Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.18 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1921 709188 704994 2026-09-06T02:16:21Z SafariScribe 18560 /* Njirimara */ ce 709188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Www.wikipedia screenshot (2021).png|thumb]] '''Wikipedia''' (IPA: /ˌwikiˈpiːdi.ə/ or /ˌwɪkiˈpiːdi.ə/ (Audio (U.S.) ([[Wikipedia:Media help|help]]·[[:Usòrò:En-us-Wikipedia.ogg|info]]))) bụ edemede eji asụsụ dị iche iche wee dee tinye na web, ka onye ọ masịrị gụọ.[ free content encyclopedia ]  Ndị volunteers;( ọrụ akwụ ụgwọ) gbakọtara aka ọnụ wee dee edemede ndị a na Wikipeadia. Onye ọbụla nwere nghọta gbasara webụ saịtị nwere ike idezi maọbụ idegharị ihe edere ede ndi a maọbụkwanụ denye nke ya. Aha ya bụ portmanteau  nke mkpụrụokwu ''[[wiki]]'' (nke a bụ ụdị njikọtaọnụ nke webụ saịtị)  na akwụkwọ mmụta ihe niile akpọrọ ''encyclopedia''.  Ebe  servers  ya dị bụ na Tampa, Florida, ebe sava ndị ọzọ dị  na Amsterdam na Seoul. Ebidoro Wikipedia na mbụ dịka English Wikipedia  na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, iji wee kwado Nupedia, ezigbo akwụkwọ ederede bụ nke emechigoro.( defunct encyclopedia). Ugbu a ọ bụ ndị [[Wikimedia Foundation]], a non-profit organization  nke Maazị Jimmy Wales bụ otu n’ime ndị bi ==Njirimara== === Usoro ndezi === Ndị ndezi na-edekọ mgbanwe na akụkọ site na ịlele ọdịiche dị n'etiti ngbanwe abụọ nke ibe - nke a maara dị ka "diffs"; egosiri mgbanwe n'etiti nsụgharị abụọ na uhie. Ndị odee nwere ike dezie na-amaghị aha; N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, a na-edekọ adreesị IP ha dị ka aha onye edemede. A na-edobe ndezigharị gara aga na akụkọ Wikipedia, ma bụrụkwa nke a na-ahụ ya site na ibe "edit akụkọ ihe mere eme" nke edobere n'usoro oge, na-eme ka enwere ike ịhụ ụdị mbụ nke ibe ọ bụla n'oge ọ bụla. A na-eme mgbanwe na Wikipedia ozugbo na Weebụ, na-enweghị nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ. Nkà ihe ọmụma Wikipedia bụ na imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti ndị nwere ezi nzube, ndị na-edezi ihe ọmụma ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emezi akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma n'obosara, omimi na izi ezi, na, na-enye oge zuru ezu, eziokwu ga-emeri na ọbụnadị aghụghọ ga-ejide ma mezie ya. Ya mere, Wikipedia na-enye ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ọ bụla ka ọ dezie, ma e wezụga maka ndị ọrụ amachibidoro maka mmebi iwu na-adịgide adịgide ka usoro ikpe ikpe ogologo gasịrị. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ isiokwu ọ bụla nwere ike dezie; A na-enwekwa nkwarụ mgbe ụfọdụ nwa oge maka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke akụkọ n'ihi mbibi na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ esemokwu edozibeghị n'etiti ndị nkwado. Wikipedia ekwuputabeghị nke ọ bụla n'ime akụkọ ya "zuru oke" ma ọ bụ "mechara". Dị ka akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma izugbe, Wikipedia na-achọ ịkọwa ọtụtụ isiokwu dị ka o kwere mee. Ọ na-ekpuchi isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, yana ọtụtụ isiokwu ọdịnala na nka na-adịghị adị n'ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ ma ọ bụ kpọchie ya na ntụnyere isiokwu pụrụ iche. Na mgbakwunye na uto na-enweghị atụ n'ọnụọgụ isiokwu, nkezi ogologo nke isiokwu ọ bụla amụbaala nke ọma, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke "akụkọ pụtara" ghọtara maka ịdị elu ha dị elu. Otú ọ dị, nnukwu oghere dị na mkpuchi ọrụ a ka dị, na ọtụtụ akụkọ anaghị akọwapụta ya nke ọma n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na amụma nchịkọta akụkọ Wikipedia. Otu ike ama ama nke Wikipedia bụ oge ya. Dị ka ọ na-adị, a na-ebipụta akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọhụrụ kwa afọ ole na ole, n'ihi na ihe ọmụma ha bịara doo anya na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghịzizi emezi. Echiche nke idegharị na-aga n'ihu, bụ nke a na-edegharị akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma dum ma na-ebipụta kwa afọ ole na ole, dochie nke a ma ugbu a ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma na-arụ ọrụ. Wikipedia na-ewegharịgharị na-aga n'ihu ruo oke ya - ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkọ niile nwere ike ịmegharị ya n'oge ọ bụla, na-ekwe ka ọrụ ahụ tinye ihe omume dị ugbu a. Dị ka ihe atụ, ndị nta akụkọ na-edekarị akụkọ banyere ala ọma jijiji ahụ mere n’Oké Osimiri India n’afọ 2004 ná mbipụta Bekee n’ụbọchị ndị sochiri ihe omume ahụ<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070226071555/http://www.workers.org/ww/2005/tsunami0113.php Workers World] ([[:en:8 Jenụwarị|8 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2005|2005]]) and [[:en:Chicago Times|Chicago Times]] ([[:en:16 Jenụwarị|16 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2005|2005]])</ref> ===Atumatu na ntuziaka=== A na-eme mkpebi na ọdịnaya na usoro nhazi nke Wikipedia site na ime mkpebi nkwenye na, mgbe ụfọdụ, site na ịtụ vootu; Jimmy Wales na Wikimedia Foundation jigidere ikpe ikpeazụ. Wikipedia nwere ọtụtụ atumatu na ntụzịaka, mepụtakwara site na nkwenye, na-eduzi ọrụ na ọrụ a, na-ekpuchi omume, ọdịnaya metụtara na okwu gbasara iwu. Otu n'ime ihe kachasị mkpa na-ekwu na a ga-ederịrị isiokwu site na "echiche na-anọpụ iche", na-egosipụta echiche niile dị ịrịba ama na ihe iseokwu tinyere ihe akaebe na-akwado ha - ya mere, kama ịchọ ịchọpụta ihe bụ eziokwu nke isiokwu ha, isiokwu na-anwa anwa. ịkọwa ha n'eleghị mmadụ anya n'ihu site n'echiche niile dị mkpa. Ederede onye ọ bụla nwere nkwupụta nkwutọ, mmebi iwu nwebiisinka, na ọdịnaya ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibute ụgwọ iwu ma ọ bụ na-emebi Wikipedia na-ezobe kpamkpam site na iji usoro akpọrọ "Nlebaanya". ===Ọdịnaya efu na ikike=== Ihe nkwado na Wikipedia bụ GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), otu n'ime ọtụtụ ikikere nwebiisinka nke na-enye ohere ikesagharị, imepụta ọrụ ewepụtara na iji ọdịnaya azụmaahịa. Ikikere a na-enye ndị ndezi Wikipedia aka idowe ikike nwebiisinka nke ọrụ ha, mana na-enye ohere ka ndị ọzọ wulite n'ọrụ ahụ wee bipụta ya, ọ bụrụhaala na akwadoro onye edemede mbụ yana GFDL kpuchirikwa ọrụ ewepụtara ya. Ikikere a na-ahụ na enwere ike dezie Wikipedia n'efu; A na-edekọ onyinye onye odee ọ bụla maka ụmụ ọmụmụ na nchekwa data. Larry Sanger ekwuola na inwe GFDL dị ka "nkwenye nke nnwere onwe bụ ihe mkpali siri ike ịrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma efu". Wikipedia nwekwara ihe onyonyo na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ nke ndị ndezi ya ekepụtaghị, mana ọ dị na mpaghara ọha. A na-ewepụta ọdịnaya ndị ọzọ dị na Wikipedia n'okpuru usoro nwebisiinka dị iche iche ma ọ bụ ikikere dakọtara na GFDL, dị ka ikikere Creative Commons. E gosipụtara ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka akara ụlọ ọrụ, ihe nlele egwu, ma ọ bụ foto akụkọ nwebiisinka nwere nkwuputa eji eme ihe ziri ezi n'okpuru iwu nwebiisinka United States. Wikimedia Commons, ebe nchekwa mgbasa ozi na ọrụ nwanne nwanyị nke a na-echekwa ọtụtụ onyonyo Wikipedia, na-enyekwa ikike nwebiisinka ndị ọzọ, mana anaghị anabata onyonyo eji eme ihe ziri ezi. Ndị ntinye aka nwere ike ịhọrọ inye onyinye ha ọtụtụ ikike n'okpuru ma GFDL na ngalaba ọha, ma ọ bụ GFDL na ikikere ndị ọzọ, na-enye ndị ọzọ ohere iji ọdịnaya n'okpuru nke ọ bụla n'ime ikike ndị a. Ikikere mepere emepe Wikipedia na-akwalite ojiji ọhụrụ na ngosipụta nke ọdịnaya ya. Ụdị a na-ekwu okwu dị maka ụfọdụ akụkọ n'ụdị Ogg Vorbis, ebe ọ bụ na usoro MP3 a na-ejikarị eme ihe na-ekpuchi ya site na ikikere ngwanrọ nke na-eme ka nkesa n'okpuru ikike efu. Ụdị Wikipedia guzoro ọtọ dị ka Lexipedia dị maka ngwaọrụ ejiri aka. Ụmụaka SOS na-ekesa akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma na CD (Nhọrọ CD Wikipedia 2006). Mpempe akwụkwọ edebatara nke Wikipedia ahọpụtara dịkwa site na PediaPress, mbipụta na-achọ ọrụ. Ọrụ dị n'ime Wikipedia na-arụ ọrụ na "Wikipedia 1.0", nchịkọta akụkọ Wikipedia enyochagoro maka izi ezi ma dị njikere maka ibipụta ma ọ bụ ọkụ na CD. E kesara Wikipedia Wikipedia German na DVD; A na-ahazi ụdị mbipụta na dijitalụ nke mbipụta Bekee.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team&oldid=101266668 Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team]", Wikipedia ([[:en:24 Jenụwarị|24 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]])</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Nupedia.jpg|thumb|250px|Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project, [[:en:Nupedia|Nupedia]].]] Wikipedia malitere dị ka ọrụ nkwado maka Nupedia, ọrụ ntanetịime ihe ọmụma n'efu nke ndị ọkachamara dere akụkọ ya wee nyochaa ya site na usoro nkịtị. E hiwere Nupedia na 9 akpụkpọ ụkwụ 2008, n'okpuru ikike nke Bomis, Inc, ụlọ ọrụ portal webụ. Ndị isi ya bụ Jimmy Wales, Bomis CEO, na Larry Sanger, onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka Nupedia na mechara Wikipedia. Enyere Nupedia ikike na mbụ n'okpuru ikikere Nupedia Open Content License, na-atụgharị gaa na GFDL tupu ntọala Wikipedia na agbamume Richard Stallman. Na 29 Jenụwarị 2005, Larry Sanger tụrụ aro na listi nzipu ozi Nupedia ka imepụta wiki dị ka ọrụ “feder” maka Nupedia. Ewepụtara Wikipedia na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, dị ka otu mbipụta asụsụ bekee na <nowiki>http://www.wikipedia.com/</nowiki>, ma Sanger mara ọkwa na ndepụta nzipu ozi Nupedia. Amụma Wikipedia nke "nlegharị anya na-anọpụ iche" bụ ahaziri n'ime ọnwa mbụ ya, ma yie amụma Nupedia nke mbụ "na-enweghị isi". Ma ọ bụghị ya, enwere iwu ole na ole na mbụ na Wikipedia na-arụ ọrụ n'adabereghị na Nupedia. Wikipedia nwetara nkwado mbụ site na Nupedia, Slashdot biputere, na nchọta ihe nchọta. Ọ tolitere ruo ihe dị ka isiokwu 20,000, yana mbipụta asụsụ 18, ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 2001. O toro na mbipụta asụsụ 26 na njedebe nke 2002, 46 na njedebe nke 2003, yana 161 na njedebe nke 2004. Nupedia na Wikipedia birikọ ọnụ ruo mgbe Sava nke mbụ gbadara, na-adịgide adịgide, na 2003, na ederede ya etinyere na Wikipedia. Larry Sanger na Jimmy Wales bụ ndị haziri Wikipedia. Usòrò:WikipediaHomePage30Ma nchịkwa2001.png Wikipedia's English Edition na 30 Maachị 2001, ọnwa abụọ na ọkara ka e hiwechara ya. Wales na Sanger na-ekwu na echiche nke iji wiki bụ Ward Cunningham's WikiWikiWeb ma ọ bụ Portland Pattern Repository.Àtụ:Citation need Ọ bụ ezie na Wales kwadoro ebumnuche nke ịmepụta akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọha na eze na-edezi, Sanger na-abụkarị atụmatụ nke iji wiki. ka iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ. N'izo aka na egwu nke mgbasa ozi azụmahịa na enweghị njikwa na Wikipedia nke na-eche na Bekee, ndị ọrụ Wikipedia Spanish gbapụrụ na Wikipedia iji mepụta Enciclopedia Libre na Febrụwarị 2002. Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, Wales kwupụtara na Wikipedia agaghị egosipụta mgbasa ozi, yana webụsaịtị ya. ebugara na wikipedia.org. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche agbapụla na Wikipedia maka ebumnuche ndetu. Wikinfo anaghị achọ echiche na-anọpụ iche ma na-enye ohere nyocha mbụ. Ọrụ ọhụrụ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Wikipedia - dị ka Citizendium, Scholarpedia na Amapedia - ka amalitela ileba anya na njedebe echere na Wikipedia, dị ka amụma ya na nyocha ndị ọgbọ, nyocha mbụ na mgbasa ozi azụmahịa. Emepụtara Wikimedia Foundation site na Wikipedia na Nupedia na 20 Juun 2003. Wikimedia Foundation tinyere akwụkwọ ikike nke United States Patent and Trademark Office iji nweta akara Wikipedia® na 17 Septemba 2004. Enyere akara ahụ ọkwa ndebanye aha na 10 Jenụwarị 2006. Japan nyere nchebe akara ahia na 16 Disemba 2004 na na European Union na 20 January. 2005. Teknụzụ akara ọrụ, oke akara ahụ bụ maka: "Nnyefe ozi na ngalaba nke ihe ọmụma encyclopedic izugbe site na ịntanetị”. Enwere atụmatụ ịnye ikike iji ụghalaahịa Wikipedia maka ngwaahịa ụfọdụ, dị ka akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ DVD.<ref>{{cite news |first=Vipin |last=Nair|title=Growing on volunteer power |date=[[:en:5 Disemba|5 Disemba]] [[:en:2005|2005]] |publisher=Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2005/12/05/stories/2005120500070100.htm}}</ref> [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Number of articles reg 01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The number of English Wikipedia articles grew exponentially from 2002 to 2006, with a doubling time of roughly 1 year.<ref name="WP_exp_growth">"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia's_growth Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia's growth]",[[:en:English Wikipedia|English Wikipedia]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-29]].</ref>]] N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2007, Wikipedia Bekee nwere ihe karịrị nde akụkọ 1.6, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma kachasị ukwuu enwetụla, kpuchiri ọbụna Yongle Encyclopedia (1407), bụ nke nwere ndekọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 600.<ref name="EB_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedias and Dictionaries |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed. |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2007 |volume=18 |pages=257–286}}</ref> == Ode akwụkwọ na njikwa == N'oge Disemba 2005, ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 27,000 mere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndezi ise na Wikipedia; N'ime ndị a, 17,000 rụrụ ọrụ na mbipụta Bekee. A na-arụ ọrụ nlekọta site na otu ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo; Ndị a gụnyere ndị mmepe, ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ngwa MediaWiki, yana ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ tụkwasịrị obi nwere ọkwa ikike dị iche iche gụnyere "onye nlekọta", "bureaucrat" na "onye nchịkwa". Ndị na-elekọta ụlọ na ndị na-arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịkwalite ma ọ bụ wetuo ndị ọrụ n'ọkwa ikike dị iche iche. Ndị nchịkwa bụ nnukwu ndị ọrụ nwere ihe ùgwù pụrụ iche, ma nwee ike ihichapụ ibe, gbochie idezi akụkọ, ma ọ bụ gbochie ndị ọrụ idezi. Agbanyeghị, achọrọ ndị nchịkwa ka ha soro amụma obodo mgbe ha na-egosipụta ike ndị a. A na-enyekarị ikike ndị a site na nkwenye obodo; A na-ahọpụta ndị na-elekọta ụlọ n'oge oge. Imebi ma ọ bụ obere mmebi iwu nwere ike ịkpata ịdọ aka ná ntị ma ọ bụ ngọngọ nwa oge, ebe ogologo oge ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi na-adịgide adịgide maka mmebi ogologo oge na nke dị njọ na-enye <citation need> (ma ọ bụ n'aha) Jimmy Wales ma ọ bụ, na Bekee- mbipụta asụsụ, "Kọmitii Arbitration" họpụtara. A na-enweta ego Wikipedia site na Wikimedia Foundation. Ọnụ ego nke 4th Quarter 2005 bụ $321,000 USD, yana ngwaike na-eme ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 60% nke mmefu ego. Wikimedia Foundation na-adabere ugbu a na onyinye nke onwe, ma na-ejide ndị na-akpakọba ego mgbe niile; ihe nchikota nke Jenụwarị 2007 welitere ihe karịrị nde $1. == Akụrụngwa na ngwaike == [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Floridaserversfront1.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Wikipedia na-enweta n'etiti arịrịọ peeji 10,000 na 30,000 kwa nkeji, dabere na oge ụbọchị. Edobela ihe karịrị sava 100 ka ha na-ahụ maka okporo ụzọ.]] Arụmọrụ Wikipedia dabere na MediaWiki, ihe emebere nke ọma, sọftụwia sọftụwia wiki mepere emepe edere na PHP ma wukwaa n'elu nchekwa data MySQL. Akụrụngwa na-agụnye atụmatụ mmemme ọgbara ọhụrụ, dị ka asụsụ nnukwu, mgbanwe dị iche iche, usoro ntụgharị maka ndebiri, na ntụgharị URL. MediaWiki nwere ikike n'okpuru GNU General Public License ma na-eji ọrụ Wikimedia niile, yana ọtụtụ ọrụ wiki ndị ọzọ. Na mbụ, Wikipedia na-agba ọsọ na UseModWiki nke Clifford Adams dere na Perl (Phase I), nke na mbụ chọrọ CamelCase maka hyperlinks akụkọ; agbakwunyere brackets okpukpu abụọ ugbu a ma emechaa. Malite na Jenụwarị 2002 (Oge II), Wikipedia malitere ịgba ọsọ na injin wiki PHP nwere nchekwa data MySQL; Ngwanrọ a bụ nke Magnus Manske mere maka Wikipedia. Emezigharịrị ngwa ngwa nke Abụọ ugboro ugboro ka ọ nabata ihe na-abawanye ụbara. Na Julaị 2002 (Oge III), Wikipedia gbanwere gaa na ngwanrọ ọgbọ nke atọ, MediaWiki, nke Lee Daniel Crocker dere na mbụ. Nchịkọta nke usoro ihe owuwu, Mee 2006. Isi mmalite: Eserese okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu na Meta-Wiki. Wikipedia na-agba ọsọ na ụyọkọ Linux raara onwe ya nye na Florida na ebe anọ ndị ọzọ. Wikipedia jiri otu ihe nkesa rụọ ọrụ ruo n'afọ 2004, mgbe agbasawanye ntọala nkesa ka ọ bụrụ ihe owuwu nkesa multitier. Na Jenụwarị 2005, ọrụ a rụrụ na sava 39 raara onwe ya nye dị na Florida. Nhazi a gụnyere otu ihe nkesa nchekwa data nke na-agba MySQL, ọtụtụ sava nchekwa data ohu, sava weebụ 21 na-agba Apache HTTP Server, yana sava cache Squid asaa. Site na Septemba 2005, ụyọkọ nkesa ya etoola ihe ruru sava 100 n'ebe anọ.around the world. A na-ebu ụzọ bufee arịrịọ ibe na oyi akwa ihu nke sava Squid caching. Arịrịọ na-enweghị ike ịnye site na cache Squid na-ezigara na sava na-edozi ibu na-arụ ọrụ ngwanrọ Perlbal, nke na-enyefe arịrịọ ahụ n'aka otu n'ime sava weebụ Apache maka iwepụta ibe site na nchekwa data. Sava webụ ahụ na-ebuga ibe dị ka achọrọ ya, na-arụpụta ibe maka mbipụta asụsụ niile nke Wikipedia. Ka iwelie ọsọ n'ihu, a na-echekwa ibe akwụkwọ maka ndị ọrụ na-amaghị aha n'ime sistemụ faịlụ ruo mgbe ọ mebiri emebi, na-enye ohere ka ịfefe ibe ya kpamkpam maka ịnweta ibe ndị a na-ahụkarị. Iji mee ka oge nzaghachi dịkwuo ngwa ngwa, Wikimedia na-ewulite netwọk zuru ụwa ọnụ nke sava caching, na-amalite site na sava caching atọ na France. Ụyọkọ abụọ buru ibu na Netherlands na Korea na-ejikwa ọtụtụ ibu okporo ụzọ Wikipedia. == Mbipụta asụsụ == [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:He-Wikipedia.png|right|thumb|300px|Wikipedia in [[:en:Hebrew language|Hebrew]].<ref>[http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Main Page], [[:en:Hebrew Wikipedia|Hebrew Wikipedia]]</ref>]] A kọwawo Wikipedia dị ka "mgbalị imepụta na ikesa akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma n'efu nke kachasị mma enwere ike nye onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụwa n'asụsụ nke ha". Enwere mbipụta asụsụ 250 nke Wikipedia ugbu a; N'ime ndị a, 14 n'elu nwere ihe karịrị 100,000 akụkọ na n'elu 131 nwere ihe karịrị 1,000 isiokwu. Dabere na ọrụ nha ndị na-ege ntị Internet Alexa, subdomain Bekee (en.wikipedia.org) na-enweta ihe dịka 55% nke okporo ụzọ Wikipedia, yana 45% nke fọdụrụ kewara n'etiti asụsụ ndị ọzọ. A na-edobe mbipụta asụsụ dị iche iche na atumatu zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka "echiche na-anọpụ iche," n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'echiche na omume aghụghọ. Ejikọtaghị mbipụta nke asụsụ, na akụkọ nke otu mbipụta agaghị adaba na ndị ogbo ha na mbipụta ọzọ. A na-agba ndị ndezi asụsụ ọtụtụ asụsụ ume ka ha jiri aka ha sụgharịa akụkọ; anabataghị ntụgharị asụsụ akpaghị aka nke ọma. Edemede atụgharịrị na-anọchi anya naanị ntakịrị akụkụ akụkọ n'ọtụtụ mbipụta. Akụkọ dị n'ihe karịrị otu asụsụ na-enye njikọ "InterWiki" n'akụkụ aka ekpe ha, nke jikọtara ya na akụkọ ibe ya na mbipụta ndị ọzọ. A na-ekekọrịta onyonyo na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke ọnụ n'etiti mbipụta asụsụ dị iche iche site na ebe nchekwa Wikimedia Commons. {{Wikipedia 100,000}} == Ntụkwasị obi na ele mmadụ anya n'ihu == Wikipedia na-amasị ikike nke akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara karịa ikike nke ndị ọkachamara. Wikipedia anaghị achọ ka ndị ntinye aka ya nye aha iwu ha ma ọ bụ nye ozi ndị ọzọ iji gosi njirimara ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ntinye aka bụ ndị ọchịchị n'ubi ha, Wikipedia chọrọ ka e jiri isi mmalite ndị ebipụtara kwado ọbụna onyinye ha. Ihe ndọghachi azụ nke usoro nrụtụ aka a bụ na ndị na-agụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ikpebi ntụkwasị obi nke isi mmalite edepụtara. Wikipedia na-anwa ileba anya na nsogbu nke nhụsianya nke usoro ihe omume, na imegide ndị editọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-achọ imetụta ngosi nke isiokwu n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, site n'ịkwụsi ike n'echiche na-anọpụ iche. Wikipedia na-asụ Bekee ewebatala ọnụ ọgụgụ nke a na-ekpebi ogo akụkọ; mbipụta ndị ọzọ nakweere nke a. Ihe dị ka 1200 agafeela usoro njirisi siri ike iji ruo ọkwa kachasị elu, ọkwa "akụkọ pụtara"; isiokwu ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ka e bu n'obi nye nkọwa nke ọma, nke edere nke ọma nke isiokwu ha, ma kwado ya site n'ọtụtụ ntụaka maka akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara..<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_criteria Featured article criteria]", Wikipedia. Retrieved on [[2007-01-27]].</ref> === Nyocha agụmakwụkwọ === Nnyocha na-egosi na Wikipedia na-enye ezigbo mmalite maka nyocha, ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-enwe nsogbu na ihe na-ezighị ezi. Mana nyocha nke Nature jiri tụnyere Wikipedia na Encyclopædia Britannica tụrụ aro ka ọ dị nso n'ogo nke ziri ezi n'ihe gbasara isiokwu sayensị okike ya; Otú ọ dị, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., kọwara ọmụmụ ihe a dị ka "ndị nwere ntụpọ na-egbu egbu", nke Nature mesịrị zaghachi ya, na-ekwupụta na ọmụmụ ya bụ nnọpụiche zuru oke. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ kwubiri na mkpuchi akụkọ ihe mere eme Wikipedia na-agbasawanye ma dị omimi karịa nke Encarta, ebe ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ eziokwu, yana na mmebi iwu pụtara ìhè na-alaghachikarị ngwa ngwa. N'ime nyocha nke Wikipedia dị ka obodo, nwa akwụkwọ PhD nke akụ na ụba Andrea Ciffolilli rụrụ ụka na ọnụ ahịa azụmahịa dị ala nke isonye na wiki software na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka mmepe mmekọrịta, yana na usoro "ihe mmepụta ihe" na-akwado nsonye. A na-ele Wikipedia anya dị ka nnwale mmadụ; Onye nchoputa Jimmy Wales ekwuola na ebum n'obi abụghị otu, n'agbanyeghị na nke ahụ bụ nsonaazụ. ==Criticism and controversy== Wikipedia has been accused of exhibiting [[:en:systemic bias|systemic bias]] and inconsistency;<ref name="Who">Simon Waldman, http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/news/0,12597,1335892,00.html Who knows?, The Guardian, [[:en:26 Ọktoba|26 Ọktoba]] [[:en:2004|2004]]</ref> critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature, and favouring [[:en:consensus|consensus]] over [[:en:credentials|credential]]s in its editorial process, makes it unauthoritative, and that a lack of proper sources for much of the information makes it unreliable,<ref>{{ cite news | author = Stacy Schiff | date = [[2006-07-31]] | title = Know It All | work = The New Yorker }}</ref> although the [[:en:Conversion (logic)|converse]] of the same argument can also be argued.<!-- Not sure what to cite for this but I know it's an ongoing argument --> Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia is usually reliable, but that it is not always clear how much.<ref name="AcademiaAndWikipedia">[[:en:Danah Boyd|Danah Boyd]], "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060112003204/http://www.corante.com/many/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php Academia and Wikipedia]", [[:en:Many-to-many|Many-to-Many]], [[:en:4 Jenụwarị|4 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2005|2005]].</ref> The project's preference for [[:en:consensus|consensus]] over [[:en:credential|credential]]s has been labelled "anti-elitism".<ref name="SangerElitism">[[:en:Larry Sanger|Larry Sanger]], "[http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism]", [[:en:Kuro5hin|Kuro5hin]], [[:en:31 Disemba|31 Disemba]] [[:en:2004|2004]].</ref> Editors of traditional reference works such as the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia.<ref name="McHenry_2004">[[:en:Robert McHenry|Robert McHenry]], "[http://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html The Faith-Based Encyclopedia]", [[:en:Tech Central Station|Tech Central Station]], [[:en:15 Novemba|15 Novemba]] [[:en:2004|2004]].</ref> Many [[:en:university|university]] [[:en:lecturer|lecturer]]s discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring [[:en:primary source|primary source]]s;<ref name = "WideWorldOfWikipedia">{{ cite web | title = Wide World of WIKIPEDIA | publisher = The Emory Wheel | url = http://www.emorywheel.com/media/storage/paper919/news/2006/04/21/News/Wide-World.Of.Wikipedia-1865022.shtml | date = [[:en:21 Eprel|21 Eprel]] [[:en:2006|2006]] | accessdate = 2007-01-25 }}</ref> some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190223055553/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki A Stand Against Wikipedia]", ''Inside Higher Ed'' ([[En26 Jenụwarị|26 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]]). Retrieved on [[:en:27 Jenụwarị|27 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]].</ref> Founder [[:en:Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales]] stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate as primary sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.<ref name="AWorkInProgress">[http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"], [[:en:BusinessWeek|BusinessWeek]] ([[:en:14 Disemba|14 Disemba]], [[:en:2005|2005]]). Retrieved on [[2007-01-29]].</ref> Technology writer [[:en:Bill Thompson (technology writer)|Bill Thompson]] commented that the debate was possibly "symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today."<ref>{{cite news |title=What is it with Wikipedia? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712.stm |date=[[2005-12-16]] |publisher=[[:en:British Broadcasting Company|BBC]] |first=Bill |last=Thompson}}</ref> Concerns have also been raised regarding the lack of [[:en:accountability|accountability]] that results from users' anonymity,<ref name="WikipediaWatch">[[:en:Public Information Research|Public Information Research]] - Wikipedia Watch. Retrieved on [[2007-01-28]].</ref> and that it is vulnerable to [[:en:vandalism|vandalism]] and Internet [[:en:troll (internet)|trolls]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version) | url = http://www.citizendium.org/essay.html | work = Citizendium.org | accessdate = 2006-10-10 | archivedate = 2006-10-11 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061011230402/http://www.citizendium.org/essay.html }}</ref> For example, [[:en:John Seigenthaler Sr. Wikipedia biography controversy|false information was introduced]] into the biography of [[:en:John Seigenthaler, Sr.|John Seigenthaler, Sr.]] and remained undetected for four months.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm |last=Seigenthaler |first=John |title=A False Wikipedia 'biography' |date=[[2005-11-29]] |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> Wikipedia's community has been described as "[[:en:cult|cult]]-like",<ref>{{cite news |url=http://technology.guardian.co.uk/opinion/story/0,16541,1667346,00.html |title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults |first=Charles |last=Arthur |date=[[2005-12-15]] |publisher=[[:en:The Guardian|The Guardian]]}}</ref> although not always with entirely negative connotations,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html |title=Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site |date=[[2003-08-04]] |first=Kristie |last=Lu Stout|publisher=[[:en:Cable News Network|CNN]]}}</ref> and criticised for failing to accommodate inexperienced users.<ref>"{{cite web |url=http://www.wikinfo.org/wiki.php?title=Critical_views_of_Wikipedia |title=Critical views of Wikipedia |author=[[:en:Wikinfo|Wikinfo]] |date=[[2005-03-30]] |accessdate=2007-01-29}}</ref> The addition of political [[:en:Spin (public relations)|spin]] to articles by organizations including the [[:en:U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and special interest groups<ref name="DeathByWikipedia">{{cite web | title = Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800135.html | accessdate = 2006-11-01 | first = Frank | last = Ahrens | publisher = The Washington Post | date = 2006-07-09 }}</ref> has been noted,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.com.com/2061-11199_3-6032713.html |title=Politicians notice Wikipedia |publisher=[[:en:CNET|CNET]] |author=Kane, Margaret |date=2006-01-30 |accessdate=2007-01-28 |archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20120712204508/http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html |archivedate=2012-07-12 }}</ref> and organizations such as [[:en:Microsoft|Microsoft]] have offered financial incentives to work on certain articles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16775981/ |title=Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit |publisher=[[:en:MSNBC|MSNBC]] |author=Bergstein, Brian |date=[[2007-01-23]] |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref> Wikipedia has been parodied by its critics, notably by [[:en:Stephen Colbert|Stephen Colbert]] in ''[[:en:The Colbert Report|The Colbert Report]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Colbert speaks, America follows: All Hail Wikiality!|publisher=c-net news.com|url=http://news.com.com/2061-10802_3-6100754.html|author=Caroline McCarthy|date=2006-08-01|archiveurl=http://archive.is/Byvj|archivedate=2012-07-14}}</ref> In 2007 the Wikipedia article on then-Montana senator [[:en:Conrad Burns|Conrad Burns]] was edited by his own staff, causing political scandal among his own constituents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/articles/2006/02/09/news/wikipedia.txt |title=Burns' office may have tampered with Wikipedia entry |publisher=[[:en:Bozeman Daily Chronicle|Bozeman Daily Chronicle]] |author=Williams, Walt |date=2007-01-01 |accessdate=2007-02-13 |archivedate=2019-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214201058/http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/articles/2006/02/09/news/wikipedia.txt }}</ref> Wikipedia's content policies<ref name="PoliciesAndGuidelines">"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines List of policies and guidelines]", English Wikipedia. Retrieved on [[2007-01-31]].</ref> and sub-projects set up by contributors seek to address these concerns.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikipedia:WikiProject]", [[:en:English Wikipedia|English Wikipedia]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-29]].</ref> Several scholarly studies have concluded that vandalism is generally short-lived,<ref name="MIT_IBM_study">{{ cite paper | title = Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizations | format = [[:en:PDF|PDF]] | accessdate = 2007-01-24 | url = http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf }}</ref> and that Wikipedia is roughly as accurate as other online encyclopedias.<ref name="Rosenzweig_2006" /> ==Awards== Wikipedia winiru nnukwu awards abuo ni Mee 2004.<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trophy_box Trophy Box]", [[:en:Meta-Wiki|Meta-Wiki]] ([[:en:28 Maachị|28 Maachị]] [[:en:2005|2005]]).</ref> Nke buzo wu Golden Nica maka Digital Communities nke annual [[:en:Prix Ars Electronica|Prix Ars Electronica]] contest; €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant so nke a na invitashon i me presentashon na PAE Cyberarts Festival ni [[:en:Austria|Austria]] na oge ozo na aho ahu. Nke abuo wu Judges' [[:en:Webby Awards|Webby Award]] maka "community" category ahu.<ref>"[http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php Webby Awards 2004]"</ref> Ha nominate kwu Wikipedia maka "Best Practices" Webby. Ni Septemba 2004, [[:en:Japanses Wikipedia|Japanese Wikipedia]] wini Web Creation Award site Japan Advertisers Association. Award a, ha n'enye ndi mmadu maka nnukwu contributions to the Web ni Japanese, di accepted by long-standing contributor on behalf of project ahu. ==In the media== Wikipedia's content has been mirrored and forked by hundreds of sites including [[:en:database dump|database dump]]s. Its content has also been used in academic studies, books and conferences.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_the_media Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media]", Wikipedia</ref> and used in court cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf|title=Bourgeois ''et al'' v. Peters ''et al.''|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-02-06|archivedate=2012-12-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140312/http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf}}</ref> The [[:en:Parliament of Canada|Canadian Parliament]] website refers to Wikipedia's article on [[:en:same-sex marriage|same-sex marriage]] in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for [[:en:Civil Marriage Act|Civil Marriage Act]].<ref>"[http://www.parl.gc.ca/LEGISINFO/index.asp?Lang=E&Chamber=C&StartList=2&EndList=200&Session=13&Type=0&Scope=I&query=4381&List=toc C-38]", LEGISINFO ([[:en:28 Maachị|28 Maachị]] [[:en:2005|2005]])</ref> The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the U.S. Federal Courts and the World Intellectual Property Office<ref name="WP_court_source">{{cite journal |last=Arias |first=Martha L. |date=29 Jenụwarị 2007 |title=[http://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1668 Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source] |journal=Internet Business Law Services}}</ref> — though mainly for ''supporting information'' rather than information decisive to a case.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam |date=29 Jenụwarị 2007 |title=[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html?ref=technology Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively] |journal=New York Times}}</ref> Wikipedia has also been used as a source in [[:en:journalism|journalism]],<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070204135807/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/09/08/russia.basayev/ Basayev: Russia's most wanted man]", [[:en:CNN|CNN]], [[:en:8 Septemba|8 Septemba]] [[:en:2004|2004]].</ref> sometimes without attribution; several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia.<ref>"[http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered]", ''[[:en:San Antonio Express-News|San Antonio Express-News]]'', [[:en:9 Jenụwarị|9 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]].</ref><ref>"[http://starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal]", ''[[:en:Honolulu Star-Bulletin|Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]'', [[:en:13 Jenụwarị|13 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007]|2007].</ref> Wikipedia maintains a (non-comprehensive) list of notable uses of the encyclopedia as a source.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_as_a_source Wikipedia:Wikipedia as a source]", Wikipedia</ref> With increased usage and awareness, there have been an increasing number of references to Wikipedia in popular culture. Many parody Wikipedia's openness, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. [[:en:Uncyclopedia|Uncyclopedia]] is the largest such website; its Main Page claims that it is the "content-free encyclopedia that anyone can edit,"<ref>"[http://uncyclopedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&oldid=1497858 Main Page]", uncyclopedia.org (as of [[:en:26 Jenụwarị|26 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]]). Retrieved on [[2007-01-28]].</ref> parodying the English Wikipedia's welcome message on its {{srlink|[[Main Page]]}}. In the episode "Wikiality" of [[:en:The Colbert Report|The Colbert Report]], host [[:en:Stephen Colbert|Stephen Colbert]] has instigated his viewers to vandalize articles in humorous ways, once doing so on the Wikipedia article on [[:en:elephant|elephant]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://spring.newsvine.com/_news/2006/08/01/307864-stephen-colbert-causes-chaos-on-wikipedia-gets-blocked-from-site |title=Colbert Causes Chaos on Wikipedia |publisher=[[:en:Newsvine|Newsvine]] |date=[[:en:1 Ọgọọst|1 Ọgọọst]] [[:en:2006|2006]] |accessdate=2006-09-28}}</ref> [[:en:"Weird Al" Yankovic|"Weird Al" Yankovic]]'s character in his video [[:en:White & Nerdy|'White & Nerdy']] is seen vandalising the entry for the Atlantic [[:en:record label|record label]] with the exclamation "You suck!," after they rescinded permission for a parody.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20081201113103/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,20523843-5006024,00.html Weird Al Yankovic]," [[:en:Herald Sun|Herald Sun]], [[:en:5 Ọktoba|5 Ọktoba]] [[:en:2006|2006]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-25]].</ref> In a recent episode of ''[[:en:American Dad|American Dad]]'' (entitled [[:en:Black Mystery Month|Black Mystery Month]]), protagonists [[:en:Stan Smith|Stan Smith]] and [[:en:Steve Smith|Steve Smith]] fail to reveal to the world that [[:en:George Washington Carver|George Washington Carver]] wasn't the person who invented [[:en:peanut butter|peanut butter]], then create a Wikipedia page entitled "The Truth About Peanut Butter" to inform the world, citing that it is the one place you can put crazy information out with no evidence and still have millions of people believe it to be true. ==Related projects== Wikipedia has spawned several sister projects. The first, "''In Memoriam: 11 Septemba<!--Do not reformat this date, it is quoted--> Wiki''",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sep11memories.org/|title=sep11memories.org/<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-02-06}}</ref> created in Ọktoba 2002,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080113013503/http://www.sep11memories.org/index.php?title=In_Memoriam&oldid=1502 First edit to the wiki] In Memoriam: 11 Septemba wiki ([[:en:28 Ọktoba|28 Ọktoba]], [[:en:2002|2002]])</ref> detailed the [[:en:11 Septemba 2001 attacks|11 Septemba 2001 attacks]]; this project was closed in Ọktoba 2006.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110929203141/http://sep11memories.org/index.php?title=In_Memoriam&oldid=11355 In Memoriam]",In Memoriam: 11 Septemba Wiki ([[:en:31 Ọktoba|31 Ọktoba]] [[:en:2006|2006]])</ref> [[:en:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]], a dictionary project, was launched in Disemba 2002;<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_News&diff=prev&oldid=4133 Announcement of Wiktionary's creation]", [[:en:12 Disemba|12 Disemba]] [[:en:2002|2002]]. Retrieved on [[2007-02-02]].</ref> [[:en:Wikiquote|Wikiquote]], a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched, and [[:en:Wikibooks|Wikibooks]], a collection of collaboratively-written free books, the next month. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects.<ref name="OurProjects">"[http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Our_projects Our projects]", [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-24]]</ref> A similar non-wiki project, the [[:en:GNUpedia|GNUpedia]] project, co-existed with Nupedia early in its history; however, it has been retired and its creator, [[:en:free software|free-software]] figure [[:en:Richard Stallman|Richard Stallman]], has lent his support to Wikipedia.<ref name="Richard Stallman 1999">{{cite news|author=[[:en:Richard Stallman|Richard Stallman]]|title=The Free Encyclopedia Project|date=1999|publisher=[[:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]]|url=http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html}}</ref> Other websites centered around collaborative knowledge base development have drawn inspiration from or inspired Wikipedia. Some, such as [[:en:Susning.nu|Susning.nu]], ''[[:en:Enciclopedia Libre|Enciclopedia Libre]]'', and [[:en:WikiZnanie|WikiZnanie]] likewise employ no formal review process, whereas others use more traditional [[:en:peer review|peer review]], such as the expert-written ''[[:en:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'', [[:en:H2G2|h2g2]] and [[:en:Everything2|Everything2]]. ==See also== * [[:meta:List of Wikipedias|List of Wikipedias]] * [[:en:List of encyclopedias|List of encyclopedias]] * [[:en:List of wikis|List of wikis]] * [[:en:Open content|Open content]] * [[:en:User-generated content|User-generated content]] * [[:en:Congressional staffer edits to Wikipedia|Congressional staffer edits to Wikipedia]] * [[:en:List of Wikipedias|List of Wikipedias]] ==References== <references /> ==Lee nke ozo== * [[Nupedia]] ==Keezi njikọ== * [http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] - isi na saịtị * [http://en.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] - [[:en:English language|English language]] mbipụta * {{SourceWatch|id=Wikipedia|page=Wikipedia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070831024848/http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ Wikipedia] na [[:en:Open Directory Project|Open Directory Project]] [[Òtù:Free encyclopedias]] [[Òtù:Online encyclopedias]] [[Òtù:Wikipedia]] __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ {{DEFAULTSORT:Wikipedia}} 0q9e3fq5pul8gsyqz4wn7crn8chx87p 709190 709188 2026-09-06T02:23:11Z SafariScribe 18560 /* */ ce 709190 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Www.wikipedia screenshot (2021).png|thumb]] '''Wikipedia''' bụ edemede eji asụsụ dị iche iche wee dee tinye na web, ka onye ọ masịrị gụọ. Obu ndi gbakọtara aka ọnụ wee dee edemede ndị ahụ ka ana-akpọ "ndị Wikipedia". Onye ọbụla nwere nghọta gbasara ya bụ edemede nwere ike ndezi maọbu ndegharị ihe edere ede. Onwekwara ike ide ihe ọhụrụ nke ya. Aha ya bụ portmanteau nke mkpụrụokwu ''[[wiki]]'' (nke a bụ ụdị njikọtaọnụ nke websaịtị) na akwụkwọ mmụta ihe niile ana akpọ {{ill|encyclopedia|en}}. Ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na {{ill|Tampa|en}}, Florida ebe ndi ọzọ dị na obodo {{ill|Amsterdam|en}} ya na {{ill|Seoul|en}}. Ebidoro Wikipedia na mbụ dịka English Wikipedia  na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, iji wee kwado Nupedia, ezigbo akwụkwọ ederede bụ nke emechigoro.( defunct encyclopedia). Ugbu a ọ bụ ndị [[Wikimedia Foundation]], a non-profit organization  nke Maazị Jimmy Wales bụ otu n’ime ndị bi ==Njirimara== === Usoro ndezi === Ndị ndezi na-edekọ mgbanwe na akụkọ site na ịlele ọdịiche dị n'etiti ngbanwe abụọ nke ibe - nke a maara dị ka "diffs"; egosiri mgbanwe n'etiti nsụgharị abụọ na uhie. Ndị odee nwere ike dezie na-amaghị aha; N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, a na-edekọ adreesị IP ha dị ka aha onye edemede. A na-edobe ndezigharị gara aga na akụkọ Wikipedia, ma bụrụkwa nke a na-ahụ ya site na ibe "edit akụkọ ihe mere eme" nke edobere n'usoro oge, na-eme ka enwere ike ịhụ ụdị mbụ nke ibe ọ bụla n'oge ọ bụla. A na-eme mgbanwe na Wikipedia ozugbo na Weebụ, na-enweghị nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ. Nkà ihe ọmụma Wikipedia bụ na imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti ndị nwere ezi nzube, ndị na-edezi ihe ọmụma ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emezi akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma n'obosara, omimi na izi ezi, na, na-enye oge zuru ezu, eziokwu ga-emeri na ọbụnadị aghụghọ ga-ejide ma mezie ya. Ya mere, Wikipedia na-enye ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ọ bụla ka ọ dezie, ma e wezụga maka ndị ọrụ amachibidoro maka mmebi iwu na-adịgide adịgide ka usoro ikpe ikpe ogologo gasịrị. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ isiokwu ọ bụla nwere ike dezie; A na-enwekwa nkwarụ mgbe ụfọdụ nwa oge maka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke akụkọ n'ihi mbibi na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ esemokwu edozibeghị n'etiti ndị nkwado. Wikipedia ekwuputabeghị nke ọ bụla n'ime akụkọ ya "zuru oke" ma ọ bụ "mechara". Dị ka akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma izugbe, Wikipedia na-achọ ịkọwa ọtụtụ isiokwu dị ka o kwere mee. Ọ na-ekpuchi isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, yana ọtụtụ isiokwu ọdịnala na nka na-adịghị adị n'ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ ma ọ bụ kpọchie ya na ntụnyere isiokwu pụrụ iche. Na mgbakwunye na uto na-enweghị atụ n'ọnụọgụ isiokwu, nkezi ogologo nke isiokwu ọ bụla amụbaala nke ọma, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke "akụkọ pụtara" ghọtara maka ịdị elu ha dị elu. Otú ọ dị, nnukwu oghere dị na mkpuchi ọrụ a ka dị, na ọtụtụ akụkọ anaghị akọwapụta ya nke ọma n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na amụma nchịkọta akụkọ Wikipedia. Otu ike ama ama nke Wikipedia bụ oge ya. Dị ka ọ na-adị, a na-ebipụta akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọhụrụ kwa afọ ole na ole, n'ihi na ihe ọmụma ha bịara doo anya na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghịzizi emezi. Echiche nke idegharị na-aga n'ihu, bụ nke a na-edegharị akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma dum ma na-ebipụta kwa afọ ole na ole, dochie nke a ma ugbu a ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma na-arụ ọrụ. Wikipedia na-ewegharịgharị na-aga n'ihu ruo oke ya - ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkọ niile nwere ike ịmegharị ya n'oge ọ bụla, na-ekwe ka ọrụ ahụ tinye ihe omume dị ugbu a. Dị ka ihe atụ, ndị nta akụkọ na-edekarị akụkọ banyere ala ọma jijiji ahụ mere n’Oké Osimiri India n’afọ 2004 ná mbipụta Bekee n’ụbọchị ndị sochiri ihe omume ahụ<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070226071555/http://www.workers.org/ww/2005/tsunami0113.php Workers World] ([[:en:8 Jenụwarị|8 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2005|2005]]) and [[:en:Chicago Times|Chicago Times]] ([[:en:16 Jenụwarị|16 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2005|2005]])</ref> ===Atumatu na ntuziaka=== A na-eme mkpebi na ọdịnaya na usoro nhazi nke Wikipedia site na ime mkpebi nkwenye na, mgbe ụfọdụ, site na ịtụ vootu; Jimmy Wales na Wikimedia Foundation jigidere ikpe ikpeazụ. Wikipedia nwere ọtụtụ atumatu na ntụzịaka, mepụtakwara site na nkwenye, na-eduzi ọrụ na ọrụ a, na-ekpuchi omume, ọdịnaya metụtara na okwu gbasara iwu. Otu n'ime ihe kachasị mkpa na-ekwu na a ga-ederịrị isiokwu site na "echiche na-anọpụ iche", na-egosipụta echiche niile dị ịrịba ama na ihe iseokwu tinyere ihe akaebe na-akwado ha - ya mere, kama ịchọ ịchọpụta ihe bụ eziokwu nke isiokwu ha, isiokwu na-anwa anwa. ịkọwa ha n'eleghị mmadụ anya n'ihu site n'echiche niile dị mkpa. Ederede onye ọ bụla nwere nkwupụta nkwutọ, mmebi iwu nwebiisinka, na ọdịnaya ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibute ụgwọ iwu ma ọ bụ na-emebi Wikipedia na-ezobe kpamkpam site na iji usoro akpọrọ "Nlebaanya". ===Ọdịnaya efu na ikike=== Ihe nkwado na Wikipedia bụ GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), otu n'ime ọtụtụ ikikere nwebiisinka nke na-enye ohere ikesagharị, imepụta ọrụ ewepụtara na iji ọdịnaya azụmaahịa. Ikikere a na-enye ndị ndezi Wikipedia aka idowe ikike nwebiisinka nke ọrụ ha, mana na-enye ohere ka ndị ọzọ wulite n'ọrụ ahụ wee bipụta ya, ọ bụrụhaala na akwadoro onye edemede mbụ yana GFDL kpuchirikwa ọrụ ewepụtara ya. Ikikere a na-ahụ na enwere ike dezie Wikipedia n'efu; A na-edekọ onyinye onye odee ọ bụla maka ụmụ ọmụmụ na nchekwa data. Larry Sanger ekwuola na inwe GFDL dị ka "nkwenye nke nnwere onwe bụ ihe mkpali siri ike ịrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma efu". Wikipedia nwekwara ihe onyonyo na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ nke ndị ndezi ya ekepụtaghị, mana ọ dị na mpaghara ọha. A na-ewepụta ọdịnaya ndị ọzọ dị na Wikipedia n'okpuru usoro nwebisiinka dị iche iche ma ọ bụ ikikere dakọtara na GFDL, dị ka ikikere Creative Commons. E gosipụtara ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka akara ụlọ ọrụ, ihe nlele egwu, ma ọ bụ foto akụkọ nwebiisinka nwere nkwuputa eji eme ihe ziri ezi n'okpuru iwu nwebiisinka United States. Wikimedia Commons, ebe nchekwa mgbasa ozi na ọrụ nwanne nwanyị nke a na-echekwa ọtụtụ onyonyo Wikipedia, na-enyekwa ikike nwebiisinka ndị ọzọ, mana anaghị anabata onyonyo eji eme ihe ziri ezi. Ndị ntinye aka nwere ike ịhọrọ inye onyinye ha ọtụtụ ikike n'okpuru ma GFDL na ngalaba ọha, ma ọ bụ GFDL na ikikere ndị ọzọ, na-enye ndị ọzọ ohere iji ọdịnaya n'okpuru nke ọ bụla n'ime ikike ndị a. Ikikere mepere emepe Wikipedia na-akwalite ojiji ọhụrụ na ngosipụta nke ọdịnaya ya. Ụdị a na-ekwu okwu dị maka ụfọdụ akụkọ n'ụdị Ogg Vorbis, ebe ọ bụ na usoro MP3 a na-ejikarị eme ihe na-ekpuchi ya site na ikikere ngwanrọ nke na-eme ka nkesa n'okpuru ikike efu. Ụdị Wikipedia guzoro ọtọ dị ka Lexipedia dị maka ngwaọrụ ejiri aka. Ụmụaka SOS na-ekesa akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma na CD (Nhọrọ CD Wikipedia 2006). Mpempe akwụkwọ edebatara nke Wikipedia ahọpụtara dịkwa site na PediaPress, mbipụta na-achọ ọrụ. Ọrụ dị n'ime Wikipedia na-arụ ọrụ na "Wikipedia 1.0", nchịkọta akụkọ Wikipedia enyochagoro maka izi ezi ma dị njikere maka ibipụta ma ọ bụ ọkụ na CD. E kesara Wikipedia Wikipedia German na DVD; A na-ahazi ụdị mbipụta na dijitalụ nke mbipụta Bekee.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team&oldid=101266668 Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team]", Wikipedia ([[:en:24 Jenụwarị|24 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]])</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Nupedia.jpg|thumb|250px|Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project, [[:en:Nupedia|Nupedia]].]] Wikipedia malitere dị ka ọrụ nkwado maka Nupedia, ọrụ ntanetịime ihe ọmụma n'efu nke ndị ọkachamara dere akụkọ ya wee nyochaa ya site na usoro nkịtị. E hiwere Nupedia na 9 akpụkpọ ụkwụ 2008, n'okpuru ikike nke Bomis, Inc, ụlọ ọrụ portal webụ. Ndị isi ya bụ Jimmy Wales, Bomis CEO, na Larry Sanger, onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka Nupedia na mechara Wikipedia. Enyere Nupedia ikike na mbụ n'okpuru ikikere Nupedia Open Content License, na-atụgharị gaa na GFDL tupu ntọala Wikipedia na agbamume Richard Stallman. Na 29 Jenụwarị 2005, Larry Sanger tụrụ aro na listi nzipu ozi Nupedia ka imepụta wiki dị ka ọrụ “feder” maka Nupedia. Ewepụtara Wikipedia na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, dị ka otu mbipụta asụsụ bekee na <nowiki>http://www.wikipedia.com/</nowiki>, ma Sanger mara ọkwa na ndepụta nzipu ozi Nupedia. Amụma Wikipedia nke "nlegharị anya na-anọpụ iche" bụ ahaziri n'ime ọnwa mbụ ya, ma yie amụma Nupedia nke mbụ "na-enweghị isi". Ma ọ bụghị ya, enwere iwu ole na ole na mbụ na Wikipedia na-arụ ọrụ n'adabereghị na Nupedia. Wikipedia nwetara nkwado mbụ site na Nupedia, Slashdot biputere, na nchọta ihe nchọta. Ọ tolitere ruo ihe dị ka isiokwu 20,000, yana mbipụta asụsụ 18, ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 2001. O toro na mbipụta asụsụ 26 na njedebe nke 2002, 46 na njedebe nke 2003, yana 161 na njedebe nke 2004. Nupedia na Wikipedia birikọ ọnụ ruo mgbe Sava nke mbụ gbadara, na-adịgide adịgide, na 2003, na ederede ya etinyere na Wikipedia. Larry Sanger na Jimmy Wales bụ ndị haziri Wikipedia. Usòrò:WikipediaHomePage30Ma nchịkwa2001.png Wikipedia's English Edition na 30 Maachị 2001, ọnwa abụọ na ọkara ka e hiwechara ya. Wales na Sanger na-ekwu na echiche nke iji wiki bụ Ward Cunningham's WikiWikiWeb ma ọ bụ Portland Pattern Repository.Àtụ:Citation need Ọ bụ ezie na Wales kwadoro ebumnuche nke ịmepụta akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọha na eze na-edezi, Sanger na-abụkarị atụmatụ nke iji wiki. ka iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ. N'izo aka na egwu nke mgbasa ozi azụmahịa na enweghị njikwa na Wikipedia nke na-eche na Bekee, ndị ọrụ Wikipedia Spanish gbapụrụ na Wikipedia iji mepụta Enciclopedia Libre na Febrụwarị 2002. Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, Wales kwupụtara na Wikipedia agaghị egosipụta mgbasa ozi, yana webụsaịtị ya. ebugara na wikipedia.org. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche agbapụla na Wikipedia maka ebumnuche ndetu. Wikinfo anaghị achọ echiche na-anọpụ iche ma na-enye ohere nyocha mbụ. Ọrụ ọhụrụ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Wikipedia - dị ka Citizendium, Scholarpedia na Amapedia - ka amalitela ileba anya na njedebe echere na Wikipedia, dị ka amụma ya na nyocha ndị ọgbọ, nyocha mbụ na mgbasa ozi azụmahịa. Emepụtara Wikimedia Foundation site na Wikipedia na Nupedia na 20 Juun 2003. Wikimedia Foundation tinyere akwụkwọ ikike nke United States Patent and Trademark Office iji nweta akara Wikipedia® na 17 Septemba 2004. Enyere akara ahụ ọkwa ndebanye aha na 10 Jenụwarị 2006. Japan nyere nchebe akara ahia na 16 Disemba 2004 na na European Union na 20 January. 2005. Teknụzụ akara ọrụ, oke akara ahụ bụ maka: "Nnyefe ozi na ngalaba nke ihe ọmụma encyclopedic izugbe site na ịntanetị”. Enwere atụmatụ ịnye ikike iji ụghalaahịa Wikipedia maka ngwaahịa ụfọdụ, dị ka akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ DVD.<ref>{{cite news |first=Vipin |last=Nair|title=Growing on volunteer power |date=[[:en:5 Disemba|5 Disemba]] [[:en:2005|2005]] |publisher=Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2005/12/05/stories/2005120500070100.htm}}</ref> [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Number of articles reg 01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The number of English Wikipedia articles grew exponentially from 2002 to 2006, with a doubling time of roughly 1 year.<ref name="WP_exp_growth">"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia's_growth Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia's growth]",[[:en:English Wikipedia|English Wikipedia]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-29]].</ref>]] N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2007, Wikipedia Bekee nwere ihe karịrị nde akụkọ 1.6, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma kachasị ukwuu enwetụla, kpuchiri ọbụna Yongle Encyclopedia (1407), bụ nke nwere ndekọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 600.<ref name="EB_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedias and Dictionaries |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed. |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2007 |volume=18 |pages=257–286}}</ref> == Ode akwụkwọ na njikwa == N'oge Disemba 2005, ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 27,000 mere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndezi ise na Wikipedia; N'ime ndị a, 17,000 rụrụ ọrụ na mbipụta Bekee. A na-arụ ọrụ nlekọta site na otu ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo; Ndị a gụnyere ndị mmepe, ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ngwa MediaWiki, yana ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ tụkwasịrị obi nwere ọkwa ikike dị iche iche gụnyere "onye nlekọta", "bureaucrat" na "onye nchịkwa". Ndị na-elekọta ụlọ na ndị na-arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịkwalite ma ọ bụ wetuo ndị ọrụ n'ọkwa ikike dị iche iche. Ndị nchịkwa bụ nnukwu ndị ọrụ nwere ihe ùgwù pụrụ iche, ma nwee ike ihichapụ ibe, gbochie idezi akụkọ, ma ọ bụ gbochie ndị ọrụ idezi. Agbanyeghị, achọrọ ndị nchịkwa ka ha soro amụma obodo mgbe ha na-egosipụta ike ndị a. A na-enyekarị ikike ndị a site na nkwenye obodo; A na-ahọpụta ndị na-elekọta ụlọ n'oge oge. Imebi ma ọ bụ obere mmebi iwu nwere ike ịkpata ịdọ aka ná ntị ma ọ bụ ngọngọ nwa oge, ebe ogologo oge ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi na-adịgide adịgide maka mmebi ogologo oge na nke dị njọ na-enye <citation need> (ma ọ bụ n'aha) Jimmy Wales ma ọ bụ, na Bekee- mbipụta asụsụ, "Kọmitii Arbitration" họpụtara. A na-enweta ego Wikipedia site na Wikimedia Foundation. Ọnụ ego nke 4th Quarter 2005 bụ $321,000 USD, yana ngwaike na-eme ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 60% nke mmefu ego. Wikimedia Foundation na-adabere ugbu a na onyinye nke onwe, ma na-ejide ndị na-akpakọba ego mgbe niile; ihe nchikota nke Jenụwarị 2007 welitere ihe karịrị nde $1. == Akụrụngwa na ngwaike == [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Floridaserversfront1.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Wikipedia na-enweta n'etiti arịrịọ peeji 10,000 na 30,000 kwa nkeji, dabere na oge ụbọchị. Edobela ihe karịrị sava 100 ka ha na-ahụ maka okporo ụzọ.]] Arụmọrụ Wikipedia dabere na MediaWiki, ihe emebere nke ọma, sọftụwia sọftụwia wiki mepere emepe edere na PHP ma wukwaa n'elu nchekwa data MySQL. Akụrụngwa na-agụnye atụmatụ mmemme ọgbara ọhụrụ, dị ka asụsụ nnukwu, mgbanwe dị iche iche, usoro ntụgharị maka ndebiri, na ntụgharị URL. MediaWiki nwere ikike n'okpuru GNU General Public License ma na-eji ọrụ Wikimedia niile, yana ọtụtụ ọrụ wiki ndị ọzọ. Na mbụ, Wikipedia na-agba ọsọ na UseModWiki nke Clifford Adams dere na Perl (Phase I), nke na mbụ chọrọ CamelCase maka hyperlinks akụkọ; agbakwunyere brackets okpukpu abụọ ugbu a ma emechaa. Malite na Jenụwarị 2002 (Oge II), Wikipedia malitere ịgba ọsọ na injin wiki PHP nwere nchekwa data MySQL; Ngwanrọ a bụ nke Magnus Manske mere maka Wikipedia. Emezigharịrị ngwa ngwa nke Abụọ ugboro ugboro ka ọ nabata ihe na-abawanye ụbara. Na Julaị 2002 (Oge III), Wikipedia gbanwere gaa na ngwanrọ ọgbọ nke atọ, MediaWiki, nke Lee Daniel Crocker dere na mbụ. Nchịkọta nke usoro ihe owuwu, Mee 2006. Isi mmalite: Eserese okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu na Meta-Wiki. Wikipedia na-agba ọsọ na ụyọkọ Linux raara onwe ya nye na Florida na ebe anọ ndị ọzọ. Wikipedia jiri otu ihe nkesa rụọ ọrụ ruo n'afọ 2004, mgbe agbasawanye ntọala nkesa ka ọ bụrụ ihe owuwu nkesa multitier. Na Jenụwarị 2005, ọrụ a rụrụ na sava 39 raara onwe ya nye dị na Florida. Nhazi a gụnyere otu ihe nkesa nchekwa data nke na-agba MySQL, ọtụtụ sava nchekwa data ohu, sava weebụ 21 na-agba Apache HTTP Server, yana sava cache Squid asaa. Site na Septemba 2005, ụyọkọ nkesa ya etoola ihe ruru sava 100 n'ebe anọ.around the world. A na-ebu ụzọ bufee arịrịọ ibe na oyi akwa ihu nke sava Squid caching. Arịrịọ na-enweghị ike ịnye site na cache Squid na-ezigara na sava na-edozi ibu na-arụ ọrụ ngwanrọ Perlbal, nke na-enyefe arịrịọ ahụ n'aka otu n'ime sava weebụ Apache maka iwepụta ibe site na nchekwa data. Sava webụ ahụ na-ebuga ibe dị ka achọrọ ya, na-arụpụta ibe maka mbipụta asụsụ niile nke Wikipedia. Ka iwelie ọsọ n'ihu, a na-echekwa ibe akwụkwọ maka ndị ọrụ na-amaghị aha n'ime sistemụ faịlụ ruo mgbe ọ mebiri emebi, na-enye ohere ka ịfefe ibe ya kpamkpam maka ịnweta ibe ndị a na-ahụkarị. Iji mee ka oge nzaghachi dịkwuo ngwa ngwa, Wikimedia na-ewulite netwọk zuru ụwa ọnụ nke sava caching, na-amalite site na sava caching atọ na France. Ụyọkọ abụọ buru ibu na Netherlands na Korea na-ejikwa ọtụtụ ibu okporo ụzọ Wikipedia. == Mbipụta asụsụ == [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:He-Wikipedia.png|right|thumb|300px|Wikipedia in [[:en:Hebrew language|Hebrew]].<ref>[http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Main Page], [[:en:Hebrew Wikipedia|Hebrew Wikipedia]]</ref>]] A kọwawo Wikipedia dị ka "mgbalị imepụta na ikesa akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma n'efu nke kachasị mma enwere ike nye onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụwa n'asụsụ nke ha". Enwere mbipụta asụsụ 250 nke Wikipedia ugbu a; N'ime ndị a, 14 n'elu nwere ihe karịrị 100,000 akụkọ na n'elu 131 nwere ihe karịrị 1,000 isiokwu. Dabere na ọrụ nha ndị na-ege ntị Internet Alexa, subdomain Bekee (en.wikipedia.org) na-enweta ihe dịka 55% nke okporo ụzọ Wikipedia, yana 45% nke fọdụrụ kewara n'etiti asụsụ ndị ọzọ. A na-edobe mbipụta asụsụ dị iche iche na atumatu zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka "echiche na-anọpụ iche," n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'echiche na omume aghụghọ. Ejikọtaghị mbipụta nke asụsụ, na akụkọ nke otu mbipụta agaghị adaba na ndị ogbo ha na mbipụta ọzọ. A na-agba ndị ndezi asụsụ ọtụtụ asụsụ ume ka ha jiri aka ha sụgharịa akụkọ; anabataghị ntụgharị asụsụ akpaghị aka nke ọma. Edemede atụgharịrị na-anọchi anya naanị ntakịrị akụkụ akụkọ n'ọtụtụ mbipụta. Akụkọ dị n'ihe karịrị otu asụsụ na-enye njikọ "InterWiki" n'akụkụ aka ekpe ha, nke jikọtara ya na akụkọ ibe ya na mbipụta ndị ọzọ. A na-ekekọrịta onyonyo na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke ọnụ n'etiti mbipụta asụsụ dị iche iche site na ebe nchekwa Wikimedia Commons. {{Wikipedia 100,000}} == Ntụkwasị obi na ele mmadụ anya n'ihu == Wikipedia na-amasị ikike nke akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara karịa ikike nke ndị ọkachamara. Wikipedia anaghị achọ ka ndị ntinye aka ya nye aha iwu ha ma ọ bụ nye ozi ndị ọzọ iji gosi njirimara ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ntinye aka bụ ndị ọchịchị n'ubi ha, Wikipedia chọrọ ka e jiri isi mmalite ndị ebipụtara kwado ọbụna onyinye ha. Ihe ndọghachi azụ nke usoro nrụtụ aka a bụ na ndị na-agụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ikpebi ntụkwasị obi nke isi mmalite edepụtara. Wikipedia na-anwa ileba anya na nsogbu nke nhụsianya nke usoro ihe omume, na imegide ndị editọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-achọ imetụta ngosi nke isiokwu n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, site n'ịkwụsi ike n'echiche na-anọpụ iche. Wikipedia na-asụ Bekee ewebatala ọnụ ọgụgụ nke a na-ekpebi ogo akụkọ; mbipụta ndị ọzọ nakweere nke a. Ihe dị ka 1200 agafeela usoro njirisi siri ike iji ruo ọkwa kachasị elu, ọkwa "akụkọ pụtara"; isiokwu ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ka e bu n'obi nye nkọwa nke ọma, nke edere nke ọma nke isiokwu ha, ma kwado ya site n'ọtụtụ ntụaka maka akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara..<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_criteria Featured article criteria]", Wikipedia. Retrieved on [[2007-01-27]].</ref> === Nyocha agụmakwụkwọ === Nnyocha na-egosi na Wikipedia na-enye ezigbo mmalite maka nyocha, ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-enwe nsogbu na ihe na-ezighị ezi. Mana nyocha nke Nature jiri tụnyere Wikipedia na Encyclopædia Britannica tụrụ aro ka ọ dị nso n'ogo nke ziri ezi n'ihe gbasara isiokwu sayensị okike ya; Otú ọ dị, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., kọwara ọmụmụ ihe a dị ka "ndị nwere ntụpọ na-egbu egbu", nke Nature mesịrị zaghachi ya, na-ekwupụta na ọmụmụ ya bụ nnọpụiche zuru oke. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ kwubiri na mkpuchi akụkọ ihe mere eme Wikipedia na-agbasawanye ma dị omimi karịa nke Encarta, ebe ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ eziokwu, yana na mmebi iwu pụtara ìhè na-alaghachikarị ngwa ngwa. N'ime nyocha nke Wikipedia dị ka obodo, nwa akwụkwọ PhD nke akụ na ụba Andrea Ciffolilli rụrụ ụka na ọnụ ahịa azụmahịa dị ala nke isonye na wiki software na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka mmepe mmekọrịta, yana na usoro "ihe mmepụta ihe" na-akwado nsonye. A na-ele Wikipedia anya dị ka nnwale mmadụ; Onye nchoputa Jimmy Wales ekwuola na ebum n'obi abụghị otu, n'agbanyeghị na nke ahụ bụ nsonaazụ. ==Criticism and controversy== Wikipedia has been accused of exhibiting [[:en:systemic bias|systemic bias]] and inconsistency;<ref name="Who">Simon Waldman, http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/news/0,12597,1335892,00.html Who knows?, The Guardian, [[:en:26 Ọktoba|26 Ọktoba]] [[:en:2004|2004]]</ref> critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature, and favouring [[:en:consensus|consensus]] over [[:en:credentials|credential]]s in its editorial process, makes it unauthoritative, and that a lack of proper sources for much of the information makes it unreliable,<ref>{{ cite news | author = Stacy Schiff | date = [[2006-07-31]] | title = Know It All | work = The New Yorker }}</ref> although the [[:en:Conversion (logic)|converse]] of the same argument can also be argued.<!-- Not sure what to cite for this but I know it's an ongoing argument --> Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia is usually reliable, but that it is not always clear how much.<ref name="AcademiaAndWikipedia">[[:en:Danah Boyd|Danah Boyd]], "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060112003204/http://www.corante.com/many/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php Academia and Wikipedia]", [[:en:Many-to-many|Many-to-Many]], [[:en:4 Jenụwarị|4 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2005|2005]].</ref> The project's preference for [[:en:consensus|consensus]] over [[:en:credential|credential]]s has been labelled "anti-elitism".<ref name="SangerElitism">[[:en:Larry Sanger|Larry Sanger]], "[http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism]", [[:en:Kuro5hin|Kuro5hin]], [[:en:31 Disemba|31 Disemba]] [[:en:2004|2004]].</ref> Editors of traditional reference works such as the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia.<ref name="McHenry_2004">[[:en:Robert McHenry|Robert McHenry]], "[http://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html The Faith-Based Encyclopedia]", [[:en:Tech Central Station|Tech Central Station]], [[:en:15 Novemba|15 Novemba]] [[:en:2004|2004]].</ref> Many [[:en:university|university]] [[:en:lecturer|lecturer]]s discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring [[:en:primary source|primary source]]s;<ref name = "WideWorldOfWikipedia">{{ cite web | title = Wide World of WIKIPEDIA | publisher = The Emory Wheel | url = http://www.emorywheel.com/media/storage/paper919/news/2006/04/21/News/Wide-World.Of.Wikipedia-1865022.shtml | date = [[:en:21 Eprel|21 Eprel]] [[:en:2006|2006]] | accessdate = 2007-01-25 }}</ref> some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190223055553/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki A Stand Against Wikipedia]", ''Inside Higher Ed'' ([[En26 Jenụwarị|26 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]]). Retrieved on [[:en:27 Jenụwarị|27 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]].</ref> Founder [[:en:Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales]] stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate as primary sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.<ref name="AWorkInProgress">[http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"], [[:en:BusinessWeek|BusinessWeek]] ([[:en:14 Disemba|14 Disemba]], [[:en:2005|2005]]). Retrieved on [[2007-01-29]].</ref> Technology writer [[:en:Bill Thompson (technology writer)|Bill Thompson]] commented that the debate was possibly "symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today."<ref>{{cite news |title=What is it with Wikipedia? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712.stm |date=[[2005-12-16]] |publisher=[[:en:British Broadcasting Company|BBC]] |first=Bill |last=Thompson}}</ref> Concerns have also been raised regarding the lack of [[:en:accountability|accountability]] that results from users' anonymity,<ref name="WikipediaWatch">[[:en:Public Information Research|Public Information Research]] - Wikipedia Watch. Retrieved on [[2007-01-28]].</ref> and that it is vulnerable to [[:en:vandalism|vandalism]] and Internet [[:en:troll (internet)|trolls]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version) | url = http://www.citizendium.org/essay.html | work = Citizendium.org | accessdate = 2006-10-10 | archivedate = 2006-10-11 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061011230402/http://www.citizendium.org/essay.html }}</ref> For example, [[:en:John Seigenthaler Sr. Wikipedia biography controversy|false information was introduced]] into the biography of [[:en:John Seigenthaler, Sr.|John Seigenthaler, Sr.]] and remained undetected for four months.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm |last=Seigenthaler |first=John |title=A False Wikipedia 'biography' |date=[[2005-11-29]] |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> Wikipedia's community has been described as "[[:en:cult|cult]]-like",<ref>{{cite news |url=http://technology.guardian.co.uk/opinion/story/0,16541,1667346,00.html |title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults |first=Charles |last=Arthur |date=[[2005-12-15]] |publisher=[[:en:The Guardian|The Guardian]]}}</ref> although not always with entirely negative connotations,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html |title=Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site |date=[[2003-08-04]] |first=Kristie |last=Lu Stout|publisher=[[:en:Cable News Network|CNN]]}}</ref> and criticised for failing to accommodate inexperienced users.<ref>"{{cite web |url=http://www.wikinfo.org/wiki.php?title=Critical_views_of_Wikipedia |title=Critical views of Wikipedia |author=[[:en:Wikinfo|Wikinfo]] |date=[[2005-03-30]] |accessdate=2007-01-29}}</ref> The addition of political [[:en:Spin (public relations)|spin]] to articles by organizations including the [[:en:U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and special interest groups<ref name="DeathByWikipedia">{{cite web | title = Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800135.html | accessdate = 2006-11-01 | first = Frank | last = Ahrens | publisher = The Washington Post | date = 2006-07-09 }}</ref> has been noted,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.com.com/2061-11199_3-6032713.html |title=Politicians notice Wikipedia |publisher=[[:en:CNET|CNET]] |author=Kane, Margaret |date=2006-01-30 |accessdate=2007-01-28 |archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20120712204508/http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html |archivedate=2012-07-12 }}</ref> and organizations such as [[:en:Microsoft|Microsoft]] have offered financial incentives to work on certain articles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16775981/ |title=Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit |publisher=[[:en:MSNBC|MSNBC]] |author=Bergstein, Brian |date=[[2007-01-23]] |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref> Wikipedia has been parodied by its critics, notably by [[:en:Stephen Colbert|Stephen Colbert]] in ''[[:en:The Colbert Report|The Colbert Report]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Colbert speaks, America follows: All Hail Wikiality!|publisher=c-net news.com|url=http://news.com.com/2061-10802_3-6100754.html|author=Caroline McCarthy|date=2006-08-01|archiveurl=http://archive.is/Byvj|archivedate=2012-07-14}}</ref> In 2007 the Wikipedia article on then-Montana senator [[:en:Conrad Burns|Conrad Burns]] was edited by his own staff, causing political scandal among his own constituents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/articles/2006/02/09/news/wikipedia.txt |title=Burns' office may have tampered with Wikipedia entry |publisher=[[:en:Bozeman Daily Chronicle|Bozeman Daily Chronicle]] |author=Williams, Walt |date=2007-01-01 |accessdate=2007-02-13 |archivedate=2019-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214201058/http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/articles/2006/02/09/news/wikipedia.txt }}</ref> Wikipedia's content policies<ref name="PoliciesAndGuidelines">"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines List of policies and guidelines]", English Wikipedia. Retrieved on [[2007-01-31]].</ref> and sub-projects set up by contributors seek to address these concerns.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikipedia:WikiProject]", [[:en:English Wikipedia|English Wikipedia]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-29]].</ref> Several scholarly studies have concluded that vandalism is generally short-lived,<ref name="MIT_IBM_study">{{ cite paper | title = Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizations | format = [[:en:PDF|PDF]] | accessdate = 2007-01-24 | url = http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf }}</ref> and that Wikipedia is roughly as accurate as other online encyclopedias.<ref name="Rosenzweig_2006" /> ==Awards== Wikipedia winiru nnukwu awards abuo ni Mee 2004.<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trophy_box Trophy Box]", [[:en:Meta-Wiki|Meta-Wiki]] ([[:en:28 Maachị|28 Maachị]] [[:en:2005|2005]]).</ref> Nke buzo wu Golden Nica maka Digital Communities nke annual [[:en:Prix Ars Electronica|Prix Ars Electronica]] contest; €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant so nke a na invitashon i me presentashon na PAE Cyberarts Festival ni [[:en:Austria|Austria]] na oge ozo na aho ahu. Nke abuo wu Judges' [[:en:Webby Awards|Webby Award]] maka "community" category ahu.<ref>"[http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php Webby Awards 2004]"</ref> Ha nominate kwu Wikipedia maka "Best Practices" Webby. Ni Septemba 2004, [[:en:Japanses Wikipedia|Japanese Wikipedia]] wini Web Creation Award site Japan Advertisers Association. Award a, ha n'enye ndi mmadu maka nnukwu contributions to the Web ni Japanese, di accepted by long-standing contributor on behalf of project ahu. ==In the media== Wikipedia's content has been mirrored and forked by hundreds of sites including [[:en:database dump|database dump]]s. Its content has also been used in academic studies, books and conferences.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_the_media Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media]", Wikipedia</ref> and used in court cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf|title=Bourgeois ''et al'' v. Peters ''et al.''|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-02-06|archivedate=2012-12-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140312/http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf}}</ref> The [[:en:Parliament of Canada|Canadian Parliament]] website refers to Wikipedia's article on [[:en:same-sex marriage|same-sex marriage]] in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for [[:en:Civil Marriage Act|Civil Marriage Act]].<ref>"[http://www.parl.gc.ca/LEGISINFO/index.asp?Lang=E&Chamber=C&StartList=2&EndList=200&Session=13&Type=0&Scope=I&query=4381&List=toc C-38]", LEGISINFO ([[:en:28 Maachị|28 Maachị]] [[:en:2005|2005]])</ref> The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the U.S. Federal Courts and the World Intellectual Property Office<ref name="WP_court_source">{{cite journal |last=Arias |first=Martha L. |date=29 Jenụwarị 2007 |title=[http://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1668 Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source] |journal=Internet Business Law Services}}</ref> — though mainly for ''supporting information'' rather than information decisive to a case.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam |date=29 Jenụwarị 2007 |title=[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html?ref=technology Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively] |journal=New York Times}}</ref> Wikipedia has also been used as a source in [[:en:journalism|journalism]],<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070204135807/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/09/08/russia.basayev/ Basayev: Russia's most wanted man]", [[:en:CNN|CNN]], [[:en:8 Septemba|8 Septemba]] [[:en:2004|2004]].</ref> sometimes without attribution; several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia.<ref>"[http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered]", ''[[:en:San Antonio Express-News|San Antonio Express-News]]'', [[:en:9 Jenụwarị|9 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]].</ref><ref>"[http://starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal]", ''[[:en:Honolulu Star-Bulletin|Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]'', [[:en:13 Jenụwarị|13 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007]|2007].</ref> Wikipedia maintains a (non-comprehensive) list of notable uses of the encyclopedia as a source.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_as_a_source Wikipedia:Wikipedia as a source]", Wikipedia</ref> With increased usage and awareness, there have been an increasing number of references to Wikipedia in popular culture. Many parody Wikipedia's openness, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. [[:en:Uncyclopedia|Uncyclopedia]] is the largest such website; its Main Page claims that it is the "content-free encyclopedia that anyone can edit,"<ref>"[http://uncyclopedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&oldid=1497858 Main Page]", uncyclopedia.org (as of [[:en:26 Jenụwarị|26 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]]). Retrieved on [[2007-01-28]].</ref> parodying the English Wikipedia's welcome message on its {{srlink|[[Main Page]]}}. In the episode "Wikiality" of [[:en:The Colbert Report|The Colbert Report]], host [[:en:Stephen Colbert|Stephen Colbert]] has instigated his viewers to vandalize articles in humorous ways, once doing so on the Wikipedia article on [[:en:elephant|elephant]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://spring.newsvine.com/_news/2006/08/01/307864-stephen-colbert-causes-chaos-on-wikipedia-gets-blocked-from-site |title=Colbert Causes Chaos on Wikipedia |publisher=[[:en:Newsvine|Newsvine]] |date=[[:en:1 Ọgọọst|1 Ọgọọst]] [[:en:2006|2006]] |accessdate=2006-09-28}}</ref> [[:en:"Weird Al" Yankovic|"Weird Al" Yankovic]]'s character in his video [[:en:White & Nerdy|'White & Nerdy']] is seen vandalising the entry for the Atlantic [[:en:record label|record label]] with the exclamation "You suck!," after they rescinded permission for a parody.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20081201113103/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,20523843-5006024,00.html Weird Al Yankovic]," [[:en:Herald Sun|Herald Sun]], [[:en:5 Ọktoba|5 Ọktoba]] [[:en:2006|2006]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-25]].</ref> In a recent episode of ''[[:en:American Dad|American Dad]]'' (entitled [[:en:Black Mystery Month|Black Mystery Month]]), protagonists [[:en:Stan Smith|Stan Smith]] and [[:en:Steve Smith|Steve Smith]] fail to reveal to the world that [[:en:George Washington Carver|George Washington Carver]] wasn't the person who invented [[:en:peanut butter|peanut butter]], then create a Wikipedia page entitled "The Truth About Peanut Butter" to inform the world, citing that it is the one place you can put crazy information out with no evidence and still have millions of people believe it to be true. ==Related projects== Wikipedia has spawned several sister projects. The first, "''In Memoriam: 11 Septemba<!--Do not reformat this date, it is quoted--> Wiki''",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sep11memories.org/|title=sep11memories.org/<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-02-06}}</ref> created in Ọktoba 2002,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080113013503/http://www.sep11memories.org/index.php?title=In_Memoriam&oldid=1502 First edit to the wiki] In Memoriam: 11 Septemba wiki ([[:en:28 Ọktoba|28 Ọktoba]], [[:en:2002|2002]])</ref> detailed the [[:en:11 Septemba 2001 attacks|11 Septemba 2001 attacks]]; this project was closed in Ọktoba 2006.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110929203141/http://sep11memories.org/index.php?title=In_Memoriam&oldid=11355 In Memoriam]",In Memoriam: 11 Septemba Wiki ([[:en:31 Ọktoba|31 Ọktoba]] [[:en:2006|2006]])</ref> [[:en:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]], a dictionary project, was launched in Disemba 2002;<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_News&diff=prev&oldid=4133 Announcement of Wiktionary's creation]", [[:en:12 Disemba|12 Disemba]] [[:en:2002|2002]]. Retrieved on [[2007-02-02]].</ref> [[:en:Wikiquote|Wikiquote]], a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched, and [[:en:Wikibooks|Wikibooks]], a collection of collaboratively-written free books, the next month. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects.<ref name="OurProjects">"[http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Our_projects Our projects]", [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-24]]</ref> A similar non-wiki project, the [[:en:GNUpedia|GNUpedia]] project, co-existed with Nupedia early in its history; however, it has been retired and its creator, [[:en:free software|free-software]] figure [[:en:Richard Stallman|Richard Stallman]], has lent his support to Wikipedia.<ref name="Richard Stallman 1999">{{cite news|author=[[:en:Richard Stallman|Richard Stallman]]|title=The Free Encyclopedia Project|date=1999|publisher=[[:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]]|url=http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html}}</ref> Other websites centered around collaborative knowledge base development have drawn inspiration from or inspired Wikipedia. Some, such as [[:en:Susning.nu|Susning.nu]], ''[[:en:Enciclopedia Libre|Enciclopedia Libre]]'', and [[:en:WikiZnanie|WikiZnanie]] likewise employ no formal review process, whereas others use more traditional [[:en:peer review|peer review]], such as the expert-written ''[[:en:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'', [[:en:H2G2|h2g2]] and [[:en:Everything2|Everything2]]. ==See also== * [[:meta:List of Wikipedias|List of Wikipedias]] * [[:en:List of encyclopedias|List of encyclopedias]] * [[:en:List of wikis|List of wikis]] * [[:en:Open content|Open content]] * [[:en:User-generated content|User-generated content]] * [[:en:Congressional staffer edits to Wikipedia|Congressional staffer edits to Wikipedia]] * [[:en:List of Wikipedias|List of Wikipedias]] ==References== <references /> ==Lee nke ozo== * [[Nupedia]] ==Keezi njikọ== * [http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] - isi na saịtị * [http://en.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] - [[:en:English language|English language]] mbipụta * {{SourceWatch|id=Wikipedia|page=Wikipedia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070831024848/http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ Wikipedia] na [[:en:Open Directory Project|Open Directory Project]] [[Òtù:Free encyclopedias]] [[Òtù:Online encyclopedias]] [[Òtù:Wikipedia]] __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ {{DEFAULTSORT:Wikipedia}} 9weizbkne38g4a1e80414uejv580j7t 709191 709190 2026-09-06T02:23:33Z SafariScribe 18560 /* */ link Florida 709191 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Www.wikipedia screenshot (2021).png|thumb]] '''Wikipedia''' bụ edemede eji asụsụ dị iche iche wee dee tinye na web, ka onye ọ masịrị gụọ. Obu ndi gbakọtara aka ọnụ wee dee edemede ndị ahụ ka ana-akpọ "ndị Wikipedia". Onye ọbụla nwere nghọta gbasara ya bụ edemede nwere ike ndezi maọbu ndegharị ihe edere ede. Onwekwara ike ide ihe ọhụrụ nke ya. Aha ya bụ portmanteau nke mkpụrụokwu ''[[wiki]]'' (nke a bụ ụdị njikọtaọnụ nke websaịtị) na akwụkwọ mmụta ihe niile ana akpọ {{ill|encyclopedia|en}}. Ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na {{ill|Tampa|en}}, [[Florida]] ebe ndi ọzọ dị na obodo {{ill|Amsterdam|en}} ya na {{ill|Seoul|en}}. Ebidoro Wikipedia na mbụ dịka English Wikipedia  na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, iji wee kwado Nupedia, ezigbo akwụkwọ ederede bụ nke emechigoro.( defunct encyclopedia). Ugbu a ọ bụ ndị [[Wikimedia Foundation]], a non-profit organization  nke Maazị Jimmy Wales bụ otu n’ime ndị bi ==Njirimara== === Usoro ndezi === Ndị ndezi na-edekọ mgbanwe na akụkọ site na ịlele ọdịiche dị n'etiti ngbanwe abụọ nke ibe - nke a maara dị ka "diffs"; egosiri mgbanwe n'etiti nsụgharị abụọ na uhie. Ndị odee nwere ike dezie na-amaghị aha; N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, a na-edekọ adreesị IP ha dị ka aha onye edemede. A na-edobe ndezigharị gara aga na akụkọ Wikipedia, ma bụrụkwa nke a na-ahụ ya site na ibe "edit akụkọ ihe mere eme" nke edobere n'usoro oge, na-eme ka enwere ike ịhụ ụdị mbụ nke ibe ọ bụla n'oge ọ bụla. A na-eme mgbanwe na Wikipedia ozugbo na Weebụ, na-enweghị nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ. Nkà ihe ọmụma Wikipedia bụ na imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti ndị nwere ezi nzube, ndị na-edezi ihe ọmụma ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emezi akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma n'obosara, omimi na izi ezi, na, na-enye oge zuru ezu, eziokwu ga-emeri na ọbụnadị aghụghọ ga-ejide ma mezie ya. Ya mere, Wikipedia na-enye ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ọ bụla ka ọ dezie, ma e wezụga maka ndị ọrụ amachibidoro maka mmebi iwu na-adịgide adịgide ka usoro ikpe ikpe ogologo gasịrị. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ isiokwu ọ bụla nwere ike dezie; A na-enwekwa nkwarụ mgbe ụfọdụ nwa oge maka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke akụkọ n'ihi mbibi na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ esemokwu edozibeghị n'etiti ndị nkwado. Wikipedia ekwuputabeghị nke ọ bụla n'ime akụkọ ya "zuru oke" ma ọ bụ "mechara". Dị ka akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma izugbe, Wikipedia na-achọ ịkọwa ọtụtụ isiokwu dị ka o kwere mee. Ọ na-ekpuchi isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, yana ọtụtụ isiokwu ọdịnala na nka na-adịghị adị n'ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ ma ọ bụ kpọchie ya na ntụnyere isiokwu pụrụ iche. Na mgbakwunye na uto na-enweghị atụ n'ọnụọgụ isiokwu, nkezi ogologo nke isiokwu ọ bụla amụbaala nke ọma, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke "akụkọ pụtara" ghọtara maka ịdị elu ha dị elu. Otú ọ dị, nnukwu oghere dị na mkpuchi ọrụ a ka dị, na ọtụtụ akụkọ anaghị akọwapụta ya nke ọma n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na amụma nchịkọta akụkọ Wikipedia. Otu ike ama ama nke Wikipedia bụ oge ya. Dị ka ọ na-adị, a na-ebipụta akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọhụrụ kwa afọ ole na ole, n'ihi na ihe ọmụma ha bịara doo anya na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghịzizi emezi. Echiche nke idegharị na-aga n'ihu, bụ nke a na-edegharị akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma dum ma na-ebipụta kwa afọ ole na ole, dochie nke a ma ugbu a ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma na-arụ ọrụ. Wikipedia na-ewegharịgharị na-aga n'ihu ruo oke ya - ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkọ niile nwere ike ịmegharị ya n'oge ọ bụla, na-ekwe ka ọrụ ahụ tinye ihe omume dị ugbu a. Dị ka ihe atụ, ndị nta akụkọ na-edekarị akụkọ banyere ala ọma jijiji ahụ mere n’Oké Osimiri India n’afọ 2004 ná mbipụta Bekee n’ụbọchị ndị sochiri ihe omume ahụ<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070226071555/http://www.workers.org/ww/2005/tsunami0113.php Workers World] ([[:en:8 Jenụwarị|8 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2005|2005]]) and [[:en:Chicago Times|Chicago Times]] ([[:en:16 Jenụwarị|16 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2005|2005]])</ref> ===Atumatu na ntuziaka=== A na-eme mkpebi na ọdịnaya na usoro nhazi nke Wikipedia site na ime mkpebi nkwenye na, mgbe ụfọdụ, site na ịtụ vootu; Jimmy Wales na Wikimedia Foundation jigidere ikpe ikpeazụ. Wikipedia nwere ọtụtụ atumatu na ntụzịaka, mepụtakwara site na nkwenye, na-eduzi ọrụ na ọrụ a, na-ekpuchi omume, ọdịnaya metụtara na okwu gbasara iwu. Otu n'ime ihe kachasị mkpa na-ekwu na a ga-ederịrị isiokwu site na "echiche na-anọpụ iche", na-egosipụta echiche niile dị ịrịba ama na ihe iseokwu tinyere ihe akaebe na-akwado ha - ya mere, kama ịchọ ịchọpụta ihe bụ eziokwu nke isiokwu ha, isiokwu na-anwa anwa. ịkọwa ha n'eleghị mmadụ anya n'ihu site n'echiche niile dị mkpa. Ederede onye ọ bụla nwere nkwupụta nkwutọ, mmebi iwu nwebiisinka, na ọdịnaya ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibute ụgwọ iwu ma ọ bụ na-emebi Wikipedia na-ezobe kpamkpam site na iji usoro akpọrọ "Nlebaanya". ===Ọdịnaya efu na ikike=== Ihe nkwado na Wikipedia bụ GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), otu n'ime ọtụtụ ikikere nwebiisinka nke na-enye ohere ikesagharị, imepụta ọrụ ewepụtara na iji ọdịnaya azụmaahịa. Ikikere a na-enye ndị ndezi Wikipedia aka idowe ikike nwebiisinka nke ọrụ ha, mana na-enye ohere ka ndị ọzọ wulite n'ọrụ ahụ wee bipụta ya, ọ bụrụhaala na akwadoro onye edemede mbụ yana GFDL kpuchirikwa ọrụ ewepụtara ya. Ikikere a na-ahụ na enwere ike dezie Wikipedia n'efu; A na-edekọ onyinye onye odee ọ bụla maka ụmụ ọmụmụ na nchekwa data. Larry Sanger ekwuola na inwe GFDL dị ka "nkwenye nke nnwere onwe bụ ihe mkpali siri ike ịrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma efu". Wikipedia nwekwara ihe onyonyo na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ nke ndị ndezi ya ekepụtaghị, mana ọ dị na mpaghara ọha. A na-ewepụta ọdịnaya ndị ọzọ dị na Wikipedia n'okpuru usoro nwebisiinka dị iche iche ma ọ bụ ikikere dakọtara na GFDL, dị ka ikikere Creative Commons. E gosipụtara ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka akara ụlọ ọrụ, ihe nlele egwu, ma ọ bụ foto akụkọ nwebiisinka nwere nkwuputa eji eme ihe ziri ezi n'okpuru iwu nwebiisinka United States. Wikimedia Commons, ebe nchekwa mgbasa ozi na ọrụ nwanne nwanyị nke a na-echekwa ọtụtụ onyonyo Wikipedia, na-enyekwa ikike nwebiisinka ndị ọzọ, mana anaghị anabata onyonyo eji eme ihe ziri ezi. Ndị ntinye aka nwere ike ịhọrọ inye onyinye ha ọtụtụ ikike n'okpuru ma GFDL na ngalaba ọha, ma ọ bụ GFDL na ikikere ndị ọzọ, na-enye ndị ọzọ ohere iji ọdịnaya n'okpuru nke ọ bụla n'ime ikike ndị a. Ikikere mepere emepe Wikipedia na-akwalite ojiji ọhụrụ na ngosipụta nke ọdịnaya ya. Ụdị a na-ekwu okwu dị maka ụfọdụ akụkọ n'ụdị Ogg Vorbis, ebe ọ bụ na usoro MP3 a na-ejikarị eme ihe na-ekpuchi ya site na ikikere ngwanrọ nke na-eme ka nkesa n'okpuru ikike efu. Ụdị Wikipedia guzoro ọtọ dị ka Lexipedia dị maka ngwaọrụ ejiri aka. Ụmụaka SOS na-ekesa akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma na CD (Nhọrọ CD Wikipedia 2006). Mpempe akwụkwọ edebatara nke Wikipedia ahọpụtara dịkwa site na PediaPress, mbipụta na-achọ ọrụ. Ọrụ dị n'ime Wikipedia na-arụ ọrụ na "Wikipedia 1.0", nchịkọta akụkọ Wikipedia enyochagoro maka izi ezi ma dị njikere maka ibipụta ma ọ bụ ọkụ na CD. E kesara Wikipedia Wikipedia German na DVD; A na-ahazi ụdị mbipụta na dijitalụ nke mbipụta Bekee.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team&oldid=101266668 Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team]", Wikipedia ([[:en:24 Jenụwarị|24 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]])</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Nupedia.jpg|thumb|250px|Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project, [[:en:Nupedia|Nupedia]].]] Wikipedia malitere dị ka ọrụ nkwado maka Nupedia, ọrụ ntanetịime ihe ọmụma n'efu nke ndị ọkachamara dere akụkọ ya wee nyochaa ya site na usoro nkịtị. E hiwere Nupedia na 9 akpụkpọ ụkwụ 2008, n'okpuru ikike nke Bomis, Inc, ụlọ ọrụ portal webụ. Ndị isi ya bụ Jimmy Wales, Bomis CEO, na Larry Sanger, onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka Nupedia na mechara Wikipedia. Enyere Nupedia ikike na mbụ n'okpuru ikikere Nupedia Open Content License, na-atụgharị gaa na GFDL tupu ntọala Wikipedia na agbamume Richard Stallman. Na 29 Jenụwarị 2005, Larry Sanger tụrụ aro na listi nzipu ozi Nupedia ka imepụta wiki dị ka ọrụ “feder” maka Nupedia. Ewepụtara Wikipedia na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, dị ka otu mbipụta asụsụ bekee na <nowiki>http://www.wikipedia.com/</nowiki>, ma Sanger mara ọkwa na ndepụta nzipu ozi Nupedia. Amụma Wikipedia nke "nlegharị anya na-anọpụ iche" bụ ahaziri n'ime ọnwa mbụ ya, ma yie amụma Nupedia nke mbụ "na-enweghị isi". Ma ọ bụghị ya, enwere iwu ole na ole na mbụ na Wikipedia na-arụ ọrụ n'adabereghị na Nupedia. Wikipedia nwetara nkwado mbụ site na Nupedia, Slashdot biputere, na nchọta ihe nchọta. Ọ tolitere ruo ihe dị ka isiokwu 20,000, yana mbipụta asụsụ 18, ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 2001. O toro na mbipụta asụsụ 26 na njedebe nke 2002, 46 na njedebe nke 2003, yana 161 na njedebe nke 2004. Nupedia na Wikipedia birikọ ọnụ ruo mgbe Sava nke mbụ gbadara, na-adịgide adịgide, na 2003, na ederede ya etinyere na Wikipedia. Larry Sanger na Jimmy Wales bụ ndị haziri Wikipedia. Usòrò:WikipediaHomePage30Ma nchịkwa2001.png Wikipedia's English Edition na 30 Maachị 2001, ọnwa abụọ na ọkara ka e hiwechara ya. Wales na Sanger na-ekwu na echiche nke iji wiki bụ Ward Cunningham's WikiWikiWeb ma ọ bụ Portland Pattern Repository.Àtụ:Citation need Ọ bụ ezie na Wales kwadoro ebumnuche nke ịmepụta akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọha na eze na-edezi, Sanger na-abụkarị atụmatụ nke iji wiki. ka iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ. N'izo aka na egwu nke mgbasa ozi azụmahịa na enweghị njikwa na Wikipedia nke na-eche na Bekee, ndị ọrụ Wikipedia Spanish gbapụrụ na Wikipedia iji mepụta Enciclopedia Libre na Febrụwarị 2002. Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, Wales kwupụtara na Wikipedia agaghị egosipụta mgbasa ozi, yana webụsaịtị ya. ebugara na wikipedia.org. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche agbapụla na Wikipedia maka ebumnuche ndetu. Wikinfo anaghị achọ echiche na-anọpụ iche ma na-enye ohere nyocha mbụ. Ọrụ ọhụrụ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Wikipedia - dị ka Citizendium, Scholarpedia na Amapedia - ka amalitela ileba anya na njedebe echere na Wikipedia, dị ka amụma ya na nyocha ndị ọgbọ, nyocha mbụ na mgbasa ozi azụmahịa. Emepụtara Wikimedia Foundation site na Wikipedia na Nupedia na 20 Juun 2003. Wikimedia Foundation tinyere akwụkwọ ikike nke United States Patent and Trademark Office iji nweta akara Wikipedia® na 17 Septemba 2004. Enyere akara ahụ ọkwa ndebanye aha na 10 Jenụwarị 2006. Japan nyere nchebe akara ahia na 16 Disemba 2004 na na European Union na 20 January. 2005. Teknụzụ akara ọrụ, oke akara ahụ bụ maka: "Nnyefe ozi na ngalaba nke ihe ọmụma encyclopedic izugbe site na ịntanetị”. Enwere atụmatụ ịnye ikike iji ụghalaahịa Wikipedia maka ngwaahịa ụfọdụ, dị ka akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ DVD.<ref>{{cite news |first=Vipin |last=Nair|title=Growing on volunteer power |date=[[:en:5 Disemba|5 Disemba]] [[:en:2005|2005]] |publisher=Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2005/12/05/stories/2005120500070100.htm}}</ref> [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Number of articles reg 01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The number of English Wikipedia articles grew exponentially from 2002 to 2006, with a doubling time of roughly 1 year.<ref name="WP_exp_growth">"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia's_growth Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia's growth]",[[:en:English Wikipedia|English Wikipedia]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-29]].</ref>]] N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2007, Wikipedia Bekee nwere ihe karịrị nde akụkọ 1.6, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma kachasị ukwuu enwetụla, kpuchiri ọbụna Yongle Encyclopedia (1407), bụ nke nwere ndekọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 600.<ref name="EB_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedias and Dictionaries |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed. |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2007 |volume=18 |pages=257–286}}</ref> == Ode akwụkwọ na njikwa == N'oge Disemba 2005, ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 27,000 mere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndezi ise na Wikipedia; N'ime ndị a, 17,000 rụrụ ọrụ na mbipụta Bekee. A na-arụ ọrụ nlekọta site na otu ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo; Ndị a gụnyere ndị mmepe, ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ngwa MediaWiki, yana ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ tụkwasịrị obi nwere ọkwa ikike dị iche iche gụnyere "onye nlekọta", "bureaucrat" na "onye nchịkwa". Ndị na-elekọta ụlọ na ndị na-arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịkwalite ma ọ bụ wetuo ndị ọrụ n'ọkwa ikike dị iche iche. Ndị nchịkwa bụ nnukwu ndị ọrụ nwere ihe ùgwù pụrụ iche, ma nwee ike ihichapụ ibe, gbochie idezi akụkọ, ma ọ bụ gbochie ndị ọrụ idezi. Agbanyeghị, achọrọ ndị nchịkwa ka ha soro amụma obodo mgbe ha na-egosipụta ike ndị a. A na-enyekarị ikike ndị a site na nkwenye obodo; A na-ahọpụta ndị na-elekọta ụlọ n'oge oge. Imebi ma ọ bụ obere mmebi iwu nwere ike ịkpata ịdọ aka ná ntị ma ọ bụ ngọngọ nwa oge, ebe ogologo oge ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi na-adịgide adịgide maka mmebi ogologo oge na nke dị njọ na-enye <citation need> (ma ọ bụ n'aha) Jimmy Wales ma ọ bụ, na Bekee- mbipụta asụsụ, "Kọmitii Arbitration" họpụtara. A na-enweta ego Wikipedia site na Wikimedia Foundation. Ọnụ ego nke 4th Quarter 2005 bụ $321,000 USD, yana ngwaike na-eme ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 60% nke mmefu ego. Wikimedia Foundation na-adabere ugbu a na onyinye nke onwe, ma na-ejide ndị na-akpakọba ego mgbe niile; ihe nchikota nke Jenụwarị 2007 welitere ihe karịrị nde $1. == Akụrụngwa na ngwaike == [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Floridaserversfront1.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Wikipedia na-enweta n'etiti arịrịọ peeji 10,000 na 30,000 kwa nkeji, dabere na oge ụbọchị. Edobela ihe karịrị sava 100 ka ha na-ahụ maka okporo ụzọ.]] Arụmọrụ Wikipedia dabere na MediaWiki, ihe emebere nke ọma, sọftụwia sọftụwia wiki mepere emepe edere na PHP ma wukwaa n'elu nchekwa data MySQL. Akụrụngwa na-agụnye atụmatụ mmemme ọgbara ọhụrụ, dị ka asụsụ nnukwu, mgbanwe dị iche iche, usoro ntụgharị maka ndebiri, na ntụgharị URL. MediaWiki nwere ikike n'okpuru GNU General Public License ma na-eji ọrụ Wikimedia niile, yana ọtụtụ ọrụ wiki ndị ọzọ. Na mbụ, Wikipedia na-agba ọsọ na UseModWiki nke Clifford Adams dere na Perl (Phase I), nke na mbụ chọrọ CamelCase maka hyperlinks akụkọ; agbakwunyere brackets okpukpu abụọ ugbu a ma emechaa. Malite na Jenụwarị 2002 (Oge II), Wikipedia malitere ịgba ọsọ na injin wiki PHP nwere nchekwa data MySQL; Ngwanrọ a bụ nke Magnus Manske mere maka Wikipedia. Emezigharịrị ngwa ngwa nke Abụọ ugboro ugboro ka ọ nabata ihe na-abawanye ụbara. Na Julaị 2002 (Oge III), Wikipedia gbanwere gaa na ngwanrọ ọgbọ nke atọ, MediaWiki, nke Lee Daniel Crocker dere na mbụ. Nchịkọta nke usoro ihe owuwu, Mee 2006. Isi mmalite: Eserese okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu na Meta-Wiki. Wikipedia na-agba ọsọ na ụyọkọ Linux raara onwe ya nye na Florida na ebe anọ ndị ọzọ. Wikipedia jiri otu ihe nkesa rụọ ọrụ ruo n'afọ 2004, mgbe agbasawanye ntọala nkesa ka ọ bụrụ ihe owuwu nkesa multitier. Na Jenụwarị 2005, ọrụ a rụrụ na sava 39 raara onwe ya nye dị na Florida. Nhazi a gụnyere otu ihe nkesa nchekwa data nke na-agba MySQL, ọtụtụ sava nchekwa data ohu, sava weebụ 21 na-agba Apache HTTP Server, yana sava cache Squid asaa. Site na Septemba 2005, ụyọkọ nkesa ya etoola ihe ruru sava 100 n'ebe anọ.around the world. A na-ebu ụzọ bufee arịrịọ ibe na oyi akwa ihu nke sava Squid caching. Arịrịọ na-enweghị ike ịnye site na cache Squid na-ezigara na sava na-edozi ibu na-arụ ọrụ ngwanrọ Perlbal, nke na-enyefe arịrịọ ahụ n'aka otu n'ime sava weebụ Apache maka iwepụta ibe site na nchekwa data. Sava webụ ahụ na-ebuga ibe dị ka achọrọ ya, na-arụpụta ibe maka mbipụta asụsụ niile nke Wikipedia. Ka iwelie ọsọ n'ihu, a na-echekwa ibe akwụkwọ maka ndị ọrụ na-amaghị aha n'ime sistemụ faịlụ ruo mgbe ọ mebiri emebi, na-enye ohere ka ịfefe ibe ya kpamkpam maka ịnweta ibe ndị a na-ahụkarị. Iji mee ka oge nzaghachi dịkwuo ngwa ngwa, Wikimedia na-ewulite netwọk zuru ụwa ọnụ nke sava caching, na-amalite site na sava caching atọ na France. Ụyọkọ abụọ buru ibu na Netherlands na Korea na-ejikwa ọtụtụ ibu okporo ụzọ Wikipedia. == Mbipụta asụsụ == [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:He-Wikipedia.png|right|thumb|300px|Wikipedia in [[:en:Hebrew language|Hebrew]].<ref>[http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Main Page], [[:en:Hebrew Wikipedia|Hebrew Wikipedia]]</ref>]] A kọwawo Wikipedia dị ka "mgbalị imepụta na ikesa akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma n'efu nke kachasị mma enwere ike nye onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụwa n'asụsụ nke ha". Enwere mbipụta asụsụ 250 nke Wikipedia ugbu a; N'ime ndị a, 14 n'elu nwere ihe karịrị 100,000 akụkọ na n'elu 131 nwere ihe karịrị 1,000 isiokwu. Dabere na ọrụ nha ndị na-ege ntị Internet Alexa, subdomain Bekee (en.wikipedia.org) na-enweta ihe dịka 55% nke okporo ụzọ Wikipedia, yana 45% nke fọdụrụ kewara n'etiti asụsụ ndị ọzọ. A na-edobe mbipụta asụsụ dị iche iche na atumatu zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka "echiche na-anọpụ iche," n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'echiche na omume aghụghọ. Ejikọtaghị mbipụta nke asụsụ, na akụkọ nke otu mbipụta agaghị adaba na ndị ogbo ha na mbipụta ọzọ. A na-agba ndị ndezi asụsụ ọtụtụ asụsụ ume ka ha jiri aka ha sụgharịa akụkọ; anabataghị ntụgharị asụsụ akpaghị aka nke ọma. Edemede atụgharịrị na-anọchi anya naanị ntakịrị akụkụ akụkọ n'ọtụtụ mbipụta. Akụkọ dị n'ihe karịrị otu asụsụ na-enye njikọ "InterWiki" n'akụkụ aka ekpe ha, nke jikọtara ya na akụkọ ibe ya na mbipụta ndị ọzọ. A na-ekekọrịta onyonyo na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke ọnụ n'etiti mbipụta asụsụ dị iche iche site na ebe nchekwa Wikimedia Commons. {{Wikipedia 100,000}} == Ntụkwasị obi na ele mmadụ anya n'ihu == Wikipedia na-amasị ikike nke akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara karịa ikike nke ndị ọkachamara. Wikipedia anaghị achọ ka ndị ntinye aka ya nye aha iwu ha ma ọ bụ nye ozi ndị ọzọ iji gosi njirimara ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ntinye aka bụ ndị ọchịchị n'ubi ha, Wikipedia chọrọ ka e jiri isi mmalite ndị ebipụtara kwado ọbụna onyinye ha. Ihe ndọghachi azụ nke usoro nrụtụ aka a bụ na ndị na-agụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ikpebi ntụkwasị obi nke isi mmalite edepụtara. Wikipedia na-anwa ileba anya na nsogbu nke nhụsianya nke usoro ihe omume, na imegide ndị editọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-achọ imetụta ngosi nke isiokwu n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, site n'ịkwụsi ike n'echiche na-anọpụ iche. Wikipedia na-asụ Bekee ewebatala ọnụ ọgụgụ nke a na-ekpebi ogo akụkọ; mbipụta ndị ọzọ nakweere nke a. Ihe dị ka 1200 agafeela usoro njirisi siri ike iji ruo ọkwa kachasị elu, ọkwa "akụkọ pụtara"; isiokwu ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ka e bu n'obi nye nkọwa nke ọma, nke edere nke ọma nke isiokwu ha, ma kwado ya site n'ọtụtụ ntụaka maka akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara..<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_criteria Featured article criteria]", Wikipedia. Retrieved on [[2007-01-27]].</ref> === Nyocha agụmakwụkwọ === Nnyocha na-egosi na Wikipedia na-enye ezigbo mmalite maka nyocha, ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-enwe nsogbu na ihe na-ezighị ezi. Mana nyocha nke Nature jiri tụnyere Wikipedia na Encyclopædia Britannica tụrụ aro ka ọ dị nso n'ogo nke ziri ezi n'ihe gbasara isiokwu sayensị okike ya; Otú ọ dị, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., kọwara ọmụmụ ihe a dị ka "ndị nwere ntụpọ na-egbu egbu", nke Nature mesịrị zaghachi ya, na-ekwupụta na ọmụmụ ya bụ nnọpụiche zuru oke. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ kwubiri na mkpuchi akụkọ ihe mere eme Wikipedia na-agbasawanye ma dị omimi karịa nke Encarta, ebe ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ eziokwu, yana na mmebi iwu pụtara ìhè na-alaghachikarị ngwa ngwa. N'ime nyocha nke Wikipedia dị ka obodo, nwa akwụkwọ PhD nke akụ na ụba Andrea Ciffolilli rụrụ ụka na ọnụ ahịa azụmahịa dị ala nke isonye na wiki software na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka mmepe mmekọrịta, yana na usoro "ihe mmepụta ihe" na-akwado nsonye. A na-ele Wikipedia anya dị ka nnwale mmadụ; Onye nchoputa Jimmy Wales ekwuola na ebum n'obi abụghị otu, n'agbanyeghị na nke ahụ bụ nsonaazụ. ==Criticism and controversy== Wikipedia has been accused of exhibiting [[:en:systemic bias|systemic bias]] and inconsistency;<ref name="Who">Simon Waldman, http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/news/0,12597,1335892,00.html Who knows?, The Guardian, [[:en:26 Ọktoba|26 Ọktoba]] [[:en:2004|2004]]</ref> critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature, and favouring [[:en:consensus|consensus]] over [[:en:credentials|credential]]s in its editorial process, makes it unauthoritative, and that a lack of proper sources for much of the information makes it unreliable,<ref>{{ cite news | author = Stacy Schiff | date = [[2006-07-31]] | title = Know It All | work = The New Yorker }}</ref> although the [[:en:Conversion (logic)|converse]] of the same argument can also be argued.<!-- Not sure what to cite for this but I know it's an ongoing argument --> Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia is usually reliable, but that it is not always clear how much.<ref name="AcademiaAndWikipedia">[[:en:Danah Boyd|Danah Boyd]], "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060112003204/http://www.corante.com/many/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php Academia and Wikipedia]", [[:en:Many-to-many|Many-to-Many]], [[:en:4 Jenụwarị|4 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2005|2005]].</ref> The project's preference for [[:en:consensus|consensus]] over [[:en:credential|credential]]s has been labelled "anti-elitism".<ref name="SangerElitism">[[:en:Larry Sanger|Larry Sanger]], "[http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism]", [[:en:Kuro5hin|Kuro5hin]], [[:en:31 Disemba|31 Disemba]] [[:en:2004|2004]].</ref> Editors of traditional reference works such as the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia.<ref name="McHenry_2004">[[:en:Robert McHenry|Robert McHenry]], "[http://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html The Faith-Based Encyclopedia]", [[:en:Tech Central Station|Tech Central Station]], [[:en:15 Novemba|15 Novemba]] [[:en:2004|2004]].</ref> Many [[:en:university|university]] [[:en:lecturer|lecturer]]s discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring [[:en:primary source|primary source]]s;<ref name = "WideWorldOfWikipedia">{{ cite web | title = Wide World of WIKIPEDIA | publisher = The Emory Wheel | url = http://www.emorywheel.com/media/storage/paper919/news/2006/04/21/News/Wide-World.Of.Wikipedia-1865022.shtml | date = [[:en:21 Eprel|21 Eprel]] [[:en:2006|2006]] | accessdate = 2007-01-25 }}</ref> some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190223055553/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki A Stand Against Wikipedia]", ''Inside Higher Ed'' ([[En26 Jenụwarị|26 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]]). Retrieved on [[:en:27 Jenụwarị|27 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]].</ref> Founder [[:en:Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales]] stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate as primary sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.<ref name="AWorkInProgress">[http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"], [[:en:BusinessWeek|BusinessWeek]] ([[:en:14 Disemba|14 Disemba]], [[:en:2005|2005]]). Retrieved on [[2007-01-29]].</ref> Technology writer [[:en:Bill Thompson (technology writer)|Bill Thompson]] commented that the debate was possibly "symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today."<ref>{{cite news |title=What is it with Wikipedia? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712.stm |date=[[2005-12-16]] |publisher=[[:en:British Broadcasting Company|BBC]] |first=Bill |last=Thompson}}</ref> Concerns have also been raised regarding the lack of [[:en:accountability|accountability]] that results from users' anonymity,<ref name="WikipediaWatch">[[:en:Public Information Research|Public Information Research]] - Wikipedia Watch. Retrieved on [[2007-01-28]].</ref> and that it is vulnerable to [[:en:vandalism|vandalism]] and Internet [[:en:troll (internet)|trolls]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version) | url = http://www.citizendium.org/essay.html | work = Citizendium.org | accessdate = 2006-10-10 | archivedate = 2006-10-11 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061011230402/http://www.citizendium.org/essay.html }}</ref> For example, [[:en:John Seigenthaler Sr. Wikipedia biography controversy|false information was introduced]] into the biography of [[:en:John Seigenthaler, Sr.|John Seigenthaler, Sr.]] and remained undetected for four months.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm |last=Seigenthaler |first=John |title=A False Wikipedia 'biography' |date=[[2005-11-29]] |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> Wikipedia's community has been described as "[[:en:cult|cult]]-like",<ref>{{cite news |url=http://technology.guardian.co.uk/opinion/story/0,16541,1667346,00.html |title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults |first=Charles |last=Arthur |date=[[2005-12-15]] |publisher=[[:en:The Guardian|The Guardian]]}}</ref> although not always with entirely negative connotations,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html |title=Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site |date=[[2003-08-04]] |first=Kristie |last=Lu Stout|publisher=[[:en:Cable News Network|CNN]]}}</ref> and criticised for failing to accommodate inexperienced users.<ref>"{{cite web |url=http://www.wikinfo.org/wiki.php?title=Critical_views_of_Wikipedia |title=Critical views of Wikipedia |author=[[:en:Wikinfo|Wikinfo]] |date=[[2005-03-30]] |accessdate=2007-01-29}}</ref> The addition of political [[:en:Spin (public relations)|spin]] to articles by organizations including the [[:en:U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and special interest groups<ref name="DeathByWikipedia">{{cite web | title = Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800135.html | accessdate = 2006-11-01 | first = Frank | last = Ahrens | publisher = The Washington Post | date = 2006-07-09 }}</ref> has been noted,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.com.com/2061-11199_3-6032713.html |title=Politicians notice Wikipedia |publisher=[[:en:CNET|CNET]] |author=Kane, Margaret |date=2006-01-30 |accessdate=2007-01-28 |archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20120712204508/http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html |archivedate=2012-07-12 }}</ref> and organizations such as [[:en:Microsoft|Microsoft]] have offered financial incentives to work on certain articles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16775981/ |title=Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit |publisher=[[:en:MSNBC|MSNBC]] |author=Bergstein, Brian |date=[[2007-01-23]] |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref> Wikipedia has been parodied by its critics, notably by [[:en:Stephen Colbert|Stephen Colbert]] in ''[[:en:The Colbert Report|The Colbert Report]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Colbert speaks, America follows: All Hail Wikiality!|publisher=c-net news.com|url=http://news.com.com/2061-10802_3-6100754.html|author=Caroline McCarthy|date=2006-08-01|archiveurl=http://archive.is/Byvj|archivedate=2012-07-14}}</ref> In 2007 the Wikipedia article on then-Montana senator [[:en:Conrad Burns|Conrad Burns]] was edited by his own staff, causing political scandal among his own constituents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/articles/2006/02/09/news/wikipedia.txt |title=Burns' office may have tampered with Wikipedia entry |publisher=[[:en:Bozeman Daily Chronicle|Bozeman Daily Chronicle]] |author=Williams, Walt |date=2007-01-01 |accessdate=2007-02-13 |archivedate=2019-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214201058/http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/articles/2006/02/09/news/wikipedia.txt }}</ref> Wikipedia's content policies<ref name="PoliciesAndGuidelines">"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines List of policies and guidelines]", English Wikipedia. Retrieved on [[2007-01-31]].</ref> and sub-projects set up by contributors seek to address these concerns.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikipedia:WikiProject]", [[:en:English Wikipedia|English Wikipedia]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-29]].</ref> Several scholarly studies have concluded that vandalism is generally short-lived,<ref name="MIT_IBM_study">{{ cite paper | title = Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizations | format = [[:en:PDF|PDF]] | accessdate = 2007-01-24 | url = http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf }}</ref> and that Wikipedia is roughly as accurate as other online encyclopedias.<ref name="Rosenzweig_2006" /> ==Awards== Wikipedia winiru nnukwu awards abuo ni Mee 2004.<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trophy_box Trophy Box]", [[:en:Meta-Wiki|Meta-Wiki]] ([[:en:28 Maachị|28 Maachị]] [[:en:2005|2005]]).</ref> Nke buzo wu Golden Nica maka Digital Communities nke annual [[:en:Prix Ars Electronica|Prix Ars Electronica]] contest; €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant so nke a na invitashon i me presentashon na PAE Cyberarts Festival ni [[:en:Austria|Austria]] na oge ozo na aho ahu. Nke abuo wu Judges' [[:en:Webby Awards|Webby Award]] maka "community" category ahu.<ref>"[http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php Webby Awards 2004]"</ref> Ha nominate kwu Wikipedia maka "Best Practices" Webby. Ni Septemba 2004, [[:en:Japanses Wikipedia|Japanese Wikipedia]] wini Web Creation Award site Japan Advertisers Association. Award a, ha n'enye ndi mmadu maka nnukwu contributions to the Web ni Japanese, di accepted by long-standing contributor on behalf of project ahu. ==In the media== Wikipedia's content has been mirrored and forked by hundreds of sites including [[:en:database dump|database dump]]s. Its content has also been used in academic studies, books and conferences.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_the_media Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media]", Wikipedia</ref> and used in court cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf|title=Bourgeois ''et al'' v. Peters ''et al.''|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-02-06|archivedate=2012-12-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140312/http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf}}</ref> The [[:en:Parliament of Canada|Canadian Parliament]] website refers to Wikipedia's article on [[:en:same-sex marriage|same-sex marriage]] in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for [[:en:Civil Marriage Act|Civil Marriage Act]].<ref>"[http://www.parl.gc.ca/LEGISINFO/index.asp?Lang=E&Chamber=C&StartList=2&EndList=200&Session=13&Type=0&Scope=I&query=4381&List=toc C-38]", LEGISINFO ([[:en:28 Maachị|28 Maachị]] [[:en:2005|2005]])</ref> The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the U.S. Federal Courts and the World Intellectual Property Office<ref name="WP_court_source">{{cite journal |last=Arias |first=Martha L. |date=29 Jenụwarị 2007 |title=[http://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1668 Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source] |journal=Internet Business Law Services}}</ref> — though mainly for ''supporting information'' rather than information decisive to a case.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam |date=29 Jenụwarị 2007 |title=[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html?ref=technology Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively] |journal=New York Times}}</ref> Wikipedia has also been used as a source in [[:en:journalism|journalism]],<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070204135807/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/09/08/russia.basayev/ Basayev: Russia's most wanted man]", [[:en:CNN|CNN]], [[:en:8 Septemba|8 Septemba]] [[:en:2004|2004]].</ref> sometimes without attribution; several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia.<ref>"[http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered]", ''[[:en:San Antonio Express-News|San Antonio Express-News]]'', [[:en:9 Jenụwarị|9 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]].</ref><ref>"[http://starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal]", ''[[:en:Honolulu Star-Bulletin|Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]'', [[:en:13 Jenụwarị|13 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007]|2007].</ref> Wikipedia maintains a (non-comprehensive) list of notable uses of the encyclopedia as a source.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_as_a_source Wikipedia:Wikipedia as a source]", Wikipedia</ref> With increased usage and awareness, there have been an increasing number of references to Wikipedia in popular culture. Many parody Wikipedia's openness, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. [[:en:Uncyclopedia|Uncyclopedia]] is the largest such website; its Main Page claims that it is the "content-free encyclopedia that anyone can edit,"<ref>"[http://uncyclopedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&oldid=1497858 Main Page]", uncyclopedia.org (as of [[:en:26 Jenụwarị|26 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]]). Retrieved on [[2007-01-28]].</ref> parodying the English Wikipedia's welcome message on its {{srlink|[[Main Page]]}}. In the episode "Wikiality" of [[:en:The Colbert Report|The Colbert Report]], host [[:en:Stephen Colbert|Stephen Colbert]] has instigated his viewers to vandalize articles in humorous ways, once doing so on the Wikipedia article on [[:en:elephant|elephant]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://spring.newsvine.com/_news/2006/08/01/307864-stephen-colbert-causes-chaos-on-wikipedia-gets-blocked-from-site |title=Colbert Causes Chaos on Wikipedia |publisher=[[:en:Newsvine|Newsvine]] |date=[[:en:1 Ọgọọst|1 Ọgọọst]] [[:en:2006|2006]] |accessdate=2006-09-28}}</ref> [[:en:"Weird Al" Yankovic|"Weird Al" Yankovic]]'s character in his video [[:en:White & Nerdy|'White & Nerdy']] is seen vandalising the entry for the Atlantic [[:en:record label|record label]] with the exclamation "You suck!," after they rescinded permission for a parody.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20081201113103/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,20523843-5006024,00.html Weird Al Yankovic]," [[:en:Herald Sun|Herald Sun]], [[:en:5 Ọktoba|5 Ọktoba]] [[:en:2006|2006]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-25]].</ref> In a recent episode of ''[[:en:American Dad|American Dad]]'' (entitled [[:en:Black Mystery Month|Black Mystery Month]]), protagonists [[:en:Stan Smith|Stan Smith]] and [[:en:Steve Smith|Steve Smith]] fail to reveal to the world that [[:en:George Washington Carver|George Washington Carver]] wasn't the person who invented [[:en:peanut butter|peanut butter]], then create a Wikipedia page entitled "The Truth About Peanut Butter" to inform the world, citing that it is the one place you can put crazy information out with no evidence and still have millions of people believe it to be true. ==Related projects== Wikipedia has spawned several sister projects. The first, "''In Memoriam: 11 Septemba<!--Do not reformat this date, it is quoted--> Wiki''",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sep11memories.org/|title=sep11memories.org/<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-02-06}}</ref> created in Ọktoba 2002,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080113013503/http://www.sep11memories.org/index.php?title=In_Memoriam&oldid=1502 First edit to the wiki] In Memoriam: 11 Septemba wiki ([[:en:28 Ọktoba|28 Ọktoba]], [[:en:2002|2002]])</ref> detailed the [[:en:11 Septemba 2001 attacks|11 Septemba 2001 attacks]]; this project was closed in Ọktoba 2006.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110929203141/http://sep11memories.org/index.php?title=In_Memoriam&oldid=11355 In Memoriam]",In Memoriam: 11 Septemba Wiki ([[:en:31 Ọktoba|31 Ọktoba]] [[:en:2006|2006]])</ref> [[:en:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]], a dictionary project, was launched in Disemba 2002;<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_News&diff=prev&oldid=4133 Announcement of Wiktionary's creation]", [[:en:12 Disemba|12 Disemba]] [[:en:2002|2002]]. Retrieved on [[2007-02-02]].</ref> [[:en:Wikiquote|Wikiquote]], a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched, and [[:en:Wikibooks|Wikibooks]], a collection of collaboratively-written free books, the next month. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects.<ref name="OurProjects">"[http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Our_projects Our projects]", [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-24]]</ref> A similar non-wiki project, the [[:en:GNUpedia|GNUpedia]] project, co-existed with Nupedia early in its history; however, it has been retired and its creator, [[:en:free software|free-software]] figure [[:en:Richard Stallman|Richard Stallman]], has lent his support to Wikipedia.<ref name="Richard Stallman 1999">{{cite news|author=[[:en:Richard Stallman|Richard Stallman]]|title=The Free Encyclopedia Project|date=1999|publisher=[[:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]]|url=http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html}}</ref> Other websites centered around collaborative knowledge base development have drawn inspiration from or inspired Wikipedia. Some, such as [[:en:Susning.nu|Susning.nu]], ''[[:en:Enciclopedia Libre|Enciclopedia Libre]]'', and [[:en:WikiZnanie|WikiZnanie]] likewise employ no formal review process, whereas others use more traditional [[:en:peer review|peer review]], such as the expert-written ''[[:en:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'', [[:en:H2G2|h2g2]] and [[:en:Everything2|Everything2]]. ==See also== * [[:meta:List of Wikipedias|List of Wikipedias]] * [[:en:List of encyclopedias|List of encyclopedias]] * [[:en:List of wikis|List of wikis]] * [[:en:Open content|Open content]] * [[:en:User-generated content|User-generated content]] * [[:en:Congressional staffer edits to Wikipedia|Congressional staffer edits to Wikipedia]] * [[:en:List of Wikipedias|List of Wikipedias]] ==References== <references /> ==Lee nke ozo== * [[Nupedia]] ==Keezi njikọ== * [http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] - isi na saịtị * [http://en.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] - [[:en:English language|English language]] mbipụta * {{SourceWatch|id=Wikipedia|page=Wikipedia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070831024848/http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ Wikipedia] na [[:en:Open Directory Project|Open Directory Project]] [[Òtù:Free encyclopedias]] [[Òtù:Online encyclopedias]] [[Òtù:Wikipedia]] __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ {{DEFAULTSORT:Wikipedia}} d4ttltqk78ey9uwugntayu8pxxr1iil 709192 709191 2026-09-06T02:25:01Z SafariScribe 18560 /* Edensibia */ ce 709192 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Www.wikipedia screenshot (2021).png|thumb]] '''Wikipedia''' bụ edemede eji asụsụ dị iche iche wee dee tinye na web, ka onye ọ masịrị gụọ. Obu ndi gbakọtara aka ọnụ wee dee edemede ndị ahụ ka ana-akpọ "ndị Wikipedia". Onye ọbụla nwere nghọta gbasara ya bụ edemede nwere ike ndezi maọbu ndegharị ihe edere ede. Onwekwara ike ide ihe ọhụrụ nke ya. Aha ya bụ portmanteau nke mkpụrụokwu ''[[wiki]]'' (nke a bụ ụdị njikọtaọnụ nke websaịtị) na akwụkwọ mmụta ihe niile ana akpọ {{ill|encyclopedia|en}}. Ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na {{ill|Tampa|en}}, [[Florida]] ebe ndi ọzọ dị na obodo {{ill|Amsterdam|en}} ya na {{ill|Seoul|en}}. Ebidoro Wikipedia na mbụ dịka English Wikipedia  na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, iji wee kwado Nupedia, ezigbo akwụkwọ ederede bụ nke emechigoro.( defunct encyclopedia). Ugbu a ọ bụ ndị [[Wikimedia Foundation]], a non-profit organization  nke Maazị Jimmy Wales bụ otu n’ime ndị bi ==Njirimara== === Usoro ndezi === Ndị ndezi na-edekọ mgbanwe na akụkọ site na ịlele ọdịiche dị n'etiti ngbanwe abụọ nke ibe - nke a maara dị ka "diffs"; egosiri mgbanwe n'etiti nsụgharị abụọ na uhie. Ndị odee nwere ike dezie na-amaghị aha; N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, a na-edekọ adreesị IP ha dị ka aha onye edemede. A na-edobe ndezigharị gara aga na akụkọ Wikipedia, ma bụrụkwa nke a na-ahụ ya site na ibe "edit akụkọ ihe mere eme" nke edobere n'usoro oge, na-eme ka enwere ike ịhụ ụdị mbụ nke ibe ọ bụla n'oge ọ bụla. A na-eme mgbanwe na Wikipedia ozugbo na Weebụ, na-enweghị nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ. Nkà ihe ọmụma Wikipedia bụ na imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti ndị nwere ezi nzube, ndị na-edezi ihe ọmụma ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emezi akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma n'obosara, omimi na izi ezi, na, na-enye oge zuru ezu, eziokwu ga-emeri na ọbụnadị aghụghọ ga-ejide ma mezie ya. Ya mere, Wikipedia na-enye ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ọ bụla ka ọ dezie, ma e wezụga maka ndị ọrụ amachibidoro maka mmebi iwu na-adịgide adịgide ka usoro ikpe ikpe ogologo gasịrị. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ isiokwu ọ bụla nwere ike dezie; A na-enwekwa nkwarụ mgbe ụfọdụ nwa oge maka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke akụkọ n'ihi mbibi na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ esemokwu edozibeghị n'etiti ndị nkwado. Wikipedia ekwuputabeghị nke ọ bụla n'ime akụkọ ya "zuru oke" ma ọ bụ "mechara". Dị ka akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma izugbe, Wikipedia na-achọ ịkọwa ọtụtụ isiokwu dị ka o kwere mee. Ọ na-ekpuchi isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, yana ọtụtụ isiokwu ọdịnala na nka na-adịghị adị n'ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ ma ọ bụ kpọchie ya na ntụnyere isiokwu pụrụ iche. Na mgbakwunye na uto na-enweghị atụ n'ọnụọgụ isiokwu, nkezi ogologo nke isiokwu ọ bụla amụbaala nke ọma, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke "akụkọ pụtara" ghọtara maka ịdị elu ha dị elu. Otú ọ dị, nnukwu oghere dị na mkpuchi ọrụ a ka dị, na ọtụtụ akụkọ anaghị akọwapụta ya nke ọma n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na amụma nchịkọta akụkọ Wikipedia. Otu ike ama ama nke Wikipedia bụ oge ya. Dị ka ọ na-adị, a na-ebipụta akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọhụrụ kwa afọ ole na ole, n'ihi na ihe ọmụma ha bịara doo anya na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghịzizi emezi. Echiche nke idegharị na-aga n'ihu, bụ nke a na-edegharị akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma dum ma na-ebipụta kwa afọ ole na ole, dochie nke a ma ugbu a ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma na-arụ ọrụ. Wikipedia na-ewegharịgharị na-aga n'ihu ruo oke ya - ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkọ niile nwere ike ịmegharị ya n'oge ọ bụla, na-ekwe ka ọrụ ahụ tinye ihe omume dị ugbu a. Dị ka ihe atụ, ndị nta akụkọ na-edekarị akụkọ banyere ala ọma jijiji ahụ mere n’Oké Osimiri India n’afọ 2004 ná mbipụta Bekee n’ụbọchị ndị sochiri ihe omume ahụ<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070226071555/http://www.workers.org/ww/2005/tsunami0113.php Workers World] ([[:en:8 Jenụwarị|8 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2005|2005]]) and [[:en:Chicago Times|Chicago Times]] ([[:en:16 Jenụwarị|16 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2005|2005]])</ref> ===Atumatu na ntuziaka=== A na-eme mkpebi na ọdịnaya na usoro nhazi nke Wikipedia site na ime mkpebi nkwenye na, mgbe ụfọdụ, site na ịtụ vootu; Jimmy Wales na Wikimedia Foundation jigidere ikpe ikpeazụ. Wikipedia nwere ọtụtụ atumatu na ntụzịaka, mepụtakwara site na nkwenye, na-eduzi ọrụ na ọrụ a, na-ekpuchi omume, ọdịnaya metụtara na okwu gbasara iwu. Otu n'ime ihe kachasị mkpa na-ekwu na a ga-ederịrị isiokwu site na "echiche na-anọpụ iche", na-egosipụta echiche niile dị ịrịba ama na ihe iseokwu tinyere ihe akaebe na-akwado ha - ya mere, kama ịchọ ịchọpụta ihe bụ eziokwu nke isiokwu ha, isiokwu na-anwa anwa. ịkọwa ha n'eleghị mmadụ anya n'ihu site n'echiche niile dị mkpa. Ederede onye ọ bụla nwere nkwupụta nkwutọ, mmebi iwu nwebiisinka, na ọdịnaya ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibute ụgwọ iwu ma ọ bụ na-emebi Wikipedia na-ezobe kpamkpam site na iji usoro akpọrọ "Nlebaanya". ===Ọdịnaya efu na ikike=== Ihe nkwado na Wikipedia bụ GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), otu n'ime ọtụtụ ikikere nwebiisinka nke na-enye ohere ikesagharị, imepụta ọrụ ewepụtara na iji ọdịnaya azụmaahịa. Ikikere a na-enye ndị ndezi Wikipedia aka idowe ikike nwebiisinka nke ọrụ ha, mana na-enye ohere ka ndị ọzọ wulite n'ọrụ ahụ wee bipụta ya, ọ bụrụhaala na akwadoro onye edemede mbụ yana GFDL kpuchirikwa ọrụ ewepụtara ya. Ikikere a na-ahụ na enwere ike dezie Wikipedia n'efu; A na-edekọ onyinye onye odee ọ bụla maka ụmụ ọmụmụ na nchekwa data. Larry Sanger ekwuola na inwe GFDL dị ka "nkwenye nke nnwere onwe bụ ihe mkpali siri ike ịrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma efu". Wikipedia nwekwara ihe onyonyo na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ nke ndị ndezi ya ekepụtaghị, mana ọ dị na mpaghara ọha. A na-ewepụta ọdịnaya ndị ọzọ dị na Wikipedia n'okpuru usoro nwebisiinka dị iche iche ma ọ bụ ikikere dakọtara na GFDL, dị ka ikikere Creative Commons. E gosipụtara ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka akara ụlọ ọrụ, ihe nlele egwu, ma ọ bụ foto akụkọ nwebiisinka nwere nkwuputa eji eme ihe ziri ezi n'okpuru iwu nwebiisinka United States. Wikimedia Commons, ebe nchekwa mgbasa ozi na ọrụ nwanne nwanyị nke a na-echekwa ọtụtụ onyonyo Wikipedia, na-enyekwa ikike nwebiisinka ndị ọzọ, mana anaghị anabata onyonyo eji eme ihe ziri ezi. Ndị ntinye aka nwere ike ịhọrọ inye onyinye ha ọtụtụ ikike n'okpuru ma GFDL na ngalaba ọha, ma ọ bụ GFDL na ikikere ndị ọzọ, na-enye ndị ọzọ ohere iji ọdịnaya n'okpuru nke ọ bụla n'ime ikike ndị a. Ikikere mepere emepe Wikipedia na-akwalite ojiji ọhụrụ na ngosipụta nke ọdịnaya ya. Ụdị a na-ekwu okwu dị maka ụfọdụ akụkọ n'ụdị Ogg Vorbis, ebe ọ bụ na usoro MP3 a na-ejikarị eme ihe na-ekpuchi ya site na ikikere ngwanrọ nke na-eme ka nkesa n'okpuru ikike efu. Ụdị Wikipedia guzoro ọtọ dị ka Lexipedia dị maka ngwaọrụ ejiri aka. Ụmụaka SOS na-ekesa akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma na CD (Nhọrọ CD Wikipedia 2006). Mpempe akwụkwọ edebatara nke Wikipedia ahọpụtara dịkwa site na PediaPress, mbipụta na-achọ ọrụ. Ọrụ dị n'ime Wikipedia na-arụ ọrụ na "Wikipedia 1.0", nchịkọta akụkọ Wikipedia enyochagoro maka izi ezi ma dị njikere maka ibipụta ma ọ bụ ọkụ na CD. E kesara Wikipedia Wikipedia German na DVD; A na-ahazi ụdị mbipụta na dijitalụ nke mbipụta Bekee.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team&oldid=101266668 Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team]", Wikipedia ([[:en:24 Jenụwarị|24 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]])</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Nupedia.jpg|thumb|250px|Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project, [[:en:Nupedia|Nupedia]].]] Wikipedia malitere dị ka ọrụ nkwado maka Nupedia, ọrụ ntanetịime ihe ọmụma n'efu nke ndị ọkachamara dere akụkọ ya wee nyochaa ya site na usoro nkịtị. E hiwere Nupedia na 9 akpụkpọ ụkwụ 2008, n'okpuru ikike nke Bomis, Inc, ụlọ ọrụ portal webụ. Ndị isi ya bụ Jimmy Wales, Bomis CEO, na Larry Sanger, onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka Nupedia na mechara Wikipedia. Enyere Nupedia ikike na mbụ n'okpuru ikikere Nupedia Open Content License, na-atụgharị gaa na GFDL tupu ntọala Wikipedia na agbamume Richard Stallman. Na 29 Jenụwarị 2005, Larry Sanger tụrụ aro na listi nzipu ozi Nupedia ka imepụta wiki dị ka ọrụ “feder” maka Nupedia. Ewepụtara Wikipedia na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, dị ka otu mbipụta asụsụ bekee na <nowiki>http://www.wikipedia.com/</nowiki>, ma Sanger mara ọkwa na ndepụta nzipu ozi Nupedia. Amụma Wikipedia nke "nlegharị anya na-anọpụ iche" bụ ahaziri n'ime ọnwa mbụ ya, ma yie amụma Nupedia nke mbụ "na-enweghị isi". Ma ọ bụghị ya, enwere iwu ole na ole na mbụ na Wikipedia na-arụ ọrụ n'adabereghị na Nupedia. Wikipedia nwetara nkwado mbụ site na Nupedia, Slashdot biputere, na nchọta ihe nchọta. Ọ tolitere ruo ihe dị ka isiokwu 20,000, yana mbipụta asụsụ 18, ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 2001. O toro na mbipụta asụsụ 26 na njedebe nke 2002, 46 na njedebe nke 2003, yana 161 na njedebe nke 2004. Nupedia na Wikipedia birikọ ọnụ ruo mgbe Sava nke mbụ gbadara, na-adịgide adịgide, na 2003, na ederede ya etinyere na Wikipedia. Larry Sanger na Jimmy Wales bụ ndị haziri Wikipedia. Usòrò:WikipediaHomePage30Ma nchịkwa2001.png Wikipedia's English Edition na 30 Maachị 2001, ọnwa abụọ na ọkara ka e hiwechara ya. Wales na Sanger na-ekwu na echiche nke iji wiki bụ Ward Cunningham's WikiWikiWeb ma ọ bụ Portland Pattern Repository.Àtụ:Citation need Ọ bụ ezie na Wales kwadoro ebumnuche nke ịmepụta akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọha na eze na-edezi, Sanger na-abụkarị atụmatụ nke iji wiki. ka iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ. N'izo aka na egwu nke mgbasa ozi azụmahịa na enweghị njikwa na Wikipedia nke na-eche na Bekee, ndị ọrụ Wikipedia Spanish gbapụrụ na Wikipedia iji mepụta Enciclopedia Libre na Febrụwarị 2002. Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, Wales kwupụtara na Wikipedia agaghị egosipụta mgbasa ozi, yana webụsaịtị ya. ebugara na wikipedia.org. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche agbapụla na Wikipedia maka ebumnuche ndetu. Wikinfo anaghị achọ echiche na-anọpụ iche ma na-enye ohere nyocha mbụ. Ọrụ ọhụrụ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Wikipedia - dị ka Citizendium, Scholarpedia na Amapedia - ka amalitela ileba anya na njedebe echere na Wikipedia, dị ka amụma ya na nyocha ndị ọgbọ, nyocha mbụ na mgbasa ozi azụmahịa. Emepụtara Wikimedia Foundation site na Wikipedia na Nupedia na 20 Juun 2003. Wikimedia Foundation tinyere akwụkwọ ikike nke United States Patent and Trademark Office iji nweta akara Wikipedia® na 17 Septemba 2004. Enyere akara ahụ ọkwa ndebanye aha na 10 Jenụwarị 2006. Japan nyere nchebe akara ahia na 16 Disemba 2004 na na European Union na 20 January. 2005. Teknụzụ akara ọrụ, oke akara ahụ bụ maka: "Nnyefe ozi na ngalaba nke ihe ọmụma encyclopedic izugbe site na ịntanetị”. Enwere atụmatụ ịnye ikike iji ụghalaahịa Wikipedia maka ngwaahịa ụfọdụ, dị ka akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ DVD.<ref>{{cite news |first=Vipin |last=Nair|title=Growing on volunteer power |date=[[:en:5 Disemba|5 Disemba]] [[:en:2005|2005]] |publisher=Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2005/12/05/stories/2005120500070100.htm}}</ref> [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Number of articles reg 01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The number of English Wikipedia articles grew exponentially from 2002 to 2006, with a doubling time of roughly 1 year.<ref name="WP_exp_growth">"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia's_growth Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia's growth]",[[:en:English Wikipedia|English Wikipedia]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-29]].</ref>]] N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2007, Wikipedia Bekee nwere ihe karịrị nde akụkọ 1.6, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma kachasị ukwuu enwetụla, kpuchiri ọbụna Yongle Encyclopedia (1407), bụ nke nwere ndekọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 600.<ref name="EB_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedias and Dictionaries |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed. |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2007 |volume=18 |pages=257–286}}</ref> == Ode akwụkwọ na njikwa == N'oge Disemba 2005, ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 27,000 mere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndezi ise na Wikipedia; N'ime ndị a, 17,000 rụrụ ọrụ na mbipụta Bekee. A na-arụ ọrụ nlekọta site na otu ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo; Ndị a gụnyere ndị mmepe, ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ngwa MediaWiki, yana ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ tụkwasịrị obi nwere ọkwa ikike dị iche iche gụnyere "onye nlekọta", "bureaucrat" na "onye nchịkwa". Ndị na-elekọta ụlọ na ndị na-arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịkwalite ma ọ bụ wetuo ndị ọrụ n'ọkwa ikike dị iche iche. Ndị nchịkwa bụ nnukwu ndị ọrụ nwere ihe ùgwù pụrụ iche, ma nwee ike ihichapụ ibe, gbochie idezi akụkọ, ma ọ bụ gbochie ndị ọrụ idezi. Agbanyeghị, achọrọ ndị nchịkwa ka ha soro amụma obodo mgbe ha na-egosipụta ike ndị a. A na-enyekarị ikike ndị a site na nkwenye obodo; A na-ahọpụta ndị na-elekọta ụlọ n'oge oge. Imebi ma ọ bụ obere mmebi iwu nwere ike ịkpata ịdọ aka ná ntị ma ọ bụ ngọngọ nwa oge, ebe ogologo oge ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi na-adịgide adịgide maka mmebi ogologo oge na nke dị njọ na-enye <citation need> (ma ọ bụ n'aha) Jimmy Wales ma ọ bụ, na Bekee- mbipụta asụsụ, "Kọmitii Arbitration" họpụtara. A na-enweta ego Wikipedia site na Wikimedia Foundation. Ọnụ ego nke 4th Quarter 2005 bụ $321,000 USD, yana ngwaike na-eme ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 60% nke mmefu ego. Wikimedia Foundation na-adabere ugbu a na onyinye nke onwe, ma na-ejide ndị na-akpakọba ego mgbe niile; ihe nchikota nke Jenụwarị 2007 welitere ihe karịrị nde $1. == Akụrụngwa na ngwaike == [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Floridaserversfront1.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Wikipedia na-enweta n'etiti arịrịọ peeji 10,000 na 30,000 kwa nkeji, dabere na oge ụbọchị. Edobela ihe karịrị sava 100 ka ha na-ahụ maka okporo ụzọ.]] Arụmọrụ Wikipedia dabere na MediaWiki, ihe emebere nke ọma, sọftụwia sọftụwia wiki mepere emepe edere na PHP ma wukwaa n'elu nchekwa data MySQL. Akụrụngwa na-agụnye atụmatụ mmemme ọgbara ọhụrụ, dị ka asụsụ nnukwu, mgbanwe dị iche iche, usoro ntụgharị maka ndebiri, na ntụgharị URL. MediaWiki nwere ikike n'okpuru GNU General Public License ma na-eji ọrụ Wikimedia niile, yana ọtụtụ ọrụ wiki ndị ọzọ. Na mbụ, Wikipedia na-agba ọsọ na UseModWiki nke Clifford Adams dere na Perl (Phase I), nke na mbụ chọrọ CamelCase maka hyperlinks akụkọ; agbakwunyere brackets okpukpu abụọ ugbu a ma emechaa. Malite na Jenụwarị 2002 (Oge II), Wikipedia malitere ịgba ọsọ na injin wiki PHP nwere nchekwa data MySQL; Ngwanrọ a bụ nke Magnus Manske mere maka Wikipedia. Emezigharịrị ngwa ngwa nke Abụọ ugboro ugboro ka ọ nabata ihe na-abawanye ụbara. Na Julaị 2002 (Oge III), Wikipedia gbanwere gaa na ngwanrọ ọgbọ nke atọ, MediaWiki, nke Lee Daniel Crocker dere na mbụ. Nchịkọta nke usoro ihe owuwu, Mee 2006. Isi mmalite: Eserese okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu na Meta-Wiki. Wikipedia na-agba ọsọ na ụyọkọ Linux raara onwe ya nye na Florida na ebe anọ ndị ọzọ. Wikipedia jiri otu ihe nkesa rụọ ọrụ ruo n'afọ 2004, mgbe agbasawanye ntọala nkesa ka ọ bụrụ ihe owuwu nkesa multitier. Na Jenụwarị 2005, ọrụ a rụrụ na sava 39 raara onwe ya nye dị na Florida. Nhazi a gụnyere otu ihe nkesa nchekwa data nke na-agba MySQL, ọtụtụ sava nchekwa data ohu, sava weebụ 21 na-agba Apache HTTP Server, yana sava cache Squid asaa. Site na Septemba 2005, ụyọkọ nkesa ya etoola ihe ruru sava 100 n'ebe anọ.around the world. A na-ebu ụzọ bufee arịrịọ ibe na oyi akwa ihu nke sava Squid caching. Arịrịọ na-enweghị ike ịnye site na cache Squid na-ezigara na sava na-edozi ibu na-arụ ọrụ ngwanrọ Perlbal, nke na-enyefe arịrịọ ahụ n'aka otu n'ime sava weebụ Apache maka iwepụta ibe site na nchekwa data. Sava webụ ahụ na-ebuga ibe dị ka achọrọ ya, na-arụpụta ibe maka mbipụta asụsụ niile nke Wikipedia. Ka iwelie ọsọ n'ihu, a na-echekwa ibe akwụkwọ maka ndị ọrụ na-amaghị aha n'ime sistemụ faịlụ ruo mgbe ọ mebiri emebi, na-enye ohere ka ịfefe ibe ya kpamkpam maka ịnweta ibe ndị a na-ahụkarị. Iji mee ka oge nzaghachi dịkwuo ngwa ngwa, Wikimedia na-ewulite netwọk zuru ụwa ọnụ nke sava caching, na-amalite site na sava caching atọ na France. Ụyọkọ abụọ buru ibu na Netherlands na Korea na-ejikwa ọtụtụ ibu okporo ụzọ Wikipedia. == Mbipụta asụsụ == [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:He-Wikipedia.png|right|thumb|300px|Wikipedia in [[:en:Hebrew language|Hebrew]].<ref>[http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Main Page], [[:en:Hebrew Wikipedia|Hebrew Wikipedia]]</ref>]] A kọwawo Wikipedia dị ka "mgbalị imepụta na ikesa akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma n'efu nke kachasị mma enwere ike nye onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụwa n'asụsụ nke ha". Enwere mbipụta asụsụ 250 nke Wikipedia ugbu a; N'ime ndị a, 14 n'elu nwere ihe karịrị 100,000 akụkọ na n'elu 131 nwere ihe karịrị 1,000 isiokwu. Dabere na ọrụ nha ndị na-ege ntị Internet Alexa, subdomain Bekee (en.wikipedia.org) na-enweta ihe dịka 55% nke okporo ụzọ Wikipedia, yana 45% nke fọdụrụ kewara n'etiti asụsụ ndị ọzọ. A na-edobe mbipụta asụsụ dị iche iche na atumatu zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka "echiche na-anọpụ iche," n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'echiche na omume aghụghọ. Ejikọtaghị mbipụta nke asụsụ, na akụkọ nke otu mbipụta agaghị adaba na ndị ogbo ha na mbipụta ọzọ. A na-agba ndị ndezi asụsụ ọtụtụ asụsụ ume ka ha jiri aka ha sụgharịa akụkọ; anabataghị ntụgharị asụsụ akpaghị aka nke ọma. Edemede atụgharịrị na-anọchi anya naanị ntakịrị akụkụ akụkọ n'ọtụtụ mbipụta. Akụkọ dị n'ihe karịrị otu asụsụ na-enye njikọ "InterWiki" n'akụkụ aka ekpe ha, nke jikọtara ya na akụkọ ibe ya na mbipụta ndị ọzọ. A na-ekekọrịta onyonyo na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke ọnụ n'etiti mbipụta asụsụ dị iche iche site na ebe nchekwa Wikimedia Commons. {{Wikipedia 100,000}} == Ntụkwasị obi na ele mmadụ anya n'ihu == Wikipedia na-amasị ikike nke akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara karịa ikike nke ndị ọkachamara. Wikipedia anaghị achọ ka ndị ntinye aka ya nye aha iwu ha ma ọ bụ nye ozi ndị ọzọ iji gosi njirimara ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ntinye aka bụ ndị ọchịchị n'ubi ha, Wikipedia chọrọ ka e jiri isi mmalite ndị ebipụtara kwado ọbụna onyinye ha. Ihe ndọghachi azụ nke usoro nrụtụ aka a bụ na ndị na-agụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ikpebi ntụkwasị obi nke isi mmalite edepụtara. Wikipedia na-anwa ileba anya na nsogbu nke nhụsianya nke usoro ihe omume, na imegide ndị editọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-achọ imetụta ngosi nke isiokwu n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, site n'ịkwụsi ike n'echiche na-anọpụ iche. Wikipedia na-asụ Bekee ewebatala ọnụ ọgụgụ nke a na-ekpebi ogo akụkọ; mbipụta ndị ọzọ nakweere nke a. Ihe dị ka 1200 agafeela usoro njirisi siri ike iji ruo ọkwa kachasị elu, ọkwa "akụkọ pụtara"; isiokwu ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ka e bu n'obi nye nkọwa nke ọma, nke edere nke ọma nke isiokwu ha, ma kwado ya site n'ọtụtụ ntụaka maka akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara..<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_criteria Featured article criteria]", Wikipedia. Retrieved on [[2007-01-27]].</ref> === Nyocha agụmakwụkwọ === Nnyocha na-egosi na Wikipedia na-enye ezigbo mmalite maka nyocha, ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-enwe nsogbu na ihe na-ezighị ezi. Mana nyocha nke Nature jiri tụnyere Wikipedia na Encyclopædia Britannica tụrụ aro ka ọ dị nso n'ogo nke ziri ezi n'ihe gbasara isiokwu sayensị okike ya; Otú ọ dị, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., kọwara ọmụmụ ihe a dị ka "ndị nwere ntụpọ na-egbu egbu", nke Nature mesịrị zaghachi ya, na-ekwupụta na ọmụmụ ya bụ nnọpụiche zuru oke. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ kwubiri na mkpuchi akụkọ ihe mere eme Wikipedia na-agbasawanye ma dị omimi karịa nke Encarta, ebe ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ eziokwu, yana na mmebi iwu pụtara ìhè na-alaghachikarị ngwa ngwa. N'ime nyocha nke Wikipedia dị ka obodo, nwa akwụkwọ PhD nke akụ na ụba Andrea Ciffolilli rụrụ ụka na ọnụ ahịa azụmahịa dị ala nke isonye na wiki software na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka mmepe mmekọrịta, yana na usoro "ihe mmepụta ihe" na-akwado nsonye. A na-ele Wikipedia anya dị ka nnwale mmadụ; Onye nchoputa Jimmy Wales ekwuola na ebum n'obi abụghị otu, n'agbanyeghị na nke ahụ bụ nsonaazụ. ==Criticism and controversy== Wikipedia has been accused of exhibiting [[:en:systemic bias|systemic bias]] and inconsistency;<ref name="Who">Simon Waldman, http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/news/0,12597,1335892,00.html Who knows?, The Guardian, [[:en:26 Ọktoba|26 Ọktoba]] [[:en:2004|2004]]</ref> critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature, and favouring [[:en:consensus|consensus]] over [[:en:credentials|credential]]s in its editorial process, makes it unauthoritative, and that a lack of proper sources for much of the information makes it unreliable,<ref>{{ cite news | author = Stacy Schiff | date = [[2006-07-31]] | title = Know It All | work = The New Yorker }}</ref> although the [[:en:Conversion (logic)|converse]] of the same argument can also be argued.<!-- Not sure what to cite for this but I know it's an ongoing argument --> Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia is usually reliable, but that it is not always clear how much.<ref name="AcademiaAndWikipedia">[[:en:Danah Boyd|Danah Boyd]], "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060112003204/http://www.corante.com/many/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php Academia and Wikipedia]", [[:en:Many-to-many|Many-to-Many]], [[:en:4 Jenụwarị|4 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2005|2005]].</ref> The project's preference for [[:en:consensus|consensus]] over [[:en:credential|credential]]s has been labelled "anti-elitism".<ref name="SangerElitism">[[:en:Larry Sanger|Larry Sanger]], "[http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism]", [[:en:Kuro5hin|Kuro5hin]], [[:en:31 Disemba|31 Disemba]] [[:en:2004|2004]].</ref> Editors of traditional reference works such as the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia.<ref name="McHenry_2004">[[:en:Robert McHenry|Robert McHenry]], "[http://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html The Faith-Based Encyclopedia]", [[:en:Tech Central Station|Tech Central Station]], [[:en:15 Novemba|15 Novemba]] [[:en:2004|2004]].</ref> Many [[:en:university|university]] [[:en:lecturer|lecturer]]s discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring [[:en:primary source|primary source]]s;<ref name = "WideWorldOfWikipedia">{{ cite web | title = Wide World of WIKIPEDIA | publisher = The Emory Wheel | url = http://www.emorywheel.com/media/storage/paper919/news/2006/04/21/News/Wide-World.Of.Wikipedia-1865022.shtml | date = [[:en:21 Eprel|21 Eprel]] [[:en:2006|2006]] | accessdate = 2007-01-25 }}</ref> some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190223055553/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki A Stand Against Wikipedia]", ''Inside Higher Ed'' ([[En26 Jenụwarị|26 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]]). Retrieved on [[:en:27 Jenụwarị|27 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]].</ref> Founder [[:en:Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales]] stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate as primary sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.<ref name="AWorkInProgress">[http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"], [[:en:BusinessWeek|BusinessWeek]] ([[:en:14 Disemba|14 Disemba]], [[:en:2005|2005]]). Retrieved on [[2007-01-29]].</ref> Technology writer [[:en:Bill Thompson (technology writer)|Bill Thompson]] commented that the debate was possibly "symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today."<ref>{{cite news |title=What is it with Wikipedia? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712.stm |date=[[2005-12-16]] |publisher=[[:en:British Broadcasting Company|BBC]] |first=Bill |last=Thompson}}</ref> Concerns have also been raised regarding the lack of [[:en:accountability|accountability]] that results from users' anonymity,<ref name="WikipediaWatch">[[:en:Public Information Research|Public Information Research]] - Wikipedia Watch. Retrieved on [[2007-01-28]].</ref> and that it is vulnerable to [[:en:vandalism|vandalism]] and Internet [[:en:troll (internet)|trolls]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version) | url = http://www.citizendium.org/essay.html | work = Citizendium.org | accessdate = 2006-10-10 | archivedate = 2006-10-11 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061011230402/http://www.citizendium.org/essay.html }}</ref> For example, [[:en:John Seigenthaler Sr. Wikipedia biography controversy|false information was introduced]] into the biography of [[:en:John Seigenthaler, Sr.|John Seigenthaler, Sr.]] and remained undetected for four months.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm |last=Seigenthaler |first=John |title=A False Wikipedia 'biography' |date=[[2005-11-29]] |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> Wikipedia's community has been described as "[[:en:cult|cult]]-like",<ref>{{cite news |url=http://technology.guardian.co.uk/opinion/story/0,16541,1667346,00.html |title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults |first=Charles |last=Arthur |date=[[2005-12-15]] |publisher=[[:en:The Guardian|The Guardian]]}}</ref> although not always with entirely negative connotations,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html |title=Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site |date=[[2003-08-04]] |first=Kristie |last=Lu Stout|publisher=[[:en:Cable News Network|CNN]]}}</ref> and criticised for failing to accommodate inexperienced users.<ref>"{{cite web |url=http://www.wikinfo.org/wiki.php?title=Critical_views_of_Wikipedia |title=Critical views of Wikipedia |author=[[:en:Wikinfo|Wikinfo]] |date=[[2005-03-30]] |accessdate=2007-01-29}}</ref> The addition of political [[:en:Spin (public relations)|spin]] to articles by organizations including the [[:en:U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and special interest groups<ref name="DeathByWikipedia">{{cite web | title = Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800135.html | accessdate = 2006-11-01 | first = Frank | last = Ahrens | publisher = The Washington Post | date = 2006-07-09 }}</ref> has been noted,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.com.com/2061-11199_3-6032713.html |title=Politicians notice Wikipedia |publisher=[[:en:CNET|CNET]] |author=Kane, Margaret |date=2006-01-30 |accessdate=2007-01-28 |archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20120712204508/http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html |archivedate=2012-07-12 }}</ref> and organizations such as [[:en:Microsoft|Microsoft]] have offered financial incentives to work on certain articles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16775981/ |title=Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit |publisher=[[:en:MSNBC|MSNBC]] |author=Bergstein, Brian |date=[[2007-01-23]] |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref> Wikipedia has been parodied by its critics, notably by [[:en:Stephen Colbert|Stephen Colbert]] in ''[[:en:The Colbert Report|The Colbert Report]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Colbert speaks, America follows: All Hail Wikiality!|publisher=c-net news.com|url=http://news.com.com/2061-10802_3-6100754.html|author=Caroline McCarthy|date=2006-08-01|archiveurl=http://archive.is/Byvj|archivedate=2012-07-14}}</ref> In 2007 the Wikipedia article on then-Montana senator [[:en:Conrad Burns|Conrad Burns]] was edited by his own staff, causing political scandal among his own constituents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/articles/2006/02/09/news/wikipedia.txt |title=Burns' office may have tampered with Wikipedia entry |publisher=[[:en:Bozeman Daily Chronicle|Bozeman Daily Chronicle]] |author=Williams, Walt |date=2007-01-01 |accessdate=2007-02-13 |archivedate=2019-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214201058/http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/articles/2006/02/09/news/wikipedia.txt }}</ref> Wikipedia's content policies<ref name="PoliciesAndGuidelines">"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines List of policies and guidelines]", English Wikipedia. Retrieved on [[2007-01-31]].</ref> and sub-projects set up by contributors seek to address these concerns.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikipedia:WikiProject]", [[:en:English Wikipedia|English Wikipedia]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-29]].</ref> Several scholarly studies have concluded that vandalism is generally short-lived,<ref name="MIT_IBM_study">{{ cite paper | title = Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizations | format = [[:en:PDF|PDF]] | accessdate = 2007-01-24 | url = http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf }}</ref> and that Wikipedia is roughly as accurate as other online encyclopedias.<ref name="Rosenzweig_2006" /> ==Awards== Wikipedia winiru nnukwu awards abuo ni Mee 2004.<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trophy_box Trophy Box]", [[:en:Meta-Wiki|Meta-Wiki]] ([[:en:28 Maachị|28 Maachị]] [[:en:2005|2005]]).</ref> Nke buzo wu Golden Nica maka Digital Communities nke annual [[:en:Prix Ars Electronica|Prix Ars Electronica]] contest; €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant so nke a na invitashon i me presentashon na PAE Cyberarts Festival ni [[:en:Austria|Austria]] na oge ozo na aho ahu. Nke abuo wu Judges' [[:en:Webby Awards|Webby Award]] maka "community" category ahu.<ref>"[http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php Webby Awards 2004]"</ref> Ha nominate kwu Wikipedia maka "Best Practices" Webby. Ni Septemba 2004, [[:en:Japanses Wikipedia|Japanese Wikipedia]] wini Web Creation Award site Japan Advertisers Association. Award a, ha n'enye ndi mmadu maka nnukwu contributions to the Web ni Japanese, di accepted by long-standing contributor on behalf of project ahu. ==In the media== Wikipedia's content has been mirrored and forked by hundreds of sites including [[:en:database dump|database dump]]s. Its content has also been used in academic studies, books and conferences.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_the_media Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media]", Wikipedia</ref> and used in court cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf|title=Bourgeois ''et al'' v. Peters ''et al.''|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-02-06|archivedate=2012-12-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140312/http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf}}</ref> The [[:en:Parliament of Canada|Canadian Parliament]] website refers to Wikipedia's article on [[:en:same-sex marriage|same-sex marriage]] in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for [[:en:Civil Marriage Act|Civil Marriage Act]].<ref>"[http://www.parl.gc.ca/LEGISINFO/index.asp?Lang=E&Chamber=C&StartList=2&EndList=200&Session=13&Type=0&Scope=I&query=4381&List=toc C-38]", LEGISINFO ([[:en:28 Maachị|28 Maachị]] [[:en:2005|2005]])</ref> The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the U.S. Federal Courts and the World Intellectual Property Office<ref name="WP_court_source">{{cite journal |last=Arias |first=Martha L. |date=29 Jenụwarị 2007 |title=[http://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1668 Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source] |journal=Internet Business Law Services}}</ref> — though mainly for ''supporting information'' rather than information decisive to a case.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam |date=29 Jenụwarị 2007 |title=[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html?ref=technology Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively] |journal=New York Times}}</ref> Wikipedia has also been used as a source in [[:en:journalism|journalism]],<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070204135807/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/09/08/russia.basayev/ Basayev: Russia's most wanted man]", [[:en:CNN|CNN]], [[:en:8 Septemba|8 Septemba]] [[:en:2004|2004]].</ref> sometimes without attribution; several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia.<ref>"[http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered]", ''[[:en:San Antonio Express-News|San Antonio Express-News]]'', [[:en:9 Jenụwarị|9 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]].</ref><ref>"[http://starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal]", ''[[:en:Honolulu Star-Bulletin|Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]'', [[:en:13 Jenụwarị|13 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007]|2007].</ref> Wikipedia maintains a (non-comprehensive) list of notable uses of the encyclopedia as a source.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_as_a_source Wikipedia:Wikipedia as a source]", Wikipedia</ref> With increased usage and awareness, there have been an increasing number of references to Wikipedia in popular culture. Many parody Wikipedia's openness, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. [[:en:Uncyclopedia|Uncyclopedia]] is the largest such website; its Main Page claims that it is the "content-free encyclopedia that anyone can edit,"<ref>"[http://uncyclopedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&oldid=1497858 Main Page]", uncyclopedia.org (as of [[:en:26 Jenụwarị|26 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]]). Retrieved on [[2007-01-28]].</ref> parodying the English Wikipedia's welcome message on its {{srlink|[[Main Page]]}}. In the episode "Wikiality" of [[:en:The Colbert Report|The Colbert Report]], host [[:en:Stephen Colbert|Stephen Colbert]] has instigated his viewers to vandalize articles in humorous ways, once doing so on the Wikipedia article on [[:en:elephant|elephant]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://spring.newsvine.com/_news/2006/08/01/307864-stephen-colbert-causes-chaos-on-wikipedia-gets-blocked-from-site |title=Colbert Causes Chaos on Wikipedia |publisher=[[:en:Newsvine|Newsvine]] |date=[[:en:1 Ọgọọst|1 Ọgọọst]] [[:en:2006|2006]] |accessdate=2006-09-28}}</ref> [[:en:"Weird Al" Yankovic|"Weird Al" Yankovic]]'s character in his video [[:en:White & Nerdy|'White & Nerdy']] is seen vandalising the entry for the Atlantic [[:en:record label|record label]] with the exclamation "You suck!," after they rescinded permission for a parody.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20081201113103/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,20523843-5006024,00.html Weird Al Yankovic]," [[:en:Herald Sun|Herald Sun]], [[:en:5 Ọktoba|5 Ọktoba]] [[:en:2006|2006]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-25]].</ref> In a recent episode of ''[[:en:American Dad|American Dad]]'' (entitled [[:en:Black Mystery Month|Black Mystery Month]]), protagonists [[:en:Stan Smith|Stan Smith]] and [[:en:Steve Smith|Steve Smith]] fail to reveal to the world that [[:en:George Washington Carver|George Washington Carver]] wasn't the person who invented [[:en:peanut butter|peanut butter]], then create a Wikipedia page entitled "The Truth About Peanut Butter" to inform the world, citing that it is the one place you can put crazy information out with no evidence and still have millions of people believe it to be true. ==Related projects== Wikipedia has spawned several sister projects. The first, "''In Memoriam: 11 Septemba<!--Do not reformat this date, it is quoted--> Wiki''",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sep11memories.org/|title=sep11memories.org/<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-02-06}}</ref> created in Ọktoba 2002,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080113013503/http://www.sep11memories.org/index.php?title=In_Memoriam&oldid=1502 First edit to the wiki] In Memoriam: 11 Septemba wiki ([[:en:28 Ọktoba|28 Ọktoba]], [[:en:2002|2002]])</ref> detailed the [[:en:11 Septemba 2001 attacks|11 Septemba 2001 attacks]]; this project was closed in Ọktoba 2006.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110929203141/http://sep11memories.org/index.php?title=In_Memoriam&oldid=11355 In Memoriam]",In Memoriam: 11 Septemba Wiki ([[:en:31 Ọktoba|31 Ọktoba]] [[:en:2006|2006]])</ref> [[:en:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]], a dictionary project, was launched in Disemba 2002;<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_News&diff=prev&oldid=4133 Announcement of Wiktionary's creation]", [[:en:12 Disemba|12 Disemba]] [[:en:2002|2002]]. Retrieved on [[2007-02-02]].</ref> [[:en:Wikiquote|Wikiquote]], a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched, and [[:en:Wikibooks|Wikibooks]], a collection of collaboratively-written free books, the next month. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects.<ref name="OurProjects">"[http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Our_projects Our projects]", [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-24]]</ref> A similar non-wiki project, the [[:en:GNUpedia|GNUpedia]] project, co-existed with Nupedia early in its history; however, it has been retired and its creator, [[:en:free software|free-software]] figure [[:en:Richard Stallman|Richard Stallman]], has lent his support to Wikipedia.<ref name="Richard Stallman 1999">{{cite news|author=[[:en:Richard Stallman|Richard Stallman]]|title=The Free Encyclopedia Project|date=1999|publisher=[[:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]]|url=http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html}}</ref> Other websites centered around collaborative knowledge base development have drawn inspiration from or inspired Wikipedia. Some, such as [[:en:Susning.nu|Susning.nu]], ''[[:en:Enciclopedia Libre|Enciclopedia Libre]]'', and [[:en:WikiZnanie|WikiZnanie]] likewise employ no formal review process, whereas others use more traditional [[:en:peer review|peer review]], such as the expert-written ''[[:en:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'', [[:en:H2G2|h2g2]] and [[:en:Everything2|Everything2]]. ==See also== * [[:meta:List of Wikipedias|List of Wikipedias]] * [[:en:List of encyclopedias|List of encyclopedias]] * [[:en:List of wikis|List of wikis]] * [[:en:Open content|Open content]] * [[:en:User-generated content|User-generated content]] * [[:en:Congressional staffer edits to Wikipedia|Congressional staffer edits to Wikipedia]] * [[:en:List of Wikipedias|List of Wikipedias]] ==Edensibia== {{Reflist}} ==Lee nke ozo== * [[Nupedia]] ==Keezi njikọ== * [http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] - isi na saịtị * [http://en.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] - [[:en:English language|English language]] mbipụta * {{SourceWatch|id=Wikipedia|page=Wikipedia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070831024848/http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ Wikipedia] na [[:en:Open Directory Project|Open Directory Project]] [[Òtù:Free encyclopedias]] [[Òtù:Online encyclopedias]] [[Òtù:Wikipedia]] __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ {{DEFAULTSORT:Wikipedia}} hk15dadnilz3uqwywmt5hjumws5pdf1 709193 709192 2026-09-06T02:26:57Z SafariScribe 18560 /* Link ndị pụrụ n'ezi */ ce 709193 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Www.wikipedia screenshot (2021).png|thumb]] '''Wikipedia''' bụ edemede eji asụsụ dị iche iche wee dee tinye na web, ka onye ọ masịrị gụọ. Obu ndi gbakọtara aka ọnụ wee dee edemede ndị ahụ ka ana-akpọ "ndị Wikipedia". Onye ọbụla nwere nghọta gbasara ya bụ edemede nwere ike ndezi maọbu ndegharị ihe edere ede. Onwekwara ike ide ihe ọhụrụ nke ya. Aha ya bụ portmanteau nke mkpụrụokwu ''[[wiki]]'' (nke a bụ ụdị njikọtaọnụ nke websaịtị) na akwụkwọ mmụta ihe niile ana akpọ {{ill|encyclopedia|en}}. Ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na {{ill|Tampa|en}}, [[Florida]] ebe ndi ọzọ dị na obodo {{ill|Amsterdam|en}} ya na {{ill|Seoul|en}}. Ebidoro Wikipedia na mbụ dịka English Wikipedia  na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, iji wee kwado Nupedia, ezigbo akwụkwọ ederede bụ nke emechigoro.( defunct encyclopedia). Ugbu a ọ bụ ndị [[Wikimedia Foundation]], a non-profit organization  nke Maazị Jimmy Wales bụ otu n’ime ndị bi ==Njirimara== === Usoro ndezi === Ndị ndezi na-edekọ mgbanwe na akụkọ site na ịlele ọdịiche dị n'etiti ngbanwe abụọ nke ibe - nke a maara dị ka "diffs"; egosiri mgbanwe n'etiti nsụgharị abụọ na uhie. Ndị odee nwere ike dezie na-amaghị aha; N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, a na-edekọ adreesị IP ha dị ka aha onye edemede. A na-edobe ndezigharị gara aga na akụkọ Wikipedia, ma bụrụkwa nke a na-ahụ ya site na ibe "edit akụkọ ihe mere eme" nke edobere n'usoro oge, na-eme ka enwere ike ịhụ ụdị mbụ nke ibe ọ bụla n'oge ọ bụla. A na-eme mgbanwe na Wikipedia ozugbo na Weebụ, na-enweghị nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ. Nkà ihe ọmụma Wikipedia bụ na imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti ndị nwere ezi nzube, ndị na-edezi ihe ọmụma ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emezi akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma n'obosara, omimi na izi ezi, na, na-enye oge zuru ezu, eziokwu ga-emeri na ọbụnadị aghụghọ ga-ejide ma mezie ya. Ya mere, Wikipedia na-enye ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ọ bụla ka ọ dezie, ma e wezụga maka ndị ọrụ amachibidoro maka mmebi iwu na-adịgide adịgide ka usoro ikpe ikpe ogologo gasịrị. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ isiokwu ọ bụla nwere ike dezie; A na-enwekwa nkwarụ mgbe ụfọdụ nwa oge maka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke akụkọ n'ihi mbibi na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ esemokwu edozibeghị n'etiti ndị nkwado. Wikipedia ekwuputabeghị nke ọ bụla n'ime akụkọ ya "zuru oke" ma ọ bụ "mechara". Dị ka akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma izugbe, Wikipedia na-achọ ịkọwa ọtụtụ isiokwu dị ka o kwere mee. Ọ na-ekpuchi isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, yana ọtụtụ isiokwu ọdịnala na nka na-adịghị adị n'ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ ma ọ bụ kpọchie ya na ntụnyere isiokwu pụrụ iche. Na mgbakwunye na uto na-enweghị atụ n'ọnụọgụ isiokwu, nkezi ogologo nke isiokwu ọ bụla amụbaala nke ọma, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke "akụkọ pụtara" ghọtara maka ịdị elu ha dị elu. Otú ọ dị, nnukwu oghere dị na mkpuchi ọrụ a ka dị, na ọtụtụ akụkọ anaghị akọwapụta ya nke ọma n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na amụma nchịkọta akụkọ Wikipedia. Otu ike ama ama nke Wikipedia bụ oge ya. Dị ka ọ na-adị, a na-ebipụta akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọhụrụ kwa afọ ole na ole, n'ihi na ihe ọmụma ha bịara doo anya na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghịzizi emezi. Echiche nke idegharị na-aga n'ihu, bụ nke a na-edegharị akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma dum ma na-ebipụta kwa afọ ole na ole, dochie nke a ma ugbu a ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma na-arụ ọrụ. Wikipedia na-ewegharịgharị na-aga n'ihu ruo oke ya - ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkọ niile nwere ike ịmegharị ya n'oge ọ bụla, na-ekwe ka ọrụ ahụ tinye ihe omume dị ugbu a. Dị ka ihe atụ, ndị nta akụkọ na-edekarị akụkọ banyere ala ọma jijiji ahụ mere n’Oké Osimiri India n’afọ 2004 ná mbipụta Bekee n’ụbọchị ndị sochiri ihe omume ahụ<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070226071555/http://www.workers.org/ww/2005/tsunami0113.php Workers World] ([[:en:8 Jenụwarị|8 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2005|2005]]) and [[:en:Chicago Times|Chicago Times]] ([[:en:16 Jenụwarị|16 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2005|2005]])</ref> ===Atumatu na ntuziaka=== A na-eme mkpebi na ọdịnaya na usoro nhazi nke Wikipedia site na ime mkpebi nkwenye na, mgbe ụfọdụ, site na ịtụ vootu; Jimmy Wales na Wikimedia Foundation jigidere ikpe ikpeazụ. Wikipedia nwere ọtụtụ atumatu na ntụzịaka, mepụtakwara site na nkwenye, na-eduzi ọrụ na ọrụ a, na-ekpuchi omume, ọdịnaya metụtara na okwu gbasara iwu. Otu n'ime ihe kachasị mkpa na-ekwu na a ga-ederịrị isiokwu site na "echiche na-anọpụ iche", na-egosipụta echiche niile dị ịrịba ama na ihe iseokwu tinyere ihe akaebe na-akwado ha - ya mere, kama ịchọ ịchọpụta ihe bụ eziokwu nke isiokwu ha, isiokwu na-anwa anwa. ịkọwa ha n'eleghị mmadụ anya n'ihu site n'echiche niile dị mkpa. Ederede onye ọ bụla nwere nkwupụta nkwutọ, mmebi iwu nwebiisinka, na ọdịnaya ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibute ụgwọ iwu ma ọ bụ na-emebi Wikipedia na-ezobe kpamkpam site na iji usoro akpọrọ "Nlebaanya". ===Ọdịnaya efu na ikike=== Ihe nkwado na Wikipedia bụ GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), otu n'ime ọtụtụ ikikere nwebiisinka nke na-enye ohere ikesagharị, imepụta ọrụ ewepụtara na iji ọdịnaya azụmaahịa. Ikikere a na-enye ndị ndezi Wikipedia aka idowe ikike nwebiisinka nke ọrụ ha, mana na-enye ohere ka ndị ọzọ wulite n'ọrụ ahụ wee bipụta ya, ọ bụrụhaala na akwadoro onye edemede mbụ yana GFDL kpuchirikwa ọrụ ewepụtara ya. Ikikere a na-ahụ na enwere ike dezie Wikipedia n'efu; A na-edekọ onyinye onye odee ọ bụla maka ụmụ ọmụmụ na nchekwa data. Larry Sanger ekwuola na inwe GFDL dị ka "nkwenye nke nnwere onwe bụ ihe mkpali siri ike ịrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma efu". Wikipedia nwekwara ihe onyonyo na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ nke ndị ndezi ya ekepụtaghị, mana ọ dị na mpaghara ọha. A na-ewepụta ọdịnaya ndị ọzọ dị na Wikipedia n'okpuru usoro nwebisiinka dị iche iche ma ọ bụ ikikere dakọtara na GFDL, dị ka ikikere Creative Commons. E gosipụtara ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka akara ụlọ ọrụ, ihe nlele egwu, ma ọ bụ foto akụkọ nwebiisinka nwere nkwuputa eji eme ihe ziri ezi n'okpuru iwu nwebiisinka United States. Wikimedia Commons, ebe nchekwa mgbasa ozi na ọrụ nwanne nwanyị nke a na-echekwa ọtụtụ onyonyo Wikipedia, na-enyekwa ikike nwebiisinka ndị ọzọ, mana anaghị anabata onyonyo eji eme ihe ziri ezi. Ndị ntinye aka nwere ike ịhọrọ inye onyinye ha ọtụtụ ikike n'okpuru ma GFDL na ngalaba ọha, ma ọ bụ GFDL na ikikere ndị ọzọ, na-enye ndị ọzọ ohere iji ọdịnaya n'okpuru nke ọ bụla n'ime ikike ndị a. Ikikere mepere emepe Wikipedia na-akwalite ojiji ọhụrụ na ngosipụta nke ọdịnaya ya. Ụdị a na-ekwu okwu dị maka ụfọdụ akụkọ n'ụdị Ogg Vorbis, ebe ọ bụ na usoro MP3 a na-ejikarị eme ihe na-ekpuchi ya site na ikikere ngwanrọ nke na-eme ka nkesa n'okpuru ikike efu. Ụdị Wikipedia guzoro ọtọ dị ka Lexipedia dị maka ngwaọrụ ejiri aka. Ụmụaka SOS na-ekesa akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma na CD (Nhọrọ CD Wikipedia 2006). Mpempe akwụkwọ edebatara nke Wikipedia ahọpụtara dịkwa site na PediaPress, mbipụta na-achọ ọrụ. Ọrụ dị n'ime Wikipedia na-arụ ọrụ na "Wikipedia 1.0", nchịkọta akụkọ Wikipedia enyochagoro maka izi ezi ma dị njikere maka ibipụta ma ọ bụ ọkụ na CD. E kesara Wikipedia Wikipedia German na DVD; A na-ahazi ụdị mbipụta na dijitalụ nke mbipụta Bekee.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team&oldid=101266668 Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team]", Wikipedia ([[:en:24 Jenụwarị|24 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]])</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Nupedia.jpg|thumb|250px|Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project, [[:en:Nupedia|Nupedia]].]] Wikipedia malitere dị ka ọrụ nkwado maka Nupedia, ọrụ ntanetịime ihe ọmụma n'efu nke ndị ọkachamara dere akụkọ ya wee nyochaa ya site na usoro nkịtị. E hiwere Nupedia na 9 akpụkpọ ụkwụ 2008, n'okpuru ikike nke Bomis, Inc, ụlọ ọrụ portal webụ. Ndị isi ya bụ Jimmy Wales, Bomis CEO, na Larry Sanger, onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka Nupedia na mechara Wikipedia. Enyere Nupedia ikike na mbụ n'okpuru ikikere Nupedia Open Content License, na-atụgharị gaa na GFDL tupu ntọala Wikipedia na agbamume Richard Stallman. Na 29 Jenụwarị 2005, Larry Sanger tụrụ aro na listi nzipu ozi Nupedia ka imepụta wiki dị ka ọrụ “feder” maka Nupedia. Ewepụtara Wikipedia na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, dị ka otu mbipụta asụsụ bekee na <nowiki>http://www.wikipedia.com/</nowiki>, ma Sanger mara ọkwa na ndepụta nzipu ozi Nupedia. Amụma Wikipedia nke "nlegharị anya na-anọpụ iche" bụ ahaziri n'ime ọnwa mbụ ya, ma yie amụma Nupedia nke mbụ "na-enweghị isi". Ma ọ bụghị ya, enwere iwu ole na ole na mbụ na Wikipedia na-arụ ọrụ n'adabereghị na Nupedia. Wikipedia nwetara nkwado mbụ site na Nupedia, Slashdot biputere, na nchọta ihe nchọta. Ọ tolitere ruo ihe dị ka isiokwu 20,000, yana mbipụta asụsụ 18, ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 2001. O toro na mbipụta asụsụ 26 na njedebe nke 2002, 46 na njedebe nke 2003, yana 161 na njedebe nke 2004. Nupedia na Wikipedia birikọ ọnụ ruo mgbe Sava nke mbụ gbadara, na-adịgide adịgide, na 2003, na ederede ya etinyere na Wikipedia. Larry Sanger na Jimmy Wales bụ ndị haziri Wikipedia. Usòrò:WikipediaHomePage30Ma nchịkwa2001.png Wikipedia's English Edition na 30 Maachị 2001, ọnwa abụọ na ọkara ka e hiwechara ya. Wales na Sanger na-ekwu na echiche nke iji wiki bụ Ward Cunningham's WikiWikiWeb ma ọ bụ Portland Pattern Repository.Àtụ:Citation need Ọ bụ ezie na Wales kwadoro ebumnuche nke ịmepụta akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọha na eze na-edezi, Sanger na-abụkarị atụmatụ nke iji wiki. ka iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ. N'izo aka na egwu nke mgbasa ozi azụmahịa na enweghị njikwa na Wikipedia nke na-eche na Bekee, ndị ọrụ Wikipedia Spanish gbapụrụ na Wikipedia iji mepụta Enciclopedia Libre na Febrụwarị 2002. Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, Wales kwupụtara na Wikipedia agaghị egosipụta mgbasa ozi, yana webụsaịtị ya. ebugara na wikipedia.org. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche agbapụla na Wikipedia maka ebumnuche ndetu. Wikinfo anaghị achọ echiche na-anọpụ iche ma na-enye ohere nyocha mbụ. Ọrụ ọhụrụ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Wikipedia - dị ka Citizendium, Scholarpedia na Amapedia - ka amalitela ileba anya na njedebe echere na Wikipedia, dị ka amụma ya na nyocha ndị ọgbọ, nyocha mbụ na mgbasa ozi azụmahịa. Emepụtara Wikimedia Foundation site na Wikipedia na Nupedia na 20 Juun 2003. Wikimedia Foundation tinyere akwụkwọ ikike nke United States Patent and Trademark Office iji nweta akara Wikipedia® na 17 Septemba 2004. Enyere akara ahụ ọkwa ndebanye aha na 10 Jenụwarị 2006. Japan nyere nchebe akara ahia na 16 Disemba 2004 na na European Union na 20 January. 2005. Teknụzụ akara ọrụ, oke akara ahụ bụ maka: "Nnyefe ozi na ngalaba nke ihe ọmụma encyclopedic izugbe site na ịntanetị”. Enwere atụmatụ ịnye ikike iji ụghalaahịa Wikipedia maka ngwaahịa ụfọdụ, dị ka akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ DVD.<ref>{{cite news |first=Vipin |last=Nair|title=Growing on volunteer power |date=[[:en:5 Disemba|5 Disemba]] [[:en:2005|2005]] |publisher=Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2005/12/05/stories/2005120500070100.htm}}</ref> [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Number of articles reg 01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The number of English Wikipedia articles grew exponentially from 2002 to 2006, with a doubling time of roughly 1 year.<ref name="WP_exp_growth">"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia's_growth Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia's growth]",[[:en:English Wikipedia|English Wikipedia]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-29]].</ref>]] N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2007, Wikipedia Bekee nwere ihe karịrị nde akụkọ 1.6, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma kachasị ukwuu enwetụla, kpuchiri ọbụna Yongle Encyclopedia (1407), bụ nke nwere ndekọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 600.<ref name="EB_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedias and Dictionaries |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed. |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2007 |volume=18 |pages=257–286}}</ref> == Ode akwụkwọ na njikwa == N'oge Disemba 2005, ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 27,000 mere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndezi ise na Wikipedia; N'ime ndị a, 17,000 rụrụ ọrụ na mbipụta Bekee. A na-arụ ọrụ nlekọta site na otu ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo; Ndị a gụnyere ndị mmepe, ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ngwa MediaWiki, yana ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ tụkwasịrị obi nwere ọkwa ikike dị iche iche gụnyere "onye nlekọta", "bureaucrat" na "onye nchịkwa". Ndị na-elekọta ụlọ na ndị na-arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịkwalite ma ọ bụ wetuo ndị ọrụ n'ọkwa ikike dị iche iche. Ndị nchịkwa bụ nnukwu ndị ọrụ nwere ihe ùgwù pụrụ iche, ma nwee ike ihichapụ ibe, gbochie idezi akụkọ, ma ọ bụ gbochie ndị ọrụ idezi. Agbanyeghị, achọrọ ndị nchịkwa ka ha soro amụma obodo mgbe ha na-egosipụta ike ndị a. A na-enyekarị ikike ndị a site na nkwenye obodo; A na-ahọpụta ndị na-elekọta ụlọ n'oge oge. Imebi ma ọ bụ obere mmebi iwu nwere ike ịkpata ịdọ aka ná ntị ma ọ bụ ngọngọ nwa oge, ebe ogologo oge ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi na-adịgide adịgide maka mmebi ogologo oge na nke dị njọ na-enye <citation need> (ma ọ bụ n'aha) Jimmy Wales ma ọ bụ, na Bekee- mbipụta asụsụ, "Kọmitii Arbitration" họpụtara. A na-enweta ego Wikipedia site na Wikimedia Foundation. Ọnụ ego nke 4th Quarter 2005 bụ $321,000 USD, yana ngwaike na-eme ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 60% nke mmefu ego. Wikimedia Foundation na-adabere ugbu a na onyinye nke onwe, ma na-ejide ndị na-akpakọba ego mgbe niile; ihe nchikota nke Jenụwarị 2007 welitere ihe karịrị nde $1. == Akụrụngwa na ngwaike == [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Floridaserversfront1.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Wikipedia na-enweta n'etiti arịrịọ peeji 10,000 na 30,000 kwa nkeji, dabere na oge ụbọchị. Edobela ihe karịrị sava 100 ka ha na-ahụ maka okporo ụzọ.]] Arụmọrụ Wikipedia dabere na MediaWiki, ihe emebere nke ọma, sọftụwia sọftụwia wiki mepere emepe edere na PHP ma wukwaa n'elu nchekwa data MySQL. Akụrụngwa na-agụnye atụmatụ mmemme ọgbara ọhụrụ, dị ka asụsụ nnukwu, mgbanwe dị iche iche, usoro ntụgharị maka ndebiri, na ntụgharị URL. MediaWiki nwere ikike n'okpuru GNU General Public License ma na-eji ọrụ Wikimedia niile, yana ọtụtụ ọrụ wiki ndị ọzọ. Na mbụ, Wikipedia na-agba ọsọ na UseModWiki nke Clifford Adams dere na Perl (Phase I), nke na mbụ chọrọ CamelCase maka hyperlinks akụkọ; agbakwunyere brackets okpukpu abụọ ugbu a ma emechaa. Malite na Jenụwarị 2002 (Oge II), Wikipedia malitere ịgba ọsọ na injin wiki PHP nwere nchekwa data MySQL; Ngwanrọ a bụ nke Magnus Manske mere maka Wikipedia. Emezigharịrị ngwa ngwa nke Abụọ ugboro ugboro ka ọ nabata ihe na-abawanye ụbara. Na Julaị 2002 (Oge III), Wikipedia gbanwere gaa na ngwanrọ ọgbọ nke atọ, MediaWiki, nke Lee Daniel Crocker dere na mbụ. Nchịkọta nke usoro ihe owuwu, Mee 2006. Isi mmalite: Eserese okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu na Meta-Wiki. Wikipedia na-agba ọsọ na ụyọkọ Linux raara onwe ya nye na Florida na ebe anọ ndị ọzọ. Wikipedia jiri otu ihe nkesa rụọ ọrụ ruo n'afọ 2004, mgbe agbasawanye ntọala nkesa ka ọ bụrụ ihe owuwu nkesa multitier. Na Jenụwarị 2005, ọrụ a rụrụ na sava 39 raara onwe ya nye dị na Florida. Nhazi a gụnyere otu ihe nkesa nchekwa data nke na-agba MySQL, ọtụtụ sava nchekwa data ohu, sava weebụ 21 na-agba Apache HTTP Server, yana sava cache Squid asaa. Site na Septemba 2005, ụyọkọ nkesa ya etoola ihe ruru sava 100 n'ebe anọ.around the world. A na-ebu ụzọ bufee arịrịọ ibe na oyi akwa ihu nke sava Squid caching. Arịrịọ na-enweghị ike ịnye site na cache Squid na-ezigara na sava na-edozi ibu na-arụ ọrụ ngwanrọ Perlbal, nke na-enyefe arịrịọ ahụ n'aka otu n'ime sava weebụ Apache maka iwepụta ibe site na nchekwa data. Sava webụ ahụ na-ebuga ibe dị ka achọrọ ya, na-arụpụta ibe maka mbipụta asụsụ niile nke Wikipedia. Ka iwelie ọsọ n'ihu, a na-echekwa ibe akwụkwọ maka ndị ọrụ na-amaghị aha n'ime sistemụ faịlụ ruo mgbe ọ mebiri emebi, na-enye ohere ka ịfefe ibe ya kpamkpam maka ịnweta ibe ndị a na-ahụkarị. Iji mee ka oge nzaghachi dịkwuo ngwa ngwa, Wikimedia na-ewulite netwọk zuru ụwa ọnụ nke sava caching, na-amalite site na sava caching atọ na France. Ụyọkọ abụọ buru ibu na Netherlands na Korea na-ejikwa ọtụtụ ibu okporo ụzọ Wikipedia. == Mbipụta asụsụ == [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:He-Wikipedia.png|right|thumb|300px|Wikipedia in [[:en:Hebrew language|Hebrew]].<ref>[http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Main Page], [[:en:Hebrew Wikipedia|Hebrew Wikipedia]]</ref>]] A kọwawo Wikipedia dị ka "mgbalị imepụta na ikesa akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma n'efu nke kachasị mma enwere ike nye onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụwa n'asụsụ nke ha". Enwere mbipụta asụsụ 250 nke Wikipedia ugbu a; N'ime ndị a, 14 n'elu nwere ihe karịrị 100,000 akụkọ na n'elu 131 nwere ihe karịrị 1,000 isiokwu. Dabere na ọrụ nha ndị na-ege ntị Internet Alexa, subdomain Bekee (en.wikipedia.org) na-enweta ihe dịka 55% nke okporo ụzọ Wikipedia, yana 45% nke fọdụrụ kewara n'etiti asụsụ ndị ọzọ. A na-edobe mbipụta asụsụ dị iche iche na atumatu zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka "echiche na-anọpụ iche," n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'echiche na omume aghụghọ. Ejikọtaghị mbipụta nke asụsụ, na akụkọ nke otu mbipụta agaghị adaba na ndị ogbo ha na mbipụta ọzọ. A na-agba ndị ndezi asụsụ ọtụtụ asụsụ ume ka ha jiri aka ha sụgharịa akụkọ; anabataghị ntụgharị asụsụ akpaghị aka nke ọma. Edemede atụgharịrị na-anọchi anya naanị ntakịrị akụkụ akụkọ n'ọtụtụ mbipụta. Akụkọ dị n'ihe karịrị otu asụsụ na-enye njikọ "InterWiki" n'akụkụ aka ekpe ha, nke jikọtara ya na akụkọ ibe ya na mbipụta ndị ọzọ. A na-ekekọrịta onyonyo na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke ọnụ n'etiti mbipụta asụsụ dị iche iche site na ebe nchekwa Wikimedia Commons. {{Wikipedia 100,000}} == Ntụkwasị obi na ele mmadụ anya n'ihu == Wikipedia na-amasị ikike nke akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara karịa ikike nke ndị ọkachamara. Wikipedia anaghị achọ ka ndị ntinye aka ya nye aha iwu ha ma ọ bụ nye ozi ndị ọzọ iji gosi njirimara ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ntinye aka bụ ndị ọchịchị n'ubi ha, Wikipedia chọrọ ka e jiri isi mmalite ndị ebipụtara kwado ọbụna onyinye ha. Ihe ndọghachi azụ nke usoro nrụtụ aka a bụ na ndị na-agụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ikpebi ntụkwasị obi nke isi mmalite edepụtara. Wikipedia na-anwa ileba anya na nsogbu nke nhụsianya nke usoro ihe omume, na imegide ndị editọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-achọ imetụta ngosi nke isiokwu n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, site n'ịkwụsi ike n'echiche na-anọpụ iche. Wikipedia na-asụ Bekee ewebatala ọnụ ọgụgụ nke a na-ekpebi ogo akụkọ; mbipụta ndị ọzọ nakweere nke a. Ihe dị ka 1200 agafeela usoro njirisi siri ike iji ruo ọkwa kachasị elu, ọkwa "akụkọ pụtara"; isiokwu ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ka e bu n'obi nye nkọwa nke ọma, nke edere nke ọma nke isiokwu ha, ma kwado ya site n'ọtụtụ ntụaka maka akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara..<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_criteria Featured article criteria]", Wikipedia. Retrieved on [[2007-01-27]].</ref> === Nyocha agụmakwụkwọ === Nnyocha na-egosi na Wikipedia na-enye ezigbo mmalite maka nyocha, ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-enwe nsogbu na ihe na-ezighị ezi. Mana nyocha nke Nature jiri tụnyere Wikipedia na Encyclopædia Britannica tụrụ aro ka ọ dị nso n'ogo nke ziri ezi n'ihe gbasara isiokwu sayensị okike ya; Otú ọ dị, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., kọwara ọmụmụ ihe a dị ka "ndị nwere ntụpọ na-egbu egbu", nke Nature mesịrị zaghachi ya, na-ekwupụta na ọmụmụ ya bụ nnọpụiche zuru oke. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ kwubiri na mkpuchi akụkọ ihe mere eme Wikipedia na-agbasawanye ma dị omimi karịa nke Encarta, ebe ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ eziokwu, yana na mmebi iwu pụtara ìhè na-alaghachikarị ngwa ngwa. N'ime nyocha nke Wikipedia dị ka obodo, nwa akwụkwọ PhD nke akụ na ụba Andrea Ciffolilli rụrụ ụka na ọnụ ahịa azụmahịa dị ala nke isonye na wiki software na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka mmepe mmekọrịta, yana na usoro "ihe mmepụta ihe" na-akwado nsonye. A na-ele Wikipedia anya dị ka nnwale mmadụ; Onye nchoputa Jimmy Wales ekwuola na ebum n'obi abụghị otu, n'agbanyeghị na nke ahụ bụ nsonaazụ. ==Criticism and controversy== Wikipedia has been accused of exhibiting [[:en:systemic bias|systemic bias]] and inconsistency;<ref name="Who">Simon Waldman, http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/news/0,12597,1335892,00.html Who knows?, The Guardian, [[:en:26 Ọktoba|26 Ọktoba]] [[:en:2004|2004]]</ref> critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature, and favouring [[:en:consensus|consensus]] over [[:en:credentials|credential]]s in its editorial process, makes it unauthoritative, and that a lack of proper sources for much of the information makes it unreliable,<ref>{{ cite news | author = Stacy Schiff | date = [[2006-07-31]] | title = Know It All | work = The New Yorker }}</ref> although the [[:en:Conversion (logic)|converse]] of the same argument can also be argued.<!-- Not sure what to cite for this but I know it's an ongoing argument --> Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia is usually reliable, but that it is not always clear how much.<ref name="AcademiaAndWikipedia">[[:en:Danah Boyd|Danah Boyd]], "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060112003204/http://www.corante.com/many/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php Academia and Wikipedia]", [[:en:Many-to-many|Many-to-Many]], [[:en:4 Jenụwarị|4 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2005|2005]].</ref> The project's preference for [[:en:consensus|consensus]] over [[:en:credential|credential]]s has been labelled "anti-elitism".<ref name="SangerElitism">[[:en:Larry Sanger|Larry Sanger]], "[http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism]", [[:en:Kuro5hin|Kuro5hin]], [[:en:31 Disemba|31 Disemba]] [[:en:2004|2004]].</ref> Editors of traditional reference works such as the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia.<ref name="McHenry_2004">[[:en:Robert McHenry|Robert McHenry]], "[http://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html The Faith-Based Encyclopedia]", [[:en:Tech Central Station|Tech Central Station]], [[:en:15 Novemba|15 Novemba]] [[:en:2004|2004]].</ref> Many [[:en:university|university]] [[:en:lecturer|lecturer]]s discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring [[:en:primary source|primary source]]s;<ref name = "WideWorldOfWikipedia">{{ cite web | title = Wide World of WIKIPEDIA | publisher = The Emory Wheel | url = http://www.emorywheel.com/media/storage/paper919/news/2006/04/21/News/Wide-World.Of.Wikipedia-1865022.shtml | date = [[:en:21 Eprel|21 Eprel]] [[:en:2006|2006]] | accessdate = 2007-01-25 }}</ref> some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190223055553/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki A Stand Against Wikipedia]", ''Inside Higher Ed'' ([[En26 Jenụwarị|26 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]]). Retrieved on [[:en:27 Jenụwarị|27 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]].</ref> Founder [[:en:Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales]] stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate as primary sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.<ref name="AWorkInProgress">[http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"], [[:en:BusinessWeek|BusinessWeek]] ([[:en:14 Disemba|14 Disemba]], [[:en:2005|2005]]). Retrieved on [[2007-01-29]].</ref> Technology writer [[:en:Bill Thompson (technology writer)|Bill Thompson]] commented that the debate was possibly "symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today."<ref>{{cite news |title=What is it with Wikipedia? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712.stm |date=[[2005-12-16]] |publisher=[[:en:British Broadcasting Company|BBC]] |first=Bill |last=Thompson}}</ref> Concerns have also been raised regarding the lack of [[:en:accountability|accountability]] that results from users' anonymity,<ref name="WikipediaWatch">[[:en:Public Information Research|Public Information Research]] - Wikipedia Watch. Retrieved on [[2007-01-28]].</ref> and that it is vulnerable to [[:en:vandalism|vandalism]] and Internet [[:en:troll (internet)|trolls]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version) | url = http://www.citizendium.org/essay.html | work = Citizendium.org | accessdate = 2006-10-10 | archivedate = 2006-10-11 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061011230402/http://www.citizendium.org/essay.html }}</ref> For example, [[:en:John Seigenthaler Sr. Wikipedia biography controversy|false information was introduced]] into the biography of [[:en:John Seigenthaler, Sr.|John Seigenthaler, Sr.]] and remained undetected for four months.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm |last=Seigenthaler |first=John |title=A False Wikipedia 'biography' |date=[[2005-11-29]] |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> Wikipedia's community has been described as "[[:en:cult|cult]]-like",<ref>{{cite news |url=http://technology.guardian.co.uk/opinion/story/0,16541,1667346,00.html |title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults |first=Charles |last=Arthur |date=[[2005-12-15]] |publisher=[[:en:The Guardian|The Guardian]]}}</ref> although not always with entirely negative connotations,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html |title=Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site |date=[[2003-08-04]] |first=Kristie |last=Lu Stout|publisher=[[:en:Cable News Network|CNN]]}}</ref> and criticised for failing to accommodate inexperienced users.<ref>"{{cite web |url=http://www.wikinfo.org/wiki.php?title=Critical_views_of_Wikipedia |title=Critical views of Wikipedia |author=[[:en:Wikinfo|Wikinfo]] |date=[[2005-03-30]] |accessdate=2007-01-29}}</ref> The addition of political [[:en:Spin (public relations)|spin]] to articles by organizations including the [[:en:U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and special interest groups<ref name="DeathByWikipedia">{{cite web | title = Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800135.html | accessdate = 2006-11-01 | first = Frank | last = Ahrens | publisher = The Washington Post | date = 2006-07-09 }}</ref> has been noted,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.com.com/2061-11199_3-6032713.html |title=Politicians notice Wikipedia |publisher=[[:en:CNET|CNET]] |author=Kane, Margaret |date=2006-01-30 |accessdate=2007-01-28 |archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20120712204508/http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html |archivedate=2012-07-12 }}</ref> and organizations such as [[:en:Microsoft|Microsoft]] have offered financial incentives to work on certain articles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16775981/ |title=Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit |publisher=[[:en:MSNBC|MSNBC]] |author=Bergstein, Brian |date=[[2007-01-23]] |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref> Wikipedia has been parodied by its critics, notably by [[:en:Stephen Colbert|Stephen Colbert]] in ''[[:en:The Colbert Report|The Colbert Report]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Colbert speaks, America follows: All Hail Wikiality!|publisher=c-net news.com|url=http://news.com.com/2061-10802_3-6100754.html|author=Caroline McCarthy|date=2006-08-01|archiveurl=http://archive.is/Byvj|archivedate=2012-07-14}}</ref> In 2007 the Wikipedia article on then-Montana senator [[:en:Conrad Burns|Conrad Burns]] was edited by his own staff, causing political scandal among his own constituents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/articles/2006/02/09/news/wikipedia.txt |title=Burns' office may have tampered with Wikipedia entry |publisher=[[:en:Bozeman Daily Chronicle|Bozeman Daily Chronicle]] |author=Williams, Walt |date=2007-01-01 |accessdate=2007-02-13 |archivedate=2019-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214201058/http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/articles/2006/02/09/news/wikipedia.txt }}</ref> Wikipedia's content policies<ref name="PoliciesAndGuidelines">"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines List of policies and guidelines]", English Wikipedia. Retrieved on [[2007-01-31]].</ref> and sub-projects set up by contributors seek to address these concerns.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikipedia:WikiProject]", [[:en:English Wikipedia|English Wikipedia]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-29]].</ref> Several scholarly studies have concluded that vandalism is generally short-lived,<ref name="MIT_IBM_study">{{ cite paper | title = Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizations | format = [[:en:PDF|PDF]] | accessdate = 2007-01-24 | url = http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf }}</ref> and that Wikipedia is roughly as accurate as other online encyclopedias.<ref name="Rosenzweig_2006" /> ==Awards== Wikipedia winiru nnukwu awards abuo ni Mee 2004.<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trophy_box Trophy Box]", [[:en:Meta-Wiki|Meta-Wiki]] ([[:en:28 Maachị|28 Maachị]] [[:en:2005|2005]]).</ref> Nke buzo wu Golden Nica maka Digital Communities nke annual [[:en:Prix Ars Electronica|Prix Ars Electronica]] contest; €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant so nke a na invitashon i me presentashon na PAE Cyberarts Festival ni [[:en:Austria|Austria]] na oge ozo na aho ahu. Nke abuo wu Judges' [[:en:Webby Awards|Webby Award]] maka "community" category ahu.<ref>"[http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php Webby Awards 2004]"</ref> Ha nominate kwu Wikipedia maka "Best Practices" Webby. Ni Septemba 2004, [[:en:Japanses Wikipedia|Japanese Wikipedia]] wini Web Creation Award site Japan Advertisers Association. Award a, ha n'enye ndi mmadu maka nnukwu contributions to the Web ni Japanese, di accepted by long-standing contributor on behalf of project ahu. ==In the media== Wikipedia's content has been mirrored and forked by hundreds of sites including [[:en:database dump|database dump]]s. Its content has also been used in academic studies, books and conferences.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_the_media Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media]", Wikipedia</ref> and used in court cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf|title=Bourgeois ''et al'' v. Peters ''et al.''|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-02-06|archivedate=2012-12-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140312/http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf}}</ref> The [[:en:Parliament of Canada|Canadian Parliament]] website refers to Wikipedia's article on [[:en:same-sex marriage|same-sex marriage]] in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for [[:en:Civil Marriage Act|Civil Marriage Act]].<ref>"[http://www.parl.gc.ca/LEGISINFO/index.asp?Lang=E&Chamber=C&StartList=2&EndList=200&Session=13&Type=0&Scope=I&query=4381&List=toc C-38]", LEGISINFO ([[:en:28 Maachị|28 Maachị]] [[:en:2005|2005]])</ref> The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the U.S. Federal Courts and the World Intellectual Property Office<ref name="WP_court_source">{{cite journal |last=Arias |first=Martha L. |date=29 Jenụwarị 2007 |title=[http://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1668 Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source] |journal=Internet Business Law Services}}</ref> — though mainly for ''supporting information'' rather than information decisive to a case.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam |date=29 Jenụwarị 2007 |title=[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html?ref=technology Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively] |journal=New York Times}}</ref> Wikipedia has also been used as a source in [[:en:journalism|journalism]],<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070204135807/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/09/08/russia.basayev/ Basayev: Russia's most wanted man]", [[:en:CNN|CNN]], [[:en:8 Septemba|8 Septemba]] [[:en:2004|2004]].</ref> sometimes without attribution; several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia.<ref>"[http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered]", ''[[:en:San Antonio Express-News|San Antonio Express-News]]'', [[:en:9 Jenụwarị|9 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]].</ref><ref>"[http://starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal]", ''[[:en:Honolulu Star-Bulletin|Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]'', [[:en:13 Jenụwarị|13 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007]|2007].</ref> Wikipedia maintains a (non-comprehensive) list of notable uses of the encyclopedia as a source.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_as_a_source Wikipedia:Wikipedia as a source]", Wikipedia</ref> With increased usage and awareness, there have been an increasing number of references to Wikipedia in popular culture. Many parody Wikipedia's openness, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. [[:en:Uncyclopedia|Uncyclopedia]] is the largest such website; its Main Page claims that it is the "content-free encyclopedia that anyone can edit,"<ref>"[http://uncyclopedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&oldid=1497858 Main Page]", uncyclopedia.org (as of [[:en:26 Jenụwarị|26 Jenụwarị]] [[:en:2007|2007]]). Retrieved on [[2007-01-28]].</ref> parodying the English Wikipedia's welcome message on its {{srlink|[[Main Page]]}}. In the episode "Wikiality" of [[:en:The Colbert Report|The Colbert Report]], host [[:en:Stephen Colbert|Stephen Colbert]] has instigated his viewers to vandalize articles in humorous ways, once doing so on the Wikipedia article on [[:en:elephant|elephant]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://spring.newsvine.com/_news/2006/08/01/307864-stephen-colbert-causes-chaos-on-wikipedia-gets-blocked-from-site |title=Colbert Causes Chaos on Wikipedia |publisher=[[:en:Newsvine|Newsvine]] |date=[[:en:1 Ọgọọst|1 Ọgọọst]] [[:en:2006|2006]] |accessdate=2006-09-28}}</ref> [[:en:"Weird Al" Yankovic|"Weird Al" Yankovic]]'s character in his video [[:en:White & Nerdy|'White & Nerdy']] is seen vandalising the entry for the Atlantic [[:en:record label|record label]] with the exclamation "You suck!," after they rescinded permission for a parody.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20081201113103/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,20523843-5006024,00.html Weird Al Yankovic]," [[:en:Herald Sun|Herald Sun]], [[:en:5 Ọktoba|5 Ọktoba]] [[:en:2006|2006]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-25]].</ref> In a recent episode of ''[[:en:American Dad|American Dad]]'' (entitled [[:en:Black Mystery Month|Black Mystery Month]]), protagonists [[:en:Stan Smith|Stan Smith]] and [[:en:Steve Smith|Steve Smith]] fail to reveal to the world that [[:en:George Washington Carver|George Washington Carver]] wasn't the person who invented [[:en:peanut butter|peanut butter]], then create a Wikipedia page entitled "The Truth About Peanut Butter" to inform the world, citing that it is the one place you can put crazy information out with no evidence and still have millions of people believe it to be true. ==Related projects== Wikipedia has spawned several sister projects. The first, "''In Memoriam: 11 Septemba<!--Do not reformat this date, it is quoted--> Wiki''",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sep11memories.org/|title=sep11memories.org/<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-02-06}}</ref> created in Ọktoba 2002,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080113013503/http://www.sep11memories.org/index.php?title=In_Memoriam&oldid=1502 First edit to the wiki] In Memoriam: 11 Septemba wiki ([[:en:28 Ọktoba|28 Ọktoba]], [[:en:2002|2002]])</ref> detailed the [[:en:11 Septemba 2001 attacks|11 Septemba 2001 attacks]]; this project was closed in Ọktoba 2006.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110929203141/http://sep11memories.org/index.php?title=In_Memoriam&oldid=11355 In Memoriam]",In Memoriam: 11 Septemba Wiki ([[:en:31 Ọktoba|31 Ọktoba]] [[:en:2006|2006]])</ref> [[:en:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]], a dictionary project, was launched in Disemba 2002;<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_News&diff=prev&oldid=4133 Announcement of Wiktionary's creation]", [[:en:12 Disemba|12 Disemba]] [[:en:2002|2002]]. Retrieved on [[2007-02-02]].</ref> [[:en:Wikiquote|Wikiquote]], a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched, and [[:en:Wikibooks|Wikibooks]], a collection of collaboratively-written free books, the next month. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects.<ref name="OurProjects">"[http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Our_projects Our projects]", [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. Retrieved on [[2007-01-24]]</ref> A similar non-wiki project, the [[:en:GNUpedia|GNUpedia]] project, co-existed with Nupedia early in its history; however, it has been retired and its creator, [[:en:free software|free-software]] figure [[:en:Richard Stallman|Richard Stallman]], has lent his support to Wikipedia.<ref name="Richard Stallman 1999">{{cite news|author=[[:en:Richard Stallman|Richard Stallman]]|title=The Free Encyclopedia Project|date=1999|publisher=[[:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]]|url=http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html}}</ref> Other websites centered around collaborative knowledge base development have drawn inspiration from or inspired Wikipedia. Some, such as [[:en:Susning.nu|Susning.nu]], ''[[:en:Enciclopedia Libre|Enciclopedia Libre]]'', and [[:en:WikiZnanie|WikiZnanie]] likewise employ no formal review process, whereas others use more traditional [[:en:peer review|peer review]], such as the expert-written ''[[:en:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'', [[:en:H2G2|h2g2]] and [[:en:Everything2|Everything2]]. ==See also== * [[:meta:List of Wikipedias|List of Wikipedias]] * [[:en:List of encyclopedias|List of encyclopedias]] * [[:en:List of wikis|List of wikis]] * [[:en:Open content|Open content]] * [[:en:User-generated content|User-generated content]] * [[:en:Congressional staffer edits to Wikipedia|Congressional staffer edits to Wikipedia]] * [[:en:List of Wikipedias|List of Wikipedias]] ==Edensibia== {{Reflist}} ==Lee nke ozo== * [[Nupedia]] ==Link ndị pụrụ n'ezi== * [http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] * {{SourceWatch|id=Wikipedia|page=Wikipedia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070831024848/http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ Wikipedia] na {{ill|Open Directory Project|en}} [[Òtù:Free encyclopedias]] [[Òtù:Online encyclopedias]] [[Òtù:Wikipedia]] 92avfyofityi5c3sy1vrfkp7kmgn9xg 0 7437 709150 708970 2026-09-06T01:03:41Z SafariScribe 18560 /* 2013–2019: Americanah na Dear Ijeawele, or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions */ ce 709150 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2015).png|thumb|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] '''Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie''' ({{Audio|Ig-Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.ogg|Audio}}; 15 September 1977) bụ onye odee akwụkwọ si na mba [[Nigeria]]. Amuru Adichie na obodo [[Enugu]]. Ọ gara akwụkwọ na [[Mahadum nke Nigeria]]. N'ebe ahụ, oji otu afọ na ọkara wee gụọ akwụkwọ gbasara ọgwụ. Ọ hapụrụ mba Naijiria gaba mba [[Amerika]] mgbe odi afo iri na-iteghete. Na mba Amerika, o bidoro akwụkwo na [[Drexel University]] nke di na [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Site n'ebe ahụ, ọgụkwara na [[Eastern Connecticut State University]], [[Johns Hopkins University]], na [[Yale University]]. Ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ Adichie degara nwere ngalaba obibi na [[Nsukka]] ebe azulitere ya na ntakiri. Ọbụ mgbe ọ na agụ akwụkwọ na mahadum ka obidoro debe akwụkwo. Ọ buru ụzọ dee akwukwo abụ ana-akpọ ''Decisions'' n'afọ 1997, nke n'eso ya bụ ''For Love of Biafra'' n'afọ 1998. Ọ turu ugo na mmara ndị mmadu mgbe ọdechara akwụkwọ akụkọ izizi ya bụ ''[[Purple Hibiscus]]''. Adichie akpọla [[Chinua Achebe]] na [[Buchi Emecheta]] ndị ndu ya na ihe odide. Ihe ndị odegoro gbasara ukwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ jikọtara ndị ọcha na ndị ojii okachasi site na [[Ndị Igbo|ala Igbo]]. Adichie ma ekwu okwu ọha. Ọnyekwala ọtụtụ okwu mmechi na mmeghe akwụkwo mahadum di iche iche nke gụnyere [[Williams College]] (2017), [[Harvard University]] (2018), na [[American University]] (2019). Ọnyere okwu ndị [[TEDx]] ana-akpọ "The Danger of a Single Story" n'afọ 2009 ya na "We Should All Be Feminists" n'afọ 2012. Ụfọdụ okwu ya ka onye na ede ma na eto egwu [[Beyoncé]] tinyere na egwu ya akpọrọ ''Flawless''. Adichie atụrụla ọtụtụ ugo na ngalaba ịgụ akwụkwọ na ide akwụkwọ dịka [[MacArthur Fellowship]] n'afọ 2008 ma nnabata na otu ndị [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] n'afọ 2017. == Ndụ na mmalite == Aha enyere Adichie mgbe amụrụ ya bụ aha bekee Grace.<ref name="punchng">{{Cite news |last=Olonilua |first=Ademola |date=2 January 2021 |title=ICYMI: My parents did not name me Chimamanda, says author, Adichie |url=https://punchng.com/my-parents-did-not-name-me-chimamanda-says-author-adichie/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Amụrụ ya na 15 September n'afọ 1977 dika nwatakịrị nke ise na obodo [[Enugu]] nke Nigeria. Nne na nna ya bu [[ndi Igbo]].{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}}{{sfn|Akinyoade|2021}} Nna ya bụ [[James Nwoye Adichie]] onye Abba, obodo nke di na ora [[Anambra]]. Nne ya bụ Grace Odigwe, onye [[Umunnachi]].{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}} Nna ya gụrụ mathematics na mahadum ana-akpọ [[University College, Ibadan]] ma tupu ọgụchaa akwụkwọ n'afọ 1957, ọ nụrụ Grace na 15 April n'afọ 1963,{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} wee kpọrọ ya jee [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] ebe ọgụrụ akwụkwọ maka ngalaba PhD na [[University of California|Mahadum nke Kalifornia]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Mgbe ha nọ na mba Amerika, nne na nna Adichie mụtara ụmụaka nwaanyị abuo: ljeoma Rosemary na Uchenna.{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} Nna ya lotara mba Nigeria ma bido ọrụ nkụzi na [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka|Mahadum nke Naijiria]] n'afo 1966.{{sfn|''The Sun''|2020}} Nne ya bidoro akwụkwọ mahadum nke ya n'afọ 1964 na [[Merritt College]] nke di na [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], California ebe ọ nwetara ngalaba na agụmakwụkwọ sociology mechakwaa nwetakwa ngalaba anthropology nke sitere na Mahadum nke Naijiria.{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}}{{sfn|Martin|2014}} Mgbe [[Agha Biafra]] bidoro n'afọ 1967, nna Adichie malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Biafran Manpower Directorate nke bu ụlọ ọrụ [[Biafra]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Nne na nna ukwu Adichie nwụrụ na agha ahu.{{sfn|Adichie|2006}} Mgbe agha ahu kwụsịrị n'afọ 1970, nna ya laghachiri na Mahadum nke Naijiria,{{sfn|''The Sun''|2020}}{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} ebe nne ya, onye ruru ọrụ na Enugu wee rue afọ 1973, bia bụrụ onye ọrụ na ndị isi ebe ahu; ọ mechara bụrụ [[Registrar (education)|registrar]] ma burukwa onye izi bu nwaanyị malitere ya bu ọrụ.{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}}{{sfn|Martin|2014}} Adichie nọrọ n'ụlọ obibi Mahadum nke Naijiria, n'ụlọ odee akwụkwọ bụ [[Chinua Achebe]] biri ikpeazụ.{{sfn|Murray|2007}} Umunne ya bụ Ijeoma Rosemary, Uchenna "Uche", Chukwunweike "Chuks", Okechukwu "Okey", na Kenechukwu "Kene".{{sfn|Anya|2005}}{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} Dika nwatakịrị, Adichie gụrụ naanị akwụkwọ akụkọ edere na-asụsụ bekee ọ kachasị nke [[Enid Blyton]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Akwukwo ndị ọzọ ọgụrụ dika nwatakịrị gụnyere akwụkwọ ebe ndị akoro akụkọ ha bụ ndị ọcha, ma nwee anya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ha niile bu maka mba Britain.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}}{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} Mgbe o ruru afọ iri, ọ chọpụtara n'onwe ya akụkọ gbasara ndị [[Afrịka]]. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ dịka ''[[Things Fall Apart]]'' nke Chinua Achebe,{{sfn|Murray|2007}} ''[[The African Child]]'' nke [[Camara Laye]],{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'' nke [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] dere, na ''[[The Joys of Motherhood]]'' nke [[Buchi Emecheta]] dere.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} N'afọ iri na atọ ejiri mụọ ya, Adichie bidoro ịgụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nna ya degara gbasara [[Biafra]]. Na njem ha na eje kwa afọ na obodo ha bụ Abba, ọ hụgara ụlọ gbachara ọkụ na mkpụrụ egbe gbachara nchara jupụtara na ala; ihe niile a bụ ihe ga enyere ya aka iji dee ụfọdụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Na nnata Sakramenti nke Nkwenye ana akpọ Konfameshọn na ụka Katoliki, Adichie zara Amanda. Ọbụ aha ahu k'ọzara n'akwụkwọ ya ndi mbu.<ref name="punchng"/>{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}}{{sfn|Anya|2005}} N'agụmakwụkwọ ya, a kụziiri Adichie ihe n'asụsụ Igbo ya na Bekee.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}} Ọ bụ ezie na asụsụ Igbo abụghị ihe a ma ama, ọ gara n'ihu na-amụ asụsụ ahụ n'oge niile ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Mahadum Nigeria, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta kacha elu nke sitere na otu [[West African Examinations Council]] (WAEC){{sfn|Anya|2005}} na ihe nrite agụmakwụkwọ.{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}} A nabatara ya na Mahadum nke Nigeria, ebe ọ gụrụ ọgwụ na ọrụ ọgwụ (medicine and pharmacy) ruo otu afọ na ọkara.{{sfn|Agbo|2018b}} Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka ''The Compass'', nke bu magazin mahadum nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-elekọta.{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} N'afọ 1997, mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, Adichie bipụtara ''Decisions'', nke bu nchịkọta uri, ma mesịa kwaga United States,{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} ka ọ gụọ maka ọmụmụ gbasara nkwukọrịta (Mass communications) na [[Drexel University]] dị na [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania.{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}}{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} N'afọ 1998, o dere egwuregwu a na-akpọ ''For Love of Biafra'', nke bụ mbọ mbụ o gbara iji nyochaa isiokwu gbasara agha.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} E dere ọrụ ndị a mbụ n'okpuru aha bụ́ Amanda N. Adichie.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}} Afọ abụọ ka ọ kwagara United States, ọ gbanwere gaa [[Eastern Connecticut State University]] dị na [[Willimantic, Connecticut]], ebe ya na nwanne ya nwanyị bụ Ijeoma, onye nke bụkwa dọkịta, bi.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}} N'afọ 2000, Adichie bipụtara obere akụkọ ya akpọrọ "My Mother, the Crazy African",{{sfn|Adichie|2000}} nke na-atụle nsogbu ndị na-ebilite mgbe mmadụ na-ebi n'etiti omenala abụọ dị nnọọ iche n'ebe ibe ha nọ.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|pages=297–298}} Mgbe ọ gụchara nzere mbụ ya na mahadum, ọ gara n'ihu n'ọmụmụ ihe ya ma na-achụkwa ọrụ ide ihe n'otu oge ahụ.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} Mgbe ọ nọ n'afọ ikpeazụ ya na Eastern Connecticut, ọ na-ede edemede maka akwụkwọ akụkọ mahadum ahụ bụ ''Campus Lantern.''{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} Ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ ya n'ọkwa kachasị elu (nke a maara dị ka ''[[summa cum laude]]'') na ngalaba sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ya na ngalaba nkwukọrịta dị ka obere ngalaba ọmụmụ, n'afọ 2001.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} Ọ nwetara nzere mastas na ide akụkọ ifo (creative writing) site na [[Johns Hopkins University]] n'afọ 2003,{{sfn|Braimah|2018}}{{sfn|Krieger|2015}} ma n'ime afọ abụọ sochirinụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Hodder Fellow na [[Princeton University]], ebe ọ kụziri ihe gbasara mmalite ide akụkọ ifo.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}}{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}} Ọ malitere ọmụmụ ihe na [[Yale University]], ma gụchaa nzere mastas nke abụọ na ngalaba ọmụmụ gbasara Afrịka (African studies) n'afọ 2008.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} N'otu afọ ahụ, Adichie nwetara onyinye [[MacArthur Fellowship]],{{sfn|Irvine|2008}} tinyere ihe nrite agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ohere mmemme [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University]] maka afọ 2011–2012.{{sfn|Okachie|2011}} == Ọrụ == ===2003: Mmalite odide akwụkwọ na mbipụta izizi=== Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na mba Amerịka, Adichie malitere odide akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''[[Purple Hibiscus]]''. {{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} mgbe ọ dechara ya, ozigara akwụkwọ edemede ya nye ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ, ndị jụrụ ya ma ọ bụ rịọ ya ka ọ gbanwee ọnọdụ akwụkwọ ahụ site na Afrịka gaa na Amerịka, ka o wee mee ka ọ mara ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ọma. N'ikpeazụ, Djana Pearson Morris, onye nnọchi anya odee akwụkwọ n'ihu ndị mbiputa akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ na Pearson Morris na Belt Literary Management, nabatara akwụkwọ edemede ahụ.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Ọ bụ ezie na Morris ghọtara na ahịa ga-esiri ike ebe Adichie bụ onye ojii mana ọ bụghị onye Africa-America ma ọ bụ onye Caribbean, o nyefere ya ndị mbipụta akwụkwọ ahụ ruo mgbe [[Algonquin Books]], obere ụlọ ọrụ nọọrọ onwe ya, nabatara ma bipụta ya na 2003. Na 2004, [[Fourth Estate (imprint)|Fourth Estate]] bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na United Kingdom, ebe [[Kachifo Limited]] bipụtara ya na Naịjirịa.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2018}} N'oge ahụ, Adichie were onye nnọchi anya akwụkwọ Sarah Chalfant nke [[Andrew Wylie (onye nnọchi anya akwụkwọ)|Wylie Agency]] ka ọ nọchite anya ya. Atụgharịala ''Purple Hibiscus'' n'ihe karịrị asụsụ iri anọ.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} ===2006–2012: mbipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ na atọ=== Mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya gasịrị, Adichie malitere ide nke abụọ ya ''[[Half of a Yellow Sun]]'', nke ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ya ruo afọ anọ. N'ihi na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gbasaara [[agha Biafra]],{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|McGrath|2006}} Adichie jiri akụkọ nna ya gbasara ya bu agha, tinyere ịgụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nke gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Buchi Emecheta]] nke afọ 1982 nke ana-akpọ ''[[Ebe Biafra Na-aga]]''.{{sfn|McGrath|2006}}{{sfn|Busby|2017}} E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ n'afọ 2006 site n'aka [[Vintage Books|Anchor Books]], akara azụmaahịa nke [[Alfred A. Knopf]], onye wepụtakwara akwụkwọ ahụ n'okpuru akara Vintage nke di na Kanada. E bipụtara ya ọzọkwa na mba France dịka {{lang|fr|L'autre moitié du soleil}} n'afọ 2008 site n'aka [[Éditions Gallimard]].{{sfn|Madueke|2019|page=49}} Mgbe ọ na-emecha mmemme Hodder na MacArthur n'afọ 2008, Adichie malitere ịchịkọta akụkọ ndị dị mkpirikpi o bipụtalarị na magazin dị iche iche.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Akụkọ iri na abụọ ka chịkọtara n'akwụkwọ nke atọ ya na nchịkọta akụkọ obere akụkọ mbụ ya, ''[[The Thing Around Your Neck]]'', nke Knopf bipụtara n'afọ 2009.{{sfn|''Kirkus Reviews''|2009}} N'otu afọ ahụ, o nyere nkuzi ndi [[TED (conference)|TED]] nke akpọrọ "[[The Dangers of a Single Story]]".{{sfn|Wagner|2015}} Na 15 Maachị 2012, Adichie ghọrọ onye kacha nta n'ime ndị kacha nta n'ime [[Commonwealth Foundation|Commonwealth Lecture]].{{sfn|Calkin|2013}}{{sfn|Stephen-David|2013}} E mere ihe ngosi a na [[Guildhall, London|Guildhall]] na London, na-ekwu maka isiokwu bụ "Ịjikọ Omenala".{{sfn|Stephen-David|2013}} Na 2012 kwa, o kwuru okwu isiokwu ya bụ "[[Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Na-eme Ihe n'Ụzọ Ụmụ Nwanyị (okwu)|Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Na-eme Ihe n'Ụzọ Ụmụ Nwanyị]]" maka TEDxEuston na London.{{sfn|Wagner|2015}}{{sfn|Behrmann|2017|p=316}} ===2013–2019: ''Americanah'' na ''Dear Ijeawele, or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions''=== [[File:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a signing in Berlin, Germany on 16 May 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|alt=Nwanyị nọ ọdụ n'oche na-abịanye aka n'akwụkwọ, gbara ya gburugburu site na ìgwè mmadụ ndị ọzọ|Adichie n'oge ịgụ na ịbị aka n'akwụkwọ ọrụ ya ''[[Americanah]]'' na [[Berlin]], Germany (2014)]] Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke atọ Adichie dere by ''[[Americanah]]'' nke e bipụtara na 14 Mee n'afọ 2013 site n'aka Alfred A. Knopf.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} E bipụtara ya na France site n'aka [[Éditions Gallimard]] na 2015.{{sfn|''France 24''|2015}} Ọ bụ onye edemede nleta na [[Mahadum Michigan–Flint]] na 2014. Usoro nleta ndị edemede Afrịka a ma ama/Ndị nka Afrịka na ndị Africa bi na mba ọzọ chọrọ ka ọ soro ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nkuzi si ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na mahadum, ndị na-akwado ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze dị n'ógbè ahụ, na obodo ahụ dum na mkparịta ụka, ogbako, na nkuzi ndị tụlere ''Purple Hibiscus'', ''Americanah'', na ahụmịhe ide ihe nkeonwe ya. E tinyere obere ihe nkiri sitere na okwu ya bụ "Ihe Ize Ndụ nke Akụkọ Otu" na "Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Na-eme Ihe Ike n'Ụmụ Nwanyị" n'ụfọdụ ihe omume ma kparịta ya n'isiokwu ajụjụ na azịza mgbe e mechara ihe ngosi ya dị iche iche.{{sfn|Ememyonu|2017|p=3}} Na 2015, Adichie kwuru okwu mmalite maka [[Wellesley College]].{{sfn|Anasuya|2015}} O so hazie [[PEN World Voices|PEN World Voices Festival of International Literature]] nke 2015 na New York City, ya na onye nduzi ememme ahụ bụ Laszlo Jakab Orsos.{{sfn|Lee|2015}}{{sfn|Sefa-Boakye|2015}} O mechiri emume ahụ site na nkuzi ya bụ "Arthur Miller Freedom to Write" gbasara mmachibido iwu na mmegide megide ikpe na-ezighị ezi.{{sfn|Lee|2015}} N'afọ 2015, Adichie dere ozi email nye enyi ya ma mechaa tinye ya na [[Facebook]] na 2016. Okwu ndị e kwuru gbasara post ahụ mere ka o kweta ịtụgharị post ahụ ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ, ''[[Dear Ijeawele, ma ọ bụ A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions]]'',{{sfn|Greenberg|2017}} nke e bipụtara na 2017.{{sfn|Bhuta|2018|p=319}} Na 2016, [[BBC]] kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa na ''[[Newsnight]]'' ma kwuo echiche ya gbasara ntuli aka nke [[Donald Trump]] nke 2016]. Mgbe ọ rutere na studio ahụ, a gwara ya na usoro ahụ ga-abụ arụmụka n'etiti ya na [[R. Emmett Tyrrell, Jr.]], onye na-akwado Trump na [[onye nchịkọta akụkọ]] nke ''[[The American Spectator]]'', magazin nchekwa.{{sfn|Pearce|2017}}{{sfn|Cain|2016}} Mgbe ọ chọrọ ịpụ na ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, o kpebiri ịga n'ihu n'ihi na ọ chọrọ ịtụle echiche ya gbasara otu enweghị ikike akụ na ụba si mee ka Trump merie.{{sfn|Pearce|2017}} Arụmụka ahụ ghọrọ ihe mmegide mgbe Tyrrell kwuru, sị: "Anaghị m azaghachi mmetụta uche dị ka nwanyị a,"{{sfn|Cain|2016}} wee kwupụta na "Trump abụghị onye ịkpa ókè agbụrụ".{{sfn|''Mgbọrọgwụ''|2016}} Adichie jụrụ okwu ya, dịka ọmụmaatụ na-ezo aka na nkwupụta Trump na Onyeikpe [[Gonzalo P. Curiel]] enweghị ike ịnọ n'ihu n'okwu ahụ ''[[Trump Mahadum#Low megide Mahadum Trump, LLC|Low megide Mahadum Trump]]'' n'ihi ihe nketa ya na Mexico.{{sfn |''Mkpọrọgwụ''|2016}} Mgbe arụmụka ahụ gasịrị, o dere na ibe Facebook ya na ọ dị ya ka BBC na-eche ya ihu, na ha "ji aghụghọ [na-agba ya] megide onye na-akwado Trump" iji mepụta ntụrụndụ mmegide. Na nzaghachi, BBC rịọrọ mgbaghara maka ịghara ịgwa ya ụdị ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, mana o kwuru na ha chepụtara mmemme ahụ iji nye echiche ziri ezi.{{sfn|Cain|2016}} [[Faịlụ:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 2020 (cropped).jpg|alt=Nwanyị guzoro n'elu ikpo okwu. E nwere mbadamba ihe n'elu ikpo okwu ebe ọ na-agụ ihe.|left|thumb|Adichie n'elu ikpo okwu onye na-ekwu okwu n'oge {{ill|Congreso Futuro|es}}, [[Santiago]], Chile, na 2020]] Adichie kwuru okwu Eudora Welty nke abụọ kwa afọ na 8 Nọvemba 2017 na [[Lincoln Theatre (Washington, D.C.)|Lincoln Theatre]] na Washington, D.C.{{sfn|Luckett|2018|p=155}} N'afọ ahụ, o kwukwara okwu na nnọkọ mba ofesi nke e mere na Mahadum Johns Hopkins gbasara adịghị ike nke olileanya n'ihu ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ugbu a.{{sfn|Pearce|2017}} Adichie na [[Hillary Clinton]] kwuru okwu PEN World Voices Festival nke 2018, Arthur Miller Freedom to Write Lecture na [[Cooper Union]] na Manhattan. Ọ bụ ezie na okwu a lekwasịrị anya n'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na nnyocha, ajụjụ Adichie mere gbasara ihe mere profaịlụ Clinton [[Twitter]] ji malite site na "nwunye" kama ihe ndị o mere ghọrọ isi ihe ndị mgbasa ozi na-elekwasị anya, {{sfn|Abimbola|2018}}{{sfn|Grady|2018}}{{sfn|Adebayo|2018}} kpaliri Clinton ịgbanwe akụkọ ndụ ya na Twitter.{{sfn|Adebayo|2018}} Mgbe e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, o kwuru okwu na [[Frankfurt Book Fair]] na Germany gbasara imebi usoro nke na-eme ka olu ụmụ nwanyị ghara ịdị mma.{{sfn|Saeed|2018}} Na 2019, dịka akụkụ nke usoro nkuzi nke Chancellor, o kwuru okwu "Onye edemede, onye na-eche echiche, onye na-achọ ihe: onye na-egosi ndụ" na Langford Auditorium nke [[Vanderbilt University]]. Okwu ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ọganihu ya dịka onye na-akọ akụkọ, na ihe kpatara ya ji emeso enweghị nha anya n'usoro iji mepụta ụwa nke na-agụnye mmadụ niile.{{sfn|Gonçalves|2019}} Adichie abụrụla onye isi okwu n'ọtụtụ ogbako ụwa.{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|pp=218–219}} Na 2018, o kwuru okwu na Mgbakọ Mba Nile nke Igbo nke asaa kwa afọ.{{sfn|Ekpo|2018}} O kwuru okwu na Mgbakọ Ọrụ Ndị Mmadụ nke Hilton nke [[Conrad N. Hilton Foundation]] na 2019.{{sfn|Rios|2019}} O kwuru okwu gbasara ime ihe ike na nkuzi Gabriel García Márquez nke mbụ na [[Cartagena, Colombia]] n'otu afọ ahụ.{{sfn|Rojas|2019}} Adichie bụ onye Afrịka mbụ kwuru okwu na Ụbọchị Klas nke [[Yale University]], ebe o kwuru okwu nkuzi n'afọ 2019.{{sfn|''Vanguard''|2019}} ===2020–ugbu a: Mbipụta akwụkwọ ụmụaka, mgbasa ọrụ=== Na 2020, Adichie bipụtara "Zikora", akụkọ dị mkpirikpi gbasara mmekọahụ na ịbụ nne na-alụbeghị di,{{sfn|Law|2020}} na edemede akpọrọ "Ndetu na Iru újú" na ''[[The New Yorker]]'', mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị. O gbasaa edemede ahụ ka ọ bụrụ [[Ndetu gbasara mwute|akwụkwọ nke otu aha ahụ]] nke [[Fourth Estate (imprint)|Fourth Estate]] bipụtara n'afọ sochirinụ.{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2021a}}{{sfn|Lozada|2021}} N'afọ 2020, Adichie bipụtara ''[[We Should All Be Feminists]]'' na mbipụta maka ụmụaka, nke Leire Salaberria sere.{{sfn|''Diario de Sevilla''|2020}} E nyere ikike maka ntụgharị ya maka mbipụta na asụsụ Croatian, French, Korean, Portuguese, na Spanish.{{sfn|''Foreign Rights Catalog''|2021|p=109}} O kwuru okwu isi okwu na 2020 {{ill|Congreso Futuro|es}} (Ọgbakọ Ọdịnihu) na [[Santiago]], Chile.{{sfn|Espinoza Cárdenas|2020}} Ọ bụ onye isi okwu n'emume akwụkwọ mba ụwa nke Reykjavik nke afọ 2021 nke emere na sinima {{lang|is|Háskólbíó}} na [[Mahadum nke Iceland]], ma kwuo okwu ahụ bụ "In Pursuit of Joy: On Storytelling, Feminism, and Changing My Mind".{{sfn|''RIKK''|2021}} Na 30 Nọvemba 2022, Adichie kwuru okwu mbụ n'ime [[BBC]] nke afọ 2022 [[Reith Lectures]], nke sitere n'okwu [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] nke "[[Four Freedoms]]" kpaliri.{{sfn|BBC Radio|2022}} Adichie ji otu afọ na ọkara rụọ ọrụ n'akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke ụmụ ya, ''[[Mama's Sleeping Scarf]]'', nke e dere na 2019 ma bipụta ya na 2023 site na ya. [[HarperCollins]] n'okpuru aha njirimara "Nwa Grace na James".{{efn|Aha njirimara "Nwa Grace na James" bụ nraranye Adichie nyere ndị mụrụ ya, dịka Nwa pụtara "child" n'asụsụ bekee.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2022}}{{sfn|Ibeh|2022}}}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2022}} Ihe osise maka akwụkwọ a bụ nke Joelle Avelino, onye di mba Congo na Angola.{{sfn|Ibeh|2022}} N'afọ 2025, Adichie bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ''[[Dream Count]]'', nke bụ akụkọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị anọ si Africa, bụ ndị ndụ ha na-ejikọta ọnụ ka ha na-eche ihu ịhụnanya, mfu, na ntachi obi n'ofe Naịjirịa na Amerịka.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cummins |first=Anthony |date=2 Maachị 2025 |title=Dream Count nke Chimamanda Ngozi Nyocha Adichie - mkparịta ụka doro anya na ndị enyi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/mar/02/dream-count-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-review-candid-conversations-with-friends |access-date=8 Maachị 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Mgbe ewepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ a, Adichie malitere njem nleta ụlọ na Naịjirịa, yana mmemme ndị dị mkpa emere na Lagos (June 27), Abuja (Julaị 3), na Enugu (Julaị 5).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Njem Nrọ Adichie nke Ịlaghachi n'Ụlọ: Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Foto |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2025/08/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-dream-count-homecoming-tour-a-photo-diary/ |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=Brittle Paper |language=en-US}}</ref> Dịka akụkụ nke njem ya, Adichie jere ozi dị ka ọkà okwu dị mkpa na [[Things Fall Apart Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Egbejule |first=Eromo |last2=Chijioke |first2=Arinze |date=2025-07-09 |title=‘Anyị ga-adị n'otu’: Mkpu Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie na emume akwụkwọ Naịjirịa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/jul/09/we-must-unite-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-nigerian-literature-festival-igbo-culture |access-date=2026-07-07 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adeduyite |first=Okiki |date=2025-05-14 |title=Chimamanda Adichie ga-abụ isi okwu maka emume Things Fall Apart nke 2025 na Enugu |url=https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-to-headline-2025-things-fall-apart-festival-in-enugu/ |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ụdị na isiokwu == === Ụdị ide ihe === Adichie ji ma Igbo ma Bekee mee ihe n'ọrụ ya,{{sfn|Ishaya|Gunn|2022|pages=73–74}} yana ahịrịokwu Igbo e gosiri na italics, wee soro ya na ntụgharị Bekee.{{sfn|Ishaya|Gunn|2022|page=78}} Ọ na-eji ihe atụ iji kpalite ahụmịhe mmetụta uche,{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=296}} dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọbịbịa nke eze iji maa ndị ọchịchị na ndị ndú okpukpe aka na ''Purple Hibiscus'' na-anọchite anya [[Palm Sunday]].{{sfn|Dube|2019|page=225}} Ojiji ya nke asụsụ na-ezo aka na ''[[Things Fall Apart]]'' nke Achebe na-akpọku ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ya ncheta ọrụ ya.{{sfn|Dube|2019|pages=226–227}} N'otu aka ahụ, aha Kambili, agwa dị na ''Purple Hibiscus'', na-akpọ "{{lang|ig|i biri ka m biri}}" ("Dị Ndụ ma Ka Ndụ"), aha egwu nke onye egwu Igbo [[Oliver De Coque]].{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|page=7}} Iji kọwaa ọnọdụ tupu agha na mgbe agha gasịrị, ọ na-esi n'ezi ihe gaa n'ọkacha njọ dịka a hụrụ na ''Half of a Yellow Sun'', ebe otu n'ime ndị agwa ya malitere site n'imepe friji wee hụ oroma, biya, na "ọkụkọ na-egbuke egbuke". Ndị a dị iche na nke e mesịrị na akwụkwọ akụkọ ebe otu n'ime ndị agwa ya nwụrụ n'ihi agụụ, a manyekwara ndị ọzọ iri àkwá na ngwere ntụ ntụ.{{sfn|Mbah|2015|page=352}} Adichie na-ejikarị ebe ndị dị adị na ndị ama ama akụkọ ihe mere eme dọta ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ n'akụkọ ya.{{sfn|Ejikeme|2017|p=312}} N'ịmepụta agwa, Adichie na-ejikarị echiche ya eme ihe iji tụnyere ọdịiche dị n'etiti omenala ọdịnala na nke ọdịda anyanwụ.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=295}} Akụkọ ya na-egosikarị omenala ndị dara ada, ọkachasị ndị na-ahapụ agwa ya n'ọnọdụ dị njọ n'etiti nhọrọ ọjọọ.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=305}} Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-emepụta agwa dị ka [[archetype]] nke akụkụ ụfọdụ nke omume omenala iji mepụta [[Foil (akụkọ)|foil]] maka agwa dị mgbagwoju anya karị.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=297}} ==== Omenala ndi Igbo ==== Adichie na-enye ndị odide ya aha a na-akpọkarị maka agbụrụ e bu n'obi, dịka [[Muhammad (aha)|Mohammed]] maka agwa Alakụba.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|pages=5–6}} Maka ndị Igbo, ọ na-emepụta aha ndị na-egosi omenala aha Igbo ma na-egosipụta àgwà, àgwà, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|pages=2–3}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ''Ọkara nke Anyanwụ Odo'', aha agwa ahụ bụ Ọlanna pụtara n'ezie "Ọlaedo Chineke", mana Nwankwọ na-ekwu na "ọla" pụtara ihe dị oke ọnụ ahịa ebe "nna" pụtara Chineke nna ma ọ bụ nne na nna.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|page=5}} Site n'ịhapụ aha Igbo a ma ama, Adichie na-eme ka ndị odide ya nwee ọtụtụ agbụrụ, okike na ọtụtụ, zuru ụwa ọnụ. personas.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|page=3}} Ọ naghị eji aha Bekee eme ihe maka agwa Afrịka mana, mgbe ọ na-eme ya, ọ bụ ngwaọrụ iji gosipụta àgwà ma ọ bụ omume ọjọọ.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|p=4}} Adichie jiri ihe osise sitere na ọdịnala ọnụ Igbo mee ihe iji gosipụta eziokwu n'ụdị [[akụkọ ifo akụkọ ihe mere eme]].{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|pages=18–19}} Ọ na-emebi omenala n'ụzọ dị iche na akwụkwọ ọdịnala Afrịka, ebe ọ bụ na ụmụ nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ anaghị anọghị na Naịjirịa [[Canon (ụkpụrụ bụ isi)|akwụkwọ edemede]],{{sfn|Hewett|2005|page=77}} na a na-elegharakarị ndị inyom anya ma ọ bụ na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nkwado maka ndị ikom na-etinye aka na ndụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba nke obodo ahụ.{{sfn|Vanzanten|2015|pages=87–88}} Ụdị ejiji ya na-elekwasịkarị anya na ụmụ nwanyị siri ike ma na-agbakwụnye echiche nwoke na nwanyị na isiokwu ndị ndị edemede ndị ọzọ nyochaburu, dị ka ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị, okpukperechi, na mmekọrịta ike.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|page=80}}{{sfn|Vanzanten|2015|page=90}} Adichie na-ekewakarị ndị odide n'ime klaasị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji gosipụta enweghị nghọtahie na usoro ọdịnala.{{sfn|Ndula|2017|pp=32}}{{sfn|Sharobeem|2015|p=26}} Site n'iji akụkọ sitere n'aka ndị odide nke akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọha mmadụ, dịka ọ na-ekwughachi n'okwu TED ya, "Ihe Ize Ndụ nke Akụkọ Otu", ọ na-ezipụ ozi na enweghị otu eziokwu gbasara ihe gara aga.{{sfn|Ejikeme|2017|p=309}} Adichie na-agba ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ya ume ka ha mata ọrụ nke ha nye ibe ha, na ikpe na-ezighị ezi dị n'ụwa.{{sfn|Carotenuto|2017|p=173}} Ọkà mmụta Naịjirịa bụ Stanley Ordu na-akọwa echiche nwanyị Adichie dị ka [[Nwanyị|onye na-achọ ụmụ nwanyị]] n'ihi na nyocha ya banyere usoro nna ochie gafere mmeso mmekọahụ megide ụmụ nwanyị na [[Misandry|onye na-achọghị nwoke]], kama ile anya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. na nsogbu agbụrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu iji lanarị ma soro ụmụ nwoke na-arụkọ ọrụ.{{sfn|Ordu|2021|pp=61–63}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ''Purple Hibiscus'', agwa Anti Ifeoma na-egosi echiche nwanyị site n'ime ka ndị ezinụlọ niile rụọ ọrụ dịka otu na nkwenye, ka e wee jiri talent onye ọ bụla mee ihe ruo n'ókè kachasị elu ha nwere.{{sfn|Ordu|2021|p=70}} N'ọrụ ya dịka ide ihe na ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha, Adichie tinyere ihe ọchị, ma jiri okwu [[anecdote]]s, okwu njakịrị na okwu mkparị mee ka otu echiche pụta ìhè.{{sfn|Anasuya|2015}}{{sfn|Anthony|2023}} Adichie etolitela echiche [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-Africanist]] nke oge a gbasara okwu gbasara okike, na-ebelata mmasị n'ụzọ ndị ọdịda anyanwụ si ahụ Afrịka ma na-enwekwu mmasị n'otú Afrịka si ahụ onwe ya.{{sfn|Dabiri|2015}} === Isiokwu di iche iche === N'ime mkparịta ụka Adichie na onye edemede Kenya [[Binyavanga Wainaina]] na 2011, o kwuru na isi ihe dị n'ọrụ ya bụ ịhụnanya.{{sfn|Tunca|2018|page=111}} Site n'iji arụmụka ndị inyom "[[Onye ahụ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]]", ịhụnanya n'ọrụ ya na-egosipụtakarị site na njirimara omenala, njirimara onwe onye na ọnọdụ mmadụ, na otu esemokwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si emetụta atọ ahụ.{{sfn|Tunca|2018|page=112}} Adichie na-enyochakarị njikọ nke klaasị, omenala, okike, (mgbe-) ọchịchị alaeze ukwu gasịrị, ike, agbụrụ na okpukperechi.{{sfn|Dube|2019|page=222}} Ọgụ bụ isiokwu kachasị mkpa n'akwụkwọ ndị Afrịka,{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=76}} ọrụ ya na-agbaso omenala ahụ site n'inyocha ezinụlọ, obodo, na mmekọrịta.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|pp=79–80}} Nnyocha ya gafere esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgba maka ikike, ma na-enyochakarị ụmụ mmadụ.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=90}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide ya na-ekwu maka otu ndị odide ya si eme ka ha na ndị nwere mwute dị na ndụ ha{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=84}} na otu ha si agbanwe site n'ịbụ ndị na-enweghị olu na ndị na-enweghị olu gaa n'inwe ike onwe ha na inwe ike ịkọ akụkọ nke ha.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|pp=85–86}} Ọrụ Adichie na-enyochakarị njirimara omenala,{{sfn|Tunca|2010|p=295}} karịsịa njirimara Igbo nke na-eme emume asụsụ Igbo na [[omenala Igbo|omenala]], ma na-egosi ịhụnanya mba Afrịka, n'ozuzu ya.{{sfn|Ishaya|Gunn|2022|p=74}} Ide ihe ya bụ mkparịta ụka ebumnobi ya na ndị ọdịda anyanwụ, ebumnuche iweghachite ùgwù na mmadụ nke ndị Afrịka.{{sfn|Tunca|2018|p=111}} Isi okwu na-emegharị n'ọrụ Adichie bụ Agha Biafra. Agha ahụ bụ "oge doro anya" n'akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbe ọchịchị Naịjirịa gasịrị, inyocha esemokwu ahụ na-egosi ụzọ e si hazie njirimara mba ahụ. ''Ọkara nke Anyanwụ Odo'', ọrụ ya dị mkpa n'agha ahụ, na-egosi etu amụma, nrụrụ aka, nkwenye okpukpe na esemokwu si mee ka a chụpụ ndị Igbo wee manye ha ịbanyeghachi na mba ahụ.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=79}}{{sfn|Abba|2021|p=5}} Ihe abụọ a mere nwere ihe si na ya pụta, Adichie na-egosikwa agha ahụ dị ka ọnyá na-agwọbeghị n'ihi na ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anaghị achọ idozi nsogbu ndị kpalitere ya.{{sfn|Abba|2021|p=3}} Mahadum Naịjirịa, Nsukka pụtara ọzọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Adichie iji gosi mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ n'ịzụlite mmụọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma gosipụta mkpali nke [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-African psychology]] na ọchịchọ maka nnwere onwe na ''Half of a Yellow Sun''. Ọ pụtara na ''Purple Hibiscus'' na ''Americanah'' dị ka ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eguzogide ọchịchị aka ike site na [[nnupụisi obodo]] na [[Mkpesa|nkwenye]].{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|page=20}} Mahadum ahụ na-akụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị ọchịchị ma na-emepụta ụzọ isi lụso mgbagwoju anya ya ọgụ site na [[ihe ọmụma ọdịnala|ihe ọmụma ndị obodo]],{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|page=21}} site n'ịghọta na akwụkwọ ndị ọchịchị na-akọ naanị akụkụ nke akụkọ ahụ ma na-ebelata onyinye ndị Africa.{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|page=22}} Adichie gosipụtara nke a na ''Ọkara Anyanwụ Odo'', mgbe onye nkuzi mgbakọ na mwepụ {{lang|ig|Odenigbo|italics=no}}, kọwara nwa okorobịa ya n'ụlọ, {{lang|ig|Ugwu|italics=no}}, na ọ ga-amụta n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na [[Niger] otu nwoke ọcha aha ya bụ [[Mungo Park (onye na-enyocha)|Mungo Park]] chọtara Osimiri]], ọ bụ ezie na ndị obodo ahụ azụọla azụ̀ n'osimiri ahụ ruo ọtụtụ ọgbọ. Agbanyeghị, Odenigbo dọrọ Ugwu aka ná ntị na, ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ banyere nchọpụta Park bụ ụgha, ọ ghaghị iji azịza na-ezighi ezi mee ihe ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ ga-ada ule ya.{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|page=21}} Ọrụ Adichie gbasara [[ndị Africa bi na mba ọzọ]] na-enyocha isiokwu nke ịbụ onye otu, mgbanwe na ịkpa ókè mgbe niile.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=296}} A na-egosikarị nke a dị ka agụụ imekọ ihe ọnụ ma a na-egosipụta ya site na ndị odide na-agbanwe aha ha,{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=297}} isiokwu a na-ahụkarị na akụkọ ifo Adiche, nke na-egosi ihu abụọ.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|pages=299–300}} Site n'iji isiokwu nke mbata na ọpụpụ, ọ nwere ike ịmepụta mkparịta ụka gbasara otu esi agbanwe echiche na njirimara nke ndị odide ya site na ibi na mba ọzọ na izute omenala dị iche iche.{{sfn|Bragg|2017|p=130}} N'ime "Dear Ijeawele ma ọ bụ A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions" ọ tụlere isiokwu njirimara nke na-apụta na "Purple Hibiscus"', "Half of a Yellow Sun"', na "The Thing Around Your Neck" dịka echiche efu nke ọdịdị ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ntutu isi ha na ihe ha na-eme.{{sfn|Sebola|2022|pp=1–2}} "Dear Ijeawele" na-emesi ike mkpa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke iji aha ndị Africa eme ihe,{{sfn|Sebola|2022|pp=2–3}} ịjụ [[Mkpawa dabere na agba akpụkpọ ahụ|agba]],{{sfn|Sebola|2022|pp=3–4}} na-egosipụta nnwere onwe ikwu okwu n'otú ha si eyi ntutu isi ha (gụnyere ịjụ ịchọ ịmata ihe gbasara ya){{sfn|Sebola|2022|p=5}} na izere [[commodification]], dị ka ule alụmdi na nwunye, nke Na-ebelata uru nwanyị gaa na nke ihe nrite, na-ahụ naanị uru ya dị ka nwunye nwoke.{{sfn|Sebola|2022|p=6}} Ndị inyom ya na-ajụkarị ka a kọwaa ha site na echiche ndị na-adịghị mma ma na-achọ ike ụmụ nwanyị.{{sfn|Sebola|2022|pp=6–7}} Ọrụ Adichie na-ekwukarị banyere nchọpụta ezinụlọ n'etiti ọgbọ dị iche iche, na-enye ya ohere inyocha ahụmịhe dị iche iche nke mmegbu na nnwere onwe. Na ''Purple Hibiscus'' na "[[Onye Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme Isi]]", Adichie lere isiokwu ndị a anya site na iji ezinụlọ dị ka obere ihe nnọchianya nke ime ihe ike.{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|p=26}} Mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị, ma n'ime mmekọrịta alụmdi na nwunye nna ochie na n'èzí alụmdi na nwunye, bụ isiokwu Adichie na-ejikarị enyocha mgbagwoju anya na ókèala ịhụnanya. Ọrụ ya na-ekwu maka nwoke idina nwoke n'ihe gbasara alụmdi na nwunye n'akụkọ dịka "Transition to Glory", na isiokwu ndị a machibidoro iwu dịka mmetụta ịhụnanya maka ndị ụkọchukwu na "Purple Hibiscus", yana ịrata enyi nwoke enyi ya na "Light Skin". Ịpụ nwa,{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=81}} ịbụ nne na nsogbu nke ịbụ nwanyị bụ isiokwu ndị na-apụta ìhè n'ọrụ Adichie, a na-enyochakwa ha mgbe niile n'ihe gbasara Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, [[nna nna]], na atụmanya mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=80}}{{sfn|Roifah|2021|p=179}}{{sfn|Daniels|2022|p=54}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'akụkọ dị mkpirikpi "Zikora", ọ na-ekwu maka akụkụ ndị dị ndụ, omenala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ịghọ nne na atụmanya ndị a na-atụ anya n'aka ụmụ nwanyị.{{sfn|Roifah|2021|p=179}} Akụkọ ahụ na-enyocha ọdịda nke mgbochi ime na afọ ime a na-atụghị anya ya, ịhapụ onye òtù ọlụlụ ya, ịbụ nne na-alụbeghị di, nrụgide mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nsogbu njirimara Zikora, na mmetụta dị iche iche ọ na-enwe gbasara ịghọ onye nne.{{sfn|Roifah|2021|pp=182–183}} Isiokwu ndị na-apụtakarị bụ mgbaghara na aghụghọ, dịka ọ dị na ''Ọkara Anyanwụ Odo'', mgbe Olanna gbaghaara onye hụrụ ya n'anya ekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi, ma ọ bụ mkpebi Ifemelu ikewapụ onwe ya na enyi ya nwoke na ''Americanah''.{{sfn|Tunca|2018|page=112}} Nnyocha Adichie banyere agha na-eme ka a mata otú akụkụ abụọ nke esemokwu ọ bụla si eme ihe ike na ọ dịghị akụkụ ọ bụla na-ata ụta maka ime ihe ike na-apụta. Akụkọ ya na-egosi na ihe ọmụma na nghọta nke klaasị na agbụrụ dị iche iche dị mkpa iji mepụta obodo dị iche iche nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche.{{sfn|Abba|2021|p=5}} Ụdị ime ihe ike ndị ọzọ bụ isiokwu ugboro ugboro na ''Purple Hibiscus'', ''Ọkara nke Anyanwụ Odo'' na ''Ihe Gbara Olu Gị'';{{sfn|Abba|2021|p=5}}{{sfn|Hewett|2005|pp=79–80}} isiokwu ndị a na-egosi ike zuru ụwa ọnụ, ma ọ bụ mmetụta na ngosipụta n'ime ọha mmadụ nke iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi.{{sfn|Carotenuto|2017|p=173}} == Echiche == === Ejiji === [[File:Ms. magazine Cover - Summer 2014.jpg|thumb|alt=Front cover of a print magazine|Adichie on the cover of ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]'' in 2014]] Adichie, n'isiokwu e dere na 2014 maka ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'',{{sfn|Adichie|2014}} dere na "ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ ka a na-ewere ha nke ọma kwesịrị igosi na ha dị mkpa site n'enweghị mmasị n'ọdịdị ha."{{sfn|Mannur|2017|p=411}} Dịka o si kwuo, echiche ndị ọdịda anyanwụ dị iche na otú e si zụlite ya na Naịjirịa ebe nlebara anya mmadụ na ejiji na-adabere na oke ùgwù na nsọpụrụ ọha mmadụ ga-enye ya.{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|p=216}} O kwuru na a na-ekpe ndị mmadụ ikpe otú ha si eyi uwe.{{sfn|Mannur|2017|p=412}} N'ịghọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ịma mma, ejiji, ụdị na enweghị nha anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Adichie malitere ịkwado [[ahụ dị mma]] dị ka ụzọ isi nweta [[Agency (sociology)|agency]].{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|p=216}}{{sfn|Mannur|2017|p=412}} Agụnyere Adichie na ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''{{'}}s 2016 [[International Best Wressing Hall of Fame List|International Best-Wered List]], ma kpọọ [[Michelle Obama]] dị ka onye a ma ama n'ụdị ejiji ya.{{sfn|''Vanity Fair''|2016|p=144}}{{sfn|Safronova|2016}} N'afọ ahụ, [[Maria Grazia Chiuri]], onye nduzi okike nwanyị mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ejiji French [[Dior]], gosipụtara na nchịkọta mbụ ya uwe elu T-shirt nwere aha okwu TED nke Adichie, "Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ihe Niile Ndị Na-eme Ihe Banyere Ụmụ Nwanyị".{{sfn|Brockes|2017}}{{sfn|Medrano|2016}} O juru Adichie anya mgbe ọ matara na Dior enwebeghị nwanyị na-achị ngalaba ihe okike ya ma kweta ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na Chiuri, onye kpọrọ ya òkù dịka onye ọbịa a na-asọpụrụ ka ọ nọdụ n'ahịrị ihu nke ihe ngosi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'oge oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2016 [[Izu Ejiji Paris]].{{sfn|Medrano|2016}}{{sfn|Brockes|2017}}{{sfn|Ryan|2017}} Ọkà mmụta Matthew Lecznar kwuru na Adichie na-amakarị echiche ndị na-adịghị mma gbasara ụmụ nwanyị aka site na ntụnyere na ejiji. O kwuru na ikwe ka Dior gosipụta ederede ya bụ ụzọ dị mma isi jiri ụdị mgbasa ozi dị iche iche zie ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kamakwa ịzụlite aha ya dị ka "ihe ngosi transmedia" nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ ọgụgụ isi, akwụkwọ na ejiji.{{sfn|Lecznar|2017|p=168}} Ọ ghọrọ ihu nke [[Boots (ụlọ ọrụ)#Nke. 7 Protect & Perfect Intense Beauty Serum|Nke 7]], ngalaba ihe ịchọ mma nke ụlọ ahịa ọgwụ Britain [[Boots (ụlọ ọrụ)|Boots]].{{sfn|Weatherford|2016}} N'ozi Facebook ya nke afọ 2016 nke akpọrọ ''Dear Ijeawele, ma ọ bụ Ihe ngosi ụmụ nwanyị n'ime aro iri na ise'', Adichie rụrụ ụka na ibelata ịdị mma nwanyị na ngosipụta ya site na ejiji na etemeete bụ "akụkụ nke omenala nke ịkpa oke mmekọahụ".{{sfn|Safronova|2016}} Na 8 Mee 2017, Adichie kwupụtara mkpọsa "Wear Nigerian" ya na ibe Facebook ya.{{sfn|Idowu|2017}}{{sfn|Hobdy|2020}} O hiwere akaụntụ [[Instagram]] nke ụmụnne ya nwanyị Chisom na Amaka jisiri ike,{{sfn|Idowu|2017}} wee nweta ihe dị ka 600,000 Ndị na-eso ụzọ.{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|p=218}} Dịka Adichie si kwuo, ebumnuche ya bụ inyere aka chebe ihe nketa omenala Naịjirịa site n'igosipụta ụdị ọrụ aka na ojiji nke usoro, ihe na ákwà ọhụrụ e ji aka rụọ nke ndị na-emepụta ihe na Naịjirịa na-eji.{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|p=217}} O meriri [[Shorty Awards|Shorty Award]] na 2018 maka mkpọsa ahụ,{{sfn|Agbo|2018a}} na na 2019 ahọpụtara ya dịka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị iri na ise ga-apụta na mkpuchi nke ''[[British Vogue]]'' na mbipụta nke onye ọbịa deziri nke [[Meghan, Duchess nke Sussex]].{{sfn|''The Irish Times''|2019}} Na mkparịta ụka 2021 na [[Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus]] ya na onye bụbu Chancellor nke Germany, [[Angela Merkel]], na ndị nta akụkọ [[Miriam Meckel]] na [[Léa Steinacker]], Adichie kwuru na ọ na-ejikarị ejiji akụziri ndị mmadụ gbasara ụdịdị dị iche iche.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2021}} === Nkwerechi === Ọ bụ ezie na a zụlitere Adichie dịka [[Ụka Katọlik|Katọlik]], ọ na-ewere echiche ya, ọkachasị ndị gbasara echiche ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka ihe na-emegide okpukperechi ya mgbe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raised Catholic |url=https://www.chimamanda.com/external_articles/raised-catholic/ |access-date=3 Maachị 2026 |website=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka esemokwu okpukperechi bilitere na Naịjirịa n'etiti Ndị Kraịst na Ndị Alakụba na 2012, ọ gbara ndị ndu ume ka ha kwusaa ozi udo na ịdị n'otu.{{sfn|Shariatmadari|2012}} Adichie kwuru na mmekọrịta ya na Katọlik dị mgbagwoju anya n'ihi na ọ na-amata omenala dịka Katọlik, mana ọ na-eche na ilekwasị anya na ego na ikpe ọmụma nke Chọọchị adabaghị na ụkpụrụ ya.{{sfn|Augoye|2021}} Na mmemme 2017 na [[Mahadum Georgetown]], o kwuru na ọdịiche dị n'echiche dị n'etiti ndị Katọlik na Ndị ndu [[Church Mission Society]] kpatara nkewa n'obodo Naịjirịa n'oge ọ bụ nwata, nakwa na ọ hapụrụ chọọchị ahụ n'oge e mere emume nhọpụta nke [[Pope Benedict XVI]] na 2005.{{sfn|Pongsajapan|2017}} O kwetara na ozizi [[Pope Francis]], onye a họpụtara na 2013, na ọmụmụ nwa ya nwanyị na 2016 dọtara ya azụ n'okpukpe Katọlik ma kpalie mkpebi ya ịzụlite nwa ya dị ka onye Katọlik.{{sfn|Pongsajapan|2017}} Ka ọ na-erule 2021, Adichie kwuru na ya bụ [[Onye Kraịst aha ya bụ onye Katọlik]] ma na-aga naanị [[Mass n'ime Chọọchị Katọlik|Mass]] mgbe ọ hụrụ [[Onye Kraịst na-aga n'ihu|obodo na-aga n'ihu]] nke lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite ụmụ mmadụ. O mere ka o doo anya na "Echere m na m bụ onye na-enweghị ike ịmata ihe dị na ya ma na-ajụ ajụjụ".{{sfn|Augoye|2021}} N'afọ ahụ, e bipụtara echiche ya gbasara akwụkwọ ozi Pope Francis ''[[Fratelli tutti]]'' n'asụsụ Itali na mbipụta nke ise nke ọnwa Julaị nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Vatican ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]''.{{sfn|Sarr|2021}}{{sfn|Adichie|2021}} N'isiokwu ya nke afọ 2021 bụ "{{lang|it|Sognare come un'unica umanità|italics=no}}" ("Ịrọ nrọ dị ka mmadụ na-alụbeghị di"), Adichie chetara na a na-akatọ ya n'olili nne ya maka ịkatọ ilekwasị anya na Chọọchị n'ego, mana o kwetakwara na emume Katọlik nyere ya nkasi obi n'oge iru újú ya.{{sfn|Sarr|2021}} === Ikike nwoke idina nwoke na nwoke === Adichie bụ onye na-akwado [[ikike LGBT na Afrịka]] ma na-akwado [[ikike LGBT na Naịjirịa]].{{sfn|Camminga|2020|p=818}}{{sfn|Crockett|2017}} Mgbe Naịjirịa tinyere iwu megidere nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị na 2014, ọ so n'ime ndị edemede Naịjirịa jụrụ iwu ahụ, na-akpọ ya ihe megidere iwu, ikpe na-ezighị ezi na "ihe dị ịtụnanya nye mba nwere ọtụtụ nsogbu n'ezie". O kwuru na ndị toro eto na-egosi ibe ha ịhụnanya emerụghị ọha mmadụ ahụ, kama na iwu ahụ "ga-eduga na mpụ ime ihe ike".{{sfn|Useni|2014}} Adichie bụ ezigbo enyi na onye edemede Kenya [[Binyavanga Wainaina]] onye pụtara n'ihu ọha na 2014.{{sfn|Malec|2017}}{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2019}} Onye edemede Bernard Dayo kwuru na [[ihe ọmụma]] Adichie gwara Wainaina na 2019 dọtara mmụọ nke "onye na-akwado LGBTQ [nke] ụwa akwụkwọ Africa ebe a ka na-emeso nwoke idina nwoke dị ka echiche dị nro."{{sfn|Dayo|2019}} === Ntinye nwoke na nwanyị site na nwoke === Kemgbe afọ 2017, Adichie na-akparịta ụka n'ihu ọha mgbe ụfọdụ gbasara okwu gbasara transgender, ụfọdụ na-ebokwa ya ebubo na ọ bụ [[transphobia]].{{sfn|Stobie|2021|p=354}} N'ajụjụ ọnụ [[Channel 4]] nke afọ 2017, Adichie kwuru na ahụmịhe nke nwanyị "biri ndụ dịka nwoke, nwere ihe ùgwù ụwa nyere ụmụ nwoke" abụghị otu ahụmịhe ahụ dịka "nwanyị nke, site na mbido, biri n'ụwa dịka nwanyị".{{sfn|Ring|2022}}{{sfn|Crockett|2017}} N'ihe o dere na Facebook, o dere na ụmụ nwanyị transgender na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dị iche, mmadụ nwekwara ike ikweta ọdịiche ndị ahụ na-enweghị imebi ma ọ bụ belata ahụmịhe ndụ nke otu ọ bụla.{{sfn|Crockett|2017}} O mesiri ike na a na-eme ka ụmụ agbọghọ na-akpakọrịta n'ụzọ ndị na-emebi uru onwe ha, nke nwere mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide ná ndụ ha niile, ebe ụmụ nwoke na-erite uru site na uru nke ihe ùgwù nwoke, tupu mgbanwe.{{sfn|Crockett|2017}}{{sfn|Camminga|2020|p=820}} Esemokwu ahụ pụtara ọzọ na 2020 mgbe Adichie kwupụtara nkwado maka [[J. Edemede K. Rowling]] gbasara okike na mmekọahụ, mgbe ọ kpọrọ ya "ihe ezi uche dị na ya" n'oge ajụjụ ọnụ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Britain, ''The Guardian''.{{sfn|Allardice|2020}}{{sfn|Okafor|2020}} Ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ kpalitere mmeghachi omume [[Twitter]] site n'aka ndị nkatọ echiche ya, nke gụnyere onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na otu n'ime [[Ọrụ Ndị Odee (ọrụ)|Ọrụ Ide Ihe]] nke Adichie, [[Akwaeke Emezi]].{{sfn|Akhabau|2020}}{{sfn|Okafor|2020}} Na nzaghachi, Adichie dere "Ọ Bụ Ihe Ọjọọ: Echiche Eziokwu n'Akụkụ Atọ" wee biputere ya na weebụsaịtị ya na June 2021, na-akatọ ojiji nke mgbasa ozi ọha iji kwupụta mkpesa.{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2021b}}{{sfn|Stobie|2021|p=354}} Ihe ndị a N'ọnwa, ụmụ akwụkwọ obodo LGBT na [[Mahadum Cape Town]], South Africa, jụrụ ikwu okwu ihu ọha ya n'ogige ha.{{sfn|Stobie|2021|p=354}} Adichie kwuru na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na [[Otosirieze Obi-Young]] na Septemba na "ihe mwute dị ukwuu" maka mmeghachi omume ahụ nakwa na n'oge esemokwu ahụ, ọ gụrụ ihe ọ bụla ọ hụrụ na isiokwu trans iji nyere ya aka ịghọta ihe na-eme.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Na ngwụcha afọ 2022, Adichie nwetara nkatọ ọzọ maka echiche ya mgbe ọ gbasịrị ajụjụ ọnụ ọzọ na "The Guardian" mgbe ọ sịrị, "Ya mere, onye yiri nwanne m nwoke—ọ na-asị, 'Abụ m nwanyị', wee banye n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ ụmụ nwanyị, otu nwanyị wee sị, 'Ị gaghị anọ ebe a', ọ nọkwa "Ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na-akpọ mmadụ asị?"{{sfn|Ring|2022}}{{sfn|Williams|2022}}{{sfn|Baska|2022}} Magazin ahụ ''[[PinkNews]]'' kwuru na Adichie "anaghị enwe mmetụta" nakwa na ọ na-eji "okwu ọjọọ".{{sfn|Baska|2022}} Ọkammụta Cheryl Stobie kwuru na Adichie kwadoro "echiche nkewa nke okike".{{sfn|Stobie|2021|p=355}} Onye nchọpụta B. Camminga kwuru na aha Adichie mere ka okwu ya banyere ụmụ nwanyị trans na-akpọ mmadụ asị dịkwuo elu ma mechie olu ụmụ nwanyị Africa ndị ọzọ, ma ndị trans na ndị cis, ọnụ.{{sfn|Camminga|2020|p=819}} == Ndụ nkeonwe == Adichie bụ onye ụka [[Katọlik]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Na nwata, ya na ezinaulo ya na-eje ụka na St. Paul, Abba.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Ọ bi na mba Amerika{{sfn|Pearce|2017}} ma nwekwa ụlọ na Naijiria.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} N'afọ 2009, ọ lụrụ Ivara Esege.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Ha nwere ụmụ atọ; amụrụ nwa ha nwanyị n'afọ 2016,{{sfn|Chutel|2016}} ya na ejima nwoke n'afọ 2024 site na ụzọ surrogacy dịka Adichie si kwuo n'ajụjụ ọnụ ndị ''[[The Guardian]]'' jụrụ ya.{{sfn|Edwardes|2025}}{{sfn|Lee|2025}} Otu n'ime ejima ahụ nke aha ya bụ Nkanu Nnamdi nwụrụ na 7 January 2026 mgbe ọ dị ọnwa 21, mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa.{{sfn|Ige|2026}}{{sfn|Glynn|2026}} Adichie kwuru ihe kpatara ọnwụ nwa ya nwoke bụ nleghara anya ahụike nke ụlọọgwụ Euracare dị na Lagos, ebe anabatara Nkanu. Akụkụ nke nleghara anya ahụ, dịka ya si kwuo, gụnyere ịjụ ikuku, na ime ka nwatakịrị ahụ daa jụụ nke butere [[njide obi]]. N'agbanyeghi ulọọgwụ ahụ gosiri mwute ha na-eje onwu nwa Adichie nọ, ha ekwetaghi ebubo ndị ahụ.{{sfn|Okafor|2026}} A malitere nnyocha gbasara ọnwụ Nkanu na 14 Eprel 2026.{{sfn|Ewokor|2026}} Emesịri kwụsị ya bụ nyocha n'ihi ntinye aka nke aatụghị anya ya sitere n'aka ọkaiwu ukwu nke Steeti Lagos.{{sfn|Oduah|2026}} Na 2 Mee 2015, a tọọrọ nna Adichie ma mesịa tọhapụ ya ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị.{{sfn|Lee|2015}} Nna ya nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa n'afọ 2020 ebe nne ya, n'oge ọrịa [[COVID-19]],{{sfn|Broom|2021}} nwụrụ n'afo 2021.{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}} == Ihe ncheta == === Mmetụta oha === [[Larissa MacFarquhar]] nke ''The New Yorker'' kwuru na Adichie "a na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mkpa na nke mbụ n'ọgbọ ya".{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Asụgharịala ọrụ ya n'ihe karịrị asụsụ 30.{{sfn|Luckett|2018|p=155}} Obi-Young Otosirieze kwuru n'akụkọ mkpuchi ya gbasara Adichie maka magazin Naịjirịa ''[[Open Country Mag]]'' na Septemba 2021, na "akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ... mebiri mgbidi n'akwụkwọ mbipụta. ''Purple Hibiscus'' gosiri na e nwere ahịa mba ụwa maka akụkọ ifo ndị Africa mgbe Achebe gasịrị [na] ''Half of a Yellow Sun'' gosiri na ahịa ahụ nwere ike ichebara akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị Africa echiche".{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} N'isiokwu mbụ e bipụtara na ''[[Brittle Paper]]'', o kwuru na ''Half of a Yellow Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sun''{{'}}s wepụtara na 2006 rere mkpụrụ 500,000, ihe atụ nke ihe ịga nke ọma n'ahịa maka akwụkwọ, tupu Ọktoba 2009 na UK naanị.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2017}} Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ 'Americanah' rere mkpụrụ 500,000 na US n'ime afọ abụọ nke ewepụtara ya na 2013.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2017}}{{sfn|Germain|2015}} {{Ruo|2022}}, "The Danger of a Single Story" enwetala ihe karịrị nde 27.{{sfn|Kumolu|2022}} Ruo 1 Septemba 2023, okwu ahụ bụ otu n'ime mkparịta ụka TED 25 kachasị elele n'oge niile.{{sfn|Assheton|2023}} Dịka Lisa Allardice, onye nta akụkọ na-ede maka ''The Guardian'', Adichie si kwuo. ghọrọ "nwa agbọghọ mara mma maka echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a mgbe okwu TED Talk ya nke afọ 2012 bụ́ 'Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Nwanyị' batara n'ọkwa dị iche iche ma kesaa ya n'ụdị akwụkwọ nye ụmụaka niile dị afọ 16 na Sweden".{{sfn|Allardice|2020}} Adichie aghọọla "onye ama ama n'ụwa niile maka ụmụ nwanyị" na "onye na-eche echiche ọha" dịka onye nta akụkọ Lauren Alix Brown si kwuo.{{sfn|Brown|2017}} Akụkụ nke okwu TEDx nke Adichie bụ́ "Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Nwanyị" ka e tinyere n'abụ "[[Flawless (Abụ Beyoncé)|Flawless]]" nke [[Beyoncé]] dere na 13 Disemba 2013.{{sfn|Kiene|2016}} Adichie kwuru okwu megide ndị nkatọ bụ́ ndị mechara jụọ onye ọbụ abụ ahụ akwụkwọ ikike ịbụ onye inyom n'ihi na ọ na-eji mmekọahụ ya "eme ka anya nwoke na nwoke dị mma". N'ịgbachitere Beyoncé, Adichie kwuru, sị: "Onye ọ bụla kwuru na ha bụ ndị inyom nwere ọbara ọbara."{{sfn|Danielle|2014}} Ọkà mmụta Matthew Lecznar kwuru na ọkwa Adichie dị ka "otu n'ime ndị edemede na ndị inyom nwere ọtụtụ ihe a ma ama n'oge a" nyere ya ohere iji onye ama ama ya "gosipụta ike nke uwe ma nye ndị mmadụ ike site na ọnọdụ dị iche iche ịnakwere [ejiji] ... nke nwere ihe niile metụtara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke njirimara".{{sfn|Lecznar|2017|p=169}} Ndị ọkà mmụta Floriana Bernardi na Enrica Picarelli kwuru na nkwado ya maka ụlọ ọrụ ejiji Naịjirịa nyere aka itinye Naịjirịa "n'ihu" n'ime mmegharị iji ejiji dị ka usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama n'ụwa niile nke inye ike.{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|p=220}} [[Toyin Falola]], prọfesọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, na nyocha nke agụmakwụkwọ na Naịjirịa, katọrọ amụma nke ibuli ndị ọkà mmụta elu n'oge. O kwuru na agụmakwụkwọ, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara ụmụ mmadụ, kwesịrị ịma aka n'iwu na usoro iji mee ka nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụ amaala na gọọmentị sikwuo ike. O tụrụ aro ka a na-elekwasị anya site n'ịkwado ndị ọkà mmụta bụ ndị na-emetụta ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ gaa n'ịkwado ndị ọkà mmụta na-eji nkà ha enyere steeti aka ma na-eje ozi dị ka ndị ndụmọdụ nye ndị ntorobịa Naịjirịa. Adichie so n'ime ndị o chere na ha ruru eru dị ka "ndị dike nwere ọgụgụ isi", bụ ndị "kwalitere ókè nke mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze".{{sfn|Olaopa|2022}} [[File:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie - mural Ciudad Lineal (cropped).jpg|thumb|287x287px|Adichie on the [[Concepción Feminist Mural]] in [[Madrid]], Spain]] E tinyere akwụkwọ Adichie nke akpọrọ "Half of a Yellow Sun" n'ime [[Half of a Yellow Sun (fim)|fim nke otu aha ahụ]] nke [[Biyi Bandele]] duziri na 2013.{{sfn|Felperin|2013}} Na 2018, e tinyere eserese Adichie na [[mgbidi mgbidi]] na Municipal Sport Center na [[Concepción (Madrid)|Concepción barrio]] nke [[Madrid]], ya na ụmụ nwanyị iri na anọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị agbata obi họpụtara ụmụ nwanyị iri na ise ahụ iji gosipụta ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na akụkọ ntolite ma jee ozi dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke nha anya. Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ meriri ihe ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eme iji wepụ ihe osise ahụ na 2021 site na mkpesa nke mbinye aka a nakọtara.{{sfn|''El Mundo''|2021}} Luke Ndidi Okolo, onye nkuzi na [[Nnamdi Azikiwe University]] kwuru:{{sfn|Okolo|2016|p=12}} {{Blockquote|text=Adichie dere na-akọwa isiokwu na isiokwu doro anya ma dị elu. Mana isiokwu na isiokwu abụghị ihe ọhụrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Afrịka. Ihe dị iche na ihe dị iche na ihe osise Chimamanda Adichie nke Purple Hibiscus bụ ụdị ejiji ya - nhọrọ ya nke atụmatụ asụsụ na akwụkwọ, yana usoro ojiji nke atụmatụ ndị ahụ na njikọta dị egwu nke echiche na echiche nke ndị odide.}} Ọrụ Adichie enwetala otuto dị ukwuu na ọtụtụ ihe nrite.{{sfn|Ishaya|Gunn|2022|page=75}}{{sfn|Hewett|2005|page=75}} Ndị nkatọ akwụkwọ dịka Daria Tunca dere na ọrụ Adichie dị mkpa nke ukwuu ma kwuo na ọ bụ olu dị mkpa na [[Ọgbọ nke Atọ nke Ndị Ode Akwụkwọ Naịjirịa]],{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=306}} ebe Izuu Nwankwọ kpọrọ atụmatụ aha Igbo ya mepụtara dị ka "ụdị nka", nke o mere ka ọ zuo oke n'ọrụ ya.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|page=3}} O toro ikike ya itinye asụsụ Igbo na ihe ọ pụtara na Ederede Bekee n'emeghị ka akụkọ ahụ ghara ịdị mma ma ọ bụ gbagọọ akụkọ ahụ.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|page=8}} N'ikpe nke [[Ernest Emenyonu]], otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta kacha pụta ìhè na [[akwụkwọ Igbo]],{{sfn|Igwe|2017|p=7}} Adichie bụ "olu kacha elu ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'oge ya" ma ọ kọwara ya dị ka "onye na-akọ akụkọ kacha elu n'Africa".{{sfn|Abba|2021|p=2}} [[Toyin Falola]], prọfesọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, toro ya na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ, dị ka "ndị dike nwere ọgụgụ isi".{{sfn|Olaopa|2022}} Leslie Gray Streeter nke ''[[The Independent]]'' kwuru na echiche Adichie banyere iru újú "na-eme ka mmetụta uche a zuru ụwa ọnụ na-atọ ụtọ, nke bụkwa otu n'ime ndị kacha nwee ihe ọmụma zuru ụwa ọnụ. zere."{{sfn|Streter|2021}} A maara ya nke ọma dịka "ada akwụkwọ Chinua Achebe".{{sfn|Tunca|2018|page=109}} Jane Shilling nke ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' kpọrọ ya "onye na-eme ka akụkọ dị mfe dịka abụ nnụnụ".{{sfn|Shilling|2009}} Adichie enwetala otuto dị ukwuu maka okwu na nkuzi ya.{{sfn|Camminga|2020|p=818}}{{sfn|Anasuya|2015}}{{sfn|Wagner|2015}} Prọfesọ mgbasa ozi na nkwukọrịta Erika M. Behrmann, onye nyochachara okwu Adichie nke TEDxEuston, "Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Na-eme Ihe n'Ụmụ Nwanyị" toro ya dịka "onye nwere onyinye n'akụkọ", onye nwere ike iso ya kparịta ụka nke ọma. ndị na-ege ntị.{{sfn|Behrmann|2017|p=315}} Agbanyeghị, Behrmann katọrọ enweghị mkparịta ụka n'okwu ahụ gbasara akụkụ dị iche iche nke njirimara ndị mmadụ na ntụkwasị obi Adichie na okwu abụọ (nwoke/nwanyị, nwoke/nwanyị, nwoke/nwanyị), nke hapụrụ "obere ohere iche echiche na inyocha otu ndị transgender na ndị na-eme ihe n'omume ụmụ nwanyị" si enye aka ma ọ bụ emetụta ha site na omume ụmụ nwanyị.{{sfn|Behrmann|2017|p=316}} Emenyonu kwuru na "okwu ya, blọgụ, echiche ya na mgbasa ozi ọha, edemede na nkọwa, nkuzi ogbako maka ndị edemede na-eto eto na mkparịta ụka nkuzi ... gbasaa ma kọwaa ọrụ ya dị ka onye edemede".{{sfn|Ememyonu|2017|p=1}} Ọkà mmụta Grace Musila kwuru na akara Adiche gụnyere aha ya dị ka onye edemede, onye ọha na eze, na onye na-emepụta ejiji, nke mere ka ikike ya na echiche ya dịkwuo elu karịa agụmakwụkwọ. okirikiri.{{sfn|Musila|2020|p=807}} === Otito Ihe ndị odere === {{Main|Ndepụta ihe nrite na nhọpụta nke Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie natara}} Adichie nwetara [[MacArthur Fellowship]] na 2008,{{sfn|Irvine|2008}} ya na ihe nrite agụmakwụkwọ ya ndị ọzọ gụnyere 2011–2012 Fellowship nke [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study na Harvard University]].{{sfn|Okachie|2011}} Na 2002, a họpụtara ya maka [[Caine Prize for African Writing]] maka akụkọ ya bụ "Ị nọ n'Amerịka".{{sfn|Anya|2005}}{{sfn|Caine Prize|2009}} O meririkwa asọmpi akụkọ mkpụmkpụ [[BBC World Service]] maka "That Harmattan Morning", ebe akụkọ mkpụmkpụ ya bụ "The American Embassy" meriri na 2003 [[O. Ihe nrite Henry]] na ihe nrite David T. Wong International Short Story Prize site na [[PEN International]].{{sfn|''Leadership''|2018}} Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya nke afọ 2003, ''Purple Hibiscus'', nabatara nke ọma, wee nweta nyocha dị mma.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2018}} Akwụkwọ a rere nke ọma ma nye ya ihe nrite [[Commonwealth Foundation prize|Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] maka Akwụkwọ Kachasị Mma (2005), [[Hurston/Wright Legacy Award]], a kpọkwara ya aha maka [[Women's Prize for Fiction|Orange Prize for Fiction]] (2004).{{sfn|''Leadership''|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2018}} ''Half of a Yellow Sun'' (2006) nwetara ihe nrite ọzọ otuto, gụnyere mmeri nke ihe nrite Orange maka akụkọ ifo na 2007,{{sfn|Majendie|2007}} [[International Nonino Prize]] (2009),{{sfn|Medeossi|2009}}{{sfn|Ogwude|2011|p=122}} na [[Anisfield-Wolf Book Award]].{{sfn|''Leadership''|2018}} Nchịkọta akụkọ Adichie ''The Thing Around Your Neck'' bụ onye nke abụọ na [[Dayton Literary Peace Prize]] maka 2010.{{sfn|Richardson|2011|pp=114–115}} Otu akụkọ sitere n'akwụkwọ ahụ, "Ceiling", gụnyere na ''[[The Best American Short Storys 2011]]''.{{sfn|Sam-Duru|2014}} ''Americanah'' e depụtara n'ime ''[[The New York Times]]'' "Akwụkwọ iri kacha mma nke 2013",{{sfn|''Nduzi''|2018}}{{sfn|''The New York Times''|2013}} wee merie [[National Book Critics Circle Award]] (2014),{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}}{{sfn|''National Book Critics''|2014}}{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2014}} na [[One City One Book]] (2017).{{sfn|Weller|2017}} Akwụkwọ ya ''Dear Ijeawele'', nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ French dị ka {{lang|fr|Chère Ijeawele, ou un manifeste pour une éducation féministe}}, meriri [[Madame Figaro#Grand Prix Littéraire (nnukwu ihe nrite akwụkwọ)|Le Grand Prix de l'Héroïne Madame Figaro]] dị na ngalaba akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma na 2017.{{sfn|''TheCable''|2017}}{{sfn|Chela|2017}} [[File:Chimamanda Adichie 11.09.10 (5248097626).jpg|220px|thumb|right|alt=A Black woman with short, curly hair speaks into a microphone in a warmly lit room. She is wearing a black and white striped dress and layered necklaces. Behind her are wooden-framed windows and decorative cobwebs on the wall. A water pitcher sits on the table in front of her, and there are people in the audience.|Adichie at an event related to her book ''[[The Thing Around Your Neck]]'', 2010]] Adichie so n'ime ndị ikpeazụ nke [[Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction]] (2014).{{sfn|Italie|2014}} O meriri [[Barnard Medal of Distinction]] (2016),{{sfn|Jaschik|2016}} na [[W. E. B. Du Bois Medal]] (2022), ihe nrite kachasị elu n'ihe gbasara ọmụmụ ihe ndị Afrịka na ndị Afrịka Amerịka site na [[Mahadum Harvard]].{{sfn|Edeme|2022a}} E depụtara ya na ''[[The New Yorker]]''{{'}}s "20 Under 40" ndị edemede na 2010, na 2014 ahọpụtara ya maka [[Africa39]], ọrụ nke [[Hay Festival] malitere.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2014/apr/10/port-harcourt-world-book-capital-2014-africa-39 |title=Africa39: Otu anyị si họrọ ndị edemede maka Port Harcourt World Book Capital 2014|first=Margaret|last=Busby|newspaper=The Guardian|date= 10 Eprel 2014}}</ref>{{sfn|''Nduzi''|2018}} A kpọrọ ya aha na ndepụta ''[[Oge 100]]''' na 2015,{{sfn|Jones|2015}} ma nọrọ na ndepụta ''[[Akụkọ Afrịka]]''{{'}}s nke "100 Ndị Afrịka Kachasị Kpatara Aka" na 2019.{{sfn|''Ventures Africa''|2019}} Na 2018, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye meriri na [[PEN Pinter Prize]], nke na-amata ndị edemede ọrụ akwụkwọ ha na-ekpughe eziokwu site na nyocha dị mkpa nke ndụ na ọha mmadụ. Onye natara ihe nrite ahụ ga-ahọpụta onye meriri ihe nrite ahụ, Pinter International Writer of Courage Award, nke Adichie kpọrọ [[Waleed Abulkhair]], ọkaiwu [[Saudi Arabia]] na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ.{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2018a}}{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2018b}} Ihe nrite ụmụ nwanyị maka akụkọ ifo, nke a maara na mbụ dị ka ihe nrite Orange, họpụtara mmadụ iri abụọ na ise maka onye meriri ya iji sọpụrụ emume ncheta afọ iri abụọ na ise ya na 2020; "Half of a Yellow Sun" nke Adichie meriri ihe nrite ahụ.{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2020}} Na 2017, a họpụtara Adichie dị ka otu n'ime ndị otu ọhụrụ 228 e tinyere n'ime klas nke 237 nke [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye Naijiria nke abụọ e nyere nsọpụrụ ahụ mgbe [[Wole Soyinka]] gasịrị.{{sfn|Ayo-Aderele|2017}} Ruo Maachị 2022, Adichie enwetala nzere nsọpụrụ 16 site na mahadum{{sfn|''Guardian Nigeria''|2022}} Onyeisiala Naịjirịa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] họpụtara ya dị ka onye natara [[Order of the Federal Republic]] na 2022,{{sfn | Ufuoma | 2022}} mana Adichie jụrụ ọkwa mba ahụ.{{sfn|Olaiya|2022}} Na 30 Disemba 2022, e nyere Adichie nsọpụrụ site n'inye [[ndị isi Naịjirịa|aha nke "Odeluwa"]], ọkwa onyeisi, site n'aka obodo ya bụ Abba na [[Anambra State]], nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbụ natara ọkwa onyeisi na Abba.{{sfn|Edeme|2022b}}{{sfn|Okogba|2023}} == Ndekọ akwụkwọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Purple Hibiscus]] |publisher=[[Fourth Estate (imprint)|Fourth Estate]] |year=2003 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=London |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Half of a Yellow Sun]] |publisher=[[Fourth Estate (imprint)|Fourth Estate]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4000-4416-0 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=London |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Americanah]] |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=2013 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Dream Count]] |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-0-593-80272-4 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} === Nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi === * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[The Thing Around Your Neck]] |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=2009 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} === Akwụkwọ ncheta === * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Notes on Grief]] |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=2021 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} === Akwụkwọ ndị na-abụghị akụkọ ifo === * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[We Should All Be Feminists]] |publisher=[[Anchor Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-101-91176-1 |edition=paperback 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Dear Ijeawele, or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions]] |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=2017 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} == Edensibia == ===Notes=== {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Abba A. |title=Remediating Biafra: Adichie's Half of a Yellow Sun as a Symbolic Vehicle of Postwar Reconciliation |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |date=Winter 2021 |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.51.4.01 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/798051/pdf |access-date=2 May 2024 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Bloomington, Indiana |issn=0034-5210 |oclc=9144124984 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required |via=[[Project Muse]]}} * {{cite news |last=Abimbola |first=Oluwakemi |title=Chimamanda Adichie Tackles Hillary Clinton over Twitter Bio |url=https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-tackles-hillary-clinton-over-twitter-bio/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |date=23 April 2018 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518153337/https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-tackles-hillary-clinton-over-twitter-bio/ |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Adebayo |first=Bukola |title=Hillary Clinton Has Changed Her Twitter Bio and It Does Not Start with Wife |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/24/africa/chimamanda-adichie-hillary-clinton-wife-africa/index.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[CNN]] |date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518153338/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/24/africa/chimamanda-adichie-hillary-clinton-wife-africa/index.html |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Adeduyite | first=Okiki | title=Chimamanda Adichie to headline 2025 Things Fall Apart festival in Enugu | website=[[The Punch]] | date=14 May 2025 | url=https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-to-headline-2025-things-fall-apart-festival-in-enugu/ | access-date=14 July 2026 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Adichie |first1=Amanda Ngozi |title=My Mother, the Crazy African |journal=In Posse Review |date=2000 |volume=Multi-Ethnic Anthology |url=http://www.webdelsol.com/InPosse/anthology_index.htm |publisher=Spectrum Publishers |location=San Francisco, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193207/http://www.webdelsol.com/InPosse/anthology_index.htm |archive-date=31 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=Truth and Lies |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/sep/16/fiction.society |access-date=31 March 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London, UK |date=15 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331225357/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/sep/16/fiction.society |archive-date=31 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=Why Can't a Smart Woman Love Fashion? |url=https://www.elle.com/fashion/personal-style/a12670/personal-essay-on-style-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle.com]] |date=20 February 2014 |publisher=[[Hearst Magazines|Hearst Magazines Digital Media]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407214558/https://www.elle.com/fashion/personal-style/a12670/personal-essay-on-style-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |archive-date=7 April 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozie |title=Sognare come un'unica umanità |url=https://www.osservatoreromano.va/it/news/2021-07/quo-149/sognare-br-come-un-unica-umanita.html |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=[[L'Osservatore Romano]] |date=5 July 2021 |location=Vatican City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084417/https://www.osservatoreromano.va/it/news/2021-07/quo-149/sognare-br-come-un-unica-umanita.html |archive-date=26 November 2022 |language=Italian |trans-title=Dreaming as a Single Humanity |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Agbo |first=Njideka |title=Chimamanda Adichie Wins Shorty Awards Literature Prize |url=https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-adichie-wins-shorty-awards-literature-prize/ |access-date=13 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=19 April 2018a |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621050746/https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-adichie-wins-shorty-awards-literature-prize/ |archive-date=21 June 2021 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Agbo |first=Njideka |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: The Fearless Writer |url=https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-adichie-the-fearless-writer/ |access-date=3 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=26 September 2018b |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403164300/https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-adichie-the-fearless-writer/ |archive-date=3 April 2024 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last=Akhabau |first=Izin |title=Akwaeke Emezi: Non-binary Author Shares Heartbreak at Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/books/2020/11/18/akwaeke-emezi-non-binary-author-shares-heartbreak-at-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=[[The Voice (British newspaper)|The Voice]] |date=18 November 2020 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201125215845/https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/books/2020/11/18/akwaeke-emezi-non-binary-author-shares-heartbreak-at-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |archive-date=25 November 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Akinyoade |first=Akinwale |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Reveals How She Came about the Name 'Chimamanda' |url=https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-reveals-how-she-came-about-the-name-chimamanda/ |access-date=17 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=5 January 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425005651/https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-reveals-how-she-came-about-the-name-chimamanda/ |archive-date=25 April 2024 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last=Allardice |first=Lisa |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'America under Trump felt like a personal loss' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/14/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-america-under-trump-felt-like-a-personal-loss |access-date=15 November 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 November 2020 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201115211512/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/14/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-america-under-trump-felt-like-a-personal-loss |archive-date=15 November 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Anasuya |first=Shreya Ila |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Speaks as Well as She Writes, Maybe Better |url=https://scroll.in/article/735501/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-speaks-as-well-as-she-writes-maybe-better |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=20 June 2015 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605010346/https://scroll.in/article/735501/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-speaks-as-well-as-she-writes-maybe-better |archive-date=5 June 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |title=Announcing the National Book Critics Awards Finalists for Publishing Year 2013 |url=http://bookcritics.org/blog/archive/announcing-the-national-book-critics-awards-finalists |access-date=14 January 2014 |website=bookcritics.org |publisher=[[National Book Critics Circle]] |date=14 January 2014 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115014055/http://bookcritics.org/blog/archive/announcing-the-national-book-critics-awards-finalists |archive-date=15 January 2014 |ref={{sfnref|National Book Critics|2014}} }} * {{cite news |last=Anthony |first=Joseph |title=Exploring the Literary Genius of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://heraldngr.com/2023/04/exploring-the-literary-genius-of-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie.html |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=[[The Herald (Nigeria)|Herald Nigeria]] |date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327113929/https://heraldngr.com/2023/04/exploring-the-literary-genius-of-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie.html |archive-date=27 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Anya |first=Ike |title=In the Footsteps of Achebe: Enter Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://www.africanwriter.com/in-the-footsteps-of-achebe-enter-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |access-date=31 March 2024 |magazine=African Writer |date=15 October 2005 |publisher=African Writer Magazine |location=Williamstown, New Jersey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004131649/https://www.africanwriter.com/in-the-footsteps-of-achebe-enter-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |archive-date=4 October 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Assheton |first=Richard |title=What the Outspoken Author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Told Me at Dinner |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/books/article/what-the-outspoken-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-told-me-at-dinner-kgm3gtdjw |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=[[The Times]] |date=1 September 2023 |location=London, UK }} * {{cite news |last=Augoye |first=Jayne |title=Why I Stopped Attending Catholic Churches in Nigeria — Chimamanda Adichie |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/434475-why-i-stopped-attending-catholic-churches-in-nigeria-chimamanda-adichie.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=[[Premium Times]] |date=2 January 2021 |location=Abuja, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509112927/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/434475-why-i-stopped-attending-catholic-churches-in-nigeria-chimamanda-adichie.html |archive-date=9 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Ayo-Aderele |first=Adesola |title=Chimamanda Elected into US Academy of Arts and Science |url=https://punchng.com/chimamanda-elected-into-us-academy-of-arts-and-science/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |date=12 April 2017 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126061829/https://punchng.com/chimamanda-elected-into-us-academy-of-arts-and-science/ |archive-date=26 January 2022 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last=Baska |first=Maggie |title=Author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Doubles Down on Anti-trans Views |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/12/01/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-trans-women/ |access-date=19 March 2024 |work=[[PinkNews]] |date=1 December 2022 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230131704/https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/12/01/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-trans-women/ |archive-date=30 December 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Behrmann |first=Erika M. |title=Book and Media Reviews: Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi. 'We Should All Be Feminists', TEDxEuston Talk. |doi=10.1080/07491409.2017.1334456 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07491409.2017.1334456?scroll=top&needAccess=true |access-date=11 May 2024 |journal=[[Women's Studies in Communication]] |date=July 2017 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=315–316 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire |issn=0749-1409 |oclc=7082968906 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required|via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}} *{{cite book |last1=Bernardi |first1=Floriana |last2=Picarelli |first2=Enrica |editor1-last=Paulicelli |editor1-first=Eugenia |editor1-link=Eugenia Paulicelli |editor2-last=Manlow |editor2-first=Veronica |editor3-last=Wissinger |editor3-first=Elizabeth |title=The Routledge Companion to Fashion Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Lo8EAAAQBAJ&dq=The%20Routledge%20Companion%20to%20Fashion%20Studies%2C%20adichie&pg=PT228 |date=2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire |chapter=[[DOI:10.4324/9780429264405-22|22. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie as Fashion Icon: Addressing Nationalism and Feminism with Style]] |pages=215–222 |doi=10.4324/9780429264405-22 |isbn=978-0-367-20956-8 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Bhuta |first1=Aishwarya |title=Book Review: Adichie, C.N., ''Dear Ijeawele, or a Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions'', London: Fourth Estate, 2017. 80 pages, ₹250. ISBN 978-0-00-824103-2 |journal=[[Indian Journal of Gender Studies]] |date=June 2018 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=319–323 |doi=10.1177/0971521518761445 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0971521518761445 |access-date=9 May 2024 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=Thousand Oaks, California |issn=0971-5215 |oclc=7651369612 |url-access=subscription }} * {{cite journal |last1=Bragg |first1=Beauty |title=Racial Identification, Diaspora Subjectivity, and Black Consciousness in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Americanah and Helen Oyeyemi's Boy, Snow, Bird |journal=[[South Atlantic Review]] |date=Winter 2017 |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=121–138 |jstor=90017450 |issn=0277-335X |oclc=9970616626}} * {{cite web |last=Braimah |first=Ayodale |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (1977–) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/adichie-chimamanda-ngozi-1977/ |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=[[BlackPast.org|BlackPast]] |date=13 February 2018 |publisher=BlackPast.org |location=Seattle, Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810173946/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/adichie-chimamanda-ngozi-1977/ |archive-date=10 August 2022 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Brockes |first=Emma |author-link=Emma Brockes |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'Can people please stop telling me feminism is hot?' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/mar/04/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-stop-telling-me-feminism-hot |access-date=22 August 2017 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 March 2017 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903133059/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/mar/04/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-stop-telling-me-feminism-hot |archive-date=3 September 2019 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Broom |first=Sarah M. |author-link=Sarah M. Broom |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'My Madness Will Now Bare Itself' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/09/books/review/notes-on-grief-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie.html |access-date=30 April 2024 |url-access=limited |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502021205/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/09/books/review/notes-on-grief-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie.html |archive-date=2 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Brown |first=Lauren Alix |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'Sometimes it feels like the universe is conspiring against me' |website=Quartz |date=11 December 2017 |url=https://qz.com/quartzy/1133732/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-talks-about-feminism-and-raising-her-daughter-in-a-gendered-world |access-date=14 May 2024 }} * {{cite web | last=Busby | first=Margaret | author-link=Margaret Busby | title=Africa39: how we chose the writers for Port Harcourt World Book Capital 2014 | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=10 April 2014 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2014/apr/10/port-harcourt-world-book-capital-2014-africa-39 | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=London, UK }} * {{cite news |last=Busby |first=Margaret |author-link=Margaret Busby |title=Buchi Emecheta Obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/03/buchi-emecheta-obituary |access-date=14 November 2020 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 February 2017 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170204094646/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/03/buchi-emecheta-obituary |archive-date=4 February 2017 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Cain |first=Sian |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Slams BBC 'Ambush' with Trump Supporter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/28/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-slams-bbc-ambush-with-trump-supporter-newsnight |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 November 2016 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518153327/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/28/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-slams-bbc-ambush-with-trump-supporter-newsnight |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Calkin |first=Jessamy |title=Love in the Time of Cornrows: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie on Her New Novel |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/authorinterviews/9968921/Love-in-the-time-of-cornrows-Chimamanda-Ngozi-Adichie-on-her-new-novel.html |access-date=11 May 2024 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=6 April 2013 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207182012/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/authorinterviews/9968921/Love-in-the-time-of-cornrows-Chimamanda-Ngozi-Adichie-on-her-new-novel.html |archive-date=7 December 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Camminga |first=B. |title=Disregard and Danger: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and the Voices of Trans (And Cis) African Feminists |doi=10.1177/0038026120934695 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0038026120934695 |access-date=8 May 2024 |journal=[[The Sociological Review]] |date=July 2020 |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=817–833 |publisher=[[Sage Publishing]] |location=Thousand Oaks, California |issn=0038-0261 |oclc=8643495664 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required|via=[[Sage Publishing|SAGE Journals]]}} * {{cite book |last1=Carotenuto |first1=Silvana |editor1-last=Ememyonu |editor1-first=Ernest N. |editor-link=Ernest Emenyonu |title=A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |date=2017 |publisher=[[James Currey]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXkVvgAACAAJ&pg=PA18 |chapter=12. 'A Kind of Paradise' Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Claim to Agency, Responsibility & Writing |pages=169–184 |chapter-url=https://unora.unior.it/retrieve/handle/11574/171405/29601/Companion%20to%20Chimamanda%20first%20proofs%20inc%20re-run%20Appendix-%20S%20Carotenuto.pdf |isbn=978-1-84701-162-6 }} * {{cite magazine |last=Chela |first=Efemia |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Named a Nouvelle Héroïne of Literature in France |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2017/08/07/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-named-a-nouvelle-heroine-of-literature-in-france/ |access-date=15 May 2024 |magazine=[[The Johannesburg Review of Books]] |date=7 August 2017 |publisher=Ben Williams Publishing |location=Johannesburg, South Africa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221180302/https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2017/08/07/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-named-a-nouvelle-heroine-of-literature-in-france/ |archive-date=21 February 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |title=Chimamanda Adichie – Quintessence of a Literary Icon |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201808060087.html |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]] |agency=[[AllAfrica]] |date=5 August 2018 |location=Abuja, Nigeria |id={{Gale|A550692546}} |ref={{sfnref|''Leadership''|2018}} }} * {{cite magazine |title=Chimamanda Adichie Schools White Man: 'You Don't Get To Define Racism' |url=https://www.theroot.com/watch-chimamanda-adichie-schools-white-man-you-don-t-1790857702 |access-date=20 May 2024 |magazine=[[The Root (magazine)|The Root]] |date=12 November 2016 |publisher=[[G/O Media]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518153327/https://www.theroot.com/watch-chimamanda-adichie-schools-white-man-you-don-t-1790857702 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''The Root''|2016}} }} *{{cite news |title=Chimamanda Adichie Wins French Literary Award |url=https://www.thecable.ng/chimamanda-adichie-wins-french-literary-award/ |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=[[TheCable]] |date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517085832/https://www.thecable.ng/chimamanda-adichie-wins-french-literary-award |archive-date=17 May 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''TheCable''|2017}} }} * {{cite news |title=Chimamanda Makes History as First African to Speak at Yale's Class Day |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/chimamanda-makes-history-as-first-african-to-speak-at-yales-class-day/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=20 May 2019 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505181154/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/chimamanda-makes-history-as-first-african-to-speak-at-yales-class-day/ |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Vanguard''|2019}} }} * {{cite news |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, a Pride to Africa, a Treasure to the World |url=https://businessday.ng/offduty/article/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-a-pride-to-africa-a-treasure-to-the-world-2/ |access-date=23 March 2024 |work=[[Business Day (Nigeria)|Business Day]] |date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323124934/https://businessday.ng/offduty/article/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-a-pride-to-africa-a-treasure-to-the-world-2/ |archive-date=23 March 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Business Day''|2016}} }} * {{cite | title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Dream Count Homecoming Tour: A Photo Diary | date=5 August 2025 | url=https://brittlepaper.com/2025/08/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-dream-count-homecoming-tour-a-photo-diary/ |website=[[Brittle Paper]]| language=en-US | ref={{sfnref|''Brittle Paper''|2025}} | access-date=14 July 2026}} * {{cite news |title=Chimamanda's Mother for Burial May 1 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/03/17/chimamandas-mother-for-burial-may-1/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=[[This Day]] |date=16 March 2021 |location=Apapa, Lagos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522165155/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/03/17/chimamandas-mother-for-burial-may-1/ |archive-date=22 May 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''This Day''|2021}} }} * {{cite news |title=Chimamanda to Receive 16th Honorary PhD from the Catholic University of Louvain Belgium |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/chimamanda-to-receive-16th-honorary-phd-from-the-catholic-university-of-louvain-belgium/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=22 March 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322100849/https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/chimamanda-to-receive-16th-honorary-phd-from-the-catholic-university-of-louvain-belgium/ |archive-date=22 March 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Guardian Nigeria''|2022}} }} * {{cite news |last=Chutel |first=Lynsey |title=Award-Winning Author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Has Had a Baby, Not That It's Anyone's Business |url=http://qz.com/722822/award-winning-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-has-had-a-baby-not-that-its-anyones-business/ |access-date=3 July 2016 |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |date=3 July 2016 |publisher=[[G/O Media]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704125129/http://qz.com/722822/award-winning-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-has-had-a-baby-not-that-its-anyones-business/ |archive-date=4 July 2016 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Crockett |first=Emily |title=The Controversy over Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and Trans Women, Explained |url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/3/15/14910900/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-transgender-women-comments-apology |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=15 March 2017 |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325165825/https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/3/15/14910900/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-transgender-women-comments-apology |archive-date=25 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Cummins | first=Anthony | title=Dream Count by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie review – candid conversations with friends | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=2 March 2025 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/mar/02/dream-count-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-review-candid-conversations-with-friends | access-date=14 July 2026 }} * {{cite magazine |title=Curriculum Vitae: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://magazine.krieger.jhu.edu/2015/11/curriculum-vitae-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |access-date=1 April 2024 |magazine=A & S Magazine |date=Fall 2015 |volume=13 |issue=1 |publisher=Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, [[Johns Hopkins University]] |location=Baltimore, Maryland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002220404/https://magazine.krieger.jhu.edu/2015/11/curriculum-vitae-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |archive-date=2 October 2023 |ref={{sfnref|Krieger|2015}} }} * {{cite book |last1=Dabiri |first1=Emma |author-link=Emma Dabiri |editor1-last=Beyer |editor1-first=Theresa |editor2-last=Burkhalter |editor2-first=Thomas |editor3-last=Liechti |editor3-first=Hannes |title=Seismographic Sounds: Visions of a New World |date=2015 |publisher=Norient |location=Berne, Switzerland |chapter=Re-Imagining Gender in Nigeria |chapter-url=https://norient.com/stories/gender-in-nigeria?topic=97 |isbn=978-3-9524496-0-8}} * {{cite web |last=Danielle |first=Britni |date=2014-03-20 |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Defends Beyoncé: 'Whoever Says They're Feminist is Bloody Feminist' |url=http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2014/03/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-defends-beyonce-asks-shouldnt-women-sexuality/ |website=Clutch Magazine Online |location=Houston, Texas |publisher=Sutton Media |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325224952/http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2014/03/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-defends-beyonce-asks-shouldnt-women-sexuality/ |archive-date=2014-03-25 |access-date=2026-04-25 |accessdate=2026-07-14 |archivedate=2014-04-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423173503/http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2014/03/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-defends-beyonce-asks-shouldnt-women-sexuality/ }} * {{cite journal |last1=Daniels |first1=Juliana |title=Alternative Feminism: Interrogating Marriage and Motherhood in Chimamanda Ngozie Adichie's ''Half of a Yellow Sun'' and ''Purple Hibiscus'' |journal=The International Journal of Humanities Education |date=2022 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=53–66 |doi=10.18848/2327-0063/CGP/v21i01/53-66 |publisher=Common Ground Research Network, [[University of Illinois]] |location=Champaign, Illinois |issn=2327-0063 |oclc=9695413750 |id={{ProQuest|2743806195}}}} * {{cite web |last=Dayo |first=Bernard |title=Read Chimamanda Adichie's Elegantly Moving Tribute to Binyavanga Wainaina and Cry with Us |url=https://ynaija.com/read-chimamanda-adichies-elegantly-moving-tribute-to-binyavanga-wainaina-and-cry-with-us/ |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[YNaija]] |date=28 May 2019 |publisher=Generation Y! |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821225008/https://ynaija.com/read-chimamanda-adichies-elegantly-moving-tribute-to-binyavanga-wainaina-and-cry-with-us/ |archive-date=21 August 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Dube |first=Musa W. |author-link=Musa Dube |title=Purple Hibiscus: A Postcolonial Feminist Reading |url=https://doaj.org/article/e1e37b7a0049415e8f108572b16ad66a |doi=10.7832/46-2-311 |journal=Missionalia |date=April 2019 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=222–235 |publisher=[[Stellenbosch University]] |location=Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa |issn=0256-9507 |oclc=8081262364 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite news |last=Edeme |first=Victoria |title=Chimamanda Adichie Receives Harvard's Highest Honour |url=https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-receives-harvards-highest-honour/ |access-date=5 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |date=7 October 2022a |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505231800/https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-receives-harvards-highest-honour/ |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Edeme |first=Victoria |date=30 December 2022b |title=Pictorial: Chimamanda Adichie receives chieftaincy title in hometown |work=Punch |url=https://punchng.com/pictorial-chimamanda-adichie-receives-chieftaincy-title-in-hometown/ |access-date=11 October 2024 }} * {{cite news |last=Edwardes |first=Charlotte |date=15 February 2025 |title='Cancel culture? We should stop it. End of story': Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie on backlash, writer's block – and her new baby twins |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/feb/15/cancel-culture-we-should-stop-it-end-of-story-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-on-backlash-writers-block-and-her-two-new-babies |access-date=4 March 2025 }} * {{cite book |last1=Egbunike |first1=Louisa Uchum |editor1-last=Ememyonu |editor1-first=Ernest N. |editor-link=Ernest Emenyonu |title=A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |date=2017 |publisher=[[James Currey]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXkVvgAACAAJ&pg=PA18 |chapter=1. Narrating the Past: Orality, History & the Production of Knowledge in the Works of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |pages=15–30 |isbn=978-1-84701-162-6}} * {{cite journal |last1=Ejikeme |first1=Anene |title=The Women of Things Fall Apart, Speaking from a Different Perspective: Chimamanda Adichie's Headstrong Storytellers |journal=Meridians |date=2017 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=307–329 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/672856/pdf |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |location=Durham, North Carolina |doi=10.2979/meridians.15.2.02 |issn=1536-6936 |oclc=8870766018 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required |via=[[Project Muse]]}} * {{cite web |last=Ekpo |first=Nathan Nathaniel |title='British Women did not own properties, but Igbo Women could trade and own properties'—Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/34094/british-women-did-not-own-properties-but-igbo-women-could.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=[[ModernGhana]] |date=7 May 2018 |publisher=Modern Ghana Media Communication Ltd. |location=Accra, Ghana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517181401/https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/34094/british-women-did-not-own-properties-but-igbo-women-could.html |archive-date=17 May 2024 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |title=El madrileño barrio de la Concepción se une para exigir que no se toque un mural feminista |url=https://www.elmundo.es/madrid/2021/01/24/600da5da21efa05b308b4641.html |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |agency=[[EFE]] |date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514214712/https://www.elmundo.es/madrid/2021/01/24/600da5da21efa05b308b4641.html |archive-date=14 May 2024 |location=Madrid, Spain |language=Spanish |trans-title=The Madrid Neighborhood of la Concepción Unites to Demand That a Feminist Mural Not Be Touched |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''El Mundo''|2021}} }} * {{cite book |last1=Ememyonu |first1=Ernest N. |author-link=Ernest Emenyonu |editor1-last=Ememyonu |editor1-first=Ernest N. |title=A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |date=2017 |publisher=[[James Currey]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXkVvgAACAAJ&pg=PA3 |chapter=Introduction |pages=1–14 |isbn=978-1-84701-162-6}} * {{cite news |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |title=Chimamanda Adichie Delivers Lecture at American University Commencement Ceremony |url=https://guardian.ng/news/chimamanda-adichie-delivers-lecture-at-american-university-commencement-ceremony/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=13 May 2019 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505181144/https://guardian.ng/news/chimamanda-adichie-delivers-lecture-at-american-university-commencement-ceremony/ |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last1=Espinoza Cárdenas |first1=Natalia |title=El feminismo da el vamos a Congreso Futuro con charla de Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: "Hay que abrirse a conocer las otras historias" |url=https://www.elmostrador.cl/destacado/2020/01/13/el-feminismo-da-el-vamos-a-congreso-futuro-con-charla-de-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-hay-que-abrirse-a-conocer-las-otras-historias/ |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[El Mostrador]] |date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514214710/https://www.elmostrador.cl/destacado/2020/01/13/el-feminismo-da-el-vamos-a-congreso-futuro-con-charla-de-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-hay-que-abrirse-a-conocer-las-otras-historias/ |archive-date=14 May 2024 |location=Providencia, Chile |language=Spanish |trans-title=Feminism Kicks Off the Future Congress with a Talk by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'We have to be open to knowing the other stories' |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Ewokor | first=Chris | title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Nigeria to hold inquest into death of author's toddler | website=[[BBC]] | date=26 February 2026 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwygr2nzdp9o | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=London, UK }} * {{cite web |last=Felperin |first=Leslie |title=''Half of a Yellow Sun'': London Review |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=11 October 2013 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/a-yellow-sun-london-review-647828/ |access-date=23 April 2024 |location=Los Angeles, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120195053/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/a-yellow-sun-london-review-647828/ |archive-date=20 November 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Wins US National Book Critics Circle Award |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/14/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-national-book-critics-circle-awards |access-date=7 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 March 2014 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116001615/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/14/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-national-book-critics-circle-awards |archive-date=16 January 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Wins PEN Pinter Prize |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/12/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wins-pen-pinter-prize |access-date=15 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 June 2018a |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104065757/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/12/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wins-pen-pinter-prize |archive-date=4 January 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Accepts PEN Pinter Prize with Call to Speak Out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/oct/09/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-accepts-pen-pinter-prize-with-call-to-speak-out |access-date=15 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 October 2018b |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802141640/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/oct/09/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-accepts-pen-pinter-prize-with-call-to-speak-out |archive-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last1=Flood |first1=Alison |title=Binyavanga Wainaina, Kenyan Author and Gay Rights Activist, Dies Aged 48 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/22/binyavanga-wainaina-kenyan-author-and-gay-rights-activist-dies-aged-48 |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628153712/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/22/binyavanga-wainaina-kenyan-author-and-gay-rights-activist-dies-aged-48 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |location=London, UK |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Voted Women's Prize 'Winner of Winners' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/12/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-half-of-a-yellow-sun-voted-womens-prize-winner-of-winners |access-date=19 May 2021 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 November 2020 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105135522/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/12/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-half-of-a-yellow-sun-voted-womens-prize-winner-of-winners |archive-date=5 January 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie to Publish Memoir about Her Father's Death |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/feb/11/Chimamanda-Ngozi-Adichie-to-publish-memoir-about-her-fathers-death |access-date=27 February 2021 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 February 2021a |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916054818/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/feb/11/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-to-publish-memoir-about-her-fathers-death |archive-date=16 September 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title='It is obscene': Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Pens Blistering Essay against Social Media Sanctimony |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jun/16/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-social-media-sanctimony |access-date=30 June 2021 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 June 2021b |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629185700/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jun/16/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-social-media-sanctimony |archive-date=29 June 2021 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |title=Four Speakers to Deliver the BBC Radio 4 Reith Lectures 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2022/bbc-radio-4-reith-lectures |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Media Centre |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=30 September 2022 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323035233/https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2022/bbc-radio-4-reith-lectures |archive-date=23 March 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|BBC Radio|2022}} }} *{{cite news |last1=Germain |first1=Nicolas |title=Video: Nigerian Author's 'Americanah' Comes to France |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20150123-video-literature-nigerian-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-published-france |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=[[France 24]] |date=23 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017231904/https://www.france24.com/en/20150123-video-literature-nigerian-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-published-france |archive-date=17 October 2022 |location=Paris, France |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Glynn | first=Paul | title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Nigerian author 'devastated' by death of young son | website=[[BBC]] | date=8 January 2026 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62wx32re2po | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=London, UK }} * {{cite news |last=Gonçalves |first=Emily |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Talks Feminism and Story-Telling |url=https://vanderbilthustler.com/2019/11/22/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-talks-feminism-and-story-telling/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[The Vanderbilt Hustler]] |date=22 November 2019 |publisher=[[Vanderbilt University]] |location=Nashville, Tennessee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507030142/https://vanderbilthustler.com/2019/11/22/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-talks-feminism-and-story-telling/ |archive-date=7 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Manasi |title=Merkel Speaks with Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://www.dw.com/en/angela-merkel-and-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-in-conversation/a-59131973 |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=9 September 2021 |location=Bonn, Germany |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009030959/https://www.dw.com/en/angela-merkel-and-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-in-conversation/a-59131973 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Grady |first=Constance |title=Hillary Clinton and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Talk Censorship, Feminism, and Pizzagate |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/4/24/17271638/hillary-clinton-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-arthur-miller-freedom-write-pen-america-world-voices |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=24 April 2018 |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518153327/https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/4/24/17271638/hillary-clinton-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-arthur-miller-freedom-write-pen-america-world-voices |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Zoe |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Blueprint for Feminism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/15/books/chimamanda-ngozi-adiche-dear-ijeawele.html |access-date=22 March 2024 |url-access=limited |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032303/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/15/books/chimamanda-ngozi-adiche-dear-ijeawele.html |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Hewett |first1=Heather |title=Coming of Age: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and the Voice of the Third Generation |journal=English in Africa |date=May 2005 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=73–97 |jstor=40239030 |issn=0376-8902 |oclc=5878056558}} * {{cite web |last=Hobdy |first=Dominique |title=Why 'Americanah' Author Chimamanda Ngozi Is All About Nigerian Designers |url=https://www.essence.com/fashion/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wear-nigerian/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence.com]] |date=26 October 2020 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507151043/https://www.essence.com/fashion/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wear-nigerian/ |archive-date=7 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Ibeh |first=Chukwuebuka |title=Chimamanda Adichie Debuts Children's Book Under the Pseudonym Nwa Grace James |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/04/chimamanda-adichie-debuts-childrens-book-under-the-pseudonym-nwa-grace-james/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |magazine=[[Brittle Paper]] |date=7 April 2022 |publisher=[[Ainehi Edoro]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401065833/https://brittlepaper.com/2022/04/chimamanda-adichie-debuts-childrens-book-under-the-pseudonym-nwa-grace-james/ |archive-date=1 April 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Idowu |first=Torera |title=This Is Why Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Is Only Wearing Nigerian Brands |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/09/africa/chimamanda-wear-nigerian-campaign/index.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=[[CNN]] |date=9 May 2017 |location=Atlanta, Georgia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507151042/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/09/africa/chimamanda-wear-nigerian-campaign/index.html |archive-date=7 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Ige | first=Olugbenga | title=Chimamanda Adichie loses 21-month-old son | website=[[The Punch]] | date=8 January 2026 | url=https://punchng.com/breaking-chimamanda-adichie-loses-son/ | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=Lagos, Nigeria }} * {{cite journal |editor1-last=Igwe |editor1-first=Chidi |title=Profile: Professor Ernest Nneji Ememyonu |journal=ISA Newsletter |date=Winter 2017 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=7–10 |url=https://www.igbostudies.org/images/newsletter/isa-newsletter-winter-2017.pdf |access-date=2 May 2024 |publisher=Igbo Studies Association |location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402022840/https://www.igbostudies.org/images/newsletter/isa-newsletter-winter-2017.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2024 |issn=2375-9720 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Irvine |first=Lindesay |title=Adichie Wins a $500,000 Genius Grant |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/sep/24/fiction.awardsandprizes |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 September 2008 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322201112/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/sep/24/fiction.awardsandprizes |archive-date=22 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Ishaya |first1=Yusuf Tsojon |last2=Gunn |first2=Michael |title=Graphology as Style in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's ''The Thing Around Your Neck'' |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/lwati/article/view/224185/211488 |journal=LWATI: A Journal of Contemporary Research |date=March 2022 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=69–86 |publisher=Universal Academic Services |location=Beijing, China |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109035543/https://www.ajol.info/index.php/lwati/article/download/224185/211488 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |url-status=live |issn=1813-2227 }} * {{cite web |last=Italie |first=Hillel |title=Tartt, Goodwin Awarded Carnegie Medals |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/books/2023957398_apxbookscarnegiemedals.html |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=30 June 2014 |location=Seattle, Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715012821/http://seattletimes.com/html/books/2023957398_apxbookscarnegiemedals.html |archive-date=15 July 2014 }} * {{cite news |title=James Nwoye Adichie (1932&nbsp;– 2020) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/james-nwoye-adichie-1932-2020/ |access-date=20 May 2021 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=3 July 2020 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522165157/https://www.sunnewsonline.com/james-nwoye-adichie-1932-2020/ |archive-date=22 May 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''The Sun''|2020}} }} * {{cite web |last=Jaschik |first=Scott |title=Debate at Barnard over Selection of Commencement Speaker |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/02/29/debate-barnard-over-selection-commencement-speaker |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=28 February 2016 |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507165545/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/02/29/debate-barnard-over-selection-commencement-speaker |archive-date=7 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Jones |first=Radhika |author-link=Radhika Jones |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: The World's 100 Most Influential People |url=http://time.com/3823296/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-2015-time-100/ |access-date=14 December 2015 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=16 April 2015 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120210148/http://time.com/3823296/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-2015-time-100/ |archive-date=20 November 2015 }} * {{cite web |title=Keynote: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://rikk.hi.is/en/opinn-fyrirlestur-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=RIKK |date=7 September 2021 |publisher=Reykjavík Institute for Gender, Equality and Difference |location=Reykjavík, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517223941/https://rikk.hi.is/en/opinn-fyrirlestur-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |archive-date=17 May 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|RIKK|2021}} }} *{{cite news |last=Kiene |first=Aimée |title=Ngozi Adichie: Beyoncé's Feminism Isn't My Feminism |url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/boeken/ngozi-adichie-beyonce-s-feminism-isn-t-my-feminism~a4390684/ |access-date=20 November 2020 |url-access=subscription |work=[[De Volkskrant]] |date=7 October 2016 |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands }} * {{cite news |last=Kumolu |first=Charles |title=Chimamanda: From Pushing Boundaries to Harvard's Highest Honour |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=2 October 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/10/chimamanda-from-pushing-boundaries-to-harvards-highest-honour/ |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515170059/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/10/chimamanda-from-pushing-boundaries-to-harvards-highest-honour/ |archive-date=15 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Law |first=Katie |title=Zikora: A Short Story by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Review: A Taut Tale of Sexism and Single Motherhood |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/books/zikora-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-book-review-a4573312.html |access-date=6 November 2020 |newspaper=[[Evening Standard]] |date=29 October 2020 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407183223/https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/books/zikora-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-book-review-a4573312.html |archive-date=7 April 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Lecznar |first1=Matthew |title=Texts, Talks and Tailoring: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Fashion Politics |journal=[[Celebrity Studies]] |date=February 2017 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=167–171 |doi=10.1080/19392397.2016.1275324 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19392397.2016.1275324 |access-date=13 May 2024 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire |issn=1939-2397 |oclc=7181681870 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required|via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}} * {{cite web | last=Lee | first=Helena | title=Dream Count by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: interview and release date | website=[[Harper's Bazaar#Harper's Bazaar UK|Harper's BAZAAR]] | date=5 March 2025 | url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/culture/a63957572/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-interview-dream-count/ | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=London, UK }} * {{cite news |last=Lee |first=Nicole |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'Fear of Causing Offence Becomes a Fetish' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/11/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-fear-causing-offence-a-fetish |access-date=23 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 May 2015 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102142352/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/11/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-fear-causing-offence-a-fetish |archive-date=2 November 2023 }} *{{cite news |title=Libros infantiles para celebrar el Día de la Mujer |url=https://www.diariodesevilla.es/vivirensevilla/Libros-infantiles-celebrar-Dia-Mujer_0_1443155914.html |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=[[Diario de Sevilla]] |date=6 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205144422/https://www.diariodesevilla.es/vivirensevilla/Libros-infantiles-celebrar-Dia-Mujer_0_1443155914.html |archive-date=5 December 2022 |location=Seville, Spain |language=Spanish |trans-title=Children's Books to Celebrate Women's Day |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Diario de Sevilla''|2020}} }} * {{cite news |last=Lozada |first=Carlos |author-link=Carlos Lozada (journalist) |title=In Grieving for Her Father, a Novelist Discovers the Failure of Words |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/05/06/adichiegrief/ |access-date=17 June 2021 |url-access=limited |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=6 May 2021 |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618195627/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/05/06/adichiegrief/ |archive-date=18 June 2021 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Luckett |first=Jeanne B. |title=Practical Matters |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/212/article/700238/pdf |access-date=20 May 2024 |doi=10.1353/ewr.2018.0012 |journal=Eudora Welty Review |date=Spring 2018 |volume=10 |pages=155–163 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |issn=1947-3370 |oclc=9983914051 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required |via=[[Project Muse]]}} * {{cite magazine |last=MacFarquhar |first=Larissa |author-link=Larissa MacFarquhar |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Comes to Terms with Global Fame |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/06/04/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-comes-to-terms-with-global-fame |access-date=17 June 2021 |url-access=limited |magazine=[[The New Yorker|New Yorker.com]] |date=28 May 2018 |location=New York City, New York }} * {{cite journal |last=Madueke |first=Sylvia Ijeoma |title=On Translating Postcolonial African Writing: French Translation of Chimamanda Adichie's Half of a Yellow Sun |url=https://doaj.org/article/70e665defd2c44a894279e67311f3d6a |doi=10.21992/tc29446 |journal=TranscUlturAl |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=August 2019 |pages=49–66 |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |location=Edmonton, Alberta |issn=1920-0323 |oclc=8615550149 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite news |last=Majendie |first=Paul |title=Nigerian Author Wins Top Women's Fiction Prize |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL0627938220070606/ |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=9 August 2007 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802141704/https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL0627938220070606 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Malec |first=Jennifer |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Pays Touching Tribute to Binyavanga Wainaina: 'A great and rare and genuine talent' |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2017/07/26/the-jrb-daily-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-pays-touching-tribute-to-binyavanga-wainaina-a-great-and-rare-and-genuine-talent/ |access-date=21 February 2021 |magazine=[[The Johannesburg Review of Books]] |date=26 July 2017 |publisher=Ben Williams Publishing |location=Johannesburg, South Africa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202193256/https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2017/07/26/the-jrb-daily-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-pays-touching-tribute-to-binyavanga-wainaina-a-great-and-rare-and-genuine-talent/ |archive-date=2 December 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Mannur |first=Anita |title=The Danger of a Singular Fashion: Studies of Race, Fashion, and Beauty in American Studies |doi=10.1353/aq.2017.0034 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/663338/pdf |access-date=9 May 2024 |journal=[[American Quarterly]] |date=June 2017 |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=411–420 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |location=Baltimore, Marylan |jstor=26360860 |issn=0003-0678 |oclc=7075078562 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required|via=[[Project Muse]]}} * {{cite web |last=Martin |first=Michel |author-link=Michel Martin |title=Feminism Is Fashionable for Nigerian Writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://www.npr.org/2014/03/18/291133080/news-maker |access-date=5 April 2018 |website=[[Tell Me More]] |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=18 March 2014 |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928211656/https://www.npr.org/2014/03/18/291133080/news-maker |archive-date=28 September 2019 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Mbah |first1=Victor Chukwudi |title=Themes and Techniques in African Novel: A Review of Ngozi Chimamanda Adichie's Half of a Yellow Sun |journal=Ansu Journal of Language and Literary Studies |date=2015 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=345–359 |url=https://ezenwaohaetorc.org/journals/index.php/AJLLS/article/view/215 |access-date=28 April 2024 |publisher=[[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University]] |location=Uli, Anambra, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116025502/https://ezenwaohaetorc.org/journals/index.php/AJLLS/article/view/215 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |issn=2465-7352 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=McGrath |first=Charles |author-link=Charles McGrath (critic) |title=No Life Away from Her Books |url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/books/no-life-away-from-her-books-20061008-ge39zh.html |access-date=22 April 2024 |url-access=limited |work=[[The Age]] |agency=[[The New York Times|New York Times Agency]] |date=8 October 2006 |location=Melbourne, Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416174943/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/books/no-life-away-from-her-books-20061008-ge39zh.html |archive-date=16 April 2024 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last1=Medeossi |first1=Paolo |title=Amore e guerraal tempo del Biafra |url=https://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/udine/cronaca/2009/01/29/news/amore_e_guerraal_tempo_del_biafra-4054228/ |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[Messaggero Veneto]] |date=29 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517131110/https://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/udine/cronaca/2009/01/29/news/amore_e_guerraal_tempo_del_biafra-4054228/ |archive-date=17 May 2024 |location=Udine, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title=Love and War in the Time of Biafra |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Medrano |first=Kastalia |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Continues To Be the Hero We Need |url=https://time.com/4587844/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-elle-fashion-week/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=1 December 2016 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220063359/https://time.com/4587844/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-elle-fashion-week/ |archive-date=20 December 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |title=Meghan Markle Puts Sinéad Burke on the Cover of Vogue's September Issue |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/fashion/meghan-markle-puts-sin%C3%A9ad-burke-on-the-cover-of-vogue-s-september-issue-1.3970604 |access-date=31 July 2019 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=29 July 2019 |location=Dublin, Ireland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729141808/https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/fashion/meghan-markle-puts-sin%C3%A9ad-burke-on-the-cover-of-vogue-s-september-issue-1.3970604 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''The Irish Times''|2019}} }} * {{cite book |last=Mullane |first=Janet |editor-last=Trudeau |editor-first=Lawrence J. |title=Contemporary Literary Criticism |volume=364 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Cengage Group|Cengage Learning]] |location=Farmington Hills, Michigan |chapter=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |chapter-url=https://www.gale.com/intl/databases-explored/literature/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie |isbn=978-1-4144-9987-1}} * {{cite news |last=Murray |first=Senan |title=The New Face of Nigerian Literature? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6731387.stm |access-date=26 August 2022 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=8 June 2007 |location=Abuja, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122124722/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6731387.stm |archive-date=22 November 2022 |url-status=live }} *{{cite journal |last1=Musila |first1=Grace A. |title=Review: Ernest E. Emenyonu (editor), A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. Woodbridge: James Currey (hb £30 – 978 1 84701 162 6; pb £17.99 – 978 1 84701 241 8). 2017, xii + 300 pp. |journal=[[Africa (journal)|Africa]] |date=August 2020 |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=805–807 |doi=10.1017/S0001972020000467 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A67F660512A187CF243A562962E5C76D/S0001972020000467a.pdf/ernest-e-emenyonu-editor-a-companion-to-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-woodbridge-james-currey-hb-pound30-978-1-84701-162-6-pb-pound1799-978-1-84701-241-8-2017-xii-300-pp.pdf |access-date=18 May 2024 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire |issn=0001-9720 |oclc=8639113471 }} * {{cite book |last1=Ndula |first1=Janet |editor1-last=Ememyonu |editor1-first=Ernest N. |editor-link=Ernest Emenyonu |title=A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |date=2017 |publisher=[[James Currey]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXkVvgAACAAJ&pg=PA18 |chapter=2. Deconstructing Binary Oppositions of Gender in ''Purple Hibiscus '': A Review of Religious/Traditional Superiority & Silence |pages=31–44 |isbn=978-1-84701-162-6}} * {{cite journal |last=Nwankwọ |first=Izuu |title=Traditions of Naming in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Fiction |url=https://www.postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/download/2803/2612 |journal=Postcolonial Text |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=1–17 |date=2023 |publisher=[[Sorbonne Paris North University]] |location=Villetaneuse, France |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330225125/https://www.postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/download/2803/2612 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |issn=1705-9100 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Obi-Young |first=Otosirieze |author-link=Otosirieze Obi-Young |title=As Sales Approach the Million Mark, Is Americanah Now Adichie's Signature Novel? |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2017/03/sales-approach-million-mark-americanah-adichies-signature/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |magazine=[[Brittle Paper]] |date=27 March 2017 |publisher=[[Ainehi Edoro]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327030356/https://brittlepaper.com/2017/03/sales-approach-million-mark-americanah-adichies-signature/ |archive-date=27 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Obi-Young |first=Otosirieze |author-link=Otosirieze Obi-Young |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Purple Hibiscus Turns 15: The Best Moments of a Modern Classic |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/10/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-purple-hibiscus-turns-15-the-best-moments-of-a-modern-classic/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |magazine=[[Brittle Paper]] |date=15 October 2018 |publisher=[[Ainehi Edoro]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327030329/https://brittlepaper.com/2018/10/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-purple-hibiscus-turns-15-the-best-moments-of-a-modern-classic/ |archive-date=27 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Obi-Young |first=Otosirieze |author-link=Otosirieze Obi-Young |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Is in a Different Place Now |url=https://opencountrymag.com/cover-story-sept-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-is-in-a-different-place-now/ |access-date=31 March 2024 |magazine=[[Open Country Mag]] |date=20 September 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602084010/https://opencountrymag.com/cover-story-sept-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-is-in-a-different-place-now/ |archive-date=2 June 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Obi-Young |first=Otosirieze |author-link=Otosirieze Obi-Young |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Children's Picture Book Coming in 2023 |url=https://opencountrymag.com/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-childrens-picture-book-coming-in-2023/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Open Country Mag |date=4 April 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401065834/https://opencountrymag.com/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-childrens-picture-book-coming-in-2023/ |archive-date=1 April 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Oduah | first=Henry | title=Coroner suspends inquest into death of Chimamanda's son | website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] | date=5 May 2026 | url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/05/coroner-suspends-inquest-into-death-of-chimamandas-son/ | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=Lagos, Nigeria }} *{{cite journal |last1=Ogwude |first1=Sophia O. |title=History and Ideology in Chimamanda Adichie's Fiction |journal=[[Tydskrif vir Letterkunde]] |date=February 2011 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=110–123 |doi=10.4314/tvl.v48i1.63824 |url=https://scielo.org.za/pdf/tvl/v48n1/v48n1a09.pdf |access-date=17 May 2024 |publisher=[[University of Pretoria]] |location=Pretoria, South Africa |issn=0041-476X |oclc=923961739 }} * {{cite web |last=Okachie |first=Leonard |title=Chimamanda Selected as Radcliffe Fellow |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/in-news/chimamanda-selected-radcliffe-fellow |access-date=16 January 2017 |website=[[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study|Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study News]] |date=19 May 2011 |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016180456/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/in-news/chimamanda-selected-radcliffe-fellow |accessdate=14 July 2026 |archivedate=16 October 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016180456/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/in-news/chimamanda-selected-radcliffe-fellow }} * {{cite web |last=Okafor |first=Chinedu |title=Chimamanda Adichie Comes under Same Fire as Rowling over Transphobia |url=https://ynaija.com/Chimamanda-Adichie-comes-under-same-fire-as-rowling-over-transphobia/ |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=[[YNaija]] |date=17 November 2020 |publisher=Generation Y! |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201120105742/https://ynaija.com/chimamanda-adichie-comes-under-same-fire-as-rowling-over-transphobia/ |archive-date=20 November 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Okafor | first=Makuochi | title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's family accuses Euracare Hospital of negligence over son's death | website=[[BBC]] | date=10 January 2026 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0lx09e618yo | access-date=11 January 2026 }} * {{cite web | last=Okogba | first=Emmanuel | title=Chimamanda becomes first woman to receive chieftaincy title in hometown | website=Vanguard News | date=1 January 2023 | url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/01/chimamanda-becomes-first-woman-to-receive-chieftaincy-title-in-hometown/ | access-date=16 February 2025 }} * {{cite journal |last=Okolo |first=Luke Ndudi |title=Thematic and Stylistic Analysis of Chimamanda Adichie's Purple Hibiscus |url=https://journals.ezenwaohaetorc.org/index.php/AJLLS/article/view/236 |access-date=23 April 2024 |journal=Ansu Journal of Language and Literary Studies |volume=1 |issue=3 |date=2016 |pages=1–13 |publisher=[[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University]] |location=Uli, Anambra, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324124655/https://journals.ezenwaohaetorc.org/index.php/AJLLS/article/view/236 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |issn=2465-7352 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Olaiya |first=Tope Templer |title=Chimamanda Adichie Did Not Accept National Honour, Team Confirms |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/chimamanda-adichie-did-not-accept-national-honour-team-confirms/ |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=13 October 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802142103/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/chimamanda-adichie-did-not-accept-national-honour-team-confirms/ |archive-date=2 August 2023 }} * {{cite news |last=Olaopa |first=Tunji |title=An Encounter with Toyin Falola: Between Celebration and Canonization of Intellectuals |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/11/27/an-encounter-with-toyin-falola-between-celebration-and-canonization-of-intellectuals/ |access-date=4 December 2022 |work=[[This Day]] |date=27 November 2022 |location=Apapa, Lagos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204235846/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/11/27/an-encounter-with-toyin-falola-between-celebration-and-canonization-of-intellectuals/ |archive-date=4 December 2022 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Olonilua | first=Ademola | title=ICYMI: My parents did not name me Chimamanda, says author, Adichie | website=[[The Punch]] | date=2 January 2021 | url=https://punchng.com/my-parents-did-not-name-me-chimamanda-says-author-adichie/ | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=Lagos, Nigeria }} * {{cite journal |last=Ordu |first=Stanley |title=Womanism and Patriarchy in Chimamanda Adichie's ''Purple Hibiscus'' |url=https://www.litinfinite.com/wp-content/uploads/7_Stanley-Ordu-_61_73.pdf |access-date=3 May 2022 |doi=10.47365/litinfinite.3.2.2021.61-73 |journal=Litinfinite Journal |volume=3 |issue=2 |date=December 2021 |pages=61–73 |publisher=Supriyo Chakraborty Penprints Publications |location=Kolkata, India |issn=2582-0400 |oclc=9455975886 }} * {{cite news |last=Parnass |first=Larry |title=Nigerian Author Adichie Urges Williams Grads to Commit to Social Justice |url=https://www.berkshireeagle.com/archives/nigerian-author-adichie-urges-williams-grads-to-commit-to-social-justice/article_83ec0753-03f4-5353-abb9-9e2d01a8cc15.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[The Berkshire Eagle]] |date=4 June 2017 |location=Pittsfield, Massachusetts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505181145/https://www.berkshireeagle.com/archives/nigerian-author-adichie-urges-williams-grads-to-commit-to-social-justice/article_83ec0753-03f4-5353-abb9-9e2d01a8cc15.html |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Pazzanese |first=Christina |title=Adichie: 'Protect and Value the Truth': Class Day Speaker Urges Graduating Seniors to Embrace That Principle in Their Own Lives |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/05/harvards-class-day-speaker-urges-students-to-protect-and-value-the-truth-in-their-own-lives/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[Harvard Gazette]] |date=24 May 2018 |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505181153/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/05/harvards-class-day-speaker-urges-students-to-protect-and-value-the-truth-in-their-own-lives/ |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Pearce |first=Katie |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Talks Politics, Race, and Writing at Johns Hopkins |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/02/09/chimamanda-adichie-fas-hopkins/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=The Hub |date=9 February 2017 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] |location=Baltimore, Maryland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505181145/https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/02/09/chimamanda-adichie-fas-hopkins/ |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Pongsajapan |first=Robert |title=Award-Winning Author Adichie Explores Faith, Feminism at Georgetown Event |url=https://www.georgetown.edu/news/award-winning-author-adichie-explores-faith-feminism-at-georgetown-event/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=Georgetown University News |date=17 March 2017 |publisher=[[Georgetown University]] |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001085251/https://www.georgetown.edu/news/award-winning-author-adichie-explores-faith-feminism-at-georgetown-event/ |archive-date=1 October 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |title=Previous Winners |url=http://www.caineprize.com/winners_02.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212075827/http://www.caineprize.com/winners_02.php |archive-date=12 December 2009 |website=[[Caine Prize]] |date=2009 |publisher=The Caine Prize for African Writing |location=London, UK |ref={{sfnref|Caine Prize|2009}} |accessdate=14 July 2026 |archivedate=12 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812074229/http://www.caineprize.com/winners_02.php }} * {{cite magazine |last=Richardson |first=Catherine |title=Dayton Literary Peace Prize |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA247445488 |access-date=7 May 2024 |magazine=[[Poets & Writers Magazine]] |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=January–February 2011 |publisher=[[Poets & Writers|Poets & Writers Inc.]] |location=New York City, New York |issn=0891-6136 |id={{Gale|A247445488}} }} * {{cite web |last=Ring |first=Trudy |title=Novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Goes Anti-Trans Again |url=https://www.advocate.com/transgender/2022/12/02/novelist-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-goes-anti-trans-again |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[The Advocate (magazine)|Advocate.com]] |date=2 December 2022 |publisher=Pride Media |location=Los Angeles, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510185048/https://www.advocate.com/transgender/2022/12/02/novelist-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-goes-anti-trans-again |archive-date=10 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Rios |first=Carmen |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Warns Humanitarians About the Danger of a Single Story |url=http://msmagazine.com/2019/10/21/the-danger-of-a-single-story-at-our-borders-and-in-our-movements/ |access-date=10 May 2024 |magazine=[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]] |date=21 October 2019 |publisher=[[Feminist Majority Foundation|Liberty Media for Women, LLC]] |location=Arlington, Virginia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511180515/http://msmagazine.com/2019/10/21/the-danger-of-a-single-story-at-our-borders-and-in-our-movements/ |archive-date=11 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Roifah |first1=Miftahur |title=Becoming a Mother: The Transition to Motherhood in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's 'Zikora' |journal=Prosodi |date=October 2021 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=178–185 |doi=10.21107/prosodi.v15i2.12184 |url=https://journal.trunojoyo.ac.id/prosodi/article/view/12184 |access-date=3 May 2024 |publisher=[[University of Trunojoyo Madura]] |location=Bangkalan, Indonesia |issn=1907-6665 |doi-access=free }} *{{cite news |last1=Rojas |first1=Juan Carlos |title=Chimamanda vino al Hay Festival para reivindicar a la mujer negra |url=https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/otras-ciudades/chimamanda-vino-al-hay-festival-para-reivindicar-a-la-mujer-negra-de-cartagena-y-coloambia-322564 |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]] |date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201062218/https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/otras-ciudades/chimamanda-vino-al-hay-festival-para-reivindicar-a-la-mujer-negra-de-cartagena-y-coloambia-322564 |archive-date=1 December 2023 |location=Bogotá, Colombia |language=Spanish |trans-title=Chimamanda Came to the Hay Festival to Vindicate Black Women |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Ryan |first=Lisa |title=Here's Why Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Is Wearing Only Nigerian Brands |url=https://www.thecut.com/2017/05/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wear-nigerian-fashion.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]] |date=8 May 2017 |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205212547/https://www.thecut.com/2017/05/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wear-nigerian-fashion.html |archive-date=5 December 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Saeed |first=Saeed |title=Frankfurt Book Fair Discussions Focus on Female Authors, Diversity and Responsibility of Publishers |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/books/frankfurt-book-fair-discussions-focus-on-female-authors-diversity-and-responsibility-of-publishers-1.780496 |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=15 October 2018 |location=Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519161331/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/books/frankfurt-book-fair-discussions-focus-on-female-authors-diversity-and-responsibility-of-publishers-1.780496 |archive-date=19 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Safronova |first=Valeriya |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Talks Beauty, Femininity and Feminism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/28/fashion/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-boots-no7-makeup.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |url-access=limited |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322210719/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/28/fashion/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-boots-no7-makeup.html |archive-date=22 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Sam-Duru |first=Prisca |title=Chimamanda Adichie, a Growing Literary Prodigy |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/ |access-date=23 April 2024 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=22 January 2014 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802142100/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/ |archive-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last1=Sarr |first1=Lucie |title=African Feminist Reflects on 'Fratelli Tutti' in Vatican Paper |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/african-feminist-reflects-fratelli-tutti-vatican-paper |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=[[National Catholic Reporter]] |date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202110622/https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/african-feminist-reflects-fratelli-tutti-vatican-paper |archive-date=2 December 2023 |location=Kansas City, Missouri |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Sebola |first1=Moffat |title=Some Reflections on Selected Themes in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Fiction and Her Feminist Manifesto |journal=Literator |date=May 2022 |volume=43 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/lit.v43i1.1723 |url=https://literator.org.za/index.php/literator/article/view/1723 |access-date=4 May 2024 |publisher=Bureau for Scholarly Journals |location=Potchefstroom, South Africa |issn=0258-2279 |oclc=9627424976 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite web |last=Sefa-Boakye |first=Jennifer |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Co-Curates PEN World Voices Festival in NYC with Focus on African Literature |url=https://pen.org/press-clip/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-co-curates-pen-world-voices-festival-in-nyc-with-focus-on-african-literature/ |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=[[PEN America]] |date=17 February 2015 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102152943/https://pen.org/press-clip/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-co-curates-pen-world-voices-festival-in-nyc-with-focus-on-african-literature/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 |url-status=live |accessdate=14 July 2026 |archivedate=2 November 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102152943/https://pen.org/press-clip/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-co-curates-pen-world-voices-festival-in-nyc-with-focus-on-african-literature/ }} * {{cite news |last=Shariatmadari |first=David |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Religious Leaders Must Help End Nigeria Violence |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/13/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-nigeria-leaders |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=13 January 2012 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129154612/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/13/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-nigeria-leaders |archive-date=29 January 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Sharobeem |first1=Heba M. |title=Space as the Representation of Cultural Conflict and Gender Relations in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's ''The Thing Around Your Neck'' |journal=Rocky Mountain Review |date=Spring 2015 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=18–36 |doi=10.1353/rmr.2015.a580802 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/143/article/580802/pdf |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association |location=Pullman, Washington |issn=1948-2825 |oclc=7791796472 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required |via=[[Project Muse]]}} * {{cite news |last=Shilling |first=Jane |title=The Thing Around Your Neck by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Review |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/5094748/The-Thing-Around-Your-Neck-by-Chimamanda-Ngozi-Adichie-Review.html |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=2 April 2009 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329094106/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/5094748/The-Thing-Around-Your-Neck-by-Chimamanda-Ngozi-Adichie-Review.html |archive-date=29 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Stephen-David |first=Pembi |title=Chimamanda Adichie – Toeing the Line of Literary Giants |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201306070144.html |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]] |agency=[[AllAfrica]] |date=7 June 2013 |location=Abuja, Nigeria |id={{Gale|A332826978}} }} *{{cite journal |last1=Stobie |first1=Cheryl |title=Taking wing: Vulnerability and queer/trans resistance in ''The Thirty Names of Night'' by Zeyn Joukhadar |journal=Safundi |date=October 2021 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=353–374 |doi=10.1080/17533171.2022.2062173 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17533171.2022.2062173 |access-date=14 May 2024 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire |issn=1543-1304 |oclc=9619990616 |url-access=subscription }} * {{cite news |last=Streeter |first=Leslie Gray |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Notes on Grief Captures the Bewildering Messiness of Loss – Review |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-notes-on-grief-b1846822.html |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=16 May 2021 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902021830/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-notes-on-grief-b1846822.html |archive-date=2 September 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |title=The 10 Best Books of 2013 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/books/review/the-10-best-books-of-2013.html |access-date=23 April 2024 |url-access=limited |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418002846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/books/review/the-10-best-books-of-2013.html |archive-date=18 April 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''The New York Times''|2013}} }} * {{cite magazine |title=The 2016 International Best Dressed List |url=https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2016/10/the-2016-international-best-dressed-list |access-date=9 May 2024 |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=1 October 2016 |pages=125–151 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424093349/https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2016/10/the-2016-international-best-dressed-list |archive-date=24 April 2024 |issn=0733-8899 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Vanity Fair''|2016}} }} * {{cite web |title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Parents' Memoirs (2) Knowing Each Other before You Marry |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/the-chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-parents-memoirs-2-knowing-each-other-before-you-marry/ |interviewer=Chika Abanobi |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=[[Sun News (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=14 September 2019 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401152741/https://sunnewsonline.com/the-chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-parents-memoirs-2-knowing-each-other-before-you-marry/ |archive-date=1 April 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''The Sun''|2019}} }} * {{cite web |title=The Thing Around Your Neck: Stories |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/the-thing-around-your-neck/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews|Kirkus Reviews.com]] |date=1 May 2009 |publisher=Kirkus Media |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814121050/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/the-thing-around-your-neck/ |archive-date=14 August 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Kirkus Reviews''|2009}} }} * {{cite web |title=Top 10 Nigerians in Africa Report's 100 Most Influential Africans |url=http://venturesafrica.com/top-10-nigerians-in-africa-reports-100-most-influential-africans/ |access-date=5 January 2021 |website=Ventures Africa |date=9 October 2019 |location=Maitama, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321064651/https://venturesafrica.com/top-10-nigerians-in-africa-reports-100-most-influential-africans/ |archive-date=21 March 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Ventures Africa''|2019}} |last1=Africa |first1=Ventures }} * {{cite book |last=Tunca |first=Daria |editor1-last=Gyssels |editor1-first=Kathleen |editor2-last=Ledent |editor2-first=Bénédicte |title=Présence africaine en Europe et au-delà |trans-title=African Presence in Europe and Beyond |date=2010 |publisher=[[Éditions L'Harmattan]] |location=Paris, France |chapter=Of French Fries and Cookies: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Diasporic Short Fiction |chapter-url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/33339/1/Tunca_Adichie_African.pdf |pages=291–309 |isbn=978-2-296-12803-3}} * {{cite book |last=Tunca |first=Daria |editor1-last=Gates Jr |editor1-first=Henry Louis |editor1-link=Henry Louis Gates Jr. |editor2-last=Akyeampong |editor2-first=Emmanuel K. |editor2-link=Emmanuel K. Akyeampong |title=Dictionary of African Biography |volume=1: Abach-Brand |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, New York |chapter=Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi (1977) |pages=94–95 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}} * {{cite journal |last1=Tunca |first1=Daria |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie as Chinua Achebe's (Unruly) Literary Daughter: The Past, Present, and Future of 'Adichebean' Criticism |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |date=Winter 2018 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.49.4.08 |jstor=10.2979/reseafrilite.49.4.08 |hdl=2268/233956 |issn=0034-5210 |oclc=9969832851 |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/233956/1/Tunca_Adichie_Achebe_RAL.pdf }} * Urujzian, Vero-Ekpris Gladstone. "Proverbs and metaphors as discursive strategies in selected novels by Achebe and Adichie." ''LWATI: A Journal of Contemporary Research'' 20, no. 1 (2023): 72–86. * {{cite web |last=Ufuoma |first=Vincent |title=Buhari to Confer National Honours on Chimamanda Adichie, 436 Others |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/buhari-to-confers-national-award-on-chimamanda-adichie-436-others/ |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |date=2 October 2022 |location=Abuja, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507165542/https://www.icirnigeria.org/buhari-to-confers-national-award-on-chimamanda-adichie-436-others/ |archive-date=7 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |editor-last=Useni |editor-first=Mohammed |title=Anti-Gay Law: Chimamanda Adichie Writes, 'Why can't he just be like everyone else?' |url=http://newswirengr.com/2014/02/19/anti-gay-law-chimamanda-adichie-writes-why-cant-he-just-be-like-everyone-else/ |access-date=21 February 2021 |agency=[[NewswireNGR]] |date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209073447/https://newswirengr.com/2014/02/19/anti-gay-law-chimamanda-adichie-writes-why-cant-he-just-be-like-everyone-else/ |archive-date=9 December 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Vanzanten |first1=Susan |title='The Headstrong Historian': Writing with Things Fall Apart |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-african-literatures_summer-2015_46_2/page/85 |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |date=Summer 2015 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=85–103 |doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.46.2.85 |jstor=10.2979/reseafrilite.46.2.85 |issn=0034-5210 |oclc=5827202813}} * {{cite web | title=Video: Nigerian author's 'Americanah' comes to France | website=[[France 24]] | date=23 January 2015 | location=[[Paris]], France | url=https://www.france24.com/en/20150123-video-literature-nigerian-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-published-france | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223090705/https://www.france24.com/en/20150123-video-literature-nigerian-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-published-france | archive-date=23 December 2025 | url-status=live | ref={{sfnref|France 24|2015}} | access-date=23 December 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |last=Wagner |first=Erica |author-link=Erica Wagner |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'I Wanted To Claim My Own Name' |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-novelist-ted-speaker-interview |access-date=10 May 2024 |magazine=[[British Vogue]] |date=3 November 2015 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018140532/https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-novelist-ted-speaker-interview |archive-date=18 October 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Weatherford |first=Ashley |title=Chimamanda Adichie Talks Black Hair and the Narrow Definition of Beauty |url=https://www.thecut.com/2016/12/chimamanda-adichie-on-black-hair-and-redefining-beauty.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]] |date=8 December 2016 |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130085834/https://www.thecut.com/2016/12/chimamanda-adichie-on-black-hair-and-redefining-beauty.html |archive-date=30 November 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Weller |first=Chris |title=New Yorkers Just Selected a Book for the Entire City to Read in America's Biggest Book Club |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/one-book-one-new-york-book-club-2017-3 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=[[Business Insider|Business Insider UK]] |date=16 March 2017 |location=London, UK |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024040152/http://uk.businessinsider.com/one-book-one-new-york-book-club-2017-3 |archive-date=24 October 2017 }} *{{cite journal |title='We Should All Be Feminists' |journal=Foreign Rights Catalog: Books for Kids and Teens |date=January–June 2021 |page=109 |url=https://www.penguinrandomhousegrupoeditorial.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/foreign-rights-kids-teens-2021-first-semester-penguinrandomhousegrupoeditorial.pdf |access-date=19 May 2024 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519184758/https://www.penguinrandomhousegrupoeditorial.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/foreign-rights-kids-teens-2021-first-semester-penguinrandomhousegrupoeditorial.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Foreign Rights Catalog''|2021}} }} * {{cite news |last=Williams |first=Zoe |author1-link=Zoe Williams (writer) |title='I believe literature is in peril': Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Comes Out Fighting for Freedom of Speech |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/28/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-bbc-reith-lecture-freedom-truth-trans-rights |access-date=19 March 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 November 2022 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319123047/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/28/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-bbc-reith-lecture-freedom-truth-trans-rights |archive-date=19 March 2024 |url-status=live }} {{Refend}} == Links n'aga n'ezi== {{commons|Category:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}} * Website nke [http://chimamanda.com/ Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie] * [http://www.l3.ulg.ac.be/adichie/index.html The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website], English Department of the University of Liège, [[Belgium]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị Igbo]] [[Òtù:Ndi Afrika nke Amerika]] [[Otú:Odee akwụkwọ si Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Ndi Amerika]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1977]] 550sjudxyyleljleowa6jwnukqzfq1z 0 8646 709213 186243 2026-09-06T08:54:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eme Ufot Ekaette''' {{Audio|Ig-Eme Ufot Ekaette.ogg|AUDIO}} ( amuru na abali iri abuó na otu na onwa nke asaa na afo 1945) onye a hoputara Senator maka ndi ala Akwa Ibom South no na steeti [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom State]] n'obodo [[Naijiria|Nigeria]]. Obanyere okwa ahu abali iri abuó na itolu na onwa May na afor 2007. Eme so na njiko ndi [[People's Democratic Party]] (PDP).<ref name="nassnig">{{cite web|url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=25&page=1&state=5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181642/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=25&page=1&state=5|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2016-03-03|publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria|title=Sen. Eme Ufot Ekaette|accessdate=2010-06-15|archivedate=2016-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181642/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=25&page=1&state=5}}</ref> Ekaette natara asambodo nke anakpo B.Pharm (Hons) na mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife n'afo 1970. Ojiri okwa ndi a dika onye isi n'ahu maka mmeputa ogwu n'ulo oru NNPC, onye isi n'ulo ogwu ndi agha. Onye isi n'ulo oru Safi Pharm, onye otu ndi n'ahu maka UBEC na onye so achikwa oba ego nke a n'akpo Union Bank. Di ya, Ufot Ekaette, bu onye nnukwu olu oyibo onye nke n'achi obodo Nigeria by Olusegun Obasanjo nyere okwa ode awkwukwo nke obodo Nigeria (SGF) n'abali iri abuó na itolu na onwa ise, na afo 1999. O mechara ruo oru dika minista n'ahu maka Niger Delta na ndi isi obodo nke onye isi ala Umaru Yar'Adua.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/news/national/2007/may/01/national-01-05-2007-04.htm|title=WAR OF WORDS: SGF, Ufot Ekaette and kinsmen trade blames over each other’s usefulness|author=JOE EFFIONG|work=Daily Sun|date=1 May 2007|accessdate=2010-04-16|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009183216/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/news/national/2007/may/01/national-01-05-2007-04.htm|archivedate=9 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="sun001">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/newsonthehour/2008/dec/24/newsbreak-24-12-2008-001.htm|title=Yar’Adua swears in four new ministers, tasks them on corruption|author=LUCKY NWANKWERE|date=24 December 2008|work=Daily Sun|accessdate=2010-04-16}}</ref> Mgbe o nyesịrị oche ya na Senate na June 2007, a họpụtara Ekaette ka ọ nonye n'otu kọmitii nke umu nwaanyi na ndi Ntorobịa, Mmekọrịta obodo na nke mba ọzọ, Ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ime nnyocha onwa oge nke ndị Senators na May 2009, Akwukwo ozi 'ThisDay' kwuru na ọ kwadobeghị aro ọbụla mana o gosipụtara idu ndú ya na Kọmitii Mmepe Ụmụanyị. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ kwadoro aro banyere uwe mgbokwasị, nke a maara dị ka aro ịgba ọtọ. Iwu ahụ e nyere kwadoro umu nwaanyi ije nga onwa ato maka ndị nke na-egosipụta bọtịnụ afọ ha, ara ma ọ bụ na-eyi uwe mwụda n'èzí. Ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị Naijiria gosipụtara aro ahụ na nke a n'akpo United Nations General Assembly, bụ ebe ọ dọtara ụfọdụ nnyocha, ọ bụkwa isiokwu nke nnukwu esemokwu na Nigeria..<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200807210371.html|title=Nudity Bill: How Govt Officials Embarrassed Country With a 73-man Delegation at the UN|work=Vanguard|author=Chioma Gabriel|date=19 July 2008|accessdate=2010-06-15}}</ref> == Nrutuaka == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ekaette, Eme Ufot}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6minc8bv70b9bjoeeud63wlwdnwqxej 0 9927 709148 653799 2026-09-06T00:59:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chigozie Stephanie Alichi''' {{Audio|Ig-Chigozie Stephanie Alichi.ogg|Audio}} (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 23 n'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ1993), onye amara aha ya bụ '''Chizzy Alichi''', bụ onye [[Naijiria|na-eme]] ihe nkiri na '''Naịjirịa''' . == Ndụ == Chizzy Alichi sitere na Ezza Nkwubor Nike n'Enugu East, okpuru ọchịchị ime obodo nke [[Ȯra Enugu|Enugwu steeti]], nke di na South East (Nigeria) . Ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ nwere ụmụnne abụọ. O mere isi akụkọ mgbe o wuru ulo nne na nna ya n'afọ 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naijanews.com/entertainment/39281-nollywood-actress-chizzy-alichi-builds-house-for-her-parents/|title=Nollywood Actress, Chizzy Alichi Builds House For Her Parents|work=Naija News|accessdate=2018-03-18|archivedate=2018-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319084703/https://www.naijanews.com/entertainment/39281-nollywood-actress-chizzy-alichi-builds-house-for-her-parents/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/entertainment/nollywood-actress-chizzy-alichi-builds-house-parents-photos|title=Nollywood Actress, Chizzy Alichi Builds A House For Her Parents (Photos)|work=Naijaloaded|accessdate=2018-03-18|author=Daniel|date=Decemba 16, 2017|archivedate=2018-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319004245/http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/entertainment/nollywood-actress-chizzy-alichi-builds-house-parents-photos}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naija.ng/1142758-nollywood-actress-chizzy-alichi-builds-a-mansion-parents.html#1142758|title=Nollywood actress chizzy Alichi builds a mansion for her parents|work=Naij|accessdate=2018-03-18|author=Odejobi, Micheal|date=Decemba 17, 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/33447/meet-nollywood-actress-who-doesnot-wear-expensive-clothes.html|title=Meet Nollywood Actress who Does not Wear Expensive Clothes|work=Modern Ghana|accessdate=18 March 2018}}</ref> O bi n'[[Àsàbà|Asaba,na Delta]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/im-praying-for-a-man-chizzy-alichi-actress/|title=I’m praying for a man –Chizzy Alichi, actress|work=[[The Sun]]|accessdate=2018-03-18|author=Ekpo, Nathanael|date=Decemba 17, 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == O sonyeere Nollywood n'afọ 2010 na mberede. O sonyeere ndị [[:en:Actors_Guild_of_Nigeria|Actors Guild of Nigeria]], tinye akwụkwọ maka i so n'ihe nkiri were nweta ohere nke mbụ dịka onye ome ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri a kpọrọ ''Magic Money'' nke gosipụtara Mercy Johnson na Bob-Manuel Udokwu . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://naijagists.com/chizzy-alichi-kenneth-okonkwo-saved-my-life-set-first-movie/|title=Chizzy Alichi: How Kenneth Okonkwo saved my life on set of my first movie|work=Naija Gists|accessdate=2018-03-18|author=Naija Gist|date=Febụwarị 17, 2018}}</ref> Oge mgbanwe nke ọrụ ya bịara na ihe nkiri ''Akaraoku,'' nke pụtara " hot akara", n'afọ 2016, nke [[Yul Edochie]] duziri.Ihe nkiri vidio ahụ malitere ị ba ụba na soshal midia mgbe ndị mmadụ chere na onye omeejije ahụ bụ onye na-ere akara. O gosiputara na ihe nkiri ndi ozo n'afọ 2017 maka nkea. === Mpụta n'egwu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" | Egwu ! scope="col" | Onye egwu ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Ihe edeturu |- ! scope="row" | 2016 | "Mmege <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naija.ng/774795-another-baby-mama-flavour-striking-pose-nollywood-actress-photos.html#774795|title=Flavour features pretty actress in new video|accessdate=18 March 2018|archivedate=6 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806025004/https://www.naija.ng/774795-another-baby-mama-flavour-striking-pose-nollywood-actress-photos.html#774795}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theinfo.ng/2016/03/beautiful-nollywood-actress-chizzy-alichi-featured-flavours-mmege-video/|title=Beautiful Nollywood Actress, Chizzy Alichi Featured In Flavour’s "Mmege" Video|accessdate=18 March 2018|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815122004/https://www.theinfo.ng/2016/03/beautiful-nollywood-actress-chizzy-alichi-featured-flavours-mmege-video/}}</ref> | Flavour N'abania | |- |} == Onyinye == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Afọ ! Onyinye ! Katigori ! mpụta ! Ihe edeturu |- |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | [[:en:City_People_Entertainment_Awards|City People Entertainment Awards]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.concisenews.global/entertainment/winners-city-people-movie-awards/|title=List Of Winners At The 2017 City People Movie Awards|work=Concise News|accessdate=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319003934/https://www.concisenews.global/entertainment/winners-city-people-movie-awards/|archive-date=19 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Best New Actress Of The Year (English) | {{Nom}} | |- | Nigeria Achievers Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/nigeria-achievers-awards-2017-nominees-list/|title=NIGERIA ACHIEVERS AWARDS 2017 NOMINEES LIST|work=Concise News|accessdate=17 March 2018}}</ref> | Next Rated Actress Of The Year | {{Won}} | |- |} == Ihe nkiri ahọọrọ ya == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Afọ ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Ihe nkiri ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Ọrụ ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Ihe edeturu |- | rowspan="3" | 2018 | Do Good Nwakpaka | | Starring Ebele Okaro |- | My Story | | |- | Power of Madness | | Starring Nonso Diobi, Ngozi Ezeonu |- | rowspan="13" | 2017 | Point & Kill | | Starring Nonso Diobi |- | Tears of Victory | | Starring [[Yul Edochie]] |- | Power in The palace | | Starring Chioma Chukwuka |- | Obudu The Evil Shrine | | Starring Ebele Okaro |- | Teckno In The Village | | |- | Little Oath | | Starring [[Chiwetalu Agu]], Ken Erics |- | Beautiful Mmege | | Starring Ebele Okaro |- | The King's Wealth | | Starring [[Clem Ohameze]] |- | Teri Teri | | Starring [[Rachael Okonkwo]] |- | Virgin Justice | | Starring Regina Daniels |- | Fada Fada | | Starring [[Yul Edochie]] |- | Financial Woman | | Starring [[Yul Edochie]] |- | Ajebo America | | Starring Ken Erics, Nonso Diobi |- | rowspan="1" | 2016 | Akaraoku | Akara Oku | Starring [[Yul Edochie]] |- | rowspan="2" | 2015 | Vanity | | Starring Ngozi Ezeonu |- | Attitude | Joan | |- | rowspan="4" | 2014 | Idemmili | | Starring [[Pete Edochie]], [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Yul Edochie]] |- | The Motherless | | Starring Ini Edo |- | Old Soldier | | Starring Nkem Owoh, Osita Iheme, Chinedu Ikedieze, [[Ime Bishop Umoh]] |- | The Three Blind | | Starring [[Chika Ike]] |- | rowspan="1" | 2013 | Cry of a Witch | Ifeoma | |- | rowspan="2" | 2011 | Double Barrel | | Starring Francis Odega, [[Amaechi Muonagor]] |- | Sherikoko | | Starring John Okafor, [[Funke Akindele]] |- | rowspan="2" | 2010 | Forgive Me Father | | Starring Nkem Owoh, Osita Iheme |- | Magic Money | | Starring Mercy Johnson, Bob-Manuel Udokwu |- |} == Nrụtụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alichi, Chizzy}} [[Òtù:Ndị Igbo]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1993]] m98ikbbii70983euidf4muxxfrskr3h 0 11119 709212 641985 2026-09-06T08:46:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elma Kenechukwu Mbadiwe''' bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Naijiria ama ama dị ka '''Elma Mbadiwe.''' <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Elma Mbadiwe Biography, Age, Husband, Parents, Net Worth, Instagram, Wiki & Movies|url=https://www.thenaijafame.com.ng/2020/08/elma-mbadiwe-biography-age-husband.html|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=Thenaijafame|archivedate=2021-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116102635/https://www.thenaijafame.com.ng/2020/08/elma-mbadiwe-biography-age-husband.html}}</ref> [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Akụkọ ndụ == Elma bụ onye [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|omere amuru n'Imo steeti na-]] eme mmemme ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya na Jenụwarị 28, nke afọ ọ bụla. <ref name=":1"/> . O si Imo State, Nigeria. === Agụmagu akwụkwọ === Elma nwetara nzere bachelọ na Mass Communication si The Redeemer's University Nigeria, Ede, [[Ȯra Osun|Osun State]] . O nwekwara diplọma na Acting for Screen si Royal Arts Academy, Surulere, [[Lagos]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-12|title=How ‘Unbroken’ gave me big break —Elma Mbadiwe|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/how-unbroken-gave-me-big-break-elma-mbadiwe/|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]] Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Ọrụ === Tupu Elma abanye n'ime ime ihe nkiri, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ode akwụkwọ na mgbasa ozi siri ike; ụlọ mgbasa ozi maka SoundCity. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ngalaba mmepụta ihe. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Omogbolagun|first=Tope|date=2020-10-02|title=Before stardom with... Elma Mbadiwe|url=https://punchng.com/before-stardom-with-elma-mbadiwe/|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=[[The Punch]] Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref>  Ọrụ ime ihe nkiri Elma malitere na 2016 na ihe nkiri mbụ ya bụ ''The Audition.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-04|title=Five Rising Igbo Actresses That Will Take Nollywood By Storm -|url=https://www.anaedoonline.ng/2021/08/04/igbo-actresses/|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=AnaedoOnline|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-12-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227083639/https://www.anaedoonline.ng/2021/08/04/igbo-actresses/}}</ref>'' <ref name=":2"/>Elma's role in ''Unbroken'' where she played the lead role as Talullah brought her to limelight because of the attention she got from fans.<ref>{{Cite web|author=editor|date=2021-06-12|title=Elma Mbadiwe: I Don’t Really Fancy Talking About My Personal Life|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/elma-mbadiwe-i-dont-really-fancy-talking-about-my-personal-life/|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=[[THISDAY]] LIVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> Elma also featured as Laraba in ''E.V.E''. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Fatunmise|first=Damilola|date=2020-06-20|title=Best thing to ever happen to my life –Elma Mbadiwe, actress|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/best-thing-to-ever-happen-to-my-life-elma-mbadiwe-actress/|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)]]|language=en-US}}</ref> and both movies were produced by African Magic Production.<ref name=":1"/> Ọ soro ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Nollywood ndị ọzọ mee ihe nkiri n'ime ihe nkiri dịka, Rattlesnake: The Ahanna Story, Dysfunction, na ndị ọzọ..<ref name=":3" /> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe nkiri ! Afọ ! Aha ! Ụdị ! Ọrụ ! Ndi nkedo ahọpụtara ! Nsonaazu |- | rowspan="2" | 2020 | ''Finding Hubby'' | {{Plainlist|*Ihe ọchị *Ihe nkiri *Ihunanya}} | Tara Cole | {{Plainlist|*[[Kehinde Bankole]] * Omowumi Dada}} | |- | ''Rattlesnake: The Ahanna Story'' | Ihe nkiri | Adaugo | {{Plainlist|*Stan Nze * [[Osas Ighodaro]] *[[Chiwetalu Agu]] * Norbert Young]]}} | |- | 2019 | ''Bridges'' | {{Plainlist|*Nkenke *Ihe nkiri}} | Nwanne | {{plainlist|*Uche Mac-Auley *Bukky Wonda}} | |- | 2019 | ''Caught Up'' | Nkenke<br /> Thriller | Nike |{{Plainlist|* Eso Dike Okorocha * Afolabi Olalekan}} | |- | 2019 | ''Rekindle'' | Ihunanya | | {{Plainlist|*Toosweet Annan *Ariyike Owolagba *Joshua Richard}} | |- | 2018 | ''EVE-Audi Alteram Partem'' | Usoro ihe nkiri TV-Ihe nkiri | Laraba | {{Plainlist|*Osang Abang *[[Kemi Kala Akindoju]] * Lord Frank}} | |- | 2017 | ''In line'' | Ihe nkiri | Odeakwụkwọ Devid | {{Plainlist|* Uzor Arukwe<br *[[Adesua Etomi|Adesua Etomi-Wellington]] *Shawn Faqua *[[Tina Mba]]}} | |- | 2017 | Alter Ego | Ihe nkiri | Onye nrụpụta ahịrị | {{plainlist|*[[Emem Inwang]] *Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde * [[Jide Kosoko]] *[[Tina Mba]]}} | |- | 2016 | ''Without You'' | Nkenke<br /><br />Ihe nkiri | | | |} == Otuto == A họpụtara Elma Mbadiwe maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'oge mbipụta 2018 nke Best of Nollywood Awards . Nhọpụta a bụ n'ihi ọrụ ọ rụrụ na ihe nkiri LBGT [[We Don't Live Here Anymore (2018 film)|Anyị anaghị ebi ebe a ọzọ]] nke nwere nhoputa iri na otu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-11-13|title=Best of Nollywood Awards: 'We Don’t Live here Anymore' leads nomination list|url=https://therustintimes.com/2018/11/13/best-of-nollywood-awards-we-dont-live-here-anymore-leads-nomination-list/|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=The Rustin Times|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101144522/http://therustintimes.com/2018/11/13/best-of-nollywood-awards-we-dont-live-here-anymore-leads-nomination-list/}}</ref> == Nsidee ==  {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == Elma Mbadiwe at IMDb {{DEFAULTSORT:Mbadiwe, Elma}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] l8iejqzm8hp9vn51nmqxvmvf1hvkadv 0 11163 709185 692347 2026-09-06T02:07:58Z SafariScribe 18560 ce 709185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Usòrò:Portrait of Femi Adebayo 3.jpg|thumb|Femi Adebayo]] '''Femi Adebayo Salami''' (amụrụ 31 Disemba 1978) bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye isi, onye na-emepụta ihe ma onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Gọvanọ nke Kwara State na Nka, Omenala na Njem ileghari anya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/107139/3/jelili-has-opened-doors-for-me-femi-adebayo.html|title=Nigeria HomePage – Breaking News, Business, Sports, Entertainment and Video News|work=thenigerianvoice.com|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa nwoke onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Adebayo Salami . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/e-punch/i-will-still-practise-law-femi-adebayo/|title=I will still practise law – Femi Adebayo|work=The Punch – Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper|accessdate=16 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215160743/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/e-punch/i-will-still-practise-law-femi-adebayo/|archivedate=15 February 2015}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Femi Adebayo na 31 nke Disemba 1978 na [[Lagos]], ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Nigeria. Nna ya, onye bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Naijiria bụ Adebayo Salami (Oga Bello), si [[Ilorin]], [[Ȯra Kwara|Kwara State]] . <ref name="punch-parents">{{Cite web|title=My mum is stricter than dad – Oga Bello’s son|url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/famous-parents/my-mum-is-stricter-than-dad-oga-bellos-son/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215150655/http://www.punchng.com/feature/famous-parents/my-mum-is-stricter-than-dad-oga-bellos-son/|archivedate=15 February 2015|accessdate=16 February 2015|work=The Punch – Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper}}</ref> == Agụmagu akwụkwọ == Femi Adebayo gara ụlọ akwụkwọ C&S maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndịrị ya. Ọ gara mahadum Ilorin, ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na iwu. O mechakwara nweta nzere masta na iwu na mahadum Ibadan . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://encomium.ng/separating-your-emotions-from-acting-is-based-on-professionalism-says-femi-adebayo-jelili/|title=Separating your emotions from acting is based on professionalism says Femi Adebayo (Jelili)|work=Encomium Magazine|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationaldailyng.com/trends/trend-tainment/519-nobody-promotes-culture-like-we-do-femi-adebayo|title=Nobody promotes culture like we do – Femi Adebayo|author=Our Reporter|work=nationaldailyng.com|accessdate=16 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215161230/http://www.nationaldailyng.com/trends/trend-tainment/519-nobody-promotes-culture-like-we-do-femi-adebayo|archivedate=15 February 2015}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Femi Adebayo lụrụ Omotayo Adebayo na ubochi itoolu nke Ọktoba, 2016. Femi Adebayo na nwunye ya nwere otu nwa nwoke. Ọ mụtakwara ụmụ atọ n'alụmdi na nwunye mbụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ayodele|first=Johnson|title=https://pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/femi-adebayo-and-wife-are-not-separated-according-to-a-video-id7555573.html|publisher=Pulse.ng|date=4 November 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Adebayo malitere ime ihe nkiri n'afọ 1985, n'otu afọ ahụ ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri nna ya mbụ akpọrọ ''Ogun Ajaye'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://leadership.ng/entertainment/391975/pass-baton-stars-taking-fathers-profession|title=Pass On The Baton: Stars Taking After Their Fathers’ Profession|author=Leadership Newspaper|date=27 November 2014|work=Nigerian News from Leadership News|accessdate=16 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828123345/http://leadership.ng/entertainment/391975/pass-baton-stars-taking-fathers-profession|archivedate=28 August 2016}}</ref> Adebayo emeela ihe nkiri n'ihe karịrị narị ise ihe nkiri Naijiria , wee nweta ihe nrite anọ dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na 17th African Film Awards nke a maara dị ka Afro Hollywood award na Stratford Town Hall na [[London]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor appointed SA to Kwara State Governor|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/femi-adebayo-actor-appointed-sa-to-kwara-state-governor/873r946|date=2016-02-23|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-30|archivedate=2020-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013034029/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/femi-adebayo-actor-appointed-sa-to-kwara-state-governor/873r946/}}</ref> O nwetakwara ihe nrite n'otu ngalaba ahụ maka onyinye Best of Nollywood Broadcasting Organisation of Nigeria Awards na 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/11/day-fan-kissed-presence-wife-femi-adebayo/|title=Day a fan kissed me in the presence of my wife – Femi Adebayo|work=Vanguard News|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naij.com/tag/femi_adebayo.html|title=News about Femi Adebayo – biography and photos.|work=NEWS.NAIJ.COM – Nigerian & worldwide news.|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> Adebayo nwere ọtụtụ ndepụta ihe nkiri na-egosi ekele ya, nke gụnyere Sonto Alapata, Wura Ati Fadaka, Ma Wobadan na Buga, na ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ MD/CEO nke J-15 media network Nigeria. <ref name="punch-parents"/> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Ihe nrite ! Udi ! Ihe nkiri ! Nsonaazụ ! Nsidee |- | 2015 | rowspan="2" | City People Entertainment Awards | Onye mmepụta ihe nkiri kacha mma nke afọ (Yoruba) | |{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma nke afọ (Yoruba) | |{{Won}} | |- | Best of Nollywood Award | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'ọrụ ndu – Yoruba | ''Afaila Ojo'' |{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-23|title=BON Awards 2017: Kannywood’s Ali Nuhu receives Special Recognition Award|url=https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=Daily Trust|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007214920/https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards | Ihe nkiri ụmụ amaala kacha mma (Yoruba) | rowspan="2" | ''Etiko Onigedu'' |{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-02|title=AMVCA 2018: Full list of winners|url=https://punchng.com/amvca-2018-full-list-of-winners/|accessdate=2021-06-13|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" | Best of Nollywood Awards | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'ọrụ ndu – Yoruba |{{Won}} | <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=2018-12-10|title=BON Awards 2018: Tope Oshin, Tana Adelana win big|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/300174-bon-awards-2018-tope-oshin-tana-adelana-win-big.html|accessdate=2021-10-09|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | Kiss kacha mma na ihe nkiri | ''Diamond na mbara igwe'' |{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bada|first=Gbenga|date=2019-12-15|title=BON Awards 2019: 'Gold Statue', Gabriel Afolayan win big at 11th edition|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/bon-awards-2019-gold-statue-gabriel-afolayan-win-big-at-11th-edition/4d0w2n4|accessdate=2021-10-10|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'ọrụ nkwado (Yoruba) | ''Nlaghachi nke Kesari'' |{{Nom}} |- | 2020 | ''Lucifa'' |{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|author=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=2020-12-07|title=BON Awards: Laura Fidel, Kunle Remi win Best Kiss (Full List of Winners)|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/429916-bon-awards-laura-fidel-kunle-remi-win-best-kiss-full-list-of-winners.html|accessdate=2021-06-13|language=en-GB}}</ref> |} == Ihe nkiri == * ''Owo Blow'' (1995) * ''Apaadi'' (2009) * ''Aịtale'' (2013) * ''[[October 1 (film)|Ọktoba 1]]'' (2014) * ''Shola Arikusa'' (2017) * ''Heaven on my Mind'' (2018) * ''[[The Ghost and the Tout]]'' (2018) * ''Mokalik'' (2019) * ''Mama Drama'' (2020) * ''[[Unroyal]]'' (2020) * ''The Miracle Centre'' (2020) * ''[[Charge and Bail]]'' (2021) * ''Progressive Tailors'' (2021) * ''[[Love Castle]]'' (2021) == Edensibịa==   {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Femi Adebayo on Twitter {{DEFAULTSORT:Adebayo, Femi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] az6zso8w4yi26w3lfo8pk3g2pj5ozu3 709186 709185 2026-09-06T02:08:29Z SafariScribe 18560 /* Edensibịa */ ce 709186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Usòrò:Portrait of Femi Adebayo 3.jpg|thumb|Femi Adebayo]] '''Femi Adebayo Salami''' (amụrụ 31 Disemba 1978) bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye isi, onye na-emepụta ihe ma onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Gọvanọ nke Kwara State na Nka, Omenala na Njem ileghari anya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/107139/3/jelili-has-opened-doors-for-me-femi-adebayo.html|title=Nigeria HomePage – Breaking News, Business, Sports, Entertainment and Video News|work=thenigerianvoice.com|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa nwoke onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Adebayo Salami . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/e-punch/i-will-still-practise-law-femi-adebayo/|title=I will still practise law – Femi Adebayo|work=The Punch – Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper|accessdate=16 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215160743/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/e-punch/i-will-still-practise-law-femi-adebayo/|archivedate=15 February 2015}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Femi Adebayo na 31 nke Disemba 1978 na [[Lagos]], ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Nigeria. Nna ya, onye bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Naijiria bụ Adebayo Salami (Oga Bello), si [[Ilorin]], [[Ȯra Kwara|Kwara State]] . <ref name="punch-parents">{{Cite web|title=My mum is stricter than dad – Oga Bello’s son|url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/famous-parents/my-mum-is-stricter-than-dad-oga-bellos-son/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215150655/http://www.punchng.com/feature/famous-parents/my-mum-is-stricter-than-dad-oga-bellos-son/|archivedate=15 February 2015|accessdate=16 February 2015|work=The Punch – Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper}}</ref> == Agụmagu akwụkwọ == Femi Adebayo gara ụlọ akwụkwọ C&S maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndịrị ya. Ọ gara mahadum Ilorin, ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na iwu. O mechakwara nweta nzere masta na iwu na mahadum Ibadan . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://encomium.ng/separating-your-emotions-from-acting-is-based-on-professionalism-says-femi-adebayo-jelili/|title=Separating your emotions from acting is based on professionalism says Femi Adebayo (Jelili)|work=Encomium Magazine|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationaldailyng.com/trends/trend-tainment/519-nobody-promotes-culture-like-we-do-femi-adebayo|title=Nobody promotes culture like we do – Femi Adebayo|author=Our Reporter|work=nationaldailyng.com|accessdate=16 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215161230/http://www.nationaldailyng.com/trends/trend-tainment/519-nobody-promotes-culture-like-we-do-femi-adebayo|archivedate=15 February 2015}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Femi Adebayo lụrụ Omotayo Adebayo na ubochi itoolu nke Ọktoba, 2016. Femi Adebayo na nwunye ya nwere otu nwa nwoke. Ọ mụtakwara ụmụ atọ n'alụmdi na nwunye mbụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ayodele|first=Johnson|title=https://pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/femi-adebayo-and-wife-are-not-separated-according-to-a-video-id7555573.html|publisher=Pulse.ng|date=4 November 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Adebayo malitere ime ihe nkiri n'afọ 1985, n'otu afọ ahụ ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri nna ya mbụ akpọrọ ''Ogun Ajaye'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://leadership.ng/entertainment/391975/pass-baton-stars-taking-fathers-profession|title=Pass On The Baton: Stars Taking After Their Fathers’ Profession|author=Leadership Newspaper|date=27 November 2014|work=Nigerian News from Leadership News|accessdate=16 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828123345/http://leadership.ng/entertainment/391975/pass-baton-stars-taking-fathers-profession|archivedate=28 August 2016}}</ref> Adebayo emeela ihe nkiri n'ihe karịrị narị ise ihe nkiri Naijiria , wee nweta ihe nrite anọ dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na 17th African Film Awards nke a maara dị ka Afro Hollywood award na Stratford Town Hall na [[London]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor appointed SA to Kwara State Governor|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/femi-adebayo-actor-appointed-sa-to-kwara-state-governor/873r946|date=2016-02-23|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-30|archivedate=2020-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013034029/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/femi-adebayo-actor-appointed-sa-to-kwara-state-governor/873r946/}}</ref> O nwetakwara ihe nrite n'otu ngalaba ahụ maka onyinye Best of Nollywood Broadcasting Organisation of Nigeria Awards na 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/11/day-fan-kissed-presence-wife-femi-adebayo/|title=Day a fan kissed me in the presence of my wife – Femi Adebayo|work=Vanguard News|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naij.com/tag/femi_adebayo.html|title=News about Femi Adebayo – biography and photos.|work=NEWS.NAIJ.COM – Nigerian & worldwide news.|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> Adebayo nwere ọtụtụ ndepụta ihe nkiri na-egosi ekele ya, nke gụnyere Sonto Alapata, Wura Ati Fadaka, Ma Wobadan na Buga, na ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ MD/CEO nke J-15 media network Nigeria. <ref name="punch-parents"/> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Ihe nrite ! Udi ! Ihe nkiri ! Nsonaazụ ! Nsidee |- | 2015 | rowspan="2" | City People Entertainment Awards | Onye mmepụta ihe nkiri kacha mma nke afọ (Yoruba) | |{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma nke afọ (Yoruba) | |{{Won}} | |- | Best of Nollywood Award | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'ọrụ ndu – Yoruba | ''Afaila Ojo'' |{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-23|title=BON Awards 2017: Kannywood’s Ali Nuhu receives Special Recognition Award|url=https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=Daily Trust|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007214920/https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards | Ihe nkiri ụmụ amaala kacha mma (Yoruba) | rowspan="2" | ''Etiko Onigedu'' |{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-02|title=AMVCA 2018: Full list of winners|url=https://punchng.com/amvca-2018-full-list-of-winners/|accessdate=2021-06-13|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" | Best of Nollywood Awards | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'ọrụ ndu – Yoruba |{{Won}} | <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=2018-12-10|title=BON Awards 2018: Tope Oshin, Tana Adelana win big|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/300174-bon-awards-2018-tope-oshin-tana-adelana-win-big.html|accessdate=2021-10-09|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | Kiss kacha mma na ihe nkiri | ''Diamond na mbara igwe'' |{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bada|first=Gbenga|date=2019-12-15|title=BON Awards 2019: 'Gold Statue', Gabriel Afolayan win big at 11th edition|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/bon-awards-2019-gold-statue-gabriel-afolayan-win-big-at-11th-edition/4d0w2n4|accessdate=2021-10-10|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'ọrụ nkwado (Yoruba) | ''Nlaghachi nke Kesari'' |{{Nom}} |- | 2020 | ''Lucifa'' |{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|author=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=2020-12-07|title=BON Awards: Laura Fidel, Kunle Remi win Best Kiss (Full List of Winners)|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/429916-bon-awards-laura-fidel-kunle-remi-win-best-kiss-full-list-of-winners.html|accessdate=2021-06-13|language=en-GB}}</ref> |} == Ihe nkiri == * ''Owo Blow'' (1995) * ''Apaadi'' (2009) * ''Aịtale'' (2013) * ''[[October 1 (film)|Ọktoba 1]]'' (2014) * ''Shola Arikusa'' (2017) * ''Heaven on my Mind'' (2018) * ''[[The Ghost and the Tout]]'' (2018) * ''Mokalik'' (2019) * ''Mama Drama'' (2020) * ''[[Unroyal]]'' (2020) * ''The Miracle Centre'' (2020) * ''[[Charge and Bail]]'' (2021) * ''Progressive Tailors'' (2021) * ''[[Love Castle]]'' (2021) ==Edensibịa== {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Femi Adebayo on Twitter {{DEFAULTSORT:Adebayo, Femi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] a7c77pm52hzyupn60ywmegb7csaxaj7 709187 709186 2026-09-06T02:08:56Z SafariScribe 18560 ce 709187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Usòrò:Portrait of Femi Adebayo 3.jpg|thumb|Femi Adebayo]] '''Femi Adebayo Salami''' (amụrụ 31 Disemba 1978) bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye isi, onye na-emepụta ihe ma onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Gọvanọ nke Kwara State na Nka, Omenala na Njem ileghari anya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/107139/3/jelili-has-opened-doors-for-me-femi-adebayo.html|title=Nigeria HomePage – Breaking News, Business, Sports, Entertainment and Video News|work=thenigerianvoice.com|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa nwoke onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Adebayo Salami . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/e-punch/i-will-still-practise-law-femi-adebayo/|title=I will still practise law – Femi Adebayo|work=The Punch – Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper|accessdate=16 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215160743/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/e-punch/i-will-still-practise-law-femi-adebayo/|archivedate=15 February 2015}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Femi Adebayo na 31 nke Disemba 1978 na [[Lagos]], ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Nigeria. Nna ya, onye bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Naijiria bụ Adebayo Salami (Oga Bello), si [[Ilorin]], [[Ȯra Kwara|Kwara State]] . <ref name="punch-parents">{{Cite web|title=My mum is stricter than dad – Oga Bello’s son|url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/famous-parents/my-mum-is-stricter-than-dad-oga-bellos-son/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215150655/http://www.punchng.com/feature/famous-parents/my-mum-is-stricter-than-dad-oga-bellos-son/|archivedate=15 February 2015|accessdate=16 February 2015|work=The Punch – Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper}}</ref> == Agụmagu akwụkwọ == Femi Adebayo gara ụlọ akwụkwọ C&S maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndịrị ya. Ọ gara mahadum Ilorin, ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na iwu. O mechakwara nweta nzere masta na iwu na mahadum Ibadan . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://encomium.ng/separating-your-emotions-from-acting-is-based-on-professionalism-says-femi-adebayo-jelili/|title=Separating your emotions from acting is based on professionalism says Femi Adebayo (Jelili)|work=Encomium Magazine|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationaldailyng.com/trends/trend-tainment/519-nobody-promotes-culture-like-we-do-femi-adebayo|title=Nobody promotes culture like we do – Femi Adebayo|author=Our Reporter|work=nationaldailyng.com|accessdate=16 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215161230/http://www.nationaldailyng.com/trends/trend-tainment/519-nobody-promotes-culture-like-we-do-femi-adebayo|archivedate=15 February 2015}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Femi Adebayo lụrụ Omotayo Adebayo na ubochi itoolu nke Ọktoba, 2016. Femi Adebayo na nwunye ya nwere otu nwa nwoke. Ọ mụtakwara ụmụ atọ n'alụmdi na nwunye mbụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ayodele|first=Johnson|title=https://pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/femi-adebayo-and-wife-are-not-separated-according-to-a-video-id7555573.html|publisher=Pulse.ng|date=4 November 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Adebayo malitere ime ihe nkiri n'afọ 1985, n'otu afọ ahụ ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri nna ya mbụ akpọrọ ''Ogun Ajaye'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://leadership.ng/entertainment/391975/pass-baton-stars-taking-fathers-profession|title=Pass On The Baton: Stars Taking After Their Fathers’ Profession|author=Leadership Newspaper|date=27 November 2014|work=Nigerian News from Leadership News|accessdate=16 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828123345/http://leadership.ng/entertainment/391975/pass-baton-stars-taking-fathers-profession|archivedate=28 August 2016}}</ref> Adebayo emeela ihe nkiri n'ihe karịrị narị ise ihe nkiri Naijiria , wee nweta ihe nrite anọ dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na 17th African Film Awards nke a maara dị ka Afro Hollywood award na Stratford Town Hall na [[London]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor appointed SA to Kwara State Governor|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/femi-adebayo-actor-appointed-sa-to-kwara-state-governor/873r946|date=2016-02-23|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-30|archivedate=2020-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013034029/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/femi-adebayo-actor-appointed-sa-to-kwara-state-governor/873r946/}}</ref> O nwetakwara ihe nrite n'otu ngalaba ahụ maka onyinye Best of Nollywood Broadcasting Organisation of Nigeria Awards na 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/11/day-fan-kissed-presence-wife-femi-adebayo/|title=Day a fan kissed me in the presence of my wife – Femi Adebayo|work=Vanguard News|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naij.com/tag/femi_adebayo.html|title=News about Femi Adebayo – biography and photos.|work=NEWS.NAIJ.COM – Nigerian & worldwide news.|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> Adebayo nwere ọtụtụ ndepụta ihe nkiri na-egosi ekele ya, nke gụnyere Sonto Alapata, Wura Ati Fadaka, Ma Wobadan na Buga, na ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ MD/CEO nke J-15 media network Nigeria. <ref name="punch-parents"/> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Ihe nrite ! Udi ! Ihe nkiri ! Nsonaazụ ! Nsidee |- | 2015 | rowspan="2" | City People Entertainment Awards | Onye mmepụta ihe nkiri kacha mma nke afọ (Yoruba) | |{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma nke afọ (Yoruba) | |{{Won}} | |- | Best of Nollywood Award | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'ọrụ ndu – Yoruba | ''Afaila Ojo'' |{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-23|title=BON Awards 2017: Kannywood’s Ali Nuhu receives Special Recognition Award|url=https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=Daily Trust|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007214920/https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards | Ihe nkiri ụmụ amaala kacha mma (Yoruba) | rowspan="2" | ''Etiko Onigedu'' |{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-02|title=AMVCA 2018: Full list of winners|url=https://punchng.com/amvca-2018-full-list-of-winners/|accessdate=2021-06-13|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" | Best of Nollywood Awards | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'ọrụ ndu – Yoruba |{{Won}} | <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=2018-12-10|title=BON Awards 2018: Tope Oshin, Tana Adelana win big|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/300174-bon-awards-2018-tope-oshin-tana-adelana-win-big.html|accessdate=2021-10-09|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | Kiss kacha mma na ihe nkiri | ''Diamond na mbara igwe'' |{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bada|first=Gbenga|date=2019-12-15|title=BON Awards 2019: 'Gold Statue', Gabriel Afolayan win big at 11th edition|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/bon-awards-2019-gold-statue-gabriel-afolayan-win-big-at-11th-edition/4d0w2n4|accessdate=2021-10-10|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'ọrụ nkwado (Yoruba) | ''Nlaghachi nke Kesari'' |{{Nom}} |- | 2020 | ''Lucifa'' |{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|author=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=2020-12-07|title=BON Awards: Laura Fidel, Kunle Remi win Best Kiss (Full List of Winners)|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/429916-bon-awards-laura-fidel-kunle-remi-win-best-kiss-full-list-of-winners.html|accessdate=2021-06-13|language=en-GB}}</ref> |} == Ihe nkiri == * ''Owo Blow'' (1995) * ''Apaadi'' (2009) * ''Aịtale'' (2013) * ''[[October 1 (film)|Ọktoba 1]]'' (2014) * ''Shola Arikusa'' (2017) * ''Heaven on my Mind'' (2018) * ''[[The Ghost and the Tout]]'' (2018) * ''Mokalik'' (2019) * ''Mama Drama'' (2020) * ''[[Unroyal]]'' (2020) * ''The Miracle Centre'' (2020) * ''[[Charge and Bail]]'' (2021) * ''Progressive Tailors'' (2021) * ''[[Love Castle]]'' (2021) ==Edensibịa== {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0jlnogrxukk4f1lwd2a5tw1j4fz1nqc 0 12574 709146 578365 2026-09-06T00:28:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox person|name=Chichi Letswalo|education=Wendywood High School|footnotes=|website=|signature=|relatives=|mother=|father=|awards=|children=|spouse=|years_active=2003–present|height=|alma_mater=Akademie vir Dramakuns <br> Michael Howard School|other_names=|nationality=[[South Africa]]n|resting_place_coordinates=<!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->|resting_place=|death_place=|death_date=|birth_place=[[Alexandra, Gauteng|Alexandra]], [[South Africa]]|birth_name=Tebogo Chichi Letswalo|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|9|14}}|caption=|alt=|image_size=|image=|occupation=Television actress, Presenter}} [[Category:Pages using infobox person with unknown empty parameters|knownforChichi Letswalo]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Tebogo Chichi Letswalo''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Septemba afọ 1981), bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe ngosi telivishọn South Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nkosi|first=Joseph|title=Chichi Letswalo biography - The Nation|url=https://thenation.co.za/bio/chichi-letswalo-biography/|accessdate=2021-10-28|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028080922/https://thenation.co.za/bio/chichi-letswalo-biography/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Getting to know Chichi Letswalo|url=https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/chichi-letswalo/getting-know-chichi-letswalo-weekend-content|accessdate=2021-10-28|work=ZAlebs|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028080914/https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/chichi-letswalo/getting-know-chichi-letswalo-weekend-content}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn; ''Generations'', ''Isithembiso'' na ''Lingashoni'' . <ref name="facts">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-16|title=Chichi Letswalo biography facts|url=https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/chichi-letswalo-biography-facts/|accessdate=2021-10-28|work=Southern African celebrities|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028080914/https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/chichi-letswalo-biography-facts/}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Letswalo n'abali iri na anọ nke ọnwa Septemba afọ 1981 na Alexandra, Gauteng, obodo dị na mpụga Johannesburg, South Africa dịka okenye n'ime ezinụlọ nwere ụmụnne atọ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Wendywood High School. <ref name="facts" /> Ọ gara Akademie vir Dramakuns afọ abụọ. <ref name="TVSA">{{Cite web|title=Chichi Letswalo: TVSA|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=1496|accessdate=2021-10-28|work=www.tvsa.co.za|archivedate=2024-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416163031/https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=1496}}</ref> N'oge a gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ, o kwuru, ọ chọrọ ibi naanị ya, na-enweghị di na ụmụaka. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Isithembiso's Chichi Letswalo: I don't want a husband or kids|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2017-10-20-chichi-letswalo-i-dont-want-a-husband-or-kids/|accessdate=2021-10-28|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-20|title='I Don't Want A Husband Or Kids,' Says Actress Chichi Letswalo|url=https://okmzansi.co.za/dont-want-husband-kids-says-actress-chichi-letswalo/|accessdate=2021-10-28|work=OkMzansi|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A họpụtara ya dị ka onye nkwuputa ngosi n'oge mmemme eziokwu SABC3 ''Ihe ngosi Wedding'' nke emere na Rosebank Mall na Johannesburg na 2003. Ya na Ed Jordan rụkọrọ ihe ngosi ahụ. N'afọ 2007, ọ kwagara New York wee mụọ ọrụ nka na Michael Howard School of Film, Theater and Television. Mgbe afọ ise na USA, ọ laghachiri South Africa na 2012. <ref name="TVSA" /> O gosikwara mmemme nkwalite dịka; Ciao Cocktails na Handy Andy Homemaker show. <ref name="facts" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-19|title=Actress Chichi Letswalo’s back with a bang|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/entertainment/1490374/actress-chichi-letswalos-back-with-a-bang/|accessdate=2021-10-28|work=The Citizen|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, o mere ihe ngosi telivishọn mbụ ya na Soap opera akpọrọ Generations wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka "Zandi Mbisi". O mere obere ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ncha dịka e.tv. ejije ''Backstage'', ihe nkiri SABC1 ''Tshisa'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chichi 'hates South Africa'|url=https://www.news24.com/News24/Chichi-hates-South-Africa-20071028|accessdate=2021-10-28|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2013, o sonyeere ihe ngosi ''Zaziwa'' . N'afọ 2017, o sonyeere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ugboro ugboro nke Mzansi Magic Television ''soapie Isithembiso'' ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka"Claudia Kunene" na oge abụọ mbụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chichi Letswalo is back|url=https://zalebs.com/chichi-letswalo/chichi-letswalo-returns-to-tv|accessdate=2021-10-28|work=ZAlebs|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028080912/https://zalebs.com/chichi-letswalo/chichi-letswalo-returns-to-tv}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bomb Productions Position on relationship with Chichi Letswalo|url=http://thebomb.co.za/bomb-productions-position-on-relationship-with-chichi-letswalo/|accessdate=2021-10-28|work=The Bomb Shelter|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ na 2019, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka"Dipuo Lesolle" na usoro ''Grassroots'' . Na 2021, o sonyeere na oge mbụ nke serial ''Lingashoni'' ka ọ rụọ ọrụ nke "Mrs Mkhize". <ref name="TVSA" /> <ref name="facts" /> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Ihe nkiri ! Ọrụ ! Ụdị ! Ref. |- | 1994 | ''Ọgbọ'' | Zandi Mbisi | Ihe nkiri Igwe onyonyo | |- | 2006 | ''Tshisa'' | Bonnie Nkomo | Ihe nkiri Igwe onyonyo | |- | 2013 | ''Zaziwa'' | Onwe ya | Ihe nkiri Igwe onyonyo | |- | 2017 | ''Isithembiso'' | Claudia Kunene | Ihe nkiri Igwe onyonyo | |- | 2019 | ''mgbọrọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ'' | Dipuo Lesolle | Ihe nkiri Igwe onyonyo | |- | 2021 | ''Lingashoni'' | Oriakụ Mkhize | Ihe nkiri Igwe onyonyo | |} == Ebemsidee == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Letswalo, Chichi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rgt48bhexh6097iixz8upuyaehx11wu 0 12845 709220 208432 2026-09-06T09:47:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709220 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}}     [[Usòrò:Conceptual-map-illustrating-the-connections-among-nonhuman-nature-ecosystem-services-environmental-ethics-environmental.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Map echiche na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti ọdịdị na-abụghị mmadụ, ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ụkpụrụ omume gburugburu ebe obibi, ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi, na ahụike ọha na eze.]] [[Usòrò:2016_EPI_Environmental_Health_Objective_(26170609558).jpg|thumb|350x350px|Ngosipụta ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi (2016). O nwere ụdị atọ: mmetụta ahụike, ịdị mma ikuku, na mmiri na ịdị ọcha. Ụdị mmetụta ahụike gụnyere akara ngosi ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi.]] '''Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi''' bụ ngalaba nke ahụike ọha na eze na-ahụ maka akụkụ niile nke gburugburu ebe obibi na nke e wuru na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ. Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na-elekwasị anya na gburugburu ebe obibi na nke e wuru maka abamuru nke ahụike mmadụ. Isi ngalaba nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi bụ: sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi; ọgwụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ, toxicologyna ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi. Okwu ndị ọzọ na-ezo aka ma ọ bụ gbasara ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ahụike ọha na eze gburugburu ebe obibi, na nchedo ahụike. == Nkọwa == A kọwara ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na akwụkwọ 1989 nke World otu ahụike ụwa(WHO) dị ka: Akụkụ ndị ahụ nke ahụike mmadụ na ọrịa ndị a na-ekpebi site na ihe ndị dị na gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-ezo aka na echiche na omume nke ịnweta na ịchịkwa ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi nke nwere ike imetụta ahụike. : Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka WHO (òtù ahụike ụwa) Ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara maka Europe, gụnyere ma mmetụta ọrịa kpọmkwem nke kemịkal, ụzarị ọkụ na ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, na mmetụta (na-apụtaghị ìhè) na ahụike na ọdịmma nke gburugburu ebe obibi anụ ahụ, uche, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị, nke gụnyere ụlọ, mmepe obodo, iji ala na njem.<ref>{{Cite web|editor=Novice|title=Overview of the environment and health in Europe in the 1990s|publisher=World Health Organization|date=1999-03-29|url=http://www.euro.who.int/document/e66792.pdf|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2010-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314225710/http://euro.who.int/document/E66792.pdf}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2016, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ WHO banyere ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na-ekwu "Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na-eleba anya n'ihe anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ, na ihe ndị dị ndụ sitere na mmadụ, yana ihe niile metụtara ya na-emetụta omume. Ọ gụnyere nyocha na njikwa nke ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike imetụta ahụike. Ebumnuche ya bụ igbochi ọrịa na ịmepụta gburugburu ebe obibi na-akwado ahụike. Nkọwa a na-ewepụ omume na-enweghị njikọ na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana omume metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdịbendị, yana mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Health topics: Environmental health|url=https://www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/en/|author=WHO|date=n.d.|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> WHO kọwakwara ọrụ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka "ọrụ ndị ahụ nke na-emejuputa iwu ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi site na nlekota na njikwa ọrụ. Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ ahụ site n'ịkwalite mmezi nke ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na site n'ịgba ume iji teknụzụ na omume ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na nke dị mma. Ha nwekwara ọrụ na-eduga n'ịzụlite na ịtụ aro mpaghara iwu ọhụrụ. "<ref>Brooks Bryan, W, Gerding Justin, A, Landeen, E, et al. Environmental health practice challenges and research needs for U.S. Health Departments. Environ Health Perspect. 2019;127:125001.</ref><ref>MacArthur, I, Bonnefoy, X. Environmental health services in Europe 1. An overview of practice in the 1990s. WHO Reg Publ Eur Ser. 1997</ref> A pụrụ ịhụ okwu ọgwụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ọkachamara ahụike, ma ọ bụ alaka nke ngalaba sara mbara nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Experts See Growing Importance of Adding Environmental Health Content to Medical School Curricula|url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/experts-see-growing-importance-adding-environmental-health-content-medical-school-curricula|accessdate=2021-08-02|work=AAMC|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schwartz|first=Brian S.|date=September 2005|title=Editorial: The Future of Environmental Medicine in Environmental Health Perspectives: Where Should We Be Headed?|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=113|issue=9|pages=A574–A576|doi=10.1289/ehp.113-1280414|issn=0091-6765|pmid=16140601}}</ref> A naghị eguzobe usoro okwu n'ụzọ zuru ezu, na n'ọtụtụ mba Europe, a na-eji ha eme ihe n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=environmental medicine — European Environment Agency|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/environmental-medicine|accessdate=2021-08-02|work=www.eea.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref> Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi ụmụaka bụ ọzụzụ agụmakwụkwọ nke na-amụ otú ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi na mbido ndụ - kemịkal, nri, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya - mmetụta ahụike na mmepe na nwata na n'ogologo ndụ mmadụ niile.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Landrigan PL and Etzel RA.|title=Textbook of Children's Environmental Health|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199929573|location=New York|pages=3}}</ref> == Ịdọ aka ná ntị == '''Ọzụzụ ise bụ isi''' na-enye aka n'ọhịa nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi: ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi, toxikoloji, sayensị ikpughe, injinịa gburugburu ebe obibi, na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke ọ bụla n'ime ọzụzụ ise a na-enye ozi dị iche iche iji kọwaa nsogbu na ngwọta na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. Otú ọ dị, enwere ụfọdụ mmakọ n'etiti ha. * Ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi na-amụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi (gụnyere ikpughe na kemịkal, ụzarị ọkụ, ndị ọrụ mikrobiolojikal, wdg) na ahụike mmadụ. Nnyocha nke na-ahụ naanị ngosipụta nke ndị mmadụ enwetala, bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ụmụ mmadụ enweghị ike ikpughe ndị a maara ma ọ bụ na-enyo enyo na ha na-akpata ọrịa. Ọ bụ ezie na enweghị ike iji atụmatụ ọmụmụ nnwale bụ mmachi nke ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi, ịdọ aka ná ntị a na-ahụ mmetụta na ahụike mmadụ kama ịkọ mmetụta sitere na ọmụmụ ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Epidemiology|first=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK233640/|title=Environmental Epidemiology: The Context|date=1997|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|language=en}}</ref>''Ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi'' bụ ọmụmụ nke mmetụta na ahụike mmadụ nke anụ ahụ, bayoloji, na kemịkalụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke e chepụtara n'ụzọ sara mbara. Ọzọkwa, na-enyocha ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ obodo ndị a na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche, Ọrịa na gburugburu ebe obibi anyị na-ezube ịkọwapụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe anụ ahụ, ihe ndị dị ndụ ma ọ bụ kemịkal na ahụike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite book|date=1991-01-01|title=Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/1802|doi=10.17226/1802|isbn=978-0-309-04496-7|author=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental Epidemiology}}</ref> * Toxikoloji na-amụ otú ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi si eduga na nsonaazụ ahụike kpọmkwem, n'ozuzu na ụmụ anụmanụ, dị ka ụzọ isi ghọta nsonaazụ ahụike nwere ike ime na ụmụ mmadụ. Toxikoloji nwere uru nke inwe ike ịme nyocha a na-achịkwa na nyocha nyocha ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ha nwere ike iji isiokwu anụmanụ. Otú ọ dị, enwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche na bayoloji ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ, enwere ike inwe ọtụtụ ejighị n'aka mgbe ị na-akọwa nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ụmụ anụmanụ maka mmetụta ha maka ahụike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Toxicology|url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/toxicology/index.cfm|accessdate=2021-08-02|work=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences|language=en}}</ref> * [[Exposure science|Sayensị]] na-ekpughe ihe na-amụ banyere ikpughe mmadụ na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi site na ịchọpụta ma na-atụle ihe ngosi. Enwere ike iji sayensị ikpughe iji kwado ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi site n'ịkọwa nke ọma ngosipụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke nwere ike iduga n'otu nsonaazụ ahụike, chọpụta ngosipụta nkịtị nke a pụrụ ịghọta nsonaazụ ahụike ya nke ọma site na ọmụmụ toxicology, ma ọ bụ enwere ike iji ya mee ihe ize ndụ iji chọpụta ma ọkwa ngosi ugbu a nwere ike karịa ọkwa a tụrụ aro. Sayensị ikpughe nwere uru nke inwe ike ịkọwapụta n'ụzọ ziri ezi na kemịkal ụfọdụ, mana ọ naghị emepụta ozi ọ bụla gbasara nsonaazụ ahụike dị ka ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ toxicology.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exposure Science|url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/exposure/index.cfm|accessdate=2021-08-02|work=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences|language=en}}</ref> * Injinia gburugburu ebe obibi na-etinye ụkpụrụ sayensị na injinia maka ichebe ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ site na mmetụta nke ihe ọjọọ gburugburu ebe obibi; nchebe nke gburugburu ebe obibi site na mmetụta ndị nwere ike imebi nke ọrụ okike na nke mmadụ; na mmezi zuru oke nke ịdị mma gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Environmental Engineers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/environmental-engineers.htm#tab-2|accessdate=2021-08-02|work=www.bls.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> * Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere netwọk nke nkwekọrịta, ụkpụrụ, ụkpụrụ, iwu nkịtị na omenala na-ekwu maka mmetụta nke ọrụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Environmental law|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/environmental-law|accessdate=2021-08-02|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Enwere ike ijikọta ozi sitere na epidemoloji, toxikoloji, na sayensị ikpughe iji mee nyocha ihe ize ndụ maka kemịkal ụfọdụ, ngwakọta nke kemịkal ma ọ bụ ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ iji chọpụta ma ikpughe ọ na-eweta nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nye ahụike mmadụ (nkọwapụta nwere ike ịkpata mmepe nke ọrịa metụtara mmetọ). Enwere ike iji nke a mee ihe iji mepụta ma mejuputa iwu ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi nke, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-achịkwa ikuku kemịkal, ma ọ bụ na-etinye ụkpụrụ maka ịdị ọcha kwesịrị ekwesị. [peeji dị Enwere ike ijikọta ọrụ injinia na iwu iji nye njikwa ihe ize ndụ iji belata, nyochaa, ma jikwaa mmetụta nke ikpughe iji chebe ahụike mmadụ iji mezuo ebumnuche nke iwu ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTgSBW8jE8QC&q=environmental+health+from+global+to+local+by+howard+frumkin&pg=PP1|title=Environmental Health: from Global to Local|edition=2 Editor= Howard Frumkin|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=San Francisco|year=2010|isbn=9780470567760}}</ref> == Nchegbu == [[Usòrò:Health_effects_of_pollution.png|thumb|Ntụle nke mmetụta ahụike kachasị na ụmụ mmadụ site na ụfọdụ ụdị mmetọ a na-ahụkarị.]] [[Usòrò:FEMA_-_16491_-_Photograph_by_John_Fleck_taken_on_09-30-2005_in_Mississippi.jpg|thumb|FEMA / EPA Hazardous Materials Team na-ewepụ ihe ize ndụ ndị fọdụrụ na Hurricane Katrina, 2005.]] [[File:How_is_our_sick_planet_making_us_sick.webm|thumb|Ọmụmụ ihe nke Joyeeta Gupta (University of Amsterdam) banyere ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi]] '''Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi''' na-edozi akụkụ niile metụtara '''ahụike mmadụ''' nke gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu arugoro. Nchegbu ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere: * Ọdịdị ikuku, gụnyere ma ikuku dị n'èzí na ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ, nke gụnyekwara nchegbu banyere anwụrụ ọkụ ụtaba gburugburu ebe obibi. * Bayosafeti * Njikere ọdachi na nzaghachi. * Mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ya na ahụike. * Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe enwere ike itinye ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu maka ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka ikuku, ala, na mmetọ mmiri. Nke a na -emekarị n'ihi mmachi, usoro akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na n'ikpeazụ, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta ìgwè dị iche iche n'ụwa niile, mana n'ozuzu ya, ọ bụ ìgwè ndị a na-eleghara anya nke mpaghara / mba ọ bụla. * Nchebe nri, gụnyere [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]], njem, nhazi nri, nkesa na ire ere. * Nchịkwa ihe ndị dị ize ndụ, gụnyere njikwa ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ, mmezi saịtị na-emerụ emerụ, igbochi mgbapu site na tankị nchekwa dị n'okpuru ala na igbochi ntọhapụ [[Dangerous goods|ihe ndị dị ize ndụ]] na gburugburu ebe obibi na nzaghachi na ọnọdụ mberede sitere na ntọhapụ ndị dị otú ahụ. * Ụlọ, gụnyere nkwụsị ụlọ na-adịghị mma na nyocha nke ụlọ mkpọrọ na ụlọ mkpọrọ. * Mgbochi nsí ndu nke nwata. * Atụmatụ iji ala eme ihe, gụnyere uto dị mma. * Mkpofu nsị mmiri, gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi mmiri nsị obodo na usoro mkpofu mmiri mkpofu na saịtị, dị ka usoro tankị nsị na ụlọ mposi kemịkal. * Nchịkwa na mkpofu ọgwụ. * Nchịkwa mmetọ mkpọtụ. * Ahụike ọrụ na ịdị ọcha ụlọ ọrụ. * Ahụike radiological, gụnyere ikpughe na ụzarị ionizing site na X-ray ma ọ bụ isotopes radioactive. * Mgbochi ọrịa mmiri ntụrụndụ, gụnyere site na ọdọ mmiri, spas na [[Oke Òrìmìlì|oké osimiri]] na ebe ịsa ahụ. * Mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị nchebe. * Nchịkwa mkpofu siri ike, gụnyere mkpofu, ụlọ ọrụ imegharị ihe, composting na ụlọ ọrụ mbufe mkpofu siri ike. * Ngosipụta kemịkal na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa, ụlọ, ebe ọrụ, ikuku, mmiri ma ọ bụ ala. * Nchịkwa nje, gụnyere ịchịkwa anwụnta, òké, ijiji, oke bekee na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibufe nje. Dị ka atụmatụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya si kwuo, ihe dị ka 5 ruo 10% nke afọ ndụ ndị nwere nkwarụ (DALYs) furu efu bụ n'ihi ihe kpatara gburugburu ebe obibi na Europe. Ihe kachasị mkpa bụ mmetọ dị mma na ikuku obodo.<ref>[http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/nl/national-and-regional-story-netherlands-1 National and regional story (Netherlands) – Environmental burden of disease in Europe: the Abode project]. EEA.</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, e mere atụmatụ na ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye aka na ọnwụ nde 4.9 (8.7%) na nde 86 (5.7%) DALYs n'ụwa niile.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160116104208/http://www.ehjournal.net/content/10/1/9 "Knows and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review"]. Press-Ustinov, A., et al. 2011. ''Environmental Health'' 10:9.</ref> Na United States, a chọpụtala na saịtị Superfund nke ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche mepụtara dị ize ndụ nye ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na obodo ndị dị nso. Ọ bụ iyi egwu a a na-ahụ anya, na-eme ka echiche nke ime ime, mgbanwe, nkwarụ ọmụmụ, na ọrịa kansa nke kachasị egwu ọha na eze. == Ozi == Mmemme toxikoloji na ozi ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi(TEHIP) bụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ zuru oke nke toxicology na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi, nke gụnyere ohere mepere emepe maka ihe onwunwe nke ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị US na òtù dị iche mepụtara, a na-echekwa ya n'okpuru mkpuchi nke Specialized Information Service na United States National Library of Medicine .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro.html|title=TEHIP|publisher=United States National Library of Medicine|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2018-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901172235/https://sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro.html}}</ref> TEHIP gụnyere njikọ na nchekwa data teknụzụ, bibliographies, nkuzi, na ihe ndị na-azụ ahịa. TEHIP na-ahụ maka Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET), usoro jikọtara nke toxicology na nchekwa data ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere Ụlọ akụ data ihe dị ize ndụ, nke na-emeghe ohere, ya bụ, dị n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/|title=TOXNET|publisher=United States National Library of Medicine|accessdate=2010-03-09|archivedate=2019-06-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611080606/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/}}</ref> TOXNET lara ezumike nká na 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TOXNET Update: New Locations for TOXNET Content|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/tb.html|accessdate=2022-04-01|work=www.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> == Mmaputa == E nwere ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ mmapụta ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. TOXMAP bụ '''usoro ozi ala''' ('''GIS''') site na Ngalaba nke Ọrụ Ozi Pụrụ Iche nke Ọbá akwụkwọ ọgwụ mba United States(NLM) nke na-eji map nke United States enyere ndị ọrụ aka ịchọpụta data sitere na Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu nke United States(E (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory na Superfund Basic Research Programs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/ |title=sis.nlm.nih.gov |accessdate=2022-04-23 |archivedate=2019-03-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321193634/http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/ }}</ref> TOXMAP bụ akụ nke gọọmentị etiti US na-akwado. A na-ewere ozi ahụike kemịkal na gburugburu ebe obibi nke TOXMAP site na NLM's Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET) na PubMed, na site na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nwere ikike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/|title=toxnet.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2010-03-09|archivedate=2019-06-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611080606/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/}}</ref> == Ọrụ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi == A pụrụ ịma ndị ọkachamara ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ndị ọrụ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị nyocha ahụike ọha, ndị ọkachamara ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị na-eme nnyocha na ndị na-eme iwu na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa n'otú e si eme ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọhịa. N'ọtụtụ mba Europe, ndị dibịa na ndị dọkịta na-ahụ maka anụ ụlọ na-etinye aka na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. Na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], ndị ọkachamara ga-enwerịrị nzere gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi ma bụrụ ndị a kwadoro ma debanye aha na Chartered Institute of Environmental Health ma ọ bụ Royal Environmental Health Institute of Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/advice/planning/jobprofiles/Pages/environmentalhealthofficer.aspx|title=Job Profiles: Environmental health officer|publisher=National Careers Service (UK)|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> Na Canada, a chọrọ ndị ọkachamara na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi iji nweta nzere bachelọ a kwadoro na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi tinyere asambodo ọkachamara mba, Asambodo na Nnyocha Ahụike Ọha (Canada), CPHI(C).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ciphi.ca/|title=Canadian Institute of Public Health Inspectors|accessdate=4 February 2015|archivedate=18 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818023124/http://www.ciphi.ca/}}</ref> Ọtụtụ steeti dị na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na-achọkwa ka ndị mmadụ nwee nzere bachelọ na ikikere ọkachamara iji rụọ ọrụ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. Iwu steeti [[California]] na-akọwa oke ọrụ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ndị a:<ref>California Health and Safety Code, section 106615(e)</ref> == Edensịbia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sm08b013cp3b70xcb3io91uxh558lex 0 13556 709225 641794 2026-09-06T10:38:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Pages using infobox person with unknown empty parameters|knownforEuodia Samson]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Euodia Samson (a mụrụ n'afọ 1970), bụ onye South Afrika na-eme ihe nkiri na onye TV.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APM: Euodia Samson|url=https://www.apm.co.za/artiste/euodia-samson-434/|accessdate=2021-11-28|work=Artistes Personal Management}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma ''maka'' ọrụ na usoro telivishọn dịka; ''SOS'', ''Arendsvlei'', ''Big Okes'', Madam & Eve na ''Fishy Feshuns'' .<ref name="Samson">{{Cite web|date=2015-09-23|title=Actress Euodia Samson shares her Banting story|url=https://realmealrevolution.com/real-thinking/actress-euodia-samson-shares-her-banting-story/|accessdate=2021-11-28|work=Real Meal Revolution|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Euodia Samson na afo 1970 na Cape Flats, Cape Town, South Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Candice Spence|date=2016-07-26|title=Eat Better SA: One Year Reunion with Ocean View Ladies|url=http://thenoakesfoundation.org/news/blog/eat-better-sa-one-year-reunion-with-ocean-view-ladies|accessdate=2021-11-28|work=The Noakes Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128142231/https://thenoakesfoundation.org/news/blog/eat-better-sa-one-year-reunion-with-ocean-view-ladies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Bullen|first=Jayne|date=2015-11-17|title=Prof's Words: The Real Food Revolution Gains Momentum|url=http://thenoakesfoundation.org/news/blog/profs-words-the-real-food-revolution-gains-momentum|accessdate=2021-11-28|work=The Noakes Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128142227/https://thenoakesfoundation.org/news/blog/profs-words-the-real-food-revolution-gains-momentum}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ sonyeere ndị otu ihe nkiri na Lavender Hill . Mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na Baxter Theatre.<ref name="ESAT">{{Cite web|title=Euodia Samson - ESAT|url=https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Euodia_Samson|accessdate=2021-11-28|work=esat.sun.ac.za}}</ref> N'oge a, Mavis Taylor nyere ya bursary iji gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cape Town (UCT). Mgbe ahụ na afo1993, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere na Performer's Diploma in Speech and Drama na UCT.<ref name="TVSA">{{Cite web|title=Euodia Samson: TVSA|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=13140|accessdate=2021-11-28|work=www.tvsa.co.za|archivedate=2025-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223203910/https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=13140}}</ref> Ọ zutere di ya n'afọ 1994 bụ onye injinia ụda na Baxter n'oge ahụ. Di na nwunye a nwere ụmụ nwoke atọ.<ref name="ESAT" /> == Ọrụ == N'oge ndụ ya na UCT, ọ rụrụ ihe nkiri dịka: ''Romeo na Juliet'', ''Othello'', The Cherry Orchard, ''Antigone'' na Animal Farm . Ka ọ dịgodị, ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Cape Performing Arts Board (CAPAB), na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ha a na-akpọ "War on Waste". N'afọ ndị bu ya ụzọ, ọ gara n'ihu na-apụta na ogbo ma e wezụga sinima na telivishọn, Euodia mekwara ọtụtụ ihe nkiri dịka; ''Freaks'', A Winter's Tale, ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'', Dying Breed na Sister Breyani, Dying Breed (CAPAB 1993), ''Suip''! (1993), The Winter's Tale (1997), ''Ons Hou Konsert'' (1999), Buckingham Palace, District Six (2000-2001), ''Vatmaar'' (2002 na afo 2003), ''Die Joseph en Mary Affair'' (2007 na afo 2008), Sister Breyani (2007 na afo 2009).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sister Breyani shows at the Baxter Theatre|url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/477/34215.html|accessdate=2021-11-28|work=www.bizcommunity.com|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ "Roxy" maka Baxter Theatre na dị ka "Mustardseed" na 1995 mmepụta nke ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' nke Maynardville mepụtara.<ref name="ESAT" /> N'afọ 1995, o mere ihe nkiri izizi na ihe nkiri vidio ''The Pink Leather Chair'' ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke "Gloria". Mgbe ahụ n'afọ 1996, o mere ihe nkiri telivishọn mbụ na usoro ''Tussen Duiwels'' ma rụọ ọrụ "Gawa September".<ref name="banting">{{Cite web|title=Banting not just for elite - actress|url=https://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/health/banting-not-just-for-elite-actress-1891715|accessdate=2021-11-28|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1997, ọ rụrụ ọrụ "Amina Davids" na SABC2 comedy drama ''Onder Draai die Duiwel Rond'' .<ref name="Samson" /> N'afọ 2003, Euodia rụrụ ọrụ "Christina" na oge nke atọ nke SABC2 comedy ''Fishy Fêshuns'' . N'afọ 2006, o mere ihe nkiri Heartlines "The Piano" na ọrụ "Elsie Daniels". N'afọ 2011, o mere ihe nkiri ''Black Butterflies'' na ọrụ "nwanyị Alakụba". N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ sonyeere usoro ihe nkiri SABC2 dị iche iche Colour ''TV'' ma rụọ ọtụtụ ọrụ.<ref name="TVSA" /> Ka ọ dịgodị, o kwukwara okwu na redio ''Goud en Silwer'' maka SABC .<ref name="ESAT" /> N'afọ 2015, ya na Tim Noakes Foundation na Groote Schuur Hospital doctor Hassina Kajee jikọrọ aka. Ha duziri mmemme Banting na Ocean View.<ref name="banting" /> E wezụga ha, ọ pụtakwara na usoro telivishọn dị ka ''SOS'', ''Big Okes'', Madam & Eve, niile telecast na e.tv wee na usoro: ''Backstage'', ''Tussen Duiwels'', ''Newshounds'' na ''Khululeka'' .<ref name="Samson"/> N'afọ ndị bu ya ụzọ, o mere ihe nkiri dịka; ''Cape of Good Hope'', ''Ali Barber'', na ''Crossroads'' .<ref name="ESAT" /> N'afọ 2017, Euodia pụtara na usoro atọ: dị ka "Sharifa Cassim" na ''danZ''!, dị ka "Fiona Abrahams" na ''Waterfront'' na dị ka "Gevangenis se 'Ma' na ''Die Byl'' .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-21|title=The V&A Waterfront finally gets its own TV series|url=https://www.tyi.co.za/your-culture/entertainment/the-va-waterfront-finally-gets-its-own-tv-series|accessdate=2021-11-28|work=The Young Independents|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, ọ pụtara na kykNET & kie telenovela ''Arendsvlei'' . Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ahụ ruo oge atọ n'usoro. Ka ọ dịgodị, ọ sonyeere oge atọ: Projek Dina, ''Projek Dina'' na ''Sara se Geheim'' na 2020. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ "Zainab Petersen" na ihe nkiri Twisted Christmas .<ref name="TVSA"/> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ụdị !Ref. |- |1995 |''The Pink Leather Chair'' |Gloria |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |1996 |''Tussen Duiwels'' |Gawa September |Usoro TV | |- |1997 |''Onder Draai die Duiwel Rond'' |Amina Davids |Usoro TV | |- |2003 |''Fishy Fêshuns'' |Christina |Usoro TV | |- |2006 |''Obi'' |Elsie Daniels |Usoro TV | |- |2011 |''Black Butterflies'' |Nwanyị Alakụba |Ihe nkiri | |- | |''Backstage'' |Ọrụ ndị ọbịa |Usoro TV | |- |2011 |''TV agba'' |Ọtụtụ ọrụ |Usoro TV | |- |2013 |''Felix'' |Oriakụ. Jenụwarị |Ihe nkiri | |- |2013 |''Bullets Oor Bishop Lavis'' |Malaysia |Obere ihe nkiri | |- |2014 |''Die Windpomp'' |Karmienella |Ihe nkiri | |- |2017 |''danZ!'' |Sharifa Cassim |Usoro TV | |- |2017 |''Waterfront'' |Fiona Abrahams |Usoro TV | |- |2017 |''Die Byl'' |Gevangenis se "Ma" |Usoro TV | |- |2018 |''Arendsvlei'' |Hazel Bastiaan |Usoro TV | |- |2020 |''Projek Dina'' |Ma Versveld |Usoro TV | |- |2020 |''Krismas gbagọrọ agbagọ'' |Zainab Petersen |Ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Euodia Samson|url=https://m-net.dstv.com/movie/a-twisted-christmas/euodia-samson/actor|accessdate=2021-11-28|work=M-Net - Euodia Samson|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Visser|first=Sandra|title=What to watch: these films will get you in the holiday spirit|url=https://www.news24.com/you/chillout/what-to-watch-these-films-will-get-you-in-the-holiday-spirit-20201221|accessdate=2021-11-28|work=You|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Projek Dina'' |Oriakụ Versveld Snr. |Usoro TV | |- |2020 |''Sara se Geheim'' |Aunty Girlie |Usoro TV | |- |2021 |''Ịma nke Africa'' |Angeliena |Obere ihe nkiri | |- |2021 |''Angeliena'' |Angeliena |Ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite web|author=News|first=Eyewitness|title=Your Oct Netflix guide: SA’s ‘Angeliena’ and ‘Little Big Mouth’ drop|url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/10/01/your-oct-netflix-guide-sa-s-angeliena-and-little-big-mouth-drop|accessdate=2021-11-28|work=ewn.co.za|language=en}}</ref> |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [[imdbname:5345260|IMDb]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Samson, Euodia}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ivh9vp1h22n4eqlf4simlazd1zsort6 0 13917 709201 623297 2026-09-06T04:44:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709201 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Dennis Osadebe''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1991) bụ onye Naijiria na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe na-ebi na Lagos nke a maara maka ihe osise ya na ihe ọkpụkpụ ya. Omume ya na-eji ihe osise nke onwe ya nke na-enyocha ihe nketa, teknụzụ na ohere nke mmadụ. Osadebe chepụtara mmegharị ọdịbendị 'Neo-Africa', dị ka mmeghachi omume maka oke ọdịdị nke okwu ahụ bụ 'African Art', dị ka ụzọ isi gbaa ndị ọzọ ume ịmegharị ọdịnala n'ụzọ na-egosipụta ụwa na-agbanwe agbanwe. == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Osadebe na [[Lagos]] n'afọ 1991. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na Business Management na Queen Mary, Mahadum nke London n'afọ 2012 wee gaa n'ihu nweta nzere masta nke sayensị na Mahadum Warwick, Coventry .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dennis Osadebe|url=http://www.galerieliusawang.com/en/artist/dennis-osadebe/|accessdate=2020-09-08|work=Galerie Liusa Wang|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dennis Osadebe - About|url=https://www.dennisosadebe.com/about|accessdate=2020-09-08|work=Dennis Osadebe|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, Osadebe malitere ịmepụta ọrụ ya na nka, ma chọpụta iro n'ịbịaru ọrụ a nso n'enweghị nzụlite mmụta nka ọdịnala, n'ihi enweghị nnweta na gallery na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. Ihe a bụ ihe na-akpali akpali na Osadebe ịmepụta ọrụ nke na-enye onye na-ekiri ya ike, site n'ikwe ka ha nwee naanị ka ha nwee onwe ha iji nweta ma nwee obi ụtọ nka. E gosipụtara ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi gụnyere Avenue des Arts na Los Angeles, ihe ngosi naanị ya na South Korea, Portrait Of a Bright Generation na Galerie Liusa Wang na Paris, Investec Cape Town (Art Fair) na South Africa na Spectacular Now (Duo Show) na Evans Mbugua na Nairobi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dennis Osadebe to Hold First Solo Exhibition in LA With "Field of Dreams"|url=https://hypebeast.com/2019/9/dennis-osadebe-field-of-dreams-exhibition-avenue-des-arts|accessdate=2020-09-08|work=HYPEBEAST}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Osadebe, Dennis {{!}} Biography|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Dennis-Osadebe/FA8CB6A47B99235C/Biography|accessdate=2020-09-08|work=www.mutualart.com|language=en}}</ref> O mepụtara ihe ngosi vidiyo maka ihe omume Expo 2020's ''Pre-Expo Space Week''.<ref name="expo 2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.expo2020dubai.com/en/expo-talks/-/media/expo2020/events/space-week/expo2020-spaceweek-agenda-day1.pdf|accessdate=2020-10-05|title=PRE-EXPO SPACE WEEK OCTOBER 5 – 6, 2020 AGENDA|archivedate=2020-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007180432/https://www.expo2020dubai.com/en/expo-talks/-/media/expo2020/events/space-week/expo2020-spaceweek-agenda-day1.pdf}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == Osadebe's vibrant post-pop style aims to reimagine his heritage and experiences through the use of positive, provocative, progressive imagery, and narratives, creating a dialogue where tradition meets invention and innovation. Ọrụ ndị ahụ na-egosi ihe nkiri nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị, nke sitere na ahụmịhe nke ndị na-ese ihe ma bụrụ nke onwe ya ma nwee njikọ na ọha mmadụ ugbu a, ebe e gosipụtara ya n'ọnọdụ nke oge a. Osadebe na-enwe mmetụta site na ndị na-ese ihe dị ka David Hockney, Kerry James Marshal, Michael Craig-Martin, na Roy Lichtenstein na nkwuwa okwu ha. === Ihe osise === A na-emepụta ihe osise Osadebe na-agwakọta na dijitalụ, a na-ejizi eserese acrylic chọọ ebe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nke akwa ahụ mma. Ya mere, a na-asụgharị ọrụ ọ bụla dị ka ihe pụrụ iche, dịka onye na-ese ihe na-ewepụ ohere ọ bụla maka mmeputakwa dijitalụ. Osadebe na-ezo aka n'ụdị ọhụụ ya nke ịrụ ọrụ dị ka "NEO" nke bụ nke oge a, na-egbuke egbuke, ma na-egosipụta. A na-egosipụta ụdị a site na blọọgụ nke agba dị egwu, ọdịdị geometric, minimalism na mkpụrụedemede na uwe hypnotic, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nnọchianya ọhụụ. Site na juxtaposing ihe ndị gara aga n'akụkụ ugbu a, ebe ọ na-eji ihe nketa ya nke Naijiria dị ka mmalite, Osadebe na-etinye nzụlite ya na ahụmịhe ya na ọnọdụ nke ọdịnihu na ohere ya na-enweghị njedebe. Omume Osadebe jupụtara na surrealism na-akpali akpali, ihe nnọchianya bara uru, na ọchị egwuregwu, na-egosi onwe ya dị ka nyocha na-aga n'ihu nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọdịnala na nke oge a. Ebumnuche eserese ndị a bụ ịrụ ọrụ dị ka njikọ, site na ịtụ aro ụdị ime mmụọ ọhụrụ nke teknụzụ nke oge dijitalụ anyị jikọtara. Ihe mkpuchi na okpu agha bụ ihe a na-ahụ ugboro ugboro n'ime ọrụ Osadebe, a na-egosi ha dị ka ihe na-ezo aka na ọrụ teknụzụ n'ime ndụ anyị kwa ụbọchị, yana ngwá ọrụ maka ikpuchi ndị na-ese ihe osise, nke na-enye ndị na-ekiri ohere itinye onwe ha n'ọrụ ahụ n'ihi amaghị aha a. === Ihe ọkpụkpụ === A na-enyocha ihe osise ugboro ugboro nke ihe mkpuchi site na ihe ọkpụkpụ Osadebe, nke bụ busts nke ndị na-ese onyinyo na ihu ha zoro ezo site na nkọwa nke ihe mkpuchi ọdịnala Afrịka. Ihe ọkpụkpụ ndị ahụ na-eji ndị na-ese ihe na-acha agba agba, a na-ejikwa ọla nchara na mbipụta 3D emepụta ya. Usoro a, Stand For Something (2019), na-enye onye na-ekiri ya ohere ịtụle ihe ha na-anọchite anya ya, ebe ọ na-egosipụta omenala obodo na ọdịnala nke Naịjirịa n'otu. == Ndetu == {{Reflist}} <references /> * {{Cite web|url=https://www.documentjournal.com/2019/05/dennis-osadebe-thinks-the-term-african-art-is-lazy/|title=Dennis Osadebe thinks the term “African art” is lazy|date=May 15, 2019|work=Document Journal|accessdate=June 4, 2022|archivedate=June 4, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604172326/https://www.documentjournal.com/2019/05/dennis-osadebe-thinks-the-term-african-art-is-lazy/}} * {{Cite web|url=https://republic.com.ng/vol3-no3/dennis-osadebe-future/|title=Dennis Osadebe's Near Future|first=The|author=Republic|date=September 9, 2019}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.contemporaryand.com/magazines/spectacularly-forward/|title=Spectacularly Forward|work=Contemporary And}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.designindaba.com/articles/creative-work/nigerian-artist-dennis-osadebe-isolation-future-and-african-art|title=Nigerian artist Dennis Osadebe on isolation, the future and African art|work=Design Indaba}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Osadebe, Dennis}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] j80urulstg5lojy0jz20wlkc3hlls2f 0 14199 709141 241226 2026-09-05T22:36:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709141 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] '''Raphael Camidoh Kofi Attachie''' (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 21 n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1994) nke aha ya bụ '''Camidoh''' bụ onye [[Ghana]] [[Afropolitan Vibes|Afropop]], R&B na Afrobeats songwriter na onye egwu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=My name means blessings - Camidoh|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/My-name-means-blessings-Camidoh-1014652|accessdate=2022-05-07|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-28|title=People don't stream my songs because they claim I sound Nigerian - Camidoh|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/People-don-t-stream-my-songs-because-they-claim-I-sound-Nigerian-Camidoh-1433077|accessdate=2022-05-07|work=GhanaWeb|language=en|archivedate=2022-05-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508010406/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/People-don-t-stream-my-songs-because-they-claim-I-sound-Nigerian-Camidoh-1433077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=GNA|title=Afrobeats Artiste Camidoh Wants To Maintain Consistency In The Industry|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/afrobeats-artiste-camidoh-wants-to-maintain-consistency-in-the-industry/|accessdate=2022-05-07|work=News Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ ya == A mụrụ Camidoh na Aflao na mpaghara Volta nke Ghana ma otu nne zụlitere ya na Ho, isi obodo Volta Region, Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-23|title=Camidoh shares his experience of being raised by a single mother|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Camidoh-shares-his-experience-of-being-raised-by-a-single-mother-1522064|accessdate=2022-05-07|work=GhanaWeb|language=en|archivedate=2022-05-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508010429/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Camidoh-shares-his-experience-of-being-raised-by-a-single-mother-1522064}}</ref> Site n'afọ 2008 ruo afọ 2012, Camidoh nwetara agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Bishop Herman College, ebe ọ gụrụ na nka izugbe. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum nke Professional Studies na Accra, Ghana, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Science degree na Marketing. == Ọrụ ya == N'afọ 2018, Grind Don't Stop Records bịanyere aka na Camidoh. N'otu afọ ahụ, Camidoh wepụtara egwu mbụ ya akpọrọ For My Lover nke gosipụtara ''Darkovibes'' .<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title='Sugarcane' is harvest of consistency—Camidoh|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/sugarcane-is-harvest-of-consistency-camidoh.html|accessdate=2022-05-07|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> O mechara wepụta The Best nke gosipụtara Kelvyn Boy na Available nke gosipụtara Eugy. N'afọ 2021, o wepụtara otu egwu nke gosipụtara onye nhoputa ihe nrite nke BET Kwesi Arthur nke akpọrọ Dance With You . N'afọ 2020, o wepụtara egwu isii nke akpọrọ Contingency Plan (C.P.).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-06|title=Contingency Plan: Ghana's Camidoh finds new Afropop route|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/contingency-plan-ghanas-camidoh-finds-new-afropop-route|accessdate=2022-05-07|work=Music In Africa|language=en}}</ref> Na Machị 2021, Camidoh rụrụ na Ihe nrite Mmeri Ntụrụndụ nke Citi TV haziri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-28|title=Camidoh, Abiana, Yung Pabi, others stun at Entertainment Achievement Awards|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/03/camidoh-abiana-yung-pabi-others-stun-at-entertainment-achievement-awards/|accessdate=2022-05-07|work=Citinewsroom|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-30|title=Camidoh’s performance at #EAAwards earns him gig in London – Manager|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/03/camidohs-performance-at-eaawards-earns-him-gig-in-london-manager/|accessdate=2022-05-07|work=Citinewsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> A họpụtara egwu ya, Contingency Plan (C.P.) maka [[Album]] nke Afọ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Entertainment Achievement Awards: Full list of nominees – Glitz Africa Magazine|url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/entertainment-achievement-awards-full-list-of-nominees/|accessdate=2022-05-07|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113071432/https://www.glitzafrica.com/entertainment-achievement-awards-full-list-of-nominees/}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ ya, ọ nwetara nkwanye ùgwù site n'aka onye isi ọrụ IMANI, Franklin Cudjoe bụ onye meriri ya $ 500.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-29|title=Franklin Cudjoe explains why he gave Camidoh $500 after performance at #EAAwards|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/03/franklin-cudjoe-explains-why-he-gave-camidoh-500-after-performance-at-eaawards/|accessdate=2022-05-07|work=Citinewsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama n'etiti 2021 na 2022, mgbe ọ wepụtara egwu ya Sugarcane na Disemba 2021. Egwu a malitere ịkawanye mgbe ndị Ghana na-emepụta vidiyo [[Tiktok (ihe nkiri)|TikTok]] jiri egwu ahụ mee ihe na vidiyo ha, na-eje ozi dị ka ụzọ isi kwalite egwu ahụ n'ịntanetị.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-21|title=Camidoh thanks Ghanaian TikTokers for making ‘Sugarcane’ go viral|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2022/02/camidoh-thanks-ghanaian-tiktokers-for-making-sugarcane-go-viral/|accessdate=2022-05-08|work=Citinewsroom|language=}}</ref> Abụ ahụ bụ nke ise na Shazam's top 200 most searched Afropop songs. Na 8 Eprel 2022, o wepụtara remix nke egwu ahụ nke gosipụtara King Promise, onye egwu Naịjirịa bụ [[Mayorkun]] na onye egwu Britain bụ Darkoo. N'izu mbụ nke ọnwa Mee, ọ fọrọ obere ka ọ bụrụ otu ọnwa ka a tọhapụrụ ya, mmekorita ahụ ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ otu na eserese egwu kacha elu nke otu narị nke Naịjịrịa na egwu Apple.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-05|title=Camidoh tops Nigeria’s Apple Music chart with ‘Sugarcane’ remix|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2022/05/camidoh-tops-nigerias-apple-music-chart-with-sugarcane-remix/|accessdate=2022-05-07|work=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Somuah-Annan|first=Grace|date=2022-05-06|title=Camidoh breaks records with ‘Sugarcane’ remix ft King Promise, Mayorkun, Darkoo|url=https://3news.com/camidoh-breaks-records-with-sugarcane-remix-ft-king-promise-mayorkun-darkoo/|accessdate=2022-05-07|work=3NEWS|language=en-US}}</ref> == Artistry na mmetụta egwu == Tupu ọ malite ọrụ egwu ya, Camidoh hụrụ egwu site n'aka onye Senegalese-American artist Akon na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ egwu [[YouTube]] mgbe ya na nwa nwanne nna ya nọ na ụlọ ịntanetị. A kpaliri ya ịbanye n'ime egwu ma n'ihi nke ahụ, ọ na-ezo aka na Akon dị ka onye kwalitere egwu ya ma mmetụta ya.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-29|title=Premiere: Camidoh and Kwesi Arthur - "Dance With You”|url=https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2021/07/29/premiere-camidoh-and-kwesi-arthur-dance-with-you/|accessdate=2022-05-07|work=Wonderland|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-10|title=I drew inspiration from Akon - Camidoh asserts|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/I-drew-inspiration-from-Akon-Camidoh-asserts-1487825|accessdate=2022-05-10|work=GhanaWeb|language=en|archivedate=2022-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510111147/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/I-drew-inspiration-from-Akon-Camidoh-asserts-1487825}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2022, n'ajụjụ ọnụ Twitter Space na onye mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ọha na eze nke Ghana bụ [[KalyJay]], Akon kwuru na ''“Anụla m abụ ahụ [Sugarcane]''. ''Ihe ndekọ ahụ buru ibu, "..“Enwere m ndekọ ahụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndekọ iri kachasị elu m na-egwu kwa ụbọchị.''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Arthur|first=Erica Nana|date=2022-02-25|title=Camidoh's 'Sugarcane' part of my top 10 playlist - Akon reveals — Starr Fm|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2022/02/camidohs-sugarcane-part-of-my-top-10-playlist-akon-reveals/|accessdate=2022-05-10|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226161233/https://starrfm.com.gh/2022/02/camidohs-sugarcane-part-of-my-top-10-playlist-akon-reveals/}}</ref> == Ọmụme Ihe Ngosi == === Ndị otu a họọrọ === * ''For My Lover ft. Darkovibes (2018)''<ref name=":2" /> * The Best ft. Kelvyn Boy (2019)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-02|title=Camidoh opens up on how he entered into the limelight|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Camidoh-opens-up-on-how-he-entered-into-the-limelight-1481018|accessdate=2022-05-07|work=GhanaWeb|language=en|archivedate=2022-05-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508010624/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Camidoh-opens-up-on-how-he-entered-into-the-limelight-1481018}}</ref> * TikTok (Available) ft. Eugy (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-10|title=Camidoh enlists Eugy Official for 'Available' remix|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Camidoh-enlists-Eugy-Official-for-Available-remix-1228750|accessdate=2022-05-07|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> * Maria (2020)<ref name=":3" /> * Dance With You ft. Kwesi Arthur (2021)<ref name=":5"/> * Sugarcane ft. Phantom (2021)<ref name=":2" /> * okpete (Remix) (ft. King Promise, [[Mayorkun]] & Darkoo) (2022)<ref name=":2" /> === Abọm & EP === * Atụmatụ mberede (C.P.) ''2020''<ref name=":0" /> == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ya == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Emume !Ihe nrite !Ọrụ a họpụtara !Nsonaazụ !Ref |- | rowspan="7" |2022 | rowspan="2" |Vodafone Ghana Music Awards |Afrobeats/Afropop Artiste of the Year |Ya onwe ya |{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-21|title=Vodafone Ghana Music Awards 2022: All the nominees|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/vodafone-ghana-music-awards-2022-all-nominees|accessdate=2022-05-08|work=Music In Africa|language=en}}</ref> |- |Best Afrobeats Song |Sugar Cane ft. Phantom |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |3Music Awards |Afrobeats/Afropop Song of the Year |Dị ft. Eugy |{{Nom}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kotey|first=Nii|date=27 March 2022|title=3Music News: 3Music Awards '22: Here are all the winners|url=https://3music.tv/section/news/article?nid=nwi7nMUc8EfDQv03wzwIVX6zdP2|accessdate=27 March 2022|work=3Music TV|language=}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|author=Hansen|first=Gabriel Myers|date=14 February 2022|title=3Music Awards 2022: All the nominees|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/3music-awards-2022-all-nominees|accessdate=26 March 2022|work=Music In Africa|language=}}</ref> |- |Digital Act of the Year |Ya onwe ya |{{Nom}} |- |Onye na-eti egwu nwoke nke afọ |Dị (remix) Onwe ya |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Ghana Nigeria Music Awards Festival USA |Afrobeats Song of the Year | rowspan="2" |"Sugarcane" ft. Phantom |{{pending}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Ghana Nigeria Music Awards Festival - USA Unveils 2022 Nominees|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/202205/467660.php|work=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|accessdate=31 May 2022|archivedate=1 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601115316/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/202205/467660.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Check Out The Full List Of Nominees For The 2022 Ghana-Nigeria Music Awards Festival USA|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/check-out-the-full-list-of-nominees-for-the-2022-ghana-nigeria-music-awards-festival-usa/|work=GH Gossip|accessdate=31 May 2022|language=en-AU|date=27 May 2022|archivedate=27 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527155626/https://www.ghgossip.com/check-out-the-full-list-of-nominees-for-the-2022-ghana-nigeria-music-awards-festival-usa/}}</ref> |- |Ghana Nigeria Mmekọrịta nke Afọ |{{pending}} |- |2021 |Ihe nrite ntụrụndụ |Abọm nke Afọ |''Atụmatụ mberede (C.P.)'' |{{Nom}} |<ref name=":4" /> |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5boy75f69o73ztybzgxwujc7m50zhaz 0 14936 709123 199825 2026-09-05T20:04:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|image=Berrell Jensen.jpg|caption=Jensen in 1966}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Berrell Elizabeth Jensen''' (ụbọchị irí abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 1933 rụọ úbọchị irí abụọ na isé n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2015) bụ onye South Africa mgbe agha gasịrị na onye na-akpụ ihe n'oge a, onye ọrụ ebere, na onye nkụzi. A maara ya nke ọma maka ihe banyere ọrụ ya na ọla kọpa na ọla ndị ọzọ, na-eme ihe ngosi mbụ ya n'afọ 1960. Ọ hapụrụ Saụt Afrịka gaa Yurop n'afọ 1968 ma mesịa rụọ ụlọ ọrụ aka na Ireland na agụmakwụkwọ ndị okenye na ụlọ ọrụ obodo na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]]. == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Jensen n'afọ 1933 na Potchefstroom, South Africa nye Phyllis (née Horwood) na Harry Jay. O nwere ụmụnne nwoke atọ na ụmụnne nwoke abụọ site na alụmdi na nwunye nna ya gara aga. Jensen gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Natal dị na Durban ebe ọ gụsịrị nzere bachelọ ya na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. N'afọ 1958, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na metalwork na welding na Natal Technical College wee bido ime mobiles ịchọ mma, na-aga n'ihu ịmepụta ihe ọkpụkpụ site na iji ọla nchara, ọla kọpa, ọlaọcha, na enamel. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya a na-egosipụta, e nyere ya ọrụ ịmepụta nnukwu ọrụ n'ihe banyere ụlọ ọha na eze. N'afọ 1984 Jensen nwetara diplọma na atụmatụ site na Architectural Association School of Architecture na [[London]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaschool.ac.uk/PUBLIC/NEWSNOTICES/obituaries.php?page=5|title=Obituaries – Berrell Jensen|date=|work=Architectural Association School of Architecture|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509160901/http://www.aaschool.ac.uk:80/PUBLIC/NEWSNOTICES/obituaries.php?page=5|archivedate=9 May 2017|accessdate=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://camdennewjournal.com/article/hands-berrell-got-community-centre-out-fix|title=Hands-on Berrell got community centre out of a fix|work=Camden New Journal|accessdate=29 March 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == N'afọ 1957 Jensen lụrụ Anton Jensen, nwa akwụkwọ PhD, onye ya na ya nwere nwa nwoke na nwa nwanyị. N'ihi ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ya na di ya họọrọ ịkwaga Europe site na Johannesburg. Ha kwụsịrị na Crete, ezinụlọ ahụ wee nwee ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'afọ 1969 nke di Jensen nwụrụ. Jensen na ụmụ ya nọrọ na [[Greece|Gris]] wee kwaga obere oge na United Kingdom wee, n'afọ 1977, gaa County Donegal, Ireland, ógè onye ụkọchukwu na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ Nna James McDyer kpọrọ ya ka o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ aka na ụlọ ọrụ nka. Jensen mechara biri na Belfast wee biri na London ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọrụ obodo, na-eguzobe ma na-arụ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ndị okenye na ụlọ ọrụ obodo gụnyere na Archway, Highgate na Hampstead. Ọ lara ezumike nká na Ireland, mana ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akpụ ihe.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://www.art-archives-southafrica.ch/PDFs/Berrell_JENSEN_Star2ndMarch1972.PDF|title=New angle on Berrell's art|date=2 March 1972|accessdate=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-archives-southafrica.ch/JENSEN.htm|title=Berrell JENSEN archives|work=art-archives-southafrica.ch|accessdate=29 March 2020|archivedate=10 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410121213/http://www.art-archives-southafrica.ch/JENSEN.htm}}</ref> == Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Jensen_sphere,_Biosphere.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|frameless]] Ihe ngosi izizi nke Jensen bụ na Durban n'afọ 1960. O gosipụtara ihe ngosi iri na itoolu ọzọ n'ime afọ asatọ sochirinụ.<ref name=":7" /> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ígwè, na-eji ọkụ oxy-acetylene, hacksaw, metal guillotine na usoro mmepụta ihe ndị ọzọ, na-ejikwa usoro metal-, resin- na concrete-casting.<ref name=":5" /> Jensen gosipụtara na ụlọ ngosi na South Africa na United Kingdom. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na nnukwu ọrụ ọha na eze n'ihe banyere ụlọ [[Netherlands]] Bank, ụlọ ọrụ redio Phillips, Jan Smuts Airport, na Windhoek Museum. N'afọ 1977, Jensen bịdọrọ ụlọ ọrụ aka na County Donegal, Ireland.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The tale of the heavy chrome and vinyl parastatal chairs|url=https://huisraad.co.za/blogs/news/the-tale-of-the-heavy-chrome-and-vinyl-parastatal-chairs|accessdate=29 March 2020|work=Huisraad Modern}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ, o mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ nka iji zụọ ụmụ akwụkwọ na ọrụ ígwè na ihe ọkpụkpụ, yana ime ọla, ibipụta akwụkwọ, na ọrụ aka ndị ọzọ. [[Usòrò:Brass_and_Bronze_sculpture.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|frameless]] N'afọ 1993, Jensen zụtara ụlọ ụka Protestant dị afọ narị atọ na Rochfortbridge, County Westmeath. Ọ rụzigharịrị ụlọ ahụ ma tinye ụlọ ọrụ metal. Ọ maliteghachiri ịcha ma rụchaa ọrụ n'ihi ndị isi obodo. == Ọrụ obodo == [[Usòrò:Berrell_Jensen_at_work.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|frameless]] A kpọrọ Jensen ka o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ aka na Glencolumbkille, Ireland n'afọ 1977 dịka akụkụ nke atụmatụ ịzụlite ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara ahụ. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ndị okenye na Belfast. O guzobere Highgate Newtown Community Centre. O mechara bụrụ onye nduzi Hampstead Community Centre, ọkwa ọ nọrọ afọ itoolu.<ref name=":7" /> N'afọ 2001, Jensen haziri otu County Westmeath gburugburu ebe obibi nke kwadoro megide ebe a na-ekpofu ala na mpaghara Killucan..<ref name=":7" /> == Ọnwụ == Jensen nwụrụ ógè ọ dị afọ Iri asatọ na abụọ na Cork, Ireland, n'ubochí irí abụọ na isé n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2015.<ref name=":7" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} n4xvkl0puyigtepspio08zgvmnsws6z 0 16418 709223 641210 2026-09-06T10:05:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox person|URL=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Eric Santos''' (a mụrụ na 31 Jenụwarị 1972), bụ [[Actor|onye]] Angola-Portuguese na-eme ihe nkiri na [[Angola|onye]] edemede.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://letterboxd.com/actor/eric-santos/|title=Eric Santos: Films|publisher=letterboxd|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lisbonartists.pt/actors/eric-santos_32.html#ad-image-0|title=ERIC SANTOS – CV Resumido|publisher=Lisbon Artists|accessdate=27 October 2020|archivedate=28 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628184527/http://www.lisbonartists.pt/actors/eric-santos_32.html#ad-image-0}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri Scoundrel, The ''Compass'', ''Jikulumessu'' na ''Kaminey''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/eric-santos-39452|title=Eric Santos|publisher=cinestaan|accessdate=27 October 2020|archivedate=31 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031080721/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/eric-santos-39452}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mubi.com/cast/eric-santos|title=Eric Santos: Actor|publisher=MUBI|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Santos malitere ọrụ ya n'afọ 1996 na usoro telivishọn Praça da Alegria . Kemgbe ahụ, o sonyere n'egwuregwu, ihe nkiri, usoro, ihe nkiri ncha na Angola na Portuguese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/programa/tv/p25898/e7|title=Eric Santos|publisher=rtp|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke 'Cast 39', ụlọ ọrụ Talent nke dị na Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.novafrica.co.ao/mais/cultura/cinema/actor-angolano-eric-santos-mostra-se-feliz-pela-sua-participacao-no-filme-frances-laraignee-rouge/|title=Actor angolano Eric Santos mostra-se feliz pela sua participação no filme francês “L’Araignée Rouge”|publisher=novafrica|accessdate=27 October 2020|archivedate=31 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031005427/https://www.novafrica.co.ao/mais/cultura/cinema/actor-angolano-eric-santos-mostra-se-feliz-pela-sua-participacao-no-filme-frances-laraignee-rouge/}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ụdị ![Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |- |1998 |''Ala Nne'' |Onye ahịa nke Periscopio |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |1998 |''Osisi Anụ Anụ Anwụ'' |Pereira |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |1999 |''Ihe osise'' |Eusebius |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2001 |''Super Pai'' |Onye uwe ojii |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2001 |''Bastidores'' |Raúl |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2001 |''Ọ dịghị mgbe ị ga-ekwu na Adeus'' |Sérgio |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2002 |''Ụlọ ọrụ Anedotas'' |Onye nnọchi anya |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2002 |''Òtù Anonymous'' |Onye nkuzi |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2002 |''Ezigbo Vizinhos'' |Tomás |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2002 |''Ionia nke Africa'' |Domingos Ferreira |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2003 |''Anọ m nọdụ ala!'' |Gilberto Garrincha |Ihe nkiri | |- |2003 |''Mpụ na-eme n'usoro'' |Onye na-ere mmanya |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2004 |''Otu Ihe Omume'' |Edgar |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2005 |''Ndị Na-akwọ Ụgbọ Abụọ'' |Álvaro Costa |Ihe nkiri | |- |2005 |''Onye Nnyocha Max'' |Simão |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2006 |''Ma ọ bụ Ìgwè nke Anọ'' |Mário |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2007 |''Ike nke Ise'' |Carlos |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2008 |''Ọnọdụ nke Ndụ'' |Francisco |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2008 |''Onye Ọzọ'' |Jair Santos |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2008 |''Compass'' |Eric |Ihe nkiri | |- |2009 |''Onye na-eme ihe ọjọọ'' |Ragos |Ihe nkiri | |- |2009 |''Mmetụta'' |Vilela |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2009 |''Ọ gwụchara: Ruo mgbe ị ga-ehi ụra'' |Eric Santos |Vidio dị mkpirikpi | |- |2010 |''Ịhụnanya M'' |Onye Nnyocha Matias |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2010 |''Ịlaghachi Sizalinda'' |Rolha |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2010 |''Obi adịghị ya mma'' |Nwoke Ojii n'Ụlọ Bar |Ihe nkiri | |- |2010 |''Achọrọ Ịbụ kpakpando'' |António Jorge |Ihe nkiri | |- |2011 |''Ifufe kpọmkwem'' |Dọkịta |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2011 |''Morangos na shuga'' |Sérgio |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2012 |''Windeck'' |Wilson Voss |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2012 |''Jorge'' |Ambrósio |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2013 |''Ụbọchị Egwú'' | |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2013 |''Ogwu Rose'' |Alberto Lunga |Ihe nkiri | |- |2013 |''Anyanwụ Oge oyi'' |Raul |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2014 |''Jikulumessu'' |Ivo Kapala |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2014 |''Ahụrụ m ya n'anya'' |Arnaldo |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2015 |''Nanị Nwanyị'' |Amerịka |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2015 |''Ezinụlọ Dị Mma'' |Onye nnọchi anya |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2016 |''Obi Ọlaedo'' |Dọkịta |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2016 |''Ndị Dị Ike'' |Onye na-anọchite anya José Maria |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2016 |''Ugo uhie'' | |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2017 |''Ee, Onyeisi!'' |Bruno Falcão |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2018 |''Ezigbo Onye Ọ hụrụ n'anya'' |Papoite |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2018 |''Egwuregwu Abụọ'' |Zé Lenka |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2018 |''Mkpụrụ Obi na Obi'' |Saraiva |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2019 |''Uru Ndụ'' |Nọọsụ |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2019 |''Ihe E Ji A Na-eme Egwuregwu'' |Francisco |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2019 |''Ndịda'' |Nchebe Onye Ọzụzụ Atụ |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2020 |''Na Corda Bamba'' |Nna |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2020 |''M na ndụ m'' | |Ihe nkiri TV |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://platinaline.com/actor-eric-santos-participa-na-nova-aposta-da-tvi-ai-a-minha-vida/|title=Actor Eric Santos participa na nova aposta da TVI “Ai a minha vida”|publisher=platinaline|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> |} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm2085703}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Santos, Eric}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pc1c8hnmuuhndgo9at8e8btnvmelj41 0 16478 709135 539957 2026-09-05T21:40:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Brigitte Omboudou''' (bụ onye amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu nke onwa Julaị afọ 1992) bụ onye Cameroon na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka [[Footbọl|onye]] na-agba dị ka onye ọnọ n'etiti nye Amazone FAP na ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị Cameroon. == Ọrụ klọb == Omboudou agbaala egwuregwu bọọlụ na mba ya nye ndị otu egwu bọọlụ bu Louves Minproff.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.camerounsports.info/32091-brigitte-omboudou-la-forteresse.html|title=Brigitte Omboudou, la reine du milieu|language=fr|accessdate=29 December 2019|first=Frida|author=Nolla|date=12 April 2019|archivedate=29 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229022655/http://www.camerounsports.info/32091-brigitte-omboudou-la-forteresse.html}}</ref> Na mata na Cameroon, ọ pụtala na klọb Belarusian Premier League FC Minsk na klọbu Nigerian Women Premier League Delta Queens FC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cameroun24.net/actualite-cameroun-The_Lionesses_go_back_for_the_eighth_and_final_cam-2-2-34985.html|title=Can 2016. The Lionesses go back for the eighth and final camp|date=2 November 2016|accessdate=27 December 2019|work=Cameroun24.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://admin.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/afconegypt2019/news/newsdetails?newsId=23663|title=Cameroon commence World Cup preparations|work=CAF|date=8 February 2019|accessdate=27 December 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Omboudou gbara bọọlụ nye Cameroon na ọkwa dị elu na 2015 African Games n'afọ 2020 CAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament (agba nke anọ).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footofeminin.fr/JO-2020-Qualifications-AFRIQUE-le-CAMEROUN-jouera-la-ZAMBIE-au-dernier-tour_a16325.html|title=JO 2020 - Qualifications AFRIQUE : le CAMEROUN jouera la ZAMBIE au dernier tour|language=fr|accessdate=27 December 2019|work=Footofeminin.fr}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Brigitte Omboudou at Soccerway {{DEFAULTSORT:Omboudou, Brigitte}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] beh5amfl1otp5egod8inkc9nn13ff92 0 20058 709137 143761 2026-09-05T21:56:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709137 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''BudgIT''' bụ òtù obodo Naijiria nke na-etinye teknụzụ maka itinye aka ụmụ amaala na mmelite ụlọ ọrụ iji mee ka mgbanwe ọha na eze dị mfe. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke malitere ọrụ na [[Lagos]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], bụ nke Oluseun Onigbinde na Joseph Agunbiade guzobere n'afọ 2011 iji nye nkwado ọha na eze site na iji teknụzụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cchubnigeria.com/ventures/budgit/|title=Budgit {{!}} CcHub Ventures|work=cchubnigeria.com|accessdate=2019-05-24|archivedate=2017-12-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229071206/http://cchubnigeria.com/ventures/budgit/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Oluseun Onigbinde na Joseph Agunbiade guzobere BudgIT n'afọ 2011 dị ka otu n'oge hackathon e mere na Co-Creation Hub. Na Co-Creation Hub ha chepụtara echiche maka ịnweta data mepere emepe nke mmefu gọọmentị maka ihe ọmụma ọha na eze, na-eduga na mmalite BudgIT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techpoint.africa/2015/07/06/meet-seun-onigbinde-the-man-budgit/|title=Meet Seun Onigbinde, the man whose company will turn around government transparency|author=touch|first=Chief Chronicler Get in|date=2015-07-06|work=Techpoint.Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-24}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, Omidyar Network tinyere dollar narị puku anọ na BudgIT.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ekwealor|first=Victor|title=BudgIT raises $3 million grant from Omidyar Network and Gates Foundation|url=https://techpoint.africa/2017/01/25/budgit-raises-3-million-dollars/|work=Techpoint|date=25 January 2017|accessdate=24 May 2019}}</ref> Na Jụn 2015, gọọmentị Kaduna [[Ȯra Kaduna|Steeti]] n'okpuru nchịkwa nke Mallam El-Rufai, bịanyere aka na BudgIT iji wuo ọnụ ụzọ mkpanaka Open Budget yiri [[Muhammadu Buhari|Buhari]]<nowiki/>meter; ikpo okwu nke BudgIT maka Center for Democracy and Development wuru iji mee ka Onye isi ala Buhari nwee ajụjụ maka nkwa mkpọsa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techpoint.africa/2015/05/05/buharimeter-hold-general-mohammadu-buhari-accountable/|title='Buharimeter' to hold General Muhammadu Buhari accountable|author=Mobile & African Tech Enthusiast │ Music │Get in touch|date=2015-05-05|work=Techpoint.Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techpoint.africa/2015/06/26/kaduna-government-signs-budgit-to-build-open-budget-mobile-portal/|title=Kaduna State government signs BudgIT to build Open Budget mobile portal|author=touch|first=Chief Chronicler Get in|date=2015-06-26|work=Techpoint.Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-24}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2017, BudgIT nwetara onyinye nde dollar atọ ọzọ site na Omidyar Network na Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. == Ịchụ nta == N'afọ 2014, e mepụtara Tracka iji soro mmejuputa ọrụ gọọmentị na obodo dị iche iche iji hụ na nnyefe ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tracka.ng/|title=Tracka - Track Capital Projects in your Community|work=tracka.ng|accessdate=2019-05-24|archivedate=2019-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524052655/http://www.tracka.ng/}}</ref> Na-arụ ọrụ na steeti iri abụo na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], ọ na-enye ndị Naịjirị ohere itinye foto nke ọrụ mmepe na obodo ha iji soro ndị nnọchi anya ha họpụtara kwurịta okwu, ma chọọ ka a rụchaa ọrụ gọọmentị na mpaghara ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morley|first=J.M.|date=1994-08-17|title=PFP budgit hand chain hoists|doi=10.2172/10185640|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1403764/}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 7620x3fd9yfrr2diz9ueiaycp9bjkoo 0 23858 709147 580182 2026-09-06T00:57:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chioma Nisa Igwe''' (amụrụ na Julaị 21, 1986) bụ oṅye America bụbu onye na-agba [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] n'etiti. Nwa amaala San Mateo, California bụbu oṅye otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị U-20 nke United States. Site na 2011/12 ruo 2014/15 ọ gbara bọọlụ na German Bundesliga maka Freiburg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.womensoccer.de/2011/05/02/sc-freiburg-holt-drei-neue/|title=Freiburg holt drei neue|date=May 2, 2011|accessdate=May 2, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309092605/http://www.womensoccer.de/2011/05/02/sc-freiburg-holt-drei-neue/|archivedate=March 9, 2016}}</ref> Na Mee 2015, a mara ọkwa na Igwe sonyeere SC Sand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport1.de/fussball/frauen/2015/05/frauenfussball-bundesligist-sc-sand-holt-kober-und-igwe|title=Frauenfußball-Bundesligist SC Sand holt Kober und Igwe|date=May 27, 2015|accessdate=October 24, 2022|archivedate=September 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133604/http://www.sport1.de/fussball/frauen/2015/05/frauenfussball-bundesligist-sc-sand-holt-kober-und-igwe}}</ref> Nna Igwe gbara bọọlụ na otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Naijirịa mgbe ọ gbachara bọọlụ n' Mahadum San Francisco (1975 ruo 1979).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.calbears.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=208179300|title=Chioma Igwe Bio|publisher=University of California Official Athletic Site|accessdate=February 13, 2015|archivedate=March 5, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014410/http://www.calbears.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=208179300}}</ref> Aha ya "Chioma" pụtara "Chineke dị mma" n'asụsụ [[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Igbo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.babynamespedia.com/meaning/Chioma|title=Chioma|work=Baby Names|accessdate=February 14, 2015}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha oge 2016/17, ọ kwupụtara ezumike nká ya na bọọlụ ọkachamara, mgbe ọ dị afọ 30.{{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Igwe,Chioma}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111030180157/http://www.ussoccer.com/Teams/U-23-WNT/I/Chioma-Igwe.aspx Profaịlụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ US] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091208081653/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/chicago/team/player-bios/igwe-chioma Profaịlụ onye egwuregwu Chicago Red Stars] * [http://www.soccerpluscamps.com/soccerplusct/roster/igwe.html SoccerPlus Profaịlụ onye egwuregwu Connecticut] * [https://archive.today/20130201173552/http://www.santaclarabroncos.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/igwe_chioma00.html Profaịlụ onye egwuregwu Santa Clara] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hd6lqahyab2lozserea6cacb7bdtwcr 0 24726 709211 654628 2026-09-06T07:27:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ebenezer Andrews''' (amụrụ na 21 Mee 2000) bụ onye [[Ghana]] na-egwu badminton.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ebenezer Andrews live scores, results, fixtures {{!}} Flashscore.com / Badminton|url=https://www.flashscore.com/player/andrews-ebenezer/W0XTdpV3/|accessdate=2023-03-01|work=www.flashscore.com|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel 2019, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu Ghana nke meriri ọla nchara naAsọmpi otu egwuregwu ndị Afrika niile nke emere na Port Harcourt, naijiria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=llc|first=Online media Ghana|title=Ghana wins bronze at 2019 All Africa Badminton Mixed Team Champs :: Ghana Olympic Committee|url=https://ghanaolympic.org/index.php?item=4009|accessdate=2023-03-01|work=ghanaolympic.org|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301121345/https://ghanaolympic.org/index.php?item=4009}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Andrews si Winneba na Mpaghara Central na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Afful|first=Henrietta|date=2022-03-15|title=Ghana Badminton cracks whip: Expels 6, suspends 4|url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/sport/ghana-badminton-cracks-whip-expels-6-suspends-4/2022/|accessdate=2023-03-01|work=GBC Ghana Online - The Nation's Broadcaster {{!}} Breaking News from Ghana, Business, Sports, Entertainment, Fashion and Video News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=GNA|title=BAG prepares for Africa Games Qualifiers {{!}} News Ghana|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/bag-prepares-for-africa-games-qualifiers/|accessdate=2023-03-01|work=newsghana.com.gh|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ nke Mahadum nke Mmụta, Winneba .<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2022-06-05|title=University of Education to Compete in 10th FASU Games in Kenya - Athleticshour.com|url=https://athleticshour.com/university-of-education-to-compete-in-10th-fasu-games-in-kenya/,%20https://athleticshour.com/university-of-education-to-compete-in-10th-fasu-games-in-kenya/|accessdate=2023-03-01|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Andrews sonyere na 2013 Asọmpi Badminton Junior nke Afrika niile(U-19) nke emere na [[Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-15|title=Ghana to compete in Africa Badminton Junior Championships - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/ghana-to-compete-in-africa-badminton-junior-championships/|accessdate=2023-03-01|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> O sonyekwara na 10th Egwuregwu Afrika niile na Mahadum Kenyatta na Nairobi, Kenya.<ref name=":1"/> == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == Andrews na di ya abụọ Eyram Migbodzi meriri ndị Ivorian ibe ha Doulo Lou Annick na Ousmane Ovedroogo site na 21h12, 21h13 iji merie na nkewa abụọ nke ụmụ nwoke.<ref name=":0"/> Na 2018 Egwuregwu Commonwealth nke emere na Australia, Andrews na di ya abụọ Daniel Doe meriri ọla edo na 2-1 nke atọ set megide Emmanuel Botwe na Abraham Ayittey na ngwụcha abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Badminton team sweeps victory at Under 19 Championship|url=https://ghanaguardian.com/ghana-badminton-team-sweeps-victory-19-championship|accessdate=2023-03-01|work=The Ghana Guardian News|language=en|archivedate=2023-03-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301121347/https://ghanaguardian.com/ghana-badminton-team-sweeps-victory-19-championship}}</ref> == Arụmụka == Na Machị 2022, ndị Ndị otu Badminton nke Ghana kwụsịtụrụ Andrews na ndị egwuregwu Badminton ndị ọzọ ma kwado na ha erughị eru.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Badminton: BAG cracks whip on officials, players|language=en-gb|work=Graphic Online|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/sports/sports-news/badminton-bag-cracks-whip-on-officials-players.html|accessdate=2023-03-01}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fqv1wg1dlpj6rt2yi9awrubjs8pypph 0 26574 709210 632017 2026-09-06T07:19:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa''', nke a makwaara dị ka, '''ebe mkpofu''', '''ebe a''' tụfuru ahụhịrị, ma ọ bụ '''ebe mkpofu ihe''', bụ saịtị maka ịtụfu ihe ndị mkpocha. Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa bụ ụdị kachasị ochie na nke a ma ama nke ikpofu ihe, ọ bụ ezie na ikpuchi ihe mkpofu kwa ụbọchị, nke etiti na ya malitere na 1940s. N'oge gara aga, a na-ahapụ ihe mkpofu n'ime oghere ma ọ bụ tụba ya n"ime olulu; na nkà mmụta ihe ochie, nke a maara dị ka midden. A na-eji ụfọdụ ebe mkpofu ahịhịa maka ebumnuche njikwa mkpofu, dị ka nchekwa nwa oge, nkwado na mbufe, ma ọ bụ maka usoro dị iche iche nke nhazi ihe mkpofu, dị ka nhazi, ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ imegharị ihe. Ọ gwụla ma ha kwụsiri ike, ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nwere ike ịma jijiji siri ike ma ọ bụ mebie ala n'oge ala ọma jijiji. Ozugbo ejuchara, enwere ike ị nwetaghachi mpaghara ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa maka ojiji ndị ọzọ. == Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Landfill.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Otu n'ime ọtụtụ ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nke Dryden, Ontario, Canada]] [[Usòrò:Garbage_dump_in_Karachi.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|A tụfuru ihe mkpofu n'etiti okporo ụzọ na Karachi]] Ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nke ọma maka ihe mkpofu na-adịghị ize ndụ na-emezu nkọwapụta akọwapụtara site na itinye usoro na: # mechie ihe mkpofu na obere ebe dị ka o kwere mee # mkpofu mkpofu iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.co.cumberland.nc.us/departments/solid-waste-group/solid-waste-management/ann-street-landfill/how-a-landfill-operates|title=How a Landfill Operates|work=www.co.cumberland.nc.us|accessdate=2020-02-22|archivedate=2021-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227021919/https://www.co.cumberland.nc.us/departments/solid-waste-group/solid-waste-management/ann-street-landfill/how-a-landfill-operates}}</ref> Ha nwekwara ike ikpuchi ihe mkpofu (na-emekarị kwa ụbọchị) na ala ma ọ bụ ụdị ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka woodchips na obere ihe. N'oge ọrụ nkwakọba ihe, ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ma ọ bụ ihe ọ̀bà nwere ike ịtụ ihe mkpofu n'ihe ọ̀tùgu mgbe ha rutere na ndị ọrụ nwere ike nyochaa ibu maka ihe mkpofu nke na-ekwekọghị na ụkpụrụ nnabata ihe mkpofu.<ref name=":1"/> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ụgbọ ala ndị na-ekpofu ihe na-eji netwọk okporo ụzọ dị ugbu a na-aga n'ihu ihu ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ, ebe ha na-ebupụ ihe dị n'ime ha. Mgbe etinyere ibu, compactors ma ọ bụ bulldozers nwere ike gbasaa ma kpokọta ihe mkpofu na ihu na-arụ ọrụ. Tupu ịhapụ ókèala ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, ụgbọ ala mkpofu ihe nwere ike ịgafe ebe a na-ehicha wiil. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, ha na-alaghachi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri maka ịtụgharịgharị n'ebughị ibu ha. Usoro ntu ahụ nwere ike ikpokọta ọnụ ọgụgụ na ụda mkpofu na-abata kwa ụbọchị, nke ọdụ data nwere ike idowe maka idekọ ndekọ. Na mgbakwunye na gwongworo, ụfọdụ ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nwere ike ịnwe akụrụngwa a ga-eji na-ejikwa arịa ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Ojiji nke "ụgbọ okporo ígwè" na-ekwe ka ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa dị n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ, na-enweghị nsogbu metụtara ọtụtụ njem ụgbọ ala. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ, a na-ekpuchi ihe mkpofu ahụ na ala ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ kwa ụbọchị. Ihe mkpuchi mkpofu ndị ọzọ na-agụnye osisi a pịrị apị ma ọ bụ "ihe mkpofu akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ" ndị ọzọ, ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ụfụfụ a na-awụfu, kemịkal "kwesịrị" bio-solids, na blanket nwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/lgcentral/basics/adcbasic.htm|title=Alternative Daily Cover (ADC)|accessdate=September 14, 2012|archivedate=June 5, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605044817/http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/lgcentral/basics/adcbasic.htm}}</ref> Enwere ike ibuli blanket n'ebe ọ dị n'abalị wee wepụ ya n'ụbọchị na-esote tupu etinye ihe mkpofu. A na-akpọ oghere nke ihe mkpofu na ihe mkpuchi na-ebi kwa ụbọchị mkpụrụ ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Nchịkọta ihe mkpofu dị oke mkpa iji gbatịkwuo ndụ nke ebe a na-ekpofu ihe. Ihe ndị dị ka mkpakọ mkpofu, ọkpụrụkpụ mkpofu na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpakọ na-agafe n'elu mkpofu na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpofu. == Usoro ndụ nke ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa == Okwu a kpọrọ "ebe mkpofu ahịhịa"na-abụkarị nkenke maka ebe mkpofu obodo ma ọ bụ ebe mkpofu maka ịdị ọcha. Ebu ụzọ webatara ụlọ ọrụ ndị a n'isi mmalite senchiri nke iri abụọ mana ejiri ya mee ihe na 1960s na 1970s, na mbọ iji kpochapụ mkpofu oghere na omume mkpofu "adịghị ọcha" ndị ọzọ. Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa bụ ụlọ arụrụ arụ nke na-ekewa ma na-egbochi mkpofu. E bu n’obi na-ejupụta ebe a na-edebe ihe ọcha ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ihe na-eme ihe ndụ (bioreactors) nke ụmụ nje ga-akụrisị ahịhịa ahịhịa dị mgbagwoju anya ka ọ bụrụ ogige dị mfe ma na-adịchaghị egbu egbu ka oge na-aga. A ga-ahazi ma rụọ ọrụ reactors ndị a dịka ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ iwu siri dị Ọtụtụ mgbe, ire ure sitere n'ikuku bụ ọkwa mbụ nke a na-agbaji ihe mkpofu na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa. Ndị a na-esote usoro anọ nke mmebi anaerobic. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ihe organic siri ike n'oge siri ike na-ereka ngwa ngwa ka ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị buru ibu na-emebi emebi ghọọ obere ụmụ irighiri ihe. Ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a dị ntakịrị na-amalite ịgbaze wee gaa na mmiri mmiri, nke na-esote hydrolysis nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndị a, na ogige hydrolyzed ahụ na-enwe mgbanwe na mgbanwe dị ka carbon dioxide (CO2) na methane (CH4), na ihe ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ na mkpofu. usoro siri ike na mmiri mmiri. N'ime oge mbụ, obere ihe onwunwe na-erute leachate, n'ihi na ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emebi emebi na-enwe mbelata ngwa ngwa. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọchịchọ oxygen kemịkalụ nke leachate na-abawanye site n'ịba ụba nke ogige ndị na-atụgharị uche ma e jiri ya tụnyere ogige ndị na-emeghachi omume na leachate ahụ. Ntughari nke ọma na nkwụsi ike nke ihe mkpofu na-adabere n'otú microbial bi si arụ ọrụ na syntrophy, ya bụ mmekọrịta nke ndị mmadụ dị iche iche iji nye ibe ha mkpa nri.<ref name="Vallero">{{Cite book|title=Municipal Landfill, D. Vallero and G. Blight, pp. 235–249 in Waste: A Handbook for Management|date=2019|editor=Letcher|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands and Boston MA, Print Book|isbn=9780128150603}} 804 pages.</ref> Usoro ndụ nke ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na-agafe usoro ise dị iche iche:<ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2007) Landfill bioreactor performance: second interim report: outer loop recycling & disposal facility - Louisville, Kentucky, EPA/600/R-07/060</ref><ref name="Vallero"/> === Mgbanwe mbụ (Nkebi nke Mbụ) === Ka a na-etinye ihe mkpofu n'ime ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, oghere ndị na-abaghị uru nwere oke ikuku oxygen (O2). Site na mkpofu agbakwunyere na kọmpat, ọdịnaya O2 nke ahịhịa bioreactor strata na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata. Ọnụ ọgụgụ microbial na-eto eto, njupụta na-abawanye. Aerobic biodegradation na-achị, ya bụ, onye na-anabata eletrọn mbụ bụ O2. === Mgbanwe (Nzọụkwụ nke Abụọ) === O2 na-emebi ngwa ngwa site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ irighiri ihe dị ugbu a. O2 na-ebelata na-eduga na obere aerobic na ọnọdụ anaerobic na ọkwa. Ndị isi na-anabata electron n'oge mgbanwe bụ nitrates na sulphates ebe ọ bụ na CO2 na-ewepụ O2 ngwa ngwa na gas effluent. === Ọdịdị acid (Nzọụkwụ nke Atọ) === Hydrolysis nke akụkụ biodegradable nke ihe mkpofu siri ike na-amalite na oge mmepụta acid, nke na-eduga na mkpokọta ngwa ngwa nke volatile fatty acids (VFAs) na leachate. Mmụba nke organic acid na-ebelata pH leachate site na ihe dịka 7.5 ruo 5.6. N'oge a, ihe ndị dị n'etiti dị ka VFAs na-enye aka na ikuku oxygen (COD). A na-agbanwe Long-chain volatile organic acids (VOAs) ka ọ bụrụ acetic acid (C2H4O2), CO2, na hydrogen gas (H2). Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke VFAs na-eme ka ma biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) na ọnụ ọgụgụ VOA, nke na-amalite mmepụta H2 site na nje bacteria fermentative, nke na'akpali uto nke nje bacteria H2-oxidizing. Oge ọgbọ H2 dị mkpụmkpụ n'ihi na ọ zuru ezu na njedebe nke oge mmepụta acid. Mmụba nke biomass nke nje bacteria acidogenic na-abawanye ọnụọgụ nke mmebi nke ihe mkpofu na ihe oriri na-eri nri. Mkpụrụ, nke na-enwekarị mmiri na-agbaze na pH dị ala, nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-agagharị agagharị n'oge a, na-eduga n'ịbawanye oke metal na leachate. === Mmetụta nke methane (Nzọụkwụ nke anọ) === A na-agbanwe ihe ndị dị n'etiti acid (dịka, acetic, propionic, na butyric acid) ka ọ bụrụ CH4 na CO2 site na microorganisms methanogenic. Ka methanogens na-agbari VFAs, pH mmiri mkpofu na-alaghachi na nnọpụiche. Ike nke leachate, nke a na-egosipụta dị ka mkpa oxygen, na-ebelata ngwa ngwa na mmụba na mmepụta CH4 na CO2. Nke a bụ oge kachasị ogologo nke ire ure. === Uto ikpeazụ na nkwụsi ike (Nkebi nke V) === Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọrụ microbiological na-ebelata n'oge ikpeazụ nke ire ure ihe mkpofu ka nnyefe nke ihe oriri na-egbochi mmeghachi omume kemịkal, dịka phosphorus dị na bioavailable na-adịwanye ụkọ. Mmepụta CH4 fọrọ nke nta ka ọ pụọ kpamkpam, na O2 na ụdị oxidized na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-apụta n'olulu gas ka O2 na-abanye n'okpuru site na troposphere. Nke a na-agbanwe ikike oxidation (ORP) na leachate gaa na usoro oxidative. Enwere ike ịmegharị ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ na gas, na ka a na-agbanye ihe ndị dị ndụ; ya bụ, a na-eme ka ihe ndị dị n'ime ala bụrụ ihe ndị dị ka humic.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weitz|first=Keith|date=July 1999|title=Life Cycle Management of Municipal Solid Waste|journal=The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment|language=en|volume=4|issue=4|pages=195–201|doi=10.1007/BF02979496|issn=0948-3349}}</ref> == Mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Landfill_Hawaii.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Ọrụ nkwakọba ihe na Hawaii. Rịba ama na ebe a na-ejupụta bụ otu, "cell" akọwapụtara nke ọma nakwa na a na-echebe ihe mkpofu (na-ekpughe n'aka ekpe) iji gbochie mmetọ site na leachates na-aga n'okpuru site na nhazi ala.]] Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nwere ike ịkpata ọtụtụ nsogbu. Mgbagwoju anya nke akụrụngwa, dị ka mmebi nke ụzọ ndị ụgbọ ala dị arọ, nwere ike ime. Mmetọ nke okporo ụzọ na mmiri dị n'ógbè ahụ site na wiil na ụgbọala mgbe ha hapụrụ ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nwere ike ịdị ịrịba ama ma nwee ike ibelata ya site na usoro ịsa ụkwụ. Mmetọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka mmetọ nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ma ọ bụ aquifers ma ọ bụ mmetọ ala nwere ike ime, yana. === Ịgba Mgbapụta ===   Mgbe mmiri ozuzo na-ada n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, mmiri na-abanye n'ime ihe mkpofu ma na-emetọ ya na ihe a kwụsịtụrụ na ihe a gbazere agbaze, na-emepụta ihe na-agbaze agbaze. Ọ bụrụ na nke a enweghị, ọ nwere ike imerụ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. Ebe niile a na-ekpofu ahịhịa n'oge a na-eji ngwakọta nke ihe ndị na-apụghị [[Iba|ịba]] mmiri nke dị ọtụtụ mita n'ịdị arọ, ebe ndị kwụsiri ike na usoro nchịkọta iji jide ma weghara ihe a. Enwere ike ịgwọ ya ma mee ka ọ pụọ n'anya. Ozugbo ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa jupụtara, a na-emechi ya iji gbochie mmiri ozuzo ịbanye na mmepụta ọhụrụ. Otú ọ dị, liners ga-enwerịrị ogologo ndụ, ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ narị afọ ma ọ bụ karịa. N'ikpeazụ, ihe ọ bụla a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nwere ike ịgbapụta, yabụ a ga-anwale ala dị gburugburu ebe a na-akpofu ahịha iji gbochie mmetọ ka ọ ghara imerụ mmiri n'okpuru ala.<ref>US EPA, "Solid Waste Disposal Facility Criteria; Proposed Rule", Federal Register 53(168):33314–33422, 40 CFR Parts 257 and 258, US EPA, Washington, D.C., August 30 (1988a).</ref> === Gas na-ere ure === Nri na-ere ure na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ere ere na-emepụta gas na-ere, ọkachasị CO2 na CH4 site na aerobic na anaerobic decomposition, n'otu n'otu. Usoro abụọ a na-eme n'otu oge n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa. Na mgbakwunye na O2 dịnụ, akụkụ nke gas ga-adịgasị iche, dabere na afọ nke mkpofu, ụdị ihe mkpofu, mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike igosi oke gas a na-emepụta n'otu oge dị mfe nke diethyl oxalate nke na-akọwa mmeghachi omume ndị a n'otu ụzọ:<ref name="Themelis, Nickolas J. 2007">Themelis, Nickolas J., and Priscilla A. Ulloa. "Methane generation in landfills." Renewable Energy 32.7 (2007), 1243–1257</ref> ₄ C₆H10O4 + 6 H2O → 13 CH4 + 11 CO2 Na nkezi, ihe dị ka ọkara nke oke gas bụ CH4 na obere ihe na-erughị ọkara bụ CO2. Gas ahụ nwekwara ihe dị ka 5% nitrogen (N2), ihe na-erughị 1% hydrogen sulfide (H2S), na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ihe ndị na-abụghị methane organic compounds (NMOC), ihe dị ka 2700 ppmv.<ref name="Themelis, Nickolas J. 2007">Themelis, Nickolas J., and Priscilla A. Ulloa. "Methane generation in landfills." Renewable Energy 32.7 (2007), 1243–1257</ref> [[Usòrò:Χωματερή_Μαυροράχης_(ΧΥΤΑ_Μακεδονίας).jpg|thumb|Ikpofu ihe n'Atens, Gris]] Gas ndị a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nwere ike ịpụ n'ebe a na-akpofu ahịha wee banye n'ime ikuku na ala gbara ya gburugburu. Methane bụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ, ọ na-enwu ọkụ ma nwee ike ịgbawa agbawa na ụfọdụ concentrations, nke na-eme ka ọ zuo oke maka ọkụ iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ụzọ dị ọcha. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe ọkụkụ na ihe oriri na-emebi emebi na-ewepụta carbon nke e weghaara na ikuku site na photosynthesis, ọ dịghị carbon ọhụrụ na-abanye na okirikiri carbon na ikuku ikuku nke CO2 anaghị emetụta. Carbon dioxide na-ejide okpomọkụ na ikuku, na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/climate-weather/stories/co2-101-why-is-carbon-dioxide-bad|title=CO2 101: Why is carbon dioxide bad?|work=Mother Nature Network|accessdate=November 30, 2016}}</ref> N'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nke ọma, a na-anakọta gas ma gbanyụọ ya ma ọ bụ weghachite ya maka iji gas a na-akpofu ahịhi. === Vectors === Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na-adịghị mma nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-enye nsogbu n'ihi ihe ndị na-ebute ihe dịka òké na ụmụ ahụhụ nke nwere ike ịgbasa ọrịa na-efe efe. Enwere ike ibelata ọbịbịa nke vectors dị otú ahụ site na iji mkpuchi kwa ụbọchị. === Nsogbu ndị ọzọ === [[Usòrò:A_herd_of_40_wild_elephants_at_Ampara_in_east_Sri_Lanka_is_totally_dependent_on_garbage_from_tractors_DSC8792.jpg|thumb|Ìgwè enyí ọhịa na-emekọrịta ihe na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na Sri Lanka]] Nsogbu ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgụnye nsogbu anụ ọhịa n'ihi ebe obibi na nsogbu ahụike anụmanụ nke sitere na iri ihe mkpofu sitere na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, uzuzu, ísì, mmetọ mkpọtụ, na mbelata uru ala mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myzerowaste.com/2009/01/how-does-landfill-and-litter-affect-our-wildlife/|title=How does landfill and litter affect our wildlife?|date=2009-01-30|work=MY ZERO WASTE|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdenviro.com/news/2017/october/landfills-are-ruining-lives|title=Landfills are Ruining Lives|work=www.cdenviro.com|accessdate=2020-02-22}}</ref> == Gas a na-ekpofu ahịhịa == A na-emepụta gas n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa n'ihi mgbari anaerobic site na microbes. A na-anakọta gas a ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nke ọma. Ojiji ya sitere na ọkụ ọkụ dị mfe ruo n'iji gas na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik. Nlekota gas na-eme ka ndị ọrụ mara na e nwere ọtụtụ gas na ọkwa dị ize ndụ. Na mba ụfọdụ, iweghachite gas a na-ekpofu ahịhịa dị ukwuu; na United States, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe karịrị ebe a na-ekpofu ihe narị asatọ na ịrị ise nwere usoro iweghachite Gas a na-arụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Powell|first=Jon T.|title=Estimates of solid waste disposal rates and reduction targets for landfill gas emissions|journal=Nature Climate Change|date=September 21, 2015|volume=6|issue=2|pages=162–165|doi=10.1038/nclimate2804}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Gas_flare_from_a_landfill_in_Ohio.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa gas nke ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na Lake County, Ohio mepụtara]] == Omume mpaghara == [[Usòrò:Landfill_face.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na Perth, Western Australia]] [[Usòrò:South_East_New_Territories_Landfill_2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|7Ebe a na-ekpofu ihe n'ala South East New Territories, [[Hong Kong]]]] Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na iwu nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi nke mpaghara na-achịkwa ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na [[Kánada|Canada]].<ref>[http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/environment/en/monitoring_and_reporting/limo/STDPROD_077977.html Landfill Inventory Management Ontario – How Ontario regulates Landfills – Ministry of the Environment]</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ndị okenye na-adaba n'okpuru ụkpụrụ dị ugbu a ma na-enyocha maka nsị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecoissues.ca/index.php/Aging_Landfills:_Ontario%E2%80%99s_Forgotten_Polluters|title=Aging Landfills: Ontario's Forgotten Polluterswork=Eco Issues|date=September 28, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928022645/http://www.ecoissues.ca/index.php/Aging_Landfills:_Ontario%E2%80%99s_Forgotten_Polluters|archivedate=September 28, 2010}}</ref> A gbanweela ụfọdụ ebe ndị gara aga ka ha bụrụ ogige ntụrụndụ. Na European Union, a na-amanye steeti ọ bụla ka ha mee iwu iji mezuo ihe achọrọ na ọrụ nke European Landfill Directive. Ọtụtụ mba ndị so na EU nwere iwu na-amachibido ma ọ bụ na-egbochi nke ukwuu ikpofu ihe n'ụlọ site na ebe a na-ekpofu ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cewep.eu/landfill-taxes-and-restrictions/|title=CEWEP - The Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants|accessdate=2023-05-21|archivedate=2023-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601223927/https://www.cewep.eu/landfill-taxes-and-restrictions/}}</ref> === India === Nchịkọta ihe mkpofu bụ ugbu a usoro bụ isi nke mkpofu obodo na [[Ndia|India]]. India nwekwara ebe a na-atụfu ihe kacha ukwuu n'Eshia na Deonar, Mumbai.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/year-ender-2018-waste-management-landfill-how-indian-cities-dealt-with-landfill-crisis-29247/|title=Fighting Mountains Of Garbage: Here Is How Indian Cities Dealt With Landfill Crisis In 2018 {{!}} Swachh Year Ender|date=2018-12-31|work=NDTV|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-21|archivedate=2023-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608095132/https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/year-ender-2018-waste-management-landfill-how-indian-cities-dealt-with-landfill-crisis-29247/}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, nsogbu na-ebilite ugboro ugboro n'ihi mmụba na-atụ egwu nke ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na njikwa ọjọọ site n'aka ndị ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/a-growing-mountain-of-rubbish-in-india-will-soon-require-aircraft-warning-lights|title=India's 'Mount Everest' of Trash Is Growing So Fast, It Needs Aircraft Warning Lights|author=Cassella|first=Carly|work=ScienceAlert|date=June 5, 2019|language=en-gb|accessdate=2020-02-21}}</ref> A na-ahụkarị ọkụ n'elu na n'okpuru ala n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa n'India n'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> === United Kingdom ===   Omume mkpofu na UK agbanweela n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya iji zute ihe ịma aka nke European Landfill Directive. UK ugbu a na-etinye ụtụ isi maka ihe mkpofu na ihe mkpofu biodegradable nke a na-etinyere n'ime ihe mkpofu. Na mgbakwunye na nke a, e guzobere Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme maka ndị ọchịchị mpaghara iji zụọ ahịa ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na England. Usoro dị iche na-arụ ọrụ na Wales ebe ndị ọchịchị enweghị ike 'azụmahịa' n'etiti onwe ha, mana ha nwere nkwenye a maara dị ka Landfill Allowance Scheme. === United States === Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke steeti ọ bụla na-achịkwa ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na United States, nke na-eguzobe ntuziaka kacha nta; Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ụkpụrụ ndị a nwere ike ịdaba n'okpuru ndị nke United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) setịpụrụ.<ref>Horinko, Marianne, Cathryn Courtin. [http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/rcra.pdf "Waste Management: A Half Century of Progress."] EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.</ref> Ikike ikikere ikpofu ihe na-ewe n'etiti afọ ise na asaa, na-efu ọtụtụ nde dollar ma chọọ ebe siri ike, injinia na nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi na ngosipụta iji hụ na nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi ma nchekwa dị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://beginwiththebin.org/innovation/modern-landfills|title=Modern landfills|accessdate=February 21, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222005007/http://beginwiththebin.org/innovation/modern-landfills|archivedate=February 22, 2015}}</ref> == Ụdị == * Municipal solid waste: takes in household waste and nonhazardous material. Included in this type of landfill is a Bioreactor Landfill that specifically degrades organic material. * Industrial waste: for commercial and industrial waste. Other related landfills include Construction and Demolition Debris Landfills and Coal Combustion Residual Landfills. * [[Ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ|Hazardous waste]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/landfills/basic-information-about-landfills#whattypes|title=Basic Information about Landfills|author=EPA, OSWER, ORCR|first=US|work=www.epa.gov|date=March 24, 2016|accessdate=March 14, 2017}}</ref> or PCB waste:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/pcbs/disposal-and-storage-polychlorinated-biphenyl-pcb-waste|title=Disposal and Storage of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Waste|date=August 19, 2015|publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|accessdate=May 10, 2017}}</ref> Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) landfills that are monitored in the United States by the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (TSCA). == Isiokwu banyere ụmụ nje == Ọnọdụ nke obodo microbial nke ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nwere ike ikpebi arụmọrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomez|first=A.M.|title=Characterization of bacterial diversity at different depths in the Moravia Hill Landfill site at Medellín, Colombia|journal=Soil Biology and Biochemistry|year=2011|volume=43|pages=1275–1284|doi=10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.02.018|issue=6}}</ref> A chọtawo nje bacteria na-agbari plastik n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110328/full/news.2011.191.html|title=Marine microbes digest plastic|author=Gwyneth Dickey Zaikab|journal=Nature|date=March 2011|doi=10.1038/news.2011.191}}</ref> == Ihe ndị e ji eme ihe == Otu onye nwere ike ilekọta ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa dị ka isi iyi dị irè na nke bara ụba nke ihe na ike. N'ime mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ndị na-anakọta ihe mkpofu na-achọkarị ihe [[Onye na-ebu ihe mkpofu|ndị]] a ka na-eji eme ihe. N'ọnọdụ azụmahịa, ụlọ ọrụ achọpụtala ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, ọtụtụ [na-akọwa] amalitela ịghọrọ ihe na ike. Ihe atụ ndị a ma ama gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ na-eweghachi gas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/05/landfill-gas-energy-biogas.php|title=Commercial exploitation of gas from landfills|accessdate=November 28, 2009|archivedate=October 24, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024211038/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/05/landfill-gas-energy-biogas.php}}</ref> Ụlọ ahịa ndị ọzọ gụnyere ihe na-ere ihe mkpofu nke nwere mgbake ihe arụnyere. A na-eme ka ihe a nwetaghachi site na iji nzacha (electro filter, active-carbon na potassium filter, quench, HCl-washer, SO2-washer, ash-grating, wdg.) == Ihe ndị ọzọ == Na mgbakwunye na mbelata mkpofu na usoro imegharị ihe, enwere ụzọ dị iche iche maka ebe a na-ekpofu ihe, gụnyere ọkụ ọkụ na-ere ihe mkpofu, anaerobic digestion, composting, ọgwụgwọ kemịkal, pyrolysis na plasma arc gasification. Dabere na akụ na ụba na ihe mkpali, enwere ike ime ka ihe ndị a dị mma karịa ebe a na-ekpofu ihe. == Ihe mgbochi == Mba ndị gụnyere [[Jémanị|Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], [[Belgium]], [[Netherlands]], na [[Switzerland]], amachibido ikpofu ihe mkpofu a na-agwọghị agwọ n'ebe a na-ekpofu. Na mba ndị a, ọ bụ naanị ụfọdụ ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ, ntụ na-efe efe site na ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ mmepụta kwụsiri ike nke ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ ndị dị ndụ ka nwere ike itinye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rkrattsbaser.gov.se/sfst?bet=2001:512|title=Regeringskansliets rättsdatabaser|work=rkrattsbaser.gov.se|accessdate=2019-05-09|language=sv}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==    == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite web|title=Modern landfills|url=http://beginwiththebin.org/innovation/modern-landfills|accessdate=February 21, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222005007/http://beginwiththebin.org/innovation/modern-landfills|archivedate=February 22, 2015}} * {{Cite web|title=Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999, on the landfill of waste|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/pri/en/oj/dat/1999/l_182/l_18219990716en00010019.pdf|accessdate=August 29, 2005|archivedate=July 5, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705130150/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/pri/en/oj/dat/1999/l_182/l_18219990716en00010019.pdf}} * {{Cite web|title=The Landfill Operation Management Advisor Web Based Expert System|url=http://loma.civil.duth.gr|accessdate=August 29, 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030021240/http://loma.civil.duth.gr/|archivedate=October 30, 2005}} * {{Cite web|author=H. Lanier Hickman Jr. and Richard W. Eldredge|title=Part 3: The Sanitary Landfill|work=A Brief History of Solid Waste Management in the US During the Last 50 Years|url=http://www.forester.net/msw_0001_history.html|accessdate=August 29, 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123103812/http://www.forester.net/msw_0001_history.html|archivedate=November 23, 2005}} * Daniel A. Vallero, Environmental ''Biotechnology'': A Biosystems Approach. 2nd Edition. Academic Press, Amsterdam, Netherlands na Boston MA, Print Book ISBN ; eBook . 2015. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.wasterecycling.org US National Waste & Recycling Association] * [http://www.swana.org Òtù Na-emepụta Ihe Ndị Dị Nri nke North America] * [https://waste-management-world.com/a/a-compact-guide-to-landfill-operation-machinery-management-and-misconceptions Ntuziaka Compact maka Ọrụ Nchịkọta: Machinery, Management na Echiche na-ezighi ezi] [[Òtù:Ebe mkpofu ahịhịa]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 64umc257jz495vl860l2vfu5rq9hi9d 0 26658 709136 632290 2026-09-05T21:47:52Z Elcarim1 62511 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362335483|Aoyate drought]]" 709136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oké ọkọchị''' nke Aoyate bụ Oké ọkọchị nke dị ka ọdịnala Turkana si kwuo metụtara ọtụtụ mpaghara Rift Valley nke Kenya n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18 ma ọ bụ mmalite narị afọ nke 19. <ref name="lamphear">{{Cite journal|author=Lamphear|first=John|date=1988|title=The People of the Grey Bull: The Origin and Expansion of the Turkana|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=29|issue=1|pages=32–33|doi=10.1017/S0021853700035970}}</ref><ref name="James Currey Publishers">{{Cite book|author=Fukui|first=Katsuyoshi|date=1994|title=Ethnicity & Conflict in the Horn of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicityconflic00kats|location=Oxford|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=9780852552254}}</ref> Akụkọ dị iche iche, ihe ndekọ na akụkọ na-egosi ogologo oge ọkọchị nke malitere n'ihe dị ka 1800. O yiri ka ọ ruru n'ókè ya n'oge ọkọchị siri ike n'etiti afọ 1830. Nke a ga-ekwekọ na Krapf (1860) kwuru maka "oké ụnwụ nri nke 1836".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Krapf|first=Ludwig|date=1860|title=Travels, researches, and missionary labours, during an eighteen–year residence in Eastern Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsresearch00ravegoog|location=London|publisher=Trübner and co.}}</ref> Na mpaghara dị nso nke [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]], e nwere akụkọ banyere nnukwu ụnwụ nri na 1829 na 1835. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Straight|first=Bilinda|date=2016|title="Dust people": Samburu perspectives on disaster, identity, and landscape|journal=Journal of Eastern African Studies|volume=10|issue=1|pages=179|doi=10.1080/17531055.2016.1138638}}</ref> == Aha == Okwu ''Agayate'' sitere n'[[Asụsụ Turkana]] ma ọ pụtara ''ogologo oge ọkọchị''. Ọ bụ okwu ndị Turkana na-eji akọwa oge ọkọchị a n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ha.<ref name="lamphear" /> == Oge == Lamphear (1988) kwuru na ndekọ oge dabere na usoro afọ Turkana tụrụ aro ụbọchị na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ ma ọ bụ mmalite narị afọ nke itoolu. Ọ na-ekwu na omenala ụkọ mmiri ozuzo a tụrụ aro na mmezigharị oge nke obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu na-egosi na ụkọ mmiri ahụ metụtara ọtụtụ mpaghara Rift Valley.<ref name="lamphear" /> Ihe ndekọ nke usoro idei mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl malitere na narị afọ nke asaa AD na nyocha nke usoro idei ruwa na ntụnyere na ọkwa mmiri dị na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Chad]] kpughere njikọ dị n'etiti nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na mmiri ozuzo dị ukwuu na Equatorial East Africa. Nnyocha nke usoro idei mmiri Naịl na-egosi 'Minor Low' maka oge 1800 ruo 1830, nke a bu 'Minor High' ụzọ n'ime afọ 1725 ruo 1800 ma 'Minor Higher' sochiri ya nke dị n'etiti 1830 na 1870. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hassan|first=Fekri|title=Historical Nile Floods and their Implications for Climatic Change|journal=Science|volume=212|issue=4499|pages=1142–1145|year=1981|doi=10.1126/science.212.4499.1142|pmid=17815224}}</ref> Nnyocha Pankhurst mere na Etiopia gosiri nnukwu ụnwụ nri na 1880-1881, 1835 na 1829. Nnyocha ndị a dị ịrịba ama na mba Etiopia na-ejikọta mpaghara Turkana nke oge a. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Samburu gbara ajụjụ ọnụ site na Straight et al. (2016) na-ekwu na Samburu kewapụrụ onwe ha na ọha mmadụ a maara dị ka Burkineji na-esote Mutai nke 1830. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Straight|first=Bilinda|date=2016|title="Dust people": Samburu perspectives on disaster, identity, and landscape|journal=Journal of Eastern African Studies|volume=10|issue=1|pages=179|doi=10.1080/17531055.2016.1138638}}</ref> Dị ka Samburu Laibon gbara ajụjụ ọnụ site na Fratkin (2011), Sambur 'Il Kipkeku' bụ ndị agha n'oge c.1837-1851. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Fratkin|first=Elliot M.|date=2011|title=Laibon: An Anthropologist's Journey with Samburu Diviners of Kenya|url=https://www.google.co.ke/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=bibliogroup:%22Laibon:+An+Anthropologist%27s+Journey+with+Samburu+Diviners+in+Kenya%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=7|location=Smith College|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=9780759120679}}</ref> Akụkọ dị iche iche, ihe ndekọ na akụkọ na-egosi ogologo oge ọkọchị nke malitere n'ihe dị ka 1800 nke yiri ka ọ na-eru n'ókè ya na oge ọkọchị siri ike n'etiti afọ 1830. Nke a ga-ekwekọ na Krapf (1860) kwuru maka "oké ụnwụ nri nke 1836".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Krapf|first=Ludwig|date=1860|title=Travels, researches, and missionary labours, during an eighteen–year residence in Eastern Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsresearch00ravegoog|location=London|publisher=Trübner and co.}}</ref> == Mmalite == E nwere ọtụtụ omenala a na-ekwu n'ọnụ site n'obodo dị iche iche gafee ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda Afrịka nke na-egosi na mpaghara ahụ enweela mbelata mmiri ozuzo site na 1800 ruo ihe dị ka 1830. Nke a hụrụ ọganihu na-akpọnwụ nke ọdọ mmiri, osimiri na isi iyi, ihe omume nke onye ọrụ nke East India Company hụrụ na 1820s onye kwuru;   …N’ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ime obodo ahụ, isi mmiri na iyi nta na-amịkpọ, mmiri ozuzo nke afọ na-abụkwa nke na-adị ntakịrị ma na-adịghịzi adị mgbe niile. Onye njem na-ahụkarị ụlọ na ugbo ndị ndị nwe ha gbahapụrụ n’ihi na mmiri a na-enye ha, nke ha na-enwebu, akwụsịla ịdị na-abịara ha mgbe niile. — E hotara ya n’akwụkwọ Clifton Crais, Poverty, War, and Violence in South Africa [9].” == Mmetụta nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo == === Mbelata ikike ibu maka anụ ụlọ === Oké ọkọchị ahụ kpochapụrụ ìgwè atụrụ nke Chemwal, nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ụdị Sanga nke nwere cervicothoraic, na-eduga na nkwarụ nke obodo ahụ.<ref name="James Currey Publishers" /> === Ụnwụ Ụnwụ === Akụkọ ọdịnala Sengwer na-ekwu na, "Ọ kpọrọ nkụ ma nwee nnukwu agụụ. Siger gara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa Moru Eris, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwụrụ n'ihi okpomọkụ na agụụ. Ọtụtụ nwụrụ nke na a ka nwere ebe a na-akpọ Kabosan (ebe rere ure) ".<ref name="lamphear" /> === Agha === Agha zuru oke malitere n'etiti Turkana na Chemwal. Ìgwè ndị agha Turkana manyere ụfọdụ Chemwalin ịga n'ebe ugwu gaa n'isi [[Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana]] ebe ha guzobere ngalaba Inkabelo nke obodo Dassanech na-emepe emepe. A chụpụrụ ndị Chemwalin ndị ọzọ n'ugwu Suk, n'ebe ndịda ka ndị Chok tinye ha na-eduga n'ịdị elu nke agbụrụ Kachepkai dị mkpa ebe ndị ọzọ ka ndị Turkana nabatara ebe ụfọdụ ghọrọ agbụrụ ọhụrụ a maara dị ka ''Siger''. Turkana meriri n'agha weghaara ala ịta ahịhịa na mmiri nke Moru Assiger. === Nnukwu ngafe === A manyere ndị Chemwalin ndị ọzọ ịhapụ ebe obibi ha dị n'elu ugwu wee gbaga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ebe ha gbagara n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ karị ma ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwụrụ.<ref name="lamphear" /> == Ihe si na ya pụta == Aoyate bibiri ndụ na ụzọ ndụ nke ọtụtụ ndị bi na mpaghara Rift Valley. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tuluhmadyarr58hjs6we8jfpmo7xn0o 709222 709136 2026-09-06T09:56:30Z Elcarim1 62511 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362335483|Aoyate drought]]" 709222 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oké ọkọchị''' nke Aoyate bụ Oké ọkọchị nke dị ka ọdịnala Turkana si kwuo metụtara ọtụtụ mpaghara Rift Valley nke Kenya n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18 ma ọ bụ mmalite narị afọ nke 19. <ref name="lamphear" /><ref name="James Currey Publishers">{{Cite book|author=Fukui|first=Katsuyoshi|date=1994|title=Ethnicity & Conflict in the Horn of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicityconflic00kats|location=Oxford|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=9780852552254}}</ref> Akụkọ dị iche iche, ihe ndekọ na akụkọ na-egosi ogologo oge ọkọchị nke malitere n'ihe dị ka 1800. O yiri ka ọ ruru n'ókè ya n'oge ọkọchị siri ike n'etiti afọ 1830. Nke a ga-ekwekọ na Krapf (1860) kwuru maka "oké ụnwụ nri nke 1836".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Krapf|first=Ludwig|date=1860|title=Travels, researches, and missionary labours, during an eighteen–year residence in Eastern Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsresearch00ravegoog|location=London|publisher=Trübner and co.}}</ref> Na mpaghara dị nso nke [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]], e nwere akụkọ banyere nnukwu ụnwụ nri na 1829 na 1835. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Straight|first=Bilinda|date=2016|title="Dust people": Samburu perspectives on disaster, identity, and landscape|journal=Journal of Eastern African Studies|volume=10|issue=1|pages=179|doi=10.1080/17531055.2016.1138638}}</ref> Okwu ''Agayate'' sitere n'[[Asụsụ Turkana]] ma ọ pụtara ''ogologo oge ọkọchị''. Ọ bụ okwu ndị Turkana na-eji akọwa oge ọkọchị a n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ha.<ref name="lamphear">{{Cite journal|author=Lamphear|first=John|date=1988|title=The People of the Grey Bull: The Origin and Expansion of the Turkana|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=29|issue=1|pages=32–33|doi=10.1017/S0021853700035970}}</ref> == Oge == Lamphear (1988) kwuru na ndekọ oge dabere na usoro afọ Turkana tụrụ aro ụbọchị na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ ma ọ bụ mmalite narị afọ nke itoolu. Ọ na-ekwu na omenala ụkọ mmiri ozuzo a tụrụ aro na mmezigharị oge nke obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu na-egosi na ụkọ mmiri ahụ metụtara ọtụtụ mpaghara Rift Valley.<ref name="lamphear" /> Ihe ndekọ nke usoro idei mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl malitere na narị afọ nke asaa AD na nyocha nke usoro idei ruwa na ntụnyere na ọkwa mmiri dị na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Chad]] kpughere njikọ dị n'etiti nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na mmiri ozuzo dị ukwuu na Equatorial East Africa. Nnyocha nke usoro idei mmiri Naịl na-egosi 'Minor Low' maka oge 1800 ruo 1830, nke a bu 'Minor High' ụzọ n'ime afọ 1725 ruo 1800 ma 'Minor Higher' sochiri ya nke dị n'etiti 1830 na 1870. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hassan|first=Fekri|title=Historical Nile Floods and their Implications for Climatic Change|journal=Science|volume=212|issue=4499|pages=1142–1145|year=1981|doi=10.1126/science.212.4499.1142|pmid=17815224}}</ref> Nnyocha Pankhurst mere na Etiopia gosiri nnukwu ụnwụ nri na 1880-1881, 1835 na 1829. Nnyocha ndị a dị ịrịba ama na mba Etiopia na-ejikọta mpaghara Turkana nke oge a. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Samburu gbara ajụjụ ọnụ site na Straight et al. (2016) na-ekwu na Samburu kewapụrụ onwe ha na ọha mmadụ a maara dị ka Burkineji na-esote Mutai nke 1830. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Straight|first=Bilinda|date=2016|title="Dust people": Samburu perspectives on disaster, identity, and landscape|journal=Journal of Eastern African Studies|volume=10|issue=1|pages=179|doi=10.1080/17531055.2016.1138638}}</ref> Dị ka Samburu Laibon gbara ajụjụ ọnụ site na Fratkin (2011), Sambur 'Il Kipkeku' bụ ndị agha n'oge c.1837-1851. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Fratkin|first=Elliot M.|date=2011|title=Laibon: An Anthropologist's Journey with Samburu Diviners of Kenya|url=https://www.google.co.ke/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=bibliogroup:%22Laibon:+An+Anthropologist%27s+Journey+with+Samburu+Diviners+in+Kenya%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=7|location=Smith College|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=9780759120679}}</ref> Akụkọ dị iche iche, ihe ndekọ na akụkọ na-egosi ogologo oge ọkọchị nke malitere n'ihe dị ka 1800 nke yiri ka ọ na-eru n'ókè ya na oge ọkọchị siri ike n'etiti afọ 1830. Nke a ga-ekwekọ na Krapf (1860) kwuru maka "oké ụnwụ nri nke 1836".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Krapf|first=Ludwig|date=1860|title=Travels, researches, and missionary labours, during an eighteen–year residence in Eastern Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsresearch00ravegoog|location=London|publisher=Trübner and co.}}</ref> == Mmalite == E nwere ọtụtụ omenala a na-ekwu n'ọnụ site n'obodo dị iche iche gafee ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda Afrịka nke na-egosi na mpaghara ahụ enweela mbelata mmiri ozuzo site na 1800 ruo ihe dị ka 1830. Nke a hụrụ ọganihu na-akpọnwụ nke ọdọ mmiri, osimiri na isi iyi, ihe omume nke onye ọrụ nke East India Company hụrụ na 1820s onye kwuru;   …N’ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ime obodo ahụ, isi mmiri na iyi nta na-amịkpọ, mmiri ozuzo nke afọ na-abụkwa nke na-adị ntakịrị ma na-adịghịzi adị mgbe niile. Onye njem na-ahụkarị ụlọ na ugbo ndị ndị nwe ha gbahapụrụ n’ihi na mmiri a na-enye ha, nke ha na-enwebu, akwụsịla ịdị na-abịara ha mgbe niile.— E hotara ya n’akwụkwọ Clifton Crais, Poverty, War, and Violence in South Africa [9].” == Mmetụta nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo == === Mbelata ikike ibu maka anụ ụlọ === Oké ọkọchị ahụ kpochapụrụ ìgwè atụrụ nke Chemwal, nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ụdị Sanga nke nwere cervicothoraic, na-eduga na nkwarụ nke obodo ahụ.<ref name="James Currey Publishers" /> === Ụnwụ Ụnwụ === Akụkọ ọdịnala Sengwer na-ekwu na, "Ọ kpọrọ nkụ ma nwee nnukwu agụụ. Siger gara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa Moru Eris, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwụrụ n'ihi okpomọkụ na agụụ. Ọtụtụ nwụrụ nke na a ka nwere ebe a na-akpọ Kabosan (ebe rere ure) ".<ref name="lamphear" /> === Agha === Agha zuru oke malitere n'etiti Turkana na Chemwal. Ìgwè ndị agha Turkana manyere ụfọdụ Chemwalin ịga n'ebe ugwu gaa n'isi [[Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana]] ebe ha guzobere ngalaba Inkabelo nke obodo Dassanech na-emepe emepe. A chụpụrụ ndị Chemwalin ndị ọzọ n'ugwu Suk, n'ebe ndịda ka ndị Chok tinye ha na-eduga n'ịdị elu nke agbụrụ Kachepkai dị mkpa ebe ndị ọzọ ka ndị Turkana nabatara ebe ụfọdụ ghọrọ agbụrụ ọhụrụ a maara dị ka ''Siger''. Turkana meriri n'agha weghaara ala ịta ahịhịa na mmiri nke Moru Assiger. === Nnukwu ngafe === A manyere ndị Chemwalin ndị ọzọ ịhapụ ebe obibi ha dị n'elu ugwu wee gbaga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ebe ha gbagara n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ karị ma ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwụrụ.<ref name="lamphear" /> == Ihe si na ya pụta == Aoyate bibiri ndụ na ụzọ ndụ nke ọtụtụ ndị bi na mpaghara Rift Valley. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2kwhgngts3tjbsgceuplev95b9jbp2p 0 26674 709196 708847 2026-09-06T02:52:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific_prefix=|name=Călin GeorBVCFCu|office2=[[Executive director]] of the [[United Nations]] Global Sustainable Index Institute in [[Geneva]]/[[Vaduz]]|term_start2=2015|term_end2=2016|office3=President of the [[European Research Center for Information Systems|European Research Centre]] for the [[Club of Rome]]|term_start3=2013|term_end3=2015|nationality=Romanian|citizenship=Romania|party=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1962|03|26|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Bucharest]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romanian People's Republic]]|profession=[[Agriculturist|Agronomist]]|education=[[University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest]] (1986)<br>[[Carol I National Defence University]] (2007)}} '''Călin Georgescu''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1962) bụ onye [[Romania|Romanian]] bụ ọkachamara na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, nke a nabatara n"ọhịa, na ya na afọ iri na asaa nke ije ozi na mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro United Nations. A họpụtara Georgescu ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke United Nations Global Sustainable Index Institute na Geneva na Vaduz maka oge 2015-2016. Tupu nke ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke European Research Centre maka Club of Rome (2013[[2015). Ọ bụkwa onye otu Club of Rome International na [[Switzerland]]. == Agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Georgescu na mpaghara Cotroceni nke Bucharest, nwa Scarlat Georgesco na Aneta Georgespu, nke a mụrụ Popescu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cadranpolitic.ro/calin-georgescu-fisa-de-cadre/|title=Călin Georgescu, fișă de cadre|language=ro|first=Virginia|author=Mircea|work=www.cadranpolitic.ro|date=December 17, 2020|accessdate=February 9, 2022|archivedate=November 25, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125121004/https://cadranpolitic.ro/calin-georgescu-fisa-de-cadre/}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Land Reclamation College, Nicolae Bălcescu Institute of Agronomy na Bucharest (1986) wee nweta Ph.D. ya na sayensị ala na 1999. == Ọrụ == Georgescu rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke National Center for Sustainable Development na Bucharest site na 2000 ruo 2013. Onye a kwadoro ikike na atụmatụ atụmatụ na atụmatụ ọha na eze, gọọmenti Romania họpụtara ya ka ọ hazie mmepe nke nsụgharị abụọ na-esote nke National Sustainable. Strategy Development (na 1999 na 2008), kwekọrọ na ntuziaka nke European Strategy for Sustainable Development. Ọ na-ejikọta ihe ọmụma zuru oke nke ụkpụrụ na omume nke mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na ahụmahụ aka na ubi site n'ịrụ ọrụ na ndị na-ahụ maka ọha na eze na nkeonwe yana ndị obodo na-arụ ọrụ iji chepụta, mejuputa na ịgbaso site na ịmecha ọrụ dị iche iche n'okpuru Mpaghara Mpaghara. Agenda 21 (nke United Nations Development Programme malitere na 1992) maka ihe karịrị obodo ịrị anọ nke mba Romania. Onye bụbu Senior Fellow na United Nations Development Programme, Georgescu nwekwara ọkwa dị iche iche na usoro UN, dị ka UN Special Rapporteur na mmetụta ọjọọ nke mmegharị iwu na-akwadoghị na ịtụfu ngwaahịa na ihe mkpofu na nsị na ịnụ ụtọ ikike mmadụ na onye nnọchi anya Kọmitii Mba [[Ihe Omume Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|UNEP]] maka Romania. O nwekwara ọkwa ndị dị ka: Onye ndụmọdụ nke Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Ministry of Environment, onye nduzi nke Ngalaba Na-emepụta Akụnụba nke Mba Nile na Ministry nke Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ nke Romania, Odeakwụkwọ General nke Romanian Association for the Club of Rome na onye isi nchịkwa nke Institute for Innovation and Development Projects. Dị ka nkwupụta e nyere na Nọvemba 2020, Georgescu kwuru na Ion Antonescu na Corneliu Zelea Codreanu bụ ndị dike site na ha "ọ biri akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba, site n'aka ha na-ekwu ma na'ekwu akụkọ mba ọ bụghị site site mu ndị na ya na ike ụwa nke na na - na<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/politica/cine-este-calin-georgescu-propunerea-aur-pentru-functia-de-premier-1417286|title=Cine este Călin Georgescu, propunerea AUR pentru funcția de premier|publisher=[[Digi24]]|accessdate=2021-10-08|language=ro}}</ref> Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR), otu pati nke batara n'ụlọ omebe iwu Romanian na-esote ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Romenian na Disemba 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AUR a anunțat pe cine va propune ca premier: "Călin Georgescu este un român patriot"|url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/politic/aur-a-anuntat-pe-cine-va-propune-ca-premier-calin-georgescu-este-un-roman-patriot.html|accessdate=2020-12-07|work=Stirileprotv.ro}}</ref> N'oge nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Romania na 2021 nke dugara n'iwepụ Cîțu Cabinet n"ọfịs, otu pati ahụ tụụrụ ya aro ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Simion: "AUR propune un premier independent, care să respecte interesele națiunii române"|url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/politic/simion-aur-propune-un-premier-independent-care-sa-respecte-interesele-natiunii-romane.html|work=Știrile Pro TV|date=11 October 2021|language=ro|accessdate=11 October 2021}}</ref> Ọtụtụ akụkọ mgbasa ozi katọrọ Georgescu maka nkwupụta ya na-akwado Russia, ụfọdụ ọbụna na'ime ha na na -ewere ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya ọdịmma Russia na Romania. == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == *Romania at Crossroads, Editura Logos, Bucuresti, 2014 and Editura Christiana, 2016 (second revised edition and the country project) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130327182424/http://www.ipid.ro/reprofesionalizarea/?p=629 "Pentru un ideal comun"] [In Search of Common Purpose], Compania Publishing House, Bucharest, 2012. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130327214110/http://www.ipid.ro/wordpress/?p=453 “România după criză. Reprofesionalizarea”] [Romania after the crisis. Reshaping Professional Worth], coordinators {{ill|Mircea Malița|ro}} and Călin Georgescu, Compania Publishing House, Bucharest, 2010. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140712155919/http://www.ipid.ro/rr3_docs/rr3.pdf “Trezirea la realitate”] [A Wake-up Call], in ''România post-criză. Reprofesionalizarea României III'' [''Romania after the Crisis''], 3rd IPID Report, Bucharest, 2010, pp.&nbsp;5–15. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150506021417/http://www.ipid.ro/documente/rr2_ro.pdf “Reclădirea capitalului uman”] [Rebuilding Human Capital], in ''Șansa României: oamenii. Reprofesionalizarea României II'' [''A Chance for Romania: Betting on People''], 2nd IPID Report, București, 2009, pp.&nbsp;7–18. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120309011236/http://www.clubofrome.ro/php/publications_files/pdfs/1262766668.pdf “Romania at the Eve of the Third Millennium”], in Millennium III, special issue on “Which Forces are Driving Europe?, European Conference of the National Associations of the Club of Rome”, Bucharest, 23–24 May 2008, pp.&nbsp;95–103. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140211082435/http://www.ipid.ro/documente/rr1_ro.pdf ''“Reprofesionalizarea României”''] [''Reshaping Professional Worth in Romania''], 1st IPID Report, Bucharest, 2008; author and editor. *[https://cndd.ro/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/SNDD_2008_EN_.pdf ''National Sustainable Development Strategy of Romania 2013-2020-2030''], (available in Romanian and English), Government of Romania, Bucharest, 2008; Project Manager. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160908065114/http://cndd.ro/documents_local_agenda_21.html ''Planurile Locale de Dezvoltare Durabilă “Agenda Locală 21”''] [Local Sustainable Development Plans under Local Agenda 21], for 40 local authorities, 2000–2008; Project Manager. *[https://cndd.ro/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/NSSD_1999_EN.pdf ''National Sustainable Development Strategy''], (available in Romanian and English), United Nations Development Programme, Bucharest, 1999; Project Manager. *[https://cndd.ro/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Romania_2020.pdf ''Romania 2020''], Editura Conspress, București, 1998, Editor. ==Edensibia== {{Reflist}} ==Njikọ Mpuga== *Club of Rome (https://www.clubofrome.org/) *European Research Centre of the Club of Rome (http://www.clubofrome.eu/) *United Nations Global Sustainability Index Institute - UNGSII (http://www.ungsii.org/) *United Nations Human Rights - Office of the High Commissioner - OHCHR (http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Pages/Home.aspx) *United Nations Development Programme - UNDP (http://www.undp.org/ *United Nations Environment Programme - UNEP (http://www.unep.org/) *Centrul Național pentru Dezvoltare Durabilă / National Centre for Sustainable Development (https://web.archive.org/web/20150816045711/http://www.ncsd.ro/) *Strategia Națională pentru Dezvoltarea Durabilă a României / National Sustainable Development Strategy (http://strategia.ncsd.ro/) ===Edemede na ajụjụ ọnụ === *{{YouTube|id=mhPyLLadmgs|title=Legile Afacerilor – Călin Georgescu}} – [[TVR 2]] – "Legile Afacerilor" (Business Laws), 5 September 2016 – in Romanian *[http://adevarul.ro/news/politica/adevarul-live-ora-1400-calin-georgescu-lider-clubul-roma-despre-nationalism-ortodoxie-lupta-politica-1_5757c7815ab6550cb8c110bf/index.html Călin Georgescu despre naționalism, ortodoxie, lupta politică] - 8 June 2016 - in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230306065929/http://www.corectnews.com/politics/calin-georgescu-nu-recunosc-conducerea-acestei-tari Călin Georgescu: "Nu recunosc conducerea acestei țări"], 29 March 2015 - in Romanian *[http://meritocratia.ro/2014/10/calin-georgescu-interviu-la-realitatea-tv/ Călin Georgescu - interviu la Realitatea TV], 25 September 2014 - in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161220171359/http://www.initiativepentruromania.ro/calin-georgescu-interviu-manifest-romania-are-nevoie-de-un-stat-care-isi-serveste-cu-abnegatie-cetatenii-si-nu-de-unul-care-slugareste-capitalul-international-2/ "România are nevoie de un stat care își servește cu abnegație cetățenii"], 3 March 2014 - in Romanian *[http://fundatiacndd.blogspot.ro/2013/03/lideri-priceputi-decizii-cruciale.html ”Lideri pricepuți. Decizii cruciale”]-in Romanian,[http://fundatiacndd.blogspot.ro/2013/03/skilled-leaders-for-crucial-decisions.html ”Skilled Leaders for Crucial Decisions”] in English, foreword to [https://web.archive.org/web/20230527080009/https://www.compania.ro/ Romanian edition of "Bankrupting Nature, Denying our Planetary Boundaries" by Anders Wijkman and Johan Rockström](compania, Bucharest, 2013)-in English. *"[http://www.bursa.ro/calin-georgescu-trebuie-restabilit-echilibrul-intre-rationalitatea-economica-si-suportabilitatea-sociala-145901&s=ziua_zeuro&articol=145901.html Trebuie restabilit echilibrul între raţionalitatea economică şi suportabilitatea socială"], interview by Adina Ardeleanu, BURSA, 27 October 2011. - in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120331102126/http://inregistrari.antena3.ro/view-26_Aug-2011-Vorbe_grele_cu_Victor_Ciutacu-30.html VIDEO Călin Georgescu este invitatul lui Victor Ciutacu la emisiunea "Vorbe Grele" la Antena 3], 26 August 2011. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328123418/http://romaniapress.ro/interviuri/9657-exclusivitate-avem-ce-invata-de-la-altii-dar-problemele-noastre-tot-noi-trebuie-sa-le-rezolvam.html "Avem ce învăța de la alții, dar problemele noastre tot noi trebuie să le rezolvam"], interview with Călin Georgescu for RomaniaPress.ro, 3 August 2011. - in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008110439/http://www.romanialibera.ro/opinii/interviuri/nisa-romaniei-agricultura-eco-230220.html "Nişa României: agricultura eco"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008110439/http://www.romanialibera.ro/opinii/interviuri/nisa-romaniei-agricultura-eco-230220.html |date=2012-10-08 }}: Călin Georgescu, director executiv al Centrului Naţional pentru Dezvoltare Durabilă din România ["Romania's Niche: bio agriculture": Călin Georgescu, executive director of the National Centre for Sustainable Development"], interview by Sabina Fati, 5 July 2011.-in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20220125145007/https://www.wall-street.ro/live-text/Solutii-pentru-o-relansare-economica-imediata-Expertul-Calin-Georgescu-la-Dezbaterile-Wall-Street-ro_34.html Soluții pentru o relansare economică imediată: Expertul Călin Georgescu la Dezbaterile Wall-Street.ro] [Keys to country's immediate economic revival: expert Călin Georgescu at Wall-Street.ro debates], 4 July 2011.-in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110818055115/http://www.tvr.ro/articol.php?id=105268 VIDEO "Pentru omenire, criza actuală nu este o problemă, ci ceea ce urmează după ea"] [The Current Crisis is not the Problem for the Humanity, but what will come after it], interview by Rodica Culcer and Lidia Moise, PRIM PLAN, TVR 1, 20 June 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110823083021/http://www.tvr.ro/inregistrari.php Emisunea PRIM PLAN – integrala] poate fi vazuta la INREGISTRARILE SAPTAMANII, Luni: 20-06-2011.- in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110805081116/http://www.cadranpolitic.ro/?p=4140 "Viitorul va fi al creierului și al minții"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805073503/http://www.cadranpolitic.ro/?p=4145 The Future Will Belong to the Brain and Mind], interview by Roxana Mazilu, Cadran Politic, April 2011. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003901/http://www.tvr.ro/articol.php?id=99484 VIDEO "Interviu în exclusivitate cu Călin Georgescu, unul dintre liderii europeni ai grupului de la Roma"] [Exclusive interview with Calin Georgescu, one of the European leaders of the Club of Rome] interview by Lidia Moise, TVR, 18 March 2011. - in Romanian *Despre soluții pentru o relansare economică imediată a țării [Keys to country's immediate economic revival], interview by Dr. Alex Todericiu, 15 December 2010, Wall Street, [http://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Economie/96663/INTERVIU-Calin-Georgescu-Despre-solutii-pentru-o-relansare-economica-imediata-a-tarii.html INTERVIU - Calin Georgescu: Despre solutii pentru o relansare economica imediata a tarii] (in Romanian). *"Poporul român va dainui, criza e provocată de trufie și lacomie" [The people of Romania will endure. Vanity and greed got us into crisis.], interview by Irina Ursu and Lucian Hainăroșie, 16 November 2010, www.ziare.com, [http://www.ziare.com/social/romani/calin-georgescu-poporul-roman-va-dainui-criza-e-provocata-de-trufie-si-lacomie-interviu-ziare-com-1055795 Calin Georgescu: Poporul roman va dainui, criza e provocata de trufie si lacomie - Interviu] (in Romanian). *"Sunt oameni pregătiţi să-şi dedice viaţa reconstruirii acestei ţări" [We have people who are willing to serve the country] by Anca Hriban and Roland Cătălin Pena, 29 October 2010, Ziua Veche, [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130072558/http://ziuaveche.ro/opinii/intalnirile-ziua-veche/7729-intalnirile-ziuavechero-clin-georgescu-sunt-oameni-pregtii-s-i-dedice-viaa-reconstruirii-acestei-ri.html#comments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130072558/http://ziuaveche.ro/opinii/intalnirile-ziua-veche/7729-intalnirile-ziuavechero-clin-georgescu-sunt-oameni-pregtii-s-i-dedice-viaa-reconstruirii-acestei-ri.html#comments |date=2010-11-30 }} (in Romanian). *”Călin Georgescu: ''România nu este aceasta''” [Călin Georgescu: ''This is not Romania''], interview by George Rădulescu, 15 October 2010, Adevărul, [http://www.adevarul.ro/la_masa_adevarului/Calin_Georgescu-_-Romania_nu_este_aceasta_0_353365205.html Călin Georgescu: „România nu este aceasta”] (in Romanian). *VIDEO. "Expertul Călin Georgescu la videochatul Adevărul: ''În patru ani, România ar putea să devină lider european''” [VIDEO The expert Călin Georgescu at Adevărul videochat: ''In four years Romania might become European leader''], 6 October 2010, Adevărul, http://www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/Expertul_in_Dezvoltare_Durabila_Calin_Georgescu_va_fi_prezent_de_la_ora_13-00_la_vidochatul_adevarul-ro_0_348565358.html (in Romanian). *”Măsurile de austeritate sunt luate pe genunchi” [Austerity Measures in a Rush], interview with Călin Georgescu by Stelian Negrea, Financiarul, 15 June 2010, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100620030447/http://www.financiarul.com/articol_46290/calin-georgescu-masurile-de-austeritate-sunt-luate-pe-genunchi.html Calin Georgescu: „Masurile de austeritate sunt luate pe genunchi“ | Interviu] (in Romanian). *”N-am văzut încă o gândire coerentă pentru repornirea motoarelor economiei” [No Coherent Thinking on Restarting the Economic Engine], interview with Călin Georgescu by Cristian Andrei, Puterea, 13 May 2010, [http://www.puterea.ro/news1878/N-am-vazut-inca-o-gandire-coerenta-pentru-repornirea-motoarelor-economiei.htm{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ] (in Romanian). *”Mergeți la drum cu profesioniștii!” [Go along with the Professionals], article by Călin Georgescu, Foreign Policy România, September/October 2009; [https://web.archive.org/web/20100503111127/http://www.ipid.ro/wordpress/?p=157 Profesional » Blog Archive » Mergeti la drum cu profesionistii! - Blogul Alianței Profesioniștilor pentru Progres] (in Romanian). *”Profesioniştii strâng rândurile pentru România” [The Professionals Close Ranks for Romania], interview with Călin Georgescu, Jurnalul Național, 9 July 2009, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100502043722/http://www.jurnalul.ro/stire-politic/profesionistii-strang-randurile-pentru-romania-514091.html “Profesioniştii strâng rândurile pentru România”] (in Romanian). *”Reprofesionalizarea României” [Reshaping Romania's Professional Worth], interview with Călin Georgescu by Cristian Banu, Cadran Politic, No 67, 2009, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120309175424/http://arhiva.cadranpolitic.ro/view_article.asp?item=2816 Cadran politic - Revista lunara de analiza si informare politica] (in Romanian). *”Incompetenţa generează corupţia” [Incompetence Breeds Corruption], interview with Călin Georgescu by Ovidiu Nahoi, Adevărul, 9 December 2008, http://www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/eveniment/Incompetenta-genereaza-coruptia_0_25197567.html (in Romanian). === Akụkọ Mgbasa ozi === *[http://www.activenews.ro/stiri-politic/Afirmatii-fara-precedent-facute-in-direct-la-Televiziunea-Nationala-Romania-nu-mai-este-un-stat-ci-o-corporatie-condusa-de-straini.-In-ultimii-26-ani-Romania-a-pierdut-peste-UN-TRILION-de-euro-mai-mult-decat-a-pierdut-de-la-Stefan-cel-Mare-pana-n-89-138517 "Romania nu mai este un stat, ci o corporatie condusa de straini"], 22 November 2016 - in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180104232414/http://romanialibera.ro/special/reportaje/cine-sunt-oamenii-din-spatele-miscarii-%E2%80%9Emotivatia--romania%E2%80%9C-348314 "Motivatia: Romania"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104232414/http://romanialibera.ro/special/reportaje/cine-sunt-oamenii-din-spatele-miscarii-%E2%80%9Emotivatia--romania%E2%80%9C-348314 |date=2018-01-04 }}, 1 September 2014 - in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20220625103655/https://csr-romania.ro/articole-si-analize/concepte-de-baza/877-o-solutie-pentru-iesirea-din-criza-dezvoltarea-durabila.html „O soluție pentru ieșirea din criză: dezvoltarea durabilă”] [A way out of the crisis: sustainable development], an article by Green Revolution Association, 9 November 2010, CSR Romania. - in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101014024001/http://www.cotidianul.ro/126184-Romania_dupa_criza_Reprofesionalizarea ”România după-criză. Reprofesionalizarea”] [Romania after the Crisis. Reshaping Professional Worth], by Dumitru Constantin, 12 October 2010, Cotidianul. -in Romanian *”Reprofesionalizarea României: Călin Georgescu, Dan Puric și Dumitru Costin” [Reshaping Romania's Professional Worth: Călin Georgescu, Dan Puric and Dumitru Costin], by I.Culianu, Wordpress, 23 June 2010, [http://culianu.wordpress.com/2010/06/23/reprofesionalizarea-romaniei-calin-georgescu-dan-puric-si-dumitru-costin-2/ Reprofesionalizarea Romaniei: Calin Georgescu, Dan Puric si Dumitru Costin]. *”Desemnarea unui reprezentant al României în funcţia de Raportor special ONU” [Appointment of a Romanian Representative as UN Special Rapporteur], Press release, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bucharest, 21 June 2010, http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=44086&idlnk=2&cat=4. *”Pledoarie pentru competenţă, distributism şi economie civică” [A Plea for Competence, Distributive Growth and Civic Economy] by Ovidiu Hurduzeu, 18 June 2010, http://atreiafortaromaniaprofunda.blogspot.com/2010/06/o-pledoarie-pentru-competenta.html. *”Reprofesionalizarea României - lansarea unui proiect naţional” [Reshaping Romania's Professional Worth: Launch of a National Project], by Roxana Mazilu, Cadran Politic, No 67, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20220125145003/http://arhiva.cadranpolitic.ro/view_article.asp?item=2790&title=%3FReprofesionalizarea. *”Anii vacilor slabe” [The Lean Years], by Emil Hurezeanu, Cotidianul, 6 March 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050731/http://old.cotidianul.ro/anii_vacilor_slabe-79.html. *”Formarea elitelor profesionale—soluția pentru dezvoltarea durabilă a României” [Training of Professional Elites: The Solution for Sustainable Development], EurActiv, 3 March 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20120306054035/http://www.euractiv.ro/uniunea-europeana/articles%7CdisplayArticle/articleID_12705/Formarea-elitelor-profesionale-solutia-pentru-dezvoltarea-durabila-a-Romaniei.html. *”L’IPID a lancé le volume La Reprofessionnalisation de la Roumanie”, Investir en Roumanie, 29 February 2008, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230306070040/http://www.investir-roumanie.com/L-IPID-a-lance-le-volume-La-Reprofessionnalisation-de-la-Roumanie,540110.html Investir en Roumanie : L’IPID a lancé le volume "La Reprofessionnalisation de la Roumanie" - actualités économiques et opportunités d'affaires en Roumanie]. *”Pentru reprofesionalizarea României e nevoie de proiecte solide” [To Bring Back Professionalism Romania Needs Good Projects], EurActiv, 12 October 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20120306054051/http://www.euractiv.ro/uniunea-europeana/articles%7CdisplayArticle/articleID_8382/Pentru-reprofesionalizarea-Romaniei-e-nevoie-de-proiecte-solide.html. 1d7r7zbj17sxbiu680biv8k0zn3u9jo 0 28019 709178 580092 2026-09-06T01:46:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709178 wikitext text/x-wiki    [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Chukwuemeka Fred Agbata Jnr'''. (amụrụ n'ụbọchị iri nke ọnwa Julaị afọ 1979) nke a makwaara dị ka '''CFA''' bụ onye nta akụkọ Naijiria, onye ọchụnta ego teknụzụ, onye nkuzi azụmaahịa, ọkà okwu ọhanaeze na onye na-eme ihe ngosi telivishọn na ụlọ ọrụ [[:en:Channels_TV|Channels TV]] ebe ọ na-akwado ihe ngosi ihe ndị pụtara ọhụrụ na teknụzụ. Ọ bụkwa onye na-ede akụkọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi The Punch nke a na-akpọ ''ụlọ ọgwụ ICT (ICT Clinic)''. Ọ bụ onye so guzobe godo.ng, onye nduzi nke Innovation Support Network Hubs na onye nduzi Founder Institute Lagos, na onye guzobere CFAtech.ng.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ramoni|first=Rasikat|title=Tech firm to give N10m to young entrepreneurs|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/tech-firm-to-give-n10m-to-young-entrepreneurs.html|accessdate=14 June 2019|work=Daily Trust|date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/programmes/tech-trends/|title=Tech Trends – Channels Television|accessdate=2023-06-30|archivedate=2023-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107041338/https://www.channelstv.com/programmes/tech-trends/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Swedish Institute Nominates CFA, Others|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/06/13/swedish-institute-nominates-cfa-others/?amp|accessdate=18 June 2019|date=18 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nira.org.ng/nira-media/news-update/323-global-media-forum-in-bonn-germany|title=GLOBAL MEDIA FORUM in Bonn, Germany - Nigeria internet Registration Association (NiRA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Abubakar|first=Idris|title=Two Nigerians Make Panelists at the Global Media Forum in Germany|url=https://technext.ng/2018/06/06/two-nigerians-make-panelists-global-media-forum-germany/|accessdate=19 June 2019|date=6 June 2018}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Maazị Agbata bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Mahadum Ekiti Steeti dị na [[Ado Ekiti]], Naịjirịa. == Ọrụ == Agbata malitere ọrụ ya dị ka ọkachamara n'ire ahịa n'ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Globacom na [[:en:Lagos|Lagos]], Nigeria site n'afọ 2003 ruo afọ 2007. N'afọ 2015, Channels TV malitere igosi ihe ngosi ya Tech Trends (ihe ndị putara ọhụrụ na teknụzụ nke a na-egosi kwa Fraịdee niile ma o jiri ọkara gafee elekere isii nke abalị (GMT +1). Ihe ngosi ahụ na-elekwasị anya na ijide na ịkekọrịta usoro teknụzụ kachasị ọhụrụ, ngwaọrụ mmepụta ihe, ekwentị na ngwa PC, ya na ozi kwesịrị ekwesị nke ga-enyere ndị na-ekiri ekiri aka ịghọ ndị maara teknụzụ iji nwee ike iji teknụzụ rụọ ọrụ nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Online Editor|title=Tech Trends Goes Prime Time on Channels Television|url=https://m.guardian.ng/technology/tech-trends-goes-prime-time-on-channels-television/|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=The Guardian|date=2 October 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, ọ malitere ihe ngosi redio na Family Love Radio Network nke a na-akpọ Tech on Wheels ma na-egosi ya kwa Wenezde ma o jiri nkeji iri na ise gafee elekere ise (5.15pm) ruo mgbe o jiri ọkara gafee elekere ise (5.30pm) nke mgbede; na 97.7 Love FM Port Harcourt ọ na-eme ya mo jiri ọkara gafee elekere isii nke mgbede (6.30pm) ruo ihe fọdụrụ nkeji iri na ise ka ọ kụọ elekere asaa nke mgbede (6.45pm) na 104.5 Love FM Abuja, Ọ na-eme ya site na Mgbe o ji ọkara gafee elekere asaa nke mgbede (7:30pm) ruo mgbe ọ fọdụrụ nkeji iri na ise ka elekere asatọ nke abalị kụọ (7:45 pm).<ref>{{Cite news|author=Comms Week|title=Tech on Wheels with CFA Debuts on Family Love FM Radio Network|url=https://nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/tech-on-wheels-with-cfa-debuts-on-family-love-fm-radio-network/|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=Nigeria Communications Week|date=21 June 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, o guzobere GoDoHub, ebe a na-amalite ọrụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ iji nyere ndị ọchụnta ego aka iji teknụzụ na ihe ọhụrụ malite ma na-arụ ọrụ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nira.org.ng/nira-media/news-update/374-godo-hub-launches-in-lagos-to-help-start-ups-develop|title=GoDo Hub launches in Lagos, to help Start-ups develop - Nigeria internet Registration Association (NiRA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ogunfuwa|first=Ife|title=GoDo.ng pledges support for start-ups|url=https://www.punchng.com/godo-ng-pledges-support-for-start-ups/amp/|accessdate=14 June 2019|date=2 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Adepoju|first=Paul|title=New co-working space launched in Lagos|url=https://www.techcityng.com/new-co-working-space-launched-in-lagos/|accessdate=19 June 2019|date=8 October 2018}}</ref> e kpughere GoDoHub na [[Ikeja]], isi obodo [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos Steeti]], n'ụbọchị mbụ nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2018 site n'aka John Obaro nke SystemSpecs Nigeria Limited.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Okonji|first=Emma|title=GoDo.ng Facility for Startup Development Debuts|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/10/11/godo-ng-facility-for-startup-development-debuts/?amp|accessdate=19 June 2019|date=11 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ozakpo|first=Anderson|title=Check out the GoDo.ng Facility for Start-up Development Unveiled by John Obaro|url=https://technext.ng/2018/10/04/meet-godo-ng-facility-for-start-up-development-the-unveiling-by-john-obaro/|accessdate=19 June 2019|date=4 October 2018}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2019, CFA ghọrọ onye nduzi nke [[:en:The_Founder_Institute|The Founder Institute]] Lagos, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzụzụ nke na-enyere ndị na-ekiri ebido aka itolite site na ọzụzụ gbasara ọchụnta ego inyere ha aka igbochi enweghị nhazi, ntụziaka na mmekọrịta.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Akinpelu|first=Oluwadamilare|title=Pre-Seed Startup Accelerator, Founder Institute Launches Lagos Chapter|url=https://technext.ng/2019/03/19/pre-seed-startup-accelerator-founder-institute-launches-lagos-chapter/|accessdate=20 June 2019|date=19 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.politicaleconomistng.com/silicon-valley-based-founder-institute-launches-newest-chapter-lagos-3-centres-20-ceos-mentors-startup-launch-program-aims-launch-20-global-technology-companies-yearly-la/|title=Silicon Valley-based Founder Institute Launches Newest Chapter in Lagos, 3 Centres, 20+ CEOs as Mentors …Startup Launch Program Aims to Launch over 20 Global Technology Companies Yearly in Lagos|date=19 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Eleanya|first=Frank|title=Founder Institute targets pre-fund start-ups as it launches in Nigeria|url=https://businessday.ng/technology/article/founder-institute-targets-pre-fund-startups-as-it-launches-in-nigeria/|accessdate=20 June 2019|date=28 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ajeamo|first=Chiamaka|title=Founder Institute berths in Lagos|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/founder-institute-berths-in-lagos/|accessdate=20 June 2019|date=27 March 2019}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2019, ụlọ ọrụ iri asaa na ise na gburugburu Naịjirịa gbakọtara ọnụ iji guzobe njikọ aka na-ahụ maka ibuli ihe ọhụrụ na ichu nta ego.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Anonymous|title=75 hubs form alliance to boost innovation, entrepreneurship|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/75-hubs-form-alliance-to-boost-innovation-entrepreneurship/amp/|accessdate=20 June 2019|date=31 March 2019}}</ref> Netwọk a, nke a na-akpọ Innovation Support Network (ISN) nwere CFA dị ka otu n'ime ndị nduzi ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Coleman|first=Ekene|title=75 Hubs Form Alliance To Boost Innovation, Entrepreneurship|url=https://www.independent.ng/75-hubs-form-alliance-to-boost-innovation-entrepreneurship/|accessdate=20 June 2019|date=31 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Akinyode-Lawal|first=Jumoke|title=Innovation Support Network Hubs berths to support entrepreneurship|url=https://businessday.ng/enterpreneur/article/innovation-support-network-hubs-berths-to-support-entrepreneurship/|accessdate=20 June 2019|date=15 April 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu ndị isi nke ise nke ndị nduzi na [[:en:Nigeria_Internet_Registration_Association|Nigeria Internet Registration Association]] (NiRA), site n'afọ 2017 ruo ọnwa Eprel afọ 2019, ọ ghọkwara onye otu ndị nduzi nke isii.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Igata|first=Theresa|title=NIRA ELECTS NEW LEADERS, NWEKE, AGBATA ARE DIRECTORS|url=http://www.politicaleconomistng.com/nira-elects-new-leaders-nweke-agbata-directors/|accessdate=20 June 2019|date=2 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nira.org.ng/nira-media/news-update/165-nira-2017-agm-highlights|title=NiRA 2017 AGM Highlights - Nigeria internet Registration Association (NiRA)|accessdate=2023-06-30|archivedate=2019-06-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620073254/https://nira.org.ng/nira-media/news-update/165-nira-2017-agm-highlights}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nira.org.ng/who-are-we/nira-bod/8%20nira-bod/|title=NiRA 5TH EXECUTIVE BOARD - Nigeria internet Registration Association (NiRA)|accessdate=2023-06-30|archivedate=2019-06-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620072922/https://www.nira.org.ng/who-are-we/nira-bod/8%2520nira-bod/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=MobileWorld|title=Muhammed Rudman Emerges New President of NiRA|url=http://mobileworldmag.com/2019/05/03/muhammed-rudman-emerges-new-president-of-nira/|accessdate=20 June 2019|date=3 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=IT Realms|title=Rudman, Obaniyi emerge President, VP @NIRA – ITREALMS|url=https://www.itrealms.com.ng/2019/04/?m=1|accessdate=20 June 2019|date=30 April 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-akpọkọta nguzobe mkpakorita CFA, ụzọ dị mma maka nguzobe achumtaego [[:en:Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises|SME]] n'aha ịchafụ ndị na-amalite amalite izute ma mụta ihe n'aka ndị ọchụnta ego ihe na-agara nke ọma, site na mkpakọrita ga-enyere ha aka ịzụlite mmalite ha dị iche iche ya na netwọkụ ibe ha. Ikpo okwu a nabatara ndị ọchụnta ego dị ka John Obaro, [[Ommo Clark]], Obi Asika.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Akinyode-Lawal|first=Jumoke|title='Tech start-ups shouldn't be restricted to Nigeria' – Obaro|url=https://businessday.ng/technology/article/tech-start-ups-shouldnt-restricted-nigeria-obaro/|accessdate=19 June 2019|date=28 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Essiet|first=Daniel|title=I started business in the varsity|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/started-business-varsity/|accessdate=19 June 2019|work=The Nation|date=19 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Oluka|first=Peter|title=Ojoma, Obi at CFA Startups Hangout Identify Success Paths in Creative Industry|url=https://techeconomy.ng/2018/09/07/ojoma-obi-at-cfa-startups-hangout-identify-success-paths-in-creative-industry-9913/|accessdate=19 June 2019|date=7 September 2018}}</ref> A na-akwado ya na Lagos, Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Essiet|first=Daniel|title=Turning adversity into prosperity|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/turning-adversity-prosperity/|accessdate=19 June 2019|work=The Nation|date=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Afolayan|first=David|title=Two Portharcourt-Based Startups Win at CFA's Startups Hangout Pitch Session|url=https://technext.ng/2017/11/28/two-portharcourt-based-startups-win-cfas-startups-hangout-pitch-session/|accessdate=19 June 2019|date=28 November 2017}}</ref> == Nkwado == N'ọnwa June afọ 2019, [[:en:Swedish_Institute|Swedish Institute]] k kpọrọ CFAdị ka ọkachamara mba ụwa dị ka akụkụ nke Innovation Ecosystem Programme ha iji zute ndị guzobere na ndị ọchụnta ego maka mmalite nd a ma ama na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-elekwasị anya na ịmepụta ihe ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://si.se/en/international-experts-meet-the-swedish-innovation-ecosystem/|title=International experts meet the Swedish innovation ecosystem|date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Swedish Institute Nominates CFA, Others|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/06/13/swedish-institute-nominates-cfa-others/?amp|accessdate=18 June 2019|date=18 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Onwuaso|first=Ugo|title=Swedish Institute Nominates CFA, Osibona & Others as Part of the 2019 Innovation Ecosystem Programme|url=https://nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/swedish-institute-nominates-cfa-osibona-others-as-part-of-the-2019-innovation-ecosystem-programme/|accessdate=18 June 2019|work=Nigeria Communications Week|date=11 June 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, Consul General nke Federal Republic of Germany, Ingo Herbert kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke ndị ọka ikpe maka Falling Walls Lab Lagos nke mbụ nke bụ ncheta nke ọdịda nke [[:en:Berlin_Wall|Berlin Wall]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Adepoju|first=Paul|title=Chukwuemeka Fred Agbata (CFA) joins Falling Walls Lab Lagos' jury|url=https://www.techcityng.com/cfa-joins-falling-walls-lab-lagos-jury/|accessdate=18 June 2019|date=23 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Oluka|first=Peter|title=German Consulate Invites CFA As Jury For Falling Walls Lab Lagos|url=https://techeconomy.ng/2018/03/23/german-consulate-invites-cfa-as-jury-for-falling-walls-lab-lagos/|accessdate=18 June 2019|date=21 April 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, ọ bụụrụ onye mgbasa ozi na Deutsche Welle Global Media Forum (GMF) na Bonn, (Germany), ebe ọ tụlere ọrụ nke ndị nta akụkọ na-amalite amalite na usoro mgbasa ozi na-enweghị nnwere onwe.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Abubakar|first=Idris|title=Two Nigerians Make Panelists at the Global Media Forum in Germany|url=https://technext.ng/2018/06/06/two-nigerians-make-panelists-global-media-forum-germany/|accessdate=19 June 2019|date=6 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Announcements|title=FNF at Deutsche Welle Global Media Forum 2018 Watch a series of interviews on journalistic start-ups in illiberal media ecosystems|url=https://esee.fnst.org/content/fnf-deutsche-welle-global-media-forum-2018|accessdate=19 June 2019|date=14 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nira.org.ng/nira-media/news-update/323-global-media-forum-in-bonn-germany|title=GLOBAL MEDIA FORUM in Bonn, Germany - Nigeria internet Registration Association (NiRA)}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye ppanellistalongere onye bụbu Minista Mgbasa ozi nke Naijiria Frank Nweke Jnr, onye bụbu Mịnịsta Ime njem ụgbọelu [[Osita Chidoka]], na Genesys Ignite Tech Conference nke Genesys Tech Hub haziri kwa afọ na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], ebe ọ na-eduzi nnọkọ panel na mmepe na ihe ọhụrụ nke isi obodo mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Anonymous|title=Genesys Ignite to revolutionise ICT start-ups ecosystem|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/genesys-ignite-to-revolutionise-ict-start-ups-ecosystem/|accessdate=19 June 2019|work=The Sun|date=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Reporter|title=Genesys Tech Hub gives $30,000 to start-ups|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/genesys-tech-hub-gives-30000-start-ups/|accessdate=19 June 2019|work=The Nation|date=26 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Okonji|first=Emma|title=Firm to Boost Software Revolution, Grows Talents|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/11/29/firm-to-boost-software-revolution-grows-talents/?amp|accessdate=19 June 2019|date=29 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Onwuaso|first=Ugo|title=Genesys ignite pledges technological revolution in Nigeria|url=https://m.guardian.ng/technology/genesys-ignite-pledges-technological-revolution-in-nigeria/|accessdate=19 June 2019|work=The Guardian|date=7 December 2018}}</ref> Slush Global Impact Accelerator, mmemme e mepụtara na njikọ aka nke [[:en:Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Finland)|Ministry n'ahụ maka ihe n'ebe na mbà ndị ọzọ nke Finland]] na ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ ndị ọzọ gburugburu ụwa na ebumnuche nke ịkwado mmalite mmetụta na igosi ohere azụmaahịa na-akpali akpali na ahịa na-apụta, họọrọ CFA dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọkàikpe na Naịjirịa maka ihe ịma aka 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Akinpelu|first=Oluwadamilare|title=Drone Startup, Arone and 2 Others to Represent Nigeria at the Slush Global Impact Accelerator 2018|url=https://technext.ng/2018/09/04/drone-startup-arone-2-others-represent-nigeria-slush-global-impact-accelerator-2018/|accessdate=20 June 2019|date=4 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Suleiman|first=Musa|title=Arone, Gerocare, and Afagreen Selected to Represent Nigeria at the Slush Global Impact Accelerator|url=https://www.techawk.com.ng/2018/09/04/arone-gerocare-and-afagreen-selected-to-represent-nigerian-at-the-slush-global-impact-accelerator/|accessdate=20 June 2019|date=4 September 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ọ bụụrụ nye na-eme mkparịta ụka na Genesys Ignite Tech Conference kwa afọ nke Genesys Tech Hub haziri na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], tinyere [[Ommo Clark]] nke iBez Nigeria nakwa Obi Asika, mgbe [[Ken Nnamani|Sen.]] [[Ken Nnamani]] (onye bụbu onyeisi ụlọ ọgbakọ omebe iwu Naịjiria ) kwuru nke a bụ isi okwu. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Youdeowei|first=Tare|title=Over 1000 start-ups jostle for GenesysIGNITE's $30,000|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/12/1000-start-ups-jostle-genesysignites-30000/|accessdate=19 June 2019|date=18 December 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ekwealor|first=Victor|title=Everything that happened at the Genesys IGNITE South-East Startup Convergence 2017|url=https://techpoint.africa/2017/12/18/genesys-ignite-2017/|accessdate=19 June 2019|date=18 December 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, CFA bụ onye nnọchiteanya na Nzukọ Ahịa Digital nke Naijiria nke emere na Lagos.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Asuquo|first=Emmanuel|title=Nigerian Businesses urged to embrace Digital Marketing|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/nigerian-businesses-urged-to-embrace-digital-marketing/|accessdate=20 June 2019|date=10 October 2014}}</ref> == Nturu Ugo == The Nigeria Internet Registration Association (NIRA) nyere CFA nturu ugo NiRA Presidential Award for Youth Development n'afo 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nkem-Gbemudu|first=Ifeoma|date=4 April 2016|title=Mary Uduma, others awarded at 2016 NiRA awards ceremony|url=https://www.techcityng.com/mary-uduma-others-awarded-at-2016-nira-awards-ceremony/|accessdate=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 April 2016|title=Nigeria Targets South Africa's One Million Internet Domain Names|url=https://technologytimes.ng/ex-nira-president-nigeria-will-soon-surpass-south-africa-co-za-one-million-mark/}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, ọ natara onyinye nke ịdị mma site n'aka ndị isi nke Naịjirịa na IT & Software Industry.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Comms Week|date=26 March 2015|title=Nigerian Top Executives Honour CFA|work=Nigerian Communications Week|url=https://nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/nigerian-top-executives-honour-cfa/|accessdate=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Anonymous|date=27 March 2015|title=IT & Software Industry 2015: CFA bags another award of excellence|url=https://www.itrealms.com.ng/2015/03/it-software-industry-2015-cfa-bags.html|accessdate=20 June 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, ''[[YNaija]]''<ref>{{Cite news|author=Olapoju|first=Kolapo|date=16 March 2015|title=The class of 2015: Nigeria's 100 most innovative persons in Technology|url=https://ynaija.com/class-2015-nigerias-100-innovative-persons-technology/|accessdate=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Anonymous|date=4 March 2015|title=YNaija honours CFA, 99 others for being innovative in technology space|url=https://www.itrealms.com.ng/2015/03/ynaija-honours-cfa-99-others-for-being.html|accessdate=20 June 2019}}</ref> kpọrọ ya otu n'ime mmadụ otu narị kacha nwee ọgụgụ isi na teknụzụ na Naịjirịa. == Ebensidee == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{DEFAULTSORT:Agbata, Chukwuemeka Fred}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị Ekiti State]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1979]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hzy2aiegic4n9pv1cinkrvni8w612tt 0 29861 709151 637787 2026-09-06T01:05:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chris Nwabueze Ngige''' (amụrụ n'abalị asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1952) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na dọkịta Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka minista na-ahụ maka ọrụ na ọrụ nke Naijiria n'okpuru ọchịchị [[Muhammadu Buhari|onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari]] site n'afọ 2015 ruo 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-22|title=ASUU'll call off strike soon, says Ngige|url=https://punchng.com/asuull-call-off-strike-soon-says-ngige/|accessdate=2022-06-23|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ASUU Strike Will Be Resolved Soon, Ngige Assures Nigerians {{!}} Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/06/22/asuu-strike-will-be-resolved-soon-ngige-assures-nigerians/amp/|accessdate=2022-06-23|work=www.channelstv.com|archivedate=2022-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622175641/https://www.channelstv.com/2022/06/22/asuu-strike-will-be-resolved-soon-ngige-assures-nigerians/amp/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-22|title=Ngige: FG will resolve issues on ASUU strike very soon|url=https://www.thecable.ng/ngige-fg-will-resolve-issues-on-asuu-strike-very-soon|accessdate=2022-06-23|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Opejobi|first=Seun|date=2022-06-22|title=ASUU strike to end soon - Labour minister, Ngige assures|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/06/22/asuu-strike-to-end-soon-labour-minister-ngige-assures/|accessdate=2022-06-23|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka Anambra Central Constituency n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2011.Ọ bụ gọvanọ Anambra steeti na Naịjirịa site na Mee 2003 ruo Maachị 2006 n'okpuru People's Democratic Party (PDP).<ref>{{Cite news|title=ntrigues stall Ribadu's choice of running mate|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/02/intrigues-stall-ribadu%E2%80%99s-choice-of-running-mate/|accessdate=14 February 2011|work=Vanguard|date=13 February 2011|author=Jide Ajani}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-02|title=2023: Ngige roots for Southern president|url=https://guardian.ng/news/2023-ngige-roots-for-southern-president/|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-13|title=BREAKING: Ngige pulls out of presidential race, retains ministerial seat|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-ngige-pulls-out-of-presidential-race-retains-ministerial-seat/|accessdate=2022-06-16|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Otu dọkịta n'ọrụ, Ngige gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Nigeria, Nsukka na 1979..<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ezigbo|first=Onyebuchi|title=CHRIS NGIGE: I Married as an Overgrown Adult At 41|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/01/11/chris-ngige-i-married-as-an-overgrown-adult-at-41/|work=This Day|date=11 January 2020|accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-21|title=FOR THE RECORD: Official citations of Buhari’s ministers, SGF - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/347874-for-the-record-official-citations-of-buharis-ministers-sgf.html,%20https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/347874-for-the-record-official-citations-of-buharis-ministers-sgf.html|accessdate=2022-06-23|language=en-GB}}</ref> Chris banyere n'ọrụ gọọmentị ozugbo, na-eje ozi na National Assembly na ụlọ ọgwụ steeti n'oge dị iche iche. Ọ lara ezumike nká na 1998 dị ka osote onye nduzi na Federal Ministry of Health.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Aziken|first=Emmanuel|title=Anambra: The four titans|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/11/anambra-four-titans/|work=Vanguard|date=14 November 2013|accessdate=28 January 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Dr. Chris Nwabueze Ngige sonyeere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, wee bụrụ onye otu People's Democratic Party (PDP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://labour.gov.ng/the-honourable-minister/|title=The Honourable Minister – Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-30|archivedate=2021-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116015609/https://labour.gov.ng/the-honourable-minister/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/ngige-at-63-celebrating-an-exception/|work=guardian.ng|accessdate=2020-04-30|title=Ngige at 63: Celebrating an exception|date=13 August 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1999, ọ bụ osote odeakwụkwọ mba na odeakwụkwọ mpaghara nke Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) na mpaghara South East nke Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-25|title=Chris Ngige Biography and Detailed Profile|url=http://www.politiciansdata.com/content/chris-ngige/|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=Politicians Data|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, a họpụtara ya dịka gọvanọ nke Anambra [[Ọ̀hà Ọmambala|Steeti]] n'ọnọdụ esemokwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian States|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm|accessdate=2021-01-22|work=www.worldstatesmen.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-21|title=FOR THE RECORD: Official citations of Buhari’s ministers, SGF - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/347874-for-the-record-official-citations-of-buharis-ministers-sgf.html,%20https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/347874-for-the-record-official-citations-of-buharis-ministers-sgf.html|accessdate=2022-06-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> O kewapụrụ ya na nna nna ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, Chris Uba nwanne [[Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba|Andy Uba]], n'oge na-enweghị isi na 10 Julaị 2003 iji wepụ ya n'ọkwa, site na akwụkwọ ozi e chepụtara echepụta nke nzukọ steeti nabatara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jason|first=Pini|title=State police and scare mongers (2)|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/09/state-police-and-scare-mongers-2/|work=vanguardngr.com|date=4 September 2012|accessdate=8 March 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, afọ 2006, otu ụlọ ikpe ntuli aka nke Justice Nabaruma duziri wepụrụ mmeri Ngige meriri n'afọ 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-07|title=8 things to know about Chris Ngige|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/ministerial-list-8-things-to-know-about-chris-ngige/0dl2bqp|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121200945/https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/ministerial-list-8-things-to-know-about-chris-ngige/0dl2bqp}}</ref> Ọ rịọrọ ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke Naijiria, mana a kwadoro nkwụsị ahụ na 15 Machị 2006, na ikpe nke nyere [[Peter Obi]] nke [[All Progressives Grand Alliance]] (APGA) mmeri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-11-05|title=Anambra: The judgments so far|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/11/anambra-the-judgments-so-far/|accessdate=2021-01-22|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> Enweghị arịrịọ ọzọ, Ngige nabatara ikpe ahụ n'ezi obi, na-akpọ ndị Anambra ka ha kwado onye nọchiri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Temple Chima Ubochi|title=GOVERNOR PETER OBI OF ANAMBRA STATE: CONSISTENCY; PERSEVERANCE [sic] AND PATIENCE ARE WORTHY VIRTUES|url=http://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2007/jun/171.html|work=nigeriaworld.com|date=17 June 2007|accessdate=8 March 2016|archivedate=17 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017203044/https://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2007/jun/171.html}}</ref> Mgbe Peter Obi chụpụrụ ya, Ngige gbalịrị isonye na ntuli aka gọvanọ steeti n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, mana ụlọ ọrụ Independent National Electoral Commission na 'nkwụsị" gọọmentị etiti mere ka ọ ghara iru eru.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-02-16|title=Nigeria election 2019: Poll halted in last-minute drama|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47263122|accessdate=2021-01-15}}</ref> N'ihe omume ikpeazụ, a tụgharịrị impeachment Obi n'ụzọ ọ bụla, Obi wee rụọ ọrụ afọ anọ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ezekwere|first=Ijeoma|date=2007-02-09|title=Nigeria reinstates impeached Anambra state governor|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL09710848|accessdate=2021-01-22}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, a katọkwara Ngige nke ukwuu maka ịpụta ọtọ n'ụlọ nsọ voodoo Okija a na-atụ egwu n'oge mkpọsa ya ka ọ bụrụ gọvanọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-25|title='Okija Shrine: No longer a bee-hive of activities for politicians|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/okija-shrine-no-longer-a-bee-hive-of-activities-for-politicians/|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2010, Ngige gbara ọsọ ọzọ maka ọkwa gọvanọ nke Anambra Steeti.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-10-10|title=ANAMBRA 2010: Meet the candidates|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/anambra-2010-meet-the-candidates/|accessdate=2021-01-22|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ a ma ama na-esonyere ya gụnyere Andy Uba, Charles Soludo, Nicholas Ukachukwu, Mrs. Uche Ekwunife, Ralph Nwosu, na gọvanọ nọ n'ọkwa, Peter Obi. N'ozuzu, e nwere mmadụ iri abụọ na ise na-azọ ọkwa na ntuli aka ahụ. Peter Obi meriri ntuli aka ahụ wee malite oge nke abụọ ya dị ka gọvanọ nke Anambra Steeti. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2011, Ngige gbara ọsọ maka ntuli aka maka onye omeiwu nke Anambra Central, na ikpo okwu Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ngige Wins Anambra Central Senatorial election|url=http://www.afripol.org/afripol/item/274-ngige-wins-anambra-central-senatorial-election.html|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=www.afripol.org|archivedate=2021-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304061846/http://afripol.org/afripol/item/274-ngige-wins-anambra-central-senatorial-election.html}}</ref> Mgbe nsogbu ịtụ vootu n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mpaghara ahụ na 9 Eprel, e mere ntuli aka na mpaghara ndị a na 25 Eprel ma kwupụta na Ngige bụ onye mmeri karịa onye bụbu Minista nke Ozi na Mmekọrịta Prọfesọ [[Dora Akunyili]] nke APGA, na vootu 69,765 na vootu Akunyili nke 69,292. Oge Ngige dị ka onye sinetọ Federal Republic of Nigeria bịara na njedebe ka mmeri ya na ntuli aka 2015 site n'aka Hon.Mrs Uche Ekwunife bụ onye e ṅụrụ iyi dịka onye sinetọ na-anọchite anya ya. Anambra Central Senatorial District dị ugbu a nke 8th National Assembly of Nigeria. N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2015, Onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] họpụtara Ngige ka ọ bụrụ minista na-ahụ maka ọrụ na ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-11|title=See full list of Buhari's ministers and their portfolios|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/11/see-full-list-of-buharis-ministers-and-their-portfolios/|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, Onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] họpụtara Chris Ngige dị ka onye minista na-alọghachi maka nyocha site n'ụlọ nzukọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/ministerial-nominee-i-left-pdp-when-it-was-not-doing-well-says-ngige/|title=Ministerial nominee: I left PDP when the vehicle was rickety, says Ngige|date=25 July 2019}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2019, onye isi ala ṅụrụ iyi dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ọrụ na ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=JUST IN: Full List: Buhari assigns portfolios to new Ministers|url=https://oak.tv/newstrack/full-list-buhari-assigns-portfolios-ministers/|accessdate=26 August 2019|work=Oak TV Newstrack|date=21 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/fashola-gets-works-as-ngige-amaechi-lai-retain-portfolios/|title=Fashola gets Works as Ngige, Amaechi, Lai retain portfolios|date=2019-08-22|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-24}}</ref> "N'ụbọchị 19 Eprel 2022, Ngige kwupụtara mmasị ịzọ ọkwa onyeisiala Naịjirịa n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ All Progressive Congress (APC)Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ahụmahụ, onye jerela ozi dị ka Gọvanọ Anambra Steeti, Sinetọ na Mịnịsta na-achị kọwara onwe ya dị ka "onye na-azụ ahịa niile na nna ukwu niile".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsaboutnigeria.com/2022/04/19/2023-election-senator-chris-ngige-declares-interest-to-contest-for-president/|title=2023 Election: Senator Chris Ngige Declares Interest to Contest for President|date=2022-04-19|work=News About Nigeria}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Cabinet nke Nigeria * Ndepụta ndị gọvanọ steeti Anambra == Ntụaka == <references group="" responsive="1"> </references> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101217153052/http://ribadu2011.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ onye isi Nuhu Ribadu maka mkpọsa onye isi ala] {{AnambraStateGovernors}}{{Nigerian state governors 2003-2007 term}}{{Nigerian Senators of the 7th National Assembly {{DEFAULTSORT:Ngige, Chris}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kpg1v3srez8d1dcl8vza9ffll41leu4 0 30340 709229 186870 2026-09-06T10:53:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Ezenwa Francis Onyewuchi|office=[[Senate of Nigeria|Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria]]|predecessor1=[[Samuel Anyanwu]]|office2=Member of the [[House of Representatives of Nigeria]]|honorific_prefix=Sen.|birth_place=[[Imo State, Nigeria]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|1968|04|02|df=y}}|alma_mater=[[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]]|nationality=[[Nigerian]]|party=[[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]]|residence=Abuja|occupation=Businessman, Politician|parents=Ambrose Olumba Onyewuchi|spouse=Chikamadu Onyewuchi|term_start1=June 2019|term_start2=June 2011|term_end2=June 2019|term_start3=June 2019|office3=Vice-Chairman of the Senate Committee on State and local government|image=}}{{Databox}} '''Onyewuchi Francis Ezenwa''' {{Audio|Ig-Onyewuchi Francis Ezenwa.ogg|Audio}} // m (amụrụ n'afọ 1968) bụ onye omeiwu na-anọchite anya mpaghara ndị omeiwu nke Imo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na nzukọ nke itoolu na [[Naijiria|onye]] bụbu onye otu ụlọ ndị<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nassnig.org/mp/profile/316|title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria in the 7th and 8th assembly.|author=Assembly|first=Nigerian National|work=www.nassnig.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-01-02|archivedate=2017-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220074909/http://www.nassnig.org/mp/profile/316}}</ref> nnọchi anya gọọmentị etiti Naịjirịa Ọ nọchitere anya Owerri-Municipal/Owerri-North/West-Federal Constituency nke Imo State n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke Peoples Democratic Party na Federal House of Representatives == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * Ihe nrite ihe nketa NUJ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nassnig.org/mps/single/94|title=Home}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7hym23xs8uxzyxjyvvmpzgt3167x5nt 0 30754 709126 656672 2026-09-05T20:33:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Abimbola Oluwafemi''' DaramolaListeni (amụrụ na 9 Nọvemba 1967) bụ onye sayensị [[Naijiria]]<ref>{{Cite web|author=National Assembly|title=HON. DARAMOLA ABIMBOLA OLUWAFEMI|url=http://www.nassnig.org/nass2/portfolio/profile.php?id=HON.%20ABIMBOLA%20OLUWAFEMI%20DARAMOLA|year=2011}}</ref> na [[Ndị Naijiria|onye]] omeiwu na House of Representatives of Nigeria, na-anọchite anya Ekiti North Federal Constituency, [[Ȯra Ekiti|Ekiti]] State, South-West Nigeria kemgbe 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bimbo Daramola – Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/bimbo-daramola/|accessdate=2020-10-07}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Bimbo Daramola na [[Ado Ekiti]], [[Ȯra Ekiti|Ekiti Steeti]] n'ezinụlọ Francis Adebayo Daramola, onye bụbu onyeisi oche (Major) nke Oye Local Government Area mgbe Oye Local Government Zone nọ n'okpuru Ondo State, nke gọọmentị ndị agha nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] nke General [[Sani Abacha]] duziri n'oge ahụ kpụrụ Ekiti Steet na 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ekiti State Government|title=Oye Local Government Area|url=http://www.ekitistate.gov.ng/administration/local-govt/oye-lga/?wpmp_switcher1|accessdate=2023-10-01|archivedate=2016-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226054347/http://ekitistate.gov.ng/administration/local-govt/oye-lga/?wpmp_switcher1}}</ref> == Mmụta == Daramola malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na Emmanuel Anglican Primary School, Ado-Ekiti na St. Joseph Primary School. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Christ's School Ado Ekiti, nke Archdeacon Henry Dallimore guzobere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Christ School, Ado Ekiti|url=http://www.christsschoolado.net/history|accessdate=1 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716051248/http://www.christsschoolado.net/history|archivedate=16 July 2013}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ Geology na 1984 na Mahadum Ondo State nke oge ahụ, nke a gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Mahadum Ado Ekiti, ma ugbu a Mahadum Ekiti State. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1989 ma mesịa ziga ya na Kaduna State, North West Nigeria, ebe o sonyere na otu afọ National Youth Service Corps na Water Survey (Nig) Ltd. O nwetara nzere masta ya na Business Administration, na [[Mahadum nke Ilorin]] n'afọ 1995. == Ọrụ == Daramola malitere ọrụ ya na Water Survey (Nig.) Limited mgbe ọ nọ na atụmatụ NYSC na Kaduna tupu ọ banye Savannah Bank na 1993 dị ka onye na-echekwa ego.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-31|title=Fayemi's Ekiti cargo airport, Lagos liaison office misplaced priorities –Ex-rep, Daramola|url=https://punchng.com/fayemis-ekiti-cargo-airport-lagos-liaison-office-misplaced-priorities-ex-rep-daramola/|accessdate=2022-06-20|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> Daramola so guzobe Rucie Communications wee bụrụ osote onye isi nchịkwa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Ekiti Indegenes Renew Call To Bring Back BIMBO DARAMOLA|url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/192604/why-ekiti-indegenes-renew-call-to-bring-back-bimbo-daramola.html|accessdate=2022-06-20|work=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mepụtara ihe ngosi, nke akpọrọ From Prison to Presidency, nke kọrọ akụkọ ndụ, oge na ọrụ nke onye bụbu onye isi ala [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]. Daramola bụ onye isi ọrụ nke The Bridge Concepts Nigeria Limited ma ọ bụ onye na-eme nzukọ nke One Unite Africa na Nigeria Skit Industry Awards<ref>{{Cite web|title=African Leaders' Silence Over Plot To Depopulate Black Continent Worrisome – Daramola|url=https://independent.ng/african-leaders-silence-over-plot-to-depopulate-black-continent-worrisome-daramola/|accessdate=2021-11-29|work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-07|title=Nigeria Skits Industry Awards gets presidential endorsement|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/nigeria-skits-industry-awards-gets-presidential-endorsement/|accessdate=2021-11-26|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ajibulu|first=Emmanuel|date=2017-11-10|title=A tribute to Congressman Bimbo Daramola @ 50|url=https://orderpaper.ng/tribute-congressman-bimbo-daramola-50/|accessdate=2022-06-20|work=Order Paper}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'afọ 1998, Daramola zutere otu ndị otu [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] Campaign Organization nke na-ahụ maka nhazi mkpọsa nke Asiwaju [[Bola Tinubu]] onye na-asọ mpi maka oche gọvanọ nke [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] State n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke Alliance for Democracy iji nyochaa iji bọọdụ ego mkpanaka maka mkpọsa ya ma wegara atụmatụ mkpọsa mkpanaka ya na ndị otu mkpọsa nke onye a ka ga-ahọpụta n'oge ahụ bụ onye na-achọ ịbụ onye isi ala nke People's Democratic Party.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-24|title=DARAMOLA: Why Mandela wanted me to marry his secretary|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/10/daramola-mandela-wanted-marry-secretary/|accessdate=2022-06-20|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ndị otu ahụ nabatara aro ya ma "site na njikọ" ọ ghọrọ onye otu PDP.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Daniel Kanu|title=Why I dumped Obasanjo for Atiku–Daramola|url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/02/why-i-dumped-obasanjo-for-atiku-daramola/|work=Daily Independence|date=17 February 2013|accessdate=9 August 2013}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, Action Congress of Nigeria họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-azọ oche nke mpaghara ya, Ekiti North 1 (Oye-Ikole Local Govt. Mpaghara) Federal Constituency, nke ọ meriri. == Ọrụ iwu == Daramola ṅụrụ iyi dị ka onye otu, House of Representatives, na-anọchite anya Oye/Ikole [[Ȯra Ekiti|Ekiti]]-North Federal Constituency 1, Ekiti State, na Mọnde, 6 June 2011 n'oge emeghe ụlọ nke asaa nke ndị nnọchi anya. Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Kọmitii nke House of Representatives' Committee on Millennium Development Goals, na onye otu kọmitii ndị na-esonụ nke House of representatives: Army, Banking & Currency, Civil Society and Donor Agencies, and Diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web|author=National Assembly|title=HON. DARAMOLA ABIMBOLA OLUWAFEMI|url=http://www.nassnig.org/nass2/portfolio/profile.php?id=HON.%20ABIMBOLA%20OLUWAFEMI%20DARAMOLA|year=2011}}</ref> Daramola kwagara ihe omume akpọrọ Emerging Threats to Nigeria's Internal Security and the Need for the Establishment of Department of Homeland Security, iji dozie ''egwu'' nke ihe ịma aka nchekwa na-eche Nigeria ihu, dịka òtù Boko Haram si kwuo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Clifford Udujihe|title=We need more will than dialogue to tackle insecurity – Rep Daramola|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/03/we-need-more-will-than-dialogue-to-tackle-insecurity-rep-daramola/|quote=... That was the very first motion of the Seventh Assembly of the House of Representatives and I moved it. I remembered that people were like 'is this man a ranking member?'|date=14 March 2013}}</ref> Daramola mere atụmatụ ịchọpụta nkwupụta nke ụlọ ọrụ Asset Management Company nke Naijiria na 140.9 ijeri Naira (ihe dị ka US $ 1 ijeri), nke Zenon Petroleum na Gas Limited na Forte Oil Plc ji ụgwọ n'ihi aghụghọ enyemaka mmanụ. E guzobere kọmitii ad hoc, nke Femi Gbajabiamila duziri iji nyochaa nkwupụta ịkwụ ụgwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=John Ameh|title=Reps Panel to Probe N140.9bn|url=http://www.punchng.com/news/otedola/|work=Punch|date=12 October 2012}}</ref> Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya họpụtara Daramola ka ọ bụrụ onye isi kọmitii ad hoc iji nyochaa nkesa ala nye ụlọ ọrụ na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na Federal Capital Territory (FCT) na ikpe ndị nwere ike ịbụ aghụghọ na usoro ahụ site na 2010 ruo taa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Jacob Segun Olatunji, Kolawole Daniel|title=Lawmakers to probe land allocations in FCT from 2010 till date|url=http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/news/item/17609-lawmakers-to-probe-land-allocations-in-fct-from-2010-till-date.html|work=Tribune|date=25 July 2013|accessdate=8 September 2013}}</ref> === Tebụl mmegharị a kwagara na ụgwọ Daramola gosipụtara === {| class="wikitable" !S/Mba !Ụbọchị !Aha nke Motion/Bill |- |1. |20 June 2011 |Egwu na-apụta na Nchebe Obodo Naịjirịa na mkpa ọ dị iguzobe Ngalaba Nchebe Ala<ref>{{Cite news|title=We need more will than dialogue to tackle insecurity – Rep Daramola|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/03/we-need-more-will-than-dialogue-to-tackle-insecurity-rep-daramola/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Bimbo Daramola|title=Insecurity and Challenges of Good Governance in Nigeria|url=http://bimbodaramola.com/insecurity-and-challenges-of-good-governance-in-nigeria-bimbo-daramola/|accessdate=2023-10-01|archivedate=2013-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725025741/http://bimbodaramola.com/insecurity-and-challenges-of-good-governance-in-nigeria-bimbo-daramola/}}</ref> |- |2. |6 Ọktoba 2011 |Nkwupụta banyere 'mkpa dị mkpa iji nyochaa N30bn National Identity Card Scheme Project nke gọọmentị etiti'<ref>{{Cite news|author=Adesua Tsan|title=Reps To FG: Suspend N30bn National ID Card Project|url=http://leadership.ng/nga/articles/6166/2011/10/07/reps_fg_suspend_n30bn_national_id_card_project.html|work=Leadership|date=7 October 2011}}</ref> |- |3. |29 Febụwarị 2012 |Nkwupụta maka ileghara ikike nke ndị Naijiria anya site n'aka ndị ọrụ ụgbọelu na Naijiria na mkpa ọ dị ime ka ndị ọrụ ụgbọ elu gbasoo ụkpụrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na omume kachasị mma gbasara ọdịmma ndị ahịa |- |4. |March 7, 2012 |Nkwupụta banyere mkpa ọ dị ịtụle akụkụ ọ bụla nke mmekọrịta Naịjirịa na South Africa, ọkachasị ọdịmma akụ na ụba anyị karịa mgbochi ịbanye na ọdịmma 125 Naịjiria na nsogbu ndị metụtara ya<ref>{{Cite news|title=Reps Seek Review of Bilateral Relations With South Africa|url=http://leadership.ng/nga/articles/18553/2012/03/08/reps_seek_review_bilateral_relations_south_africa.html|work=Leadership|date=8 March 2012}}</ref> |- |5. |15 June 2012 |Iwu maka Iwu A ga-akpọ "Iwu Nchebe Ebe Ọdachi |- |6. |3 Julaị 2012 |Nkwupụta nke National Emergency Management Agency (Ebumnuche, wdg) (Mgbanwe) Bill<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fourth Republic 7th National Assembly|title=Second Session No.60: Order Paper|url=http://www.nassnig.org/nass2/ordersenate.php?id=1084%E2%80%8E|date=28 November 2012|accessdate=1 October 2023|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002447/http://www.nassnig.org/nass2/ordersenate.php?id=1084%E2%80%8E}}</ref> |- |7. |14 Julaị 2012 |Ntinye ndị agha 3500 na steeti Edo maka ebumnuche nke ntuli aka gọvanọ na-abịanụ<ref>{{Cite web|author=Channels Television|title=Deployment of soldiers to Edo causes commotion in House|url=http://www.channelstv.com/home/2012/07/11/motion-to-withdraw-soldiers-from-edo-causes-comotion-in-house/|date=11 July 2012}}</ref> |- |8. |11 Ọktoba 2012 |Nnyocha nke Final Settlement nke Zenon Petroleum and Gas Limited na Forte Oil Plc. ụgwọ dị ịrịba ama nke N140, 999, 620, 395.80 ji ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka njikwa ihe onwunwe nke Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news|author=John Ameh|title=Reps Panel to Probe N140.9bn|url=http://www.punchng.com/news/otedola/|work=Punch|date=12 October 2012}}</ref> |- |9. |7 Nọvemba 2012 |Mkpa dị mkpa iwepu ụgbọelu niile a na-ejighịzi eme ihe, nke mebiri emebi na nke a na-adịghị arụ ọrụ site na mpaghara, ụlọ na ọdụ ụgbọ elu niile dị na Naịjirịa. |- |10. |26 Julaị 2013 |Mkpa Mkpa Mberede Ịchọpụta Ojiji nke Ego Ọha site na Bank of Industry n'okpuru Power and Airlines Intervention Fund<ref>{{Cite news|author=Tordue Salem|title=Reps probe BOI over N176bn disbursement|url=http://nationalmirroronline.net/new/reps-probe-boi-over-n176bn-disbursement/|work=National Mirror|date=26 July 2013}}</ref> |} == Nkwupụta banyere okwu mba == === Ihichapụ enyemaka mmanụ ụgbọala === N'oge arụmụka mba ahụ banyere iwepụ enyemaka mmanụ ụgbọala nke mesịrị duga na ngagharị iwe Occupy Nigeria, Daramola bụ otu n'ime ndị omeiwu Naijiria kpọrọ ka ha nwee nzukọ na Dr. [[Goodluck Jonathan]], onye isi ala Naijiria. Na ngwụcha nzukọ ahụ, Daramola kwuru na "Maazị Onye isi ala emeghị ka m ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ ibe m ndị ọzọ kwenye na House of Representatives. Achọghị m ịbụ onye na-ese ihe na ihe mere n'ebe ahụ mana ana m agwa gị na ọ bụ pax adịgboroja. Echeghị m na o mezuru ebumnuche ọ bụla. Echeghị m na ọ kwagara akụkọ ahụ n'ihu. Aga m ekwu na ihe kpatara ya anaghị amasị ndị otu House of Representatives. === Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ahịa isi obodo Naịjirịa daa === Daramola bụ onye otu kọmitii nke abụọ nke ụlọ ndị nnọchi anya nyere iwu iji nyochaa ọdịda nke Capital Market. A kọwara ya dị ka onye "nwere àgwà na-adịghị mma" Ọ gwara osote Gọvanọ nke Central Bank of Nigeria, (CBN), Kingsley Moghalu onye na-anwa iwepụ CBN na nsogbu ego nke na-enye ngalaba ego nke Naịjirịa nsogbu, ịnakwere ụta maka "ọdịda nke iwu ụlọ ọrụ".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Onwuka Nzeshi|title=Capital Market:House Begins Journey Afresh|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/capital-market-house-begins-journey-afresh/112721/|date=1 April 2012|accessdate=8 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003060211/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/capital-market-house-begins-journey-afresh/112721/|archivedate=3 October 2013}}</ref> "Mmetọ ahụ mere kpọmkwem n'okpuru nlekọta gị. Ọ bụ n'ihi na i meghị ọrụ gị. Ọ bụ ụta gị; ọ bụ ọdịda ụlọ ọrụ. " CBN, site na Moghalu ebubo na mbụ na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ daa n'ahịa isi obodo Naịjirịa bụ n'ihi mmegbu nke ụlọ akụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=John Ameh|title=Manipulation by banks caused capital market crash – CBN|url=http://www.punchng.com/business/business-economy/manipulation-by-banks-caused-capital-market-crash-cbn/|quote=...It was because you did not do your job|date=3 May 2012|accessdate=8 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002035457/http://www.punchng.com/business/business-economy/manipulation-by-banks-caused-capital-market-crash-cbn/|archivedate=2 October 2013}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150108175203/http://www.christsschoolado.net/Christ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Ado] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130724061234/http://www.ojudubabafemi.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Babafemi Ojudu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130430234125/http://citypeoplegroup.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ City People] {{DEFAULTSORT:Daramola, Bimbo}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] oko0l7mgsd2lo43ukzrajidmawhlw72 0 30976 709139 198040 2026-09-05T22:07:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Buruji Kashamu''' (Listeni; 19 Mee 1958 - 8 Ọgọst 2020) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka Senator na-anọchite anya Ogun East na 8th National Assembly . Ogun East na-ekpuchi mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo iri na otu: Ijebu North East, Ijebu-Ode, [[Ijebu East|Ijebo]] East, Ikenne, Odogbolu, Remo North, Sagamu, na Ogun Waterside. Senator Kashamu bụ osote onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Senate na Steeti na Gọọmentị Obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Admin|title=Buruju Kashamu|url=http://www.nassnig.org/mp/profile/870|work=NASS|accessdate=24 January 2019|archivedate=31 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184751/http://www.nassnig.org/mp/profile/870}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi nke People's Democratic Party, PDP na Ogun State. A họpụtara ya dị ka onyeisi oche, Kọmitii Nhazi na Nhazi nke PDP na mpaghara South West nke Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adeyinka|first=Abimbola|title=Abimbola Adeyinka: So I investigated that Buruji Kashamu's honourary PhD and here's what I found out|url=http://www.thescoopng.com/2014/10/18/abimbola-adeyinka-investigated-buruji-kashamus-honourary-phd-heres-found/|work=The Scoop Ng|accessdate=24 January 2019|archivedate=9 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709212821/http://www.thescoopng.com/2014/10/18/abimbola-adeyinka-investigated-buruji-kashamus-honourary-phd-heres-found/}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, a chụpụrụ ya na People's Democratic Party, mkpebi nke ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Abuja mechara mebie n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/pdp-expels-buruji-kashamu-three-others/|title=PDP expels Buruji Kashamu, three others|work=Punch Newspapers|accessdate=16 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/277486-breaking-pdp-expels-buruji-kashamu-three-others.html|title=BREAKING: PDP expels Buruji Kashamu, three others|date=23 July 2018|work=Premium Times Nigeria|accessdate=16 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dailypost.ng/2018/07/23/pdp-expels-buruji-kashamu-three-others/|title=PDP expels Buruji Kashamu, three others – Daily Post Nigeria|date=23 July 2018|work=Daily Post Nigeria|accessdate=16 November 2018}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-azọ ọkwa gọvanọ nke 2019 Ogun State nke Peoples Democratic Party. Ọ nwụrụ site na COVID-19 n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 na Naịjirịa na 8 Ọgọst 2020. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Kashamu na Ijebu-Igbo Ogun State, Nigeria na 19 Mee 1958. Kashamu malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na Ansarudeen Primary School, Ijebu Igbo wee hapụ ya na 1972 iji mezue agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na St. John Modern School, Lagos. Ọ gara klas mgbede na [[Igbobi College]] mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enye ikikere. O mechara gaa London ebe ọ gara ọmụmụ na Business Management na Pitman College, London.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Biography|first=Nigeria|title=Nigeria Senate|url=http://www.nassnig.org/mp/profile/870|work=NASS|accessdate=16 January 2017|archivedate=31 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184751/http://www.nassnig.org/mp/profile/870}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Biography|first=Nigeria|title=Nigerian Biography/Buruji Kashamu|url=http://www.nigerianbiography.com/2016/04/biography-of-buruji-kashamu.html|work=Nigerian Biography|accessdate=16 January 2017|archivedate=19 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119054236/http://www.nigerianbiography.com/2016/04/biography-of-buruji-kashamu.html}}</ref> E nyere ya Ph.D. nsọpụrụ site na [[Cambridge Graduate University|Mahadum Cambridge Graduate]], nke dị na Massachusetts, na mmemme a haziri na Lagos, Nigeria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thescoopng.com/2014/10/18/abimbola-adeyinka-investigated-buruji-kashamus-honourary-phd-heres-found/|title=Abimbola Adeyinka: So I investigated that Buruji Kashamu's honourary PhD and here's what I found out|author=TheScoop|date=18 October 2014|work=The ScoopNG|accessdate=19 March 2019|archivedate=9 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709212821/http://www.thescoopng.com/2014/10/18/abimbola-adeyinka-investigated-buruji-kashamus-honourary-phd-heres-found/}}</ref> Mahadum Cambridge Graduate na-azọrọ na International Accreditation Organization (IAO) kwadoro ya. A na-edepụta IAO n'onwe ya dị ka akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ikike agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na-amaghị ama. Mahadum Cambridge Graduate abụghị mahadum a ma ama na United States n'ihi enweghị ikikere a.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geteducated.com/college-degree-mills/204-fake-agencies-for-college-accreditation|title=List of Accreditation Agencies Used By Fake Colleges {{!}} GetEducated|work=www.geteducated.com|accessdate=19 March 2019}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == O meriri onye omeiwu nke Ogun n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ma merie onye mmegide ya kacha nso na ntuli aka nke 99,540 megide Prince Dapo Abiodun nke All Progressive Congress (APC) onye nwetara vootu 84,001 iji nweta oche onye omeiwu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Naij|first=News|title=Buruji Kashamu wins Senatorial seat in ogun State|url=http://starconnectmedia.com/2015/03/29/buruji-kashamu-wins-senatorial-seat-in-ogun-state/|accessdate=16 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Oluwasoga|first=Bamidele|title=Kashamu wins Senatorial seat in Ogun state|url=https://www.naij.com/412392-kashamu-wins-senatorial-seat-in-ogun.html|accessdate=16 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Politics Naij|title=Appeal Court Upholds Kashamu's Election as Senator|url=https://politics.naij.com/660079-embattled-pdp-senator-kashamu-win-big-appeal-court.html}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eburu ọkọlọtọ nke Peoples Democratic Party na ntuli aka gọvanọ nke 2019 Ogun State ma merie Dapo Abiodun nke All Progressives Congress na-abịa na 4th dị anya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Admin|title=Dapo Abiodun Wins Ogun Governorship Election|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/319366-dapo-abiodun-wins-ogun-governorship-election.html|work=Premium Times|date=11 March 2019|accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref> == Arụmụka == N'afọ 1998, e jidere Kashamu na United Kingdom maka ebubo metụtara ọgwụ ọjọọ mgbe ọ nwara ịbanye na mba ahụ na $ 230,000 na ego.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2015/04/16/man-indicted-in-us-for-drug-deal-is-elected-senator-in-nigeria/|title=Man indicted in US for drug deal is elected senator in Nigeria|date=16 April 2015|work=New York Post|accessdate=16 November 2018}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ya ma tọhapụ ya n'afọ 2003. Ndị ọchịchị Britain jụrụ arịrịọ US maka ebubo ọgwụ ọjọọ, na-ekwu maka nchegbu banyere njirimara ya mgbe onye na-agba izu Nicholas Fillmore na-enweghị ike ịmata Kashamu na foto; Otú ọ dị, ndị ọchịchị Naijiria kwupụtara ebumnuche ha ịchụpụ ya na US ọtụtụ oge.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-11-01|title=Case of the Day: US v. Kashamu|url=https://folkman.law/2011/11/01/case-of-the-day-us-v-kashamu/|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Folkman LLC|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601020554/https://folkman.law/2011/11/01/case-of-the-day-us-v-kashamu/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/appeal-court-kashamu-can-arrested-case-answer|title=You can be arrested, appeal court tells Kashamu – TheCable|date=4 May 2018|work=TheCable|accessdate=16 November 2018}}</ref> [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], onye bụbu onye isi ala, dọrọ aka ná ntị na nnwere onwe ya na-aga n'ihu gosipụtara na "ndị isi ọgwụ ọjọọ ... ga-azụta ndị na-azọ ọkwa, òtù ma mesịa zụta ike ma ọ bụ nọ n'ọchịchị n'onwe ha".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/16/alleged-drug-kingpin-wanted-us-elected-senator-nigeria|title=Man who inspired Orange is the New Black elected senator in Nigeria|date=16 April 2015|work=The Guardian|accessdate=16 November 2018}}</ref> A na-azọrọ na Kashamu bụ ezigbo njirimara nke "Alhaji", onye isi ọgwụ ọjọọ n'akwụkwọ Piper Kerman, ''Orange Is the New Black'': My Year in a Women's Prison. na akwụkwọ Cleary Wolters "Out of Orange".<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-orange-is-the-new-black-nigerian-senator-0215-chicago-inc-20170214-story.html|title=Nigerian who inspired 'Orange Is The New Black': 'I haven't seen' show|author=Janssen|first=Kim|work=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=16 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/05/26/meet-the-nigerian-senator-who-may-have-been-an-inspiration-for-orange-is-the-new-black/|title=Meet the Nigerian senator who may have been an inspiration for 'Orange is the New Black'|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=16 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/cleary-wolters-out-of-orange_n_7226614|title=Cleary Wolters, the Real Alex Vause, Shares Her Story for the First Time|date=7 May 2015}}</ref> Kashamu pụtara n'ụzọ doro anya n'akwụkwọ ncheta Nicholas Fillmore, Smuggler.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Johnson|first=Scott|date=2016-07-05|title=The Strange Saga of the Drug-Smuggling Ring That Gave Rise to 'Orange Is the New Black'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/orange-is-new-black-true-908130/|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Kashamu nwụrụ site na nsogbu nke COVID-19 na Lagos na 8 Ọgọst 2020, n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 na Naịjirịa. Ọ dị afọ iri isii na abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Buruji Kashamu don die - See wetin we know so far about im death|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-53709804|accessdate=2020-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/breaking-buruji-kashamu-dies-of-covid-19.html|title=Buruji Kashamu dies of COVID-19|accessdate=8 August 2020|archivedate=8 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808181400/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/breaking-buruji-kashamu-dies-of-covid-19.html}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Nigerian Senators of the 8th National Assembly}} 4ohtyy81n4qc9t062woncr87k411a2e 0 31327 709198 162832 2026-09-06T03:03:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=|party=[[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]]}} Dahiru Awaisu Kuta (16 April 1949 – 11 June 2014) bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria họpụtara Senator maka Niger East constituency nke Niger State, Nigeria, were ọrụ na 2007 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2014. Ọ bụ onye otu People's Democratic Party (  PDP)).<ref name="nassnig">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nassnig.org/nass/portfolio/profile.php?id=sen.dahirukuta|publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria|title=Sen. Dahiru A. Kuta|accessdate=2010-06-07|archivedate=2013-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004040337/http://www.nassnig.org/nass/portfolio/profile.php?id=sen.dahirukuta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.naij.com/68033.html|title=Senator Dahiru Awaisu Kuta From Niger State Dies At 65|date=12 June 2014|publisher=[[Naij]]|accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref> Kuta nwetara nzere BA na History, Graduate Certificate in Education and Post graduate Diploma in Public Administration.↵N'afọ 1983, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ omebe iwu Niger State, ebe ọ ghọrọ obere ụtarị.  Federal House of representatives a họpụtara ya onye isi oche nke kọmitii House on Rules na Business..<ref name="nassnig" /> Kuta meriri na ntuli aka nke 2007 PDP maka Niger East, na-emeri nwanne ya nwoke Ibrahim Kuta, onye omeiwu nọ n'ọkwa. Ọ gara n'ihu merie ntuli aka Senatorial n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2007/may/23/politics-23-05-2007-004.htm|title=Why I want to be Senate president – Comrade Awaisu Kuta|author=AKIN ALOFETEKUN, Minna|date=May 23, 2007|work=Daily Sun|accessdate=2010-06-23|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20080229190434/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2007/may/23/politics-23-05-2007-004.htm|archivedate=February 29, 2008}}</ref> N'ime nyocha nke ndị Senate na Mee 2009, ThisDay kwuru na ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii maka ijikwa egwu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi ọrụ nke ihe mgbochi mmiri, na ọ kwadoro ma kwado mmegharị iri na anọ ma nye aka na arụmụka na plenary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200905250350.html?viewall=1|title=An Improved Senate, But Some Uninspiring Senators...|work=ThisDay|date=24 May 2009|accessdate=2010-06-07}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} csbm2h2gq7o7x7gvduk8udu96p3qm5c 0 31518 709113 186802 2026-09-05T18:15:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ayoade Ademola Adeseun {{Audio|Yo-Ayoade Ademola Adeseun.ogg|Audio}} ( Listen ⓘ</link> ; amuru 1 Jenuarị 1953) bu onye agha n'etiti Naijiria nke izara Senator for Oyo Central, na Oyo State, Nigeria, na ime ka mba nke 9 2011, na-agba ọsọ n'elu.  ikpo okwu Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN). == ndabere == A egwuregwu Ayo Adeseun na 1 Jenụarị 1953. O ime ụlọ ya na West African School Certificate na 1972 na Ogbomoso Grammar School, Ogbomoso, Oyo State.  N'afọ 1976 ọ nkọwa diploma na Town Planning site na Polytechnic, Ibadan, Oyo State, ma ọ bụrụ na onye dọkịta obodo na-ahụ maka nhazi obodo na Urban Development Consultants na Ibadan, oyo steeti site na 1976 ruo 1977. N'ịkwaga California, United States, Adeseun ọrụ dị ka Associate Planner, Southern California Association of Governments, Los Angeles site na March 1980 ruo November 1982, na mgbe ahụ dị ka a Budget/Administrative Analyst na otu akwụkwọ site na November 1982 ruo  April 1987. Na 1986 ọ meri BA na Science Political/Public Administration site na California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, US O wee jide usoro see ngwa agha na Santa Monica College (1987-1989), California State University (1989–  1992) na Saddleback College (Eprel 1992 - Septemba 1994).  N'ịlaghachi na Nigeria na 1994, Adeseun, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na onye isi ụmụaka nke Facilities and Environmental Management Associates, na Ibadan site na 1994 ruo 1996 == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == === Ọchịchị ime obodo === . A nchọpụta Adeseun na-azụ otu ụdị ụkwụ ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche Executive Executive nke Surulere Local Government, Iresaadu, Oyo State, na-ejide ọrụ site na March 1996 ruo January 1997, a nchọpụta ya ọzọ n'ọkwa a na otu  pati, na-arụ ọrụ ruo Julaị 1998. Ọ bụ onye ozi ntọala echere oche nke All People's Party (APP) na steeti Oyo (Sept 1998 - February 2000).  Site n'October 1999 ruo February 2003 ọ bụ Oga oche nke Board of Directors, Oyo State Transport Company. N'April 2003 ka a họpụtara Adeseun ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ụlọ omebe iwu etiti. A họpụtara ya onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ngwakọta Maka Ike & Steel, na Sayensị & Nkà na ụzụ ma bụrụkwa onye òtù nke Ụlọ Nzukọ Ụlọ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nkà Mmụta, Education, Judiciary, Information and Gas Resources. A nsogbu Adeseun ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ ndị enyi Ndị Nnọchiteanya n'Eprel 2007 maka mpaghara Ogo-Oluwa/Surulere Oluyole, na-agba ọsọ na ikpo okwu People's Democratic Party (PDP).  A nsogbu ya Onye isi oche nke South West Parliamentary Caucus, Onye isi oche nke ndị na-eje ozi maka ịkwụ ụgwọ, na onye òtù nke ndị ozi maka Pension Matters, Rural Development, Sports and National Planning.  [1] Adeseun gbabara na pati Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) n'afọ 2010. Na mbụ aka nke 9 2011 maka oche Senate Oyo Central, Adeseun gbara ọsọ n'elu ikpo okwu (ACN), wee nweta vootu 105,975, n  'ihu Luqman O. Ilaka nke Accord pati nwere vootu 92,544 na onye na-azọ ndị People's Democratic Party (PDP) na 78,643 votu. N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2011 Adeseun kwuru na Gọọmenti etiti edekọla ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ n'ime mmefu ego isi obodo a na-emejuputa atumatu, na nke a bụ naanị ihe dịka 30% nke mkpokọta mmefu ego obodo. O kwuru na enweghị ego isi ego abụghị ezigbo ihe atụ nye Naịjirịa. Onye isi oche Senate [[David Mark]] kwetara, na-ekwu na "Ọ dịghị mba na-achọ mmepe bara uru nke nwere ike ị nweta oke oke ego ya n'etiti oriri na itinye ego". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytrust.com/dailytrust/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13041:2010-budget-capital-implementation-is-40-mps-see-gloomy-future-for-nigeria&catid=3:business&Itemid=3|title=2010 budget: Capital implementation is 40% •MPs see gloomy future for Nigeria|date=1 March 2011|author=Turaki A. Hassan|accessdate=2011-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724164722/http://www.dailytrust.com/dailytrust/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13041%3A2010-budget-capital-implementation-is-40-mps-see-gloomy-future-for-nigeria&catid=3%3Abusiness&Itemid=3|archivedate=2011-07-24}}</ref> Adeseun kwuru na enwere nnukwu nghọtahie dị n'etiti ọnụ ahịa mmejuputa iwu n'etiti ndị omebe iwu na ndị isi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriannewsworld.com/content/waiting-2011-budget|title=Waiting For 2011 Budget|author=James Uzondu|date=2010-11-14|work=Nigerian Newsworld|accessdate=2011-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323084940/http://www.nigeriannewsworld.com/content/waiting-2011-budget|archivedate=2012-03-23}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu na March 2011, Adeseun kwuru na a na-enyefe ego nke 2011 maka ọdịmma mba, na-ekwu na nrụgide siri ike sitere n'aka ndị Executive, n'agbanyeghị na mbụ jụrụ Ụlọ ahụ ebe ọ bụ na ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ emeghị ka ha gosipụta mmefu ego ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201103210937.html|title=Budget Approval Was Done Out of National Interest - Adeseun|work=Leadership|author=Igho Oyoyo|date=19 March 2011|accessdate=2011-04-27}}</ref> === Sineti === A họpụtara Adeseun na Senate na 2011, were oche ya na 29 May 2011. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke kọmitii na-ahụ maka ahịa isi obodo na onye so na kọmitii na-ahụ maka mineral siri ike. <ref name="Nassing Adeseun">{{Cite web|title=SEN.ADESEUN AYOADE ADEMOLA|url=http://www.nassnig.org/nass/portfolio/profile.php?id=SEN.%20ADESEUN%20AYOADE%20ADEMOLA|work=National Assembly, Federal Republic of Nigeria|publisher=Nassing|accessdate=16 November 2012|archivedate=4 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004035838/http://www.nassnig.org/nass/portfolio/profile.php?id=SEN.%20ADESEUN%20AYOADE%20ADEMOLA}}</ref> ." <ref name="Sack Oteh Now">{{Cite news|author=Umoru|first=Henry|title=Nigeria: Sack Aruma Oteh Now, Senate Tells Jonathan|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201210190565.html|accessdate=16 November 2012|work=AllAfrica|date=18 October 2012}}</ref>N'October 2012, dị ka Oga oche Capital Markets, Adeseun gbara Onye isi ala Goodluck Jonathan ume ka ọ na-adị Arunma Oteh n' mkpọsa ya dị ka Director-General nke Security and Exchange Commission, na-akpọ nhọrọ ya iweghachite ya "nleghara anya nke  ebumnuche nke ndị ọchịchị. Ndị ikpe." == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gdb8ithyi7tqyueuwfovdqynqvow5x4 0 31545 709218 643768 2026-09-06T09:20:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Emmanuel Paulker (amụrụ n'abalị iri na ise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1955) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke a họpụtara dịka Senator maka mpaghara Bayelsa Central nke Bayelsa State, Naijiria, na-amalite ọrụ na ụbọchị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwarị n'afọ 2007. Emmanuel Paulker Bayelsa Steeti Nigeria Ọ bụ onye otu UKIP.<ref name="nassnig"/> == Akụkọ ndụ == Paulker gara Bishop Dimeari Grammar School ebe ọ nwetara WASC ya na 1973. O nwetara BSc (Hons) na biochemistry na Mahadum Port Harcourt na 1983. Mahadum nke Port Harcourt Onye nkuzi site na ọrụ, a họpụtara ya dị ka Kọmishọna nke Ala na Ụlọ nke Bayelsa State (1999-2001). Mgbe ọ nọsịrị n'oche ya na Senate na June 2007, a họpụtara ya na kọmitii na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ, ego na Downstream na Upstream Petroleum. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Upstream na Downstream nke Senate.<ref name="nassnig">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=32&page=1&state=8|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170831/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=32&page=1&state=8|archivedate=2016-03-03|publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria|title=Sen. Paul Emmanuel|accessdate=2010-06-14}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. National Assembly of Nigeria. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170831/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=32&page=1&state=8 the original] on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-akwado Iwu Ụlọ Ọrụ Petroleum nke Naịjirịa nke e mere n'ala nke Senate Naịjirị na Thursday, 25 Mee 2017, afọ iri na isii mgbe eweputara ya na National Assembly. Iwu ahụ na-achọ ịmepụta usoro maka ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala na-azụ ahịa na uru, iji hụ na uru na-agbakwunye na mba ụwa nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ site na ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa nke ọma na nke dị irè na ọrụ doro anya na nke dị iche maka ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ. Ọ rụsiri ọrụ ike maka ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ndị Bonga Oil Spill metụtara nke ihe karịrị 40,000 barrels na Disemba 20, 2011, na-emetụta ihe karịrị 20 obodo Riverine gafee Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa na Delta States, dị ka obodo Odioma na mpaghara gọọmentị mpaghara Brass na obodo abụọ na mpaghara gọọmenti mpaghara Ekeremor yana ndị ọzọ na mpaghara gọọmentsị mpaghara Southern Ijaw nke Bayelsa State. N'ime nyocha nke ndị Senate na Mee 2009, ThisDay kwuru na ọ kwadoghị iwu ọ bụla n'afọ ahụ, mana ọ na-etinye aka na arụmụka nke ụkpụrụ ndị dị n'ọtụtụ iwu. O nyere onyinye bara uru site na Kọmitii ya na Downstream Petroleum, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara iwepụ ego enyemaka mmanụ ụgbọala na atụmatụ niile nke iwepụ iwu. Ọ kwadoro mmegharị iji kpochapụ FERMA ma mepụta Federal Highway Authority kama, na ịkwụsị mahadum na-eduzi ule post-JAMB.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200905250350.html?viewall=1|title=An Improved Senate, But Some Uninspiring Senators...|work=ThisDay|date=24 May 2009|accessdate=2010-06-14}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2010, ndị ikom atọ gbagburu nne ya, Florentina Paulker, n'ụlọ ya dị na mpaghara Opolo nke Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Yenagoa<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ndn.nigeriadailynews.com/templates/?a=24462|title=Gunmen abduct senator‘s mother|date=February 26, 2010|author=Olamilekan Lartey|work=Nigeria Daily News|accessdate=2010-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714183240/http://ndn.nigeriadailynews.com/templates/?a=24462|archivedate=July 14, 2011}}</ref> Mgbe nwanyị ahụ dị afọ 73 nọrọ ụbọchị asatọ n'agbụ, a tọhapụrụ ya mgbe ya na ndị tọọrọ ya lụchara ọgụ, otu n'ime ha nwụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201003040950.html|title=One Killed as Police Rescue Kidnapped Senator's Mother|work=Vanguard|author=Samuel Oyadongha|date=4 March 2010|accessdate=2010-06-14}}</ref> Na Septemba 2015, Senator Paulker Emmanuel, chọrọ ịzọ ọkwa gọvanọ nke steeti Bayelsa n'afọ 2015 mana a chụpụrụ ya n'ọnọdụ esemokwu. A chụpụrụ ya n'asọmpi gọvanọ n'ihi na ụfọdụ ndị otu mmegide All Progressives Congress (APC) gara ozi ekele ya. Senator Paulker Emmanuel setịpụrụ ndekọ ahụ dị ka Senator mbụ sitere na Bayelsa Steeti ije ozi ugboro atọ n'usoro dị ka onye otu nke 6th, 7th na 8th Senate. Ọ bụ osote onye Minority Whip na Senate nke asatọ ma jee ozi dị ka onyeisi oche, Kọmitii Senate na-ahụ maka nguzobe na ọrụ ọha. N'okpuru onye isi oche ya, Kọmitii ahụ gosipụtara akụkọ maka Iwu iji guzobe Kansụl Naijiria maka Ndị Ọkà Mmụta Akparamàgwàetiti maka ebumnuche nke ikpebi ụkpụrụ na nkà ndị mmadụ ga-enweta site n'aka ndị na-achọ ịghọ ndị debanyere aha na ọrụ ndị Ọkà Mmiri na Naijiria. Ọ kwadokwara ma kwalite iwu maka nguzobe Chartered Institute of Investigative and Forensic Professionals of Nigeria. Ọ bụ onye nwere mmetụta na onye a na-akwanyere ùgwù na Kọmitii nke Iri nke Nzukọ nke Mba ruo mgbe o ji aka ya pụọ na Senate na 2019 iji sọọ mpi na Gọvanọ Primaries nke Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) maka Ụlọ Gọọmentị Steeti Bayelsa tinyere ndị ọzọ iri abụọ. Ọ meriri na ntuli aka na Senator Douye Diri, onye nwere nkwado nke Gọvanọ nọ n'ọkwa, Henry Seriake Dickson. N'oge ọ bụ Senator, o nwere ike ime ka ọrụ nke ụmụ okorobịa na ụmụ nwanyị si na mpaghara ya nke Kolokuma-Opokuma, Southern Ijaw na Yenagoa Obodo Gọọmentị n'ime ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti dị ka Nigerian Custom Service, Nigerian Immigration Service, Nigarian Security and Civil Defense Corp, Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS), Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, (NPC), Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Nigerian Development Agency, (PTNDA), Nigerian Development Academy, Nigerian Transportation, Nigerian Management, Nigerian, Nigerian Center, Nigerian. A makwaara na Senator Paulker Izibefien Emmanuel nyere ọrụ ndị omeiwu gafee ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ obodo niile dị n'ime mpaghara ya.. Ọrụ ndị a sitere na inye mmiri, ọkụ ọkụ n'okporo ámá, imezigharị na iwu ụlọ klas ọhụrụ, inye oche ụlọ akwụkwọ, iwu ụlọ ICT na inye Kọmputa, iwu okporo ụzọ, imezigharịa ụlọ nzukọ obodo na inye oche, inye ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ime na n'èzí Naịjirịa onyinye agụmakwụkwọ, yana enyemaka maka ndị nwere nkwarụ site n'inye oche nkwagharị na enyemaka ịnụ ihe. Ụmụ nwanyị ritekwara uru site na mmemme inye ya ike site na inye igwe ịkwa akwa na ihe eji edozi ntutu. Mahadum Niger Delta na Mahadum Port Harcourt ritekwara uru site na ọrụ ya. Senator Paulker Emmanuel bụ onye natara ọtụtụ onyinye. Ihe nrite ya kachasị ọhụrụ bụ onyinye nke Fellow nke Nigerian Psychological Association na emume dị egwu na Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, na nzukọ ọzọ nke Chartered Institute of Forensic and Investigative Professionals of Nigeria na Bolton White Hotel, Abuja na 21 Septemba 2019. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Paulker, Emmanuel}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] e5aoqy2cahygin4z6o6ix1g7qiv98p5 0 31949 709234 704713 2026-09-06T11:46:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Olufemi Hakeem Gbajabiamila CFR (amụrụ na 25 June 1962), bụ onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, onye jere ozi dị ka Chief of Staff nke Onye isi ala Naijiria kemgbe 2023. Olufemi Hakeem Gbajabiamila CFR Onye isi ndị ọrụ nke Onye isi ala Naịjirịa<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-02|title=FULL LIST: Okonjo-Iweala, Abba Kyari... FG nominates 437 persons for national honours|url=https://www.thecable.ng/full-list-okonjo-iweala-abba-kyari-former-cos-fg-nominates-437-persons-for-national-honours|accessdate=2022-10-13|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Baiyewu|first=Leke|date=2022-02-20|title=Gbajabiamila shares 145 vehicles, education grants, others to constituents|url=https://punchng.com/gbajabiamila-shares-145-vehicles-education-grants-others-to-constituents/|accessdate=2023-06-02|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Akinboyo|first=Temidayo|date=2023-06-02|title=Tinubu names Gbajabiamila as Chief of Staff, Akume as SGF|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/602133-breaking-tinubu-names-gbajabiamila-as-chief-of-staff-akume-as-sgf.html|accessdate=2023-06-05|work=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Olayiwola|first=Ajisafe|date=2023-06-02|title=Meet Tinubu's CoS: What you need to know about Femi Gbajabiamila|url=https://punchng.com/meet-tinubus-cos-what-you-need-to-know-about-femi-gbajabiamila/|accessdate=2023-06-02|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Gazette|first=Peoples|date=2023-06-02|title=Tinubu names Femi Gbajabiamila chief of staff, George Akume cabinet secretary|url=https://gazettengr.com/just-in-tinubu-names-femi-gbajabiamila-chief-of-staff-george-akume-cabinet-secretary/|accessdate=2023-06-02|work=Peoples Gazette|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke iri na anọ nke House of Representatives nke Naịjirịa site na 2019 ruo 2023. Onye isi oche nke House of Representatives nke Nigeria<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Biography|url=https://gbaja.com/biography/|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=Femi Gbajabiamila|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907113332/https://gbaja.com/biography/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-20|title=Gbajabiamila, Obasa, others advocate regular medical check up|url=https://guardian.ng/news/gbajabiamila-obasa-others-advocate-regular-medical-check-up/|accessdate=2022-02-21|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-20|title=Gbajabiamila pledges 9th assembly will open up legislative space to youths|url=https://guardian.ng/news/gbajabiamila-pledges-9th-assembly-will-open-up-legislative-space-to-youths/|accessdate=2022-02-21|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Olufemi "Femi" Hakeem Gbajabiamila na 25 June 1962, nye Lateef Gbajabiamis na Olufunke Gbajabiamizamila na Lagos, Nigeria. Ọdọ Mmiri Ọ gara Mainland Preparatory School maka agụmakwụkwọ elementrị na Igbobi College na 1973, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. Igbobi College<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-05|title=What Osinbajo, Gbajabiamila have in common|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/what-osinbajo-gbajabiamila-have-in-common/|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ọ debara aha ya na King William's College na Isle of Man, United Kingdom maka A-Level ya. King William's College Isle of Man United Kingdom A-Level<ref name="td">{{Cite news|first=Agha|author=Ibiam|title=Gbaja-Biamila: Shocked Beyond Belief...|url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/feb/07/0043.html|work=[[Thisday]]|publisher=BNW|date=2004-02-07|accessdate=2007-11-11}}</ref> A nabatara ya na Mahadum Lagos, Naịjirịa. Mahadum Lagos<ref name="na">{{Cite web|title=Hon. Femi Gbaja Biamila|url=http://www.nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Lagos/femi.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202405/http://www.nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Lagos/femi.htm|archivedate=2016-03-03|accessdate=2007-10-23|work=National Assembly website|publisher=[[National Assembly of Nigeria]]}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Law (LL. Bachelor nke IwuB.) na nsọpụrụ na 1983 ma kpọọ ya na ọkàiwu Naijiria na 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2015-11-03|title=Law School class ’84 commended|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/features/law-school-class-84-commended/|accessdate=2023-08-20|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820230255/https://editor.guardian.ng/features/law-school-class-84-commended/}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> O buru ụzọ rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọka iwu, Bentley Edu & Co. na Lagos, tupu o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọkàiwu nke ya, Femi Gbaja & Co. O wee nweta Juris Doctor ya na Atlanta's John Marshall Law School na Georgia, USA, gafere ule ndị ọkàiwo Georgia na 2001, wee guzobe otu ụlọ ọrụ ndị iwu na Atlanta. Juris Doctor Atlanta's John Marshall Law School Georgia Atlanta Mgbe ọ nọ na USA, o sonyere na ntuli aka nke Bill Campbell onye mechara bụrụ onye isi obodo Atlanta. Bill Campbell Onye isi obodo Atlanta<ref name=":0"/> Gbajabiamila katọrọ ndị otu National Assembly maka ịgbanwe òtù. Ọ tụrụ aro na ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ntụli aka enweghị ike ịnweta ozi iji mee nhọrọ dabere na nguzo onye ọ bụla, ya mere mgbe ụfọdụ na-atụ vootu maka ndị na-azọ ọkwa dabere na nkwekọrịta ha. Ọ katọrọ ndị na-agba ọsọ na nke a n'uche, na-ekwu na mmetụta ahụ "enweghị ike ịbụ ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụghị ihe ọjọọ".<ref name="Flip Flopping">{{Cite web|title=Interview|url=http://femigbajabiamila.com/|work=femigbajabiamila.com/}}</ref> Gbajabiamila bụ onye ndú nke ndị nnọchi anya ụlọ nke asaa. Onye Ndú Obere<ref>{{Cite web|author=National Assembly|title=REP. GBAJABIAMILA FEMI|url=http://www.nassnig.org/nass2/portfolio/profile.php?id=hon.femi.gbajabimila|date=2011|accessdate=2023-10-04|archivedate=2020-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806023654/https://www.nassnig.org/nass2/portfolio/profile.php?id=hon.femi.gbajabimila}}</ref> Gbajabiamila bụ onyeisi ụlọ omebe iwu na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-enyocha ihe ndị Asset Management Company of Nigeria (AMCON) kwuru gbasara ụgwọ ijeri naira 140.9 (ihe dị ka ijeri $1) nke 'Zenon Petroleum & Gas Limited' na 'Forte Oil Plc' ji.  Ọkpụkpọ oku maka nyocha nke ego a kọrọ bụ onye omebe iwu ọzọ bụ Bimbo Daramola bụ onye kpalitere mkpesa na ụlọomeiwu hibere otu kọmiti iji chọpụta ihe AMCON na-ekwu na ụlọ ọrụ abụọ Femi Otedola nwere akwụghachitela ego gọọmentị.  nke Naijiria kwụrụ maka ngwaahịa mmanụ ala nke a na-ekwu na enyeghị ya dị ka nkwekọrịta nke gọọmentị nyere aka na atụmatụ inye aka mmanụ ụgbọala. Bimbo Daramola chere na ụgwọ ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na a na-akwụ ya n'ezie, bụ "ezoro ezo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=John Ameh|title=Reps Panel to Probe N140.9bn|url=http://www.punchng.com/news/otedola/|work=Punch|date=12 October 2012}}</ref> A họpụtara Gbajabiamila ka ọ bụrụ ọkà okwu na 9th National Assembly House of Representatives na votu 283, ebe onye mmegide ya Mohammed Umar Bago bịara na nke abụọ na votu 78. Mohammed Umar Bago<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-11|title=Gbajabiamila wins House Speaker seat|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/334611-breaking-gbajabiamila-wins-house-speaker-seat.html|accessdate=2021-01-15|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'ime ụlọ ahụ, Gbajabiamila gosipụtara nchegbu siri ike maka okwu ndị metụtara ndị na-akwado ya na Naịjirịa n'ozuzu ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gbadebo|first=Bode|date=2023-06-02|title=Things You Didn't Know About Femi Gbajabiamila, President Tinubu's Chief Of Staff-designate|url=https://leadership.ng/things-you-didnt-know-about-femi-gbajabiamila-president-tinubus-chief-of-staff-designate/|accessdate=2023-06-08|language=en-US}}</ref> O nwetara aha dị ka onye omeiwu nwere ọgụgụ isi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Olayiwola|first=Ajisafe|date=2023-06-02|title=Meet Tinubu's CoS: What you need to know about Femi Gbajabiamila|url=https://punchng.com/meet-tinubus-cos-what-you-need-to-know-about-femi-gbajabiamila/|accessdate=2023-06-04|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe afọ 20 gasịrị, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye otu House of Representatives na 14 June 2023 iji were ọkwa dị ka Chief of Staff nke President Bola Tinubu. Onye isi ndị ọrụ Onye isi ala Bola Tinubu<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-14|title=Just in: Femi Gbajabiamila resigns|url=https://persecondnews.com/2023/06/14/just-in-femi-gbajabiamila-resigns/|accessdate=2023-06-14|work=Per Second News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Onyinye == N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2022, Onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari nyere ya nsọpụrụ mba Naijiria nke Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (CFR). Onye isi nke Order of the Federal Republic Muhammadu Buhari<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-09|title=FULL LIST: 2022 National Honours Award Recipients The Nation Newspaper|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/full-list-2022-national-honours-award-recipients/|accessdate=2022-10-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa zie ==   == Edensibia == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gbajabiamila, Femi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7lvsegf0ccxxyccp1y9gddy6yn8jbhw 0 33374 709177 674631 2026-09-06T01:36:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = Chris Ekpenyong.jpg | party = [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] | caption = Chris Ekpenyong }} <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ex-deputy gov attacks Akpabio over corruption allegations - The Nation Newspaper|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-deputy-gov-attacks-akpabio-over-corruption-allegations/amp/|accessdate=2022-03-18|work=thenationonlineng.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/217985-akwa-ibom-govt-wont-allow-nse-son-investigate-church-building-collapse.html|title=Akwa Ibom govt. won't allow NSE, SON investigate church building collapse – Premium Times Nigeria|date=14 December 2016|work=Premium Times Nigeria|accessdate=19 July 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref>'''Christopher Stephen Obong Ekpenyong''' (Listeni; amụrụ na 29 Septemba 1954) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye bụbu osote gọvanọ nke [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom Steeti]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.naij.com/1075281-sorry-dont-want-part-biafra-niger-delta-chieftain-issues-warning-agitators.html|title=Sorry, we don't want to be part of Biafra – Niger Delta chieftain issues warning to agitators|author=Yusuf|first=Omotayo|date=6 December 2016|work=Naij.com – Nigeria news.|accessdate=19 July 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://punchng.com/ipob-declares-operation-david-dance-armys-python-dance/|title=IPOB declares Operation David Dance against army's Python Dance|work=Punch Newspapers|accessdate=19 July 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Senate Swears-In Christopher Ekpenyong To Succeed Akpabio {{!}} Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/01/30/senate-swears-in-christopher-ekpenyong-to-succeed-akpabio/amp/|accessdate=6 October 2020|work=www.channelstv.com|archivedate=17 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217204529/https://www.channelstv.com/2020/01/30/senate-swears-in-christopher-ekpenyong-to-succeed-akpabio/amp/}}</ref> họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu Naịjirịa n'afọ 2019 ka ọ nọchite anya Akwa Ibom North-West Senatorial District. == Ndụ onwe onye == <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/347512-akwa-ibom-senator-loses-wife.html|title=Akwa Ibom senator loses wife|date=August 19, 2019|accessdate=August 22, 2019|work=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref>'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2019, nwunye ya, Grace Ekpenyong, nwụrụ. == Mmụta == N'afọ 1960, ọ gara St. Patrick's Primary School, Ikot Ukana tupu ọ gaa St. Michael's Primory School, Rumuomasi, Port Harcourt ebe ọ nwetara asambodo mbụ ya (FSLC). N'afọ 1970, ọ gara Government Technical College, Port Harcourt na 1975, ọ gara Federal Government Technical University, Yaba. N'afọ 1977, ọ gara Federal Polytechnic, Bida wee nweta Ordinary National Diploma na Electrical / Electronic Engineering. N'afọ 1980, Ekpenyong gara Polytechnic Calabar maka diplọma mba dị elu na injinia eletrik na eletrọniki ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1982. N'afọ 1993, ọ gara Mahadum Kensington, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States wee nweta nzere na Master of Business Administration (Marketing) n'afọ 1995. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://greatachieversworld.com/profile-engr-dr-obong-chris-ekpeyong/|title=Profile: Engr. Dr. Obong Chris Ekpeyong – Great Achievers World|accessdate=March 18, 2019|archivedate=March 23, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323212646/http://greatachieversworld.com/profile-engr-dr-obong-chris-ekpeyong/}}</ref> nwetara Doctor of Philosophy ya n'otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ekpenyong bụ osote gọvanọ n'ọchịchị Gọvanọ [[Victor Attah]] site na 1999 ruo 2005. N'afọ 2005, o mere akụkọ ihe mere eme na Naijiria: a chụpụrụ ya dị ka osote gọvanọ nke Akwa Ibom steeti mana e weghachiri ya ngwa ngwa n'ọkwa ahụ n'ihe na-erughị ụbọchị asaa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecable.ng/close-up-ekpenyong-objs-ally-who-shattered-akpabios-uncommon-feat|title=CLOSE-UP: Chris Ekpenyong, the man who snookered Akpabio|date=February 26, 2019|accessdate=August 21, 2019|work=TheCable}}</ref> otu ụlọ omebe iwu steeti gbanwere impeachment mgbe onye isi ala [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] batara, ọ bụ ezie na a manyere Ekpenyong ịgba arụkwaghịm mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye omeiwu na-anọchite anya Akwa Ibom North West Senatorial District n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke Peoples Democratic Party na-emeri onye iro ya kacha nso, [[AKPABIO GODWILL OBOT|Godswill Akpabio]] nke All Progressive Congress. O nwetara vootu 118,215 megide 83,158 maka [[AKPABIO GODWILL OBOT|Godswill Akpabio]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2019/02/26/breaking-akpabio-loses-senatorial-seat-in-akwa-ibom/amp/|title=Akpabio Loses Senatorial Seat in Akwa Ibom &#124; Channels Television|accessdate=2023-11-04|archivedate=2023-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510152931/https://www.channelstv.com/2019/02/26/breaking-akpabio-loses-senatorial-seat-in-akwa-ibom/amp/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/amp/1224370-breaking-akpabio-loses-senatorial-seat-akwa-ibom.html|title=Breaking: Akpabio loses senatorial seat in Akwa Ibom to PDP's candidate|date=February 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/news/akpabio-loses-re-election-to-senate/amp|title=Akpabio loses re-election to Senate}}</ref> ọrụ ntuli aka nke Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) bụ Peter Ogban kwupụtara na ọ bụ onye mmeri. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/akwa-ibom-court-voids-ekpenyongs-election-as-senator/|title=Akwa Ibom: Court voids Ekpenyong's election as senator|date=November 10, 2019}}</ref> Nọvemba 9, 2019; ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe na Calabar, Cross Rivers State, nyere iwu ka a mee ntuli aka ndị omeiwu na Essien Udim Local Government Area na Akwa Ibom State. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2019/11/09/appeal-court-sacks-senator-ekpenyong-orders-rerun-in-akpabios-lg/|title=Appeal Court Sacks Senator Ekpenyong, Orders Rerun in Akpabio's LG}}</ref> Maka ntuli aka Akwa Ibom North-West Senatorial District, onye na-azọ ọkwa PDP, Chris Ekpenyong, nwetara vootu 134,717 iji merie onye bụbu onye omeiwu, Godswill Akpabio, onye nwere vootu 83,820, dịka nsonaazụ nke INEC wepụtara n'ụtụtụ Sọnde <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/374402-akpabio-loses-again-as-pdp-wins-rerun-elections-in-akwa-ibom.html|title=Akpabio loses again as PDP wins rerun elections in Akwa Ibom|date=January 26, 2020}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ekpenyong, Christopher Stephen}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jim04amu3vfjn848uqoljwy6tgghp91 0 33669 709215 645442 2026-09-06T09:06:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emily Greenwood''' bụ Prọfesọ nke Classics na nke Comparative Literature na Mahadum Harvard. Ọ bụbu prọfesọ nke Classics na Mahadum Center for Human Values na Mahadum Princeton na John M. Musser Prọfesọ of Classics and Chair of the Department of Classiques na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]]. Nnyocha ya na-elekwasị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Gris oge ochie, ọkachasị Thucydides na Herodotus, mmepe nke akụkọ ihe mere mere eme dị ka ụdị na ọzụzụ dị oke egwu nke oge a, na omenala ndị isi ojii nke ịkọwa ihe ochie nke Gris na Rom. Ọrụ <ref name="Yale">{{Cite web|author=YaleUniversity|title=Yale College, Keynote Address, August 29, 2017|date=2017-08-30|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0jcd8tfy3M|accessdate=2018-11-23}}</ref> na-enyocha nnweta na imezigharị oge ochie nke Ndị Gris na ndị Rom site na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu ruo ugbu a. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == <ref name="Yale"/> kọwawo Greenwood dị ka "ọkara onye Britain, ọkara onye Ugandan, a mụrụ ya na Cayman Islands". Greenwood nwetara agụmakwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi, Sevenoaks School . <ref name="Yale"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sevenoaksschool.org/academic/beyond-sevenoaks/notable-alumni/dr-emily-greenwood-os-1993/|title=Sevenoaks School: Dr Emily Greenwood (OS 1993)|work=www.sevenoaksschool.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-21|archivedate=2018-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921233720/https://www.sevenoaksschool.org/academic/beyond-sevenoaks/notable-alumni/dr-emily-greenwood-os-1993/}}</ref> nwetara BA, MPhil, na PhD na Classics na Mahadum Cambridge . [1] Akwụkwọ edemede PhD ya, nke ọ dechara na 2001 ma bụrụ nke Prọfesọ Paul Cartledge lekọtara bụ nke akpọrọ The Invention of the Critic . ''Ihe e mepụtara nke onye nkatọ. Onye edemede dị ka onye nkatọ site na Herodotus ruo Aristotle''. == Ọrụ == Greenwood nwere obere mkpakọrịta nyocha <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hsp.macmillan.yale.edu/people/emily-greenwood|title=Emily Greenwood {{!}} The MacMillan Center Hellenic Studies Program|work=hsp.macmillan.yale.edu|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-27}}</ref> St Catharine's College, Cambridge, site na 2000 ruo 2002. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://classics.yale.edu/people/emily-greenwood|title=Emily Greenwood {{!}} Yale Department of Classics|work=classics.yale.edu|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-27|archivedate=2019-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905172449/https://classics.yale.edu/people/emily-greenwood}}</ref> bụ onye nkuzi na Grik na Mahadum St Andrews site na 2002 ruo 2008, wee sonye na Ngalaba Classics na Yale na 2009, ebe ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke Classics. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} Yale Department of Classics|url=https://classics.yale.edu/|accessdate=2020-11-01|work=classics.yale.edu}}</ref> họpụtara ya dị ka John M. Musser Prọfesọ nke Classics n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2020. [1] Ọ natara Runciman Award na 2011 maka akwụkwọ ya Afro-Greeks: Dialogues Between Anglophone Caribbean Literature and Classics in the 20th Century (Oxford University Press, 2010). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://runcimanaward.org/previous-winners/|title=Previous winners – Runciman Award|work=runcimanaward.org|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-09-21|archivedate=2018-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922024343/http://runcimanaward.org/previous-winners/}}</ref> Greenwood nyere Yale College Keynote Address <ref name="Yale"/> 29 August 2017 na okwu "The University we Build". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://caas-cw.org/wp/caas/meetings/2018-annual-meeting-program/|title=2018 Annual Meeting Program {{!}} CAAS-CW|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-27}}</ref>'afọ 2018 o kwuru okwu Clack na nzukọ Classical Association of the Atlantic States kwa afọ, "Speaking Bones: Classical Philology in Black Experimental Writing". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://classics.yale.edu/news/emily-greenwood-honored-classical-association-atlantic-states-annual-meeting-2018|title=Emily Greenwood Honored at the Classical Association of the Atlantic States Annual Meeting, 2018 {{!}} Yale Department of Classics|work=classics.yale.edu|accessdate=2020-02-27|archivedate=2020-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227145526/https://classics.yale.edu/news/emily-greenwood-honored-classical-association-atlantic-states-annual-meeting-2018}}</ref>'otu nnọkọ ahụ, a haziri otu panel iji sọpụrụ ọrụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/humanitiesinstitute/events/distinguished-visiting-lecture-series-narrative-and-social-justice-with-emily-greenwood|title=Distinguished Visiting Lecture Series : "Narrative and Social Justice" with Emily Greenwood|work=liberalarts.utexas.edu|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-27}}</ref>'afọ 2019 o kwuru okwu mmeghe nke Mahadum Texas na Austin Distinguished Visiting Lecture Series, "Narrative and Social Justice", na-ekwu maka "Philology and Reparation: Resisting Anti-Human Errors in 'Great' Books". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/series/classics-after-antiquity/7275A30B098AEF04859ACC8273DDCF42|title=Classics after Antiquity|work=Cambridge Core|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-27}}</ref> bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke usoro Cambridge University Press 'Classics after Antiquity'. <ref name="downing-profile">{{Cite web|title=Professor Emily Greenwood|url=https://www.dow.cam.ac.uk/people/professor-emily-greenwood|work=Downing College, Cambridge|accessdate=9 October 2023|language=en|date=30 May 2023}}</ref>'afọ 2022, Harvard were Greenwood n'ọrụ n'ọkwa prọfesọ n'etiti Ngalaba nke Comparative Literature na Ngalaba nke Classics. <ref name="downing-election">{{Cite web|title=Four new Honorary Fellows elected|url=https://www.dow.cam.ac.uk/news/four-new-honorary-fellows-elected|work=Downing College, Cambridge|accessdate=9 October 2023|language=en|date=19 May 2023}}</ref>'afọ 2023, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nsọpụrụ nke Downing College, Cambridge. [1] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Peeji ngalaba, Mahadum Harvard {{DEFAULTSORT:Greenwood, Emily}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8wv4o2nin4ptq5kspbi7g2uu4rv265c 0 34217 709121 538939 2026-09-05T19:44:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Bello Hayatu Gwarzo|image=|imagesize=|smallimage=|caption=|order=|office=Senator for Kano North|term_start=8 December 2007|term_end=29 May 2015|predecessor=[[Aminu Sule Garo]]|successor=Barau Jibrin|constituency=|term_start1=29 May 1999|term_end1=29 May 2007|predecessor1=|successor1=[[Aminu Sule Garo]]|constituency1=|office2=Chief Whip of the Senate|term_start2=June 2011|term_end2=June 2015|birth_date={{birth date and age|1960|4|14|df=y}}|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|nationality=|party=[[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP)|spouse=Hauwa Bello Hayatu (died January 2021)|relations=|children=|residence=|alma_mater=|occupation=|profession=Banker, Politician|website=|footnotes=}} '''Bello Hayatu Gwarzo''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1960) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria bụ onye otu Senate [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] site n'afọ 1999 ruo n'afọ 2015. <ref name="nassnig">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=135|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165413/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=135|archivedate=3 March 2016|title=Sen. Bello Hayatu Gwarzo|publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria|accessdate=16 September 2009}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. National Assembly of Nigeria. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165413/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=135 the original] on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> bụ onye isi oche Senate site na 2011 ruo 2015. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Bello Hayatu Gwarzo n'obodo Gwarzo, Kano Steeti site n'ezinụlọ eze nke Hakimin Gwarzo. <ref name="nassnig"/> nwere National Diploma (Statistics) ma bụrụkwa onye na-echekwa ego site na ọrụ. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == <ref name="nassnig"/> họpụtara Bello Hayatu Gwarzo dị ka onye omeiwu na 4th (1999-2003) na 5th (2003-2007) National Assemblies, na-anọchite anya Kano North Senatorial District. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, ọ gbara ọsọ ọzọ mana [[Aminu Sule Garo]] nke All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) meriri ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200712101561.html|title=Tribunal Sacks Senator Garo|author=Jaafar Jaafar|date=10 December 2007|work=Daily Trust|accessdate=16 September 2009}}</ref>'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ ahụ, a kagburu nhọpụta Garo n'ihi na o mebiri nzere agụmakwụkwọ ya ma Hayatu were ọnọdụ ya.<ref name="nassnig" /> mere Senator Gwarzo Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Senate na Labour, FCT na onye otu kọmitii Senet na Police Affairs, Millennium Development Goals na Appropriation. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1065:division-in-victorykano-pdp-congress-has-created-a-division-between-former-governors-kwankwaso-and-rimi-&catid=32:sunday-politics&Itemid=31|title=Division in victory...Kano PDP congress has created a division between former governors, Kwankwaso and Rimi…|date=23 August 2009|work=Daily Trust|author=Jaafar Jaafar|accessdate=16 September 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905223519/http://www.sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1065%3Adivision-in-victorykano-pdp-congress-has-created-a-division-between-former-governors-kwankwaso-and-rimi-&catid=32%3Asunday-politics&Itemid=31|archivedate=5 September 2009}}</ref> nnọkọ nke Kano PDP n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2009, Senator Gwarzo gosipụtara nkwado ya maka onye bụbu gọvanọ [[Kwankwaso|Rabiu Kwankwaso]], onye akwụkwọ ya meriri nchịkwa zuru oke nke pati steeti ahụ n'ihe gbasara ndị a họpụtara nke onye bụbu Gọvanọ [[Abubakar Rimi]]. Gwarzo gbara ọsọ ọzọ maka nhọpụta ọzọ dị ka Senator maka Kano North na ikpo okwu PDP n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2011, a họpụtakwara ya ọzọ, merie vootu 204,905. E mechara họpụta ya dị ka Chief Whip nke Senate site na 2011 ruo 2015. Gwarzo gbara ọsọ ọzọ maka nhọpụta ọzọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/mark-gwarzo-fourth-time-lucky/89431/|work=ThisDay|title=Mark, Gwarzo: Fourth Time Lucky|date=11 April 2011|author=Kunle Akogun|accessdate=21 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414020616/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/mark-gwarzo-fourth-time-lucky/89431|archivedate=14 April 2011}}</ref> ka Senator maka Kano Noth na ikpo okwu PDP na Machị, 2015 ma Barau Jibrinof onye All people Congress meriri ya. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gwarzo, Bello Hayatu}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:1960 births]] ejvaotq6mqr6c5bou0qcryudgw43iy9 0 35430 709231 705151 2026-09-06T11:11:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Failatu Abdul-Razak''' (amụrụ na Nọvemba 7, 1988), nke a makwaara site na ọkwa ya dị ka '''Jah Bless Faila''', bụ Onye isi nri Ghana na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Afro-pop. <ref>{{Cite web|date=1970-01-01|title=Failatu Abdul-Razak Biography: Age, Husband, Children, Cookathon and Net Worth|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/lifestyle/xorlali/Failatu-Abdul-Razak-Biography-Age-Husband-Children-Cookathon-and-Net-Worth-163934|accessdate=2024-01-06|work=GhanaWeb|language=en|archivedate=2024-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106121657/https://www.ghanaweb.com/lifestyle/xorlali/Failatu-Abdul-Razak-Biography-Age-Husband-Children-Cookathon-and-Net-Worth-163934}}</ref> bụ onye na-emegide ịzụ ahịa ụmụaka na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2024-01-03|title=Biography Of Failatu Abdul-Razak: Chef Failatu Attempting To Break Cook-A-Thon Guinness World Records - Wilson Trendit|url=https://wilsontrendit.com/biography-of-failatu-abdul-razak/|accessdate=2024-01-06|work=wilsontrendit.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160118/https://wilsontrendit.com/biography-of-failatu-abdul-razak/}}</ref> == Mmụta == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ Abdul-Razak malitere na Business Senior School na Tamale. O mechara debanye aha na mmemme Integrated Community Development (ICD) na Mahadum nke Ọmụmụ Ọkachamara (UDS). <ref name=":0"/> == Azụmaahịa == Dị ka onye guzobere na onye njikwa nke Mickey's INN Restaurant na Lamashegu, mpaghara Tamale Metro, e gosipụtara ike ọchụnta ego Failatu na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Savio|first=Salvific|date=2024-01-05|title=Cook-A-Thon Attempt: Five Intriguing Things to Know About Failatu Abdul-Razak’s|url=https://akonnornews.com/news/cook-a-thon-attempt-five-intriguing-things-to-know-about-failatu-abdul-razaks/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=akonnornews|language=en-US}}</ref> mgbakwunye na inye ebe nsọ maka nri dị ụtọ, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ bụ ngosipụta nke ọhụụ ya siri ike na idu ndú nwere ike na obodo nke azụmaahịa mpaghara. == Ihe ndekọ ụwa nke Guinness == Failatu gbalịrị imebi Guinness World Record site na isi nri maka awa 120, malite na Jenụwarị 1, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-01|title=Livestream: Guinness World Record Cook-a-thon Attempt By Chef Failatu Abdul-Razak Underway|url=https://hbtvghana.com/livestream-guinness-world-record-cook-a-thon-attempt-by-chef-failatu-abdul-razak-underway/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=hbtvghana.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Ghanaian Chef Failatu Abdul-Razak Eyes World Record With Cooking Marathon|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/202312/497322.php|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archivedate=2024-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107125516/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/202312/497322.php}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chef Failatu Attempts To Break Cook-A-Thon Record In Tamale|url=https://myblogpay.com/read/117556/Chef-Failatu-Attempts-To-Break-Cook-A-Thon-Record-In-Tamale|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Blogpay|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-01|title=Chef Failatu’s Guinness World Record cook-a-thon attempt underway|url=https://www.classfmonline.com/entertainment/Chef-Failatu-s-Guinness-World-Record-cook-a-thon-attempt-underway-48383|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=www.classfmonline.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chef Failatu starts cook-a-thon world record bid|url=https://asempanews.com/details/3344/chef-failatu-starts-cook-a-thon-world-record-bid|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=asempanews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Agon|first=Zack|date=2024-01-01|title=Livestreaming: Chef Failatu starts cook-a-thon to break world record - SarkNation.com|url=https://sarknation.com/chef-failatu-starts-cook-a-thon-to-break/,%20https://sarknation.com/chef-failatu-starts-cook-a-thon-to-break/|accessdate=2024-01-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-03|title=#FAILACOOKATHON: If I fail in this cook-a-thon, I have failed Ghana - Chef Faila|url=https://www.happyghana.com/failacookathon-if-i-fail-in-this-cook-a-thon-i-have-failed-ghana-chef-faila/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Happy Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Martey|first=Michael Mensah|date=2023-12-28|title=Cook-a-thon: Failatu Abdul-Razak to break Guinness World Record for longest cooking time|url=https://www.max.com.gh/cook-a-thon-failatu-abdul-razak-to-break-guinness-world-record-for-longest-cooking-time/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Max|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-06|title=Day 5 of Guinness World Record cook-a-thon attempt by Chef Failatu {{!}} MyLiberty News|url=https://www.mylibertynews.com/day-5-of-guinness-world-record-cook/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=www.mylibertynews.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107013220/https://www.mylibertynews.com/day-5-of-guinness-world-record-cook/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-06|title=Ghana's Chef Faila Abdul Razak hits 113 hour mark in Guinness record cook-a-thon attempt|url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/06/ghanas-chef-faila-abdul-razak-hits-113-hour-mark-in-guinness-record-cook-a-thon-attempt/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Africanews|language=en}}</ref> ga-emebi ihe ndekọ nke awa 119 na nkeji 57 nke onye isi nri Irish bụ Alan Fisher. [1] [2] [3] [4] <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-01|title=Chef Failatu Attempts To Break Cook-A-Thon Record In Tamale|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/chef-failatu-attempts-to-break-cook-a-thon-record-in-tamale/|accessdate=2024-01-06|work=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-05|title=With banku and jollof rice, Ghanaian chef tries to break world cook-a-thon record|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/lifestyle/with-banku-and-jollof-rice-ghanaian-chef-tries-to-break-world-cook-a-thon-record-1.6713404|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=CTVNews|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=www.msn.com}}</ref> ụbọchị abụọ nke isi nri gasịrị, na nkeji iri anọ ruo etiti abalị, Onye isi nri Failatu Abdul-Razak esila nri iri anọ dị iche iche nke mpaghara na nke mba ụwa. A na-enye ofe dịgasị iche iche e mepụtara site na ihe ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ na agwa na-esi ísì ụtọ, yana nri ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche dị ka Banki, [[Ugali|tuo zaafi]], [[Ụtara|fufu]], na bọl Osikapa. Ọ na-eme [[Jollof rice|osikapa]] jollof, stew, [[samosa]], spring rolls, na ụfọdụ achịcha maka nri mba ụwa.Ndị <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-04|title=Chef Failatu Cook-a-thon: Day 3 in record breaking cooking marathon - Dklassgh.com|url=https://dklassgh.net/2024/01/04/chef-failatu-cook-a-thon-day-3-in-record-breaking-cooking-marathon/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=dklassgh.net|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107020331/https://dklassgh.net/2024/01/04/chef-failatu-cook-a-thon-day-3-in-record-breaking-cooking-marathon/}}</ref>-ere nri Marathon kesara ha n'etiti ìgwè mmadụ ahụ, na-enye ha n'ime efere porcelain na efere mkpofu. <ref name=":2"/> <ref>{{Cite web|title=With banku and jollof rice, Ghanian chef tries to break world cook-a-thon record|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/banku-jollof-rice-ghanian-chef-break-world-cook-106140454|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=ABC News|language=en}}</ref>'isi ụtụtụ Friday, Jenụwarị 5, Chef Failatu rụzuru ihe dị egwu nke ịrụ ọrụ 100 awa, na-emebi ihe ndekọ gara aga nke onye isi nri Naijiria [[Hilda Baci]], onye rụrụ ọrụ 93 awa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-03|title=Cook-a-thon: I am cooking to promote Ghana foods - Failatu Abdul Razak|url=https://ahotoronline.com/cook-a-thon-i-am-cooking-to-promote-ghana-foods-failatu-abdul-razak/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Ahotor 92.3FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107015928/https://ahotoronline.com/cook-a-thon-i-am-cooking-to-promote-ghana-foods-failatu-abdul-razak/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-05|title=Chef Failatu praised after surpassing Nigeria's Hilda Baci's 93hrs cook-a-thon record - MyJoyOnline|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/chef-failatu-praised-after-surpassing-nigerias-hilda-bacis-93hrs-cook-a-thon-record/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref>'ihi ya, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ mgbasa ozi ọha na eze etolitela ịbụ ebe ekele, na-ekweta na Chef Failatu rụzuru ihe dị egwu karịa ndekọ Hilda Baci gara aga ma nweta ihe dị ịrịba ama 100 awa n'egosighị ihe ọ bụla na-egosi ike ọgwụgwụ. Na Modern City Hotel dị na Tamale, ebe onye isi nri na-esi nri, ọtụtụ narị ndị nkịtị na ndị ama ama na Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị gbakọtara. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-02|title=Chef Failatu’s Guinness World Record Cook-a-thon Attempt Underway|url=https://africaneditors.com/chef-failatus-guinness-world-record-cook-a-thon-attempt-underway/|accessdate=2024-01-07|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107021013/https://africaneditors.com/chef-failatus-guinness-world-record-cook-a-thon-attempt-underway/}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2024-01-05|title=With banku and jollof rice, Ghanian chef tries to break world cook-a-thon record|url=https://apnews.com/article/ghana-abdulrazak-gwr-cooking-world-record-d30304daecb7a932e7e39e489bc31f82|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=AP News|language=en}}</ref> elekere na-eru nso awa 120, ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri na-agba egwu, na-abụ abụ, ma na-atọ ụtọ nri a kwadebere. Mahamudu Bawumia, osote onye isi ala nke [[Ghana]], nyere onye isi nri 30,000 Ghana Cedis ($ 2,564) mgbe ọ kwurịtasịrị mbọ ahụ na Facebook na mbido izu a. Ọ gbara ya ume "ịga maka ọlaedo".<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Bonney|first=Abigail|date=2024-01-03|title=Chef Failatu's cook-a-thon enters day 3|url=https://www.adomonline.com/chef-failatus-cook-a-thon-enters-day-3/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Adomonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cook-A-Thon: Bawumia supports Chef Failatu with ₵30k – Today News Ghana|url=https://www.todaygh.com/cook-a-thon-bawumia-supports-chef-failatu-with-%e2%82%b530k/|accessdate=2024-01-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe <ref>{{Cite web|author=Crabbe|first=Nathaniel|date=2024-01-06|title=“Keep going”: Faila unofficially breaks Irish Chef Fisher's cook-a-thon record|url=https://yen.com.gh/people/248947-failatu-razak-chef-unofficially-breaks-irish-chef-fishers-119-hour-cook-a-thon-record/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en}}</ref> siri nri ihe karịrị awa 120, onye isi nri Ghana Failatu Abdul Razak mebiri ihe ndekọ ụwa nke onye isi nri Irish Alan Fisher. Tupu ihe omume ahụ, a mara ọkwa oge mbụ dị ka Jenụwarị 01-Jenụwarị 85, nke kwekọrọ na awa 120 nke isi nri n'ime ụbọchị ise. Otú ọ dị, ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ihe omume ahụ, ozi sitere n'aka ndị otu na-esi nri na-atọ ụtọ nke Failatu tụrụ aro na a ga-agbatị oge isi nri ruo ihe karịrị awa 144. Joy News na-akọ na Failatu na-achọ ugbu a ịbawanye awa 240 n'ozuzu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Hello 101 5 FM, hello FM|title=120 Moved To 240 Hours: Chef Faila Extends Cook-a-thon Record Duration|url=http://www.hellofmonline.com/pages/local/202401/497541.php|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=www.hellofmonline.com|language=en|archivedate=2024-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107133159/https://www.hellofmonline.com/pages/local/202401/497541.php}}</ref>"Echiche ahụ abụghịzi ụbọchị ise", ka Maazị Damba Naa, onye njikwa Failatu Abdul-Razak, kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ Tamale na Ghana News Agency. O kwuru na iji mee ka onye isi nri hapụ akara ya, ndị otu ahụ ga-eme mkpebi a n'ihi na otu nwanyị si Uganda esila nri ruo awa 144 na mgbalị imebi ndekọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Aning|first=Prince|date=2024-01-06|title=Failatu Abdul-Razak’s cook-a-thon duration extended to seven days|url=https://www.priningonline.com/failatu-abdul-razaks-cook-a-thon-duration-extended-to-seven-days/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Priningonline|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106121822/https://www.priningonline.com/failatu-abdul-razaks-cook-a-thon-duration-extended-to-seven-days/}}</ref>"Anyị ga-agafe awa 144 iji nwee ike imebi ndekọ ahụ ma setịpụ ihe ọ bụla, "ka o kwuru. Nw<ref>{{Cite web|title=120 moved to 240 hours: Chef Faila extends cook-a-thon record duration|url=https://ghanaguardian.com/120-moved-to-240-hours-chef-faila-extends-cook-a-thon-record-duration|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=The Ghana Guardian News|language=en|archivedate=2024-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107133644/https://ghanaguardian.com/120-moved-to-240-hours-chef-faila-extends-cook-a-thon-record-duration}}</ref> Uganda a maara dị ka Mama D, ma ọ bụ Chef Dorcus Mirembe, gbalịrị imebi ihe ndekọ maka onye na-esi nri kachasị ogologo, ebe ọ rụchara awa 144 nke isi nri. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] farior43afrwxyonf67a5aziv9ah025 0 36712 709110 541479 2026-09-05T16:28:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Võro|nativename=''võro kiilʼ''|states=[[Estonia]]|region=Southern [[Estonia]]|speakers={{sigfig|100,000|2}}, including {{sigfig|12,500|2}} Seto speakers|date=2021|familycolor=Uralic|fam2=[[Finno-Ugric]]|fam3=[[Finnic languages|Finnic]]|fam4=[[South Estonian language|South Estonian]]|agency=[[Võro Institute]] (semi-official)|iso3=vro|map=voromkaart.jpg|notice=IPA}} [[Usòrò:WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_Võro.webm|thumb|Onye na-ekwu okwu na Võro.]] [[Usòrò:South_Estonian_today.PNG|thumb|Ndịda Estonia taa. A na-eji ụcha uhie uhie mara Võro.]] [[Usòrò:Võro_valdo_kaupa.jpg|thumb|Pasentị nke ndị na-asụ Võro na obodo ndị Estonia dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Estonia 2011 si dị]] [[Usòrò:Speakers-of-South-Estonian-2012.png|thumb|Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Estonia nke afọ 2011 si kwuo, e nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ 101,857 nke South Estonian: ndị na-ekwu asụsụ Võro 74,499, ndị na-akpọ Seto 12,698, ndị na-ahụ maka Mulgi 9,698, ndị-ekwu okwu Tartu 4,109 na ndị na-agụ asụsụ South Estonian 1,002.]] [[Usòrò:Estonian-Voro-bilingual-parish-sign.JPG|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama parish Estonian-Võro na-asụ asụsụ abụọ na Võrumaa. Aha parish nwere nkwekọrịta ụdaume (Urvastõ) dị na Võro.]] [[Usòrò:Vromaa-turismiteedus.jpg|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama asụsụ atọ (Estonian-English-Võro) nke ebe ozi ndị njem nleta na Võru]] [[Usòrò:Abckiraoppus.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ ABC nke 1998 n'asụsụ Võro nke Sulev Iva, [[:fiu-vro:Kauksi Ülle|Kauksi Ülle]] dere na ndị ọzọ: ''ABC kiräoppus'']] '''Võro''' ({{lang-vro|võro kiilʼ|link=no}} {{IPA|[ˈvɤro kʲiːlʲ]}}, {{lang-et|võru keel}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iub.edu/~bafsa/articles.html#Voro|title=Recent Events|publisher=Iub.edu|accessdate=2014-08-23|archivedate=2018-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004035930/http://www.iub.edu/~bafsa/articles.html#Voro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eki.ee/cgi-bin/mkn8.cgi?form=lg&lang=et&kohanimi=98002344&f2v=Y&f3v=Y&nimeliik=&maakond=&vald=&kihelkond=&asum=&f10v=Y&f14v=Y&of=tb|title=Päring LINGUAE andmebaasist. Keelte nimetused|publisher=Eki.ee|accessdate=2014-08-23}}</ref> bụ asụsụ nke South Estonia<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=vro|title=ISO 639 code sets|publisher=Sil.org|date=2009-01-16|accessdate=2014-08-23}}</ref> ma ọ bụ asụsụ nke ngalaba Finnic nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Uralic. Na gọọmentị, a na-ewere ya dị ka olumba nke Estonia asụsụ yana ụdị South Estonia niile. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-ewere South Estonia ka asụsụ Finịkị kwụụrụ onwe ya.{{cn|date=January 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> O nwere ọkọlọtọ agụmagụ nke ya na agbaala mbọ ka a na-enweta nnabata gọọmentị dị ka asụsụ mpaghara obodo nke[[Estoniya|Estonia]].<ref name="koreinik1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/2012/KoreinikSaar.pdf|author=Koreinik|first=Kadri|title=Maintenance of South Estonian Varieties: A Focus on Institutions|publisher=Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe|date=2012|accessdate=2015-12-09|archivedate=2017-10-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011130630/http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/2012/KoreinikSaar.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fedora.phaidra.univie.ac.at/fedora/get/o:127464/bdef:Content/get|author=Meiorg|first=Marianne|title=Legal and Institutional Framework Analysis: Seto and Võro languages|publisher=Working Papers in European Language Diversity 19|date=2012|accessdate=2015-12-09|archivedate=2016-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129220457/https://fedora.phaidra.univie.ac.at/fedora/get/o:127464/bdef:Content/get}}</ref> Võro nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu 75,000 (Võros), nke ka ukwuu na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Estonia, na parish asatọ nke mpaghara Võru.: Karula, Harglõ, Urvastõ, Rõugõ, Kanepi, Põlva, Räpinä na Vahtsõliina. Ndị parish ndị a gbadoro ụkwụ ugbu a (n'ihi nhazigharị) na mpaghara Võru na Põlva, yana akụkụ na-agbasa n'ime. Valga na mpaghara Tartu. A pụkwara ịhụ ndị na-ekwu okwu n'obodo Tallinn na Tartu na ndị ọzọ nke Estonia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wi.ee/index.php/welcome?lang=en-|title=Võro Instituut » Welcome!|publisher=Wi.ee|accessdate=2014-08-23|archivedate=2014-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826121012/http://wi.ee/index.php/welcome?lang=en-}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wi.ee/en/voro-language/|title=Võro language|author=Saar|first=Evar|work=Võru Instituut|language=en-US|accessdate=2014-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/voro.htm|title=Võro language and alphabet|publisher=Omniglot.com|accessdate=2014-08-23}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Võro bụ nwa nke asụsụ mpaghara South Estonian ochie ma bụrụ nke Standard Estonian na-emetụtachaghị (nke dabeere na olumba Northern Estonian). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/detail_object/o:308890?SID=76572&actPage=2&type=listview&sortfield=fgs.createdDate,STRING&sortreverse=0|author=Koreinik|first=Kadri|title=Võro kiil|publisher=Studies in European Language Diversity 23.2|date=2013|accessdate=2015-12-09|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235924/https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/detail_object/o:308890?SID=76572&actPage=2&type=listview&sortfield=fgs.createdDate,STRING&sortreverse=0}}</ref> A na-asụkarị Võro n'ebe ndịda na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Võromaa akụkọ ihe mere eme na mpaghara ndị na-asụrụ asụsụ Lutsi, Leivu na Kraasna na ihe bụ [[Latvia]] na Russia ugbu a. Na mgbakwunye na Võro, ụdị ndị ọzọ nke South Estonian gụnyere asụsụ Mulgi, Tartu na Seto. Otu n'ime ihe akaebe mbụ e dere ede nke South Estonian bụ nsụgharị nke Agba Ọhụrụ (Agba Ọhụrụ) nke e bipụtara na 1686. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ nke South Estonian malitere ibelata mgbe afọ 1880 gasịrị, asụsụ ahụ malitere ịmaliteghachi na ngwụcha afọ 1980. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/detail_object/o:308888?SID=76572&actPage=1&type=listview&sortfield=fgs.createdDate,STRING&sortreverse=0|author=Koreinik|first=Kadri|title=The Võro language in Estonia: ELDIA Case-Specific Report|publisher=Studies in European Language Diversity 23|date=2013|accessdate=2015-12-09|archivedate=2022-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808140801/https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/detail_object/o:308888?SID=76572&actPage=1&type=listview&sortfield=fgs.createdDate,STRING&sortreverse=0}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a == Taa, a na-eji Võro eme ihe n'ọrụ nke ụfọdụ ndị edemede egwuregwu, ndị na-ede uri, na ndị edemede Estonia (Madis Kõiv, Ülle Kauksi, Jaan Kaplinski, Ain Kaalep, wdg). A na-ebipụta otu akwụkwọ akụkọ na Võro: ''Uma Leht'' (nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị Our Own Newspaper). Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze iri abụọ na isii na-enye klas pụrụ iche kwa izu (karịsịa na-abụghị nke ụlọ akwụkwọ) na Võro nke oge a. Enyemaka Estonia na Eurovision Song Contest 2004 bụ abụ "Tii", nke Neiokõsõ kụrụ na Võro. Asụsụ ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-422.html|title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger|publisher=Unesco.org|accessdate=2014-08-23}}</ref> ma dị ka Kadri Koreinik si kwuo, nke a bụ n'ihi enweghị nkwenye iwu gọọmentị iji chebe asụsụ ahụ. <ref name="koreinik1"/> == Orthography == Võro na-eji mkpụrụedemede Latin, dị ka Estonian na Finnish. {| cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;" |A<br />{{IPA|/ɑ/}} |[[B]]<br />{{IPA|/p/}} |[[C]]<br />{{IPA|/t͡s/}} |[[D]]<br />{{IPA|/t/}} |[[E]]<br />{{IPA|/e/}} |[[F]]<br />{{IPA|/f/}} |[[G]]<br />{{IPA|/k/}} |[[H]]<br />{{IPA|/h/}} |[[I|M]]<br />{{IPA|/i/}} |[[J]]<br />{{IPA|/j/}} |[[K]]<br />{{IPA|/kk/}} |- |[[L]]<br />{{IPA|/l/}} |[[M]]<br />{{IPA|/m/}} |[[N]]<br />{{IPA|/n/}} |[[O]]<br />{{IPA|/o/}} |[[P]]<br />{{IPA|/pp/}} |[[Q]]<br />{{IPA|/ʔ/}} |[[R]]<br />{{IPA|/r/}} |[[S]]<br />{{IPA|/ss/}} |Š<br />{{IPA|/ʃʃ/}} |[[T]]<br />{{IPA|/tt/}} |[[U]]<br />{{IPA|/u/}} |- |[[V]]<br />{{IPA|/v/}} |[[W]]<br />{{IPA|/v/}} |Õ {{IPA|/ɤ/}}<br /> |Ä<br />{{IPA|/æ/}} |Ö {{IPA|/ø/}}<br /> |Ü<br />{{IPA|/y/}} |[[X]]<br />{{IPA|/ks/}} |[[Y]]<br />{{IPA|/ɨ/}} |[[Z]]<br />{{IPA|/s/}} |Ž<br />{{IPA|/ʃ/}} |'<br />{{IPA|/◌ʲ/}} |} Ọtụtụ mkpụrụedemede (gụnyere ä, ''ö'', ''ü'', na õ) na-egosi otu ụda ahụ dị ka ''Ọ bụ'' na Estonian, ma e wezụga ole na ole. Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ''q'' ''na''-anọchite anya nkwụsị glottal {{IPA|/ʔ/}} na y na-egosi /ɨ/, ụdaume dị nso na Russian ''ы'' (site na 2005 edere õ). A na-eji ụdaume dị elu (') ma ọ bụ apostrophe (') akara ụdaume nke ụdaume. ''Oh''<nowiki/>'ihe odide kwesịrị ekwesị na n'ihe odide aka, akara palatalization anaghị agbatị n'elu k" data-linkid="247" href="./Cap_heigh''t"'' id="mwAVc" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cap height">''''''Ọdịdị'''''' elu nke okpu (ma e wezụga mkpụrụedemede dị elu, 意, ''''ś'''', ''v́'' wdg), a na-edekwa ya n'elu mkpụrụedemede ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na mkpụrụedemede enweghị ascender (意, ḿ, ''ń'', 意 (意, ś, v́ wdg) mana edere ya n'aka ''N'ihi ya'' ma ọ bụghị (''b"'', ''d"'', ''f"'', ''h"'', k", ''l"'', t"). Na kọmpụta, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịbanye na njikọta mkpụrụedemede ndị a ma ọ bụ mee ka ha yie ihe na-atọ ụtọ na mkpụrụedemede kachasị mma, yabụ a na-etinye apostrophe n'azụ mkpụrụedemede n'ọnọdụ niile. A na-agbaso nkwekọrịta a n'isiokwu a. == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụedemede === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |N'ihu ! colspan="2" |Ịlaghachi azụ |- !unrounded !gbara gburugburu !unrounded !gbara gburugburu |- !N'akụkụ |i |na |Ọdịdị |u |- !N'etiti |na |ø |Ihe omume |o |- !Emeghe |æ | |Ọpụpụ | |} ==== Nkwekọ ụdaume ==== Võro echebewo usoro nkwekọrịta ụdaume nke dị na Proto-Finnic.   [nkọwa dị mkpa] Nke a na-eme ka ọ dị iche na Estonian na ụfọdụ asụsụ Finnic ndị ọzọ, nke furu ya. Usoro nkwekọrịta ụdaume na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'ihu, azụ na ụdaume na'anọpụ iche, dịka usoro a na-ahụ na Finnish. Okwu enweghị ike ịnwe ma ụdaume ihu na azụ; nsonaazụ na-akpaghị aka na-agbanwe azụ nke ụdaume dabere na ụdị ụdaume a hụrụ na okwu a na-agbakwunye ya. Enwere ike ijikọta ụdaume na-anọpụ iche na ụdị ụdaume ọ bụla, ọ bụ ezie na okwu nwere naanị ụdaume na'anọpụ iche nwere nkwekọrịta ụdaume n'ihu. ''na'' ụdaume na-anọpụ ''i'' bụ i, dị ka Votic mana n'adịghị ka Finnish na Karelian, ebe e na-anọgidekwa. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nkwekọrịta ụdaume Võro ! !N'ihu !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'ebe dị nso |na |u |- !N'ebe dị nso na-enweghị gburugburu | colspan="2" |m (ɨ*) |- !N'etiti gburugburu |ø |o |- !N'etiti a na-agbaghị gburugburu |na |Ihe omume |- !Emeghe |æ |Ọpụpụ |} * A ''na''-ewere ụdaume ɨ (n'asụsụ Võro nke e dere na õ ma ''Ọ bụ'' y, lee ngalaba Orthography) dị ka ụdaume azụ maka ebumnuche nkwekọrịta, mana ọ naghị etinye aka na nkwekọrịta n'onwe ya, ebe ọ na-adịghị eme na nsonaazụ na njedebe. Ihe atụ ụfọdụ, na Estonian na Finnish gụnyere maka ntụnyere: {| class="wikitable" !Võro !Ndị Estonia !Asụsụ Finnish !Ihe ọ pụtara |- |külä'''Ọ bụ n'oge ochie ka a na-akpọ''' |Ụzọ mbata |Kiloa'''Ọ bụ n'oge ochie ka a na-akpọ''' |Obodo nta |- |''''''ü'''''' bụ n'oge a na-adịghị anya |Ebe a na-anọ amụ ihe |Kysynyt |jụrụ |- |hõbõhõnõ'''Ọ bụ''' |obi ụtọ |Esperinen |ọlaọcha (adj.) |} === Mkpụrụ okwu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Akpụkpọ ahụ ! colspan="2" |Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! colspan="2" |Velar ! colspan="2" |Mkpịsị aka |- !ala dị larịị !pala !ala dị larịị !pala !ala dị larịị !pala !ala dị larịị !pala |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |{{IPA|mʲ}} |n |{{IPA|nʲ}} | |ŋ |{{IPA|ŋʲ}} | | |- ! colspan="2" |Plosive |p |{{IPA|pʲ}} |t |{{IPA|tʲ}} | |k |{{IPA|kʲ}} |ʔ | |- ! colspan="2" |Africate | | |ts |{{IPA|tsʲ}} | | | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike !enweghị olu |f |{{IPA|fʲ}} |s |{{IPA|sʲ}} | | | |h |{{IPA|hʲ}} |- !kwuru okwu |v |{{IPA|vʲ}} | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ | | |l |{{IPA|lʲ}} |j | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | | |r |{{IPA|rʲ}} | | | | | |} Enwere ike ime ka ụdaume Võro niile (ma e wezụga {{IPA|/j/}} na {{IPA|/ʔ/}}) dị mma. Glótal stop (q, IPA {{IPA|[ʔ]}}) bụ ụda a na-ahụkarị na Võro. == Hụkwa ==   * Asụsụ Finnic * Asụsụ ndịda Estonia * ''Uma Leht'', akwụkwọ akụkọ n'asụsụ Võro * Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Võro == Edensibia == (2014), na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Adamawa Languages Project, kewara asụsụ Tula-Waja dị ka ndị a: Kleinewillinghöfer na-ewere [[Tso]] na [[Asusu Dikaka|Cham]] dị ka alaka ndị kewara na mbụ. <ref name="Kleinewillinghöfer">Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/adamawa-languages/tula-waja-group/the-languages-of-the-tula-waja-group/ The languages of the Tula – Waja Group]. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref> weere [[Asụsụ Waja|Waja]] dị ka alaka dị iche, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ ya kpọmkwem n'ime Tula-Waja ka bụ ihe{{Reflist}}  == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/voro.htm Asụsụ Võro na mkpụrụ akwụkwọ] na Omniglot * [http://synaq.org Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Võro-Estonian (Võro Institute)] (n'asụsụ Võro) * [http://www.wi.ee Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Võro] (n'asụsụ Võro) * [http://www.umaleht.ee Akwụkwọ akụkọ asụsụ Võro "Uma Leht"] (n'asụsụ Võro) * [http://haldjas.folklore.ee/tagused/nr2/muina.htm Ihe Nlereanya nke asụsụ Võro] * Olu e ji emepụta Võro (n'asụsụ Võro) * [http://oahpa.no/voro Oahpa - mmemme ịntanetị maka ndị na-amụ Võro] (n'asụsụ Võro) * "Estonian dialects and layers" na <nowiki>http://www.estonica.org</nowiki> E debere Wayback Machine * [[iso639-3:vro|Akwụkwọ maka njirimara ISO 639: vro]] * [http://math.ut.ee/~vlaan/vtk/vtk.html Homepage nke mmemme kọmputa na Võro] E debere Wayback Machine (n'asụsụ Võro) * English-Võro dictionary of computer terms Archived 2008-10-15 at the Wayback Machine (in Võro) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090212210915/http://eurominority.org/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_minorities=279 Eurominority] * [http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/fu.html Asụsụ Uralic (Salminen 2003)] * [http://www.flyordie.com/mangoq.html Egwuregwu n'ịntanetị n' (n'asụsụ Võro)] (n'asụsụ Võre) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111002065827/http://www.lastekas.ee/index.php?go=multikaq Nchịkọta nke ihe osise na Võro] (n'asụsụ Võro) [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] aoye0suuqu23zka0btqa84o6ltrk8eg 0 37846 709208 161034 2026-09-06T06:40:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Arcade Assogba|other_names=|image=|image_size=|alt=|caption=|birth_date=|birth_name=Arcade Assogba|birth_place=[[Benin]]|death_date=|death_place=|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=<!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->|nationality=[[Beninese]]|alma_mater=Institut Cinématographique de Ouidah|education=|height=|years_active=2002–present|party=|spouse=|children=|awards=|father=|mother=|relatives=|signature=|website=|footnotes=|occupation=Director, writer, producer}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spla.pro/file.person.arcade-assogba.16738.html|publisher=SPLA|accessdate=27 October 2020|title=SPLA &#124; Arcade Assogba|archivedate=20 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120025356/http://www.spla.pro/file.person.arcade-assogba.16738.html}}</ref> Assogba, bụ Onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Benin|Ndị Benin]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=16738|title=Arcade Assogba: Bénin|publisher=africultures|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> <ref name="filmfreeway">{{Cite web|url=https://filmfreeway.com/ArcadeASSOGBA|title=Arcade ASSOGBA: Director / Writer / 1st AD|publisher=filmfreeway|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lanationbenin.info/arcade-assogba-realisateur-letat-est-en-retard-sur-le-cinema-beninois/|title=Arcade Assogba, director: "The State is lagging behind Benin cinema"|publisher=lanationbenin|accessdate=27 October 2020|archivedate=5 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105184749/https://lanationbenin.info/arcade-assogba-realisateur-letat-est-en-retard-sur-le-cinema-beninois/}}</ref> nyela aka nke ukwuu na ihe nkiri sinima nke Benin site n'ime ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe maka nkwurịta okwu dijitalụ maka ihe omume ọdịbendị dị iche iche dị mkpa [1] na Benin dị ka International Film Festival of Ouidah na Benin International Theater Festival, Fitheb . [2] Ọ bụkwa onye a ma ama dị ka onye nduzi na-eto ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi, ''ZanKlan''. == Ndụ onwe onye == Site na 2006 ruo 2009, Assogba gụrụ ihe nkiri na Institut Cinématographique de Ouidah (ICO). ahụ, ọ nwetara nzere masta na sayensị mmadụ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Mahadum Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne na nzere masta ya na Iwu na Mahadim Abomey-Calavi na Benin. == Ọrụ == Assogba malitere ọrụ ihe nkiri dị ka onye enyemaka mbụ nke onye nduzi na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri a gbara na Benin. Ya na ndị nduzi mba ụwa a ma ama dị ka [[Sylvestre Amoussou]], [[Jean Odoutan]], Pablo César na Heidi Specogna na [[Pascale Obolo]] rụkọtara ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri. N'afọ 2018, o mere ihe nkiri izizi ya dị ka onye nduzi na ihe nkiri Crossing.... Mgbe ihe nkiri ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma, o mere Short ''ZanKlan'' n'otu afọ ahụ. Ihe mkpirikpi ahụ nwetara nyocha dị mma site n'aka ndị nkatọ ma nyochaa ma nweta ihe nrite n'ọtụtụ mmemme ihe nkiri. 'afọ 2019, ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara ihe nrite nke abụọ kachasị mma na Rebiap festival international de films, Benin. == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ụdị !Ihe mgbochi. |- |2004 |''Ndị dike n'okporo ụzọ ndị ohu'' |Onye nduzi |Ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://africultures.com/films/?no=7612|author=MOYEN MÉTRAGE|title=2004: Braves de la route des esclaves|publisher=africultures|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> |- |2010 |''Pim-Pim Tché'' |Onye enyemaka nke abụọ |Ihe nkiri | |- |2010 |''Das Schiff nke Torjägers'' |onye njikwa otu |Ihe nkiri | |- |2011 |''Otu nzọụkwụ n'ihu - Ihe ndị na-eme n'okpuru nrụrụ aka'' |Onye enyemaka nke abụọ |Ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmstarts.de/personen/545636.html|title=Arcade Assogba: Erster Regieassistent|publisher=filmstarts|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> |- |2018 |''Ịgafe . . .'' |Onye nduzi, onye edemede |Ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://letterboxd.com/film/la-traversee/|title=La Traversée… 2018 Directed by Arcade Assogba|publisher=letterboxd|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> |- |2018 |''ZanKlan'' |Onye nduzi, onye edemede, onye na-emepụta |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |2019 |''Osisi dị ndụ pụtara mbara ala dị ndụ'' |Onye nduzi |Ihe nkiri | |} == Hụkwa == * Ememme Baía das Gatas == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm4201458}} ya dị ka onye nduzi na ihe nkiri Crossing.... Mgbe ihe nkiri ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma, o mere Short ZanKlan n'otu afọ ahụ. Ihe mkpirikpi ahụ nwetara nyocha dị mma site n'aka ndị{{authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rzgk7hr8x3n6jh03lnu0mgo412f8xji 0 38585 709204 162781 2026-09-06T05:56:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<ref>{{Cite web|author=Admin|date=2017-01-12|title=BOZIMO, Prof. Doris Oritse Wenyimi|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/bozimo-prof-doris-oritse-wenyimi/|accessdate=2023-06-28|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-07-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702184946/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/bozimo-prof-doris-oritse-wenyimi/}}</ref>'''Doris Bozimo''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1942) bụ onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka ọbá akwụkwọ, onye n{{Infobox officeholder||name=Doris Oritse Wenyimi Bozimo|image=|caption=|office1=|term_start1=|term_end1=|successor1=|office2=|term_start2=|term_end2=|predecessor2=|office3=|term_start3=|term_end3=|education=[[Scripps College]]<br/> [[Columbia University]]|predecessor3=|successor3=|birth_name=Doris Oritse Wenyimi Bozimo|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1942|8|16}}|birth_place=[[Warri]], [[Delta State]], Nigeria|title=Professor|profession=Librarian}}kuzi na onye nchịkwa. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Turfan|first=Barbara|date=2004|title=Practical applications in library and information management: the School of Oriental & African Studies (SOAS)-Nigeria Link, 2003/2006|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-research-and-documentation/article/abs/practical-applications-in-library-and-information-management-the-school-of-oriental-african-studies-soasnigeria-link-20032006/A47D58410490F39F46A509770F6C0C55|journal=African Research and Documentation|volume=94|pages=3–4|doi=10.1017/S0305862X00017349|issn=0305-862X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=USA/Africa Dialogue, No 517: Universities Without Books?|url=https://www.laits.utexas.edu/africa/ads/517.html|accessdate=2023-07-01|work=www.laits.utexas.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kashim Ibrahim Library|url=https://library.abu.edu.ng/pages/universitylibrarians.php|accessdate=2023-06-28|work=library.abu.edu.ng}}</ref> bụ prọfesọ na onye bụbu onye na-ahụ maka ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum na Kashim Ibrahim Library, Ahmadu Bello University na Zaria, Kaduna steeti. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bozimo|first=Doris|date=2007|title=An Address at the Electronic Information for Libraries Network (Elfl.net) Workshop at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife|journal=IFLA Publication|pages=7p}}</ref> bụ onye nhazi mba na-anọchite anya [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na Ozi eletrọnịkị maka ọba akwụkwọ(EIFL) yana onye otu Ndị otu ụlọ akwụkwọ Naịjirịa. == Mmụta == Bozimo nwetara nzere bachelor nke nka na Scripps College na Claremont, California. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Admin|date=2017-01-12|title=BOZIMO, Prof. Doris Oritse Wenyimi|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/bozimo-prof-doris-oritse-wenyimi/|accessdate=2023-06-30|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-07-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702184946/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/bozimo-prof-doris-oritse-wenyimi/}}</ref> gụsịrị nzere masta na nke doctoral na Mahadum Columbia dị na [[Nú Yọk|New York]], na-enweta ha na 1967 na 1979 n'otu n'otu. == Ọrụ == N'ọbá akwụkwọ, ọrụ Bozimo were ọtụtụ iri afọ. Ọ bụ Onye isi nke Ngalaba Ọbá Akwụkwọ na Sayensị Ozi site na 1991 ruo 1995. Ọ ghọrọ Dean nke Faculty of Education na 1996. Bozimo mechara bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]] na Zaria site na 2001 ruo 2006. Bozimo esonyewo n'ọtụtụ òtù ndị ọkachamara, gụnyere National Association of Library and Information Science. <ref name=":0" /> bụkwa onye nkwado nke alaka Zaria nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ụmụ nwanyị Naịjiriya. == Akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ == * Bozimo, D. O. (1983). Nigerian university libraries: a survey of the expressed library needs of academics as a basis for co-operative planning. Journal of Librarianship, 15(2), 123–135. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/096100068301500203</nowiki> * Bozimo, D. O. (1983). Paraprofessional to professional status: one assessment of the ‘ladder principle. Education for Information, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 335-344. {{doi|10.3233/EFI-1983-1403}} * Bozimo, D. O. (1983). (1983). Nigerian scientific serial literature, International Library Review, 15:1, 49-60, {{doi|10.1016/0020-7837(83)90067-5}} * Obuh, Alex Ozoemelem, & Bozimo, Doris O. (2012). Awareness and Use of Open Access Scholarly Publications by LIS Lecturers in Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Library Science, 1(4), 54- 60. * Blessing Amina Akporhonor Ph.D and Doris O. Bozimo Ph.D (2011) Automation In Records Management In University Libraries In Nigeria. The Information Technologist. <nowiki>https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ict/article/view/77341</nowiki> Vol.8 Pages: Pp 1-7 == Hụkwa == * [[Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Kashim Ibrahim|Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Kashim Ibrahim]] * [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]] == Ihe odide == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8uuw848qifq74350ajd5fydwi008500 0 38973 709142 309221 2026-09-05T23:00:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709142 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Carla Pedro Gomes''' bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị kọmputa nke Portuguese-American na prọfesọ na Mahadum Cornell . Ọ bụ onye nhazi ntọala nke Institute for Compputational Sustainability ma mara ya maka ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ ya n'ịzụlite usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ iji dozie ihe ịma aka na nkwado. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Bob|title=NSF puts $30M behind software bug killing, synthetic biology & computational sustainability|url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/3020329/security/nsf-puts-30m-behind-software-bug-killing-synthetic-biology-computational-sustainability.html|work=Network World|language=en|date=8 January 2016|accessdate=14 March 2024|archivedate=19 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519075929/https://www.networkworld.com/article/3020329/security/nsf-puts-30m-behind-software-bug-killing-synthetic-biology-computational-sustainability.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dubrow|first=Aaron|title=Computers play a crucial role in preserving the Earth|url=https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138355|work=National Science Foundation|accessdate=11 October 2017|date=20 April 2016}}</ref> O meela nyocha n'ụdị dị iche iche nke ọgụgụ isi na sayensị kọmputa, gụnyere echiche mgbochi, njikarịcha mgbakọ na mwepụ na usoro randomization maka ụzọ ọchụchọ ziri ezi, nhọrọ algọridim, sistemu ọtụtụ ndị nnọchite anya na echiche egwuregwu . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Carla Gomes|url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/people/carla-gomes|work=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University|accessdate=11 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ ya n'ịkwado mgbako gụnyere nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, nkewa akụrụngwa ime obodo, na nnabata ụkpụrụ maka sayensị ihe onwunwe . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Biba|first=Erin|title=Three ways artificial intelligence is helping to save the world {{!}} Ensia|url=https://ensia.com/features/three-ways-artificial-intelligence-is-helping-to-save-the-world/|work=ensia.com|accessdate=11 October 2017|language=en|date=26 April 2016|archivedate=6 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606171642/https://ensia.com/features/three-ways-artificial-intelligence-is-helping-to-save-the-world/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Steele-Cornell|first=Bill|title=App tracks Kenya's best places to graze - Futurity|url=http://www.futurity.org/herder-app-kenya-livestock-860172/|work=Futurity|date=20 February 2015|accessdate=14 March 2024|archivedate=5 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205055440/http://www.futurity.org/herder-app-kenya-livestock-860172/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tingley|first=Kim|title=Forging a New Path: The Perfect Wildlife Corridor|url=https://psmag.com/environment/forging-new-path-working-build-perfect-wildlife-corridor-91105|work=Pacific Standard|language=en|date=24 September 2014}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Gomes nwetara akara ugo mmụta nna ya ukwu na itinye mgbakọ na mwepụ na mahadum Technical Lisbon na 1987 na PhD na sayensị kọmputa na Mahadum Edinburgh na 1993. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Carla Gomes CV|url=https://www.cs.cornell.edu/gomes/Gomes-CV-2017.pdf|work=Cornell University|accessdate=11 October 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ na nyocha == N'ịgbaso PhD ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Laboratory Research Air Force afọ ise tupu ọ banye na Mahadum Cornell dị ka onye nyocha na 1998. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Intelligent Information Systems Institute na Cornell site na 2001 ruo 2008, wee sonye na ngalaba na 2003 dị ka onye prọfesọ na-akpakọrịta na nhọpụta nkwonkwo na ngalaba nke Kọmputa na Science Science, Applied Economics and Management, and Computer Science. Na 2008, Gomes nwetara onyinye $ 10 nde sitere na National Science Foundation iji mepụta Institute for Compputational Sustainability iji zụlite usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ maka nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Zacharias|first=Maria C.|title=NSF Announces Expeditions in Computing Awards|url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=112075|work=National Science Foundation|date=18 August 2008|accessdate=14 March 2024|archivedate=12 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044801/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=112075}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ zuru oke na ngalaba sayensị sayensị, Science Science na Dyson School of Economics and Management na 2010. Na 2011, ọ bụ onye ọbịa na Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study . Na 2022, ọ na-eduzi Schmidt AI na sayensị sayensị na Cornell na Fengqi You . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cornell joins Schmidt AI in Science postdoc research initiative|url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2022/10/cornell-joins-schmidt-ai-science-postdoc-research-initiative|accessdate=2022-10-28|work=Cornell Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> === Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu === A họpụtara Gomes ka ọ bụrụ onye otu nke Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence na 2007 "maka ntinye aka dị ukwuu maka igbochi echiche na ntinye nke usoro sitere na ọgụgụ isi, mmemme mgbochi, na nyocha ọrụ". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elected AAAI Fellows|url=http://www.aaai.org/Awards/fellows-list.php|work=www.aaai.org|accessdate=11 October 2017}}</ref> A họpụtara ya onye otu onye otu American Association for the Advancement of Science na 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|title=AAAS Fellows 2013|url=https://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/AR13_AAAS-fellows.pdf|accessdate=11 October 2017}}</ref> Na Bart Selman na Henry Kautz, ọ natara 2016 Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence Classic Paper Award maka akwụkwọ 1998 ''Boosting Combinatorial Search site Randomization'', nke nyere "ntụnye aka dị ịrịba ama na mpaghara nke echiche akpaaka na nkwụsịtụ nkwụsị site na ntinye nke randomization. ma malitegharịa n'ime ndị ngwọta zuru oke." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Carla Gomes, Bart Selman and Henry Kautz co-win AAAI Classic Paper Award {{!}} Department of Computer Science|url=https://www.cs.cornell.edu/information/news/newsitem1966/carla-gomes-bart-selman-and-henry-kautz-co-win-aaai-classic-paper|work=www.cs.cornell.edu}}</ref> A họpụtara ya onye otu nke Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) na 2017. === Ọrụ ndị ama ama === * {{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Carla P.|title=Computational Sustainability: Computational Methods for a Sustainable Environment, Economy, and Society|journal=Bridge on Frontiers of Engineering|date=15 December 2009|volume=39|issue=4|url=https://www.nae.edu/19582/Bridge/17281/17286.aspx}} == Hụkwa == * Nkwado mgbakọ na mwepụ * Environmental informatics == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gynrte9d4i8xql2aghnwgp8nnxpvvib 0 39682 709138 309218 2026-09-05T22:03:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709138 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;" |<div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Bunmi Dipo-Salami</div> |- class="mw-file-description" href="./File:Bunmi-Dipo-Salami.jpg" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Bunmi-Dipo-Salami.jpg|frameless]]</img><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;"> Bunmi Dipo-Salami,JP</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender" | Nkọwa nkeonwe ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" | <span style="display:none">( <span class="bday">1967-08-17</span> )</span> Ọnwa Nke Asatọ 17, 1967 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(afọ&nbsp;56)</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Obodo | class="infobox-data" | [[Nigerian|Naijiria]] |- class="noprint ForceAgeToShow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Nwunye | class="infobox-data" | Prof. Oladipo Salami |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ụmụaka | class="infobox-data" | Ee (b.1993)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Dolapo (b.1995)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Temisan (b.1997) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | [[Alma mater]] | class="infobox-data" | [[Obafemi Awolowo University]]<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> [[Erasmus University Rotterdam|Mahadum Erasmus Rotterdam]]<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> [[University College London|Mahadum University London]] ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ọrụ | class="infobox-data" | strategist mmepe<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> [[Human rights activist|onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ]]<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> nchoputa pleg consulting na akụrụngwa |- class="infobox-data" | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;" | |} '''Bunmi Dipo-Salami''' (amuru August 17, 1967) bu onye Naijiria amuru nwanyi, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanfeministforum.com/bunmi-dipo-salami/|title=Bunmi Dipo-Salami|work=africanfeministforum.com/|accessdate=October 9, 2019|date=March 19, 2016}}</ref> mmepe strategist na onye ọchụnta ego na-elekọta mmadụ. Ọ bụ onye isi na PLEG Centre, ụlọ ọrụ na-enyere aka ịkwalite ikike ndị isi na [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] na n'ofe Africa. Ọ bụ onye nhazi obodo Naijiria maka Townhall Radio. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leadership.ng/2018/11/17/i-work-to-give-women-a-voice-dipo-salami/|title=I Work To Give Women A Voice – Dipo-Salami|work=leadership.ng/|accessdate=October 9, 2019|archivedate=September 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921183343/https://leadership.ng/2018/11/17/i-work-to-give-women-a-voice-dipo-salami/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiotownhall.com/contributors.html|title=CONTRIBUTORS|work=www.radiotownhall.com/|accessdate=September 4, 2019|archivedate=October 13, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013170033/http://www.radiotownhall.com/contributors.html}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ na ngalaba mmepe, Bunmi zụrụ azụ dịka onye nkuzi. O nwere Asambodo Nkà Mmụta Ọmụmụ nke Mba (NCE) nke nwere majors n'asụsụ bekee na French site na College of Education, Ikere-Ekiti (1988), ma nweta nzere bachelọ na Education, majụrụ n'asụsụ French & Literature sitere na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]] a ma ama., Ile-Ife, Nigeria (1992). Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị nkuzi wee banye n'akụkụ mmepe na 1998, ọ kwadebere onwe ya [Master of Arts degree] na Development Studies, ọkachamara na Women, Gender, Development si International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), ( ugbu a Erasmus International Institute of Social Studies), The Hague (1992). O nwekwara asambodo Postgraduate na Gender, Social Justice, na Citizenship si na Development Planning Unit (DPU) na Mahadum Mahadum London (2007). Na mgbakwunye, o nwere asambodo post-gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Governance, Democratization na Public Policy sitere na Erasmus International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague (2015). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Olubunmi_Dipo-Salami|title=Olubunmi Dipo-Salami|work=researchgate.net/|accessdate=October 9, 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Bunmi jere ozi na ngalaba ọha, nkeonwe na nke anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nke akụ na ụba. Ọ nọ na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ ka onye nkuzi asụsụ French n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Moremi High School, Ile-Ife (1993–1995), na onye nkuzi asụsụ French na akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum – Osun State College of Education (1995– 1998), na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]], Ile-Ife (1995 ruo 1997). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theinterview.ng/2019/07/15/why-we-must-name-and-shame-rapists-in-nigeria-bunmi-dipo-salami/|title=Why We Must Name And Shame Rapists In Nigeria – Bunmi Dipo-Salami|work=theinterview.ng/|accessdate=October 3, 2019|date=July 15, 2019}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ngalaba anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na Nigeria dịka onye ọrụ mmemme na Center for Human Development, Ile-Ife (1998–2000). O sonyeere Baobab for Women's Human Rights, Lagos ka onye na-ahụ maka mmemme na 2000 wee ruo n'ọkwa onye isi mmemme na 2006. N'otu aka ahụ, bụ Senior Trainer na Co-Coordinator of the International Women's Democracy Network (IWDN) na Women's Learning Partnership for Rights and Development, na United States n'etiti 2007 na 2008. Ọ malitere LaRen Consulting na 2009 ma bụrụ onye isi ndụmọdụ/CEO ruo mgbe a kpọrọ ya ije ozi na gọọmentị nke steeti ya, [[Ȯra Ekiti|Ekiti]] na 2010. Dị ka onye ọrụ ọha, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'oge dị iche iche dị ka Kọmishọna yana onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Gọvanọ, na-arụ ọrụ maka atụmatụ, MDGs & Multilateral Relations; Mmekọrịta na mmekọrịta mba ụwa; na MDGs & Mmekọrịta Mmepe ruo 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamma.com/2011/05/31/ekiti-begins-consultations-on-roadmap-to-economic-recovery/|title=Ekiti begins consultations on roadmap to economic recovery|work=www.ghanamma.com/|accessdate=October 9, 2019|archivedate=October 13, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013170032/https://www.ghanamma.com/2011/05/31/ekiti-begins-consultations-on-roadmap-to-economic-recovery/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailypost.ng/2011/12/24/fayemi-reshuffles-cabinet-warns-against-corruption/|title=Ekiti begins consultations on roadmap to economic recovery|work=dailypost.ng/|accessdate=October 3, 2019|date=December 24, 2011}}</ref> Bunmi tọrọ ntọala PLEG Consulting na Resources, ụlọ ọrụ na-etinye aka na ịnye ndụmọdụ na ọrụ nkwekọrịta na mpaghara dị iche iche - ndu na njikwa ọrụ mmadụ; mkparita uka na nkwekọrịta; ahịa ịre ụlọ; ihe owuwu; mgbasa ozi dijitalụ; njikwa mmemme, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ onye isi ugbu a na BAOBAB maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị, otu anaghị akwụ ụgwọ maka ịkwalite ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ site na ntinye aka na mpaghara ndị a: ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ụwa nke ọrụ; Nkwalite Ndu ụmụ nwanyị; Ụdị nwoke na nwanyị na-achị achị; Nkwanye ụmụ nwanyị na-eto eto; na Ịkwalite Otu Ụmụ nwanyị Ike. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=6044642|title=Fighting the Good Fight for Women's Rights|work=npr.org/|accessdate=June 5, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/world/adulterous-teenager-sentenced-to-death-by-stoning-172394.html|title='Adulterous' teenager sentenced to death by stoning|work=irishexaminer.com/|accessdate=June 23, 2019|date=October 22, 2004}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://iknowpolitics.org/sites/default/files/sharia_nigeria_baobab.pdf|title=Sharia & BAOBAB publication|accessdate=April 10, 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi oche ntọala nke Board of Trustees for Brave Heart Initiative (BHI) ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche Board of Trustees of Widening Scope for Rights and Development (WISCORD) na Center for Gender Economics Africa (CGE-Africa). Ọ na-anọdụkwa na bọọdụ nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị uru na ngalaba nkeonwe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.braveheartinitiative.org/our-board/|title=Our Board|work=braveheartinitiative.org/|accessdate=October 5, 2019|date=August 3, 2016|archivedate=October 13, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013170033/https://www.braveheartinitiative.org/our-board/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://learningpartnership.org/index.php/resource/interviews-with-wlp-partners-organizational-work-and-future-plans-video-englisharabic|title=Interviews with WLP Partners on organizational work and future plans|work=learningpartnership.org/|accessdate=October 5, 2019|archivedate=October 13, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013170032/https://learningpartnership.org/index.php/resource/interviews-with-wlp-partners-organizational-work-and-future-plans-video-englisharabic}}</ref> Onye nyocha na onye edemede, Bunmi ewepụtala akwụkwọ nyocha agụmakwụkwọ ise (5) wee rụọ ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha ihe n'ime afọ. Na mgbakwunye, o nwere ihe karịrị edemede iri atọ (30) na edemede maka otuto ya ma nyekwa aka n'ihe dị ka akwụkwọ iri (10). <ref>{{Cite news|title=Who Needs an HIV Policy?|url=https://www.intrac.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Praxis-Note-46-Who-needs-and-HIV-policy-Rick-James-and-Bunmi-Dipo-Salami-Leonard-Satali-and-Everlyne-Nairesiae.pdf|accessdate=June 10, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bibalex.org/KIT/portal/GENDER_CITIZENSHIP/all/?page=31|title=Mainstreaming a gender justice approach : a manual to support NGOs in self-assessing their gender mainstreaming competence|work=bibalex.org/KIT/|accessdate=October 10, 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Bunmi lụrụ prọfesọ Dipo Salami na ha nwere ụmụ atọ - Yeside (1993), Dolapo (1995) na Temisan (1997). Ọ na-amasị ịgba egwu na njem. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://heir.com.ng/i-find-that-my-role-models-are-women-around-me-who-have-come-before-me-temisan-dipo-salami/|title="I find that my role models are women around me who have come before me" – Temisan Dipo-Salami|work=heir.com.ng/|accessdate=October 9, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ich.unesco.org/doc/person_doc/00248.pdf|title=CURRICULUM VITAE:Professor Oladipo SALAMI, DPhil|accessdate=June 10, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgbc.org/people/yeside-diposalami/0011113887?view=overview|title=Yeside Dipo-Salami|work=new.usgbc.org/|accessdate=August 17, 2019}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nnabata == * Nkà mmụta gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Japan / Ụlọ akụ Ụwa (World Bank 2001-2002) <ref>{{Cite journal|title=what is the most important feature[key success factor]|doi=10.1596/1020-797X_13_1_BM}}</ref> * Mmekọrịta Chevening (UK FCO, 2007) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cgeafrica.org/index.php/2016-07-21-10-09-55/board-of-trustees|title=BOARD OF TRUSTEES|work=cgeafrica.org/|accessdate=June 6, 2019|archivedate=2019-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013204607/http://cgeafrica.org/index.php/2016-07-21-10-09-55/board-of-trustees}}</ref> * Ikpe ziri ezi nke Udo (Gọọmenti etiti Naijiria, 2012) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baobabwomenblogspot.site123.me/latest-news/why-we-must-name-and-shame-rapists-in-nigeria-bunmi-dipo-salami-jp|title=Why We Must Name And Shame Rapists In Nigeria – Bunmi Dipo-Salami, JP|work=baobabwomenblogspot.site123.me/|accessdate=October 6, 2019}}</ref> * Asambodo nnabata (Ministry of Gender and Development, Liberia 2012) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olajoshua44.wixsite.com/plegconsult/meet-the-team|title=Meet the team|work=olajoshua44.wixsite.com/plegconsult|accessdate=October 6, 2019}}</ref> * Ihe nrite mmepe kacha mma na mmalite (Life Changers Foundation UK, 2013) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ekitistate.gov.ng/2013/11/dipo-salami-bags-2013-best-development-initiative-awards/|title=Dipo – Salami Bags 2013 Best Development Initiative Awards|work=ekitistate.gov.ng/|accessdate=June 4, 2019}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * https://ekitistate.gov.ng/2012/06/ekiti-is-the-first-state-to-domesticate-gender-based-violence-law-dipo-salami/ [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2m7tz1ddkkp82lgjpgptbo93gllrsck 0 39777 709128 538282 2026-09-05T21:00:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|website=}} {{Databox}}'''Bolaji Olaitan Agbede''' bụ onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ akụ [[Ndị Naijiria|na Naijiria]] na onye na-ahụ maka njikwa na onye isi oche nke Access Holdings kemgbe February 12 2024 na-esote ọnwụ [[Herbert Wigwe]] <ref>{{Cite web|author=BusinessDay|date=2024-02-13|title=Access Holdings names Bolaji Agbede as acting CEO|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/access-holdings-names-bolaji-agbede-as-acting-ceo/|accessdate=2024-03-28|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=AfricaNews|date=2024-02-13CET12:21:01+01:00|title=Nigeria's Access Bank appoints Bolaji Agbede after death of CEO|url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/02/13/nigerias-access-bank-appoints-bolaji-agbede-after-death-of-ceo/|accessdate=2024-03-28|work=Africanews|language=en}}</ref> . Ruo oge nhọpụta ya, ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nkwado azụmahịa <ref>{{Cite web|author=News|first=Leadership|date=2024-02-13|title=10 Things To Know About Ms. Bolaji Agbede, Herbert Wigwe's Successor At Access Holdings|url=https://leadership.ng/10-things-to-know-about-ms-bolaji-agbede-herbert-wigwes-successor-at-access-holdings/|accessdate=2024-03-28|language=en-US}}</ref> . == Agụmakwụkwọ == O nwetara akara ugo mmụta bachelor na mgbakọ na mwepụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ na 1990 na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]] na MBA na Cranfield University na 2002 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sobowale|first=Adetutu|date=2024-02-13|title=Bolaji Agbede: Things to know about Wigwe's successor|url=https://punchng.com/bolaji-agbede-things-to-know-about-wigwes-successor/|accessdate=2024-03-28|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> . Ọ bụ onye nsọpụrụ nke Chartered Institute of Management UK na Chartered Institute of Personnel Management of Nigeria <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wahab|first=Bayo|date=2024-02-13|title=7 things to know about Bolaji Agbede appointed to succeed Herbert Wigwe|url=https://www.pulse.ng/business/domestic/7-things-to-know-about-bolaji-agbede-appointed-to-succeed-herbert-wigwe/s4hdkk0|accessdate=2024-03-28|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archivedate=2024-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421092043/https://www.pulse.ng/business/domestic/7-things-to-know-about-bolaji-agbede-appointed-to-succeed-herbert-wigwe/s4hdkk0}}</ref> . == Ọrụ == Agbede bidoro ọrụ aka ya na [[Guaranty Trust Holding Company PLC|Guaranty Trust Bank]] na 1992 wee ruo ọkwa onye njikwa na 2001. Ọ sonyeere Access Bank Plc na 2003 dị ka onye enyemaka General Manager wee bụrụ Group Human Resources n'etiti 2010 na 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|author=BusinessDay|date=2024-02-13|title=Bolaji Agbede: Here are 7 facts about the woman who will lead Access Bank|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/bolaji-agbede-here-are-7-facts-about-the-woman-who-will-lead-access-bank/|accessdate=2024-03-28|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> . Na 2022, a họpụtara ya onye isi oche ntọala nke ụlọ ọrụ, Nkwado azụmahịa <ref>{{Cite web|author=Okay.ng|date=2024-02-13|title=Meet Bolaji Agbede, the New Acting GCEO of Access Holdings • Okay.ng|url=https://www.okay.ng/meet-bolaji-agbede-the-new-acting-ceo-of-access-holdings/|accessdate=2024-03-28|work=Okay.ng|language=en-US}}</ref> na na February 2024 dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri <ref>{{Cite web|author=AfricaNews|date=2024-02-13CET12:21:01+01:00|title=Nigeria's Access Bank appoints Bolaji Agbede after death of CEO|url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/02/13/nigerias-access-bank-appoints-bolaji-agbede-after-death-of-ceo/|accessdate=2024-03-28|work=Africanews|language=en}}</ref> . == Edensibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Agbede, Bolaji}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nvov24u37dtfvftew3xucn901p9bn5r 0 39819 709228 596546 2026-09-06T10:45:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kaabule Evelyn Naome Mpagi''' (amụrụ 1 Julaị 1966) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Uganda]]. Ọ bụ onye bụbu onye omeiwu, na-eje ozi dị ka onye nnọchiteanya mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na mpaghara [[Luuka]] na [[Uganda]] nke ụlọ omeiwu nke itoolu, mgbe e mechara mpaghara ahụ site n'omume ndị omeiwu wee rụọ ọrụ na 1 July 2010. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọrụ a ruo 2016 mgbe [[Esther Mbulakubuza Mbayo]] meriri ya na ntuli aka 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ec.or.ug/docs/Report%20on%20the%202015-2016%20General%20Elections.pdf|title=2015/2016 General Elections Report|date=August 2016|work=Electoral Commission|accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref> Ebe Mbayo meriri ya na ntuliaka nke [[National Resistance Movement|NRM]], ọ gbara ọsọ n'akwụkwọ nke onwe ya na ntuliaka 2016. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Kaabule na Luuka District.   A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ Anglican. Ọ ghọrọ Onye Kraịst a mụrụ ọzọ mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum Makerere . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mak.ac.ug/about-makerere/historical-background|title=Historical Background of Makerere University|author=MUK|publisher=[[Makerere University|Makerere University, Kampala]] (MUK)|accessdate=19 December 2014|archivedate=22 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322080552/https://www.mak.ac.ug/about-makerere/historical-background}}</ref> == Mmụta == Kaabule gara Trinity College Nabbingo maka agụmakwụkwọ ya nke etiti na nke sekọndrị. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Makerere na 1988 na Bachelor of Arts na Social Sciences. N'afọ 1998, ọ nwetara diplọma ya na Business Administration site na [https://web.archive.org/web/20230322220643/https://www.copm.org.uk/ College of Professional Management UK]. E nwetara diplọma ya na Human Resource Management na 2003 site na Uganda Management Institute (UMI). N'afọ 2010, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na UMI na Master of Science na Human Resource Management . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=620.000000&const=Woman+Representative&dist_id=99.000000&distname=Luuka|title=Profile of Kaabule Evelyn Naome Mpagi|date=2011|accessdate=19 December 2014|author=Uganda Parliament|publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/34317--mps-education-sparks-debate|title=MPs' education sparks debate|author=Kaaya|first=Sadab Kitatta|work=The Observer – Uganda|language=en-gb|accessdate=1 June 2019|archivedate=22 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322080536/https://observer.ug/news-headlines/34317--mps-education-sparks-debate}}</ref> == Ugbu a == Ka ọ na-erule 2019, Evelyn Kaabule na-eje ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke African Parliamentarians' Network on Development Evaluation (APNODE).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/african-parliamentarians-network-on-development-evaluation-gains-momentum-17194/|title=African Parliamentarians' Network on Development Evaluation Gains Momentum|work=African Development Bank|language=en|accessdate=1 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.evalpartners.org/news/2019/05/translating-commitments-into-actions-engagement-of-the-parliament-of-tanzania-in-the|title=Translating commitments into actions – Engagement of the Parliament of Tanzania in the development of a National Evaluation Policy {{!}} EvalPartners|work=www.evalpartners.org|accessdate=1 June 2019|archivedate=1 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601100657/https://www.evalpartners.org/news/2019/05/translating-commitments-into-actions-engagement-of-the-parliament-of-tanzania-in-the}}</ref> == Onyinye na mmata == N'afọ 2016, edepụtara Evelyn Kaabule dị ka otu n'ime ndị omeiwu a ga-enye ya ihe nrite Jubilee ọla edo <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eagle.co.ug/2016/09/22/besigye-byanyimas-generals-oyite-ojok-rwigyema-parliament-medal-list.html|title=Besigye, Byanyimas, Generals Oyite Ojok and Rwigyema on all-Parliament medal list|author=Mwesigye|first=Julius|date=22 September 2016|work=Eagle Online|language=en-GB|accessdate=1 June 2019|archivedate=22 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322080540/https://eagle.co.ug/2016/09/22/besigye-byanyimas-generals-oyite-ojok-rwigyema-parliament-medal-list.html}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eagle.co.ug/2016/09/22/besigye-byanyimas-generals-oyite-ojok-rwigyema-parliament-medal-list.html|title=Besigye, Byanyimas, Generals Oyite Ojok and Rwigyema on all-Parliament medal list|author=Mwesigye|first=Julius|date=22 September 2016|work=Eagle Online|language=en-GB|accessdate=1 June 2019|archivedate=22 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322080540/https://eagle.co.ug/2016/09/22/besigye-byanyimas-generals-oyite-ojok-rwigyema-parliament-medal-list.html}}</ref> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cc8b9okpjmmkcd4cqiurxxa213jhtpe 0 40217 709221 157539 2026-09-06T09:55:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709221 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Tyldesley_miners_outside_the_Miners_Hall_during_the_1926_General_Strike.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Akpọrọ 1926 General Strike ka ọ pụta ìhè mbelata ụgwọ ọrụ ndị na-egwupụta kol chere ihu.]] {{Databox}}Enweghị ọrụ bụ isi okwu nke ọha mmadụ Britain n'ime afọ ndị na-alụ agha . <ref name="Laybourn">{{Cite book|author=Laybourn|first=Keith|authorlink=Keith Laybourn|year=1999|title=Modern Britain Since 1906: a Reader|series=Tauris History Readers|publisher=I.&nbsp;B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-237-1}}</ref> Ọkwa enweghị ọrụ adịkarịghị ada n'okpuru 1,000,000 wee rute ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ihe karịrị 3,000,000 na 1933, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nọchiri anya ihe karịrị 20% nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ enweghị ọrụ dị elu karịa na mpaghara gụnyere South Wales na Liverpool . <ref name="Laybourn" /> Gọọmenti gbatịpụrụ atụmatụ mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ na 1920 iji belata mmetụta nke enweghị ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/alleviating-interwar-unemployment.htm|title=The Cabinet Papers &#124; Alleviating inter-war unemployment|publisher=Nationalarchives.gov.uk|accessdate=2012-10-06}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == Enwere ọtụtụ ihe kpatara mbelata nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị. Ọgwụgwụ nke agha ahụ wetara ọganihu. N'ụlọ ọrụ mbupu, azụmahịa gbasaa ngwa ngwa iji nweta uru nke mmụba nke ọchịchọ. Otú ọ dị, ọganihu ahụ adịteghị aka na mgbasawanye ngwa ngwa a mere ka ọ daa site na njupụta. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/interwar-period.htm|title=The Cabinet Papers &#124; Interwar period|publisher=Nationalarchives.gov.uk|accessdate=2012-10-06}}</ref> Adịghị ike n'usoro n'usoro akụ na ụba Britain pụtara na ọnụọgụ ọrụ na-enweghị oke dị na ụlọ ọrụ ọdịnala. Nchikota nke enweghi mmepe teknụzụ tupu agha na asọmpi mgbe agha gasịrị mebiri akụ na ụba na ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ nke pụtara na-ewe mmadụ ole na ole. N'otu oge ahụ, Britain malitere ịla n'iyi ahịa nke mba ọzọ n'ihi asọmpi siri ike nke mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/history/04.TU.04/|title=Introduction|publisher=Making the Modern World|date=1938-12-12|accessdate=2012-10-06|archivedate=2012-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114013857/http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/history/04.TU.04/}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ekwuola na usoro mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ gabiga ókè mere ka ọnọdụ akụ̀ na ụba ka njọ. <ref>Daniel K. Benjamin & Levis A. Kochin, "Searching for an Explanation for Unemployment in Interwar Britain", ''Journal of Political Economy'' 87 (1979), pp. 441-478.</ref> Mkpọka nke Wall Street na 1929 kpatara ọdịda azụmaahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ wee bute nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi . E wezụga nnukwu akpa ego enweghị ọrụ, Britain na-enwekarị ọganihu. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Piers Brendon dere, sị: : Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme anọwo ogologo oge degharịa foto a jọgburu onwe ya, na-egosi afọ iri nke ekwensu dị ka ebe obibi nke ọha mmadụ bara ọgaranya. Ọnụ ahịa dara nke ukwuu n'etiti agha na nkezi ego a na-enweta ji ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ. Okwu ahụ bụ "ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya" bụ n'afọ ndị 1920, e wukwara ụlọ 3,000,000 n'ime afọ 1930. Ala, ọrụ na ihe dị ọnụ ala: enwere ike ịzụta bungalow maka £225 yana ọkara maka £450. Ndị otu etiti ahụ zụtakwara rediogram, ekwentị, suites nwere akụkụ atọ, igwe ọkụ eletrik, ndị na-ehicha oghere na klọb golf. Ha riri Kellogg's Corn Flakes ("na-agaghị echefu otu ụbọchị"), kwọga na sinima Odeon na Austin Sevens (na-eri £ 135 site na 1930) wee ṅụọ sịga Craven A, ihe mkpuchi "iji gbochie akpịrị akpịrị". Ịda mbà n'obi kpalitere ọganihu ndị ahịa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jul/05/saturdayreviewsfeatres.guardianreview7|title=Review: A Social History of Britain Between the Wars by Martin Pugh|author=Brendon|first=Piers|date=5 July 2008|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|accessdate=12 November 2017}}</ref> == Nzaghachi == === Njikọ Lloyd George === Dị ka Gọọmenti kwadoro Agha Ukwu ahụ n'ụzọ ka ukwuu site n'ịgba ụgwọ, Britain agbagoro nnukwu ụgwọ mba. Ọganihu na akụ na ụba mere na 1919 na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-enweghị ọrụ belata. Ọganihu ahụ kwụsịrị na 1920 mgbe enweghị ọrụ malitere ịba ụba, site n'oge mmekorita Liberal-Conservative kwụsịrị ike na ntuli aka n'ozuzu nke 1922, ọnụ ọgụgụ enweghị ọrụ ruru 2,500,000. E hibere kọmitii na-ahụ maka enweghị ọrụ na 1920 ma tụọ aro atụmatụ ọrụ ọha na eze iji mee ka enweghị ọrụ dị mfe, nke a mere ka e guzobe [[Unemployment Grants Committee|Kọmitii na-enye onyinye na-enweghị ọrụ]] . Ebe enweghị ọrụ abụghị otu n'ofe Britain, e kpebiri itinye uche n'atụmatụ na mpaghara obodo nke ndakpọ akụ na ụba metụtara karịsịa. <ref name="nationalarchives1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/lloyd-Georges-coalition.htm|title=The Cabinet Papers &#124; Lloyd George's coalition|publisher=Nationalarchives.gov.uk|accessdate=2012-10-06}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, gọọmentị chọkwara ka ịlaghachi na ọkọlọtọ ọla edo, mmegharị nke ga-achọ mbelata mmefu ọha. <ref name="nationalarchives1" /> Iwu mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ 1920 gbatịpụrụ uru enweghị ọrụ iji kpuchie ndị ọrụ niile nwetara ihe na-erughị £250. Ewebatara "Chọọ Ọrụ Ule" na 1921, o kwuru na ọ ga-enweta uru enweghị ọrụ zuru oke na ọ ga-abụrịrị ihe akaebe na onye nnata ahụ na-achọ ọrụ. === Amụma Conservative === Iwu Inshọransị Na-enweghị Ọrụ 1927 laghachiri n'ụkpụrụ ahụ na ndị ọrụ ga-atụnye ụtụ na atụmatụ ịnshọransị iji bụrụ akụkụ nke ha. E wepụrụ usoro ụlọ ọrụ ma jiri usoro [[Public assistance committees|kọmitii enyemaka ọha dochie]] ya. === Amụma ọrụ === Gọọmenti Ramsay MacDonald gafere Iwu [[Development (Loan Guarantees and Grants) Act 1929|Mmepe (Mgbanye Ego na Onyinye Ego) 1929]] . === Ọchịchị mba === N'afọ 1931, Gọọmenti Mba malitere mgbe ndị ọchịchị kewara n'ihi nsogbu ego. Gọọmenti mba ga-anọ n'ọchịchị site na 1931-1940 ruo mgbe Winston Churchill ghọrọ Prime Minister nke Gọọmenti Njikọta n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. E hazigharịrị ọchịchị ime obodo ka ndị ọchịchị obodo wee nye nri ụlọ akwụkwọ na ọrụ ahụike, pụtara na ewebata ule wee guzobe [[Kọmitii Enyemaka Na-enweghị Ọrụ|Board Assistance Board na-enweghị ọrụ]] na 1934. Usoro akụ na ụba gụnyere mbelata nke paụnd na iwepụ ego Britain n'ọkọlọtọ ọla edo, ịgbazinye ego abawanyela. Iwu Mpaghara Pụrụ Iche 1934 nwara ịgbanye ego n'ime mpaghara ndị dara mbà n'obi yana usoro nchebe chebere ụlọ ọrụ Britain site na usoro nchebe dịka enyemaka steeti na oke mbubata. Iwu enweghị ọrụ 1934 mụbara ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ kpuchiri. == Iwu == * Iwu mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ 1920 * Iwu mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ 1921 * Iwu mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ 1924 * Iwu mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ 1927 * Iwu mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ 1930 * Iwu nke Coal Mines 1930 * Iwu mbubata ọrụ 1932 * Iwu enweghị ọrụ 1934 * Iwu Mpaghara Pụrụ Iche 1934 * Iwu Mbupu (Assistance) nke Britain 1935 * Ụlọ ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi (mmezigharị) Iwu 1936 * Mpaghara Pụrụ Iche (mmeghari) Iwu 1937 * Ụlọ ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi (Nhazigharị) Iwu 1939 == Ọgba aghara == Enwere ọtụtụ ọmụmaatụ nke ọgba aghara n'ime oge a, nke kachasị mkpa nke General Strike nke 1926 na Jarrow March nke Ọktoba 1936. E nwekwara ngagharị iwe megide iwebata ụzọ nnwale na ngagharị agụụ nke otu National Unemployed Workers Movement haziri. == Edensibia == <references /> == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Benjamin, Daniel K. & Levis A. Kochin, "Ịchọ nkọwa maka enweghị ọrụ na Interwar Britain" ''Journal of Political Economy'' 87 (1979), p.&nbsp;441–478. * Cole, Harold L., na Lee E. Ohanian. "The Great UK Depression: A mgbagwoju anya na ekwe omume mkpebi." ''Nyochaa nke Economic Dynamics'' 5.1 (2002): 19-44. * Eichegreen, Barry J., na Timothy J. Hatton, ed. ''Interwar enweghị ọrụ na mba ụwa'' (Springer, 2012). * Eichegreen, Barry. "enweghị ọrụ na Interwar Britain." ''Institute for Research on Labor and Employment'' (1988). [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5848x6z8.pdf online] * Hatton, Timothy J. "enweghị ọrụ na ahịa ọrụ, 1870-1939." na ''akụkọ akụ na ụba Cambridge nke Britain ọgbara ọhụrụ: vol 2 1860-1939'' (2004) * Hatton, Timothy J., na Roy E. Bailey. "Mmetụta enweghị ọrụ na interwar London." ''Economica'' 69.276 (2002): 631-654. * McKibbin, Ross. ''Klas na Omenala: England 1918-1951'' (2000) p 111–26. * Pugh, Martin .''<nowiki/>'Anyị na-agba egwu abalị niile': A Social History of Britain N'etiti Agha'' (2008) [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jul/05/saturdayreviewsfeatres.guardianreview7 nyochaa nke Piers Brendon na ''The Guardian'' 4 July 2008] * Srinivasan, Naveen, na Pratik Mitra. "Interwar enweghị ọrụ na UK na US: Old and New Evidence." ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ South Asia nke Macroeconomics na Public Finance'' 5.1 (2016): 96-112. [http://www.mse.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Interwar-Unemployment-in-the-UK-and-US-Old-and-New-Evidence.pdf online] == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081203143314/http://www.ehs.org.uk/society/pdfs/Eichengreen%208a.pdf Enweghị ọrụ na interwar Britain] mzles1rh4vgvii0clcvq6vq3rrqz4z4 0 41238 709114 540210 2026-09-05T18:21:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Azụmahịa ntorobịa Scotland''' bụ mmemme nke '''Prince's Trust Scotland''' nyere. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.princes-trust.org.uk/need_help/regions_and_countries/scotland/youth_business_scotland.aspx |title=The Prince's Trust Scotland |accessdate=2024-04-09 |archivedate=2015-09-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104441/http://www.princes-trust.org.uk/need_help/regions_and_countries/scotland/youth_business_scotland.aspx }}</ref> Ọ na-akwado ma na-akwado ndị na-eto eto ịmalite na ịzụlite azụmahịa. Ọ na-enye ndụmọdụ na nkwado ego maka ndị na-eto eto n'etiti 18 na 30 bụ ndị ga-achọ ịmalite azụmahịa nke ha. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọrụ ebere nke Prince . The Youth Business Scotland mmemme e hiwere na 2012 site merger nke The Prince's Trust Scotland na nwanne ebere '''The Prince's Trust Youth Business Scotland''' (nke bụbu '''The Prince's Scottish Youth Business Trust''' ; PSYBT). Ewubere Prince's Trust Scotland na 2000 mgbe agbakwunyere Prince's Trust n'ime otu Bekee, Northern Ireland, Scottish na Welsh. E hiwere PSYBT na 1989 site n'aka Eze Charles nke Atọ ( Onyeisi Wales mgbe ahụ). Azụmahịa gara aga nke akwadoro gụnyere BrewDog, MJM International na Lingo24 . == Edensibia == merger nke The Prince's Trust Scotland na nwanne ebere The Prince's Trust Youth Business{{Reflist|refs=<ref name="herald-1998">{{cite news |url = http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/prince-s-scottish-youth-business-trust-has-helped-two-scottish-groups-wholefood-and-sweet-nothing-and-suits-and-troops-get-on-their-feet-1.340584 |title = Prince's Scottish Youth Business Trust has helped two Scottish groups, Wholefood and Sweet Nothing and Suits and Troops get on their feet |work = [[The Herald (Glasgow)]] |date = 9 June 1998 }}</ref> <ref name="Smith-2001">{{cite news |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23862187.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181117223951/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23862187.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 17 November 2018 |title = Prince among aftercare advisors |author = Smith, Mark |date = 28 November 2001 |work = [[The Herald (Glasgow)]] }} {{subscription required}}</ref> <ref name="scottsman-2003">{{cite news |url = http://www.scotsman.com/business/industry/putting-its-trust-in-new-ventures-1-899429 |title = Putting its trust in new ventures |work = [[The Scotsman]] |date = 2 October 2003 |access-date = 5 July 2012 }}</ref> <ref name="scotsman-2006">{{cite news |url = http://www.scotsman.com/business/management/prince-s-trust-offers-pointers-for-young-entrepreneurs-1-688383 |title = Prince's trust offers pointers for young entrepreneurs |work = [[The Scotsman]] |date = 16 January 2006 |access-date = 5 July 2012 }}</ref> <ref name="Smith-2006">{{cite news |url = http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/young-scots-rarely-think-of-starting-own-business-1.12566 |title = Young Scots rarely think of starting own business |author = Smith, Mark |work = [[The Herald (Glasgow)]] |date = 9 August 2006 |access-date = 5 July 2012 }}</ref> <ref name="b7-2010">{{cite news |url = http://www.business7.co.uk/business-news/2010/01/22/start-up-numbers-soar-with-prince-s-trust-help-106408-21986393/ |title = Start-up numbers soar with Prince's Trust help |work = business7.co.uk |date = 22 January 2010 |access-date = 5 July 2012 }}</ref> <ref name="Williamson-2011">{{cite news |url = http://www.heraldscotland.com/business/company-news/funding-pot-for-youth-businesses-to-double.15713673 |title = Funding pot for youth businesses to double |author = Williamson, Mark |work = [[The Herald (Glasgow)]] |date = 7 November 2011 |access-date = 5 July 2012 }}</ref> <ref name="official.site">{{cite web |url = http://www.psybt.org.uk/about-psybt |title = About PSYBT &#124; Prince's Scottish Youth Business Trust |publisher = psybt.org.uk |access-date = 5 July 2012 |accessdate = 9 April 2024 |archivedate = 5 December 2025 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20251205052919/https://www.psybt.org.uk/about-psybt }}</ref> <ref name="PSYBT-100">{{cite web |url = http://www.psybt.org.uk/news/celebrating-100-best-psybt-supported-businesses |title = Celebrating 100 of the best PSYBT supported businesses |publisher = psybt.org.uk |access-date = 9 July 2012 |accessdate = 9 April 2024 |archivedate = 23 May 2012 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120523175932/http://www.psybt.org.uk/news/celebrating-100-best-psybt-supported-businesses }}</ref>}} pehcqnv3pk2b7cqkf4unn7721rouc28 0 41754 709149 163565 2026-09-06T01:00:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709149 wikitext text/x-wiki Choto bụ nsogbu na-akwadoghị na Katima Mulilo na ugwu Namibia .  ngụkọ 2010, o nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ruru ihe dịka 11,200.<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/201808130391.html |&nbsp; Namibia: Residents Refuse to Relocate From Choto Channel - allAfrica.com</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20231119182427/https://economist.com.na/29124/general-news/katima-mulilo-town-council-defends-demolishing-of-houses-says-it-warned-residents/&nbsp;Katima Mulilo town council defends demolishing of houses – says it warned residents | Namibia Economist</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195258/https://www.namibian.com.na/177347/archive-read/Katima-residents-to-protest-against-town-council |&nbsp;Katima residents to protest against town council - The Namibian</ref> A mara ya maka inwe ụfọdụ mpụ na Katima Mulilo .  N'afọ 2018, ọ batara na mgbasa ụka ọha na eze ka ndị kansụl obodo Katima Mulilo kwaturu ọtụtụ ụlọ na-azụ nke mpaghara na-eduga na-iwe iwe. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] h9518hlc2w9yo5g9w0tewv47b24rzh2 0 44666 709134 588879 2026-09-05T21:15:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709134 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:BorisKodjoeTIFFSept2011.jpg|thumb|Boris]] '''Boris Frederic Cecil Tay-Natey Ofuatey-Kodjoe''' <ref name=ref1>{{Cite news|last=Williams|first=Kam|title=Boris Kodjoe: The All about Us Interview with Kam Williams|publisher=aalbc.com|year=2009|url=http://aalbc.com/reviews/boris_kodjoe.htm|access-date=2010-09-24}}</ref> (//'kOʊdʒuː//; amụrụ na Machị 8, 1973) bụ onye Germany na-eme ihe nkiri na onye bụbu ihe nlereanya a maara nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dị ka ntọala na mpaghara ọwụwa ndọrọ ọchịchị ọrụ Kelby na ihe nkiri 2002 Brown Sugar, onye nnọchi anya egwuregwu Damon Carter na usoro ihe nkiri Showtime Soul Food, Dr. Will Campbell na CBS's Code Black na onye na-apụta ugboro ugboro na FOX's The Last Man on Earth . Ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na BET's Real Husbands of Hollywood na Grey's Anatomy spin-off, Station 19 dị ka Robert Sullivan. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Kodjoe na Vienna, [[Austria]], nwa Ursula, onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ nke Germany nke sitere na ndị Juu, na Eric Kodjoe, onye dọkịta Ghana nke sitere Ndị Nzema.<ref name=ref1/><ref name="ref2">{{Cite web|title=Boris Kodjoe - Biography|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0462673/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm|work=IMDb|accessdate=28 September 2022}}</ref> Aha ya bụ onye Russia na-ede uri na onye edemede bụ Boris Pasternak . <ref>Buckley, Michael. [https://archive.today/20130131183845/http://www.playbill.com/features/article/117399-STAGE_TO_SCREENS_Chats_With_Whitford_Hurt_Howard_and_Kodjoe/pg2 "Stage to Screens: Chats With Whitford, Hurt, Howard, and Kodjoe"], ''Playbill'', 5 May 2008.</ref> Nne nne Kodjoe bụ onye Juu ma gbuo ya na Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ; nne nne ya lanarịrị agha ahụ na nzuzo.[1] Nne na nna Kodjoe gbara alụkwaghịm mgbe ọ dị afọ isii.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120915053237/http://www.superiorpics.com/boris_kodjoe/ Boris Kodjoe] at superiorpics.com</ref> Ọ tolitere na nso Freiburg im Breisgau, [[Jémanị|Germany]]. O nwèrè ótụ na ùwà há dí na nwanne nwoke aha ya bụ Patrick na ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ aha ha bụ Nadja na Lara.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ọrụ == Kodjoe gara Mahadum Virginia Commonwealth na agụmakwụkwọ tennis ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ na ahịa na 1996. Onye na-ede akwụkwọ afọ anọ na otu egwuregwu tennis ụmụ nwoke nke Ram, ọ bụ onye nke itoolu ugbu a n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ akwụkwọ na mmeri 75 nke ọrụ. E jikọtara ya na nke atọ na mmeri abụọ na 66, ya na Jonas Elmblad jikọtara na 37 n'ime ha, nke atọ n'oge niile.<ref>''The Tradition of VCU Men's Tennis'' (Virginia Commonwealth University men's tennis media guide).</ref> Nwanne ya nwoke Patrick Kodjoe gbara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu basketball nke VCU. Mmerụ ahụ n'azụ kwụsịrị ọchịchọ tennis Boris, mana a bịanyere na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nkiri ọrụ pụrụ ntakịrị ahụ aka na ya ngwa ngwa dị ka ihe nlereanya ma, n'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ banyere ime ihe nkiri. N'afọ 1995, e gosipụtara ya na Vidio egwu TLC maka "Red Light Special". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Boris Kodjoe On Experiencing Racism While Growing Up In Germany|url=https://www.bet.com/celebrities/news/2020/11/12/boris-kodjoe-racism-germany.html|work=BET|accessdate=13 January 2021}}</ref> A na-akpọ ya otu n'ime "50 Most Beautiful People in the World" site na magazin People na 2002, Kodjoe bụ ma eleghị anya a maara nke ọma dị ka otu n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Miami ọrụ pụrụ ntakịrị ihe oriri na edozi mmanya dị ịrịba àmà merenụ na mpaghara ọwụwa ndọrọ 7 sitere na ihe nkiri Showtime Soul Food, nke gosipụtara site na 2000 ruo 2004. Ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri 2002 Brown Sugar ma soro onye na-eme ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi Second Time Around na onye na-arụkọ ọrụ na Soul Food Nicole Ari Parker, onye ọ mechara lụọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ David Taylor, nwa nnupụisi nke Pastor Fred Taylor, na ihe nkiri October 2005 The Gospel . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'egwuregwu a na-akpọ Whatever She Wants, nke Vivica A. Fox na-eme, wee pụta na oge nke ise nke Nip / Tuck. O nwere ọrụ nkwado na ihe nkiri akụkọ sayensị nke afọ 2009 Surrogates . Kodjoe na Gugu Mbatha-Raw gosipụtara dị ka otu onye ọrụ nzuzo di na nwunye na 2010 J. J. Abrams-mepụtara usoro NBC TV Undercovers, mana ihe ngosi ahụ were ihe na-erughị otu oge. N'afọ ahụ, ọ pụtakwara dị ka Luther na ihe nkiri Resident Evil: Afterlife . O nwere ihe ngosi ọbịa na ihe ngosi TV ''Franklin &amp;amp; Bash'' na 2012. Site na 2013 ruo 2016, Kodjoe gosipụtara dị ka akụkọ nke ọbọdọ na ahụ na-erizi mmụta sayensị nnyocha nke ọbọdọ na eche ifo nke onwe ya na usoro ihe nkiri BET Real Husbands of Hollywood . N'afọ 2014, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri ABC primetime soap opera Members Only nke Susannah Grant mepụtara, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Etkin|first=Jaimie|title=Shonda Rhimes Takes Over ABC's Thursday Nights|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/jaimieetkin/abc-new-shows-2014-2015|work=BuzzFeed|accessdate=14 May 2014|date=9 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deadline.com/2014/03/boris-kodjoe-joins-abcs-the-club-yvette-monreal-in-el-reys-matador/|title=Boris Kodjoe Joins ABC's 'The Club'; Yvette Monreal In El Rey's 'Matador'|date=28 March 2014|publisher=Deadline.com|accessdate=2014-04-01}}</ref> mana ihe ngosi ahụ emeghị. N'afọ 2015, Kodjoe malitere ọrụ ndị ọbịa ugboro ugboro na usoro ihe nkiri Fox The Last Man on Earth . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Prudom|first=Laura|title=Boris Kodjoe Joins Fox's 'The Last Man on Earth'|url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/boris-kodjoe-last-man-on-earth-fox-1201424935|work=Variety|date=February 5, 2015|accessdate=March 31, 2015}}</ref> Kodjoe so n'òtù ndị na-eme ihe nkiri maka oge atọ niile nke ihe nkiri ahụike CBS Code Black na-eme ka dọkịta na-awa ahụ Dr. Will Campbell site na 2016 ruo 2018. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2018, Kodjoe nwetara ọrụ ugboro ugboro na oge nke abụọ nke Grey's Anatomy spin-off series Station 19. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/station-19-boris-kodjoe-joins-season-2-1128415|title='Station 19' Taps Boris Kodjoe for Season 2|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|author=Goldberg|first=Lesley|date=July 19, 2018|accessdate=July 19, 2018}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ Ónyé ọtú nke ọbọdọ na tonye na-eme ihe nkiri mgbe niile mgbe ọ pụtara na oge izizi dị ka onye isi ọkụ ọhụrụ, Robert Sullivan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/boris-kodjoe-station-19-series-regular-abc-shonda-rhimes-1202478942/|title=Boris Kodjoe Upped To Series Regular On 'Station 19'|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|author=Ramos|first=Dino-Ray|date=October 9, 2018|accessdate=October 9, 2018}}</ref> Na "Eulogy", a na-ebuli ya elu ka ọ bụrụ Battalion Chief. == Ndụ onwe onye == Kodjoe lụrụ onye ya na ya so na Soul Food: The Series Nicole Ari Parker na Mee 21, 2005, na Gundelfingen, [[Jémanị|Germany]]. Ọ mụrụ nwa mbụ ha, nwa nwanyị, na Machị 2005. O nwere spina bifida, nke a chọpụtara mgbe a mụrụ ya. Parker mụrụ nwa nke abụọ nke di na nwunye ahụ, nwa nwoke, n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2006. Kodjoe na nwunye ọrụ pụrụ ntakịrị ahụ na-erizi mmụta sayensị ya bụ ndị otu Cascade United Methodist Church na Atlanta, Georgia. Ezinụlọ ahụ bi na [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]. Parker na Kodjoe meriri ibe ha na February 2019 nke Lip Sync Battle . Kodjoe na-asụ German, Bekee, Russian, French, na Italian nke ọma; ọ na-asukwa obere Spanish.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2000 |''Ịhụnanya &amp;amp; Basketball'' |Jason | |- |2002 |''Shuga na-acha nchara nchara'' |Kelby Dawson | |- |2004 |''Ime Oge Ike'' |Michael Mitchell |N'ịntanetị |- |2005 |''Oziọma ahụ'' |David Taylor | |- |2006 |''Mgbakọ Ezinụlọ Madea'' |Frankie Henderson | |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''Ihe Nile Banyere Anyị'' |Edward Brown | |- |''Alice Upside Down'' |Maazị Edgecombe | |- |2008 |''Ndị agha ụgbọ mmiri 3: Marauder'' |Ọchịagha Dix Hauser |N'ịntanetị |- |2009 |''Ndị nọchiri anya'' |Onye ọrụ pụrụ iche nke FBI Andy Stone | |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |''Onye Nkwurịta Okwu'' |Nigel Patterson | |- |''Ihe Ọjọọ nke Bi na-ebi: Ndụ Mgbe A nwụsịrị'' | rowspan="2" |Luther West | |- |2012 |''Ihe Ọjọọ: Ịkwụghachi ụgwọ'' | |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Nkwupụta ibu'' |Graham | |- |''Nọọsụ 3D'' |Onye isi oche John Rogan | |- |2014 |''Ọṅụbigara mmanya ókè'' |Jason Reynard | |- |2017 |<nowiki><i id="mwAQE">Ferdinand</i></nowiki> |Klaus (olu) | |- |2025 |<nowiki><i id="mwAQg">Ihe ọṅụṅụ</i></nowiki> |O.J. Simpson |Isi foto ezughi oke.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/the-legal-maze-behind-a-charlotte-kirk-movie-about-o-j-simpson|title=The Legal Maze Behind a Charlotte Kirk Movie About O.J. Simpson|work=Hollywood Reporter|date=22 October 2020}}</ref> |} === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |1998 |''Ihe ngosi Steve Harvey'' |Dexter |Ihe omume: "Nwa nwoke ọ bụla chọrọ onye nkuzi" |- |2000 |''Maka Ịhụnanya Gị'' |Terrence |Ihe omume: "Ihe mmụta French" |- | rowspan="3" |2003 |''Ndị mmadụ na Boston'' |Onye nkuzi Derek Williams |Ihe omume 3 |- |''Oge Okporo ámá'' |Bowman Calloway |Ihe omume: "High Holly Roller" na "Cop Killer" |- |''Anyị niile'' |Marcus |Ihe omume: "Nwanne nna Marcus Abịara Nri Anyasị" |- |2004 |''Iv'' |Kevin |Ihe omume: "Ụbọchị Valentine A Na-ebugharị" |- |2000–04 |''Nri Mkpụrụ Obi'' |Damon Carter |Usoro ihe omume, 27 episodes Nominated - NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2002-2004) <br /> |- |2004–05 |''Oge nke Abụọ'' |Jackson Muse |Usoro ihe omume, 13 episodes |- |2006 |''Ọ bụrụ na ị biri ebe a, ị ga-anọ n'ụlọ ugbu a'' |Brad |Onye na-anya ụgbọelu dara |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |''Ịgafe Jọdan'' |Onye nchọpụta Elliot Chandler |Ihe omume: "Post Hoc..." na "In Sickness & in Health" |- |''Klọb Ogbugbu Ụmụ nwanyị'' |Simon Perry |Ihe omume: "Ụbọchị ndị ìsì na Obi Ọbara" |- |''Nip/Tuck'' |Elton Forrest |Ihe omume: "Chaz Darling" |- |2010 |''Ihe ndị dị n'okpuru'' |Steven Bloom |Usoro ihe omume, 13 episodes |- | rowspan="3" |2012 |''Akwụkwọ mpịakọta'' |Josh Hillman |Onye na-anya ụgbọelu na TV |- |''Franklin &amp;amp; Bash'' |Nolan Tate |Ihe omume: "Nsọ Ikpeazụ" |- |''Onye Ogbu Mmadụ n'etiti Anyị'' |Onye nchọpụta Joe Moran |Ihe nkiri TV A họpụtara - Black Reel Award maka onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma<br /> |- |2013–16 |''Ezigbo Ndị Di nke Hollywood'' |Onwe ya |Usoro a na-ahọpụta mgbe niile - NAACP Image Award maka Onye Nkwado Na-eme Ihe nkiri na Comedy Series (2014) <br /> |- |2013 |''Ezigbo Ndị Nwanyị nke Atlanta'' |Onwe ya |Ihe omume: "Tole the Pageant" |- | rowspan="3" |2014 |''Naanị ndị otu'' |Deacon |Usoro a na-eme mgbe niile |- |''Ịchụ nta'' |Onwe ya |1 ihe omume: "Starry Eyed: Ihe omume a ma ama" |- |''Ihe a na-agaghị echefu echefu'' |Onye Ọrụ Francis Simms |Ugboro ugboro, ihe omume 2 |- |2015–16 |''Nwoke Ikpeazụ N'Ụwa'' |Philip Stacy "Phil" Miller |Ugboro ugboro, ihe omume iri na abụọ |- |2015 |''Ihe ngosi Boris &amp;amp; Nicole'' |Ya onwe ya (onye na-akwado ya) |Ọrụ bụ isi, ihe omume 20 |- |2016 |''Cape Town'' |Sanctus Snook |Ọrụ bụ isi, ihe omume 6 |- |2016–18 |''Usoro ojii'' |Dr. Will Campbell |Onye ọbịa (oge 1), ọrụ bụ isi (oge 2-3) 33 episodes<br /> |- |2017 |''Akụkọ'' |Ray Vance |Ihe omume: "Fugide ndị uwe ojii" |- |2018-dị ugbu a |''Ụlọ Ọrụ 19'' |Robert Sullivan |Usoro ihe omume (Main); ihe omume 67 |- |2018 |''Ụlọ kaadị'' |Brett Cole |Nkwughachi; ihe omume 4 |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Agha Nkwekọrịta egbugbere ọnụ'' |Onwe ya |Ihe omume: "Boris Kodjoe vs. Nicole Ari Parker" |- |''Anatomy nke Grey'' |Robert Sullivan |Ihe omume: "Ihe m mere maka ịhụnanya" Ihe omume: "Thunderstrck" |- |2022 |''[[Real Husbands of Hollywood: More Kevin, More Problems|Ezigbo Ndị Di nke Hollywood: More Kevin, More Nsogbu]]'' |Onwe ya |Usoro a na-eme mgbe niile |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{DEFAULTSORT:Kodjoe, Boris}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ef648hcjooudjkrb8lwmjjwc8jr54ed 0 46159 709144 579933 2026-09-06T00:07:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709144 wikitext text/x-wiki   Charmaine Lurch bụ onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe nrụnye na onye nkuzi nka mara maka ọrụ ya na-ekiri ihe mkpuchi ojii na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A ajụjụ Lurch na Jamaica wee bịa Canada mgbe ọ dị afọ isii.  [1] O akara akara akara Master na Environmental Studies na Mahadum York na diplọma na imewe na ihe atụ sitere na Sheridan College, ha abụọ na Ontario.  [2] Na mgbakwunye, ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Ontario College of Art and Design University na Toronto, na Schoollọ Akwụkwọ nke Visual Arts na New York City<ref name="ago talk">{{Cite web|title=Every.Now.Then: Reframing Nationhood|url=https://ago.ca/events/every.now.then-reframing-nationhood|work=Art Gallery of Ontario|accessdate=30 November 2019|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ Lurch na-etinye aka isiokwu nke ndị ozi ntolite ụwa, ụdị ojii, ụdị dị iche, nha nha na gburugburu ebe obibi iche.  [1] Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị ka onye nkuzi nka na Toronto.  [2] Dị ka onye ndu onye na-ese ihe na otu ndị na-egosi ozi Inner City na-etinye akwụkwọ na-egosi, Lurch na-eduzi nka ọha na eze na-eme egwuregwu ihe ngosi.  [3] [4] Awụnyere Bees ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na nwa ụlọ Regent Park na Toronto.  [5] Ọ na-akpọ ndị na-ese ihe nkiri Lynette Yiadom Boakye, Jasmine Thomas-Grivan, Denyse Thomasos, na Theaster Gates dị ka mkpali.  [6] Lurch akatọọla etu usoro ike ọdịnala nke ụwa nka na-esi n'usoro ụzọ ndị na-ese ihe. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Kustanczy|first=Catherine|title=Aim to get diversity down to a fine art|url=https://issuu.com/metro_canada/docs/20160307_ca_ottawa|accessdate=21 December 2019|work=MetroCanada|date=March 7, 2016}}</ref> == Nnukwu ngosi == E sere ọrụ Lurch n'ihe ngosi ebe Royal Ontario Museum, Nuit Blanche, Mahadum nke British Columbia, na National Gallery nke Jamaica .  [1] Ụbọchị nke A Mobile na Visible Carriage bụ nke egwuregwu nke ọma na ihe ngosi otu mgbasa ozi.  Ugbu a.  Mgbe ahụ na Art Gallery nke Ontario na 2017 <ref>{{Cite news|author=Whyte|first=Murray|title=Opinion: Canada revisited at the Art Gallery of Ontario|url=https://www.ourwindsor.ca/opinion-story/7405632-canada-revisited-at-the-art-gallery-of-ontario/|accessdate=21 December 2019|work=OurWindsor.ca|date=4 July 2017|language=en-CA}}</ref> <ref name="ENT">{{Cite book|editor=Hunter|title=Every. Now. Then : Reframing Nationhood|date=2017|publisher=Art Gallery of Ontario|location=Toronto|isbn=978-1-894243-95-7}}</ref> * ''Ọhụụ mgbagwoju anya'', ihe ngosi solo na RiverBrink Art Museum, 2019-20 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Charmaine Lurch: Compounding Vision|url=https://akimbo.ca/listings/charmaine-lurch-compounding-vision/|work=Akimbo|accessdate=21 December 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gazzola|first=Bart|title=Be[e]ing & Seeing: Compounding Visions|url=https://thesound.rocks/beeing-seeing-compounding-visions/|work=The Sound|accessdate=21 December 2019|language=en-CA|date=4 November 2019|archivedate=21 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221212421/https://thesound.rocks/beeing-seeing-compounding-visions/}}</ref> * ''Mass dị egwu'', Art Gallery nke Guelph, 2018-19 <ref name="guelph">{{Cite web|title=Critical Mass|url=http://artgalleryofguelph.ca/exhibitions-detail/critical-mass/|work=Art Gallery of Guelph|accessdate=30 November 2019}}</ref> * ''Ịkwado ebe: Aylan Couchie, Martha Griffith, Charmaine Lurch'', MacLaren Art Center, 2018 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Settling in Place: Aylan Couchie, Martha Griffith, Charmaine Lurch|url=https://maclarenart.com/project/settling-in-place-aylan-couchie-martha-griffith-charmaine-lurch/|work=MacLaren Art Centre|accessdate=21 December 2019|archivedate=21 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221211424/https://maclarenart.com/project/settling-in-place-aylan-couchie-martha-griffith-charmaine-lurch/}}</ref> * ''Ebe Anyị nọ ebe a'', Royal Ontario Museum na Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, 2018 <ref name="rom">{{Cite web|title=Here We Are Here: Black Canadian Contemporary Art|url=https://www.rom.on.ca/en/exhibitions-galleries/exhibitions/here-we-are-here-black-canadian-contemporary-art|accessdate=21 December 2019|archivedate=22 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122021704/https://www.rom.on.ca/en/exhibitions-galleries/exhibitions/here-we-are-here-black-canadian-contemporary-art}}</ref> * ''Nke ọ bụla.'' ''Ugbu a.'' ''Mgbe ahụ.'' '': Reframing Nationalhood'' , Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Ontario, 2017 <ref name="ago web">{{Cite web|title=Every. Now. Then: Reframing Nationhood|url=https://ago.ca/exhibitions/every-now-then-reframing-nationhood|work=Art Gallery of Ontario|accessdate=30 November 2019|language=en}}</ref> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Lurch, Charmaine}} il38zm6lqk1c3kbrvwlaqydc2343dui 0 47882 709189 672557 2026-09-06T02:20:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|website=|image=Coleman Hughes on Rebel Wisdom.jpg|name=Coleman Cruz Hughes|birth_date=Febụwarị 25, 1996|occupation=onye ode akwụkwọ America na onye nnabata pọdkastị Ọ bụ onye otu ibe na Manhattan Institute for Policy Research onye ọrụ ibe na onye na-enye aka na nchịkọta akụkọ obodo ha onye ọbịa nke Mkparịta ụka Podcast na Coleman}} '''Coleman Cruz Hughes''' (amuru Febụwarị 25, 1996 ) bụ onye ode akwụkwọ America na onye nnabata pọdkastị. Ọ bụ onye otu ibe na Manhattan Institute for Policy Research na onye ọrụ ibe na onye na-enye aka na ''nchịkọta akụkọ obodo'' ha, ọ bụkwa onye ọbịa nke ''Mkparịta ụka Podcast na Coleman'' . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Hughes bụ onye African American <ref name="wapo-mcardle" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=African American families of Monticello|url=https://www.monticello.org/getting-word/people/warren-hughes|accessdate=June 20, 2019|work=monticello.org}}</ref> na agbụrụ Puerto Rican, ma tolite na Montclair, New Jersey . <ref name="GillespieInterview" /> Nne ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 19. <ref name=":0" /> Hughes gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Newark Academy wee họrọ ya dị ka onye isi ala United States na 2014. Ọ mechara gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ Juilliard wee mụọ jazz trombone mana emechara hapụ ya, n'ihi ọnwụ nne ya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=November 5, 2022|title=Jazz at one: Coleman Hughes|url=https://jazzhousekids.org/news/jazz-at-one-coleman-hughes/|accessdate=April 5, 2024|work=Jazz House Kids}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=bncu|date=October 16, 2017|title=Coleman Hughes (CC '20)|url=https://beetsnoodz.com/2017/10/15/coleman-hughes-cc-20-interview/|accessdate=April 5, 2024|work=beets & noodz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Peters|first=Jeremy W.|date=February 1, 2024|title=The Young Black Conservative Who Grew Up with, and Rejects, D.E.I.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/01/us/coleman-hughes-black-conservative-colorblind.html|accessdate=April 5, 2024|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gachara Mahadum Columbia, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2020 na BA na [[Ákọ na Uche|nkà ihe ọmụma]] . <ref name="manhattan-author-page">{{Cite web|title=Coleman Hughes|url=https://www.manhattan-institute.org/expert/coleman-hughes|work=Manhattan Institute|accessdate=October 2, 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Na June 19, 2019, Hughes gbara akaebe n'ihu otu kọmitii na-ahụ maka ikpe ikpe US na ntị maka nkwụghachi maka ịgba ohu, na-arụ ụka megide mkpọsa ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hearing on Slavery Reparations|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?461767-1/house-judiciary-subcommittee-examines-case-slavery-reparations|publisher=National Cable Satellite Corporation|work=c-span.org|accessdate=June 20, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="guardian-reparations">{{Cite web|first=Ta-Nehisi|author=Coates|title=Should America pay reparations for slavery? Ta-Nehisi Coates v Coleman Hughes|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jun/19/reparations-slavery-ta-nehisi-coates-v-coleman-hughes|work=The Guardian|date=June 19, 2019|accessdate=June 22, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 21, 2019|title=In Defense of Coleman Hughes|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/coleman-hughes-slavery-reparations-defense/|accessdate=August 22, 2020|work=[[National Review]]|first=Sahil|author=Handa|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ụka na "[i] ọ bụrụ na anyị ga-akwụ ụgwọ taa, anyị ga-ekewa mba ahụ n'ihu, na-eme ka o sie ike ịmepụta njikọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị chọrọ iji dozie nsogbu ndị na-eche ndị isi ojii ihu taa." <ref name="NaranjoHill">{{Cite news|author=Naranjo|first=Jesse|title=Slavery Reparations Issue Gets Rare Hearing on Hill|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/slavery-reparations-issue-gets-rare-hearing-on-hill-11560983015|accessdate=June 27, 2019|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> N'okwu a, o kwuputara n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na oke igbu ọchụ dị ka nsogbu na-emetụta [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị ojii America]] taa. <ref name="guardian-reparations" /> Ọ tụrụ aro atụmatụ ọzọ nke ịkwụ ụgwọ nkwụghachi nye ndị Black America bụ ndị tolitere n'onwe ha n'okpuru Jim Crow . <ref name="guardian-reparations" /> Hughes gara n'ihu kwuo na nkwụghachi ụmụ nke ndị ohu ga-akparị ọtụtụ ndị isi ojii America ma kwuo na ha ga-eme ya na "otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị isi ojii America bụ ndị nyocha megide nkwụghachi n'ime ndị ihe metụtara na-enweghị nkwenye ha." <ref name="guardian-reparations" /> Na mgbakwunye na ide akwụkwọ maka ''Quillette'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/6/20/18692949/congress-reparations-slavery-discrimination-hr-40-coates-glover|title=America is having an unprecedented debate about reparations. What comes next?|date=June 20, 2019}}</ref> Hughes enyela aka na mbipụta gụnyere ''The Spectator'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/author/colemanhughes/|title=Author: Coleman Hughes|work=The Spectator}}</ref> ''New York Times'', <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/opinion/bayard-rustin-race-identity.html|title=Opinion - The Gay, Black Civil Rights Hero Opposed to Affirmative Action|author=Hughes|first=Coleman|date=February 28, 2019|work=The New York Times|accessdate=June 10, 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Wall Street'', <ref name="HughesPolitics">{{Cite news|author=Hughes|first=Coleman|title=Martin Luther King, Colorblind Radical|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/martin-luther-king-colorblind-radical-11547769741|accessdate=June 27, 2019|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=January 17, 2019}}</ref> ''National Review'', <ref name="nr-author-page">{{Cite web|title=Coleman Hughes|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/author/coleman-hughes/|work=National Review|accessdate=June 2, 2020}}</ref> ''Washington Examiner'', <ref name="washington-examiner">{{Cite news|author=Hughes|first=Coleman|title=The puzzle of racial preferences|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/the-puzzle-of-racial-preferences|accessdate=June 2, 2020|work=[[Washington Examiner]]}}</ref> na Heterodox Academy blog. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://heterodoxacademy.org/a-tale-of-two-columbia-classes/|title=A Tale of Two Columbia Classes|date=January 29, 2018|work=heterodoxacademy.org}}</ref> Na Mee 2020, ọ ghọrọ onye ibe nke Manhattan Institute for Policy Research na onye na-enye aka na ''nchịkọta akụkọ obodo'' ha. <ref name="manhattan-twitter">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ManhattanInst/status/1265277833246474241|title=Joining City Journal|publisher=Manhattan Institute|date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=August 2, 2020}}</ref> Edepụtara Hughes dị ka ọkà mmụta maka ọrụ 1776 Unites . <ref name="1776-scholars">{{Cite web|title=Scholars|url=https://1776unites.com/about/scholars/|work=1776 Unites|accessdate=May 31, 2020|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210511003300/https://1776unites.com/about/scholars/|archivedate=May 11, 2021}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 2020, Hughes rụrụ ụka Julianne Malveaux na arụmụka Munk nke iHeartRadio gbasara isiokwu nkwụghachi ụgwọ ịgba ohu. <ref name="munk-debate">{{Cite web|title=Reparations|url=https://munkdebates.com/podcast/reparations|work=Munk Debates|accessdate=May 31, 2020}}</ref> == 2023 TED Talk == N’April 2023, Hughes kwuru okwu na ọgbakọ TED kwa afọ, na Vancouver, Canada. N'ịgbachitere echiche nke kpuru ìsì agba, ọ kọwara echiche ya banyere ịgwọ ndị mmadụ n'agbanyeghị agbụrụ, ma n'onwe ya ma na iwu ọha. Okwu ya zutere nkatọ sitere na TED na otu ndị ọrụ n'ime ụlọ aha ya bụ "Black@TED", na-eduga na mbọ iji gbochie mwepụta ya. Chris Anderson, onye isi nke TED, gwara Hughes banyere mmegide nke ime, na-ekwu na onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekwu na okwu Hughes na-enye ozi na-ezighị ezi. Hughes na-agbagha nkwupụta a, na-arụ ụka na nyocha a kpọtụrụ aha  kwadoro ọnọdụ ya n'ezie. TED tụpụtara atụmatụ ntọhapụ na-adịghị ahụkebe, na-ejikọta okwu ya na arụmụka na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke Hughes kwenyesiri ike na ya iji hụ na a nụrụ ozi ya. Onye mmegide ya na arụmụka ahụ, Jamelle Bouie, kwetara na Hughes na nnọpụiche agbụrụ dị mma maka mmekọrịta onwe onye mana ọ rụrụ ụka na iwu ọha na eze kwesịrị ịdị na-agba ọsọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2023/09/colorblindness-race-consciousness-conversation/675224/|title=How race-consciousness can affect relationships|first=Conor|author=Friedersdorf|publisher=The Atlantic|date=September 3, 2023|accessdate=October 8, 2023}}</ref> == Echiche == Hughes na-ekwu na ọ bụbu kwenyere n'echiche nke Black Lives Matter - na, n'okwu ya, "ndị uwe ojii na-akpa ókè agbụrụ na-egbu ndị ojii na-enweghị ngwa agha" - mana ugbu a kwenyere na ịdị adị nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na agbapụ na-egbu egbu anaghị adị ndụ nyocha ozugbo ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị agbụrụ bụ. weere n'ime akaụntụ. O kwupụtala nyocha sitere na Roland G. Fryer Jr. na Sendhil Mullainathan, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, na-akwado ọnọdụ ya. <ref name="mclaughlin-nr">{{Cite news|author=McLaughlin|first=Dan|title=Does It Matter What the Police-Shooting Data Show?|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/does-it-matter-what-the-police-shooting-data-show/|accessdate=October 2, 2020|date=June 16, 2020}}</ref> Hughes họpụtara Joe Biden na ntuli aka onye isi ala United States 2020 . <ref name="why-biden">{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=Coleman|title=Why I'm Voting For Biden – Bonus|url=https://colemanhughes.org/why-im-voting-for-biden-bonus/|work=colemanhughes.org|accessdate=March 21, 2021|date=October 30, 2020|archivedate=January 18, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118234010/https://colemanhughes.org/why-im-voting-for-biden-bonus/}}</ref> Ọ kwupụtara "enweghị mmasị na otu abụọ ahụ" mana o kwuru na 2023 na ruo ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị mgbe ọ votu maka ndị Democrats. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Coleman Hughes|url=https://www.maxraskin.com/interviews/coleman-hughes|accessdate=October 31, 2023|work=Interviews with Max Raskin}}</ref> == nnabata == N'ịde na ''The Washington Post'' na 2018, Megan McArdle kpọrọ Hughes "onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia mana ọ bụrịrị onye na-eche echiche nke a ga-atụle." <ref name="wapo-mcardle">{{Cite news|author=McArdle, Megan|date=July 20, 2018|title=The puzzle of race and wealth|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2018/07/20/the-puzzle-of-race-and-wealth/|accessdate=June 20, 2019|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> Nick Gillespie dere na ''Reason'' na 2019 na Hughes "apụtala n'afọ gara aga dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ekwu okwu kachasị mma na nghọta gbasara agbụrụ na klaasị na United States." <ref name="GillespieInterview" />N'afọ 2020, Christopher Bollen dere na ''Ajụjụ ọnụ'' na Hughes "abụrụla otu n'ime olu na-adọrọ adọrọ na nke na-ekwe nkwa na mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị." <ref name="interview-magazine">{{Cite web|author=Bollen|first=Christopher|title=Ask a Sane Person: Coleman Hughes is not Panicking at All|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/ask-a-sane-person-coleman-hughes|work=Interview|date=May 11, 2020|accessdate=June 3, 2020}}</ref> Na Septemba 2020, Stéphanie Chayet, na-ede na akwụkwọ akụkọ French ''Le Monde'', kọwara Hughes dị ka otu n'ime "ndị na-emegide mmegide nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ" yana Glenn Loury, Thomas Chatterton Williams na John McWhorter . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chayet|first=Stéphanie|title=Les anticonformistes de l'antiracisme|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2020/09/18/thomas-chatterton-williams-glenn-loury-coleman-hughes-les-anticonformistes-de-l-antiracisme_6052654_4500055.html|work=Le Monde.fr|language=French|date=September 18, 2020}}</ref> Na Disemba 2020, edepụtara Hughes na ndepụta ''Forbes'' 30-n'okpuru-30 maka 2021 na ngalaba mgbasa ozi. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Garret|first=Briane|title=30-Under-30 2021|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/coleman-hughes/?list=30under30-media&sh=31e44811946f|work=Forbes.com}}</ref> == Egwu == Hughes malitere ịmụ violin mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ. Ọ bụ onye rapper nwere mmasị - na 2021 na 2022, o wepụtara ọtụtụ rap singles na [[YouTube]] na Spotify, na-eji moniker COLDXMAN, gụnyere vidiyo egwu maka egwu akpọrọ "Nkwulu", nke pụtara na Jenụwarị 2022. Hughes na-ejikwa otu egwu ụtụ Charles Mingus na-egwu jazz trombone na-egwuri egwu mgbe niile na Jazz Standard na New York City. <ref name="GillespieInterview">{{Cite news|author=Gillespie|first=Nick|authorlink=Nick Gillespie|title=23-Year-Old Coleman Hughes Is Reframing the Discussion on Race: Podcast|url=https://reason.com/podcast/coleman-hughes-podcast/|accessdate=June 28, 2019|publisher=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]|date=March 8, 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGillespie2019">[[Nick Gillespie|Gillespie, Nick]] (March 8, 2019). [https://reason.com/podcast/coleman-hughes-podcast/ "23-Year-Old Coleman Hughes Is Reframing the Discussion on Race: Podcast"]. [[Ihe kpatara (magazine)|Reason]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":0" /> == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * {{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=Coleman|title=The End of Race Politics: Arguments for a Colorblind America|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2024|isbn=978-0593332450|location=London & New York}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nvx25jwk29e2p0fu3qsplz0on33ubq5 0 49152 709207 706802 2026-09-06T06:16:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Duke Ellington - publicity.JPG|thumb|Duke Ellington - mgbasa ozi.]] '''Edward Kennedy''' "'''Duke'''" '''Ellington''' (Eprel 29, 1899 - Mee 24, 1974) bụ onye America na-akpọ piano jazz, onye na-ede egwu, na onye ndú nke otu egwu jazz ya site na 1923 ruo ndụ ya niile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dukeellington.com/ellingtonbio.html|title=Biography|publisher=DukeEllington.com (Official site)|year=2008|accessdate=January 26, 2012|archivedate=September 18, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918130507/http://dukeellington.com/ellingtonbio.html}}</ref> Amụrụ ma zụlite na Washington, D.C., Ellington hibere na New York City site na etiti 1920 wee nweta profaịlụ mba site na ngosipụta ndị egwu ya na Cotton Club na Harlem. Ọkà mmụta n'ịde obere ihe maka usoro ndekọ rpm nkeji atọ, Ellington dere ma ọ bụ rụkọọ ọrụ n'ihe karịrị otu puku edemede; nnukwu ọrụ ya bụ ihe nketa jazz kachasị edekọ, na ọtụtụ akụkụ ya aghọwo ụkpụrụ. Ọ dekọkwara egwu ndị egwu ya dere, dị ka "Caravan" Juan Tizol, bụ nke wetara tinge Spanish na nnukwu jazz. Na njedebe nke 1930s, Ellington malitere mmekorita ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri atọ na onye na-ede egwú-onye nhazi-pianist Billy Strayhorn, onye ọ kpọrọ onye na-ede ihe na nhazi ya.[1] Site na Strayhorn, o mere otutu ihe agbakwunyere, ma ọ bụ suites, yana ọtụtụ mpempe akwụkwọ. Ruo afọ ole na ole na mmalite ntinye aka Strayhorn, ndị egwu Ellington gosipụtara bassist Jimmy Blanton na tenor saxophonist Ben Webster wee ruo n'ogo okike.<ref>{{Cite web|author=O'Dell|first=Cary|url=https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/BlantonWebsterEraRecordings.pdf|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/BlantonWebsterEraRecordings.pdf|archivedate=October 9, 2022|title=Blanton-Webster Era Recordings{{snd}}Duke Ellington Orchestra (1940–1942) Added to the National Registry: 2002|work=Library of Congress|accessdate=July 28, 2022}}</ref> Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị na-esote oge dị ala, ngosipụta nke Ellington na ndị egwú ya na Newport Jazz Festival na July 1956 dugara na nnukwu mmeghachi omume na njem ụwa mgbe niile. Ellington dekọrọ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ America nke oge ya, rụọ ọrụ ma mee ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, ma dee egwu egwu ole na ole. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke jazz, n'echiche nke Gunther Schuller na Barry Kernfeld, "onye na-ede egwu kachasị mkpa nke ụdị ahụ", Ellington n'onwe ya nabatara ahịrịokwu ahụ "karịa ụdị", na-ewere ya dị ka ụkpụrụ nnwere onwe, ma na-ezo aka na egwu ya dị ka akụkụ nke ụdị egwu America. A maara Ellington maka ojiji o ji ìgwè ndị egwú, ma ọ bụ nnukwu ìgwè, yana maka ikwu okwu ya na ikike ya. E nyere ya onyinye pụrụ iche Pulitzer Prize maka egwu na 1999. <ref name="pulitzer">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160115110141/http://www.pulitzer.org/citation/1999-Special-Awards-and-Citations "The 1999 Pulitzer Prize Winners: Special Awards and Citations"]. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved December 3, 2013. With reprint of short biography and list of works (selected).</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ellington na Eprel 29, 1899, nye James Edward Ellington na Daisy (née Kennedy) Ellington na Washington, DC Ndị mụrụ ya abụọ bụ ndị na-akpo piano. Daisy na-akpọkarị egwu ụlọ, James makwara operatic aria.[7] Ha na nne na nna Daisy biri na 2129 Ida Place (ugbu a Ward Place) NW, na D.C.'s West End agbata.[1] A mụrụ nna Duke na Lincolnton, North Carolina na Eprel 15, 1879, na na 1886, ya na ndị mụrụ ya kwagara DC.[2] A mụrụ Daisy Kennedy na Washington, D.C., na Jenụwarị 4, 1879, ada nke ndị ohu America abụọ mbụ.[1] [3] James Ellington mere ụkpụrụ maka ndị agha mmiri United States. Mgbe Ellington bụ nwatakịrị, ezinụlọ ya gosipụtara mpako agbụrụ na nkwado n'ụlọ ha, dị ka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị Africa America nọ na DC rụrụ ọrụ iji chebe ụmụ ha pụọ na iwu Jim Crow nke oge ahụ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, Ellington malitere ịnara nkuzi piano site na Marietta Clinkscales. Daisy ji ụmụ nwanyị nwere ugwu gbara nwa ya nwoke gburugburu iji mee ka omume ya sikwuo ike ma kụziere ya ịma mma. Ndị enyi ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata chọpụtara na uwe ya na-adịghị mma, nke na-adịghị mma na uwe mwụda nyere ya ohere nke nwa okorobịa a ma ama, [11] ya mere ha malitere ịkpọ ya "Duke". Ellington kwadoro enyi ya Edgar McEntee maka aha aha ahụ: "Echere m na ọ chere na ka m wee ruo eruo maka mkpakọrịta ya mgbe niile, m kwesịrị inwe aha. Ya mere ọ kpọrọ m Duke. " Ọ bụ ezie na Ellington na-amụta piano, ọ nwere mmasị karịa na baseball. "President [Theodore] Roosevelt ga-abịa n'elu ịnyịnya ya mgbe ụfọdụ, ma "kwụsị ma lelee anyị ka anyị na-egwuri egwu", ka ọ chetara. Ellington gara Armstrong Technical High School na Washington, D.C. Ọrụ mbụ ya bụ ire ahụekere na egwuregwu baseball nke Washington Senators. Ellington malitere ịbanye na Frank Holiday's Poolroom mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ. Ịnụrụ egwu nke ndị na-akpọ piano na ọdọ mmiri kpaliri ịhụnanya Ellington nwere maka ngwá egwu ahụ, ọ malitekwara iwere ọmụmụ piano ya n'ụzọ siri ike. N'etiti ọtụtụ ndị na-akpọ piano ọ gere ntị bụ Doc Perry, Lester Dishman, Louis Brown, Turner Layton, Gertie Wells, Clarence Bowser, Sticky Mack, Blind Johnny, Cliff Jackson, Claude Hopkins, Phil Wurd, Caroline Thornton, Luckey Roberts, Eubie Blake, Joe Rochester, na Harvey Brooks.<ref name="Music on My Mind">{{Cite book|author=Smith|first=Willie the Lion|title=Music on My Mind: The Memoirs of an American Pianist, Foreword by Duke Ellington|url=https://archive.org/details/musiconmymindmem00smit|year=1964|publisher=Doubleday & Company Inc|location=New York City}}</ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1914, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka soda jerk na Poodle Dog Café, Ellington dere egwu mbụ ya, "Soda Fountain Rag" (nke a makwaara dị ka "Poodle Dog Rag"). O ji ntị mepụta ihe ahụ, ebe ọ na-amụtabeghị ịgụ na ide egwu. "M ga-akpọ 'Soda Fountain Rag' dị ka otu nzọụkwụ, nzọụkwụ abụọ, waltz, tango, na fox trot", ka Ellington chetara. "Ndị na-ege ntị amaghị na ọ bụ otu ihe ahụ. E guzobere m dị ka onye nwere ihe ndekọ nke m. " <ref name="current">{{Cite book|author=Ellington|first=Duke|title=Current Biography|publisher=H.W. Wilson Company|year=1970}}</ref> N'akụkọ ndụ ya, Music is my Mistress (1973), Ellington dere na ọ hapụrụ ọtụtụ nkuzi karịa ka ọ gara, na-eche n'oge ahụ na piano abụghị talent ya. Ellington gara n'ihu na-ege ntị, na-ekiri, ma na-eṅomi ndị na-akpọ piano ragtime, ọ bụghị naanị na Washington, D.C. kamakwa na Philadelphia na Atlantic City, ebe ya na nne ya nọrọ ezumike n'oge ọkọchị.<ref name="current"/> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-anụ egwu dị iche iche nke ndị na-enweghị ike ịzụta ọtụtụ egwu egwu, yabụ maka ọdịiche, ha na-akpọ ákwà ahụ n'elu ala.<ref>[[Mercer Ellington]] to [[Marian McPartland]], on ''Piano Jazz'', rebroadcast on ''Hot Jazz Saturday Night'', [[WAMU]], 2018 April 28.</ref> Henry Lee Grant, onye nkuzi egwu nke Dunbar High School, nyere ya nkuzi onwe onye n'ịdị n'otu. Site na nduzi ọzọ nke onye na-eme piano na onye ndú egwu nke Washington bụ Oliver "Doc" Perry, Ellington mụtara ịgụ egwu, mepụta ụdị ọkachamara, ma melite usoro ya. Ellington sikwa n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya na Ndị na-akpọ piano James P. Johnson na Luckey Roberts. Ka e mesịrị na New York, ọ natara ndụmọdụ site n'aka Will Marion Cook, Fats Waller, na Sidney Bechet. Ọ malitere igwu egwu na kọfị na klọb dị na Washington, D.C. Mmekọrịta ya na egwu siri ike nke na n'afọ 1916 ọ jụrụ agụmakwụkwọ nka na Pratt Institute na Brooklyn. Ọnwa atọ tupu ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ hapụrụ Armstrong Manual Training School, ebe ọ na-amụ nka azụmahịa.<ref name="Simmonds">{{Cite news|url=http://www.lasentinel.net/Duke-Ellington.html|title=Duke Ellington|author=Simmonds|first=Yussuf|date=September 11, 2008|work=[[Los Angeles Sentinel]]|accessdate=July 14, 2009}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mmalite === N'ịbụ onye na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe nrịbama na-akwụghị ụgwọ site na 1917, Ellington malitere ikpokọta otu ka ha kpọọ maka ịgba egwu. N'afọ 1919, ọ zutere onye na-akụ egwu Sonny Greer si New Jersey, onye gbara ume Ellington nwere ọchịchọ ịghọ onye na-egwu egwu ọkachamara. Ellington wuru azụmahịa egwu ya site na ọrụ ụbọchị ya. Mgbe onye ahịa gwara ya ka o mee akara maka ịgba egwu ma ọ bụ nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ọ na-ajụ ma ha nwere ntụrụndụ egwu; Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, Ellington ga-enye ohere igwu egwu maka mmemme ahụ. O nwekwara ọrụ onye ozi na ngalaba ndị agha mmiri US na steeti, ebe o mere ọtụtụ kọntaktị. Ellington si n'ụlọ ndị mụrụ ya pụọ wee zụta nke ya ka ọ na-aghọ onye na-akpọ piano nke ọma. Na mbụ, ọ na-egwuri egwu n'òtù ndị ọzọ, na ngwụcha afọ 1917 o guzobere otu mbụ ya, "The Duke's Serenaders" ("Colored Syncopators", mgbasa ozi ekwentị ya mara ọkwa). <ref name="Simmonds"/> Ọ bụkwa onye na-ede akwụkwọ nke otu ahụ. Ụbọchị mbụ ọ na-egwu bụ na True Reformer's Hall, ebe ọ kpọtara 75 cents. Ellington na-egwuri egwu na mpaghara DC niile wee banye na Virginia maka bọọlụ ọha na eze na nnọkọ ndị nnọchi anya obodo. Ndị otu ahụ gụnyere enyi nwata bụ Otto Hardwick, bụ onye malitere ịkụ egwu bass, wee kwaga na C-melody sax ma mesịa biri na alto saxophone; Arthur Whetsel na opi; Elmer Snowden na banjo; na Sonny Greer na-agba. Ndị otu ahụ nwere ọganihu, na-eme ihe maka ma ndị Africa America na ndị ọcha, ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na ọha mmadụ nke oge ahụ. [[Usòrò:Duke_Ellington_St._Louis_Toodle-Oo.jpg|thumb|Ntinye nke "East St. Louis Toodle-Oo" (1927) ]] Mgbe a kpọrọ onye na-akụ ya Sonny Greer ka ọ sonye na Wilber Sweatman Orchestra na New York City, Ellington hapụrụ ọrụ ya na-aga nke ọma na DC wee kwaga Harlem, n'ikpeazụ ghọọ akụkụ nke Harlem Renaissance.[21] Egwú ọhụrụ dị ka Charleston pụtara na Harlem, yana Ihe nkiri egwu ndị Africa America, gụnyere Eubie Blake na Noble Sissle (nke ikpeazụ bụ onye agbata obi ya) Shuffle Along. Mgbe ndị na-eto eto na-agụ egwú hapụrụ Sweatman Orchestra iji mee ihe n'onwe ha, ha chọtara ihe nkiri jazz na-apụta nke na-asọ mpi nke siri ike. Ha na-agba ọsọ n'ụbọchị ma na-egwu egwu ọ bụla ha nwere ike ịchọta. Ndị na-eto eto zutere onye na-eme piano Willie "The Lion" Smith, onye mere ka ha mara ebe ahụ ma nye ha ego. Ha na-egwuri egwu na oriri na ọṅụṅụ maka ego ha nwetara. Mgbe ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị, ndị na-eto eto na-eti egwu laghachiri Washington, D.C., na-enwe nkụda mmụọ. Na June 1923, ha gbara egwu na Atlantic City, New Jersey na nke ọzọ na prestigious Exclusive Club na Harlem. Nke a sochiri na Septemba 1923 site na ịkwaga na Hollywood Club (na 49th na Broadway) na nkwa afọ anọ, nke nyere Ellington ntọala nka siri ike. A maara ya ka ọ na-akpọ opi na njedebe nke arụmọrụ ọ bụla. A na-akpọ ndị otu ahụ na mbụ Elmer Snowden na Black Sox Orchestra ma nwee ndị otu asaa, gụnyere opi James "Bubber" Miley. Ha degharịrị aha onwe ha The Washingtonians. Snowden hapụrụ otu ahụ na mmalite 1924, Ellington weghaara ọkwa dịka onye isi otu. Mgbe ọkụ gbasịrị, e meghere ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ dị ka Club Kentucky (nke a na-akpọkarị Kentucky Club). Ellington wee mee ndekọ asatọ na 1924, na-enweta otuto maka ide egwu na atọ gụnyere "Choo Choo". N'afọ 1925, Ellington nyere egwu anọ na Chocolate Kiddies nke Lottie Gee na Adelaide Hall na-eme, bụ ihe niile African American revue nke mere ka ndị na-ege ntị Europe mara ụdị na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri African American.  Duke Ellington na ndị Kentucky Club Orchestra ya toro ruo otu ndị egwu iri; ha mepụtara ụda nke ha site na ngosipụta na-abụghị omenala nke nhazi Ellington, ụda okporo ámá nke Harlem, na ụda trombone na wah-wahs, opi na-eti mkpu, na saxophone blues licks nke ndị otu ahụ. N'oge dị mkpirikpi, soprano saxophonist na clarinetist Sidney Bechet so ha kpọọ egwu, a kọrọ na ọ ghọrọ onye kachasị n'òtù ahụ, ebe Sonny Greer na-ekwu na Bechet "kwụrụ òtù ahụ dị ka glove". Ọnụnọ ya mere ka ya na Miley na onye na-eme trombone Charlie Irvis nwee esemokwu, ndị ụdị ha dị iche na egwu Bechet nke New Orleans. Ọ bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi enweghị ntụkwasị obi Bechet - ọ nọghị ya ụbọchị atọ n'usoro - nke mere ka mmekọrịta ya na Ellington dị mkpụmkpụ. === Mmekọrịta Cotton Club === N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1926, Ellington na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ Irving Mills mere nkwekọrịta, <ref>Gary Giddins ''Visions of Jazz: The First Century'', New York & Oxford, 1998, pp. 112–113.</ref> na-enye Mills mmasị 45% na ọdịnihu Ellington. Mills nwere anya maka nkà ọhụrụ ma bipụta ihe Hoagy Carmichael, Dorothy Fields, na Harold Arlen dere na mbido ọrụ ha. Mgbe o dekọrọ akụkụ ole na ole n'oge 1924-26, ntinye aka Ellington na Mills nyere ya ohere idekọ nke ọma. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-edekọ nsụgharị dị iche iche nke otu egwu ahụ. Mills na-ewere otuto mgbe niile dị ka onye na-ede egwu. Site na mmalite nke mmekọrịta ha, Mills haziri nnọkọ ndekọ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akara ọ bụla gụnyere Brunswick, Victor, Columbia, OKeh, Pathé (na ndị enyemaka ya, Zuru okè), ARC/Plaza otu akara (Oriole, Domino, Jewel, Banner) na Akara ụlọ ahịa dime ha (Cameo, Lincoln, Romeo), Hit of the Week, na akara dị ọnụ ala Columbia (Harmony, Diva, Velvet Tone, Clarion) nke nyere Ellington ama ama. Na OKeh, a na-enyekarị ndekọ ya dị ka Harlem Footwarmers. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-enyekarị Brunswicks dị ka The Jungle Band. Whoopee Makers na Ten BlackBerries bụ aha ndị ọzọ. Na Septemba 1927, Eze Oliver jụrụ inye ndị otu ya akwụkwọ oge niile dịka ndị otu ụlọ na Harlem's Cotton Club; Ellington ga-abawanye site na otu isii ruo iri na otu iji mezuo ihe ndị nlekọta Cotton Club chọrọ maka nyocha ahụ, [3] na ntinye aka ahụ mechara malite na Disemba 4. <ref>Duke Ellington ''Music is my Mistress'', New York: Da Capo, 1973 [1976], pp. 75–76.</ref><ref>John Franceschina ''Duke Ellington's Music for the Theatre'', Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2001, p. 16.</ref> Site na mgbasa ozi redio kwa izu, ndị ahịa Cotton Club na-acha ọcha na ndị bara ọgaranya na-abanye n'abalị ọ bụla iji hụ ha. Na Cotton Club, ndị otu Ellington mere egwu niile maka revues, nke jikọtara comedy, nọmba ịgba egwu, vaudeville, burlesque, egwu, na mmanya na-aba n'anya. Ọ bụ Jimmy McHugh dere nọmba egwu ahụ na Dorothy Fields (mgbe e mesịrị Harold Arlen na Ted Koehler), na ụfọdụ Ellington mbụ agwakọta. (N'ebe a, ya na onye na-agba egwú, nwunye ya nke abụọ Mildred Dixon biri). Mgbasa ozi redio kwa izu site na klọb ahụ nyere Ellington ihe ngosi mba. N'otu oge ahụ, Ellington dekwara egwu Fields-JMcHugh na Fats Waller-[[Andy Razaf]]. [[Usòrò:Vu_(magazine)_N°77.JPG|thumb| Adelaide Hall dekọrọ Creole Love Call na Ellington na 1927. Ihe ndekọ ahụ ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'ụwa niile.]] Ọ bụ ezie na onye na-afụ opi Bubber Miley bụ onye otu ndị egwú maka obere oge, o nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ụda Ellington.<ref name="schuller">{{Cite journal|author=Schuller|first=Gunther|date=October 1992|title=Jazz and Composition: The Many Sides of Duke Ellington, the Music's Greatest Composer|journal=Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|volume=46|issue=1|pages=36–51|doi=10.2307/3824163}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-egosipụta opi na-eti mkpu, Miley gbanwere ụda egwu na-atọ ụtọ nke otu ahụ ka ọ bụrụ nke na-ekpo ọkụ, nke ndị oge ya kpọrọ Jungle Style, nke a pụrụ ịhụ na chorus ya na East St. Louis Toodle-Oo (1926).[31] N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1927, Ellington na ndị egwú ya dekọrọ ọtụtụ egwu na Adelaide Hall. Otu akụkụ karịsịa, "Creole Love Call", ghọrọ ihe na-akpali akpali n'ụwa niile ma nye ma Ellington na Hall ndekọ mbụ ha. Miley dere ọtụtụ n'ime "Creole Love Call" na "Black and Tan Fantasy". Onye aṅụrụma, Miley hapụrụ òtù ahụ tupu ha enweta aha ọma. Ọ nwụrụ na 1932 mgbe ọ dị afọ 29, mana ọ nwere mmetụta dị mkpa na Cootie Williams, onye nọchiri ya. Na 1929, Cotton Club Orchestra pụtara na ogbo ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa na Florenz Ziegfeld's Show Girl, yana kpakpando vaudeville Jimmy Durante, Eddie Foy, Jr., Ruby Keeler, yana egwu na egwu George Gershwin na Gus Kahn. Will Vodery, onye nlekọta egwu nke Ziegfeld, kwadoro Ellington maka ihe ngosi ahụ.[34] Dị ka John Edward Hasse's Beyond Category: The Life and Genius of Duke Ellington si kwuo, "Ikekwe n'oge a na-agba ọsọ nke Show Girl, Ellington nwetara ihe o mesịrị kpọọ 'ihe mmụta bara uru na nhazi nke Will Vody." Na 1946 biography, Duke Ellington, Barry Ulanov dere, sị:   Ọrụ ihe nkiri Ellington malitere na Black and Tan (1929), nke dị nkeji iri na itoolu nke African American RKO mkpirisi [1] nke ọ kpọrọ dike "Duke". Ọ pụtakwara na ihe nkiri Amos 'n' Andy Check na Double Check ewepụtara na 1930, bụ nke na-egosi ndị egwu egwu na-akpọ "Old Man Blues" na ebe ịgba bọọlụ gbatịrị agbatị.[37] N'afọ ahụ, Ellington na Orchestra ya jikọtara ya na ndị na-ege ntị dị iche iche na egwu egwu ya na Maurice Chevalier, ha na-emekwa na Roseland Ballroom, "America's preemost ballroom". Onye na-ede egwú a mụrụ n'Australia Percy Grainger bụ onye na-enwe mmasị n'oge mbụ na onye nkwado. O dere, sị, "Ndị na-ede egwú atọ kasị ukwuu nke dịworo ndụ bụ Bach, Delius na Duke Ellington. N'ụzọ dị mwute, Bach anwụọla, Delius na-arịa ọrịa nke ukwuu ma anyị nwere obi ụtọ na anyị na anyị taa Duke ".[2] Oge mbụ Ellington na Cotton Club kwụsịrị na 1931. === Ná mmalite afọ ndị 1930 === Ellington duuru ndị egwu egwu site na iji akara piano na mmegharị anya na-eduzi site na kiiboodu; ọ na-adịkarị obere ka ọ na-eji osisi eme ihe. Ka ọ na-erule 1932 òtù egwú ya nwere ngwá egwú ọla isii, ahịhịa amị anọ, na otu akụkụ nke ndị egwuregwu anọ.[1] Dịka onye ndu, Ellington abụghị onye ndụmọdụ siri ike; ọ ji nchikota nke ịma mma, ọchị, ịja mma, na akparamagwa nwere ọgụgụ isi na-achịkwa ndị egwú ya. Onye dị mgbagwoju anya, onye nzuzo, ọ na-ekpughere mmetụta ya naanị ndị ya na ya na-akpachi anya. O ji ọdịdị ọha ya mee ihe n'ụzọ dị irè iji wepụ uche n'ebe onwe ya nọ. Ellington bịanyere aka na Brunswick naanị na 1932 wee soro ha nọrọ ruo ngwụcha 1936 (n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere obere oge 1933-34 gbanwee gaa na Victor mgbe Irving Mills wepụrụ ihe omume ya na Brunswick nwa oge). Ka ịda mbà n'obi na-akawanye njọ, ụlọ ọrụ na-edekọ ihe nọ na nsogbu, na-agbada ihe karịrị 90% nke ndị na-ese ihe na 1933.[1] A goro Ivie Anderson n'ọrụ dị ka onye egwu egwu Ellington Orchestra na 1931. Ọ bụ onye na-agụ ụda na "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Get That Swing)" (1932) n'etiti ihe ndekọ ndị ọzọ..Sonny Greer anọwo na-enye olu oge ụfọdụ ma gaa n'ihu na-eme ihe na-ekwu okwu na Anderson. Ihe ngosi redio nyere aka mee ka Ellington nọgide na-enwe ọkwa ọha na eze ka ndị egwú ya malitere ịgagharị. 78 ndị ọzọ nke oge a gụnyere: "Mood Indigo" (1930), "Sophisticated Lady" (1933), "Solitude" (1934), na "In a Sentimental Mood" (1935). Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-ege Ellington United States nọgidere bụrụ ndị Africa America n'oge a, ndị egwu egwu nwere nnukwu ndị na-eso ya na mba ofesi. Ha gara England na Scotland na 1933, yana France (egwu egwu atọ na Salle Pleyel na Paris) [1] na Netherlands tupu ha alaghachi New York.[2] [3] Na June 12, 1933, Duke Ellington Orchestra nyere mpụta mbụ ya na Britain na London Palladium;Ellington natara otuto mgbe ọ na-eje ije n'elu ikpo okwu. Ha bụ otu n'ime ihe iri na atọ na ụgwọ ahụ ma bụrụ ndị a kpaara ókè na ọnụọgụ asatọ dị mkpirikpi; ndebanye aha ahụ dịgidere ruo June 24. <ref name="Gdn20110617">{{Cite news|author=Williams|first=Richard|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/17/duke-ellington-mother-dies|title=Duke Ellington's mother dies|work=The Guardian|date=June 17, 2011|accessdate=December 5, 2020}}</ref> Nleta ndị Britain hụrụ Ellington ka ọ na-enweta otuto site n'aka ndị otu egwu dị egwu, gụnyere onye na-ede egwu Constant Lambert, nke mere ka mmasị Ellington n'ide ọrụ ogologo. Iberibe ya ndị toro ogologo amalitelarị ịpụta. Ellington edeela ma dekọọ "Creole Rhapsody" n'oge dị ka 1931 (ewepụtara dị ka akụkụ abụọ nke ndekọ 12' maka Victor na akụkụ abụọ nke ndekọ 10" maka Brunswick).[47] A ụtụ nne ya, "Reminiscing na Tempo", were anọ 10" 78rpm ndekọ n'akụkụ ka ndekọ na 1935 mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'afọ ahụ.[48] Symphony na Black (nakwa 1935), a obere ihe nkiri, featured ya ogologo ibe ' A Rhapsody of Negro Life' Ọ gosipụtara Billie Holiday, ma merie Academy Award maka Best Musical Short Subject. Ellington na ndị egwú ya pụtakwara na ihe nkiri Murder at the Vanities na Belle of the Nineties (ha abụọ bụ 1934). Maka onye ọrụ Mills, nlebara anya ahụ bụ mmeri mgbasa ozi, dịka a maara Ellington ugbu a n'ụwa niile. Na njem nke òtù ahụ site na South nke kewara ekewa na 1934, ha zere ụfọdụ ihe isi ike njem nke ndị Africa America site na ịgagharị na ụgbọ okporo ígwè onwe ha. Ndị a nyere ebe obibi, nri, na nchekwa maka ngwá ọrụ ka ha na-ezere ihere nke ụlọ ndị kewara ekewa. Otú ọ dị, asọmpi ahụ gbasiri ike ka ìgwè egwu egwu dịka Benny Goodman malitere inweta nlebara anya zuru oke. Ịgba egwu Swing ghọrọ ihe ntorobịa, ọkachasị ndị na-ege ntị na kọleji ọcha, na ịgba egwu mere ka ịre ahịa na ntinye akwụkwọ. Jukeboxes mụbara na mba niile, na-agbasa ozi ọma nke swing. Ndị otu Ellington nwere ike na-amagharị, mana ike ha bụ ọnọdụ, nuance na ụbara ihe mejupụtara ya, ya mere nkwupụta ya "jazz bụ egwu, swing bụ azụmahịa". === Mgbe afọ 1930 gasịrị === Site na 1936, Ellington malitere iji obere ìgwè (sextets, octets, na nonets) dekọọ ndekọ sitere na ìgwè ndị egwú 15 ya n'oge ahụ.[51] O dere iberibe ndị e bu n'obi iji gosipụta otu ngwa ngwa, dị ka "Jeep's Blues" maka Johnny Hodges, "Akụkụ maka Ịhụnanya" maka Lawrence Brown, "Trumpet in Spades" maka Rex Stewart, "Echoes of Harlem" maka Cootie Williams na "Clarinet Lament". " maka Barney Bigard.[52] Na 1937, Ellington laghachiri na Cotton Club, nke kwagara n'etiti obodo Theatre District. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ ahụ, nna ya nwụrụ, na n'ihi ọtụtụ mmefu, ego Ellington siri ike. Otú ọ dị, ọnọdụ ya ka mma n'afọ ndị sochirinụ. Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị onye nnọchi anya Irving Mills, ọ banyere na William Morris Agency. Otú ọ dị, Mills gara n'ihu na-edekọ Ellington. Mgbe nanị otu afọ gasịrị, akara nna ukwu ya na ụdị dị iche iche (obere ìgwè ndị e dekọrọ maka nke ikpeazụ) daa ná ngwụsị 1937. Mills debere Ellington azụ na Brunswick na obere ìgwè ndị ahụ na Vocalion ruo 1940. A nọgidere na-edekọ akụkụ ndị a maara nke ọma. , “Caravan” na 1937, na “Ekwere M Ka Abụ Ọma Si n’Obi M Ga-aga” n’afọ sochirinụ. [[Usòrò:Duke_Ellington_in_ons_land.ogv|thumb|Ellington na 1939]] Billy Strayhorn, onye e were n'ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede abụ, malitere mmekọrịta ya na Ellington na 1939. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billystrayhorn.com/biography.htm|title=William Thomas Strayhorn|editor=Stone|year=1983|work=Billy Strayhorn Songs|publisher=University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill|accessdate=July 14, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622191412/http://www.billystrayhorn.com/biography.htm|archivedate=June 22, 2009}}</ref> A na-akpọ ya "Sweet Pea" maka omume ya dị nro, n'oge na-adịghị anya, Strayhorn ghọrọ onye otu dị mkpa nke nzukọ Ellington. Ellington gosipụtara nnukwu mmasị n'ebe Strayhorn nọ ma ghara ikwu okwu n'ụzọ na-egbuke egbuke banyere nwoke ahụ na mmekọrịta ọrụ ha, "ogwe aka nri m, ogwe aka ekpe m, anya niile dị n'azụ isi m, ụbụrụ m dị n'isi ya, na nke m". Strayhorn, site na nkuzi ya na egwu oge gboo, ọ bụghị naanị nyere egwu egwu na egwu mbụ ya kamakwa ọ hazie ma mekwaa ọtụtụ ọrụ Ellington, wee bụrụ Ellington nke abụọ ma ọ bụ “Duke's doppelgänger”. Ọ bụghị ihe ọhụrụ ka Strayhorn dejupụta maka Duke, ma ọ bụ na-eduzi ma ọ bụ na-emegharị ìgwè ahụ, na-akpọ piano, na ogbo, na n'ebe a na-edekọ ihe.[1] Afọ iri ahụ kwụsịrị na njem nleta ndị Europe na-aga nke ọma na 1939 dị nnọọ ka Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na-adakwasị na Europe. === Ellington na mbido ruo n'etiti afọ 1940 === [[Usòrò:Duke_Ellington_at_the_Hurricane_Club_1943.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Duke Ellington na Hurricane Club, Broadway & W. 51St, New York City, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Jackson|first=Kenneth T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT1951|title=The Encyclopedia of New York|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|date=2010|isbn=978-0300182576}}</ref> Mee 1943]] Ndị egwu abụọ sonyeere Ellington n'oge a mepụtara mmetụta n'onwe ha, Jimmy Blanton na Ben Webster. E were Blanton n'ọrụ n'ụzọ dị irè n'ebe ahụ na ngwụcha Ọktoba 1939, tupu Ellington amata aha ya, mgbe ọ banyere na egwu Fate Marable na St Louis.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Whitehead|first=Kevin|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/10/05/654774239/a-look-back-at-how-virtuoso-jimmy-blanton-changed-the-bass-forever|title=A Look Back At How Virtuoso Jimmy Blanton Changed The Bass Forever|work=NPR|date=October 5, 2018|accessdate=June 17, 2021}}</ref> Blanton nke dị mkpirikpi gbanwere ojiji nke bass abụọ na jazz, na-enye ya ohere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ngwá egwu solo / melodic kama ịbụ ngwá egwu rhythm naanị.[58]Ọrịa na-egbu egbu mere ka ọ pụọ na njedebe 1941 ka ihe dị ka afọ abụọ gachara. Oge isi nke Ben Webster na Ellington dịruru 1939 ruo 1943. Ọchịchọ nke ya, ọ gwara onye were ya n'ọrụ gara aga, Teddy Wilson, onye na-edukwa otu nnukwu ìgwè, na Ellington bụ naanị onye mgba ọ ga-ahapụ Wilson. Ọ bụ onye na-egwu egwuregwu saxophonist nke mbụ nke ndị egwu egwu wee mee ka akụkụ sax ahụ gbasaa ruo ise na nke mbụ.[2][1] Johnny Hodges nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu, ọ na-ekwukarị na Hodges gosiri ya "otu esi akpọ mpi m". Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ nọdụrụ n'akụkụ ibe ha n'òtù egwú.. Onye na-afụ opi Ray Nance sonyeere, na-anọchi Cootie Williams onye hapụrụ Benny Goodman. Tụkwasị na nke a, Nance gbakwunyere violin na agba ndị Ellington nwere n'aka ya. Ihe ndekọ dị na ụbọchị egwu mbụ nke Nance na Nọvemba 7, 1940, na Fargo, North Dakota. N'ịbụ ndị Jack Towers na Dick Burris mere na nzuzo, e wepụtara ihe ndekọ ndị a n'ụzọ ziri ezi na 1978 dị ka ''Duke Ellington na Fargo, 1940 Live''; ha so na ndị mbụ nke ọtụtụ ihe ngosi dị ndụ nke dị ndụ. Nance bụkwa onye na-agụ egwú oge ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ezie na Herb Jeffries bụ onye isi nwoke na-agụ egwu n'oge a (ruo 1943) ebe Al Hibbler (onye nọchiri Jeffries na 1943) gara n'ihu ruo 1951. Ivie Anderson hapụrụ na 1942 n'ihi ihe gbasara ahụike mgbe afọ iri na otu gasịrị, oge kachasị ogologo n'ime ndị ọ bụla na-agụ egwú Ellington.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/musician.php?id=3424|title=Musician Ivie Anderson (Vocal) @ All About Jazz|publisher=Musicians.allaboutjazz.com|accessdate=February 2, 2013}}</ref> Ndekọ ọzọ maka Victor (site na 1940), ebe a na-enye ndị nta ahụ na akara Bluebird ha, ihe osise nkeji atọ na akụkụ ndekọ 78 rpm gara n'ihu na-esi na Ellington, Billy Strayhorn, nwa Ellington Mercer Ellington, na ndị otu egwu egwu. [63] "Cotton Tail", "Main Stem", "Harlem Air Shaft", "Jack the Bear", na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ sitere n'oge a. Strayhorn's "Take the "A" Train", a hit na 1941, ghọrọ isiokwu nke òtù ahụ, dochie "East St. Louis Toodle-Oo". Ellington na ndị mmekọ ya dere maka otu ndị egwú nwere olu pụrụ iche na-egosipụta nnukwu ihe okike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theoryjazz.com/artists/ellington.html|title=Jazz Musicians – Duke Ellington|publisher=Theory Jazz|accessdate=July 14, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903233432/http://theoryjazz.com/artists/ellington.html|archivedate=September 3, 2015}}</ref> E wepụtara ihe ndekọ azụmahịa sitere n'oge a na nchịkọta CD atọ, Never No Lament, na 2003. Otú ọ dị, ebumnobi Ellington dị ogologo bụ ịgbatị ụdị jazz site na njedebe nkeji atọ ahụ, nke ọ bụ nna ukwu a kwadoro.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na o depụtala ma dekọọ akụkụ ụfọdụ agbasawanye na mbụ, ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mmepụta Ellington. Na nke a, Strayhorn nyeere ya aka, onye nwetara ọzụzụ nke ọma n'ụdị ejikọtara na egwu oge ochie karịa Ellington.Nke mbụ n’ime ndị a, Black, Brown, and Beige (1943), raara onwe ya nye n’ịkọ akụkọ banyere ndị America America na ebe ịgba ohu na ụka na akụkọ ntolite ha.[66] Black, Brown na Beige rụrụ arụrụ arụ na Carnegie Hall na Jenụwarị 23, 1943, na-amalite usoro egwu Ellington kwa afọ na ebe a na-eme egwuregwu n'ime afọ anọ na-esote. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị na-egwu jazz na-egwuri egwu na Carnegie Hall na mbụ, ọ dịghị onye mere ihe ọ bụla dị ka ọrụ Ellington. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ịmalite usoro oge niile, a naghị anabatakarị ọrụ Ellington ogologo oge. Ihe dị iche iche bụ Jump for Joy, egwu zuru oke dabere na isiokwu nke njirimara African American, nke malitere na Julaị 10, 1941, na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Mayan na Los Angeles. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Hollywood bụ John Garfield na Mickey Rooney tinyere ego na mmepụta ahụ, Charlie Chaplin na Orson Welles kwere nkwa iduzi.<ref>Harvey G. Cohen, ''Duke Ellington's America'', Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2010, p. 189.</ref> N'otu ihe ngosi, Garfield siri ọnwụ na Herb Jeffries, onye nwere akpụkpọ anụ, kwesịrị iyi ihe ntecha. Ellington jụrụ n'oge ahụ ma jiri Jeffries tụnyere Al Jolson. A gbanwere mgbanwe ahụ. Onye na-agụ egwú ahụ mechara kwuo na ndị na-ege ntị ga-eche na ọ bụ onye dị iche na ọkara nke abụọ nke ihe ngosi ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ere ahịa ma nweta nyocha dị mma, ọ gbara naanị 122 performances ruo na Septemba 29, 1941, na mweghachi dị mkpirikpi na Nọvemba nke afọ ahụ. Isiokwu ya emeghị ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na Broadway; Ellington nwere atụmatụ na-emezughị iji kpọga ya ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Brent|first=David|url=http://indianapublicmedia.org/nightlights/jump-for-joy-duke-ellingtons-celebratory-musical/|title=Jump For Joy: Duke Ellington's Celebratory Musical &#124; Night Lights Classic Jazz – WFIU Public Radio|publisher=Indianapublicmedia.org|date=February 6, 2008|accessdate=December 31, 2011}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị mmechuihu a, mmepụta Broadway nke Ellington's Beggar's Holiday, naanị akwụkwọ egwu ya, gosipụtara na Disemba 23, 1946, n'okpuru nduzi nke Nicholas Ray.<ref>Lawrence, 2001, p. 287.</ref> Ndozi mmachibido iwu ndekọ ndekọ mbụ nke 1942–44, na-eduga n'ịbawanye ụgwọ ọrụ eze a na-akwụ ndị na-egwu egwu, nwere nnukwu mmetụta na ikike ego nke nnukwu ìgwè, gụnyere Ellington's Orchestra. Ego ọ na-enweta dị ka onye na-ede abụ nyere ya aka. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emefu ego mgbe nile ma na-enweta ego a na-akwanyere ùgwù site n'ọrụ ndị egwú egwú, ego ndị òtù egwú na-enweta na-ekpuchi nanị mmefu.[1] Otú ọ dị, na 1943 Ellington gwara Webster ka ọ pụọ; Àgwà onye saxophonist mere ka ndị ọrụ ibe ya nwee nchegbu na onye saxophonist na-enwekarị esemokwu na onye ndu. === Afọ ndị mbụ mgbe agha gasịrị === Ndị na-agụ egwú na-abanye n'ọrụ agha na ihe mgbochi njem mere ka njem sie ike maka nnukwu ìgwè, na ịgba egwú ghọrọ ihe a ga-akwụ ụtụ isi ọhụrụ, nke gara n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ afọ, na-emetụta nhọrọ nke ndị nwe klọb. Ka ọ na-erule oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ kwụsịrị, a na-elekwasị anya na egwu egwu dịka Frank Sinatra na Jo Stafford. Ka ọnụahịa nke iwe nnukwu ìgwè n'ọrụ amụbaala, ndị nwe klọb ahụ ugbu a hụrụ obere ìgwè jazz dị ọnụ ala karị. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ọhụrụ Ellington, dị ka ụda olu na-enweghị okwu "Transblucency" (1946) na Kay Davis, agaghị enwe ihe yiri nke ahụ dị ka kpakpando ọhụrụ. [[Usòrò:Jazz_musician_Duke_Ellington.JPEG|thumb|Ellington na-ese foto na piano ya na KFG Radio Studio na Nọvemba 3, 1954.]] Ellington gara n'ihu n'ụzọ nke ya site na mgbanwe tectonic ndị a. Ọ bụ ezie na a manyere Count Basie ịgbasa mkpokọta ya ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka octet ruo nwa oge, Ellington nwere ike ịgagharị ọtụtụ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe n'etiti Eprel 6 na June 30, 1950, ebe ndị egwu egwu na-egwu ụbọchị 74 n'ime ụbọchị 77.[1] N'oge njem ahụ, dịka Sonny Greer siri kwuo, Ellington arụghị ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ.Agbanyeghị, ihe mejupụtara Ellington gbatịrị agbatị, Harlem (1950), nọ na-emecha n'oge a. Ellington mechara wepụta akara ya nye Onye isi ala hụrụ egwu n'anya Harry Truman. Ọzọkwa n'oge ya na Europe, Ellington ga-edepụta egwu maka ihe ngosi nke Orson Welles. Oge akpọrọ Time na-agba ọsọ na Paris[1] na mgbede na Orson Welles na Frankfurt, ihe ngosi dị iche iche gosikwara Eartha Kitt ọhụrụ achọpụtara, onye rụrụ egwu izizi Ellington bụ "Agụụ obere nsogbu" dị ka Helen nke Troy. Na 1951, Ellington nwere nnukwu mfu nke ndị ọrụ: Sonny Greer, Lawrence Brown, na, nke kachasị mkpa, Johnny Hodges hapụrụ ịchụso ihe omume ndị ọzọ. Agbanyeghị, naanị Greer bụ onye ọpụpụ na-adịgide adịgide. Drummer Louie Bellson nọchiri Greer, na "Skin Deep" ya bụ ihe egwu maka Ellington. Onye ọkpụkpọ Tenor Paul Gonsalves sonyeere na Disemba 1950[1] mgbe oge ya na Count Basie na Dizzy Gillespie gachara wee nọrọ ruo oge ndụ ya niile, ebe Clark Terry sonyeere na Nọvemba 1951.<ref>Ken Vail ''Duke's Diary: The Life of Duke Ellington'', Lanham, Maryland & Oxford, UK: Scarecrow Press, 2002, p. 28.</ref> André Previn kwuru na 1952, sị: "Ị maara, Stan Kenton nwere ike iguzo n'ihu otu puku fiddles na otu puku ọla kọpa ma mee ihe ngosi dị ịrịba ama na onye ọ bụla na-ahazi studio nwere ike isi n'isi ya kwuo, sị, Ee, ee, nke a mere dị ka nke a. Ma Duke na-ebuli mkpịsị aka ya elu, mpi atọ na-ada ụda, amaghịkwa m ihe ọ bụ!"[1] Otú ọ dị, na 1955, mgbe afọ atọ nke ndekọ maka Capitol gasịrị, Ellington enweghị njikọ ndekọ mgbe niile. === Mweghachi ọrụ === Ọdịdị Ellington na Newport Jazz Festival na July 7, 1956, mere ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama. Akụkụ "Diminuendo na Crescendo na Blue" nwere egwu abụọ dị n'akwụkwọ egwu ahụ kemgbe 1937. Ellington, onye kwụsịrị usoro a haziri na mberede n'ihi mbata nke ndị isi anọ, kpọrọ egwu abụọ ahụ ka oge na-eru nso n'etiti abalị. N'ịkpọsa na a ga-ekewapụ akụkụ abụọ ahụ site na mkparịta ụka nke tenor saxophonist Paul Gonsalves na-egwu, Ellington gara n'ihu duzie ìgwè ahụ site na ibe abụọ ahụ, ya na Gonsalves '27-chorus marathon solo na-akụ ìgwè mmadụ ahụ n'oké iwe, na-eduga Maestro na-egwu egwu. gafere oge ị na-alọta n'agbanyeghị arịrịọ ngwa ngwa sitere n'aka onye nhazi ememme George Wein ka o weta mmemme ahụ na njedebe. Egwuregwu ahụ mere akụkọ mba ụwa, wee bute otu n'ime akụkọ mkpuchi akwụkwọ akụkọ Time ise nke raara nye onye egwu jazz, [1] wee rụpụta album nke George Avakian mepụtara nke ga-abụ LP kacha ere nke ọrụ Ellington.[2] Ọtụtụ n'ime egwu dị na LP bụ, dị ka a pụrụ isi kwuo ya, simulated, na naanị ihe dị ka 40% n'ezie sitere na egwu n'onwe ya. Dị ka Avakian si kwuo, Ellington enweghị afọ ojuju na akụkụ nke mmemme ahụ ma chee na ndị egwu ahụ emeghị nke ọma.<ref name="Sohmer">Jack Sohmer [http://jazztimes.com/articles/10496-ellington-at-newport-1956-complete-duke-ellington "Duke Ellington: ''Ellington at Newport 1956'' (Complete)"] ''JazzTimes'', October 1999.</ref> Ìgwè ahụ gbakọtara n'ụbọchị na-esote iji dekọọ ọtụtụ ọnụọgụ na mgbakwunye nke ụda adịgboroja nke ìgwè mmadụ, nke ọ dịghị nke a kpughere ndị zụrụ abọm ahụ. Ọ bụghị ruo n'afọ 1999 ka a tọhapụrụ ndekọ egwu ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na nke mbụ ya. Nlebara anya ahụ eweghachitere nke ọdịdị Newport wetara ekwesịghị iju onye ọ bụla anya, Johnny Hodges alọghachila n'afọ gara aga, [1] na mmekorita Ellington na Strayhorn ka emegharịrị n'otu oge ahụ, n'okpuru usoro dị mma nye onye okorobịa ahụ. Abọm mbụ ''Ellington na Newport'' bụ nke mbụ a tọhapụrụ na nkwekọrịta ndekọ ọhụrụ na Columbia Records nke mere ka ọtụtụ afọ nke ndekọ kwụsie ike, karịsịa n'okpuru onye na-emepụta Irving Townsend, onye mere ka ma azụmahịa ma nka site na Ellington.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wein|first=George|title=Myself Among Others: A Life in Music|url=https://archive.org/details/myselfamongother00wain|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2003}}</ref> N'afọ 1957, CBS (ụlọ ọrụ nne na nna Columbia Records) wesara mmepụta telivishọn dị ndụ nke A Drum Is a Woman, ụlọ ihe atụ nke natara nyocha dị iche iche. Ememe ngosi na Monterey Jazz Festival ọhụrụ na ebe ndị ọzọ nyere ebe maka ikpughe ndụ, na njem ndị Europe na 1958 nabatara nke ọma. Dị otú ahụ Sweet Thunder (1957), nke dabeere na Shakespeare si ejije na agwa, na The Queen's Suite (1958), nke a raara nye Britain Queen Elizabeth II, bụ ngwaahịa nke ọhụrụ mkpali nke Newport ọdịdị nyere aka kee. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ nke ikpeazụ abụghị nke azụmahịa n'oge ahụ. N'ọgwụgwụ 1950s hụkwara Ella Fitzgerald ka ya na Ellington na ndị egwú ya dekọọ Duke Ellington Songbook (Verve) - nkwenye na abụ Ellington aghọwozi akụkụ nke omenala omenala a maara dị ka 'Great American Songbook.'. [[Usòrò:James_Stewart-Duke_Ellington_in_Anatomy_of_a_Murder_trailer.jpg|thumb|James Stewart na Ellington na Anatomy of a Murder (1959) ]] N'oge a, Ellington na Strayhorn malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri. Nke mbụ n'ime ndị a bụ Anatomy of a Murder (1959), <ref name="Hodeir">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/08731|title=Ellington, Duke|author=Hodeir|first=André|work=Oxford Music Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=September 15, 2016}}</ref> ihe nkiri ụlọ ikpe nke Otto Preminger duziri ma gosipụta James Stewart, nke Ellington pụtara n'ihu ụlọ ọrụ okporo ụzọ. Ndị na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme eme eme amatala akara ahụ "dị ka ihe ịrịba ama - egwu ihe nkiri Hollywood mbụ dị mkpa site n'aka ndị Africa America nke gụnyere egwu na-abụghị nke a na-ahụ anya, ya bụ, egwu nke isi iyi ya anaghị ahụ anya ma ọ bụ na-apụta site n'omume na fim ahụ, dị ka otu egwu na ihuenyo. "Akara ahụ gbanarị stereotypes omenala bụ nke mara ọkwa jazz na mbụ wee jụ ịrapagidesi ike na visuals n'ụzọ ndị e debere sinima New Wave nke '60s'. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Steinbeck Sweet Thursday, Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite na Edvard Grieg's Peer Gynt. Paris Blues (1961) sochiri Anatomy of Murder, nke gosipụtara Paul Newman na Sidney Poitier dị ka ndị egwu jazz. Maka ọrụ a, a họpụtara Ellington maka ihe nrite Academy Award for Best Score Na mmalite 1960s, Ellington nakweere ndekọ ya na ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị na-eme enyi n'oge gara aga ma ọ bụ ndị na-eto eto na-egwu egwu bụ ndị lekwasịrị anya n'ụdị ndị ọzọ. Edekọrọ ndị egwu egwu Ellington na Count Basie yana ọba oge mbụ! Ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ zutere Duke (1961). N'ime oge mgbe Ellington nọ n'etiti nkwekọrịta ndekọ, o mere ndekọ na Louis Armstrong (Roulette), Coleman Hawkins, John Coltrane (ma maka Impulse) wee soro na nnọkọ ya na Charles Mingus na Max Roach nke mepụtara Money Jungle (United Artists) album. Ọ bịanyere aka na akara ọhụrụ Reprise Frank Sinatra, mana njikọ ya na akara ahụ adịteghị aka. Ndị na-agụ egwú bụ ndị ya na Ellington rụburu ọrụ laghachiri na Orchestra dị ka ndị otu: Lawrence Brown na 1960 na Cootie Williams na 1962.<blockquote>Ide na ịkpọ egwu bụ ihe gbasara ebumnuche... Ị pụghị ịtụba brọsh na mgbidi ma kpọọ ihe ọ bụla na-eme nka. Egwú m dabara na àgwà ụda nke onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ. Echere m n'ụzọ siri ike n'ihe gbasara ịgbanwe egwu m iji mee ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri nwee mmasị na egwu mberede. Ị pụghị iwere doodling n'ụzọ siri ike.<ref name="current"/></blockquote>Ọ nọ ugbu a na-eme ihe nkiri n'ụwa niile ma na-etinye akụkụ dị mkpa nke afọ ọ bụla na njem nleta esenidụt. N'ihi ya, ọ malitere mmekọrịta ọhụrụ na ndị na-ese ihe si gburugburu ụwa, gụnyere onye na-agụ egwú Swedish Alice Babs, na ndị egwu South Africa Dollar Brand na Sathima Bea Benjamin (A Morning na Paris, 1963/1997). Ellington dere akara mbụ maka mmepụta nke onye nduzi Michael Langham nke Shakespeare's Timon nke Athens na Stratford Festival na Ontario, Canada, nke meghere na Julaị 29, 1963. Langham ejirila ya mee ihe maka mmepụta ihe dị iche iche na-esote, gụnyere mgbanwe dị ukwuu nke Stanley Silverman. jiri ụfọdụ ọrụ Ellington kacha mara amara gbasaa akara ahụ. === Afọ ndị gara aga === [[Usòrò:Richard_Nixon_and_Duke_Ellington_1969.jpg|thumb|Ellington na-anata ihe nrite nke nnwere onwe nke Onye isi ala Nixon na 1969]] Edepụtara Ellington maka ihe nrite Pulitzer maka egwu na 1965. Agbanyeghị, ọ nweghị ihe nrite e mechara nye n'afọ ahụ.[1] Mgbe ahụ ọ dị afọ 66, ọ kwara ọchị, sị: "Akara aka na-emere m ebere, akara aka anaghị achọ ka m bụrụ onye a ma ama na nwata."N'afọ 1999, e nyere ya ihe nrite Pulitzer pụrụ iche "na-echeta afọ narị afọ nke ọmụmụ ya, n'ịkwado amamihe egwu egwu ya, bụ nke kpalitere ụkpụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke ọma site na jazz ma si otú a nye aka na nkà na omenala. " Na Septemba 1965, ọ malitere ihe ngosi izizi ya dị nsọ. O kere jazz Christian liturgy. Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ahụ nwetara nyocha dị iche iche, Ellington nwere obi ụtọ maka ihe mejupụtara ya ma rụọ ya ọtụtụ oge. Abụọ ndị ọzọ nwere otu ụdị sochiri egwu a na 1968 na 1973, nke a maara dị ka egwu egwu nke abụọ na nke atọ. Ọtụtụ ndị hụrụ ụlọ egwu dị nsọ dị ka mgbalị iji kwalite nkwado azụmahịa maka okpukpe a haziri ahazi. Agbanyeghị, Ellington kwuru naanị na ọ bụ “ihe kacha mkpa m megoro”.[1] Piano Steinway nke e debere ihe nkiri dị nsọ bụ akụkụ nke mkpokọta Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. Dị ka Haydn na Mozart, Ellington si na piano na-eduzi ndị egwú ya—ọ na-akpọkarị akụkụ ahụigodo mgbe a na-eme ihe nkiri dị nsọ.<ref name="NMAH">{{Cite web|url=http://www.piano300.si.edu/collectn.htm|title=Ellington's Steinway Grand|publisher=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=August 26, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810022114/http://piano300.si.edu/collectn.htm|archivedate=August 10, 2008}}</ref> Duke tụgharịrị afọ 65 n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1964 mana o gosipụtaghị akara ọ bụla nke iji nwayọ nwayọ ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-edekọ ọrụ ndị dị ịrịba ama dịka The Far East Suite (1966), New Orleans Suite (1970), The Afro-Eurasian Eclipse (1971) na Latin American Suite (1972), ọtụtụ n'ime ya sitere na njegharị ụwa ya. Ọ bụ n'oge a ka ọ na Frank Sinatra dekọtara naanị album ya, akpọrọ Francis A. & Edward K. (1967). Na 1972-1974 Ellington rụrụ ọrụ na opera naanị ya, Queenie Pie, yana Maurice Peress. Ellington nwetara echiche ide opera gbasara onye ịma mma ojii n'afọ ndị 1930, mana o mechabeghị ya. N'etiti ihe ngosi ikpeazụ Ellington na ndị egwú ya mere bụ otu na Machị 21, 1973, na Purdue University's Hall of Music, abụọ na Machị 22, 1973, na Sturges-Young Auditorium na Sturgis, Michigan <ref>{{Cite book|author=Vail|first=Ken|title=Duke's Diary: The Life of Duke Ellington|year=2002|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810841192|pages=449–452|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9b-fWBgzVQC&pg=PA449}}</ref> na Eastbourne Performance na Disemba 1, 1973, e mechara wepụta ya na LP. Ellington mere ihe a na-ewere dị ka egwu egwu ikpeazụ ya zuru oke n'ụlọ ịgba egwú na Mahadum Northern Illinois na Machị 20, 1974. Kemgbe afọ 1980, a raara ụlọ ịgba egwú ahụ nye dị ka "Duke Ellington Ballroom". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2003/nov/ellington.shtml|title=NIU to rededicate Duke Ellington Ballroom during Nov. 6 NIU Jazz Ensemble concert|author=McGowan|first=Mark|date=November 3, 2003|publisher=Northern Illinois University|accessdate=July 14, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625194727/http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2003/nov/ellington.shtml|archivedate=June 25, 2009}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == [[Usòrò:Duke_Ellington_1.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ellington na 1973]] Ellington lụrụ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Edna Thompson (nwụrụ n'afọ 1967), na Julai 2, 1918, mgbe ọ dị afọ 19. N'oge opupu ihe ubi na-esote, na Machị 11, 1919, Edna mụrụ naanị nwa ha nwoke, Mercer Kennedy Ellington. <ref name="hasse49">{{Harvnb|Hasse|1995|p=49}}</ref> Nwunye ya na nwa ya nwoke sonyeere Ellington na New York City na ngwụcha 1920s, mana di na nwunye ahụ kewapụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya.[1] Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ọnwụ ya na magazin Jet si kwuo, ọ "na-agụ Washington agụụ" wee laghachi.[2] N'afọ 1929, Ellington ghọrọ onye mmekọ Mildred Dixon, [1] bụ onye ya na ya na-eme njem, jikwaa egwu Tempo, egwu sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ, dịka "Nwanyị Ọkachamara",[2] n'oge ọrụ ya kacha elu, ma zụlite nwa ya nwoke. [[Usòrò:Mildred_Dixon_-_Duke_Ellington's_wife.jpg|thumb|Mercer zoro aka na Mildred Dixon dị ka nne ya.]] N'afọ 1938, ọ hapụrụ ezinụlọ ya (nwa ya nwoke dị afọ iri na itoolu) wee soro Beatrice "Evie" Ellis, onye ọrụ Cotton Club biri. Mmekọrịta ha, ọ bụ ezie na ọgba aghara, gara n'ihu mgbe Ellington zutere ma mepụta mmekọrịta ya na Fernanda de Castro Monte na mbido afọ 1960. Ellington kwadoro ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ n'oge ndụ ya niile.<ref>Lawrence, 2001, p. 356.</ref> Nwanne nwanyị Ellington Ruth (1915–2004) mechara gbaa Tempo Music, ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta egwu ya.[1] Di nke abụọ Ruth bụ bass-baritone McHenry Boatwright, onye ọ zutere mgbe ọ na-abụ abụ na olili ozu nwanne ya nwoke.[2] Dị ka onye toro eto, nwa nwoke Mercer Ellington (d. 1996) na-akpọ opi na piano, duru ndị otu ya, ma rụọ ọrụ dịka onye njikwa azụmaahịa nna ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mercer-ellington-mn0000405957/biography|title=Mercer Ellington: Biography|author=Yanow|first=Scott|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=November 10, 2020}}</ref> Ellington bụ onye otu Alpha Phi Alpha <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alpha-zsl.org/famousalphas.html|title=Famous Alphas|publisher=Alpha Phi Alpha|accessdate=November 10, 2020|archivedate=April 21, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421180135/http://alpha-zsl.org/famousalphas.html}}</ref> ma bụrụkwa Freemason jikọtara ya na Prince Hall Freemasonry. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/jul/02/secret-jazz-freemason-history-duke-ellington-sun-ra|title=The secret history of the jazz greats who were freemasons|first=John|author=Lewis|work=The Guardian|date=July 2, 2014}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Ellington nwụrụ na Mee 24, 1974, n'ihi nsogbu sitere na Ọrịa kansa akpa ume na oyi bara ya n'ahụ, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Jones|first=Jack|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-duke-ellington-19740525-story.html|title=From the Archives: Jazz Great Duke Ellington Dies in New York Hospital at 75|work=Los Angeles Times|date=May 25, 1974|accessdate=January 31, 2017}}</ref> izu ole na ole mgbe ọ gachara afọ iri asaa na ise. N'ememe olili ozu ya, nke ihe karịrị mmadụ 12,000 bịara na Katidral nke St. John the Divine, Ella Fitzgerald chịkọtara ihe omume ahụ: "Ọ bụ ụbọchị mwute. Onye nwere ọgụgụ isi agafeela". E liri ya n'ebe a na-eli ozu Woodlawn, Bronx, New York City . == Ihe Nketa == === Ihe ncheta === A raara ọtụtụ ihe ncheta nye Duke Ellington n'obodo dị iche iche site na New York na Washington, D.C. ruo Los Angeles. N'ebe ọmụmụ Ellington, Washington, D.C., Duke Ellington School of Arts na-akụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere nkà bụ ndị na-atụle ọrụ nka na nka site n'inye nkuzi nka na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ iji kwado ụmụ akwụkwọ maka agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ọrụ ọkachamara. N'afọ 1974, mpaghara ahụ degharịrị aha Calvert Street Bridge, nke e wuru na 1935, dị ka akwa Duke Ellington. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzọ bụ P.S. 004 Duke Ellington na New York. N'afọ 1989, e tinyere ihe ncheta ọla n'ụlọ Duke Ellington a na-akpọ ọhụrụ na 2121 Ward Place NW.[1] N'afọ 2012, onye nwe ụlọ ọhụrụ ahụ nyere ya ihe osise nke Aniekan Udofia nke pụtara n'elu mkpụrụedemede "Duke Ellington". N'afọ 2010 ogige triangular, dị n'ofe okporo ámá site na ebe ọmụmụ Duke Ellington, na nkwụsị nke New Hampshire na M Streets NW, ka akpọrọ Duke Ellington Park. Ebe obibi Ellington na 2728 Sherman Avenue NW, n'ime afọ 1919-1922, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Letter from Curator of the Peabody Library Association of Georgetown, D.C. Mathilde D. Williams to Felix Grant, September 21, 1972|url=http://www.aladin0.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi-bin/library?e=q-01000-00---off-0grant--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10-KEY%2cSU%2cCO%2cPE--4--peabody%2c%2c%2c-----0-1l--11-en-50---20-home-%5bpeabody%5d%3aKEY+--01-3-1-00-0-0-11-0-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=grant&srp=0&srn=0&cl=search&d=HASHbdd7ebe76fe566dcb566d5|publisher=Felix E. Grant Digital Collection|accessdate=December 5, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115110839/http://www.aladin0.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi-bin/library?e=q-01000-00---off-0grant--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10-KEY,SU,CO,PE--4--peabody,,,-----0-1l--11-en-50---20-home-%5bpeabody%5d:KEY+--01-3-1-00-0-0-11-0-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=grant&srp=0&srn=0&cl=search&d=HASHbdd7ebe76fe566dcb566d5|archivedate=January 15, 2016}}</ref> nwere akara ọla nchara. Na Febụwarị 24, 2009, ụlọ ọrụ United States Mint wepụtara mkpụrụ ego nwere Duke Ellington na ya, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye Africa America mbụ pụtara n'onwe ya na mkpụrụ ego US.<ref name="cnn">{{Cite news|title=Jazz man is first African-American to solo on U.S. circulating coin|publisher=CNN|date=February 24, 2009|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/02/24/duke.ellington.coin/index.html|accessdate=October 3, 2009|quote=The United States Mint launched a new coin Tuesday featuring jazz legend Duke Ellington, making him the first African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin. [...] The coin was issued to celebrate Ellington's birthplace, the District of Columbia.}}</ref> Ellington pụtara n'akụkụ azụ (ọdụ) nke District of Columbia. <ref name="cnn" /> Mkpụrụ ego ahụ bụ akụkụ nke mmemme US Mint na-asọpụrụ District na mpaghara US <ref name="cnn" /> ma na-eme emume ebe a mụrụ Ellington na District of Columbia.<ref name="mint">United States Mint. Coins and Medals. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160414174747/http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/DCAndTerritories/index.cfm?action=dcterritories&local=DC ''District of Columbia''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414174747/http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/DCAndTerritories/index.cfm?action=dcterritories&local=DC |date=April 14, 2016 }}</ref> E gosipụtara Ellington na nkeji iri na ise ka ọ nọdụrụ na piano, na-eji egwu egwu n'aka, yana ihe odide "Justice for All", nke bụ ụkpụrụ distrikti ahụ. Na 1986, e wepụtara stampụ ncheta nke United States nke gosipụtara myiyi Ellington. [[Usòrò:2009_DC_Proof.png|thumb|Ellington na Washington, D.C., wepụtara na 2009]] Ellington biri afọ ikpeazụ ya na Manhattan, n'ime ụlọ ime obodo na 333 Riverside Drive nso West 106th Street. Nwanne ya nwanyị bụ́ Ruth, bụ́ onye na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta ya, bikwa n’ebe ahụ, nwa ya nwoke bụ́ Mercer bikwa n’akụkụ ya. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, West 106th Street ka ahagharịrị aha Duke Ellington Boulevard. A raara nnukwu ihe ncheta Ellington, nke onye na-ese ihe Robert Graham mepụtara, nye na 1997 na Central Park nke New York, nso Fifth Avenue na 110th Street, ebe a na-akpọ Duke Ellington Circle. E gosipụtara ihe oyiyi Ellington na piano n'ọnụ ụzọ UCLA's Schoenberg Hall. Dị ka magazin UCLA si kwuo   Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition and Festival bụ asọmpi a ma ama kwa afọ maka ndị otu ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị a ma ama. Malite na 1996 na Jazz na Lincoln Center, a na-akpọ emume ahụ aha Ellington n'ihi na emume ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ya. === Ụtụ === Mgbe Duke nwụsịrị, nwa ya nwoke bụ Mercer weghaara onye isi nke ndị egwu egwu, na-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1996. Dị ka Count Basie Orchestra, "ghost band" a nọgidere na-ahapụ albums ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Digital Duke, nke ekwuru na Duke Ellington Orchestra, meriri ihe nrite Grammy nke 1988 maka Album nnukwu Jazz kacha mma. Mercer Ellington anọwo na-ejikwa akụkụ nchịkwa niile nke azụmahịa nna ya kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ. Ụmụ Mercer na-aga n'ihu na njikọ na ọrụ nna nna ha. Gunther Schuller dere na 1989:<blockquote>Ellington dere ihe n'akwụsịghị akwụsị ruo n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya. Egwú bụ n'ezie onye isi ya; ọ bụ ndụ ya zuru oke na mkpebi ya na ya enweghị atụ na nke a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. Na jazz ọ bụ dike n'etiti ndị dike. Na egwu nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ọ nwere ike ịbụ otu ụbọchị ka a ga-amata ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi iri na abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'oge anyị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Schuller|first=Gunther|title=The Swing Era|url=https://archive.org/details/swingeradevelopm0000schu|year=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=019504312X}}</ref>: 157 </blockquote>Martin Williams kwuru, sị: "Duke Ellington dịrị ndụ ogologo oge iji nụ aha ya n'etiti ndị na-ede egwú anyị kacha mma. Ma kemgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1974, ọ bụghị ihe ọhụrụ ịhụ aha ya, yana Charles Ives, dị ka onye na-ede egwú kacha mma anyị mepụtara. , n'agbanyeghị ụdịdị."<ref>Martin Williams, liner notes, ''Duke Ellington's Symphony in Black'', The Smithsonian Jazz Repertory Ensemble conducted by [[Gunther Schuller]], The [[Smithsonian]] Collections recording, 1980.</ref> N'echiche nke Bob Blumenthal nke The Boston Globe na 1999: "[i] narị afọ kemgbe a mụrụ ya, ọ dịghị onye na-ede egwú ka ukwuu, onye America ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ, karịa Edward Kennedy Ellington. N'afọ 2002, onye ọkà mmụta Molefi Kete Asante depụtara Duke Ellington na ndepụta ya nke 100 Greatest African Americans. [[Usòrò:Duke_Ellington_star_HWF.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Star na Hollywood Walk of Fame na 6535 Hollywood Blvd.]] Ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-eti egwu n'ụwa niile eleghachila ihe ndị o dere dị ka isi iyi nke mkpali na ntọala nke ọrụ ha: * Dave Brubeck raara "The Duke" (1954) nye Ellington ma ọ ghọrọ ọkọlọtọ nke ndị ọzọ kpuchiri, <ref>{{Cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=song|id=t933027|pure_url=yes}}|title='The Duke' by Dave Brubeck: song review, recordings, covers|work=AllMusic|accessdate=March 21, 2007}}</ref> gụnyere Miles Davis na Miles Ahead, 1957. Abọm The Real Ambassadors nwere olu olu nke egwu a, "You Swing Baby (The Duke) ", nke nwere okwu nke Iola Brubeck, nwunye Dave Brubeck. A na-eme ya dị ka abụ abụọ n'etiti Louis Armstrong na Carmen McRae. A raara ya nye Duke Ellington. * Miles Davis mepụtara egwu ya nke ọkara awa "Ọ hụrụ ya n'anya Madly" (na Get Up with It) dị ka ụtụ nye Ellington otu ọnwa mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. * Charles Mingus, onye Ellington chụpụrụ ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga, dere abụ "Duke Ellington's Sound Of Love" na 1974, ọnwa ole na ole mgbe ọnwụ Ellington gasịrị. * Stevie Wonder dere egwu "Sir Duke" dị ka ụtụ nye Ellington, nke pụtara na album ya Songs in the Key of Life wepụtara na 1976. E nwere ọtụtụ narị abọm a raara nye egwu Duke Ellington na Billy Strayhorn site n'aka ndị omenkà a ma ama na ndị a na-amaghị ama. Sophisticated Ladies, ihe nrite egwu nke 1981 nwetara, tinyere ọtụtụ egwu sitere na repertoire Ellington. Egwú nke abụọ nke Broadway na-etinye egwu Ellington, Play On!''Gwuo Egwu!'', nke mbụ ya na 1997. == Nkọwapụta == == Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ == * 1960, Hollywood Walk of Fame, onyinye maka ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ * 1964, Honorary Doctorate of Humanities site na Milton College * 1966, Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref name="pulitzer"/> * 1969, Presidential Medal of Freedom, ihe nrite kachasị elu nke ndị nkịtị na US <ref name="pulitzer" /> * 1971, onye Honorary PhD si Berklee College of Music <ref name="pulitzer" /> * 1973, Legion of Honour nke France, nsọpụrụ kachasị elu nke ndị nkịtị. <ref name="pulitzer" /> * 1999, [[Ihe nrite Pulitzer]] pụrụ iche maka onyinye ndụ ya na egwu na ọdịbendị === Ihe nrite Grammy === Ellington nwetara ihe nrite Grammy iri na anọ site na 1959 ruo 2000 (atọ n'ime ha bụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ) na ngụkọta nke nhọpụta iri abụọ na ise {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |'''Duke Ellington Grammy Award History'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/factsheets/awardsdb/env-awards-db-search,0,7169155.htmlstory?searchtype=all&query=Duke+Ellington&x=8&y=6|title=Entertainment Awards Database|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=February 2, 2013}}</ref><ref name="GRAMMYs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/duke-ellington|title=Duke Ellington – Artist – www.grammy.com|publisher=Recording Academy|accessdate=April 12, 2018|date=May 22, 2018}}</ref> |- !Afọ !Ụdị !Aha ya !Ụdị !Nsonaazụ |- align="center" |1999 |Album Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme |Duke Ellington Centennial EditionRCA Victor Recordings (1927-1973) <br /> |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1979 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma, Big Band |Duke Ellington Na Fargo, 1940 Live |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1976 |Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma site na Nnukwu Òtù |''Ụlọ Ellington'' |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1972 |Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma site na Nnukwu Òtù |''Togo Brava Suite'' |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1971 |Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma site na Nnukwu Òtù |''Ụlọ Nzukọ nke New Orleans'' |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1971 |Egwú Ndị Kasị Mma |Ụlọ Nzukọ nke New Orleans |Ịdepụta / Ịhazi| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1970 |Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma - Nnukwu Ìgwè ma ọ bụ Onye Na-egwu N'onwe ya na Nnukwu Ìhè |Duke Ellington - Egwuregwu Afọ Iri Abụọ |Jazz| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1968 |Onyinye Ndị Nlekọta |Ihe nrite National Trustees - 1968 |Onyinye Pụrụ Iche| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1968 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma - Nnukwu GroupOr Onye Na-egwu Egwú Na Nnukwu Group<br /> |''...Nne Ya kpọrọ Ya Bill'' |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1967 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma, Nnukwu GroupOr Onye Na-egwu Egwú Na Nnukwu Group<br /> |''Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa'' |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1966 |Bing Crosby Award - Aha gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ GRAMMY Lifetime Achievement Award na 1982. |Bing Crosby Award - Aha gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ GRAMMY Lifetime Achievement Award na 1982. |Onyinye Pụrụ Iche| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1966 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma |"N'ime mmalite Chineke" |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1966 |Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma - Ìgwè ma ọ bụ Onye Na-egwu N'onwe ya na Ìgwè |''Egwú Dị Nsọ'' (Album) |Jazz| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1965 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma - Nnukwu Ìgwè ma ọ bụ Onye Na-egwu Egwú Na Nnukwu Ìhè<br /> |''Ellington '66'' |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1965 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma |Virgin Islands Suite |Jazz| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1964 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma |Ihe E Kere Eke n'abalị |Jazz| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1964 |Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma - Nnukwu Ìgwè (Instrumental) |''Oge Mbụ!'' (Album) |Jazz| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1961 |Egwú Egwú Egwu Egwu Egwú Egwe Egwu Egwe Egwú Egwuregwu Egwu Egwuregwu Egwú Egbu Egwu Egbu Egwú Egbugbu Egwu |"Paris Blues" |Ịdepụta / Ịhazi| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1961 |Best Sound Track Album ma ọ bụ Nchịkọta nke Score site na Motion Picture ma ọ bụ Television |''Paris Blues'' (Motion Picture) (Album) |Egwú maka Mgbasa Ozi Anya| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1960 |Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma ma ọ bụ Obere Ìgwè |Back To Back - Duke Ellington na Johnny Hodges Play The Blues |Jazz| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1960 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma nke Ihe karịrị nkeji ise |Asụsụ '59 |Jazz| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1959 |Egwuregwu Kasị Mma site n'Òtù Egwú |''Anatomy nke Ogbugbu'' |Pop| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1959 |Egwú Kasị Mma nke Mbụ E dekọrọ ma wepụta ya na 1959 (Ọtụtụ Ihe karịrị nkeji ise) <br /><br /> |''Anatomy nke Ogbugbu'' |Ịde egwú| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1959 |Best Sound Track Album - Background ScoreFrom A Motion Picture Or Television<br /> |''Anatomy nke Ogbugbu'' |Ịde egwú| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1959 |Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma - Ìgwè |Ellington Jazz Party (Album) |Jazz| {{Nom}} |} === Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Grammy === A na-etinye ihe ndekọ nke Duke Ellington n'ime Grammy Hall of Fame, ihe nrite Grammy pụrụ iche e guzobere na 1973 iji sọpụrụ ihe ndekọ dịkarịa ala afọ 25 nke nwere ihe dị mkpa ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |'''Duke Ellington: Grammy Hall of Fame AwardIhe nrite Grammy Hall of Fame'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame|title=Grammy Hall Of Fame|publisher=Grammy.org|accessdate=February 2, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122042616/http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame|archivedate=January 22, 2011}}</ref> |- !Afọ E dekọrọ !Aha ya !Ụdị !Akara !Afọ A Na-etinye Ya |- align="center" |1932 |"Ọ pụtaghị na ọ bụ ihe (Ọ bụrụ na ọ nweghị ihe ahụ) " |Jazz (otu) |Brunswick |2008 |- align="center" |1934 |"Cocktails maka Abụọ" |Jazz (otu) |Mmeri |2007 |- align="center" |1957 |''Ellington na Newport'' |Jazz (album) |Columbia |2004 |- align="center" |1956 |"Diminuendo na Crescendo na Blue" |Jazz (otu) |Columbia |1999 |- align="center" |1967 |''Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa'' |Jazz (album) |RCA |1999 |- align="center" |1944 |''Black, Brown na Beige'' |Jazz (otu) |RCA Victor |1990 |- align="center" |1928 |"Ọchịchị ojii na nke Tan Fantasy" |Jazz (otu) |Mmeri |1981 |- align="center" |1941 |"Buru ụgbọ okporo ígwè "A" |Jazz (otu) |Mmeri |1976 |- align="center" |1931 |"Mood Indigo" |Jazz (otu) |Brunswick |1975 |} === Nsọpụrụ na ntinye aka === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ụdị !Ihe edeturu |- align="center" |2022 |Ntọala |June 18, 2022 |- align="center" |2009 |Ihe ncheta nke U.S. |D.C. na U.S. Territories Quarters Program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/DCAndTerritories/|title=The United States Mint · About The Mint|publisher=Usmint.gov|accessdate=February 2, 2013|archivedate=February 25, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225011425/http://www.usmint.gov/mint%5Fprograms/dcandterritories/}}</ref><ref name="wapo">{{Cite news|author=Sheridan, Mary Beth|title=Ellington Comes Out Ahead in Coin Tossup|work=The Washington Post|date=June 20, 2008|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/19/AR2008061904090.html|accessdate=October 3, 2009}}</ref> |- align="center" |2008 |Gennett Records Walk of Fame | |- align="center" |2004 |Nesuhi Ertegun Jazz Hall of Fameat Jazz na Lincoln Center<br /> | |- align="center" |1999 |Ihe nrite Pulitzer |Nkwupụta Pụrụ Iche<ref name="pulitzer"/> |- align="center" |1992 |Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame | |- align="center" |1986 |22¢ stampụ ncheta US |E wepụtara ya n'April 29, 1986<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.centerforjazzarts.org/usps_exhibition2.html#ellington|title=Featured Exhibition|publisher=Center for Jazz Arts|accessdate=February 2, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518025241/http://www.centerforjazzarts.org/usps_exhibition2.html#ellington|archivedate=May 18, 2013}}</ref> |- align="center" |1978 |Nnukwu Òtù Na-ewu ewu na Jazz | |- align="center" |1973 |Ndị agha France nke Nsọpụrụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d5301c13.htm|title=NMAH Archives Center|publisher=Americanhistory.si.edu|accessdate=February 2, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130222214/http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d5301c13.htm|archivedate=January 30, 2012}}</ref> |July 6, 1973 |- align="center" |1973 |Degree Honorary na Music site na Mahadum Columbia |Mee 16, 1973 |- align="center" |1971 |Degree Doctorate Honorary site na Berklee College of Music | |- align="center" |1971 |Honorary Doctor of Music site na Mahadum Howard <ref>{{Cite web|title=Recipients of Honorary Degrees (By Year)|publisher=Howard University|url=http://www.howard.edu/secretary/convocations/recipients-year.htm}}</ref> | |- align="center" |1971 |Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị A Ma Ama | |- align="center" |1969 |Ihe nrite nke Nnwere Onwe Onye isi ala | |- align="center" |1968 |Ihe nrite Grammy Trustees |Ihe nrite pụrụ iche |- align="center" |1967 |Honorary Doctor of Music Degree site na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galston|first=Arthur|title=The Duke & I: A professor explains how jazz legend Duke Ellington became a doctor in 1967|journal=Yale Alumni Magazine|date=October 2002|url=http://archive.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/02_10/outoftheblue.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yale Honorary Degree Recipients|publisher=Yale University|url=http://ris-systech2.its.yale.edu/hondegrees/hondegrees.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521015848/http://ris-systech2.its.yale.edu/hondegrees/hondegrees.asp|archivedate=May 21, 2015}}</ref> | |- align="center" |1966 |Ihe nrite Grammy Lifetime Achievement | |- align="center" |1964 |Degree nsọpụrụ, Milton College, Wisconsin | |- align="center" |1959 |Ihe nrite Spingarn nke NAACP | |- align="center" |1957 |Deutscher Filmpreis: Egwú Kasị Mma |Ihe nrite e nwetara maka ihe nkiri ''Jona'' na onye na-ede egwu ibe ya bụ Winfried Zillig |- align="center" |1956 |Onye a nabatara na DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame | |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị nwere synesthesia == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|editor=Africville Genealogy Society|title=The Spirit of Africville|location=Halifax|publisher=Formac Publishing|origdate=1992|date=2010|isbn=978-0887809255}} * {{Cite book|author=Büchmann-Møller|first=Frank|title=Someone to Watch Over Me: The Life and Music of Ben Webster|url=https://archive.org/details/someonetowatchov00fran|location=Ann Arbor, MI|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|date=2006|isbn=978-0472114702}} * {{Cite book|author=Cohen|first=Harvey G.|title=Duke Ellington's America|url=https://archive.org/details/dukeellingtonsam0000cohe|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=2010|isbn=978-0226112633}} ** {{Cite web|author=Cohen|first=Harvey|title=An excerpt from Duke Ellington's America|url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/112633.html|work=University of Chicago Press|date=2010}} * {{Cite book|author=Ellington|first=Duke|title=Music Is My Mistress|url=https://archive.org/details/musicismymistres0000elli|location=New York|publisher=Da Capo|date=1976|isbn=0704330903}} * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=Edward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq30BQAAQBAJ&q=%22The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Duke+Ellington%22|title=The Cambridge Companion to Duke Ellington|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2015|isbn=978-1316194133}} * {{Cite book|author=Hajdu|first=David|title=Lush Life: A Biography of Billy Strayhorn|url=https://archive.org/details/lushlifebiograph00hajdu|location=New York|publisher=Farrar, Straus & Giroux|date=1996|isbn=978-0865475120}} * .  * {{Cite book|author=Hasse|first=John Edward|title=Beyond Category: The Life and Genius of Duke Ellington|location=New York|publisher=Da Capo|date=1995|isbn=0306806142}} * {{Cite book|author=Lawrence|first=A. H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5IflVdS5XgC|title=Duke Ellington and His World: A Biography|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|date=2001|isbn=041593012X}} * Ọ na-ekpuchi njem na ihe nkiri niile nke Duke site na ihe nkiri mkpirikpi nke 1929 Black and Tan gaa n'ihu.{{Cite book|author=Stratemann|first=Klaus|title=Duke Ellington: Day by Day and Film by Film|url=https://archive.org/details/dukeellingtonday0000stra|location=Copenhagen|publisher=JazzMedia|date=1992|isbn=8788043347}} * {{Cite book|author=Teachout|first=Terry|year=2015|title=Duke|location=New York|publisher=Gotham Books|isbn=978-1592407491|url=https://archive.org/details/dukelifeofdukeel0000unse}} * {{Cite book|author=Terkel|first=Studs|title=Giants of Jazz|url=https://archive.org/details/giantsofjazz00terke|edition=2nd|location=New York|publisher=The New Press|date=2002|isbn=978-1565847699}} * {{Cite book|editor=Tucker|title=The Duke Ellington Reader|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1993|isbn=978-0195093919}} * {{Cite book|editor=Weisbard|title=This Is Pop: In Search of the Elusive at Experience Music Project|url=https://archive.org/details/thisispopinsearc00weis|location=Cambridge|publisher=Harvard University Press|date=2004|isbn=0674013441}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Brothers|first=Thomas|title=Help!: The Beatles, Duke Ellington, and the Magic of Collaboration|url=https://archive.org/details/helpbeatlesdukee0000brot|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2018|isbn=978-0393246230|location=New York, NY}} *   * {{Cite book|author=Ellington|first=Mercer|title=Duke Ellington in Person|url=https://archive.org/details/dukeellingtoninp00elli_0|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|date=1978|isbn=0395257115}} * {{Cite book|author=Morton|first=John Fass|title=Backstory in Blue: Ellington at Newport '56|year=2008|url=https://archive.org/details/backstoryinbluee0000mort|location=|publisher=Rutgers University Press}} * Karịsịa peeji nke 318-357.{{Cite book|author=Schuller, Gunther|title=Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1986|isbn=978-0195040432}}&nbsp; * Esp. peeji nke 46-157.{{Cite book|author=Schuller|first=Gunther|title=The Swing Era: The Development Of Jazz, 1930–1945|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2005|isbn=978-0195071405}}&nbsp; * {{Cite book|author=Tucker|first=Mark|title=Ellington, The Early Years|url=https://archive.org/details/ellingtonearlyye0000tuck|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|date=1991|isbn=0252014251}} * {{Cite book|author=Ulanov|first=Barry|title=Duke Ellington|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_Y0-CHR-781|publisher=Creative Age Press|date=1946}} == Njikọ mpụga ==    * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị * [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/08731 Duke Ellington] na Grove Music Online (site na ndenye aha) * [https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/7/resources/5484 Nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Duke Ellington] na Oral History of American Music * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100204185958/http://www.dukeellingtonlegacy.com/ Duke Ellington Legacy Big Band & Duke Ellington legacy Band] - ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke nzukọ ezinụlọ Duke Ellington * {{IMDb name|254153|Duke Ellington}} * Duke EllingtonnaEbe nchekwa data nke Intanet Broadway * [https://lccn.loc.gov/2016570577 Nchịkọta Art Pilkington metụtara Duke Ellington, 1919-1974] na Library of CongressỌ́bá Akwụkwọ nke Congress * Duke Ellington na Billy Strayhorn: Jazz Composers - ngosi Eprel-June 2009 na NMAH * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180314031125/http://ellington2008.org/ Duke Ellington: Nzukọ Mba Nile nke 20], London, May 2008 * Duke EllingtonnaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ nke Congress, nke nwere ihe ndekọ 1653 nke ọbá akwụkwọ * [[iarchive:EdwardKennedyDukeEllington|FBI faịlụ banyere Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington]] * [https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102155 Ihe ndekọ Duke Ellington] na Discography of American Historical Recordings. * A kọtaghachiri ndụ ya na ihe nkiri redio nke 1948 "Echos of Harlem", ihe ngosi sitere na Destination Freedom, nke Richard Durham dere [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7i8pj9b5ro96si82slfkrh3qlx3nzq3 0 51405 709125 538650 2026-09-05T20:15:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709125 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:Betty Gilpin by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|Betty Gilpin]] Elizabeth Folan Gilpin (amuru July 21, 1986) bu onye omekorita America. A maara ya nke ọma maka igosi Debbie "Liberty Belle" Eagan na usoro ihe nkiri Netflix GLOW (2017 – 2019), [1] nke ahọpụtara ya maka onyinye Primetime Emmy Awards atọ maka onye na-akwado onye na-eme ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè na usoro ihe nkiri. Ọ kpakwara akara dị ka Dr. Carrie Roman na usoro ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Nọọsụ Jackie (2013–2015) [2] [3] Na 2023, ọ gbara ama na onye ndu dị ka onye nọn na-alụ ọgụ AI. na usoro akụkọ ifo sayensị Peacock Oriakụ Davis. Gilpin apụtala na ihe nkiri dị ka ihe omimi thriller True Story (2015), akụkọ ifo sayensị ihunanya Future '38 (2017), fantasy romantic comedy Isn't It Romantic (2019), ihe nkiri A Dog's Journey (2019), na ihe nkiri Stuber (2019). N'afọ 2020, Gilpin gbara egwu na ihe nkiri egwu egwu The Grudge, ihe nkiri egwu egwu The Hunt, yana ihe ọchị kọfị & Kareem. Maka Hunt, ọ meriri ihe nrite Critics' Choice Super Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ihe nkiri Action. == Oge ọ malitere == Elizabeth Folan Gilpin mụrụ na New York City na July 21, 1986, [4] ada nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Jack Gilpin na Ann McDonough. Nna ya, bụkwa onye ụkọchukwu Episcopal, bụ nwa nwanne nna nke Drew Gilpin Faust, onye isi oche nke Mahadum Harvard site na 2007 ruo 2018.[6] O tolitere na mpaghara ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri South Street nke Manhattan, ebe ọ na-ekwu na ụlọ ezinaụlọ ya bụ "otu n'ime naanị ụlọ ndị mmadụ nwere na ngọngọ." [7] Gilpin bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2004 na Loomis Chaffee School, [8] na onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2008 na Mahadum Fordham.[9] N'oge ya na Fordham, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Dianne Wiest.[10] == Ọrụ == Gilpin malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya na ọrụ ịgba egwu ndị ọbịa n'ọtụtụ usoro telivishọn, gụnyere Iwu & Order: Mpụ Mpụ, Fringe, Medium, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, na Elementary.[11] Ọ nwetara nkwanye ùgwù ọzọ maka ọrụ kpakpando ya dị ka Dr. Carrie Roman na usoro ihe nkiri Showtime comedy-drama Nurse Jackie, pụtara site na 2013 ruo nkwubi okwu usoro na 2015. Ọ pụtakwara n'èzí-Broadway na mmepụta dị ka Heartless, Abụ m Ga-ekpe ekpere maka gị nke ukwuu, ma anyị bi ebe a.[12][13] Gilpin nwere ọrụ nkwado na fim ndị dị ka Ghost Town (2008), Take Care (2014), True Story (2015) na Future '38 (2017). [[Usòrò:Alison_Brie_and_Betty_Gilpin_GLOW_interview_1_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Gilpin '' (n'aka ekpe) '' na onye na-eme ihe nkiri ''GLOW'' Alison Brie na 2018.]] Ọganihu ya bịara na ọrụ ịgba egwu ya dị ka Debbie “Liberty Belle” Eagan na usoro ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Netflix GLOW (2017 – 2019), nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ sitere na asọmpi mgba mgba ụmụ nwanyị 1980 nke otu aha. Ọ nwetara nkwanye ugwu dị egwu yana ọtụtụ nhọpụta onyinye maka arụmọrụ ya, gụnyere atọ Critics Choice Television Awards maka onye na-akwado onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na usoro ihe nkiri na Primetime Emmy Awards maka onye na-akwado onye na-eme ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè na usoro ihe nkiri. N'agbata afọ 2019 na 2020, Gilpin pụtara na ihe nkiri fantasy ihunanya na-atọ ọchị ọ bụghị ịhụnanya, ihe nkiri nkiri na-atọ ọchị A Dog's Journey, ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị Stuber, na ihe nkiri egwu egwu The Hunt. Na 2021, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo sayensị The Tomorrow War. N'otu afọ ahụ, edobere Gilpin ka ọ bụrụ kpakpando na usoro HBO Sugar.[14] Na 2022, ọ pụtara dị ka Mo Dean na Starz political thriller limit series Gaslit. Ọ nwetara nkwanye ùgwù maka ọrụ ya site na nhọpụta maka onyinye onyonyo nke Critics' Choice Television maka onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma na ihe nkiri / Miniseries.[15] N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ pụtara na ihe omume nke Apple TV+ usoro anthology Roar. Na Septemba 2022, o bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, nchịkọta nke edemede 20 akpọrọ All the Women in My Brain: And Other Concerns.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Donnelly|first=Elisabeth|date=September 5, 2022|title=Betty Gilpin Is a Vivid Talker|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/05/style/betty-gilpin-all-the-women-in-my-brain.html|accessdate=January 14, 2023}}</ref> Na 2023, Gilpin gbara egwu dị ka Sista Simone / Elizabeth Abbott, onye nọn nke na-alụ ọgụ ọgụgụ isi na usoro akụkọ akụkọ sayensị Peacock Oriakụ Davis. Maka ịrụ ọrụ ya, Gilpin nwetara otuto dị egwu wee nweta nhọpụta maka ihe nrite TCA maka mmezu onye ọ bụla na Drama.[17] O nwekwara isi olu olu dị ka Irene na Netflix animated adventure series Skull Island. == Ndụ onwe onye == Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Loomis Chafee School, Gilpin na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-agụ egwú Damon Daunno.[18] N'afọ 2016, ọ lụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Cosmo Pfeil.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Levine|first=Daniel S.|date=June 24, 2017|title=Betty Gilpin: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know|url=http://heavy.com/entertainment/2017/06/betty-gilpin-debbie-eagan-glow-husband-family-nurse-jackie/|work=Heavy|accessdate=June 28, 2017|archivedate=June 28, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628192117/http://heavy.com/entertainment/2017/06/betty-gilpin-debbie-eagan-glow-husband-family-nurse-jackie/}}</ref> Gilpin mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị na Nọvemba 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Donnelly|first=Elisabeth|date=September 5, 2022|title=Betty Gilpin Is a Vivid Talker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/05/style/betty-gilpin-all-the-women-in-my-brain.html|work=New York Times|accessdate=May 18, 2023}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu ! class="unsortable" |  |- | rowspan="2" |2008 |''Ọnwụ n'Ịhụnanya'' |Ihe nlereanya na-eto eto | | |- |''Obodo Mmụọ'' |Nọọsụ nke WWII | | |- |2009 |''Alaeze nke Ebe Ugwu'' |Carissa | | |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Okpu n'ụsọ osimiri'' |Karla | | |- |''Kpachara anya'' |Jodi | | |- |2015 |''Ezi Akụkọ'' |Cheryl Frank | | |- |2017 |''Ọdịnihu '38'' |Banky | | |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |''Ọ bụghị ịhụnanya'' |Whitney | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Hipes|first=Patrick|date=June 14, 2017|title=Betty Gilpin Joins Rebel Wilson In New Line's 'Isn't It Romantic'|url=https://deadline.com/2017/06/betty-gilpin-isnt-it-romantic-movie-casting-rebel-wilson-1202113390/|work=Deadline|accessdate=August 7, 2022}}</ref> |- |''Njem Nkịta'' |Gloria Mitchell | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Galuppo|first=Mia|date=August 26, 2018|title=Betty Gilpin Joins Dennis Quaid, Josh Gad in 'A Dog's Purpose' Follow-Up (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/betty-gilpin-joins-dennis-quaid-josh-gad-a-dogs-journey-1135572/|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=August 7, 2022}}</ref> |- |''Isima'' |Becca | | |- | rowspan="3" |2020 |''Onye na-eme ihe ike'' |Nina Spencer | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bucksbaum|first=Sydney|date=October 3, 2019|title=Betty Gilpin joined The Grudge to prove she could 'be in a horror movie and not pass out'|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/betty-gilpin-joined-grudge-prove-203631760.html|work=Yahoo! News|accessdate=August 7, 2022}}</ref> |- |''Ịchụ nta'' |Crystal Creasey | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Itzkoff|first=Dave|date=March 15, 2020|title=Betty Gilpin Is Proud of 'The Hunt,' the Year's Most Controversial Movie|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/15/movies/the-hunt-crystal-betty-gilpin.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=August 7, 2022}}</ref> |- |''Kọfị na Kareem'' |Onye nchọpụta Linda Watts | | |- |2021 |''Agha Echi'' |Onye na-eme ihe ọkụkụ nke Emmy | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Geisinger|first=Gabriella|title=GLOW star Betty Gilpin says The Tomorrow War is a "Trojan horse" of a movie|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a36694875/glow-star-betty-gilpin-the-tomorrow-war-trojan-horse/|work=Digital Spy|date=June 17, 2021|accessdate=August 7, 2022}}</ref> |- |} === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu ! class="unsortable" |  |- |2006 |''Iwu &amp;amp; Usoro: Ebumnuche Mpụ'' |Amanda Dockerty |Ihe omume: "Agha n'Ụlọ" | |- | rowspan="2" |2008 |''New Amsterdam'' |Marika Soloway |Ihe omume: "Golden Boy" | |- |''Mpaghara'' |Loraine Daisy |Ihe omume: "Otu Akụkọ Ochie" | |- | rowspan="3" |2009 |''Iwu &amp;amp; Usoro: Ebumnuche Mpụ'' |Stacey Hayes-Fitzgerald |Ihe omume: "Ịkpọ onwe gị onye nwụrụ anwụ" | |- |''Ndị A Na-adịghị Ahụkebe'' |Abigail Allen / Margo Stanford |Ihe omume: "The E.I.D." | |- |''Iwu na Usoro'' |Paige Regan |Ihe omume: "N'ihi Nchebe" | |- | rowspan="3" |2010 |''Ezigbo Nwunye'' |Molly |Ihe omume: "Nchekwa na-egbu mgbu" | |- |''Ndụ gara aga'' |Ogige ntụrụndụ |Ihe omume: "Nwoke Nwụrụ Anwụ Na-ekwu Okwu" | |- |''Ndị nọ n'etiti'' |Kim Clement |Ihe omume: "Allison Rolen Alụrụ di" | |- |2012 |''Iwu na Iwu: Ngalaba Ndị O merụrụ Ahụ Pụrụ Iche'' |Natalie Relais |Ihe omume: "Ụzọ Mmụta" | |- |2013–2015 |''Nọọsụ Jackie'' |Dr. Carrie Roman |Ihe omume 34 | |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Onye Na-agagharị agagharị'' |Roz |Ihe omume 8 | |- |''Ihe Omimi nke Laura'' |Isabel Van Doren |Ihe omume: "Ihe omimi nke ili mmiri" | |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Elementary'' |Fiona Helbron |Ihe omume 4 | |- |''Mercy Street'' |Eliza Foster |Ihe omume 2 | |- |''Ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ'' |Dr. Nancy Leveau |Ihe omume 9 | |- |2017 |''Chi ndị America'' |Audrey |Ihe omume 2 | |- |2017–2019 |''GLOW'' |Debbie Eagan |Ihe omume 30 | |- |2018–2021 |''Anụ ọkụkọ robot'' |Laurie Jupiter / Louisa von Trapp / Veronica Lodge (olu) |Ihe omume 2 | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Gaslit'' |Maureen Kane Dean |Ihe omume 8 | |- |''Ịkwa ụja'' |Amelia |Ihe omume: "Nwanyị E debere na Shelf" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=August 16, 2021|title='Roar': Betty Gilpin, Meera Syal, Fivel Stewart & Kara Hayward Join Apple TV+ Anthology Series|url=https://deadline.com/2021/08/roar-betty-gilpin-meera-syal-fivel-stewart-kara-hayward-cast-apple-tv-anthology-series-1234815586/|work=Deadline|accessdate=August 7, 2022}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |''Oriakụ Davis'' |Nwanne nwanyị Simone / Elizabeth Abbott |Ihe omume 8 |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=March 21, 2022|title=Betty Gilpin To Headline Peacock Drama Series 'Mrs. Davis' From Tara Hernandez & Damon Lindelof|url=https://deadline.com/2022/03/betty-gilpin-star-mrs-davis-peacock-series-tara-hernandez-damon-lindelof-1234982991/|work=Deadline|accessdate=August 7, 2022}}</ref> |- |''Àgwàetiti Okpokoro'' |Irene (olu) |Ihe omume 6 | |- |2023 |''Ụmụ nwanyị Atọ'' |Lina |Ọrụ ndu |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Del Rosario|first=Alexandra|date=September 20, 2021|title='Three Women': Betty Gilpin To Star Alongside Shailene Woodley & DeWanda Wise In Showtime Drama Series|url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/three-women-betty-gilpin-star-shailene-woodley-dewanda-wise-showtime-drama-series-1234840743/|work=Deadline|accessdate=August 7, 2022}}</ref> |- |TBA |''Ọnwụ Site na Lightning'' |Lucretia Garfield |Miniserie ndị na-abịa |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Otterson|first=Joe|title=Nick Offerman, Betty Gilpin Join Netflix's President Garfield Assassination Series 'Death by Lightning'|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/nick-offerman-betty-gilpin-netflix-president-garfield-assassination-series-death-by-lightning-1235925784/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=February 28, 2024|date=February 28, 2024}}</ref> |} === Podcast === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu !  |- |2021 |''Ógbè Na-acha Uhie uhie'' |Ọchịagha Taylor Fullerton |Ihe omume iri na otu |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Red Frontier|url=https://gimletmedia.com/shows/red-frontier|accessdate=2024-03-12|work=Gimlet|language=en|archivedate=2024-03-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301015300/https://gimletmedia.com/shows/red-frontier}}</ref> |} == Onyinye na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nrite !Ụdị !Ọrụ !Nsonaazụ |- | rowspan="7" |2018 |Ihe nrite ndị nkatọ na-ahọrọ na telivishọn |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri | rowspan="12" |{{center|''[[GLOW (TV series)|GLOW]]''}}| {{Nom}} |- |Ihe nrite nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri |Ọrụ pụtara ìhè site n'aka otu n'ime usoro ihe nkiri (nke ya na ndị otu ahụ kerịtara) (shared with the ensemble)| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |Ihe nrite Gold Derby |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị| {{Nom}} |- |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'afọ| {{Nom}} |- |Best Ensemble of the Year (nke ya na ndị otu ahụ kerịtara) (shared with the ensemble)| {{Nom}} |- |Ihe nrite Emmy nke oge mbụ |Onye Nkwado Na-eme Ihe nkiri Na-atọ Amụ| {{Nom}} |- |Onyinye telivishọn nke iri abụọ na abụọ nke OFTA |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |Ihe nrite ndị nkatọ na-ahọrọ na telivishọn |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri| {{Nom}} |- |Ihe nrite nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri |Ọrụ pụtara ìhè site n'aka otu n'ime usoro ihe nkiri (nke ya na ndị otu ahụ kerịtara) (shared with the ensemble)| {{Nom}} |- |Ihe nrite Emmy nke oge mbụ |Onye Nkwado Na-eme Ihe nkiri Na-atọ Amụ| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Ihe nrite ndị nkatọ na-ahọrọ na telivishọn |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri| {{Nom}} |- |Ihe nrite Emmy nke oge mbụ |Onye Nkwado Na-eme Ihe nkiri Na-atọ Amụ| {{Nom}} |- |2021 |Ihe nrite Super nke ndị nkatọ |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ihe nkiri Action |{{center|''[[The Hunt (2020 film)|The Hunt]]''}}| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Ihe nrite TV nke Hollywood Critics Association |Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma na netwọk mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ Cable Limited ma ọ bụ Anthology Series | rowspan="3" |{{center|''[[Gaslit (TV series)|Gaslit]]''}}| {{Nom}} |- |Onyinye Foto Network nke Ụmụ nwanyị |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè na ihe nkiri a na-eme maka telivishọn / Limited Series| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |Ihe nrite ndị nkatọ na-ahọrọ na telivishọn |Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe nkiri / ihe nkiri|{{Nom}} |- |Ihe nrite nke Television Critics Association |Ihe Onye Nwe Aka Na-eme Egwuregwu |{{center|''[[Mrs. Davis]]''}}|{{Nom}} |} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|2365811|Betty Gilpin}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gilpin,Betty}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5uc6d59yc7qk95wekdt68l64i27jmsw 0 52135 709200 213354 2026-09-06T04:03:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709200 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Ndjavera''' (August 21, 1969 - July 14, 2021) bụ onye Namibia na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nduzi, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://neweralive.na/posts/david-ndjavera-a-pioneer-of-a-success-story|title=David Ndjavera, a pioneer of a success story|work=New Era Live}}</ref> nke a maara maka Hairareb (2019), ''Katutura'' (2015) na Just Drive (2014). Ọ lụrụ Helena Ndjavera . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/rebuilding-a-covid-wounded-namibia/|title=Rebuilding a Covid-Wounded Namibia|work=The Namibian|date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na July 14, 2021, na Windhoek, Namibia . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economist.com.na/62872/after-hours/prominent-actor-and-director-david-ndjavera-dies-at-52/|title=Prominent actor and director, David Ndjavera dies at 52|work=Namibia Economist|accessdate=2024-09-15|archivedate=2024-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615123511/https://economist.com.na/62872/after-hours/prominent-actor-and-director-david-ndjavera-dies-at-52/}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri maara ya dị ka onye nkuzi ihe nkiri, onye na-eme egwuregwu, onye nduzi na onye edemede. == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == * Hairareb (2019) * ''Katutura'' (2015) <ref name=":0" /> * ''Naanị Ịkwọ Ụgbọ'' (2014) * ''Ekele!'' (2017) == Ntụaka == # "David Ndjavera, Onye ọsụ ụzọ nke akụkọ ịga nke ọma". New Era Live. # "Rebuilding a Covid Wounded Namibia". The Namibian. Julai 23, 2021. # "Onye omee na onye nduzi a ma ama, David Ndjavera nwuru na 52". Namibia Economist. rsj69cdgtx2467fn1dq2d813u81pmcj 0 57999 709111 692804 2026-09-05T17:25:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709111 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:Sulawesi_languages.jpg|alt=Map of the Sulawesi languages with Celebic depicted in red in the cencentrere. Celebic language is spoken a larger area than the other Sulawesi languages|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Map nke asụsụ Sulawesi na Celebic gosipụtara na ọbara ọbara (map ahụ dị na German) ]] Asụsụ Celebic bụ obere m nke Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụ n'ụdịetiti Indonesia nke Sulawesi, nke a na-akpọbu Celebes.  Ihe ahụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile a na-asụrụ na mpaghara Central Sulawesi na Ndịda Ọwụwa ihe Sulawesi bụ nke otu Celebic.  Asụsụ Celebic ole na ole (aka Wotu, Bonerate) dị na mpaghara South Sulawesi.  Saịtị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ (ma ọ bụghị saịtị na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ ya), Celebic bụ obere ihie nnukwu nke Asụsụ Austronesian na Sulawesi. == Ịdị n'ìgwè == === Nchịkọta n'ime === David Mead (2003a:125) kewara asụsụ Celebic dị ka ndị a: <ref name="Mead2003a">{{Cite book|author=Mead|first=David|year=2003a|chapter=Evidence for a Celebic supergroup|title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology|editor=Lynch|pages=115-141|series=Pacific Linguistics 550|location=Canberra|publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University|chapterurl=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146173/1/PL-550.pdf#page=123}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Mead|first=David|year=2003b|chapter=The Saluan-Banggai microgroup of eastern Sulawesi|title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology|editor=Lynch|pages=65–86|series=Pacific Linguistics 550|location=Canberra|publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University|chapterurl=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146173/1/PL-550.pdf#page=73}}</ref>   N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Zobel (2020) tụrụ aro na [[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili]]_languages" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kaili–Pamona languages">Kaili-Pamona na [[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wolio]]_languages" id="mwJg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Wotu–Wolio languages">Wotu-Wolio mepụtara otu Kaili-Wolio, nke Zobel debere dị ka otu isi nke Celebic. Ọzọkwa, na nhazi Zobel (2020), a na-etinye Kaili-Wolio dị ka nwanne nwanyị na Tominic-Eastern Celebic, nke nwere Mead (2003) [[Asụsụ Tomini-Tolitoli|Tomini-Tolitoli]] na Eastern Celebic.<ref name="Zobel-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Zobel|first=Erik|date=2020|title=The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/782054|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=59|issue=1/2|pages=297-346|doi=10.1353/ol.2020.0014}}</ref> === Ọnọdụ n'ime Austronesian === N'ọnọdụ nyocha ugbu a, a na-ewere asụsụ Celebic dị ka alaka bụ isi nke Malayo-Polynesian subgroup n'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesian.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Alexander D.|title=The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem|year=2017|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=56|issue=2|doi=10.1353/ol.2017.0021}}</ref> == Proto-Celebic ==   David Mead (2003a:125) depụtara ụzọ ndị a maka Proto-Celebic na obere m ya.. <ref name="Mead2003a" /> # Proto-Malayo-Polynesian na Proto-Celebic #* *C₁ > *C₂ (C₁ ọ bụghị imi) #* *h > Ø #* *d > *r #* *ay, *-ey > *e #* *-aw, *-ew > *o #* *j > *y, Ø # Proto-Celebic na Proto-Eastern Celebic #* *e (schwa) > *o #* *-iq > *eq #* antepenultimate *a > *o # Proto-Eastern Celebic ruo Proto-[[Asụsụ Saluan-Banggai|Saluan-Banggai]] #* *-awa- > *oa #* *-b, *-g > *p, *k #* *q > *ʔ # Proto-Eastern Celebic na Proto-Southeastern Celebian #* *-w- > Ø #* *s > *s, *h #* *Z > *s #* *ñ > n #* *b > *b, *w # Proto-Southeast Celebic ruo Proto-[[Asụsụ B artum-Tolaki|B artum-Tolaki]] #* *q > *ʔ #* *w- > *h #* *ʀ > Ø na mbido na-esote *i # Proto-Southeast Celebic ruo Proto-[[Asụsụ Muna-Buton|Muna-Buton]] #* *w > Ø #* mfu ụdaume ikpeazụ (?) == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ nke Sulawesi * Asụsụ ndịda Sulawesi == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/celebic Asụsụ ndị a ma ama] na Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240421041542/http://sulang.org/about/classification-sulawesi-languages Nchịkọta nke asụsụ Sulawesi] 93c50wggwjgpt5c0am1cgggx61hdp6e 0 59067 709112 204594 2026-09-05T17:25:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709112 wikitext text/x-wiki Asụsụ ndịda Sulawesi bụ obere m nke Eziniche bụ Austronesian.  A na-asụkarị ha na mpaghara Indonesia nke South Sulawesi na West Sulawesi, yana obere akpa akpa na West Kalimantan (Tamanic).). == Ịdị n'ìgwè == === Nchịkọta n'ime === Nkewa a na-agbaso Grimes & Grimes (1987) na Ethnologue . [1]   Ọnọdụ nke Asụsụ Tamanic, nke a na-asụ na West Borneo, edoghị anya ruo na mberede awụ gara aga.  Onye ọka iwu Dutch bụ K.A.  Adelaar gị na ha dị nso na Buginese ma si otú a nwee ike ike ha na mpaghara South Sulawesi.[3] Zobel (2020) kewara Asụsụ Badaic na Seko dị ka nke otu Seko-Badaic n'ime alaka South Sulawesi.<ref name="Zobel 2020">{{Cite journal|author=Zobel|first=Erik|date=2020|title=The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=59|issue=1/2|pages=297–346|doi=10.1353/ol.2020.0014|language=en}}</ref> Rịba ama: Ihe odide italiki na-egosi na a na-ewere ya dị ka olumba ọ bụghị asụsụ dị iche. === Ọnọdụ n'ime Austronesian === Na nsogbu ugbu a, a na-ewere ọnwụ South Sulawesi dị ka alaka bụ isi nke Malayo-Polynesian subgroup n'ime ahịa Austronesian..[5] == Mmetụta South Sulawesi na Malagasy == ADelaar (1995) n 'OKWU NKE MAGORASY, N'onwe Gị BENTE na Malay Nute na BajeTA na Sogalesi  Blench ahụ ihe mgbu ọzọ (2018).  [7] asụsụedemede Proto-South-Sulawesi *ɨ bụ ịgba nke Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) *ə.  <nowiki><i id="mwdg">a na-echekwa ya ikike na Bu, n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ ọ na- pasta a (ma n' pastọ ụfọdụ kwa m, u, e, na o oge o).  [10]</nowiki> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="2" | !Bilabial !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar |- ! rowspan="2" |Kwụsị !<small>enweghị olu</small> |*p |*t |*c |*k |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> |*b |*d |*j |*g |- ! rowspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike !<small>enweghị olu</small> | |*s | | |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> | | |*z |*ɣ |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |*m |*n |*ñ |*ŋ |- ! colspan="2" |N'akụkụ | |*l | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | |*r | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |*w | |*y | |} Velar fricative *ɣ na-apụta naanị n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ dị ka mmeghachi omume nke PMP *R, ebe *z na-ahụ naanị n'etiti dị ka mmegharị nke PMP*j. [12][13] == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ nke Sulawesi * [[Asụsụ ndị a ma ama]] == Ihe odide == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist|25em}} === Akwụkwọ ===   == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * South Sulawesi na Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240421041542/http://sulang.org/about/classification-sulawesi-languages Nchịkọta nke Asụsụ Sulawesi] qzq2u7f02menbpbvi29jd379jax13b3 0 60468 709115 209212 2026-09-05T18:25:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709115 wikitext text/x-wiki   Isaiah 43 bụ isi nke iri anọ na atọ nke Akwụkwọ Aịzaya na Baịbụl Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Ndị Kraịst. [1] Akwụkwọ a nwere amụma ndị e kwuru n’Aịzaya onye amụma, ọ bụkwa otu n’ime Akwụkwọ Ndị Amụma. Isi nke 40 ruo nke 55 ka a maara dị ka “Deutero-Aịsaịa” na e dere n’oge a dọọrọ ndị Izrel n’agha na Babilọn. Isiakwụkwọ a “na-ezo aka karịsịa na mgbapụta ahụ e kwere ná nkwa na Babilọn”. “Ma ugbu a,” okwu mmeghe nke isiakwụkwọ a, tụgharịa ụda nke akụkụ ikpeazụ nke Aịsaịa 42, na-ejikọta isiakwụkwọ abụọ ahụ. Na Aịzaya 42:18-25 , onye amụma a baara ndị Izrel mba maka ikpu ìsì na ntị chiri ha; n’Aịzaya 43:8, ọ kpọrọ “ndị ìsì ndị nwere anya, na ndị ntị chiri nwere ntị” ka ha nụ mkpọsa nke “Ọpụpụ ọhụrụ”. == Ihe odide == E dere ihe odide mbụ n’asụsụ Hibru. E kewara isiakwụkwọ a n’amaokwu iri abụọ na asatọ. === Ndị akaebe ederede === Ụfọdụ ihe odide ndị mbụ nwere ihe odide nke isiakwụkwọ a n’asụsụ Hibru sitere na ọdịnala ndị Masoret, bụ́ nke gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke 10), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[4] A hụrụ iberibe ihe ndị nwere akụkụ nke isiakwụkwọ a n'ime Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ (narị afọ nke atọ BC ma ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị): * 1Isaa<nowiki><sup id="mwOQ">a</sup></nowiki>: zuru ezu * 1QIsa^b: dị ugbu a: amaokwu 2-14, 20‐21, 23-27 * 4QIsa^b (4Q56): dị ugbu a: amaokwu 12‐15 * 4QIsa^g (4Q61): dị ugbu a: amaokwu 1-4, 17-24 E nwekwara nsụgharị n’asụsụ Grik Koine nke a maara dị ka Septuagint, nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga TOA. Ihe odide ochie nke ụdị Septuagint gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (B; GB; narị afọ nke anọ), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: GS; narị afọ nke anọ), Codex Alexandrinus (A; GA; narị afọ nke ise) na Codex Marchalianus (Q; GQ; narị afọ nke isii). [5] == Parashot == Akụkụ parashah e depụtara ebe a dabere na Codex Aleppo. [2] Isaiah 43 bụ akụkụ nke nkasi obi ahụ (Aịsaịa 40-66). {P}: parashah mepere emepe; {S}: parashah mechiri emechi. : [{P} 42:18-25] 43:1-10 {S} 43:11-13 {S}43:14-15 {S} 43.:16-21 {S} == Onyenwe anyị ga-agbapụta ndị ya (amaokwu 1-7) == Nkeji a nwere okwu nzọpụta, ya na nkwugharị nke ‘Atụla egwu’ n’amaokwu nke 1 na 5 iji mesie ozi nke mmesi obi ike, na YHWH emewo ka ndị Izrel bụrụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ ya nakwa dị ka ọ dị n’oge gara aga, ọ na-agbasi mbọ ike napụta ha n’ụdị ihe egwu ọ bụla n’ọdịnihu. === Amaokwu 1 === :: Ma ub͕u a otú a ka Jehova siri, bú Onye kere gi, Jekob, Onye kpuworo gi, Israel: : “Atụla egwu, n’ihi na agbapụtawo m gị; Akpọrọ m gị aha, ị bụ nke m. [3] * "Ana-agbapụtawo gị": NCV: "azọpụtala gị"; CEV: "napụtara gị"; NLT: "gbapụtara gị"; NET Bible: "ga-echebe gị". [4] Nke a bụ omume nke goel ma ọ bụ "onye mgbapụta onye ikwu" (na Hibru: גל, go'el) bụ 'onye na-echebe ọdịmma ezinụlọ. [5] === Amaokwu nke 6 === : M'gāsi Ugwu, Rapu; na n'akuku Ndida, Elaghachila; Kpọpụta ụmụ m ndị ikom n’ebe dị anya, na ụmụ m ndị inyom si na nsọtụ ụwa bịa, [6] * Ntụaka obe: Aịzaya 2:3; Aịzaya 11:10; Aịzaya 49:22; Aịzaya 60:3; Aịz 66:12 == Onyenwe anyị kwupụtara ọbụbụeze ya (amaokwu 8-13) == N'akụkụ a asụsụ nke ikpe na-alaghachi na ọchịchọ ka Israel gbaara ọrụ YHWH aka, n'agbanyeghị na ha kpuru ìsì na ndị ntị chiri (cf. Aisaia 42:18), ikwupụta enweghị atụ nke YHWH. === Amaokwu 10 === : Unu bụ ndị akaebe m,” ka Jehova kwuru, “Ma orùm nke M’rọputara; Ka unu we mara we kwere Mu, ka unu we ghọta na Mu onwem bu Ya. N'irum ọ dighi Chineke kpuworo, Ọ dighi kwa Chineke gādi n'azum [7] * "Ọ dịghịkwa ihe ga-eso m n'azụ": Hibru: "ma a gaghị adị n'azụ m"; NASB "ọ dịghị onye ga-eso m." [8] == Onyenwe anyị ga-eme ihe ọhụrụ (amaokwu 14-21) == Okwu ọnụ dị na nkebi a na-enye ndị na-ege ntị iwu ka ha ghara icheta ihe mbụ ka ha ga-abụ ihe efu tupu 'ihe ọhụrụ' nke YHWH ga-eji ike nzọpụta ya mee n'ọdịnihu. === Amaokwu 17 === :: Nke nēme ka ub͕ọ-ala na inyinya puta, na usu-ndi-agha na usu-ndi-agha, n'otù ka ha nēdina ala, ha agaghi-ebili; ha apụọla n'iyi, a na-emenyụ ha dị ka ihe ndọkpụ.[9] * “Akụkụ”: sitere na mgbọrọgwụ Hibru: k-b-habah, “ka e menyụọ ma ọ bụ menyụọ, ịpụ apụ”[10]), ka e jikwa mee ihe n’Aịsaịa 1:31 na Aịsaịa 66:24 maka: “A gaghị emenyụ ọkụ ahụ”; Aịzaya 34:10: ‘Ọkụ na-eripịa Edọm ‘agaghị emenyụ’; nakwa banyere ohu ahụ na 42:3, na “owuo oriọna na-ere ọkụ (‘ flax na-ese anwụrụ’) ọ gaghị emenyụ. [16] Ihe eji eke eke (na King James Version) bụ eriri gbajiri agbaji, nke ewepụrụ n'oge a na-ahazi flax, hemp, ma ọ bụ jute. Ederede ndị ọzọ na-ejikarị ihe oyiyi nke ịbụ "emenyụ dị ka wick" [11] === Amaokwu 18 === : ''Echeta ihe ndị gara aga,'' : ''ma ọ bụ tụlee ihe ochie.'' Ihe mbụ” na-ezo aka na “ihe omume ndị e buru n’amụma ma mezuo n’oge gara aga (41:22; 42:9; 43:9; 46:9; 48:3)”, karịsịa n’ihe omume nke “Ọpụpụ” ahụ, n’ụzọ dị iche n’ihe e buru n’amụma “Ọpụpụ ọhụrụ” bụ́ nke Chineke ga-eme n’ụzọ dị iche ka e wee “kwere ka o guzoro n’ụzọ nke ya.” ( 3:7-8 ) Jeremaya. [19] Verna Holyhead na-ekwu na onye amụma ahụ achọghị ka ndị mmadụ "chezọ na ibelata ikwesị ntụkwasị obi nke Chineke", kama ịghọta na Chineke ga-eme ihe dị ukwuu n'ọdịnihu ọbụna karịa omume ndị gara aga. [13] == Onyenwe anyị na-abara ndị ya na-ekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi mba (amaokwu 22-28) == N’amaokwu nke 22-24 YHWH katọrọ ndị mmadụ ikpe maka ọdịda nke ikere òkè n’ofufe, bụ́ nke yiri ka ọ dị iche n’ihe a katọrọ na mbụ n’Aịsaịa 1:10-17, ya bụ, ‘oké ịnụ ọkụ n’obi na-ezighị ezi maka ofufe’ (nke a katọrọkwa n’amaokwu amụma ndị ọzọ (Emọs 5:18-24; Hosea 6:6-6; akụkụ nke 8), ma nke a bụ ofufe nke ọzọ. chi’, dị ka okwu ‘m’ kwughachiri (ugboro 8 n’amaokwu 3) [7] Amaokwu nke 25 ruo 28 mere ka o doo anya na ‘a ga-ahụrịrị ikpe ahụ n’ihe gbasara ikpe ahụ’ na obodo niile enweghịkwa ụta. === Amaokwu 24 === : Unu ejighi ego zụtaram okpete utọ; Ma unu ejiriwo nmehie nile unu bokwasim, unu ejiriwo ajọ omume nile unu me ka ike gwum. * Okpete na-atọ ụtọ” (Hibru:qâneh) ka akpọkwara na Jeremaịa 6:20 dị ka o si “n’ala dị anya” bịa. Skinner, na Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges, na-atụ aro na nke a na-ezo aka na calamus odoratus (Plin. 12: 12, 48) nke nwere aha sayensị Acorus calamus, [15] nke India, ma na-etokwa na Arabia na Syria. [16] NIV sụgharịrị ya "calamus"; NCV, TEV, NLT "ihe nsure ọkụ na-esi ísì ụtọ"; CEV "ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ." * “Ị nweghịkwa afọ ojuju m”: Hibru: “I meghị ka afọ ju m”; NASB "I mejubeghịkwa m."[18] === Amaokwu 26 === : ''Mee ka m cheta;'' :: ''ka anyị rịọ arịrịọ ọnụ;'' :: ''kwuo ihe kpatara gị, na ị nwere ike ịbụ ihe ziri ezi.'' "Kwuo ihe kpatara gị, na enwere ike ịbụ ihe ziri ezi" ka a sụgharịrị site na Hibru, n'ụzọ nkịtị: "ị na-ekwu ka ị wee nwee ike ịbụ ihe ezi". == Hụkwa == * Babilọn * [[Egypt|Ijipt]] * [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] * [[Israel]] * Jekọb * Seba * Akụkụ [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]] ndị metụtara ya: Aịsaịa 41, Jeremaịa 6 == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}1. ↑ Jerusalem Bible (1966), isi-okwu dị n’Aịsaịa 43:16 2. Dị ka e mere ya na Bible Hibru nke 1917 n'asụsụ Bekee nke ndị Juu Publication Society. 3. † Aịz 43:1 ESV 4.1 Rịba ama na Aisaia 43:1 na NET Bible. 5. ↑ Tịm fiọk [c] ke Isaiah 41:14 ke NET Bible. 6. 1 Aịz 43:6: KJV 7. t Aịz 43:10: NKJV 8. ↑ Tịm fiọk [b] ke Isaiah 43:10 ke NET Bible. 9. ↑ Isaiah 43:17: KJV 10. ↑ Strong's Concordance 3518 kabah 11. ↑ BibleGateway.com, Aịzaya 43:17 n’asụsụ dị iche iche, e nwetara na 6 Eprel 2025 12. t Aịz 43:18: ESV 13. Isi Nsọ, V. (2006), Ịnabata Okwu ahụ n'Afọ C: Na Obi Na-ere ọkụ, p. 41, Liturgical Press, Collegeville, Minnesota 14. ↑ Isaiah 43:24 NKJV 15. ↑ McClintock, Jọn. Ike, James. Ntinye maka 'Calamus'. Cyclopedia nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ, Theological na Ecclesiastical Literature. Harper & Ụmụnna. New York. 1870. 16. ↑ Skinner, J. (1897-8), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges na Isaiah 24, nwetara 9 August 2018 17. ↑ Tịm fiọk [a] ke Isaiah 43:24 ke NET Bible. 18. ↑ Tịm fiọk [b] ke Isaiah 43:24 ke NET Bible. 19. ↑ Isaiah 43:26: MEV 20. ↑ Rịba ama na Aịzaya 43:26 na NET Bible == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|author=Coggins|first=R|chapter=22. Isaiah|title=The Oxford Bible Commentary|editor=Barton|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=first (paperback)|date=2007|pages=433–486|isbn=978-0199277186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ|accessdate=February 6, 2019}} * {{Cite book|author=Oswalt|first=John N.|authorlink=John N. Oswalt|title=The Book of Isaiah, Chapters 40–66|series=New international commentary on the Old Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=1998|isbn=978-0802825346|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eFLymjY1inIC}} * {{Cite book|author=Würthwein|first=Ernst|authorlink=Ernst Würthwein|title=The Text of the Old Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, MI|year=1995|isbn=0-8028-0788-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC|accessdate=January 26, 2019}} == Njikọ mpụga == === Ndị Juu === * [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1043.htm Aịsaịa 43 Asụsụ Hibru mbụ na Asụsụ Bekee] === Ndị Kraịst === * [http://www.latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=27&c=43 Aịsaịa 43 Nsụgharị Bekee na Vulgate Latin] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250126115506/https://whenyouneedgod.com/what-is-the-real-meaning-of-isaiah-432-deep-dive-bible-study-commentary/ Gịnị bụ Ezi ihe Aịsaịa 43:2 pụtara?] agztvxax986rptyeafkc9lygpc5ei69 0 67241 709217 641963 2026-09-06T09:17:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = Hon. Dr. | name = Emmanuel Marfo | honorific_suffix = MP | image = EMMANUEL MARFO.jpg | width = | smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> | alt = | caption = | order = | office1 = MP for [[Oforikrom (Ghana parliament constituency)|Oforikrom Constituency]] | termstart1 = 2013 | termend1 = | president1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = ''Incumbent'' | office2 = | termstart2 = April 2017 | termend2 = 6 January 2025 | president2 = [[Nana Akuffo-Addo]] | predecessor2 = | successor2 = [[Michael Kwasi Aidoo]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|7|27|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Bonwire]], [[Ghana]] | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | birth_name = Emmanuel Kwabena Marfo | nationality = [[Ghanaian nationality law|Ghanaian]]{{flagicon|GHA}}&nbsp; | party = [[New Patriotic Party]] | otherparty = <!--For additional political affiliations--> | spouse = | relations = | children = | residence = | alma_mater = [[KNUST]], [[Wageningen University & Research|Wageningen University, Netherlands]] | occupation = Politician | profession = [[Scientist|Principal Scientist]] | cabinet = | committees = Environment, Science and Technology Committee (Chairperson); Gender and Children Committee; Members Holding Offices of Profit Committee and Roads and Transport Committee | portfolio = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | footnotes = | blank1 = | data1 = }} '''Emmanuel Kwabena Marfo''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Emmanuel Kwabena Marfo, Oforikrom MP|url=https://www.thepublisheronline.com/mp-in-gun-pulling-saga/dr-emmanuel-kwabena-marfo-oforikrom-mp/|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=The Publisher Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> (amụrụ na 27 Julaị 1973)bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Ghana nke bụ onye otu nke ndị nnọchianya nke asaa nke Ghana na-anọchite anya mpaghara nke asatọ na mpaghara Ashanti ukwu nke Priel Priel Priel.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=200|work=parliament of ghana|accessdate=2025-11-11|archivedate=2023-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052405/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=200}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''parliament of ghana''.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Marfo, Emmanuel|url=https://ghanamps.com/mp/marfo-emmanuel-2/|accessdate=3 September 2022|work=Ghana MPS|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://ghanamps.com/mp/marfo-emmanuel-2/ "Marfo, Emmanuel"]. ''Ghana MPS''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Forest Plantation Development Fund Management Board.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Forest Plantation Development Fund Management Board {{!}} Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources {{!}} Ghana {{!}} Management|url=http://fpdf.gov.gh/management.html|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources Ghana Management}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ Marfo na mmiri na-aga bonwre na mpaghara Ashanti nke Ghana. O nwetara bachelor nke sayensị (BSC) na njikwa ọrụ (oke ọhịa) na ndị isi nke sayensị site na Kwame Nkrumah Mahadum Science na Afọ 1997 na 2001 n'otu n'otu. Ọ gụghachila dọkịta ya ọzọ (PHD) na iwu gburugburu ebe mahadum Wagenigen, Netherlands, n'afọ 2006. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Emmanuel Marfo, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Emmanuel-Marfo-2761|accessdate=3 September 2022|work=GhanaWeb.}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == Marfo bụ Onye isi sayensị maka Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - (Forestry Research Institute) na Fumesua, Kumasi, na Ashanti Region nke [[Ghana]]. Marfo na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a dị ka onye otu ndị omeiwu (MP) maka Oforikrom Constituency na Ashanti Region nke [[Ghana]] na tiketi nke New Patriotic Party . <ref>{{Cite web|title=OFMA will relate with its people in decision making to facilitate a sustainable development agenda-MCE {{!}} Oforikrom Municipal Assembly|url=http://ofkma.gov.gh/news/ofma-will-relate-its-people-decision-making-facilitate-sustainable-development-agenda-mce|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=Oforikrom Municipal Assembly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-21|title=Dr.-Emmanuel-Marfo-MP-Oforikrom-Constituency|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2022/01/set-up-bi-partisan-committee-to-probe-bogoso-explosion-oforikrom-mp/dr-emmanuel-marfo-mp-oforikrom-constituency/|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Marfo sonyere ma merie na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke NPP na 2016 maka Oforikrom Constituency na Ashanti Region nke [[Ghana]]. Na ntuli aka nke Ghana n'ozuzu nke afọ 2020, ọ nọgidere na oche ndị omeiwu nke Oforikrom Constituency na vootu 60,156 ebe onye NDC na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu Henry Osei Akoto nwere vootu 24,747 na onye PNC na-azọrọ ọkwa onye omebe iwu Muniru Seidu nwere vootu 545.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NPP's Dr Emmanuel Marfo retains Oforikrom seat with mammoth victory|url=https://ghanaguardian.com/npps-dr-emmanuel-marfo-retains-oforikrom-seat-with-mammoth-victory|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=The Ghana Guardian News|language=en|archivedate=2022-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113114039/https://ghanaguardian.com/npps-dr-emmanuel-marfo-retains-oforikrom-seat-with-mammoth-victory}}</ref> === Kọmitii === Marfo bụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Sayensị na Teknụzụ; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Segbefia|first=Sedem|date=2021-06-15|title=MPs fact finding mission to new cement factory at Weija|url=https://thebftonline.com/2021/06/15/mps-fact-finding-mission-to-new-cement-factory-at-weija/|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=The Business & Financial Times|language=en-GB}}</ref> onye otu Kọmitii Mmekọahụ na Ụmụaka; onye otu Kọمitii Na-ejide Ọfịs nke Uru na onye otu KọMitii Njem na Onye otu Kọmiti Na-ahụ Njem. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=200|work=parliament of ghana|accessdate=2025-11-11|archivedate=2023-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052405/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=200}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''parliament of ghana''.</cite></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Marfo bụ Onye Kraịst.<ref name=":0"/> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marfo, Emmanuel}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nuz9kr3savwbzhfe09n7fmfh20bkv3b 0 72944 709202 708570 2026-09-06T05:16:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709202 wikitext text/x-wiki   Dina d'malkhuta dina (spelling alternative: '''dina de-malkhuta dina'''; Imperial Aramaic: , lit. <nowiki>''</nowiki>,, ma ọ bụ "iwu ala bụ iwu") bụ ụkpụrụ dị n'iwu okpukperechi ndị Juu na iwu obodo nke mba ahụ na-ejide ndị Juu bi na mba ahụ, na, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a ga-ahọrọ ya karịa iwu ndị Juu. Iwu ala na njikọ ya na ụmụ amaala Juu metụtara, Otú ọ dị, naanị ihe gbasara ego.. Ụkpụrụ nke dina d'malkhuta dina pụtara na, maka ndị Juu, irube isi na iwu obodo nke mba ha bi na ya ka a na-ele ya anya dị ka ọrụ okpukpe na nnupụisi bụ mmebi iwu, dịka iwu ndị Juu si dị. Otú ọ dị, ụkpụrụ a n'ozuzu ya na-adabere na iru eru na gọọmentị na-eme iwu ga-abụ nke iwu ndị Juu nabatara dị ka nke nwere ikike; iwu ga-emetụta ndị niile bi na ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi, ndị Juu na ndị na-abụghị ndị Juu; iwu ahụ ekwesịghịkwa imegide mmụọ nke iwu ndị sitere na Torah ọbụlagodi na otu iwu nwere ike imegide ndokwa nke iwu ndịJuda.<ref name="Galas">{{Cite book|author=Galas|first=Yechiel|title=Halacha: a guide to its understanding in theory and practice, based on the Meforshim (Expositors) and Posekim (Decisors) of the past and present|url=https://archive.org/details/halachaguidetoit0000gala|date=1979|publisher=Judaica Press|location=New York|isbn=9780910818131|chapter=Halacha and the Law of the Land}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bụla iwu steeti mebiri mmachibido iwu (Hibru) nke edepụtara na Torah, ma ọ bụ mebie ihe enyere ikike (Hibru: היתר) na Torah، ma ọ bụ ọbụna omenala ndị Juu, iwu nke Dina d'malkhuta dina anaghị emetụta.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Elon|first=Menachem|authorlink=Menachem Elon|title=Jewish Law: History, Sources, Principles (Ha-mišpaṭ ha-ʻivri - toldotav, meḳorotav, ʻiḳronotav)|edition=2|publisher=Hebrew University: Magnes Press|location=Jerusalem|year=1978|pages=161, 169|language=he|oclc=14813103}}</ref><ref name="Eisenstein1970" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Ratta|first=Avraham Naphtali Zvi|title=Dina d'Malkhuta Dina|publisher=|location=Budapest|date=1939|language=he|oclc=1152887883}}</ref>Hebrew-language_text" id="mwIg" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/> == Mmalite ya == Isi mmalite nke echiche a sitere n'akwụkwọ ozi Jeremaịa nye ndị Babilọn e mere ka ha jee biri n'ala ọzọ: "Chọọ udo nke obodo ahụ nke m mere ka unu jee biri n'ala ọzọ, kpeekwara Onyenwe anyị ekpere maka ya; n'ihi na n'udo ya ka unu ga-enwe udo" (Jeremaịa 29:7). N'uche ụfọdụ, maka ndị Juu e mere ka ha jee biri n'ala ọzọ, nrubeisi ha nye ndị ọchịchị mba ọzọ bụ ihe a na-ewere dị ka "nghọta bara uru nke ike obi ọjọọ" karịa ihe ọ bụla ọzọ.[1] Ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke ihe pụrụ iche n'ozi Jeremaịa na ndụmọdụ ya karịrị naanị nrubeisi nye mkpa ma rịọ maka ekpere maka "udo (שָׁלוֹם)" nke ndị ahụ e mere ka ha jee biri n'ala ọzọ n'etiti ha. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro na ikike ndị eze nwere ime iwu na-ejide ndị mmadụ na ịkwụ ụtụ isi na ọrụ sitere na ihe omume Bible banyere ikpu eze okpueze <small> (1 Samuel 8:11-18) </small>.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ratta|first=Avraham Naphtali Zvi|title=Dina d'Malkhuta Dina|publisher=|location=Budapest|date=1939|language=he|oclc=1152887883}}</ref> Onye mbụ kwuru banyere ozizi n'okpuru ikike nke Dina d'malkhuta dina, onye tinyere ya n'ọrụ na ndị Juu bi n'okpuru iwu nke ala ndị mba ọzọ, bụ Mar Samuel (ihe dị ka 177-257), onye amamihe Talmudic si Babilọn.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Faber|first=Salamon|title=Review of Dina de-Malkhuta Dina [The Law of the State Is Law] by Shmuel Shilo|url=https://archive.org/details/jewish-social-studies_summer-fall-1975_37_3-4/page/345|journal=Jewish Social Studies|date=1975|volume=37|issue=3/4|pages=345–346}}</ref> Rabbi Hanina, onye bụ osote nnukwu onye nchụàjà tupu mmeri ndị Rom meriri Jerusalem na mbibi nke Ụlọ Nsọ nke Abụọ ka e depụtara na akwụkwọ (Talmud, Avot 6) ka ọ na-ekwu: "Kpee ekpere maka ọdịmma nke gọọmentị, n'ihi na ọ bụghị n'ihi egwu ya, ndị mmadụ ga-elo ibe ha na-adị ndụ" <ref name="Sacks">{{Cite book|editor=Sacks|title=The Koren Siddur|date=2009|publisher=Koren Publishers|location=Israel|isbn=9789653010673|pages=30–31|edition=1st}}</ref> == N'ime halakha na Talmud == The ''dina etc.'' (= "law of the land") was the only extraneous element that was incorporated into the halakhic law structure, the foundation of jurisdictional autonomy of Jewish communities,<ref name="Faber">{{Cite journal|author=Faber|first=Salamon|date=1975|title=Review of Dina de-Malkhuta Dina [The Law of the State Is Law] by Shmuel Shilo|url=https://archive.org/details/jewish-social-studies_summer-fall-1975_37_3-4/page/345|journal=Jewish Social Studies|volume=37|issue=3/4|pages=345–346}}</ref> and applies to raising taxes, duties and imposts, on the condition that the exacter is fully authorized and does not exact more than what he is entitled to exact, as also to a government's right to determine ways of commerce. In cases of abuse, it was permitted to evade customs (import tax). By definition, the term would also apply to the king's ability to expropriate lands under the laws of eminent domain for the building of new roads for his army during war. Not only is he permitted to build a road for his army, but according to Shemuel, in virtue of the powers vested in the government or in the king, he has the authority to cut down another's date-palm trees and to make from them bridges, while persons making use of the bridge need not suspect that the original owners have not despaired of retrieving their lost property and are still in possession of the timbers, seeing that, in fact, they have despaired of retrieving what was formerly theirs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=דינא דמלכותא דינא ומטבע הביטקוין: בין ריבונות מוניטרית לביזור טכנולוגי|url=https://torathacode.com/ArticleView?id=69a151897c5dd58bd1d8c838|accessdate=2026-03-03|archivedate=2026-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303165511/https://torathacode.com/ArticleView%3Fid%3D69a151897c5dd58bd1d8c838}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=האתר|first=מנהל|date=2000-06-06|title=הלכה ג - דינא דמלכותא בארץ ישראל {{!}} פרק ו - מהלכות מדינה {{!}} פניני הלכה - הרב אליעזר מלמד שליט"א|url=https://ph.yhb.org.il/06-06-03/|accessdate=2026-02-27|work=פניני הלכה|language=he-IL}}</ref> Included in the general scope of the term's definition are the legal deeds (conveyances) and documents held in non-Jewish courts of law and registries, which are viewed as valid. The statement ''dina de-malkhuta dina'', appears four times in the Babylonian Talmud and is a nod to Jewish acquiescence to Gentile authority, as also to Jewish secular authority.<ref name="MD" />{{Cite journal|author=Washofsky|first=Mark|title=Halakhah and Political Theory: A Study in Jewish Legal Response to Modernity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-judaism_1989-10_9_3/page/294|journal=Modern Judaism|date=Oct 1989|volume=9|issue=3|pages=294–295|doi=10.1093/mj/9.3.289}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWashofsky1989">Washofsky, Mark (Oct 1989). "Halakhah and Political Theory: A Study in Jewish Legal Response to Modernity". ''Modern Judaism''. '''9''' (3): <span class="nowrap">294–</span>295. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/mj/9.3.289|10.1093/mj/9.3.289]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396177 1396177].</cite></ref> Okwu dina etc. (= "iwu nke ala") ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-emetụta gọọmentị Israel ma ọ bụ ndị Juu, kamakwa gọọmentị ndị na-abụghị ndị Juu ebe ndị Juu na-emetụ n'ahụ na ebe a ga-akwanyere iwu gọọmentị ùgwù dị ka iwu nke Torah.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ibn Abi-Zimra|first=David|authorlink=David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra|title=The Responsa of the Radbaz|editor=David Ashkenazi|date=1749|location=Venice|language=he|pages=78-79}}, s.v. Part III, ''responsum'' no. 533 (reprinted in Israel, n.d.)</ref> Talmud (''Baba Batra'' 55a) na-ekwu na, n'ihe banyere gọọmentị Peasia na iwu ya, usucaption (nchịkọta) nwere ike inweta ikike ala mgbe afọ iri anọ nke onye ọrụ ugbo bi, n'ime afọ ndị onye ọrụ ugpo ahụ enwetaghị mmegide ma ọ bụ mkpesa ọ bụla, ọ bụ ezie na iwu ndị Juu, otu na-enweta ikike ala site na usucaption na-arụ ọrụ ya naanị afọ atọ site na ụbọchị. N'okwu a, ndị Juu bi na Peasia ga-asọpụrụ iwu nke ala ahụ. Ihe ọhụrụ nke iwu ndị Peshia na-enye ohere ka onye ọrụ ugbo Peshia nke nwetara ihe onwunwe ahụ ree ndị ọzọ ihe onwunwa ahụ, ọbụnakwa ma ọ bụrụ na e mechara mụta na e zuuru ihe onwunwu ahụ n'aka onye nwe ya (onye na-emegideghị ikike ya maka ihe onwunw ahụ n'afọ ndị a niile), onye zụrụ ihe onwunwunwe ahụ - ma ọ bụrụgodị na onye nwe ya kwesịrị ekwesị na-ekwu ugbu a ga-azọrọ ihe onwunye ya ma chọọ ka e nyeghachi ya - ọ bụghị ihe onwunbe ya n'okpuru iwu ndị Pesanya, ihe onwunde, ihe onyinyo ahụ nke na-emegide iwu ndị Juu nke ziri ezi furu efu (mgbe onye nwe ya). Naanị n'ebe ndị dị otú ahụ ebe iwu ndị Juu na-achịkwa ga-abụ na onye nwe ya mbụ, n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú a, ga-enwetaghachi ihe onwunwe ya zuru ohi, na-ahụ na enweghị ike inweta ihe onwunwa zuru ohi site na usucaption. Ala nke onye Juu zụrụ n'aka onye na-abụghị onye Juu, onye na-adịghị ka onye Juu ga-egosipụta nzụta ya site n'igosi akwụkwọ ikike nke ihe onwunwe ahụ. == Mmetụta nke ''dina'' na ndị Juu == Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị rabaị kwenyere na Dina d'malkhuta dina metụtara, ma gọọmentị ndị Juu ma ndị na-abụghị ndị Juu, <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="1499" href="./Maimonides" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Maimonides">Maimonides<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;author-link<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Maimonides<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;title<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>[[Mishnah]]</nowiki>, with Maimonides' Commentary<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;publisher<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>[[Mossad Harav Kook]]</nowiki><nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;translator<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>[[Yosef Qafih]]</nowiki><nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;volume<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;2<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;1965<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;location<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Jerusalem<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;page<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;87<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;language<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;he<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;oclc<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;741081810<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAlM\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt90\" class=\"citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source\" id=\"CITEREFMaimonides1965\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"1604\" href=\"./Maimonides\" id=\"mwAlQ\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Maimonides\">Maimonides</a></nowiki> (1965). <nowiki><i id=\"mwAlU\"><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"1605\" href=\"./Mishnah\" id=\"mwAlY\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Mishnah\">Mishnah</a></nowiki>, with Maimonides' Commentary<nowiki></i></nowiki> (in Hebrew). Vol.<nowiki><span id=\"mwAlc\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>2. Translated by <nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"1606\" href=\"./Yosef_Qafih\" id=\"mwAlg\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Yosef Qafih\">Yosef Qafih</a></nowiki>. Jerusalem: <nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"1607\" href=\"./Mossad_Harav_Kook\" id=\"mwAlk\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Mossad Harav Kook\">Mossad Harav Kook</a></nowiki>. p.<nowiki><span id=\"mwAlo\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>87. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"1608\" href=\"./OCLC_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAls\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"OCLC (identifier)\">OCLC</a></nowiki><nowiki><span id=\"mwAlw\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741081810\" id=\"mwAl0\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">741081810</a></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki><nowiki><link about=\"#mwt90\" href=\"./Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)\" id=\"mwAl8\" rel=\"mw:PageProp/Category\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"></nowiki>, s.v. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAmA\">Nedarim</i></nowiki> 3:3"}}" id="cite_ref-26" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Dina_d'malkhuta_dina#cite_note-26 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Meiri|authorlink=Menachem Meiri|title=Beit HaBechirah (Chiddushei ha-Meiri)|publisher=Mekhon ha-maʼor|date=2006|editor=Daniʼel Biṭon|location=Jerusalem|language=he|oclc=181631040}}, ''Nedarim'' 28a, s.v. '''כבר ביארנו'''. Quote: "We have already explained in multiple places that ''Dina d'malkhuta dina'' does not apply except in those matters which the king makes a fixed law by way of affecting the general populace, rather than [simply] innovating something that applies to an individual, in a specific manner. All, therefore, which he has done by way of affecting the general populace becomes a ''bona fide'' law, and it is forbidden to ignore it, or to circumvent it, as one who engages completely in theft. As for this matter, there is no difference between the kings of Israel and the kings of the nations of the world."</ref> Rashi Nissim, onye kwuru na Ndị Tosafist, ekwenyeghị, na-ekwu na n'ihe gbasara ụtụ isi ala nke gọọmentị na-achị, dịka n'ihe banyere eze Peasia nke nwere ikike ịkwụ ụtụ isi n'elu ndị ọ nọ n'okpuru ya, ma ndị na ala ha nwere ike ịnara ihe onwunwe ha, ma ọ bụ ndị dọk (nke ala nke ala na-abụghị Israel). Dị ka Maimonides si kwuo, gọọmentị nke mba ọ bụla nwere ikike ịkwụ ụtụ isi ala n'elu ndị ọ na-achị, na ndị na-akwụghị ụgwọ ya nwere ike ịnapụ ha ihe onwunwe ha, ma ọ bụ ndị na-agbazinye ụlọ ụgwọ ruo mgbe a kwụrụ ụgwọ.  Ndị rabaị chọrọ "ikpe ziri ezi dị nta" site n'aka ndị ọchịchị na-abụghị ndị Juu, n'ihi ya, ka a nabata ''dina'', e nwere ihe abụọ. Nkwupụta ndị a bụ na iwu ga-abụrịrị nke doro anya na nke zuru ụwa ọnụ, iji chebe ndị Juu pụọ na iwu ndị Jentaịl nke enwere ike iji megide ha.<ref name="JPT" /> Gọọmentị na-abụghị ndị Juu, ọ bụ ezie na e nyere ya ikike ịkwụ ụtụ isi, wdg, enweghị ikike ịhọpụta onye rabaị n'elu obodo ndị Juu na-enweghị nkwenye nke ọtụtụ ndị obodo ahụ, ọ gwụla ma onye rabaị ahụ gụrụ akwụkwọ ma nwee ncheta, yana ikike iche echiche pụrụ iche na ntinye siri ike (Responsa of Rabbi Isaac ben Sheshet, responsum no. 271). <ref name="Eisenstein1970">{{Cite book|author=Eisenstein|first=Judah D.|authorlink=Julius Eisenstein|title=A Digest of Jewish Laws and Customs - in Alphabetical Order (Ozar Dinim u-Minhagim) <!-- this says "missing publisher" transliterated from Hebrew |publisher=Ḥ. mo. l. -->|year=1970|location=Tel-Aviv|language=he|oclc=54817857}} (reprinted from 1922 and 1938 editions of the Hebrew Publishing Co., New York)</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na onye Juu ahọpụta onye rabaị n'elu obodo ahụ, n'enwetaghị nkwado mbụ site n'aka obodo ahụ, omume ndị dị otú ahụ na-akwa ụta ma a ga-achọ ka ọ kọọ ihe omume ya (Responsa of Rabbi Shlomo ibn Aderet, responsum no. 637). <ref name="Eisenstein1970" /> == Ọnọdụ nke ''dina'' n'ihe gbasara obodo na okpukpe == Ndị rabaị mepụtara okwu ndị a ga-eji mee ihe n'ụzọ dị mfe ma mata maka ime ka ikike nke ''dina'' (= "iwu nke ala"), mamona ndị a (ihe gbasara obodo na akụ na ụba) bụ ebe ''dina'' nwere ike ịnọchi ọbụna iwu Torah, na ''isura'' (ihe a machibidoro iwu ma ọ bụ nke okpukpe) na a pụghị ileghara iwu ndị Jentaị anya megide Torah. <ref name="JPT">{{Cite book|editor=Menachem|title=The Jewish Political Tradition|date=2000|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|pages=431–434}}</ref> Talmud (''Baba Metzia'' 28b) na-akọ akụkọ banyere oge mgbe Gọọmentị Peasia mere ya iwu na ego ọ bụla otu n'ime ụmụ amaala ya chọtara na-aghọ ihe onwunwe nke steeti. Rabbi Ammi na onye ọrụ ibe ya chọtara ego furu efu nke ndị nwe ya nwere, n'ụzọ doro anya, enweghị olileanya ịchọta. Otu onye rabaị ahụ maara ozizi ọnụ nke kụziiri na onye ahụ chọtara ego furu efu, ebe ọ na-enweghị ihe ngosi ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama na-egosi onye ọ bụbu nke ya na ebe onye nwe ya enweghị olileanya ịchọta ego furu efu ahụ, onye chọtara ya na-aghọ onye nwe ya ọhụrụ na nke iwu kwadoro. Ya mere, na-adabere kpamkpam na nkuzi a, o nyere ntụziaka ka ị ghara ịhapụ ego ha chọtara, ma ọ bụ nye ya Gọọmentị. Ebe ọ bụ na iwu ndị Peshia megidere nke iwu ndị Juu, onye rabaị ahụ nwere ike ileghara ya anya, ọ bụrụhaala na ejideghị ya n'omume ahụ. Ndị halakhist nke oge ochie mepụtara ụzọ abụọ maka ọchịchị ''dina''. Nke mbụ bụ echiche "nkwekọrịta" ebe iwu nke eze na-achị na-ejikọta ndị nọ n'ala ahụ n'ihi na ha ekwekọrịtara tupu oge eruo ịnakwere iwu eze. Maimonides na ''Shulchan Arukh'', ndị isi halakhic decisors (''poskim''), bụ ndị isi na-akwado echiche a.<ref name="MD" /> Nke abụọ bụ echiche "onwe", ebe ndị Juu ghọtara iwu eze dị ka ala bụ ihe onwunwe ya; ndị na-akọwa ihe nke Talmudic (Run na Tosafos) kwadoro echiche a. == Mmetụta maka Israel nke oge a == Banyere [[Israel]] nke oge a, e nwere ndị na-ekwu na Talmud kwuru na ''dina'' na-emetụta naanị iwu nke ọchịchị ndị Jentaịl, ebe ọbụbụeze nke eze ndị Juu, dịka ọ metụtara ''dina'', anaghị ezo na Talmud. N'ime arụmụka na-akwado itinye ''dina'' n'ọrụ na steeti ndị Juu nke oge a, Tenbitsky, onye na-akọwa okwu banyere isiokwu a, gosipụtara ụkpụrụ nke ''niḥa lehū'' (Hibru: ניחא): nkwenye nke ndị Juu na ike ọchịchị maka usoro ọha na eze. N'iji arụmụka a, enwere ike itinye ''niḥa lehū'' n'ọrụ maka ebumnuche gọọmentị ọ bụla ziri ezi dịka ụtụ isi maka nchekwa mba, ya mere, enwere ike iji ''dina'' mee ihe na onye ọchịchị ndị Juu, ebe a pụghị ịgọnahụ ike dị mkpa dịka ''niḥa lehū''. Otú ọ dị, n'okpuru "echiche nke onye nwe ala" enweghị ike itinye ''dina'' n'ọrụ na onye ọchịchị ndị Juu n'ala Izrel dịka ndị Juu niile nwere ala ahụ ọnụ, ya mere eze ma ọ bụ gọọmentị ndị Juu, onye nwe ala hà nhata, agaghị enwe ike ịchụpụ ndị ọzọ n'ógbè ha.<ref name="MD">{{Cite journal|author=Washofsky|first=Mark|title=Halakhah and Political Theory: A Study in Jewish Legal Response to Modernity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-judaism_1989-10_9_3/page/294|journal=Modern Judaism|date=Oct 1989|volume=9|issue=3|pages=294–295|doi=10.1093/mj/9.3.289}}</ref> === Ụlọ ikpe ndị rabaị megide iwu ndị na-abụghị nke steeti === Iwu ihe nketa nke Israel bụ ihe sitere na iwu ihe nketa British Mandate nke 1923, nke kwuru na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke nwere ikike nketa hà nhata. Otú ọ dị, na iwu Mosaic, ụlọ ikpe ga-ekewa ihe nketa ahụ n'otu n'otu site n'etiti ụmụ nwoke nke onye nwụrụ anwụ (a na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị na ihe nketa, ọ gwụla ma edepụtara ha na Will Ikpeazụ ya, ma ọ bụ naanị ụmụ ya). Dị ka otu Iwu Mozis si kwuo, nwa mbụ nke ụmụ ya nwoke na-enweta akụkụ abụọ nke ihe nketa nkewa. Ebe ọ bụ na ụlọ ikpe ndị rabaị enweghị ike ịgafe Iwu ụwa nke steeti ahụ, ha enweghịkwa ike ịkagbu iwu Bible, ha na-ezere okwu ahụ site n'ịgba onyeisi ezinụlọ ume ide Will Ikpeazụ tupu ọnwụ ya, n'ọnọdụ ahụ, nna ahụ nwere ike ịnye nwa ya nwoke nke okenye òkè dị ukwuu nke ihe nketa ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na enweghị Will Ikpeazụ nke nna ya mere tupu ọnwụ ya, mgbe ụmụnne nwoke na ụmụnne nwanyị bịara n'ihu ụlọ ikpe nke iwu ndị rabaị iji dozie ihe nketa ha, ụlọ ikpe, tupu ha ewepụta Iwu Ihe Nketa (Hibru: צו יר__tir____tir____tir__), na-agba mbọ ime ka nwa nwoke nke okenye jiri obi ya nyefee akụkụ nke ihe nketa ya ka nwanne ya nwanyị (s) wee nweta akụkụ nke otu ihe nketa ahụ, ha niile enyeghị nkwenye ha edere tupu ọnọdụ ahụ, n'ọnọdụ ahụ, n"ọkwaghị ihe nketa nke ụwa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shereshevsky|first=Shlomo|title=Daʻ et ha-ḥoḳ - dinei yǝrūshah (Be Apprised of the Law - the Inheritance Laws)|publisher=Israel Ministry of Justice|location=Jerusalem|year=1975|language=he|oclc=19156540}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Hefker beth-din hefker * Iwu nke ala * Lex loci rei sitae * Lex loci delicti commissi * Ikike nke Ógbè A Ma Ama * Yiush == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnFaZE-Q1JMC&q=history%2520of%2520halacha|title=Halacha and Contemporary Society|author=Schachter|first=Herschel|editor=Cohen, Alfred S.|chapter=`Dina De'malchusa Dina`: Secular Laws as a Religious Obligation|date=1984|publisher=KTAV Publishing House, Inc.|pages=85–114|isbn=9780881250428|language=en}} == Edemsibia ==   <references /> [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qh4r9ttdd33jcneez1b2r0vzw0kjn3y 0 73284 709205 597069 2026-09-06T05:59:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Doris Lander Payne''' (amụrụ na 1952) bụ ọkachamara n'asụsụ Amerịka na prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta asụsụ na Mahadum Oregon . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Doris L. Payne's Home Page|url=https://pages.uoregon.edu/dlpayne/|accessdate=2023-05-19|work=pages.uoregon.edu}}</ref> Nnyocha ya bụ ọkachamara n'otú asụsụ ndị a na-amụbeghị nke ọma si etolite, gụnyere asụsụ ndị America, [[Nilotic languages|asụsụ Nilotic]] na karịsịa [[Asụsụ Maasai|Maasai]] nke East Africa, asụsụ ndị West Africa, asụsụ ndị Austronesian, na ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Doris L. Payne|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=SFeMts8AAAAJ&hl=en|accessdate=2023-05-19|work=scholar.google.com}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ na nyocha == Payne nwetara PhD ya na asụsụ na Mahadum California, Los Angeles na 1985, ya na akwụkwọ edemede gbasara asụsụ Yagua nke akpọrọ ''Aspects of the Grammar of Yagua: A Typological Perspective'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Payne, Doris L. 1985. Aspects of the Grammar of Yagua, a Typological Perspective. UCLA PhD dissertation|url=https://linguistics.ucla.edu/images/stories/Payne.1985.pdf|accessdate=2023-06-20|archivedate=2023-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621033354/https://linguistics.ucla.edu/images/stories/Payne.1985.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ph.D. Recipients|url=https://linguistics.ucla.edu/ph-d-recipients/|accessdate=2023-05-19|work=Department of Linguistics - UCLA}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ edemede ya, ọ malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Oregon, wee bụrụ prọfesọ zuru oke ebe ahụ na 2002. Ọ bụkwa onye ndụmọdụ gbasara asụsụ na SIL International . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-24|title=Doris Payne, Ph.D.|url=https://www.sil.org/biography/doris-payne|accessdate=2023-05-19|work=SIL International|language=en}}</ref> A maara ya maka nnyocha o mere n'ọtụtụ ebe gbasara isiokwu dịka njide ihe n'èzí (Barshi & Payne 1999), nhazi ozi na O'odham (nke a na-akpọbu [[O'odham|Papago]] mgbe ụfọdụ) (Payne 1987), usoro okwu bara uru (Payne 1992), na usoro nhazi aha (Derbyshire & Payne 1990, Seifart & Payne 2007). <ref name=":0"/> Site na 1998 ruo 2003, Payne duru ọrụ nyocha nke National Science Foundation kwadoro maka [[asụsụ Maasai]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=NSF Award Search: Award # 9809387 - Maa (Maasai) Lexicography and Text Databases|url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9809387|accessdate=2023-05-24|work=www.nsf.gov}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu na akụrụngwa akwụkwọ asụsụ ndị ọzọ sitere na ọrụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maa Maasai Language Project|url=https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/|accessdate=2023-05-19|work=pages.uoregon.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maa Dictionary: Maasai (IlKeekonyokie, IlPurko, IlWuasinkishu) and Samburu|url=https://dokumen.pub/maa-dictionary-maasai-ilkeekonyokie-ilpurko-ilwuasinkishu-and-samburu-u-6670314.html|accessdate=2023-05-19|work=dokumen.pub|language=en}}</ref> Site na 2013 ruo 2019, ọ duru ọrụ nyocha nke National Science Foundation kwadoro iji dekọọ asụsụ Nivaclé na Pilagá nke ugwu [[Argentina]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=NSF Award Search: Award # 1263817 - Documentation and Comparative Lexicon and Morphosyntax of Nivacle and Pilaga, of northern Argentina|url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1263817&HistoricalAwards=false|accessdate=2023-05-19|work=www.nsf.gov|language=en}}</ref> == nsọpụrụ == Payne bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=International Journal of American Linguistics, April 2023|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/ijal/current}}</ref> == Mbipụta ahọpụtara == * Barshi, Immanuel na Doris L. Payne (ndị nchịkọta akụkọ). 1999. ''Nnweta Mpụga'' . John Benjamins . DOI: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.39</nowiki> * Derbyshire, Desmond C. na Doris L. Payne. 1990. Usoro Nhazi Aha nke Asụsụ Amazonian. Na Payne, Doris L. (ed.), ''Asụsụ Amazonian, Ọmụmụ na Asụsụ Ndịda America nke Lowland'', 243–271. Austin: Mahadum Texas Press . * Payne, Doris L. 1987. Nhazi ozi n'okwu akụkọ Papago. ''Asụsụ'' 63, 783–804. * Payne, Doris L. 1992. ''Usoro Nhazi nke Mgbanwe Usoro Okwu'' . John Benjamins. DOI ''':''' <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.22</nowiki> * Seifart, Frank & Doris L. Payne. 2007. Nhazi Aha na North West Amazon: Nsogbu na Mgbasa Ozi Mpaghara na Njirimara Ụdị. ''Akwụkwọ Mba Nile nke Asụsụ Ndị America'' 73, 381–387. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086/523770</nowiki> . == Edensibia == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jods8uci7k3i7l1foq8wm4joewh1s39 0 75578 709145 706559 2026-09-06T00:28:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709145 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Las_Chicanas_Poster.jpg|thumb|Osisi ụmụ agbọghọ na LA Plaza de Cultura y ArtesEbe Ọdịbendị na Nkà]] Chicana/o femism bụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, echiche, na praxis nke na-enyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọdịbendị, ime mmụọ, agụmakwụkwọ, na akụ na ụba na-emetụta Chicanas na obodo Chicana / ma ọ bụ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|year=2014|chapter=The Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse|chapterurl=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315022277-16/development-chicana-feminist-discourse-alma-garcia|title=Feminist Nationalism|language=en|pages=247–268|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315022277|isbn=9781136669675|editor=West}}</ref> Chicana femism na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịma ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze aka ma na-ewere onye ọ bụla dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nke na-alụ ọgụ maka njedebe nke [[Ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị|Mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị]] na obodo.<ref name=":17" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=NietoGomez|first=Anna|title=Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-415-91801-5|editor=Garcia|pages=52–57|chapter=Chicana Feminism|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxIe4JwcmqEC&pg=PA52}}</ref> Feminism nke Chicana gbara ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha nwetaghachi ịdị adị ha n'etiti na n'etiti Chicano Movement na mmegharị nwanyị nke abụọ site na 1960 ruo 1970. Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị nke Chicana ghọtara na inye ụmụ nwanyị ike ga-enye obodo Chicana/o ike, ma na-eche mmegide ihu mgbe niile. Mmepe dị egwu n'ọhịa, gụnyere site na ndị nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị nke Chicana, gbasaara obere echiche nke Chicana karịa nghọta nkịtị. Xicanisma hibere dị ka ntinye aka dị mkpa nke Ana Castillo mepụtara na 1994 iji mee ka nwanyị chicana nwee ume ma mata mgbanwe n'ime mmụọ nke mere kemgbe Chicano Movement, dị ka ndọtị na mgbasawanye nke Chicanismo. O nwere akụkụ kpaliri nguzobe nke Xicanx. Ihe mmepụta omenala Chicana, gụnyere nka, akwụkwọ, uri, egwu, na ihe nkiri na-aga n'ihu na-akpụzi chicana feminism n'ụzọ ọhụrụ. A na-etinyekarị okpukpe chicana na mkparịta ụka ya na feminism decolonial.<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == [[Faịlụ:Corcoran,_San_Joaquin_Valley_California._Company_housing_for_Mexican_cotton_pickers_on_large_ranch._-_NARA_-_521720.jpg|thumb|Ụmụaka Mexico nọ n'ụlọ obibi ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na Corcoran, California (1940) <ref name=":28">{{Cite book|author=Rosales|first=F. Arturo|title=Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement|publisher=Arte Público Press|year=1997|isbn=9781611920949|pages=119}}</ref>]] Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị America ndị Mexico tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị mbụ. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a gụnyere ndị inyom dị ka Adelina Otero-Warren na Maria de G.E. Lopez. A mụrụ Otero-Warren n'ezinụlọ Hispano a ma ama. Ọtụtụ ndị America America, ọkachasị ndị na-enweghị ego na ndị na-adịghị ọcha, ndị na-etoliteghị n'ezinaụlọ ndị ama ama nọ n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche. [[Faịlụ:Sylvia_Mendez.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mendez v. Westminster (1947) kwụsịrị Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. A malitere ikpe ahụ mgbe a jụrụ Sylvia Mendez (nke e sere na foto) ka ọ ghara idebanye aha na "ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha. " Ụmụaka ndị Mexico America, ọkachasị ndị nwere akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị, ka a na-ekwe ka ha mụta agụmakwụkwọ aka, ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha na-akụzi nkwadebe agụmakwụkwọ. N'ụlọ akwụkwọ "Mexican, a na-akụziri ụmụ agbọghọ naanị ịkwa akwa na ime ụlọ.<ref name=":31">{{Cite book|author=Gonzalez|first=Gilbert G.|title=Chicano education in the era of segregation|date=2013|isbn=978-1-57441-516-2|location=Denton, Texas|pages=175–180|oclc=843881943}}</ref>]] Tupu ngwụcha 1940s, ụmụaka ndị America Mexico na-etolitekarị na colonias kewapụrụ iche na obodo ụlọ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ugbo. Ọ bụ naanị gọọmentị US nyere ụmụaka Mexico, ọkachasị akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị ka ha gaa "ụlọ akwụkwọ Mexico" kewapụrụ iche. Mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha na-akụzi nkwadebe agụmakwụkwọ, ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na "ụlọ akwụkwọ Mexico" ka a na-ekwe ka a kuziere ụlọ na ịkwa akwa, ebe a na-akụziri ụmụ nwoke ọrụ ugbo na ịkpụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ. Nke a na-echekwa klaasị na nkewa ego. A kwụsịrị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke De jure na 1947 na Mendez vs Westminster, ma nkewa ka nọgidere na-eme n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ihi àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-aga n'ihu na mmegide Mexico. [[Faịlụ:Dora_Barrios,_Frances_Silva,_and_Lorena_Encinas.png|thumb|A na-elegharakarị Pachucas anya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mexico America n'ihi ihe ịma aka ha na ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị ma mesoo ha dị ka "nwoke dị ize ndụ nwanyị dị egwu". <ref name=":35">{{Cite book|author=Ramírez|first=Catherine S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO5b9OvxuG4C&dq=pachuca+feminism&pg=PA146|title=The Woman in the Zoot Suit: Gender, Nationalism, and the Cultural Politics of Memory|date=2009-01-16|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-8864-7|pages=20|language=en}}</ref>[and]]] Pachucas, ndị bụ onye mmekọ na Pachucos na 1940s, ejirila lens nwanyị megharịa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ihi ihe ịma aka ha na ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị, ọkachasị n'oge Agha IIwa nke Abụọ. Pachuca anaghị abụkarị onye a na-eme ememe na akụkọ ihe mere eme America nke Mexico, na mmepụta omenala Chicano, ma ọ bụ ọbụna n'okwu nwanyị nke Chicana, bụ nke ekwuru na ụzọ Pachucas siri gbaghaa ọrụ nwanyị na ezinụlọ omenala. Pachucas na-ejikarị ngwa agha nchebe onwe ya, dị njikere ịchụpụ ndị nwere ike ịwakpo. A na-emeso Pachuca ahụ dị ka "nwoke dị ize ndụ na nke nwanyị." Ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ajụ njirimara Chicana ma na-ahọrọ ịkọwa onwe ha dị ka ndị Hispanic nwere ike "agaghị ahụ ma ọ bụ chọọ ịmata onwe ya" na ọnụ ọgụgụ Pachuca. N'adịghị ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ụmụ nwanyị ọcha anaghị emeso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ndị inyom Europe-American ma ọ bụ ndị ọcha lụrụ ọgụ megide ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ndị ọcha site na ebili mmiri nke nwanyị; Ebili nke mbụ lekwasịrị anya n'ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ma nke abụọ lekwasịrị anya n'okwu gbasara mmekọahụ, ọha na eze na nzuzo, ikike ịmụ nwa, na ndina n'ike. Otú ọ dị, a napụrụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mmegharị ndị a. Nke a gbara Chicanas ume bụ ndị bụ ndị nwanyị ma chọọ inye ụmụ nwanyị ike ịkatọ na ịzaghachi nchụpụ ha site na ma ndị Chicano na ndị isi ọgbọ nke abụọ, bụ ndị ghọrọ ntọala nke chicana feminism site na 1960. == Usoro iheomume == === Chicanas na Chicano Movement (1960s-1970s) === [[Faịlụ:EL_PASO'S_SECOND_WARD,_A_CHICANO_NEIGHBORHOOD_-_NARA_-_545331.jpg|thumb|Nwa agbọghọ na-agwa otu ìgwè ụmụ okorobịa okwu na El Segundo Barrio, El Paso (1971) ]] Ọ bụ ezie na a haziri Chicano Movement iji nye ndị Mexico America ike, akụkọ na uche nke Movement leghaara ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-etinye aka na nhazi n'oge nnupụisi obodo a anya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|author=Gutiérrez-Jones|first=Carl|title=Rethinking the Borderlands: Between Chicano Culture and Legal Discourse|url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingborder0000guti_v5r8|publisher=University of California Press|year=1995|isbn=9780520085794|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rethinkingborder0000guti_v5r8/page/134 134]}}</ref><ref name=":292">{{Cite book|author=Saldívar-Hull|first=Sonia|title=Feminism on the Border: Chicana Gender Politics and Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismonborder0000sald|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|isbn=9780520207332|pages=[https://archive.org/details/feminismonborder0000sald/page/29 29]–34}}</ref> N'ime ihe omume ndị a, ndị Chicana ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu ha ghọtara mkpa ọ dị ijikọ okwu gbasara okike na ebumnuche nnwere onwe ndị ọzọ nke Chicano Movement. ''Chicanas'' gbahapụrụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ maka enweghị ike itinye ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha. Chicanas n'oge a chere na a chụpụrụ ha n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi na ha nwere mkpa, nchegbu, na ihe achọrọ dị iche iche. Site na mmegide na-aga n'ihu na nchụpụ ha, ụmụ nwanyị esila na a na-akpọ ''Ụmụ nwanyị Chicano'' gaa na Chicanas iji webata nkuchi nke a / o ma ọ bụ o / a dị ka ụzọ isi kweta nwoke na nwanyị mgbe ha na-atụle obodo.<ref name=":17"/><ref name=":20">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World|date=2011|publisher=SAGE Reference|editor=Stange|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|pages=249–251}}</ref> Alma Garcia dere na e kere òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke Chicana ka ọ na-agbasosi nsogbu ndị ahụ metụtara ụmụ nwanyị Chicana, ma malite na ọgwụgwọ ha na Chicano Movement na mmegharị nwanyị nke abụọ. Ha chọrọ ka a na-emeso ha otu ihe nakwa ka a kwanyere ha ùgwù. Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Chicana mere ka ọtụtụ ndị Chicanas na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma na-agbachitere ikike ha ọ bụghị nanị dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-alụbeghị di, kama dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-ejikọta ọnụ na-agbakọta ọnụ na-etolite obodo na-enye aka nhata. ==== Nhazi nke Chicana walkout (1968) ==== [[Faịlụ:Founding_co-editor_of_La_Raza_Ruth_Robinson_(right)_with_Margarita_Sanchez_at_the_Belmont_High_School_walkout,_part_of_a_series_of_1968_student_protests_for_education_reform_in_LA.jpg|thumb|Onye guzobere onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Akwụkwọ akụkọ La Raza Ruth Robinson (n'aka nri) na Margarita Sanchez na Belmont High School walkout, akụkụ nke usoro ngagharị iwe ụmụ akwụkwọ 1968 maka mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ na LA.]] Na Machị 1, 1968, ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 15,000 sonyere na ihe a bịara mara dị ka East Los Angeles School Blowouts. Ụmụ akwụkwọ Chicano n'ofe ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị asaa dị na East Los Angeles siri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ha pụọ na ngagharị iwe a haziri ahazi. Ụmụ akwụkwọ haziri maka mkpesa na-ekerịta gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ego ezughị oke, na nleghara akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala Mexico n'ime usoro mmụta dị ugbu a. Ndị nwoke sonyere na njem ahụ nwetara ọtụtụ nlebara anya mgbasa ozi, ọkachasị ndị nwoke na-ahazi ụmụ akwụkwọ iri na atọ bụ ndị ejidere ma tụọ mkpọrọ maka ebubo izu nzuzo. Dolores Delgado Bernal, onye nyocha Chicana, na-ekwu na site n'itinye uche naanị na ụmụ akwụkwọ nwoke, nsonye na idu ndú nke ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị belatara nke ukwuu yana ebelata mgbalị a chọrọ iji hazie njem njem ahụ. Ka e mesịrị n'etiti afọ ndị 1990, Dolores Delgado Bernal gbara ụmụ nwanyị asatọ dị mkpa sonyere ma ọ bụ ndị isi ajụjụ ọnụ, na-ewetara ụmụ nwanyị ndị mgbasa ozi leghaara anya: Celeste Baca, Vickie Castro, Paula Crisostomo, Mita Cuaron, Tanya Luna Mount, Rosalinda M. González, Rachael Ochoa Cervera, na Cassandra Zacarías.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Delgado Bernal|first=Dolores|date=1998|title=Grassroots Leadership Reconceptualized: Chicana Oral Histories and the 1968 East Los Angeles School Blowouts|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3347162|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|volume=19|issue=2|pages=113–142|doi=10.2307/3347162}}</ref> Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị a kpughere na ha haziri nzukọ obodo, guzobere njikọ, n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ gafee ụlọ akwụkwọ na òtù dị iche iche, ma bipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nzuzo iji gbasaa okwu nke mmegharị ahụ ma nata ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekere òkè na nkwado. <ref name=":11" /> Otu afọ mgbe ngagharị iwe ahụ gasịrị, e mere Nzukọ Nnwere Onwe Ndị Ntorobịa Chicano na 1969. Ihe dị ka 1,500 ndị Mexico American nọ n'afọ iri na ụma si n'akụkụ nile nke mba ahụ gara nzukọ ahụ, nke dugara n'ịkpọpụta okwu "Chicanismo," "El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán," na MEChA, nzukọ ụmụ akwụkwọ mba niile.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Chicano Movement Geography - Mapping American Social Movements|url=https://depts.washington.edu/moves/Chicano_geography.shtml|accessdate=2022-11-18|work=depts.washington.edu}}</ref> Na nnọkọ ahụ, a haziri ogbako iji kwurịta ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ na mmegharị ahụ na iji dozie nchegbu ụmụ nwanyị. Otú ọ dị, ogbako ahụ kwubiri na, "Ọ bụ nkwekọrịta nke otu ahụ na nwanyị Chicana achọghị ka a tọhapụ ya. " Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Anna Nieto-Gómez, na-ahụ nkwupụta a dị ka otu n'ime omume ndị siri ike nke kpaliri Chicana Feminist Movement. <ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Nieto-Gomez, Anna: "La Feminista", 1974 {{!}} Special Collections & University Archives Finding Aid Database|url=https://archives.sdsu.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/86050|accessdate=2022-11-18|work=archives.sdsu.edu}}</ref> N'ịgbaso nkwupụta a, e mere Nzukọ Chicana nke mbụ na Houston, Texas na Mee 1971. Nzukọ ahụ dọtara ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 600 si n'akụkụ nile nke United States iji kwurịta okwu gbasara ohere nhata maka agụmakwụkwọ, ikpe ziri ezi nke ọmụmụ, ịmepụta ebe nlekọta ụmụaka, na ndị ọzọ. A haziri nzukọ ahụ n'ime ogbako itoolu dị iche iche: "Mmekọahụ na Chicana: Aha na Okwu," " Nhọrọ maka Chicanas: Mmụta na Ọrụ," "Alụmdi na nwunye: Chicana-Style," "Okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị - Anyị Nwere Ebe na Ya?," "Njuputa ụmụ nwanyị - Echiche Chicana, "Ndị inyom na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị - Onye ọ bụla nọ n'ebe ahụ, "Militancy / Conservatism: Olee Ụzọ Na-aga n'ihu," na "De Colores y Klas dị iche iche iche.<ref name=":13">{{Citation |title=Reflecting on the Chicana Regional Conference of 1971: Fifty Years of Chicana Feminism in LA | date=11 May 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcPeUi9InhM |language=en |access-date=2022-11-18}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ihe omume ahụ bụ nnukwu nnọkọ mbụ nke ụdị ya, nzukọ ahụ n'onwe ya jupụtara na esemokwu dị ka Chicanas si n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche na echiche dị iche iche lụrụ ọgụ maka ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ime òtù Chicano. Esemokwu ndị a dugara n'ịgba arụkwaghịm n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke nnọkọ ahụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|author=Blackwell|first=Maylei|title=¡Chicana Power!: Contested Histories of Feminism in the Chicano Movement|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1477312667|location=Austin, TX|pages=161–164}}</ref> Dị ka Anna Nieto-Gómez si kwuo, "mgbaghara ahụ mere ka esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị Chicana na ndị na-akwado ya". ==== A na-ele ha anya dị ka ndị sabo na Movement ==== N'ịbụ ndị ọkà mmụta Maylei Blackwell kọwara dị ka "vendida logic", a na-ebo ndị Chicana ụmụ nwanyị ebubo na ha bụ "vendidas" ma ọ bụ ndị na-agba ọchịchị Chicano mgba okpuru, nke a kọwara dị ka ndị na-emegide ezinụlọ, ndị na-egbochi mmadụ, na ndị na-eme ngagharị Chicano. N'akụkụ vendida, a na-akpọ ndị Chicana femists "women's libber," "agringadas," ma ọ bụ lesbians. A maara Chicanas ndị butere ụzọ na ihe kpatara ya dị ka ndị Loyalists.<ref name=":9"/> Ụmụ nwanyị chọkwara ịlụ ọgụ nke ịkpọasị onwe onye nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ọchịchị nke ndị ha. Nke a gụnyere imebi akụkọ ifo mujer buena/mujer mala, ebe a na-ele nwanyị Spanish anya dị ka onye dị mma na nwanyị ụmụ amaala nke bụ akụkụ nke obodo anya dị ka ihe ọjọọ. Echiche ụmụ nwanyị Chicana pụtara dị ka nzaghachi nye nna ochie, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa oke, na ọchịchị nchịkwa yana nzaghachi maka ụzọ niile ihe nketa mmegbu ndị a si abanye n'ime.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hurtado|first=Aida|title=Voicing Chicana Feminisms: Young Women Speak Out on Sexuality and Identity|publisher=NYU Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8147-3573-2|pages=94–96|chapter=Review of Part I: Implications for Feminist Theorizing|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2jfGPg3V9cC&pg=PA94}}</ref> ==== Ụmụ agbọghọ n'''ezinụlọ'' ==== [[Faịlụ:Mexican_woman_washing_clothes,_San_Antonio,_Texas_LCCN2017739367.tif|thumb|247x247px|Nwanyị Mexico America na-asa uwe na San Antonio, Texas (1944) ]] Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị nke Chicana gbara aka ọrụ ha nyere n'iwu na la familia, ma chọọ ka ha nweta ahụmịhe intersectional nke ha chere ihu. Chicanas na-amata dị ka ndị maara nke ọma, kpebisiri ike, na mpako maka mgbọrọgwụ, ihe nketa, na ahụmahụ ha mgbe ha na-ebute La Raza ụzọ. Site na mmalite nke Chicano Movement, usoro ezinụlọ Chicano hụrụ mgbanwe dị egwu. Kpọmkwem, ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịjụ ajụjụ dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma nke ike ezinụlọ guzosiri ike na ebe ebe ha nọ n'ime mgba mba Chicano. Ọ bụghị nanị na Chicanas nwetara mmetụta nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ọchịchị alaeze ukwu na ndị ọcha America, kamakwa mmekọahụ n'ime ezinụlọ nke ha. N'okwu seminal "La Chicana", Elizabeth Martinez, na-ekwu na: "[La Chicana] na-emegbu ndị agha nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu, na mmekọahụ. Nke a nwere ike ikwu banyere ụmụ nwanyị niile na-adịghị ọcha na United States. Mmegbu ya site n'aka ndị agha nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu dị ka nke ndị ikom anyị na-atachi obi. Mmegbu site na mmekọahụ, naanị ya. " ==== Nhazi ọrụ Chicana ==== [[Faịlụ:Mexican_American_women_at_Friedrich_Refrigeration.png|thumb|Ụmụ nwanyị America nke Mexico na-arụ ọrụ na Friedrich Air Conditioning (1942) ]] [[Emma Tenayuca]] bụ onye na-ahazi ọrụ na Mexico America na Dolores Huerta bụ isi ike na nzukọ ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hurtado|first=Aída|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ui7PDwAAQBAJ&dq=martha+cotera+Diosa+y+Hembra&pg=PA14|title=Intersectional Chicana Feminisms: Sitios y Lenguas|date=2020-02-11|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-4123-2|pages=14–15|language=en}}</ref> Ihe akaebe nke onye ọrụ ugbo na-akwaga mba ọzọ bụ Maria Elena Lucas na-ekpughe nnukwu ihe isi ike nke ịhazi ndị ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lucas|first=María Elena|title=Forged under the sun: the life of María Elena Lucas = Forjada bajo el sol|url=https://archive.org/details/forgedundersunli0000luca|date=1993|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-06432-8|series=Women and culture series|location=Ann Arbor}}</ref> Farah Strike, 1972-1974, nke a na-akpọ "strike nke narị afọ," bụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Mexico America haziri ma duzie karịsịa na El Paso, Texas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-20|title=The Best of the Texas Century—Business|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/the-best-of-the-texas-century-business/|accessdate=2018-12-07|work=Texas Monthly|language=en}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ nke Farah Manufacturing Company mere ngagharị iwe iji kwado nchekwa ọrụ na ikike ha iguzobe ma sonye n'òtù ndị ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Shabecoff|first=Philip Shabecoff|date=16 June 1973|title=Farah Strike Has Become War of Attrition|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/06/16/archives/farah-strike-has-become-war-of-attriton-the-worst-part.html}}</ref> ==== Chicana Feminist Organizations (1960s-1970s) ==== Otu n'ime òtù Chicana mbụ bụ East Los Angeles Chicana Welfare Rights Organization, nke Alicia Escalante guzobere na 1967. <ref name=":110">{{Cite web|author=Logan|first=Jim|date=11 April 2017|title=A Chicana Warrior|url=https://www.news.ucsb.edu/2017/017860/chicana-warrior|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415060447/http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2017/017860/chicana-warrior|archivedate=2017-04-15|accessdate=|work=UC Santa Barbara}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya olu nke East Los Angeles na nzukọ mkpọsa ebe ọ dịghị onye ọzọ si n'ógbè ahụ nọ.<ref name=":21">{{Cite book|author=Theoharis|first=Jeanne|title=A more beautiful and terrible history : the uses and misuses of civil rights history|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780807075876|date=2018|isbn=978-0-8070-7587-6|location=Boston, Massachusetts|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780807075876/page/136 136]|oclc=1008773899}}</ref> Ọ kwuru okwu megide imerụ ndị na-enweta ọdịmma, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na Black.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chicana por mi Raza|url=https://chicanapormiraza.org/chicanas/alicia-escalante|accessdate=2023-01-19|work=chicanapormiraza.org}}</ref> N'otu edemede 1968 maka Akwụkwọ akụkọ La Raza, o dere na steeti kwenyere na ndị na-enweta ọdịmma "kwesịrị ihere maka ndụ". Ọ haziri ime mkpesa maka mbelata ego ọdịmma maka mkpa ndị dị mkpa nke steeti kpọrọ "mkpa pụrụ iche". <ref name=":21" /><ref name=":21" /> [[Faịlụ:Brown_Berets.png|thumb|Chicana Brown Berets (1970) ]] The Brown Berets were a youth group that took on a more militant approach to organizing for the Mexican-American community formed in California in the late 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Herrera|first=Juan|date=22 January 2015|title=¡La Lucha Continua! Gloria Arellanes and the Making of a Chicano Movement in El Monte and Beyond|url=https://tropicsofmeta.com/2015/01/22/la-lucha-continua-gloria-arellanes-and-the-making-of-a-chicano-movement-in-el-monte-and-beyond/|work=Tropics of Meta|language=en}}</ref> They heavily valued strong bonds between women, stating that women Berets must acknowledge other women in the organization as ''hermanas en la lucha'' and encouraging them to stand together. Membership in the Brown Berets helped to give Chicanas autonomy, and the ability to express their own political views without fear.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Espinoza|first=Dionne|year=2001|title='Revolutionary Sisters': Women's Solidarity and Collective Identification among Chicana Brown Berets in East Los Angeles, 1967–1970|url=https://history.msu.edu/hst327/files/2018/05/Revolutionary-Sisters.pdf|journal=Aztlán|volume=26|issue=1|pages=17–58|doi=10.1525/azt.2001.26.1.17|accessdate=2020-08-23}}</ref> An important Chicana in the Brown Berets was Gloria Arellanes, the only female minister of the Brown Berets.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-26|title=¡La Lucha Continua! Gloria Arellanes and Women in the Chicano Movement|url=https://www.kcet.org/history-society/la-lucha-continua-gloria-arellanes-and-women-in-the-chicano-movement|accessdate=2021-11-19|work=KCET|language=en}}</ref> E hiwere Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional (CFMN) na 1973. <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 November 2011|title=Yo Soy Chicana: A Chicana Feminist Movement|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/departures/yo-soy-chicana-a-chicana-feminist-movement|accessdate=24 March 2018|publisher=KCET|language=en}}</ref> Echiche maka CFMN malitere n'oge National Chicano Issues Conference mgbe otu ìgwè ndị Chicanas na-aga chọpụtara na echeghị nchegbu ha nke ọma na nzukọ Chicano. Ụmụ nwanyị ahụ zutere n'èzí nzukọ ahụ wee dee usoro maka CFMN nke guzobere ha dị ka ndị isi obodo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndị maara ihe nke ndị mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leon|first=Kendall|date=2013|title=La Hermandad and Chicanas Organizing: The Community Rhetoric of the Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional|url=https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1218&context=communityliteracy|journal=Community Literacy Journal|volume=7|issue=2|pages=1–20|doi=10.1353/clj.2013.0004}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Vilma_Martínez_por_la_TV_Publica_(8162663167).jpg|thumb|195x195px|Vilma Martinez (nke e sere na foto) guzobere Chicana Rights Project na 1974.]] Emebere Chicana Rights Project na 1974 dị ka ọgbakọ iwu gbasara nwanyị nke Chicana iji chebe ikike iwu nke ụmụ nwanyị America America. Vilma Martinez butere ya wee kwuo okwu gbasara ọrụ, ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ na ikike ụlọ maka Chicanas. Ọ na-enyocha mmejuputa iwu zuru oke nke ọrụ na ọzụzụ (CETA), bụ nke butere mmụba nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na mmemme San Antonio. Ndị otu a gbakwara akwụkwọ maka mmetọ mmetọ nwoke na nwanyị Latina na Texas. O mere mgbanwe ná ndụ ọtụtụ puku ụmụ nwanyị. Nzukọ ahụ kwụsịrị na 1983. === Ọganihu dị egwu (Ọgwụgwụ afọ 1970s-1980s) === [[Faịlụ:ACRUSHLOVE_HiRes1.jpg|thumb|195x195px|Martha P. Cotera onye dere Diosa y Hembra (1976) na The Chicana Feminist (1977) ]] Site na ngwụcha afọ 1970 ruo mmalite afọ 1990, Chicana femism mere ọganihu dị ịrịba ama n'ịmepụta Chicana critical consciousness site na ọtụtụ ederede ntọala na-ekpuchi ndụ na ahụmịhe Chicana.<ref name=":292"/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a kpuchiri isiokwu ndị a na-enyochabeghị n'ụzọ miri emi, gụnyere mmekọahụ, Ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị, [[حقوق الإنجاب|ikike ọmụmụ]], ime ihe ike mmekọahụ, [[Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]], na nkatọ ụcha. <ref name=":292" /><ref name=":25"/> Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị mkpa dị oke mkpa nke ederede ndị a, a nọgidere na-ahapụ ọtụtụ n'ime okwu nkatọ na ọmụmụ Chicana / ma ọ bụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, a ka na-elegharakarị anya.<ref name=":25"/> Nke a gosipụtara na ''Chicanismo'' na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwoke jụrụ ịgbanwe echiche ya ma nye echiche Chicana.<ref name=":25" /> Ihe odide ndị dị mkpa metụtara oge a bụ ntọala maka ọmụmụ Chicana / o, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka a na-anabata ya, gụnyere: <ref name=":25" /><ref name=":292"/> * Diosa y Hembra: The History and Heritage of Chicanas in the U.S. (1976) nke Martha P. Cotera dere * The Chicana Feminist (1977) nke Martha P. Cotera dere * Essays on La Mujer (1977) ed. nke Rosaura Sánchez na Rosa Martinez Cruz dere * ''Ụmụ nwanyị Mexico na United States'' (1980) nke Magdalena Mora na Adelaida R. Del Castillo dere * Àkwà mmiri a kpọrọ My Back (1981) ed. nke Gloria Anzaldúa na Cherríe Moraga dere * ''Ịhụnanya n'Afọ Agha: Ihe Ọ dịghị Mgbe Ọ gafere n'Ebe Mgbere Ya'' (1983) nke Cherríe Moraga dere * Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987) nke Gloria Anzaldúa * Ndị ibe: Latina Lesbians (1987) ed. nke Juanita Ramos dere * The Sexuality of Latinas (1989) ed. site na Norma Alarcon, Ana Castillo, na Cherrie Moraga * Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About (1991) ed. nke Carla Trujillo dere === ''Xicanisma'' (1990s-Ugbu a) === [[Faịlụ:Ana_Castillo_by_David_Shankbone.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Ana Castillo mepụtara Xicanisma iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị Chicana dị ike ma gosipụta mgbanwe n'ịmara ihe kemgbe Chicano Movement.]] [[Faịlụ:Cross-image.svg|thumb|134x134px|''X'' na ''Xicanisma'' abụghị naanị mkpụrụedemede, kama ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị ma ọ bụ ịdị na nkuku ụzọ.]] Okporo ụzọ a ma ọ bụ X na-ezo aka na ndụ ụmụ amaala ka ọtụtụ narị afọ nke ọchịchị colonial gasịrị. Ọ na-ekweta na oge “ebe ụmụ nwoke kpachaara anya weghara ikike okike nke ụmụ nwanyị” site na nchịkwa nke okike amachibidoro ụmụ nwanyị. Xicanisma na-ekwu maka mkpa ọ dị ọ bụghị nanị iji nwetaghachi mgbọrọgwụ na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke ụmụ mmadụ, kamakwa iji "weghachi nwanyị ahụ a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na nsụhọ anyị" nke ndị ọchịchị colonial wedara. Ya mere, ọ na-ama aka na akụkụ ndị nwoke na-eme ka mmegharị ahụ na ajọ mbunobi nke asụsụ Spanish: ịbụ Xicanisma karịa Chicanismo. Castillo na-ekwu na iji X dị ka akara ntụziaka dị mkpa n'ihi na "asụsụ bụ ụgbọ nke anyị na-ahụ onwe anyị n'ihe metụtara ụwa." Ihe ọ pụtara bụ na ọ bụrụ na anyị agbanwee asụsụ anyị ji aghọta onwe anyị, anyị nwere ike ịgbanwe otú anyị si ele ihe na otú anyị si eme ihe n’ụwa. Ebumnuche nke Xicanism maka Castillo abụghị iji dochie nna ochie na matriarchy, kama ịmepụta "obodo na-enweghị ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya na mmegbu nke ụkpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke ịzụlite na ịchịkwa obodo" na ebe a na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe ha nọ ugbu a site na ọchịchị okike. == Isiokwu == [[Faịlụ:Alternativa_Feminista_4.djvu|thumb|177x177px|A na-enyocha nsogbu nke onyinyo onwe onye na Latin American femism n'ozuzu ya.]] Enwere ọtụtụ isiokwu dị mkpa nke chicana feminism nke Chicanas mepụtara. Chicana feminism na-arụ ọrụ iji mepụta mmegharị ka ukwuu karịa ka ọ na-emekarị; a na-enye ọtụtụ ndị nta n'otu ikpo okwu iji lụso ndị na-emegbu ha ọgụ, ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ụdị ikpe na-ezighị ezi. Ntọhapụ nke Chicana na-emebi ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, yana ndị buru ibu n'ozuzu ha, na-enye ha ohere ibi ndụ dịka masịrị ha-na nkwanye ùgwù omenala na nha anya. Nkwụghachi azụ bụ isi isiokwu nke chicana feminism: ike ọ na-ewe ọ bụghị nanị iji kewaa kamakwa ịmepụta echiche ọhụrụ nke nha anya. === Ụdị ụmụ nwanyị === Isi ihe na-elekwasị anya maka ọtụtụ ndị inyom Chicana bụ ịmaliteghachi ụdị nwanyị nke La Virgen de Guadalupe, La Llorona, na La Malinche.[1] Ụdị ndị a egbochila Chicanas ịnweta mmekọahụ na ịdị mma nke ahụ n'ihi otú e si wuo ha n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka ụdị ọjọọ site na oghere nke ndị nna ochie na ọchịchị. Ịgbanwe akụkọ sitere na ihe nnọchianya ọdịnala (ndị nna ochie) nke ụdị ndị a na nghọta nke oge a banyere ụmụ nwanyị bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ nwanyị chicana, ma na-anọchite anya mmalite maka ịnaghachi ike ụmụ nwanyị Chicane, mmekọahụ, na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ. Ọrụ canonical nke Gloria Anzaldúa Borderlands / La Frontera na-ekwu maka ike na-akpaghasị nke ịweghachi ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke ụmụ amaala iji wepụ ihe owuwu na ihe mgbochi ndị inyom, mmekọahụ ha, na nghọta ha banyere ịbụ nne: "Agakwaghị m enwe ihere nke ihe dị adị. M ga-enwe olu m: India, Spanish, ọcha. " ==== Ihe oyiyi nke La Virgen de Guadalupe ==== [[Faịlụ:Virgin_de_Guadalupe,_in_Love_everything_is_possible.jpg|thumb|A kwadoro La Virgen de Guadalupe n'obodo Chicano na Mexico dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị ọcha na ịbụ nne ọma, nke a na-aghọta dị ka njirimara na-akọwa uru ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nwanyị.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Hurtado|first=Aída|date=April 1998|title=Sitios y Lenguas : Chicanas Theorize Feminisms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hypatia_spring-1998_13_2/page/134|journal=Hypatia|volume=13|issue=2|pages=134–161|doi=10.2979/HYP.1998.13.2.134}}</ref>]] A na-ewere La Virgen de Guadalupe, n'okwukwe Katọlik dị ka ihe nlereanya nke ịdị ọcha nke nwanyị na ịbụ nne, karịsịa na omenala Mexico na Chicano. Ndị otu Chicana feminist ije, dị ka onye na-ese ihe bụ Yolanda Lopez, achọla ị nwetaghachi ihe oyiyi nke La Virgen ma mebie echiche ahụ na amaghị nwoke bụ nanị ihe e ji amata uru na omume ọma nwanyị. Maka ụmụ nwanyị dị ka Lopez, onyinyo nke Guadalupe nwere ihe ọ pụtara nke na-abụghị okpukpe ọ bụla. A na-ejikarị ọnụ ọgụgụ La Virgen de Guadalupe tụnyere La Malinche, nke na-egbochi Mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị Chicana site na dichotomy patriarchal nke puta / nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke: ihe nlereanya dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma. A na-eweli ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ma na-aga n'ihu n'ihu ụmụ nwanyị Mexico na Chicanas dị ka ihe oyiyi na enyo iji nyochaa onyinyo onwe ha ma kọwaa ùgwù onwe ha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Hurtado|first=Aída|date=April 1998|title=Sitios y Lenguas : Chicanas Theorize Feminisms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hypatia_spring-1998_13_2/page/134|journal=Hypatia|volume=13|issue=2|pages=134–161|doi=10.2979/HYP.1998.13.2.134}}</ref> ==== Ihe osise nke La Llorona ==== [[Faịlụ:MOM_D093_Donna_Marina_(La_Malinche).jpg|thumb|243x243px|A na-eji ihe oyiyi nke Malintzin mee ihe na obodo Chicano na Mexico dị ka ihe nnọchianya iji gbochie nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, site na ịhazi ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ ngosipụta mmekọahụ dị ka onye na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Hurtado|first=Aída|date=April 1998|title=Sitios y Lenguas : Chicanas Theorize Feminisms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hypatia_spring-1998_13_2/page/134|journal=Hypatia|volume=13|issue=2|pages=134–161|doi=10.2979/HYP.1998.13.2.134}}</ref>]] Malintzin (ndị Spanish maara dị ka Doña Marina ma ọ bụ "La Malinche" mgbe Mexico nwesịrị nnwere onwe na Spain) mụrụ na 1505 na ndị nne na nna nwere ezigbo ego n'ime ime Mexico. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikarị ụmụ nwanyị eme ihe dị ka ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge a, nne ya na di nke abụọ nne ya raara ya nye ma resị ya ndị Maya ịbụ ohu iji nweta ihe nketa maka nwanne ya nwoke mụrụ ọhụrụ. N'agbata afọ 12-14, e rere ya Hernan Cortés dị ka iko nwanyị, na n'ihi ọgụgụ isi ya na nkà ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, a kwalitere ya na "nwunye" ya na onye nnọchiteanya mba ọzọ. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye ntụgharị okwu Cortés, na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na mmeri Spanish nke Tenochtitlan na, site na mgbakwunye, mmeri nke Alaeze Ukwu Aztec. Ọ mụrụ nwa Cortés, Martín, onye a na-ewere dị ka mestizo mbụ na mmalite nke agbụrụ "Mexica". When Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, a person was needed to be executed to uphold centuries of colonial rule. Because of Malintzin's association with Cortés and her role as a translator and informant in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, she was seen as a traitor to her own race. In contrast, Chicana feminism calls for a different understanding.[1] Since patriotism was a concept unknown to natives in the sixteenth century, Malintzin had no sense of herself as an "Indian," making it impossible for her to demonstrate ethnic loyalty or conscientiously act as a traitor. Malintzin was one of the millions of women bought and sold in pre-colonial Mexico. Unable to escape a group of men, and raped, Malintzin showed loyalty to Cortés to ensure her survival. La Malinche abụrụla ihe nnọchianya nke adịghị arụ ọrụ, "ndina n'ike," na ikpe mgbe niile maka mwakpo mmekọahụ. Kama ịbụ onye sabo ma ọ bụ "nwanyị akwụna," Chicana feminism na-akpọ maka nghọta ya dị ka onye nnọchiteanya, iguzogide ndina n'ike na mmekpa ahụ (dị ka ọ na-emekarị n'etiti ndị ya na ya dịkọrọ ndụ) site n'ịghọ onye mmekọ na onye ntụgharị okwu nke Cortés. Ịkatọ mmeri Mexico na Malinche na-emepụta ihe ndabere maka itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ nke ọha mmadụ na ịta ha ụta maka mmekọahụ ha, nke na-emegide nghọta. Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta Malinche dị ka onye Cortés tara ahụhụ, kama ịbụ akụkọ ifo. Chicana feminism na-akpọ maka nghọta nke a na-eto ya maka iguzogide mgbanwe ndị o mechara weta na ndụ. Site n'ịgba ndị nnọchi anya ndị nna ochie na ndị ọchịchị aka ike, ndị edemede Chicana na-eweghachi mmekọrịta ha na La Malinche na ndị ọzọ dị ike, ma megharịa ha imepụta mmụọ na njirimara nke na-atọhapụ ma na-enye ike. La Malinche bụ ihe atụ nke ọtụtụ narị afọ nke akụkọ ifo ndị nna ochie emetụtala nhụta ụmụ nwanyị Mexico, mgbe mgbe n'amaghị ya. ==== Ihe osise nke La Llorona ==== A maara La Llorona dị ka akụkọ ifo nke nne na-abọ ọbọ nke na-erikpu ụmụ ya mgbe ọ chọpụtara na di ya ekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi. Ekwuru na mmuo ya na-aghari na mmiri. Ebufela akụkọ a site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọgbọ, omenala Chicano na ịrị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana chegharịala ya ọzọ. La Llorona ka eweghachiri dị ka dike siri ike nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana nwere ike imekọrịta ma mata ya. Akụkọ ifo nke La Llorona, nke a na-ahụta dị ka nne na-atụ egwu, enyochala ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe na ndị edemede Chicana site n'echiche dị iche iche nke ha na-ahụ onwe ha na La Llorona. Ndị na-ede Chicana ejirila ọnụ ọgụgụ a mee ka a mara echiche ndị nna ochie nke ndị nọ n'èzí na n'ime omenala ha tinyeworo na Chicanas. Emepụtara akụkọ ọdịnala nke ọdachi ahụ dịka ntuziaka maka mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na-eche ihu. === Duality na "The New Mestiza" === [[Faịlụ:Gloria_Anzaldua.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Ọrụ na echiche nke Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa (September 26, 1942 - May 15, 2004) bụ ntọala maka mmeghachi omume na Chicana femism.]] Echiche nke "Mestiza Ọhụrụ" sitere n'aka onye edemede nwanyị bụ Gloria Anzaldúa. N'akwụkwọ ya, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, ọ na-ede, sị: "Na a mgbe nile ọnọdụ nke uche nepantilism, okwu Aztec pụtara adọwara n'etiti ụzọ, la mestiza bụ a ngwaahịa nke nyefe nke omenala na ime mmụọ ụkpụrụ nke otu ìgwè ọzọ. N'ịbụ tricultural, monolingual, asụsụ abụọ ma ọ bụ multilingual, na-ekwu okwu a patois, na na a ọnọdụ nke ụdị nke perstimma ihu: nke meghere nke perstima. N'ime anyị na n'ime la Cultura Chicana, a na-ekwenyekarị na nkwenkwe nke omenala ndị Mexico, ma ọgụ abụọ a na-enwekarị nkwenkwe nke omenala ụmụ amaala, anyị na-ahụ ọgụ megide onwe anyị na nkwenkwe anyị dị ka ihe iyi egwu na anyị na-anwa igbochi. " Anzaldúa na-ewepụta ụzọ ịbụ ndị Chicanas na-asọpụrụ echiche ha pụrụ iche na ahụmahụ ndụ ha. Echiche a nke ọdịdị na-enye ụzọ nke ịbụ ndị Chicanas bụ ndị na-etinye aka na mkparịta ụka mgbe nile banyere njikọ omenala na esemokwu, n'ụzọ ndị na-enye nghọta ọhụrụ na nghọta nke onwe ha, mgbe mgbe na nkwụsị nke ụdị mmegbu dị iche iche. Echiche a na-ekpughe otú mmegide na-apụghị ịbụ ụzọ ndụ n'ihi na ọ dabeere n'iwu nke ịchịisi, n'ihe gbasara agbụrụ, mba, na omenala. Ọnọdụ mmegide na-eme ka mmadụ banye n'ọgụ n'etiti onye mmegbu na onye mmegbu; ndị kpọchiri n'agha na-egbu egbu, dị ka ndị uwe ojii na ndị omekome, na-agbadata n'otu ime ihe ike. Ịbụ naanị onye na-emeghachi omume pụtara na ọ dịghị ihe e kere, megharịa, ma ọ bụ megharịa n'ọnọdụ nke omenala na-achị achị na omenala ahụ aghaghị ịnọgide na-achịkwa iji guzogide ịdị adị. Maka Anzaldua n'echiche nke a, a ga-enwerịrị ohere maka okike ọhụrụ. "Mestiza ọhụrụ" bụ ederede na-akọwa ihe ọ pụtara ịbụ Chicana. N'echiche a, ịbụ Chicana gụnyere ngwakọta, esemokwu, nnabata maka enweghị mgbagwoju anya, na, nke kachasị, ọ dịghị ihe a na-ajụ ma ọ bụ wepụ ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe nketa nke mmegbu. Ọzọkwa, echiche a nke ọdịdị na-achọ ijikọta akụkụ niile nke njirimara na ịmepụta nkọwa ọhụrụ, ọ bụghị nanị ijikọta ma ọ bụ jikọta akụkụ dị iche iche nke njirimara. === Onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị === [[Faịlụ:MayDay2014-0806.jpg|thumb|Ụbọchị Ndị Ọrụ Mba Nile (2014) na Oakland, California]] The term mujerista was coined by Ada María Isasi-Díaz in 1996 and was heavily influenced by the African American feminist "Womanist" approach proposed by Alice Walker. This Latina feminist identity is rooted in the core idea of feminism by fighting inequality and oppression through participation in justice movements within the Latina/o community. Mujerismo is rooted in social relationships and emphasizes the individual's experience of "community struggles" to define Latina/o identity. Mujerismo na-anọchi anya ahụ nke ihe ọmụma mgbe Mujerista na-ezo aka na onye na-egosipụta nkwenkwe ndị a. Mmalite nke okwu ndị a laghachiri na Gloria Anzaldúa's Bridge a Anyị na-akpọ Ụlọ (1987), Massacre Ana Castillo of the Dreamer: Essays in Xicanisma (1994), na Gloria Anzaldúa na Cherríe Moraga's This Bridge Called My Back (1984). Mujerista bụ ụzọ "nwanyị" Latina na-elekwasị anya na ndụ kwa ụbọchị na mmekọrịta. Ọ na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị ijikọta ndụ ọha na eze nke ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ na ndụ onwe nke omenala na ụlọ site n'ịkwalite ahụmahụ omenala. Dị ka nke a, ọ dị iche na Feminista, nke na-elekwasị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị. Ịbụ Mujerista bụ ijikọta ahụ, mmetụta, mmụọ na obodo n'otu njirimara. Mujerismo ghọtara ka ahụmahụ onwe onye si bụrụ isi iyi bara uru nke ihe ọmụma. Mmepe nke ihe ndị a niile bụ ihe ndabere maka ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ụdị omume. === Mmụọ Nepantla === A na-ejikọta Nepantla na onye edemede Chicana feminist Gloria Anzaldúa, onye chepụtara okwu ahụ, "Nepantlera." Nepantla bụ okwu Nahua nke sụgharịrị "n'etiti ya" ma ọ bụ "n'etiti". Enwere ike ịkọwa Nepantla dị ka echiche ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke enwere ọtụtụ eziokwu n'otu oge (Duality). Dị ka onye Chicana, nghọta na inwe ihe ọmụma nke ndị nna ochie banyere ọnọdụ ime mmụọ na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ụzọ nke ịgwọ ọrịa, ntọhapụ, ekele omenala, nghọta onwe onye, na ịhụ onwe ya n'anya.[1] "Nepantleras bụ ọnụ ụzọ ndị mmadụ; ha na-agagharị n'ime na n'etiti ọtụtụ, na-enwekarị esemokwu, ụwa ma jụ ịkwado onwe ha nanị na onye ọ bụla, otu, ma ọ bụ usoro nkwenye." Nepantla bụ ụdị nke ịbụ onye Chicana ma na-akọwa ụzọ o si enweta ụwa na usoro mmegbu dị iche iche. === ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ahụ === Encarnación: Ọrịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anụ ahụ na Chicana Akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị nke Suzanne Bost na-enyocha otú Chicana feminism si gbanwee otú ụmụ nwanyị Chicana si ele ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anya. Feminism agabigala nanị ilele ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara, ma ugbu a na-eleba anya na "mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ahụ, omenala, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị." Ọ na-ele anya ugbu a karịa agbụrụ, ma na-agụnye njikọ, yana ka mmegharị, ohere, ike, ndị nlekọta, na ọrụ ha na ndụ si arụ ọrụ na ahụ Chicana. A na-atụle ihe atụ nke Frida Kahlo na ike ya, yana ọrịa shuga Gloria Anzaldúa, iji gosi otú e si ele ike anya mgbe a na-ekwu maka njirimara. Bost na-ede na "Ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị otu ma ọ bụ na-adịgide adịgide jikọrọ ọnụ, nchọpụta anyị ga-agbanwe agbanwe na usoro omenala dị iche iche, mgbanwe mmetụta, na mgbanwe eziokwu. Echiche anyị banyere ahụ, njirimara, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ga-anọgide na-aga n'ihu. ọ na-egosipụta onwe ya n'ụzọ dị iche iche ugbu a. === Mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị === Chicana feminist theory gbanwere dị ka a theory of incodiment na a theory of flesh n'ihi canonical ọrụ nke Gloria Anzaldúa na Cherrie Moraga, ha abụọ na-akọwa dị ka queer. Ntinye aka nke ndị na-eme ihe ike na echiche ụmụ nwanyị Chicana kpọrọ maka itinye na nsọpụrụ nke jotería ọdịbendị. <ref name=":1" /> Na La Conciencia de la Mestiza, Anzaldúa dere na "ndị mestizo na ndị na-eme ihe ike dị n'oge a ma na-ezo aka na evolushọn na-aga n'ihu maka ebumnuche. Anyị na-agwakọta nke na-egosi na a na-akpa ọbara niile ọnụ ma na anyị sitere na mkpụrụ obi ndị yiri ya. " <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Borderlands La Frontera The New Mestiza, 4th Edition|author=Anzaldua|first=Gloria|publisher=aunt lute|year=1987|location=San Francisco|pages=99–114}}</ref> Ntinye aka a na-eme ka ndị na-adịghị mma dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke nnwere onwe, ahụmịhe dị ndụ nke a na-apụghị ileghara anya ma ọ bụ wepụ. Na Queer Aztlán: The Reformation of Chicano Tribe, Cherríe Moraga na-ajụ ajụjụ banyere iwulite njirimara Chicano n'ihe gbasara queerness. Na-enye nkatọ banyere mwepu nke ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'ime òtù ndị na-eme enyi nwoke na nwanyị nakwa homophobia na-arịwanye elu n'ime ndị na-ahụ mba Chicano.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Vázquez|first=Francisco H|title=Latino/a Thought : Culture, Politics, and Society|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2009|isbn=9780742563544|pages=212}}</ref> Moraga na-atụle Aztlán, ala na mba metaphysical nke bụ nke echiche Chicano, yana otu echiche dị n'ime obodo si gaa n'ihu n'ime ụdị ọdịbendị na obodo ọhụrụ iji dịrị ndụ.<ref name=":6" /> "Ndị nkatọ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka n'ichebe ọdịbendị Chicano, mana anyị maara na ọdịbendị anyị agaghị adị ndụ n'ike n'alụmdi na nwunye, iti ihe, ịlụ di na nwunye, iji ọgwụ ọjọọ na mmanya na-aba n'anya eme ihe, ọrịa AIDS, na nchụpụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke. " <ref name=":6" /> Moraga na-eweta nkatọ banyere Chicano Movement na otu o si eleghara nsogbu ndị dị n'ime òtù ahụ anya, na nke ahụ ga-edozi ya anya iji chekwaa ọdịbendị ahụ.<ref name=":6" /> === Chicana lesbian femism === Na Chicana Lesbians: Fear and Loathing in the Chicano Community <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Trujillo|first=Carla|title=Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About|url=https://archive.org/details/chicanalesbiansg0000unse|publisher=Third Woman Press|year=1991|isbn=9780943219066|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chicanalesbiansg0000unse/page/186 186]–195}}</ref> Carla Trujillo na-atụle etu ịbụ Chicana lesbian si sie ike nke ukwuu n'ihi atụmanya ọdịbendị ha na ezinụlọ na heteronormativity. Ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na-aghọ ndị nne na-emebi atụmanya a ma na-atọhapụ ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta nke ọdịbendị ha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Maythee|first=Rojas|title=Women of Color and Feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/womenofcolorfemi0000roja|date=2009|publisher=Seal Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-1-58005-272-6}}</ref> Trujillo na-ekwu na ịdị adị nke ụmụ nwanyị n'onwe ya na-emebi ụkpụrụ e guzobere nke mmegbu ndị nna ochie.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings.|author=Alma M.|first=Garcia|publisher=Routledge|year=1997}}</ref> Ọ na-ekwu na a na-ele ụmụ nwanyị Chicana anya dị ka ihe iyi egwu n'ihi na ha na-ama ndị nwoke na-achịkwa òtù Chicano aka; ha na-eme ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Chicane mara banyere nnwere onwe.<ref name=":14" /> Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwu na Chicanas, ma ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ na ha abụghị, a na-akụziri ha ịgbaso ụzọ ụfọdụ nke omume gbasara mmekọahụ ha: a "na-akụziri ụmụ nwanyị ịkwụsị ọchịchọ na mkpa mmekọahụ anyị site n'inye nwoke ihe ụtọ niile".<ref name=":14" /> N'afọ 1991, Carla Trujillo dezigharịrị ma chịkọta, akwụkwọ akụkọ Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About (1991), nke Third Woman Press bipụtara.''<ref name=":5"/>'' Akwụkwọ akụkọ a gosipụtara ihe osise mkpuchi nke Ester Hernandez nke akpọrọ "La Ofrenda". ''<ref name=":5" />'' Vincent Carillo kwuru na mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ na-agbagha ihe ngosi omenala nke Chicanas na ike nwoke na nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carrillo|first=Vicente|date=2020-12-01|title=Vicente Carrillo. Review of "To Tame a Wild Tongue: Art after Chicanismo" .|url=http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/3840|journal=Caa.reviews|language=en|doi=10.3202/caa.reviews.2020.107|issn=1543-950X}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ a gụnyere uri na edemede nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na-emepụta nghọta ọhụrụ banyere onwe ha site na mmekọahụ na agbụrụ ha.<ref name=":5" /> == Ihe osise Chicana == {{Reflist}} [[Faịlụ:Nao_Bustamonte_on_Dale_Radio.jpg|thumb|178x178px|Onye na-ese ihe na Chicana Nao Bustamante n'oge ajụjụ ọnụ (2012) ]] Art gives Chicana women a platform to voice their unique challenges and experiences, such as artists Ester Hernandez and Judite Hernandez.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|author=Dicochea|first=Perlita R.|date=2004|title=Chicana Critical Rhetoric: Recrafting La Causa in Chicana Movement Discourse, 1970-1979|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|volume=25|issue=1|pages=77–92|doi=10.1353/fro.2004.0032}}</ref> During the Chicano Movement, Chicanas used art to express their political and social resistance. Through different art mediums both past and contemporary, Chicana artists have continued to push the boundaries of traditional Mexican-American values.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":7"/> Chicana art utilizes many different mediums to express their views including murals, painting, photography, etc. to embody feminist themes.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":7" /> The momentum created from the Chicano Movement spurred a cultural renaissance among Chicanas and Chicanos. Political art was created by poets, writers, playwrights, and artists and used to defend against their oppression as second-class citizens. During the 1970s, Chicana feminist artists differed from their Anglo-feminist counterparts in the way they collaborated. Chicana feminist artists often utilized artistic collaborations and collectives that included men, while Anglo-feminist artists generally utilized women-only participants.<ref name=":7"/> Through different art mediums both past and contemporary, Chicana artists have continued to push the boundaries of traditional Mexican-American values.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laweekly.com/arts/how-mexicos-zapatistas-helped-inspire-a-feminist-chicana-art-movement-in-east-la-7988774|title=How Mexico's Zapatistas Helped Inspire a Feminist, Chicana Art Movement of East L.A.|author=Langlois|first=Jessica|date=March 3, 2017|work=LA Weekly}}</ref> === Ndị Chicana === ==== Ụmụ nwanyị Muralist ==== [[Faịlụ:Precita_Eyes_building.jpg|thumb|247x247px|Precita Eyes (2015) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Mujeres Muralistas.]] Mujeres Muralistas bụ otu nka ụmụ nwanyị na Mission District nke San Francisco. Ndị otu gụnyere Patricia Rodriguez, Graciela Carrillo, Consuelo Mendez, Irene Perez, Susan Cervantes, Ester Hernandez, na Miriam Olivo. Ndị otu Las ''Chicanas'' bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị ma gụnyere ndị na-ese ihe Judy Baca, Judithe Hernández, Olga Muñiz, na Josefina Quesada. N'afọ 1976, otu ahụ gosipụtara Venas de la Mujer na Ụlọ Nwanyị. <ref name=":7"/> ==== Ndị Anọ ==== Onye na-ese ihe na-ese onyinyo Judithe Hernández sonyeere ndị ọrụ nka nwoke niile na 1974 dị ka onye otu ya nke ise. <ref name=":7"/> Ndị otu ahụ gụnyere Frank Romero, Beto de la Rocha, Gilbert Luján, na Carlos Almaráz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11616098/the-fiery-visions-of-iconic-l-a-artist-carlos-almaraz.4|title=The 'Fiery' Visions of Iconic L.A. Artist Carlos Almaráz|date=2017-09-15|work=KQED|language=en-us|accessdate=2018-12-07}}</ref> Ìgwè ahụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na 1970s ruo mmalite 1980s. <ref name=":7" /> ==== Social Public Art Resource Center (SPARC) ==== N'afọ 1976, ndị guzobere Judy Baca (naanị Chicana), Christina Schlesinger, na Donna Deitch guzobere SPARC. SPARC nwere oghere studio na oghere ọmụmụ ihe maka ndị na-ese ihe. SPARC na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe ngosi nka ma na-edebe ihe ndekọ nke mgbidi. Taa, SPARC ka na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma yie nke gara aga, na-agba ume maka njikọ aka Chicana / ma ọ bụ obodo na mkpọsa ọdịbendị na nka.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Zetterman|first=Eva|title=Claims by Anglo American feminists and Chicanas/os for alternative space: The LA art scene in the political 1970s|journal=American Studies in Scandinavia|date=1 March 2016|volume=48|issue=1|pages=61–83|doi=10.22439/asca.v48i1.5361}}</ref> ==== Ụlọ Nwaanyị (1973-1991) ==== The Woman's Building meghere na Los Angeles, CA na 1973. Na mgbakwunye na ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ngosi nka na oghere studio. Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara, gụnyere ''Chicanas'', nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè n'ime ụlọ ahụ site n'aka ndị ọcha. Ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe Chicana ka a hapụrụ isonye na ngosi ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi nke Ụlọ Nwaanyị. Ndị na-ese ihe Chicana Olivia Sanchez Brown na Rosalyn Mesquite so na ole na ole gụnyere. Na mgbakwunye, otu Las Chicanas gosipụtara Venas de la Mujer na 1976. <ref name=":7"/> Mgbidi bụ ihe kachasị amasị ndị na-ese ihe n'okporo ámá nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Chicana ji mee ihe n'oge Chicano Movement. Judy Baca duziri nnukwu ọrụ mbụ maka SPARC, The Great Wall of Los Angeles. O were oge okpomọkụ ise iji mezue mgbidi ahụ dị mita 700 n'ogologo. Ọ bụ Baca, Judithe Hernández, Olga Muñiz, Isabel Castro, Yreina Cervántez, na Patssi Valdez rụchara ihe osise ahụ na mgbakwunye na ihe karịrị ndị omenkà 400 na ndị ntorobịa obodo. N'ịbụ nke dị na Tujunga Flood Control Channel na mpaghara Valley Glen nke San Fernando Valley, ihe osise ahụ na-egosi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke California nke ndị na-acha uhie uhie na ndị ka nta.<ref name=":7"/> N'afọ 1989, Yreina Cervántez na ndị enyemaka Claudia Escobedes, Erick Montenegro, Vladimir Morales, na Sonia Ramos malitere mural, La Ofrenda, nke dị na etiti Los Angeles. Ihe osise ahụ, otuto nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Latina / ma ọ bụ, gosipụtara Dolores Huerta n'etiti na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ n'akụkụ ọ bụla iji nọchite anya ''''Onyinye'','' ụmụ nwanyị na United Farmer Workers Movement. Na mgbakwunye na mgbidi asatọ ndị ọzọ, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọdịbendị weere La Ofrenda dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'afọ 2016, mweghachi nke La Ofrenda malitere mgbe e sere ihe odide na mgbidi ọzọ n'elu ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sparcinla.org/projects/iconic-la-mural-saved-la-ofrenda/|title=Iconic LA mural SAVED: "La Ofrenda" by Yreina Cervantez|work=SPARCinLA|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-12-07|archivedate=2018-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123635/http://sparcinla.org/projects/iconic-la-mural-saved-la-ofrenda/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi nke LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes na California Historical Society haziri nke gosipụtara ihe osise ndị a na-emegbu emegbu ma ọ bụ ndị a na'enyocha n'oge gara aga họọrọ Barbara Carrasco's L.A History: A Mexican Perspective na mgbakwunye na ndị ọzọ. Malite na 1981 ma were ihe dị ka ọnwa asatọ iji mechaa, mgbidi ahụ nwere akụkụ 43 dị mita asatọ nke na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Los Angeles ruo 1981. Carrasco nyochara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Los Angeles ma zute ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere mere eme ka ọ na-eme atụmatụ na mbụ. A kwụsịrị ihe osise ahụ mgbe Carrasco jụrụ mgbanwe ndị a chọrọ n'aka Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo n'ihi ihe ngosi ya nke onye ọchụnta ego na onye ọrụ ebere bụbu ohu Biddy Mason, ụlọ mkpọrọ nke ụmụ amaala Japan America n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na 1943 Zoot Suit Riots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-barbara-carrasco-mural-20170930-htmlstory.html|title=After 27 years in a warehouse, a once-censored mural rises in L.A.'s Union Station|author=Vankin|first=Deborah|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=30 September 2017|accessdate=2018-12-07}}</ref> === Ihe nkiri === Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi ''Chicana'', nke Sylvia Morales mepụtara na 1979, ka Library of Congress debere na National Film Registry na 2021.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|author=Hinckle|first=Jessica|date=2021-12-21|title=2021 National Film Registry Selections Reflect Diversity & Challenge Stereotypes|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/features/1205446-2021-national-film-registry-selections-reflect-diversity-challenge-stereotypes|accessdate=2023-01-19|work=ComingSoon.net - Movie Trailers, TV & Streaming News, and More|language=en-US}}</ref> A maara ihe nkiri ahụ maka ụzọ nka ya na ihe ngosi, na-etinye "ihe osise, ihe nkiri, akụkọ, na akaebe" site na oghere ụmụ nwanyị Chicana.<ref name=":24" /> [[Linda García Merchant]] bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Afro-Chicana nke e mepụtara ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, gụnyere Las Mujeres de la Caucus Chicana, Palabras Dulces, Palabras Amargas, na obere akụkọ ndụ onwe onye No Es Facil . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Linda García Merchant will present on "Intergenerational Witness as Praxis: Recovering the US Hispanic Literary Heritage and Chicana por mi Raza Digital Memory Collective"|url=https://events.ithaca.edu/event/linda_garcia_merchant_will_present_on_intergenerational_witness_as_praxis_recovering_the_us_hispanic_literary_heritage_and_chicano_por_mi_raza_digital_memory_collective#.Y8kFP-zMI1I|accessdate=2023-01-19|work=IC Events|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Espinoza|first=Dionne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9Y9DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Afro+chicana%22&pg=PA304|title=Chicana Movidas: New Narratives of Activism and Feminism in the Movement Era|date=2018-06-01|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-1-4773-1683-2|pages=304|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Xandra_Ibarra_(cropped).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|289x289px|Xandra Ibarra bụ onye a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri na Chicana.]] A naghị eji ihe osise eme ihe n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe Chicana mana ọ ka nwere ndị na-akwado ya. Patssi Valdez bụ onye otu egwu Asco site na mbido afọ 1970 ruo n'etiti afọ 1980. Ihe osise Asco kwuru banyere nsogbu ndị na-esite na Chicanas / ahụmahụ pụrụ iche bi na njikọ nke agbụrụ, okike, na mmegbu mmekọahụ.<ref name=":7"/> Laura Aguilar, bụ onye a maara maka "foto ọmịiko" ya, nke na-ejikarị onwe ya eme ihe dị ka isiokwu nke ọrụ ya kamakwa ndị mmadụ na-enweghị nnọchiteanya na ndị isi: Chicanas, obodo LBGTQ, na ụmụ nwanyị nke ụdị ahụ dị iche iche. N'ime afọ ndị 1990, Aguilar sere foto ndị na-akwado ụlọ mmanya ụmụ nwanyị dị na Eastside Los Angeles. Aguilar jiri ahụ ya n'ọzara mee ihe dị ka isiokwu nke foto ya ebe ọ na-eji ya eme ihe iji yie ihe a tụrụ site na ala. N'afọ 1990, Aguilar mepụtara Three Eagles Flying, foto nwere akụkụ atọ nke gosipụtara onwe ya ọkara gba ọtọ n'etiti etiti ya na ọkọlọtọ Mexico na United States n'akụkụ dị iche iche ka eriri ahụ ya na-eke ya ma kpuchie ihu ya. Triptych ahụ na-anọchite anya mkpọrọ ọ na-enwe site na ọdịbendị abụọ ọ bụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-me-laura-aguilar-photographer-20180425-htmlstory.html|title=Photographer Laura Aguilar, chronicler of the body and Chicano identity, dies at 58|author=Miranda|first=Carolina A.|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=25 April 2018|accessdate=2018-12-07}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, Guadalupe Rosales malitere akaụntụ Instagram nke ga-aghọ Veterans na Rucas (@veterans_and_rucas). Ihe malitere dị ka ụzọ maka ezinụlọ Rosales iji jikọọ na ọdịbendị ha na-ekerịta site na itinye foto nke Chicana / o akụkọ ihe mere eme na nostalgia n'oge na-adịghị anya toro na ebe nchekwa a raara nye ọ bụghị naanị '90 Chicana / ma ọ bụ ọdịbendị ndị ntorobịa kamakwa laa azụ na 1940s. Tụkwasị na nke a, Rosales emeela ihe osise iji gosipụta ihe ndekọ ahụ site na usoro dijitalụ mbụ ya ma gosipụta onwe ya Echoes of a Collective Memory na Legends Never Die, A Collective Memory . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-et-cam-guadalupe-rosales-veteranas-rucas-vpam-20181019-story.html|title=Guadalupe Rosales used Instagram to create an archive of Chicano youth of the '90s — now it's an art installation|author=Miranda|first=Carolina A.|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=19 October 2018|accessdate=2018-12-07}}</ref> Echiche nke ịkekọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Chicanas / os abụwo ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe Chicana malite na 1970s ruo taa. Judy Baca na Judithe Hernández ejirila isiokwu ahụ ma ọ bụ dozie akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ezo aka na ọrụ mural ha. Na nka nke oge a, Guadalupe Rosales na-eji isiokwu nke ncheta mkpokọta iji kesaa akụkọ Chicana / o na nostalgia. === Nwa Agbọghọ Na-amaghị Nwoke === [[Faịlụ:Yolanda_Lopez.jpg|thumb|234x234px|Nkọwa nke 1978 nke Yolanda Lopez nke La Virgen de Guadalupe, nke akpọrọ 'Portrait of the Artist as the Virgin of Guadalube'.]] Yolanda López na Ester Hernandez bụ ndị Chicana abụọ na-ese ihe na-eji ntụgharị nke La Virgen de Guadalupe mee ka Chicanas nwee ike. La Virgen bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ihe ịma aka ndị Chicanas na-eche ihu n'ihi mmegbu pụrụ iche ha na-enwe n'okpukpe, ọdịbendị, na site na okike ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Serna|first=Cristina|title=Locating A Transborder Archive of Queer Chicana Feminist and Mexican Lesbian Feminist Art|journal=Feminist Formations|date=2017|volume=29|issue=3|pages=49–79|doi=10.1353/ff.2017.0030}}</ref> * Ester Hernández zoro aka na Virgen de Guadalupe dị nsọ na ihe osise ya, La Ofrenda (1988). Ihe osise na-amata ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị ma na-ama ọrụ ọdịnala nke la familia aka. Ọ na-agbagha nsọpụrụ na ịdị nsọ nke La Virgen site n'igosi ya dị ka egbugbu n'azụ nwanyị. [http://www.palgrave-journals.com/lst/journal/v7/n3/images/lst200925f1.jpg Nwanyị Na-amaghị Nwoke nke Guadalupe Na-agbachitere Ihe Ndị Ruuru nke Ndị Xican (1975)] * Alma Lopez - Our Lady of Controversy "Irreverent Appearance" (2001). Ihe oyiyi a bụ mgbasa ozi agwakọta ma bụrụ ihe ngosi nke La Virgen. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-27-ca-2979-story.html Lee isiokwu L.A. Times] == Akwụkwọ Chicana == [[Faịlụ:Lorna_Dee_Cervantes_(cropped).jpg|thumb|221x221px|Lorna Dee Cervantes (2017) bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede uri Chicana kachasị nwee mmetụta.]] Kemgbe afọ 1970, ọtụtụ ndị edemede Chicana (dị ka Cherríe Moraga, Gloria Anzaldúa na Ana Castillo) ekwupụtala nkọwa nke ha banyere ụmụ nwanyị Chicana site na akwụkwọ ha. Moraga na Anzaldúa dezigharịrị akwụkwọ edemede nke ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara nke akpọrọ This Bridge Called My Back <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adair|first=Cassius|title=The Digital Afterlives of This Bridge Called My Back : Woman of Color Feminism, Digital Labor, and Networked Pedagogy|url=https://archive.org/details/american-literature_2017-06_89_2/page/255|journal=American Literature|date=June 2017|volume=89|issue=2|pages=255–278|doi=10.1215/00029831-3861505}}</ref> (nke Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press bipụtara) na mbido afọ 1980. Cherríe Moraga, ya na Ana Castillo na Norma Alarcón, gbanwere akwụkwọ akụkọ a n'ime ederede asụsụ Spanish nke akpọrọ Esta Puente, Mi Espalda: Voces de Mujeres Tercermundistas en los Estados Unidos. Anzaldúa bipụtakwara akwụkwọ akụkọ Asụsụ Abụọ (Spanish / English), Borderlands / La Frontera: The New Mestiza . Mariana Roma-Carmona, Alma Gómez, na Cherríe Moraga bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ akpọrọ Cuentos: Stories by Latinas, nke Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press bipụtara. A na-ezo aka n'asụsụ Spanish dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa maka ichekwa ọdịbendị Chicana.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":14"/> [[Faịlụ:Irene_Lora_Silva_2016.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|240x240px|Chicana feminist poet ire'ne lara silva (2016) ]] E bipụtara Chicana Feminist Journal mbụ na 1973, nke a na-akpọ Encuentro Femenil: The First Chicana Feminista Journal, nke Anna Nieto-Gómez bipụtara.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Massacre of the Dreamers : Essays on Xicanisma. 20th Anniversary Updated Edition.|url=https://archive.org/details/massacreofdreame0000anac|author=Castillo|first=Anna|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|year=2014|isbn=9780826353580|pages=[https://archive.org/details/massacreofdreame0000anac/page/35 35]}}</ref> Otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ Chicana mbụ bụ Sheila Ortiz Taylor's Faultline, nke e bipụtara na 1982. <ref name=":25">{{Cite book|author=Esquibel|first=Catrióna Rueda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV5c7ItQeWEC&q=chicana+lesbian+feminism|title=With Her Machete in Her Hand: Reading Chicana Lesbians|date=2009-09-15|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-78210-5|pages=xvi-20|language=en}}</ref> Juanita Ramos na Latina Lesbian History Project chịkọtara otu anthology gụnyere tatiana de la tierra's first published poem, "De ambiente", na ọtụtụ Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Latina lesbians a na-akpọ Compañeras: Latina Lesbians (1987). <ref name=":25"/> Onye na-ede uri Chicana lesbian-feminist Gloria Anzaldúa na-ekwu na ịkpọ aha onye edemede dabere na ọnọdụ ha na-enye ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ohere ịghọta ebe onye edemede nọ na ọha mmadụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị mkpa ịmata na njirimara njirimara na-etinye onye edemede, ha anaghị egosipụta ederede ha. Anzaldúa na-ekwu na ụdị akara a nwere ike iwepụ ndị edemede na-agbasoghị na omenala a. Kemgbe afọ 1990, e nweela ịrị elu na akwụkwọ Chicana na-anabata ụmụ nwanyị mba na Isiokwu ọdịbendị, ọkachasị ijikọ ahụmịhe Chicana na ọnọdụ Latin America.<ref name=":26">{{Cite book|author=DeGuzmán|first=María|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Pm3oFeMZQYC&dq=%22Afro+chicana%22&pg=PA242|title=Buenas Noches, American Culture: Latina/o Aesthetics of Night|date=2012-07-09|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-00190-0|pages=241–42|language=en}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a gosipụtara nke a na ọrụ Graciela Limón In Search of Bernabe (1997) na Erased Faces (2001). <ref name=":26" /> == Egwú Chicana == [[Faịlụ:New_Romantic_photo_shoot.jpg|thumb|212x212px|Alice Bag, onye na-ese egwu Chicana (1980s) ]] N'ịnọgide na-anọghị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu Chicano, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese egwu Chicana, dị ka Rita Vidaurri na María de Luz Flores Aceves, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Lucha Reyes, site na 1940s na 50s, nwere ike ịbụ na ọtụtụ ọganihu nke Chicana Feminist movements mere na narị afọ gara aga. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Vidaurri na Aceves so n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Mexico mbụ na-eyi uwe charro mgbe ha na-eme rancheras.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Vargas|first=Deborah|title=Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of la Onda|date=2012|publisher=The University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-7316-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=chicana+feminist+music+artists+girl+in+a+coma&pg=PP2|accessdate=2015-06-09}}</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ndị dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu Chicana, onye ọ bụla na-enye Chicanas njirimara ọhụrụ site na egwu ha. Ihe atụ dị mkpa nke onye egwu Chicana bụ Rosita Fernández, onye na-ese ihe si San Antonio, Texas. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama n'etiti narị afọ nke 20, [[Lady Bird Johnson]] kpọrọ ya "San Antonio's First Lady of Song", onye na-agụ egwu Tejano bụ ihe nnọchianya nke Chicana feminism maka ọtụtụ ndị Mexico America ka bụ taa.<ref name=":34" /> A kọwara ya dị ka "onye buru ibu karịa ndụ", na-eme ihe ugboro ugboro na uwe China poblana, n'oge ọrụ ya, nke na-ewe ihe karịrị afọ 60. Otú ọ dị, ọ nwetụbeghị nnukwu aha na mpụga San Antonio, n'agbanyeghị ọchịchị ogologo oge ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị inyom Mexico America na-eme ihe nkiri ọha na eze na narị afọ nke 20.<ref name=":34">{{Cite book|author=Vargas|first=Deborah|title=Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of la Onda|date=2012|publisher=The University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-7316-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=chicana+feminist+music+artists+girl+in+a+coma&pg=PP2|accessdate=2015-06-09}}</ref> * Chelo Silva - Tejana Onye na-agụ egwú<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rodríguez|first=Juan Carlos|title=Silva, Consuelo [Chelo]|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/silva-consuelo-chelo|work=Texas State Historical Association}}</ref> * Eva Ybarra - Onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na Tejana (1945-) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americansabor.org/musicians/eva-ybarra|title=Eva Ybarra - American Sabor|accessdate=2015-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504005904/http://americansabor.org/musicians/eva-ybarra|archivedate=2017-05-04}}</ref> * Ventura Alonzo - Chicana Accordionist (1904-2000) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kutx.org/this-week-in-texas-music-history/ventura-alonzo|title=KUTX » Ventura Alonzo, Queen of the Accordion|date=31 December 2012}}</ref> * Eva Garza - Tejana Singer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fgaak|title=GARZA, EVA - The Handbook of Texas Online- Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)|date=30 June 2014}}</ref> * Selena Quintanilla-Pérez - Tejana Singer (1971-1995) * Gloria Ríos - Onye na-agụ egwú Hispanic <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maph49.galeon.com/avandaro/gloriarios.html|title=Gloria Ríos: La reina ignorada del rock and roll mexicano|accessdate=2015-06-10|archivedate=2011-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923004659/http://www.maph49.galeon.com/avandaro/gloriarios.html}}</ref> * Girl in a Coma - Tejana indie rock band si San Antonio * Quetzal - East Los Angeles Chicano alternative rock band <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://content.lib.washington.edu/wwrweb/making-scenes/bioGonzalez_Martha.html|title=Women Who Rock Oral History Archive :: Martha Gonzalez}}</ref> * Bags - òtù egwu punk rock nke Los Angeles, nke Alice Bag duziri. == Ndị ama ama == * Alma M. Garcia - Prọfesọ nke Sociology na Mahadum Santa Clara. * Ana Castillo - Onye edemede, onye edemede, ode akwukwo, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye edemedo na onye na-ede egwuregwu nke a maara maka ịkọwa eziokwu nke ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị Chicana. * Anna Nieto-Gómez - Onye isi nhazi nke Chicana Movement na onye guzobere Hijas de Cuauhtémoc.''Ụmụ nwanyị Cuauhtémoc'' * Carla Trujillo - Onye edemede, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na onye nkuzi. * Chela Sandoval - Onye nkuzi na Ngalaba Ọmụmụ Chicano na Chicana na Mahadum California, Santa Barbara. * Cherríe Moraga - Onye edemede, onye na-ede uri, onye nkuzi na-eme ngagharị iwe, na onye na-ese ihe na Mahadum Stanford. * Adriana Yadira Gallego - Onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese foto ọha na eze, onye nchịkwa nka, dịka ọmụmaatụ na Arts Foundation maka Tucson na Southern Arizona.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adriana Yadira Gallego|url=https://artsfoundtucson.org/directory/adriana-yadira-gallego/|accessdate=2025-03-07|work=Arts Foundation for Tucson and Southern Arizona|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-03-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312083446/https://artsfoundtucson.org/directory/adriana-yadira-gallego/}}</ref> * Dolores Huerta - Ya na César Chavez malitere National Farm Worker's Association na 1962 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doloreshuerta.org/dolores-huerta/|title=Dolores Huerta {{!}} Dolores Huerta Foundation|work=doloreshuerta.org|accessdate=2020-03-03}}</ref> * Ester Hernandez - Site n'iji nka, na-eji usoro dị iche iche dị ka pastel, mbipụta, na ihe osise, ọ nwere ike igosi ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị Latina / Native. * Gloria Anzaldúa - Ọkà mmụta nke Chicana omenala na onye dere Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, n'etiti akwụkwọ Chicana ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta. * Judithe Hernandez - onye na-ese ihe na Los Angeles nke na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ Cesar Chavez iji see ihe osise ndị mebiri ihe mgbochi iji kwalite usoro Chicana. * Martha Gonzalez (onye egwu) - Chicana artivist na onye isi nke Quetzal (ìgwè) nwetara Grammy Award. * Martha P. Cotera - Onye na-eme ihe ike na onye edemede n'oge Chicana Feminist Movement na Chicano Civil Rights Movement. * Norma Alarcón - Onye edemede Chicana nwere mmetụta. * Sandra Cisneros - Onye isi na-enye aka na akwụkwọ Chicana. * Vicki L. Ruiz - onye America na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị Mexico-America na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. * Elizabeth Martinez - onye na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na onye edemede ogologo oge. * Francisca Flores - Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe Chicana. O so guzobe Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional . == Òtù ndị a ma ama == * Alianza Hispano-Americana - E hiwere ya na 1894, ndị otu Alianza na-akwalite omume ọma na omenala, na-enye ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na uru ahụike dị iche iche na mkpuchi maka ndị otu ya.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=From Out of the Shadows|url=https://archive.org/details/fromoutofshadows0000ruiz|author=Ruiz|first=Vicki L.|publisher=Oxford University Press Inc.|year=1998|location=New York}}</ref> * [http://www.chicasrockerassela.org/ Chicas Rockeras South East Los Angeles] - Na-akwalite ọgwụgwọ, uto, na obi ike maka ụmụ agbọghọ site na agụmakwụkwọ egwu * California Latinas for Reproductive Justice - Na-akwalite ikpe ziri ezi na ikike mmadụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ Latina site na usoro ikpe ziri ezi ọmụmụ * Las Foto Project - Na-eme ka ndị ntorobịa Latina nwee ike, na-enyere ụmụ agbọghọ aka iwulite ùgwù onwe onye na obi ike site na foto na nkwupụta onwe onye * Museum of Latin American Art (MOLAA) - Nke dị na Long Beach, CA ebe ngosi nka a na-agbasawanye ihe ọmụma na ekele maka nka Latin America nke oge a na nke oge a. * National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) - Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na United States, nke W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, na Moorfield Storey na Ida B. Wells guzobere na 1909 iji kwalite ikpe ziri ezi maka ndị Africa America. * National Chicano Youth Liberation Conference - Nke Crusade for Justice haziri, ihe omume ahụ sitere na El Plan Espiritual de Aztlan, nke chọrọ ịhazi ndị Chicano gburugburu mmemme mba.<ref name=":8" /> * National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) - Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke Congress guzobere na 1935 iji jikwaa National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) nke na-echebe ikike ndị ọrụ ịhazi na ma ọ bụ ije ozi na òtù dị ka ndị nnọchi anya na ndị were ha n'ọrụ.<ref name=":8" /> * Ovarian Psycos - Ndị na-eto eto na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na East Los Angeles bụ ndị na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ike site na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ndị na'elu ha. * Radical Monarchs - otu ikpe ziri ezi nke dị na California, maka ụmụ agbọghọ na-acha uhie uhie iji nweta baajị ikpe ziri ezi. N'ịbụ ndị Brown Berets na Black Panthers nwere mmetụta, ụmụ agbọghọ ndị a chọrọ ịmepụta mgbanwe na obodo ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://radicalmonarchs.org/|title=Radical Monarchs|date=October 2018|work=Radical Monarchs|accessdate=October 8, 2018}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Black feminism|Ụmụ nwanyị ojii]] * Ọmụmụ ihe Chicano * Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Latina na United States * Ịbụ onye inyom na Mexico * Enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị na Mexico * Ụmụ nwanyị Gypsy * [[Intersectionality]] * Ụmụ nwanyị nke ụwa nke atọ * Ụmụ nwanyị ọcha * [[Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Anzaldúa, Gloria, and Cherríe Moraga, editors. ''This bridge called my back: writings by radical women of color''. Watertown, Massachusetts: Persephone Press, c1981., Kitchen Table Press, 1983  . * {{Cite book|editor=Alarcón|title=The Sexuality of Latinas|date=1989|publisher=Third Woman|oclc=555824915}} * Anzaldúa, Gloria. ''Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza'', Aunt Lute Books,   * Anzaldúa, Gloria. ''Making Face. Making Soul: Haciendo Caras: Creative & Critical Perspectives by Feminists of Color'', Aunt Lute Books, 1990,   * Arredondo, Gabriela, ''et al.'', editors. ''Chicana Feminisms: A Critical Reader''. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2003.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8223-3105-5|<bdi>0-8223-3105-5</bdi>]]. * Balderrama, Francisco. In Defense of La Raza: The Los Angeles Mexican Consulate and the Mexican Community, 1929–1936. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982. * {{Cite book|author=Castillo|first=Adelaida R. Del|year=2005|title=Between Borders: Essays on Mexicana/Chicana History|publisher=Floricanto Press|isbn=978-0-915745-70-8}} * Castillo, Ana. ''Massacre of the dreamers : essays on Xicanisma''. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8263-1554-2|<bdi>0-8263-1554-2</bdi>]]. * Cotera, Martha. ''The Chicana feminist''. Austin, Texas: Information Systems Development, 1977. * {{Cite journal|author=Córdova|first=Teresa|title=Anti-colonial Chicana feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/new-political-science_1998-12_20_4/page/379|journal=New Political Science|date=December 1998|volume=20|issue=4|pages=379–397|doi=10.1080/07393149808429837}} * {{Cite journal|author=Davalos|first=Karen Mary|title=Sin Vergüenza: Chicana Feminist Theorizing|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_spring-summer-2008_34_1-2/page/151|journal=Feminist Studies|date=2008|volume=34|issue=1/2|pages=151–171}} * {{Cite journal|author=Dicochea|first=Perlita R.|title=Chicana Critical Rhetoric: Recrafting La Causa in Chicana Movement Discourse, 1970-1979|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|date=2004|volume=25|issue=1|pages=77–92|doi=10.1353/fro.2004.0032}} * DuBois, Ellen Carol, and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. Unequal Sisters: A multicultural Reader in U.S. Women's History. New York: Routledge, 1990. * García, Alma M., and Mario T. Garcia, editors. ''Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings''. New York: Routledge, 1997.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-415-91800-6|<bdi>0-415-91800-6</bdi>]]. * {{Cite journal|author=Garcia|first=Alma M.|title=The Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse, 1970-1980|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gender-society_1989-06_3_2/page/217|journal=Gender and Society|date=1989|volume=3|issue=2|pages=217–238|doi=10.1177/089124389003002004}} * {{Cite journal|author=Havlin|first=Natalie|title='To Live a Humanity under the Skin': Revolutionary Love and Third World Praxis in 1970s Chicana Feminism|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|date=2015|volume=43|issue=3/4|pages=78–97|doi=10.1353/wsq.2015.0047}} * Hurtado, Aida. ''The Color of Privilege: Three Blasphemies on Race and Feminism''. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1996.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06531-8|<bdi>978-0-472-06531-8</bdi>]]. * {{Cite journal|author=Moya|first=Paula M. L.|title=Chicana Feminism and Postmodernist Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_winter-2001_26_2/page/441|journal=Signs|date=2001|volume=26|issue=2|pages=441–483|doi=10.1086/495600}} * Ramos, Juanita. ''Companeras: Latina Lesbians'', Latina Lesbian History Project, 1987,   * {{Cite journal|id={{EBSCOhost|109928863}}|author=Rodriguez|first=Samantha M.|title=Carving Spaces for Feminism and Nationalism: Texas Chicana Activism during the Chicana/O Movement|journal=Journal of South Texas|volume=27|issue=2|year=2014|pages=38–52}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> * Roots of Chicano Politics, 1600–1940. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994. * Roma-Carmona, Mariana, Alma Gomez and Cherríe Moraga. ''Cuentos: Stories by Latinas'', ''Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press''. * Roth, Benita. ''Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America's Second Wave'', Cambridge University Press, 2003,   * Ruiz, Vicki L. From out of the Shadows. Oxford University Publishing Inc., 1998. * {{Cite journal|author=Saldivar-Hull|first=Sonia|title=Women hollering transfronteriza feminisms|url=https://archive.org/details/cultural-studies_1999-04_13_2/page/251|journal=Cultural Studies|date=April 1999|volume=13|issue=2|pages=251–262|doi=10.1080/095023899335275}} * Trujillo, Carla, ed. Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About. Berkeley, Calif.: Third Woman Press, 1991. * {{Cite book|author=Pérez|first=Ricardo F. Vivancos|year=2013|title=Radical Chicana Poetics|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-34358-1}} * Whaley, Charlotte. Nina Otero-Warren of Santa Fe. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.chicanas.com Chicana Feminisms Page] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070708053325/http://www.floricantopress.com/BetweenBo.htm Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Chicanas] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070914081139/http://chicana-swicki.eurekster.com/ Peeji Ọchụchọ Obodo Chicana] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5vet2uvasvzuub15uwzrgvbnzo316l4 1728 76592 709127 709079 2026-09-05T20:59:11Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Project Timeline */ 709127 wikitext text/x-wiki =='''Improving spelling accuracy on Igbo Wiktionary '''== === Project Overview=== This project focuses on improving existing entries on Igbo Wiktionary by correcting spelling and orthographic errors. Many Igbo words online need small but important corrections to make them clearer and more accurate for users. By fixing these issues, the project will help make Igbo Wiktionary a more reliable and useful resource. The work will involve going through selected entries and correcting spelling mistakes based on standard Igbo writing rules. Each edited entry will be carefully checked to ensure it is clear, correct, and consistent with others. All changes made during the project will be recorded for proper tracking and reporting. Overall, the project aims to strengthen the quality of Igbo language content on Wiktionary. It will make it easier for learners, translators, and native speakers to trust and use the platform. It also supports the wider goal of improving the visibility and standardization of the Igbo language online. === Project Goals === 1. To improve the spelling accuracy of selected entries on Igbo Wiktionary. 2. To enhance the quality and consistency of existing Igbo Wiktionary content. 3. To make Igbo language resources on Wiktionary more reliable and accessible to users. ===Project Timeline=== 13 June - 14 July ʃ=== Project work list with links === {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !Igbo Words with error !Link !Edited Igbo Words !Link !{{Doing}} |- |1. |Chukwunedum |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |Done |- |2. |Okwu mbite |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwu_Mbite |Mejuo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwu_Mbite#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |3. |Okili |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okili |Ọṅụṅụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okili#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |4. |Ịba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iba |Ọrịa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Aba |Done |- |5. |Dike |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%E1%BB%8B%CC%81k%C3%A9 |n'agha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/D%C3%ADk%C3%A9 |Done |- |6. |Dị mma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%E1%BB%8B_mma |ma ọ bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8B_mma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |7. |Duputa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Duputa |ma ọ bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Duputa |Done |- |8. |Dimkpa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/dimkpa |Nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dimkpa |Done |- |9. |Die |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Die |Ịnagide |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Die |Done |- |10. |Dibia bekee akwara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/dibia_bekee_akwara |ogidigi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dibia_bekee_akwara#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |11. |Dada |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dada |afịkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dada |Done |- |12. |Chukwunelo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunelo |nwanne m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunelo |Done |- |13. |Chukwunedum |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |Done |- |14. |Chukwuma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuma |n'ala Igbo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |15. |Chukwukaọdịlị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukaodili |Chukwukaọdịlị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuka%E1%BB%8Dd%E1%BB%8Bl%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |16. |Chukwukamso |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukamso#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |e nwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukamso#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |17. |Chukwukadibia |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukadibia |Ụmụnwoke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukadibia |Done |- |18. |Chukwugaemezu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwugaemezu |Nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwugaemezu#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |19. |Chukwueze |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwueze |na-egosi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwueze |Done |- |20. |Chukwuemeka |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuemeka |n'ihe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuemeka |Done |- |21. |Chukwuebuka |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuebuka |nnukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuebuka |Done |- |22. |Chizaramekpere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chizaramekpere |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chizaramekpere |Done |- |23. |Chisom |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chisom |na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chisom |Done |- |24. |Chinwendu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinwendu |Aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinwendu |Done |- |25. |Chinenyenwa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenyenwa |Ụmụnwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenyenwa |Done |- |26. |Chinenye |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenye |na-enye |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenye |Done |- |27. |Chinelo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinelo |na-echere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinelo |Done |- |27. |Chikamso |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chikamso |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chikamso |Done |- |28. |Chijioke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chijioke |n'ala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chijioke |Done |- |29. |Chigọzie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chigozie |Chigọzie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chig%E1%BB%8Dzie |Done |- |30. |Chiedozie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiedozie |emeziela |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiedozie |Done |- |31. |Chidịmma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chidimma |Chidịmma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chid%E1%BB%8Bmma |Done |- |32. |Chidịebere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidiebere |Chidịebere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chid%E1%BB%8Bebere |Done |- |33. |Chidera |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidera |nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidera#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |34. |Chiadịgo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiadigo |Kemgbe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiad%E1%BB%8Bgo |Done |- |35. |chi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chi |na-achụrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chi |Done |- |36. |Chaja |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chaja |Akụrụngwa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chaja |Done |- |37. |Bọọlụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/boolu |Mbite |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%8D%E1%BB%8Dl%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |38. |Ịchafụ isi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ichafu-isi |ndị inyom |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Achaf%E1%BB%A5_isi |Done |- |39. |ibu ụzọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/ibu_%E1%BB%A5z%E1%BB%8D |e nwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/ibu_%E1%BB%A5z%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |40. |Ibịarute |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ibiarute |iru |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ibiarute |Done |- |41. |Ji abana |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ji_abana |n'afọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ji_abana |Done |- |42. |Kamfeechukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamfeechukwu |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamfeechukwu |Done |- |43. |Kamgharịda |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamharida |Kamgharịda |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamghar%E1%BB%8Bda |Done |- |44. |Kamtoochukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamtochukwu |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamtochukwu |Done |- |45. |Kambili |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kambili |bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kambili |Done |- |46. |Kama ụsụ ga-atagbu m, ya fere laa. |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kama_%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5ga-atagbu_m,_ya_fere_laa. |Kama ụsụ ga-atagbu m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kama_%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_ga-atagbu_m,_ya_fere_laa. |Done |- |47. |Kagbuo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kagbuo |Kachaa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kagbuo |Done |- |48. |Karama ọgwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Karama_Ogwu |Karama ọgwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Karama_%E1%BB%8Cgw%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |49. |Mbudu Ọkụkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbudu_%E1%BB%8Dkuk%E1%BB%8D |Aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbudu_%E1%BB%8Dkuk%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |50. |Mbugharị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbughari |akagharịala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbughar%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |51. |Mgba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgba |na-adị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgba |Done |- |52. |Mgbakasị ahụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbakas%E1%BB%8B_ah%E1%BB%A5 |Enugwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbakas%E1%BB%8B_ah%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |53. |àkpà |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A0kp%C3%A0 |ụdị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A0kp%C3%A0 |Done |- |54. |Iko Osikapa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iko_Osikapa |E siri m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iko_Osikapa#%E1%BB%8Cm%E1%BB%A5maat%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |55. |Mangoro |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mangoro |n'ime |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mangoro |Done |- |56. |Echezọna |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Echezona |Echezọna |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Echez%E1%BB%8Dna |Done |- |57. |Mbala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbala |buru ibu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbala |Done |- |58. |Mkpacha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpacha |arụ ọrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpacha |Done |- |59. |Ikuku ọma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikuku_oma |meghee ụzọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikuku_%E1%BB%8Dma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |60. |Ịkụ azụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iku_azu |Ịkụpụta azụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ak%E1%BB%A5_az%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |61. |Ịkpọ asị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikp%E1%BB%8Das%E1%BB%8B |anyaụfụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Akp%E1%BB%8D_as%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |62. |Ikpo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpo |ekpokọtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpo |Done |- |63. |Ikpere mmiri |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpere_mmiri |ebe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpere_mmiri |Done |- |64. |Ikpeazụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpeazu |agụchaa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpeaz%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |65. |Ikoego |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikoego |Anyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikoego |Done |- |66. |Mkpachi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpachi |a na |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpachi |Done |- |67. |Mgbapụta |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbap%E1%BB%A5ta |abịa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbap%E1%BB%A5ta |Done |- |68. |Mgbechikwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbechikwere |nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbechikwere |Done |- |69. |Mgbeke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbeke |a mụrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbeke |Done |- |70. |Mgborie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgborie |aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Mgborie&action=history |Done |- |71. |Oti ịgba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oti_igba |eti egwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oti_%E1%BB%8Bgba |Done |- |72. |Oti mkpu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Otimkpu |aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Otimkpu |Done |- |73. |Onyemaechi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaechi |n'ala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaechi |Done |- |74. |Onyemalụechi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaluechi |Onweghị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemal%E1%BB%A5echi |Done |- |75. |Onyenche |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyenche |toro ogologo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyenche |Done |- |76. |Onyewuchi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyewuchi |a gaara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyewuchi |Done |- |77. |Nkịta |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nk%E1%BB%8Bta |ụfọdụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nk%E1%BB%8Bta |Done |- |78. |Mkpebi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpebi |Kwubiri |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpebi |Done |- |79. |Enyinnaya |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Enyinnaya |Ọyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Enyinnaya |Done |- |80. |Oliọkpa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oliokpa |Mmọnwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oli%E1%BB%8Dkpa |Done |- |81. |Ọkụkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okuko |anụ ụlọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ck%E1%BB%A5k%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |82. |Okporoko |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okporoko ge9nrwqk160u3hvy1l6bytsy2qparo3 709129 709127 2026-09-05T21:01:01Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Project Timeline */ 709129 wikitext text/x-wiki =='''Improving spelling accuracy on Igbo Wiktionary '''== === Project Overview=== This project focuses on improving existing entries on Igbo Wiktionary by correcting spelling and orthographic errors. Many Igbo words online need small but important corrections to make them clearer and more accurate for users. By fixing these issues, the project will help make Igbo Wiktionary a more reliable and useful resource. The work will involve going through selected entries and correcting spelling mistakes based on standard Igbo writing rules. Each edited entry will be carefully checked to ensure it is clear, correct, and consistent with others. All changes made during the project will be recorded for proper tracking and reporting. Overall, the project aims to strengthen the quality of Igbo language content on Wiktionary. It will make it easier for learners, translators, and native speakers to trust and use the platform. It also supports the wider goal of improving the visibility and standardization of the Igbo language online. === Project Goals === 1. To improve the spelling accuracy of selected entries on Igbo Wiktionary. 2. To enhance the quality and consistency of existing Igbo Wiktionary content. 3. To make Igbo language resources on Wiktionary more reliable and accessible to users. ===Project Timeline=== 13 June - 14 July ʃ=== Project work list with links === {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !Igbo Words with error !Link !Edited Igbo Words !Link !{{Doing}} |- |1. |Chukwunedum |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |Done |- |2. |Okwu mbite |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwu_Mbite |Mejuo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwu_Mbite#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |3. |Okili |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okili |Ọṅụṅụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okili#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |4. |Ịba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iba |Ọrịa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Aba |Done |- |5. |Dike |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%E1%BB%8B%CC%81k%C3%A9 |n'agha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/D%C3%ADk%C3%A9 |Done |- |6. |Dị mma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%E1%BB%8B_mma |ma ọ bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8B_mma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |7. |Duputa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Duputa |ma ọ bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Duputa |Done |- |8. |Dimkpa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/dimkpa |Nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dimkpa |Done |- |9. |Die |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Die |Ịnagide |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Die |Done |- |10. |Dibia bekee akwara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/dibia_bekee_akwara |ogidigi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dibia_bekee_akwara#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |11. |Dada |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dada |afịkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dada |Done |- |12. |Chukwunelo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunelo |nwanne m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunelo |Done |- |13. |Chukwunedum |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |Done |- |14. |Chukwuma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuma |n'ala Igbo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |15. |Chukwukaọdịlị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukaodili |Chukwukaọdịlị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuka%E1%BB%8Dd%E1%BB%8Bl%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |16. |Chukwukamso |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukamso#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |e nwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukamso#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |17. |Chukwukadibia |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukadibia |Ụmụnwoke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukadibia |Done |- |18. |Chukwugaemezu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwugaemezu |Nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwugaemezu#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |19. |Chukwueze |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwueze |na-egosi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwueze |Done |- |20. |Chukwuemeka |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuemeka |n'ihe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuemeka |Done |- |21. |Chukwuebuka |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuebuka |nnukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuebuka |Done |- |22. |Chizaramekpere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chizaramekpere |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chizaramekpere |Done |- |23. |Chisom |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chisom |na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chisom |Done |- |24. |Chinwendu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinwendu |Aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinwendu |Done |- |25. |Chinenyenwa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenyenwa |Ụmụnwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenyenwa |Done |- |26. |Chinenye |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenye |na-enye |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenye |Done |- |27. |Chinelo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinelo |na-echere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinelo |Done |- |27. |Chikamso |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chikamso |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chikamso |Done |- |28. |Chijioke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chijioke |n'ala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chijioke |Done |- |29. |Chigọzie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chigozie |Chigọzie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chig%E1%BB%8Dzie |Done |- |30. |Chiedozie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiedozie |emeziela |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiedozie |Done |- |31. |Chidịmma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chidimma |Chidịmma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chid%E1%BB%8Bmma |Done |- |32. |Chidịebere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidiebere |Chidịebere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chid%E1%BB%8Bebere |Done |- |33. |Chidera |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidera |nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidera#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |34. |Chiadịgo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiadigo |Kemgbe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiad%E1%BB%8Bgo |Done |- |35. |chi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chi |na-achụrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chi |Done |- |36. |Chaja |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chaja |Akụrụngwa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chaja |Done |- |37. |Bọọlụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/boolu |Mbite |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%8D%E1%BB%8Dl%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |38. |Ịchafụ isi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ichafu-isi |ndị inyom |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Achaf%E1%BB%A5_isi |Done |- |39. |ibu ụzọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/ibu_%E1%BB%A5z%E1%BB%8D |e nwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/ibu_%E1%BB%A5z%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |40. |Ibịarute |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ibiarute |iru |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ibiarute |Done |- |41. |Ji abana |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ji_abana |n'afọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ji_abana |Done |- |42. |Kamfeechukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamfeechukwu |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamfeechukwu |Done |- |43. |Kamgharịda |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamharida |Kamgharịda |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamghar%E1%BB%8Bda |Done |- |44. |Kamtoochukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamtochukwu |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamtochukwu |Done |- |45. |Kambili |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kambili |bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kambili |Done |- |46. |Kama ụsụ ga-atagbu m, ya fere laa. |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kama_%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5ga-atagbu_m,_ya_fere_laa. |Kama ụsụ ga-atagbu m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kama_%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_ga-atagbu_m,_ya_fere_laa. |Done |- |47. |Kagbuo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kagbuo |Kachaa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kagbuo |Done |- |48. |Karama ọgwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Karama_Ogwu |Karama ọgwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Karama_%E1%BB%8Cgw%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |49. |Mbudu Ọkụkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbudu_%E1%BB%8Dkuk%E1%BB%8D |Aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbudu_%E1%BB%8Dkuk%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |50. |Mbugharị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbughari |akagharịala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbughar%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |51. |Mgba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgba |na-adị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgba |Done |- |52. |Mgbakasị ahụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbakas%E1%BB%8B_ah%E1%BB%A5 |Enugwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbakas%E1%BB%8B_ah%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |53. |àkpà |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A0kp%C3%A0 |ụdị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A0kp%C3%A0 |Done |- |54. |Iko Osikapa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iko_Osikapa |E siri m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iko_Osikapa#%E1%BB%8Cm%E1%BB%A5maat%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |55. |Mangoro |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mangoro |n'ime |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mangoro |Done |- |56. |Echezọna |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Echezona |Echezọna |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Echez%E1%BB%8Dna |Done |- |57. |Mbala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbala |buru ibu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbala |Done |- |58. |Mkpacha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpacha |arụ ọrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpacha |Done |- |59. |Ikuku ọma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikuku_oma |meghee ụzọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikuku_%E1%BB%8Dma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |60. |Ịkụ azụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iku_azu |Ịkụpụta azụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ak%E1%BB%A5_az%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |61. |Ịkpọ asị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikp%E1%BB%8Das%E1%BB%8B |anyaụfụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Akp%E1%BB%8D_as%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |62. |Ikpo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpo |ekpokọtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpo |Done |- |63. |Ikpere mmiri |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpere_mmiri |ebe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpere_mmiri |Done |- |64. |Ikpeazụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpeazu |agụchaa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpeaz%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |65. |Ikoego |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikoego |Anyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikoego |Done |- |66. |Mkpachi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpachi |a na |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpachi |Done |- |67. |Mgbapụta |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbap%E1%BB%A5ta |abịa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbap%E1%BB%A5ta |Done |- |68. |Mgbechikwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbechikwere |nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbechikwere |Done |- |69. |Mgbeke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbeke |a mụrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbeke |Done |- |70. |Mgborie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgborie |aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Mgborie&action=history |Done |- |71. |Oti ịgba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oti_igba |eti egwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oti_%E1%BB%8Bgba |Done |- |72. |Oti mkpu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Otimkpu |aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Otimkpu |Done |- |73. |Onyemaechi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaechi |n'ala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaechi |Done |- |74. |Onyemalụechi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaluechi |Onweghị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemal%E1%BB%A5echi |Done |- |75. |Onyenche |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyenche |toro ogologo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyenche |Done |- |76. |Onyewuchi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyewuchi |a gaara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyewuchi |Done |- |77. |Nkịta |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nk%E1%BB%8Bta |ụfọdụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nk%E1%BB%8Bta |Done |- |78. |Mkpebi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpebi |Kwubiri |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpebi |Done |- |79. |Enyinnaya |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Enyinnaya |Ọyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Enyinnaya |Done |- |80. |Oliọkpa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oliokpa |Mmọnwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oli%E1%BB%8Dkpa |Done |- |81. |Ọkụkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okuko |anụ ụlọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ck%E1%BB%A5k%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |82. |Okporoko |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okporoko |amịkpọrọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okporoko |Done |- |83. opl5ln2vuiwjzf8nc10ce6ulkltrt98 709130 709129 2026-09-05T21:02:32Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Project Timeline */ 709130 wikitext text/x-wiki =='''Improving spelling accuracy on Igbo Wiktionary '''== === Project Overview=== This project focuses on improving existing entries on Igbo Wiktionary by correcting spelling and orthographic errors. Many Igbo words online need small but important corrections to make them clearer and more accurate for users. By fixing these issues, the project will help make Igbo Wiktionary a more reliable and useful resource. The work will involve going through selected entries and correcting spelling mistakes based on standard Igbo writing rules. Each edited entry will be carefully checked to ensure it is clear, correct, and consistent with others. All changes made during the project will be recorded for proper tracking and reporting. Overall, the project aims to strengthen the quality of Igbo language content on Wiktionary. It will make it easier for learners, translators, and native speakers to trust and use the platform. It also supports the wider goal of improving the visibility and standardization of the Igbo language online. === Project Goals === 1. To improve the spelling accuracy of selected entries on Igbo Wiktionary. 2. To enhance the quality and consistency of existing Igbo Wiktionary content. 3. To make Igbo language resources on Wiktionary more reliable and accessible to users. ===Project Timeline=== 13 June - 14 July ʃ=== Project work list with links === {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !Igbo Words with error !Link !Edited Igbo Words !Link !{{Doing}} |- |1. |Chukwunedum |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |Done |- |2. |Okwu mbite |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwu_Mbite |Mejuo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwu_Mbite#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |3. |Okili |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okili |Ọṅụṅụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okili#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |4. |Ịba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iba |Ọrịa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Aba |Done |- |5. |Dike |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%E1%BB%8B%CC%81k%C3%A9 |n'agha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/D%C3%ADk%C3%A9 |Done |- |6. |Dị mma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%E1%BB%8B_mma |ma ọ bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8B_mma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |7. |Duputa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Duputa |ma ọ bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Duputa |Done |- |8. |Dimkpa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/dimkpa |Nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dimkpa |Done |- |9. |Die |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Die |Ịnagide |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Die |Done |- |10. |Dibia bekee akwara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/dibia_bekee_akwara |ogidigi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dibia_bekee_akwara#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |11. |Dada |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dada |afịkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dada |Done |- |12. |Chukwunelo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunelo |nwanne m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunelo |Done |- |13. |Chukwunedum |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |Done |- |14. |Chukwuma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuma |n'ala Igbo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |15. |Chukwukaọdịlị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukaodili |Chukwukaọdịlị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuka%E1%BB%8Dd%E1%BB%8Bl%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |16. |Chukwukamso |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukamso#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |e nwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukamso#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |17. |Chukwukadibia |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukadibia |Ụmụnwoke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukadibia |Done |- |18. |Chukwugaemezu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwugaemezu |Nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwugaemezu#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |19. |Chukwueze |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwueze |na-egosi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwueze |Done |- |20. |Chukwuemeka |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuemeka |n'ihe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuemeka |Done |- |21. |Chukwuebuka |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuebuka |nnukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuebuka |Done |- |22. |Chizaramekpere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chizaramekpere |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chizaramekpere |Done |- |23. |Chisom |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chisom |na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chisom |Done |- |24. |Chinwendu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinwendu |Aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinwendu |Done |- |25. |Chinenyenwa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenyenwa |Ụmụnwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenyenwa |Done |- |26. |Chinenye |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenye |na-enye |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenye |Done |- |27. |Chinelo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinelo |na-echere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinelo |Done |- |27. |Chikamso |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chikamso |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chikamso |Done |- |28. |Chijioke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chijioke |n'ala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chijioke |Done |- |29. |Chigọzie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chigozie |Chigọzie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chig%E1%BB%8Dzie |Done |- |30. |Chiedozie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiedozie |emeziela |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiedozie |Done |- |31. |Chidịmma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chidimma |Chidịmma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chid%E1%BB%8Bmma |Done |- |32. |Chidịebere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidiebere |Chidịebere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chid%E1%BB%8Bebere |Done |- |33. |Chidera |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidera |nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidera#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |34. |Chiadịgo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiadigo |Kemgbe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiad%E1%BB%8Bgo |Done |- |35. |chi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chi |na-achụrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chi |Done |- |36. |Chaja |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chaja |Akụrụngwa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chaja |Done |- |37. |Bọọlụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/boolu |Mbite |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%8D%E1%BB%8Dl%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |38. |Ịchafụ isi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ichafu-isi |ndị inyom |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Achaf%E1%BB%A5_isi |Done |- |39. |ibu ụzọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/ibu_%E1%BB%A5z%E1%BB%8D |e nwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/ibu_%E1%BB%A5z%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |40. |Ibịarute |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ibiarute |iru |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ibiarute |Done |- |41. |Ji abana |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ji_abana |n'afọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ji_abana |Done |- |42. |Kamfeechukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamfeechukwu |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamfeechukwu |Done |- |43. |Kamgharịda |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamharida |Kamgharịda |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamghar%E1%BB%8Bda |Done |- |44. |Kamtoochukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamtochukwu |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamtochukwu |Done |- |45. |Kambili |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kambili |bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kambili |Done |- |46. |Kama ụsụ ga-atagbu m, ya fere laa. |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kama_%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5ga-atagbu_m,_ya_fere_laa. |Kama ụsụ ga-atagbu m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kama_%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_ga-atagbu_m,_ya_fere_laa. |Done |- |47. |Kagbuo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kagbuo |Kachaa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kagbuo |Done |- |48. |Karama ọgwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Karama_Ogwu |Karama ọgwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Karama_%E1%BB%8Cgw%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |49. |Mbudu Ọkụkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbudu_%E1%BB%8Dkuk%E1%BB%8D |Aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbudu_%E1%BB%8Dkuk%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |50. |Mbugharị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbughari |akagharịala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbughar%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |51. |Mgba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgba |na-adị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgba |Done |- |52. |Mgbakasị ahụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbakas%E1%BB%8B_ah%E1%BB%A5 |Enugwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbakas%E1%BB%8B_ah%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |53. |àkpà |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A0kp%C3%A0 |ụdị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A0kp%C3%A0 |Done |- |54. |Iko Osikapa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iko_Osikapa |E siri m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iko_Osikapa#%E1%BB%8Cm%E1%BB%A5maat%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |55. |Mangoro |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mangoro |n'ime |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mangoro |Done |- |56. |Echezọna |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Echezona |Echezọna |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Echez%E1%BB%8Dna |Done |- |57. |Mbala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbala |buru ibu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbala |Done |- |58. |Mkpacha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpacha |arụ ọrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpacha |Done |- |59. |Ikuku ọma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikuku_oma |meghee ụzọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikuku_%E1%BB%8Dma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |60. |Ịkụ azụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iku_azu |Ịkụpụta azụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ak%E1%BB%A5_az%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |61. |Ịkpọ asị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikp%E1%BB%8Das%E1%BB%8B |anyaụfụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Akp%E1%BB%8D_as%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |62. |Ikpo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpo |ekpokọtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpo |Done |- |63. |Ikpere mmiri |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpere_mmiri |ebe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpere_mmiri |Done |- |64. |Ikpeazụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpeazu |agụchaa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpeaz%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |65. |Ikoego |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikoego |Anyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikoego |Done |- |66. |Mkpachi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpachi |a na |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpachi |Done |- |67. |Mgbapụta |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbap%E1%BB%A5ta |abịa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbap%E1%BB%A5ta |Done |- |68. |Mgbechikwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbechikwere |nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbechikwere |Done |- |69. |Mgbeke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbeke |a mụrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbeke |Done |- |70. |Mgborie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgborie |aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Mgborie&action=history |Done |- |71. |Oti ịgba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oti_igba |eti egwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oti_%E1%BB%8Bgba |Done |- |72. |Oti mkpu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Otimkpu |aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Otimkpu |Done |- |73. |Onyemaechi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaechi |n'ala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaechi |Done |- |74. |Onyemalụechi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaluechi |Onweghị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemal%E1%BB%A5echi |Done |- |75. |Onyenche |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyenche |toro ogologo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyenche |Done |- |76. |Onyewuchi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyewuchi |a gaara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyewuchi |Done |- |77. |Nkịta |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nk%E1%BB%8Bta |ụfọdụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nk%E1%BB%8Bta |Done |- |78. |Mkpebi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpebi |Kwubiri |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpebi |Done |- |79. |Enyinnaya |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Enyinnaya |Ọyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Enyinnaya |Done |- |80. |Oliọkpa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oliokpa |Mmọnwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oli%E1%BB%8Dkpa |Done |- |81. |Ọkụkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okuko |anụ ụlọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ck%E1%BB%A5k%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |82. |Okporoko |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okporoko |amịkpọrọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okporoko |Done |- |83. |Okwa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwa 8l96byqp4tq0n6dcpfufxnvw66haaqb 709131 709130 2026-09-05T21:03:52Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Project Timeline */ 709131 wikitext text/x-wiki =='''Improving spelling accuracy on Igbo Wiktionary '''== === Project Overview=== This project focuses on improving existing entries on Igbo Wiktionary by correcting spelling and orthographic errors. Many Igbo words online need small but important corrections to make them clearer and more accurate for users. By fixing these issues, the project will help make Igbo Wiktionary a more reliable and useful resource. The work will involve going through selected entries and correcting spelling mistakes based on standard Igbo writing rules. Each edited entry will be carefully checked to ensure it is clear, correct, and consistent with others. All changes made during the project will be recorded for proper tracking and reporting. Overall, the project aims to strengthen the quality of Igbo language content on Wiktionary. It will make it easier for learners, translators, and native speakers to trust and use the platform. It also supports the wider goal of improving the visibility and standardization of the Igbo language online. === Project Goals === 1. To improve the spelling accuracy of selected entries on Igbo Wiktionary. 2. To enhance the quality and consistency of existing Igbo Wiktionary content. 3. To make Igbo language resources on Wiktionary more reliable and accessible to users. ===Project Timeline=== 13 June - 14 July ʃ=== Project work list with links === {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !Igbo Words with error !Link !Edited Igbo Words !Link !{{Doing}} |- |1. |Chukwunedum |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |Done |- |2. |Okwu mbite |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwu_Mbite |Mejuo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwu_Mbite#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |3. |Okili |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okili |Ọṅụṅụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okili#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |4. |Ịba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iba |Ọrịa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Aba |Done |- |5. |Dike |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%E1%BB%8B%CC%81k%C3%A9 |n'agha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/D%C3%ADk%C3%A9 |Done |- |6. |Dị mma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%E1%BB%8B_mma |ma ọ bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8B_mma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |7. |Duputa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Duputa |ma ọ bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Duputa |Done |- |8. |Dimkpa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/dimkpa |Nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dimkpa |Done |- |9. |Die |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Die |Ịnagide |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Die |Done |- |10. |Dibia bekee akwara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/dibia_bekee_akwara |ogidigi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dibia_bekee_akwara#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |11. |Dada |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dada |afịkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dada |Done |- |12. |Chukwunelo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunelo |nwanne m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunelo |Done |- |13. |Chukwunedum |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |Done |- |14. |Chukwuma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuma |n'ala Igbo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |15. |Chukwukaọdịlị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukaodili |Chukwukaọdịlị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuka%E1%BB%8Dd%E1%BB%8Bl%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |16. |Chukwukamso |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukamso#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |e nwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukamso#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |17. |Chukwukadibia |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukadibia |Ụmụnwoke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukadibia |Done |- |18. |Chukwugaemezu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwugaemezu |Nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwugaemezu#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |19. |Chukwueze |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwueze |na-egosi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwueze |Done |- |20. |Chukwuemeka |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuemeka |n'ihe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuemeka |Done |- |21. |Chukwuebuka |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuebuka |nnukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuebuka |Done |- |22. |Chizaramekpere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chizaramekpere |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chizaramekpere |Done |- |23. |Chisom |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chisom |na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chisom |Done |- |24. |Chinwendu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinwendu |Aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinwendu |Done |- |25. |Chinenyenwa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenyenwa |Ụmụnwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenyenwa |Done |- |26. |Chinenye |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenye |na-enye |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenye |Done |- |27. |Chinelo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinelo |na-echere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinelo |Done |- |27. |Chikamso |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chikamso |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chikamso |Done |- |28. |Chijioke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chijioke |n'ala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chijioke |Done |- |29. |Chigọzie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chigozie |Chigọzie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chig%E1%BB%8Dzie |Done |- |30. |Chiedozie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiedozie |emeziela |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiedozie |Done |- |31. |Chidịmma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chidimma |Chidịmma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chid%E1%BB%8Bmma |Done |- |32. |Chidịebere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidiebere |Chidịebere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chid%E1%BB%8Bebere |Done |- |33. |Chidera |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidera |nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidera#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |34. |Chiadịgo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiadigo |Kemgbe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiad%E1%BB%8Bgo |Done |- |35. |chi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chi |na-achụrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chi |Done |- |36. |Chaja |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chaja |Akụrụngwa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chaja |Done |- |37. |Bọọlụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/boolu |Mbite |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%8D%E1%BB%8Dl%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |38. |Ịchafụ isi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ichafu-isi |ndị inyom |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Achaf%E1%BB%A5_isi |Done |- |39. |ibu ụzọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/ibu_%E1%BB%A5z%E1%BB%8D |e nwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/ibu_%E1%BB%A5z%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |40. |Ibịarute |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ibiarute |iru |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ibiarute |Done |- |41. |Ji abana |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ji_abana |n'afọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ji_abana |Done |- |42. |Kamfeechukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamfeechukwu |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamfeechukwu |Done |- |43. |Kamgharịda |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamharida |Kamgharịda |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamghar%E1%BB%8Bda |Done |- |44. |Kamtoochukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamtochukwu |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamtochukwu |Done |- |45. |Kambili |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kambili |bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kambili |Done |- |46. |Kama ụsụ ga-atagbu m, ya fere laa. |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kama_%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5ga-atagbu_m,_ya_fere_laa. |Kama ụsụ ga-atagbu m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kama_%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_ga-atagbu_m,_ya_fere_laa. |Done |- |47. |Kagbuo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kagbuo |Kachaa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kagbuo |Done |- |48. |Karama ọgwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Karama_Ogwu |Karama ọgwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Karama_%E1%BB%8Cgw%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |49. |Mbudu Ọkụkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbudu_%E1%BB%8Dkuk%E1%BB%8D |Aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbudu_%E1%BB%8Dkuk%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |50. |Mbugharị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbughari |akagharịala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbughar%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |51. |Mgba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgba |na-adị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgba |Done |- |52. |Mgbakasị ahụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbakas%E1%BB%8B_ah%E1%BB%A5 |Enugwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbakas%E1%BB%8B_ah%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |53. |àkpà |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A0kp%C3%A0 |ụdị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A0kp%C3%A0 |Done |- |54. |Iko Osikapa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iko_Osikapa |E siri m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iko_Osikapa#%E1%BB%8Cm%E1%BB%A5maat%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |55. |Mangoro |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mangoro |n'ime |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mangoro |Done |- |56. |Echezọna |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Echezona |Echezọna |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Echez%E1%BB%8Dna |Done |- |57. |Mbala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbala |buru ibu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbala |Done |- |58. |Mkpacha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpacha |arụ ọrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpacha |Done |- |59. |Ikuku ọma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikuku_oma |meghee ụzọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikuku_%E1%BB%8Dma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |60. |Ịkụ azụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iku_azu |Ịkụpụta azụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ak%E1%BB%A5_az%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |61. |Ịkpọ asị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikp%E1%BB%8Das%E1%BB%8B |anyaụfụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Akp%E1%BB%8D_as%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |62. |Ikpo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpo |ekpokọtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpo |Done |- |63. |Ikpere mmiri |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpere_mmiri |ebe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpere_mmiri |Done |- |64. |Ikpeazụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpeazu |agụchaa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpeaz%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |65. |Ikoego |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikoego |Anyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikoego |Done |- |66. |Mkpachi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpachi |a na |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpachi |Done |- |67. |Mgbapụta |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbap%E1%BB%A5ta |abịa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbap%E1%BB%A5ta |Done |- |68. |Mgbechikwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbechikwere |nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbechikwere |Done |- |69. |Mgbeke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbeke |a mụrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbeke |Done |- |70. |Mgborie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgborie |aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Mgborie&action=history |Done |- |71. |Oti ịgba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oti_igba |eti egwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oti_%E1%BB%8Bgba |Done |- |72. |Oti mkpu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Otimkpu |aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Otimkpu |Done |- |73. |Onyemaechi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaechi |n'ala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaechi |Done |- |74. |Onyemalụechi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaluechi |Onweghị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemal%E1%BB%A5echi |Done |- |75. |Onyenche |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyenche |toro ogologo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyenche |Done |- |76. |Onyewuchi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyewuchi |a gaara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyewuchi |Done |- |77. |Nkịta |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nk%E1%BB%8Bta |ụfọdụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nk%E1%BB%8Bta |Done |- |78. |Mkpebi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpebi |Kwubiri |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpebi |Done |- |79. |Enyinnaya |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Enyinnaya |Ọyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Enyinnaya |Done |- |80. |Oliọkpa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oliokpa |Mmọnwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oli%E1%BB%8Dkpa |Done |- |81. |Ọkụkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okuko |anụ ụlọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ck%E1%BB%A5k%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |82. |Okporoko |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okporoko |amịkpọrọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okporoko |Done |- |83. |Okwa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwa |anụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwa |Done |- |84. 3kl9favv729v98zhfy095fjf407jcbv 709132 709131 2026-09-05T21:04:49Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Project Timeline */ 709132 wikitext text/x-wiki =='''Improving spelling accuracy on Igbo Wiktionary '''== === Project Overview=== This project focuses on improving existing entries on Igbo Wiktionary by correcting spelling and orthographic errors. Many Igbo words online need small but important corrections to make them clearer and more accurate for users. By fixing these issues, the project will help make Igbo Wiktionary a more reliable and useful resource. The work will involve going through selected entries and correcting spelling mistakes based on standard Igbo writing rules. Each edited entry will be carefully checked to ensure it is clear, correct, and consistent with others. All changes made during the project will be recorded for proper tracking and reporting. Overall, the project aims to strengthen the quality of Igbo language content on Wiktionary. It will make it easier for learners, translators, and native speakers to trust and use the platform. It also supports the wider goal of improving the visibility and standardization of the Igbo language online. === Project Goals === 1. To improve the spelling accuracy of selected entries on Igbo Wiktionary. 2. To enhance the quality and consistency of existing Igbo Wiktionary content. 3. To make Igbo language resources on Wiktionary more reliable and accessible to users. ===Project Timeline=== 13 June - 14 July ʃ=== Project work list with links === {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !Igbo Words with error !Link !Edited Igbo Words !Link !{{Doing}} |- |1. |Chukwunedum |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |Done |- |2. |Okwu mbite |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwu_Mbite |Mejuo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwu_Mbite#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |3. |Okili |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okili |Ọṅụṅụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okili#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |4. |Ịba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iba |Ọrịa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Aba |Done |- |5. |Dike |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%E1%BB%8B%CC%81k%C3%A9 |n'agha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/D%C3%ADk%C3%A9 |Done |- |6. |Dị mma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%E1%BB%8B_mma |ma ọ bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8B_mma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |7. |Duputa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Duputa |ma ọ bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Duputa |Done |- |8. |Dimkpa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/dimkpa |Nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dimkpa |Done |- |9. |Die |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Die |Ịnagide |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Die |Done |- |10. |Dibia bekee akwara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/dibia_bekee_akwara |ogidigi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dibia_bekee_akwara#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |11. |Dada |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dada |afịkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dada |Done |- |12. |Chukwunelo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunelo |nwanne m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunelo |Done |- |13. |Chukwunedum |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |Done |- |14. |Chukwuma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuma |n'ala Igbo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |15. |Chukwukaọdịlị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukaodili |Chukwukaọdịlị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuka%E1%BB%8Dd%E1%BB%8Bl%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |16. |Chukwukamso |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukamso#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |e nwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukamso#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |17. |Chukwukadibia |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukadibia |Ụmụnwoke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukadibia |Done |- |18. |Chukwugaemezu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwugaemezu |Nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwugaemezu#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |19. |Chukwueze |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwueze |na-egosi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwueze |Done |- |20. |Chukwuemeka |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuemeka |n'ihe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuemeka |Done |- |21. |Chukwuebuka |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuebuka |nnukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuebuka |Done |- |22. |Chizaramekpere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chizaramekpere |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chizaramekpere |Done |- |23. |Chisom |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chisom |na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chisom |Done |- |24. |Chinwendu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinwendu |Aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinwendu |Done |- |25. |Chinenyenwa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenyenwa |Ụmụnwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenyenwa |Done |- |26. |Chinenye |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenye |na-enye |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenye |Done |- |27. |Chinelo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinelo |na-echere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinelo |Done |- |27. |Chikamso |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chikamso |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chikamso |Done |- |28. |Chijioke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chijioke |n'ala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chijioke |Done |- |29. |Chigọzie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chigozie |Chigọzie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chig%E1%BB%8Dzie |Done |- |30. |Chiedozie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiedozie |emeziela |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiedozie |Done |- |31. |Chidịmma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chidimma |Chidịmma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chid%E1%BB%8Bmma |Done |- |32. |Chidịebere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidiebere |Chidịebere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chid%E1%BB%8Bebere |Done |- |33. |Chidera |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidera |nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidera#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |34. |Chiadịgo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiadigo |Kemgbe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiad%E1%BB%8Bgo |Done |- |35. |chi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chi |na-achụrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chi |Done |- |36. |Chaja |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chaja |Akụrụngwa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chaja |Done |- |37. |Bọọlụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/boolu |Mbite |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%8D%E1%BB%8Dl%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |38. |Ịchafụ isi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ichafu-isi |ndị inyom |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Achaf%E1%BB%A5_isi |Done |- |39. |ibu ụzọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/ibu_%E1%BB%A5z%E1%BB%8D |e nwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/ibu_%E1%BB%A5z%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |40. |Ibịarute |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ibiarute |iru |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ibiarute |Done |- |41. |Ji abana |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ji_abana |n'afọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ji_abana |Done |- |42. |Kamfeechukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamfeechukwu |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamfeechukwu |Done |- |43. |Kamgharịda |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamharida |Kamgharịda |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamghar%E1%BB%8Bda |Done |- |44. |Kamtoochukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamtochukwu |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamtochukwu |Done |- |45. |Kambili |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kambili |bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kambili |Done |- |46. |Kama ụsụ ga-atagbu m, ya fere laa. |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kama_%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5ga-atagbu_m,_ya_fere_laa. |Kama ụsụ ga-atagbu m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kama_%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_ga-atagbu_m,_ya_fere_laa. |Done |- |47. |Kagbuo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kagbuo |Kachaa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kagbuo |Done |- |48. |Karama ọgwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Karama_Ogwu |Karama ọgwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Karama_%E1%BB%8Cgw%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |49. |Mbudu Ọkụkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbudu_%E1%BB%8Dkuk%E1%BB%8D |Aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbudu_%E1%BB%8Dkuk%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |50. |Mbugharị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbughari |akagharịala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbughar%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |51. |Mgba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgba |na-adị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgba |Done |- |52. |Mgbakasị ahụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbakas%E1%BB%8B_ah%E1%BB%A5 |Enugwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbakas%E1%BB%8B_ah%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |53. |àkpà |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A0kp%C3%A0 |ụdị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A0kp%C3%A0 |Done |- |54. |Iko Osikapa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iko_Osikapa |E siri m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iko_Osikapa#%E1%BB%8Cm%E1%BB%A5maat%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |55. |Mangoro |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mangoro |n'ime |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mangoro |Done |- |56. |Echezọna |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Echezona |Echezọna |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Echez%E1%BB%8Dna |Done |- |57. |Mbala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbala |buru ibu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbala |Done |- |58. |Mkpacha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpacha |arụ ọrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpacha |Done |- |59. |Ikuku ọma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikuku_oma |meghee ụzọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikuku_%E1%BB%8Dma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |60. |Ịkụ azụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iku_azu |Ịkụpụta azụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ak%E1%BB%A5_az%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |61. |Ịkpọ asị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikp%E1%BB%8Das%E1%BB%8B |anyaụfụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Akp%E1%BB%8D_as%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |62. |Ikpo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpo |ekpokọtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpo |Done |- |63. |Ikpere mmiri |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpere_mmiri |ebe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpere_mmiri |Done |- |64. |Ikpeazụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpeazu |agụchaa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpeaz%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |65. |Ikoego |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikoego |Anyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikoego |Done |- |66. |Mkpachi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpachi |a na |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpachi |Done |- |67. |Mgbapụta |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbap%E1%BB%A5ta |abịa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbap%E1%BB%A5ta |Done |- |68. |Mgbechikwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbechikwere |nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbechikwere |Done |- |69. |Mgbeke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbeke |a mụrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbeke |Done |- |70. |Mgborie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgborie |aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Mgborie&action=history |Done |- |71. |Oti ịgba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oti_igba |eti egwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oti_%E1%BB%8Bgba |Done |- |72. |Oti mkpu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Otimkpu |aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Otimkpu |Done |- |73. |Onyemaechi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaechi |n'ala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaechi |Done |- |74. |Onyemalụechi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaluechi |Onweghị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemal%E1%BB%A5echi |Done |- |75. |Onyenche |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyenche |toro ogologo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyenche |Done |- |76. |Onyewuchi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyewuchi |a gaara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyewuchi |Done |- |77. |Nkịta |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nk%E1%BB%8Bta |ụfọdụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nk%E1%BB%8Bta |Done |- |78. |Mkpebi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpebi |Kwubiri |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpebi |Done |- |79. |Enyinnaya |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Enyinnaya |Ọyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Enyinnaya |Done |- |80. |Oliọkpa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oliokpa |Mmọnwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oli%E1%BB%8Dkpa |Done |- |81. |Ọkụkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okuko |anụ ụlọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ck%E1%BB%A5k%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |82. |Okporoko |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okporoko |amịkpọrọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okporoko |Done |- |83. |Okwa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwa |anụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwa |Done |- |84. |Ọkpụnọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okpuno | t9ii6hphhqg6aa23whl77qtee501wce 709133 709132 2026-09-05T21:06:05Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Project Timeline */ 709133 wikitext text/x-wiki =='''Improving spelling accuracy on Igbo Wiktionary '''== === Project Overview=== This project focuses on improving existing entries on Igbo Wiktionary by correcting spelling and orthographic errors. Many Igbo words online need small but important corrections to make them clearer and more accurate for users. By fixing these issues, the project will help make Igbo Wiktionary a more reliable and useful resource. The work will involve going through selected entries and correcting spelling mistakes based on standard Igbo writing rules. Each edited entry will be carefully checked to ensure it is clear, correct, and consistent with others. All changes made during the project will be recorded for proper tracking and reporting. Overall, the project aims to strengthen the quality of Igbo language content on Wiktionary. It will make it easier for learners, translators, and native speakers to trust and use the platform. It also supports the wider goal of improving the visibility and standardization of the Igbo language online. === Project Goals === 1. To improve the spelling accuracy of selected entries on Igbo Wiktionary. 2. To enhance the quality and consistency of existing Igbo Wiktionary content. 3. To make Igbo language resources on Wiktionary more reliable and accessible to users. ===Project Timeline=== 13 June - 14 July ʃ=== Project work list with links === {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !Igbo Words with error !Link !Edited Igbo Words !Link !{{Doing}} |- |1. |Chukwunedum |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |Done |- |2. |Okwu mbite |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwu_Mbite |Mejuo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwu_Mbite#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |3. |Okili |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okili |Ọṅụṅụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okili#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |4. |Ịba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iba |Ọrịa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Aba |Done |- |5. |Dike |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%E1%BB%8B%CC%81k%C3%A9 |n'agha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/D%C3%ADk%C3%A9 |Done |- |6. |Dị mma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%E1%BB%8B_mma |ma ọ bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8B_mma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |7. |Duputa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Duputa |ma ọ bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Duputa |Done |- |8. |Dimkpa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/dimkpa |Nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dimkpa |Done |- |9. |Die |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Die |Ịnagide |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Die |Done |- |10. |Dibia bekee akwara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/dibia_bekee_akwara |ogidigi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dibia_bekee_akwara#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |11. |Dada |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dada |afịkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dada |Done |- |12. |Chukwunelo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunelo |nwanne m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunelo |Done |- |13. |Chukwunedum |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |Done |- |14. |Chukwuma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuma |n'ala Igbo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |15. |Chukwukaọdịlị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukaodili |Chukwukaọdịlị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuka%E1%BB%8Dd%E1%BB%8Bl%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |16. |Chukwukamso |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukamso#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |e nwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukamso#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |17. |Chukwukadibia |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukadibia |Ụmụnwoke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwukadibia |Done |- |18. |Chukwugaemezu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwugaemezu |Nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwugaemezu#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |19. |Chukwueze |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwueze |na-egosi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwueze |Done |- |20. |Chukwuemeka |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuemeka |n'ihe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuemeka |Done |- |21. |Chukwuebuka |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuebuka |nnukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwuebuka |Done |- |22. |Chizaramekpere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chizaramekpere |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chizaramekpere |Done |- |23. |Chisom |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chisom |na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chisom |Done |- |24. |Chinwendu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinwendu |Aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinwendu |Done |- |25. |Chinenyenwa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenyenwa |Ụmụnwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenyenwa |Done |- |26. |Chinenye |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenye |na-enye |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinenye |Done |- |27. |Chinelo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinelo |na-echere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinelo |Done |- |27. |Chikamso |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chikamso |a na-akpọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chikamso |Done |- |28. |Chijioke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chijioke |n'ala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chijioke |Done |- |29. |Chigọzie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chigozie |Chigọzie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chig%E1%BB%8Dzie |Done |- |30. |Chiedozie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiedozie |emeziela |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiedozie |Done |- |31. |Chidịmma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chidimma |Chidịmma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chid%E1%BB%8Bmma |Done |- |32. |Chidịebere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidiebere |Chidịebere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chid%E1%BB%8Bebere |Done |- |33. |Chidera |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidera |nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chidera#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |34. |Chiadịgo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiadigo |Kemgbe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chiad%E1%BB%8Bgo |Done |- |35. |chi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chi |na-achụrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chi |Done |- |36. |Chaja |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/chaja |Akụrụngwa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chaja |Done |- |37. |Bọọlụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/boolu |Mbite |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%8D%E1%BB%8Dl%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |38. |Ịchafụ isi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ichafu-isi |ndị inyom |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Achaf%E1%BB%A5_isi |Done |- |39. |ibu ụzọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/ibu_%E1%BB%A5z%E1%BB%8D |e nwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/ibu_%E1%BB%A5z%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |40. |Ibịarute |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ibiarute |iru |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ibiarute |Done |- |41. |Ji abana |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ji_abana |n'afọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ji_abana |Done |- |42. |Kamfeechukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamfeechukwu |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamfeechukwu |Done |- |43. |Kamgharịda |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamharida |Kamgharịda |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamghar%E1%BB%8Bda |Done |- |44. |Kamtoochukwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamtochukwu |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamtochukwu |Done |- |45. |Kambili |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kambili |bụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kambili |Done |- |46. |Kama ụsụ ga-atagbu m, ya fere laa. |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kama_%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5ga-atagbu_m,_ya_fere_laa. |Kama ụsụ ga-atagbu m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kama_%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_ga-atagbu_m,_ya_fere_laa. |Done |- |47. |Kagbuo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kagbuo |Kachaa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kagbuo |Done |- |48. |Karama ọgwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Karama_Ogwu |Karama ọgwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Karama_%E1%BB%8Cgw%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |49. |Mbudu Ọkụkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbudu_%E1%BB%8Dkuk%E1%BB%8D |Aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbudu_%E1%BB%8Dkuk%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |50. |Mbugharị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbughari |akagharịala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbughar%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |51. |Mgba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgba |na-adị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgba |Done |- |52. |Mgbakasị ahụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbakas%E1%BB%8B_ah%E1%BB%A5 |Enugwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbakas%E1%BB%8B_ah%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |53. |àkpà |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A0kp%C3%A0 |ụdị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A0kp%C3%A0 |Done |- |54. |Iko Osikapa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iko_Osikapa |E siri m |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iko_Osikapa#%E1%BB%8Cm%E1%BB%A5maat%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |55. |Mangoro |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mangoro |n'ime |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mangoro |Done |- |56. |Echezọna |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Echezona |Echezọna |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Echez%E1%BB%8Dna |Done |- |57. |Mbala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbala |buru ibu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mbala |Done |- |58. |Mkpacha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpacha |arụ ọrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpacha |Done |- |59. |Ikuku ọma |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikuku_oma |meghee ụzọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikuku_%E1%BB%8Dma#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |60. |Ịkụ azụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iku_azu |Ịkụpụta azụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ak%E1%BB%A5_az%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |61. |Ịkpọ asị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikp%E1%BB%8Das%E1%BB%8B |anyaụfụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Akp%E1%BB%8D_as%E1%BB%8B |Done |- |62. |Ikpo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpo |ekpokọtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpo |Done |- |63. |Ikpere mmiri |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpere_mmiri |ebe |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpere_mmiri |Done |- |64. |Ikpeazụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpeazu |agụchaa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikpeaz%E1%BB%A5 |Done |- |65. |Ikoego |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikoego |Anyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ikoego |Done |- |66. |Mkpachi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpachi |a na |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpachi |Done |- |67. |Mgbapụta |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbap%E1%BB%A5ta |abịa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbap%E1%BB%A5ta |Done |- |68. |Mgbechikwere |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbechikwere |nwaanyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbechikwere |Done |- |69. |Mgbeke |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbeke |a mụrụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgbeke |Done |- |70. |Mgborie |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mgborie |aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Mgborie&action=history |Done |- |71. |Oti ịgba |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oti_igba |eti egwu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oti_%E1%BB%8Bgba |Done |- |72. |Oti mkpu |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Otimkpu |aha |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Otimkpu |Done |- |73. |Onyemaechi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaechi |n'ala |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaechi |Done |- |74. |Onyemalụechi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemaluechi |Onweghị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyemal%E1%BB%A5echi |Done |- |75. |Onyenche |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyenche |toro ogologo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyenche |Done |- |76. |Onyewuchi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyewuchi |a gaara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Onyewuchi |Done |- |77. |Nkịta |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nk%E1%BB%8Bta |ụfọdụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nk%E1%BB%8Bta |Done |- |78. |Mkpebi |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpebi |Kwubiri |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mkpebi |Done |- |79. |Enyinnaya |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Enyinnaya |Ọyị |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Enyinnaya |Done |- |80. |Oliọkpa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oliokpa |Mmọnwụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oli%E1%BB%8Dkpa |Done |- |81. |Ọkụkọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okuko |anụ ụlọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ck%E1%BB%A5k%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |82. |Okporoko |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okporoko |amịkpọrọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okporoko |Done |- |83. |Okwa |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwa |anụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwa |Done |- |84. |Ọkpụnọ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okpuno |ọdịda |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ckp%E1%BB%A5n%E1%BB%8D |Done |- |85. | krlssrq8l9f8wbfke2wz2phg0acvode 0 76772 709199 688362 2026-09-06T03:50:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709199 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Faịlụ:Darren Kimura at US Japan Council 2013.jpg|thumb|Darren Kimura na 2013]] '''Darren T. Kimura''' (amụrụ na Septemba 10, 1974, Hilo, Hawaii) bụ onye ọchụnta ego America, onye na-emepụta ihe, na onye na-etinye ego. A maara ya nke ọma dị ka onye mepụtara teknụzụ micro concentrated solar power (CSP) <ref>{{Cite news|title=Niche Markets for micro-CSP Page|url=http://social.csptoday.com/emerging-markets/niche-markets-micro-csp|accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref> nke a maara dị ka MicroCSP.<ref>{{Cite news|title=MicroCSP - Concentrating Solar Power|url=http://www.altenergymag.com/emagazine/2011/10/microcsp-concentrated-solar-power/1804}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=United States Patent and Trademark Office Trademark MicroCSP|url=http://trade.mar.cx/US77241333/|accessdate=2013-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306041036/http://trade.mar.cx/us77241333|archivedate=2016-03-06}}</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Kimura n'aka ndị nne na Ndị Japan America na Hilo, Hawaii ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Waiakea High School . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Darren T. Kimura Class of 1992|url=http://waiakeahigh.k12.hi.us/library/NaMea%20Pages/Darren%20Kimura.htm|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232448/http://waiakeahigh.k12.hi.us/library/NaMea%20Pages/Darren%20Kimura.htm}}</ref> O nwetara ọkwa nke Eagle Scout dị ka onye otu na Boy Scouts of America. Ọ gụrụ Computer Science na Business Management na Mahadum nke Hawai'i na Mānoa . O mechara gaa Mahadum Portland State, na-amụ injinia eletrik na Mahadum Stanford na-amụ sayensị kọmputa ma bụrụ Alumni si na Stanford Graduate School of Business . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Stanford GSB Alumni Directory|url=https://alumni-gsb.stanford.edu/get/page/directory/profile/?qwe=6ACB13BAAA39F1D52AD9D87CA9469E95&returnto=results}}</ref> N'oge ọrịa na-efe efe nke afọ 2009, ''Newsweek'' kpuchiri ihe ịma aka Darren n'ịchọta Tamiflu n'ihi nchịkọta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Newsweek: Why individual stockpiling of anti-flu medication is a bad idea|url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2009/04/30/healthy-hoarders.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Kimura began his career as an entrepreneur bringing the sport of paintball to Hawaii while still in high school. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> When attending the University of Hawaii at Manoa he worked in the Information and Computer Sciences department, where he launched Nalu Communications, an internet service provider.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saipan Tribune Roundtable|url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=60624&cat=1|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221545/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=60624&cat=1|archivedate=2013-10-04}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, o kere ma gbasaa Energy Industries Corporation. Site na nkwado nke Energy Industries o kere Energy Laboratories,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Energy Laboratories|work=Energy Industries Corporation|date=21 May 2013|url=http://www.energylaboratories.com/?page_id=2}}</ref> as an incubator for start-up companies, and Enerdigm Ventures,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Enerdigm Ventures|url=http://enerdigm.com/wp/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005014732/http://enerdigm.com/wp/|archivedate=2013-10-05}}</ref> a venture capital firm to seed and support early to growth stage companies. MicroCSP Technology and Sopogy, Inc. began as a spin-off of at Energy Laboratories and was initially funded by Kimura and Enerdigm Ventures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy closes Series E funding|date=27 November 2012|url=http://www.altassets.net/private-equity-news/by-news-type/deal-news/us-solar-developer-sopogy-closes-series-e-funding-round.html}}</ref> Kimura and Enerdigm Ventures invested in the creation of [[LiveAction]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2014/02/11/darren-kimura-named-ceo-of-live-action.html|title=Darren Kimura named CEO of Live Action - Pacific Business News|work=bizjournals.com|accessdate=2018-08-01}}</ref> Kimura na Enerdigm Ventures tinyere ego n'ichepụta Spin Technology a Data ndabere ngwaahịa maka Google Workspace or Microsoft 365,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://codingsocieties.com/spin-technology-names-darren-t-kimura-as-executive-chairman/|title=Spin Technology Names Darren T. Kimura as Executive Chairman|author=Kimura|first=Darren|date=2020-01-10|work=News Break|accessdate=}}</ref> and Kimura joined Open Source technology provider [[ZEDEDA]] as its president and Chief Operating Officer. After spending 4 years at the company and completing its Series B<ref>{{Cite news|title=ZededaE Closes $26M Series B Funding Round as Distributed Edge Market Soars|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220721005120/en/ZEDEDA-Closes-%2426M-Series-B-Funding-Round-as-Distributed-Edge-Market-Soars}}</ref> and $72 Million Series C,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zededa Secures $72M in Growth Capital to Meet the Skyrocketing Demand for Edge AI and Computing|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240207876324/en/ZEDEDA-Secures-%2472M-in-Growth-Capital-to-Meet-the-Skyrocketing-Demand-for-Edge-AI-and-Computing}}</ref> Kimura joined AI Squared as its CEO. Ọ duziri imepụta na iwu nke ọrụ MicroCSP mbụ n'ụwa, nke a na-akpọ Holaniku na Keahole Point . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy inaugurates the World's first MicroCSP solar thermal plant using Sopogy's products|url=http://sopogy.com/blog/2009/12/10/sopogy-inaugurates-the-world%E2%80%99s-first-microcsp%E2%84%A2-solar-thermal-plant/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234444/http://sopogy.com/blog/2009/12/10/sopogy-inaugurates-the-world%E2%80%99s-first-microcsp%E2%84%A2-solar-thermal-plant/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy introduces new solar technology at NELHA|date=11 December 2009|url=http://www.hawaii247.com/2009/12/11/sopogy-introduces-new-solar-technology-at-nelha/}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi na State of Hawaii Venture Capital fund.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HSDC Annual Report|url=http://lrbhawaii.info/reports/legrpts/dbedt/hsdc/211f_15hrs_11.pdf|accessdate=2026-06-17|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042652/http://lrbhawaii.info/reports/legrpts/dbedt/hsdc/211f_15hrs_11.pdf}}</ref> Ihe ọ rụzuru n'azụmahịa emeela ka e gosipụta ya n'ihu ''MidWeek'', na ihu Pacific Edge, na Entrepreneur, na akwụkwọ 2007 The Greater Good: Life Lessons from Hawaii's Leaders.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Midweek: The future's so bright|url=http://archives.midweek.com/content/story/midweek_coverstory/Darren_Kimura_Energy_Conservation_and_Management_Hawaii_/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Pacific Edge: The Energy Within|url=http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/b9bdde2b#/b9bdde2b/1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilson|first=Sara|title=Entrepreneur Magazine: Riding the Green Wave|work=Entrepreneur|date=21 August 2008|url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/196570}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The Greater Good: Crazy to Visionary|url=http://www.greatergoodbooks.com/The_Greater_Good-sneak_peek.pdf}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye ọbịa na Al Gore na The Climate Reality Project na 24 Hours of Reality - The Dirty Weather Report . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The World's Oceans & Hawaii|url=http://climaterealityproject.org/24hours2012/live-broadcast/hour-06-the-worlds-oceans/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114114340/http://climaterealityproject.org/24hours2012/live-broadcast/hour-06-the-worlds-oceans/|archivedate=2012-11-14}}</ref> E gosipụtara ya na nkwalite [[Ike na-adịgide adịgide|ike dị ọcha]] nke Ụlọ ọrụ eletrik Hawaiian, nke e gosipụtara n'oge APEC United States 2011 ma bụrụ onye edemede na blọọgụ Cisco na MedCity News.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hawaiian Electric Green Energy|work=[[YouTube]]|date=July 2010|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCGM5y07TNU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kimura|first=Darren|title=Author|url=https://blogs.cisco.com/author/darrenkimura|work=Cisco.com|publisher=Cisco}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Future of AI in Healthcare Demands Transparency, Trust, and Human-Centered Design|date=23 May 2025|url=https://medcitynews.com/2025/05/the-future-of-ai-in-healthcare-demands-transparency-trust-and-human-centered-design/}}</ref> E gosipụtara ya maka echiche ya banyere isi ego na ọgụgụ isi aka na Silicon Valley Bank State of Enterprise Software Report na The Wall Street Journal na isiokwu gụnyere Immigration na AI Policy, na Newsweek na AI dị ka eji na kọleji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State of Enterprise Software 2025|url=https://www.svb.com/trends-insights/reports/state-of-enterprise-software/|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=www.svb.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Carlton|first=Jim|date=May 25, 2025|title=Immigration Is the Only Thing Propping Up California's Population|url=https://www.wsj.com/business/california-population-growth-immigration-h-1b-visa-4b526478}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Loten|first=Angus|date=July 9, 2025|title=After Setback, Tech Firms Renew Push for Federal AI Regulation|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/after-setback-tech-firms-renew-push-for-federal-ai-regulation-cc2b26d5?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Blake|first=Suzanne|date=Jul 31, 2025|title=Half of Students Say AI Is Most Important Skill They'll Learn in College|work=[[Newsweek]]|url=https://www.newsweek.com/half-students-say-ai-most-important-skill-theyll-learn-college-2107250}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, Kimura malitere mkpọsa <ref>{{Cite web|title=Facebook Daniel K. Inouye Honolulu International Airport Facebook Page|work=[[Facebook]]|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/472213349509067}}</ref> iji gbanwee aha Honolulu International Airport ka ọ bụrụ Daniel K. Inouye International Airport, iji sọpụrụ onye omeiwu [[Hawaii]] nwụrụ anwụ Daniel Inouye nke e nwetara na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|title=KHON 2 Honolulu airport renamed after late Sen. Daniel Inouye|work=KHON2|date=29 April 2017|url=https://www.khon2.com/local-news/honolulu-airport-renamed-after-late-sen-daniel-inouye/}}</ref> === Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-emepụta Ike === Kimura malitere Energy Conservation Hawaii na 1994, <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Future's So Bright…|url=http://archives.midweek.com/content/story/midweek_coverstory/Darren_Kimura_Energy_Conservation_and_Management_Hawaii_/}}</ref> site n'azụ SUV ya, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Success built on CEO's work ethic|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2006/Nov/08/bz/FP611080319.html}}</ref> na-eji bọọdụ ya dị ka tebụl ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=From surfer to renewable energy entrepreneur|url=http://www.bizgym.com/2009/08/green-success-story-daren-kimura-trades-in-his-surfboard-for-a-thriving-renewable-energy-business/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230014/http://www.bizgym.com/2009/08/green-success-story-daren-kimura-trades-in-his-surfboard-for-a-thriving-renewable-energy-business/}}</ref> N'ime afọ ole na ole, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ruru $ 50 nde na ego ha nwetara wee malite mgbasawanye mba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Success build on CEO's work ethic|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2006/Nov/08/bz/FP611080319.html}}</ref> Kimura gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Energy Industries Corporation ịrịọ maka ahịa obodo ya, ma ọ ka bụ onye nwe oke. Echiche dị n'okpuru maka ịmepụta Energy Industries Corporation bụ iji nyere aka mee ka arụmọrụ ike dị mfe. N'ọrụ ya na Energy Industries Corporation, Kimura nyere Energy Star na ebe ndị dị ka Hawaii, Palau, Guam na Saipan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hawaii Business: Energy Savers|url=http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/May-2001/Light-Savers/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005014137/http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/May-2001/Light-Savers/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Energy Star in Palau|url=http://darrentkimura.com/2006/01/27/energy-star-in-palau/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232158/http://darrentkimura.com/2006/01/27/energy-star-in-palau/|archivedate=2013-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Energy Star in Guam|url=http://darrentkimura.com/2006/01/25/energy-star-in-guam/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000751/http://darrentkimura.com/2006/01/25/energy-star-in-guam/|archivedate=2013-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Energy Division sponsors energy-saving workshop|url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=60711|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004258/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=60711|archivedate=2013-10-05}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, e gosipụtara ụlọ ọrụ Energy Industries Corporation na akụkọ The Wall Street Journal "Alternative State", banyere ọrụ ike na-agbanwe agbanwe nke e mepụtara na Hawaii. <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Wall Street Journal Alternative State|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121432274606000209|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === MicroCSP === Emepụtara echiche maka teknụzụ MicroCSP mgbe Kimura nwara ịwụnye ebe nchekwa ike anyanwụ na Kona, Hawaii. N'ịghọta na ọ bụ enweghị akụ na ụba na ọ bụghị ihe bara uru iji ụgbọ mmiri, wụnye ma rụọ ọrụ nnukwu ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ dị ka Hawaii, Kimura na-arụ ọrụ n'ibelata akụkụ nke onye na-anakọta anyanwụ bụ nke mere ka ọ gbanwee nkà na ụzụ na itinye ihe eji eme ihe. MicroCSP na-eji maka obodo-sized ike osisi (1 MW ka 50 MW), maka ulo oru, ugbo na n'ichepụta 'usoro okpomọkụ' ngwa, na mgbe nnukwu ego nke mmiri ọkụ dị mkpa, dị ka ebe igwu mmiri ọdọ mmiri, mmiri ogige, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-asa ákwà, sterilization, distillation na ndị ọzọ dị otú ahụ ojiji. MIT mụọkwara iji teknụzụ MicroCSP n'ọgbọ ike na-eji Organic Rankine Cycle. Kimura trademarked the term MicroCSP and later released the term for use in the public domain to help accelerate MicroCSP adoption. His [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|US]] Patent on the idea (U.S. patent 20,080,127,967) served as the basis for other MicroCSP inventions. Companies producing MicroCSP technologies include GlassPoint Solar Abengoa Solar Aora Sun2Power Chromasun SolarLite NEP Solar Novatec Solar Industrial Solar Focal Point Energy SunTrough Focused Sun Heat 2 Power and Nanogen and Tamuz Energy. === Akụkọ ifo === Ụlọ ọrụ Solar Power Technology ma ọ bụ "Sopogy", bụ onye na-eweta teknụzụ okpomọkụ anyanwụ, e hiwere ya na 2002 na Honolulu, ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ dị ọcha nke dị na Hawaii nke a maara dị ka Energy Laboratories . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy Website|url=http://sopogy.com/company/}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere nyocha ya na itinye uche na ike okpomọkụ nke anyanwụ iji mepụta uzuoku anyanwụ na okpomọkụ okpomọkụ maka absorption chillers ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ usoro mmepụta ihe. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ emepụtala ngwa ndị na-ejikọta ndị na-anakọta anyanwụ na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik na nsị. Kimura kere aha ụlọ ọrụ site na iwere akụkụ nke isi okwu gụnyere "SO" sitere na Solar, "PO" site na "Ike", na "GY" site na "Energy and Technology".<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Sopogy|url=http://sopogy.com/about/index.php?id=16#3|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108211657/http://sopogy.com/about/index.php?id=16#3|archivedate=2017-01-08}}</ref> Ndị otu OEM na ndị na-ere ahịa IPP dị na Honolulu tinyere nyocha na mmepe ya, na 2006 ọ gbasaa mmepụta ya, C&amp;amp;I, na ndị na'ere mmanụ na gas na ụlọ ọrụ Silicon Valley. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Sopogy returns to Manoa Innovation Center|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/blog/2013/06/sopogy-inc-returns-to-original-office.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hawaii tech firms move offices and expand facilities to Mainland|url=http://sopogy.com/blog/2007/12/28/hawaii-tech-firms-move-offices-and-expand-facilities-to-mainland/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005022545/http://sopogy.com/blog/2007/12/28/hawaii-tech-firms-move-offices-and-expand-facilities-to-mainland/}}</ref> Sopogy etinyela 200 megawatts na China, na 360 megawatts Na Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy announced the installation of 200 megawatts of CSP in China|url=http://www.helioscsp.com/noticia.php?id_not=269|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005043903/http://www.helioscsp.com/noticia.php?id_not=269|archivedate=2013-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy Lands 200MW China Project for Thermal Storage|url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2010/12/sopogy-lands-200mw-china-project-for-thermal-energy-storage}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy signs agreement on Thai solar project|url=http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/19449/sopogy-signs-agreement-on-thai-solar-project/}}</ref> Kimura na Sopogy, tinyere First Solar, gosipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Whole Foods Market Thrive. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Whole Foods features Sopogy and First Solar|work=[[YouTube]]|date=25 July 2011|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDNavtgu9yc}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, e nyere Sopogy ihe nrite APEC Business Innovation Award, ma gosipụta ya n'ihu akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Los Angeles Times''. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy is APEC Honolulu technology showcase winner|url=http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/blog/2011/november/apec-business-spotlight-sopogy-apec-honolulu-technology-sho|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235416/http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/blog/2011/november/apec-business-spotlight-sopogy-apec-honolulu-technology-sho|archivedate=2013-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Darren Kimura, CEO of Sopogy, at the firm's solar facility on Hawaii's Big Island|url=http://www.latimes.com/lat-fi-green-haw_kw5gonc,0,2184478.photo#axzz2oPmanlY1|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Sopogy rụzuru usoro ego E họọrọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2012 nke Mitsui &amp;amp; Co. na SunEdison, ụlọ ọrụ anyanwụ US, Sempra Energy, 3M, na ndị ọzọ duziri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy strengthens its financial status|date=30 August 2022|url=http://www.csp-world.com/news/20121203/00635/sopogy-strengthens-its-financial-status|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225161917/http://www.csp-world.com/news/20121203/00635/sopogy-strengthens-its-financial-status|archivedate=December 25, 2013}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mara ọkwa na Darren Kimura agbahapụla dị ka onyeisi oche, onye isi nchịkwa na onyeisi oche na March 2013, na SunEdison tinye otu n'ime ndị isi ya dị ka onyeisi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sopogy Names SunEdison Exec to top leadership role|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/article/2013-03-19/arQyXkwW7p_k.html|work=Bloomberg}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụchara oge, Darren Kimura hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Mee 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darren Kimura Blog - What's next?|url=http://darrentkimura.com/2013/07/27/whats-next/|accessdate=2013-12-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023000825/http://darrentkimura.com/2013/07/27/whats-next/|archivedate=2013-10-23}}</ref> Hitachi Power Systems nwetara Sopogy na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|title=MicroCSP still looking good in Sopogy's wake|url=http://social.csptoday.com/markets/micro-csp-still-looking-good-sopogy%E2%80%99s-wake|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520142539/http://social.csptoday.com/markets/micro-csp-still-looking-good-sopogy%E2%80%99s-wake|archivedate=May 20, 2014}}</ref> === Ihe nkiri Live === Enerdigm Ventures tinyere ego na ntọala nke LiveAction, Inc., ụlọ ọrụ njikwa netwọkụ ụlọ ọrụ nke bụbu ọrụ gọọmentị kwadoro na 2007 na Referentia Systems, Inc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ActionPacked Networks Rebrands and Launches as LiveAction|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/actionpacked_networks_rebrands_and_launches_as_liveaction/prweb11547284.htm}}</ref> and Kimura joined the company as chairman of the Board of Directors, Executive Chairman<ref>{{Cite web|title=LiveAction Leadership Team|url=http://actionpacked.com/company/team}}</ref> and later as chief executive officer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darren Kimura joins LiveAction as Chief Executive Officer|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2014/02/11/darren-kimura-named-ceo-of-live-action.html}}</ref> The company is best known for its NetFlow visualization capabilities  and quality of service monitoring and configuration capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cisco: Rule the World of Application QoS|url=http://blogs.cisco.com/enterprise/rule-the-world-of-application-qos-with-cisco-avc-and-actionpacked-networks/|date=2013-06-11}}</ref> Kimura led LiveAction to achieve a place on the Cisco Solutions Plus Program  and completed LiveAction's Series A financing that included participation by Enerdigm Ventures,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140904006444/en/LiveAction-Secures-5.35-Million-Series-Financing-AITV|title=LiveAction Secures $5.35 Million Series A Financing from AITV and Cisco Investments|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en}}</ref> Sway Ventures,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-16|title=LiveAction Secures $5.35 Million Series A Financing from Sway Ventures and Cisco Investments|url=https://medium.com/@swayventures/liveaction-secures-5-35-b208c35b50d9|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=Medium|language=en}}</ref> In-Q-Tel<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-27|title=LiveAction announces long-term behavioral analytics capabilities in its ThreatEye NV platform|url=https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2022/05/27/liveaction-threateye-nv-platform/|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=Help Net Security|language=en-US}}</ref> and Cisco Systems<ref>{{Cite web|title=LiveAction Secures $5.35 Million Series A Financing from AITV and Cisco Investments|work=VentureBeat|url=https://venturebeat.com/2014/09/04/liveaction-secures-5-35-million-series-a-financing-from-aitv-and-cisco-investments/|date=2014-09-04|accessdate=2026-06-17|archivedate=2021-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202135323/https://venturebeat.com/2014/09/04/liveaction-secures-5-35-million-series-a-financing-from-aitv-and-cisco-investments/}}</ref> LiveAction expanded its capabilities in scale to achieve an industry leading 1 million flows per second  Under Kimura, LiveAction launched LiveAgent to extend visibility to the network end point<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liveaction.com/resources/solution-briefs/liveagent-solution-brief/|title=LiveAgent Solution Brief - The Endpoint Visibility Challenge|work=LiveAction|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}</ref> and LiveAction completed a $36 million Series B financing led by Insight Venture Partners, Cisco Systems and AITV in early 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160215005756/en/LiveAction-Secures-36-Million-Series-Financing-Insight|title=LiveAction Secures $36 Million Series B Financing from Insight Venture Partners, Accelerate-IT Ventures, and Cisco Investments {{!}} Business Wire|work=www.businesswire.com|accessdate=2016-03-01|date=2016-02-16}}</ref> In December 2017, Kimura led the acquisition of LivingObjects' Service Provider network monitoring platform<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liveaction.com/company/press-releases/liveaction-acquires-living-objects-network-monitoring-platform/|title=LiveAction Acquires LivingObjects' Network Monitoring Platform|work=LiveAction|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}</ref> and to the creation of the LiveSP business unit at LiveAction.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liveaction.com/company/press-releases/launch-livesp-network-monitoring-solution/|title=LiveAction Bolsters Commitment to Global Managed Network Services Market with Launch of LiveSP Network Monitoring Solution|work=LiveAction|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}</ref> In June 2018, Kimura led the acquisition of Savvius<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liveaction.com/company/press-releases/liveaction-acquires-leading-packet-capture-savvius/|title=LiveAction Acquires Leading Packet Capture Savvius, Inc.|work=LiveAction|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}</ref> formerly known as WildPackets<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://betanews.com/2015/04/16/wildpackets-becomes-savvius-and-switches-focus-to-security/|title=WildPackets becomes Savvius and switches focus to security|work=betanews.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-08-01|date=2015-04-16}}</ref> famous for their OmniPeek protocol analysis software. Kimura retired from LiveAction business operations in 2019. LiveAction was acquired by BlueCat Networks in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Devito|first=Stephen|date=2024-10-25|title=BlueCat acquires LiveAction to drive network modernization and optimization|url=https://bluecatnetworks.com/blog/bluecat-acquires-liveaction-to-drive-network-modernization-and-optimization/|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=BlueCat Networks|language=en-US}}</ref> === Nkà na ụzụ Spin === N'afọ 2020, Enerdigm Ventures tinyere ego na Spin Technology, Inc., nke a maara dị ka SpinBackup ngwaahịa ndabere data maka G-Suite ma ọ bụ Office 365 na Kimura sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke ndị nduzi na onye isi oche. ebe o mepụtara SpinOne, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ngwaahịa a na-akpọkwa Spin.ai. Nkà na ụzụ ahụ na-enye nchebe data dabeere na API maka azụmaahịa dị oke egwu SaaS na gburugburu G Suite na Office 365, nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke ngwa na ndọtị maka G-Suite na Cyber Liability Insurance . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kimura|first=Darren|title=Cyber Liability Insurance|journal=Cyber Defense Magazine|date=September 2020|volume=September 2020|issue=September 2020|url=https://www.cyberdefensemagazine.com/e-magazines}}</ref> Spin.ai nwere ọkwa 4.9 n'ime 5 na ahịa G Suite. N'afọ 2022, Spin Technology mechiri ego ya nke Series A na Enerdigm Ventures na Kimura hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. === Zededa === N'afọ 2021, Kimura sonyeere Zededa, ihe ngwọta nhazi nke igwe ojii na-emeghe, nke a na-ekesa, dị ka onye isi oche na onye isi ọrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zededa Accelerates Growth with New Executive Hires, Opening of European Headquarters in Berlin|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210428005094/en/ZEDEDA-Accelerates-Growth-with-New-Executive-Hires-Opening-of-European-Headquarters-in-Berlin|accessdate=2025-01-10|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Zededa, Kimura dugara n'inweta $ 26 nde Series B na $ 72 nde Series C ego <ref>{{Cite news|title=Zededa Closes $26M Series B Funding Round as Distributed Edge Market Soars|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220721005120/en/ZEDEDA-Closes-26M-Series-B-Funding-Round-as-Distributed-Edge-Market-Soars|accessdate=2025-01-10|language=en}}</ref> na $ 400 nde post-money valuation.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zededa Secures $72M in Growth Capital to Meet the Skyrocketing Demand for Edge AI and Computing|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240207876324/en/ZEDEDA-Secures-72M-in-Growth-Capital-to-Meet-the-Skyrocketing-Demand-for-Edge-AI-and-Computing|accessdate=2025-01-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-02-07|title=Startup Zededa Raises $72 Million to Power AI Tools|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-07/startup-zededa-raises-72-million-to-power-ai-tools?embedded-checkout=true|accessdate=2025-01-10|work=Bloomberg.com|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 4 nke ije ozi gasịrị, Kimura kwupụtara ọpụpụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Q4 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7246686477965795328/|title=Darren Kimura on LinkedIn: #edgecomputing #opensource #newbeginnings #thankyou #ai #edgecomputing… &#124; 51 comments}}</ref> === Margo === Mgbe ọ nọ na Zededa, Kimura jere ozi na kọmitii na-eduzi Margo, atụmatụ Linux Foundation maka imekọ ihe ọnụ na nsọtụ nke usoro mmepụta ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linux Foundation Launches Margo to Deliver Long-awaited Edge Interoperability|url=https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press/linux-foundation-launches-margo-to-deliver-long-awaited-edge-interoperability|accessdate=2025-01-10|work=www.linuxfoundation.org|language=en}}</ref> === AI Square === N'afọ 2024, a mara ọkwa Kimura dị ka onye isi oche na onye isi ọrụ nke AI Squared, ụlọ ọrụ New Enterprise Associates kwadoro. <ref>{{Cite web|title=NEA Portfolio: AI Squared|url=https://www.nea.com/portfolio/ai-squared|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=www.nea.com|language=en}}</ref> A kwalitere Kimura ka ọ bụrụ Onye isi oche na Onye isi nchịkwa na Machị 2025. Ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ na-eji eme ihe abụọ, AI Squared nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Nchebe US gụnyere onyinye na Naval Information Warfare Systems Command, na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Joint Artificial Intelligence Center (JAIC), Nkwekọrịta Nkwekọ Mmepe na Nnyocha (CRADA) na National Security Agency (NSA), na National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), na nkwekọrịta na Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab.<ref name="bh">{{Cite web|author=Harvey|first=Benjamin|date=2022-06-27|title=AI Squared raises $6M to help companies integrate AI into existing applications — Question &...|url=https://medium.com/@benjamin.harvey/ai-squared-raises-6m-to-help-companies-integrate-ai-into-existing-applications-question-2a58e0cf3a0c|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=Medium|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=AI Squared Raises $13.8M Series A To Improve Business Workflows With AI Insights|url=https://peopleofcolorintech.com/articles/ai-squared-raises-13-8m-series-a-to-improve-business-workflows-with-ai-insights/|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=POCIT. Telling the stories and thoughts of the underrepresented in tech.|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=AI Squared Raises $13.8M Series A To Improve Business Workflows With AI Insights|url=https://peopleofcolorintech.com/articles/ai-squared-raises-13-8m-series-a-to-improve-business-workflows-with-ai-insights/|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=POCIT. Telling the stories and thoughts of the underrepresented in tech.|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="bh" /> == Onyinye == Kimura natara onyinye 2002 SBA Young Entrepreneur of the Year. <ref>{{Cite news|title=No small success Page|url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2002/03/12/business/index2.html}}</ref> A na-asọpụrụ ya dị ka 2007 Green Entrepreneur, ma nata onyinye Blue Planet Foundation na 2009. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Darren T. Kimura wins Green Entrepreneur of the Year Award|url=http://altenergymag.com/news_detail.php?pr_id=3246|accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Darren T. Kimura receives Blue Planet Foundation Award|url=http://social.csptoday.com/technology/sopogy-ceo-receives-blue-planet-foundation-award}}</ref> Ọ nwetakwara onyinye Hawaii Venture Capital Association Deal of the Year na 2012. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Entrepreneur, Deal of the Year awards announced|url=http://www.hawaiistar.com/2013/01/entrepreneur-deal-of-the-year-awards-announced/}}</ref> A kpọrọ ya aha na 2010 Hawaii Business Magazine's "10 for Today", ya na onye na-egwu baseball Shane Victorino, na onye guzobere eBay, Pierre Omidyar, ma kpọọ ya aha na Pacific Business News's "10 to Watch in 2013", ya na onye mmepe egwuregwu vidio na onye na'ere egwuregwu Tetris Henk Rogers.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hawaii Business Magazine: 10 For Today|url=http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/March-2010/10-For-Today/|accessdate=2013-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=10 to Watch: Hawaii business leaders face risks and rewards in 2013|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2013/01/04/10-to-watch-hawaii-business-leaders.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị na-abụghị uru == Kimura na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ obodo na ọrụ ebere na-elekwasị anya na Hawaii. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche na onye nduzi na Blue Planet Foundation, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Blue Planet Foundation Board of Directors|url=http://blueplanetfoundation.org/board-of-directors.html|date=2016-12-10|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004310/http://blueplanetfoundation.org/board-of-directors.html}}</ref> na osote onye nduzi ma onye nduzi dị na SEE-IT (Science Engineering Exposition of Innovative Technologies), <ref>{{Cite web|title=SEE-IT Foundation Board of Directors|url=http://see-it-hawaii.com/contact-us/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005005657/http://see-it-hawaii.com/contact-us/|archivedate=2013-10-05}}</ref> Ọ nọkwa na bọọdụ ndị nduzi na PBS Hawaii, <ref>{{Cite web|title=PBS Hawaii Board of Directors|url=http://www.pbshawaii.org/about/about_boardofdirectors.php|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005021921/http://www.pbshawaii.org/about/about_boardofdirectors.php|archivedate=2013-10-05}}</ref> bụ onye ọchụnta ego bi na Punahou School, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Punahou Entrepreneur in Residence|url=http://www.punahou.edu/luke-center-for-public-service/entrepreneurs-in-residence/index.aspx|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000557/http://www.punahou.edu/luke-center-for-public-service/entrepreneurs-in-residence/index.aspx}}</ref> ọ nọ na bọọdụ nduzi na Enterprise Honolulu, Oahu Economic Development Board, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Enterprise Honolulu|url=http://www.enterprisehonolulu.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=5|accessdate=2026-06-17|archivedate=2018-02-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182318/http://www.enterprisehonolulu.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=5}}</ref> ma nọrọ na Dean's Council of University of Hawaii na Manoa's College of Engineering.<ref>{{Cite web|title=College of Engineering Dean's Council|url=http://www.eng.hawaii.edu/about/deans-council/|accessdate=2013-11-02|archivedate=2017-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417140346/http://www.eng.hawaii.edu/about/deans-council/}}</ref> Kimura na-akwado Hawaii Island Science Fair "Kimura Award for Innovations in Clean Energy " nke e nyere Felix Peng (2016) nke Waiakea High School, Ben Kubo (2017) nke Parker School, Cesar Rivera (2017) nke St Joseph School of Hilo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/hidsef/status/705275037398409216|title=Twitter Hawaii Science Fair|author=|first=|date=2016-03-02|work=|publisher=|accessdate=2019-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hilo.hawaii.edu/affiliates/sigmaxi/documents/AwardsListing2016RESULTS.pdf|title=Hawaii Island Science Fair 2016|author=|first=|date=|work=|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref> Ọzọkwa na 2017, Kimura gbasaa ihe nrite Hawaii Island Science Fair iji tinye "Kimura Award for Innovations in Computer Science" nke e nyere Ara Uhr nke Hilo High School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://darrentkimura.com/1333-2/|title=Kimura Award Winners for IT and Clean Energy 2017 {{!}} Darren T. Kimura|work=darrentkimura.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-08-01|date=2017-02-19|archivedate=2018-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801190325/http://darrentkimura.com/1333-2/}}</ref> Kimura na-ejekwa ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Japan Innovation Campus nke dị na Silicon Valley, Palo Alto CA nke Ministri akụ na ụba, azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Japan na-akwado dị ka atụmatụ nke atụmatụ mmalite afọ ise nke gọọmentị Japan <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Information: Japan's new appetite for risk lures venture capital|url=https://www.theinformation.com/articles/japans-new-appetite-for-risk-lures-venture-investors-to-tokyo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=JETRO Startup Development Five-year Plan|date=2025|url=https://www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/investment_environment/ijre/report2023/ch3/sec10.html}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị metụtara ike na-agbanwe agbanwe * Ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ anyanwụ * [[SolarPACES|Ụzọ ndị na-esi eme ihe]] * Onye na-anakọta okpomọkụ anyanwụ * Intersolar == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mwjk7vqjf2ei9u4fc1iq71yhwff9bvm 0 77494 709122 673520 2026-09-05T19:47:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709122 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ben Kilpatrick''' (Jenụwarị 5, 1874 - Maachị 12, 1912) bụ onye omekome Amerịka n'afọ ikpeazụ nke American Old West. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu Wild Bunch, nke Butch Cassidy na Elzy Lay na-edu.E jidere ya maka izu ohi ma maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ 15, mana ọ nọrọ ihe dị ka afọ 10 tupu a tọhapụ ya. Mgbe ọ pụtara n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ laghachiri n'omume mpụ, ma n'ikpeazụ otu onye ha jidere dị ka onye eji egwu egwu gburu ya mgbe ọ na-apụnara ụgbọ oloko ihe. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Kilpatrick na Coleman County, Texas, na 1874, nwa nke atọ n'ime ụmụ itoolu nke onye ọrụ ugbo a mụrụ na [[Tennessee]], George Washington Kilpatrick (ma ọ bụ "Killpatrick"), site na nwunye ya, Mary, onye [[Nleda anyanwu Kàròlina|South Carolina]], dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mba Federal nke 1880. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agba ịnyịnya ruo oge ụfọdụ na [[Texas]] wee mara Tom na Sam Ketchum na Bill Carver. == Ndụ omekome == Mgbe a tọhapụrụ Butch Cassidy n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ya na Lay haziri Wild Bunch, nke mechara bụrụ ndị kacha nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịpụnara ụgbọ oloko ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.A kwenyere na Kilpatrick bụ enyi Lay, ma o nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sonyeghị ma ọ bụ sonyeere ntakịrị n'omume mpụ ndị metụtara Butch Cassidy ma ọ bụ Sundance Kid.Kilpatrick mechara sonyere Kid Curry n'omume mpụ, ma a maghị nke ọma ebe ma ọ bụ otú ha abụọ si malite ịma onwe === Ịgbapụ === Ndị òtù ahụ ga-eme ohi ha, kewaa, wee gaa n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche, na-ezute oge ụfọdụ ka e mesịrị na Hole-in-the-Wall na Wyoming. Kilpatrick na Bullion gara Nashville, ebe ha zutere Kid Curry na enyi nwanyị ya, Della Moore.N'oge na-adịghị anya, e jidere Della Moore n'ihi na ọ na-eji ego a chọpụtara na o sitere n'otu n'ime izu ohi ndị otu ahụ mere eme ihe. === Njide === E jidere Kilpatrick na Nọvemba 5, 1901, na St. Louis, Missouri, ma a mara ya ikpe afọ iri na ise === Ọnwụ === [[Faịlụ:Two_train_robbers_killed_near_Sanderson_Tex.,_Mar._13,_1912_LCCN2006680243.jpg|thumb|313x313px|Foto na-egosi ozu Ben Kilpatrick na Ole Hobek ka ndị ọzọ na-ejide mgbe e gburu ha na nso Sanderson, Texas, na Machị 13, 1912.]] A tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'ọnwa Juun 1911. Na 12 Maachị 1912, Kilpatrick na onye omekome Ole Hobek nwụrụ mgbe ha na-ezu ohi n'ụgbọ oloko ihe n'akụkụ Sanderson.A kwenyere na ha abụọ sonyere n'ọtụtụ mwakpo ezu ohi ụgbọ oloko ihe n'èzí Memphis n'ọnwa Nọvemba 1911 na Febrụwarị 1912, nakwa n'ọtụtụ obere izu ohi ndị ọzọ n'ógbè West Texas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ben Kilpatrick and the last full sized train robbery in Texas, Sanderson, 1912.|url=http://www.texasescapes.com/FEATURES/Arthur_Soule/Ben_Kilpatrick_Texas_train_robberies.htm|accessdate=2021-06-28|work=www.texasescapes.com}}</ref> Na Machị 1912, Kilpatrick banyere ụgbọ okporo ígwè Southern Pacific Express dị nso na Sanderson, Texas, n'akụkụ onye mkpọrọ mbụ ya bụ onye ya na ya ghọrọ enyi. N'ịgbalị izu ohi, Kilpatrick jidere onye ozi ngwa ngwa, David Trousdale, na akpa na ụgbọ ala akwụkwọ ozi Wells Fargo. Mgbe Kilpatrick zuru igbe ahụ na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ bara uru ọ nwere ike ịchọta, Trousdale jisiri ike zoo ice marlet n'okpuru azụ jaket ya. Trousdale wee gwa Kilpatrick na e nwere ngwugwu bara uru dị n'ala. Kilpatrick debere égbè ya n'ụkwụ ya ka ọ na-adabere iji bulie ngwugwu ahụ. Ka ọ na-eme, Trousdale wepụrụ hama ahụ n'okpuru uwe elu ya wee kụọ Kilpatrick ugboro atọ n'azụ olu na isi. Kilpatrick nwụrụ ozugbo <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ice Mallet used to Kill Outlaw Ben Kilpatrick|url=https://www.oldwestevents.com/highlights/2019/1/11/ice-mallet-used-to-kill-outlaw-ben-kilpatrick|accessdate=2021-06-28|work=Old West Events|date=11 January 2019|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628212732/https://www.oldwestevents.com/highlights/2019/1/11/ice-mallet-used-to-kill-outlaw-ben-kilpatrick}}</ref> site na olu gbajiri agbaji na okpokoro isi. Ihe a na-eji hama ahụ tie ya bụ ihe obi ọjọọ nke na ụbụrụ Kilpatrick mebiri mgbidi ụgbọ ala ahụ. == Hụkwa ==   * Izu ohi ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke Baxter == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Soule, Arthur, ''The Tall Texan - Akụkọ Ben Kilpatrick'', Deer Lodge, Montana: TrailDust Publishing Inc., 1995 == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.legendsofamerica.com/WE-OutlawList-K.html Akụkụ ndụ Ben Kilpatrick] * [http://www.butchandsundance.com/timeline1910.htm Usoro iheomume] * [http://www.texasescapes.com/FEATURES/Arthur_Soule/Ben_Kilpatrick_Texas_train_robberies.htm Akụkọ banyere izu ohi ikpeazụ Kilpatrick] * Ben KilpatricknaChọta Ili {{Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] a7bzr39vfcite0o2zlmp0lajke1a1fl 1728 78115 709203 709085 2026-09-06T05:32:38Z King ChristLike 13051 /* Program */ updated 709203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Igbo Wiki Days 2026}} The '''Igbo Wiki Days 2026''' is designed as a workshop to build capacity and engagement across all Wikimedia projects. It builds upon the pilot edition to strengthen mentorship efforts in the Igbo Wikimedia User Group. The event is hybrid and all sessions will be held in English language and Igbo language only. === Objectives === __NOTOC__ * Recruit and train new editors. *Build the capacity and engagement of editors primarily on the Igbo Wikipedia, and other sister projects including Igbo Wikiquote, Igbo Wiktionary, Igbo Wikisource, Wikidata . * Improve event organizing and management skills for event organizers in the community. * Build the translation skill of participants, especially with the content translation tool and other language tools. * Strengthen advocacy efforts for the Igbo indigenous language. * Develop a structured close mentorship program for both existing and new editors for a 3-month period. == Event details == * Date: 3-5 September 2026 * Format: Hybrid * Platform: Zoom ** On-site address: Stella Okunna Auditorium, Faculty of Communication and Media Studies, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria * Languages: English and Igbo == Participation == The event is open to everyone. Ensure to register on this event page. In addition, you should possess the following: * A mobile phone, desktop, or laptop with webcam and microphone (preferably headsets). * Good internet connection. * A Wikimedia user account. * A quiet environment, void of distraction. == Program == {{cdx-button|url=https://us06web.zoom.us/j/86464880902|label=Join Via Zoom|action=progressive|weight=primary|icon=add}} {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Time (WAT) !! General Room |- ! colspan=4 style="background-color: #53cd80;"| Day 1 – Thursday, 3rd September 2026 |- | 16:00 – 16:10 || Welcome and introductions |- | 16:10 – 17:10 || '''Becoming a user with extended rights''' ''Speakers:'' [[User:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]], [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] |- | 17:10 – 17:30 || Questions and answers |- | 17:30 – 18:25 || '''Event Organizing and Management''' ''Speaker:'' [[User:EUwandu-WMF|EUwandu-WMF]] |- | 18:25 – 18:30 || Closing | [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1YFmQ7vMIhy-VaU9v3Rg9sYcdocoaFvYC3881wFzuuKs/edit?usp=drivesdk Presentation slide] [https://us06web.zoom.us/rec/share/6sNVaHmXVN0R54opMVmAOF5mvT0G7ZvopABv0ETizeJvPFZkOXjGveac2OATXZ15.OYkGZgOMhdO9AFav?pwd=DNaWsDmZNg-0-_RkdgAAIAAAAKgR88sGv2THbff7U7q-fieKDP2-qVbbcuxqLWldrCHP06Jc1MVv5ZCRNKY1hU_XrjAwMDAwNA Session recording] |- ! colspan=4 style="background-color: #53cd80;"| Day 2 – Friday, 4th September 2026 |- | 12:00 – 12:10 || Welcome and day 1 recap |- | 12:10 – 14:10 || * '''Wikisource''' * '''Wiktionary''' ''Speakers: ''[[User:Amire80|Amire80]], [[User:Akwugo|Akwugo]] [[User:Timzy D'Great|Timzy D'Great]], [[User:Sayvhior|Sayvhior]] |- | 14:10 – 14:20 || Questions and answers |- | 14:20 – 14:30 || Closing | [https://us06web.zoom.us/rec/share/l3duF7kWp73vuTANCaOvSoQiW8866fSaC-B-eY-XM6plby7hSkhe9aoQj64IiU_e.YRNfdR8CIC8ofA5L?pwd=DM6Xa-HWujFiD_HtIwAAIAAAAIsPWdaIUyQYNq7m7paZrUNkfoITgAE18CWpvJh6HQdrsT-tIMZa_qKH7qcXv5_bVjAwMDAwNA Session recording] |- ! colspan=4 style="background-color: #53cd80;"| Day 3 – Saturday, 5th September 2026 |- | 16:00 – 16:10 || Welcome and day 2 recap |- | 16:10 – 17:00 || '''Lexemes and Wikifunctions''' ''Speaker'': [[User:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] |- | 17:00 - 17:50 || '''Wikimedia language tools''' ''Speakers'': [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|Uzoma Ozurumba (WMF)]] |- | 17:50 – 18:00 || Closing | [https://us06web.zoom.us/rec/share/aUbQfc3Z_AF8gBDtQKPrrs2EK10xwU-Vx-aSDyJgCZBvcWLHdWGI_CAWSDWsi8SY.aZXKIzN0DKz6wwL9?pwd=DGaOhJfKeYZYjb1cgQAAIAAAADg-2ngq5pHLbipgET_nrTibVPr3vlXCDHUkqi5kjEekbxPLFIL0gd6HFC9I74nEoDAwMDAwNA&from=hub Session recording] |- |} == Organizing team == * [[User:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] * [[User:Macocobovi|Macocobovi]] * [[User:Lucy Iwuala|Lucy Iwuala]] * [[User:Senator Choko|Senator Choko]] == Documentation & resources == TBU == Event policy == The [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Universal_Code_of_Conduct Universal Code of Conduct] and the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friendly_space_policies Friendly Space Policy] applies in this event to all. [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] 0h5vbczd2zt3a50vum67eacpr9e58np 0 79275 709233 708777 2026-09-06T11:40:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Federal Government Girls College, Oyo''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke gọọmentị etiti, nke ndi Ngalaba Mmụta Federal nke Naịjirịa na-achịkwa.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-10-31|title=4 FGGC Oyo students die in accident|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/4-fggc-oyo-students-die-accident/|accessdate=2022-01-31|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nke sekọndrị nke ndi ụmụ nwanyị niile, nke nwere ụlọ obibi na ụlọ akwukwo nke ubochi na ubochi nke dị na Owinni Hill (Owinni Hill bụ ebe a mụrụ ndị Clotilda Kossula na Abile), na Oyo State, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paradise Lost: How the Transatlantic Slave Trade Helped Fuel Violent Conflict in West Africa|url=https://lithub.com/paradise-lost-how-the-transatlantic-slave-trade-helped-fuel-violent-conflict-in-west-africa/|accessdate=2024-03-24|work=LitHub|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-11-04|title=SPECIAL REPORT: School children, teachers bear brunt of insecurity across Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/493096-special-report-school-children-teachers-bear-brunt-of-insecurity-across-nigeria.html|accessdate=2022-01-31|language=en-GB|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-01|title=14-year old Nigerian girl comes second in African Code Challenge -|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/14-year-old-nigerian-girl-comes-second-in-african-code-challenge/|accessdate=2022-01-31|work=The Eagle Online|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ nke 104 e guzobere na Naijiria nke iji kpọkọta ụmụaka si n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche, agbụrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji wuo ọdịnihu Naijiria, karịsịa mgbe [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Biafra]] gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Full List of Federal Government Colleges (Unity Schools) in Nigeria by State and Geopolitical Zones|url=https://schoolsenate.com/admission/full-list-of-federal-government-colleges-unity-schools-in-nigeria-by-state-and-geopolitical-zones/|accessdate=2024-03-24|work=School Senate|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-03-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324232502/https://schoolsenate.com/admission/full-list-of-federal-government-colleges-unity-schools-in-nigeria-by-state-and-geopolitical-zones/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Federal Government Unity Colleges in Nigeria|url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/federal-government-unity-schools-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2024-03-24|work=My School Gist|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Federal Unity Colleges|url=https://education.gov.ng/federal-unity-colleges/|accessdate=2024-03-24|work=Federal Ministry of Education|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere Federal Government Girls College, Oyo n'afo 1974. <ref>{{Cite web|title=FGGC OYO Parents Teachers Association|url=https://fggcoyopta.org.ng/about/|accessdate=2024-03-24|work=FGGC OYO Parents Teachers Association|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-03-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324234137/https://fggcoyopta.org.ng/about/}}</ref> == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama == * [[Toke Makinwa]], onye mgbasa ozi Naijiria == Edensibia ==   [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] s4858sftw2o7hfnul83mczqkul0kjnb 0 79303 709209 708882 2026-09-06T06:51:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Barlonyo_memorial_ground_ogur.jpg|thumb|Ebe ncheta Barlonyo na Lira]] A makwaara Barlonyo Memorial Site dị ka Barlonyo Monument ma ọ bụ Barlonyo Massacre site <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-05|title=Barlonyo rises from grief to a symbol of peace and justice|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/barlonyo-rises-from-grief-to-a-symbol-of-peace-and-justice-1625586|accessdate=2023-09-27|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> bụ ili ọha ebe e liri ndị nkịtị 301 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Lango honours Barlonyo massacre victims|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined|accessdate=2023-09-27|work=New Vision|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-27|title=200 people still missing 15 years after Barlonyo attack|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/200-people-still-missing-15-years-after-barlonyo-attack-1809214|accessdate=2023-10-20|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ndị Lord Resistance Army gburu na Febụwarị 21, 2004. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2017-10-01|title=Massacre Memorial in Uganda Uses Knowledge to Prevent Future Atrocities|url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/uganda/ugandan-towns-memorial-2004-massacre-hopes-knowledge-will-prevent-atrocities/|accessdate=2023-09-28|work=Global Press Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dominic|first=Ochola|date=2014-03-22|title=Ocampo offers to renew Barlonyo massacre probe|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1338944/ocampo-offers-renew-barlonyo-massacre-probe|accessdate=2023-09-28|work=New Vision}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=I will represent LRA war victims in ICC - Ocampo|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/i-will-represent-lra-war-victims-in-icc-ocampo--1568576|accessdate=2023-10-20|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-24|title=Barlonyo still awaits government pledges six years after massacre|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/barlonyo-still-awaits-government-pledges-six-years-after-massacre-1469890|accessdate=2023-10-20|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Barlonyo massacre commemoration postponed|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=New Vision|language=en}}</ref> E guzobere ihe ncheta ahụ iji cheta ndị e gburu. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-16|title=LRA insurgency: More human remains recovered near Barlonyo memorial site|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lra-insurgency-more-human-remains-recovered-near-barlonyo-memorial-site-1830444|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|author=Daniel|first=Akena|date=2022-02-22|title=Barlonyo Massacre Site; From The Dark Memory Of LRA War To A Booming Commercial Hub|url=https://news.explorer.co.ug/barlonyo-massacre-site-from-the-dark-memory-of-lra-war-to-a-booming-commercial-hub/|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=Explorer Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030145148/https://news.explorer.co.ug/barlonyo-massacre-site-from-the-dark-memory-of-lra-war-to-a-booming-commercial-hub/}}</ref> == Ebe == [[Faịlụ:Lira_Place_Uganda.png|thumb|Mpaghara Lira bụ mpaghara dị na mpaghara ugwu nke [[Uganda]] na mpaghara langoObodo lobes]] Ihe ncheta Barlonyo dị n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Barlonyo n'obodo Barlonyo, parish Orit, mpaghara Agweng ugbu a dị na mpaghara Lira. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-28|title=Water crisis hits Barlonyo in Lira|url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/water-crisis-hits-barlonyo-in-lira.html|accessdate=2023-10-20|work=93.3 KFM|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-11|title=Barlonyo massacre victims still waiting for Museveni's pledge|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/barlonyo-massacre-victims-still-waiting-for-museveni-s-pledge-1785510|accessdate=2023-10-20|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-03-25|title=Ankunda: We'll Assist ICC Probe LRA Crimes|url=https://chimpreports.com/18519-ankunda-well-assist-icc-probe-lra-crimes/|accessdate=2023-10-20|work=Chimp reports}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> Ebe ncheta Barlonyo dị kilomita 26 n'ebe ugwu nke Mpaghara Lira na Northern Uganda. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Ronald|first=Odongo|date=2019-02-22|title=Barlonyo Massacre Site to Become Tourist Attraction|url=https://www.ugandaradionetwork.net/story/barlonyo-massacre-site-to-become-tourist-attraction|accessdate=2023-09-28|work=Uganda Radio Network}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=MUSINGUZI|first=BAMUTURAKI|date=2013-01-20|title=Barlonyo massacre: nine years later|url=https://observer.ug/features-sp-2084439083/57-feature/23249-barlonyo-massacre-nine-years-later|accessdate=2023-09-28|work=The Observer - Uganda|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-06|title=Revisiting a bloody 20-year war through monuments, key sites|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/revisiting-a-bloody-20-year-war-through-monuments-key-sites--1315482|accessdate=2023-09-28|work=The East African|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> &nbsp;Ọ bụ Osimiri Moroto dị nso. <ref name=":13" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|author=Omulimo|date=2018-07-27|title=Cultural Safaris in Uganda: BARLONYO MEMORIAL SITE|url=http://culturalsafarisinuganda.blogspot.com/2018/07/barlonyo-memorial-site.html|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=Cultural Safaris in Uganda}}</ref> == Mgbukpọ == Na 21 Febụwarị 2004 n'ihe dị ka elekere 17:00, ndị nnupụisi Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) nke Okot Odiambo na [[Dominic Ongwen]] nyere iwu <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=News in brief|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined|accessdate=2023-09-27|work=New Vision|language=en}}</ref> wakporo ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Barlonyo ebe ndị mmadụ na-ebi ma gbuo mmadụ 300 n'enweghị onye ọ bụla.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-06|title=The Barlonyo Memorial Service|url=https://ayinet.org/the-barlonyo-memorial-service/|accessdate=2023-09-27|work=AYINET|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-30|title=Mbabazi: RDCs Who Harass My Supporters Will Regret|url=https://chimpreports.com/mbabazi-rdcs-who-harass-my-supporters-will-regret/|accessdate=2023-10-20|work=Chimp reports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-01|title=ICC'S Bensouda Visiting Barlonyo Massacre Site Today|url=https://chimpreports.com/iccs-bensouda-visiting-barlonyo-massacre-site-today/|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=Chimp report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-11|title=LRA massacre videos in Barlonyo camp overshadow Kwoyelo's trial|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/lra-massacre-videos-in-barlonyo-camp-overshadow-kwoyelos-trial/|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị nnupụisi LRA yi uwe agha yiri nke ndị agha Amuka Aulliary bụ ndị e nyere ọrụ iche ogige ahụ nche, nke ndị ikom Langi nyere ndị agha Uganda People's Defense Force (UPDF) aka ịrụ ọrụ ha. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":13" /> N'oge mwakpo ahụ, mmadụ 11,643 nọ n'ụlọ n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Barlonyo.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12" /> Ndị nnupụisi LRA nọrọ ụbọchị atọ n'ogige ahụ na-egbu mmadụ, ma na-atọrọ ndị mmadụ; a na-eji ike egbupụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ime ma wepụ ụmụ ha n'afọ ma kpọọ ha ọkụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":12" /> A kpọrọ ụfọdụ ndị ọkụ ruo ọnwụ, ebe a na-eji mma na-egbu ndị ọzọ, jiri mma maa ha mma, jiri osisi na-akụ ha ihe, ma gbaa ha égbè.<ref name=":2" /> Ndị nnupụisi LRA tọọrọ mmadụ 206 <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":12" /> nke ụmụaka 29 n'ime ha si n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-27|title=200 people still missing 15 years after Barlonyo attack|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/200-people-still-missing-15-years-after-barlonyo-attack-1809214|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụmụaka itoolu nwere ike ịgbapụ ma laghachi n'ụlọ.<ref name=":4" /> E liri mmadụ 301 ndị LRA gburu n'ili ọha na eze e mere atụmatụ na ọ dị mita 200 n'ogologo, na-eduga n'ememe olili ozu nke Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, onye isi ala [[Uganda]], duziri.<ref name=":13" /> [[Faịlụ:Barlonyo_memorial_site_in_ogur_Lira_district.jpg|alt=Barlonyo memorial site in ogur Lira district|thumb|Ebe ncheta Barlonyo na ogur Lira district (2023) ]] === Arụmụka === E nwere nkwupụta dị iche iche banyere ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị e gburu n’oge mwakpo ahụ. Gọọmentị Uganda kwuru na e gburu mmadụ otu narị na iri abụọ na anọ n’ozuzu ya,[1][2] ebe nke a dị iche na ọnụọgụ narị atọ ndị ọrụ ọchịchị mpaghara, ndị ọrụ enyemaka, na ndị bi na Barlonyo kwuru na e gburu. == Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a == Gọọmentị nke [[Uganda]] wuru ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzụzụ ọrụ aka Barlonyo Memorial nke ruru [[Ugandan shilling|UGX]] 100 nde iji cheta ndị e gburu n'ìgwè na Febụwarị 21, 2004, na iji mee ka ụmụaka nwere nsogbu nweta nkà ndụ ma nweta akụ na ụba. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":13" /> Gọọmentị Uganda wuru ụlọ ọrụ dịka Lira-Pader-Kitgum Highway nke dị kilomita 10 n'ogologo, isi iyi mmiri dị ka oghere na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-eji anyanwụ eme ihe, àkwà mmiri Kaguta nke jikọtara Lira na Pader, Otuke na Alebtong district.<ref name=":13" />&nbsp; A na-eme emume ncheta nke ogbugbu Barlonyo kwa afọ na Febụwarị 21 iji cheta ndụ ndị e gburu na 2014-02-21.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|date=2004-03-26|title=Memorial service for victims of Barlonyo attack|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/49293/uganda-memorial-service-victims-barlonyo-attack|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=The New Humanitarian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-21|title=Barlonyo {{!}} Justice and Reconciliation Project|url=http://www.justiceandreconciliation.com/tag/barlonyo/|accessdate=2023-10-23|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * St Mary's College Secondary School Aboke * Barlonyo * Ihe Ncheta Ụmụaka Arrow * Ịtọrọ mmadụ == Ihe odide == <references /> rbkua0lbr267hxk2891mojzg60jw1jc 0 79351 709230 709091 2026-09-06T10:57:49Z Neme244 16387 translated and fixed reference error 709230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <ref name="marriage">{{cite web |title=Yeo Yann Yann marries HK action director |url=https://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Showbiz/Story/A1Story20120307-332164.html |website=Asiaone |access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref>'''Yeo Yann Yann''' (a mụrụ ya na 20 Febụwarị, afọ 1977) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Malaysia nke bi na Singapore. Ọ rụọla ọrụ n’ụlọ ihe nkiri, na telivishọn, nakwa n’ihe nkiri sinima, n’asụsụ Bekee na Mandarin Chinese. Ụfọdụ n’ime ihe nkiri ndị ọ pụtara bụ Singapore Dreaming, Thunderstorm, 881, Ilo Ilo na Wet Season.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mda.gov.sg/wms.www/thenewsdesk.aspx?sid=773|title=Talented Singapore director's next film to be a musical set against the colourful and culturally unique backdrop of Chinese 7th month 'getai'|accessdate=7 February 2007|publisher=[[Media Development Authority of Singapore]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n’ime ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Intercultural Theatre Institute (ITI). E wezụga ime ihe nkiri, Yeo na-abụkwa onye na-ahụ maka mmemme ndị a na-eme n’asụsụ abụọ, ma na-eme ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi na ọrụ dị iche iche . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iti.edu.sg/alumni/|title=Intercultural Theatre Institute: Alumni|accessdate=25 November 2013|work=Intercultural Theatre Institute|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223336/http://iti.edu.sg/alumni/|archivedate=2 December 2013}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Yeo n'aka onye ọkụ azụ na Kukup, Mpaghara Pontian, Johor, [[Malaysia]] . <ref name="AsiaOne-2020">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=Yeo Yann Yann once told by director 'you're not pretty, not very talented, why are you still acting?'|url=https://www.asiaone.com/entertainment/yeo-yann-yann-once-told-director-youre-not-pretty-and-not-very-talented-why-are-you|accessdate=2025-05-13|work=AsiaOne}}</ref><ref name="Bhagchandani-2022">{{Cite web|author=Bhagchandani|first=Umesh|date=13 May 2022|title=Meet Yeo Yann Yann, star of Amazon Prime's Modern Love Mumbai|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3177598/meet-yeo-yann-yann-amazon-primes-modern-love-mumbai-star|accessdate=13 May 2025|work=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> Yeo hapụrụ Malaysia mgbe ọ dị afọ 19 iji mụọ na Intercultural Theatre Institute na Singapore.<ref name="Bhagchandani-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=From kampung girl to award-winning actress: Who is the real Yeo Yann Yann?|url=https://cnaluxury.channelnewsasia.com/people/award-winning-actress-yeo-yann-yann-184781|accessdate=2025-05-14|work=CNA Luxury|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Yeo kwuru na onye nkuzi ya na-eme ihe nkiri, onye isi ihe nkiri bụ Kuo Pao Kun, nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ttp.org.sg/file_kuopaokun.htm|title=Founding Artistic Director - KUO Pao Kun (1939)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726091142/http://www.ttp.org.sg/file_kuopaokun.htm|archivedate=26 July 2007|accessdate=31 March 2007}}</ref> N'afọ 1997, Yeo mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya na Comedy of Mistakes nke Toy Factory Production. <ref name="Bhagchandani-2022" /> Yeo malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya, na-egosi Chen Mei Li na The Right Frequency, ihe nkiri Mediacorp nke afọ 1998. Mgbe ọ pụtara dị ka Mei na ihe nkiri Singapore Dreaming nke afọ 2006, a hụrụ Yeo ma bụrụ onye a ma ama.Ihe nkiri ahụ meriri Montblanc New Screenwriters Award na 54th San Sebastian International Film Festival, ma bụrụkwa ihe nkiri Singapore mbụ natara ihe nrite ihe nkiri mba ụwa nke IFFPA nabatara. <ref name="ss02">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20081123020900/http://www.sansebastianfestival.com/2006/in/premios02.htm Altadis New Director's Award]", San Sebastian International Film Festival, Mister-i Mobile Solutions S.L., 29 September 2006. Archived from [http://www.sansebastianfestival.com/2006/in/premios02.htm the original] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123020900/http://www.sansebastianfestival.com/2006/in/premios02.htm |date=23 November 2008 }} on 23 November 2008.</ref> E gosipụtakwara Yeo na mkpọsa Singapore Speak Chinese (华语cool!), n'ime ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri Royston Tan nke afọ 2007 <nowiki><i id="mwYQ">881</i></nowiki>. <ref>{{Cite web|title={title}|url=http://www.podcast.sg/lush995/lushspeaks/YeoYannYann.mp3|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724081916/http://www.podcast.sg/lush995/lushspeaks/YeoYannYann.mp3|archivedate=24 July 2011|accessdate=11 April 2007}}</ref> <ref name="dus">Stephanie Yap, "Dreaming up a surprise", The Straits Times, 7 October 2006.</ref> Yeo emeela ihe nkiri telivishọn dị iche iche, gụnyere Food Goin' Bananas (2008) na The A-Go-Go Princess (2009). N'afọ 2009 kwa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na The Iron Lady, nke ntv7 mepụtara.<ref name="mov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kwongwah.com.my/supplement/2009/02/16/4.html|title=光华电子新闻 – 从燕子到大雁杨雁雁为梦高飞|accessdate=19 May 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524061453/http://www.kwongwah.com.my/supplement/2009/02/16/4.html|archivedate=24 May 2009}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, Yeo rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nne onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri mbụ nke Anthony Chen, ''Ilo Ilo'' . <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=4 June 2013|title=Anthony Chen's Ilo Ilo is as real as it gets|url=http://www.herworldplus.com/celebs-men-sex/celebs/anthony-chens-ilo-ilo-real-it-gets|work=[[Her World]]}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ malitere na 2013 Cannes Film Festival ebe ọ natara "ịkwado" nkeji iri na ise ma nweta Chen Camera d'Or . <ref>{{Cite news|date=27 May 2013|title=S'pore film gets standing ovation at Cannes|url=https://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Showbiz/Story/A1Story20130526-425180.html|accessdate=12 August 2013|work=[[AsiaOne]]}}</ref> Praịm Minista Singapore Lee Hsien Loong kwuru ihe Chen rụzuru, ma kelee ya na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ na Facebook.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lim|first=Karen|date=28 May 2013|title=Film-maker could have been a chef|url=https://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Showbiz/Story/A1Story20130528-425535.html|accessdate=13 August 2013|work=[[AsiaOne]]}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ gara n'ihu na-enweta ihe ịga nke ọma na mmemme ihe nkiri dị iche iche na Yeo na-enweta onyinye dịka Best Supporting Actress na 50th Golden Horse Awards, Best Actress na Vladivostok Film Festival, Best Supporting actress na 8th Asian Film Awards n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 November 2013|title=Three films split honours at Taiwan's Golden Horse awards|url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/1364134/three-films-split-honours-golden-horse-awards}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Frater|first=Patrick|date=15 September 2013|title='Ilo Ilo' Sweeps Vladivostok Festival|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/international/ilo-ilo-sweeps-vladivostok-festival-1200612324/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225032651/http://variety.com/2013/film/international/ilo-ilo-sweeps-vladivostok-festival-1200612324/|archivedate=25 December 2013|accessdate=7 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=8th AFA Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/nominees-and-winners/8th-afa-nominees-and-winners/8th-afa-nominees-and-winners/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424045304/http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/nominees-and-winners/8th-afa-nominees-and-winners/8th-afa-nominees-and-winners/|archivedate=2015-04-24|accessdate=2014-02-14|work=[[Asian Film Awards]]}}</ref> N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2018, Yeo na Chen zutere maka ihe nkiri nke abụọ ya, Wet Season . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=21 March 2019|title=Cannes 2019 Wish List: 50 Movies We Hope Will Make the Cut, From Quentin Tarantino to Kelly Reichardt|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/03/cannes-film-festival-predictions-2019-quentin-tarantino-terrence-malick-jim-jarmusch-1202052301/3/|accessdate=28 April 2019|work=IndieWire}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara na Toronto International Film Festival ma gaa n'ihu na-ahọpụta maka Golden Horse Awards isii, na Yeo meriri ya nke abụọ Golden Horse, maka Best Leading Actress.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Jan|date=2019-11-23|title=Yeo Yann Yann wins Best Leading Actress at Golden Horse Awards for role in Anthony Chen's Wet Season|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/yeo-yann-yann-wins-best-leading-actress-at-golden-horse-awards-for-role-in|accessdate=2025-05-15|work=[[The Straits Times]]|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, a họpụtara Yeo dị ka Lian na HBO Eshia's Invisible Stories . N'afọ 2021, Yeo rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi atọ na ọrụ nkwado na ihe nkiri egwu <nowiki><i id="mwqg">Havoc</i></nowiki>, nke Tom Hardy, nke Gareth Evans dere ma duzie.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Rubin|first=Rebecca|date=28 June 2021|title=Timothy Olyphant, Justin Cornwell and Others Join Tom Hardy in Netflix Action Thriller 'Havoc' (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-havoc-tom-hardy-timothy-olyphant-1235006622/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628160336/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-havoc-tom-hardy-timothy-olyphant-1235006622/|archivedate=28 June 2021|accessdate=28 June 2021|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> E wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na Netflix na 2025. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Miles|first=Rebecca|date=25 April 2025|title=Havoc: The Tom Hardy Netflix thriller made entirely in Wales|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8dg7zrvdj2o|accessdate=25 April 2025|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, Yeo rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nne nke onye isi na American Born Chinese, usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn nke sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe nkiri American Born Chinese nke Gene Luen Yang dere n'afọ 2006, ihe nkiri tebụl na-atọ ọchị nke Kelvin Yu mepụtara maka Disney+ +. <ref name="Feb223">{{Cite web|author=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|date=7 February 2022|title=''Shang-Chi''{{'}}s Michelle Yeoh & Destin Daniel Cretton Reunite For Disney+ Series ''American Born Chinese''; Chin Han, Yeo Yann Yann & Daniel Wu Also Star|url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/shang-chi-michelle-yeoh-destin-daniel-cretton-american-born-chinese-disney-plus-series-chin-han-yeo-yann-yann-daniel-wu-also-star-1234927624/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212180418/https://deadline.com/2022/02/shang-chi-michelle-yeoh-destin-daniel-cretton-american-born-chinese-disney-plus-series-chin-han-yeo-yann-yann-daniel-wu-also-star-1234927624/|archivedate=12 December 2022|accessdate=7 February 2022|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=4 October 2021|title=Disney+ Greenlights ''American Born Chinese'' Series From Melvin Mar, Kelvin Yu & Jake Kasdan; ''Shang-Chi''{{'}}s Destin Daniel Cretton To Direct|url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/american-born-chinese-disney-plus-series-melvin-mar-kelvin-yu-destin-daniel-cretton-1234848912/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031102845/https://deadline.com/2021/10/american-born-chinese-disney-plus-series-melvin-mar-kelvin-yu-destin-daniel-cretton-1234848912/|archivedate=31 October 2021|accessdate=4 October 2021|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Usoro a nwere ihe omume asatọ ma gosipụta ya na Disney+ na 24 Mee 2023. <ref name="Seriespremieredate2">{{Cite web|author=Chapman|first=Wilson|date=12 March 2023|title=Michelle Yeoh and Ke Huy Quan Reunite in Disney+'s ''American Born Chinese'' Teaser|url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/trailers/michelle-yeoh-american-born-chinese-first-look-teaser-disney-plus-1235357271/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312170321/https://variety.com/2023/tv/trailers/michelle-yeoh-american-born-chinese-first-look-teaser-disney-plus-1235357271/|archivedate=12 March 2023|accessdate=12 March 2023|work=[[Variety (website)|Variety]]}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Yeo zutere Ma Yuk-sing, onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke si Hong Kong, onye ji afọ iri na asaa tọọ ya afọ, na 2012 mgbe ha na-ese ihe nkiri Petaling Street Warriors. N’ime otu afọ ahụ, ha lụrụ di na nwunye n’obodo ebe Yeo si. Ha nwere nwa nwanyị amụrụ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yeo Yann Yann gives birth to baby girl|url=https://www.asiaone.com/print/News/Latest%2BNews/Showbiz/Story/A1Story20120829-368442.html|work=Asiaone|accessdate=2 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=杨雁雁 超人妈妈|url=https://www.uweekly.sg/showbiz/73294|work=优1周 - UWeekly|accessdate=2 May 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, Yeo kwagara Singapore n'ihi ịda mbà n'obi mgbe ọ mụsịrị nwa. == Ihe nkiri == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu ! class="unsortable" |Ref. |- | rowspan="3" |2006 |''Ọnụ Ọdịdị Dị Elu'' | | | |- |''Singapore Nrọ'' |Mei | |<ref name="Bhagchandani-2022" /> |- |''Otu Egwú Ikpeazụ'' | | | |- | rowspan="1" |2007 |''881'' |Nnukwu Papaya | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lee|first=Maggie|date=2007-11-20|title=Film Review: 881|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/film-review-881-155505/|accessdate=2025-05-15|work=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2008 |''12 Lotus'' |Enyi nwanyị Long 2 | | |- |''Muallaf'' |Cindy | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Asia|first=Tatler|title=Yeo Yann Yann|url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/people/yeo-yann-yann|accessdate=2025-05-15|work=Tatler Asia|language=en}}</ref> |- |18 Grams of Love (愛情18克) | | | |- |2009 |''Ịhụnanya Dị Mkpa'' |Jia Li | | |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |''Ịbụ Onye'' |Zu Er | | |- |''Mgbe Hainan zutere Teochew'' |Meihui | |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lui|first=John|date=1 December 2010|title=AS REAL AS IT GETS|url=|accessdate=|work=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref> |- |2011 |''Ndị Agha n'Ụzọ'' |Zhung Lichun | |<ref name="Bhagchandani-2022" /> |- | rowspan="3" |2013 |Paper Moon (''Akwụkwọ ọnwa'') | | | |- |''Onye Nchịkọta'' (nchịkọta) | | | |- |''Ilo Ilo'' |Hwee Leng | |<ref name=":4" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Ụlọ Mkpọrọ'' (懼場) |Ma Yan Ling | | |- |''Rubber'' |Ịgba nwa ara | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Hon|first=Jing Yi|date=7 April 2015|title=Yeo Yann Yann initially reluctant to star in sex comedy|url=https://www.todayonline.com/entertainment/movies/yeo-yann-yann-initially-reluctant-star-sex-comedy|accessdate=2025-05-15|work=TODAY|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Ogologo oge'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 May 2016|title=Bringing the 'Distance' Closer.|url=https://incinemas.sg/article-details.aspx?id=2309|accessdate=2025-05-15|work=InCinemas SG}}</ref> |- |''The Laundryman [zh]'' |Yang Yingying | |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-20|title=Review: The Laundryman (2015)|url=https://sino-cinema.com/2016/08/20/review-the-laundryman/|work=[[Sino-Cinema]]|author=Elley|first=Derek|authorlink=Derek Elley|accessdate=2025-05-15|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Ị Na-ekwu Maka Ụwa Maka M'' |Hoon | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Shackleton|first=Liz|title=Good Move picks up Malaysian drama 'You Mean The World To Me'|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/good-move-picks-up-malaysian-drama-you-mean-the-world-to-me/5114885.article|accessdate=2025-05-15|work=Screen|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''Lee Chong Wei'' |Khor Kim Choi | |<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-11-10|title=Actor Mark Lee plays Lee Chong Wei's father in biopic on Malaysian badminton star's life|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/actor-mark-lee-plays-lee-chong-weis-father-in-biopic-on-malaysian-badminton|accessdate=2025-05-15|work=[[The Straits Times]]|language=en}}</ref> |- |''Republic nke Nri'' |Virginia Goh | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=李|first=亦筠|date=1 August 2018|title=《食勿共和国》演出激情戏 杨雁雁与彭耀顺不尴尬|url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/zentertainment/movies-and-tv/story20180801-879737|accessdate=2025-05-15|work=[[Lianhe Zaobao]]|language=zh-Hans}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Oge Mmiri'' |Ling |Onye mmeri nke Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na 56th Golden Horse AwardsIhe nrite nke 56 nke Golden Horse |<ref name=":3" /> |- |''Mpaghara nke 9'' (第九分局) |Sun Yu-shu | |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-29|title=《第九分局》金馬女配魔化演出 楊雁雁首度挑戰大銀幕反派！|url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B9%9D%E5%88%86%E5%B1%80%E9%87%91%E9%A6%AC%E5%A5%B3%E9%85%8D%E9%AD%94%E5%8C%96%E6%BC%94%E5%87%BA-%E6%A5%8A%E9%9B%81%E9%9B%81%E9%A6%96%E5%BA%A6%E6%8C%91%E6%88%B0%E5%A4%A7%E9%8A%80%E5%B9%95%E5%8F%8D%E6%B4%BE-142203358.html|accessdate=2025-05-15|work=Yahoo News|language=zh-Hant-TW}}</ref> |- |2023 |''Eze nke Musang'' |Liu Mei Lian |<ref>{{Citation |last=Neo |first=Jack |title=King of Musang King |date=21 January 2023 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt22015994/ |type=Comedy |publisher=J Team Productions, MM2 Entertainment, Cathay Cineplexes |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref> | |- |2025 |''Havoc'' |Nne Tsui | |<ref name=":5" /> |-| {{TBA}} |''Anyị Nile bụ ndị bịara abịa'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anthony Chen To Reunite With Wet Season And Ilo Ilo Stars On Pandemic-Set Drama|url=https://www.8days.sg/entertainment/hollywood/anthony-chen-reunite-wet-season-and-ilo-ilo-stars-pandemic-set-drama-234976|accessdate=24 February 2023|work=8days|language=en}}</ref> |} === Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu ! class="unsortable" |Ref. |- |2003 |''Ụgbọelu Ikpeazụ nke Red Butterflies''<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Last Flight Of The Red Butterflies|url=http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/audiovisual_records/record-details/5fe6a50b-1164-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad|work=National Archives of Singapore|accessdate=13 September 2019}}</ref> | | | |- |2005 |''Akpụkpọ anụ'' | | | |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |''Hello?'' | | |<ref name="Voiddeckfilms.com-2018">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2018|title=HOME|url=http://www.voiddeckfilms.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703055841/http://www.voiddeckfilms.com/|archivedate=3 July 2007|accessdate=21 April 2018|publisher=Voiddeckfilms.com}}</ref> |- |''Ụzọ ndị a na-akpọ'' | | |<ref name="Voiddeckfilms.com-2018" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''Ah Ma'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web|title={title}|url=http://www.ahmafilm.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915040105/http://www.ahmafilm.com/|archivedate=15 September 2007|accessdate=30 September 2007}}</ref> |- |''Nrọ Dị larịị'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flat Dreams|url=https://flatdreams.blogspot.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708035524/http://flatdreams.blogspot.com/|archivedate=8 July 2011|accessdate=21 April 2018|publisher=Flatdreams.blogspot.com}}</ref> |- |2009 |''Tanjong rhu'' (The ''Casuarina Cove'') | | | |} === Usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu ! class="unsortable" |Ref. |- |1998 |''Ugboro ole a na-eme n'aka nri'' |Chen Meili | |<ref name="AsiaOne-2020" /> |- |2006 |''Akụkọ Ịhụnanya: Anthology Series'' | | | |- |2007 |''Ejila Mgba aghara'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Do Not Disturb|url=https://www.imda.gov.sg/content-and-news/press-releases-and-speeches/archived/mda/press-releases/2007/do-not-disturb|accessdate=13 December 2022|work=Infocomm Media Development Authority|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2008 |Princess A-Go-Go (穿越阿哥哥) | | | |- |''Nri na-agafe Banana'' | | | |- |2009 |''Nwanyị Iron'' |Gao Shiqin | | |- | rowspan="3" |2011 |Oge Ịmakụ (追影·築夢) |Zhang Jinrui | | |- |Time FM (oge redio) |Obi ụtọ | | |- |''Ebe Obibi'' (n'ezinụlọ) | | | |- |2012 |''Nwa nke ahụ'' | | | |- |2013 |Time FM 1970 (oge redio 1970) |Obi ụtọ | | |- |2020 |''Akụkọ Ndị A Na-adịghị A Na-ahụ Anya'' |Lian | |<ref name="Bhagchandani-2022" /> |- |2022 |''Ịhụnanya nke Oge A Mumbai'' |Sui |Ihe omume Mumbai Dragon (2022) |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nandini Ramnath|date=13 May 2022|title='Modern Love Mumbai' review: Look for the cycling woman and the Indian-Chinese dragon mom|work=Scroll.in|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1023577/modern-love-mumbai-review-look-for-the-cycling-woman-and-the-indian-chinese-dragon-mom|accessdate=13 May 2022}}</ref> |- |2023 |''Ndị China a mụrụ n'America'' |Christine Wang | |<ref name="Feb22">{{Cite web|author=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|date=7 February 2022|title='Shang-Chi's Michelle Yeoh & Destin Daniel Cretton Reunite For Disney+ Series 'American Born Chinese;' Chin Han, Yeo Yann Yann & Daniel Wu Also Star|url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/shang-chi-michelle-yeoh-destin-daniel-cretton-american-born-chinese-disney-plus-series-chin-han-yeo-yann-yann-daniel-wu-also-star-1234927624/|accessdate=7 February 2022}}</ref> |} === Egwuregwu vidio === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Onye na-ese ihe !Aha abụ |- |2021 |Stefanie Sun |"Ụbọchị gara aga" |} === Ihe ndị ọzọ e mepụtara === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya |- | rowspan="2" |2005 |''GhostBoys'' (usoro maka ekwentị 3G) |- |POV Murder (usoro maka ekwentị 3G) |} == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Mepụtara site na !Ọrụ !Nkwupụta |- |1997 |''Egwuregwu nke Njehie'' |Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-emepụta Ihe Egwuregwu | | |- |1998 |''Oké Ifufe'' |Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-emepụta Ihe Egwuregwu | |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Storm (1998) {{!}} SG Theatre Archive|url=https://www.centre42.sg/archive/productions/6981/storm-1998/|accessdate=2025-05-15|work=www.centre42.sg}}</ref> |- |1999 |''Red Hawk'' |Ihe Omume Ihe nkiri | | |- | rowspan="2" |2000 |''Enweghị ike ịhụ ya anya'' |Igbe Ihe nkiri | |<ref>{{Cite web|title={title}|url=http://inkpot.com/theatre/00reviews/00revinvi.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016212149/http://inkpot.com/theatre/00reviews/00revinvi.html|archivedate=16 October 2006|accessdate=27 March 2007}}</ref> |- |''Ụbọchị M zutere Prince'' |Ihe Omume Ihe nkiri | | |- |2001 |''Egwú Dragọn'' |Ndị na-egwu mkpịsị aka | | |- | rowspan="4" |2003 |''Ọnụ ọgụgụ agụ'' |TTRP | | |- |''Tartuffe'' |TTRP | | |- |''Lim Tzay Chuen'' |TTRP/Ihe nkiri | | |- |''Ìhè Na-egbukepụ'' |Ihe Omume Ihe nkiri | | |- | rowspan="4" |2004 |''Ebe Mmiri Na-anọ'' |TTRP | |<ref>{{Cite web|title={title}|url=http://www.phillipzarrilli.com/productions/waterstation/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710062956/http://www.phillipzarrilli.com/productions/waterstation/index.html|archivedate=10 July 2007|accessdate=29 March 2007}}</ref> |- |''Oké Ifufe'' |Ihe Omume Ihe nkiri | |<ref>{{Cite web|title={title}|url=http://www.inkpot.com/theatre/04reviews/04revtemp.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926034538/http://www.inkpot.com/theatre/04reviews/04revtemp.html|archivedate=26 September 2012|accessdate=24 May 2016}}</ref> |- |''Akụkụ Onwe Onye'' |Vizpro | |<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2004|title=Extra Media : Reassembling Vital Parts &#124; Vol. 4 No. 1 Oct 2004|url=http://www.qlrs.com/emedia.asp?id=386|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091035/http://www.qlrs.com/emedia.asp?id=386|archivedate=29 September 2007|accessdate=21 April 2018|publisher=QLRS}}</ref> |- |Wu Jun Ru And You and Me And Him ([[[[[[[]]]]]]]] |Ihe Omume Ihe nkiri | | |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |''Ụbọchị Ịkụ Aka'' |Nzọụkwụ Dị Mkpa | |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tragedy Remembered|url=http://www.inkpot.com/theatre/05reviews/0506,boxiday,ml.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111171112/http://inkpot.com/theatre/05reviews/0506,boxiday,ml.html|archivedate=11 January 2012|accessdate=24 May 2016}}</ref> |- |''Odyssey nke Admiral'' |Ihe nkiri | |<ref>{{Cite web|title=No Wind in These Sails|url=http://www.inkpot.com/theatre/05reviews/0710,admiodys,mf.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223224101/http://www.inkpot.com/theatre/05reviews/0710,admiodys,mf.html|archivedate=23 December 2014|accessdate=24 May 2016}}</ref> |- |''Nkewa Iri anọ'' |Nzọụkwụ Dị Mkpa | | |- | rowspan="5" |2006 |''Enyi mara mma'' |Ihe nkiri | |<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2006|title=Extra Media : April Benefits &#124; Vol. 5 No. 3 Apr 2006|url=http://www.qlrs.com/emedia.asp?id=527|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090916/http://www.qlrs.com/emedia.asp?id=527|archivedate=29 September 2007|accessdate=21 April 2018|publisher=QLRS}}</ref> |- |Onye mbịarambịa n'ụlọ (naanị n'ime obodo bụ onye mbịaramba) |DramaBox | | |- |''Klas Asụsụ Mba'' |Spell Seven Performance Club | |<ref>{{Cite web|title={title}|url=http://www.substation.org/magazine/issue06/rw_NationalLanguage.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001032218/http://www.substation.org/magazine/issue06/rw_NationalLanguage.html|archivedate=1 October 2006|accessdate=27 March 2007}}</ref> |- |''Oké Ifufe'' (oké mmiri ozuzo) |Ihe Omume Ihe nkiri | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Theatrex|title=Theatrex|url=http://www.theatrex.org/?p=34|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929061138/http://www.theatrex.org/?p=34|archivedate=29 September 2007|accessdate=21 April 2018|publisher=Theatrex}}</ref> |- |''Akụkọ mgbe ochie na-adị ndụ n'ịntanetị: Mama Na-achọ Nkịta Ya 2006 '' |Ihe Omume Ihe nkiri | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Theatrex|title=Theatrex|url=http://www.theatrex.org/?p=38#more-38|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929061127/http://www.theatrex.org/?p=38#more-38|archivedate=29 September 2007|accessdate=21 April 2018|publisher=Theatrex}}</ref> |- |2007 |''Ọrụ Tosca'' |Ihe Omume Ihe nkiri | | |- | rowspan="3" |2008 |''Chesty Nutty Bang: Ntutu isi nke Phoenix'' |Ụgbọelu | |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chesty Nutty Bang Bang: Hairspray of The Phoenix (2008), Review {{!}} SG Theatre Archive|url=https://www.centre42.sg/archive/reviews/15860/chesty-nutty-bang-bang-hairspray-of-the-phoenix-2008-review/|accessdate=2025-05-15|work=www.centre42.sg}}</ref> |- |''Klas Asụsụ Mba'' (nke a na-agba ọsọ ọzọ) |Spell Seven Performance Club | | |- |''Iji gbuo nnụnụ na-akwa emo'' |Sharon Ang | | |- |2009 |''Crab Flower Club'' |Ihe Ndị E Ji Egwuregwu Na-emepụta | | |- |2011 |''Ndị Agha n'Ụzọ'' |Ihe ntụrụndụ Juita | |<ref name="Bhagchandani-2022" /> |- |2016 |''Ọnọdụ uche'' |Ntụrụndụ | |<ref>{{Cite web|title=State of Mind (2016) {{!}} SG Theatre Archive|url=https://www.centre42.sg/archive/productions/24462/state-of-mind-2016/|accessdate=2025-05-15|work=www.centre42.sg}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-eme ememe iri anọ'' |Nzọụkwụ Dị Mkpa | |<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-02-05|title=Theatre review: Actor, Forty affectionately welcome Yeo Yann Yann back to local stage after hiatus|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/theatre-review-actor-forty-affectionately-welcome-yeo-yann-yann-back-to-local-stage|accessdate=2025-05-13|work=The Straits Times|language=en}}</ref> |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Onyinye !Ụdị !Ọrụ ndị a họpụtara !Nsonaazụ ! class="unsortable" |Ref. |- |2005 |Ndụ nke ise! Ihe nrite ihe nkiri |Egwuregwu Kasị Mma |''Wu Jun Ru na Gị na Mụ Ya''| {{Nom}} | |- |2006 |Ihe nrite nke 1st Front| {{n/a}}| {{n/a}}| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{cite web |title=Arts Central - Your One Stop Dance Studio |url=http://www.artscentral.sg/2006/FRONT/focus_wk22.htm |website=www.artscentral.sg }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |Ndụ nke asaa! Ihe nrite ihe nkiri |Egwuregwu Kasị Mma |''Nne Na-achọ Nkịta Ya''| {{Won}} | |- |Ndụ nke asaa! Ihe nrite ihe nkiri |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |''Oké Ifufe''| {{Won}} | |- |2009 |Ndụ nke itoolu! Ihe nrite ihe nkiri |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |''Klas Asụsụ Mba''| {{Nom}} | |- |2010 |Onyinye Ọlaedo |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |''Nwanyị Iron''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title={title}|url=http://www.ntv7.com.my/happenings/press_release/golden_awards_final.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013071748/http://www.ntv7.com.my/happenings/press_release/golden_awards_final.html|archivedate=13 October 2010|accessdate=9 October 2010}}</ref> |- |2012 |Onyinye Ọlaedo |Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma |''Oge FM''| {{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |Ihe nrite nke 50 nke Golden Horse |Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma | rowspan="3" |''Ilo Ilo''|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Golden Horse: Yeo Yann Yann wins Best Supporting Actress for Ilo Ilo|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/lifestyle/story/golden-horse-yeo-yann-yann-wins-best-supporting-actress-ilo-ilo-201311|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201003248/http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/lifestyle/story/golden-horse-yeo-yann-yann-wins-best-supporting-actress-ilo-ilo-201311|archivedate=1 December 2013|accessdate=18 September 2018|publisher=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref> |- |Emume ihe nkiri Vladivostok |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma|{{Won}} |<ref name=":0" /> |- |2014 |Ihe nrite ihe nkiri nke Eshia nke asatọ |Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma|{{Won}} |<ref name=":1" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |Emume ihe nkiri nke 30 nke Malaysia |Nwanyị Na-akwado Ihe Nwanyị Kasị Mma |''Lee Chong Wei: Mmalite nke Akụkọ ifo''|{{Nom}} | |- |Ihe nrite nke 56 nke Golden Horse |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma | rowspan="2" |''Oge Mmiri''|{{Won}} |<ref name=":2" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Ihe nrite ihe nkiri Eshia nke iri na anọ |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lim|first=Ruey Yan|date=2020-09-11|title=Yeo Yann Yann up for Best Actress at Asian Film Awards|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/yeo-yann-yann-up-for-best-actress-at-asian-film-awards|accessdate=2025-05-15|work=[[The Straits Times]]|language=en}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite Emmy nke mba ụwa nke iri anọ na asatọ |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |''Akụkọ Ndị A Na-adịghị A Na-ahụ Anya''|{{Nom}} | |- |2023 |3rd Hollywood Critics Association TV Awards |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri, Comedy |''Ndị China a mụrụ n'America''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.awardsdaily.com/2023/07/11/2023-hollywood-critics-association-tv-awards-yellowjackets-the-boys-lead-all-nominees-with-14-nominations/|title=2023 Hollywood Critics Association TV Awards: 'Yellowjackets', 'The Boys' lead All Nominees with 14 Nominations|author=Moye|first=Clarence|publisher=[[Awards Daily]]|date=11 July 2023|accessdate=31 July 2023}}</ref> |} == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category}} * {{IMDb name|2021003}} * [http://chinesemov.com/actors/Yeo%20Yann%20Yann.html Yeo Yann Yann na chinesemov.com] {{DEFAULTSORT:Yeo, Yann Yann}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] m0fta2w8m1r16d9ulf3e65xrgxvortj 0 79354 709099 2026-09-05T12:14:40Z Chigozirim2005 19722 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343082190|Fiona Press]]" 709099 wikitext text/x-wiki Fiona Press bụ onye Australia na-eme ihe nkiri nke ọrụ ya agafeela ihe karịrị afọ 30.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bodey|first=Michael|date=9 June 2019|title=Don't I know you from somewhere?|work=Stellar}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Press so n'ime ndị mbụ na-eme ihe nkiri na Australia <nowiki><i id="mwEQ">1984</i></nowiki>. N'afọ 1991, o ritere Ihe nrite AFI maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ nkwado na Silver Shell maka onye na na-eme egwuregwu kacha mma maka ọrụ ya na Waiting . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Barber|first=Lynden|date=4 October 1991|title=First-time director wins top film prize|work=Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/120281931/?match=1&terms=%22First-time%20director%20wins%20top%20film%20prize%22}}</ref> Ọrụ ihe nkiri ya ndị ọzọ gụnyere Black Water na Disgrace . Na telivishọn, ọ pụtara na Doctor Doctor, Upright na Diary of an Uber Driver . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fiona Press discovers new depths in ABC’s ‘The Heights’|url=https://www.if.com.au/fiona-press-discovers-new-depths-in-abcs-the-heights/|author=Groves|first=Don|date=2020-03-08|work=IF Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-08}}</ref> Ọ kpọkwara Hazel Murphy na soap opera.''Ebe Ndị Dị Elu.'' == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri/Shorts/Ihe nkiri TV === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |1984 |''Akụkọ ifo nke White Man'' |Obere Obere |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1988 |''Iden furu efu'' |Liesli |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1990 |''Ọkụ ọkụ'' | |Dị mkpirikpi |- | rowspan="2" |1991 |''Ịgba Mgba Mgba'' |Oriakụ Archer | |- |''Ịchere'' |Therese | |- | rowspan="2" |1993 |''Enweghị Nchegbu'' |Oriakụ Palmer | |- |''Nke a agaghị emerụ ahụ'' |Enyi nwanyị Wagga | |- |1995 |''Napoleon'' |Wallaby / Gallah | |- | rowspan="2" |1996 |''Akụkọ Lillian'' |Ruby | |- |''Ụmụ nke Mgbanwe (ihe nkiri 1996) '' |Onye na-ezipụ ego n'ụlọ akụ | |- |1997 |''Oscar na Lucinda'' |Oriakụ Trevis | |- |1999 |''Mmasị'' |Jenny | |- |2003 |''Ụmụ nwoke Balmain'' |Dell | |- |2006 |''Enweghị Ozi'' |Trish Davis |Dị mkpirikpi |- |2007 |''Mmiri Ojii'' |Pat | |- |2008 |''Ihe ihere'' |Bev Shaw | |- |2012 |<nowiki><i id="mwmg">Ọ dị m ka ị nọ ebe a</i></nowiki> |Ndagwurugwu | |- |2013 |<nowiki><i id="mwoQ">Ụzọ ndị a na-akpọ</i></nowiki> |Nwunye Onye Ọchụnta Ego | |- |2014 | | | |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |<nowiki><i id="mwrQ">San Andreas</i></nowiki> |Margie | |- |''Mary: Ime ka nwa eze nwanyị'' |Susan Moody |Ihe nkiri TV |- | rowspan="3" |2017 |''N'Ime Onyinyo'' |Helen | |- |''Ndụ Ndị Ọzọ'' |Onye Nnyocha TDA | |- |''Onye Na-eme Ka Ọ Bụma'' |Onye na-agwọ ọrịa | |- |2020 |''Onye Ọtụrụ Egwu'' |Margaret |Dị mkpirikpi |- |2022 |''Nna'' |Nọọsụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọrịa |Dị mkpirikpi |} {| class="wikitable" |+Egwuregwu vidio !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |2014 |''Ógbè ndị dị n'ókè: Ihe Ndị Na-esote ya'' |Maddie |Olu |} {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |1986-87 |''Ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị (ihe nkiri TV nke Australia) '' |Onye Dị Oké Mkpa |Ihe omume 2 |- |1989 |''Nnapụta Ndị Uwe Ojii'' |Fay |1 ihe omume |- |1986-93 |''Omume Mba'' |Ainslie Forsythe / Kathy Webster |Ihe omume 3 |- |1993 |''Stark'' |Karen |Ihe omume 3 |- | rowspan="2" |1995 |''Onye agha'' |Louise |1 ihe omume |- |''Ihe Na-eme ka a nụ'' |Rae |Ihe omume iri na otu |- |1997 |''Mirror, Mirror'' |Pinbody |1 ihe omume |- |2000 |''N'elu Iwu'' |Akụkọ ifo |1 ihe omume |- |2002 |''BackBerner'' |Nri |1 ihe omume |- |2001-03 |''Ọ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ'' |Gillian / Diedre |Ihe omume 2 |- |2006 |''Abụọ Gbagọrọ Agbagọ'' |Dọkịta |1 ihe omume |- |2000-08 |''All Saints (usoro ihe nkiri TV) '' |Catherine / Elena |Ihe omume 2 |- |2008 |''Ọ dịghị Ihe Na-eme'' |Sandra Finer |1 ihe omume |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |''A Na-etinye ya na ndị Rafters'' |Sandra Marsh |Ihe omume 3 |- |''Ebe m nọ'' |Nwaanyị Na-abụ Abụ |1 ihe omume |- |2010 |''Rake'' |Jessica Mason |1 ihe omume |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |''N'Ụlọ Mụ na Julia'' |Diane |1 ihe omume |- |''Crownies'' |Ikpe ziri ezi Danielle Vignando |1 ihe omume |- |2012 |''Underbelly (usoro ihe omume TV) '' |Ndị uwe ojii na-eme ihe |1 ihe omume |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Ndị Moodys'' |Wendy |1 ihe omume |- |''Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ochie'' |Maddie |1 ihe omume |- |1992–2017 |''N'Ụlọ Na N'èzí'' |Ihe dị iche iche |Ihe omume 9 |- | rowspan="5" |2019 |<nowiki><i id="mwAXc">Obodo Nzuzo</i></nowiki> |Sylvie Dunkley |Ihe omume 4 |- |''Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Uber'' |Lynda |1 ihe omume |- |<nowiki><i id="mwAYM">N'ụzọ ziri ezi</i></nowiki> |Onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ |1 ihe omume |- |''Dọkịta'' |Dr Kourdair |1 ihe omume |- |''Nwoke nke Ọzọ'' |Winnie |Ihe omume 3 |- |2019–2020 |''Ebe Ndị Dị Elu'' |Hazel Murphy |Ihe omume 60 |- |2021 |''RFDS'' |Sue |1 ihe omume |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Joe vs. Carole'' |Shirley |Ihe omume 3 |- |<nowiki><i id="mwAak">Akụkụ Ya</i></nowiki> |Oriakụ Barfield |1 ihe omume |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |''Anụmanụ ndị dị na mbara igwe'' |Onye isi nke N.E.S.T |Ihe omume 2 |- |''Otu abalị'' |Laura |Ihe omume 4 |} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] p1zq4m7v6q15uytm7oloiln72o3h9ov 0 79355 709100 2026-09-05T12:27:54Z Eboms Divinefavour 24818 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368610939|Isela Vega]]" 709100 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Isela Vega Durazo''' (5 Nọvemba 1939 – 9 Maachị 2021) bụ onye ome ihe nkiri Mexico, onye na-abụ abụ na onye na-ede abụ, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. O meriri ihe nrite Ariel anọ (otu ugboro maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ugboro atọ maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma), nakwa Golden Ariel na 2017. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Vega ma zụlite ya na Hermosillo, Sonora. Na 1957, a họpụtara Vega dị ka "Eze nke Carnival" na Hermosillo. Obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere ịme ihe nlereanya. == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1960, Vega malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya. <ref name="ariel">{{Cite news|title=Fallece Isela Vega a los 81 años; padecía cáncer|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/fallece-isela-vega-los-81-anos-padecia-cancer|accessdate=10 March 2021|work=El Universal|date=10 March 2021|language=es}}</ref> Na 1969, o wepụtara otu abọm nke abụ ya. Ọrụ Vega kacha mara amara n'ụwa niile bụ nke Elita na egwu Sam Peckinpah bụ Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia (1974). Ihe nkiri ahụ nwere egwu akpọrọ "Bennie's Song", nke o dere. E mechara see Vega foto gba ọtọ maka mbipụta magazin Playboy nke Julaị 1974. Ọ bụ onye nlereanya Latina mbụ mere nke a. Vega meriri ihe nrite Ariel anọ maka ime ihe nkiri, yana Golden Ariel na 2017.<ref name="ariel" /> N'afọ 1980, Vega mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya n'azụ igwefoto site n'ide ihe nkiri, imepụta na iduzi ọtụtụ ihe nkiri. A kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ abụ "Amanecí en tus brazos" na "El Siete Mares" na fim Gringo mojado nke afọ 1986. N'ozuzu, Vega sonyere na fim 150. <ref name="ariel" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Vega nwere nwa nwoke aha ya bụ Arturo na onye na-abụ abụ bụ́ Alberto Vázquez, onye ya na ya nwere mmekọrịta dị mkpụmkpụ, mana ọ lụbeghị di; na nwa nwanyị, Shaula, [citation needed] onye bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-agba egwu, site na mmekọrịta ogologo oge ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ́ Jorge Luke [es]. === Ọnwụ === Vega nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa kansa na Mexico City na Machị 9, 2021, mgbe ọ dị afọ 81.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.mundohispanico.com/last-hour-mexican-actress-isela-vega-dies/|title=Last Hour: Mexican actress Isela Vega dies|date=10 March 2021|accessdate=24 March 2021|archivedate=16 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316190104/https://en.mundohispanico.com/last-hour-mexican-actress-isela-vega-dies/}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri === <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  === Dị ka onye edemede, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta === * 1980: Navajeros (onye na-emepụta) * 1982: Otu ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá (onye na-emepụta) * 1986: Los amantes del señor de la noche (onye edemede, onye mmepụta, onye nduzi) * 2018-2019: ''Dị ka La Leyenda'' == Nkọwapụta == * ''Maka Ngalaba M'' (Peerless, 1969) == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0891835}} * Ajụjụ ọnụ na La Jornada (n'asụsụ Spanish) {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Vega, Isela}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] sicatp1hjs2kwopd83n96om67o5a2e0 0 79356 709101 2026-09-05T12:53:38Z Eboms Divinefavour 24818 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364887712|Lucha Villa]]" 709101 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Luz Elena Ruiz Bejarano''' (amụrụ na Nọvemba 30, 1936), <ref name="Burr">{{Cite book|author=Burr|first=Ramiro|year=1999|title=The Billboard Guide to Tejano and Regional Mexican Music|location=New York|publisher=Billboard Books|isbn=0-8230-7691-1|url=https://archive.org/details/billboardguideto00burr}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma site na aha ya n'elu ikpo okwu bụ Lucha Villa, ọ bụkwa onye Mexico na-abụ abụ na onye na-eme ihe nkiri, ọkachamara n'ụdị egwu dịka ranchera na mariachi. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Camargo, Chihuahua">Santa Rosalía de Camargo, Chihuahua, Luz Elena Ruiz Bejarano nyere ya aha nzuzo "Lucha Villa" site n'aka onye na-emepụta telivishọn Luis G. Dillon <ref name="Country Music Television">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/villa_lucha/bio.jhtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028024253/http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/villa_lucha/bio.jhtml|archivedate=October 28, 2004|title=Lucha Villa Bio|publisher=Country Music Television|date=n.d.|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}</ref> ("Lucha" hypocorism maka Luz Elena, na "Villa" na nsọpụrụ nke Pancho Villa).  Ọ na-anọbu na egwu na ihe nkiri ama ama kemgbe mmalite 1960s.  Ihe mbụ Villa nwetara gụnyere "Media vuelta", nke José Alfredo Jiménez dere, yana "La cruz del cielo" na "Viva quien sabe querer" <ref name="Burr" /> N'afọ 1970, Lucha Villa gara Denver, Colorado ime ihe ngosi maka abamuru maka Crusade for Justice, mmemme ndị ntorobịa na ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'afọ 1996, Villa, ya na Lola Beltrán na Amalia Mendoza, dekọrọ abọm studio, Disco del Siglo: Las Tres Señoras, nke Juan Gabriel mepụtara, <ref name="Burr" /> na-ekweta onyinye ha na-adịgide adịgide nye ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na Mexico na Latin America. == Ọrụ ime ihe nkiri == Ọ pụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri n'afọ 1950 na mmalite afọ 1960, wee nweta ọrụ mbụ ya na-eme ihe nkiri na El gallo de Oro (1964), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0897628/bio|title=Lucha Villa : Biography|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}</ref> ma mee ihe nkiri na Me cansé de rogarle, egwu egwu ya na Jiménez na onye na-edekọ egwu Marco Antonio Muñiz. Ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri iri ise ma merie Ariel Award maka Best Actress (nke Mexico yiri Oscar) maka Mecánica nacional (1973). <ref name="Country Music Television" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == [[Faịlụ:Lucha_Villa.jpg|thumb|Ihe oyiyi nke Villa]] Ọ dara n'ọnọdụ coma n'ihi nsogbu ndị dị n'oge a na-awa ahụ n'ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 1997, mana ọ gbakere mgbe ọ nọrọ ogologo oge n'ụlọ ọgwụ, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artistdirect.com/artist/bio/lucha-villa/505902|title=Lucha Villa Biography – ARTISTdirect Music|publisher=Artistdirect.com|date=n.d.|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}</ref> ma apụtala na telivishọn oge ụfọdụ kemgbe ahụ.  Ọ lụrụ ugboro ise: Mario Miller (1951-1958), Alejandro Camacho, Arturo Durazo (guitarist maka Los Apson, 1960), Justiniano Rengifo, (nke sitere na Zacatecoluca, El Salvador, 1974), na Francisco Muela.  Lucha Villa nwere ụmụ atọ: Rosa Elena (1953), Carlos Alberto (1954), María José (1974). == Nkọwapụta == Ná mmalite ọrụ ya, o mere abọm mmekorita ya na Luis Aguilar na RCA Victor. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe o wepụtara dị na Musart Records; o dekọkwara maka Ariola na WEA [Warner Elektra Atlantic]. == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == * ''Ụbọchị Isii Ịnwụ (La Rabia) '' (1967) * ''Alaeze Ukwu nke Dracula'' (1967) * ''National Mechanics'' (1972) == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429020803/http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/villa_lucha/albums.jhtml Nkọwapụta] * Lucha VillanaIMDb * [http://www.fandango.com/luchavilla/filmography/p73547 Ihe nkiri] {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Villa, Lucha}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] nvijuzlsxsja1m2s5ihdnoto1rc2hpp 709102 709101 2026-09-05T12:53:58Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 709102 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Luz Elena Ruiz Bejarano''' (amụrụ na Nọvemba 30, 1936), <ref name="Burr">{{Cite book|author=Burr|first=Ramiro|year=1999|title=The Billboard Guide to Tejano and Regional Mexican Music|location=New York|publisher=Billboard Books|isbn=0-8230-7691-1|url=https://archive.org/details/billboardguideto00burr}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma site na aha ya n'elu ikpo okwu bụ Lucha Villa, ọ bụkwa onye Mexico na-abụ abụ na onye na-eme ihe nkiri, ọkachamara n'ụdị egwu dịka ranchera na mariachi. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Camargo, Chihuahua">Santa Rosalía de Camargo, Chihuahua, Luz Elena Ruiz Bejarano nyere ya aha nzuzo "Lucha Villa" site n'aka onye na-emepụta telivishọn Luis G. Dillon <ref name="Country Music Television">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/villa_lucha/bio.jhtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028024253/http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/villa_lucha/bio.jhtml|archivedate=October 28, 2004|title=Lucha Villa Bio|publisher=Country Music Television|date=n.d.|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}</ref> ("Lucha" hypocorism maka Luz Elena, na "Villa" na nsọpụrụ nke Pancho Villa).  Ọ na-anọbu na egwu na ihe nkiri ama ama kemgbe mmalite 1960s.  Ihe mbụ Villa nwetara gụnyere "Media vuelta", nke José Alfredo Jiménez dere, yana "La cruz del cielo" na "Viva quien sabe querer" <ref name="Burr" /> N'afọ 1970, Lucha Villa gara Denver, Colorado ime ihe ngosi maka abamuru maka Crusade for Justice, mmemme ndị ntorobịa na ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'afọ 1996, Villa, ya na Lola Beltrán na Amalia Mendoza, dekọrọ abọm studio, Disco del Siglo: Las Tres Señoras, nke Juan Gabriel mepụtara, <ref name="Burr" /> na-ekweta onyinye ha na-adịgide adịgide nye ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na Mexico na Latin America. == Ọrụ ime ihe nkiri == Ọ pụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri n'afọ 1950 na mmalite afọ 1960, wee nweta ọrụ mbụ ya na-eme ihe nkiri na El gallo de Oro (1964), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0897628/bio|title=Lucha Villa : Biography|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}</ref> ma mee ihe nkiri na Me cansé de rogarle, egwu egwu ya na Jiménez na onye na-edekọ egwu Marco Antonio Muñiz. Ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri iri ise ma merie Ariel Award maka Best Actress (nke Mexico yiri Oscar) maka Mecánica nacional (1973). <ref name="Country Music Television" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == [[Faịlụ:Lucha_Villa.jpg|thumb|Ihe oyiyi nke Villa]] Ọ dara n'ọnọdụ coma n'ihi nsogbu ndị dị n'oge a na-awa ahụ n'ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 1997, mana ọ gbakere mgbe ọ nọrọ ogologo oge n'ụlọ ọgwụ, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artistdirect.com/artist/bio/lucha-villa/505902|title=Lucha Villa Biography – ARTISTdirect Music|publisher=Artistdirect.com|date=n.d.|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}</ref> ma apụtala na telivishọn oge ụfọdụ kemgbe ahụ.  Ọ lụrụ ugboro ise: Mario Miller (1951-1958), Alejandro Camacho, Arturo Durazo (guitarist maka Los Apson, 1960), Justiniano Rengifo, (nke sitere na Zacatecoluca, El Salvador, 1974), na Francisco Muela.  Lucha Villa nwere ụmụ atọ: Rosa Elena (1953), Carlos Alberto (1954), María José (1974). == Nkọwapụta == Ná mmalite ọrụ ya, o mere abọm mmekorita ya na Luis Aguilar na RCA Victor. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe o wepụtara dị na Musart Records; o dekọkwara maka Ariola na WEA [Warner Elektra Atlantic]. == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == * ''Ụbọchị Isii Ịnwụ (La Rabia) '' (1967) * ''Alaeze Ukwu nke Dracula'' (1967) * ''National Mechanics'' (1972) == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429020803/http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/villa_lucha/albums.jhtml Nkọwapụta] * Lucha VillanaIMDb * [http://www.fandango.com/luchavilla/filmography/p73547 Ihe nkiri] {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Villa, Lucha}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] qqcd15fyilyc7ehchypoykqltf38zsb 0 79357 709103 2026-09-05T13:29:16Z Elcarim1 62511 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364313522|Heatwaves in Nigeria]]" 709103 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Heat_wave_survival_strategy.jpg|thumb|Nwanyị na-awụsa mmiri n'isi ya iji belata okpomọkụ dị elu]] Okpomọkụ na Naịjirịa na-abụkarị n'ihi oke okpomọkụ dị elu, nke a na-esokarị ya na ọnọdụ akọrọ na mmụba iru mmiri. Ihe ndị a na-eme n'oge ihu igwe dị oke njọ aghọọla ihe na-emekarị n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na-aka njọ. Naịjirịa, ebe ọ bụ mba okpomọkụ, na-enwe mgbanwe okpomọkụ dị iche iche, mana ebili mmiri okpomọkụ na-eweta ihe ịma aka siri ike, ọkachasị n'obodo ukwu ebe ihe owuwu simenti na obere osisi na-eme ka njide okpomọkụ dịkwuo elu. Ugboro na ike nke ebili mmiri okpomọkụ amụbaala, na-ebute nnukwu mmetụta na ahụike ọha, ọrụ ugbo, na ọrụ akụ na ụba. == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == [[Mgbanwe ịhụ igwe na Naịjịrịa|Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Naịjirịa]] bụ isi ihe na-akpata ebili mmiri okpomọkụ, ebe ọ bụ na okpomọkụ na-arị elu n'ụwa emeela ka ugboro ugboro na oge nke oke okpomọkụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku emeela ka okpomọkụ dị elu, na-akpata oke okpomọkụ na-adịte aka na mba ahụ. Naịjirịa, ebe ọ dị na mpaghara ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, na-emetụta mgbanwe ndị a karịsịa, na steeti ndị dị na mpaghara ugwu na-enwe ọnọdụ kachasị njọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Benjamin Obe|first=Oluwafemi|date=2023-12-01|title=Assessing heat risk in a sub-saharan African humid city, Lagos, Nigeria, using numerical modelling and open-source geospatial socio-demographic datasets|journal=City and Environment Interactions|volume=20|doi=10.1016/j.cacint.2023.100128|issn=2590-2520}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|author=Elusoji|first=Solomon|date=2024-04-08|title=How Nigeria is reeling from extreme heat fuelled by climate change|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/how-nigeria-is-reeling-from-extreme-heat-fuelled-by-climate-change/|accessdate=2025-03-13|work=Carbon Brief|language=en}}</ref> Mgbanwe ihu igwe emebiwokwa usoro ihu igwe ọdịnala, na-eme ka ebili mmiri okpomọkụ bụrụ ihe a na-amaghị ama na nke siri ike. [[Faịlụ:Deforestation_in_Nigeria_by_Onuoha_John_Mba_2.jpg|thumb|Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa na Naịjirịa]] * [[Igbukpọ osisi|Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa]] enyela aka nke ukwuu na ebili mmiri okpomọkụ na Naijiria, dịka osisi na-egbutu n'ọtụtụ ebe maka ọrụ ugbo, mgbasawanye obodo, na osisi na-agbanye ọkụ na-ebelata mmetụta okpomọkụ nke oké ọhịa. [[Aja ahihia|Ahịhịa]] na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịchịkwa okpomọkụ site n'inye ndò na ịhapụ mmiri n'ime ikuku. Otú ọ dị, ka a na-ewepụ ala ndị ọzọ maka mmepe, mpaghara ndị mepere emepe na-enwe mmetụta nke agwaetiti okpomọkụ siri ike, ebe okpomọkụ dị elu karịa n'ime ime obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu. A na-ahụkarị ihe omume a n'obodo ukwu ndị dị ka Lagos, [[Abuja]], na [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano]], ebe oghere ahịhịa ndụ na-ebelata ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Challenges of Deforestation in Nigeria and the Millennium Development Goals|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303047811|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106174208/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303047811_Challenges_of_Deforestation_in_Nigeria_and_the_Millennium_Development_Goals|archivedate=2023-11-06|accessdate=2025-03-13|work=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref> * Omume ọrụ ugbo, dị ka ịgba mmiri buru ibu na iji fatịlaịza kemịkal mee ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè, na-enye aka na okpomọkụ na-arị elu na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke Naịjirịa. Ịgba mmiri gabigara ókè nwere ike iduga n'ịbawanye iru mmiri, na-emepụta ọnọdụ ndị na-eme ka ebili mmiri okpomọkụ dịkwuo ukwuu, ebe fatịlaịza kemịkal na-ewepụta gas na-emebi okpomọkụ nke na-enye aka na okpomọkụ ụwa. Omume nchịkwa ala na-adịghị mma, gụnyere ịta nri gabigara ókè na imebi ala, na-eme ka mmetụta ndị a ka njọ, na-emekwa ka obodo ndị dị n'ime ime obodo nwee ike ịnweta oke okpomọkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Xing|first=Yingying|date=January 2024|title=Impact of Agricultural Activities on Climate Change: A Review of Greenhouse Gas Emission Patterns in Field Crop Systems|journal=Plants|language=en|volume=13|issue=16|pages=2285|doi=10.3390/plants13162285|pmid=39204720|issn=2223-7747}}</ref> * [[Mmetọ ikuku]], ọkachasị site na ikuku ụgbọ ala, ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, na ọkụ ọkụ nke ihe mkpofu, emeela ka oke okpomọkụ na Naịjirịa ka njọ. Ihe mmetọ dị ka carbon ojii na ozone na-ejide okpomọkụ na ikuku, na-eduga n'ịbawanye okpomọkụ n'elu. Obodo ndị nwere oke mmetọ ikuku na-enwe oke okpomọkụ, dịka anwụrụ ọkụ na gas na-ekpo ọkụ na-egbochi okpomọkụ ịpụ, na-emepụta mmetụta okpomọkụ a maara dị ka mgbanwe ihu igwe. Okpomọkụ na Naịjirịa nwere nnukwu nsogbu ahụike, ọkachasị maka ndị na-adịghị ike dịka ụmụaka, ndị agadi, na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike dịbu adị. Ogologo oge ịkpughe na oke okpomọkụ na-eme ka ohere nke nkụchi mmiri, ike ọgwụgwụ okpomọkụ, na strok dịkwuo elu, nke nwere ike ibute ọnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na a gwọọghị ya ozugbo. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na-enwekarị mmụba nke ọrịa ndị metụtara okpomọkụ n'oge oke okpomọkụ, na-emebi akụrụngwa ahụike na akụrụngwa. Ọzọkwa, oke okpomọkụ na-eme ka ọnọdụ iku ume dị ka ụkwara ume ọkụ na ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ala ala ka njọ n'ihi mmụba nke mmetọ ikuku na ịdị mma ikuku, karịsịa n'obodo ukwu nwere nnukwu ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mwepụta ụgbọala.<ref name="mjohnson">{{Cite web|author=Johnson|first=Michael|date=2024-08-13|title=Relentless Heatwaves in Nigeria|url=https://www.climatescorecard.org/2024/08/relentless-heatwaves-in-nigeria/#:~:text=Heatwaves%20in%20Nigeria%20have%20profound,organ%20damage%20or%20even%20death.|accessdate=2025-03-13|work=Climate Scorecard|language=en-US}}</ref> == Oké okpomọkụ a ma ama == Na Machị 2019, Naijiria nwere otu n'ime oke okpomọkụ ya, na okpomọkụ karịrị 45 °C (113 °F) na ụfọdụ steeti ndị dị n'ebe ugwu. Okpomọkụ dị oke egwu mere ka a nabata ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ na ụkọ ọkụ eletrik. Ọtụtụ obodo dị na Sokoto, Kano, na Maiduguri kọrọ ụkọ mmiri, na ọrịa metụtara okpomọkụ mụbara, ọkachasị n'etiti ụmụaka na ndị agadi.<ref name="mjohnson" /> Oké okpomọkụ nke afọ 2020 hụrụ okpomọkụ na-emebi ihe ndekọ, ọkachasị na steeti ndị dị ka [[Ȯra Katsina|Katsina]], [[Ȯra Bauchi|Bauchi]], na [[Ȯra Yobe|Yobe]]. Okpomọkụ dị oke egwu mere ka ike ọgwụgwụ na okpomọkụ rịa elu, na-eduga na ịdọ aka ná ntị ahụike ọha na eze. Grid eletrik ahụ nwere nsogbu dị ukwuu ka mkpa ọkụ eletrik maka ịjụ oyi rịrị elu, na-akpata mgbanyụ ọkụ ugboro ugboro n'ofe obodo ukwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria reeling from extreme heat fueled by climate change|url=https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2024/04/nigeria-reeling-from-extreme-heat-fueled-by-climate-change/|accessdate=2025-03-13|work=Alliance for Science|language=en-US}}</ref> Oké okpomọkụ nke 2023 siri ike karịsịa, na obodo ndị dị ka Abuja, Lagos, na Kano na-edekọ okpomọkụ n'elu 42 ° C (108 ° F). Akụkọ gosipụtara ịrị elu nke ọrịa metụtara okpomọkụ na mbelata akụ na ụba na mpaghara ndị metụtara. Ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na azụmaahịa ga-agbanwe oge ọrụ ha iji belata oke okpomọkụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, e dekọrọ mmụba nke ọkụ ọhịa na mpaghara [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] ụfọdụ, na-eme ka ihe ịma aka nke okpomọkụ na-adịte aka ka njọ.<ref name="auto" /> == Hụkwa == * [[Geography of Nigeria|Ọnọdụ ala nke Naịjirịa]] * [[Ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na Nigeria|Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na Naịjirịa]] * [[Ihu igwe na mpaghara Naijiria|Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke Naịjirịa]] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  r6gym2ecthe8vwyqi3iyyzljnhacfn2 0 79358 709104 2026-09-05T13:35:14Z Chigozirim2005 19722 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357507157|Angela Punch McGregor]]" 709104 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Angela Punch McGregor''' amụrụ na Jenụwarị 21, 1953) bụ onye Australia na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri. == Mbido ndụ == Punch McGregor hụrụ ihe nkiri n'anya, mgbe ọ na-eme ihe nkiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ. Ọrụ mbụ ya bụ dịka 'Spoon' naThe Owl and the Pussy-Cat . <ref name="smh">{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/this-is-her-life-20021026-gdfrdl.html|title=This is her life|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=26 October 2002}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Sydney's National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA), gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Dramanic Art (Acting) na 1973. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nida.edu.au/alumni-and-industry/all-alumni/|title=NIDA Alumni|publisher=[[National Institute of Dramatic Art]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Punch McGregor emeela ọtụtụ ihe nkiri telivishọn gụnyere ọrụ mgbe niile dị ka Jane Potter na Class of '75 (1975). Ọ rụrụ Ros Parrish (nne nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Shane na Nick Parrish) na ihe nkiri ncha Home and Away site na 1994 ruo 1995. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ndị ọbịa na Rafferty's Rules (1988), usoro mpụ ''Halifax f.p.'' (1994), Fire (1995), ihe nkiri ahụike All Saints (1998), usoro ndị uwe ojii ''White Collar Blue'' (2002), Love My Way (2004-2005) na miniseries The Principal (2015). Ihe nkiri ya gụnyere The Chant of Jimmy Blacksmith (1978) na Newsfront (1978), nke ''Akụkọ'' meriri ya na AFI Awards. Ọ nwetakwara nhọpụta AFI maka ọrụ ya na We of the Never Never (1982) na Annie's Coming Out (1984). Ọ pụtara na The Delinquents (1989) ya na Kylie Minogue, Spotswood (1991) n'ihu Anthony Hopkins, Ben Mendelsohn na Russell Crowe, ''Tom White'' (2004) n'akụkụ Colin Friels na Savages Crossing (2010) ya na John Jarratt. Ọ pụtakwara na ihe nkiri TV Mary: The Making of a Princess (2015), banyere mbedo nke onye Australia Mary Donaldson na Frederik X nke Denmark (onye bụ Crown Prince n'oge ahụ). Punch McGregor arụọla ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri dị mkpa na Australia, n'ime ihe nkiri gụnyereThe Importance of Being Earnest (1975/1993), ''Othello'' (1976), A Midsummer Night's Dream (1985), Les Liaisons Dangereuses (1987-1988), A Streetcar Named Desire (1988), Summer of the Seventeenth Doll (1991), Dial M For Murder (1991-1992), Long Day's Journey into Night (2004), Festen (2005) na ''Equus''. Ọ kpara Juliet na Romeo nke Mel Gibson na mmepụta nke ''Romeo na Juliet'' na 1979, ọhụrụ na-esote ihe ịga nke ọma Gibson na Mad Max. N'afọ 2002, ọ mere Miss Havisham na mgbanwe nke Charles Dickens" Great Expectations . <ref name="smh" /> N'afọ 1995, ọ na-apụta na egwuregwu Nick Enright Blackrock, mgbe ọ dara ọrịa. Ọrịa ya, tinyere enweghị ntụkwasị obi na ike ọgwụgwụ mere ka ọ kwụsị ime ihe nkiri, n'oge ahụ ọ gụrụ ihe ọmụmụ afọ anọ na ọgwụ okike. Ruo otu afọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ ahụ. Ọgwụ orthomolecular oge niile ma ọ ka na-arụ ụlọ ọgwụ oge ụfọdụ site n'ụlọ ya.<ref name="smh" /> Punch McGregor bụ onye nkuzi na ime ihe nkiri na Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts site na 2006 ruo 2014. Ọ kụzikwaara ndị ntorobịa ịbanye n'ọrụ ihe nkiri na The HubStudio dị na Sydney. Otu n'ime klas ya bụ Angela Punch McGregor Master Class – Series 1.. == Ndụ nke onwe == Punch McGregor lụrụ onye nduzi na onye na-ede ihe nkiri Ross McGregor, onye bụkwa onye nkuzi ihe nkiri ya. Ha abụọ mụtara nwa nwoke<ref name="smh" /> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ụdị |- |1976 |''Ụmụ Jelly ole na ole'' | |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- | rowspan="2" |1978 |''Abụ nke Jimmie Blacksmith'' |Gilda Marshall |Ihe nkiri |- |''Akụkọ'' |Fay |Ihe nkiri |- |1979 |''D'Arcy'' | |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- |1980 |''Àgwàetiti ahụ'' |Beth |Ihe nkiri |- |1981 |''Onye lanarịrịnụ'' |Beth |Ihe nkiri |- | rowspan="2" |1982 |''Ndị Enyi Kasị Mma'' |Melanie |Ihe nkiri |- |''Anyị nke Ọ dịghị Mgbe'' |Jeannie Gunn |Ihe nkiri |- |1983 |''Mmekọrịta Abụọ'' |Christine Sterling |Ihe nkiri |- |1984 |''Annie Na-apụta'' |Jessica Hathaway |Ihe nkiri |- |1985 |''Ụgbọ mmiri abụọ'' |Edwina Larkin |Ihe nkiri |- |1986 |''Hunchback nke Notre Dame'' |Esmerelda (olu) |Ihe nkiri TV (ihe nkiri) |- |1988 |Mgbanwe |Ann |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1989 |''Ndị Omume Ọjọọ'' |Oriakụ Lovell |Ihe nkiri |- |1991 |Spotswood (nke a na-akpọ The Efficiency Expert) |Caroline Wallace |Ihe nkiri |- |1995 |''Halifax f.p.: ụgha nke uche'' |Anthea |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1998 |''Terra Nova'' |Margie |Ihe nkiri |- |2000 |''Obiọma'' | |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- |2003 |''Ash Wednesday'' | |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- |2004 |''Tom White'' |Irene |Ihe nkiri |- |2010 |''Ịgafe Ndị Agha'' |Sue |Ihe nkiri |- |2015 |''Mary: Ịme Nwaanyị'' |Eze Nwanyị Margrethe |Ihe nkiri TV |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Violett'' |Laura |Ihe nkiri |- |''Y'' | |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |} === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ụdị |- | rowspan="2" |1975 |''Ìgwè Ndị Shannon'' |Nwanyị akwụna |1 ihe omume |- |''Klas nke 75'' |Jane Potter |Ihe omume 98 |- |1976 |''Alvin Purple'' |Lucy |1 ihe omume |- |1978 |''Ikpe Maka Nchebe'' |Rut |1 ihe omume |- |1979 |''Ụgbọ Mmiri Ndị Nche'' |Sue Halloran |Ihe omume 2 |- |1980 |''Ala Na-enweghị Oge'' |Ellen |Miniserie, ihe omume 7 |- | rowspan="2" |1986 |''Tusitala'' |Fanny Stevenson |Miniserie, ihe omume 3 |- |''Nwa Ònye?'' |Gwen Morrison |Miniserie, ihe omume 2 |- |1988 |''Iwu Rafferty'' |Christine Stanton |1 ihe omume |- |1994–1995 |''N'Ụlọ Na N'èzí'' |Ros Parrish |Ihe omume 20 |- |1995 |''Iwu nke Ala'' |Angela Goodman |Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume |- |1996 |''Ọkụ'' |Dr Prudence Eberhardt |Ihe omume 4 |- |2002 |''Onye uwe ojii ọjọọ, Onye uwe ojii Ọjọọ'' |Evelyn Bowers |Miniserie, 1 ihe omume |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Ndị Nsọ Nile'' |Carmen Shaw |Ihe omume 6 |- |''White Collar Blue'' |Mmeri zuru oke |1 ihe omume |- |2004–2005 |''Ịhụ Ụzọ M'' |Angela Morris |Ihe omume 4 |- |2015 |''Onye isi'' |Sue Longworthy |Ihe omume 3 |- |2022–2024 |''Troppo'' |Dr Val |Ihe omume 10 |- |2025 |''Afọ Afọ Ikpeazụ'' |Connie |Ihe omume 6 |} == Ihe nkiri == === Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ụdị |- | rowspan="4" |1971 |''Ikpe nke Lucullus'' |Eze Nwanyị |NIDA, Sydney |- |''Hippolytus'' | | rowspan="2" |UNSW Old Tote Theatre, SydneyỤlọ Egwuregwu Old Tote, Sydney |- |''Ị pụghị iwere ya na gị'' |Rheba |- |''Nwaanyị Jairus'' | |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Jane St, Sydney |- | rowspan="3" |1972 |''Nwa agbọghọ Obodo'' | |UNSW Old Tote Theatre, SydneyỤlọ Egwuregwu Old Tote, Sydney |- |''Ihe Okike'' | |Ụlọ Egwuregwu NIDA, Sydney |- |''Agwọ ahụ'' | |Woollahra Arts Center, Bondi Junction, Sydney |- | rowspan="5" |1973 |''Playboy nke Western World'' | |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Sydney |- |''Alụmdi na Nwunye Nzuzo'' |Oriakụ Heidelberg | rowspan="2" |NIDA, Sydney |- |''Ekwensu'' |Nwanne nwanyị Jeanne Des Anges |- |''Cooper na Borges'' |Severina Cordello |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Jane St, Sydney |- |''Oh, Olee Agha Dị Mma!'' | |Njem New South Wales |- | rowspan="4" |1974 |''Nnụnụ Owl na Pussy Cat gara n'Oké Osimiri'' | |Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo Bankstown, Sydney |- |''Ebe Hercules bụ́ onye bụ́ Cradle'' | |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Sydney |- |''Ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ'' | |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Independent, Sydney |- |''Obere Eyolf'' |Miss Asta Allmers |UNSW NIDA Parade Theatre, Sydney |- | rowspan="3" |1975 |''Ụlọ nkwari akụ Paradiso'' | |UNSW NIDA Parade Theatre, Sydney & Playhouse, CanberraỤlọ Egwuregwu, Canberra |- |''N'Ebe Anyị'' | |UNSW NIDA Parade Theatre, Sydney |- |''Mkpa Ịdị Nri Dị Ike'' | |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Sydney |- | rowspan="4" |1976 |''Othello'' |Desdemona |Princess Theatre, Launceston & Theatre Royal, HobartỤlọ Egwuregwu Royal, Hobart |- |''Onye Na-enweghị Isi Otu'' | |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Royal, Hobart |- |''Onyinye ahụ'' | |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Stables & VCA, Melbourne |- |''Akụkọ Ezinụlọ'' |Nwa ya nwanyị, Wendy |Njem NSW |- | rowspan="3" |1977 |''Camille'' | |Ụlọ ihe nkiri 3 na Canberra Repertory Society <ref name="ccn">{{Cite web|date=2012-09-13|title=Punch McGregor masters the serious art of comedy|url=https://citynews.com.au/2012/punch-mcgregor-masters-the-serious-art-of-comedy/|work=Canberra City News|language=en-AU}}</ref> |- |''Thark'' |Kitty Stratton |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Genesian, Sydney |- |''Nna'' |Betha |UNSW NIDA Parade Theatre, Sydney |- | rowspan="2" |1979 |''Nne Obi Ike na Ụmụ Ya'' |Yvette Pottier / Nwanyị Ọrụ Ugbo | rowspan="2" |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Jane St, Sydney |- |''Dị ka Ị Na-amasị'' |Rosalind |- |1979 |''Romeo na Juliet'' |Juliet |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Octagon, Perth & Nimrod, Sydney |- |1980 |''Nwunye nke Ebe Oziọma'' |Lily |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Jane St, Sydney |- |1982 |''Igbu Ya'' |Maria Podsekalnikov |Nimrod, Sydney |- |1983 |''Okirikiri ahụ'' |Elizabeth |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Royal, Sydney & Comedy Theatre, MelbourneỤlọ Egwuregwu Comedy, Melbourne |- |1984 |''Nnukwu Nwoke kpuru ìsì Na-agba Egwú'' |Rose Draper |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Sydney |- |1985 |''Nrọ Ọchịchị'' | |Seymour Center, Sydney |- | |''Joan nke Arc n'elu osisi'' |[[Joan nke Arc]] |Òtù Egwuregwu Egwuregwu nke Canberra |- |1987–1988 |''Mmekọrịta Dị Iche Iche'' |Marquis de Merteuil |Seymour Centre, Sydney & Playhouse, Melbourne na MTC |- |1988 |''Ụgbọ okporo ígwè A Na-akpọ Ọchịchọ'' |Onye ọcha |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Eze Ukwu, Sydney & Lyric Theatre, BrisbaneỤlọ Egwuregwu Lyric, Brisbane |- |1990 |''Di na Nwoke Dị Iche Iche'' |Florence |Comedy Theatre, Melbourne & Majestic Cinemas, Sydney |- |1991 |''Oge okpomọkụ nke nwa bebi nke iri na asaa'' |Pearl |Seymour Center, Sydney |- |1991–1992 |''Kpọọ M maka igbu ọchụ'' | |Marian St Theatre, Sydney & Playhouse, Adelaide |- | rowspan="2" |1992 |''Maka Julia'' |Gloria |Russell St Theatre, Melbourne na MTC |- |''Ndị na-ere mmanya'' | |Belvoir, Sydney |- |1994 |''Onyinye nke Gorgon'' |Helen Damson |Russell St Theatre, Melbourne na MTC |- | rowspan="2" |1995 |''Ọrụ Ọma'' | |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Acton St, Canberra |- |''Nkume ojii'' |Diane |Wharf Theatre, Sydney na STC |- |1999 |''Echiche Ịhụnanya'' | |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Sydney |- | rowspan="2" |2001 |''Iji jide'' |Obi ụtọ |Sydney Opera House, IMB Theatre, Wollongong, Riverside Theatres Parramatta, Playhouse, Canberra, Playhouse، Melbourne & Newcastle Civic Theatre na MTC |- |''Ụmụ nwanyị Dọkịta Akar'' | |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Stables, Sydney na Ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Griffin |- |2002 |''Nnukwu Atụmanya'' |Nwaanyị Havisham |Ụlọ Egwuregwu, Melbourne & Sydney Opera House na MTC |- |2002–2003 |''Ihe osise Creedou'' | |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Stables, Sydney na Ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Griffin |- |2003 |''Ememe'' |Ndị ọzọ |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Sydney |- |2004 |''Njem Ogologo Ụbọchị n'abalị'' |Mary Tyrone |Ebe Egwuregwu Subiaco, Perth |- |2005 |''Oge Ochie'' |Anna |Wharf Theatre, Sydney na STC |- |2008 |''N'ebe dị anya'' |Nwanne nne Harper |Ụlọ Egwuregwu, Perth na Black Swan Theatre CompanyỤlọ ọrụ Black Swan Theatre |- |2010 |''Klọb Na-egwu Mmiri'' |Kate Onye Ọkà Mmụta Mmadụ |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Southbank, Melbourne, Playhouse, PerthỤlọ Egwuregwu, Perth |} === Dị ka onye nduzi / ndị ọrụ === == Onyinye na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Ọrụ ndị a họpụtara !Ihe nrite !Nsonaazụ |- | rowspan="2" |1978 |''Abụ nke Jimmy Blacksmith'' |Ihe nrite AFI maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma|| {{Won}} |- |''Akụkọ'' |Ihe nrite AFI maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ nkwado|| {{Won}} |- |1982 | rowspan="2" |''Anyị nke Ọ dịghị Mgbe'' |Ihe nrite AFI maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma|| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |1984 |London Daily Telegraph Award maka Onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke Afọ|| {{Won}} |- |''Annie Na-apụta'' |Ihe nrite AFI maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma|| {{Won}} |- |1998 |''Terra Nova'' |Ihe nrite AFI maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ nkwado|| {{Nom}} |- |2003 |''Nnukwu Atụmanya'' |Ihe nrite Helpmann maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ nkwado|| {{Nom}} |} == Edensibịa ==   == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] qezxktl4dswlmfuj8xsuqvkbr8raiie 0 79359 709105 2026-09-05T13:46:05Z Eboms Divinefavour 24818 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359856574|Shahana Goswami]]" 709105 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Shahana Goswami''' (amụrụ na 6 Mee 1986) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri India. A maara ya maka ọrụ nkwado ya na ihe nkiri egwu Rock On!! (2008), nke meriri ya ihe nrite Filmfare Critics Award maka Best Actress. A họpụtara ya maka ihe nrite Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress maka ihe ngosi ya na Firaaq (2009). O mechara pụta ìhè na ihe nkiri dịka Heroine na Midnight's Children (ha abụọ bụ 2012) yana usoro ihe nkiri A Suitable Boy (2020). Kemgbe ahụ, Goswami ewerela ọrụ ndu na ihe nkiri onwe onye Zwigato (2023) na Santosh (2024), nke ikpeazụ nwetara ya ihe nrite Asian Film Award maka Best Actress. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Shahana Goswami na 6 Mee 1986.<ref name="midday">{{Cite news|title=Shahana Goswami: Interesting facts and candid photos of the Rock On!! actress|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/shahana-goswami-the-rock-on-actress-is-a-trained-athlete-and-dancer-16732/9|work=Mid-Day|date=6 May 2019|accessdate=14 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Age is just a number: Shahana Goswami|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/age-is-just-a-number-shahana-goswami/story-0zQPFr7MiLCwNBNiCxOqIO.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=16 March 2009|accessdate=14 May 2025|quote=Shahana Goswami is only 22.}}</ref> na New Delhi, India.<ref name="midday" /> Ọ bụ ada nke ọkachamara akụnụba na onye edemede India bụ Omkar Goswami.  Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Sardar Patel Vidyalaya na New Delhi, Sophia College sochiri ya na Mumbai.<ref name="midday" /> Ọ pụtara nke ọma n'ọtụtụ egwuregwu mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, gụnyere ịrị ugwu mgbidi aka, egwuregwu, badminton, basketball, na volleyball. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi ụlọ.<ref name="midday" /> <ref name="midday" /> Ọ chọrọ ịbụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri mgbe ọ bụ nwata nwanyị, wee kwaga Mumbai ka ọ gụchaa ọzụzụ ịgba egwu ya yana ileba anya n'ihe ndị nwere ike ime dịka ọrụ ya.<ref name="midday" /> == Ọrụ == Goswami malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'ime ihe nkiri na otu Jaimini Pathak, nke a na-akpọ Working Title, dịka onye enyemaka mmepụta ihe. O mechara mee ihe ngosi n'elu ikpo okwu na ihe nkiri ha nke The Seagull na Arabian Nights. <ref name="midday" /> <ref name="deccanherald">{{Cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/13914/powerhouse-talent.html|title=Shahana Goswami interview|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=14 May 2011}}</ref> Onye na-ese ihe nkiri nke chọpụtara ọrụ ya na ''Yun Hota Toh Kya Hota'' tụrụ aro ya ma ọ nyochara maka ọrụ ndu na Percept Picture Company's ''Ru Ba Ru'' (2008), nke Arjun Bali duziri, na Randeep Hooda dị ka onye ya na ya so. Nke a bụ mgbe ọ ka nọ na kọleji na-agwụcha akwụkwọ ya.<ref name="screenindia">{{Cite news|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/meet-the-glittering-and-stylish-screen-divas-who-ruled-2008/411152/|title=Shahana Goswami interview|publisher=Screen India|accessdate=14 May 2011|date=16 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="midday" /> Ndị enyi ya Shaanu Sharma na Simran, ndị nọ n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe nkiri maka ''Rock On!!''n'oge ahụ, ọ tụụrụ onye nduzi, Abhishek Kapoor aha ya. Ọ gara nyocha ihe nkiri ahụ wee nweta nnukwu ohere ya n'ọkwa Debbie. Mgbe ewepụtachara ihe nkiri ahụ na 2008, ihe ngosi ya mere ka o nweta ihe nrite Filmfare Best Actress (Critics). <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Shahana-Goswami-of-Rock-On-and-her-future-imagegallery-bollywood-jdwmSfjgejc.html?html=5|title=Shahana Goswami interview|work=[[Sify]]|accessdate=14 May 2011}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na vidiyo egwu maka Dido's Let's Do the Things We Normally Do dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọala tagzi na Mumbai. Ọ bụ Siddharth Sikand sere vidio ahụ.<ref name="deccanherald" /> Ọ pụtakwara na Ihe nkiri Firaaq, Jashnn, Mirch, Break Ke Baad na Tera Kya Hoga Johnny.<ref name="midday" /> N'afọ 2011, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri na-akpali akpali Game na ihe nkiri dike, ''Ra.Otu''.<ref name="midday" /> Ọrụ mba ụwa mbụ Goswami rụrụ bụ Deepa Mehta's Midnight's Children (2013), nke e si na akwụkwọ akụkọ Salman Rushdie's Booker Prize nweta.<ref name="midday" /> Ọ bụ nwanyị na-eduzi na Vara: A Blessing nke Khyentse Norbu duziri, nke a gbara na Sri Lanka. Ọ natara onyinye Eshia maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma maka arụmọrụ ya na ihe nkiri ahụ. <ref name="midday" /> [[Faịlụ:FICA_2016.jpg|thumb|Goswami na Rubayat Hossain (onye na-emepụta ihe na onye nduzi) - N'okpuru Construction - Festival des Cinémas d'Asie - Vesoul 2016]] N'afọ 2016, ọ rụgharịrị ọrụ ya dị ka Debbie na ''Rock On II'', ma mesịa pụta n'afọ ahụ na ihe nkiri Bengali mbụ ya, Under Construction . <ref name="midday" /> N'afọ 2016, a tụbara ya n'otu n'ime ọrụ ndị isi na ''Tu Hai Mera Sunday'', nke nwetara nyocha dị mma site n'aka ndị nkatọ mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya na 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-05|title=Tu Hai Mera Sunday Movie review: This Barun Sobti, Shahana Goswami film is just what you can relate to|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-tu-hai-mera-sunday-movie-review-this-barun-sobti-shahana-goswami-film-is-just-what-you-can-relate-to-883538/|accessdate=2023-10-05|work=Financialexpress|language=en}}</ref> Isusu ọnụ na ihe nkiri ya na onye ya na ya na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Barun Sobti mere ka ọ bụrụ isi akụkọ na mgbasa ozi.<ref name="midday" /> Goswami pụtara na usoro Netflix nke 2020 ''Bombay Begums'' nke Alankrita Shrivastava duziri, nke Pooja Bhatt, Amruta Subhash, Plabita Borthakur, na Aadhya Anand gosipụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 July 2020|first=Shweta|author=Keshri|title=Netflix's Bombay Begums starring Pooja Bhatt deals with desire, ethics and vulnerabilities|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/netflix-s-bahu-begums-starring-pooja-bhatt-deals-with-desire-ethics-and-vulnerabilities-1701235-2020-07-16|accessdate=9 February 2021|work=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na ''Zwigato'' nke Nandita Das duziri. E debere ya na Bhubaneswar, Odisha, ọ gosipụtara Kapil Sharma dị ka onye na-ebubata nri na Goswami dị ka nwunye ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kapil Sharma to play food delivery rider in Nandita Das' next film|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/kapil-sharma-joins-nandita-das-to-play-food-delivery-rider-in-her-next-film-370730}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara na Toronto International Film Festival na Septemba 2023. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chhabra|first=Aseem|date=2022-09-22|title='I don't have the desire to change my image,' says Nandita Das after Zwigato's TIFF première|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nandita-das-new-film-zwigato-kapil-sharma-shahana-goswami-director-india-toronto-international-film-festival-tiff-premiere/article65913161.ece|accessdate=2023-10-05}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, Goswami pụtara na ọrụ dị ka Sridevi na usoro ihe nkiri TV nke Australia Four Years Later na SBS Television <ref name="sbs2024">{{Cite news|author=Low|first=Lenny Ann|date=26 September 2024|title=Could your marriage survive if you were apart for four years?|url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/tv-and-radio/could-your-marriage-survive-if-you-were-apart-for-four-years-20240918-p5kbo4.html|accessdate=29 September 2024|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Asụsụ !Ihe edeturu ! class="unsortable" |Ref. |- | rowspan="1" |2006 |''Yun Hota Toh Kya Hota'' |Ịkwụ ụgwọ |Hindi | | |- | rowspan="1" |2007 |''Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.'' |Gina |Hindi | | |- | rowspan="2" |2008 |''Rock On!!'' |Debbie Mascarenhas |Hindi | | |- |''Ru Ba Ru'' |Tara Mishra |Hindi | | |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |''Firaaq'' |Munira |Hindi | | |- |''Jashnn'' |Nisha |Hindi | | |- | rowspan="3" |2010 |''Mirch'' |Ruchi |Hindi | | |- |''Kụwaa Ke Baad'' |Nadia |Hindi | | |- |''Tera Kya Hoga Johnny'' |Divya |Hindi | | |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |''Egwuregwu'' |Tisha Khanna |Hindi | | |- |''Ra.Otu'' |Jenny Nayar |Hindi | | |- | rowspan="2" |2012 |''Ụmụaka nke etiti abalị'' |Amina |Bekee | | |- |''Onye dike'' |Nkwa Roy |Hindi | | |- | rowspan="1" |2013 |''Ogwe osisi: Ngọzi'' |Lila |Bekee | | |- | rowspan="4" |2016 |''Rock On 2'' |Debbie Mascarenhas |Hindi | | |- |''Ike nke Ikpeazụ'' |Maya |Bekee | | |- |''N'okpuru Iwu'' |Roya |Bengali |Ihe nkiri Bangladesh | |- |''Tu Hai Mera Sunday'' |Kavya |Hindi | | |- | rowspan="1" |2018 |''Gali Guleiyan'' |Saira |Hindi | | |- |2019 |''Emere na Bangladesh'' |Nasima |Bengali |Ihe nkiri Bangladesh | |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |''Zwigato'' |Pratima |Hindi | | |- |''Neeyat'' |Lisa, enyi nwanyị AK |Hindi | | |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |''Santosh'' |Santosh Saini |Hindi | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/09/santosh-sandhya-suris-oscars-uk-best-international-feature-2024-1236098151/|title=Oscars: UK Selects Sandhya Suri's 'Santosh' As Best International Feature Submission|first=Zac|author=Ntim|date=25 September 2024|accessdate=25 September 2024|work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|language=en}}</ref> |- |''Ihe e zigara'' |Akpa Shweta |Hindi | |} [[Faịlụ:Shahana_Goswami_-_Festival_des_Cinémas_d'Asie_-_Vesoul_2016.jpg|thumb|Shahana Goswami - Emume ihe nkiri nke Eshia - Vesoul 2016]] === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu !Ref. |- |2020 |<nowiki><i id="mwAcY">Nwa nwoke kwesịrị ekwesị</i></nowiki> |Meenakshi Chatterji Mehra | | |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |''Bombay Begums'' |Fatima Warsi | | |- |''Oge Ikpeazụ'' |Lipika Bora | | |- |2022 |<nowiki><i id="mwAd0">Hush Hush</i></nowiki> |Zaira | |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-22|title=Hush Hush Review: Juhi Chawla, Soha Ali Khan and co's thriller suffers from lacklustre performances|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/hush-hush-review-juhi-chawla-soha-ali-khan-and-cos-thriller-suffers-from-lacklustre-performances-1191507|accessdate=2023-10-05|work=PINKVILLA|language=en|archivedate=21 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221000812/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/hush-hush-review-juhi-chawla-soha-ali-khan-and-cos-thriller-suffers-from-lacklustre-performances-1191507}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Afọ anọ Ka E mesịrị'' |Sridevi |SBS |<ref name="sbs2024" /> |} == Onyinye == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ihe nrite !Nsonaazụ ! class="unsortable" |Ref. |- | rowspan="7" align="center" |2009 | rowspan="7" align="center" |''Rock On!!'' | rowspan="7" align="center" |Debbie |Filmfare Award maka Best Actress (Ndị nkatọ) | {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodtrends.net/2009/02/filmfare-awards-2009-jodhaa-akbar-wins.html|title=Winners of Filmfare Awards 2009|publisher=Bollywood Trends|accessdate=14 May 2011|date=1 March 2009}}</ref> |- |Star Screen Award maka onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/winners-of-star-screen-awards-2009_100142476.html|title=Winners of Star Screen Awards 2009|publisher=The Indian|accessdate=14 May 2011|date=14 January 2009}}</ref> |- |Onyinye ọla edo nke ọdụm maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma| {{Won}} | |- |Ihe nrite Cineblitz maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma| {{Won}} | |- |Ihe nrite IIFA maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.desiblitz.com/content/iifa-awards-2009-nominees|title=Nominees for IIFA Awards 2009|publisher=Desi Blitz|accessdate=14 May 2011|date=30 April 2009}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite Stardust maka arụmọrụ dị elu - Nwanyị| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/filmfare-awards-nominations-2008-2009|title=Nominees for Filmfare Awards 2009|publisher=Indicine|accessdate=14 May 2011|date=14 February 2009}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Ihe nrite Filmfare maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://i69.in/bollywood/stardust-awards-2009-nominations.php|title=Nominees for Stardust Awards 2009|publisher=i69|accessdate=14 May 2011|date=16 February 2009}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" align="center" |2010 | rowspan="4" align="center" |''Firaaq'' | rowspan="4" align="center" |Muneera| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dearcinema.com/news/kaminey-bags-maximum-nominations-at-55th-filmfare-awards/3933|title=Nominees for Filmfare Awards 2010|publisher=Dear Cinema|accessdate=14 May 2011|date=12 February 2010}}</ref> |- |Star Screen Award maka onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.filmicafe.com/news_detail.php?news_id=13172|title=Nominees for Star Screen Awards 2010|publisher=Filmi Cafe|accessdate=14 May 2011|date=30 December 2009}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite Stardust maka arụmọrụ dị elu - Nwanyị| {{Won}} | |- |Onyinye ọla edo nke ọdụm maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma| {{Won}} | |- | rowspan="1" align="center" |2011 | rowspan="1" align="center" |''Kụwaa Ke Baad'' | rowspan="1" align="center" |Nadia |Ihe nrite Jeeyo Bollywood maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2016 | align="center" |''N'okpuru Iwu'' | align="center" |Roya |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma, Islantilla Film Festival - Spain| {{Won}} | |- | align="center" |2024 | align="center" |''Zwigato'' |Pratima Mahto |Filmfare Critics Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nominations for the 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 with Gujarat Tourism: Full list out|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html|accessdate=15 January 2024|work=Filmfare|date=15 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2025 | align="center" |''Santosh'' |Santosh Saini |Ihe nrite ihe nkiri Eshia maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Brzeski|first=Patrick|date=March 16, 2025|title=Asian Film Awards: 'All We Imagine as Light' Wins Best Picture, Yoshida Daihachi Takes Best Director for 'Teki Cometh'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/asian-film-awards-2025-winners-list-1236162661/|accessdate=March 22, 2025|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category|Shahana Goswami}} * {{IMDb name}} * Shahana GoswaminaDNA India * Shahana GoswaminaBollywood Hungama {{Navboxes|title=Awards for Shahana Goswami|list={{Asian Film Award for Best Actress}} {{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestActress}} {{ScreenAwardBestSupportingActress}}}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Shahana}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4ye0o0w0yoopdu2gkq1n4cegf74b6bc 0 79360 709106 2026-09-05T13:52:27Z Elcarim1 62511 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354292693|Somali drought (2021–2023)]]" 709106 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  N'ime afọ 2021-2023, Somalia chere oke ọkọchị ihu n'ime afọ iri anọ nke metụtara ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 7.8 - ihe dịka ọkara nke ndị Somalia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Partnerships and Data Sharing Enhance Delivery of Somalia Drought Relief|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/partnerships-and-data-sharing-enhance-delivery-of-somalia-drought-relief-afe-0624|publisher=World Bank|date=2024-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207000848/https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/partnerships-and-data-sharing-enhance-delivery-of-somalia-drought-relief-afe-0624|archivedate=February 7, 2025}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 2024, mmetụta metụtara ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ka na-emetụta nde mmadụ 4.4 gafee Somalia, ndị na-eche ihu gụnyere oke nri. Nke a gụnyere ihe dịka mmadụ 724,000 na Integrated Food Security phase 4 (Emergency). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Somalia: Acute Food Insecurity Situation July to September 2024 and Projection October to December 2024|url=https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1157952/?iso3=SOM|publisher=IPC (Integrated Food Security Phase Classification)|date=2024-09-23|accessdate=2024-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Crisis in Somalia: What You Need to Know and How to Help|url=https://www.rescue.org/article/crisis-somalia-what-you-need-know-and-how-help|publisher=International Rescue Committee|accessdate=2024-11-21|date=April 29, 2024}}</ref> Ihe karịrị 80% nke mba ahụ na-ata ahụhụ oké ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. N'ebe ndị ahụ metụtara, ihe ruru pasent 20 nke ndị bi na ya enweela ụkọ mmiri, nri na [[Ebe ịta ahịhịa|Ebe ịta nri]].<ref name="AJ">{{Cite web|date=19 Nov 2021|title=UN sounds alarm on Somalia’s ‘rapidly worsening’ drought|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/19/un-sounds-alarm-on-somalias-rapidly-worsening-drought|accessdate=2024-11-21|work=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> Ihe karịrị otu nde ndị Somalia gbara ọsọ ndụ na 2022, na ihe karịrị mmadụ 300,000 ka na-agba ọsọ na 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate, Peace and Security Fact Sheet: Somalia 2023|url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/2023/partner-publications/climate-peace-and-security-fact-sheet-somalia-2023|work=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)|date=2023|accessdate=21 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 May 2023|title=Over 1 million people internally displaced in Somalia in record time|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/press-releases/over-1-million-people-internally-displaced-somalia-record-time#:~:text=312,000%20people%20by%20ravaging%20drought.|accessdate=2024-11-21|work=UNHCR|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ isi ihe kpatara ihe ize ndụ metụtara ihu igwe na mmụba.<ref name="UN">{{Cite web|date=2021-11-19|title=Worsening drought affects 2.3 million people in Somalia|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/11/1106222|accessdate=2021-11-20|work=UN News|language=en}}</ref> == Mmetụta == * Oké ọkọchị ahụ enweela mmetụta dị egwu na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo nke Somalia, nke mejupụtara ihe ruru 26% nke GDP nke mba ahụ, na-ewe 90% nke ndị ọrụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, ma na-enye aka na 90% nke ihe ọ na-ebupụ. Kemgbe etiti afọ 2021, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke anụ ụlọ na mpaghara ndị kachasị emetụta anwụọla.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-08|title=Somalia Humanitarian Needs Overview 2023 (February 2023) - Somalia {{!}} ReliefWeb|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-humanitarian-needs-overview-2023-february-2023|accessdate=2024-11-21|work=reliefweb.int|language=en}}</ref> * Mbelata ịnweta mmiri n'elu maka anụ ụlọ na ojiji mmadụ, yana ụkọ ebe ịta nri, emetụtala obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo n'ofe mpaghara ahụ. Mpaghara ụfọdụ ahụla mbelata ruru pasent 70 n'ihe ọkụkụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-15|title=Drought in the Horn of Africa - Regional analysis (February 2023) - Somalia {{!}} ReliefWeb|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/drought-horn-africa-regional-analysis-february-2023|accessdate=2024-11-21|work=reliefweb.int|language=en}}</ref> * Karịsịa na mpaghara etiti na [[Puntland]], obodo na-adabere na oghere dị ka ọtụtụ olulu mmiri na Berkads akpọnwụọla. * Mmiri ozuzo [[Somalia|Deyr]] dị n'okpuru nkezi, tinyere mmiri ozuzo na-ezughị ezu n'elu osimiri nke Ugwu ndị dị n'Etiopia, emeela ka mmiri nke osimiri Juba na Shabelle belata.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-20|title=Somalia: Drought Situation Report No.3 (As of 20 January 2022) - Somalia {{!}} ReliefWeb|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-drought-situation-report-no3-20-january-2022|accessdate=2024-11-21|work=reliefweb.int|language=en}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ enyemaka == Na 2022, pasentị iri asaa na otu nke ndị mmadụ bi na Somalia bi n'okpuru oke ịda ogbenye.[1] Ọnụọgụgụ ndị chọrọ enyemaka ruru n'ọkwa kachasị elu na 2023 ma ruo ihe dị ka nde mmadụ asatọ na narị abụọ na iri abụọ na ise.[2] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ ka mma kemgbe ahụ, na Febụwarị afọ 2024:<ref name="needs2023" /> * 6.9M ka chọrọ enyemaka enyemaka. * Ndị mmadụ 4M na-eche nsogbu nri siri ike ihu * 1.7M nke ụmụaka na-eche nsogbu na-edozi ahụ ihu == Atụmatụ Mmeghachi omume Maka Somalia == Atụmatụ mmeghachi omume mmadụ (HRP) maka Somalia enweela mgbanwe dị ukwuu kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ iji gboo mkpa na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ndị bi na ya. Nke a bụ nchịkọta nke oku na nzaghachi site na 2021 ruo 2023: * '''2021 HRP:''' Atụmatụ 2021 bu n'uche ịkwado 4 n'ime nde mmadụ 5.9 chọrọ enyemaka enyemaka, na-achọ mmefu ego nke ijeri $ 1.09 .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-15|title=Somalia: Humanitarian Response Plan 2021 (February 2021) - Somalia {{!}} ReliefWeb|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-humanitarian-response-plan-2021-february-2021#:~:text=The%202021%20HRP%20requires%20US,5.2%20million%20persons%20in%202020.|accessdate=2024-11-21|work=reliefweb.int|language=en}}</ref> Ngụkọta ego natara bụ ihe dị ka 79% nke ijeri $ 1.09 a rịọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Somalia Humanitarian Response Plan 2021 {{!}} Financial Tracking Service|url=https://fts.unocha.org/plans/1011/summary|accessdate=2024-11-21|work=fts.unocha.org}}</ref> * '''2022 HRP:''' Mkpa maka 2022 HRP toro nke ukwuu, site na ọnọdụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-aga n'ihu na mmụba nke ndị na-agagharị. Ọ chọrọ inyere nde mmadụ 5.5 aka, na arịrịọ ego mbụ nke ijeri $ 1.46.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Somalia Humanitarian Response Plan 2022 (December 2021)|url=https://library.alnap.org/help-library/somalia-humanitarian-response-plan-2022-december-2021|accessdate=2024-11-21|work=library.alnap.org|language=en}}</ref> Nzaghachi ahụ ruru ijeri $ 2.1, ruo nde mmadụ 7.3 n'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka na ego na nchekwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Somalia Humanitarian Response Plan 2022 {{!}} Financial Tracking Service|url=https://fts.unocha.org/plans/1063/summary|accessdate=2024-11-21|work=fts.unocha.org}}</ref><ref name="plan2023">{{Cite web|title=Humanitarian partners seek US$2.6 billion to assist 7.6 million people in Somalia {{!}} United Nations in Somalia|url=https://somalia.un.org/en/218500-humanitarian-partners-seek-us26-billion-assist-76-million-people-somalia#:~:text=7.3%20million%20people%20in%202022|accessdate=2024-11-21|work=somalia.un.org|language=en}}</ref> * '''2023 HRP:''' Na 2023, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị chọrọ enyemaka ngwa ngwa rịrị elu, na nde mmadụ 8.25 chọrọ enyemaka enyemaka enyemaka. <ref name="needs2023">{{Cite web|date=2024-03-17|title=Somalia Monthly Humanitarian Update, February 2024 {{!}} OCHA|url=https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/somalia/somalia-monthly-humanitarian-update-february-2024|accessdate=2024-11-21|work=www.unocha.org|language=en}}</ref> Atụmatụ maka 2023 chọrọ ijeri $ 2.6 iji meghachi omume na mkpa, ebe ihe ize ndụ ụnwụ nri nọgidere na-adị elu.<ref name="plan2023" /> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ naanị 46% nke mmefu ego a rịọrọ ka e mechara nye ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Somalia Humanitarian Response Plan 2023 {{!}} Financial Tracking Service|url=https://fts.unocha.org/plans/1133/summary|accessdate=2024-11-21|work=fts.unocha.org}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Oké ọkọchị Somalia nke afọ 2017]] * Nchebe nri * Nchebe mmiri * Oké ọkọchị nke Horn of Africa (2020-2023) * [[Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Somalia]] * Nsogbu agụụ na Siria n'afọ 2025 == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  hufshqwznrl9ri0v916spr505ubr3pg 0 79361 709107 2026-09-05T14:12:28Z Elcarim1 62511 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364075502|2024 Zambian drought]]" 709107 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Malite na Jenụwarị 2024, ọtụtụ n'ime [[Zambia]] malitere inwe [[ụkọ mmiri]] ozuzo na-aga n'ihu, nke a na-ewere dị ka nke kachasị njọ na mba ahụ na ọ dịkarịa ala afọ iri abụọ, na-eduga na ụkọ nri siri ike, ụkọ mmiri, na nkwupụta mberede mba.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-01|title=Zambia: President Hichilema Declares Drought As A National Disaster and Emergency|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2024/03/01/president-hichilema-declares-drought-as-a-national-disaster-and-emergency/|accessdate=2024-04-06|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oké ọkọchị ahụ na-emetụta 84 n'ime mpaghara 116 gafee mpaghara Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Lusaka, Northwestern, Southern, na Western. N'ịbụ nke El Niño kpatara, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọrụ ugbo, mmiri, na nchekwa nri, na-emetụta ihe karịrị otu nde ụmụaka na ezinụlọ gafee mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZAMBIA Briefing note Drought|url=https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20240315_ACAPS_briefing_note_drought_in_Zambia.pdf}}</ref> Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na nchekwa nri nke Zambia na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ọrụ ugbo mmiri ozuzo, na-eme ka mba ahụ bụrụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta. Oge mmiri ozuzo nke 2023-2024 hụrụ mmetụta nke El Niño, na-eduga na mbelata mmiri ozuzo na mmalite nke ọnọdụ oke ọkọchị, nke na-aga n'ihu ruo taa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RAINFALL FORECAST 2023/2024 SEASON|url=https://www.mgee.gov.zm/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Seasonal-Rainfall-Forecast-for-the-20232024-Season.pdf#:~:text=The%20El%20Ni%C3%B1o%20climate%20phenomenon%2C%20characterized%20by%20above-average,condition%20typically%20results%20in%20reduced%20rainfall%20in%20Zambia.}}</ref> Na 29 Febụwarị 2024, Onye isi ala Hakainde Hichilema kwupụtara ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ahụ dị ka Ọdachi mba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Zambia declares national disaster after drought devastates agriculture|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/29/zambia-declares-national-disaster-after-drought-devastates-agriculture|accessdate=2024-04-05|work=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-29|title=Fresh from a deadly cholera outbreak, Zambia declares drought a national emergency|url=https://apnews.com/article/drought-national-disaster-emergency-electricity-4cc6a2105f4641efe17e10a5b75f78a5|accessdate=2024-04-06|work=AP News|language=en}}</ref> == Nzaghachi gọọmentị na ntinye aka == Na 7 Maachị 2024, Zambia National Service tinyere usoro iji belata mmetụta ya. Ihe pụrụ iche bụ na ZNS amalitela ịkụ ọka n'oge oyi na Chanyanya Farms ha dị na mpaghara Kafue, na-eme atụmatụ ịkọ ọka hekta 1,978 ka ọ na-erule Julaị 2024[1][2], a na-atụ anya na mkpụrụ ga-eru tọn metric 15,000 ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha nke atọ.[3][4] Ọzọkwa, a gwara ndị agha Zambia na ndị agha ikuku Zambia ka ha jiri mmiri dị n'ime na gburugburu ugbo Copperbelt na North Western ha maka mmepụta ọka site na ịgba mmiri mmiri. == Mmetụta na inye ọkụ eletrik == N'ihi ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, Zambia, nke na-adabere na ike eletrik mmiri, na-eche nnukwu ihe ịma aka ihu. Onye isi nchịkwa ZESCO Victor Mapani kwupụtara mmejuputa nke 8 awa kwa ụbọchị, nke malitere na Machị 11, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-08|title=Zambia: ZESCO Announces 8-Hour Daily Load Shedding Starting March 11, 2024|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2024/03/08/zesco-announces-8-hour-daily-load-shedding-starting-march-11-2024/|accessdate=2024-04-06|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mkpebi a na-abịa mgbe nyocha zuru oke nke ọkwa mmiri na [[Kafue Flats|Kafue]] na Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-31|title=ZESCO implements staggered load shedding in Lsk|url=https://diggers.news/business/2024/03/31/zesco-implements-staggered-load-shedding-in-lsk/|accessdate=2024-04-06|work=Zambia: News Diggers!|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke awa nke ibu na-agbapụ kwa ụbọchị mụbara ruo awa 12 na Mee 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-24|title=Govt finally announces 12-hour load shedding schedule|url=https://diggers.news/business/2024/05/24/govt-finally-announces-12-hour-load-shedding-schedule/|accessdate=2024-07-26|work=Zambia: News Diggers!|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=conservezim|date=2024-05-25|title=Zambia’s Load Shedding Extended To 12-Hours Owing To Water Shortage -|url=https://www.conservezim.com/2024/05/25/zambias-load-shedding-extended-to-12-hours-owing-to-water-shortage/|accessdate=2024-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-21|title=Zesco increases load-shedding to 12 hours|url=https://diggers.news/business/2024/05/21/zesco-increases-load-shedding-to-12-hours/|accessdate=2024-07-26|work=Zambia: News Diggers!|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * 2023-2024 Ihe omume El Niño * [[Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke Zambia|Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Zambia]]  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  raqq9ssik0dwsfge92ls4i8qthdg8m2 0 79362 709108 2026-09-05T14:36:51Z Elcarim1 62511 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370865573|Horn of Africa drought (2020–2023)]]" 709108 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Oké ọkọchị nke 2020-2023 Horn of Africa bụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke dakwasịrị mba [[Somalia]], [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]], na [[Kenya]]. E dekọrọ oge mmiri ozuzo nke 2022 dị ka nke kachasị akọrọ n'ime ihe karịrị afọ 40, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Cassidy, Emily|title=Worst Drought on Record Parches Horn of Africa|date=13 December 2022|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/150712/worst-drought-on-record-parches-horn-of-africa|accessdate=18 February 2023|archivedate=12 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812104954/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/150712/worst-drought-on-record-parches-horn-of-africa}}</ref> na atụmatụ 43,000 na Somalia nwụrụ na 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 March 2023|title=Report: 43,000 estimated dead in Somalia drought last year|url=https://apnews.com/article/somalia-drought-deaths-hunger-9e78f99c101a290304a28a37dadfef0b|accessdate=20 March 2023|work=AP NEWS|language=en|archivedate=8 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508021610/http://apnews.com/article/somalia-drought-deaths-hunger-9e78f99c101a290304a28a37dadfef0b}}</ref><ref name="AJ">{{Cite web|title=Somalia drought may have killed 43,000 in 2022, half under 5: UN|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/20/somalia-drought-may-have-killed-43000-in-2022-half-under-5-un|accessdate=15 June 2023|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> Oké ọkọchị ahụ kwụsịrị na mbido 2023, mgbe Horn of Africa nwere mmiri ozuzo karịrị nkezi nke dugara n'ọtụtụ idei mmiri. <ref>{{Cite web|date=16 August 2023|title=East and Horn of Africa: Flood Snapshot (January - June 2023)|url=https://dtm.iom.int/reports/east-and-horn-africa-flood-snapshot-january-june-2023|accessdate=24 November 2024|work=International Organization for Migration (IOM)|archivedate=8 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208224341/https://dtm.iom.int/reports/east-and-horn-africa-flood-snapshot-january-june-2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 February 2024|title=Greater Horn of Africa is forecast to get above-average rainfall - March to May 2024|url=https://wmo.int/media/news/greater-horn-of-africa-forecast-get-above-average-rainfall-march-may-2024|accessdate=24 November 2024|work=World Meteorological Organization|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Oké ọkọchị nke afọ 2011 n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka na oke ọkọchị nke Somalia nke afọ 2017, ọ bụkwa mmetụta El Niño kpatara ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Oxfam Int.|title=Drought in East Africa: "If the rains do not come, none of us will survive"|date=25 May 2022|url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/drought-east-africa-if-rains-do-not-come-none-us-will-survive|accessdate=18 February 2023|archivedate=18 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218132940/https://www.oxfam.org/en/drought-east-africa-if-rains-do-not-come-none-us-will-survive}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ọjọọ nke Indian Ocean Dipole bụkwa ihe kpatara ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ahụ. == Ọnọdụ enyemaka == Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na idei mmiri na-esote metụtara nde 46.3. Nke a gụnyere nde ụmụ nwanyị 9 nọ n'afọ ịmụ nwa (afọ 15 ruo 49) ndị na-eche ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike ha ihu na ihe ize ndụ dị njọ nke ime ihe ike metụtara nwoke na nwanyị n'ihi ụkọ mmiri ozuzo.<ref name="OCHA">{{Cite web|author=OCHA|title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action (Revised 24 August 2022)|date=24 August 2022|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-24-august-2022}}</ref> Nde 13.5 agbaala ọsọ ndụ n'ime obodo ebe nde 4.5 aghọwo ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ mba ụwa. Na 9.5 nde [[anụ ụlọ]] nwụrụ anwụ, kewara na 4 nde na Ethiopia, 2.5 nde na Kenya na ihe karịrị 3 nde na Somalia, mpaghara ahụ ahụ ahụla mfu ego nke mere ka $ 1.5 ijeri na anụ ụlọ furu efu naanị.<ref name="OCHA" /> == Somaliar == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Na Somalia, e mere atụmatụ na nde isii na nde asaa n’ime otu ụzọ n’ụzọ iri (6.7 nde) ka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ahụ metụtara nke ukwuu, ebe nde otu na nde asatọ (1.8 nde) nke ụmụaka fọdụrụ n’ọnọdụ erighị nri na-edozi ahụ. Na Somalia, e mere atụmatụ na mmadụ iri ise na otu puku na narị anọ (51,400) abanyela n’ịkwaga mba ọzọ, ebe nde atọ na otu ụzọ n’ụzọ iri (3.1 nde) ka nọ n’ọnọdụ ndị a chụpụrụ n’ebe ha bi n’ime obodo ahụ. [1]Mmetụta ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ahụ ka Agha Russo na Ukraine na-eme ka ọ ka njọ, n’ihi na Somalia na-ebubata pasent iri itoolu (90%) nke ọka wit ya site n’ógbè ahụ, ebe ike ọrụ ugbo nke obodo ahụ bibiri n’oge Agha Obodo Somalia nke were afọ iri atọ (30). [2]Dị ka World Food Programme (WFP) si kwuo, ọnụ ahịa nri agawanyela elu nke ukwuu n’ihi nsogbu ndị metụtara Ọwara Hormuz. [3]Ka ọ na-erule afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ na abụọ (2022), ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ahụ egbuola ndụ mmadụ puku iri anọ na atọ (43,000) na Somalia, ebe ọkara n’ime ndị nwụrụ anwụ bụ ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise (5). [4]Mpaghara Baidoa na Burhakaba, nke dị na mpaghara Bay nke mba ahụ, bụ ebe ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ahụ kacha metụta, ma bụrụkwa ebe kacha nso n’ọnọdụ ụnwụ (famine) ruo ugbu a. [5] === Nzaghachi nke gọọmentị na òtù === Na Somalia, gọọmentị amalitela mmemme SURP-II (Somalia Urban Resilience and Project Phase II), nke ga-enyere Garowe, [[Baidoa]], na Mogadishu aka ịnagide ụkọ mmiri ozuzo site n'inye enyemaka ego na ihe ahụike maka ezinụlọ, iwu ụlọ mposi obodo na mmiri mberede, yana inye nlekọta ahụike ọzọ site na ụlọ ọgwụ mkpanaka. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Watanabe, Makiko|title=Project Information Document - Somalia Urban Resilience Project Phase II Second Additional Financing - P179775 (English)|url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099520111152222205/p179775046e9b70b0a40d01a3b1ab919ed|accessdate=30 May 2024|archivedate=30 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530052402/https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099520111152222205/p179775046e9b70b0a40d01a3b1ab919ed}}</ref>Ụlọ akụ ụwa ekwewo nkwa inye nde USD 70 iji kwado atụmatụ a. Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na ndị agha obodo ahụ rụkọkwara ọrụ iji lụso ọrịa ndị dị ka ọgbụgbọ na kịtịkpa ọgụ, nke ahụla mmeghachi omume na Somalia n'ihi ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, na-ekesa Vitamin A, na-enye ọrụ iwepụ ikpuru, na mkpọsa ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi. == Kenya == Na Kenya, mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ugwu nke mba ahụ, Turkana, Samburu, Marsabit, Isiolo, Mandera, na Garissa ka bụ ndị ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ahụ kacha emetụta, Kenya's Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, ma ọ bụ ASAL. Oké ọkọchị ahụ emeela ka esemokwu ka njọ n'ógbè ahụ, ebe [[Ịzụ atụrụ|Ndị na-azụ anụ]] mba na-emetụta ya nke ukwuu, <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="103" href="./Kenya" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kenya">Kenya<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/22/how-drought-drives-conflict-in-kenya&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;15</nowiki> June 2023<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;website<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;www.aljazeera.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;language<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;en<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAXo\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt58\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFSmith\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Smith, Georgina. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/22/how-drought-drives-conflict-in-kenya\" id=\"mwAXs\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"'Heading into the worst': How drought drives conflict in Kenya\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAX0\">www.aljazeera.com</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAX4\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAX8\">15 June</span></nowiki> 2023<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-16" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Horn_of_Africa_drought_(2020–2023)#cite_note-16 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> na ime ihe ike na-eto eto na nke Uhuru Kenyatta, onye isi ala Kenya, weere ya dị ka "ihe mberede mba". <ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2021|title=Kenya Drought Violence|url=https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/mi/research-analysis/pastoralist-violence-in-kenya.html|accessdate=15 June 2023|work=S&P Global}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahapụla iji kwado ezinụlọ ha n'ihi ọnọdụ ahụ.<ref name="aa">{{Cite web|title=Severe drought to leave over 5M Kenyans hungry in March–June|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/severe-drought-to-leave-over-5m-kenyans-hungry-in-march-june/2828002|accessdate=16 June 2023|work=www.aa.com.tr|archivedate=16 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616122550/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/severe-drought-to-leave-over-5m-kenyans-hungry-in-march-june/2828002}}</ref> === Nzaghachi nke gọọmentị na òtù === Gọọmentị Kenya emeela ihe iji chebe ndị na-azụ anụ megide ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ahụ, na-enye ndị na-akpa anụ ohere ịdebanye aha na atụmatụ mkpuchi nde $ 120 nke ga-enyere ha aka mgbe ụkọ mmiri na-eme, nke [[World Bank|Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ụwa]] kwadoro.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Malesi|first=Tony|title=Climate cover: $140 million insurance scheme in Kenya to protect herders against frequent droughts|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/world/climate-cover-140-million-insurance-scheme-in-kenya-to-protect-herders-against-frequent-droughts-88781|accessdate=15 June 2023|work=www.downtoearth.org.in|language=en|archivedate=15 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615201117/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/world/climate-cover-140-million-insurance-scheme-in-kenya-to-protect-herders-against-frequent-droughts-88781}}</ref> == Etiopia == === N'ozuzu === Na 29 Machị 2022, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFCR) kọrọ na nde ndị Etiopia 6.8 chọrọ enyemaka enyemaka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 March 2022|title=Ethiopia {{!}} Hunger Crisis - Emergency Appeal №: MDRET027|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-hunger-crisis-emergency-appeal-mdret027|work=Reliefweb|publisher=International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'otu afọ ahụ, UNICEF kọrọ na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 29.7 nọ n'Etiopia chọrọ enyemaka enyemaka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2022|title=UNICEF Ethiopia Humanitarian Situation Report No. 9 - September 2022|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/unicef-ethiopia-humanitarian-situation-report-no-9-september-2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030154329/https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/unicef-ethiopia-humanitarian-situation-report-no-9-september-2022|archivedate=30 October 2022|work=[[ReliefWeb]]|publisher=[[UNICEF]]}}</ref> === Ebe Ugwu Etiopia === {{Excerpt|Famine in northern Ethiopia (2020–present)|paragraphs=1-2}} == Anụmanụ na anụ ọhịa == Ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ ekwuola na ọtụtụ anụ ụlọ ha anwụọla n'oge ọkọchị. N'afọ 2021, a kọrọ na ọkara anụ ụlọ nke ndị ikom nọ n'obodo Kargi, Kenya anwụọla, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Obi Anyadike|title=For Kenya's pastoralists, COP26 promises come too little, too late|work=The New Humanitarian|date=16 November 2021|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2021/11/16/Kenya-pastoralists-COP26-promises-too-little-too-late}}</ref> na nde anụ ụlọ 2.4 nwụrụ na Kenya dum. <ref name="aa" /> Ọzọkwa, ọnwụ nke - Enyí narị abụọ na ise (205)- Wildebeest narị ise na iri na abụọ (512)- Zebra nkịtị narị atọ na iri asatọ na otu (381)- Buffalo iri ise na otu (51)- Zebra Grévy iri anọ na itoolu (49)- Giraffe iri na abụọ (12) kọrọ n'etiti Septemba 2021 ruo 2022 Mee site na Kenya Wildlife Service na mpaghara Amboseli, Tsavo na [[Laikipia-Samburu]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=Hundreds of animals die in Kenyan wildlife preserves amid region's worst drought in decades|date=5 November 2022|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20221105-hundreds-of-animals-die-in-kenyan-wildlife-preserves-amid-region-s-worst-drought-in-decades|accessdate=27 April 2026|work=France24}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Oké ọkọchị Somalia nke afọ 2017]] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 81eifps8gd9as9zfqfsyonfkpexj792 0 79363 709109 2026-09-05T14:49:56Z Eboms Divinefavour 24818 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372409154|Jiang Qinqin]]" 709109 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jiang Qinqin''' (Chinese: 蒋勤勤; pinyin: Jiǎng Qínqín; amụrụ na Septemba 3, 1975) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Chaịna. Ná mmalite ọrụ ya, a na-akpọ ya '''Shui Ling''' (水灵; 水靈), aha ogbo nke onye edemede Taiwan nyere Chiung Yao. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Jiang na Chongqing na 3 Septemba 1975. <ref name="jiang">{{Cite journal|language=zh|author=Xi Xili ({{lang|zh|西西粒}})|volume=481|pages=6–8|year=2024|journal=Bosom Friend|issn=1007-502X}}</ref> Nna ya bụ onye uwe ojii.<ref name="jiang" /> == Ọrụ == Jiang malitere ịmụ Beijing Opera mgbe ọ dị afọ iri wee banye na Beijing Film Academy na 1994 mgbe ọ nwetara ọkwa mbụ na ule ntinye. N'afọ nke abụọ nke ọmụmụ Jiang na Beijing Film Academy, [[Xi Shi|Xishi]] na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn nke otu aha ahụ. O mechara mee ihe nkiri na Tears in Heaven, nke bụ mmegharị nke akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye dere ya bụ Chiung Yao, wee ruo n'ọkwa ama na Chaịna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/s/m/2001-08-28/55318.html|title="水灵"蒋勤勤：琼瑶捧红的首位内地女星(附图)|date=August 28, 2001|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wap.chinadaily.com.cn/2017-04/12/content_28878691.htm|title=The romance novels by Chiung Yao that launched many acting careers|date=April 12, 2017|work=China Daily}}</ref> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpa, gụnyere Gu Manlu na ''Affair of Half a Lifetime'' (2003) and Mu Nianci in ''The Legend of the Condor Heroes'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/jiang-qinqin-doesn-apos-t-054800440.html|title=Jiang Qinqin doesn't want to be known for her looks|date=December 8, 2017|work=Yahoo}}</ref> Ihe nkiri Jiang mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ''Qiao's Grand Courtyard'' meriela ihe nrite ya abụọ nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri TV kachasị amasị ya na nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị amasị ndị na-ege ntị na Golden Eagle TV Art Festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/people/celebrities/8/2826-1.htm|title=Jiang Qinqin: A Classic Beauty, Clear and Gentle like Water|date=November 10, 2006|work=Women of China|accessdate=December 11, 2017|archivedate=December 11, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211213627/http://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/people/celebrities/8/2826-1.htm}}</ref> Golden Phoenix Awards.  == Ndụ onwe onye == Jiang lụrụ onye ome ihe nkiri Chen Jianbin na Febụwarị 22, 2006, onye ya na ya so mee ihe nkiri na Qiao's Grand Courtyard. A mụrụ nwa ha nwoke na Jenụwarị 8, 2007. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjreview.com/movies/txt/2007-01/09/content_52538.htm|title=Chinese Actress Jiang Qinqin Becomes Mom|date=January 9, 2007|work=Beijing Review}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha Bekee !Aha ndị China !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |1994 |''Ụmụnne ọbara ọbara'' |Nnukwu ihe ọjọọ |Xiaoyao | |- |1995 | |Akụkọ ifo nke ọbara ígwè |Fan Ruyu | |- |1997 |''Njem Ahụike'' |Ìgwè Na-eme Ka Ịnọ Nkwụsị |Nwaanyị Jingjing | |- |2001 |''Agha China na Netherlands 1661'' |Ihe ịga nke ọma |Xue Liang |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/42403.html|title=蒋勤勤水牢拍大戏 保鲜膜"护身"成绝招(附图)|date=May 8, 2011|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2005 |''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nwanne m nwanyị'' |Okwu nwanne nwanyị |Niu Hongmei |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/r/m/2005-06-23/1706760900.html|title=蒋勤勤《姐姐词典》：那个年代，不是只有痛苦|date=June 13, 2005|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- |''N'abalị asaa'' |N'abalị asaa |Abụ Yao |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/2004-08-02/1454461882.html|title=蒋勤勤"新婚七夜"吓破胆|date=August 2, 2004|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- |2009 |''Obodo Nrọ'' |Nrọ nile na-agbawa |Lin Fang |  |- |2011 |''Anyanwụ'' |Nnukwu anyanwụ |Ying Tao |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cctv.com/program/cultureexpress/20080715/103212.shtml|title=Jiang Qinqin plays in earthquake relief film|date=July 15, 2008|work=CCTV.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Ònye Na-ezo'' |Ihe Ebumnuche nke Mbụ |Lu Yiran |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2014-05-07/17434137880.shtml|title=《一号目标》蒋勤勤婚后首秀穿国军制服|date=May 7, 2014|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- |''Otu Nzọụkwụ Na-aga'' |Ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume |Lu Qiuqi |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2014-08-06/13224187321.shtml|title=《触不可及》桂纶镁蒋勤勤成"情敌"|date=August 6, 2014|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- |2015 |''Onye nzuzu'' |Ihe omuma di iche |Jin Zhizi |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2015/11/17/4001s904445.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118190446/http://english.cri.cn/12394/2015/11/17/4001s904445.htm|archivedate=November 18, 2015|title=Chen Jianbin's 'A Fool' Released in China|date=November 17, 2015|work=China Radio International}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Ọnụ ụzọ'' |Ịdị mma nwere ọtụtụ ihe |Zhuo Yanni |  |- |2024 |''Ebe obibi n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri West'' |Ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti |Wu Taihua | |- |2024 |''Ụwa Ukwu'' |Nwa m |Chen Lu | |} === Usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha Bekee !Aha ndị China !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |1992 |''Meitai Guanyin'' |Ụdị ụdaolu |Meitai Guanyin | |- |1996 |''Xishi'' |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ |[[Xi Shi|Xishi]] | |- | rowspan="4" |1998 |''Alaeze nke Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke Ọchịchị Zhou nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ'' |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa |Qi Jiang | |- |''Akụkọ Xiaofengxian'' |Akụkọ gbasara ya |Xiaofengxian |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2011-09-27/16333428957.shtml|title=盘点荧屏四版"小凤仙"|date=September 27, 2011|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- |''Anya mmiri n'Eluigwe'' |Ihe omuma nke a |Xiao Yufeng | |- | |Onye na-enyocha ihe dị na Kyoto |Qi Menggu | |- | rowspan="4" |1999 |''Kangxi Njem A Na-amaghị Ama'' |__ibo__ Nlegharị anya n'onwe ya |Zhu Yunqiao |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.chinadaily.com.cn/2016-11/18/content_27416870_2.htm|title=邓婕赵薇小陶虹蒋勤勤 《康熙微服私访记》女主演现状|date=November 18, 2016|work=China Daily|language=zh}}</ref> |- | |Ịga n'ihu |Duan Yu | |- |''Ịhụnanya nke Nwa agbọghọ ahụ nwere ntutu ọcha'' |Nwanyị amị na-acha ọcha |Lian Nichang |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2012-09-14/14223741962.shtml|title=盘点白发魔女：蔡少芬很金庸蒋勤勤虐心|date=September 14, 2012|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- |''Nna Ukwu nke Zen'' |Onye isi ala |Hu Ji |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/richtalk/news/movie/9903/031813.html|title=《达摩祖师》开拍|date=March 18, 1999|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2000 | |Onye Ọkachamara nke Chineke |Princess Rourou | |- |''Agụba Na-ekpuchi Anya, Dragọn Nzuzo'' |Ogwu藏 |Yu Jiaolong |  |- |''iru uju n'elu Osimiri QingHe'' |Ịhụnanya nke青河 |Shen Xinci / Liang Xiuyun |  |- | rowspan="2" |2001 | |Eze nke Eze |Princess Qianyun |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/2004-04-13/0003362757.html|title=《王中王》将现身金鹰剧场 蒋勤勤将饰演格格|date=April 13, 2004|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- |''Onye Nnyocha Collum'' |Ihe omuma na-acha anụnụ anụnụ |Li Xing'er | |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Ndị Nche Anọ'' |Nnukwu nnupụisi anọ |Hei Hudie |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://enjoy.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper190/12/class019000029/hwz1379495.htm|title=宣传《四大名捕》蒋勤勤情动家乡人|work=eastday|language=zh|accessdate=2018-10-19|archivedate=2006-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210021731/http://enjoy.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper190/12/class019000029/hwz1379495.htm}}</ref> |- |''Ifufe na Igwe ojii'' |Ifufe na-efe efe |Mingyue |  |- | rowspan="3" |2003 |''Nwaanyị m mara mma nke Atọ'' |Ọ bụkwa n'etiti ndị mmadụ atọ |Xia Yingying |  |- |''Akụkọ ifo nke ndị dike Condor'' |Ihe omuma ihe omuma |Mu Nianci | |- |''Ihe Ọkara Ndụ'' |Ọkara ndụ |Gu Manlu | |- | rowspan="3" |2004 |''Nwanyị Ikpeazụ'' |Eze Nwanyị nke Oge Ikpeazụ |Wenxiu |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://enjoy.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper190/5/class019000028/hwz1126825.htm|title=蒋勤勤当《末代皇妃》与皇上离婚|date=May 20, 2004|work=eastday|language=zh|accessdate=October 19, 2018|archivedate=December 15, 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215042118/http://enjoy.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper190/5/class019000028/hwz1126825.htm}}</ref> |- |''Ịkụ Akụ n'Olu'' |Ịkụ ụda ntị |Niu Hongmei |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/2004-08-15/0300474003.html|title=蒋勤勤豁出去 《耳光响亮》中出演激情戏(图)|date=August 15, 2004|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- |''Ụwa nke Abụọ Ukwu'' |Ifufe na-atụ anya |Beitang Xing'er |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.163.com/ent_2003/editor/030804/030804_183040.html|title=《风云争霸》蒋勤勤死心塌地的爱|date=August 4, 2003|work=Netease|language=zh}}</ref> |- |2005 |''Ụmụ nwanyị Han'' |Nnukwu Hanja |Xin Zhui |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yule.sohu.com/2004/06/11/33/article220483361.shtml|title=《大汉巾帼》蒋勤勤华贵古典造型曝光|date=June 11, 2004|work=Sohu|language=zh}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2006 |''Nnukwu Ogige Qiao'' |Nnukwu ụlọ |Lu Yuhan |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/shanxi/2012-03/12/content_14812873.htm|title=Mansion of the Qiao Family|date=March 12, 2010|work=China Daily}}</ref> |- |''Ọ bụrụ na Ọnwa nwere Anya'' |Ọ bụrụ na ọnwa nwere anya |Fan Meiyin |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2006-12-29/15531391465.html|title=蒋勤勤生子前主演《如果月亮有眼睛》即将播出|date=December 29, 2006|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- | |Ezinụlọ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri |Lianyi |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2006-08-15/19131202249.html|title=陈晓东蒋勤勤演绎苦命鸳鸯 《香粉世家》将播出|date=August 15, 2006|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- |2009 |''Ọgbọ Anọ n'okpuru Otu Elu ụlọ'' |Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Anọ |Yunmei |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/6666/2009/04/29/1321s480170.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503010537/http://english.cri.cn/6666/2009/04/29/1321s480170.htm|archivedate=May 3, 2009|title=Close-up of 'Four Generations Living Together' Remake|date=April 29, 2009|work=China Radio International}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2011 |''Ime ka e nwee oge'' |Ebe a na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha |Abụ Qingling |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2011-01-20/15173214787.shtml|title=陈建斌蒋勤勤夫妇再携手 《开天辟地》全新合作|date=November 20, 2011|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- |''China 1945'' |China1945 nke重庆风云 |Abụ Mmetụta |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2011-06-28/14353346299.shtml|title=《中国1945》袁莉蒋勤勤演绎宋家别样姐妹花|date=June 28, 2011|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- |''Oge Ukwu'' |Oge Ukwu |Liang Hongyu |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/s/m/2010-03-16/09362898489.shtml|title=内地版《大时代》筹拍 段奕宏携手蒋勤勤领衔|date=March 26, 2010|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- |2014 |''Agha Nna Nna Ukwu na-emegide ndị Japan'' |Nnukwu agha |Akpụkpọ ahụ |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2014-12/05/content_19033089.htm|title=Vengeance drives new wartime TV series|date=December 5, 2014|work=China Daily}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2017 | |Ọhịa |Tian Jiahui |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2017-09-07/doc-ifykusey4396486.shtml|title=《田姐辣妹》将播 蒋勤勤化身辣姐全程diss爆金句|date=September 7, 2017|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- |''Agbụrụ na Alaeze Ukwu: Oké Ifufe nke Amụma'' |九州·海上牧云记 |Nanku Mingyi |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2017-11-16/doc-ifynstfi0298943.shtml|title=《海上牧云记》曝皇后剧照 蒋勤勤雍容威严气场足|date=November 16, 2017|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Osimiri Na-ere Ọkụ'' |Nchọgharị nke anwụrụ ọkụ |Lin Yuhong |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjnews.com.cn/ent/2019/11/22/653105.html|title=蒋勤勤回老家演女刑警，拍完《迷雾追踪》不敢关灯睡觉|date=November 22, 2019|work=Beijing News|language=zh}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Nwanyị Mara Mma'' |Nne nke ezinụlọ |Shen Cuixi | |} == Onyinye na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nrite !Ụdị !Ọrụ ndị a họpụtara !Nsonaazụ !Ihe mgbochi. |- |2001 |Onyinye Otu Narị Flowers nke iri abụọ na anọ |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |''Agha China na Netherlands 1661''||{{Nom}} | |- |2004 |Onyinye Golden Rooster nke iri abụọ na anọ |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma | rowspan="3" |''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nwanne m nwanyị''||{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2005 |Emume ihe nkiri ụmụ akwụkwọ nke iri na abụọ nke Beijing CollegeEmume ihe nkiri ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji nke Beijing |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma||{{Nom}} | |- |Onyinye Golden Phoenix nke iri |Onyinye Society||{{Won}} |<ref name="golden">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-08/08/content_467220.htm|title=Jiang Qinqin wins film award|work=China Daily|date=August 8, 2015}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |Ihe nrite Golden Eagle nke 23 nke China TVIhe nrite Golden Eagle nke China TV |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma | rowspan="3" |''Nnukwu Ogige Qiao''||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2007-08-27/10511691134.shtml|title=第26届中国电视剧飞天奖 《乔家大院》成大赢家|date=August 27, 2007|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> |- |Emume nka nke isii nke China Golden Eagle TVEmemme Nkà Ihe Nkà nke China Golden Eagle TV |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri a ma ama||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cctv.com/program/cultureexpress/20061101/100382.shtml|title=Zhang and Jiang win Most Popular TV Actor and Actress|date=January 1, 2006|work=CCTV.com}}</ref> |- |2007 |Ihe nrite nke iri abụọ na isii nke Flying ApsarasOnyinye Apsaras Na-efe efe |Onye Na-eme Ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cctv.com/program/cultureexpress/20070828/100973_1.shtml|title="Flying Apsaras Awards" handed out in Beijing|date=August 28, 2007|work=CCTV.com}}</ref> |- |2009 |Ihe nrite nke 13 nke HuabiaoIhe nrite Huabiao |Onye Na-eme Ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè |''Obodo Nrọ''||{{Nom}} | |- |2011 |Ihe nrite Golden Rooster nke iri abụọ na asatọOnyinye Golden Rooster |Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma | rowspan="2" |''Anyanwụ''||{{Nom}} | |- |2012 |Emume ihe nkiri nke iri na otu nke ChangchunEmume ihe nkiri Changchun |Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma||{{Nom}} | |- |2015 |Emume ihe nkiri nke asaa nke ChinaEmume ihe nkiri China |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma | rowspan="3" |''Onye nzuzu''||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2016-10/27/content_39579270.htm|title=Kris Wu, Jiang Qinqin honored in Tokyo|date=October 27, 2016|work=China.org.cn}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |1st Gold Aries Award Macau International Film Festival |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2016-03/09/content_23792443.htm|title=Goodbye Mr. Loser the biggest winner at Gold Aries Awards|date=March 9, 2016|work=China Daily}}</ref> |- |Emume ihe nkiri ụmụ akwụkwọ nke 23 nke Beijing CollegeEmume ihe nkiri ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji nke Beijing |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma||{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |Ihe nrite ihe nkiri Eshia nke iri na asaa |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma | rowspan="2" |''Ebe obibi n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri West''||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/asia-film-awards-2024-winners-1235846437/|title=Asia Film Awards: Ryusuke Hamaguchi's 'Evil Does Not Exist' Wins Best Film|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 10, 2024|accessdate=March 11, 2024|author=Patrick Brzeski|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311091957/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/asia-film-awards-2024-winners-1235846437/|archivedate=March 11, 2024}}</ref> |- |Emume ihe nkiri ụmụ akwụkwọ nke 31 nke Beijing CollegeEmume ihe nkiri ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji nke Beijing |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị amasị ya||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/2024/05-05/10211308.shtml|title=第31届大学生电影节"青春之夜"圆满落幕|work=China News|date=5 May 2024|accessdate=7 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514165832/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/2024/05-05/10211308.shtml|archivedate=14 May 2024}}</ref> |- |} == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == * Jiang QinqinnaIMDb * [http://data.ent.sina.com.cn/star/675.html Peeji Jiang Qinqin na Sina] E debere ya na Wayback Machine {{Asian Film Award for Best Actress}}{{Golden Eagle Award (China) Best Actress}}{{Flying Apsaras Award for Outstanding Actress}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Jiang, Qinqin}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:All articles with unsourced statements]] 4d2z8kmhkjzztcajkw6ak69cf0wx1yw 0 79364 709116 2026-09-05T18:27:28Z Nnesco14 61761 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360040101|Monic Hendrickx]]" 709116 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Monic Hendrickx''' (amụrụ na 3 Disemba 1966 na Sint Anthonis) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Dutch. O ritere ọtụtụ ihe nrite n'oge ọrụ ya gụnyere ihe nrite Nwa Ehi Ọlaedo anọ maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na Emume Ihe nkiri Netherlands, onyenye ndi ikpe na newport '''n'afọ 2001 e'''mume Ihe nkiri Ụsọ osimiri na ihe nrite onye na-eme ihe nkiri nwanyị kacha mma na emume Ihe nkiri mba ụwa nke Buenos Aires maka Ihe nkiri onwe (Independent Cinema) nke afọ 1999. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Monic Hendrickx na afo puku iri itoolu na nari isii na iri isii na Netherlands.<ref name="rfwe9">{{Cite web|title=HOME > FILM STARS > MONIC HENDRICKX MONIC HENDRICKX|url=https://www.biosagenda.nl/p8262_monic-hendrickx.html|work=Biosagenda NL|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ, ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Paramaribo, [[Suriname]].<ref name="rfwe9" /> N'ikpeazụ Hendrickx malitere agụmakwụkwọ ime ihe nkiri na Toneelschool na Maastricht.<ref name="rfwe9" /> == Ọrụ == Hendrickx mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya na The Polish Bride . <ref name="rf11">{{Cite web|title=Monic Hendrickx about the perfect crying scene: 'I do not use sadness from my own life (translated)|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/cultuur-media/monic-hendrickx-over-de-perfecte-huilscene-ik-gebruik-geen-verdriet-uit-mijn-eigen-leven-~b5df0615/|work=de Volkskrant|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na asaa , o mere ihe nkiri asụsụ Bekee nke Nwunye si Poland n'Australia. A kpọrọ ihe nkiri ahụ eluigwe emechabeghị ma gbanwee àgwà ya site na nwanyị Poland gaa na onye gbara ọsọ ndụ Afghanistan. Maka arụmọrụ ya, ọ meriri na afo puku abuo na asato AFI Award maka Omee nwanyị kachasị pụta ihe. <ref name="AACTA Awards">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/winners-and-nominees/range/2000-2010/year/2008/|title=AACTA Awards Winners and Nominees 2008|accessdate=4 December 2022}}</ref> Site na 2010 ruo 2017, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi mpụ Carmen van Walraven na oge ise nke usoro Dutch Penoza, nke a maara na mba ụfọdụ dị ka nwanyị di ya nwụrụ. O ritere ihe nrite maka ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi ahụ, gụnyere Golden Calf maka Best Actress na TV-Drama na 2013. <ref name="Discover Benelux">{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverbenelux.com/monique-hendrickx-running-show/|title=Monique Hendrickx: Running the show|date=December 2017|accessdate=4 December 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, Hendrickx bụ onye ngosi na Crown Witness (Game Show).<ref name="rf11" /><ref name="nlt">{{Cite web|title=Monic Hendrickx just travels by bus (translated)|url=https://www.telegraaf.nl/entertainment/328878/monic-hendrickx-reist-gewoon-met-de-bus|work=Telegraaf NL|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na olu Senior . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Voice Senior blijft kijkers scoren waar Twan Huys het moeilijk heeft|url=https://www.ad.nl/show/the-voice-senior-blijft-kijkers-scoren-waar-twan-huys-het-moeilijk-heeft~acb4afe0/|work=AD.NL|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, a mara ọkwa na ọ ga-apụta na usoro ndị vampire nke mba ụwa Ndị Nketa nke Abalị . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Monic Hendrickx werkt weer met Penoza-maker|url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/boulevard/artikel/4231796/monic-hendrickx-werkt-weer-met-penoza-maker|work=Rtl Nieuws|date=11 June 2018|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na iri itoolu na otu, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri, Nkwa nke Pisa dị ka Iris Versluys . == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ihe nkiri !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2019 |''Site na Belofte van Pisa'' |Iris Versluys | |- |2016 |''Site na Held'' | | |- |2014 |''Nena'' |Martha | |- |2014 |Kenau |Kenau | |- |2012 |''Bọmbụ Het'' | | |- |2011 |''Sonny Boy'' | | |- |2009 |''Oké Ifufe ahụ'' | | |- |2008 |''De Brief voor de Koning'' |Nne Tiuri | |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''Eluigwe A Na-akwụsịbeghị'' |Tahmeena | |- |''Nadine'' |Nadine |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfestival.nl/en/film/nadine?switch_to=en|title=Nadine (2007)|work=[[Netherlands Film Festival]]|accessdate=November 19, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718033341/https://www.filmfestival.nl/en/film/nadine/?switch_to=en|archivedate=July 18, 2022}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |''Medea'' |de Vries | |- |''Nnụnụ!'' |Anna | |- |''Ọrịa'' | | |- |2004 |ndịda |Martje Portegies | |- |2003 |Onye na-awagharị awagharị |Hester | |- | rowspan="2" |2001 |''Akụkọ Eziokwu nke Nwaanyị Tupu Oge Ya'' |Nynke van Hichtum | |- |''Zus &amp;amp; Zo'' | | |- |1998 |''Nwunye Poland'' |Anna Krzyzanowska | |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Igwe onyonyo !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2019 |''Ndị nketa nke abalị'' |Elisabetha | |- |2010-2017 |''Ihe otiti'' |Carmen van Walraven | |} == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  * {{IMDb name|name=Monic Hendrickx|id=0376826}} {{AACTA Award Best Actress in a Leading Role 2000–2019}}{{Golden Calf for Best Actress}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hendrickx, Monic}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] qbimvk86vakc1w7ka6w3sqg9q63cant 709117 709116 2026-09-05T18:33:35Z Nnesco14 61761 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360040101|Monic Hendrickx]]" 709117 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Monic Hendrickx''' (amụrụ na 3 Disemba 1966 na Sint Anthonis) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Dutch. O ritere ọtụtụ ihe nrite n'oge ọrụ ya gụnyere ihe nrite nwa ehi Ọlaedo anọ maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na emume Ihe nkiri Netherlands, onyenye ndi ikpe na newport '''n'afọ 2001 e'''mume Ihe nkiri usọ osimiri na ihe nrite onye na-eme ihe nkiri nwanyị kacha mma na emume Ihe nkiri mba ụwa nke Buenos Aires maka Ihe nkiri onwe (Independent Cinema) nke afọ 1999. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Monic Hendrickx na afo puku iri itoolu na nari isii na iri isii na Netherlands.<ref name="rfwe9">{{Cite web|title=HOME > FILM STARS > MONIC HENDRICKX MONIC HENDRICKX|url=https://www.biosagenda.nl/p8262_monic-hendrickx.html|work=Biosagenda NL|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ, ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Paramaribo, [[Suriname]].<ref name="rfwe9" /> N'ikpeazụ Hendrickx malitere agụmakwụkwọ ime ihe nkiri na Toneelschool na Maastricht.<ref name="rfwe9" /> == Ọrụ == Hendrickx mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya na The Polish Bride . <ref name="rf11">{{Cite web|title=Monic Hendrickx about the perfect crying scene: 'I do not use sadness from my own life (translated)|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/cultuur-media/monic-hendrickx-over-de-perfecte-huilscene-ik-gebruik-geen-verdriet-uit-mijn-eigen-leven-~b5df0615/|work=de Volkskrant|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na asaa , o mere ihe nkiri asụsụ Bekee nke Nwunye si Poland n'Australia. A kpọrọ ihe nkiri ahụ eluigwe emechabeghị ma gbanwee àgwà ya site na nwanyị Poland gaa na onye gbara ọsọ ndụ Afghanistan. Maka arụmọrụ ya, ọ meriri na afo puku abuo na asato AFI Award maka Omee nwanyị kachasị pụta ihe. <ref name="AACTA Awards">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/winners-and-nominees/range/2000-2010/year/2008/|title=AACTA Awards Winners and Nominees 2008|accessdate=4 December 2022}}</ref> Site na 2010 ruo 2017, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi mpụ Carmen van Walraven na oge ise nke usoro Dutch Penoza, nke a maara na mba ụfọdụ dị ka nwanyị di ya nwụrụ. O ritere ihe nrite maka ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi ahụ, gụnyere Golden Calf maka Best Actress na TV-Drama na 2013. <ref name="Discover Benelux">{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverbenelux.com/monique-hendrickx-running-show/|title=Monique Hendrickx: Running the show|date=December 2017|accessdate=4 December 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, Hendrickx bụ onye ngosi na Crown Witness (Game Show).<ref name="rf11" /><ref name="nlt">{{Cite web|title=Monic Hendrickx just travels by bus (translated)|url=https://www.telegraaf.nl/entertainment/328878/monic-hendrickx-reist-gewoon-met-de-bus|work=Telegraaf NL|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na olu Senior . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Voice Senior blijft kijkers scoren waar Twan Huys het moeilijk heeft|url=https://www.ad.nl/show/the-voice-senior-blijft-kijkers-scoren-waar-twan-huys-het-moeilijk-heeft~acb4afe0/|work=AD.NL|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, a mara ọkwa na ọ ga-apụta na usoro ndị vampire nke mba ụwa Ndị Nketa nke Abalị . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Monic Hendrickx werkt weer met Penoza-maker|url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/boulevard/artikel/4231796/monic-hendrickx-werkt-weer-met-penoza-maker|work=Rtl Nieuws|date=11 June 2018|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na iri itoolu na otu, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri, Nkwa nke Pisa dị ka Iris Versluys . == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ihe nkiri !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2019 |''Site na Belofte van Pisa'' |Iris Versluys | |- |2016 |''Site na Held'' | | |- |2014 |''Nena'' |Martha | |- |2014 |Kenau |Kenau | |- |2012 |''Bọmbụ Het'' | | |- |2011 |''Sonny Boy'' | | |- |2009 |''Oké Ifufe ahụ'' | | |- |2008 |''De Brief voor de Koning'' |Nne Tiuri | |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''Eluigwe A Na-akwụsịbeghị'' |Tahmeena | |- |''Nadine'' |Nadine |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfestival.nl/en/film/nadine?switch_to=en|title=Nadine (2007)|work=[[Netherlands Film Festival]]|accessdate=November 19, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718033341/https://www.filmfestival.nl/en/film/nadine/?switch_to=en|archivedate=July 18, 2022}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |''Medea'' |de Vries | |- |''Nnụnụ!'' |Anna | |- |''Ọrịa'' | | |- |2004 |ndịda |Martje Portegies | |- |2003 |Onye na-awagharị awagharị |Hester | |- | rowspan="2" |2001 |''Akụkọ Eziokwu nke Nwaanyị Tupu Oge Ya'' |Nynke van Hichtum | |- |''Zus &amp;amp; Zo'' | | |- |1998 |''Nwunye Poland'' |Anna Krzyzanowska | |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Igwe onyonyo !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2019 |''Ndị nketa nke abalị'' |Elisabetha | |- |2010-2017 |''Ihe otiti'' |Carmen van Walraven | |} == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  * {{IMDb name|name=Monic Hendrickx|id=0376826}} {{AACTA Award Best Actress in a Leading Role 2000–2019}}{{Golden Calf for Best Actress}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hendrickx, Monic}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 06qv6kq5h286m7zi0twdemadjdh9i6n 0 79365 709118 2026-09-05T18:54:39Z Nnesco14 61761 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344441349|Julie Dawson (actor)]]" 709118 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Julie Dawson''' bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri si mba Ọstrelia, a na-akpọkwa ya '''Julie Dawson Daniels''' obere oge. == Ọrụ == N'elu ikpo okwu, Dawson egosipụtala n'egwuregwu ndị dị ka The Training Run na Bondi Pavilion n'afọ 1977, *Occupation: Comedian (na Courthouse Theatre n'afọ 1990), An Office Romance (nke a rụkwara na Courthouse Theatre n'afọ 1990), na Dear Suburbia (n'ọrụ La Mama n'afọ 1992). Ọrụ ihuenyo ndị a na-egosi gụnyere ihe omume mbụ nke ezi n’akpa n’afọ puku abụọ, narị itoolu na iri asaa , na ọrụ ndị ọbịa ndị ọzọ na ndị uwe ojii Matlock, ''Glenview High'' na Ndị agbata obi. Ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri ezinụlọ The Fourth Wish (1976), ihe nkiri TV The Kiss and Ride Ferry (1977) ma mee nwunye Reverend na ihe nkiri Fred Schepisi The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith (1978). <ref name="Groves" /> Dawson meriri 1974-1975 AFI onyinye maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mmamaka ịrụ ọrụ aha na ihe ngosi Who Killed Jenny Langby?''Ònye gburu Jenny Langby?'', ọrụ nke a na-eme n'oge na-adịghị anya. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Stratton|first=David|date=1980|title=The last new wave: the Australian film revival|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oVZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22julie+dawson%22|publisher=[[University of New South Wales Press|UNSW Press]]|isbn=9780207141461}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == Ebe e si nweta ya: <ref name="TROVE">{{Cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1390817|isbn=9780867770575|title=The Illustrated encyclopaedia of Australian showbiz|first=Margot Atterton and|author=Alan Veitch|year=1984|publisher=Sunshine Books}}</ref> === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |1976 |''Caddie'' |Onye agbata obi #2 | |- |1976 |''Ọchịchọ nke Anọ'' |Hannah | |- | rowspan="2" |1977 |''FJ Holden'' |Oriakụ Mason | |- |''Onye Na-abụ Abụ na Onye Na-agba Egwú'' |Oriakụ Rogers | |- | rowspan="2" |1978 |''Abụ nke Jimmie Blacksmith'' |Martha Neville | |- |''Nwa Nwata Nwoke Furu'' |Ruth Tanner | |- |1982 |''Nnwere Onwe'' |Nne na-azụ ụmụ | |} === Igwe onyonyo === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- | rowspan="2" |1974 |''Ònye gburu Jenny Langby'?'' |Jenny Langby |Ihe nkiri TV |- |''Ajụjụ ọnụ Nne na Nna Onye Nkụzi'' |Nne na Nna - Onye Ukwu - Onye Ukwuu | |- |1975 |''Mirror Abụọ'' |Kate Johnson |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1976 |''Ndị uwe ojii Matlock'' |Clare Hansen | |- | rowspan="4" |1977 |''Ihe Na-enweghị Ezi Uche'' |Oriakụ K. |Obere ihe nkiri |- |''Ezì n'ime Poke'' |Meri | |- |''Ịnọ Isi na Ụgbọ Mmiri'' |Ụkpụrụ |Ihe nkiri TV |- |''Gwa na Ị chọrọ M'' | |Ihe nkiri TV |- | rowspan="3" |1978 |''Ikpe Maka Nchebe'' |Claire Barton | |- |''Ndị Chopper Squad'' |Ann Evans | |- |''Glenview High'' | | |- |1987 |''Ụmụnna'' |Alice | |- |1989 |''Shuga na Ihe Na-esi ísì ụtọ'' |Nwanyị nọ n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè | |- |1992 |''Ndị agbata obi'' |Carol Chapman | |} {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu !Ihe mgbochi. |- |1977 |''Ọzụzụ'' | |Bondi Pavilion, Sydney | |- | rowspan="2" |1990 |''Ọrụ: Onye na-eme ihe ọchị'' | | rowspan="2" |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Ụlọikpe, Melbourne | |- |''Ịhụnanya Ọfịs'' | | |- |1992 |''Mpaghara Mkpa'' | |La Mama, Melbourne | |- |2023 |''nwamba'' | |Ụlọ ihe nkiri abalị nke iri na abụọ, Brisbane na Ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu nke Queensland | |} == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  * {{IMDb name|0206165}} * [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/1846531 Akụkọ ndụ banyere Julie Dawson, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, nke nwere otu ma ọ bụ karịa akwụkwọ akụkọ ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ] na National Library of Australia. [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] krx6pbr9sdjb754nv9q0bh5oeyz2uf2 0 79366 709119 2026-09-05T19:32:37Z Nnesco14 61761 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356928809|Emma Booth (actress)]]" 709119 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Emma Booth''' (amụrụ na ubọchị iri abụọ na asatọ nke ọnwa Nọvemba, afọ otu puku na narị itoolu na iri asatọ na abụọ.) bụ onye Ọstreliana-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nlereanya si Perth, Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ọstrelia. <ref name="Denmark">{{Cite news|author=Ganska|first=Helen|date=15 June 2010|title=Underbelly star Emma Booth 'disgusted' at strip|work=Perth Now|url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/entertainment/underbelly-star-disgusted-at-strip/story-e6frg30l-1225880009392|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> Onye bụbu onye na-eto eto na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Igwe onyonyo rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ihe nkiri Clubland (2007).<ref>{{Cite news|author=Press|first=Clare|date=8 February 2015|title=Model-turned-actor Emma Booth secretly married LA musician Dominick Joseph Lunar|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/model-turned-actor-emma-booth-secretly-married-la-musician-dominick-joseph-lunar/story-fni0cx2y-1227209468666|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ Igwe onyonyo na ihe nkiri == Mgbe egosiri Clubland [1] na emume Ihe nkiri Sundance, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nkà pụrụ iche rịọrọ Booth maka ọrụ na ihe nkiri na-abịanụ. Booth pụtara na ihe nkiri egwu 2009 Blood Creek, nke Joel Schumacher duziri. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mmepụta a na-ebipụtaghị na 2007 Hippie ''Hippie Shake'', <ref name="Denmark" /> akụkọ banyere ule mkparị umụ akwụkwọ OZ nọ na United Kingdom. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1024652/|title=Hippie Hippie Shake|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|accessdate=18 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="Greer">{{Cite news|author=Greer|first=Germaine|date=16 July 2007|title=So Emma Booth is to play me in a raunchy film about the 60s. Can't she get an honest job?|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jul/16/art.comment|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, ọ pụtara na Underbelly: The Golden Mile ma nwee ọrụ nkwado na 2013 ''Parker''. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Clune|first=Richard|date=22 August 2009|title=Emma Booth, Dougie the Pizza Boy Underbelly's star signing|work=The Advertiser|url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/emma-booth-dougie-the-pizza-boy-underbellys-star-signing/story-e6fredq3-1225765143514|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="WestAUS">{{Cite news|author=Williams|first=Vanessa|date=15 December 2013|title=Love blooms for Booth|work=The West Australian|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/entertainment/a/20338481/love-blooms-for-booth/|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Groves|first=Don|date=28 October 2013|title=Emma Booth embodies Shallows' Queenie|work=IF.com|url=http://if.com.au/2013/10/28/article/Emma-Booth-embodies-Shallows-Queenie/XTBDJVJBTX.html|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ọ pụtara na Hounds of Love, dị ka onye mmekọ nke onye na-egbu ọtụtụ mmadụ. N'ọnwa Julaị 2017, Booth sonyeere usoro ABC O ruru otu mgbe na ọrụ a na-arụ ugboro ugboro maka oge asaa ya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi na-emegide ya, Nne Gothel, onye amoosu dị ike bụ onye ndú nke Otu Anwansi nke Asatọ.[1] == Ọrụ ịme ihe nlereanya == Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, a họpụtara Booth ka o sonye na ihe nkiri bụ The Adventures of the Bush Patrol, ma mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, ọ ruru n'ọkwa ikpeazụ nke asọmpi nwa agbọghọ ga-apụta n'ihu akwụkwọ akụkọ *Girlfriend*.[1] Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, Booth arụọla ọrụ dị ka ihe nlereanya (model) na Tokyo, Milan, Paris, na New York.[1] Ka oge na-aga, ọ nwetara aha nsọpụrụ dị ka 'Model of the Year' (Ihe Nlereanya nke Afọ) na Western Australia, nakwa 'Face of Fashion Week' (Ihu Ihe Omume Ejiji) maka obodo Sydney na Melbourne. == Ndụ onwe onye == Na Machị afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise (2015), Booth kwuru na Instagram na ya alụọla onye egwu aha ya bụ Dominick Joseph Luna n’afọ puku abụọ na iri na atọ (2013), na Las Vegas, Nevada. == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2006 |''Òtù Alex'' |Christie |Dị mkpirikpi |- |2007 |''Hippie Shake'' |[[Germaine Greer]] |A na-ebipụtabeghị ya |- |2007 |''Ịkpọbata Dwights'' |Jill |Ihe nrite AACTA maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ nkwado FCCA maka onye na na-eme egwuregwu kacha mma - ọrụ nkwado<br /> |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |''The Boys Are Back'' |Laura | |- |''Mmiri Ọbara'' |Liese Wollner | |- |2010 |''Ọbara Pelican'' |Stevie | |- |2011 |''Gbanwee'' |Jina | |- | rowspan="3" |2013 |''Parker'' |Claire | |- |''Ihe nkiri 16'' |India |Dị mkpirikpi |- |''Ụzọ ndị a na-akpọ'' |Marg | |- |2014 |''Akpụkpọ ụkwụ Tango'' |Carolyn |Dị mkpirikpi |- |2016 |''Chi Ijipt'' |Nephthys | |- |2016 |''Nkịta nke Ịhụnanya'' |Evelyn White |Ihe nrite AACTA maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na Leading RoleBrussels Film Festival (BRFF) Grand Prix maka onye na na-eme egwuregwu kacha mma<br /> |- |2018 |''Mgbukpọ'' |Samantha |- |2019 |''H bụ maka Obi Ụtọ'' |Claire Phee | |- |2020 |''Onye nnọchi anya'' |Victoria |Dị mkpirikpi |- |2023 |''Ebe Ìhè Nile Na-aga'' |Josephine | |} [[Faịlụ:Emma_Booth_(7060388233).jpg|thumb|270x270px|Booth na mmalite ụwa nke The Lucky One, 2012.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |1996–97 |''The Adventures of the Bush Patrol'' |Dana Drysdale |Ọrụ a na-arụ ugboro ugboro |- |2003 |''The Shark Net'' |Roberta Ainslie |Obere ihe nkiri TV |- |2006 |''Obere Nkwupụta: Nzukọ'' |Annie |Ihe nkiri TV |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''Ndị Nsọ Nile'' |Igurube Ruby |Ihe omume: "Smoke and Mirrors", "Back on Track" |- |''njem nlegharị anya'' |Nicola |Obere ihe nkiri TV |- |2009 |''Omume igbu mmadụ atọ'' |Sarah Corbett |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2010 |Afọ n'okpuru: Maịlụ Ọlaedo |Kim Hollingsworth |Ọrụ bụ isi |- |2011 |''Okporo ámá Cloud'' |Rose Pickles |Obere ihe nkiri TV |- |2012 |''Jack Irish: Ụgwọ Ọjọọ'' |Isabel Irish |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2013 |''Gothic'' |Madeline Usher |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2014 |''Jack Irish: Ebe Nwụrụ Anwụ'' |Isabel Irish |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2015–19 |Nsogbu teknụzụ |Kate Willis |Ọrụ bụ isi |- |2017–2018 |''Otu Oge'' |Nne Gothel/Eloise Gardener |Ọrụ a na-eme ugboro ugboro (oge 7) |- |2020 |''Ịgba Egwu'' |Molly McGee |Ọrụ Ukwu |- |2021 |''Jack Irish'' |Isabel Irish |Ihe omume 3 |- |2023 |''Ụmụ bebi akwụkwọ'' |Margot Murray |Ihe omume 8 |} == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Commons category|Emma Booth}}{{AACTA Award Best Actress in a Leading Role}}{{Commons category|Emma Booth}} * {{IMDb name|id=1134439|name=Emma Booth}} {{AACTA Award Best Actress in a Leading Role}}{{AACTAAward BestSupportingActress 2001–2020}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] nz9cophy7slswcfs3xip1a4aerqtmhn 709120 709119 2026-09-05T19:38:22Z Nnesco14 61761 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356928809|Emma Booth (actress)]]" 709120 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Emma Booth''' amụrụ na ubọchị iri abụọ na asatọ nke ọnwa Nọvemba, afọ otu puku na narị itoolu na iri asatọ na abụọ , bụ onye Ọstreliana-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nlereanya si Perth, Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ọstrelia. <ref name="Denmark">{{Cite news|author=Ganska|first=Helen|date=15 June 2010|title=Underbelly star Emma Booth 'disgusted' at strip|work=Perth Now|url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/entertainment/underbelly-star-disgusted-at-strip/story-e6frg30l-1225880009392|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> Onye bụbu onye na-eto eto na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Igwe onyonyo rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ihe nkiri Clubland (2007).<ref>{{Cite news|author=Press|first=Clare|date=8 February 2015|title=Model-turned-actor Emma Booth secretly married LA musician Dominick Joseph Lunar|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/model-turned-actor-emma-booth-secretly-married-la-musician-dominick-joseph-lunar/story-fni0cx2y-1227209468666|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ Igwe onyonyo na ihe nkiri == Mgbe egosiri Clubland [1] na emume Ihe nkiri Sundance, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nkà pụrụ iche rịọrọ Booth maka ọrụ na ihe nkiri na-abịanụ. Booth pụtara na ihe nkiri egwu 2009 Blood Creek, nke Joel Schumacher duziri. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mmepụta a na-ebipụtaghị na 2007 Hippie ''Hippie Shake'', <ref name="Denmark" /> akụkọ banyere ule mkparị umụ akwụkwọ OZ nọ na United Kingdom. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1024652/|title=Hippie Hippie Shake|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|accessdate=18 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="Greer">{{Cite news|author=Greer|first=Germaine|date=16 July 2007|title=So Emma Booth is to play me in a raunchy film about the 60s. Can't she get an honest job?|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jul/16/art.comment|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, ọ pụtara na Underbelly: The Golden Mile ma nwee ọrụ nkwado na 2013 ''Parker''. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Clune|first=Richard|date=22 August 2009|title=Emma Booth, Dougie the Pizza Boy Underbelly's star signing|work=The Advertiser|url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/emma-booth-dougie-the-pizza-boy-underbellys-star-signing/story-e6fredq3-1225765143514|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="WestAUS">{{Cite news|author=Williams|first=Vanessa|date=15 December 2013|title=Love blooms for Booth|work=The West Australian|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/entertainment/a/20338481/love-blooms-for-booth/|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Groves|first=Don|date=28 October 2013|title=Emma Booth embodies Shallows' Queenie|work=IF.com|url=http://if.com.au/2013/10/28/article/Emma-Booth-embodies-Shallows-Queenie/XTBDJVJBTX.html|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ọ pụtara na Hounds of Love, dị ka onye mmekọ nke onye na-egbu ọtụtụ mmadụ. N'ọnwa Julaị 2017, Booth sonyeere usoro ABC O ruru otu mgbe na ọrụ a na-arụ ugboro ugboro maka oge asaa ya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi na-emegide ya, Nne Gothel, onye amoosu dị ike bụ onye ndú nke Otu Anwansi nke Asatọ.[1] == Ọrụ ịme ihe nlereanya == Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, a họpụtara Booth ka o sonye na ihe nkiri bụ The Adventures of the Bush Patrol, ma mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, ọ ruru n'ọkwa ikpeazụ nke asọmpi nwa agbọghọ ga-apụta n'ihu akwụkwọ akụkọ *Girlfriend*.[1] Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, Booth arụọla ọrụ dị ka ihe nlereanya (model) na Tokyo, Milan, Paris, na New York.[1] Ka oge na-aga, ọ nwetara aha nsọpụrụ dị ka 'Model of the Year' (Ihe Nlereanya nke Afọ) na Western Australia, nakwa 'Face of Fashion Week' (Ihu Ihe Omume Ejiji) maka obodo Sydney na Melbourne. == Ndụ onwe onye == Na Machị afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise (2015), Booth kwuru na Instagram na ya alụọla onye egwu aha ya bụ Dominick Joseph Luna n’afọ puku abụọ na iri na atọ (2013), na Las Vegas, Nevada. == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2006 |''Òtù Alex'' |Christie |Dị mkpirikpi |- |2007 |''Hippie Shake'' |[[Germaine Greer]] |A na-ebipụtabeghị ya |- |2007 |''Ịkpọbata Dwights'' |Jill |Ihe nrite AACTA maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ nkwado FCCA maka onye na na-eme egwuregwu kacha mma - ọrụ nkwado<br /> |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |''The Boys Are Back'' |Laura | |- |''Mmiri Ọbara'' |Liese Wollner | |- |2010 |''Ọbara Pelican'' |Stevie | |- |2011 |''Gbanwee'' |Jina | |- | rowspan="3" |2013 |''Parker'' |Claire | |- |''Ihe nkiri 16'' |India |Dị mkpirikpi |- |''Ụzọ ndị a na-akpọ'' |Marg | |- |2014 |''Akpụkpọ ụkwụ Tango'' |Carolyn |Dị mkpirikpi |- |2016 |''Chi Ijipt'' |Nephthys | |- |2016 |''Nkịta nke Ịhụnanya'' |Evelyn White |Ihe nrite AACTA maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na Leading RoleBrussels Film Festival (BRFF) Grand Prix maka onye na na-eme egwuregwu kacha mma<br /> |- |2018 |''Mgbukpọ'' |Samantha |- |2019 |''H bụ maka Obi Ụtọ'' |Claire Phee | |- |2020 |''Onye nnọchi anya'' |Victoria |Dị mkpirikpi |- |2023 |''Ebe Ìhè Nile Na-aga'' |Josephine | |} [[Faịlụ:Emma_Booth_(7060388233).jpg|thumb|270x270px|Booth na mmalite ụwa nke The Lucky One, 2012.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |1996–97 |''The Adventures of the Bush Patrol'' |Dana Drysdale |Ọrụ a na-arụ ugboro ugboro |- |2003 |''The Shark Net'' |Roberta Ainslie |Obere ihe nkiri TV |- |2006 |''Obere Nkwupụta: Nzukọ'' |Annie |Ihe nkiri TV |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''Ndị Nsọ Nile'' |Igurube Ruby |Ihe omume: "Smoke and Mirrors", "Back on Track" |- |''njem nlegharị anya'' |Nicola |Obere ihe nkiri TV |- |2009 |''Omume igbu mmadụ atọ'' |Sarah Corbett |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2010 |Afọ n'okpuru: Maịlụ Ọlaedo |Kim Hollingsworth |Ọrụ bụ isi |- |2011 |''Okporo ámá Cloud'' |Rose Pickles |Obere ihe nkiri TV |- |2012 |''Jack Irish: Ụgwọ Ọjọọ'' |Isabel Irish |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2013 |''Gothic'' |Madeline Usher |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2014 |''Jack Irish: Ebe Nwụrụ Anwụ'' |Isabel Irish |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2015–19 |Nsogbu teknụzụ |Kate Willis |Ọrụ bụ isi |- |2017–2018 |''Otu Oge'' |Nne Gothel/Eloise Gardener |Ọrụ a na-eme ugboro ugboro (oge 7) |- |2020 |''Ịgba Egwu'' |Molly McGee |Ọrụ Ukwu |- |2021 |''Jack Irish'' |Isabel Irish |Ihe omume 3 |- |2023 |''Ụmụ bebi akwụkwọ'' |Margot Murray |Ihe omume 8 |} == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Commons category|Emma Booth}}{{AACTA Award Best Actress in a Leading Role}}{{Commons category|Emma Booth}} * {{IMDb name|id=1134439|name=Emma Booth}} {{AACTA Award Best Actress in a Leading Role}}{{AACTAAward BestSupportingActress 2001–2020}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 7q7k1kce0x7bivti7ns6ui3z63g7qz4 0 79367 709124 2026-09-05T20:07:09Z Nnesco14 61761 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353003105|Astrid Whettnall]]" 709124 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Astrid Whettnall''' onye nke a mụrụ ya n'ụbọchị iri na asaa nke ọnwa Machị, n'afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri asaa na otu (1971) bụ onye Belgium na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Ụlọ akwụkwọ Kleine dị na Brussels wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Astrid Whettnall, femme de fer et de plumes|url=https://www.rtbf.be/tv/article/detail_astrid-whettnall-femme-de-fer-et-de-plumes?id=10420530|publisher=RTBF|accessdate=4 April 2020|date=30 January 2020|language=French}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ya gụnyere ''Capital'' (2012), ''In the Name of the Son'' (2012), ''Salaud, on t'aime'' (2014), ''Yves Saint Laurent'' (2014), ''Marguerite'' (2015), na ''Close Enemies'' (2018). Ọ natara Magritte onyinye maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma maka ọrụ ya na Road to Istanbul (2016). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Les Magritte du cinéma 2017: le palmarès|url=https://www.cinevox.be/magritte-cinema-2017-palmares|accessdate=February 4, 2017|work=Cinevox|date=February 4, 2017|language=French}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2012 |''Ndụ Nwaanyị Ọzọ'' |Simono | |- |2012 |''Isi obodo'' |Marilyne Gauthier | |- |2012 |''N'aha Nwa ahụ'' |Elisabeth |A họpụtara ya - Ihe nrite Magritte maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |- |2014 |''N'ụzọ rụrụ arụ, anyị hụrụ gị n'anya'' |Astrid | |- |2014 |''Yves Saint Laurent'' |Yvonne De Peyerimhoff | |- |2014 |''Okporo ụzọ'' |Madame Blanc |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2014 |''Ndị Fụla'' |Sylvie Deloix |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2015 |''Graziella'' |Nwaanyị | |- |2015 |''Nkịta niile na-acha ntụ ntụ'' | | |- |2015 |''Margaret'' |Françoise Bellaire | |- |2016 |''Baron Noir'' |Véronique Bosso |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2016 |''Ụzọ e si aga Istanbul'' |Elisabeth |Ihe nrite Magritte maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |- |2018 |''Ndị Iche Na-asọmpi'' |Onye isi ọgwụ ọjọọ | |- |2019 |''Ihe Omimi nke Henri Pick'' |Inès de Crécy | |- |2020 |''N'ime N'abalị'' |Gabrielle Renoir |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2020 |''Akụkụ Kasị Mma m'' | | |- |2023 |n’ihi ebere |Onye ekpenta Laurence |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2023 |''Ógbè ndị omempụ'' |Kọmishọna Herman |Usoro Netflix |- |2023 |''N'abalị (Quitter la nuit) '' |Onye ọka ikpe | |- |2024 |''Ụgwọ Ọrụ nke Egwu'' |Anne Marchand | |- |2024 |Obí Oge Oyi |Frau Roth |Usoro Netflix |- |2025 |''Onye nnupụisi ahụ: Ihe omume nke nwa agbọghọ George Sand'' |Sophie Dupin |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2025 |''Otu oge n'ahụ nne m'' |Nwaanyị Crow | |- |2025 |''Nsogbu Champagne'' |Brigitte Laurent | |- |2025 |''Onye Mkpọrọ 951'' |Monique Villa |Obere ihe nkiri telivishọn <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hibbs|first=James|title=Prisoner 951 cast: Narges Rashidi and Joseph Fiennes star|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/prisoner-951-cast/|work=[[Radio Times]]|accessdate=7 May 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401034046/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/prisoner-951-cast/|archivedate=1 April 2026|date=23 November 2025}}</ref> |} == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|2182605}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Whettnall, Astrid}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jwrn14oxyb62s4br44nhil0yftltdi6 0 79368 709140 2026-09-05T22:08:37Z Elcarim1 62511 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356035185|2024–2025 Namibia drought]]" 709140 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:ECDM_20240426_Southern_Africa_drought.pdf|thumb|Map sitere na Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) nke Eprel 26, 2024, na-egosi ọnọdụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na nri na ndịda Afrịka]] [[Faịlụ:ECDM_20240614_Southern_Africa_Drought.pdf|thumb|Map ERCC nke June 14, 2024, na-egosi ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na ọnọdụ enyemaka na ndịda Afrịka]] [[Faịlụ:ECDM_20250508_Africa_drought.pdf|thumb|Ọnọdụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo n'Africa (2024-2025) ]] Oké ọkọchị na [[Namibia]] na 2024-2025 bụ oge ọkọchị na mba niile na Namibia nke dugara na nnukwu mmetụta nke ọdịmma mmadụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, na akụ na ụba n'akụkụ buru ibu nke ndịda Afrịka mgbe oge mmiri ozuzo dị ala karịa nkezi na 2023-2024.<ref name="wwa-2024-04-18" /> Na Mee 22, 2024, Onye isi ala Nangolo Mbumba kwupụtara ọnọdụ mberede na mba niile n'ihi ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-aga n'ihu.<ref name="gazette-2024-05-22">{{Cite web|accessdate=2026-02-01|date=2024-05-22|language=en|title=Government Gazette: Proclamation No. 18 of 2024 – Declaration of State of Emergency: National Disaster (Drought)|url=https://www.lac.org.na/laws/2024/8370.pdf|work=Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia}}</ref> Òtù enyemaka kọrọ na enweghị nri dị elu na 2024-2025 n'ihi oke mmiri ozuzo na okpomọkụ.<ref name="ifrc-portal">{{Cite web|accessdate=2026-02-01|language=en|publisher=[[Internationale Rotkreuz- und Rothalbmond-Bewegung]]|title=Namibia: Drought|url=https://www.ifrc.org/emergency/namibia-drought|work=IFRC}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == Oké ọkọchị ahụ sochiri nnukwu ụkọ mmiri ozuzo n'oge ọkọchị nke 2023-2024. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta nwere ike igosi na El Niño ji okpukpu abụọ mee ka ohere nke ihe omume ụkọ mmiri ozuzo dị otú ahụ n'oge ọkọchị nke ndịda, ya bụ, na Disemba, Jenụwarị, na Febụwarị (DJF), nakwa na enweghị mmetụta dị ịrịba ama maka mmiri ozuzo DJF a tụlere, ebe okpomọkụ dị elu nwere ike ịbawanye evaporation ma mee ka nsonaazụ ụkọ mmiri.<ref name="wwa-2024-04-18">{{Cite book|title=El Niño key driver of drought in highly vulnerable Southern African countries|date=2024|doi=10.25561/110770}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara nsogbu ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ, afọ 2025 bụ afọ nke atọ kachasị ọkụ kemgbe ndekọ malitere, dịka data Copernicus si kwuo, na nkezi afọ atọ maka 2023-2025 gafere 1.5 °C n'elu okpomọkụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe maka oge mbụ, na-eme ka nrụgide sitere na okpomọkụ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo.<ref name="copernicus-2026-01-08">{{Cite web|accessdate=2026-02-01|date=2026-01-08|language=en|title=Copernicus: 2025 was the third hottest year on record|url=https://climate.copernicus.eu/copernicus-2025-was-third-hottest-year-record|work=[[Copernicus Climate Change Service]]}}</ref> == Ụzọ == Malite na 22 Mee, 2024, gọọmenti kwupụtara ọnọdụ mberede (state of emergency) ka o nwee ike imeghachi omume ngwa ngwa n’ebe ụkọ ihe oriri na ihe ndị ọzọ a na-eweta dị. [1]N’otu oge ahụ, gọọmenti malitere mmemme enyemaka mba niile maka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo (drought relief program) ma gbasaa usoro nkwado ya ruo mpaghara iri na anọ (14) niile, gụnyere inye nri na mmiri, yana enyemaka nye ndị ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ahụ kacha metụtara. [2]ACAPS mere atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ nọ na IPC Phase 3+ bilitere site n’ihe dị ka 390,000 (2022–2023) ruo ihe dị ka 695,000 (2023–2024), ma rute ihe ruru 1.26 nde (1,260,000) n’afọ 2024–2025, nke gosiri na nsogbu ahụ na-akawanye njọ. [3]IFRC gbanwere ma gbatịkwuo enyemaka ya gafere afọ 2025, iji kwekọọ na ọnọdụ mberede ahụ nke ka na-aga n’ihu na amụma banyere ọnọdụ nke oge dị iche iche n’afọ. ]<ref name="ifrc-ou4-2025-12-16">{{Cite web|accessdate=2026-02-01|date=2025-12-16|language=en|publisher=[[Internationale Rotkreuz- und Rothalbmond-Bewegung]]|title=Namibia – Drought (MDRNA014), Operations Update #4|url=https://go-api.ifrc.org/api/downloadfile/94010/MDRNA014%20OU4|work=IFRC GO}}</ref> == IMmetụta na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, ọrụ ugbo, na gburugburu ebe obibi == Oké ọkọchị ahụ mere ka ihe ọkụkụ daa, nri na ụkọ mmiri maka anụ ụlọ, na ọnụ ahịa nri na-arị elu nke ukwuu, na-eme ka enweghị nri ka njọ, ọkachasị n'ime ime obodo na ezinụlọ ndị dara ogbenye.<ref name="acaps-2025-09-09">{{Cite web|accessdate=2026-02-01|date=2025-09-09|language=en|title=Update on the impact of drought – Namibia (Thematic Report)|url=https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20250909_ACAPS_Namibia_-_Update_on_the_impact_of_drought.pdf|work=ACAPS}}</ref> Iji dozie ọdịiche protein, gọọmentị kpebiri na 2024 ikwe ka a na-achịkwa ịchụ nta nke anụ ọhịa (gụnyere enyí, enyí mmiri, atụ, na zebra) maka nkesa anụ nye ezinụlọ ndị nọ na mkpa, nke a tụlere n'ụzọ esemokwu ma n'ime ụlọ ma na mba ofesi.<ref name="namibian-2024-09-03">{{Cite web|accessdate=2026-02-01|date=2024-09-03|language=en|title=Environment chamber says desert elephants to be culled for drought relief have more value for tourism sector|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/activists-govt-butt-heads-over-animal-slaughter/|work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2025, gọọmentị kọrọ na ha na-ekesa ihe dịka 142,000 kilogram nke anụ enyí n'ezinụlọ dị iche iche dị ka akụkụ nke mmemme enyemaka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo.<ref name="namibian-2025-09-15">{{Cite web|accessdate=2026-02-01|date=2025-09-15|language=en|title=Eight regions benefit from elephant meat drought relief|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/eight-regions-benefit-from-elephant-meat-drought-relief/|work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, e dekọrọ nnukwu mfu nke osisi ndị na-atọ ụtọ na Namibia na South Africa, nke jikọtara ya na ọzara na-aga n'ihu, ebili mmiri okpomọkụ ugboro ugboro, na usoro mmebi.<ref name="mongabay-2025-04-18">{{Cite web|accessdate=2026-02-01|date=2025-04-18|language=en|title=Succulents die off with expanding desert in South Africa and Namibia|url=https://news.mongabay.com/short-article/2025/04/succulents-die-off-with-expanding-desert-in-south-africa-and-namibia/|work=[[Mongabay]]}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume na enyemaka == Gọọmentị haziri enyemaka nri, mmiri, na nkwado ọha na eze, ebe ndị mmekọ mba ụwa nyere enyemaka nhazi, ego, na teknụzụ.<ref name="ifrc-portal" /> IFRC malitere arịrịọ mberede na 2024 ma bipụta ọtụtụ ọnọdụ na mmejuputa akụkọ na 2025, na-agbanwe nzaghachi ya na ọnọdụ na-aghachi na ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ oge. <ref name="ifrc-ou4-2025-12-16" /> Ihe pụrụ iche nke ezinụlọ ndị na-adabere na ọrụ ugbo na-enye mmiri ozuzo na ọrụ ugpo, yana mmụba nke usoro na-adịghị mma na nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ, bụ isi ihe a na-elekwasị anya.<ref name="acaps-2025-09-09" /> == Ihe ndị metụtara sayensị == Maka ihe omume ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke mpaghara nke 2023-2024, nyocha nke njirimara gosipụtara na El Niño bụ isi ihe maka ụkọ mmiri nke DJF a hụrụ, ebe mmetụta dị ukwuu nke okpomọkụ na ohere mmiri ozuzo enweghị ike ịchọpụta. N'otu oge ahụ, okpomọkụ ụwa na-eme ka mmetụta nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo dị ugbu a ka njọ site na evaporation dị elu na oke okpomọkụ.<ref name="wwa-2024-04-18" /> N'ọnọdụ a, Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-aghọwanye ihe dị mkpa n'ime oke a maara nke mgbanwe n'ụwa na-ekpo ọkụ.<ref name="wwa-2025-12-29">{{Cite book|title=Unequal evidence and impacts, limits to adaptation: Extreme Weather in 2025|date=2025|doi=10.25560/126543}}</ref> Ihe ndekọ Copernicus banyere okpomọkụ ụwa na-egosi ihe okpomọkụ dị elu nke na-eme ka mmetụta nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ka njọ, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọdịiche mmiri ozuzo nke mpaghara ọ bụla na-ebute mgbanwe okike dịka El Niño.<ref name="copernicus-2026-01-08" /> == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|title=El Niño key driver of drought in highly vulnerable Southern African countries|date=2024|doi=10.25561/110770}} == Edensibịa == <references /> qhmf887l2gd9l6na9m75bobae859vdu 3 79369 709143 2026-09-06T00:01:08Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! 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</noinclude> l774scbpkxqe1ub2l5epxhqhto9ex8l 709163 709162 2021-03-25T17:37:17Z en>Muboshgu 0 bypass redirect 709163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Catalog lookup link|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|{{{4|}}}|{{{5|}}}|{{{6|}}}|{{{7|}}}|{{{8|}}}|{{{9|}}}|article-link=ProQuest|article-name=ProQuest|link-prefix=https://search.proquest.com/docview/|list-leadout={{{leadout|}}}|url-access1={{{url-access1|{{{url-access|}}}}}}|url-access2={{{url-access2|}}}|url-access3={{{url-access3|}}}|url-access4={{{url-access4|}}}|url-access5={{{url-access5|}}}|url-access6={{{url-access6|}}}|url-access7={{{url-access7|}}}|url-access8={{{url-access8|}}}|url-access9={{{url-access9|}}}|url-access-all={{{url-access-all|}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> l7nsz866o4lvapaggz6kh81aqa3x6la 709164 709163 2021-03-25T17:45:23Z en>Trappist the monk 0 Undid revision 1014187456 by [[Special:Contributions/Muboshgu|Muboshgu]] ([[User talk:Muboshgu|talk]]) the redirect is there specifically to keep these template out of 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709171 2019-08-28T16:11:11Z en>Genericusername57 0 + doc 709172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Catalog lookup link|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|{{{4|}}}|{{{5|}}}|{{{6|}}}|{{{7|}}}|{{{8|}}}|{{{9|}}}|article-link=Gale (publisher)|article-name=Gale|link-prefix=https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7C|list-leadout={{{leadout|}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> jkfqnorb11q0e6vkyg57mzxurivca1l 709173 709172 2020-04-20T23:06:52Z en>Matthiaspaul 0 deliberately routing through (identifier) redirect for consistency with CS1 citation templates and to improve reverse lookup functionality 709173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Catalog lookup link|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|{{{4|}}}|{{{5|}}}|{{{6|}}}|{{{7|}}}|{{{8|}}}|{{{9|}}}|article-link=Gale (identifier)|article-name=Gale|link-prefix=https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7C|list-leadout={{{leadout|}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> jfxz6zn7915dnuupxwoeirmvm44bjiw 709174 709173 2021-10-05T19:23:48Z en>MusikBot II 0 Protected "[[Template:Gale]]": [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High-risk template or module]]: 328 transclusions ([[User:MusikBot II/TemplateProtector|more info]]) ([Edit=Require autoconfirmed or confirmed access] (indefinite)) 709173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Catalog lookup link|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|{{{4|}}}|{{{5|}}}|{{{6|}}}|{{{7|}}}|{{{8|}}}|{{{9|}}}|article-link=Gale (identifier)|article-name=Gale|link-prefix=https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7C|list-leadout={{{leadout|}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> jfxz6zn7915dnuupxwoeirmvm44bjiw 709175 709174 2025-05-03T18:07:41Z en>CalCoWSpiBudSu 0 update link 709175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Catalog lookup link|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|{{{4|}}}|{{{5|}}}|{{{6|}}}|{{{7|}}}|{{{8|}}}|{{{9|}}}|article-link=Gale (publisher)|article-name=Gale|link-prefix=https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7C|list-leadout={{{leadout|}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> jkfqnorb11q0e6vkyg57mzxurivca1l 709176 709175 2026-09-06T01:05:47Z SafariScribe 18560 5 revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Gale]] 709175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Catalog lookup link|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|{{{4|}}}|{{{5|}}}|{{{6|}}}|{{{7|}}}|{{{8|}}}|{{{9|}}}|article-link=Gale (publisher)|article-name=Gale|link-prefix=https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7C|list-leadout={{{leadout|}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> jkfqnorb11q0e6vkyg57mzxurivca1l 0 79372 709179 2026-09-06T01:55:14Z SafariScribe 18560 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372580803|ISSN]]" 709179 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Faịlụ:Issn_barcode.png|thumb|ISSN maka Vers Domain, koodu na EAN-13 barcode na usoro dị iche iche 0 na nọmba mbipụta 05]] [[Faịlụ:Issn-barcode-explained.svg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke ISSN, 2049-3630, koodu na koodu bar EAN-13, na nkọwa]] [[Faịlụ:ISSN_with_addon_EAN13.svg|thumb|ISSN gbasaa site na usoro dị iche iche 0 ruo GTIN-13 ma tinye ya na koodu barcode EAN-13 na EAN-2 mgbakwunye na-egosi nọmba 13]] <nowiki>'''International Standard Serial Number'''</nowiki> ('''ISSN''') bụ ọnụọgụ asatọ eji amata oge mbiputa dị ka magazin.<ref name="Whatis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/what-is-an-issn|title=What is an ISSN?|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=13 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716113932/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/what-is-an-issn/}}</ref> ISSN na-enyere aka n'imata ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro ihe edere na otu magazin nwere otu aha. A na-eji ISSN eme nhazi, ndepụta, ngbazinye ego n'etiti ọba akwụkwọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ niile gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html|title=Collection Metadata Standards|publisher=British Library|accessdate=14 July 2014|archivedate=15 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715143822/http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html}}</ref> E bu ụzọ dee usoro ISSN dị ka ọkọlọtọ mba ụwa nke <nowiki>{{ill|International Organization for Standardization|en}}</nowiki> (ISO) n'afọ 1971 ma bipụta ya dị ka ISO 3297 n'afọ 1975. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/standardization|title=ISSN, a Standardised Code|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=13 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716124242/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/standardization/}}</ref> Ọ bu otu kọmitii ISO TC 46/SC 9 na-elekọta ọkọlọtọ ahụ. Mgbe ebipụtara otu ụdị ihe edere ede n'usoro nwere ihu dị iche iche, ana-enye ha ya bu ọnụọgụ iche iche. N'ọmụmaatụ, a na-ebipụta ọtụtụ usoro ma na mbipụta ma na mgbasa ozi elektroniki. Usoro ISSN aga enye ha bụ ISSN nke mbiputa ('''p-ISSN''') na '''ISSN nke eletrọniki''' ('''e-ISSN'''). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-for-electronic-media/?lang=en|title=The ISSN for electronic media|author=ISSN InterNational Centre|work=ISSN|accessdate=2020-04-03|archivedate=11 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031921/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-for-electronic-media/?lang=en}}</ref> N'ihi ya, dị ka akọwapụtara na ISO 3297:2007, ana-enyekwa ihe ederede dị n'usoro '''ISSN nke njikọ''' ('''ISSN-L'''), nke na-abụkarị otu ihe ahụ dị ka ISSN ekenyere ihe ederede dị n'usoro ahụ na usoro mbụ e bipụtara ya, nke na-ejikọta ISSN niile ekenyerela ya bu usoro ọ bụla. == Ụdị akara == ISSN bụ akara ọnụọgụ asatọ, nke ekewara site na "hyphen" n'ime ọnụọgụ abụọ nwere ọnụọgụ anọ.<ref name="Whatis" /> Mkpụrụ ọnụọgụ nke ikpeazụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ efu maọbu site na ya wee ruo itoolu maọbu X, bụ ọnụọgụgụ nyocha, yabụ ISSN na-anọchite anya ya site na ọnụọgụ asaa mbụ ya. N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, enwere ike ịkọwa ụdị ISSN (nke a na-akpọkwa "ISSN structure" ma ọ bụ "ISSN <nowiki>{{ill|syntax|en}}</nowiki>") dị ka ndị a:<templatestyles src="Block indent/styles.css" />  <templatestyles src="Block indent/styles.css" />N'omumatu, ISSN nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Hearing Resear<code>C</code>, bụ 0378-5955, ebe 5 ikpeazụ bụ nọmba nyocha, ya bụ C=5. Iji gbakọọ ọnụọgụ nyocha, enwere ike iji algọridim na-esonụ:<templatestyles src="Block indent/styles.css" />Iji kwado ọnụọgụ nyocha ahụ, gbakọọ ngụkọta nke ọnụọgụ asatọ niile nke ISSN mụbara site na ọnọdụ ha na ọnụọgụ ahụ, na-agụta site n'aka nri. (Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nyocha bụ X, tinye 10 na ngụkọta ahụ.) Ihe fọdụrụ na ngụgwọ modulo 11 ga-abụ 0. Enwere onye nyocha ISSN n'ịntanetị nke nwere ike ịkwado ISSN, dabere na algọridim dị n'elu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISSN Checker - Validate & Lookup Journal Information|url=https://journaltoolkit.com/tools/issn-checker|accessdate=2026-05-15|work=Journal Toolkit|language=en}}</ref> === N'ime EANs === [[ISBN]] nwere ike koodu na koodu bar EAN-13 na koodu mba 977 (jiri koodu mba " 978 tụnyere koodu mba ISSN), soro nọmba 7 nke ISSN (ọ bụghị nọmba nyocha ahụ), soro nọmba 2 akọwapụtara site na onye na-ebipụta, soro nọmba nyocha EAN (n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, nke a agaghị adaba na nọmba nyocha ISSN, ebe ọ bụ na a na-agbakọ nke ọ bụla n'ụzọ dị iche). <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/issn-uses/identification-with-the-ean-13-barcode/|title=Identification with the GTIN 13 barcode|publisher=ISSN International Centre}}</ref> == Ọrụ koodu, mmezi na nyocha == A na-enye koodu ISSN site na netwọk nke ISSN National Centres, nke na-adịkarị n'Ọ́bá akwụkwọ mba ma bụrụ nke ISSSN International Centre (CIEPS ) nke dị na Paris haziri. International Center bụ nzukọ gọọmentị etiti nke e guzobere na 1974 site na nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti UNESCO na gọọmentị France. === Njikọ ISSN === ''ISSN-L'' bụ ihe njirimara pụrụ iche maka nsụgharị niile nke usoro ahụ nwere otu ọdịnaya gafee mgbasa ozi dị iche iche. Dị ka ''ISO 3297:2007'' si kọwaa, "njikọ ISSN (ISSN-L) " na-enye usoro maka itinye aka ma ọ bụ ijikọ n'etiti ụdị mgbasa ozi dị iche iche nke otu ihe ahụ na-aga n'ihu. ''ISSN-L'' bụ otu n'ime ISSNs dị ugbu a, n'ihi ya, ọ naghị agbanwe ojiji ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke ISSNs " nkịtị"; <ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=Linking ISSN (ISSN-L)|url=http://www.nationallibrary.fi/publishers/issn/issnl.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926075657/http://www.nationallibrary.fi/publishers/issn/issnl.html|archivedate=26 September 2015|accessdate=23 December 2018|work=www.nationallibrary.fi}}</ref> ọ dabeere na ISSN nke mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara. Ọ bụrụ na a na-ebipụta mbipụta na ntanetị nke mbipụta ahụ n'otu oge ahụ, a na-ahọrọ ISSN nke mbipụta mbipụta ahụ dị ka ihe ndabere nke ''ISSN-L''. Site na ''ISSN-L'', ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkọwa otu ISSN maka ụdị mgbasa ozi niile nke aha ahụ. Ojiji nke ''ISSN-L'' na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ọchụchọ, ịchọta na nnyefe gafee nsụgharị mgbasa ozi niile maka ọrụ dịka OpenURL, katalọgụ ọbá akwụkwọ, engines ọchụnta ego ma ọ bụ Ihe ọmụma. === Ndebanye aha === International Center na-edebe nchekwa data nke ISSNs niile e kenyere n'ụwa niile, ISDS Register (International Serials Data System), nke a makwaara dị ka ISSN Register. Na ngwụcha afọ 2016, ISSN Register nwere ihe ndekọ maka ihe 1,943,572. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Total number of records in the ISSN Register|url=https://www.issn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Total-records-in-Register.pdf|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=23 February 2017|date=February 2017|archivedate=24 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224055145/http://www.issn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Total-records-in-Register.pdf}}</ref> The Register adịghị n'efu maka ajụjụ ọnụ na web, mana ọ dị site na ndenye aha. * Ụdị mbipụta nke usoro ga-agụnye koodu ISSN dị ka akụkụ nke ozi mbipụta. * Ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nwere ozi koodu ISSN. * Ndepụta nke mbipụta ga-enwekarị koodu ISSN; enwere ike ịchọta ndị a site na ọchụchọ n'ịntanetị na koodu ISsN n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ aha usoro. * WorldCat na-enye ohere ịchọ akwụkwọ ya site na ISSN, site na itinye "issn:" n'ihu koodu na mpaghara ajụjụ. Mmadụ nwekwara ike ịga kpọmkwem na ndekọ ISSN site na itinye ya na "<nowiki>https://www.worldcat.org/ISSN/</nowiki>", dịka n2:1021-9749 - Search Results. Nke a anaghị ajụ ISSN Register n'onwe ya, kama ọ na-egosi ma ọbá akwụkwọ WorldCat ọ bụla nwere ihe nwere ISSN enyere. == Ntụnyere na njirimara ndị ọzọ == ISSN na [[ISBN]] koodu yiri n'echiche, ebe a na-enye ISBNs na akwụkwọ ọ bụla. Enwere ike ịnye ISBN maka ụfọdụ mbipụta nke usoro, na mgbakwunye na koodu ISSN maka usoro ahụ n'ozuzu ya. ISSN, n'adịghị ka koodu ISBN, bụ njirimara a na-amaghị aha ya nke jikọtara ya na aha usoro, na-enweghị ozi gbasara onye na-ebipụta ya ma ọ bụ ebe ọ dị. N'ihi nke a, a na-enye ISSN ọhụrụ na usoro oge ọ bụla ọ na-enwe nnukwu mgbanwe aha. === Mgbasawanye === Ebe ọ bụ na ISSN na-emetụta usoro dum, e wuru njirimara ndị ọzọ n'elu ya iji nye ohere ntinye aka na mpịakọta ụfọdụ, isiokwu, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ a na-amata (dị ka tebụl nke ọdịnaya): Onye na-ebipụta ihe (PII) na Onye na-ahụ ihe na onyinye (SICI). === Mgbasa ozi na ọdịnaya === A chọrọ ISSNs dị iche iche maka usoro mgbasa ozi dị iche iche (ma e wezụga microforms nke ọmụmụ). Ya mere, mbipụta na mbipụta mgbasa ozi eletrọniki nke usoro chọrọ ISSNs dị iche iche, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html|title=ISSN for Electronic Serials|date=19 February 2010|publisher=U.S. ISSN Center, Library of Congress|accessdate=12 July 2014|archivedate=17 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217153904/http://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html}}</ref> na nsụgharị CD-ROM na nsụgharị webụ chọrọ ISSN dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, enwere ike iji otu ISSN mee ihe maka usoro faịlụ dị iche iche (dịka PDF na HTML) nke otu usoro ntanetị. "Nkọwa mgbasa ozi" a nke usoro ihe omume nwere ezi uche na 1970s. N'afọ ndị 1990 na-aga n'ihu, na kọmputa onwe onye, ihuenyo ka mma, na Weebụ, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya ịtụle naanị ''ọdịnaya'', na-enweghị mgbasa ozi. "Nkọwapụta nke ọdịnaya" nke usoro ihe omume bụ ihe a na-achọ n'ime afọ iri, mana ọ nweghị mmelite ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ISSN mere. Mgbatị sitere n'okike maka ISSN, njirimara pụrụ iche nke isiokwu ndị dị na usoro, bụ isi ihe achọrọ. Ihe nlereanya ọzọ nke ọdịnaya nke usoro ihe omume bịara na index Content Model na ngwa ya, [[Digital object identifier|njirimara ihe dijitalụ]] (DOI), atụmatụ ISSN-independent, gbakọrọ na afọ 2000. Naanị mgbe e mesịrị, na 2007, a kọwara ISSN-L na ọkọlọtọ ISSN ọhụrụ (ISO 3297:2007) dị ka "ISSN nke ISSN Network họpụtara iji mee ka mkparịtaụka maọbu nsụgharị nke ihe na-aga n'ihu na-ejikọta n'etiti mgbasa ozi dị iche iche".<ref name="issnL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/|title=The ISSN-L for publications on multiple media|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=12 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716124227/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/}}</ref> == Ojiji na URNs == Enwere ike ide ISSN dị ka aha otu (URN) site na iji "<nowiki>urn:ISSN</nowiki>: " .Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịchọta Rail "<nowiki>urn:ISSN:0953-4563</nowiki>". Ugboro aha URN na-emetụta ikpe, na aha aha ISSN niile bụ okpu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/architecturewiki/ResourceIdentifierGuidelines#head-a2100b457f3211cf98e960a3a481007893c4e68a|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513221344/http://dublincore.org/architecturewiki/ResourceIdentifierGuidelines|archivedate=13 May 2012|title=Guidelines for using resource identifiers in Dublin Core metadata §4.5&nbsp;ISSN|author=Powell|first=Andy|date=21 June 2006|work=Dublin Core Architecture Wiki}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ checksum bụ "X" mgbe ahụ, a na-ede ya mgbe niile na mkpụrụ edemede dị elu na URN. === Nsogbu === URNs na-elekwasị anya na ọdịnaya, mana ISSN na-elekọta mgbasa ozi: * '''ISSN abụghị ihe pụrụ iche''' mgbe echiche ahụ bụ "akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ usoro ọdịnaya, n'ozuzu ya ọdịnaya ikike nwebisiinka": otu akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (otu ọdịnaya na otu ikike nwebsite) nwere ike ịnwe koodu ISSN abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. URN kwesịrị ịkọwa "ihe pụrụ iche" ("akwụkwọ akụkọ pụrụ iche" dị ka "ihe dị n'ime"). : Ihe Nlereanya: Okike nwere ISSN maka ibipụta, 0028-0836, na nke ọzọ maka otu ọdịnaya ahụ na Weebụ, 1476-4687; ọ bụ naanị nke kacha ochie (0028-0836) ka a na-eji dị ka njirimara pụrụ iche. Dị ka ISSN abụghị ihe pụrụ iche, U.S. National Library of Medicine chọrọ ịmepụta, tupu 2007, NLM Unique ID (JID). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#jid|title=MEDLINE/PubMed Data Element (Field) Descriptions|date=7 May 2014|publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine|accessdate=19 July 2014|archivedate=27 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427130927/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#jid}}</ref> * '''ISSN''' anaghị enye usoro mkpebi dị ka [[Digital object identifier|njirimara ihe dijitalụ]] (DOI) ma ọ bụ URN, yabụ a na-eji DOI dị ka URN maka isiokwu, na (maka ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme) enweghị mkpa maka ịdị adị ISSN. : Ihe atụ: aha DOI "10.1038/nature13777" nwere ike ịnọchite anya dị ka eriri HTTP site na <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/naturation13777</nowiki>, ma na-eduga (edozi) na ibe isiokwu dị ugbu a; mana enweghị ọrụ ISSN n'ịntanetị, dị ka <code><nowiki>http://dx.issn.org/</nowiki></code>, iji dozie ISSN nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (na ihe atụ a 1476-4687). URN pụrụ iche maka usoro na-eme ka ọchụchọ, mgbake na nnyefe data maka ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere, ọkachasị, usoro ọchụnta ego na nchekwa data ihe ọmụma dị mfe.<ref name="issnL" /> E kere '''ISSN-L''' (lee Linking ISSN n'elu) iji mejupụta oghere a. == Akara mgbasa ozi == Ụdị mgbasa ozi abụọ kachasị dị na ya bụ mb''ipụta'' na ''eletrọniki''. Na ọnọdụ metadata (dịka, JATS), ndị a nwere ike ịnwe akara ọkọlọtọ. === Mbipụta ISSN === ''p-ISSN''<nowiki> bụ akara ọkọlọtọ maka "Print ISSN", ISSN maka mbipụta (akwụkwọ) {{nke usoro. Ọ na-abụkarị "usoro mgbasa ozi na-ezighị ezi" ya mere "ISSN na-ezughị ezi".</nowiki> === Electronic ISSN === ''e-ISSN'' (ma ọ bụ ''eISSN'') bụ akara ọkọlọtọ maka "Electronic ISSN", ISSN maka mgbasa ozi eletrọniki (n'ịntanetị) nke usoro.<ref>"La nueva Norma ISSN facilita la vida de la comunidad de las publicaciones en serie", A. Roucolle. {{Cite web|url=http://www.latindex.unam.mx/biblioteca/nunoiso.html|title=La nueva norma ISSN|accessdate=2014-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210063334/http://www.latindex.unam.mx/biblioteca/nunoiso.html|archivedate=10 December 2014}}</ref> == ROAD == * ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources [it] (est. 2013), nke [[ISSN International Centre|ISSN International Center]] na [[UNESCO]] mepụtara <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://road.issn.org/en|title=Road in a nutshell|work=Road.issn.org|accessdate=12 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905182813/http://road.issn.org/en|archivedate=5 September 2017}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}   == Link ndị no n'ezi ==   * [https://www.issn.org/ ISSN International Center] * [https://portal.issn.org/ Portal ISSN] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Alam-28/publication/331546716_List_of_Science_Citation_Index_SCI_journals/links/5c7f901b458515831f880a24/List-of-Science-Citation-Index-SCI-journals.pdf Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na p-ISSN ma ọ bụ e-ISSN ha] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 22r35wz24ivx3rimyt3qaqqxgw3ocxu 709180 709179 2026-09-06T01:59:01Z SafariScribe 18560 ce 709180 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Issn_barcode.png|thumb|ISSN maka Vers Domain, koodu na EAN-13 barcode na usoro dị iche iche 0 na nọmba mbipụta 05]] [[Faịlụ:Issn-barcode-explained.svg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke ISSN, 2049-3630, koodu na koodu bar EAN-13, na nkọwa]] [[Faịlụ:ISSN_with_addon_EAN13.svg|thumb|ISSN gbasaa site na usoro dị iche iche 0 ruo GTIN-13 ma tinye ya na koodu barcode EAN-13 na EAN-2 mgbakwunye na-egosi nọmba 13]] '''International Standard Serial Number''' ('''ISSN''') bụ ọnụọgụ asatọ eji amata oge mbiputa dị ka magazin.<ref name="Whatis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/what-is-an-issn|title=What is an ISSN?|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=13 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716113932/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/what-is-an-issn/}}</ref> ISSN na-enyere aka n'imata ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro ihe edere na otu magazin nwere otu aha. A na-eji ISSN eme nhazi, ndepụta, ngbazinye ego n'etiti ọba akwụkwọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ niile gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html|title=Collection Metadata Standards|publisher=British Library|accessdate=14 July 2014|archivedate=15 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715143822/http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html}}</ref> E bu ụzọ dee usoro ISSN dị ka ọkọlọtọ mba ụwa nke <nowiki>{{ill|International Organization for Standardization|en}}</nowiki> (ISO) n'afọ 1971 ma bipụta ya dị ka ISO 3297 n'afọ 1975. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/standardization|title=ISSN, a Standardised Code|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=13 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716124242/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/standardization/}}</ref> Ọ bu otu kọmitii ISO TC 46/SC 9 na-elekọta ọkọlọtọ ahụ. Mgbe ebipụtara otu ụdị ihe edere ede n'usoro nwere ihu dị iche iche, ana-enye ha ya bu ọnụọgụ iche iche. N'ọmụmaatụ, a na-ebipụta ọtụtụ usoro ma na mbipụta ma na mgbasa ozi elektroniki. Usoro ISSN aga enye ha bụ ISSN nke mbiputa ('''p-ISSN''') na '''ISSN nke eletrọniki''' ('''e-ISSN'''). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-for-electronic-media/?lang=en|title=The ISSN for electronic media|author=ISSN InterNational Centre|work=ISSN|accessdate=2020-04-03|archivedate=11 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031921/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-for-electronic-media/?lang=en}}</ref> N'ihi ya, dị ka akọwapụtara na ISO 3297:2007, ana-enyekwa ihe ederede dị n'usoro ISSN nke njikọ ('''ISSN-L'''), nke na-abụkarị otu ihe ahụ dị ka ISSN ekenyere ihe ederede dị n'usoro ahụ na usoro mbụ e bipụtara ya, nke na-ejikọta ISSN niile ekenyerela ya bu usoro kemgbe. == Ụdị akara == ISSN bụ akara ọnụọgụ asatọ, nke ekewara site na "hyphen" n'ime ọnụọgụ abụọ nwere ọnụọgụ anọ.<ref name="Whatis" /> Mkpụrụ ọnụọgụ nke ikpeazụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ efu maọbu site na ya wee ruo itoolu maọbu X, bụ ọnụọgụgụ nyocha, yabụ ISSN na-anọchite anya ya site na ọnụọgụ asaa mbụ ya. N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, enwere ike ịkọwa ụdị ISSN (nke a na-akpọkwa "ISSN structure" ma ọ bụ "ISSN <nowiki>{{ill|syntax|en}}</nowiki>") dị ka ndị a. N'omumatu, ISSN nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Hearing Resear<code>C</code>, bụ 0378-5955, ebe 5 ikpeazụ bụ nọmba nyocha, ya bụ C=5. Iji gbakọọ ọnụọgụ nyocha, enwere ike iji algọridim na-esonụ:<templatestyles src="Block indent/styles.css" />Iji kwado ọnụọgụ nyocha ahụ, gbakọọ ngụkọta nke ọnụọgụ asatọ niile nke ISSN mụbara site na ọnọdụ ha na ọnụọgụ ahụ, na-agụta site n'aka nri. (Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nyocha bụ X, tinye 10 na ngụkọta ahụ.) Ihe fọdụrụ na ngụgwọ modulo 11 ga-abụ 0. Enwere onye nyocha ISSN n'ịntanetị nke nwere ike ịkwado ISSN, dabere na algọridim dị n'elu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISSN Checker - Validate & Lookup Journal Information|url=https://journaltoolkit.com/tools/issn-checker|accessdate=2026-05-15|work=Journal Toolkit|language=en}}</ref> === N'ime EANs === [[ISBN]] nwere ike koodu na koodu bar EAN-13 na koodu mba 977 (jiri koodu mba " 978 tụnyere koodu mba ISSN), soro nọmba 7 nke ISSN (ọ bụghị nọmba nyocha ahụ), soro nọmba 2 akọwapụtara site na onye na-ebipụta, soro nọmba nyocha EAN (n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, nke a agaghị adaba na nọmba nyocha ISSN, ebe ọ bụ na a na-agbakọ nke ọ bụla n'ụzọ dị iche). <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/issn-uses/identification-with-the-ean-13-barcode/|title=Identification with the GTIN 13 barcode|publisher=ISSN International Centre}}</ref> == Ọrụ koodu, mmezi na nyocha == A na-enye koodu ISSN site na netwọk nke ISSN National Centres, nke na-adịkarị n'Ọ́bá akwụkwọ mba ma bụrụ nke ISSSN International Centre (CIEPS ) nke dị na Paris haziri. International Center bụ nzukọ gọọmentị etiti nke e guzobere na 1974 site na nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti UNESCO na gọọmentị France. === Njikọ ISSN === ''ISSN-L'' bụ ihe njirimara pụrụ iche maka nsụgharị niile nke usoro ahụ nwere otu ọdịnaya gafee mgbasa ozi dị iche iche. Dị ka ''ISO 3297:2007'' si kọwaa, "njikọ ISSN (ISSN-L) " na-enye usoro maka itinye aka ma ọ bụ ijikọ n'etiti ụdị mgbasa ozi dị iche iche nke otu ihe ahụ na-aga n'ihu. ''ISSN-L'' bụ otu n'ime ISSNs dị ugbu a, n'ihi ya, ọ naghị agbanwe ojiji ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke ISSNs " nkịtị"; <ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=Linking ISSN (ISSN-L)|url=http://www.nationallibrary.fi/publishers/issn/issnl.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926075657/http://www.nationallibrary.fi/publishers/issn/issnl.html|archivedate=26 September 2015|accessdate=23 December 2018|work=www.nationallibrary.fi}}</ref> ọ dabeere na ISSN nke mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara. Ọ bụrụ na a na-ebipụta mbipụta na ntanetị nke mbipụta ahụ n'otu oge ahụ, a na-ahọrọ ISSN nke mbipụta mbipụta ahụ dị ka ihe ndabere nke ''ISSN-L''. Site na ''ISSN-L'', ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkọwa otu ISSN maka ụdị mgbasa ozi niile nke aha ahụ. Ojiji nke ''ISSN-L'' na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ọchụchọ, ịchọta na nnyefe gafee nsụgharị mgbasa ozi niile maka ọrụ dịka OpenURL, katalọgụ ọbá akwụkwọ, engines ọchụnta ego ma ọ bụ Ihe ọmụma. === Ndebanye aha === International Center na-edebe nchekwa data nke ISSNs niile e kenyere n'ụwa niile, ISDS Register (International Serials Data System), nke a makwaara dị ka ISSN Register. Na ngwụcha afọ 2016, ISSN Register nwere ihe ndekọ maka ihe 1,943,572. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Total number of records in the ISSN Register|url=https://www.issn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Total-records-in-Register.pdf|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=23 February 2017|date=February 2017|archivedate=24 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224055145/http://www.issn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Total-records-in-Register.pdf}}</ref> The Register adịghị n'efu maka ajụjụ ọnụ na web, mana ọ dị site na ndenye aha. * Ụdị mbipụta nke usoro ga-agụnye koodu ISSN dị ka akụkụ nke ozi mbipụta. * Ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nwere ozi koodu ISSN. * Ndepụta nke mbipụta ga-enwekarị koodu ISSN; enwere ike ịchọta ndị a site na ọchụchọ n'ịntanetị na koodu ISsN n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ aha usoro. * WorldCat na-enye ohere ịchọ akwụkwọ ya site na ISSN, site na itinye "issn:" n'ihu koodu na mpaghara ajụjụ. Mmadụ nwekwara ike ịga kpọmkwem na ndekọ ISSN site na itinye ya na "<nowiki>https://www.worldcat.org/ISSN/</nowiki>", dịka n2:1021-9749 - Search Results. Nke a anaghị ajụ ISSN Register n'onwe ya, kama ọ na-egosi ma ọbá akwụkwọ WorldCat ọ bụla nwere ihe nwere ISSN enyere. == Ntụnyere na njirimara ndị ọzọ == ISSN na [[ISBN]] koodu yiri n'echiche, ebe a na-enye ISBNs na akwụkwọ ọ bụla. Enwere ike ịnye ISBN maka ụfọdụ mbipụta nke usoro, na mgbakwunye na koodu ISSN maka usoro ahụ n'ozuzu ya. ISSN, n'adịghị ka koodu ISBN, bụ njirimara a na-amaghị aha ya nke jikọtara ya na aha usoro, na-enweghị ozi gbasara onye na-ebipụta ya ma ọ bụ ebe ọ dị. N'ihi nke a, a na-enye ISSN ọhụrụ na usoro oge ọ bụla ọ na-enwe nnukwu mgbanwe aha. === Mgbasawanye === Ebe ọ bụ na ISSN na-emetụta usoro dum, e wuru njirimara ndị ọzọ n'elu ya iji nye ohere ntinye aka na mpịakọta ụfọdụ, isiokwu, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ a na-amata (dị ka tebụl nke ọdịnaya): Onye na-ebipụta ihe (PII) na Onye na-ahụ ihe na onyinye (SICI). === Mgbasa ozi na ọdịnaya === A chọrọ ISSNs dị iche iche maka usoro mgbasa ozi dị iche iche (ma e wezụga microforms nke ọmụmụ). Ya mere, mbipụta na mbipụta mgbasa ozi eletrọniki nke usoro chọrọ ISSNs dị iche iche, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html|title=ISSN for Electronic Serials|date=19 February 2010|publisher=U.S. ISSN Center, Library of Congress|accessdate=12 July 2014|archivedate=17 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217153904/http://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html}}</ref> na nsụgharị CD-ROM na nsụgharị webụ chọrọ ISSN dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, enwere ike iji otu ISSN mee ihe maka usoro faịlụ dị iche iche (dịka PDF na HTML) nke otu usoro ntanetị. "Nkọwa mgbasa ozi" a nke usoro ihe omume nwere ezi uche na 1970s. N'afọ ndị 1990 na-aga n'ihu, na kọmputa onwe onye, ihuenyo ka mma, na Weebụ, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya ịtụle naanị ''ọdịnaya'', na-enweghị mgbasa ozi. "Nkọwapụta nke ọdịnaya" nke usoro ihe omume bụ ihe a na-achọ n'ime afọ iri, mana ọ nweghị mmelite ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ISSN mere. Mgbatị sitere n'okike maka ISSN, njirimara pụrụ iche nke isiokwu ndị dị na usoro, bụ isi ihe achọrọ. Ihe nlereanya ọzọ nke ọdịnaya nke usoro ihe omume bịara na index Content Model na ngwa ya, [[Digital object identifier|njirimara ihe dijitalụ]] (DOI), atụmatụ ISSN-independent, gbakọrọ na afọ 2000. Naanị mgbe e mesịrị, na 2007, a kọwara ISSN-L na ọkọlọtọ ISSN ọhụrụ (ISO 3297:2007) dị ka "ISSN nke ISSN Network họpụtara iji mee ka mkparịtaụka maọbu nsụgharị nke ihe na-aga n'ihu na-ejikọta n'etiti mgbasa ozi dị iche iche".<ref name="issnL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/|title=The ISSN-L for publications on multiple media|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=12 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716124227/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/}}</ref> == Ojiji na URNs == Enwere ike ide ISSN dị ka aha otu (URN) site na iji "<nowiki>urn:ISSN</nowiki>: " .Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịchọta Rail "<nowiki>urn:ISSN:0953-4563</nowiki>". Ugboro aha URN na-emetụta ikpe, na aha aha ISSN niile bụ okpu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/architecturewiki/ResourceIdentifierGuidelines#head-a2100b457f3211cf98e960a3a481007893c4e68a|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513221344/http://dublincore.org/architecturewiki/ResourceIdentifierGuidelines|archivedate=13 May 2012|title=Guidelines for using resource identifiers in Dublin Core metadata §4.5&nbsp;ISSN|author=Powell|first=Andy|date=21 June 2006|work=Dublin Core Architecture Wiki}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ checksum bụ "X" mgbe ahụ, a na-ede ya mgbe niile na mkpụrụ edemede dị elu na URN. === Nsogbu === URNs na-elekwasị anya na ọdịnaya, mana ISSN na-elekọta mgbasa ozi: * '''ISSN abụghị ihe pụrụ iche''' mgbe echiche ahụ bụ "akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ usoro ọdịnaya, n'ozuzu ya ọdịnaya ikike nwebisiinka": otu akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (otu ọdịnaya na otu ikike nwebsite) nwere ike ịnwe koodu ISSN abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. URN kwesịrị ịkọwa "ihe pụrụ iche" ("akwụkwọ akụkọ pụrụ iche" dị ka "ihe dị n'ime"). : Ihe Nlereanya: Okike nwere ISSN maka ibipụta, 0028-0836, na nke ọzọ maka otu ọdịnaya ahụ na Weebụ, 1476-4687; ọ bụ naanị nke kacha ochie (0028-0836) ka a na-eji dị ka njirimara pụrụ iche. Dị ka ISSN abụghị ihe pụrụ iche, U.S. National Library of Medicine chọrọ ịmepụta, tupu 2007, NLM Unique ID (JID). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#jid|title=MEDLINE/PubMed Data Element (Field) Descriptions|date=7 May 2014|publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine|accessdate=19 July 2014|archivedate=27 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427130927/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#jid}}</ref> * '''ISSN''' anaghị enye usoro mkpebi dị ka [[Digital object identifier|njirimara ihe dijitalụ]] (DOI) ma ọ bụ URN, yabụ a na-eji DOI dị ka URN maka isiokwu, na (maka ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme) enweghị mkpa maka ịdị adị ISSN. : Ihe atụ: aha DOI "10.1038/nature13777" nwere ike ịnọchite anya dị ka eriri HTTP site na <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/naturation13777</nowiki>, ma na-eduga (edozi) na ibe isiokwu dị ugbu a; mana enweghị ọrụ ISSN n'ịntanetị, dị ka <code><nowiki>http://dx.issn.org/</nowiki></code>, iji dozie ISSN nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (na ihe atụ a 1476-4687). URN pụrụ iche maka usoro na-eme ka ọchụchọ, mgbake na nnyefe data maka ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere, ọkachasị, usoro ọchụnta ego na nchekwa data ihe ọmụma dị mfe.<ref name="issnL" /> E kere '''ISSN-L''' (lee Linking ISSN n'elu) iji mejupụta oghere a. == Akara mgbasa ozi == Ụdị mgbasa ozi abụọ kachasị dị na ya bụ mb''ipụta'' na ''eletrọniki''. Na ọnọdụ metadata (dịka, JATS), ndị a nwere ike ịnwe akara ọkọlọtọ. === Mbipụta ISSN === ''p-ISSN''<nowiki> bụ akara ọkọlọtọ maka "Print ISSN", ISSN maka mbipụta (akwụkwọ) {{nke usoro. Ọ na-abụkarị "usoro mgbasa ozi na-ezighị ezi" ya mere "ISSN na-ezughị ezi".</nowiki> === Electronic ISSN === ''e-ISSN'' (ma ọ bụ ''eISSN'') bụ akara ọkọlọtọ maka "Electronic ISSN", ISSN maka mgbasa ozi eletrọniki (n'ịntanetị) nke usoro.<ref>"La nueva Norma ISSN facilita la vida de la comunidad de las publicaciones en serie", A. Roucolle. {{Cite web|url=http://www.latindex.unam.mx/biblioteca/nunoiso.html|title=La nueva norma ISSN|accessdate=2014-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210063334/http://www.latindex.unam.mx/biblioteca/nunoiso.html|archivedate=10 December 2014}}</ref> == ROAD == * ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources [it] (est. 2013), nke [[ISSN International Centre|ISSN International Center]] na [[UNESCO]] mepụtara <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://road.issn.org/en|title=Road in a nutshell|work=Road.issn.org|accessdate=12 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905182813/http://road.issn.org/en|archivedate=5 September 2017}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Link ndị no n'ezi == * [https://www.issn.org/ ISSN International Center] * [https://portal.issn.org/ Portal ISSN] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Alam-28/publication/331546716_List_of_Science_Citation_Index_SCI_journals/links/5c7f901b458515831f880a24/List-of-Science-Citation-Index-SCI-journals.pdf Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na p-ISSN ma ọ bụ e-ISSN ha] tmra7vgle33d5p27c2jo3djcnm1ss30 709181 709180 2026-09-06T02:00:57Z SafariScribe 18560 /* Ụdị akara */ ce 709181 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Issn_barcode.png|thumb|ISSN maka Vers Domain, koodu na EAN-13 barcode na usoro dị iche iche 0 na nọmba mbipụta 05]] [[Faịlụ:Issn-barcode-explained.svg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke ISSN, 2049-3630, koodu na koodu bar EAN-13, na nkọwa]] [[Faịlụ:ISSN_with_addon_EAN13.svg|thumb|ISSN gbasaa site na usoro dị iche iche 0 ruo GTIN-13 ma tinye ya na koodu barcode EAN-13 na EAN-2 mgbakwunye na-egosi nọmba 13]] '''International Standard Serial Number''' ('''ISSN''') bụ ọnụọgụ asatọ eji amata oge mbiputa dị ka magazin.<ref name="Whatis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/what-is-an-issn|title=What is an ISSN?|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=13 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716113932/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/what-is-an-issn/}}</ref> ISSN na-enyere aka n'imata ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro ihe edere na otu magazin nwere otu aha. A na-eji ISSN eme nhazi, ndepụta, ngbazinye ego n'etiti ọba akwụkwọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ niile gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html|title=Collection Metadata Standards|publisher=British Library|accessdate=14 July 2014|archivedate=15 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715143822/http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html}}</ref> E bu ụzọ dee usoro ISSN dị ka ọkọlọtọ mba ụwa nke <nowiki>{{ill|International Organization for Standardization|en}}</nowiki> (ISO) n'afọ 1971 ma bipụta ya dị ka ISO 3297 n'afọ 1975. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/standardization|title=ISSN, a Standardised Code|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=13 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716124242/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/standardization/}}</ref> Ọ bu otu kọmitii ISO TC 46/SC 9 na-elekọta ọkọlọtọ ahụ. Mgbe ebipụtara otu ụdị ihe edere ede n'usoro nwere ihu dị iche iche, ana-enye ha ya bu ọnụọgụ iche iche. N'ọmụmaatụ, a na-ebipụta ọtụtụ usoro ma na mbipụta ma na mgbasa ozi elektroniki. Usoro ISSN aga enye ha bụ ISSN nke mbiputa ('''p-ISSN''') na '''ISSN nke eletrọniki''' ('''e-ISSN'''). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-for-electronic-media/?lang=en|title=The ISSN for electronic media|author=ISSN InterNational Centre|work=ISSN|accessdate=2020-04-03|archivedate=11 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031921/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-for-electronic-media/?lang=en}}</ref> N'ihi ya, dị ka akọwapụtara na ISO 3297:2007, ana-enyekwa ihe ederede dị n'usoro ISSN nke njikọ ('''ISSN-L'''), nke na-abụkarị otu ihe ahụ dị ka ISSN ekenyere ihe ederede dị n'usoro ahụ na usoro mbụ e bipụtara ya, nke na-ejikọta ISSN niile ekenyerela ya bu usoro kemgbe. == Ụdị akara == ISSN bụ akara ọnụọgụ asatọ, nke ekewara site na "hyphen" n'ime ọnụọgụ abụọ nwere ọnụọgụ anọ.<ref name="Whatis" /> Mkpụrụ ọnụọgụ nke ikpeazụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ efu maọbu site na ya wee ruo itoolu maọbu X, bụ ọnụọgụgụ nyocha, yabụ ISSN na-anọchite anya ya site na ọnụọgụ asaa mbụ ya. N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, enwere ike ịkọwa ụdị ISSN (nke a na-akpọkwa "ISSN structure" ma ọ bụ "ISSN syntax"). N'omumatu, ISSN nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Hearing Resear<code>C</code>, bụ 0378-5955, ebe 5 ikpeazụ bụ nọmba nyocha, ya bụ C=5. Iji gbakọọ ọnụọgụ nyocha, enwere ike iji algọridim na-esonụ. Iji kwado ọnụọgụ nyocha ahụ, gbakọọ ngụkọta nke ọnụọgụ asatọ niile nke ISSN mụbara site na ọnọdụ ha na ọnụọgụ ahụ, na-agụta site n'aka nri. (Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nyocha bụ X, tinye 10 na ngụkọta ahụ.) Ihe fọdụrụ na ngụgwọ modulo 11 ga-abụ 0. Enwere onye nyocha ISSN n'ịntanetị nke nwere ike ịkwado ISSN, dabere na algọridim dị n'elu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISSN Checker - Validate & Lookup Journal Information|url=https://journaltoolkit.com/tools/issn-checker|accessdate=2026-05-15|work=Journal Toolkit|language=en}}</ref> === N'ime EANs === [[ISBN]] nwere ike koodu na koodu bar EAN-13 na koodu mba 977 (jiri koodu mba " 978 tụnyere koodu mba ISSN), soro nọmba 7 nke ISSN (ọ bụghị nọmba nyocha ahụ), soro nọmba 2 akọwapụtara site na onye na-ebipụta, soro nọmba nyocha EAN (n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, nke a agaghị adaba na nọmba nyocha ISSN, ebe ọ bụ na a na-agbakọ nke ọ bụla n'ụzọ dị iche). <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/issn-uses/identification-with-the-ean-13-barcode/|title=Identification with the GTIN 13 barcode|publisher=ISSN International Centre}}</ref> == Ọrụ koodu, mmezi na nyocha == A na-enye koodu ISSN site na netwọk nke ISSN National Centres, nke na-adịkarị n'Ọ́bá akwụkwọ mba ma bụrụ nke ISSSN International Centre (CIEPS ) nke dị na Paris haziri. International Center bụ nzukọ gọọmentị etiti nke e guzobere na 1974 site na nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti UNESCO na gọọmentị France. === Njikọ ISSN === ''ISSN-L'' bụ ihe njirimara pụrụ iche maka nsụgharị niile nke usoro ahụ nwere otu ọdịnaya gafee mgbasa ozi dị iche iche. Dị ka ''ISO 3297:2007'' si kọwaa, "njikọ ISSN (ISSN-L) " na-enye usoro maka itinye aka ma ọ bụ ijikọ n'etiti ụdị mgbasa ozi dị iche iche nke otu ihe ahụ na-aga n'ihu. ''ISSN-L'' bụ otu n'ime ISSNs dị ugbu a, n'ihi ya, ọ naghị agbanwe ojiji ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke ISSNs " nkịtị"; <ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=Linking ISSN (ISSN-L)|url=http://www.nationallibrary.fi/publishers/issn/issnl.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926075657/http://www.nationallibrary.fi/publishers/issn/issnl.html|archivedate=26 September 2015|accessdate=23 December 2018|work=www.nationallibrary.fi}}</ref> ọ dabeere na ISSN nke mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara. Ọ bụrụ na a na-ebipụta mbipụta na ntanetị nke mbipụta ahụ n'otu oge ahụ, a na-ahọrọ ISSN nke mbipụta mbipụta ahụ dị ka ihe ndabere nke ''ISSN-L''. Site na ''ISSN-L'', ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkọwa otu ISSN maka ụdị mgbasa ozi niile nke aha ahụ. Ojiji nke ''ISSN-L'' na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ọchụchọ, ịchọta na nnyefe gafee nsụgharị mgbasa ozi niile maka ọrụ dịka OpenURL, katalọgụ ọbá akwụkwọ, engines ọchụnta ego ma ọ bụ Ihe ọmụma. === Ndebanye aha === International Center na-edebe nchekwa data nke ISSNs niile e kenyere n'ụwa niile, ISDS Register (International Serials Data System), nke a makwaara dị ka ISSN Register. Na ngwụcha afọ 2016, ISSN Register nwere ihe ndekọ maka ihe 1,943,572. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Total number of records in the ISSN Register|url=https://www.issn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Total-records-in-Register.pdf|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=23 February 2017|date=February 2017|archivedate=24 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224055145/http://www.issn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Total-records-in-Register.pdf}}</ref> The Register adịghị n'efu maka ajụjụ ọnụ na web, mana ọ dị site na ndenye aha. * Ụdị mbipụta nke usoro ga-agụnye koodu ISSN dị ka akụkụ nke ozi mbipụta. * Ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nwere ozi koodu ISSN. * Ndepụta nke mbipụta ga-enwekarị koodu ISSN; enwere ike ịchọta ndị a site na ọchụchọ n'ịntanetị na koodu ISsN n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ aha usoro. * WorldCat na-enye ohere ịchọ akwụkwọ ya site na ISSN, site na itinye "issn:" n'ihu koodu na mpaghara ajụjụ. Mmadụ nwekwara ike ịga kpọmkwem na ndekọ ISSN site na itinye ya na "<nowiki>https://www.worldcat.org/ISSN/</nowiki>", dịka n2:1021-9749 - Search Results. Nke a anaghị ajụ ISSN Register n'onwe ya, kama ọ na-egosi ma ọbá akwụkwọ WorldCat ọ bụla nwere ihe nwere ISSN enyere. == Ntụnyere na njirimara ndị ọzọ == ISSN na [[ISBN]] koodu yiri n'echiche, ebe a na-enye ISBNs na akwụkwọ ọ bụla. Enwere ike ịnye ISBN maka ụfọdụ mbipụta nke usoro, na mgbakwunye na koodu ISSN maka usoro ahụ n'ozuzu ya. ISSN, n'adịghị ka koodu ISBN, bụ njirimara a na-amaghị aha ya nke jikọtara ya na aha usoro, na-enweghị ozi gbasara onye na-ebipụta ya ma ọ bụ ebe ọ dị. N'ihi nke a, a na-enye ISSN ọhụrụ na usoro oge ọ bụla ọ na-enwe nnukwu mgbanwe aha. === Mgbasawanye === Ebe ọ bụ na ISSN na-emetụta usoro dum, e wuru njirimara ndị ọzọ n'elu ya iji nye ohere ntinye aka na mpịakọta ụfọdụ, isiokwu, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ a na-amata (dị ka tebụl nke ọdịnaya): Onye na-ebipụta ihe (PII) na Onye na-ahụ ihe na onyinye (SICI). === Mgbasa ozi na ọdịnaya === A chọrọ ISSNs dị iche iche maka usoro mgbasa ozi dị iche iche (ma e wezụga microforms nke ọmụmụ). Ya mere, mbipụta na mbipụta mgbasa ozi eletrọniki nke usoro chọrọ ISSNs dị iche iche, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html|title=ISSN for Electronic Serials|date=19 February 2010|publisher=U.S. ISSN Center, Library of Congress|accessdate=12 July 2014|archivedate=17 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217153904/http://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html}}</ref> na nsụgharị CD-ROM na nsụgharị webụ chọrọ ISSN dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, enwere ike iji otu ISSN mee ihe maka usoro faịlụ dị iche iche (dịka PDF na HTML) nke otu usoro ntanetị. "Nkọwa mgbasa ozi" a nke usoro ihe omume nwere ezi uche na 1970s. N'afọ ndị 1990 na-aga n'ihu, na kọmputa onwe onye, ihuenyo ka mma, na Weebụ, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya ịtụle naanị ''ọdịnaya'', na-enweghị mgbasa ozi. "Nkọwapụta nke ọdịnaya" nke usoro ihe omume bụ ihe a na-achọ n'ime afọ iri, mana ọ nweghị mmelite ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ISSN mere. Mgbatị sitere n'okike maka ISSN, njirimara pụrụ iche nke isiokwu ndị dị na usoro, bụ isi ihe achọrọ. Ihe nlereanya ọzọ nke ọdịnaya nke usoro ihe omume bịara na index Content Model na ngwa ya, [[Digital object identifier|njirimara ihe dijitalụ]] (DOI), atụmatụ ISSN-independent, gbakọrọ na afọ 2000. Naanị mgbe e mesịrị, na 2007, a kọwara ISSN-L na ọkọlọtọ ISSN ọhụrụ (ISO 3297:2007) dị ka "ISSN nke ISSN Network họpụtara iji mee ka mkparịtaụka maọbu nsụgharị nke ihe na-aga n'ihu na-ejikọta n'etiti mgbasa ozi dị iche iche".<ref name="issnL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/|title=The ISSN-L for publications on multiple media|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=12 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716124227/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/}}</ref> == Ojiji na URNs == Enwere ike ide ISSN dị ka aha otu (URN) site na iji "<nowiki>urn:ISSN</nowiki>: " .Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịchọta Rail "<nowiki>urn:ISSN:0953-4563</nowiki>". Ugboro aha URN na-emetụta ikpe, na aha aha ISSN niile bụ okpu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/architecturewiki/ResourceIdentifierGuidelines#head-a2100b457f3211cf98e960a3a481007893c4e68a|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513221344/http://dublincore.org/architecturewiki/ResourceIdentifierGuidelines|archivedate=13 May 2012|title=Guidelines for using resource identifiers in Dublin Core metadata §4.5&nbsp;ISSN|author=Powell|first=Andy|date=21 June 2006|work=Dublin Core Architecture Wiki}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ checksum bụ "X" mgbe ahụ, a na-ede ya mgbe niile na mkpụrụ edemede dị elu na URN. === Nsogbu === URNs na-elekwasị anya na ọdịnaya, mana ISSN na-elekọta mgbasa ozi: * '''ISSN abụghị ihe pụrụ iche''' mgbe echiche ahụ bụ "akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ usoro ọdịnaya, n'ozuzu ya ọdịnaya ikike nwebisiinka": otu akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (otu ọdịnaya na otu ikike nwebsite) nwere ike ịnwe koodu ISSN abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. URN kwesịrị ịkọwa "ihe pụrụ iche" ("akwụkwọ akụkọ pụrụ iche" dị ka "ihe dị n'ime"). : Ihe Nlereanya: Okike nwere ISSN maka ibipụta, 0028-0836, na nke ọzọ maka otu ọdịnaya ahụ na Weebụ, 1476-4687; ọ bụ naanị nke kacha ochie (0028-0836) ka a na-eji dị ka njirimara pụrụ iche. Dị ka ISSN abụghị ihe pụrụ iche, U.S. National Library of Medicine chọrọ ịmepụta, tupu 2007, NLM Unique ID (JID). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#jid|title=MEDLINE/PubMed Data Element (Field) Descriptions|date=7 May 2014|publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine|accessdate=19 July 2014|archivedate=27 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427130927/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#jid}}</ref> * '''ISSN''' anaghị enye usoro mkpebi dị ka [[Digital object identifier|njirimara ihe dijitalụ]] (DOI) ma ọ bụ URN, yabụ a na-eji DOI dị ka URN maka isiokwu, na (maka ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme) enweghị mkpa maka ịdị adị ISSN. : Ihe atụ: aha DOI "10.1038/nature13777" nwere ike ịnọchite anya dị ka eriri HTTP site na <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/naturation13777</nowiki>, ma na-eduga (edozi) na ibe isiokwu dị ugbu a; mana enweghị ọrụ ISSN n'ịntanetị, dị ka <code><nowiki>http://dx.issn.org/</nowiki></code>, iji dozie ISSN nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (na ihe atụ a 1476-4687). URN pụrụ iche maka usoro na-eme ka ọchụchọ, mgbake na nnyefe data maka ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere, ọkachasị, usoro ọchụnta ego na nchekwa data ihe ọmụma dị mfe.<ref name="issnL" /> E kere '''ISSN-L''' (lee Linking ISSN n'elu) iji mejupụta oghere a. == Akara mgbasa ozi == Ụdị mgbasa ozi abụọ kachasị dị na ya bụ mb''ipụta'' na ''eletrọniki''. Na ọnọdụ metadata (dịka, JATS), ndị a nwere ike ịnwe akara ọkọlọtọ. === Mbipụta ISSN === ''p-ISSN''<nowiki> bụ akara ọkọlọtọ maka "Print ISSN", ISSN maka mbipụta (akwụkwọ) {{nke usoro. Ọ na-abụkarị "usoro mgbasa ozi na-ezighị ezi" ya mere "ISSN na-ezughị ezi".</nowiki> === Electronic ISSN === ''e-ISSN'' (ma ọ bụ ''eISSN'') bụ akara ọkọlọtọ maka "Electronic ISSN", ISSN maka mgbasa ozi eletrọniki (n'ịntanetị) nke usoro.<ref>"La nueva Norma ISSN facilita la vida de la comunidad de las publicaciones en serie", A. Roucolle. {{Cite web|url=http://www.latindex.unam.mx/biblioteca/nunoiso.html|title=La nueva norma ISSN|accessdate=2014-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210063334/http://www.latindex.unam.mx/biblioteca/nunoiso.html|archivedate=10 December 2014}}</ref> == ROAD == * ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources [it] (est. 2013), nke [[ISSN International Centre|ISSN International Center]] na [[UNESCO]] mepụtara <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://road.issn.org/en|title=Road in a nutshell|work=Road.issn.org|accessdate=12 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905182813/http://road.issn.org/en|archivedate=5 September 2017}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Link ndị no n'ezi == * [https://www.issn.org/ ISSN International Center] * [https://portal.issn.org/ Portal ISSN] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Alam-28/publication/331546716_List_of_Science_Citation_Index_SCI_journals/links/5c7f901b458515831f880a24/List-of-Science-Citation-Index-SCI-journals.pdf Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na p-ISSN ma ọ bụ e-ISSN ha] k2mnpds5cppxud30d8b2f4hxvwre1m1 709182 709181 2026-09-06T02:01:51Z SafariScribe 18560 ce 709182 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Issn_barcode.png|thumb|ISSN maka Vers Domain, koodu na EAN-13 barcode na usoro dị iche iche 0 na nọmba mbipụta 05]] [[Faịlụ:Issn-barcode-explained.svg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke ISSN, 2049-3630, koodu na koodu bar EAN-13, na nkọwa]] [[Faịlụ:ISSN_with_addon_EAN13.svg|thumb|ISSN gbasaa site na usoro dị iche iche 0 ruo GTIN-13 ma tinye ya na koodu barcode EAN-13 na EAN-2 mgbakwunye na-egosi nọmba 13]] '''International Standard Serial Number''' ('''ISSN''') bụ ọnụọgụ asatọ eji amata oge mbiputa dị ka magazin.<ref name="Whatis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/what-is-an-issn|title=What is an ISSN?|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=13 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716113932/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/what-is-an-issn/}}</ref> ISSN na-enyere aka n'imata ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro ihe edere na otu magazin nwere otu aha. A na-eji ISSN eme nhazi, ndepụta, ngbazinye ego n'etiti ọba akwụkwọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ niile gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html|title=Collection Metadata Standards|publisher=British Library|accessdate=14 July 2014|archivedate=15 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715143822/http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html}}</ref> E bu ụzọ dee usoro ISSN dị ka ọkọlọtọ mba ụwa nke <nowiki>{{ill|International Organization for Standardization|en}}</nowiki> (ISO) n'afọ 1971 ma bipụta ya dị ka ISO 3297 n'afọ 1975. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/standardization|title=ISSN, a Standardised Code|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=13 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716124242/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/standardization/}}</ref> Ọ bu otu kọmitii ISO TC 46/SC 9 na-elekọta ọkọlọtọ ahụ. Mgbe ebipụtara otu ụdị ihe edereede n'usoro nwere ihu dị iche iche, ana-enye ha ya bu ọnụọgụ iche iche. N'ọmụmaatụ, a na-ebipụta ọtụtụ usoro ma na mbipụta ma na mgbasa ozi elektroniki. Usoro ISSN aga enye ha bụ ISSN nke mbiputa ('''p-ISSN''') na '''ISSN nke eletrọniki''' ('''e-ISSN'''). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-for-electronic-media/?lang=en|title=The ISSN for electronic media|author=ISSN InterNational Centre|work=ISSN|accessdate=2020-04-03|archivedate=11 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031921/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-for-electronic-media/?lang=en}}</ref> N'ihi ya, dị ka akọwapụtara na ISO 3297:2007, ana-enyekwa ihe ederede dị n'usoro ISSN nke njikọ ('''ISSN-L'''), nke na-abụkarị otu ihe ahụ dị ka ISSN ekenyere ihe ederede dị n'usoro ahụ na usoro mbụ e bipụtara ya, nke na-ejikọta ISSN niile ekenyerela ya bu usoro kemgbe. == Ụdị akara == ISSN bụ akara ọnụọgụ asatọ, nke ekewara site na "hyphen" n'ime ọnụọgụ abụọ nwere ọnụọgụ anọ.<ref name="Whatis" /> Mkpụrụ ọnụọgụ nke ikpeazụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ efu maọbu site na ya wee ruo itoolu maọbu X, bụ ọnụọgụgụ nyocha, yabụ ISSN na-anọchite anya ya site na ọnụọgụ asaa mbụ ya. N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, enwere ike ịkọwa ụdị ISSN (nke a na-akpọkwa "ISSN structure" ma ọ bụ "ISSN syntax"). N'omumatu, ISSN nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Hearing Resear<code>C</code>, bụ 0378-5955, ebe 5 ikpeazụ bụ nọmba nyocha, ya bụ C=5. Iji gbakọọ ọnụọgụ nyocha, enwere ike iji algọridim na-esonụ. Iji kwado ọnụọgụ nyocha ahụ, gbakọọ ngụkọta nke ọnụọgụ asatọ niile nke ISSN mụbara site na ọnọdụ ha na ọnụọgụ ahụ, na-agụta site n'aka nri. (Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nyocha bụ X, tinye 10 na ngụkọta ahụ.) Ihe fọdụrụ na ngụgwọ modulo 11 ga-abụ 0. Enwere onye nyocha ISSN n'ịntanetị nke nwere ike ịkwado ISSN, dabere na algọridim dị n'elu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISSN Checker - Validate & Lookup Journal Information|url=https://journaltoolkit.com/tools/issn-checker|accessdate=2026-05-15|work=Journal Toolkit|language=en}}</ref> === N'ime EANs === [[ISBN]] nwere ike koodu na koodu bar EAN-13 na koodu mba 977 (jiri koodu mba " 978 tụnyere koodu mba ISSN), soro nọmba 7 nke ISSN (ọ bụghị nọmba nyocha ahụ), soro nọmba 2 akọwapụtara site na onye na-ebipụta, soro nọmba nyocha EAN (n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, nke a agaghị adaba na nọmba nyocha ISSN, ebe ọ bụ na a na-agbakọ nke ọ bụla n'ụzọ dị iche). <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/issn-uses/identification-with-the-ean-13-barcode/|title=Identification with the GTIN 13 barcode|publisher=ISSN International Centre}}</ref> == Ọrụ koodu, mmezi na nyocha == A na-enye koodu ISSN site na netwọk nke ISSN National Centres, nke na-adịkarị n'Ọ́bá akwụkwọ mba ma bụrụ nke ISSSN International Centre (CIEPS ) nke dị na Paris haziri. International Center bụ nzukọ gọọmentị etiti nke e guzobere na 1974 site na nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti UNESCO na gọọmentị France. === Njikọ ISSN === ''ISSN-L'' bụ ihe njirimara pụrụ iche maka nsụgharị niile nke usoro ahụ nwere otu ọdịnaya gafee mgbasa ozi dị iche iche. Dị ka ''ISO 3297:2007'' si kọwaa, "njikọ ISSN (ISSN-L) " na-enye usoro maka itinye aka ma ọ bụ ijikọ n'etiti ụdị mgbasa ozi dị iche iche nke otu ihe ahụ na-aga n'ihu. ''ISSN-L'' bụ otu n'ime ISSNs dị ugbu a, n'ihi ya, ọ naghị agbanwe ojiji ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke ISSNs " nkịtị"; <ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=Linking ISSN (ISSN-L)|url=http://www.nationallibrary.fi/publishers/issn/issnl.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926075657/http://www.nationallibrary.fi/publishers/issn/issnl.html|archivedate=26 September 2015|accessdate=23 December 2018|work=www.nationallibrary.fi}}</ref> ọ dabeere na ISSN nke mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara. Ọ bụrụ na a na-ebipụta mbipụta na ntanetị nke mbipụta ahụ n'otu oge ahụ, a na-ahọrọ ISSN nke mbipụta mbipụta ahụ dị ka ihe ndabere nke ''ISSN-L''. Site na ''ISSN-L'', ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkọwa otu ISSN maka ụdị mgbasa ozi niile nke aha ahụ. Ojiji nke ''ISSN-L'' na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ọchụchọ, ịchọta na nnyefe gafee nsụgharị mgbasa ozi niile maka ọrụ dịka OpenURL, katalọgụ ọbá akwụkwọ, engines ọchụnta ego ma ọ bụ Ihe ọmụma. === Ndebanye aha === International Center na-edebe nchekwa data nke ISSNs niile e kenyere n'ụwa niile, ISDS Register (International Serials Data System), nke a makwaara dị ka ISSN Register. Na ngwụcha afọ 2016, ISSN Register nwere ihe ndekọ maka ihe 1,943,572. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Total number of records in the ISSN Register|url=https://www.issn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Total-records-in-Register.pdf|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=23 February 2017|date=February 2017|archivedate=24 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224055145/http://www.issn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Total-records-in-Register.pdf}}</ref> The Register adịghị n'efu maka ajụjụ ọnụ na web, mana ọ dị site na ndenye aha. * Ụdị mbipụta nke usoro ga-agụnye koodu ISSN dị ka akụkụ nke ozi mbipụta. * Ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nwere ozi koodu ISSN. * Ndepụta nke mbipụta ga-enwekarị koodu ISSN; enwere ike ịchọta ndị a site na ọchụchọ n'ịntanetị na koodu ISsN n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ aha usoro. * WorldCat na-enye ohere ịchọ akwụkwọ ya site na ISSN, site na itinye "issn:" n'ihu koodu na mpaghara ajụjụ. Mmadụ nwekwara ike ịga kpọmkwem na ndekọ ISSN site na itinye ya na "<nowiki>https://www.worldcat.org/ISSN/</nowiki>", dịka n2:1021-9749 - Search Results. Nke a anaghị ajụ ISSN Register n'onwe ya, kama ọ na-egosi ma ọbá akwụkwọ WorldCat ọ bụla nwere ihe nwere ISSN enyere. == Ntụnyere na njirimara ndị ọzọ == ISSN na [[ISBN]] koodu yiri n'echiche, ebe a na-enye ISBNs na akwụkwọ ọ bụla. Enwere ike ịnye ISBN maka ụfọdụ mbipụta nke usoro, na mgbakwunye na koodu ISSN maka usoro ahụ n'ozuzu ya. ISSN, n'adịghị ka koodu ISBN, bụ njirimara a na-amaghị aha ya nke jikọtara ya na aha usoro, na-enweghị ozi gbasara onye na-ebipụta ya ma ọ bụ ebe ọ dị. N'ihi nke a, a na-enye ISSN ọhụrụ na usoro oge ọ bụla ọ na-enwe nnukwu mgbanwe aha. === Mgbasawanye === Ebe ọ bụ na ISSN na-emetụta usoro dum, e wuru njirimara ndị ọzọ n'elu ya iji nye ohere ntinye aka na mpịakọta ụfọdụ, isiokwu, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ a na-amata (dị ka tebụl nke ọdịnaya): Onye na-ebipụta ihe (PII) na Onye na-ahụ ihe na onyinye (SICI). === Mgbasa ozi na ọdịnaya === A chọrọ ISSNs dị iche iche maka usoro mgbasa ozi dị iche iche (ma e wezụga microforms nke ọmụmụ). Ya mere, mbipụta na mbipụta mgbasa ozi eletrọniki nke usoro chọrọ ISSNs dị iche iche, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html|title=ISSN for Electronic Serials|date=19 February 2010|publisher=U.S. ISSN Center, Library of Congress|accessdate=12 July 2014|archivedate=17 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217153904/http://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html}}</ref> na nsụgharị CD-ROM na nsụgharị webụ chọrọ ISSN dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, enwere ike iji otu ISSN mee ihe maka usoro faịlụ dị iche iche (dịka PDF na HTML) nke otu usoro ntanetị. "Nkọwa mgbasa ozi" a nke usoro ihe omume nwere ezi uche na 1970s. N'afọ ndị 1990 na-aga n'ihu, na kọmputa onwe onye, ihuenyo ka mma, na Weebụ, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya ịtụle naanị ''ọdịnaya'', na-enweghị mgbasa ozi. "Nkọwapụta nke ọdịnaya" nke usoro ihe omume bụ ihe a na-achọ n'ime afọ iri, mana ọ nweghị mmelite ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ISSN mere. Mgbatị sitere n'okike maka ISSN, njirimara pụrụ iche nke isiokwu ndị dị na usoro, bụ isi ihe achọrọ. Ihe nlereanya ọzọ nke ọdịnaya nke usoro ihe omume bịara na index Content Model na ngwa ya, [[Digital object identifier|njirimara ihe dijitalụ]] (DOI), atụmatụ ISSN-independent, gbakọrọ na afọ 2000. Naanị mgbe e mesịrị, na 2007, a kọwara ISSN-L na ọkọlọtọ ISSN ọhụrụ (ISO 3297:2007) dị ka "ISSN nke ISSN Network họpụtara iji mee ka mkparịtaụka maọbu nsụgharị nke ihe na-aga n'ihu na-ejikọta n'etiti mgbasa ozi dị iche iche".<ref name="issnL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/|title=The ISSN-L for publications on multiple media|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=12 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716124227/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/}}</ref> == Ojiji na URNs == Enwere ike ide ISSN dị ka aha otu (URN) site na iji "<nowiki>urn:ISSN</nowiki>: " .Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịchọta Rail "<nowiki>urn:ISSN:0953-4563</nowiki>". Ugboro aha URN na-emetụta ikpe, na aha aha ISSN niile bụ okpu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/architecturewiki/ResourceIdentifierGuidelines#head-a2100b457f3211cf98e960a3a481007893c4e68a|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513221344/http://dublincore.org/architecturewiki/ResourceIdentifierGuidelines|archivedate=13 May 2012|title=Guidelines for using resource identifiers in Dublin Core metadata §4.5&nbsp;ISSN|author=Powell|first=Andy|date=21 June 2006|work=Dublin Core Architecture Wiki}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ checksum bụ "X" mgbe ahụ, a na-ede ya mgbe niile na mkpụrụ edemede dị elu na URN. === Nsogbu === URNs na-elekwasị anya na ọdịnaya, mana ISSN na-elekọta mgbasa ozi: * '''ISSN abụghị ihe pụrụ iche''' mgbe echiche ahụ bụ "akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ usoro ọdịnaya, n'ozuzu ya ọdịnaya ikike nwebisiinka": otu akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (otu ọdịnaya na otu ikike nwebsite) nwere ike ịnwe koodu ISSN abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. URN kwesịrị ịkọwa "ihe pụrụ iche" ("akwụkwọ akụkọ pụrụ iche" dị ka "ihe dị n'ime"). : Ihe Nlereanya: Okike nwere ISSN maka ibipụta, 0028-0836, na nke ọzọ maka otu ọdịnaya ahụ na Weebụ, 1476-4687; ọ bụ naanị nke kacha ochie (0028-0836) ka a na-eji dị ka njirimara pụrụ iche. Dị ka ISSN abụghị ihe pụrụ iche, U.S. National Library of Medicine chọrọ ịmepụta, tupu 2007, NLM Unique ID (JID). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#jid|title=MEDLINE/PubMed Data Element (Field) Descriptions|date=7 May 2014|publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine|accessdate=19 July 2014|archivedate=27 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427130927/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#jid}}</ref> * '''ISSN''' anaghị enye usoro mkpebi dị ka [[Digital object identifier|njirimara ihe dijitalụ]] (DOI) ma ọ bụ URN, yabụ a na-eji DOI dị ka URN maka isiokwu, na (maka ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme) enweghị mkpa maka ịdị adị ISSN. : Ihe atụ: aha DOI "10.1038/nature13777" nwere ike ịnọchite anya dị ka eriri HTTP site na <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/naturation13777</nowiki>, ma na-eduga (edozi) na ibe isiokwu dị ugbu a; mana enweghị ọrụ ISSN n'ịntanetị, dị ka <code><nowiki>http://dx.issn.org/</nowiki></code>, iji dozie ISSN nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (na ihe atụ a 1476-4687). URN pụrụ iche maka usoro na-eme ka ọchụchọ, mgbake na nnyefe data maka ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere, ọkachasị, usoro ọchụnta ego na nchekwa data ihe ọmụma dị mfe.<ref name="issnL" /> E kere '''ISSN-L''' (lee Linking ISSN n'elu) iji mejupụta oghere a. == Akara mgbasa ozi == Ụdị mgbasa ozi abụọ kachasị dị na ya bụ mb''ipụta'' na ''eletrọniki''. Na ọnọdụ metadata (dịka, JATS), ndị a nwere ike ịnwe akara ọkọlọtọ. === Mbipụta ISSN === ''p-ISSN''<nowiki> bụ akara ọkọlọtọ maka "Print ISSN", ISSN maka mbipụta (akwụkwọ) {{nke usoro. Ọ na-abụkarị "usoro mgbasa ozi na-ezighị ezi" ya mere "ISSN na-ezughị ezi".</nowiki> === Electronic ISSN === ''e-ISSN'' (ma ọ bụ ''eISSN'') bụ akara ọkọlọtọ maka "Electronic ISSN", ISSN maka mgbasa ozi eletrọniki (n'ịntanetị) nke usoro.<ref>"La nueva Norma ISSN facilita la vida de la comunidad de las publicaciones en serie", A. Roucolle. {{Cite web|url=http://www.latindex.unam.mx/biblioteca/nunoiso.html|title=La nueva norma ISSN|accessdate=2014-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210063334/http://www.latindex.unam.mx/biblioteca/nunoiso.html|archivedate=10 December 2014}}</ref> == ROAD == * ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources [it] (est. 2013), nke [[ISSN International Centre|ISSN International Center]] na [[UNESCO]] mepụtara <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://road.issn.org/en|title=Road in a nutshell|work=Road.issn.org|accessdate=12 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905182813/http://road.issn.org/en|archivedate=5 September 2017}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Link ndị no n'ezi == * [https://www.issn.org/ ISSN International Center] * [https://portal.issn.org/ Portal ISSN] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Alam-28/publication/331546716_List_of_Science_Citation_Index_SCI_journals/links/5c7f901b458515831f880a24/List-of-Science-Citation-Index-SCI-journals.pdf Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na p-ISSN ma ọ bụ e-ISSN ha] o9qt3cdpxw6z9d5wbxaiit28d7s0pw1 709183 709182 2026-09-06T02:02:30Z SafariScribe 18560 ce 709183 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Issn_barcode.png|thumb|ISSN maka Vers Domain, koodu na EAN-13 barcode na usoro dị iche iche 0 na nọmba mbipụta 05]] [[Faịlụ:Issn-barcode-explained.svg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke ISSN, 2049-3630, koodu na koodu bar EAN-13, na nkọwa]] [[Faịlụ:ISSN_with_addon_EAN13.svg|thumb|ISSN gbasaa site na usoro dị iche iche 0 ruo GTIN-13 ma tinye ya na koodu barcode EAN-13 na EAN-2 mgbakwunye na-egosi nọmba 13]] '''International Standard Serial Number''' ('''ISSN''') bụ ọnụọgụ asatọ eji amata oge mbiputa dị ka magazin.<ref name="Whatis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/what-is-an-issn|title=What is an ISSN?|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=13 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716113932/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/what-is-an-issn/}}</ref> ISSN na-enyere aka n'imata ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro ihe edere na otu magazin nwere otu aha. A na-eji ISSN eme nhazi, ndepụta, ngbazinye ego n'etiti ọba akwụkwọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ niile gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html|title=Collection Metadata Standards|publisher=British Library|accessdate=14 July 2014|archivedate=15 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715143822/http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html}}</ref> E bu ụzọ dee usoro ISSN dị ka ọkọlọtọ mba ụwa nke {{ill|International Organization for Standardization|en}} (ISO) n'afọ 1971 ma bipụta ya dị ka ISO 3297 n'afọ 1975. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/standardization|title=ISSN, a Standardised Code|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=13 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716124242/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/standardization/}}</ref> Ọ bu otu kọmitii ISO TC 46/SC 9 na-elekọta ọkọlọtọ ahụ. Mgbe ebipụtara otu ụdị ihe edereede n'usoro nwere ihu dị iche iche, ana-enye ha ya bu ọnụọgụ iche iche. N'ọmụmaatụ, a na-ebipụta ọtụtụ usoro ma na mbipụta ma na mgbasa ozi elektroniki. Usoro ISSN aga enye ha bụ ISSN nke mbiputa ('''p-ISSN''') na '''ISSN nke eletrọniki''' ('''e-ISSN'''). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-for-electronic-media/?lang=en|title=The ISSN for electronic media|author=ISSN InterNational Centre|work=ISSN|accessdate=2020-04-03|archivedate=11 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031921/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-for-electronic-media/?lang=en}}</ref> N'ihi ya, dị ka akọwapụtara na ISO 3297:2007, ana-enyekwa ihe ederede dị n'usoro ISSN nke njikọ ('''ISSN-L'''), nke na-abụkarị otu ihe ahụ dị ka ISSN ekenyere ihe ederede dị n'usoro ahụ na usoro mbụ e bipụtara ya, nke na-ejikọta ISSN niile ekenyerela ya bu usoro kemgbe. == Ụdị akara == ISSN bụ akara ọnụọgụ asatọ, nke ekewara site na "hyphen" n'ime ọnụọgụ abụọ nwere ọnụọgụ anọ.<ref name="Whatis" /> Mkpụrụ ọnụọgụ nke ikpeazụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ efu maọbu site na ya wee ruo itoolu maọbu X, bụ ọnụọgụgụ nyocha, yabụ ISSN na-anọchite anya ya site na ọnụọgụ asaa mbụ ya. N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, enwere ike ịkọwa ụdị ISSN (nke a na-akpọkwa "ISSN structure" ma ọ bụ "ISSN syntax"). N'omumatu, ISSN nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Hearing Resear<code>C</code>, bụ 0378-5955, ebe 5 ikpeazụ bụ nọmba nyocha, ya bụ C=5. Iji gbakọọ ọnụọgụ nyocha, enwere ike iji algọridim na-esonụ. Iji kwado ọnụọgụ nyocha ahụ, gbakọọ ngụkọta nke ọnụọgụ asatọ niile nke ISSN mụbara site na ọnọdụ ha na ọnụọgụ ahụ, na-agụta site n'aka nri. (Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nyocha bụ X, tinye 10 na ngụkọta ahụ.) Ihe fọdụrụ na ngụgwọ modulo 11 ga-abụ 0. Enwere onye nyocha ISSN n'ịntanetị nke nwere ike ịkwado ISSN, dabere na algọridim dị n'elu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISSN Checker - Validate & Lookup Journal Information|url=https://journaltoolkit.com/tools/issn-checker|accessdate=2026-05-15|work=Journal Toolkit|language=en}}</ref> === N'ime EANs === [[ISBN]] nwere ike koodu na koodu bar EAN-13 na koodu mba 977 (jiri koodu mba " 978 tụnyere koodu mba ISSN), soro nọmba 7 nke ISSN (ọ bụghị nọmba nyocha ahụ), soro nọmba 2 akọwapụtara site na onye na-ebipụta, soro nọmba nyocha EAN (n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, nke a agaghị adaba na nọmba nyocha ISSN, ebe ọ bụ na a na-agbakọ nke ọ bụla n'ụzọ dị iche). <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/issn-uses/identification-with-the-ean-13-barcode/|title=Identification with the GTIN 13 barcode|publisher=ISSN International Centre}}</ref> == Ọrụ koodu, mmezi na nyocha == A na-enye koodu ISSN site na netwọk nke ISSN National Centres, nke na-adịkarị n'Ọ́bá akwụkwọ mba ma bụrụ nke ISSSN International Centre (CIEPS ) nke dị na Paris haziri. International Center bụ nzukọ gọọmentị etiti nke e guzobere na 1974 site na nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti UNESCO na gọọmentị France. === Njikọ ISSN === ''ISSN-L'' bụ ihe njirimara pụrụ iche maka nsụgharị niile nke usoro ahụ nwere otu ọdịnaya gafee mgbasa ozi dị iche iche. Dị ka ''ISO 3297:2007'' si kọwaa, "njikọ ISSN (ISSN-L) " na-enye usoro maka itinye aka ma ọ bụ ijikọ n'etiti ụdị mgbasa ozi dị iche iche nke otu ihe ahụ na-aga n'ihu. ''ISSN-L'' bụ otu n'ime ISSNs dị ugbu a, n'ihi ya, ọ naghị agbanwe ojiji ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke ISSNs " nkịtị"; <ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=Linking ISSN (ISSN-L)|url=http://www.nationallibrary.fi/publishers/issn/issnl.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926075657/http://www.nationallibrary.fi/publishers/issn/issnl.html|archivedate=26 September 2015|accessdate=23 December 2018|work=www.nationallibrary.fi}}</ref> ọ dabeere na ISSN nke mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara. Ọ bụrụ na a na-ebipụta mbipụta na ntanetị nke mbipụta ahụ n'otu oge ahụ, a na-ahọrọ ISSN nke mbipụta mbipụta ahụ dị ka ihe ndabere nke ''ISSN-L''. Site na ''ISSN-L'', ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkọwa otu ISSN maka ụdị mgbasa ozi niile nke aha ahụ. Ojiji nke ''ISSN-L'' na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ọchụchọ, ịchọta na nnyefe gafee nsụgharị mgbasa ozi niile maka ọrụ dịka OpenURL, katalọgụ ọbá akwụkwọ, engines ọchụnta ego ma ọ bụ Ihe ọmụma. === Ndebanye aha === International Center na-edebe nchekwa data nke ISSNs niile e kenyere n'ụwa niile, ISDS Register (International Serials Data System), nke a makwaara dị ka ISSN Register. Na ngwụcha afọ 2016, ISSN Register nwere ihe ndekọ maka ihe 1,943,572. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Total number of records in the ISSN Register|url=https://www.issn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Total-records-in-Register.pdf|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=23 February 2017|date=February 2017|archivedate=24 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224055145/http://www.issn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Total-records-in-Register.pdf}}</ref> The Register adịghị n'efu maka ajụjụ ọnụ na web, mana ọ dị site na ndenye aha. * Ụdị mbipụta nke usoro ga-agụnye koodu ISSN dị ka akụkụ nke ozi mbipụta. * Ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nwere ozi koodu ISSN. * Ndepụta nke mbipụta ga-enwekarị koodu ISSN; enwere ike ịchọta ndị a site na ọchụchọ n'ịntanetị na koodu ISsN n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ aha usoro. * WorldCat na-enye ohere ịchọ akwụkwọ ya site na ISSN, site na itinye "issn:" n'ihu koodu na mpaghara ajụjụ. Mmadụ nwekwara ike ịga kpọmkwem na ndekọ ISSN site na itinye ya na "<nowiki>https://www.worldcat.org/ISSN/</nowiki>", dịka n2:1021-9749 - Search Results. Nke a anaghị ajụ ISSN Register n'onwe ya, kama ọ na-egosi ma ọbá akwụkwọ WorldCat ọ bụla nwere ihe nwere ISSN enyere. == Ntụnyere na njirimara ndị ọzọ == ISSN na [[ISBN]] koodu yiri n'echiche, ebe a na-enye ISBNs na akwụkwọ ọ bụla. Enwere ike ịnye ISBN maka ụfọdụ mbipụta nke usoro, na mgbakwunye na koodu ISSN maka usoro ahụ n'ozuzu ya. ISSN, n'adịghị ka koodu ISBN, bụ njirimara a na-amaghị aha ya nke jikọtara ya na aha usoro, na-enweghị ozi gbasara onye na-ebipụta ya ma ọ bụ ebe ọ dị. N'ihi nke a, a na-enye ISSN ọhụrụ na usoro oge ọ bụla ọ na-enwe nnukwu mgbanwe aha. === Mgbasawanye === Ebe ọ bụ na ISSN na-emetụta usoro dum, e wuru njirimara ndị ọzọ n'elu ya iji nye ohere ntinye aka na mpịakọta ụfọdụ, isiokwu, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ a na-amata (dị ka tebụl nke ọdịnaya): Onye na-ebipụta ihe (PII) na Onye na-ahụ ihe na onyinye (SICI). === Mgbasa ozi na ọdịnaya === A chọrọ ISSNs dị iche iche maka usoro mgbasa ozi dị iche iche (ma e wezụga microforms nke ọmụmụ). Ya mere, mbipụta na mbipụta mgbasa ozi eletrọniki nke usoro chọrọ ISSNs dị iche iche, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html|title=ISSN for Electronic Serials|date=19 February 2010|publisher=U.S. ISSN Center, Library of Congress|accessdate=12 July 2014|archivedate=17 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217153904/http://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html}}</ref> na nsụgharị CD-ROM na nsụgharị webụ chọrọ ISSN dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, enwere ike iji otu ISSN mee ihe maka usoro faịlụ dị iche iche (dịka PDF na HTML) nke otu usoro ntanetị. "Nkọwa mgbasa ozi" a nke usoro ihe omume nwere ezi uche na 1970s. N'afọ ndị 1990 na-aga n'ihu, na kọmputa onwe onye, ihuenyo ka mma, na Weebụ, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya ịtụle naanị ''ọdịnaya'', na-enweghị mgbasa ozi. "Nkọwapụta nke ọdịnaya" nke usoro ihe omume bụ ihe a na-achọ n'ime afọ iri, mana ọ nweghị mmelite ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ISSN mere. Mgbatị sitere n'okike maka ISSN, njirimara pụrụ iche nke isiokwu ndị dị na usoro, bụ isi ihe achọrọ. Ihe nlereanya ọzọ nke ọdịnaya nke usoro ihe omume bịara na index Content Model na ngwa ya, [[Digital object identifier|njirimara ihe dijitalụ]] (DOI), atụmatụ ISSN-independent, gbakọrọ na afọ 2000. Naanị mgbe e mesịrị, na 2007, a kọwara ISSN-L na ọkọlọtọ ISSN ọhụrụ (ISO 3297:2007) dị ka "ISSN nke ISSN Network họpụtara iji mee ka mkparịtaụka maọbu nsụgharị nke ihe na-aga n'ihu na-ejikọta n'etiti mgbasa ozi dị iche iche".<ref name="issnL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/|title=The ISSN-L for publications on multiple media|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=12 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716124227/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/}}</ref> == Ojiji na URNs == Enwere ike ide ISSN dị ka aha otu (URN) site na iji "<nowiki>urn:ISSN</nowiki>: " .Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịchọta Rail "<nowiki>urn:ISSN:0953-4563</nowiki>". Ugboro aha URN na-emetụta ikpe, na aha aha ISSN niile bụ okpu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/architecturewiki/ResourceIdentifierGuidelines#head-a2100b457f3211cf98e960a3a481007893c4e68a|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513221344/http://dublincore.org/architecturewiki/ResourceIdentifierGuidelines|archivedate=13 May 2012|title=Guidelines for using resource identifiers in Dublin Core metadata §4.5&nbsp;ISSN|author=Powell|first=Andy|date=21 June 2006|work=Dublin Core Architecture Wiki}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ checksum bụ "X" mgbe ahụ, a na-ede ya mgbe niile na mkpụrụ edemede dị elu na URN. === Nsogbu === URNs na-elekwasị anya na ọdịnaya, mana ISSN na-elekọta mgbasa ozi: * '''ISSN abụghị ihe pụrụ iche''' mgbe echiche ahụ bụ "akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ usoro ọdịnaya, n'ozuzu ya ọdịnaya ikike nwebisiinka": otu akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (otu ọdịnaya na otu ikike nwebsite) nwere ike ịnwe koodu ISSN abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. URN kwesịrị ịkọwa "ihe pụrụ iche" ("akwụkwọ akụkọ pụrụ iche" dị ka "ihe dị n'ime"). : Ihe Nlereanya: Okike nwere ISSN maka ibipụta, 0028-0836, na nke ọzọ maka otu ọdịnaya ahụ na Weebụ, 1476-4687; ọ bụ naanị nke kacha ochie (0028-0836) ka a na-eji dị ka njirimara pụrụ iche. Dị ka ISSN abụghị ihe pụrụ iche, U.S. National Library of Medicine chọrọ ịmepụta, tupu 2007, NLM Unique ID (JID). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#jid|title=MEDLINE/PubMed Data Element (Field) Descriptions|date=7 May 2014|publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine|accessdate=19 July 2014|archivedate=27 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427130927/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#jid}}</ref> * '''ISSN''' anaghị enye usoro mkpebi dị ka [[Digital object identifier|njirimara ihe dijitalụ]] (DOI) ma ọ bụ URN, yabụ a na-eji DOI dị ka URN maka isiokwu, na (maka ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme) enweghị mkpa maka ịdị adị ISSN. : Ihe atụ: aha DOI "10.1038/nature13777" nwere ike ịnọchite anya dị ka eriri HTTP site na <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/naturation13777</nowiki>, ma na-eduga (edozi) na ibe isiokwu dị ugbu a; mana enweghị ọrụ ISSN n'ịntanetị, dị ka <code><nowiki>http://dx.issn.org/</nowiki></code>, iji dozie ISSN nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (na ihe atụ a 1476-4687). URN pụrụ iche maka usoro na-eme ka ọchụchọ, mgbake na nnyefe data maka ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere, ọkachasị, usoro ọchụnta ego na nchekwa data ihe ọmụma dị mfe.<ref name="issnL" /> E kere '''ISSN-L''' (lee Linking ISSN n'elu) iji mejupụta oghere a. == Akara mgbasa ozi == Ụdị mgbasa ozi abụọ kachasị dị na ya bụ mb''ipụta'' na ''eletrọniki''. Na ọnọdụ metadata (dịka, JATS), ndị a nwere ike ịnwe akara ọkọlọtọ. === Mbipụta ISSN === ''p-ISSN''<nowiki> bụ akara ọkọlọtọ maka "Print ISSN", ISSN maka mbipụta (akwụkwọ) {{nke usoro. Ọ na-abụkarị "usoro mgbasa ozi na-ezighị ezi" ya mere "ISSN na-ezughị ezi".</nowiki> === Electronic ISSN === ''e-ISSN'' (ma ọ bụ ''eISSN'') bụ akara ọkọlọtọ maka "Electronic ISSN", ISSN maka mgbasa ozi eletrọniki (n'ịntanetị) nke usoro.<ref>"La nueva Norma ISSN facilita la vida de la comunidad de las publicaciones en serie", A. Roucolle. {{Cite web|url=http://www.latindex.unam.mx/biblioteca/nunoiso.html|title=La nueva norma ISSN|accessdate=2014-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210063334/http://www.latindex.unam.mx/biblioteca/nunoiso.html|archivedate=10 December 2014}}</ref> == ROAD == * ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources [it] (est. 2013), nke [[ISSN International Centre|ISSN International Center]] na [[UNESCO]] mepụtara <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://road.issn.org/en|title=Road in a nutshell|work=Road.issn.org|accessdate=12 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905182813/http://road.issn.org/en|archivedate=5 September 2017}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Link ndị no n'ezi == * [https://www.issn.org/ ISSN International Center] * [https://portal.issn.org/ Portal ISSN] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Alam-28/publication/331546716_List_of_Science_Citation_Index_SCI_journals/links/5c7f901b458515831f880a24/List-of-Science-Citation-Index-SCI-journals.pdf Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na p-ISSN ma ọ bụ e-ISSN ha] myliayeztmecgsk0khkgek7eohrirew 709184 709183 2026-09-06T02:04:04Z SafariScribe 18560 /* */ ce 709184 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Issn_barcode.png|thumb|ISSN maka Vers Domain, koodu na EAN-13 barcode na usoro dị iche iche 0 na nọmba mbipụta 05]] [[Faịlụ:Issn-barcode-explained.svg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke ISSN, 2049-3630, koodu na koodu bar EAN-13, na nkọwa]] [[Faịlụ:ISSN_with_addon_EAN13.svg|thumb|ISSN gbasaa site na usoro dị iche iche 0 ruo GTIN-13 ma tinye ya na koodu barcode EAN-13 na EAN-2 mgbakwunye na-egosi nọmba 13]] '''International Standard Serial Number''' ('''ISSN''') bụ ọnụọgụ asatọ eji amata oge mbiputa dị ka magazin.<ref name="Whatis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/what-is-an-issn|title=What is an ISSN?|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=13 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716113932/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/what-is-an-issn/}}</ref> ISSN na-enyere aka n'imata ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro ihe edere na otu magazin nwere otu aha. A na-eji ISSN eme nhazi, ndepụta, ngbazinye ego n'etiti ọba akwụkwọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ niile gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html|title=Collection Metadata Standards|publisher=British Library|accessdate=14 July 2014|archivedate=15 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715143822/http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html}}</ref> E bu ụzọ dee usoro ISSN dị ka ọkọlọtọ mba ụwa nke {{ill|International Organization for Standardization|en}} (ISO) n'afọ 1971 ma bipụta ya dị ka ISO 3297 n'afọ 1975. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/standardization|title=ISSN, a Standardised Code|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=13 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716124242/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/standardization/}}</ref> Ọ bu otu kọmitii ISO TC 46/SC 9 na-elekọta ọkọlọtọ ahụ. Mgbe ebipụtara otu ụdị ihe edereede n'usoro nwere ihu dị iche iche, ana-enye ha ya bu ọnụọgụ iche iche. N'ọmụmaatụ, a na-ebipụta ọtụtụ usoro ma na mbipụta ma na mgbasa ozi elektroniki. Usoro ISSN aga enye ha bụ ISSN nke mbiputa ('''p-ISSN''') na ISSN nke eletrọniki ('''e-ISSN'''). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-for-electronic-media/?lang=en|title=The ISSN for electronic media|author=ISSN InterNational Centre|work=ISSN|access-date=2020-04-03|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031921/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-for-electronic-media/?lang=en}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ana-enyekwa ihe ederede dị n'usoro ISSN nke njikọ ('''ISSN-L'''), nke na-abụkarị otu ihe ahụ dị ka ISSN ekenyere ihe ederede dị n'usoro ahụ na usoro mbụ e bipụtara ya, nke na-ejikọta ISSN niile ekenyerela ya bu usoro kemgbe. == Ụdị akara == ISSN bụ akara ọnụọgụ asatọ, nke ekewara site na "hyphen" n'ime ọnụọgụ abụọ nwere ọnụọgụ anọ.<ref name="Whatis" /> Mkpụrụ ọnụọgụ nke ikpeazụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ efu maọbu site na ya wee ruo itoolu maọbu X, bụ ọnụọgụgụ nyocha, yabụ ISSN na-anọchite anya ya site na ọnụọgụ asaa mbụ ya. N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, enwere ike ịkọwa ụdị ISSN (nke a na-akpọkwa "ISSN structure" ma ọ bụ "ISSN syntax"). N'omumatu, ISSN nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Hearing Resear<code>C</code>, bụ 0378-5955, ebe 5 ikpeazụ bụ nọmba nyocha, ya bụ C=5. Iji gbakọọ ọnụọgụ nyocha, enwere ike iji algọridim na-esonụ. Iji kwado ọnụọgụ nyocha ahụ, gbakọọ ngụkọta nke ọnụọgụ asatọ niile nke ISSN mụbara site na ọnọdụ ha na ọnụọgụ ahụ, na-agụta site n'aka nri. (Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nyocha bụ X, tinye 10 na ngụkọta ahụ.) Ihe fọdụrụ na ngụgwọ modulo 11 ga-abụ 0. Enwere onye nyocha ISSN n'ịntanetị nke nwere ike ịkwado ISSN, dabere na algọridim dị n'elu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISSN Checker - Validate & Lookup Journal Information|url=https://journaltoolkit.com/tools/issn-checker|accessdate=2026-05-15|work=Journal Toolkit|language=en}}</ref> === N'ime EANs === [[ISBN]] nwere ike koodu na koodu bar EAN-13 na koodu mba 977 (jiri koodu mba " 978 tụnyere koodu mba ISSN), soro nọmba 7 nke ISSN (ọ bụghị nọmba nyocha ahụ), soro nọmba 2 akọwapụtara site na onye na-ebipụta, soro nọmba nyocha EAN (n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, nke a agaghị adaba na nọmba nyocha ISSN, ebe ọ bụ na a na-agbakọ nke ọ bụla n'ụzọ dị iche). <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/issn-uses/identification-with-the-ean-13-barcode/|title=Identification with the GTIN 13 barcode|publisher=ISSN International Centre}}</ref> == Ọrụ koodu, mmezi na nyocha == A na-enye koodu ISSN site na netwọk nke ISSN National Centres, nke na-adịkarị n'Ọ́bá akwụkwọ mba ma bụrụ nke ISSSN International Centre (CIEPS ) nke dị na Paris haziri. International Center bụ nzukọ gọọmentị etiti nke e guzobere na 1974 site na nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti UNESCO na gọọmentị France. === Njikọ ISSN === ''ISSN-L'' bụ ihe njirimara pụrụ iche maka nsụgharị niile nke usoro ahụ nwere otu ọdịnaya gafee mgbasa ozi dị iche iche. Dị ka ''ISO 3297:2007'' si kọwaa, "njikọ ISSN (ISSN-L) " na-enye usoro maka itinye aka ma ọ bụ ijikọ n'etiti ụdị mgbasa ozi dị iche iche nke otu ihe ahụ na-aga n'ihu. ''ISSN-L'' bụ otu n'ime ISSNs dị ugbu a, n'ihi ya, ọ naghị agbanwe ojiji ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke ISSNs " nkịtị"; <ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=Linking ISSN (ISSN-L)|url=http://www.nationallibrary.fi/publishers/issn/issnl.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926075657/http://www.nationallibrary.fi/publishers/issn/issnl.html|archivedate=26 September 2015|accessdate=23 December 2018|work=www.nationallibrary.fi}}</ref> ọ dabeere na ISSN nke mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara. Ọ bụrụ na a na-ebipụta mbipụta na ntanetị nke mbipụta ahụ n'otu oge ahụ, a na-ahọrọ ISSN nke mbipụta mbipụta ahụ dị ka ihe ndabere nke ''ISSN-L''. Site na ''ISSN-L'', ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkọwa otu ISSN maka ụdị mgbasa ozi niile nke aha ahụ. Ojiji nke ''ISSN-L'' na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ọchụchọ, ịchọta na nnyefe gafee nsụgharị mgbasa ozi niile maka ọrụ dịka OpenURL, katalọgụ ọbá akwụkwọ, engines ọchụnta ego ma ọ bụ Ihe ọmụma. === Ndebanye aha === International Center na-edebe nchekwa data nke ISSNs niile e kenyere n'ụwa niile, ISDS Register (International Serials Data System), nke a makwaara dị ka ISSN Register. Na ngwụcha afọ 2016, ISSN Register nwere ihe ndekọ maka ihe 1,943,572. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Total number of records in the ISSN Register|url=https://www.issn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Total-records-in-Register.pdf|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=23 February 2017|date=February 2017|archivedate=24 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224055145/http://www.issn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Total-records-in-Register.pdf}}</ref> The Register adịghị n'efu maka ajụjụ ọnụ na web, mana ọ dị site na ndenye aha. * Ụdị mbipụta nke usoro ga-agụnye koodu ISSN dị ka akụkụ nke ozi mbipụta. * Ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nwere ozi koodu ISSN. * Ndepụta nke mbipụta ga-enwekarị koodu ISSN; enwere ike ịchọta ndị a site na ọchụchọ n'ịntanetị na koodu ISsN n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ aha usoro. * WorldCat na-enye ohere ịchọ akwụkwọ ya site na ISSN, site na itinye "issn:" n'ihu koodu na mpaghara ajụjụ. Mmadụ nwekwara ike ịga kpọmkwem na ndekọ ISSN site na itinye ya na "<nowiki>https://www.worldcat.org/ISSN/</nowiki>", dịka n2:1021-9749 - Search Results. Nke a anaghị ajụ ISSN Register n'onwe ya, kama ọ na-egosi ma ọbá akwụkwọ WorldCat ọ bụla nwere ihe nwere ISSN enyere. == Ntụnyere na njirimara ndị ọzọ == ISSN na [[ISBN]] koodu yiri n'echiche, ebe a na-enye ISBNs na akwụkwọ ọ bụla. Enwere ike ịnye ISBN maka ụfọdụ mbipụta nke usoro, na mgbakwunye na koodu ISSN maka usoro ahụ n'ozuzu ya. ISSN, n'adịghị ka koodu ISBN, bụ njirimara a na-amaghị aha ya nke jikọtara ya na aha usoro, na-enweghị ozi gbasara onye na-ebipụta ya ma ọ bụ ebe ọ dị. N'ihi nke a, a na-enye ISSN ọhụrụ na usoro oge ọ bụla ọ na-enwe nnukwu mgbanwe aha. === Mgbasawanye === Ebe ọ bụ na ISSN na-emetụta usoro dum, e wuru njirimara ndị ọzọ n'elu ya iji nye ohere ntinye aka na mpịakọta ụfọdụ, isiokwu, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ a na-amata (dị ka tebụl nke ọdịnaya): Onye na-ebipụta ihe (PII) na Onye na-ahụ ihe na onyinye (SICI). === Mgbasa ozi na ọdịnaya === A chọrọ ISSNs dị iche iche maka usoro mgbasa ozi dị iche iche (ma e wezụga microforms nke ọmụmụ). Ya mere, mbipụta na mbipụta mgbasa ozi eletrọniki nke usoro chọrọ ISSNs dị iche iche, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html|title=ISSN for Electronic Serials|date=19 February 2010|publisher=U.S. ISSN Center, Library of Congress|accessdate=12 July 2014|archivedate=17 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217153904/http://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html}}</ref> na nsụgharị CD-ROM na nsụgharị webụ chọrọ ISSN dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, enwere ike iji otu ISSN mee ihe maka usoro faịlụ dị iche iche (dịka PDF na HTML) nke otu usoro ntanetị. "Nkọwa mgbasa ozi" a nke usoro ihe omume nwere ezi uche na 1970s. N'afọ ndị 1990 na-aga n'ihu, na kọmputa onwe onye, ihuenyo ka mma, na Weebụ, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya ịtụle naanị ''ọdịnaya'', na-enweghị mgbasa ozi. "Nkọwapụta nke ọdịnaya" nke usoro ihe omume bụ ihe a na-achọ n'ime afọ iri, mana ọ nweghị mmelite ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ISSN mere. Mgbatị sitere n'okike maka ISSN, njirimara pụrụ iche nke isiokwu ndị dị na usoro, bụ isi ihe achọrọ. Ihe nlereanya ọzọ nke ọdịnaya nke usoro ihe omume bịara na index Content Model na ngwa ya, [[Digital object identifier|njirimara ihe dijitalụ]] (DOI), atụmatụ ISSN-independent, gbakọrọ na afọ 2000. Naanị mgbe e mesịrị, na 2007, a kọwara ISSN-L na ọkọlọtọ ISSN ọhụrụ (ISO 3297:2007) dị ka "ISSN nke ISSN Network họpụtara iji mee ka mkparịtaụka maọbu nsụgharị nke ihe na-aga n'ihu na-ejikọta n'etiti mgbasa ozi dị iche iche".<ref name="issnL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/|title=The ISSN-L for publications on multiple media|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=12 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716124227/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/}}</ref> == Ojiji na URNs == Enwere ike ide ISSN dị ka aha otu (URN) site na iji "<nowiki>urn:ISSN</nowiki>: " .Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịchọta Rail "<nowiki>urn:ISSN:0953-4563</nowiki>". Ugboro aha URN na-emetụta ikpe, na aha aha ISSN niile bụ okpu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/architecturewiki/ResourceIdentifierGuidelines#head-a2100b457f3211cf98e960a3a481007893c4e68a|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513221344/http://dublincore.org/architecturewiki/ResourceIdentifierGuidelines|archivedate=13 May 2012|title=Guidelines for using resource identifiers in Dublin Core metadata §4.5&nbsp;ISSN|author=Powell|first=Andy|date=21 June 2006|work=Dublin Core Architecture Wiki}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ checksum bụ "X" mgbe ahụ, a na-ede ya mgbe niile na mkpụrụ edemede dị elu na URN. === Nsogbu === URNs na-elekwasị anya na ọdịnaya, mana ISSN na-elekọta mgbasa ozi: * '''ISSN abụghị ihe pụrụ iche''' mgbe echiche ahụ bụ "akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ usoro ọdịnaya, n'ozuzu ya ọdịnaya ikike nwebisiinka": otu akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (otu ọdịnaya na otu ikike nwebsite) nwere ike ịnwe koodu ISSN abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. URN kwesịrị ịkọwa "ihe pụrụ iche" ("akwụkwọ akụkọ pụrụ iche" dị ka "ihe dị n'ime"). : Ihe Nlereanya: Okike nwere ISSN maka ibipụta, 0028-0836, na nke ọzọ maka otu ọdịnaya ahụ na Weebụ, 1476-4687; ọ bụ naanị nke kacha ochie (0028-0836) ka a na-eji dị ka njirimara pụrụ iche. Dị ka ISSN abụghị ihe pụrụ iche, U.S. National Library of Medicine chọrọ ịmepụta, tupu 2007, NLM Unique ID (JID). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#jid|title=MEDLINE/PubMed Data Element (Field) Descriptions|date=7 May 2014|publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine|accessdate=19 July 2014|archivedate=27 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427130927/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#jid}}</ref> * '''ISSN''' anaghị enye usoro mkpebi dị ka [[Digital object identifier|njirimara ihe dijitalụ]] (DOI) ma ọ bụ URN, yabụ a na-eji DOI dị ka URN maka isiokwu, na (maka ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme) enweghị mkpa maka ịdị adị ISSN. : Ihe atụ: aha DOI "10.1038/nature13777" nwere ike ịnọchite anya dị ka eriri HTTP site na <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/naturation13777</nowiki>, ma na-eduga (edozi) na ibe isiokwu dị ugbu a; mana enweghị ọrụ ISSN n'ịntanetị, dị ka <code><nowiki>http://dx.issn.org/</nowiki></code>, iji dozie ISSN nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (na ihe atụ a 1476-4687). URN pụrụ iche maka usoro na-eme ka ọchụchọ, mgbake na nnyefe data maka ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere, ọkachasị, usoro ọchụnta ego na nchekwa data ihe ọmụma dị mfe.<ref name="issnL" /> E kere '''ISSN-L''' (lee Linking ISSN n'elu) iji mejupụta oghere a. == Akara mgbasa ozi == Ụdị mgbasa ozi abụọ kachasị dị na ya bụ mb''ipụta'' na ''eletrọniki''. Na ọnọdụ metadata (dịka, JATS), ndị a nwere ike ịnwe akara ọkọlọtọ. === Mbipụta ISSN === ''p-ISSN''<nowiki> bụ akara ọkọlọtọ maka "Print ISSN", ISSN maka mbipụta (akwụkwọ) {{nke usoro. Ọ na-abụkarị "usoro mgbasa ozi na-ezighị ezi" ya mere "ISSN na-ezughị ezi".</nowiki> === Electronic ISSN === ''e-ISSN'' (ma ọ bụ ''eISSN'') bụ akara ọkọlọtọ maka "Electronic ISSN", ISSN maka mgbasa ozi eletrọniki (n'ịntanetị) nke usoro.<ref>"La nueva Norma ISSN facilita la vida de la comunidad de las publicaciones en serie", A. Roucolle. {{Cite web|url=http://www.latindex.unam.mx/biblioteca/nunoiso.html|title=La nueva norma ISSN|accessdate=2014-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210063334/http://www.latindex.unam.mx/biblioteca/nunoiso.html|archivedate=10 December 2014}}</ref> == ROAD == * ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources [it] (est. 2013), nke [[ISSN International Centre|ISSN International Center]] na [[UNESCO]] mepụtara <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://road.issn.org/en|title=Road in a nutshell|work=Road.issn.org|accessdate=12 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905182813/http://road.issn.org/en|archivedate=5 September 2017}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Link ndị no n'ezi == * [https://www.issn.org/ ISSN International Center] * [https://portal.issn.org/ Portal ISSN] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Alam-28/publication/331546716_List_of_Science_Citation_Index_SCI_journals/links/5c7f901b458515831f880a24/List-of-Science-Citation-Index-SCI-journals.pdf Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na p-ISSN ma ọ bụ e-ISSN ha] dyp2k76y6s6wm0mqck42smuevh3pd8u 709194 709184 2026-09-06T02:28:12Z SafariScribe 18560 /* */ ce 709194 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Issn_barcode.png|thumb|ISSN maka Vers Domain, koodu na EAN-13 barcode na usoro dị iche iche 0 na nọmba mbipụta 05]] [[Faịlụ:Issn-barcode-explained.svg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke ISSN, 2049-3630, koodu na koodu bar EAN-13, na nkọwa]] [[Faịlụ:ISSN_with_addon_EAN13.svg|thumb|ISSN gbasaa site na usoro dị iche iche 0 ruo GTIN-13 ma tinye ya na koodu barcode EAN-13 na EAN-2 mgbakwunye na-egosi nọmba 13]] '''International Standard Serial Number''' ('''ISSN''') bụ ọnụọgụ asatọ eji amata oge mbiputa dị n'usoro dika na magazin.<ref name="Whatis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/what-is-an-issn|title=What is an ISSN?|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=13 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716113932/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/what-is-an-issn/}}</ref> ISSN na-enyere aka n'imata ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro ihe edere na otu magazin nwere otu aha. A na-eji ISSN eme nhazi, ndepụta, ngbazinye ego n'etiti ọba akwụkwọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ niile gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html|title=Collection Metadata Standards|publisher=British Library|accessdate=14 July 2014|archivedate=15 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715143822/http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html}}</ref> E bu ụzọ dee usoro ISSN dị ka ọkọlọtọ mba ụwa nke {{ill|International Organization for Standardization|en}} (ISO) n'afọ 1971 ma bipụta ya dị ka ISO 3297 n'afọ 1975. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/standardization|title=ISSN, a Standardised Code|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=13 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716124242/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/standardization/}}</ref> Ọ bu otu kọmitii ISO TC 46/SC 9 na-elekọta ọkọlọtọ ahụ. Mgbe ebipụtara otu ụdị ihe edereede n'usoro nwere ihu dị iche iche, ana-enye ha ya bu ọnụọgụ iche iche. N'ọmụmaatụ, a na-ebipụta ọtụtụ usoro ma na mbipụta ma na mgbasa ozi elektroniki. Usoro ISSN aga enye ha bụ ISSN nke mbiputa ('''p-ISSN''') na ISSN nke eletrọniki ('''e-ISSN'''). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-for-electronic-media/?lang=en|title=The ISSN for electronic media|author=ISSN InterNational Centre|work=ISSN|access-date=2020-04-03|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031921/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-for-electronic-media/?lang=en}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ana-enyekwa ihe ederede dị n'usoro ISSN nke njikọ ('''ISSN-L'''), nke na-abụkarị otu ihe ahụ dị ka ISSN ekenyere ihe ederede dị n'usoro ahụ na usoro mbụ e bipụtara ya, nke na-ejikọta ISSN niile ekenyerela ya bu usoro kemgbe. == Ụdị akara == ISSN bụ akara ọnụọgụ asatọ, nke ekewara site na "hyphen" n'ime ọnụọgụ abụọ nwere ọnụọgụ anọ.<ref name="Whatis" /> Mkpụrụ ọnụọgụ nke ikpeazụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ efu maọbu site na ya wee ruo itoolu maọbu X, bụ ọnụọgụgụ nyocha, yabụ ISSN na-anọchite anya ya site na ọnụọgụ asaa mbụ ya. N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, enwere ike ịkọwa ụdị ISSN (nke a na-akpọkwa "ISSN structure" ma ọ bụ "ISSN syntax"). N'omumatu, ISSN nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Hearing Resear<code>C</code>, bụ 0378-5955, ebe 5 ikpeazụ bụ nọmba nyocha, ya bụ C=5. Iji gbakọọ ọnụọgụ nyocha, enwere ike iji algọridim na-esonụ. Iji kwado ọnụọgụ nyocha ahụ, gbakọọ ngụkọta nke ọnụọgụ asatọ niile nke ISSN mụbara site na ọnọdụ ha na ọnụọgụ ahụ, na-agụta site n'aka nri. (Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nyocha bụ X, tinye 10 na ngụkọta ahụ.) Ihe fọdụrụ na ngụgwọ modulo 11 ga-abụ 0. Enwere onye nyocha ISSN n'ịntanetị nke nwere ike ịkwado ISSN, dabere na algọridim dị n'elu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISSN Checker - Validate & Lookup Journal Information|url=https://journaltoolkit.com/tools/issn-checker|accessdate=2026-05-15|work=Journal Toolkit|language=en}}</ref> === N'ime EANs === [[ISBN]] nwere ike koodu na koodu bar EAN-13 na koodu mba 977 (jiri koodu mba " 978 tụnyere koodu mba ISSN), soro nọmba 7 nke ISSN (ọ bụghị nọmba nyocha ahụ), soro nọmba 2 akọwapụtara site na onye na-ebipụta, soro nọmba nyocha EAN (n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, nke a agaghị adaba na nọmba nyocha ISSN, ebe ọ bụ na a na-agbakọ nke ọ bụla n'ụzọ dị iche). <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/issn-uses/identification-with-the-ean-13-barcode/|title=Identification with the GTIN 13 barcode|publisher=ISSN International Centre}}</ref> == Ọrụ koodu, mmezi na nyocha == A na-enye koodu ISSN site na netwọk nke ISSN National Centres, nke na-adịkarị n'Ọ́bá akwụkwọ mba ma bụrụ nke ISSSN International Centre (CIEPS ) nke dị na Paris haziri. International Center bụ nzukọ gọọmentị etiti nke e guzobere na 1974 site na nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti UNESCO na gọọmentị France. === Njikọ ISSN === ''ISSN-L'' bụ ihe njirimara pụrụ iche maka nsụgharị niile nke usoro ahụ nwere otu ọdịnaya gafee mgbasa ozi dị iche iche. Dị ka ''ISO 3297:2007'' si kọwaa, "njikọ ISSN (ISSN-L) " na-enye usoro maka itinye aka ma ọ bụ ijikọ n'etiti ụdị mgbasa ozi dị iche iche nke otu ihe ahụ na-aga n'ihu. ''ISSN-L'' bụ otu n'ime ISSNs dị ugbu a, n'ihi ya, ọ naghị agbanwe ojiji ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke ISSNs " nkịtị"; <ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=Linking ISSN (ISSN-L)|url=http://www.nationallibrary.fi/publishers/issn/issnl.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926075657/http://www.nationallibrary.fi/publishers/issn/issnl.html|archivedate=26 September 2015|accessdate=23 December 2018|work=www.nationallibrary.fi}}</ref> ọ dabeere na ISSN nke mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara. Ọ bụrụ na a na-ebipụta mbipụta na ntanetị nke mbipụta ahụ n'otu oge ahụ, a na-ahọrọ ISSN nke mbipụta mbipụta ahụ dị ka ihe ndabere nke ''ISSN-L''. Site na ''ISSN-L'', ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkọwa otu ISSN maka ụdị mgbasa ozi niile nke aha ahụ. Ojiji nke ''ISSN-L'' na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ọchụchọ, ịchọta na nnyefe gafee nsụgharị mgbasa ozi niile maka ọrụ dịka OpenURL, katalọgụ ọbá akwụkwọ, engines ọchụnta ego ma ọ bụ Ihe ọmụma. === Ndebanye aha === International Center na-edebe nchekwa data nke ISSNs niile e kenyere n'ụwa niile, ISDS Register (International Serials Data System), nke a makwaara dị ka ISSN Register. Na ngwụcha afọ 2016, ISSN Register nwere ihe ndekọ maka ihe 1,943,572. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Total number of records in the ISSN Register|url=https://www.issn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Total-records-in-Register.pdf|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=23 February 2017|date=February 2017|archivedate=24 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224055145/http://www.issn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Total-records-in-Register.pdf}}</ref> The Register adịghị n'efu maka ajụjụ ọnụ na web, mana ọ dị site na ndenye aha. * Ụdị mbipụta nke usoro ga-agụnye koodu ISSN dị ka akụkụ nke ozi mbipụta. * Ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nwere ozi koodu ISSN. * Ndepụta nke mbipụta ga-enwekarị koodu ISSN; enwere ike ịchọta ndị a site na ọchụchọ n'ịntanetị na koodu ISsN n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ aha usoro. * WorldCat na-enye ohere ịchọ akwụkwọ ya site na ISSN, site na itinye "issn:" n'ihu koodu na mpaghara ajụjụ. Mmadụ nwekwara ike ịga kpọmkwem na ndekọ ISSN site na itinye ya na "<nowiki>https://www.worldcat.org/ISSN/</nowiki>", dịka n2:1021-9749 - Search Results. Nke a anaghị ajụ ISSN Register n'onwe ya, kama ọ na-egosi ma ọbá akwụkwọ WorldCat ọ bụla nwere ihe nwere ISSN enyere. == Ntụnyere na njirimara ndị ọzọ == ISSN na [[ISBN]] koodu yiri n'echiche, ebe a na-enye ISBNs na akwụkwọ ọ bụla. Enwere ike ịnye ISBN maka ụfọdụ mbipụta nke usoro, na mgbakwunye na koodu ISSN maka usoro ahụ n'ozuzu ya. ISSN, n'adịghị ka koodu ISBN, bụ njirimara a na-amaghị aha ya nke jikọtara ya na aha usoro, na-enweghị ozi gbasara onye na-ebipụta ya ma ọ bụ ebe ọ dị. N'ihi nke a, a na-enye ISSN ọhụrụ na usoro oge ọ bụla ọ na-enwe nnukwu mgbanwe aha. === Mgbasawanye === Ebe ọ bụ na ISSN na-emetụta usoro dum, e wuru njirimara ndị ọzọ n'elu ya iji nye ohere ntinye aka na mpịakọta ụfọdụ, isiokwu, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ a na-amata (dị ka tebụl nke ọdịnaya): Onye na-ebipụta ihe (PII) na Onye na-ahụ ihe na onyinye (SICI). === Mgbasa ozi na ọdịnaya === A chọrọ ISSNs dị iche iche maka usoro mgbasa ozi dị iche iche (ma e wezụga microforms nke ọmụmụ). Ya mere, mbipụta na mbipụta mgbasa ozi eletrọniki nke usoro chọrọ ISSNs dị iche iche, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html|title=ISSN for Electronic Serials|date=19 February 2010|publisher=U.S. ISSN Center, Library of Congress|accessdate=12 July 2014|archivedate=17 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217153904/http://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html}}</ref> na nsụgharị CD-ROM na nsụgharị webụ chọrọ ISSN dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, enwere ike iji otu ISSN mee ihe maka usoro faịlụ dị iche iche (dịka PDF na HTML) nke otu usoro ntanetị. "Nkọwa mgbasa ozi" a nke usoro ihe omume nwere ezi uche na 1970s. N'afọ ndị 1990 na-aga n'ihu, na kọmputa onwe onye, ihuenyo ka mma, na Weebụ, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya ịtụle naanị ''ọdịnaya'', na-enweghị mgbasa ozi. "Nkọwapụta nke ọdịnaya" nke usoro ihe omume bụ ihe a na-achọ n'ime afọ iri, mana ọ nweghị mmelite ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ISSN mere. Mgbatị sitere n'okike maka ISSN, njirimara pụrụ iche nke isiokwu ndị dị na usoro, bụ isi ihe achọrọ. Ihe nlereanya ọzọ nke ọdịnaya nke usoro ihe omume bịara na index Content Model na ngwa ya, [[Digital object identifier|njirimara ihe dijitalụ]] (DOI), atụmatụ ISSN-independent, gbakọrọ na afọ 2000. Naanị mgbe e mesịrị, na 2007, a kọwara ISSN-L na ọkọlọtọ ISSN ọhụrụ (ISO 3297:2007) dị ka "ISSN nke ISSN Network họpụtara iji mee ka mkparịtaụka maọbu nsụgharị nke ihe na-aga n'ihu na-ejikọta n'etiti mgbasa ozi dị iche iche".<ref name="issnL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/|title=The ISSN-L for publications on multiple media|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=12 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716124227/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/}}</ref> == Ojiji na URNs == Enwere ike ide ISSN dị ka aha otu (URN) site na iji "<nowiki>urn:ISSN</nowiki>: " .Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịchọta Rail "<nowiki>urn:ISSN:0953-4563</nowiki>". Ugboro aha URN na-emetụta ikpe, na aha aha ISSN niile bụ okpu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/architecturewiki/ResourceIdentifierGuidelines#head-a2100b457f3211cf98e960a3a481007893c4e68a|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513221344/http://dublincore.org/architecturewiki/ResourceIdentifierGuidelines|archivedate=13 May 2012|title=Guidelines for using resource identifiers in Dublin Core metadata §4.5&nbsp;ISSN|author=Powell|first=Andy|date=21 June 2006|work=Dublin Core Architecture Wiki}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ checksum bụ "X" mgbe ahụ, a na-ede ya mgbe niile na mkpụrụ edemede dị elu na URN. === Nsogbu === URNs na-elekwasị anya na ọdịnaya, mana ISSN na-elekọta mgbasa ozi: * '''ISSN abụghị ihe pụrụ iche''' mgbe echiche ahụ bụ "akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ usoro ọdịnaya, n'ozuzu ya ọdịnaya ikike nwebisiinka": otu akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (otu ọdịnaya na otu ikike nwebsite) nwere ike ịnwe koodu ISSN abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. URN kwesịrị ịkọwa "ihe pụrụ iche" ("akwụkwọ akụkọ pụrụ iche" dị ka "ihe dị n'ime"). : Ihe Nlereanya: Okike nwere ISSN maka ibipụta, 0028-0836, na nke ọzọ maka otu ọdịnaya ahụ na Weebụ, 1476-4687; ọ bụ naanị nke kacha ochie (0028-0836) ka a na-eji dị ka njirimara pụrụ iche. Dị ka ISSN abụghị ihe pụrụ iche, U.S. National Library of Medicine chọrọ ịmepụta, tupu 2007, NLM Unique ID (JID). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#jid|title=MEDLINE/PubMed Data Element (Field) Descriptions|date=7 May 2014|publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine|accessdate=19 July 2014|archivedate=27 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427130927/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#jid}}</ref> * '''ISSN''' anaghị enye usoro mkpebi dị ka [[Digital object identifier|njirimara ihe dijitalụ]] (DOI) ma ọ bụ URN, yabụ a na-eji DOI dị ka URN maka isiokwu, na (maka ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme) enweghị mkpa maka ịdị adị ISSN. : Ihe atụ: aha DOI "10.1038/nature13777" nwere ike ịnọchite anya dị ka eriri HTTP site na <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/naturation13777</nowiki>, ma na-eduga (edozi) na ibe isiokwu dị ugbu a; mana enweghị ọrụ ISSN n'ịntanetị, dị ka <code><nowiki>http://dx.issn.org/</nowiki></code>, iji dozie ISSN nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (na ihe atụ a 1476-4687). URN pụrụ iche maka usoro na-eme ka ọchụchọ, mgbake na nnyefe data maka ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere, ọkachasị, usoro ọchụnta ego na nchekwa data ihe ọmụma dị mfe.<ref name="issnL" /> E kere '''ISSN-L''' (lee Linking ISSN n'elu) iji mejupụta oghere a. == Akara mgbasa ozi == Ụdị mgbasa ozi abụọ kachasị dị na ya bụ mb''ipụta'' na ''eletrọniki''. Na ọnọdụ metadata (dịka, JATS), ndị a nwere ike ịnwe akara ọkọlọtọ. === Mbipụta ISSN === ''p-ISSN''<nowiki> bụ akara ọkọlọtọ maka "Print ISSN", ISSN maka mbipụta (akwụkwọ) {{nke usoro. Ọ na-abụkarị "usoro mgbasa ozi na-ezighị ezi" ya mere "ISSN na-ezughị ezi".</nowiki> === Electronic ISSN === ''e-ISSN'' (ma ọ bụ ''eISSN'') bụ akara ọkọlọtọ maka "Electronic ISSN", ISSN maka mgbasa ozi eletrọniki (n'ịntanetị) nke usoro.<ref>"La nueva Norma ISSN facilita la vida de la comunidad de las publicaciones en serie", A. Roucolle. {{Cite web|url=http://www.latindex.unam.mx/biblioteca/nunoiso.html|title=La nueva norma ISSN|accessdate=2014-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210063334/http://www.latindex.unam.mx/biblioteca/nunoiso.html|archivedate=10 December 2014}}</ref> == ROAD == * ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources [it] (est. 2013), nke [[ISSN International Centre|ISSN International Center]] na [[UNESCO]] mepụtara <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://road.issn.org/en|title=Road in a nutshell|work=Road.issn.org|accessdate=12 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905182813/http://road.issn.org/en|archivedate=5 September 2017}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Link ndị no n'ezi == * [https://www.issn.org/ ISSN International Center] * [https://portal.issn.org/ Portal ISSN] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Alam-28/publication/331546716_List_of_Science_Citation_Index_SCI_journals/links/5c7f901b458515831f880a24/List-of-Science-Citation-Index-SCI-journals.pdf Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na p-ISSN ma ọ bụ e-ISSN ha] j6fjtca5rdjrlp8g0a82wc6zzuhz0wg 709195 709194 2026-09-06T02:28:49Z SafariScribe 18560 /* */ ce 709195 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Issn_barcode.png|thumb|ISSN maka Vers Domain, koodu na EAN-13 barcode na usoro dị iche iche 0 na nọmba mbipụta 05]] [[Faịlụ:Issn-barcode-explained.svg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke ISSN, 2049-3630, koodu na koodu bar EAN-13, na nkọwa]] [[Faịlụ:ISSN_with_addon_EAN13.svg|thumb|ISSN gbasaa site na usoro dị iche iche 0 ruo GTIN-13 ma tinye ya na koodu barcode EAN-13 na EAN-2 mgbakwunye na-egosi nọmba 13]] '''International Standard Serial Number''' ('''ISSN''') bụ ọnụọgụ asatọ eji amata oge mbiputa dị n'usoro dika na magazin.<ref name="Whatis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/what-is-an-issn|title=What is an ISSN?|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=13 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716113932/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/what-is-an-issn/}}</ref> ISSN na-enyere aka n'imata ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro ihe edere na otu magazin nwere otu aha. A na-eji ISSN eme nhazi, ndepụta, ngbazinye ego n'etiti ọba akwụkwọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ niile gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html|title=Collection Metadata Standards|publisher=British Library|accessdate=14 July 2014|archivedate=15 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715143822/http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html}}</ref> E bu ụzọ dee usoro ISSN dị ka ọkọlọtọ mba ụwa nke {{ill|International Organization for Standardization|en}} (ISO) n'afọ 1971 ma bipụta ya dị ka ISO 3297 n'afọ 1975. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/standardization|title=ISSN, a Standardised Code|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=13 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716124242/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/standardization/}}</ref> Ọ bu otu kọmitii ISO TC 46/SC 9 na-elekọta ọkọlọtọ ahụ. Mgbe ebipụtara otu ụdị ihe edereede n'usoro nwere ihu dị iche iche, ana-enye ha ya bu ọnụọgụ iche iche. N'ọmụmaatụ, a na-ebipụta ọtụtụ usoro ma na mbipụta ma na mgbasa ozi elektroniki. Usoro ISSN aga enye ha bụ ISSN nke mbiputa ('''p-ISSN''') na ISSN nke eletrọniki ('''e-ISSN'''). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-for-electronic-media/?lang=en|title=The ISSN for electronic media|author=ISSN InterNational Centre|work=ISSN|access-date=2020-04-03|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031921/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-for-electronic-media/?lang=en}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ana-enyekwa ihe ederede dị n'usoro ISSN nke njikọ ('''ISSN-L'''), nke na-abụkarị otu ihe ahụ dị ka ISSN ekenyere ihe ederede dị n'usoro ahụ na usoro mbụ e bipụtara ya, nke na-ejikọta ISSN niile ekenyerela ya bu usoro kemgbe. == Ụdị akara == ISSN bụ akara ọnụọgụ asatọ, nke ekewara site na "hyphen" n'ime ọnụọgụ abụọ nwere ọnụọgụ anọ.<ref name="Whatis" /> Mkpụrụ ọnụọgụ nke ikpeazụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ efu maọbu site na ya wee ruo itoolu maọbu X, bụ ọnụọgụgụ nyocha, yabụ ISSN na-anọchite anya ya site na ọnụọgụ asaa mbụ ya. N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, enwere ike ịkọwa ụdị ISSN (nke a na-akpọkwa "ISSN structure" ma ọ bụ "ISSN syntax"). N'omumatu, ISSN nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Hearing Resear<code>C</code>, bụ 0378-5955, ebe 5 ikpeazụ bụ nọmba nyocha, ya bụ C=5. Iji gbakọọ ọnụọgụ nyocha, enwere ike iji algọridim na-esonụ. Iji kwado ọnụọgụ nyocha ahụ, gbakọọ ngụkọta nke ọnụọgụ asatọ niile nke ISSN mụbara site na ọnọdụ ha na ọnụọgụ ahụ, na-agụta site n'aka nri. (Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nyocha bụ X, tinye 10 na ngụkọta ahụ.) Ihe fọdụrụ na ngụgwọ modulo 11 ga-abụ 0. Enwere onye nyocha ISSN n'ịntanetị nke nwere ike ịkwado ISSN, dabere na algọridim dị n'elu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISSN Checker - Validate & Lookup Journal Information|url=https://journaltoolkit.com/tools/issn-checker|accessdate=2026-05-15|work=Journal Toolkit|language=en}}</ref> === N'ime EANs === [[ISBN]] nwere ike koodu na koodu bar EAN-13 na koodu mba 977 (jiri koodu mba " 978 tụnyere koodu mba ISSN), soro nọmba 7 nke ISSN (ọ bụghị nọmba nyocha ahụ), soro nọmba 2 akọwapụtara site na onye na-ebipụta, soro nọmba nyocha EAN (n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, nke a agaghị adaba na nọmba nyocha ISSN, ebe ọ bụ na a na-agbakọ nke ọ bụla n'ụzọ dị iche). <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/issn-uses/identification-with-the-ean-13-barcode/|title=Identification with the GTIN 13 barcode|publisher=ISSN International Centre}}</ref> == Ọrụ koodu, mmezi na nyocha == A na-enye koodu ISSN site na netwọk nke ISSN National Centres, nke na-adịkarị n'Ọ́bá akwụkwọ mba ma bụrụ nke ISSSN International Centre (CIEPS ) nke dị na Paris haziri. International Center bụ nzukọ gọọmentị etiti nke e guzobere na 1974 site na nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti UNESCO na gọọmentị France. === Njikọ ISSN === ''ISSN-L'' bụ ihe njirimara pụrụ iche maka nsụgharị niile nke usoro ahụ nwere otu ọdịnaya gafee mgbasa ozi dị iche iche. Dị ka ''ISO 3297:2007'' si kọwaa, "njikọ ISSN (ISSN-L) " na-enye usoro maka itinye aka ma ọ bụ ijikọ n'etiti ụdị mgbasa ozi dị iche iche nke otu ihe ahụ na-aga n'ihu. ''ISSN-L'' bụ otu n'ime ISSNs dị ugbu a, n'ihi ya, ọ naghị agbanwe ojiji ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke ISSNs " nkịtị"; <ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=Linking ISSN (ISSN-L)|url=http://www.nationallibrary.fi/publishers/issn/issnl.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926075657/http://www.nationallibrary.fi/publishers/issn/issnl.html|archivedate=26 September 2015|accessdate=23 December 2018|work=www.nationallibrary.fi}}</ref> ọ dabeere na ISSN nke mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara. Ọ bụrụ na a na-ebipụta mbipụta na ntanetị nke mbipụta ahụ n'otu oge ahụ, a na-ahọrọ ISSN nke mbipụta mbipụta ahụ dị ka ihe ndabere nke ''ISSN-L''. Site na ''ISSN-L'', ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkọwa otu ISSN maka ụdị mgbasa ozi niile nke aha ahụ. Ojiji nke ''ISSN-L'' na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ọchụchọ, ịchọta na nnyefe gafee nsụgharị mgbasa ozi niile maka ọrụ dịka OpenURL, katalọgụ ọbá akwụkwọ, engines ọchụnta ego ma ọ bụ Ihe ọmụma. === Ndebanye aha === International Center na-edebe nchekwa data nke ISSNs niile e kenyere n'ụwa niile, ISDS Register (International Serials Data System), nke a makwaara dị ka ISSN Register. Na ngwụcha afọ 2016, ISSN Register nwere ihe ndekọ maka ihe 1,943,572. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Total number of records in the ISSN Register|url=https://www.issn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Total-records-in-Register.pdf|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=23 February 2017|date=February 2017|archivedate=24 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224055145/http://www.issn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Total-records-in-Register.pdf}}</ref> The Register adịghị n'efu maka ajụjụ ọnụ na web, mana ọ dị site na ndenye aha. * Ụdị mbipụta nke usoro ga-agụnye koodu ISSN dị ka akụkụ nke ozi mbipụta. * Ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nwere ozi koodu ISSN. * Ndepụta nke mbipụta ga-enwekarị koodu ISSN; enwere ike ịchọta ndị a site na ọchụchọ n'ịntanetị na koodu ISsN n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ aha usoro. * WorldCat na-enye ohere ịchọ akwụkwọ ya site na ISSN, site na itinye "issn:" n'ihu koodu na mpaghara ajụjụ. Mmadụ nwekwara ike ịga kpọmkwem na ndekọ ISSN site na itinye ya na "<nowiki>https://www.worldcat.org/ISSN/</nowiki>", dịka n2:1021-9749 - Search Results. Nke a anaghị ajụ ISSN Register n'onwe ya, kama ọ na-egosi ma ọbá akwụkwọ WorldCat ọ bụla nwere ihe nwere ISSN enyere. == Ntụnyere na njirimara ndị ọzọ == ISSN na [[ISBN]] koodu yiri n'echiche, ebe a na-enye ISBNs na akwụkwọ ọ bụla. Enwere ike ịnye ISBN maka ụfọdụ mbipụta nke usoro, na mgbakwunye na koodu ISSN maka usoro ahụ n'ozuzu ya. ISSN, n'adịghị ka koodu ISBN, bụ njirimara a na-amaghị aha ya nke jikọtara ya na aha usoro, na-enweghị ozi gbasara onye na-ebipụta ya ma ọ bụ ebe ọ dị. N'ihi nke a, a na-enye ISSN ọhụrụ na usoro oge ọ bụla ọ na-enwe nnukwu mgbanwe aha. === Mgbasawanye === Ebe ọ bụ na ISSN na-emetụta usoro dum, e wuru njirimara ndị ọzọ n'elu ya iji nye ohere ntinye aka na mpịakọta ụfọdụ, isiokwu, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ a na-amata (dị ka tebụl nke ọdịnaya): Onye na-ebipụta ihe (PII) na Onye na-ahụ ihe na onyinye (SICI). === Mgbasa ozi na ọdịnaya === A chọrọ ISSNs dị iche iche maka usoro mgbasa ozi dị iche iche (ma e wezụga microforms nke ọmụmụ). Ya mere, mbipụta na mbipụta mgbasa ozi eletrọniki nke usoro chọrọ ISSNs dị iche iche, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html|title=ISSN for Electronic Serials|date=19 February 2010|publisher=U.S. ISSN Center, Library of Congress|accessdate=12 July 2014|archivedate=17 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217153904/http://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html}}</ref> na nsụgharị CD-ROM na nsụgharị webụ chọrọ ISSN dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, enwere ike iji otu ISSN mee ihe maka usoro faịlụ dị iche iche (dịka PDF na HTML) nke otu usoro ntanetị. "Nkọwa mgbasa ozi" a nke usoro ihe omume nwere ezi uche na 1970s. N'afọ ndị 1990 na-aga n'ihu, na kọmputa onwe onye, ihuenyo ka mma, na Weebụ, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya ịtụle naanị ''ọdịnaya'', na-enweghị mgbasa ozi. "Nkọwapụta nke ọdịnaya" nke usoro ihe omume bụ ihe a na-achọ n'ime afọ iri, mana ọ nweghị mmelite ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ISSN mere. Mgbatị sitere n'okike maka ISSN, njirimara pụrụ iche nke isiokwu ndị dị na usoro, bụ isi ihe achọrọ. Ihe nlereanya ọzọ nke ọdịnaya nke usoro ihe omume bịara na index Content Model na ngwa ya, [[Digital object identifier|njirimara ihe dijitalụ]] (DOI), atụmatụ ISSN-independent, gbakọrọ na afọ 2000. Naanị mgbe e mesịrị, na 2007, a kọwara ISSN-L na ọkọlọtọ ISSN ọhụrụ (ISO 3297:2007) dị ka "ISSN nke ISSN Network họpụtara iji mee ka mkparịtaụka maọbu nsụgharị nke ihe na-aga n'ihu na-ejikọta n'etiti mgbasa ozi dị iche iche".<ref name="issnL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/|title=The ISSN-L for publications on multiple media|publisher=ISSN International Centre|accessdate=12 July 2014|archivedate=16 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716124227/http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/}}</ref> == Ojiji na URNs == Enwere ike ide ISSN dị ka aha otu (URN) site na iji "<nowiki>urn:ISSN</nowiki>: " .Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịchọta Rail "<nowiki>urn:ISSN:0953-4563</nowiki>". Ugboro aha URN na-emetụta ikpe, na aha aha ISSN niile bụ okpu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/architecturewiki/ResourceIdentifierGuidelines#head-a2100b457f3211cf98e960a3a481007893c4e68a|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513221344/http://dublincore.org/architecturewiki/ResourceIdentifierGuidelines|archivedate=13 May 2012|title=Guidelines for using resource identifiers in Dublin Core metadata §4.5&nbsp;ISSN|author=Powell|first=Andy|date=21 June 2006|work=Dublin Core Architecture Wiki}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ checksum bụ "X" mgbe ahụ, a na-ede ya mgbe niile na mkpụrụ edemede dị elu na URN. === Nsogbu === URNs na-elekwasị anya na ọdịnaya, mana ISSN na-elekọta mgbasa ozi: * '''ISSN abụghị ihe pụrụ iche''' mgbe echiche ahụ bụ "akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ usoro ọdịnaya, n'ozuzu ya ọdịnaya ikike nwebisiinka": otu akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (otu ọdịnaya na otu ikike nwebsite) nwere ike ịnwe koodu ISSN abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. URN kwesịrị ịkọwa "ihe pụrụ iche" ("akwụkwọ akụkọ pụrụ iche" dị ka "ihe dị n'ime"). : Ihe Nlereanya: Okike nwere ISSN maka ibipụta, 0028-0836, na nke ọzọ maka otu ọdịnaya ahụ na Weebụ, 1476-4687; ọ bụ naanị nke kacha ochie (0028-0836) ka a na-eji dị ka njirimara pụrụ iche. Dị ka ISSN abụghị ihe pụrụ iche, U.S. National Library of Medicine chọrọ ịmepụta, tupu 2007, NLM Unique ID (JID). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#jid|title=MEDLINE/PubMed Data Element (Field) Descriptions|date=7 May 2014|publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine|accessdate=19 July 2014|archivedate=27 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427130927/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#jid}}</ref> * '''ISSN''' anaghị enye usoro mkpebi dị ka [[Digital object identifier|njirimara ihe dijitalụ]] (DOI) ma ọ bụ URN, yabụ a na-eji DOI dị ka URN maka isiokwu, na (maka ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme) enweghị mkpa maka ịdị adị ISSN. : Ihe atụ: aha DOI "10.1038/nature13777" nwere ike ịnọchite anya dị ka eriri HTTP site na <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/naturation13777</nowiki>, ma na-eduga (edozi) na ibe isiokwu dị ugbu a; mana enweghị ọrụ ISSN n'ịntanetị, dị ka <code><nowiki>http://dx.issn.org/</nowiki></code>, iji dozie ISSN nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (na ihe atụ a 1476-4687). URN pụrụ iche maka usoro na-eme ka ọchụchọ, mgbake na nnyefe data maka ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere, ọkachasị, usoro ọchụnta ego na nchekwa data ihe ọmụma dị mfe.<ref name="issnL" /> E kere '''ISSN-L''' (lee Linking ISSN n'elu) iji mejupụta oghere a. == Akara mgbasa ozi == Ụdị mgbasa ozi abụọ kachasị dị na ya bụ mb''ipụta'' na ''eletrọniki''. Na ọnọdụ metadata (dịka, JATS), ndị a nwere ike ịnwe akara ọkọlọtọ. === Mbipụta ISSN === ''p-ISSN''<nowiki> bụ akara ọkọlọtọ maka "Print ISSN", ISSN maka mbipụta (akwụkwọ) {{nke usoro. Ọ na-abụkarị "usoro mgbasa ozi na-ezighị ezi" ya mere "ISSN na-ezughị ezi".</nowiki> === Electronic ISSN === ''e-ISSN'' (ma ọ bụ ''eISSN'') bụ akara ọkọlọtọ maka "Electronic ISSN", ISSN maka mgbasa ozi eletrọniki (n'ịntanetị) nke usoro.<ref>"La nueva Norma ISSN facilita la vida de la comunidad de las publicaciones en serie", A. Roucolle. {{Cite web|url=http://www.latindex.unam.mx/biblioteca/nunoiso.html|title=La nueva norma ISSN|accessdate=2014-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210063334/http://www.latindex.unam.mx/biblioteca/nunoiso.html|archivedate=10 December 2014}}</ref> == ROAD == * ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources [it] (est. 2013), nke [[ISSN International Centre|ISSN International Center]] na [[UNESCO]] mepụtara <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://road.issn.org/en|title=Road in a nutshell|work=Road.issn.org|accessdate=12 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905182813/http://road.issn.org/en|archivedate=5 September 2017}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Link ndị no n'ezi == * [https://www.issn.org/ ISSN International Center] * [https://portal.issn.org/ Portal ISSN] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Alam-28/publication/331546716_List_of_Science_Citation_Index_SCI_journals/links/5c7f901b458515831f880a24/List-of-Science-Citation-Index-SCI-journals.pdf Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na p-ISSN ma ọ bụ e-ISSN ha] eu9e79ix2jngx1lvy2hugyww53rhb36 0 79373 709197 2026-09-06T03:00:28Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372230839|Nisha Botchwey]]" 709197 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nisha D. Botchwey''' bụ onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ nke Jamaica-American nke bụ ọkachamara na amụma ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ na-eje ozi dịka diini nke Humphrey School of Public Affairs na Mahadum Minnesota kemgbe 2022. == Ndụ == Botchwey si Jamaica.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Ansari|first=Hibah|date=2021-09-22|title=U of M appoints first immigrant, person of color as dean at Humphrey School|url=http://sahanjournal.com/education/nisha-botchwey-new-dean-humphrey-school-of-public-affairs-university-of-minnesota/|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=Sahan Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> O nwetara A.B. na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na iwu ọha na eze na Harvard College na 1997. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=BOTCHWEY_CV_12_11_2020.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1d3IL11o_MuSqY98bYaGaiiq-z2JO5_VQ/view?usp=embed_facebook|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=Google Docs}}</ref> Isiokwu edemede ya bụ, Eutrophication: The Death Angel Covering Coral Reefs in Montego Bay, Jamaica . <ref name=":1" /> Henrich Holland bụ onye ndụmọdụ ya.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ gụsịrị nzere masta nke obodo na nhazi mpaghara (1999) na Ph.D. (2003) site na Mahadum Pennsylvania School of Design . <ref name=":1" /> Aha akwụkwọ edemede ya bụ Taxonomy of Religious and Secular Nonprofit Organizations: Knowledge Development and Policy Recommendations for Neighborhood Revitalization. <ref name=":1" /> Eugenie L. Birch, John J. DiIulio Jr., na [[Ram A. Cnaan]] jere ozi dị ka ndị ndụmọdụ doctoral ya. <ref name=":1" /> Botchwey sonyeere ngalaba na Mahadum Virginia na 2003 dị kosote prọfesọ na ngalaba nke ime obodo na atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":1" /> Site na 2006 ruo 2009, ọ bụ onye nduzi nke mmemme ọmụmụ ya. <ref name=":1" /> A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ osote prọfesọ na 2009.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2011, Botchwey nwetara M.P.H. site na Mahadum Virginia College of Arts and Sciences . <ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2012, ọ sonyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ Georgia Tech nke obodo na atụmatụ mpaghara dị ka osote prọfesọ.<ref name=":1" /> E nyere ya ọrụ n'afọ 2015 ma bulie ya n'ọkwa onye isi oche maka mmemme agụmakwụkwọ n'afọ 2020. <ref name=":1" /> Na Jenụwarị 2022, ọ sonyeere Humphrey School of Public Affairs dị ka onye isi ya na Russell M. na Elizabeth M. Bennett Chair na Excellence in Public Affairs.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nisha Botchwey {{!}} Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs|url=https://www.hhh.umn.edu/directory/nisha-botchwey|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=www.hhh.umn.edu}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye mbịarambịa mbụ na onye na-acha ọbara ọbara na-eje ozi na ọrụ ahụ.<ref name=":0" />Kemgbe afọ 2023, ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka African American Leadership Forum. <ref name=":1" /> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya na 2024, na mmemme Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning na Seattle, a na-enye Nisha Botchwey onyinye Margarita McCoy maka onyinye ya na mmepe nke ụmụ nwanyị na nhazi. <ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=2024 Margarita McCoy Award|url=https://www.acsp.org/page/Botchwey2024|accessdate=September 24, 2025|work=Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * {{Cite book|author=Ross|first=Catherine L.|title=Health Impact Assessment in the United States|date=2014|publisher=Springer New York|isbn=978-1-4614-7302-2|language=en}} * {{Cite book|title=Making Healthy Places, Second Edition: Designing and Building for Well-Being, Equity, and Sustainability|date=2022|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-64283-157-3|editor=Botchwey|language=en}} == Edensibịa ==   [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] lcnpjsmosa2nlp95u4b3lgkmdo0x4mm 0 79374 709206 2026-09-06T06:09:52Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321835096|Mary Elizabeth Branch]]" 709206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Mary Elizabeth Branch | birth_date = {{birth date|1881|05|29}} | birth_place = [[Farmville, Virginia]], U.S. | education = {{ubl|[[Virginia State University|Virginia State College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[University of Chicago]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])}} | office = 11th [[President of Tillotson College]] | term_start = 1930 | term_end = 1944 | predecessor = J. T. Hodges | successor = William H. Jones | death_date = {{death date and age|1944|07|06|1881|05|29}} | death_place = [[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]], U.S. }} '''Mary Elizabeth Branch''' (Mee 29, 1881 – Julaị 6, 1944) bụ onye nkuzi na onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ Amerịka. Ọ bụ onye isi ojii, ma jee ozi dịka onyeisi oche nke Tillotson College (nke bụ Huston–Tillotson University ugbu a), HBCU na Austin, Texas. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ bụ onyeisi oche nke kọleji ahụ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Branch na Mee 29, 1881, na Farmville, Virginia, nne na nna bụbu ndị ohu Tazewell Branch na Harriet Branch. Nna ya jere ozi ugboro abụọ na Virginia House of Delegates. Nne na nna ya abụọ gụrụ akwụkwọ, ma kụziere Mary n'ụlọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gakwara akwụkwọ. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta nkuzi na Virginia State College (nke bụzi Virginia State University), ma kụzie na ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị dị na Blackstone, Virginia.<ref name="Howard 2018">{{Cite web|author=Howard|first=Judy|date=2018-09-30|title=Mary Elizabeth Branch (1881-1944)|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/branch-mary-elizabeth-1881-1944/|accessdate=2021-04-06|work=[[Blackpast.org]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ ọkachamara == Alaka laghachiri na Virginia State College ịkụzi ihe; ọ nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo afọ iri abụọ, n'otu oge ahụ nweta akara ugo mmụta BA (1922) wee nweta akara ugo mmụta MA (1925) na Mahadum Chicago.<ref name="Howard 2018" /> Mgbe Virginia State College gasịrị, Branch ghọrọ dean na Vashon High School na St Louis. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche na Tillotson College na Austin, [[Texas]], ebe ọ nọrọ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká. Kọleji ahụla mbelata ndebanye aha, na otu afọ tupu ọbịbịa Branch, e wepụrụ ya na kọleji dị ala maka ụmụ nwanyị. Alaka nwere ụlọ ọhụrụ e wuru ma rụzigharịa ndị dị ugbu a. E mere ka ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ bukwuo ibu, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nkuzi sikwa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Glasrud|first=Bruce A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHlpfowPLvYC&pg=PA143|title=Black Women in Texas History|date=2008-03-03|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=978-1-60344-031-8}}</ref> Site na atụmatụ recruitment nke gara nke ọma, nke aka ya site na ikike ya ịnakọta ego, o jisiri ike mụbaa ndebanye aha site na ihe na-erughị 150 na 1930 ruo 500. O mekwara ka mmekọrịta ya na obodo ahụ sikwuo ike.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ohles|first=Frederik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBj5-zHEMvoC&pg=PA39|title=Biographical Dictionary of Modern American Educators|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29133-3}}</ref> Mgbe afọ ise gasịrị, Tillotson ghọrọ kọleji afọ anọ wee sonye na American Association of Colleges. Branch bụ nwanyị Africa America mbụ na naanị onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ na Association a. N'afọ 1944, o nyere aka guzobe United Negro College Fund (UNCF) ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke isi Austine. Branch bụ onye otu Alpha Kappa Alpha . <ref>{{Cite journal|date=1938|title=Southeastern Region Meets at Tuskegee: Theme The Alpha Kappa Alpha woman and racial responsibility.|journal=The Ivy Leaf|volume=16|issue=2|pages=25}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 1944 na Baltimore, Maryland . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Mary Elizabeth Branch|url=https://www.womenintexashistory.org/biographies/mary-elizabeth-branch/|accessdate=2021-04-06|work=Women in Texas History (WTH)|publisher=Ruthe Winegarten Memorial Foundation for Texas Women’s History}}</ref> == Onyinye == Na 1935, Lyndon B. Johnson họpụtara ya na National Youth's Advisory Board maka Negro Advisory Board maka Texas. Na mahadum ya, Mahadum Steeti Virginia kpọrọ ebe obibi na Branch. E nyere Branch nzere nsọpụrụ site na Virginia State College na Howard University . <ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị isi oche nke Mahadum Huston-Tillotson == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  c184kxahsurzbkukgtoy5utcmw3xvz0 0 79375 709214 2026-09-06T09:04:49Z NiferO 20385 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370280249|2006–2007 Tunisia clashes]]" 709214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Campaignbox Algeria 2002-present}}Na 23 ọnwa Disemba afọ 2006 na 3 Jenụwarị afọ 2007, ndị ọrụ nchekwa Tunis na ndị otu nwere njikọ na otu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islamist Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) na obodo Soliman na Hammam-Lif ndịda isi obodo Tunis, na-egbu ihe karịrị mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17308138|title=Profile: Al-Qaeda in North Africa|work=BBC News|date=17 January 2013}}</ref> == Esemokwu == N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Disemba, e gburu ndị Alakụba abụọ ma jide abụọ n'ọgụ ha na ndị uwe ojii na obodo Hammam-Lif n'ebe ndịda Tunis.<ref name="nytimes" /> N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 3, e gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị ọrụ nchekwa Tunisia abụọ na ndị Alakụba iri na abụọ, ma jide mmadụ iri na ise n'ọgụ n'otu ọhịa dị nso na Soliman.<ref name="nytimes" /><ref name="latimes" /> N'ime ndị e gburu gụnyere onye ndu otu ahụ, bụ Lassaad Sassi—onye bụbu onye uwe ojii Tunisia nke nọrọla oge na Afghanistan ma na-eduzi otu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Milan, Italy. A kọrọ na ndị otu Sassi guzobere ogige ọzụzụ n'ugwu dị na DJebel Ressas na Bukornine n'ebe ndịda isi obodo Tunisia.<ref name="iss">{{Cite journal|first=Anneli|author=Botha|title=Chapter 4: Terrorism in Tunisia|url=https://issafrica.org/chapter-4-terrorism-in-tunisia|date=June 2008}}</ref> Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ French Le Parisien si kwuo, ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri isii nwụrụ na esemokwu ahụ. E mechara kpughee na ndị Alakụba nwere ụkpụrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya mba ọzọ dị ka ndị a ga-elekwasị anya.<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/14/world/africa/14tunisia.html|title=Tunisia Says Suspects in Gun Battle Had Blueprints of Embassies|work=The New York Times|date=14 January 2007|author=Smith|first=Craig S.}}</ref><ref name="latimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-13-fg-briefs13.3-story.html|title=Archives|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=13 January 2007}}</ref> Mwakpo ndị ahụ bụ nke kachasị njọ site n'aka ndị Alakụba na Tunisia kemgbe bọmbụ ụlọ nzukọ Ghriba n'afọ 2002.<ref name="weekly" /> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  r7vh45xcc8zzzkbt6lbxwpy28a313dt 0 79376 709216 2026-09-06T09:16:32Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373163210|Aminta H. Breaux]]" 709216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Aminta H. Breaux | office = President of [[Bowie State University]] | term_start = July 1, 2017 | birth_place = [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, U.S. | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|02|11}} | education = [[Temple University]]<br>[[University of Pennsylvania]]<br>[[Harvard Graduate School of Education]] | children = 3 | image = Aminta H. Breaux.jpg | caption = Breaux in 2018 }} '''Aminta H. Breaux''' (amụrụ na Febụwarị 11, 1959) bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara uche na onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ nke Amerịka. Ọ bụ onyeisi nke iri nke Mahadum Bowie State. Breaux buru ụzọ nwee ọkwa ndị ndu na Mahadum Millersville nke Pennsylvania, Mahadum nke Sayensị, na Mahadum Drexel. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Breaux na Febụwarị 11, 1959, na Philadelphia . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Aminta Hawkins Breaux, President, Bowie State University|url=https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/25univ/bowie/html/msa17407.html|accessdate=2023-02-24|work=msa.maryland.gov}}</ref> O nwetara nzere B.A. na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ na Mahadum Temple na 1980. <ref name=":0" /> Breaux nwetara M.S. na ọrụ uche na agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Pennsylvania na 1986. <ref name=":0" /> O mechara nweta Ph.D. na ndụmọdụ akparamagwa na Mahadum Temple n'afọ 2004. <ref name=":0" /> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mmemme njikwa ndị isi nke Harvard Graduate School of Education. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-29|title=Dr. Aminta H. Breaux {{!}} Maryland Daily Record|url=https://thedailyrecord.com/2021/10/29/dr-aminta-h-breaux-2/|accessdate=2023-02-24|work=Maryland Daily Record|language=en-US}}</ref> Breaux bụ onye ndụmọdụ ọrụ na Mahadum Pennsylvania . <ref name=":1" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Drexel dịka onyeisi nke ebe ọrụ ha site na 1990 ruo 1995 na onyeisi nke ebe ọrụ site na 1995 ruo 1998.<ref name=":0" /> Site na 1998 ruo 2000, Breaux bụ osote onye isi na Mahadum Drexel ebe ọ na-elekọta mmemme mmụta na mmemme mmụta ọrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Breaux bụ dean nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke sayensị site na 2000 ruo 2008. <ref name=":0" /> Ọ sonyeere Mahadum Millersville nke Pennsylvania na 2008 dị ka osote onye isi oche ya maka ihe gbasara ụmụ akwụkwọ.<ref name=":0" /> A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi ala maka ọganihu ma rụọ ọrụ ahụ site na 2014 ruo 2017.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche na-anọchi anya mmepe na mmekọrịta ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2014. <ref name=":0" /> Na Julaị 1, 2017, Breaux ghọrọ onye isi oche nke iri nke Mahadum Bowie State . <ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Breaux lụrụ Melvin ma ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biography {{!}} Bowie State|url=https://bowiestate.edu/about/administration-and-governance/office-of-the-president/biography.php|accessdate=2023-02-24|work=bowiestate.edu}}</ref> == Edensibịa ==   [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] at5053sn13tvkdst6pbjgb3kimf6wws 0 79377 709219 2026-09-06T09:42:05Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369061890|Bonita Brown]]" 709219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Bonita Brown | image = Bonita Brown (55124659916) (cropped).jpg | caption = Brown in 2026 | office = Chancellor of [[Winston-Salem State University]] | term_start = June 2024 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Elwood Robinson|Elwood L. Robinson]] | successor = | office2 = Interim President of [[Northern Kentucky University]] | termstart2 = January 2023 | termend2 = October 2023 | predecessor2 = [[Ashish Vaidya]] | successor2 = [[Cady Short-Thompson]] | education = [[Wake Forest University]] ([[Bachelor's degree|BA]], [[Juris Doctorate|JD]]) | children = 2 }} '''Bonita J. Brown bụ ọ''' bụ ọkaiwu Amerịka na onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ, onye bụ Chancellor nke iri na anọ nke Mahadum Winston-Salem State ugbu a, dịka ọ dị na Julaị 1, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Office of the Chancellor: Bonita Brown|url=https://www.wssu.edu/about/chancellors-office/index.html|work=WSSU|accessdate=2026-04-09}}</ref> E mere emume itinye ya n'ọrụ na Septemba 19, 2025. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Diaz|first=Amy|title=Bonita J. Brown formally installed as WSSU's first permanent female chancellor|url=https://www.wfdd.org/education/2025-09-19/bonita-j-brown-formally-installed-as-wssus-first-permanent-female-chancellor|accessdate=2026-04-06|publisher=WFDD|date=2025-09-19}}</ref> == Ndụ == A zụlitere Brown na Welcome, North Carolina . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Nguyen|first=Mildred|date=February 24, 2023|title=Three things you might not know about Interim President Bonita Brown|url=https://www.thenortherner.com/news/2023/02/24/three-things-you-might-not-know-about-interim-president-bonita-brown/|accessdate=2023-12-16|work=The Northerner}}</ref> O nwetara B.A. na Mahadum WakeForest na 1995 na J.D. na Machị Wake Forest School of Law na 1997.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kyaw|first=Arrman|date=2023-01-20|title=Bonita Brown Appointed Interim President of Northern Kentucky University|url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/leadership-policy/article/15305789/bonita-brown-appointed-interim-president-of-northern-kentucky-university|accessdate=2023-09-23|work=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Deacon Spotlight: Bonita Brown|url=https://alumni.opcd.wfu.edu/deacon-spotlight/deacon-spotlight-bonita-brown/|accessdate=2023-12-16|work=Alumni Personal & Career Development Center|language=en}}</ref> Brown rụrụ ọrụ dịka ọkaiwu ọrụ na Washington, D.C. n'ọrụ iwu ụlọ ọrụ mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu. <ref name=":3" /> N'afọ 2001, ọ laghachiri North Carolina wee sonye na ndị ọrụ na Livingstone College dị ka onye na-enyer e ndị isi ya aka.<ref name=":3" /> Ọ bụ onye isi ndị ọrụ na Mahadum nke North Texas . <ref name=":0" /> Brown bụ osote chancellor na onyeisi ndị ọrụ na Mahadum North Carolina na Greensboro tupu ọ kwaga Mahadum Winston-Salem State ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye ọka iwu maka mahadum ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> O mechara bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ nke Mahadum nke North Carolina School of the Arts, nke dịkwa na Winston-Salem . <ref name=":1" /> Brown rụkwara ọrụ n'òtù na-abụghị maka uru, gụnyere ọkwa dịka onye nduzi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ka elu na Education Trust na Washington, D.C[[Washington, D.C.|.]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Bonita Brown Selected As NKU Interim President|url=https://www.nku.edu/news/2023/January/BonitaBrownInterimPresident.html|accessdate=2023-09-23|work=www.nku.edu|language=en}}</ref> O mechara rụọ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru, Achieving the Dream, dị ka osote onye isi oche ya maka itinye aka na netwọk.<ref name=":1" /> Brown sonyeee Mahadum Northern Kentucky (NKU) na Mee 2019 dị ka osote onye isi oche na onye isi atụmatụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mitchell|first=Madeline|date=January 18, 2023|title='It's not an easy job.' NKU board of regents appoints Bonita Brown to interim president|url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/education/2023/01/18/nkus-vice-president-bonita-brown-appointed-interim-president/69817816007/|accessdate=2023-09-23|work=The Enquirer|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe [[Ashish Vaidya]] hapụrụ ya na 2022, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche nke NKU na Jenụwarị 2023. <ref name=":1" /> Cady Short-Thompson nọchiri Brown n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2023.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Nguyen|first=Mildred|date=September 13, 2023|title=NKU announces Cady Short-Thompson as seventh president|url=https://www.thenortherner.com/news/2023/09/13/nku-announces-cady-short-thompson-as-seventh-president/|accessdate=2023-09-23|work=The Northerner}}</ref> Na ngwụcha Mee 2024, a mara ọkwa Brown dị ka onye isi nke iri na anọ nke Mahadum Winston-Salem State . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ford|first=David|title=First woman to be named chancellor at WSSU begins in July|url=https://www.wfdd.org/2024-05-29/first-woman-to-be-named-chancellor-at-wssu-begins-in-july|accessdate=2026-04-09|publisher=WFDD|date=2024-05-29}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Brown lụrụ Wesley Brown.<ref name=":1" /> Ha nwere nwa nwoke na nwa nwanyị.<ref name=":1" /> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2vb74wjtm014owl8berpjdv8p9frtsr 0 79378 709224 2026-09-06T10:13:39Z IfyClassique 20717 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367188405|Shabana (actress)]]" 709224 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Afroza Sultana Ratna''' (amụrụ na 15 Jun 1952), nke a maara nke ọma site na aha ya bụ '''Shabana''', bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Bangladesh.<ref name="ds6May2005">{{Cite news|author=Afsar Ahmed|date=6 May 2005|title=The celebrity name game|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/05/06/d505061403105.htm|work=The Daily Star|accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri kacha nwee ihe mmetụta na ndị kacha akwụ ụgwọ na ihe nkiri sinima Bangladesh site n'afọ ndị 1970s ruo afọ ndị 1990s tupu ọ laa ezumike nká n'afọ 1998. N'ime ọrụ afọ iri atọ ọ rụrụ, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri 299. Ya na Alamgir so mee ihe nkiri 130 n'ime ha.<ref name="starry">{{Cite news|date=7 July 2017|title=A starry evening|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2017/07/07/a-starry-evening/|accessdate=8 July 2017|work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> Malite ọrụ ya dị ka nwa na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri ''Notun Sur'' nke afọ 1961, ọ ghọrọ kpakpando na-achị nke ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Bangladesh n'afọ ndị 1980. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Shabana's name is synonymous with box-office hits: Ujjal|url=https://images.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/shabanas-name-synonymous-box-office-hits-ujjal-3347166|accessdate=6 June 2025|work=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Many happy returns to Shabana|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/many-happy-returns-shabana-1914841|accessdate=6 June 2025|work=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> O nwetara ihe nrite asatọ dịka Best Actress Awards na Bangladesh National Film Awards. Ọrụ ya na-enweta ihe nrite nke mba bụ na ''Janani'' (1977), ''Sokhi Tumi Kar'' (1980), ''Dui Poisar Alta'' (1982), ''Nazma'' (1983), ''Bhat De'' (1984), ''Apeksha'' (1987), ''Ranga Bhabi'' (1989), ''Moroner Pore'' (1990), na ''Achena'' (1991). N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2017, Gọọmentị Bangladesh nyere Shabana ihe nrite Lifetime Achievement Award maka enyemaka ya na ihe nkiri sinima Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shabana receives Lifetime Achievement Award from Prime Minister Hasina|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/242941/Shabana-receives-Lifetime-Achievement-Award-from-Prime-Minister-Hasina|accessdate=29 December 2021|work=Daily Sun|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Ezinụlọ Shabana malitere na Dabua, mpaghara Raozan na Chittagong. Ọ malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Pakistan bụ Nadeem na Ihe nkiri Urdu ''Chakori'' n'afọ 1967. <ref name="starry" /> O mere ihe nkiri 299 na Bengali na Urdu, na otu na Hindi akpọrọ ''Shatru'' ebe ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri India bụ Rajesh Khanna mere na 1986. Pramod Chakravorty duziri ihe nkiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nashid Kamal|date=15 July 2017|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/lifes-lyrics/shabana-lifetime-achievement-1433098|title=Shabana - Lifetime Achievement|work=The Daily Star|accessdate=18 July 2017}}</ref> Ya na Nadeem, Razzak, Bulbul Ahmed, Prabir Mitra, Shawkat Akbar, Subhash Dutta, Rahman, Syed Hasan Imam, Ujjal, Zafar Iqbal, Alamgir, Jashim, ATM Shamsuzzaman, Khasru, Sohel Rana, Mahmud Koli, Ilyas Kanchan, Wasim (onye na-eme ihe nkiri) , Humayun Faridi, Javed Sheikh na Rajesh Khanna. === Shabana-Nadeem abụọ === Shabana so onye na-eme ihe nkiri Pakistan bụ Nadeem mee ihe nkiri mbụ ya na ihe nkiri Urdu ''Chakori'' n'afọ 1967. Ihe o mere na ihe nkiri ''Anari'', ''Chotey Sahab'', ''Chand aur Chandni'' na ''Chand Suraj'', ihe nkiri nnwale nke ọkara mbụ raara nye mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Waheed Murad na Rozina na ọkara nke abụọ na-enweghị njikọ lekwasịrị anya na Shabana na Nadeem, nwetara otuto mba ụwa. Ọ pụtara ọzọ na ihe nkiri Pakistan n'oge afọ 1980, mgbe mmepụta n'etiti mba ndịda Eshia ghọrọ ihe a ma ama, gụnyere ọrụ na ''Basera'' (1984) na ''Aandhi'' (1991), ha abụọ so Nadeem mee ihe nkiri. O mekwara ihe nkiri na Pakistan-Turkey na-emepụta ''Halchal'' na Javed Sheikh n'afọ 1986. == Ndụ nke onwe == Shabana lara ezumike nká n'ịme ihe nkiri n'afọ 1998 wee kwaga United States ka ya na ezinụlọ ya biri.<ref name="palo">{{Cite news|url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/226647|language=bn|work=Prothom Alo|date=21 February 2012|accessdate=18 September 2012}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri Bangladesh bụ Wahid Sadique kemgbe afọ 1973.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 February 2020|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangla/%e0%a6%b6%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b7-%e0%a6%96%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%b0/%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%82%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%a6-%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%a6%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%af-%e0%a6%b9%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%97%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%b9%e0%a7%80-%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%80-%e0%a6%93%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b9%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a6-133915|accessdate=6 October 2020|work=The Daily Star|language=bn}}</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ na otu nwa nwoke. Nwa ya nwanyị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Yale wee gaa Mahadum Harvard maka ọrụ doctorate ya. Nwa ya nwoke na-arụ ọrụ na ego.<ref>{{Cite news|title=I'm lucky: Shabana|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/entertainment/I-m-lucky-Shabana|accessdate=29 December 2021|work=Prothom Alo|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == *   * {{IMDb name|1871112}} {{Navboxes|title=Awards for Shabana|list={{Bangladesh National Film Award Best Actress}} {{Bangladesh National Film Award Best Supporting Actress}} {{Bangladesh National Film Award Lifetime Achievement}} {{Bachsas Award for Best Actress}}}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] ml867i51f5aavs5skl9afpiihsgy5w5 0 79379 709226 2026-09-06T10:38:38Z IfyClassique 20717 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343287186|Shuchorita]]" 709226 wikitext text/x-wiki    Baby Helen (nke a maara site na aha ọgbọ ya '''Shuchorita''') <ref name="jadu">{{Cite news|url=http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/weekly_news/2011/02/07/3632|language=bn|first=Liakat|author=Khokon|date=February 7, 2011|work=Amar Desh|accessdate=July 30, 2017}}</ref> bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Bangladesh.<ref name="game">{{Cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/05/06/d505061403105.htm|title=Tit Bits - The celebrity name game|author=Afsar Ahmed|date=May 6, 2005|work=The Daily Star|accessdate=December 29, 2015}}</ref> O meriri Bangladesh National Film Award maka Best Actress maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri ''Hangor Nodi Grenade'' (1997) na Best Supporting Actress maka Meghkonna (2018).<ref name="nfa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fdc.gov.bd/site/page/f3bb17fe-d9ad-4b61-bd8a-5824262691ad/১৯৭৫-২০১২|language=bn|accessdate=March 25, 2019|publisher=Bangladesh Film Development Corporation|work=Government of Bangladesh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/national-film-awards-2017-and-2018-announced-1824415|title=National Film Awards for 2017 and 2018 announced|date=2019-11-08|work=The Daily Star|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-14}}</ref> O meela ihe nkiri karịrị 100 . <ref name="jadu" /> == Ndabere == Shuchorita was born in Dhaka,<ref name="jadu" /> the middle child of three siblings. She has an older sister, Rita, and had a younger brother, Manu, who died in a home accident in 1998.  == Ọrụ == Shuchorita banyere n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri site n'enyemaka nke nwanne nne ya, Panna, onye na-agba egwu n'onwe ya.<ref name="jadu" /> Ọ malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya dị ka nwatakịrị, na-eme ihe nkiri dịka nwa nwoke, na ihe nkiri ''Bablu'' nke afọ 1969.<ref name="jadu" /> A họpụtara ya dị ka onye ndu na ihe nkiri ''Shikriti'' n'afọ 1972. <ref name="jadu" /> Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri, ọ nwetara ọganihu ya na ihe nkiri ''Jadur Bashi'' (1977).<ref name="jadu" /><ref name="amardeshonline">{{Cite news|url=http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/weekly_news/2011/02/07/3632|author=Liakat Hossain Khokon|date=February 7, 2011|work=Dainik Amar Desh|accessdate=December 28, 2013|language=bn}}</ref> == Ọrụ ==  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />In the early 1980s, Shuchorita was married to actor Jashim for a year.  In 1989, she married film producer, KMR Manzoor,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reflectionnews.com/mr-kmr-manzoor-managing-director-neptune-theatre-ltd-ovishar-cinema-hall-and-neptune-theatre/|title=Mr. KMR Manzoor, Managing Director, Neptune Theatre Ltd., Ovishar Cinema Hall and Neptune Theatre|work=reflectionnews.com|language=en-US|accessdate=August 28, 2018}}</ref> and they have three children together.<ref name="divorce">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ennayadiganta.com/detail/news/21634|title=K. M. R. Manzoor's children|author=Manzoor|first=Khan|date=January 24, 2016|work=dailynayadiganta|accessdate=December 29, 2015}}</ref> The couple got divorced in December 2012.<ref name="divorce" /> == Ihe nrite == N'akụkụ Bangladesh National Film Award, Shuchorita ritere ihe nrite Best Actress site na Bangladesh Film Journalists Association n'afọ 1981. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rahat Saiful|date=August 22, 2015|url=http://www.risingbd.com/এখনও-ব্যস্ত-সুচরিতা/121353|work=Rising BD|language=bn|accessdate=December 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name="eid">{{Cite journal|author=Momin Rahman and Nobin Hossain|year=1998|journal=Anyadin, Eid Special|volume=2|issue=25|pages=351|language=bn}}</ref> == Edensibịa ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|4620838}} {{Bangladesh National Film Award Best Actress}}{{Bangladesh National Film Award Best Supporting Actress}}{{Bachsas Award for Best Actress}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 0j5kazfdmafkqo9quwhzzkv3ew3udyy 0 79380 709227 2026-09-06T10:43:24Z Elcarim1 62511 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324576232|Famine in Cape Verde]]" 709227 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Usoro '''ụnwụ nri''' metụtara ụkọ mmiri ozuzo dakwasịrị agwaetiti '''[[Cape Verde]]''' n'etiti afọ 1580 na 1950. N'oge ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na ụnwụ nri ndị a, ọtụtụ iri puku ndị bi ebe ahụ nwụrụ site na agụụ na ọrịa. Na narị afọ nke 19, e nwere ụkọ nri e dekọrọ site na 1830 ruo 1833, 1854 ruo 1856, na 1863 ruo 1866. Na narị afọ nke 20, e nwere ụnwụ nri abụọ e dekọrọ. Nke mbụ dịgidere site na 1941 ruo 1943, nke abụọ site na 1947 ruo 1948. N'afọ 1940, ọtụtụ puku ndị bi n'agwaetiti kwagara, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-anabata ọrụ nkwekọrịta n'ugbo koko nke ndị Portugal na São Tomé na Príncipe.[1] Gọọmentị Estado Novo nke Portugal egosighi mmasị dị ukwuu n'ebe ndị Africa bi, ha emebeghịkwa ihe iji melite ohere ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha, ma ọ bụ inye enyemaka nri. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Agwaetiti Cape Verde nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-anaghị akọrọ, ebe mmiri ozuzo na-ezokarị naanị n'ọnwa Ọgọst na Septemba. Ebe ndị kacha kpọọ nkụ bụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ dị ala (Maio, Sal na Boa Vista), na akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke agwaetiti ndị dị n'ugwu. Akụkụ ndị dị elu na ndị dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, ndị ifufe na-efe na-enweta mmiri ozuzo karịa.. Ọrụ ugbo na-adabere n'ụzọ siri ike na mmiri ozuzo nke oge okpomọkụ, nke na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu; n'afọ ndị mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị, ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Na mgbakwunye, mmiri ozuzo na-abịakarị n'ihe omume ole na ole buru ibu ebe ọtụtụ mmiri na-abanye n'oké osimiri, na-emepụta mbuze karịa imeju mmiri.<ref name="Moran">{{Cite journal|author=Moran|first=Emilio|title=The Evolution of Cape Verde's Agriculture|journal=African Economic History|date=1982|volume=11|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3601217|accessdate=30 December 2023}}</ref>: 68 Ọnọdụ ahụ ka njọ site na nhọrọ ihe ọkụkụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị akarị, ịta nri gabigara ókè na nzaghachi na-ezughị oke site na nchịkwa Portuguese.<ref name="keese">{{Cite journal|url=https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/18452/14232/22gDqzLZTTGk.pdf?sequence=1|title=Managing the Prospect of Famine. Cape Verdean Officials, Subsistence Emergencies, and the Change of Elite Attitudes During Portugal's Late Colonial Phase, 1939-1961|first=Alexander|author=Keese|journal=[[Itinerario]]|volume=XXXVI|issue=1|year=2012|pages=49–69|doi=10.1017/S0165115312000368}}</ref><ref name="brooks">{{Cite journal|title=Cabo Verde: Gulag of the South Atlantic: Racism, Fishing Prohibitions, and Famines|first=George E.|author=Brooks|journal=[[History in Africa]]|volume=33|year=2006|pages=101–135|doi=10.1353/hia.2006.0008}}</ref> Iwu ndị Portugal na-achị ala ahụ kwadoro nguzobe nke morgados, nnukwu ala e nyere otu onye nketa. Nke a mere ka ọtụtụ ndị bi na Cape Verde na-akwụ ụgwọ ma ọ bụ na-ekere òkè, na-enweghị obere ihe mkpali iji melite ala ha maka iguzogide oke ọkọchị. Nchịkwa nke ndị na-achị mba ahụ kwalite ihe ọkụkụ ego dịka [[kọfị]], [[Ńnú odẹne|shuga]], na ogho n'ala a na-agba mmiri karịa ihe ọkụkụ nri. Mkpụrụ ọka bụ ma bụrụ ọka bụ isi a na-akụ. Ọ chọrọ mmiri ozuzo karịa ka Cabo Verde na-enwetakarị, mana ụkpụrụ ọdịbendị e guzobere n'oge ọchịchị Portuguese butere ihe ọkụkụ a maara nke ọma karịa ụdị ọka na [[Sorghum bicolor|sorghum]] ndị dabara adaba na gburugburu ebe obibi na nke na-eguzogide ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. <ref name="Moran" />: 81–2  == Ụnwụ nri n'akụkọ ihe mere eme == E dekọrọ ụnwụ nri ndị a: * 1580-83, na Santiago, Maio na Brava<ref name="brooks" /> * 1609-11, na Santiago, <ref name="brooks" /> jikọtara ya na ntiwapụ nke kịtịkpa * 1685-90, ihe dị ka mmadụ 4,000 nwụrụ na Santiago<ref name="brooks" /> * 1704-12, na Santiago, Maio, Boa Vista, na Sal<ref name="brooks" /> * 1719-23, na Santiago, São Nicolau, Maio, Sal, Boa Vista, na Fogo. Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti atọ ikpeazụ ahụ enweghịzi mmadụ <ref name="brooks" /> * 1738-40, na São Nicolau<ref name="brooks" /> * 1747-50, n'àgwàetiti niile<ref name="brooks" /><ref name="WorldAtlas" /> * 1773-75, ihe karịrị mmadụ 20,000 nwụrụ n'àgwàetiti niile<ref name="brooks" /><ref name="WorldAtlas" /> * 1830-33, ihe dị ka mmadụ 30,000 nwụrụ n'àgwàetiti niile<ref name="brooks" /><ref name="WorldAtlas" /> * 1854-56, 25% nke ndị bi na ya nwụrụ <ref name="WorldAtlas" /> * 1863-66, n'etiti 20,000 na 30,000 ọnwụ na agwaetiti niile<ref name="brooks" /> == Ụnwụ nri n'afọ ndị 1940 == Abụọ n’ime ụnwụ nri kacha njọ nke Cape Verde n’akụkọ ihe mere eme mere n’agbata afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri anọ na otu (1941) ruo afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri anọ na atọ (1943) na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri anọ na asaa (1947) ruo afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri anọ na asatọ (1948), bụ́ ndị e mere atụmatụ na ha gburu ihe dị ka ndị mmadụ puku iri anọ na ise (45,000). [1]Agwaetiti ndị ihe kacha metụta bụ São Nicolau na Fogo, ebe n’otu n’otu, pasentị iri abụọ na asatọ (28%) na pasentị iri atọ na otu (31%) nke ndị bi n’ebe ahụ nwụrụ. [2]N’agbata afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri anọ na isii (1946) ruo afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri anọ na asatọ (1948), Santiago tụfuru pasentị iri isii na ise (65%) nke ndị bi na ya. [2]Ọtụtụ puku ndị bi n’agwaetiti ndị ahụ kwagara mba ọzọ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ kwetara ịrụ ọrụ n’usoro nkwekọrịta n’ugbo osisi koko dị na São Tomé na Príncipe, nke Portugal na-achị n’oge ahụ. [3]N’agbata afọ otu puku na narị itoolu (1900) na otu puku, narị itoolu na iri asaa (1970), a kpọgara ihe dị ka ndị Cape Verde puku iri asatọ (80,000) gaa São Tomé na Príncipe. [1]Gọọmenti Estado Novo nke Portugal enweghị mmasị dị ukwuu n’ebe ógbè ya dị n’Africa nọ, ma ọ daghịkwa mbọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji meziwanye ohere ndị mmadụ nwere inweta mmiri dị ọcha, ma ọ bụ iji nye enyemaka nri. [3].<ref name="keese" /> == N'omenala a ma ama == Fome 47 ("Ụnwụ nke 47"), otu n'ime abụ ndị a ma ama nke onye egwu Cape Verde Codé di Dona, na-akọ banyere ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ụnwụ nri na ịkwaga São Tomé na 1947. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odiaquepassa.blogspot.com/2010/01/code-di-dona-1940-2010.html|title=Codé di Dona: 1940-2010|publisher=Odia que passa blog|language=pt|date=6 January 2010}}</ref> Akụkụ nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Chiquinho'' nke Baltasar Lopes da Silva lekwasịrị anya na ọdachi nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, nnukwu nsogbu na Cape Verde, nke na-akpata ụnwụ nri na ọtụtụ ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anacao.cv/2014/10/29/chiquinho-e-baltasar-marcos-da-literatura-de-cabo-verde/|title=Chiquinho and Baltasar: Mark of Cape Verde's literature|accessdate=November 8, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109085809/http://anacao.cv/2014/10/29/chiquinho-e-baltasar-marcos-da-literatura-de-cabo-verde/|archivedate=November 9, 2016}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Cape Verde == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  ics1zng9d8dz49k2x15adraiz399rrg 709232 709227 2026-09-06T11:27:11Z Elcarim1 62511 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324576232|Famine in Cape Verde]]" 709232 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Usoro '''ụnwụ nri''' metụtara ụkọ mmiri ozuzo dakwasịrị agwaetiti '''[[Cape Verde]]''' n'etiti afọ 1580 na 1950. N'oge ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na ụnwụ nri ndị a, ọtụtụ iri puku ndị bi ebe ahụ nwụrụ site na agụụ na ọrịa. In the 19th century, there were recorded famines from 1830 until 1833, 1854 until 1856, and 1863 until 1866. In the 20th century, there were two recorded famines. The first lasted from 1941 until 1943, and the second from 1947 until 1948. During the 1940s, several thousands of islanders emigrated, for instance accepting contract labour on the cocoa plantations of Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe.<ref name="keese">{{Cite journal|url=https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/18452/14232/22gDqzLZTTGk.pdf?sequence=1|title=Managing the Prospect of Famine. Cape Verdean Officials, Subsistence Emergencies, and the Change of Elite Attitudes During Portugal's Late Colonial Phase, 1939-1961|first=Alexander|author=Keese|journal=[[Itinerario]]|volume=XXXVI|issue=1|year=2012|pages=49–69|doi=10.1017/S0165115312000368}}</ref> The ''Estado Novo'' government of Portugal showed little interest in its African colony, and failed to take measures to improve access to fresh water, or to supply food aid.<ref name="keese" /> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Àgwàetiti Cape Verde nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekwo ekwo, na mmiri ozuzo na-ejikarị n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ na Septemba. Ebe ndị kpọrọ nkụ bụ agwaetiti ndị dị ala n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ (Maio, Sal na Boa Vista), na akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke agwaetiti ndị ọzọ nwere ugwu. Ebe ndị dị elu na n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, akụkụ ndị na-eche ihu n'ikuku na-enweta mmiri ozuzo. Ọrụ ugbo na-adabere n'ụzọ siri ike na mmiri ozuzo nke oge okpomọkụ, nke na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu; n'afọ ndị mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị, ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Na mgbakwunye, mmiri ozuzo na-abịakarị n'ihe omume ole na ole buru ibu ebe ọtụtụ mmiri na-abanye n'oké osimiri, na-emepụta mbuze karịa imeju mmiri.<ref name="Moran">{{Cite journal|author=Moran|first=Emilio|title=The Evolution of Cape Verde's Agriculture|journal=African Economic History|date=1982|volume=11|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3601217|accessdate=30 December 2023}}</ref>: 68 Ọnọdụ ahụ ka njọ site na nhọrọ ihe ọkụkụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị akarị, ịta nri gabigara ókè na nzaghachi na-ezughị oke site na nchịkwa Portuguese.<ref name="keese" /><ref name="brooks">{{Cite journal|title=Cabo Verde: Gulag of the South Atlantic: Racism, Fishing Prohibitions, and Famines|first=George E.|author=Brooks|journal=[[History in Africa]]|volume=33|year=2006|pages=101–135|doi=10.1353/hia.2006.0008}}</ref> Iwu ndị Portugal na-achị ala ahụ kwadoro nguzobe nke morgados, nnukwu ala e nyere otu onye nketa. Nke a mere ka ọtụtụ ndị bi na Cape Verde na-akwụ ụgwọ ma ọ bụ na-ekere òkè, na-enweghị obere ihe mkpali iji melite ala ha maka iguzogide oke ọkọchị. Nchịkwa nke ndị na-achị mba ahụ kwalite ihe ọkụkụ ego dịka [[kọfị]], [[Ńnú odẹne|shuga]], na ogho n'ala a na-agba mmiri karịa ihe ọkụkụ nri. Mkpụrụ ọka bụ ma bụrụ ọka bụ isi a na-akụ. Ọ chọrọ mmiri ozuzo karịa ka Cabo Verde na-enwetakarị, mana ụkpụrụ ọdịbendị e guzobere n'oge ọchịchị Portuguese butere ihe ọkụkụ a maara nke ọma karịa ụdị ọka na [[Sorghum bicolor|sorghum]] ndị dabara adaba na gburugburu ebe obibi na nke na-eguzogide ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. <ref name="Moran" />: 81–2  == Ụnwụ nri n'akụkọ ihe mere eme == E dekọrọ ụnwụ nri ndị a: * 1580-83, na Santiago, Maio na Brava<ref name="brooks" /> * 1609-11, na Santiago, <ref name="brooks" /> jikọtara ya na ntiwapụ nke kịtịkpa * 1685-90, ihe dị ka mmadụ 4,000 nwụrụ na Santiago<ref name="brooks" /> * 1704-12, na Santiago, Maio, Boa Vista, na Sal<ref name="brooks" /> * 1719-23, na Santiago, São Nicolau, Maio, Sal, Boa Vista, na Fogo. Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti atọ ikpeazụ ahụ enweghịzi mmadụ <ref name="brooks" /> * 1738-40, na São Nicolau<ref name="brooks" /> * 1747-50, n'àgwàetiti niile<ref name="brooks" /><ref name="WorldAtlas" /> * 1773-75, ihe karịrị mmadụ 20,000 nwụrụ n'àgwàetiti niile<ref name="brooks" /><ref name="WorldAtlas" /> * 1830-33, ihe dị ka mmadụ 30,000 nwụrụ n'àgwàetiti niile<ref name="brooks" /><ref name="WorldAtlas" /> * 1854-56, 25% nke ndị bi na ya nwụrụ <ref name="WorldAtlas" /> * 1863-66, n'etiti 20,000 na 30,000 ọnwụ na agwaetiti niile<ref name="brooks" /> == Ụnwụ nri n'afọ ndị 1940 == Abụọ n’ime ụnwụ nri kacha njọ nke Cape Verde n’akụkọ ihe mere eme mere n’agbata afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri anọ na otu (1941) ruo afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri anọ na atọ (1943) na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri anọ na asaa (1947) ruo afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri anọ na asatọ (1948), bụ́ ndị e mere atụmatụ na ha gburu ihe dị ka ndị mmadụ puku iri anọ na ise (45,000). [1]Agwaetiti ndị ihe kacha metụta bụ São Nicolau na Fogo, ebe n’otu n’otu, pasentị iri abụọ na asatọ (28%) na pasentị iri atọ na otu (31%) nke ndị bi n’ebe ahụ nwụrụ. [2]N’agbata afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri anọ na isii (1946) ruo afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri anọ na asatọ (1948), Santiago tụfuru pasentị iri isii na ise (65%) nke ndị bi na ya. [2]Ọtụtụ puku ndị bi n’agwaetiti ndị ahụ kwagara mba ọzọ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ kwetara ịrụ ọrụ n’usoro nkwekọrịta n’ugbo osisi koko dị na São Tomé na Príncipe, nke Portugal na-achị n’oge ahụ. [3]N’agbata afọ otu puku na narị itoolu (1900) na otu puku, narị itoolu na iri asaa (1970), a kpọgara ihe dị ka ndị Cape Verde puku iri asatọ (80,000) gaa São Tomé na Príncipe. [1]Gọọmenti Estado Novo nke Portugal enweghị mmasị dị ukwuu n’ebe ógbè ya dị n’Africa nọ, ma ọ daghịkwa mbọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji meziwanye ohere ndị mmadụ nwere inweta mmiri dị ọcha, ma ọ bụ iji nye enyemaka nri. [3].<ref name="keese" /> == N'omenala a ma ama == Fome 47 ("Ụnwụ nke 47"), otu n'ime abụ ndị a ma ama nke onye egwu Cape Verde Codé di Dona, na-akọ banyere ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ụnwụ nri na ịkwaga São Tomé na 1947. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odiaquepassa.blogspot.com/2010/01/code-di-dona-1940-2010.html|title=Codé di Dona: 1940-2010|publisher=Odia que passa blog|language=pt|date=6 January 2010}}</ref> Akụkụ nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Chiquinho'' nke Baltasar Lopes da Silva lekwasịrị anya na ọdachi nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, nnukwu nsogbu na Cape Verde, nke na-akpata ụnwụ nri na ọtụtụ ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anacao.cv/2014/10/29/chiquinho-e-baltasar-marcos-da-literatura-de-cabo-verde/|title=Chiquinho and Baltasar: Mark of Cape Verde's literature|accessdate=November 8, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109085809/http://anacao.cv/2014/10/29/chiquinho-e-baltasar-marcos-da-literatura-de-cabo-verde/|archivedate=November 9, 2016}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Cape Verde == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  bedd66vq2fslaq208wf4otvh5uboeix 0 79381 709235 2026-09-06T11:58:25Z Elcarim1 62511 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336888255|Elephant hunting in Chad]]" 709235 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Cd-map.png|thumb|437x437px|Map nke Chad]] '''Ịchụ nta enyí''' ma ọ bụ ịchụ nta enì n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na iji ezé ha eme ihe maka ahịa ọdụ́ bụ iwu na-achịkwa na [[Chad]] ma na-eweta nnukwu egwu nye ọnụ ọgụgụ enyí. Ụlọ ọrụ ọdụ́ na-aba uru bụkwa ihe iyi egwu nye ndụ ndị na-elekọta ụlọ, ọbụlagodi na ogige ntụrụndụ mba, dị ka Ogige Ntụrụndụ Zakouma, ebe kachasị njọ n'ihe gbasara ịchụ nta enyí na Chad. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ọnụ ọgụgụ enyí dị na Chad belatara ruo ihe dị ka enyí puku iri abụọ (20,000) n’etiti afọ 1980s, ma ruo ihe dị ka puku atọ n’afọ 2010, dịka Stephanie Vergniault, onye isi SOS Elephants in Chad, si kwuo. [1]Ndị na-achụ nta anụ ọhịa n’ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, bụ́ ndị haziri nke ọma, gburu ọtụtụ enyí n’ogige nchekwa na gburugburu ogige ndị ahụ. [2] Nsogbu a ka njọ n’ihi na ndị ọrụ na-elekọta ogige ndị ahụ ezughị oke, nakwa na ndị na-elekọta anụ ọhịa ụfọdụ egbuola site n’aka ndị na-achụ nta anụ ọhịa n’ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. [3]N’ihi ya, kemgbe etiti afọ 1980s, ọnụ ọgụgụ enyí ahụ belatara nke ukwuu n’ime narị afọ nke iri abụọ (20th century), site n’ihe dị ka enyí puku na narị ise (150,000) ruo n’ọnụọgụ dị ala nke a kọrọ na ọ bụ naanị puku abụọ (2,000) n’ógbè Chad–Cameroon, dịka The Guardian si kọọ. [4] N’afọ 2013, Born Free Foundation kọrọ na e nwere naanị enyí narị ise (500) na Chad n’onwe ya, n’ihi ịchụ nta anụ ọhịa n’ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị nke siri ike. [5]Onye nta akụkọ America Lisa Ling gara Chad iji nyochaa nsogbu ịchụ nta enyí n’ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị nke obodo ahụ, ma kwuo okwu na University of Missouri–St. Louis..<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nocostl.com/2012/03/journalist-lisa-ling-speaking-the-touhill/|title=Renowned journalist Lisa Ling speaking at University of Missouri–St. Louis|first=Shannon|author=Howard|date=3 March 2012|publisher=NOCO ~ The online magazine of North St. Louis County}}</ref> Na mwakpo July 2012 site n'aka ndị na-achụ nta n'elu ịnyịnya n'akụkụ ogige SOS Elephants na mpaghara Chari-Baguirmi, e gburu enyí 28 ma wepụ ọtụtụ n'ime ezé ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/44721/print|title=Dozens of elephants massacred in Chad|first=Laurel|author=Neme|publisher=Environmental News Network|date=27 July 2012|accessdate=17 October 2013|archivedate=28 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628144411/http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/44721/print}}</ref> Na mwakpo ọzọ na Septemba 2012, ihe dị ka 50 (kilomita 80) site na ókèala nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Zakouma, e gburu ndị nche ise; otu ka na-efu efu ma chee na ọ nwụọla. A na-ata Ndị agha Sudan ụta maka mwakpo na igbu enyí ọ bụghị naanị na Zakouma na ebe ndị ọzọ na Chad, kamakwa na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka, gụnyere Cameroon.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/01/world/africa/central-africas-wildlife-rangers-face-deadly-risks.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1382003098-yauBx4MSdHcb4DxeUgSrUw|title=Rangers in Isolated Central Africa Uncover Grim Cost of Protecting Wildlife|first=Jeffrey|author=Gettleman|work=The New York Times|date=31 December 2012|accessdate=17 October 2013}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2012, otu obere ìgwè na-alụ ọgụ iji chebe enyí 450 fọdụrụ na Zakouma. Otu n'ime ogbugbu kachasị njọ mere na 14-15 Machị 2013 mgbe ndị na-achụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị gburu enyí 89, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị dị ime 33 na ụmụ ehi 15.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldwildlife.org/press-releases/poachers-kill-at-least-89-elephants-in-chad|title=Poachers Kill at Least 89 Elephants in Chad|publisher=[[World Wildlife Fund]]|date=19 March 2013|accessdate=17 October 2013|archivedate=18 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718000548/https://www.worldwildlife.org/press-releases/poachers-kill-at-least-89-elephants-in-chad}}</ref> == Mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji chekwaa == Stephanie Vergniault, onye ọka iwu French, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, na onye na-echekwa ihe nke na-arụ ọrụ na Chad kemgbe afọ 2009, guzobere otu SOS Elephants iji chebe ọnụ ọgụgụ enyí. N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya n'afọ 2010, Vergniault kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ enyí na Chad ejirila pasent 85 belata n'ime afọ iri atọ gara aga, nakwa na ọ bụrụ na otu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ịchụ nta na-aga n'ihu, "ọ dịghị otu enyí" ga-adị ndụ na Chad n'ime ọnwa atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.mongabay.com/2010/0512-hance_chad.html#Ll676J36vAfPYtVV.99|title=A nation of tragedies: the unseen elephant wars of Chad|first=Jeremy|author=Hance|date=12 May 2010|accessdate=18 October 2013|publisher=Mongabay.com}}</ref> == Ịchụ Enyí n'Otu na Chad == Na Chad, e nwere enyí ndị a na-achụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na 2006 e nwere 3,800 mana na 2009 e nwere ihe karịrị enyí 600. A na-achụpụ enyí niile nọ na Chad maka ọdụ́. Mana Chad nwetara ọtụtụ nde euro maka ogige ntụrụndụ a, ya mere ụfọdụ chere na enyí ndị a dị nchebe. Na Chad, e nwere akụkọ ọhụrụ banyere enyí na-enwe ọrịa ọhụrụ nke ịchụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị; a ga-enwe nsonaazụ ọhụrụ na nyocha na-abịa na Central Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vinogradov|first=A. D.|date=1975-11-17|title=On the possible interrelations of the reactivity of soluble succinate dehydrogenase with ferricyanide, reconstitution activity, and the Hipip iron sulfur center|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1026|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|volume=67|issue=2|pages=803–809|doi=10.1016/0006-291x(75)90884-0|issn=0006-291X|pmid=1026}}</ref> A na-ejikarị enyí eme ihe n'oge ọkọchị. Na Chad, ha nwere Ogige Ntụrụndụ Zakouma na-azọpụta enyí ndị a na-achụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Poilecot|first=Pierre|date=2010-09-01|title=Evolution of large mammal populations and distribution in Zakouma National Park (Chad) between 2002 and 2008|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/mamm.2010.009/html|journal=mamm|language=en|volume=74|issue=3|pages=235–246|doi=10.1515/mamm.2010.009|issn=1864-1547}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịchụ nta enyí na Kenya * Ikike ịchụ nta == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  hw5h8gg5esqd4cf1zq0fhdvpgpi60gu