 2013|year=2013|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/}}</ref> mechara duga na nnyocha nke anwụnta inwe njịkọ ha na ịba. Mgbalị mbụ maka mgbochi ịba mere na 1896 na Massachusetts. Ntiwapụ nke Uxbridge kpaliri onye ọrụ ahụike Dr. Leonard White ide akụkọ nye State Board of Health, nke dugara na nnyocha nke njikọ anwụnta na ịba na mgbalị mbụ maka mgbochi ịba. Onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa na steeti Massachusetts, Theobald Smith, jụrụ ka nwa White chịkọta ụdị anwụnta maka nnyocha ndị ọzọ, nakwa na ụmụ amaala na-agbakwunye ihuenyo na windo ha, ma wepụ mmiri ndị na-adọrọ adọrọ.<ref name="malaria">{{Cite web|title=A History of Mosquitoes in Massachusetts, by Curtis R. Best|publisher=Northeast Mosquito Control Association|url=http://www.nmca.org/Nmca93-4.htm|accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref> Sir Ronald Ross nke Britain, onye dọkịta na-awa ahụ nke ndị agha na-arụ ọrụ na Secunderabad, India, gosipụtara na 1897 [[:en:Mosquito-malaria_theory|na anwụnta na-ekesa ịba]], ihe omume a na-echeta ugbu a site na [[:en:World_Mosquito_Day|World Mosquito Day]]<ref name="dfid">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/latest-news/2010/world-mosquito-day/|title=World Mosquito Day 2010|publisher=Department for International Development|date=20 August 2010|accessdate=21 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031094341/http://www.dfid.gov.uk/News/Latest-news/2010/World-Mosquito-Day/|archivedate=31 October 2012}}</ref> O nwerenwuru ike chọta nje ịba na-acha odo odo n'ime anwụnta nke o ji aka ya mee ka ọ taa onye ọrịa ịba nke nwere crescents n'ọbara ya. Ọ gara n'ihu na nnyocha ya banyere ịba site n'igosi na ụdị anwụnta ụfọdụ (''[[:en:Culex|Culex]]'' fatigans) na-ebufe ịba nye nza ma ọ kewapụrụ nje ịba site na [[:en:Salivary_glands|gland asọmmiri]] nke anwụnta na-ata nnụnụ butere ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biography of Ronald Ross|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/ross-bio.html|accessdate=2007-06-15}}</ref> Ọ kọọrọ [[:en:British_Medical_Association|British Medical Association]] dị na Edinburgh ihe a na 1898. Giovanni Battista Grassi, prọfesọ nke [[:en:Comparative_Anatomy|Comparative Anatomy]] na Mahadum Rome, gosipụtara e nwere ike ibute ịba mmadụ naanị site na anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' (Greek ''anofelís'': good-for-nothing). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Capanna E|title=Grassi versus Ross: who solved the riddle of malaria?|journal=International Microbiology|volume=9|issue=1|pages=69–74|year=2006|pmid=16636993|url=http://www.im.microbios.org/0901/0901069.pdf}}</ref> Grassi, ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya Amico Bignami, Giuseppe Bastianelli na Ettore Marchiafava, mara ọkwa na nnọkọ nke [[:en:Accademia_dei_Lincei|Accademia dei Lincei]] na 4 Disemba 1898 na otu nwoke nwere ahụike n'ógbè na-abụghị nke ịba butere ọrịa tertian mgbe ''Anopheles claviger'' nke nwere nnwale tara ya. == Hụkwa == * Ịba n'Osimiri Thames * Ịrịa ịba na Palestine == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Packard RM|title=The Making of a Tropical Disease: A Short History of Malaria|year=2021|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=9781421441795|series=Johns Hopkins Biographies of Disease|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Shah|first=Sonia|authorlink=Sonia Shah|title=[[The Fever: How Malaria Has Ruled Humankind for 500,000 Years]]|year=2010|publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]|isbn=978-0-374-23001-2}} == Njikọ Mpụga == * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1907/laveran-lecture.html Alphonse Laveran Nobel Lecture: Protozoa dị ka ihe na-akpata ọrịa] * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/muller-lecture.pdf Paul H Müller Nobel Lecture 1948: Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane na ọgwụ ahụhụ ọhụrụ] * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/ross-lecture.pdf Ronald Ross Nkwupụta Nobel] * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1927/wagner-jauregg-lecture.html Julius Wagner-Jauregg Nobel Lecture: Ọgwụgwọ nke Dementia Paralytica site na Malaria Inoculation] * [http://www.im.microbios.org/0901/0901069.pdf Grassi na Ross: Ònye doziri ihe omimi nke ịba?] * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/malaria_01.shtml Ịba na ọdịda nke Rom] * [http://www.xs4all.nl/~ottoknot/werk/Malaria.html Ịba Gburugburu Oké Osimiri North] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140619212323/http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/History.htm Ọrịa ịba: Akụkọ ihe mere eme] * [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/ Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchịkwa Ọrịa: Akụkọ Ịba]  {{malaria}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3yivb22h2qmh5an5qbytbi0jmom5m6o 0 79229 705557 2026-08-24T03:03:26Z Topcriminologist 65515 Jiri ''''onyè nàedòzì ihè''' [[File:Motorcycle Repair.jpg|thumb|A mechanic man works on a motorcycle, fixing faults to make it run smoothly again.]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọkachamara nwere nkà nke ọrụ ya bụ idozi, idozi, ma ọ bụ weghachi ihe ndị mebiri emebi, ndị gbajiri agbaji, ma ọ bụ ndị mebiri emebi ka ha wee dịghachi mma n'ọnọdụ ọrụ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Nnamdi bụ onyè nàed...' kere ihü 705557 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàedòzì ihè''' [[File:Motorcycle Repair.jpg|thumb|A mechanic man works on a motorcycle, fixing faults to make it run smoothly again.]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọkachamara nwere nkà nke ọrụ ya bụ idozi, idozi, ma ọ bụ weghachi ihe ndị mebiri emebi, ndị gbajiri agbaji, ma ọ bụ ndị mebiri emebi ka ha wee dịghachi mma n'ọnọdụ ọrụ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Nnamdi bụ onyè nàedòzì ihè *onyè nàedòzì ihè ga- abịa n'ụlọ anyị taa ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repairer Repairer] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] m6lzo4lpbunslw6696w775x7lgoinv2 705558 705557 2026-08-24T03:05:35Z Topcriminologist 65515 705558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàedòzì ihè''' [[File:Motorcycle Repair.jpg|thumb|A mechanic man works on a motorcycle, fixing faults to make it run smoothly again.]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọkachamara nwere nkà nke ọrụ ya bụ idozi, idozi, ma ọ bụ weghachi ihe ndị mebiri emebi, ndị gbajiri agbaji, ma ọ bụ ndị mebiri emebi ka ha wee dịghachi mma n'ọnọdụ ọrụ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Nnamdi bụ onyè nàedòzì ihè *onyè nàedòzì ihè ga- abịa n'ụlọ anyị taa ===Mkpọpụta=== [[File:Ig-onyè nàedòzì ihè.ogg|thumb|Ig-onyè nàedòzì ihè]] ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repairer Repairer] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] b3mvigkwyub74ht4uz8bhhge8ytxnsv 0 79230 705559 2026-08-24T03:13:08Z Topcriminologist 65515 Jiri ''''onyè nàarụ̀ ọrụ̀''' [[File:Road Worker in Hokkaido Japan.jpg|thumb|A road worker carries his gear over a bridge in rural Hokkaido Japan]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ọrụ maka onye were ya n'ọrụ ma ọ bụ azụmaahịa iji nweta ego, ngwongwo, ma ọ bụ ụdị ịkwụ ụgwọ ndị ọzọ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.w...' kere ihü 705559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàarụ̀ ọrụ̀''' [[File:Road Worker in Hokkaido Japan.jpg|thumb|A road worker carries his gear over a bridge in rural Hokkaido Japan]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ọrụ maka onye were ya n'ọrụ ma ọ bụ azụmaahịa iji nweta ego, ngwongwo, ma ọ bụ ụdị ịkwụ ụgwọ ndị ọzọ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worker Worker] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] k4p7he4k9ebnrp29cqb2ed3r0vau9us 705560 705559 2026-08-24T03:16:53Z Topcriminologist 65515 705560 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàarụ̀ ọrụ̀''' [[File:Road Worker in Hokkaido Japan.jpg|thumb|A road worker carries his gear over a bridge in rural Hokkaido Japan]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ọrụ maka onye were ya n'ọrụ ma ọ bụ azụmaahịa iji nweta ego, ngwongwo, ma ọ bụ ụdị ịkwụ ụgwọ ndị ọzọ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *onyè nàarụ̀ ọrụ̀ ahụ bụ nnam *Okoro bụ onyè nàarụ̀ ọrụ̀ ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worker Worker] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] rncm2q8r115pkaefgbi54aaqp615uz4 705561 705560 2026-08-24T03:19:28Z Topcriminologist 65515 705561 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàarụ̀ ọrụ̀''' [[File:Road Worker in Hokkaido Japan.jpg|thumb|A road worker carries his gear over a bridge in rural Hokkaido Japan]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ọrụ maka onye were ya n'ọrụ ma ọ bụ azụmaahịa iji nweta ego, ngwongwo, ma ọ bụ ụdị ịkwụ ụgwọ ndị ọzọ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *onyè nàarụ̀ ọrụ̀ ahụ bụ nnam *Okoro bụ onyè nàarụ̀ ọrụ̀ ===Mkpọpụta=== [[File:Ig-onyè nàarụ̀ ọrụ̀.ogg|thumb|Ig-onyè nàarụ̀ ọrụ̀]] ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worker Worker] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] ro7k8eqwl39ca9yp1uo2yzyo7sjoc9b 0 79231 705562 2026-08-24T03:29:25Z Topcriminologist 65515 Jiri ''''onyè nàagụ̀ akwụkwọ̀''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-ele ma na-aghọta okwu edere ede n'ime akwụkwọ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Chinedu bụ onyè nàagụ̀ akwụkwọ̀ na mahadum Lagos ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader Reader] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]]' kere ihü 705562 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàagụ̀ akwụkwọ̀''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-ele ma na-aghọta okwu edere ede n'ime akwụkwọ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Chinedu bụ onyè nàagụ̀ akwụkwọ̀ na mahadum Lagos ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader Reader] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] ppaney5e1zbi5pc6p20zhyblmp075k2 705563 705562 2026-08-24T03:31:57Z Topcriminologist 65515 705563 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàagụ̀ akwụkwọ̀''' ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-ele ma na-aghọta okwu edere ede n'ime akwụkwọ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== *Chinedu bụ onyè nàagụ̀ akwụkwọ̀ na mahadum Lagos ===Mkpọpụta=== [[File:Ig-onyè nàagụ̀ akwụkwọ̀.ogg|thumb|Ig-onyè nàagụ̀ akwụkwọ̀]] ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader Reader] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] jrruok24q4ht9oxjlxkeok27tms7c3z 0 79232 705564 2026-08-24T03:43:44Z Topcriminologist 65515 Jiri ''''onyè nàedè akwụkwọ̀''' [[File:Kulikov Writer E.N.Chirikov 1904.jpg|thumb|Kulikov Writer E.N.Chirikov 1904]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-eji okwu edere ede n'ụdị ederede dị iche iche, ụdị, na usoro dị iche iche akọwapụta echiche, ịkpali mmetụta na mmetụta uche, ma ọ bụ iji mee ka mmadụ nwee obi ụtọ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== Abụ m onyè nàedè akwụkwọ̀ ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụ...' kere ihü 705564 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàedè akwụkwọ̀''' [[File:Kulikov Writer E.N.Chirikov 1904.jpg|thumb|Kulikov Writer E.N.Chirikov 1904]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-eji okwu edere ede n'ụdị ederede dị iche iche, ụdị, na usoro dị iche iche akọwapụta echiche, ịkpali mmetụta na mmetụta uche, ma ọ bụ iji mee ka mmadụ nwee obi ụtọ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== Abụ m onyè nàedè akwụkwọ̀ ===Mkpọpụta=== ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer Writer] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] 7rl6m4zqsirio44cbczg7gg4fedgdqz 705566 705564 2026-08-24T06:13:55Z Topcriminologist 65515 705566 wikitext text/x-wiki '''onyè nàedè akwụkwọ̀''' [[File:Kulikov Writer E.N.Chirikov 1904.jpg|thumb|Kulikov Writer E.N.Chirikov 1904]] ===Nkọwa=== bụ onye na-eji okwu edere ede n'ụdị ederede dị iche iche, ụdị, na usoro dị iche iche akọwapụta echiche, ịkpali mmetụta na mmetụta uche, ma ọ bụ iji mee ka mmadụ nwee obi ụtọ. ===Nkejiasụsụ=== Aha ===Ọmụmaatụmatụ=== Abụ m onyè nàedè akwụkwọ̀ ===Mkpọpụta=== [[File:Ig-onyè nàedè akwụkwọ̀.ogg|thumb|Ig-onyè nàedè akwụkwọ̀]] ===Ntụgharị n'asụsụ ọzọ=== ===Bekee=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer Writer] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù: Igbo Wiktionary Project 2.0]] ftjuns9t1rmt7piz2h2osszgsyzy603