Ime Bishop Umoh

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'''Ime Bishop''', a na-akpọkarị '''Okon Lagos''' ma ọ bụ '''Udo yes''', bụ [[:en:Nigeria|Nigerian]] actor na [[:en:Comedian|comedian]] .

== Mbido, agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ==
Ime Bishop bụ onye [[:en:Ibibio_people|Ibibio]] dị na [[:en:Nsit_Ibom|Nsit Ibom]], nke [[:en:Akwa_Ibom_state|Akwa Ibom state]] na ndida [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na [[:en:University_of_Uyo|University of Uyo]] ebe ọ mụrụ maka ihe gbasara echiche na okike ụwa nke akpọrọ Philosophy. O bidoro ime ihe egwuregwu mgbe ọ ka dị na nwata, O meela ihe nkiri egwuregwu karịrị otu narị. Ihe nkiri kacha mee ka amara ya ihe nkiri nke akpọrọ , &quot;Uyai&quot;,nke [[:en:Emem_Isong|Emem Isong]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;kwadoro n'afọ 2008. 

== Nkwado ==

* Ọ bụ onye nnọchiteanya nke ụlọ ọrụ GLO Nigeria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/07/glo-signs-on-28-ambassadors-mama-g-wizkid-ay-p-square-korede-bello-top-list/|title=Glo signs on 28 ambassadors; Mama G, Wizkid, AY, P-Square, Korede Bello top list|date=1 July 2015|accessdate=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nhọpụta ọchịchị ==
O mee egwuregwu ntọọchị nwetara ọkwa ọchịchị ka ọ bụrụ onye enyemaka pụrụ iche nke Gọvanọ nke [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom State]], [[:en:Udom_Gabriel_Emmanuel|Udom Gabriel Emmanuel]] n'ihe gbasara usoro ezi ụ omume na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'afọ 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/05/nollywood-actor-imeh-bishop-umoh-appointed-sa-to-akwa-ibom-governor|title=Nollywood actor appointed SA to Akwa ibom governor|publisher=Thenewsnigeria.|accessdate=10 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
! Mmemme
! Nrite
! Onye nnata
! mpụtara
|-
| 2012
| [[:en:2012_Best_of_Nollywood_Awards|2012 Best of Nollywood Awards]]
| Ihe nkiri kacha akpa ọchị n' afọ ahụ
| Okon lagos 2
|O meriri
|-
| 2013
| [[:en:2013_Best_of_Nollywood_Awards|2013 Best of Nollywood Awards]]
| Ihe nkiri mkpa ọchị n' afọ ahụ
| Okon agaa akwukwo
|O meriri
|-
| 2013
| [[:en:2013_Nollywood_Movies_Awards|2013 Nollywood Movies Awards]]
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha akwado ọrụ
| Udeme Mmi
|O meriri
|-
| 2014
| [[:en:2014_Best_of_Nollywood_Awards|2014 Best of Nollywood Awards]]
| Egwuregwu kachasị mma nke afọ ahụ
| Abia m lagos
|O meriri
|-
| 2016
| 2016 Nigeria Teen Choice Awards
| Onye na-eme ihe ọchị nke Bekee n'afọ ahụ
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://evatese.com/full-list-winners-nigerian-teen-choice-awards-2016|title=2016 NTCA Awards|date=2 June 2016|access-date=5 October 2020|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141241/http://www.evatese.com/full-list-winners-nigerian-teen-choice-awards-2016/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|nhọputa
|-
| 2016
| [[:en:2016_Africa_Magic_Viewers_Choice_Awards|2016 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards]]
| Onye kacha mma ihe nkiri ntọọchị ọchị
| Ejide ya 
|nhọpụta
|-
| 2017
| [[:en:2017_Africa_Magic_Viewers_Choice_Awards|2017 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards]]
| Ihe nkiri kacha mma na ntochi
| Onyeisi m a bụ nke m
|O meriri
|-
|}

== Ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: #bfd;&quot;
!Aha ihe nkiri
! Afọ
|-
! Uyai
! 2008
|-
! Edikan
! 2009
|-
! [[:en:Silent_Scandals|Silent Scandals]]
! 2009
|-
! The Head Office
! 2011
|-
! Vulcanizer
! 2011
|-
! Okon Lagos
! 2011
|-
! Udeme mmi
! 2012
|-
! Okon agaa akwukwo
! 2012
|-
! Sak Sio
! 2012
|-
! Wụfee ma gafee
! 2013
|-
! Ebe ahụ
! 2013
|-
! Onye mmeri
|
|-
! Okon ọkwọ ụgbọala
! 2014
|-
! Okon na oso
! 2014
|-
! Okon na Jennifer
! 2015
|-
! Udo Facebook
! 2015
|-
! [[:en:The_Boss_Is_Mine|The Boss Is Mine]]
! 2016
|-
! Ofufu na London
! 2017
|-
! Na-adịghị eguzosi ike n'ihe
! 2020
|}
Na Mee ụbọchị mbụ n'afọ,2020,mgbe [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns|COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns]] na Naịjirịa na-ebelata, Ime Bishop Umoh bụ onye amapụtara n'egwuregwu ịkpa ọchị a kpọrọ Nwoke dị ime&quot; nke Ofego dere na channelụ YouTube ya site n'iji ihe ndebe eji eme ihe na mgbe ochie. &lt;ref&gt;https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=IoIDcWSp89k&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụ kwa ==

** [[:en:Mc_Galaxy|Mc Galaxy]]
** [[:en:Ini_Edo|Ini Edo]]

== Ebe nsi nweta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ken Nwadiogbu</title>
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Ken Nwadiogbu

Ọmụmụ	Kenechukwu Emmanuel Nwadiogbu

Mba	Nigerian

Aka Ọrụ	Onye nka

Ọrụ ya ama ama

The King’s Diary, The Value of Nothing series, Packages in Brown Skin

Ụdịrị	Hyperrealism, Contemporary Art

Website	www.kennwadiogbu.com

'''Ken Nwadiogbu''' (onye amara aha ya dịka '''KenArt''' ) bụ onye nka dị iche iche amụrụ na Naịjirịa . Ọ na-akpọ usoro ya &quot;contemporealism&quot; - ngwakọta nke ihe eserese na ihe a kpụrụ akpụ na nka ọgbara ọhụrụ. Na 2019, enwetara Ken Nwadiogbu ihe onyinye nke &quot;The Future Awards Afrịka Ndị Guardian Life kwuru na ọ bụ ọkachamma na mmadụ puru iche na 2019”. 

== Mmalite ndu na Agụm Akwụkwọ ==
Kenechukwu Nwadiogbu amaliteghị ịbụ omenkà. A mụrụ ya na oge ndị nne na nna ka na-ahọrọ ụmụ ha ihe ha ga-abụ na ọdịnihu ma na ahụtakwa ngalaba sayensị dịka nke kacha were baa uru, Nwadiogbu chọrọ ịmụ injinịa obodo. Agbanyeghị, na Nwadiogbu dị afọ iri na asaa ọ na-achọ ịgbanwe dịka ọ na-achọpụta nka n'ụzọ ịhụnanya na oke mmasị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/ken-nwadiogbu-the-rise-of-nigerias-contemporealist/|title=Ken Nwadiogbu: The Rise Of Nigeria’s Contemporealist|work=Guardian Life}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-azulite na eserese ya, owuwu ya n'etiti obere ndị nke ya na kwa agbamume ndị enyi ya kpalitere ị mee karịa na mbụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/ken-nwadiogbu-the-rise-of-nigerias-contemporealist/|title=Ken Nwadiogbu: The Rise Of Nigeria’s Contemporealist|work=Guardian Life}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nwadiogbu gara Mahadum nke Legọọsụu, ebe ọ gụrụ Ịnjịnịa maka obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi. Njem nka ya bidoro na mahadum a. Na agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị usoro ọmụmụ, nke a kwalitere mmụọ ya ị bụ onye nka ọgbara ọhụrụ ihe ndị mmadụ na amasị na Naịjirịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thesparkng.com/hyper-realistic-drawings-kenart/|title=Hyper-realistic drawings by Kenart|work=The Spark|archive-date=2019-11-09|access-date=2020-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109001249/http://www.thesparkng.com/hyper-realistic-drawings-kenart/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụdịrị nka ==
Dika na mkparịta ụka ya na Juxtapoz Magazin,, Nwadiogbu na-azaghachi na kwaaji nke usoro ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ụwa. Site na usoro ime ikpu ihe ka o dika nke ezigbo ya, o na-akpu ihe nke na-atu ndi mmadu na anya nke ukwuu. N’amamihe, ihe osise ya na-egosipụtakarị ihe osise a na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke ndị mmadụ kwa ụbọchị na-elegharị anya, n' akwụkwọ ahụ dọwara adọwa, na-ebuli ndị Afrịka na gburugburu ụwa. Okwu ndị a siri ike dịka ịha nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị, ọdịnala Afrịka, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụwa, Ike ndị ojii, na nso nso a mpụ e ji mma eme bịakwutere mkparịta ụka ahụ site na usorọ ihe ịtụ anya O ji unyi, pensụl, na akiliki arụ ọrụ, Nwadiogbu na-ezube inweta nghọta miri emi site na nka ya, nke gafere ihe ọ chọrọ ka ahụ n'ime isiokwu eserese ya dị iche iche. 

Mmekọrịta mmadụ kpalitere nka ya iji were na-ajụ na agbagha kwado mmekọrịta mmadụ na nsogbu ndị ọzọ na uwa. Ọ na-ahụta nka ya dị ka nzaghachi nke ọha mmadụ na kwa otu ụzọ isi kpalie ndị mmadụ iji tụleghachi usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.creativeboom.com/inspiration/ken-nwadiogbu-addresses-race-and-gender-with-his-hyperrealist-art/|title=Ken Nwadiogbu addresses issues of race and gender with his 'contemporealist' art|work=Creative Boom|date=2019-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Olu maka #MeToo ===
Site n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na CNN, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://edition-m.cnn.com/2018/04/06/africa/ken-nwadiogbu-hyperrealist-artist-nigeria-africa/|title=Ken Nwadiogbu: Inside Nigeria's hyperrealist art scene|work=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ Nwadiogbu kachasị ọhụrụ bụ nka maka òtù #MeToo zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọ nwere omiiko gbasara ya, ọ rụchara ya n'ime 24 awa. N'oru #MeToo, ekechiri ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ na naịlọn, otu nwere nkụda mmụọ, o were hapụzia ya na ihe ya na chi ya kpatara; nke ọzọ na-ewe iwe ma kpebisie ike na o ga-akwapu ihe mgbochi ahụ. Ọ bụ ihe mmetụta obi, na icheba echiche ime ịnye ụmụ agbọghọ Afrịka onu okwu.

&quot;Achọrọ m nwa agbọghọ Afrịka ka ọ dị ka nwa agbọghọ nke abụọ (na eserese) na-asị, 'Achọrọ m ikwuputa okwu. Achọrọ m iji olu m kpọrọ ihe. Achọrọ m ikwusi ike onye m bụ. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://edition-m.cnn.com/2018/04/06/africa/ken-nwadiogbu-hyperrealist-artist-nigeria-africa/|title=Ken Nwadiogbu: Inside Nigeria's hyperrealist art scene|work=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Awodu na Rezidenusi ==

* 2019: The Future Awards Africa Prize for Art (Visual/Applied)

== Ngosi ==

* 2016, ''Insanity'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/creating-platform-devt-young-artists-frank-momoh/|title=We’re creating platform for devt of young artists —Frank Momoh - Vanguard News|date=2016-12-17|work=Vanguard News}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Frot Foundation na-akwado ya. Emere na Omenka Gallery, Ikoyi, [[Lagos]], Nigeria.
* 2017, ''It's not Furniture'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/its-not-furniture-exhibition-reveals-art-as-a-representation-of-young-contemporary-individuals-id6717009.html|title=It&quot;s Not Furniture: Exhibition reveals art as a representation of young contemporary individuals|archive-date=2018-05-30|access-date=2020-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530033955/http://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/its-not-furniture-exhibition-reveals-art-as-a-representation-of-young-contemporary-individuals-id6717009.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; - bylọ Ọrụ Templelọ Nzukọ Alaeze na-akwado ya. Emere na Omenka Gallery, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://visual.ng/2017/05/25/its-not-furniture-exhibition-opens-at-omenka-gallery-in-lagos/|title=‘It’s NOT furniture’ exhibition opens at Omenka Gallery in Lagos|date=2017-05-25|work=Visual Magazine|archive-date=2018-07-12|access-date=2020-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712084400/https://visual.ng/2017/05/25/its-not-furniture-exhibition-opens-at-omenka-gallery-in-lagos/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria.
* 2017, Finding your Identity - ENACOF na-akwado ya. Emere na British Council, [[Abuja]], Nigeria.
* 2017, ''ARTYRAMA'' Art ngosi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/12/09/artyrama-hosts-digital-art-gallery/|title=Artyrama Hosts Digital Art Gallery|date=2017-12-09|work=THISDAYLIVE}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Curated site Jess Castellote. Emere na Alhaji Bashorun, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria.
* 2018, ''EMPOWERMENT'' Exhibition &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.creativedebuts.co.uk/exhibitions/nasty-women-exhibition-empowerment/|title=Nasty Women Exhibition: Empowerment|archive-date=2018-03-27|access-date=2020-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327021907/https://www.creativedebuts.co.uk/exhibitions/nasty-women-exhibition-empowerment/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Site na Creative Debuts na Nasty Women NYC. Emere na Black na White Building, Rivington Street, [[London]].
* 2018, ''Generation'' Y &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://retroafrica.com/portfolio/generation-y/|title=Generation Y- A Contemporary Art Exhibition|work=Retro Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; -   Generation Y a site na Retro Africa. Emere na The Exhibition Pavilion, Abuja, Nigeria.
* 2018, ''Moniker'' Art Fair &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.monikerartfair.com/projects/creative-debuts/|title=Moniker Art Fair|work=Creative Debut}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Ihe ngosi nka nke oge a nke Creative Debuts kwadoro ma mee ya na Greenpoint Terminal Warehouse, Brooklyn, NYC.
* 2018, ''Anti Trump'' Art Show &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://fadmagazine.com/2018/07/08/anti-trump-art-show/|title=Anti Trump Art Show|work=FAD Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Ihe ngosi nka nke oge a banyere 'ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, mmekọahụ na narcissism dị egwu nke na-aga kwa ụbọchị site na White House,' nke a na-eme na July Rivington Studios, 1 Bath Place, Shoreditch London.
* 2018, ''Afriuture Exhibition'' - Site na Ramati Art Africa na mkpakọrịta na Summit Africa Summit. Emere na Ontario Investment and Trade center, Toronto, Canada.
* 2018, ''Art X'' Lagos &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://artxlagos.com/artists/ken-nwadiogbu/|title=Art X Lagos|work=Artyrama Gallery|archive-date=2018-12-31|access-date=2020-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231025313/https://artxlagos.com/artists/ken-nwadiogbu/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Akuko izizi nke mba ofesi na West Africa emere na Federal Palace, Lagos, Nigeria.
* 2019, ''LAX-SFO'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thinkspaceprojects.com/shows/lax-sfo-iii/|title=LAX / SFO Pt. III|work=Thinkspace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Otu ngosi ihe ngosi emere na Heron Arts, San Francisco, California.
* 2019, ''NA-EME'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://retroafrica.com/|title=IN THE MAKING|work=Retro Africa Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Ihe ngosi nka nke oge a mere na Retro Africa Gallery, Abuja, Nigeria.
* 2019, ''LAX-MSY'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thinkspaceprojects.com/shows/lax-msy/|title=LAX / MSY|work=Thinkspace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Otu ngosi ihe ngosi emere na Red Truck Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana.
* 2019, ''LAX-LHR'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thinkspaceprojects.com/shows/lax-lhr/|title=LAX / LHR|work=Thinkspace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Co-Curated Exhibition with Ebe Ezuru Ohi emere na Osborn Street, London.
* 2019, ''Art X'' Lagos &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://artxlagos.com/artists/ken-nwadiogbu/|title=Art X Lagos|work=Artyrama Gallery|archive-date=2018-12-31|access-date=2020-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231025313/https://artxlagos.com/artists/ken-nwadiogbu/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; - International Contemporary Art Fair na West Africa nke emere na Federal Palace, Lagos, Nigeria.
* 2019, ''Moniker'' Art Fair &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.monikerartfair.com/|title=Contemporealism|work=Premier Art Solutions}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Ihe ngosi ihe ngosi nke oge a na The Chelsea Sorting Office, Chelsea, London.
* 2019, ''CONTEMPOREALISM'' Solo show &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thebricklanegallery.com/ken-nwadiogbu-contemporealism/|title=Contemporealism|work=Premier Art Solutions}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Onye izizi International Solo Show nke Ken Nwadiogbu mere na Bricklane Gallery, London.
* 2019, ''Miami Art Week'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theartplug.net/events/|title=Miami Art Week|work=The Artplug Powerhouse|archive-date=2020-05-12|access-date=2020-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512043951/https://theartplug.net/events|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Ihe ngosi nka nke oge a na The Citadel, Miami, FL.
* 2020, ''ART OF DIVERSITY'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://bridgemaneditions.com/collections/the-art-of-diversity|title=Art of Diversity|work=Bridgeman Images|archive-date=2020-10-01|access-date=2020-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001053456/https://bridgemaneditions.com/collections/the-art-of-diversity|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Ihe ngosi nka nke oge a gosipụtara ndị mmeri nke onyinye Bridgeman, nke emere na Yinka Sonibare CBE RA studio, London.
{{Reflist}}
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    <title>Human trafficking in Costa Rica</title>
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[[Usòrò:Costa_Rica_regions_map.png|thumb|Map Costa Rica]]
Costa Rica bụ isi iyi, njem, na mba na-aga maka ngwaahịa na ngwaahịa, ebe dị mma maka ahia n'oké osimiri. Mba Costa Rica gbara Pacific Ocean na Caribbean Sea gburugburu na-eme ka ọ bụrụ isi iyi nke mbubata na mbupụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Costa Rica History|url=https://costarica.org/facts/history/|work=CostaRica.org|accessdate=5/7/2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Costa Rica dị ihe dị ka 19,653 square kilomita nke ala, na-eme ka ọ dị ntakịrị karịa West Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitcostarica.com/en/costa-rica/general-information|title=About Costa Rica|author=|first=|date=|work=essential Costa Rica|accessdate=5/7/2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruo n'ókè dị ala ma na-arịwanye elu, Costa Rica bụ isi iyi, njem, na mba na-aga maka ụmụnwoke, ụmụnwanyị, na ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ mmanye, ọkachasị na ọrụ ugbo, iwu ụlọ, ịkụ azụ, na ngalaba ọrụ ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2018/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628200454/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2018/index.htm|archivedate=2018-06-28|title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2018|work=www.state.gov|accessdate=2019-03-04}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''www.state.gov''. Archived from [https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2018/index.htm the original] on 2018-06-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-03-04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akụ̀ na ụba na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na mbupụ unere na kọfị, na-achọ ọrụ ugbo dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Costa Rica history|url=https://costarica.org/facts/history/|work=costarica.org|accessdate=5/7/2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-amanye ụmụnwanyị na ụmụaka Costa Rica ka ha nwee mmekọahụ n'ihi oke ịda ogbenye na ime ihe ike. A chọpụtala ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụagbọghọ si mba Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Colombia, na Panama dị ka ndị a manyere ịgba akwụna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Njem mmekọahụ ụmụaka bụ nnukwu nsogbu, ọkachasị na mpaghara Guanacaste, Limon, Puntarenas, na San José. Ụmụaka na-eme njem nlegharị anya na-abịa site na mba United States na Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A na-etinye ụmụokorobịa si Nicaragua, Vietnam, China na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Eshia n'ọnọdụ ọrụ mmanye na Costa Rica.&lt;ref name=&quot;dos&quot;&gt;&quot;Costa Rica&quot;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100617151358/http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142759.htm ''Trafficking in Persons Report 2010'']. U.S. Department of State (June 14, 2010). {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Achọpụtala ndị okenye na-eji ụmụnwanyị na ụmụaka a na-azụ ahịa ebugharị ma na-ere ọgwụ ọjọọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cr.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/official-reports/trafficking-in-persons-report-2018-costa-rica-tier-2-watch-list/|title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2018 – Costa Rica – Tier 2 Watch List {{!}} U.S. Embassy in Costa Rica|work=U.S. Embassy in Costa Rica|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-23|archive-date=2019-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423024122/https://cr.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/official-reports/trafficking-in-persons-report-2018-costa-rica-tier-2-watch-list/|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190423024122/https://cr.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/official-reports/trafficking-in-persons-report-2018-costa-rica-tier-2-watch-list/ &quot;Trafficking in Persons Report 2018 – Costa Rica – Tier 2 Watch List | U.S. Embassy in Costa Rica&quot;]. ''U.S. Embassy in Costa Rica''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-04-23&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mba ndị agbata obi na obodo ndị a na-ahụ maka ọrụ mmanye ọtụtụ ugboro na-ebuga na Costa Rica.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Costa Rica bụ ugbu a Tier 2 nche ndepụta ebe dị ka Trafficking In Persons Report.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Gọọmentị Costa Rica anaghị agbaso ụkpụrụ kacha nta maka iwepụ ịzụ ahịa; Otú ọ dị, ọ na-eme mgbalị dị ukwuu ime nke ahụ. N'ime afọ gara aga, Gọọmentị Costa Rica gara n'ihu ime ka ọha na eze mara banyere ịtụ mgbere ahịa mmadụ ma zụọ ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ gọọmentị, nyochaa ebubo, na mgbakwunye na ịnọgide na-enwe obere ọrụ ndị metụtara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, mbọ ndị mmanye iwu nke gọọmentị kwụsịrị n'ihe gbasara ijide ndị omekome na-azụ ahịa maka mpụ ha na n'idozi ikpe ụlọ nke ịtụ mgbere ahịa mmadụ nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;  N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a hụrụ ego na-ezughị ezu na nkesa ego gọọmentị na-enyere aka na ịtụ mgbere ahịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Ụlọ ọrụ US State Department na-enyocha ma na-alụso ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ọgụ tinyere mba ahụ na &quot;Tier 2&quot; n'afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628043920/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm|archivedate=2017-06-28|title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements|work=www.state.gov|accessdate=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2018, akpọrọ Costa Rica dị ka mba Tier 2. Mba Tier 2 anaghị emezu ụkpụrụ kacha nta achọrọ iji kwụsị ịzụ ahịa, mana ha na-eme mgbalị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ndabere ==
Costa Rica dị na Central America. Isi obodo Costa Rica bụ San José . Ndị bi na ya gụnyere ndị mba Europe, Spanish, African, Chinese, na ụmụ amaala nke ruru nde mmadụ 4.9.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ndị bi na ya gụnyere ụzọ anọ n'ụzọ ise nke agbụrụ mba Europe ebe pasent nke ọzọ bụ ndị obodo Mestizos. Mestizos bụ ngwakọta nke agbụrụ Europe na India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Parker|first=Franklin|title=Costa Rica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Costa-Rica|work=Britanica|accessdate=25 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asụsụ ndị ahụ gụnyere Spanish, Limonese, Bribrí, Cabécar, Maléku Jaíka, Boruca, na Térraba. Okpukpe bụ isi bụ Roman Katọlik. Okpukpe ndị ọzọ bụ Protestant, [[Jew|ndị Juu]], na ndị Mennonite.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Costa-Rica|title=Costa Rica {{!}} Location, Geography, People, Culture, Economy, &amp; History|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-17}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Costa-Rica &quot;Costa Rica | Location, Geography, People, Culture, Economy, &amp; History&quot;]. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-04-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Akụ̀ na ụba Costa Rica na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, ọhịa, na ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ. Ngwongwo ndị dị mkpa bụ shuga, kọfị, unere, pineapples, okooko osisi, kọfị gourmet, herbs, macadamia nuts, na mmanụ nkwụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ na-agụnyekarị tuna, shrimp, na tilapia. Ọrụ ugbo bụ akụ na ụba kachasị mkpa maka Costa Rica. Otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị ọrụ na Costa Rica bụ ụmụnwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Usoro gọọmentị Costa Rica gụnyere onye isi ala, ndị osote onye isi ala abụọ, na otu ụlọ omebe iwu. E nwere ógbè asaa na Costa Rica nke e kewara site na mpaghara. Onye isi ala na-ahọpụta ndị gọvanọ. Na Costa Rica enwere otu onye ọka ikpe ma ọ bụ otu ndị ọka ikpe. Enweghị ndị ọka ikpe na ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ na Costa Rica.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Afọ nkwenye bụ afọ iri na ise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ageofconsent.net/world/costa-rica|title=Costa Rica Age of Consent &amp; Statutory Rape Laws|work=www.ageofconsent.net|accessdate=2019-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Costa Rica, ịgba akwụna bụ iwu. Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ga-abụ ndị dị afọ iri na asatọ ma karịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lightforceintl.com/faq/|title=LightForce International {{!}} FAQ|accessdate=2019-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike ịchọta ndị akwụna na họtel, ụlọ mmanya, klọb, na ụlọ ịhịa aka n'ahụ. Ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ aghaghị inye ihe akaebe na ha dị afọ iri na asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa. Gọọmentị na-enye kaadị njirimara na nyocha ahụike n'efu maka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/central-america/costa-rica/articles/revealing-costa-ricas-legal-sex-industry/|title=Revealing Costa Rica's Legal Sex Industry|author=Parker|first=Jenn|work=Culture Trip|accessdate=2019-04-30|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430185204/https://theculturetrip.com/central-america/costa-rica/articles/revealing-costa-ricas-legal-sex-industry/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbakọ Federal nke Guatemala kagburu ịgba ohu na 1882. A kpochapụrụ ịgba ohu na mba Costa Rica n'ọnwa Eprel 17, 1824. Enweghị ọtụtụ ndị ohu mgbe a kwụsịrị ịgba ohu n'ihi na e nwere ndị ohu nweere onwe ha. A kpọtara ndị ohu ojii na Costa Rica na ndị Spain meriri. Ndị ohu ga-arụ ọrụ n'ugbo cacao na unere. E ji ndị ohu rụọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Ụmụnwanyị bụ ndị iko. A tọhapụrụ ụmụaka a mụrụ mgbe nne ha bụ ndị iko. Ndị ohu nweere onwe ha nwere ugbo nke ha, na-arụ ọrụ n'ịrụ ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, na-arụ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ unere, na-ekpocha ọhịa, ma kwaga ebe ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, a naghị ewere ha dị ka ụmụ amaala n'ihi ya ha enweghị ikike iwu kwadoro maka ugbo ha. White Ticos (Costa Ricans) weghaara ala ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/costa-rica-abolishes-slavery/|title=Costa Rica abolishes Slavery|work=African American Registry|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụdị Ịtụ mgbere ahịa ==
Ụmụaka, ụmụnwoke, na ụmụnwanyị bụ ndị ụdị ahịa niile metụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ndị na-azụ ahịa na-achọ ndị na-adịghị ike. Ndị na-enweghị ike nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-enweghị ike n'ụzọ uche, ndị na-enweghị mmetụta uche, enwere ike inwe nsogbu akụ na ụba dịka ịda ogbenye, ha nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-enweghị nlekọta, ha nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-agba ọsọ, ha nwere ike ghara ịsụ asụsụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ ha nwere ike ịtụ egwu ndị mmanye iwu obodo. Ndị a bụ ihe ndị nwere ike iduga mmadụ ịnọ n'ihu onye na-azụ ahịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/what-human-trafficking|title=What Is Human Trafficking?|date=2013-05-24|work=Department of Homeland Security|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-20}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/what-human-trafficking &quot;What Is Human Trafficking?&quot;]. ''Department of Homeland Security''. 2013-05-24&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-04-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-azụ ahịa nwere ike iji ime ihe ike, usoro akparamaagwa, mmegbu mmadụ, iyi egwu, njikwa, mmanya, ọgwụ ọjọọ, nkwa ụgha, ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi ọrụ ụgha iji chọọ ndị na-azụ ahịa ma mee ka ha tụọ egwu ịpụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/modern-day-slavery/201610/psychological-tactics-used-human-traffickers|title=Psychological Tactics Used by Human Traffickers|work=Psychology Today|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ịgba ohu ụgwọ&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/UM-NS_Workshop/SiobhanMcGrath.pdf|title=Unfree labor, Capitalism, and contemporary forms of slavery.|author=McGrath|first=Siobhán|date=|work=|accessdate=|archivedate=2021-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831194154/http://peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/UM-NS_Workshop/SiobhanMcGrath.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ịgba ohu n'ụlọ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://endslaverynow.org/learn/slavery-today/domestic-servitude/|title=Domestic Servitude {{!}} Enslavement of Live-in Help - End Slavery Now|work=endslaverynow.org|accessdate=2019-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọrụ mmanye ma ọ bụ enweghị nnwere onwe na ịzụ ahịa ọrụ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://endslaverynow.org/learn/slavery-today/forced-labor/|title=Forced Labor {{!}} Modern Day Slavery - End Slavery Now|work=endslaverynow.org|accessdate=2019-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;
* Ịgba ohu&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Ịzụ ahịa akụkụ ahụ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/organized-crime/intro/emerging-crimes/organ-trafficking.html|title=Organ Trafficking|work=www.unodc.org|accessdate=2019-04-30|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430155707/https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/organized-crime/intro/emerging-crimes/organ-trafficking.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Njem mmekọahụ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/sex-tourism|title=Sex Tourism {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|work=wwwnc.cdc.gov|accessdate=2019-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://endslaverynow.org/learn/slavery-today/sex-trafficking/|title=Sex Trafficking {{!}} Human Trafficking for Sex - End Slavery Now|work=endslaverynow.org|accessdate=2019-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwapụta ==

=== Ndị E merụrụ ahụ ===
A na-azụ ụmụnwanyị na ụmụaka na Costa Rica maka ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ na ọrụ mmanye. A na-azụ ọtụtụ ụmụ agbọghọ site na mba Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, na mba Latin ndị ọzọ. Ụmụnwoke na ụmụaka nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ mmanye, ọkachasị na ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara ụlọ nke Costa Rica.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

=== Onye omekome ===
N'afọ 2016, a kọrọ na 56% nke [[South Amerika|ndị]] e jidere na South America maka ịzụ ahịa bụ ụmụnwanyị ebe 44% bụ ụmụnwoke. A na-ama ọtụtụ ụmụn

nwanyị ikpe na South America karịa mụ nwoke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2018/GLOTiP_2018_BOOK_web_small.pdf|title=Global Report on Trafficking Persons 2018|author=Fedotov|first=Yury|date=2018|work=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|accessdate=April 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbochi ==
[[Usòrò:Plenario_de_la_Asamblea_Legislativa_de_Costa_Rica.JPG|thumb|259x259px|Ụlọ omebe iwu Costa Rica]]
Gọọmentị mba Costa Rica na-arụ ọrụ iji guzobe ntọala siri ike ma kwado òtù ndị ọzọ iji nyere aka n'iwepụ na igbochi ịzụ ahịa mmadụ n'ime mba ahụ. Malite n'afọ 2016, gọọmentị nyere nde $ 1.15 iji mepụta isi ụlọ ọrụ maka National Coalition against Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons (CONATT) nke ga-enye aka n'ịkwalite mmata ma nweekwa ndị otu na-ahụ maka ihe mberede nke awa iri abụọ na anọ na dị ka ebe obibi dị mkpirikpi maka ndị metụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Refugees&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5959ece73.html|title=Refworld {{!}} 2017 Trafficking in Persons Report - Costa Rica|author=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|work=Refworld|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-30}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRefugees&quot;&gt;Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. [https://www.refworld.org/docid/5959ece73.html &quot;Refworld | 2017 Trafficking in Persons Report - Costa Rica&quot;]. ''Refworld''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-04-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Rahab Foundation, otu nzukọ obodo, na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị uwe ojii iji nyere aka zụọ ha ịmata ihe ịrịba ama nke onye a na-azụ ahịa ma nyere aka mee ka ha pụọ n'ụzọ ọjọọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ticotimes.net/2014/06/12/sex-tourism-a-driver-for-human-trafficking-in-costa-rica-says-foundation|title=Sex tourism a driver for human trafficking in Costa Rica, says foundation|work=The Tico Times Costa Rica|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ NGO na-arụkọ ọrụ na ọha na eze na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị iji mee ka a mara site na agụmakwụkwọ. Dị ka ''Costa Rica Star'', akwụkwọ akụkọ obodo si kwuo, n'afọ 2017, gọọmentị malitere inyekwu mmefu ego mba na NGO, ndị na-arụ ọrụ ịlụ ọgụ megide ịzụ ahịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.co.cr/us-state-dept-notes-costa-ricas-success-curbing-human-trafficking/62939/|title=US State Dept Notes Costa Rica's Success in Curbing Human Trafficking|date=2017-07-05|work=Costa Rica Star News|accessdate=2019-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe iwu gọọmentị na-enye ume ọhụrụ, NGO na-azaghachi ndị metụtara ozugbo site n'inye nri, ebe obibi, na enyemaka ego na nke uche. Otú ọ dị, a kọrọ na ha anaghị azaghachi n'oge ma ọ bụ ndị ahụ metụtara anaghị enweta otu ọkwa nchebe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cr.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/official-reports/tip-cr-2017/|title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2017 – Costa Rica – Tier 2 Watch List {{!}} U.S. Embassy in Costa Rica|work=U.S. Embassy in Costa Rica|accessdate=2019-04-01|archive-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401214041/https://cr.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/official-reports/tip-cr-2017/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụfọdụ ụzọ ndị ọzọ mgbochi na-ewere ọnọdụ bụ gọọmentị na-enye iwu na iwu ndị ọzọ iji gbochie ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. Gọọmentị agafeela Iwu megide Ịtụ mgbere ahịa na 2013 Creation of the National Coalition against the Smuggling of Migrants and Trafficking in Persons iji kpee ndị na-ekere òkè na mbubata na mbupụ ndị mmadụ na Costa Rica maka ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ ọ bụla, ịgba ohu ọrụ, na / ma ọ bụ ịzụ ahịa nke akụkụ ahụ iwu na-akwadoghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Site n'ime ka ọ bụrụ iwu na-akwadoghị ma na-ekpe ndị omekome ikpe, ọ ga-enye aka n'ịkwụsị ịzụ ahịa mmadụ n'ihi egwu nke nsonaazụ. Ekwenyere na Costa Rica nwere ike ịmalite idozi ịzụ ahịa mmadụ site n'ime ka a mara ya; ọbụnadị ndị ọrụ Mịnịstrị mba ofesi ha kwenyere na ọ ga-abụ isi iyi nke &quot;ike omume&quot; ma weta &quot;nchebe ogologo oge&quot; na ọkwa ịzụ ahịa mba ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Global good Samaritans : human rights as foreign policy|url=https://archive.org/details/globalgoodsamari0000brys|author=Brysk, Alison|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199700691|oclc=317495489}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2017, gọọmentị kpebiri ịbawanye mgbalị mgbochi site na ịmepụta atụmatụ ọrụ ọhụrụ maka afọ 2017-2022. O nwere nkwado iji kwado nzukọ mba ụwa ọzọ na ịtụ aro ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara gọọmentị na-emegide ịzụ ahịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2017/271170.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703181213/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2017/271170.htm|archivedate=2017-07-03|title=Costa Rica|work=U.S. Department of State|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mkpesa ===
Gọọmentị Costa Rica kwadoro mgbalị ndị mmanye iwu megide ịzụ ahịa mmadụ n'oge akụkọ ahụ. Nkeji edemede 172 nke iwu ntaramahụhụ, nke e megharịrị n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2009, na-enye ntaramahụhụ nke mkpọrọ afọ isii ruo afọ iri maka njem nke ndị mmadụ ma gafee ókèala ma n'ime mba ahụ maka ebumnuche nke ịgba akwụna, ịgba akwụna ma ọ bụ ọrụ, ịgba ohu, ọrụ mmanye ma ọ bụ ọrụ, alụmdi na nwunye ohu, ịrịọ arịrịọ mmanye, ma ọ bụ ụdị ọrụ mmanye. Iwu a machibidoro nnabata iwu na-akwadoghị, nke na-adabaghị na nkọwa mba ụwa nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. Enwere ike ịbawanye ikpe ruo afọ asatọ ruo afọ iri na isii n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị njọ, dị ka mmegbu nke nwatakịrị ma ọ bụ onye na-azụ ahịa na-eji aghụghọ, ime ihe ike, iyi egwu, ma ọ bụ mmanye. Ntaramahụhụ ndị e depụtara na Nkeji edemede 172 a gbanwere bụ nke zuru oke ma kwekọọ na ndị e nyere maka mpụ ndị ọzọ dị egwu, dị ka ndina n'ike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/crimes-against-humanity/index.php#costarica|title=Crimes Against Humanity Statutes and Criminal Code Provisions|author=Staff|first=Global Legal Research Directorate|date=April 2010|work=www.loc.gov|accessdate=2019-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isiokwu 376 na 377 nke iwu ntaramahụhụ machibidoro ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ ụmụaka, na-enye ntaramahụhụ nke mkpọrọ afọ abụọ ruo afọ anọ. Iwu 8754, nke e mere n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2009, nyere ikike iji mmụba ndị mmanye iwu na usoro nyocha, dị ka ịgbanye ekwentị na iji akaebe a na-atụ anya ya, mgbe ị na-eme ikpe ịzụ ahịa mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/4e12ee8737.html|title=Refworld {{!}} 2011 Trafficking in Persons Report - Costa Rica|author=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|work=Refworld|accessdate=2019-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otú ọ dị, amaghị iwu ọhụrụ ahụ nke ọma, gbochiri ịmanye iwu ndị a, gọọmentị wee gaa n'ihu na-eji iwu ndị ọzọ na-ekpe ndị omekome na-azụ ahịa na-etinye aka na mmegbu ụmụaka. N'afọ 2017, a kọrọ na ha meghere ikpe ọhụrụ iri abụọ na isii ma kpee ndị ọzọ iri atọ na itoolu na-ahụ maka ndị na-azụ ndị ọzọ na mba ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5959ece73.html|title=Refworld {{!}} 2017 Trafficking in Persons Report - Costa Rica|author=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|work=Refworld|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gọọmentị na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba ndị mmanye iwu na-ebubata mmadụ isii, ma soro gọọmentị mba ọzọ rụọ ọrụ nke ọma n'ọnọdụ nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na mba ụwa. Enweghị ndị ọrụ gọọmentị a kpagburu ma ọ bụ maa ha ikpe maka nrụrụ aka metụtara ịzụ ahịa, ọ bụ ezie na n'oge akụkọ ahụ, a kwụsịrị otu onye ọrụ gọọmentị ma mechaa chụọ ya n'ọrụ maka itinye aka na atụmatụ ọrụ mmanye metụtara ndị ntorobịa China; ndị ọchịchị ka na-enyocha ikpe ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;dos&quot;/&gt; Maka iwu ịgba akwụna na njem mmekọahụ maka ndị ọbịa, gọọmentị na-azọrọ na ọ na-enye ndị na-abanye na mba ahụ ikpe siri ike na-akpọsa na / ma ọ bụ na-agba ume ịzụ ahịa na ịgba akwụna nke mmadụ na ụmụaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages/CostaRica.html|title=Costa Rica International Travel Information|work=travel.state.gov|accessdate=2019-04-02|archivedate=2019-04-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402222406/https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages/CostaRica.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji hụ na nchekwa nke ụmụaka ma chebe ha megide ịzụ ahịa mmadụ, gọọmentị nwere ụlọ ọrụ onye ọka iwu nwere ngalaba ikpe pụrụ iche megide ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ebe ndị uwe ojii na-enyocha ikpe na Mịnịstrị nke Ọrụ na Nchebe Ọha (MTSS) na-arụ ọrụ iji nyochaa ikpe nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ megide ụmụaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/costa-rica|title=Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Costa Rica|date=2016-09-30|work=United States Department of Labor|accessdate=2019-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchedo ===
Gọọmentị Costa Rica anọgidewo na-ahụ na ndị na-azụ ahịa nwetara ohere ịnweta ọkwa dị mkpa nke enyemaka ndị a na-azụ ahịa n'oge akụkọ. Gọọmentị nyere ụfọdụ ndị isi ọzụzụ banyere otu esi emeso ndị na-azụ ahịa; Otú ọ dị, a kọrọ na enwebeghị mgbalị ọ bụla iji chọọ ndị na-azụ ahịa n'etiti ndị na-adịghị ike, dị ka ụmụnwanyị ma ọ bụ ụmụaka na-agba akwụna. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nweghị ọrụ nchekwa gọọmentị nyere maka ndị na-azụ ahịa mmadụ, gọọmentị zigara ụfọdụ ndị a na-ahụ maka nlekọta bụ isi na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị maka ụmụnwanyị na ụmụaka. Gọọmentị na-adaberekarị na NGO na òtù okpukpe iji nye nlekọta pụrụ iche maka ndị na-azụ ahịa, ọ dịghịkwa ebe obibi ma ọ bụ nchebe maka ndị nwoke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2015/243420.htm|title=Costa Rica|work=U.S. Department of State|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ndị mba ọzọ ruru eru maka otu ọrụ ahụ dị ka ụmụ amaala Costa Rica. Gọọmentị &quot;usoro nlebara anya ozugbo&quot; kọwara nzọụkwụ maka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị dị iche iche iji chọpụta, chọpụta, chebe ma nye enyemaka jikọtara onye a na-emegbu, na-ahụ maka ngwa ngwa nyere ndị ọrụ nye mmadụ abụọ nwere ike ịzụ ahịa n'oge akụkọ ahụ. Gọọmentị nyere ụfọdụ enyemaka iwu na nke uche, ọ bụ ezie na NGO kwuru mkpa ọ dị maka mgbalị gọọmentị ka ukwuu iji weghachite ndị metụtara n'ime obodo ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Refugees&quot;/&gt;

Gọọmentị n'ozuzu ya anaghị ata ndị a tara ahụhụ maka omume iwu na-akwadoghị mere n'ihi ịzụ ahịa. Otú ọ dị, ndị isi mesoro ụfọdụ ndị mbịarambịa toro eto dị ka ndị mbịarambịa iwu na-akwadoghị, ma chụpụ ha n'emeghị ihe zuru oke iji chọpụta ma ha bụ ndị na-azụ ahịa, na ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịa gọọmentị kọrọ bụ ụmụ amaala mba ọzọ. Ndị mba ọzọ ruru eru maka akwụkwọ ikike ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, gọọmentị nwekwara ndokwa iji nye ndị na-azụ ahịa mba ọzọ visa pụrụ iche, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị ndị ọ bụla natara nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a dị n'elu n'oge akụkọ ahụ. Iwu mbata ọhụrụ, nke dị irè n'ọnwa Machị 2010, na-enye ikike ọnọdụ obibi nwa oge kpọmkwem maka ndị na-azụ ahịa mba ọzọ. Ndị ọchịchị mba Costa Rica gbara ndị omekome ume ka ha nyere aka na nyocha na ikpe nke ndị omekome na-azụ ahịa, gọọmentị mepụtara usoro nchedo ndị akaebe n'afọ gara aga maka ndị omekome, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka na-arụbeghị ọrụ nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;dos&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 2017, e guzobere Institutional Protocol for the Care of Minors and Survivors of Trafficking in Persons iji chọpụta mpụ. National Coalition against Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons (CONATT) na-enye ọrụ maka ndị lanarịrị ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. Ọrụ ndị a gụnyere nri, ụlọ, ego, iwu, na akparamaagwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

=== Òtù Na-emegide Ịtụ mgbere Ahịa ===
N'afọ 2016, gọọmentị Costa Rica sonyeere Blue Heart Campaign, nke UNODC mepụtara iji nyere gọọmentị, òtù, na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ụlọ ọrụ onwe ha aka ikpughe, gbochie, ma lụọ ọgụ megide ịzụ ahịa mmadụ n'ime mba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2016/November/costa-rica-joins-the-blue-heart-campaign.html|title=Costa Rica joins the Blue Heart Campaign|work=www.unodc.org|accessdate=2019-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mee ka ọha na eze mara na agụmakwụkwọ ga-enye aka n'ịchọpụta na iwepụ ịzụ ahịa n'ime obodo. N'afọ sochirinụ, 2017, nke ugboro ise, Costa Rica na Panama jikọtara ọnụ iji nwee njem na mba ọ bụla nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịkụziri ma mee ka a mata ịtụ mgbere ahịa mmadụ na otú ụmụ amaala nwere ike isi mata ma gbochie ya n'ime mba ha, nke ndị mmanye iwu Costa Rica na Panamainan na-akwado.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://programamesoamerica.iom.int/en/news/panama-and-costa-rica-walk-together-against-human-trafficking|title=Panama and Costa Rica walk together against human trafficking {{!}} Mesoamerica Program|work=programamesoamerica.iom.int|accessdate=2019-04-01|archivedate=2019-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401214040/http://programamesoamerica.iom.int/en/news/panama-and-costa-rica-walk-together-against-human-trafficking}}&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ime Costa Rica maka igbochi ịzụ ahịa nke ndị mmadụ bụ Face of Justice Association, ebe ha na-azụ ma ndị uwe ojii ma ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mba ahụ niile iji kụziere ha banyere ndị na-azụ ahịa na otu esi amata ma kpochapụ ya. Fundación Paniamor bụ otu nzukọ dị na Costa Rica nke Costa Rican Steeti kwupụtara na ọ bụ mmasị ọha na eze site na Iwu n'afọ 1989 n'ihi mbọ ha siri ike ha na-agba inye ohere maka ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ka ha wee nwee ike izere ịzụ ahịa na mmegbu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.paniamor.org/who-we-are|title=Paniamor - Quiénes somos|work=www.paniamor.org|accessdate=2019-04-01|archivedate=2019-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401214040/https://www.paniamor.org/who-we-are}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụfọdụ NGO na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na Costa Rica gụnyere: Alianza por tus Derecho bụ nzukọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke na-ezube ịmepụta mmemme ndị na-akwalite ma kwado ikike ụmụ mmadụ ụmụaka nwere iji kpochapụ mmegbu na mmegbu ha na-atachi obi n'oge ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://en.alianzaportusderechos.org/who-are-we/mision-and-vision|title=Mision and vision {{!}} Alianza por tus Derechos|work=en.alianzaportusderechos.org|accessdate=2019-04-18|archivedate=2019-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418144836/http://en.alianzaportusderechos.org/who-are-we/mision-and-vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụfọdụ mmemme ha na-enye gụnyere usoro nkwado uche nke gụnyere ọgwụgwọ onye ọ bụla na ọgwụgwọ ezinụlọ iji dozie ahụike uche ha mgbe ha na-edozi ihere ọha na eze n'etiti ezinụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://en.alianzaportusderechos.org/article/psychological-support/|title=Psychological support {{!}} Alianza por tus Derechos|work=en.alianzaportusderechos.org|accessdate=2019-04-18|archivedate=2019-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418144837/http://en.alianzaportusderechos.org/article/psychological-support/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gọọmentị kwadoro mgbalị mgbochi siri ike n'ime afọ akụkọ ahụ, na-azụ ndị isi ma na-eji mmekọrịta na NGO, òtù mba ụwa, na gọọmentị mba ọzọ iji mee ka ọha na eze mara banyere ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. Gọọmentị, na mmekorita ya na UNICEF na òtù mba ụwa ndị ọzọ, gara n'ihu na mkpọsa mgbochi mgbochi ịzụ ahịa, nke ruru pasent iri ise nke ndị okenye na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma n'etiti Ọktoba 2008 na Juun 2009. Gọọmentị n'afọ 2018 ekwela nkwa $ 25,000 nke mmefu ego ya iji gaa na mmemme a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2009/123135.htm|title=Country Narratives -- Countries A Through C|work=U.S. Department of State|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebensidee ==
{{Reflist}}{{Americas topic|Human trafficking in}}
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'''Gopala Davies''' (a mụrụ na 14 Mee 1988) bụ [[Actor|onye]] South Africa na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nduzi. A maara ya nke ọma maka  ihe nkiri ya dị n'etiti Barbe ''Bleue'': Akụkọ banyere ara, nke meriri Standard Bank Ovation Award na The National Arts Festival n'afọ 2015, na Best Student Director Award n'afọ 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Staff Reporter|url=http://www.grocotts.co.za/content/online-first-national-arts-festival-ovation-awards-announced-festival-end-15-07-2014|accessdate=22 January 2016|date=15 July 2014|archive-date=9 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309221300/http://www.grocotts.co.za/content/online-first-national-arts-festival-ovation-awards-announced-festival-end-15-07-2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Anne|title=Creative excellence rewarded at National Arts Festival 2015|url=https://www.nationalartsfestival.co.za/news/creative-excellence-rewarded-at-national-arts-festival-2015/|accessdate=25 January 2016|publisher=[[National Arts Festival]]|date=12 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lankester|first=Tony|title=2014 Standard Bank Ovation Awards announced at National Arts Festival|url=https://www.nationalartsfestival.co.za/author/tonylankester/|accessdate=25 January 2016|publisher=National Arts Festival|date=13 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=BWW News Desk|title=2014 Standard Bank Ovation Awards Revealed at National Arts Festival|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/south-africa/article/2014-Standard-Bank-Ovation-Awards-Revealed-at-National-Arts-Festival-20140714#|accessdate=22 January 2016|date=14 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Aldridge|first=William|title=Barbe Bleue: a story of madness|url=http://www.perdeby.co.za/sections/entertainment/events/4392-barbe-bleue-a-story-of-madness|work=Perdeby|accessdate=22 January 2016|archivedate=1 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030522/http://www.perdeby.co.za/sections/entertainment/events/4392-barbe-bleue-a-story-of-madness}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gopala mere Adam na obere Film ''Lilith'': Genesis One nke meriri ụdị ihe nkiri na 2015 PPC Imaginarium Awards. n'afọ 2016 'Best International Experimental' na ICARO Festival Internacional de Cine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=ART Times|title=The 2015/16 PPC Imaginarium Awards|url=http://arttimes.co.za/entries-are-open-for-the-201516-ppc-imaginarium-awards/|accessdate=25 January 2016|publisher=ART Times|date=4 August 2015|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808073129/http://arttimes.co.za/entries-are-open-for-the-201516-ppc-imaginarium-awards/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Screen Africa|title=SA short gains recognition abroad|url=http://www.screenafrica.com/page/news/film/1655991-SA-short-gains-recognition-abroad#.VqJCN_l9601|accessdate=22 January 2016|date=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-arụ ọrụ Robert na SABC 1 soap opera Generations: The Legacy . Gopala gakwara South Africa na Pieter Toerien Tians The History Boys, nke ritere ihe nrite Naledi maka The Best Production of a Play n'afọ 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lindberg|first=Dawn|title=The winners – Naledi Theatre Awards 2011|url=http://www.naleditheatreawards.org.za/winners2011.htm|work=Naledi Theatre Awards|accessdate=22 January 2016|archivedate=4 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604143010/http://www.naleditheatreawards.org.za/winners2011.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=McKenna|first=Neal|title=Brilliant Boys|url=http://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/life/brilliant-boys-1.1122634?ot=inmsa.ArticlePrintPageLayout.ot|accessdate=25 January 2016|publisher=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]|date=22 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Pieter Toerien Productions|title=Making history with Pieter Toerien|url=http://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=27378|accessdate=25 January 2016|publisher=Artslink|date=15 June 2011|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808104923/https://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=27378|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2013, Gopala rụrụ ọrụ Mohammed na Tom Coashīs ''Cry Havoc'', nke Grace Meadows na Ashraf Johaardien mepụtara, ebe ya na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri David Dennis na Brenda Radloff.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Maputle|first=Precious|title=Explosive Cry Havoc at UJ Con Cowan Theatre|url=http://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=33954|accessdate=25 January 2016|publisher=Artslink|date=30 September 2013|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214060404/https://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=33954|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Stones|first=Lesley|title=Cry Havoc: More than a love-hate story|url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-10-14-cry-havoc-more-than-a-love-hate-story/#.VqX6_Pl9601|accessdate=25 January 2016|publisher=[[Daily Maverick]]|date=14 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bizcommunity|title=Lineup for Grahamstown National Arts Festival|url=http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/40/92287.html|accessdate=25 January 2016|publisher=Bizcommunity|date=19 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=City Press|title=Review – Cry Havoc: An unsettling coincidence|url=http://www.news24.com/Archives/City-Press/Review-Cry-Havoc-An-unsettling-coincidence-20150429|accessdate=25 January 2016|publisher=News 24|date=6 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Vermaas|first=Nigel|title=Love conquers nothing|url=http://cue.ru.ac.za/2013/07/love-conquers-nothing/|accessdate=25 January 2016|publisher=Cue Online|date=6 July 2013|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103163253/http://cue.ru.ac.za/2013/07/love-conquers-nothing/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2016, ụlọ ọrụ French Institute of South Africa (Institut Français) nyere Gopala ọrụ iduzi Les Cenci: Akụkọ banyere Artaud maka National Arts Festival South Programme. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ Alphonse Lebel na Jade Bowers Corch, nke Wajdi Mouawad dere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=40452|title=''Scorched'' a piece of theatre history|work=Artslink|accessdate=22 November 2016|archivedate=23 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723172211/http://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=40452}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://gopaladavies.com Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị]
* {{IMDb name|6306402}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Kre M'Baye</title>
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Kre MīBaye, nke a makwaara dị ka Amadou (ma ọ bụ Armedy) Kre Mī Baye (25 Eprel 1949 - 21 Ọktoba 2014), bụ onye Senegal na-ese ihe na onye nkuzi nka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.sudonline.sn/toiles-et-pinceaux-orphelins-du-ma%25C3%258Etre_a_21309.html|title=TOILES ET PINCEAUX ORPHELINS DU «MAÎTRE» (archive link)|date=22 October 2014|publisher=SudOnLine.sn|language=French|accessdate=8 June 2015|archive-date=5 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105113511/http://www.sudonline.sn/toiles-et-pinceaux-orphelins-du-ma%C3%8Etre_a_21309.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ ya Andy Keve na Dakar, Senegal, na Eprel 25, 1949. A na-akpọ ya 'Kere' ma ọ bụ 'Kre' ọbụna mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị n'ihi na ọ na-eji ''chalk'' (craie na French) na-ese ihe mgbe niile na bọọdụ ojii nke klas. Kemgbe afọ 1969 ọ bụ onye mmekọ nke ndị omenkà Africa a ma ama dịka Ibou Diouf, Mamadou Niang, Seidou Barry, Mor Faye (nna Ousmane Faye) na prọfesọ Art College Pierre Lods.

N'afọ 1974, ọ bụ onye isi otu ndị omempụ na ihe nkiri Baks (Yamba), nke Momar Thiam mepụtara, mana ọ hapụrụ ime ihe nkiri iji kwado ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=fr&amp;u=http://www.africine.org/%3Fmenu%3Dfilm%26no%3D6942&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=translate&amp;resnum=9&amp;ct=result&amp;prev=/search%3Fq%3Dbaks%2BYamba%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DtEJ Africine Website]&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ngosi mbụ ya n'afọ 1976 na Dynamique Museum nke Dakar nwetara ya otuto dị ukwuu, ihe osise ya &quot;The Messenger&quot; nwetara otuto pụrụ iche site n'aka Onye isi ala Léopold Sédar Senghor.

Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a ma ama nke M'Baye bụ ihe osise ya nke ụmụ nwanyị sitere na mkpali nke ihu nne ya Fari Fate (Mame Fari), nwanyị griot nke a ma ama; onye na-akọ akụkọ na-adọrọ mmasị nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Senegal.&lt;ref&gt;Rick DelVecchio, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805020215/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/11/11/EBG2AFIHKH1.DTL &quot;Emeryville: Gallery Gives Rare Spotlight to West African Art&quot;], ''San Francisco Chronicle'', November 11, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ mara mma nke ukwuu, jupụta na obi ụtọ na ichi ọchị, Fari Fate na ọla ya, uwe ya dị mma, ntutu isi ya dị mma. M'Baye nwere ụdị ọzọ nke na-ejikarị ihe osise na-enweghị atụ nke na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na oroma.

M'Baye bụ onye na-eso ụzọ Pierre Lods ma zụọ onwe ya na ụlọ ọrụ Peter Plastics Research Lods.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0438/is_3_35/ai_98171011/pg_19 |title=''The Ecole de Dakar: Pan-Africanism in Paint and Textile by Elizabeth Harney (Autumn 2002) African Arts'' |accessdate=2022-06-19 |archivedate=2004-09-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040915084817/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0438/is_3_35/ai_98171011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1994, Gaston Madeira guzobere &quot;Netty Guy&quot; (The Three Baobabs), na-ejikọta Kré M'Baye, Moussa N'Diaye Baydie M'Bbaye na Zulu, ndị na-ese ihe atọ na-anọchite anya ụlọ akwụkwọ nka na Dakar, bụ ndị na 1998 mepere gallery na agwaetiti N'gor nke Senegal ma guzobe ụlọ ọrụ N'gor.&lt;ref&gt;[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=fr&amp;u=http://www.takusaan.com/pages/neoCrea/art-ngor-present.html&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=translate&amp;resnum=2&amp;ct=result&amp;prev=/search%3Fq%3Dkre%2Bmbaye%26start%3D30%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DN%26pwst%3D1 Takusaan Website]&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye sonyere na Tenq, ogbako izizi na Triangle model (nke El Hadji Sy duziri ma CBAO, Maersk, SAEC na British Council, Dakar kwadoro) nke emere na West Africa, nke mere na Lycée Cheikh Oumar Fontiyou na Saint-Louis, Senegal; ihe omume mbụ nke Africa95, emume afọ na-eme nka Africa na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]] na Africa, na-egosi ndị omenkà ịrị abụọ na ise sitere na mba ịrị nke Africa na Great Britain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.trianglearts.org/detail.php?id=33&amp;more=yes |title=Triangle Arts Trust Website |access-date=2022-06-19 |archive-date=2024-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130140443/http://www.trianglearts.org/detail.php?id=33&amp;more=yes |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nwanne M'Baye bụ Seni MīBaye bụkwa onye a ma ama na-ese ihe na Senegal.

== Ihe ngosi ==

* 1976 Ihe ngosi mbụ na 4th Senegalese painters na visual arts show na Dynamique Museum nke Dakar.
* 1983 New Expressions na Lorient na France
* 1985 French Cultural Center na Dakar
* 1985 IFA Gallery na Bonn, Germany
* 1987 Ihe ngosi nke ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke Senegal natara onyinye nke Onye isi ala
* 1987 Stadfische Gallery na Wendlinger, [[Jémanị|Germany]]
* 1988 American Cultural Center of Dakar na National Gallery Totem du Silence nke Kre bụ naanị ''ihe'' osise ahọpụtara ka a na-ere ya.
* 1990 Akụkụ nke Nchebe na Paris, France
* 1995 [[Cape Verde]] Islands Ọtụtụ ihe ngosi njem
* 1996 Ihe ngosi nka nke oge a nke Dammarie-les-Lys na France meriri City Prize
* 1996 A họpụtara ya na DakāArt 1996 Biennale&lt;ref&gt;Program of the event - Dak'Art: Biennial africain de l'art contemporain, Editions Cimaise, Paris, 1996&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1998 Mil Arte, 98 Mill Lane (West Hampstead), London, England, Eprel - Mee
* 1999 Kenkeleba Gallery na New York City, U.S.A.
* Kemgbe 1999, ihe ngosi na-adịgide adịgide na Antenna Gallery, Félix Faure Street, Dakar
* 2002 Arts Plastiques Exposition: Dakar - Dakart na Aude Minart na Paris, France, Eprel 30 na Mee 5
* 2005 Eprel 1 Xi14, National Gallery of Art - Nke American Cultural Center, National Museum of African Art, Washington kwadoro. Ihe ngosi atọ nke ndị na-ese ihe: Souleye Keita, Jacob Yacouba, na Amadou Kré M'Baye
* 2005 St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery, New York City, U.S. sonyere na ngosi Plexus International ''Erosions'' and Renaissance, Act IV 12/10/05
* 2006 Ihe ngosi nka oge a nke Senegal: The Jokko Bar-Expo - 5 Rue Elzévir Paris, France (June)
* 2007 Fine Arts Exhibition na gallery Marcel Rozier na Bois-le-Roi, May 12X20
* 2008 Black Visibility: Ihe ngosi nka nke oge a nke Afrịka Machị 19 - Eprel 5 na Conservatoire des Arts, 1, isi mmalite 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines

== Ihe nrite ==

* 1987 Ihe nrite nke Onye isi ala nke Senegal
* 1996 Ihe nrite obodo nke Dammarie-les-Lys, France
* 1999 Onyinye L'Ordre National du Lion site n'aka Abdou Diouf, Onye isi ala nke Republic of Senegal

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==

*
* The Courier: Africa-Caribbean-Pacific-European Union, Commission of the European Communities, 1991 (nke sitere na Mahadum Virginia).
* Elizabeth Harney, &quot;The Ecole de Dakar: Pan-Africanism in Paint and Textile&quot;, African Arts, Autumn 2002.
* Jean-Arsène Yao, &quot;El Arte Africano Contemporaneo Existe&quot;, Latinamericalandya Website.
* Elizabeth Harney, In Senghor's Shadow: Art, Politics, and the Avant-Garde in Senegal, 1960-1995, Duke University Press, 2004.  ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-8223-3395-3|0-8223-3395-3]], [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] 978-0-8223-3 395-1.
* La Presse (Tunisia), October 30, 1974.
* Thomas Riggs, St. James Guide to Black Artists, St.James Press, 1997 (nke sitere na Mahadum Michigan).  ISBN [[Special:BookSources/1-55862-220-9|1-55862-220-9]], [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] .
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-415-11590-6|0-415-11590-6]], [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] .
*

== Ebensidee ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713170856/http://www.krembaye.com/biographie2.htm Krembaye.com]</text>
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    <title>Leo Tolstoy</title>
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      <text bytes="1720" sha1="3dpyadgbcxguqj3vm3f5wkrku0idexj" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg|thumb|''Leo Tolstoy -- Yasnaya Polyana'', 1908]]
Leo Tolstoy (September 9, 1828 - Nọvemba 20, 1910) bụ onye odee Russia. A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị ode akwụkwọ kacha ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya kachasị ama bụ &quot;Agha na Udo&quot; na &quot;Anna Karenina&quot;, akwụkwọ abụọ kachasị ukwuu nke edere. O dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ, akụkọ, nkwupụta, na edemede ndị nwere mmetụta na Mahatma Gandhi na Vladimir Lenin.

N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ ghọrọ Onye Kraịst n'ọchịchị mgbe ọ nwesịrị nhụsianya. N'oge a, o dere edemede nkà ihe ọmụma nke nwere mmetụta n'ahụ ndị ndú ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke narị afọ nke 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leo Tolstoy {{!}} Biography, Books, Religion, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-Tolstoy|work=www.britannica.com|accessdate=2023-01-26|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leo Tolstoy {{!}} Biography, Books and Facts|url=https://www.famousauthors.org/leo-tolstoy|work=www.famousauthors.org|accessdate=2023-01-26|archive-date=2023-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126015737/https://www.famousauthors.org/leo-tolstoy|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biography of Leo Tolstoy, Influential Russian Writer|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-leo-tolstoy-4773774|work=ThoughtCo|accessdate=2023-01-26|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lev Tolstoy - Tchaikovsky Research|url=http://en.tchaikovsky-research.net/pages/Lev_Tolstoy|work=en.tchaikovsky-research.net|accessdate=2023-01-26|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Òtù:Mpaghara Russia]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Òtù:Anarchism]]</text>
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    <title>Iwu mba ọzọ nke Japan na Africa</title>
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      <text bytes="7900" sha1="tosi89ylpvjfxeioltvgdhcuur38s50" xml:space="preserve">'''[[Afrịka]]''' abụwo mpaghara ụwa dị mkpa maka azụmahịa na itinye ego na '''[[Japan]]'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://khoaqth.ufl.udn.vn/img/uploads/quoctehoc/sachmoi/Japan-Africa%20Relations.pdf|title=Japan-Africa Relations|author=T. Lumumba-Kasongo|date=26 April 2010|isbn=9780230108486|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|accessdate=4 March 2019|archive-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919215644/http://khoaqth.ufl.udn.vn/img/uploads/quoctehoc/sachmoi/Japan-Africa%20Relations.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sato|first=Makoto|title=La diplomatie japonaise de l'aide et l'Afrique|language=fr|journal=Afrique Contemporaine|date=2004|volume=212|issue=4|pages=13–31|doi=10.3917/afco.212.0013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/africa/2016-09-16/japans-pivot-africa|title=Japan's Pivot to Africa|first=J. Berkshire|author=Miller|date=16 September 2016|accessdate=4 March 2019|work=Foreignaffairs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/column/g00576/jumping-to-conclusions-reassessing-japan’s-approach-to-african-relations.html|title=Jumping to Conclusions: Reassessing Japan's Approach to African Relations|date=31 August 2018|work=Nippon.com|accessdate=4 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/japan-strategic-push-into-Africa/2560-4314068-sky638z/index.html|title=How Japan is deepening its soft power in Africa|work=The East African|accessdate=4 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Japan nwere ụfọdụ ahụmahụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Africa na obere mmasị na mmekọrịta akụ na ụba na mpaghara ahụ, ma e wezụga maka mmepe nke ihe ndị a na-emepụta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Japanese-African Relations: Problems and Prospects|url=https://archive.org/details/asian-survey_1965-07_5_7/page/333|journal=Asian Survey|volume=5|issue=7|pages=333–340|author=Soukup|first=James R.|year=1965|doi=10.2307/2642292}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, Japan gbalịrị ịnọgide na-enwe mmekọrịta chiri anya na United States ma na-eguzobe ma ọ bụ na-akwado mmekọrịta dị mma na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị Kọmunist nke Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Alam|first=Mohammed Badrul|date=2011|title=Destination Africa: China, India and Japan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45340885|journal=Indian Foreign Affairs Journal|volume=6|issue=2|pages=187–201|issn=0973-3248}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAlamGupta2011&quot;&gt;Alam, Mohammed Badrul; Gupta, Amit Kumar (2011). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45340885 &quot;Destination Africa: China, India and Japan&quot;]. ''Indian Foreign Affairs Journal''. '''6''' (2): 187–201. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara) |ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:0973-3248|0973-3248]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Azụmaahịa ==
N'afọ 1990, Afrịka nwere ihe karịrị 1% nke ihe ndị Japan na-ebubata na ihe karịrị 1% ya na-ebupụ. Onye mmekọ azụmahịa kachasị ukwuu nke Japan na Africa na 1990 bụ South Africa, nke mejupụtara 30% nke ihe Japan na-ebupụ na Africa na 50% nke ihe Japan si na mpaghara ahụ. N'ihi mmachibido iwu azụmahịa nke [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na mba ndị ọzọ tinyere na South Africa, Japan pụtara dị ka onye mmekọ azụmahịa kachasị ukwuu na South Africa n'oge afọ 1980. Ọnọdụ a gosipụtara ihere na Japan ma mee ka ọ belata mmekọrịta mmekọrịta mmekọrịta na mmekọrịta akụ na ụba na mba ahụ. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na South Africa nọgidere bụrụ onye mmekọ azụmahịa kachasị ukwuu nke Japan na mpaghara ahụ, ma mbupụ na mbubata na 1988 ejirila ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ belata site na ọnụ ahịa ha na 1980. Site na njedebe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọrịta mba ụwa nke South Africa na 1994 ọrụ pụrụ iche nke Japan kwụsịrị.

Site na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 21 ruo tupu Great Recession, ọnụ ahịa azụmahịa na Africa malitere site na ihe dị ka ijeri US $ 8 ruo n'ókè dị ka ijere US $ 34; Otú ọ dị, site na 2009, ọnụ ọgụgụ a belatara ruo ihe dị ka US $ 18 ijeri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Site na 2015, e mere atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa ahịa ahịa Japan na Africa dị ihe dị ka ijeri US $ 24.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=BERI|first=RUCHITA|date=2018|title=The Asia–Africa Growth Corridor: TOWARDS INDO–JAPANESE DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION IN AFRICA|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48520070|journal=World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues|volume=22|issue=2|pages=120–129|issn=0971-8052}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBERI2018&quot;&gt;BERI, RUCHITA (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/48520070 &quot;The Asia–Africa Growth Corridor: TOWARDS INDO–JAPANESE DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION IN AFRICA&quot;]. ''World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues''. '''22''' (2): 120–129. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara) |ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:0971-8052|0971-8052]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntinye ego ==
N'afọ 1989, Japan mere nnukwu mmụba n'enyemaka nye Africa site na ọkwa nke mmemme enyemaka US $ 600 nde maka afọ atọ sochirinụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=30 March 2013|title=The evolution of Japan-Africa relations through TICAD|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/03/30/national/the-evolution-of-japan-africa-relations-through-ticad/|accessdate=4 March 2019|publisher=Japan Times Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ntinye ego site na afọ 2000 gaa n'ihu bụ isi na South Africa na ọtụtụ n'ihe gbasara ike na mmepụta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Japan's Revived Africa Relations - FTI Consulting|url=https://www.fticonsulting-asia.com/insights/articles/japans-revived-africa-relations|accessdate=4 March 2019|work=Fticonsulting-asia.com|archivedate=24 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924091707/https://www.fticonsulting-asia.com/insights/articles/japans-revived-africa-relations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntinye ego ndị ọzọ lekwasịrị anya n'ịbawanye mmepụta ugbo, ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ dị mma, iwu na idebe akụrụngwa, na njikwa ahụike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Nzukọ Mba Nile nke Tokyo maka Mmepe Africa

== Ihe edeturu ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Jọdan</title>
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'''Jordan''' (Arabic: الأردن, romanized: al-ʾUrdunn  [al.ʔur.dunː]), officially the '''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan''',[lower-alpha 1] is a country in West Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe,&lt;ref name=&quot;mattel&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tI9L9gepYAUC|pages=173, 408|title=Jordan|first=Matthew|author=Teller|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2002|accessdate=9 April 2016|isbn=9781858287409}}&lt;/ref&gt; within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and east, Iraq to the northeast, Syria to the north, and the Palestinian West Bank and [[Israel]] to the west. The Dead Sea is located along its western border and the country has a 26 km (16 mi) coastline in its southwest on the Gulf of Aqaba's [[Red Sea]], which separates Jordan from [[Egypt]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jogeo&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&amp;pg=PA498|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography|first=R. W.|author=McColl|publisher=Infobase Publishing|accessdate=15 June 2016|date=14 May 2014|isbn=9780816072293}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amman is Jordan's capital and largest city, as well as its economic, political, and cultural centre.&lt;ref name=&quot;csbe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.csbe.org/publications-and-resources/urban-crossroads/the-domination-of-amman/|first=Mohammad|author=Al-Asad|publisher=CSBE|title=The Domination of Amman Urban Crossroads|accessdate=8 June 2016|date=22 April 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802171231/http://www.csbe.org/publications-and-resources/urban-crossroads/the-domination-of-amman/|archivedate=2 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

.&lt;ref name=&quot;HKJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Khalil|first=Muhammad|year=1962|publisher=Khayats|location=Beirut|pages=53–54|title=The Arab States and the Arab League: a Documentary Record}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ndị mmadụ bi na Jọdan nke oge a kemgbe oge Paleolithic. Ala-eze atọ putara n'ebe ahu na njedebe nke oge Bronze: Amon, Moab na Edom. Na narị afọ nke atọ BC, ndị Arab Nabataeans hiwere Alaeze ha na Petra dị ka isi obodo. Ndị ọchịchị mechara na mpaghara Transjordan gụnyere ndị Asiria, Babilọn, Roman, Byzantine, Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, na alaeze ukwu Ottoman. Mgbe Great Arab nnupụisi megide Ottomans na 1916 n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Britain na France kewara Greater mpaghara Syria. Ndị Hashemite hibere Emirate nke Transjordan na 1921, mgbe ahụ Emir, Abdullah I, na Emirate ghọrọ onye nchekwa Britain. Na 1946, Jordan nwetara nnwere onwe wee bụrụ onye amara aha ya na Arabic dị ka ala eze Hashemite nke Jọdan.[1] Mba ahụ weghaara ma weghaara West Bank n'oge agha Arab-Israel nke 1948 ruo mgbe Israel weghaara ya na 1967. Jordan jụrụ nzọrọ ya na ókèala ahụ na 1988, ghọrọ obodo Arab nke abụọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta udo na Israel na 1994, na ebe ọ bụ na-akwado ndị Palestine steeti n'ime a abụọ-ala ngwọta.[2]

The sovereign state is a constitutional monarchy, but the king holds wide executive and legislative powers. Jordan is a founding member of the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation. The country has a high Human Development Index, ranking 102nd, and is considered an upper middle income economy. The Jordanian economy, one of the smallest economies in the region, is attractive to foreign investors based upon a skilled workforce.&lt;ref name=&quot;skwf&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYosBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA88|title=Management and International Business Issues in Jordan|first=Hamed|author=El-Said|accessdate=15 June 2016|date=11 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136396366}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country is a major tourist destination, also attracting medical tourism due to its well developed health sector.&lt;ref name=&quot;tourists&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&amp;lang=2&amp;NewsID=242529&amp;CatID=13&amp;Type=Home&amp;GType=1|title=Jordan second top Arab destination to German tourists|publisher=Petra|date=11 March 2016|accessdate=12 March 2016|archive-date=12 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312061219/http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&amp;lang=2&amp;NewsID=242529&amp;CatID=13&amp;Type=Home&amp;GType=1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nonetheless, a lack of natural resources, large flow of refugees, and regional turmoil have hampered economic growth.&lt;ref name=&quot;washington&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jordan's Economy Surprises|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/jordans-economy-surprises|accessdate=9 April 2016|date=29 June 2015|work=Washington Institute|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010122524/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/jordans-economy-surprises|archivedate=10 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;


The oldest known evidence of hominid habitation in Jordan dates back at least 200,000 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;KOJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jfWCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA23|accessdate=16 June 2018|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|first=Raphael|author=Patai|title=Kingdom of Jordan|pages=23, 32|isbn=9781400877997}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan is a rich source of Paleolithic human remains (up to 20,000 years old) due in part to its location within the Levant (where various migrations of hominids out of Africa converged)&lt;ref name=&quot;chap-paleolithic&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4877|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor=Ababsa|chapter=The First Traces of Man. The Palaeolithic Period (&lt;1.5 million – ca 20,000 years ago)|first=Maysoun|author=al-Nahar|series=Contemporain publications|date=11 June 2014|pages=94–99|publisher=Presses de l'Ifpo|isbn=9782351594384}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in part to its more humid climate during the Late Pleistocene, which resulted in the formation of numerous remains-preserving wetlands in the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu-JaberEtAl2020PPP&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abu-Jaber|first=Nizar|date=1 November 2020|title=Lake Elji and a geological perspective on the evolution of Petra, Jordan|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018220303497|journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]]|volume=557|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109904|accessdate=6 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Past lakeshore environments attracted different groups of hominids, and several remains of tools dating from the Late Pleistocene have been found there.&lt;ref name=&quot;chap-paleolithic&quot; /&gt; Scientists have found the world's oldest known evidence of bread-making at a 14,500-year-old Natufian site in Jordan's northeastern desert.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44846874|title=Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread|work=BBC|date=17 July 2018|accessdate=17 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716234918/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44846874|archivedate=16 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the Neolithic period (10,000–4,500 BC), there was a transition there from a hunter-gatherer culture to a culture with established populous agricultural villages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4879|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor=Ababsa|chapter=The Refining of Tools. The Epipalaeolithic Period (c 23,000 – 11,600 years ago)|first=Maysoun|author=al-Nahar|series=Contemporain publications|date=11 June 2014|pages=100–105|publisher=Presses de l’Ifpo|isbn=9782351594384}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Ain Ghazal, one such village located at a site in the eastern part of present-day Amman, is one of the largest known prehistoric settlements in the Near East.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Betts|first=Alison|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.013.012|date=March 2014|chapter=The Southern Levant (Transjordan) During the Neolithic Period|isbn=9780199212972}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dozens of plaster statues of the human form, dating to 7250 BC or earlier, have been uncovered there; they are &quot;among the earliest large-scale representations of the human form&quot; ever found.&lt;ref name=&quot;aingazal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/l/lime_plaster_statues.aspx|title=Lime Plaster statues|work=British Museum|publisher=Trustees of the British Museum|accessdate=16 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018143147/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/l/lime_plaster_statues.aspx|archivedate=18 October 2015|quote=Dating to the end of the eighth millennium BC, they are among the earliest large-scale representations of the human form.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other than the Chalcolithic (4500–3600 BC) villages such as Tulaylet Ghassul in the Jordan Valley,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4885|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor=Ababsa|chapter=The Copper Age. The Chalcolithic period (4500–3600 BC)|first=Maysoun|author=al-Nahar|series=Contemporain publications|date=11 June 2014|pages=114–116|publisher=Presses de l'Ifpo|isbn=9782351594384}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is a series of circular stone enclosures in the eastern basalt desert; archaeologists continue to be baffled as to their purpose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/11/03/the-giant-stone-circles-in-the-middle-east-no-one-can-explain/|title=The giant stone circles in the Middle East no one can explain|first=Terrence|author=McCoy|date=3 November 2014|accessdate=16 June 2018|work=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Mesha_Stele_(511142469)_(cropped).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|The Mesha Stele (c. 840 BC) records the glory of Mesha, King of Moab ]]

[[Òtù:Ala no n'ime Asia]]</text>
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'''Ifeoma Mabel Onyemelukwe''' bụ prọfesọ Naijiria nke akwụkwọ [[Asụsụ French|French]] na Africa na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Prof. (Mrs.) Ifeoma Mabel Onyemelukwe. {{!}} Professor of French and African Literature of French Expression at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.|url=https://imonyemelukwe.com/|accessdate=2023-07-10|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703112544/https://imonyemelukwe.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ede uri, akụkọ mkpirikpi, akwụkwọ akụkọ, egwuregwu, nkatọ akwụkwọ, na nkatọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ifeoma Mabel Onyemelukwe|first=Ifeoma Mabel|date=15 July 2023|title=Ifeoma Mabel Onyemelukwe: Professor of French and African Literature of French Expression at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/ifeoma-mabel-onyemelukwe-a91610b4/?originalSubdomain=ng|work=LinkedIn}}&lt;/ref&gt; bipụtara akwụkwọ iri abụọ na asaa na akwụkwọ akụkọ iri isii na abụọ na mba ụwa na mpaghara. [1] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ifeoma Mabel Onyemelukwe|url=https://nalonline.org.ng/ifeoma-mabel-onyemelukwe/|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=Nigerian Academy of Letters|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708015214/https://nalonline.org.ng/ifeoma-mabel-onyemelukwe/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=NationalInsightNews|date=2019-06-21|title=Nigerian Academy of Letters Elects Seven Professors As Fellows|url=https://nationalinsightnews.com/nigerian-academy-of-letters-elects-seven-professors-as-fellows/|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=National Insight News}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye nsọpụrụ nke Nigerian Academy of Letters (NAL), ya na Prọfesọ Tanure Ojaide na Olusegun Adeniyi.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Onyemelukwe na [[Awka South|Awka]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Ọ gụsịrị nzere Bachelor nke sayensị na [[Asụsụ French|French]] na Mahadum Naịjirịa, [[Nsukka]] na 1976. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya site na Post Graduate Diploma na Education na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria na 1982. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Prof. (Mrs.) Ifeoma Mabel Onyemelukwe. {{!}} Professor of French and African Literature of French Expression at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.|url=https://imonyemelukwe.com/|accessdate=2023-07-15|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703112544/https://imonyemelukwe.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;'ịga n'ihu n'ọmụmụ ihe ya, ọ nwetara nzere masta na doctorate na French na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello, Zaria na 1979 na 1987 n'otu n'otu.

== Ọrụ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=III|first=Admin|date=2020-09-30|title=Prof Onyemelukwe: A Life Of Accomplishments @70 - FOREFRONT NG 70, ABU, Life Of Accomplishments, Prof Ifeoma Mabel Onyemelukwe, Prof Onyemelukwe, Zaria|url=https://forefrontng.com/prof-onyemelukwe-a-life-of-accomplishments-70/|accessdate=2023-07-24|work=FOREFRONT NG|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye enyemaka gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Advance Teachers' College na 1978. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ABU, Zaria Institute of Education n'etiti afọ 1992 na 2001. N'afọ 2002, ọ sonyeere Ngalaba French n'ime Faculty of Arts na ABU, Zaria. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; nọgidere n'ebe ahụ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 2020.

N'ọrụ ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ idu ndú, dị ka prọfesọ na sabbatical na Ngalaba French na Mahadum [[Kaduna]] State, Kaduna. Tụkwasị na nke a, o nwere ọkwa Prọfesọ Nleta na Ngalaba French nke Federal College of Education, Zaria . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Onyemelukwe bụ onye otu Chartered Institute of Management Consultants na Chartered Institute for Administration. E depụtakwara ya na Contemporary Who's Who (2002-date) na International Who'sWho of Professional and Business Women (2002-date). N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2015, o kwuru okwu mmeghe, ya na ndị bịara ya gụnyere Dr. [[Alex Ifeanyichụkwụ Ekwụeme|Alex Ekwueme]] na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ọ lụrụ Geoffrey Chukwubuike Onyemelukwe, Onye ndụmọdụ Dọkịta na Prọfesọ nke Medicine na Immunology na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello, Zaria. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PERSONAL INFORMATION – Prof. G.C. Onyemelukwe MON|url=https://www.profgconyemelukwe.com/personal-information/|accessdate=2023-07-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; niile nwere ụmụ ise.

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

* Ifeoma Onyemelukwe (2023). Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akwụkwọ edemede Naijiria na-asụ French. Mbipụta Ihe Ọmụma Anyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Onyemelukwe|first=Ifeoma|url=https://www.amazon.com/History-French-Speaking-Nigerian-Literature-Onyemelukwe/dp/6206222462/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_2?crid=2P1T06CU3H74D&amp;keywords=Ifeoma+Mabel+Onyemelukwe&amp;qid=1689750451&amp;sprefix=ifeoma+mabel+onyemelukwe,aps,383&amp;sr=8-2-fkmr0|title=History of French-Speaking Nigerian Literature|date=2023-07-14|publisher=Our Knowledge Publishing|isbn=978-620-6-22246-0|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ifeoma Onyemelukwe (2016). Karịa Ebe Ọsụsọ. Labelle Educational Publishers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amazon.com : Ifeoma Mabel Onyemelukwe|url=https://www.amazon.com/s?k=Ifeoma+Mabel+Onyemelukwe&amp;crid=2P1T06CU3H74D&amp;sprefix=ifeoma+mabel+onyemelukwe,aps,383&amp;ref=nb_sb_noss|accessdate=2023-07-19|work=www.amazon.com|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onyemelukwe, I. M. (2018). Nnyocha nke Alain Mabanckou's Bleu-blanc-rouge dị ka Flipside Work. ''IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts, and Literature (IMPACT: IJRHAL) '', ''6'', 443-454.
* Onyemelukwe, I. M. (2021). Ableism activism theory: Echiche na-apụta na nkatọ akwụkwọ. ''Journal of Modern European Languages and Literatures'', ''15'', 1-15.
* Onyemelukwe, I. M. (2019). Ihe ize ndụ asụsụ: Ihe gbasara asụsụ Igbo. ''Journal of Modern European Languages and Literatures'', ''11'', 18-30.
* Onyemelukwe, I. M. (2015). Heroism na Antiheroism na Literature na French: Can You See. ''Usoro Nkwupụta Mmeghe nke 06/15. Zaria: Mahadum Ahmadu Bello, Zaria, Nigeria''.
* Onyemelukwe, I. M., Muotoo, C. H., &amp; Odudigbo, M. E. (2020). Thanatologie na L'ombre D'imana: Voyages Jusqu'à l'extrémité du Rwanda nke Veronique Tadjo dere. ''UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities'', ''21'' (1), 71-101.
* Onyemelukwe, I. M., Adamu, A. D., &amp; Muotoo, C. H. (2021). Griot Na Litterature Postcoloniale: Otu Etude De Guelwaar De Sembene Ousmane. ''UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities'', ''22'' (1), 55-77.
* Onyemelukwe, I. M. (2019). Plagiarism ma ọ bụ ohi agụmakwụkwọ: ụdị, ihe ngosi na ụzọ isi pụta. ''International Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences'', ''8'' (2), 9-26.
* Onyemelukwe, I. M. (2019). Phallocentrism n'ihu Ike Ụmụ nwanyị n'Ọbụ Awka. ''UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities'', ''20'' (1), 182-212.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230703112544/https://imonyemelukwe.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị]

* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&amp;user=cvlVNOMAAAAJ/ Onye ọkà mmụta Google]
{{authority control}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Godswill Ekpolo</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Elohor Godswill Epokoli''' (amụrụ na 14 Mee 1995) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba maka klọb Cypriot First Division Apollon Limassol . Ọ bụ onye na-agbachitere aka nri, ọ pụkwara igwu egwu dị ka onye na-echebe etiti.

== Ọrụ ịgba egwu ==
Ekpolo na ezinụlọ ya si Naịjirịa kwaga Spain n'afọ 2002, wee biri na Tarragona. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Swarbrick|first=Rosie|title=Fleetwood swoop for former Barcelona player|url=http://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/sport/football/fleetwood-town-fc/fleetwood-swoop-for-former-barcelona-player-1-8224207|accessdate=8 November 2016|work=Blackpool Gazette|date=7 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; bịara site na otu ndị ntorobịa na FC Barcelona, wee gbaa bọọlụ maka ndị otu nchekwa ma bụrụ onyeisi ndị otu na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na otu, tupu a tọhapụ ya na June 2016.

Mgbe e nwesịrị ikpe na Wolverhampton Wanderers na Julaị 2016, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ex-Barcelona defender Godswill Ekpolo on trial at Wolves|url=https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/wolverhampton-wanderers-fc/2016/07/19/ex-barcelona-defender-godswill-ekpolo-on-trial-at-wolves/|accessdate=8 November 2016|work=Express and Star|date=19 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bịanyere aka na Fleetwood Town nke English League One na nkwekọrịta nke ogologo a na-akọwaghị na Nọvemba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Godswill Ekpolo: Former Barcelona defender joins Fleetwood Town|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37903818|accessdate=8 November 2016|work=BBC Sport|date=7 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/464341/foxes-go-down-to-fleetwood-in-checkatrade-trophy|title=Foxes Go Down To Fleetwood In Checkatrade Trophy|publisher=lcfc.com|date=29 August 2017|accessdate=30 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Fleetwood na EFL Trophy tie megide Leicester City Under-23s na 29 August 2017. [1]

Ebe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Swarbrick|first=Rosie|title=Fleetwood defender Godswill Ekpolo seals Mérida AD switch|url=https://www.lep.co.uk/sport/football/fleetwood-defender-godswill-ekpolo-seals-merida-ad-switch-1-8982013|accessdate=26 January 2018|work=Lancashire Evening Post|date=26 January 2018|archive-date=25 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925215912/https://www.lep.co.uk/sport/football/fleetwood-defender-godswill-ekpolo-seals-merida-ad-switch-1-8982013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ na onye Everton na-agbazinye ego bụ Gethin Jones nọchiri ya n'azụ aka nri, Ekpolo laghachiri Spain na 26 Jenụwarị 2018 wee bịanye aka na Merida AD nke Segunda División B.

Na 29 June 2018, Ekpolo bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọnwa isii na ndị otu Swedish Allsvenskan BK Häcken, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Presenterar ny back – under VM-uppehållet|url=https://www.expressen.se/gt/sport/fotboll/allsvenskan/hacken-varvar-nigeriansk-back/|accessdate=5 November 2019|work=Expressen|date=29 June 2018|language=Swedish}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 12 October a gbatịkwuru ya ruo na ngwụcha 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Malmkvist|first=Alexander|title=Ekpolo har imponerat - nu förlänger Häcken: &quot;Det var lite gambling - en 'videojugge'&quot;|url=https://www.fotbollskanalen.se/allsvenskan/ekpolo-har-imponerat---nu-forlanger-hacken-det-var-lite-gambling---en-videoju/|accessdate=5 November 2019|publisher=Fotboll Skanalen|date=12 October 2018|language=Swedish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ==

=== Klọb ===
{{Updated|16 July 2017}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Mba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị ọzọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
|FC Barcelona B
|2015–16
|Nkewa nke Abụọ B
|27
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|27
|0
|-
|Obodo Fleetwood
|2016–17
|Njikọ nke Mbụ
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!27
!0
!1
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!28
!0
|}

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Ministri nke Ọdịbendị, Mmekọahụ, Ntụrụndụ na Egwuregwu</title>
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      <text bytes="1399" sha1="drm7hpxat6yvg9kfpmlmngpqn2a77cq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}Ozi nke omenala, okike, Ntụrụndụ na egwuregwu bụ ozi nke Gọọmentị Jamaica. Minista kemgbe ntuli aka 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Henry|first=Andre|title=The Honourable Olivia Grange, OJ, CD, MP|url=https://mcges.gov.jm/index.php/home/minister-s-office/item/413-the-honourable-olivia-babsy-grange-mp-cd|work=mcges.gov.jm|accessdate=3 December 2022|language=en-gb|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203223355/https://mcges.gov.jm/index.php/home/minister-s-office/item/413-the-honourable-olivia-babsy-grange-mp-cd|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Olivia Grange.

Ndị bu ụzọ rụọ ọrụ ugbu a gụnyere Ministry of Culture na Ministry of Sports, Youth and Culture; ndị ntorobịa na-agbapụta site na aha ikpeazụ ugbu a dị n'okpuru Ozi nke Agụmakwụkwọ, Ntorobịa na Ozi.

Ozi ahụ gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ ndị a: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://mcges.gov.jm/|work=mcges.gov.jm|accessdate=3 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Mmepe Ọdịbendị na Jamaica
* Ụlọ Ọrụ Ụmụ nwanyị nke Jamaica Foundation
* Kọmitii Na-emegide Ọgwụ ọjọọ na Jamaica
* Ụlọ Ọrụ nke Jamaica
* Jamaica National Heritage Trust
* Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mba nke Jamaica
* Ntọala Mmepe Egwuregwu

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị</text>
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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
{{Databox}}'''Janet Kelso''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1975) bụ onye South African computational biologist na onye isi otu nke Minerva Research Group for Bioinformatics na Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology .  &lt;ref name=&quot;group-homepage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Leipzig|first=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology|title=Dept. of Genetics {{!}} Bioinformatics {{!}} Group Staff|url=http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/bioinformatics/group-staff.html|work=www.eva.mpg.de|accessdate=13 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na-eji DNA sitere na ụmụ mmadụ gara aga (ya bụ, ndị Neanderthal) tụnyere ndị nke ugbu a (Homo Sapiens).

Ihe ịma aka gara aga maka ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ enweghị nchekwa DNA kwesịrị ekwesị na teknụzụ iji nyochaa genomes nuklia nke ụmụ mmadụ oge ochie. Ihe mgbochi a mere ka mmasị Kelso na bioinformatics sikwuo ike ma buru ụzọ bịaruo okwu ahụ nso site na iji usoro ntụaka. Site 'ebe ahụ, ya na ndị otu nyocha ya enweela ọganihu na nyocha maka DNA oge ochie.

== Mmụta ==
Kelso nwetara akara ugo mmụta Bachelor  Science na Mahadum Natal na 1995 wee soro Honours na Master of Science degrees na biochemistry na chemical pathology na Mahadim Cape Town na 1997 na 2000, n'otu n'otu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fogg|first=Christiana N.|title=Computational Biology: Moving into the Future One Click at a Time|journal=PLOS Computational Biology|date=24 June 2015|volume=11|issue=6|pages=e1004323|doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004323|pmid=26107876}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iscb-women-in-science&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ISCB Newsletter 17-2|url=https://www.iscb.org/images/stories/newsletter/newsletter17-2/women-in-science.htm|work=www.iscb.org|accessdate=13 September 2016|archive-date=2 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102131409/https://www.iscb.org/images/stories/newsletter/newsletter17-2/women-in-science.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; natara PhD ya na bioinformatics na 2003, site na Mahadum nke Western Cape, nke Winston Hide lekọtara.

== Nnyocha na Ọrụ ==
Kelso emeela nnyocha &lt;ref name=&quot;bonobo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Prüfer|first=Kay|title=The bonobo genome compared with the chimpanzee and human genomes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2012-06-28_486_7404/page/527|journal=Nature|date=13 June 2012|doi=10.1038/nature11128|pmid=22722832|volume=486|issue=7404|pages=527–31}}&lt;/ref&gt; genomics nke primate ma nye aka na ọrụ Neanderthal, bonobo na orangutan genome. &lt;ref name=&quot;iscb-women-in-science&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;neanderthal-genome&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Green|first=R. E.|title=A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2010-05-07_328_5979/page/710|journal=Science|date=6 May 2010|volume=328|issue=5979|pages=710–722|doi=10.1126/science.1188021|pmid=20448178}}&lt;/ref&gt;  afọ 2004, ọ bụ onye ndú otu nke Minerva Research Group for Bioinformatics na Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology na Leipzig, Germany. N'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Kelso mere nyocha ya na njikọ aka na UK Biobank (UKB) . UKB nwere ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nke ahụike na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ; site na UKB, Kelso na ndị ọrụ ibe ya chọpụtara njikọ dị n'etiti ụdị Neantherthal na omume na àgwà ụfọdụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Genetic data on half a million Brits reveal ongoing evolution and Neanderthal legacy|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/genetic-data-half-million-brits-reveal-ongoing-evolution-and-neanderthal-legacy|accessdate=2021-11-26|work=www.science.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọmụmaatụ, ha nwere ike ugbu a gbakọọ ohere nke ịbụ onye mgbede ma ọ bụ onye ụtụtụ.

Kemgbe afọ 2013, ọ bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ sayensị ''Bioinformatics'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;bioinf-ed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ISCB Newsletter 16-1|url=https://www.iscb.org/images/stories/newsletter/newsletter16-1/bioinformatics.htm|work=www.iscb.org|accessdate=13 September 2016|archive-date=10 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010173623/https://www.iscb.org/images/stories/newsletter/newsletter16-1/bioinformatics.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==
Kelso meriri L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards maka Women in Science Fellowship na 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cape Town Student Wins National Award for Women in Science|url=http://www.panapress.com/Cape-Town-Student-Wins-National-Award-for-Women-in-Science--12-553282-146-lang2-index.html|work=www.panapress.com|accessdate=13 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hide-cv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Winston Hide {{!}} Harvard School of Public Health - Academia.edu|url=https://hsph-harvard.academia.edu/WinstonHide/CurriculumVitae|work=hsph-harvard.academia.edu|accessdate=13 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;neanderthal-genome&quot;/&gt; na ndị edemede ya, e nyere ya Newcomb Cleveland Prize maka akwụkwọ kachasị mma na ''Sayensị'' na 2010: akwụkwọ a bipụtara usoro nhazi nke Neanderthal genome. Kelso jere ozi &lt;ref name=&quot;iscb-vp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=September 12, 2016 - ISCB Announces Results of the 2016 Officer and Student Council Leadership Elections!|url=https://www.iscb.org/iscb-news-items/2958-2016sept12-2016-officer-student-council-leadership-elections|work=www.iscb.org|accessdate=13 September 2016|archivedate=19 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819214237/https://www.iscb.org/iscb-news-items/2958-2016sept12-2016-officer-student-council-leadership-elections}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka osote onye isi oche nke International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) site na 2011-2013 ma na 2016 a họpụtara ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ọzọ afọ 3 dị ka osota onye isi oche, malite na Jenụwarị 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;iscb-fellow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Feb 22, 2016: ISCB Congratulates &amp; Introduces the 2016 Class of Fellows!|url=https://www.iscb.org/iscb-news-items/2714-2016-feb22-iscb-fellows|work=www.iscb.org|accessdate=13 September 2016|archivedate=24 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324110259/https://www.iscb.org/iscb-news-items/2714-2016-feb22-iscb-fellows}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fellows&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iscb.org/iscb-fellows |title=ISCB Fellows |publisher=[[International Society for Computational Biology]] |author=Anon |year=2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320114530/https://www.iscb.org/iscb-fellows|archivedate=2017-03-20|work=iscb.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ ISCB Fellow site na International Society for Computational Biology na 2016. [1] [2]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|35em}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Hadiza Shagari</title>
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      <text bytes="2764" sha1="33r7lizdnmmkyojdvcx5p1p0e16cbln" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder|name=Hadiza Shagari|image=|caption=|birth_name=Hadiza Dawaiya|birth_date={{birth based on age as of date|80|2021|8|12|noage=1}}|birth_place=|death_date=12 August 2021 (aged 80)|death_place=[[Abuja]], [[Nigeria]]|alma_mater=}}

'''Hadiza Dawaiya Shagari''', nke a dị ka Hadiza Shehu Shagari (1940/41 - 12 Ọgọst 2021) bụ onye ọha na eze Naijiria, bụbu First Lady of Nigeria site na 1979 ruo 1983, na Shehu Shagari . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shagari|first=Shehu Usman Aliyu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50042754|title=Shehu Shagari : beckoned to serve : an autobiography|date=2001|publisher=Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria)|isbn=978-129-932-0|location=Ibadan|oclc=50042754}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya na ndị nke abụọ Shehu Shagari ndị ọzọ, Hadiza Shagari jere ozi dị ka mbụ nke Naijiria mgbe di ya chịgoro ụzọ site na 1 October 1979 ruo 31 December 1983. &lt;ref name=&quot;pn&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt;

Hadiza Dawaiya zutere ya, Shehu Shagari, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ozizi na onye òtù Federal Scholarship Board na Sokoto Province (ugbu a Sokoto State ). &lt;ref name=&quot;pn&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=|author=|title=Former Nigerian First Lady dies of COVID-19 in Abuja|url=https://politicsnigeria.com/hadiza-shagari-is-dead/|work=[[Politics Nigeria]]|date=2021-08-12|accessdate=2021-09-02|archive-date=2021-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812170811/https://politicsnigeria.com/hadiza-shagari-is-dead/|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''[[Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa|Politics Nigeria]]''. 2021-08-12.  from the original on 2021-08-12&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-09-02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ha lụrụ na 1957. &lt;ref name=&quot;pn&quot; /&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=|author=|title=Shagari wife dies: Former First Lady of Nigeria Hadiza Shehu Shagari die of Covid|url=https://politicsnigeria.com/hadiza-shagari-is-dead/|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2021-08-12|accessdate=2021-09-02|archive-date=2021-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812170811/https://politicsnigeria.com/hadiza-shagari-is-dead/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Hadiza Shagari gburugburu site na nsogbu nke COVID-19 na Gwagwalada Isolation Center dị na Abuja n'ihe dịka elekere atọ nke ụtụtụ na 12 Ọgọst 2021. [1] [2] Ọ dị afọ iri .  E mere olili ya n'iche alakụba nke Abuja na 12 Ọgọst n'elekere anɔ nke ebe [1] [2] Di ya bụbu onye isi ala Shehu Shagari nwụrụ n'afọ 2018.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}} {{S-start}}
{{S-hon}}
{{Succession box|title=[[First Lady of Nigeria]]|before=[[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo]]|after=[[Safinatu Buhari]]|years=1 October 1979 – 31 December 1983}}
{{S-end}}</text>
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    <title>Greater Sylhet Development and Welfare Council na UK</title>
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Greater Sylhet Development and Welfare Council na UK ( Bengali &lt;/link&gt; ; A na-akpọkarị GSC ) bụ ndị ọrụ afụ nke Britain maka ụdị ndị Sylheti Bangladesh bi na United Kingdom.

== Ebe obibi ==
Greater Sylhet Development and Welfare Council (GSC) na UK bụ mgbanwe mgbanwe na 1993, [1] [2] na- anya anya Bangladeshis na UK.  [3] [4] [5] Ọ bụ ọrụ ebere na mba na-arụ ọrụ maka nke British ndị bi na UK bụ ndị sitere na nkewa nke Sylhet, [6] bụ ndị na-agụ 90% [7] nke Britain 500,000  Ndị Bangladesh &lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Matthew|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/dec/03/books.arts|title=Brickbats fly as community brands novel 'despicable'|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=3 December 2003|accessdate=1 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;londononline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.londononline.co.uk/profiles/70516/|title=Greater Sylhet Development &amp; Welfare Council UK|publisher=London Online|accessdate=1 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọ bụ kọmitii ndị isi obodo a mgbaàmà na-elekọta a ma na-achịkwa ya site n'usoro iwu.  O nwera kọmitii mpaghara 13 na-arụ ọrụ na otu akwụkwọ ikike maka ndị obodo Bangladesh bi na mpaghara dị iche iche na UK.  [1] Ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka inye aka na iketa ego maka ọrụ ebere &lt;ref name=&quot;manchestereveningnews&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/local-news/forum-will-be-voice-for-bangladeshi-community-920628|title=Forum will be voice for Bangladeshi community|work=[[Manchester Evening News]]|date=27 May 2009|accessdate=1 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;thirdsector&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Plummer|first=John|url=http://www.thirdsector.co.uk/news/611388/|title=Fundraising News: Bangladesh appeal prompts low response|publisher=Third Sector|date=4 August 2004|accessdate=1 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;sylhettimesdigital&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.sylhettimesdigital.co.uk/vision-bangladesh-dinner-with-brac-chair-sir-fazle-hasan-abed/|title=Vision Bangladesh Dinner with Brac Chair Sir Fazle Hasan Abed|work=The Sylhet Times|date=4 August 2004|accessdate=1 March 2014|archive-date=5 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305043248/http://sylhettimesdigital.co.uk/vision-bangladesh-dinner-with-brac-chair-sir-fazle-hasan-abed/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* British Bangladeshi
* Ndepụta nke British Bangladeshis

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website
{{DEFAULTSORT:Greater Sylhet Development and Welfare Council in UK}}
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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    <title>Lawrence Jackson (onye na-ese foto)</title>
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{{Infobox person|image=Lawrence Jackson (210210-D-BN624-0091 (50934823497) b, cropped).jpg|caption=Jackson in 2021}}

{{Databox}}'''Lawrence Jackson''' bụ onye America na-ese foto na onye na-ese foto . Ọ bụ onye na-ese foto White House, na-ekpuchi osote onye isi oche nke Kamala Harris . Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto White House maka ọchịchị Obama . Tupu ọrụ ya na gọọmentị, ọ bụ onye na-ese foto akụkọ.

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Jackson na Richmond, Virginia . Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị George Wythe, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ziu&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ziu|first=Christina|title=JMU alumnus photographed Obama presidency|url=https://www.breezejmu.org/news/jmu-alumnus-photographed-obama-presidency/article_09808128-0f7a-11e7-a2df-0343186cabf8.html|accessdate=27 November 2020|work=The Breeze|date=23 March 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara nzere bachelọ na foto site na Mahadum James Madison na 1990. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;JMUSMAD&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=From SMAD Major to White House Photographer|url=https://www.jmu.edu/news/smad/2017/01-12-lawrence-jackson.shtml|accessdate=27 November 2020|work=James Madison University News|date=23 January 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ na-aga kọleji, ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ foto maka ''The Breeze'' . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi maka Landmark Communications . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ziu&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ọrụ foto oge mbụ Jackson mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ bụ maka ''The Virginian-Pilot'' . Na Disemba 2000, ọ sonyeere Associated Press (AP) dị ka onye ọrụ foto. Nke mbụ dabere na Boston, ọ kpuchiri egwuregwu wee rụọ ọrụ na South Korea. Na 2002, ọ kwagara Washington, DC ịrụ ọrụ na AP's Washington bureau. Na Washington, Jackson kpuchiri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba yana egwuregwu Washington. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson&quot;/&gt;

=== Ọchịchị Obama ===
[[Usòrò:Green_Fountain_at_White_House_on_St_Patricks_Day,_2009.jpg|thumb| Otu n'ime foto mbụ Jackson sere, mgbe ọ sonyere na nchịkwa Obama, bụ ọdọ mmiri White House agbaji akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ maka ụbọchị Saint Patrick.]]
[[Usòrò:Barack_Obama_savours_his_second_inauguration.jpg|thumb| Barack Obama, dị ka Jackson sere foto, na Jenụwarị 20, 2013, ka Onye isi ala kwụsịrị ileghachi anya azụ na igwe mmadụ na-aga nraranye nke abụọ ya.]]
N'abalị ntuli aka, 2008, Jackson gara Lafayette Square na DC, ebe ọtụtụ puku mmadụ gbakọtara iji mee ememe mmeri ntuli aka Obama. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Williams|first=Kesha|title=Photographing history: Richmond native Lawrence Jackson returns home with book about his years as President Obama's official White House photographer|url=http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2019/dec/13/photographing-history-richmond-native-lawrence-jac/|accessdate=27 November 2020|work=Richmond Free Press|date=13 December 2019|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205201012/http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2019/dec/13/photographing-history-richmond-native-lawrence-jac/|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWilliams2019&quot;&gt;Williams, Kesha (December 13, 2019). . ''Richmond Free Press''.  from the original on December 5, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 27,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara ememe maka AP. N'oge mmemme a na-atụghị anya ya, Jackson na ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji ndị na-emeri mmeri Obama kpakọrịtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burnett&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Burnett|first=Rebecca|title=&quot;Yes We Did&quot;: Former White House photographer remembers Obama Administration|url=https://www.localdvm.com/news/virginia/yes-we-did-former-white-house-photographer-remembers-obama-administration/|accessdate=27 November 2020|work=WDVM 25|date=3 January 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129053916/https://www.localdvm.com/news/virginia/yes-we-did-former-white-house-photographer-remembers-obama-administration/|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBurnett2020&quot;&gt;Burnett, Rebecca (January 3, 2020). . ''WDVM 25''.  from the original on November 29, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 27,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ onye sitere na ahụmahụ na ekele ya maka [[Barack Obama]], o kpebiri itinye akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ese foto maka nchịkwa Obama. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WNYC1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Picturing Obama: Eight Years of Photographing the First Black President|url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/former-white-house-photojournalist-lawrence-jackson-did/|accessdate=27 November 2020|work=WNYC|date=30 October 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ 2019 na WYNC, Jackson kwuru na ọ bụrụ na Hillary Clinton ga-abụ onyeisi oche, ọ gaghị etinye akwụkwọ maka ọrụ ahụ, na-ekwu &quot;nke ahụ abụghị ịkụ aka megide ya. Ọ na-egosi nnọọ otú m nwere ekele maka ya ma chee na ozi ya dị mkpa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;WNYC1&quot; /&gt; Pete Souza kpọrọ Jackson wee nyochaa Pọtụfoliyo ya na ya n'ụlọ ahịa kọfị dị na Arlington, Virginia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burnett&quot; /&gt; O nyere ọrụ ahụ. Agbanyeghị, ọ na-ala azụ, na-echegbu onwe ya maka ụgwọ ọnwa, nke dị ala karịa ụgwọ AP ya. O nwere nchegbu na ọ gaghị akwado nwunye ya na ụmụ ya abụọ. Otú ọ dị, nwunye ya, bụ́ Alicia, mere ka o kweta na ọ dị otú ahụ, na-ekwe nkwa ịlaghachi n'ọrụ n'onwe ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burnett&quot; /&gt;

Lawrence malitere na March 2009. Ọrụ mbụ ya bụ ịse foto ọdọ mmiri ndị dị na White House bụ ndị a na-esiji akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ iji mee ememe ụbọchị Saint Patrick . &lt;ref name=&quot;Burnett&quot;/&gt; Jackson bụ naanị [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|onye America]] na-ese foto na ọchịchị Obama. &lt;ref name=&quot;Donahue&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Donahue|first=Joe|title=&quot;Yes We Did&quot; New Book By White House Photographer Lawrence Jackson|url=https://www.wamc.org/post/yes-we-did-new-book-white-house-photographer-lawrence-jackson|work=www.wamc.org|accessdate=27 November 2020|language=en|date=5 November 2019|archivedate=December 5, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205200152/https://www.wamc.org/post/yes-we-did-new-book-white-house-photographer-lawrence-jackson}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime afọ asatọ o jere ozi, ọ gara mba iri anọ na abụọ wee gbaa ọkara nde foto. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Burnett&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọrụ n'etiti nchịkwa ===
Jackson ghọrọ onye na-ese foto nweere onwe ya mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ na White House. N'October 2019, o wepụtara akwụkwọ na-edekọ oge ya na nchịkwa Obama nke a na-akpọ ''Ee Anyị Emere: Foto na Akụkọ Akụkọ Na-eme Ememe Onye isi ala America mbụ anyị'' . Obama nyere okwu mmalite maka akwụkwọ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson&quot;/&gt; Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye na-ese foto maka Obama Foundation .

=== Ọchịchị Biden ===
[[Usòrò:Kamala_Harris_Vice_Presidential_Portrait.jpg|thumb| Foto osote onye isi ala Kamala Harris, nke Jackson mere na Maachị 5, 2021]]
Na Jenụwarị 15, 2021, akpọrọ Jackson dị ka onye na-ese foto White House, ọzọ, na-esonye na nchịkwa iji dekọọ ọrụ na ndụ nke Kamala Harris . &lt;ref name=&quot;Valentine2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Valentine|first=Victoria L.|title=Lawrence Jackson: Black Photographer Will Document Historic White House Tenure of Incoming Vice President Kamala Harris|url=https://www.culturetype.com/2021/01/19/lawrence-jackson-black-photographer-will-document-historic-white-house-tenure-of-incoming-vice-president-kamala-harris/|accessdate=20 January 2021|work=Culture Type|date=19 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Jackson lụrụ onye bụbu Alicia Leahy, ada nke onye bụbu Senator Patrick Leahy . &lt;ref name=&quot;Gillette&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gillette|first=Sam|title=Obama Photographer Shares Candid Photos of Former First Family at Work &amp; at Home in White House|url=https://people.com/politics/barack-michelle-obama-white-house-behind-the-scenes-photos/|accessdate=27 November 2020|work=PEOPLE.com|date=22 October 2019|language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Clark|first=Bill|date=April 21, 2021|title=Photo of the day: Family chat|url=https://rollcall.com/2021/04/21/photo-of-the-day-family-chat/|work=[[Roll Call]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burnett&quot;/&gt;

== Na-arụ ọrụ ==

* ''Ee Anyị Emere: Foto na Akụkọ Akụkọ Na-eme Ememe Onye isi ala America mbụ anyị'' . New York: TarcherPerigee (2019). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0525541012|0525541012]]

== Hụkwa ==

* Adam Schultz ( onye na-ese foto White House maka onye isi oche Joe Biden )

== Ntụaka ==
sonyeere Associated Press (AP) dị ka onye ọrụ foto. Nke mbụ dabere na Boston, ọ kpuchiri egwuregwu nchịkọta akụkọ foto maka The Breeze . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma onye ọrụ foto. Nke mbụ dabere na{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210618002651/http://kscj.com/2019/11/11/lawrence-jackson-yes-we-did-photos-and-behind-the-scenes-stories-celebrating-our-first-african-american-president/ &quot;Lawrence Jackson - Yes We Did&quot;] Archived June 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine interview with KSCJ
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Iwu ọha bụ nke iwu na-achịkwa na okwu dị n'etiti ndị iwu na-alụ, [1] n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche n'ime steeti, n'etiti ngalaba dị iche iche, [2] yana  dị n'etiti ndị na-emetụta ya kpọmkwem.  ọha mmadụ.  Iwu iwu iwu iwu, iwu iwu, iwu ụtụ isi na iwu mpụ, [1] yana iwu usoro niile .  Iwu iwu dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu bụ nke iwu nkeonwe .

iwu nsogbu na-achị bụ asymmetric na akara oke.  Ndị otu mmekọ (nke etiti ma ọ bụ mpaghara) ịme ịme mmemme ikike mmadụ.  atụmatụ, n'ihi nwere nkuzi nke iwu iwu, ndị echiche ike ime ikike n'ime iwu ( secundum et intra leem ).  Gọọmenti ga-erubere iwu isi.  nkọwa, nwa amaala obi ụtọ na ikike nke ikike nwe ike ikike ụlọ ikpe maka achọpụta ikpe .

Ihe dị iche n'etiti iwu ọha na eze na iwu iwu iwu na iwu Rom, ebe onye ọka iwu Rom Ulpian ( c. 170 - 228) kwuru na mbụ.  [1] Ọ bụ mgbe e ezi &lt;/link&gt; nakweere usoro iwu nke mba abụọ na-agba ọsọ iwu obodo, na nke ndị na-agba ọsọ omenala iwu obodo .

Oke oke n'etiti iwu ọha na iwu nzuzo anaghị apụta mgbe niile. Enweghị ike ikewa iwu n'ozuzu ya nke ọma ka ọ bụrụ &quot;iwu maka steeti&quot; na &quot;iwu maka onye ọ bụla ọzọ&quot;. Dị ka nke a, ọdịiche dị n'etiti iwu ọha na eze na nkeonwe na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu karịa nke bụ eziokwu, na-ekewa iwu dịka ngalaba ihe omume, ndị sonyere na nchegbu ndị bụ isi metụtara dabara nke ọma. &lt;ref name=&quot;PubLaw&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Forcese|first=Craig|title=Public Law: Cases, Commentary and Analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/publiclawcasesco0000unse|date=2015|publisher=Emond Montgomery Publishing Ltd.|location=Toronto, ON|isbn=978-1-55239-664-3|edition=Third}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a ebutela mbọ iji guzobe nghọta echiche maka ndabere nke iwu ọha.

== Akụkọ gbasara iwu ọha ==
Ihe dị iche n'etiti iwu ọha na eze na nkeonwe bụ onye ọka iwu Rom Ulpian, onye na-arụ ụka na Institutes (n' akwụkwọ nke Justinian na Digest ) na &quot;[p] iwu iwu bụ nke na- ike nguzobe nke ụdị  ndị Rom, nke onwe.  Ọzọkwa, ọ iwu nsogbu na eze dị ka iwu mkpa ihe omume, okwa ndị ikike, na ikike nke iwe.  [1] Iwu Rom chepụtara iwu ahụ usoro dị n'etiti mmadụ na ndị mmadụ, ndị mmadụ na ihe, na ndị mmadụ na mba.  Iwu nsogbu nke ikpeazụ nke atọ a.  [5] Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkàiwu Rom adịghị uche dị nta n'ụdị a, kama ha lekwasịrị anya n'ụdị nke iwu onwe onye.  Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na obodo Teutonic, dị ka onye akwụkwọ iwu German bụ Otto von Gierke si kwuo, bụ onye ndị Teutons dị ka ndị nna nke iwu ọha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cohen|first=Morris|title=Property and Sovereignty|journal=Cornell Law Review|date=1927|volume=13|issue=1|url=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol13/iss1/3/|accessdate=August 7, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

.Ịmepụta ahịrị n'etiti iwu na eze nke ndị dabara nke ukwuu na puku afọ sochirinụ, [7] n'agbanyeghị, dị ka Ernst Kantorowicz si kwuo, ndị ọkàiwu Medieval akwụkwọ na-eche Rome nke res publica dị na ndị ifo iwu nke  eze abụọ.  ahu .  [1] Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà ihe ihe gbasara iwu n'oge a bụ ndị ọkà ojiji nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime iwu Canon, ya mere kama ha na-eche echiche dị n'etiti iwu Chineke, iwu  okike, na iwu mmadụ .  [2] Nkewa nke &quot;ọha/ọha&quot; መዘ  Site na mpụta nke mba-steetị na echiche ọhụrụ nke ụbọbụeze, echiche nke mpaghara ọha na-achọ ịma atụ nwuo.  map,fiiq nke ndị eze, na ndị omeiwu mechaa, nyere ikike a na-achịkwaghị ikike ime iwu kpalitere mbọ iji guzobe mpaghara, iche nke na- nna enwe onwe ya ike na ịbata ikike n'iche &lt;ref name=&quot;Horwitz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Horwitz|first=Morton|title=The History of the Public/Private Distinction|journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review|year=1982|volume=130|issue=6|pages=1423–1428|doi=10.2307/3311976|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/12991700/1/History%20of%20the%20Public_Private%20Distinction.pdf|accessdate=June 28, 2020|archive-date=September 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925132530/https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/12991700/1/History%20of%20the%20Public_Private%20Distinction.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iwu ọha na eze na iwu obodo na ikike iwu nkịtị ==
Na omenala, e kewara nkewa n'etiti iwu ọha na eze na nkeonwe na usoro iwu nke a chọtara na Continental Europe, nke iwu ya niile dabara na omenala nke iwu obodo . Agbanyeghị, nkewa ọha / nkeonwe anaghị emetụta usoro iwu obodo. Nyere iwu ọha na eze mesiri ike na akụkụ nke steeti bụ eziokwu nke usoro gọọmentị na iwu niile, usoro iwu nkịtị na-ekweta, ọbụlagodi na ha na-eme nke a n'amaghị ama, na omume nke steeti ga-amachibidoro ekwesịghị ịbụ nke amachibidoro ndị otu nzuzo. nakwa. [7] N'ihi nke a, ndị ọkà mmụta iwu na-ekwu maka usoro iwu nkịtị, dị ka England &lt;ref name=&quot;Khushal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Murkens|first=Jo Eric Khushal|title=The Quest for Constitutionalism in UK Public Law Discourse|journal=Oxford Journal of Legal Studies|date=July 15, 2009|volume=29|issue=3|pages=427–455|doi=10.1093/ojls/gqp020|url=https://academic.oup.com/ojls/article-abstract/29/3/427/1533571?redirectedFrom=PDF|accessdate=June 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Canada, [12] emewokwa nke a.

Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, iwu ọha nwere obere ọnọdụ na iwu kọntinent Europe. N'ozuzu, a na-ewere iwu onwe onye ''iwu izugbe'' . N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-ahụta iwu ọha na eze dị ka ihe dị iche na iwu izugbe a. [13] Ọ bụghị ruo na ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka iwu ọha na eze malitere ịrụ ọrụ a ma ama na ọha mmadụ Europe site na nhazi iwu nke onwe, yana mmepe nke iwu nchịkwa na ọrụ dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ nke iwu, gụnyere iwu ọrụ, ọgwụ ahụike. iwu, na iwu ndị ahịa . Ọ bụ ezie na nke a malitere ime ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti iwu ọha na eze na nzuzo, o mebighị nke mbụ. Kama, o buliri iwu ọha na eze site na steeti ọ na-adịbu, na nkwenye na enwere ole na ole, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla, mpaghara iwu na-enweghị ike itinye aka na steeti. [14] Na Ịtali, dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ewere mmepe nke iwu ọha na eze dị ka ọrụ nke iwu obodo, na-agbaso echiche nke Vittorio Emanuele Orlando . N'ezie, ọtụtụ ndị ọka iwu ọha nke Ịtali oge ochie bụkwa ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere Orlando n'onwe ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;NewItal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Casini|first=Lorenzo|title=The New Italian Public Law Scholarship|journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law|date=April 2011|volume=9|issue=2|pages=302–303|doi=10.1093/icon/mor049|accessdate=June 29, 2020|url=https://academic.oup.com/icon/article/9/2/301/649649}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbu a, na mba ndị dị ka France, &lt;ref name=&quot;PrinciplesFrench&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bell|first=John|title=Principles of French Law|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=9780199541393|pages=141–240|url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541393.001.0001/acprof-9780199541393|accessdate=June 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; iwu ọha na eze na-ezo aka ugbu a na mpaghara iwu iwu, iwu nchịkwa na iwu mpụ .

== Mpaghara iwu ọha ==

=== Iwu iwu ===
 
Na steeti ọgbara ọhụrụ, iwu iwu na-ewepụta ntọala steeti. Karịsịa, ọ na-edepụta iwu kachasị elu na-arụ ọrụ nke steeti - iwu nke iwu .

Nke abuo, o weputara udi ochichi – ka alaka ya di iche iche si aru oru, ka esi ahọpụta ma obu nhọpụta ha, na nkesa ikike na ọrụ dị n'etiti ha. N'ọdịnala, ihe ndị bụ isi nke gọọmentị bụ ndị isi, ndị omebe iwu na ndị ọka ikpe .

Na nke atọ, n'ịkọwa ihe bụ isi ikike ụmụ mmadụ, nke a ghaghị ichebe maka onye ọ bụla, na ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ikike obodo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ na-esetịpụ ihe ndị bụ isi na ihe ọchịchị ''ọ bụla'' ga-emerịrị ma ghara ime.

.N'ọtụtụ ikike, a na-edobe iwu usoro iwu n'ime akwụkwọ ederede, Iwu, mgbe ụfọdụ yana mmezigharị ma ọ bụ iwu iwu ndị ọzọ.  N'obodo ụfọdụ, Otú ọ dị, akwụkwọ ederede kachasị dị otú ahụ anaghị adị maka akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị - Iwu nke United Kingdom bụ nke edeghị ede.

=== Iwu nchịkwa ===
.Iwu iwu na-ezo aka na otu iwu nke na-achịkwa usoro ụkpụrụ ma ikike nke ụlọ ọrụ ịzụ.  A na-amanye iwu ndị a site n'aka ngalaba isi nke ụfọdụ ngalaba ikpe ma ọ bụ ndị omebe iwu (ma ọ bụrụ na ha dị iche na ikike ahụ).  Otu iwu a na-achịkwa mba ụwa, nha, mmetọ, ụtụ isi, na ihe ndị ọzọ.  A na-ahụ nke a mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka nke iwu obodo na mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ahụ ya dị ka iwu ọha na eze ka ọ na-ekwu iwu na ụlọ ọrụ ọha.

=== Iwu mpụ ===
 
Ụdị iwu a gụnyere iwu iwu obodo, iwu ụtụ isi, iwu nhazi na iwu mpụ.

=== Iwu ụtụ isi ===
 
Iwu ụtụ isi ghọrọ akụkụ nke iwu ọha na narị afọ nke 17, n'ihi echiche ọhụrụ nke ọbụbụeze malitere ịpụta. Ruo oge a, a na-ewere ụtụ isi dị ka onyinye n'okpuru iwu, nyere steeti site n'aka onye na-enye onyinye - onye na-atụ ụtụ isi. [17] A na-ewere ya ugbu a dịka mpaghara iwu ọha, dịka ọ gbasara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ na steeti.

== Usoro ihe dị iche n'etiti iwu nzuzo na nke ọha ==
Ntụle ndị na-eso ihe mere eme dị n'etiti iwu ọha na eze apụtala nke ukwuu na usoro iwu nke kọntinent Europe.  [7] N'ihi ya, akwụkwọ iwu na-asụrụ German akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ụka dị ukwuu n'ụdị kpọmkwem akwụkwọ dị n'etiti iwu ọha na eze na iwu iwu.  [1] Ọtụtụ echiche echichela, nke na-eche ike echiche ma ọ bụ nke na-ekewapụ onwe ya ma ọ bụ nkewa..

Echiche echiche nke iwu ọha na eze na-ahụ site n'ahụ onye ọka iwu Rom Ulpian, bụ onye kwuru &quot; Publicum ius est, quod ad statum rei Romanae spectat, privatum quod ad singulorum utilitatem. (Iwu ọha na eze bụ na, nke  Ezi Rom, iwu na-ahụ obodo ụmụ amaala.) Charles-Louis Montesquieu kọwapụtara echiche a na Theory .  etiti mba ụwa (ikike nke mba), iwu ọha (nri arịa ndị), na iwu iwu (nri obodo) dịka ọkọlọtọ na ikike dị iche iche si dị. ọ na-ede, sị: &quot;N'ịbụ ndị e weere dị  ka ndị bi na mbara ala buru ibu nke na ndị dị iche iche dị mkpa, ha nwere iwu ndị mgbasa nke ndị a na ibe ha, na nke a bụ  .  N'ịbụ ndị e weere dị ka ibi n'ime obodo a na-aghaghị, ha nwere iwu mkpa dị n'etiti ndị na-achị na ndị a na-achị, nke a bụ  .  Ọzọkwa, ha nwere iwu iwu nke ụmụ amaala na ibe ha, nke a bụ nke .&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Montesquieu|first=Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de|title=The Spirit of the Laws|url=https://archive.org/details/spiritoflaws0000mont_e9x6|date=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nkatọ nke tiori mmasị gụnyere ihe isi ike dị n'ịmepụta ọdịiche doro anya n'etiti mmasị onwe na nke ọha, ma ọ bụrụ na ndịiche dị otú ahụ dị, na ịhazi iwu n'otu aka ahụ.

Ozizi isiokwu na- akara anya n'ịkọwa ihe dị iche iche site n'imesi ike na-edo onwe ndị mmadụ n'okpuru ala.  Iwu ọha iwu ndị a, ebe a na-ahụta iwu iwu ka ọ na-achịkwa ebe ndị ozi na-ezukọ n'ọkwa egwuregwu.  akụkụ, mpaghara ụfọdụ a na-ele anya anya na iwu nkeonwe na-egosikwa n'okpuru, dị ka iwu ọrụ .  Ọzọkwa, usoro iwu nke steeti bụ otu nwere ike ike mkpokọta ikike nke steeti yana ogo nke ndị mmadụ n'okpuru, ma ọ bụrụ na ụlọ ikpe onye na-azụ nke steeti (lee Carpenter v. United) Steeti, dịka ọmụmaatụ..

Ozizi isiokwu na-emetụta ọnọdụ nke isiokwu iwu na mmekọrịta iwu na ajụjụ. Ọ bụrụ na ọ chọtara onwe ya n'otu ọnọdụ dị ka onye ọha (n'ihi otu n'ime ụfọdụ ọha ọha, dị ka steeti ma ọ bụ obodo), iwu ọha na-emetụta, ma ọ bụghị ya bụ iwu nzuzo.

Nchikota nke tiori isiokwu na isiokwu na-arụ ụka na-enye ihe dị iche na-arụ ọrụ.  N'okpuru usoro a, a na-ewere mpaghara iwu dịka iwu ọha na eze ebe otu onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ ikike ọchịchị na eze nyere ikike ime ihe n'otu ụzọ ( imperium ) na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-  eji imperium ahụ eme ihe na-egosi ahụ.  N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ihe niile dabere ma ikike ọha na-eme dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ọha ma ọ bụ nkeonwe, kwuo mgbe ị na-enye ihe ntanye ụlọ ọrụ.  Ozizi ọhụrụ a na-ewere iwu ọha dị ka ihe atụ atụ iche.

Enwere mpaghara iwu nke na-adabaghị na iwu ọha ma ọ bụ nkeonwe, dị ka iwu ọrụ - akụkụ ya dị ka iwu nzuzo (nkwekọrịta ọrụ) ebe akụkụ ndị ọzọ dị ka iwu ọha (ọrụ nke onye na-enyocha ọrụ mgbe). nyocha nchekwa nchekwa ebe ọrụ).

Ọdịiche dị n'etiti iwu ọha na eze na nke onwe na-adabere na nchapụta n'etiti ikike nke ụlọ ikpe dị iche iche na ndị ọrụ nhazi.  N'okpuru iwu obodo Ọstria, dịka ọmụmaatụ, iwu onwe onye so na ikike nke iwu gọọmentị etiti, ebe iwu ọha bụ akụkụ nke iwu steeti.

== Hụkwa ==

* Iwu ọha

== Ihe ndetu ==
{{Reflist|35em}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Iwu Naịjirịa</title>
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Iwu Naijiria bụ iwu kacha elu edere nke Federal Republic of Nigeria .  [1] [2] Naijiria enweela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ iwu.  Edebere ụdị ya ugbu a na 29 Mee 1999 wee malite National Republic nke anọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Elaigwu|first=J. Isawa|date=17 August 2006|title=The Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=http://www.forumfed.org/libdocs/Global_Dialogue/Book_2/BK2-C08-ng-Elaigwu-en.htm|accessdate=14 April 2022|work=www.forumfed.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ndabere ==
Nhazi na nhazi Naijiria bụ ihe nketa nke Briten na-achị.  [4] O nwera ihe nke otu egwu atọ na iri asaa na anọ nwere omenala na omenala dị iche iche.  [5] Ụdị dị iche iche a na-enye aka na Naijiria bụ &quot;otu n'ime mba ndị kewara ekewa n'ụwa&quot; nwere nrụrụ aka ndị agha.  [6] [7] N’ihi nke a, Naijiria enweela ọtụtụ mbọ iji guzobe iwu dịịrị.  M ịgbakọ ndị a ndị na-eso ụzọ na ndị agha, centrifugal na etiti etiti etiti, onye isi ala na ndị omeiwu, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị eji ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yusuf|first=Olakunle|date=2022-07-03|title=Nigerian federalism: Fruitful or futile?|url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-federalism-fruitful-or-futile/|accessdate=2022-09-30|work=Punch|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otu Order in Council nyere iwu mbụ nke Naijiria n'oge ahụ mgbe a na-achị obodo dị ka nri Crown .  Usoro iwu ndị a iwu Clifford nke 1922, Iwu Richards nke 1946, Iwu Macpherson nke 1951, na Iwu Lyttleton nke 1954. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Suberu|first=Rotimi|url=https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf|title=Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and &quot;True Federalism&quot; in a Deeply Divided Society|journal=Occasional Papers Series|year=2019|pages=3–4|language=English|issn=1922-558X}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Richards constitution ===
Westminster akwụkwọ iwu ọhụrụ maka Naijiria na 1946. [10] Akpọrọ ya Iwu Richards mgbe Gọvanọ-General Sir Arthur Richards, bụ onye na-ahụ maka ike ya.  Ọ bụ ebe na ọ Louis ike dị irẹ n'aka Gọvanọ-General na ya nchọpụta Council, o mebekwara a akara omebe iwu Council ike Egypt n'ihe ndị isi obodo.  O mekwara ụlọ ụlọ omebe iwu mpaghara atọ ka ha leba anya njụ ndị obodo ma nye ndị isi dị iche.

Iwu Richards azụ mba dị iche iche site na iwebata lụ etiti na ikike mpaghara ya.  N'akpaghi na o doro anya na ntule ya ike onodu Naijiria, iwu Richards webatara ime obodo kama igba ume n'otu ndoro-ndoro ochichi .  Akwụsị ya na 1950 wakporo oku maka akwụkwọ onwe ka ukwuu

=== Iwu MacPherson ===
Otu ezi omebe iwu dị n'Ibadan n'afọ 1950 depụtara iwu ọhụrụ.  Akpọrọ Iwu Macpherson ka Gọvanọ-General John Stuart Macpherson nọ n'isi.  Ọ akụkọ n'afọ na-eso ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - EMERGENCE OF NIGERIAN NATIONALISM|url=https://countrystudies.us/nigeria/20.htm|accessdate=2023-06-07|work=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iwu MacPherson nyere maka nnwere onwe mpaghara na njikọ gọọmentị etiti, na-eke gọọmentị etiti ya na Council of Minister. Nke a gbara ume itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmemme pati na ọkwa mba. Agbanyeghị, gọọmentị mpaghara nwere ikike iwu iwu sara mbara nke ndị ụlọ omebe iwu gọọmentị etiti nwere oche 185 enweghị ike ịkagbu ya. N'ihi nke a, iwu Macpherson kwalitere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The MacPherson Constitution of 1951|url=https://portal.abuad.edu.ng/Assignments/1586780885touls_paper_2.docx|journal=Afe Babalola University ePortal|archive-date=2024-12-16|access-date=2024-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216055800/https://portal.abuad.edu.ng/Assignments/1586780885touls_paper_2.docx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akwụkwọ iwu Lyttleton ===
Ndozi ụzọ ọzọ nke usoro iwu ka ikpughe Lyttleton Constitution, aha ya bụ Oliver Lyttleton .  Emebere ya na 1954 wee guzobe ibu etiti.  Nke a meghere ụzọ maka akwụkwọ onwe nke Naijiria na Great Britain.  Iwu Lyttleton kwalitere echiche mpaghara n'etiti ndị Naijiria dịka iwu Richard

=== Iwu nnwere onwe 1960 ===
Otu British Order-in-Council mere iwu iwu nke mbụ Naijiria dị ka obodo nwere onwe.  Ọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ onwe obodo ahụ na 1 October 1960. N'okpuru iwu a, Naijiria jigidere Queen Elizabeth II dị ka onye isi ala, Queen of Nigeria .  Nnamdị Azikiwe nọchitere anya eze dịka Gọvanọ-General &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Azikiwe|first=Nnamdi|date=12 May 2016|title=From Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/nnamdi-azikiwe|accessdate=4 July 2022|work=The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Iwu 1963 ===
Iwu nke nwere onwe nke Naijiria kagburu eze wee guzobe Republic Nigeria mbụ.  [14] Ọ pụta n'ụbọchị 1 October 1963, bụ ụbọchị atọ nke akwụkwọ onwe Naijiria.  Nnamdi Azikiwe isi onye isi ala Naịjiria mbụ .  Usoro iwu nke 1963 dabere na usoro Westminster .  Eji ya ruo mgbe ndị agha kwaturu onye kwuo uche ya n'afọ 1966. 

=== Iwu 1979 ===
Iwu 1979 hiwere mba Naijiria nke abụọ .  Ọzọ usoro Westminster na-akwado usoro onye isi ala United States nwere ọhụrụ aka kpọmkwem.  [16] Iji gbanarị ọnyà nke First Nigerian Republic, iwu 1979 nyere ndị otu ndọrọndọrọ nhọrọ iwu ka ha debanye aha na opekata mpe ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke steeti.  [17] Na mgbakwunye, o hiwere otu Cabinet nke Naijiria, nke steeti ọ ALA nwere opekata mpe otu onye.  [18] Nke a nyere &quot;agwa omume&quot; mba ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Assembly Not Serious About Constitution Review – Lawyer |work=Channels Television |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2013/07/18/national-assembly-not-serious-about-constitution-review-lawyer/amp/ |date=18 July 2013&lt;!-- assumed based on URL as the article doesn't show it--&gt;|access-date=28 June 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Iwu 1993 ===
Iwu 1993 hiwere mba Naijiria nke atɔ .  Iwu a ndị ọzọ iweghachi onye kwuo uche ya na Naijiria mana eme string ya nke ọma.  Ndị agha na-achị obodo ahụ ruo Mee 1999 mgbe ha nyefere iche n'aka onye isi ala a na-ama mgbaàmà.  [19] [20] Usoro iwu nke 1999 kere Naijiria Republic nke aanọ, ndị nwere nwe onye kwuo uche ya.  [21] [22] Ọ ka dị ike taa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ogowewo|first=Tunde I.|date=2000|title=Why the Judicial Annulment of the Constitution of 1999 Is Imperative for the Survival of Nigeria's Democracy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1587454|journal=Journal of African Law|volume=44|issue=2|pages=135–166|doi=10.1017/S0021855300012195|issn=0021-8553}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Usoro iwu nke 1999 steeti isi obodo obodo, steeti iri atọ na isii na isi obodo ha na mpaghara ime obodo 774 n'ime Naijiria.  [23] [24] [25] [26] Ọ na-esobe ngalaba ndị omebe iwu, ndị isi na ndị ikpe ma ọrụ ọrụ na ikewapụ ikike n'etiti ngalaba na-ejedebe etiti na steeti.  [27] [2] Ike omebe iwu Naijiria dị n'iche omebe iwu obodo nwere ụlọ abụọ: Senate na ndị Nnọchiteanya.  [28] Usoro iwu nyere National Assembly ikike ime iwu maka &quot; udo, usoro na ezi nke Federation

six na ahụ, iwu ahụ na-pụta ikike ndị bụ isi nke onye ahụ, ndụ, akwụkwọ onwe, , akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwu, akwụkwọ onwe, na-egosi na ịgba ohu, ime ihe ike.  , na ọrụ mmanye n'ime ndị agha.  [2] [29] Ọ na-pụtakwa ikike mmadụ nwere ikpe ikpe ziri ezi ma ọ bụrụ na ijide ya na echiche nke aka dị ọcha.  [29] Ndi Naijiria ikike ikike inwe ala, ikike nzuko, na akwụkwọ onwe imeghari . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 March 2021|title=14 Things Every Nigerian should know about the Constitution|url=https://lawpadi.com/14-things-every-nigerian-know-constitution/|accessdate=14 April 2022|work=LawPàdí|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Usoro iwu na-echekwa iwu anọ: Iwu Iji Ala, National Securities Agencies Act, Iwu Ndị Ọrụ Ntorobịa nke Mba, na Iwu Kọmịshọna Mkpesa Ọha .  [2] na Jenụwarị 2011, Onye isi ala Goodluck Jonathannyere aka na akwụkwọ na iwu iwu, nke mbụ ejiri ya na 1999.. 

== Hụkwa ==
 

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Nigeria topics}}</text>
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Kashere bụ Wọọdụ dị na Gombe Steeti, okpuru ọchịchị ime obodo gọọmenti Ákíkó Naijiria.  [1] Ihe dị ka kilomita iri anọ na isii, ma ọ bụ kilomita iri abụo na asatọ, site na Kashere.  Ebe dị anya bụ narị atọ na iri iteghete na asaa km/narị abụọ na iri anọ na asaa mi si Kashere ruo Abuja, isi obodo Naijiria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kashere, Nigeria - Facts and information on Kashere - Nigeria.Places-in-the-world.com|url=https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/2334904-place-kashere.html#google_vignette|accessdate=2024-08-25|work=nigeria.places-in-the-world.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koodu ozi nke mpaghara ahụ bụ puku narị asaa na iri asaa na otu, otu narị na atọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kashere, Akko - Postcode - 771103 - Nigeria Postcode|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-akko-pindiga-kashere.html|accessdate=2024-08-25|work=www.nigeriapostcode.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihu igwe ==
Oge mmiri ozuzo na Kashere bụ mmegbu na urukpuru, oge ọkọchị na-enwe obere urukpuru, ọ na-ekpokwa ọkụ n'afọ niile.  Nkezi akwụkwọ afọ sitere na iri asaa na atọ Celsius F ruo iri asaa Celsius F degrees Fahrenheit nwere obere obere dị n'okpuru ma ọ bụ mpaghara otu narị na atọ°F.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Morel|first=Emilien|title=Kashere Gombe Nigeria 15 Day Weather Forecast|url=https://m.weatheravenue.com/en/africa/ng/gombe/kashere-weather-15-days.html|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=Weather Avenue|language=en|archivedate=2024-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826001007/https://m.weatheravenue.com/en/africa/ng/gombe/kashere-weather-15-days.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-08-26|title=Hourly Weather for Kashere - Nigeria (Gombe) : FREE 15-day WEATHER forecast|url=https://www.weathercrave.com/weather-forecast-nigeria/city-503930/weather-forecast-kashere-hourly|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=Weather Crave|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Kashere &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gombe State Contributory Healthcare Management Agency|url=https://gmchma.gm.gov.ng/provider/approved|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=gmchma.gm.gov.ng|archivedate=2024-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520111833/https://gmchma.gm.gov.ng/provider/approved}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==

* Kanon Kashere Primary School
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240825235918/https://africatopschools.com/schools/jibwis-islamic-science-secondary-school-kashere-akko Jibwis islamic science secondary school Kashere]
* Ụbọchị gọọmentị Comprehensive Secondary School Kashere
* Kai Gamari Primary School
* Central Primary School, Kashere
* Mahadum Federal nke Kashere

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Ȯra Gombe]]</text>
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    <title>Martha Cartmell</title>
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[[Usòrò:Martha_Cartmell_as_a_young_woman.jpg|thumb|Martha Cartmell]]
'''Martha Julia Cartmell (  Disemba 14, 1845; Maachị 20, 1945) bụ onye Canada Methodist/United Church onye ozi ala ọzọ na onye nkuzi na Japan.  Ọ tọrọ ntọala ụlọ akwụkwọ Toyo Eiwa Jogakuin na 1884 nke gụnyere Mahadum Toyo Eiwa ugbu a.'''

== Ndụ ==
Nwa nwanyị nke James Cartmell, onye na-egbutu nkume, na nwunye ya Sarah, a mụrụ ya na Thorold &lt;ref name=&quot;niagara&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.niagarathisweek.com/community-story/3272116-donated-trees-to-honour-martha-cartmell/|title=Donated trees to honour Martha Cartmell|work=Niagara Today|date=May 20, 2013|archive-date=May 11, 2021|access-date=October 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511103227/https://www.niagarathisweek.com/community-story/3272116-donated-trees-to-honour-martha-cartmell/|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.niagarathisweek.com/community-story/3272116-donated-trees-to-honour-martha-cartmell/ &quot;Donated trees to honour Martha Cartmell&quot;]. ''Niagara Today''. May 20, 2013.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ma gụọ akwụkwọ na Hamilton na Toronto. Nne ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ ise. Cartmell ghọrọ onye ozi ala ọzọ wee hapụ San Francisco gaa Japan na 1882 wee guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ Ndị Kraịst maka ụmụ agbọghọ, Toyo Eiwa Jogakuin, afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị &lt;ref name=&quot;niagara&quot; /&gt; na Roppongi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.toyoeiwa.ac.jp/english/history/index.html|title=History : Toyo Eiwa Jogakuin.|work=www.toyoeiwa.ac.jp|accessdate=2019-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A manyere Cartmell ịgba arụkwaghịm n'ihi ọrịa ahụ́ ike na 1887. Ọ gbakere na Canada, na-arụ ọrụ na General Mission na Victoria, British Columbia site na 1890 ruo 1892, ma laghachi Tokyo.  Mgbe afọ anọ ọzọ na Japan gasịrị, ọ laghachiri Canada na 1896 wee soro ndị Japan rụkọọ ọrụ na General Mission na Victoria afọ abụọ ọzọ tupu ọ laa ezumike nka na 1898. &lt;ref name=&quot;niagara&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.archeion.ca/martha-j-cartmell-and-elizabeth-strachan-fonds|title=Martha J. Cartmell and Elizabeth Strachan fonds}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ toro ịgụnye Mahadum Toyo Eiwa. N'afọ 2013, ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Toyo Eiwa nyere Hamilton na Thorold osisi cherry iji sọpụrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;niagara&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>George Bizos</title>
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      <text bytes="25219" sha1="kqpx4y6miho76vhtonnguzl25owlsm5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:George Bizos 1.jpg|thumb|George Bizos]]
George Bizos (Greek: Γιώργος Μπίζος; [1] 14 Nọvemba 1927 – 9 Septemba 2020) bụ onye ọka iwu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Greek-South Africa onye lụsoro ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. Achọpụtara ya maka ịnọchite anya Nelson Mandela n'oge ikpe Rivonia. Ọ gwara Mandela ka ọ gbakwunye iru eru &quot;ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa&quot; na adreesị ikpe ya, bụ nke a na-ekwu na ọ zọpụtara ya na ikpe ọnwụ. Bizos nọchikwara anya ezinaụlọ nke ndị na-akwado ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke gọọmentị gburu, n'oge a na-anụ okwu nke Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Bizos bụ nwa Antonios &quot;Antoni&quot; Bizos, onye isi obodo nke obere obodo Vasilitsi, ndịda Koroni na Kalamata nke dị na peninsula Messenia nke Peloponnese, Greece. A mụrụ ya na 14 November 1927, n'agbanyeghị na e dekọrọ nke a ezighi ezi na akwụkwọ njirimara South Africa ya dị ka 1928, n'ihi nkwupụta nna ya gwara ndị ọchịchị mgbe ọ bịarutere Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=65 Years of Friendship|first=George|author=Bizos|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|date=2017|isbn=9781415208861|accessdate=30 September 2019|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IghbDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=george+bizos+15+november+1927&amp;pg=PT299}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Mee 1941 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, Bizos na nna ya nyeere Ndị agha New Zealand asaa aka (Don Gladding, Mick Karup, Peter Martin, John Lewis na ndị ọzọ atọ) ndị zoro n'ugwu iji gbapụ n'ala ndị Gris nke Germany weghaara na Krit. 9 ahụ gawara n'oké osimiri n'abalị, naanị na compass dị ọnụ ala na map e wepụrụ site na atlas, na-ezube ịgbaga Krit. N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'oké osimiri, ifufe siri ike wepụrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ma dọwaa ákwà ya. Ndị ikom ahụ ga-agbanwerịta ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, n'abalị niile, ruo mgbe ha jisiri ike rụzie ákwà ifufe ahụ. N'ụbọchị nke atọ, ha hụrụ ụgbọ mmiri n'ebe dị anya. Ha jisiri ike dọta uche nke ndị ọrụ nke ihe mechara bụrụ onye na-ebibi ụgbọ mmiri Britain, HMS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwLQ&quot;&gt;Kimberley&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, n'ụzọ ọ na-aga Agha nke Krit. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ''Kimberley'' kpọpụrụ ya na nna ya na Alexandria, Ijipt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Media Challenge: Who and Where Are the Seven?|work=International Bar Association|date=22 October 2004|accessdate=14 October 2014|url=http://www.ibanet.org/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=1F5E4C74-75E2-43BA-BA36-8BAAE0E26B0D|archivedate=11 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911101718/http://www.ibanet.org/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=1F5E4C74-75E2-43BA-BA36-8BAAE0E26B0D}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka onye gbara ọsọ ndụ, e zigara Bizos na Union of South Africa wee daa na Durban.&lt;ref name=&quot;birthdaytea&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|work=Mail &amp; Guardian|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2008-11-16-birthday-tea-with-bizos|title=Birthday tea with Bizos|first=Sello S.|author=Alcock|date=16 November 2008|accessdate=30 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'ebe ahụ, o ji ụgbọ okporo ígwè gaa Johannesburg, na-agbadata na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Braamfontein.&lt;ref name=&quot;memoir&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.gerhart0018_final.pdf|title=Memoirs of George Bizos|publisher=Aluka|first=George|author=Bizos|date=October 1989|accessdate=30 September 2019|archivedate=30 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930034047/http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.gerhart0018_final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ahụ, Ossewabrandwag, otu ndị Afrikaner nwere ọmịiko Ndị Nazi, na-eme ngagharị iwe megide mbata nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ. Ossewabrandwag boro Jan Smuts ụta maka iwebata ''Vuilgoed'' (ihe mkpofu) nke Europe na South Africa. Ndị Gris nọ n'ógbè ahụ nyeere aka itinye ya n'ime ọha mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;patriarch&quot; /&gt;{{Cite news|work=Mail &amp; Guardian|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1997-09-26-greek-patriarch-of-the-struggle|title=Greek patriarch of the struggle|first=Angella|author=Johnson|date=26 September 1997|accessdate=30 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bizos agaghị ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ime afọ abụọ mbụ ya na mba ahụ ebe ọ na-asụghị Bekee ma ọ bụ Afrikaans.&lt;ref name=&quot;patriarch&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|work=Mail &amp; Guardian|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1997-09-26-greek-patriarch-of-the-struggle|title=Greek patriarch of the struggle|first=Angella|author=Johnson|date=26 September 1997|accessdate=30 September 2019}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJohnson1997&quot;&gt;Johnson, Angella (26 September 1997). [https://mg.co.za/article/1997-09-26-greek-patriarch-of-the-struggle &quot;Greek patriarch of the struggle&quot;]. ''Mail &amp; Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190930034043/https://mg.co.za/article/1997-09-26-greek-patriarch-of-the-struggle Archived] from the original on 30 September 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 September&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ banyere na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand na 1949, ebe ọ zutere [[Nelson Mandela]]  wee nweta nzere Bachelor of Arts afọ atọ, wee soro ya nweta nzere LLB afọ atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/prominent-human-rights-lawyer-george-bizos-dies-200910032905795.html|title='Legendary': Prominent human rights lawyer George Bizos dies|author=Swart|first=Mia|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=10 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910150214/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/prominent-human-rights-lawyer-george-bizos-dies-200910032905795.html|archivedate=10 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ n'oge a ka ọ malitere ịrụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, sonye na Kansụl nnọchiteanya ụmụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru nduzi nke Harold Wolpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;memoir&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.gerhart0018_final.pdf|title=Memoirs of George Bizos|publisher=Aluka|first=George|author=Bizos|date=October 1989|accessdate=30 September 2019|archivedate=30 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930034047/http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.gerhart0018_final.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBizos1989&quot;&gt;Bizos, George (October 1989). [http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.gerhart0018_final.pdf &quot;Memoirs of George Bizos&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. The memoirs of George Bizos, with emphasis on his legal career, as related to Thomas Karis and Gail Gerhart in New York, October 1989. Aluka. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190930034047/http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.gerhart0018_final.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on 30 September 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 September&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ iwu ==

=== Oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ===
Bizos sonyeere ndị ọkàiwu na Johannesburg n'afọ 1954.&lt;ref name=&quot;memoir&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.gerhart0018_final.pdf|title=Memoirs of George Bizos|publisher=Aluka|first=George|author=Bizos|date=October 1989|accessdate=30 September 2019|archivedate=30 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930034047/http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.gerhart0018_final.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBizos1989&quot;&gt;Bizos, George (October 1989). [http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.gerhart0018_final.pdf &quot;Memoirs of George Bizos&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. The memoirs of George Bizos, with emphasis on his legal career, as related to Thomas Karis and Gail Gerhart in New York, October 1989. Aluka. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190930034047/http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.gerhart0018_final.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on 30 September 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 September&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime afọ 1950 na 1960 ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ nye ọtụtụ ndị a ma ama gụnyere Trevor Huddleston nke Sophiatown.&lt;ref name=&quot;memoir&quot; /&gt;

Na ikpe ikpe Rivonia site na 1963 ruo 1964, Bizos so na ndị otu gbachitere Nelson Mandela, Govan Mbeki na Walter Sisulu. A mara ndị eboro ebubo mkpọrọ ndụ, mana ha gbapụrụ ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwu mgbe ụfọdụ na ọ na-ekwu na ọ depụtara okwu a ma ama nke Mandela kwuru n'oge ikpe ahụ, ọ na-ekwu na isi ihe nyere ya aka bụ inye ndụmọdụ maka iji okwu ndị a &quot;ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa&quot; tupu Mandela kwuo na ọ dị njikere ịnwụ. Bizos kwenyere na nke a nwere ike itinye aka na ịzere ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ, site n'ime ka Mandela ghara ịdị ka ọ na-achọ igbu mmụọ.[1] Ikpe a hụrụ mbata nke otu ndị ọka iwu ruuru mmadụ - Joel Joffe, Harry Schwarz, Arthur Chaskalson na Harold Hanson.&lt;ref name=&quot;90thbedford&quot; /&gt;{{Cite 

Bizos bụ kansụl maka ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ọ dịkarịa ala ikpe 26 ndị ọzọ a ma ama na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nyocha. N'afọ 1969, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ịgbachitere Winnie Madikizela-Mandela na ndị ọzọ 21 na ebubo nke imebi Iwu Mmachibido Iwu Kọmunist na Iwu Òtù Iwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=de Villiers|first=James|date=10 September 2020|title=EXPLAINER: The Treason Trial, Rivonia, Madikizela-Mandela: This is why George Bizos was the premier anti-apartheid lawyer|work=News24|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/analysis/explainer-the-treason-trial-rivonia-madikizela-mandela-this-is-why-george-bizos-was-the-premier-anti-apartheid-lawyer-20200909|accessdate=28 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na Arthur Chaskalson na Dennis Kuny, ọ nọchitekwara anya NUSAS Five bụ ndị e boro ebubo ịkwalite ebumnuche nke African National Congress na ọchịchị Kọmunist na 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bizos mechara bụrụ onye isi otu Johannesburg Bar na 1978. Ọ bụ onye otu National Council of Lawyers for Human Rights, nke o nyere aka chọta na 1979. Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ dị elu na Legal Resources Centre na Johannesburg na Constitutional Litigation Unit. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye ọka ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke [[Botswana]] site na 1985 ruo 1993. &lt;ref name=&quot;SAH&quot; /&gt;

=== Mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị ===
Bizos ghọrọ onye otu African National Congress' (ANC) Legal and Constitutional Committee na 1990, [1] na na Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ndị otu mkparita uka wee sonye n'ịmepụta iwu oge. . O tinyere aka na idebe iwu, na karịsịa Iwu Eziokwu na Ndozigharị na mmezigharị na Usoro Usoro Mpụ, iji mee ka ọ dabara na isi nke 3 nke usoro iwu ahụ, na-ekwe nkwa ikike ndị bụ isi maka ụmụ amaala South Africa niile..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRPZDEfWI2UC&amp;pg=PA175|title=The Routledge Companion to Museum Ethics: Redefining Ethics for the Twenty-First Century Museum|publisher=Routledge|date=23 May 2012|editor=Marstine|isbn=9781136715266|accessdate=10 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT obit&quot; /&gt;

E debere Bizos dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na nyocha dị iche iche banyere ọnwụ nke ndị mmadụ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;memoir&quot;/&gt; N'oge ikpe nke Truth and Reconciliation Commission, ọ bụ onye ndú nke otu na-emegide arịrịọ maka mgbaghara n'aha Biko, Hani,  Goniwe, Calata, Mkonto, Mhlauli, Slovo na Schoon. &lt;ref name=&quot;patriarch&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Austin&quot; /&gt;

Onye isi ala Mandela họpụtara Bizos ka ọ bụrụ Kọmitii Ọrụ Ikpe na 1994.[1] Ọ bụ ya kpatara ịkwado ndị ga-ahọpụta dịka ndị ọka ikpe, yana ịtụpụta mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na usoro ikpe. Bizos bụ onye ndú nke otu maka Gọọmenti South Africa na-arụ ụka na ọnwụ ọnwụ na-akwadoghị, [2] na ndụmọdụ maka National Assembly na Asambodo nke Constitution site na Constitutional Court. O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ gbasara iwu nye Mandela na 2005, n'oge esemokwu iwu dị ilu na onye ọka iwu nke ikpeazụ, Ismail Ayob.[4][5][6][7] Ọ nọchitere anya otu ndị otu ndị China nke South Africa n'okwu nke kwụsịrị na 2008 bụ nke enyere ndị China South Africa ọkwa 'enweghị nsogbu na mbụ', wee mee ka ha tozuo maka uru Black Economic Empowerment..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chinese qualify for BEE|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Chinese-qualify-for-BEE-20080618|work=News24|accessdate=15 December 2015|date=18 June 2008|archivedate=9 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109091051/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Chinese-qualify-for-BEE-20080618}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe nkiri banyere Rivonia ===
Na 2017 Bizos pụtara ya na ndị na-anwụ anwụ na ikpe Rivonia, Denis Goldberg, Andrew Mlangeni na Ahmed Kathrada, yana ndị ọka iwu ibe ya Joel Joffe na Denis Kuny, na ihe nkiri nkiri akpọrọ Life is Wonderful, nke Sir Nicholas Stadlen duziri, [1] ] nke na-akọ akụkọ banyere ikpe ahụ. Aha ahụ gosipụtara okwu Goldberg gwara nne ya na ngwụcha ikpe ahụ mgbe ọ nụrụ na a gbanapụrụ ya na ndị otu ya ikpe ọnwụ..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/22/men-rivonia-trial-nelson-mandela-1964|title=Unsung heroes: the men who stood trial with Mandela|first=Nick (Nicholas)|author=Stadlen|date=22 July 2018|accessdate=23 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/life/arts-and-entertainment/2018-06-13-apartheid-history-overlooked-rivonia-triallists-feted-in-life-is-wonderful/|title=Apartheid history: Overlooked Rivonia triallists feted in Life is Wonderful|first=Pippa|author=Green|work=Business Day|date=13 June 2018|accessdate=23 April 2019|archivedate=23 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423090804/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/life/arts-and-entertainment/2018-06-13-apartheid-history-overlooked-rivonia-triallists-feted-in-life-is-wonderful/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.mandela.ac.za/News/%E2%80%98Life-is-Wonderful%E2%80%99-screening-reinforces-call-for|title='Life is Wonderful' screening reinforces call for such histories in curriculum|date=15 June 2018|work=Nelson Mandela University|accessdate=23 April 2019|archivedate=20 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020101636/http://news.mandela.ac.za/News/%E2%80%98Life-is-Wonderful%E2%80%99-screening-reinforces-call-for}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị ama ama nọchitere anya ===
Bizos nọchitere anya ndị na-esonụ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ:

* [[Nelson Mandela]], kemgbe afọ 1950&lt;ref name=&quot;memoir&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT obit&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=George Bizos, Anti-Apartheid Lawyer Who Defended Mandela, Dies at 92|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/09/world/africa/george-bizos-dead.html|first=Alan|author=Cowell|date=9 September 2020|accessdate=9 September 2020|work=The New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCowell2020&quot;&gt;Cowell, Alan (9 September 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/09/world/africa/george-bizos-dead.html &quot;George Bizos, Anti-Apartheid Lawyer Who Defended Mandela, Dies at 92&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200909194602/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/09/world/africa/george-bizos-dead.html Archived] from the original on 9 September 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 September&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Trevor Huddleston nke Sophiatown, 1950s&lt;ref name=&quot;memoir&quot; /&gt;
* Mac Maharaj na ikpe Little Rivonia &lt;ref name=&quot;memoir&quot; /&gt;
* Govan Mbeki na Ikpe Rivonia na 1963-64 &lt;ref name=&quot;memoir&quot; /&gt;
* Walter Sisulu na ikpe Rivonia na 1963-64, na mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị nwunye ya &lt;ref name=&quot;memoir&quot; /&gt;
* Ezinụlọ Ahmed Timol, banyere ọnwụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 1971 &lt;ref name=&quot;memoir&quot; /&gt;
* Ezinụlọ Steve Biko, banyere ọnwụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 1977 &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT obit&quot; /&gt;
* Ezinụlọ Neil Aggett, banyere ọnwụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 1982 &lt;ref name=&quot;memoir&quot; /&gt;
* [[Rob Adam]] na ikpe maka itinye aka na ọrụ ANC, 1982 &lt;ref name=&quot;memoir&quot; /&gt;
* Patrick Lekota (nke a maara dị ka &quot;Terror&quot;) na Popo Molefe na Delmas Treason Trial, 1985-89  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Trial by Color|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/30/books/trial-by-color.html|first=Gail M.|author=Gerhart|page=10|date=30 December 1990|accessdate=9 September 2020|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Austin&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Bizos' fight against apartheid|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/andrew-austin/news/article.cfm?a_id=54&amp;objectid=3604701|first=Andrew|author=Austin|date=7 November 2004|accessdate=9 September 2020|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|archive-date=10 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910071509/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/andrew-austin/news/article.cfm?a_id=54&amp;objectid=3604701|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAustin2004&quot;&gt;Austin, Andrew (7 November 2004). . ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]''.  from the original on 10 September 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 September&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ezinụlọ Chris Hani, n'oge a na-ege ntị na Truth and Reconciliation Commission ebe ndị gburu Hani tinyere akwụkwọ maka mgbaghara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=George Bizos, Nelson Mandela's lawyer and anti-apartheid icon, dies at 92|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/10/george-bizos-nelson-mandelas-lawyer-and-anti-apartheid-icon-dies-at-92|date=10 September 2020|accessdate=10 September 2020|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Morgan Tsvangirai, onye ndú nke Movement for Democratic Change of [[Zimbabwe]], mgbe e boro ya ebubo na ọ na-eme atụmatụ iwe ọchịchị tupu ntuli aka nke afọ 2002  &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT obit&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SAH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/george-bizos|title=George Bizos|date=17 February 2011|work=South African History Online|language=en|accessdate=24 February 2019|archivedate=23 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010023/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/george-bizos}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/george-bizos &quot;George Bizos&quot;]. ''South African History Online''. 17 February 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010023/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/george-bizos Archived] from the original on 23 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Winnie Madikizela-Mandela&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT obit&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe omume ndị ọzọ ==
N'afọ ndị 1970 Bizos nyere aka malite ụlọ akwụkwọ Grik, nke a na-akpọ SAHETI. Ọ nabatara Hellenism, ma ọ bụghị onye na-ewepu, ọbụlagodi n'oge obi nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọ bụ ebe a ka ndị mmadụ dị ka ụmụ Chris Hani gụrụ akwụkwọ.

Abụọ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Mandela wetara ụlọikpe n'afọ 2013 ịchụpụ Bizos, onye bụbu minista na-ahụ maka ụlọ Tokyo Sexwale na onye ọka iwu Bally Chuene dị ka ndị isi nke ụlọ ọrụ Mandela abụọ. Bizos kwuru na ụmụ nwanyị na-agbalị &quot;ịnweta aka ha n'ihe na-ekwesịghị ire&quot;. Ikpe a gbutere oge ka onye ọkaiwu ụmụ nwanyị Ismail Ayob wepụrụ na ikpe ahụ..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Mandela Fades Amid Battles Over Who Will Claim Legacy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/16/world/africa/mandela-fades-as-south-africa-battles-over-legacy.html?pagewanted=all&amp;_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=15 May 2013|accessdate=1 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Nelson Mandela's children turn on his lawyer George Bizos|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/9984380/Nelson-Mandelas-children-turn-on-his-lawyer-George-Bizos.html|work=The Telegraph|date=10 April 2013|accessdate=1 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Nelson Mandela family feud deepens as Mandla hits back|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23181352|work=BBC|date=4 July 2013|accessdate=1 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Nelson Mandela court case delayed after Ayob withdraws|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23491876|work=BBC|date=29 July 2013|accessdate=1 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ ==
Bizos lụrụ Arethe Daflos, onye a maara dị ka &quot;Rita&quot;, onye ọ zutere na 1948 mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ nka. Di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ nwoke atọ. Rita nwụrụ na 2017, obere oge tupu ụbọchị ọmụmụ di ya dị afọ iri itoolu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/328/explore/awards/honorary_degrees/2008/George_Bizos.pdf|title=George Bizos honorary degree citation|publisher=University of Cape Town|year=2008|accessdate=10 September 2020|archivedate=10 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910071511/https://www.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/328/explore/awards/honorary_degrees/2008/George_Bizos.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;90thbedford&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://bedfordviewedenvalenews.co.za/322506/friends-family-celebrate-bizos-90th/|publisher=Befordview and Edendale News|title=Friends, family celebrate Bizos' 90th|date=6 December 2019|accessdate=30 September 2019}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://bedfordviewedenvalenews.co.za/322506/friends-family-celebrate-bizos-90th/ &quot;Friends, family celebrate Bizos' 90th&quot;]. Befordview and Edendale News. 6 December 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190930032127/https://bedfordviewedenvalenews.co.za/322506/friends-family-celebrate-bizos-90th/ Archived] from the original on 30 September 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 September&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SAH&quot;/&gt;

Bizos nwụrụ n'ụlọ n'ụbọchị nke 9 n'ọnwa Septemba 2020 mgbe ọ dị afọ 92.E nyere ya olili ozu pụrụ iche na 17 Septemba ma lie ya na Westpark Cemetery n'akụkụ nwunye ya Rita. &lt;ref name=&quot;citizendeath&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Human rights advocate George Bizos has died|work=The Citizen|date=9 September 2020|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/general/2356193/human-rights-advocate-george-bizos-has-died/|accessdate=10 September 2020|archivedate=10 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910004524/https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/general/2356193/human-rights-advocate-george-bizos-has-died/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bbcdeath&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=George Bizos: Anti-apartheid lawyer who defended Mandela dies aged 92|work=BBC News|date=9 September 2020|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54094248|accessdate=10 September 2020|archivedate=10 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910004643/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54094248}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=In memory of George Bizos (1928-2020)|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-09-10-in-memory-of-george-bizos-1928-2020/|accessdate=10 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ na onyinye ==

* 1999: Ihe nrite Order for Meritorious Service Class II site n'aka Onye isi ala Mandela n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAHO bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=George Bizos|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/george-bizos|accessdate=9 September 2020|publisher=South African History Online|archivedate=29 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729031652/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/george-bizos}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Austin&quot;/&gt;
* 2001: International Trial Lawyer Prize of the Year site na International Academy of Trial Lawyers . &lt;ref name=&quot;Austin&quot; /&gt;
* 2004: The International Bar Association (IBA) kpọrọ Bizos onye mmeri nke 2004 Bernard Simons Memorial Award 

== Ihe Nketa ==

* George Bizos SAHETI Scholarship na Bursary Fund&lt;ref name=&quot;90thbedford&quot;/&gt;
* Arethe Daflos-Bizos Arts Scholarship (kwupụtara na ụbọchị ọmụmụ Bizos nke afọ 90 iji sọpụrụ nwunye ya nwụrụ anwụ) &lt;ref name=&quot;90thbedford&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Bizos|first=George|authorlink=George Bizos|title=No One to Blame?: In Pursuit of Justice in South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAgAzUwnyN4C|year=1998|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-319-5}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bizos|first=George|authorlink=George Bizos|title=Odyssey to Freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COOcAAAAMAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Penguin &amp; Random House|location=South Africa|isbn=978-1-4152-0307-1}}
* {{Cite book|title=65 Years of Friendship|first=George|author=Bizos|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|date=2017|isbn=9781415208861|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IghbDwAAQBAJ}}

== Ihe odide ==

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2556" sha1="nwbg64ioq8krjxw03agr6xl0fetpt4q" xml:space="preserve">'''Njikọ nke Ụmụ nwanyị Mozambik''', nke a na-akpọ n'aha ịchafụ LIFEMO, bụ òtù metụtara FRELIMO (Mozambique Liberation Front), nke e guzobere n'afọ 1962. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwado ezinụlọ ndị agha n'oge agha nnwere onwe na ịgbasa ụkpụrụ nke Front. [[Selina Simango]] bụ onye isi ala na Priscila Gumane bụ osote onye isi ala. Na mgbakwunye na isonye na Pan-African Women's Congress, ndị isi a na-eme njem ugboro ugboro, na-eguzobe netwọk nkwado na mba ma ọ bụ òtù ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ na ọgụ maka nnwere onwe n'Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pyl|first=Bianca|date=2020-04-10|title=Mulheres moçambicanas na luta pela independência|url=https://diplomatique.org.br/mulheres-mocambicanas-na-luta-pela-independencia/|accessdate=2023-04-11|work=Le Monde Diplomatique|language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carneiro Santos|first=Amanda|date=2018|title=Lute como uma mulher: Josina Machel e o movimento de libertação em Moçambique (1962- 1980)|url=https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-13052019-113230/publico/2018_AmandaCarneiroSantos_VOrig.pdf|accessdate=11 April 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203020703/https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-13052019-113230/publico/2018_AmandaCarneiroSantos_VOrig.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otú ọ dị, mgbe agha mmalite na [[Mozambique]], a chọrọ ihe ọhụrụ. N'ịbụ ndị chere na I dị mkpa iji  ichebe na ichịkọta ebe ndị a tọhapụrụ, na ndị  Portugal kà na achikwa, e kere Destacamento Feminino n'afọ 1967, otu afọ mgbe njedebe nke LIFEMO gasịrị. Ndị mejupụtara ụmụ nwanyị ndị agha nnupụisi rịọrọ ọzụzụ agha site n'aka ndị ndu FRELIMO, ndị agha a weghaara ókèala ndị e debere maka ụmụ nwoke, na-akpali mgbanwe n'ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-agbaso omenala, na-eme ka ike na nchịkwa nke ụmụ nwoke na ọrụ mmepụta na ọmụmụ nke ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Júlia Tainá|first=Monticeli Rocha|date=2018|title=DO “VENTO DA EMANCIPAÇÃO” À “FORÇA MOTRIZ DA REVOLUÇÃO”: A MULHER NOS DISCURSOS DE SAMORA MOISÉS MACHEL (MOÇAMBIQUE) (1973 – 1980)|url=https://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/bitstream/tede/8069/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_JuliaMonticeliRocha%20FINAL.pdf|accessdate=11 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MHN: OMM|url=https://www.mozambiquehistory.net/omm.php|accessdate=2023-04-11|work=www.mozambiquehistory.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Itana'''  (nke tọrọ ntọala dị ka Talent City) bụ ụlọ ọrụ Naijiria na-ewu mpaghara mbụ Digital Free Zone na Africa.  Ọ na-enyere ndị azụmaahịa aka ịrụ ọrụ na ịrụ ọrụ na Nigeria, na Africa na-enweghị anụ ahụ na mba ahụ.[1][2][3][4]  Aha &quot;Itana&quot; sitere na okwu &quot;Itanna&quot; nke putara &quot;imunye oku&quot; n'asusu Yoruba.  Itana nọ ugbu a na ọkwa beta ma na-ezube ibi ndụ na nkeji mbụ nke 2024 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tech firm secures $2 million pre-seed funding|url=https://guardian.ng/news/tech-firm-secures-2-million-pre-seed-funding/|work=guardian.ng/|date=12 September 2023|publisher=Olawunmi Ojo|accessdate=12 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=LocalGlobe and Pronomos Capital back Itana to pave the way for Africa's first digital free zone|url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/09/06/localglobe-and-pronomos-capital-back-itana-to-pave-the-way-for-africas-first-digital-free-zone/|work=techcrunch.com/|date=6 September 2023|publisher=Tage Kene-Okafor|accessdate=6 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Na Jenụwarị 2020, Iyinoluwa Aboyeji kwupụtara na ya na ndị otu ya na-ewu obodo ọdịnihu iji kwado akụ na ụba dijitalụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Digging Into Andela/Flutterwave Co-Founder's Moonshot Plans To Pull Off A Shenzhen In Nigeria|url=https://weetracker.com/2020/01/17/iyin-aboyeji-building-talent-city/|work=weetracker.com/|date=17 January 2020|publisher=Henry Nzekwe|accessdate=17 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'Ọgọstụ 2020, Gọọmenti Naịjirịa kwuputara ebumnuche ya na Future Africa na-arụkọ ọrụ na ntinye teknụzụ iji kpalite mmasị na imekọ ihe ọnụ na mpaghara azụmahịa efu nke mba ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NEPZA, Future Africa consider technology to sparkle free zones|url=https://blueprint.ng/nepza-future-africa-consider-technology-to-sparkle-free-zones/|work=blueprint.ng|date=6 August 2020|publisher=Samson Benjamin|accessdate=6 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Jenụwarị 2022, Itana nwetara ebe mbụ ya - 72,000 sqm na Alaro City, Lekki Free Zone, Lagos Nigeria. A na-atụ anya na obodo ahụ na-apụta ga-abụ ebe obibi nke 1,000 ndị bi na 2,500 ndị ọrụ dịpụrụ adịpụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Co-founder of Andela, ex MD of flutterwave, Iyinoluwa Aboyeji wants to build a city with its own law, for techies|url=https://www.intelregion.com/news/co-founder-of-andela-ex-md-of-flutterwave-iyinoluwa-aboyeji-wants-to-build-a-city-with-its-own-law-for-techies/|work=intelregion.com|accessdate=30 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Talent City develops revolutionary tech community in Alaro City|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/talent-city-develops-revolutionary-tech-community-in-alaro-city/|work=sunnewsonline.com/|publisher=Maduka Nweke|accessdate=31 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2023, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ welitere US $ 2 nde n'afọ mbụ nke mkpụrụ sitere na LocalGlobe, Amplo, Pronomos Capital, na Future Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tech firm secures $2 million pre-seed funding|url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/tech-firm-secures-2-million-pre-seed-funding-2/|work=guardian.ng|publisher=Olawunmi Ojo|accessdate=15 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Itana raises $2 million pre-seed to build Africa's first digital free zone|url=https://nairametrics.com/2023/09/06/itana-raises-2-million-pre-seed-to-build-africas-first-digital-free-zone/|work=nairametrics.com/|publisher=Samson Akintaro|accessdate=6 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obodo na akụrụngwa ==
Itana amalitela mmemme obibi dijitalụ iji jikọta ndị na-amalite na ndị na-arụ ọrụ iji wuo maka Africa. A na-edozi Mpaghara Itana ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-arụ ọrụ na 72,000 sqm na Alaro City, Lagos, Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AFRICA'S FIRST DIGITAL FREE ZONE, ITANA, SECURES $2M PRE-SEED FUNDING|url=https://businessworld.africa/itana-secures-2m-pre-seed-funding/|work=businessworld.africa|publisher=Philip Adebayo|accessdate=6 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Itana gets $2m pre-seed to establish Africa's first digital free zone|url=https://techpoint.africa/2023/09/06/itana-gets-pre-seed-digital-free-zone/|work=techpoint.africa|publisher=Victoria Fakiya|accessdate=6 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị na-etinye ego na mmekọrịta ==
Ndị ọchịchị Naijiria na-akwado Itana site n'aka ndị na-ahụ maka mbupụ mbupụ nke Nigeria (NEPZA).[1][2]  LocalGlobe, Amplo, Pronomos Capital, na Future Africa bụ ndị na-etinye ego na Itana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NEPZA to partner with Binance, Talent City for first virtual free zone in West Africa|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nepza-to-partner-with-binance-talent-city-for-first-virtual-free-zone-in-west-africa/|work=thecable.ng/|publisher=Busola Aro|accessdate=2 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Virtual Free Zones: NEPZA, Binance in Partnership|url=https://nepza.gov.ng/virtual-free-zones-nepza-binance-in-partnership/|work=nepza.gov.ng/|publisher=Nigeria Export Processing Zones Authority|accessdate=2 September 2022|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130112338/https://nepza.gov.ng/virtual-free-zones-nepza-binance-in-partnership/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Indigenous firm, Itana secures $2m pre-seed funding for Africa's first digital free zone|url=https://businessday.ng/brands-advertising/article/indigenous-firm-itana-secures-2m-pre-seed-funding-for-africas-first-digital-free-zone/|work=businessday.ng/|publisher=Daniel Obi|accessdate=12 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How to create a city|url=https://www.ft.com/content/7a0419bf-e76f-4abb-8024-043ee24e4382/|work=ft.com|publisher=David Pilling|accessdate=18 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|1}}</text>
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    <title>Lawrence Anthony</title>
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'''Lawrence Anthony''' (onye amụrụ n'abalị iri na asaa nke ọnwa Septemba y 1950, nwụọ n'abalị abụọ Maachị n'afọ 2012) bụ onye na-echekwa ihe na South Africa, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, onye nchọpụta na onye edemede. Ọ bụ onye isi nchedo ogologo oge na Thula Thula animal reserve na Zululand, South Africa, na onye guzobere The Earth Organization, otu nzuzo, nke nwere onwe ya, nke mba ụwa na-echekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ onye otu mba ụwa nke Explorers Club nke New York na onye otu National Council of the Southern Africa Association for the Advancement of Science.

Anthony nwere aha ọma maka atụmatụ nchekwa siri ike, gụnyere nnapụta nke Zuu Baghdad n'oge US-led Coalition invasion of Iraq n'afọ 2003, na mkparịta ụka ya na ndị agha nnupụisi nke Lord's Resistance Army na Southern Sudan, iji mee ka a mara gburugburu ebe obibi ma chebe [[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]], gụnyere nke ikpeazụ nke Northern White Rhinoceros.

Nkọwa nke ọrụ nchekwa ya pụtara na mgbasa ozi mpaghara na nke mba ụwa gụnyere CNN, CBS, BBC, Al Jazeera na Sky TV ma gosipụta ya na Reader's Digest, ''Smithsonian'', Explorers Journal, ''Africa Geography'', Men's Journal, Shape magazine, na Elle magazine.

Anthony nwụrụ site na nkụchi obi mgbe ọ dị afọ iri isii na otu tupu ya emee oriri oriri na ọṅụṅụ na-eme na Maachị n'afọ 2012 na Durban iji mee ka mba ụwa mara maka nsogbu ịchụ nta rhino na ịmalite akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ya, The Last Rhinos: My Battle to Save One of the World's Greatest Creatures .  Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, e nwere akụkọ na ụfọdụ n'ime enyí ndị ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji chekwaa bịara n'ụlọ ezinụlọ ya dịka ụzọ enyí si akwa ákwá ọnwụ nke otu n'ime ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bekoff|first=Marc|authorlink=Marc Bekoff|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/animal-emotions/201203/elephants-mourn-loss-elephant-whisperer-lawrence-anthony|title=Elephants Mourn Loss of &quot;Elephant Whisperer&quot; Lawrence Anthony|work=[[Psychology Today]]|date=7 March 2012|accessdate=2013-01-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Anthony na Johannesburg, South Africa. Nna nna ya, onye bụ onye na-egwupụta ihe n'ala na Berwick-upon-Tweed, England, kwagara n'ógbè ahụ n'afọ 1920 iji rụọ ọrụ na ebe a na-egwe ọlaedo. Nna ya, onye na-arụ ọrụ ịnshọransị, gara n'ihu guzobe ọfịs ọhụrụ gafee Southern Africa; Anthony tolitere n'ime ime obodo Rhodesia (nke a na-akpọ Zimbabwe ugbu a), [[Zambia]], na [[Malawi]], tupu ọ gaa biri na Zululand, South Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tele12&quot;/&gt;

Anthony malitekwara ọrụ ya na ngalaba mkpuchi, ọ bụ ezie na o mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ na azụmahịa mmepe ala. Ka ọ dịgodị, ọ malitere iso ndị agbụrụ Zulu na-arụ ọrụ, n'etiti afọ ndị 1990, mmasị ya maka African Bush kpaliri ya ịgbanwe ọrụ, mgbe ọ zụrụ Thula Thula game reserve, gbasaa ihe karịrị 5,000-acre na KwaZulu-Natal malite ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-echekwa ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;tele12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Lawrence Anthony|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9131585/Lawrence-Anthony.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=8 March 2012|accessdate=21 February 2013}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9131585/Lawrence-Anthony.html &quot;Lawrence Anthony&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Otu ìgwè na-echekwa ihe kpọrọ ya ka ọ napụta otu ìgwè enyí itoolu ndị gbapụrụ n'ogige ha ma na-emebi ihe n'ebe ugwu Mpumalanga,  ma na-achọ ịgba ha égbè. Ọ gbalịrị iso onye isi nke ìgwè atụrụ ahụ kwurịta okwu site na ụda olu ya na asụsụ ahụ ya, n'ikpeazụ napụtara ha ma kpọbata ha n'ebe nchekwa ahụ, ma ka oge na-aga bụrụ onye a maara dị ka &quot;Elephant-whisperer&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;tele12&quot; /&gt;

N'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, o guzobere otu nchekwa, The Earth Organization na 2003, na mgbalị ya dugara n'ịmepụta ebe nchekwa ọhụrụ abụọ, Royal Zulu Biosphere na Zululand na Mayibuye Game Reserve na Kwa Ximba, nke ebumnuche ya bụ inye ndị agbụrụ mpaghara ego site na njem nleta anụ ọhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tele12&quot;/&gt;

Anthony lụrụ Francoise Malby ma biri na Thula Thula Thul game reserve na Zululand. O nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ. Francoise Malby Anthony dekwara akụkọ banyere ọrụ ha na enyí.

Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, otu ìgwè enyí ọhịa nke o nyere aka napụta ma mee ka ọ dịghachi mma gara n'ụlọ ya n'onwe ha, wee guzoro gburugburu n'ụzọ doro anya ruo ụbọchị abụọ, tupu ha apụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;cbc&quot;/&gt;

N'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ afọ 2012, e nyere ya nzere Doctor of Science site na kọleji nke Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal.&lt;ref name=&quot;cbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=UPDATE: Elephants Who Appeared To Mourn Their Human Friend Remain Protected|url=http://www.cbc.ca/strombo/news/saying-goodbye-elephants-hold-apparent-vigil-to-mourn-their-human-friend.ht|publisher=[[CBC.ca]] (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation)|date=25 July 2012|accessdate=21 February 2013}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.cbc.ca/strombo/news/saying-goodbye-elephants-hold-apparent-vigil-to-mourn-their-human-friend.ht &quot;UPDATE: Elephants Who Appeared To Mourn Their Human Friend Remain Protected&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Baghdad ==
[[Faịlụ:Army_veterinarians,_an_ill_tiger_cub_and_a_zoo_in_Iraq.jpg|thumb|Nwa agụ na Zuu Baghdad, nke Anthony nyeere aka ịzọpụta, ndị dọkịta US Army na-enye ya nyocha ahụike]]
Ogige ntụrụndụ Baghdad bụ ogige ntụrụntụ kachasị ukwuu na Middle East; Otú ọ dị, site na ụbọchị asatọ mgbe mwakpo  gasịrị n'afọ 2003 mgbe Anthony rutere n'ogige ntụrụnụ ahụ na atụmatụ nnapụta onwe onye, n'ime anụmanụ narị asaa mbụ dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ Baghdad, naanị iri atọ na ise lnarịrị n'ihi bọmbụ nke ogige ntụgharị anụmanụ maka nri, na agụụ nke anụmanụ ndị nọ n'ụlọ na-enweghị nri na mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC radio 4, zoo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007vrr0|title=''The Choice'', featuring Lawrence Anthony|publisher=BBC radio 4|date=4 September 2007|accessdate=2007-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anthony enweghị ike ịbanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ n'oge agha ahụ n'ihi nchekwa, njem na nsogbu bureaucracy.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC radio 4, zoo&quot; /&gt; Anụmanụ ndị lanarịrị bụ anụmanụ ndị buru ibu, gụnyere anụ ọhịa bea, hyenas, ọdụm na agụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC radio 4, zoo&quot; /&gt; N'ime ọgba aghara nke agha ahụ, Anthony jiri ndị mercenaries nyere aka chebe ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, ma lekọta ụmụ anụmanụ site n'enyemaka nke ụfọdụ ndị na-elekọta ogige ntụrụndụ, na-enye ndị na-eri anụ nri site n'ịzụta ịnyịnya ibu n'okporo ámá Baghdad. Ndị agha US, ndị nkịtị Iraq na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo ndị ọzọ dị iche iche gụnyere ndị agha Republican Guard bịara nyere aka. N'ikpeazụ, L. Paul Bremer, onye isi nke Coalition Provisional Authority, kwadoro ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na ndị injinia America nyere aka imeghe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC radio 4, zoo&quot; /&gt; Anthony dere akwụkwọ banyere nnapụta agha nke ogige ntụrụndụ nke Baghdad,  na ikike ihe nkiri ahụ bụ nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta Hollywood nwetara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Anthony|first=Lawrence|title=Babylon's Ark; The Incredible Wartime Rescue of the Baghdad Zoo|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|date=3 June 2007|url=https://archive.org/details/babylonsarkincre0000anth|isbn=978-0-312-35832-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Nchekwa Africa ==
Anthony tinyere aka na mmemme iji tinye ebo Africa dịpụrụ adịpụ na nchekwa n'ala ọdịnala nke ha. O mebere ebe nchekwa egwuregwu abụọ ọhụrụ na South Africa. Royal Zulu Biosphere dị na Zululand, nke na-agbasa iji sonye na nchekwa Umfolozi Hluhluwe, yana ebe nchekwa egwuregwu Mayibuye dị na Kwa Ximba.

Ihe Anthony lekwasịrị anya n'onwe ya bụ imezigharị Enyí Afrịka nwere mmerụ ahụ. Akwụkwọ nke abụọ nke Anthony, The Elephant Whisperer, na-akọ akụkọ mmekọrịta ọrụ ya na enyí Afrịka.

N'ime ụbọchị abụọ nke Anthony nwụsịrị òtù enyí dị iri abụọ na otu ndị Anthony zọpụtara ma mee enyi ji ụkwụ ụbọchị abụọ gaa n'ụlọ ya. Ha guzosiri ike ruo ọtụtụ awa, wee malite ime mkpọtụ obi mgbawa dị ka a ga-asị na ha ma na ọ nwụọla. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị ememe ncheta ọnwụ ya, otu ìgwè atụrụ a meghachiri njem gaa n'ụlọ ya. Ọ dịghị onye gwara ụmụ anụmanụ na Anthony anwụọla. 

Anthony jere ozi na National Transitional Executive Committee n'oge mgbanwe ọchịchị South Africa site na Apartheid na panel maka mgbasa ozi latrọnịkị nke họpụtara ndị isi oche nke South African Broadcasting Corporation na kọmitii nke họpụtara Filmboard nke South Africa.

== Akwụkwọ ==
A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ Anthony n'ọtụtụ asụsụ. Nwanne di ya, Graham Spence so dee akwụkwọ atọ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;cbc&quot;/&gt;

Akwụkwọ mbụ nke Anthony bụ Babylon's Ark, nke Thomas Dunne Books bipụtara, bụ ezigbo akụkọ banyere nnapụta agha nke Zoo Baghdad. ''Igbe Babilọn'' meriri Booklist Editors Choice na ngalaba akwụkwọ ndị okenye maka ndị na-eto eto, na French 28th Prix Littéraire ijeri iri atọ d'amis literary award, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Goncourt maka ụmụ anụmanụ.

Akwụkwọ nke abụọ nke Anthony, The Elephant Whisperer, nke Pan Macmillan bipụtara, na-akọ akụkọ banyere njem ya na mmekọrịta ya na ìgwè enyí Africa a napụtara.

Akwụkwọ nke atọ nke Anthony, The Last Rhinos, nke Sidgwick &amp; Jackson bipụtara, bụ ezigbo akụkọ banyere itinye aka Anthony n'ịzọpụta ndị Northern White rhinoceros fọdụrụ na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]].

== Onyinye na nkwanye ùgwù ==

* Onye otu kansụl na-achịkwa Southern Africa Association for the Advancement of Science . &lt;ref name=&quot;tele12&quot;/&gt;

== Ebemsibịa ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;
{{Cite news
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/12/world/africa/lawrence-anthony-baghdad-zoo-savior-dies-at-61.html
|title=Lawrence Anthony, Baghdad Zoo Savior, Dies at 61
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=12 March 2012
|access-date=2012-05-19
|last1=Martin
|first1=Douglas
}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080919101423/http://www.earthorganization.org/ Òtù Ụwa]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Marla Ann Maples''' (amụrụ na Ọktoba 27, 1963)  bụ onye Amerịka na-abụ abụ, onye na-egosi ihe onyonyo, onye nlereanya, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-egosi ihe ngosi. Ọ bụ nwunye nke abụọ nke [[Donald Trump]], [[President of the United States|onyeisiala nke iri anọ na ise na nke iri anọ na asaa nke mba Amerịka]]. Ha lụrụ ọnwa abụọ ka a mụsịrị nwa ha nwanyị, Tiffany, n'afọ 1993. Donald na Marla kewara n'afọ 1997 wee gbaa alụkwaghịm n'afọ 1999. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/21/nyregion/vows-it-s-a-wedding-blitz-for-trump-and-maples.html|title=It's a Wedding Blitz for Trump and Maples|date=December 21, 1993|work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Akụkọ ndụ ya==
A mụrụ Maples na Ọktoba 27, 1963, na [[Georgia]]. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị wee debanye aha na {{ill|University of Georgia|en}} ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1981.&lt;ref name = heart&gt;{{Cite magazine| url= https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/share/e595e9f3-3e20-4a56-b14e-6d38641d6e7b| title=The Heart of the Deal|last=Orth|first=Maureen|author-link=Maureen Orth|date=November 1990|magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en-US|access-date=June 5, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.smokykin.com/tng/getperson.php?personID=I179444&amp;tree=Smokykin|title=Marla Ann Maples b. 27 Oct 1963 Georgia|work=Smoky Mountain Ancestral Quest|editor=David L. Beckwith|access-date=December 1, 2016|accessdate=24 March 2026|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140317/https://www.smokykin.com/tng/getperson.php?personID=I179444&amp;tree=Smokykin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1-NCx2Ff3c|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121110921/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1-NCx2Ff3c|archive-date=January 21, 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|title=Marla Maples and Donald Trump visit Dalton as she is honored at the Northwest Whitfield homecoming football game &lt;!--that's original title; youtubetitle=1991 Donald Trump--&gt;|date=October 21, 1991|work=[[:en:WDEF-TV|WDEF News 12]]|access-date=July 26, 2017|location=Chattanooga, Tennessee|publication-date=February 2, 2016|type=video|orig-date=October 21, 1991}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ pụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ma bụrụkwa onye ngosi ihe onyonyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title= Maples in Spotlight on Opening Night| url= https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/04/nyregion/maples-in-spotlight-on-opening-night.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 4, 1992|issn=0362-4331|first=Alessandra|last=Stanley}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://people.com/tv/alfonso-ribeiro-donald-trump-fresh-prince-bel-air/| title=Alfonso Ribeiro Looks Back on Donald Trump's Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Appearance| last= Quinn| first= Dave| date=October 6, 2016| website= People.com|access-date=June 5, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mmekọrịta Maples na Donald Trump malitere mgbe ọ lụrụ nwunye mbụ ya, [[Ivana Trump|Ivana]], onye Trump gbara alụkwaghịm na 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/12/nyregion/trumps-get-divorce-next-who-gets-what.html|title=Trumps Get Divorce; Next, Who Gets What?|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 12, 1990|access-date=March 5, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maples zutere ya na 1984 wee nwee mmekọrịta ọha na eze.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/marla-maples-says-her-daughter-with-trump-just-had-first-job-interview.amp|title= Marla Maples says her daughter with Trump just had 'first job interview'|date=April 5, 2016|access-date=April 8, 2023|work=[[Fox News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Maples na Trump nwere otu nwa, nwa nwanyị Tiffany Trump, mụrụ na October 13, 1993. Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ na December 20, 1993 mgbe amuchara nwa ha nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/06/marla-maple-prenup-donald-trump-marriage|title='Marla Was under Duress': Secrets of the Trump-Maples Prenup|last=Sherman|first=Gabriel|author-link=Gabriel Sherman|website=The Hive|date=June 4, 2019 |language=en|access-date=June 5, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1996, Trump chụrụ onye nche ya, ọnwa anọ ka onye uwe ojii chọtara Maples na onye nche ọnụ n'okpuru onye nchekwa ndụ n'akụkụ osimiri n'elekere anọ nke ụtụtụ Maples na Trump gọnarịrị na ya na-enwe mmekọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.insideedition.com/headlines/16130-trump-bodyguard-once-accused-of-having-affair-with-marla-maples-never-got-over-the-scandal|title=Trump Bodyguard Once Accused of Having Affair With Marla Maples Never Got Over The Scandal, Ex-Wife Says|work=Inside Edition|access-date=January 21, 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mana Maples na Trump kewapụrụ na Mee 1997 wee gbaa alụkwaghịm na June 8, 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Tell-All Book on Trump Won't Be Telling at All|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/24/nyregion/following-up.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 24, 2002|issn=0362-4331|first=Joseph P.|last=Fried}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ntụaka==
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  <page>
    <title>Marie Holzman</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Marie_Holzman.jpg|thumb|338x338px|Marie Holzman]]
'''Marie Holzman''' (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 4, 1952) bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmehie na ọrịa na France,&lt;ref name=&quot;SinMil&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|language=fr|url=http://www.la-croix.com/Archives/2013-06-01/Marie-Holzman-sinologue-militante.-Coups-de-caeur-2013-06-01-967442|title=Marie Holzman, sinologue militante. Coups de cœur|work=[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]]|date=June 1, 2013|accessdate=2019-12-26|archive-date=2023-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707224715/https://www.la-croix.com/Archives/2013-06-01/Marie-Holzman-sinologue-militante.-Coups-de-caeur-2013-06-01-967442|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|language=fr|url=https://www.lejdd.fr/Politique/Paul-Jean-Ortiz-l-ombre-chinoise-de-Hollande-663517|title=Paul Jean-Ortiz, l'ombre chinoise de Hollande|quote=&quot;On n'a pas pu les retenir tous en France car on ne pouvait rivaliser avec les universités américaines qui les attendaient les bras ouverts&quot;, se rappelle la sinologue et militante Marie Holzman.|work=[[Le Journal du Dimanche]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; prọfesọ mahadum nke asụsụ China, onye edemede, onye nta akụkọ na onye ntụgharị okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|language=fr|url=http://www.atlantico.fr/fiche/marie-holzman-1501431|title=Marie Holzman|work=[[Atlantico]]|quote=Marie Holzman a été enseignante à l'université.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|language=fr|url=http://www.acrimed.org/Legion-d-honneur-et-Ordre-du-Merite-pour-journalistes-et-dirigeants-de-medias|title=Légion d'honneur et Ordre du Mérite pour journalistes et dirigeants de médias (2005-2010)|publisher=Observatoire des médias ACRIMED|date=14 July 2010|quote=Marie Holzman, écrivaine, journaliste, présidente de l'association Solidarité Chine.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na ndị China na ndị China nke oge a na-emegiderịta onwe ha .

== Akụkọ Ndụ ==
A mụrụ Holzman na Paris. N'agbata afọ 1972 na 1980, ọ nọrọ na Eshia na Taiwan, [[China|Republic of China]] na [[Japan]]. Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Beijing mgbe oge opupu ihe ubi Beijing mbụ malitere na 1978. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ na-akwado ndị a na-emegbu na China.&lt;ref name=&quot;JZ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|language=fr|author=Joris Zylberman|url=https://asialyst.com/fr/2016/11/02/marie-holzman-ilham-tohti-homme-dialogue-pekin-ouigours/|title=Marie Holzman : &quot;Ilham Toti, l'homme du dialogue avec Pékin sur les Ouïgours&quot;|work=Asialyst|date=November 2, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Holzman bụ prọfesọ nke asụsụ Chaịna, onye na-enyere aka nkuzi na Mahadum Paris Diderot ma bụrụkwa onye nduzi nke ngalaba Chinese nke mmemme DESS-NCI nke Mahadum Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3 site na 1984 ruo 2002.[1]

Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke otu ''Solidarité Chine'' (&quot;Solidarity China&quot;) nke e guzobere na 1989 mgbe ngagharị iwe Tiananmen Square gasịrị. Ọ bụkwa onye otu bọọdụ nke Human Rights in China (HRIC), onye otu Asia-Democracy Forum na onye na-ekwuchitere ''Collectif Pékin JO 2008.''&lt;ref name=&quot;ActionTibet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|language=fr|url=http://www.actions-tibet-verite.org/conference/conferencedu7nov2008.html|title=Le Tibet après les J. O., Conférence à la salle Barcelone, vendredi 7 novembre à 20h30.|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130703164800/http://www.actions-tibet-verite.org/conference/conferencedu7nov2008.html|archivedate=3 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebumnuche ya bụ &quot;ikwughachi olu nke ndị na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ka ndị ọdịda anyanwụ wee ghọta na ndị China anaghị enwe mmasị na azụmaahịa na nka adịgboroja.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;JZ&quot;/&gt;

Holzman bipụtara ọrụ edekọtara nke ọma gbasara ndị ama ama n'ime mmegharị maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke China, na-akpọ Wei Jingsheng, Lin Xiling, Ding Zilin, Hu Ping na Liu Qing.[1] O kwuru okwu gbasara China nke oge a na Bank of France, National Institute for Oriental Languages ​​and Civilizations (INALCO) na Paris Foreign Missions Society.[2]

Ọ na-edekarị akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mba Frans ''bụ́ Politique internationale''.

Holzman mepụtara usoro mbipụta ''Les Moutons Noirs'' (nke a na-akpọ 'The Black Sheep') nke Jean-François Bouthors na Galia Ackerman dere, site n'enyemaka nke Pierre Bergé.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|language=fr|url=http://www.ihtp.cnrs.fr/sites/ihtp/IMG/pdf/Booklet_Moutons_noirs.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812064848/http://www.ihtp.cnrs.fr/sites/ihtp/IMG/pdf/Booklet_Moutons_noirs.pdf|title=Les Moutons Noirs|archivedate=August 12, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Disemba 31, 2008, a họpụtara Holzman dịka Knight of the Legion of Honor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|language=fr|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=PREX0828237D|title=Décret n° PREX0828237D du 31 décembre 2008|work=[[Journal Officiel de la République Française]]|date=1 January 2009|accessdate=December 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pierre Bergé (onye, n'oge ahụ, na Beijing na-ese okwu gbasara ire iberibe ọla abụọ nke Old Summer Palace) nyere ya ihe ịchọ mma ahụ na June 2, 2009, ụbọchị tupu ncheta afọ 20 nke ogbugbu Tian'anmen, n'aha Onyeisiala Nicolas Sarkozy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|language=fr|author=Pierre Haski|url=http://rue89.nouvelobs.com/-105513|title=Légion d'honneur pour Marie Holzman, amie des dissidents chinois|work=[[Rue89]]|date=2 June 2009|archive-date=2 March 2016|access-date=16 May 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302071555/http://rue89.nouvelobs.com/-105513|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vladimir Bukovsky nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọrụ Holzman.&lt;ref name=&quot;SinMil&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe gbasara Tibet ==
Na 2008, Holzman ghọrọ onye na-ekwuchitere ''Collectif Jeux Olympiques 2008.'' Ọ kpọrọ oku ka ndị egwuregwu na ndị ọrụ mba ofesi ghara ime emume mmeghe nke Olimpik Oge Okpomọkụ nke 2008 ma ọ bụrụhaala na ndị isi China agbanweghị obi ha gbasara mmegbu na mkpọrọ nke ndị mmegide Tibet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|language=fr|url=http://www.chine-informations.com/guide/marie-hozlman_4477.html|title=Marie Holzman|work=Chine Informations|date=June 3, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

* ''Avec les Chinois'', Flammarion, 1981, 
* ''Pékin et ses gburugburu'', ya na Danièle Crisà na René Giudicelli, Arthaud, 1986, 1992, 
* ''Chinois de Paris'', Seghers, 1989
* ''Chine'', Arthaud, 1992, 
* ''Ikwu Lü Dongbin devint immortel'', ya na Chao-Pao Chen, Gallimard, 1995, 
* ''Chine, na ne bâillonne pas la lumière'' na Noël Mamère, Ramsay, 1997 
* ''Lin Xiling l'indomptable'', Bayard mbipụta/Centurion, 1998, 
* ''L'empire des Bas-fonds'', nke onye edemede Liao Yiwu, ntụgharị, Bleu de Chine, 2003, 
* ''Écrits édifiants et curieux sur la Chine du XXIe'' na [[Chen Yan (editor)|Chen Yan]], Editions de l'Aube, 2004, asụsụ izizi: Chinese, 
* ''La pensée manipulée, Le cas chinois'', Hu Ping, mbipụta de l'Aube, 2004, ntụgharị asụsụ, 
* ''Wei Jingsheng, onye chinois na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe'', ya na [[Bernard Debord]], Bleu de Chine, 6 afọ 2005, 
* ''Chine, à quand la démocratie?: Les illusions de la modernization'' na Hu Ping, 2005, (2007)
* ''Pourquoi il faut boycotter la cérémonie d'ouverture des JO de Pékin'' na RSF na Marc Raimbourg, Le Cherche Midi, 2008, 
* ''Ndị dọkịta ochie: JO de Pékin 2008'', Bleu de Chine, 2008, 
* ''Ọ bụ ezie na Sichuan karịrị akarị: Journal d'une tragédie'' nke Liao Yiwu, ntụgharị ya na Marc Raimbourg, 2010, Buchet-Chastel, 
* ''Dans l'empire des ténèbres'', nke Liao Yiwu, ya na Marc Raimbourg na Gao Yun, usoro ''Les moutons noirs'', Akwụkwọ, 2014, 

=== Okwu Mmalite ===

* Liao Yiwu, ''Dieu est rouge'', nke Hervé Denès tụgharịrị, usoro ''Les mouton noirs'', Bourin, 2015, 
* [[Gyaltsen Drölkar]], ''L'insoumise de Lhassa, douze ans dans dans les prisons chinoises ma ọ bụ Tibet'', usoro ''Les moutons noirs'', Bourin, 2011, 
* [[Cai Chongguo]], ''J'étais à Tien An Men'', Esprit Du Temps, 2009, 
* ''Les Massacres de la Révolution culturelle'', ederede Song Yongyi anakọtara, nke Marc Raimbourg tụgharịrị, 2008, Buchet-Chastel, 

== Ntụaka ==
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    <title>Simon nke Mbụ Gurieli</title>
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      <text bytes="4704" sha1="fhkg6kcajt886i65b2dx8odne1ms4os" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Simon II Gurieli, Prince of Guria by Castelli.jpg|thumb|Simon nke Mbu Gurieli ]]
 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Simon I Gurieli''' (Georgian: სიმონ I გურიელი, 1606 – c. 1672), of the House of Gurieli, was Prince of Guria in 1625. He acceded to power in Guria, a small principality in southwest Georgia, after having murdered his father, Mamia II Gurieli, and was dethroned and blinded by his brother-in-law Levan II Dadiani, Prince of Mingrelia. Simon thereafter became a monk and retired to [[Jerusalem]].

== Ọchịchị ==
Simon bụ nwa woke Mamia nke Abụọ  na Gurieli, bụ́ Onye Isi Guria, site na nwunye ya Tinatin Jaqeli. N'afọ 1625, Simon gburu nna ya mgbe ọ na-ehi ụra ma weghara ocheeze Guria. Ọ chọrọ mgbapụta site n'inye onyinye na Ebe obibi ndị mọnk Achi.&lt;ref name=&quot;dx&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Khakhutaishvili|first=Davit|date=2009|publisher=Shota Rustaveli State University|location=Batumi|isbn=978-9941-409-60-8|language=ka|chapter=ნარკვევები გურიის სამთავროს ისტორიიდან (XV-XVIII სს.)|pages=45–46}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Mgbe ọ nọ n'ọchịchị, Simon na Levan nke Abụọ na Dadiani nke Mingrelia, onye nwanne ya nwanyị bụ Mariam ọ lụrụ n'afọ 1621, nwere esemokwu. Ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Dadiani na mgbasawanye ala bụ ihe na-echegbu ndị Gurieli. Simon tọhapụrụ onye na-eme ihere nke Levan Dadiani bụ Paata &quot;Tsutski&quot; Tsulukidze, onye Dadiani nyere Mamia Gurieli maka nlekọta. Tsulukidze na Gurieli kpaara nkata igbu Levan, mana Dadiani lanarịrị ogbugbu mmadụ Abkhaz ha ma mee ka a kụgbuo Tsulukidze ma kewaa ya, na-agbapụ ihe fọdụrụnụ site na egbe. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o jiri ogbugbu nna Simon mere dị ka casus belli wee wakpoo Guria. Simon guzogidere, mana e meriri ya na Lanchkhuti ma dọrọ ya n'agha. Dadiani kpuru ya ìsì ma jiri onye ahịa ya, Kaikhosro I Gurieli dochie ya. A kpọgara nwunye Simon na nwa ya nwoke na Mingrelia.&lt;ref name=&quot;dx&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rayfield&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rayfield|first=Donald|authorlink=Donald Rayfield|title=Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia|url=https://archive.org/details/edgeofempireshis0000rayf|year=2012|publisher=Reaktion Books|location=London|isbn=978-1780230306|pages=[https://archive.org/details/edgeofempireshis0000rayf/page/194 194]–195}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịla ezumike nká ==
Ebe ọ bụ na ọ tụfuru ocheeze ya, anya ya, na ezinụlọ ya, Simon, onye a tọhapụrụ n'agbụ, lara ezumike nká na Jerusalem wee ghọọ onye mọnk n'ebe ahụ. Ọ nọgidere na-akpọtụrụ nwunye mbụ ya, onye gara n'ihu bụrụ eze nwanyị nke Kartli dị ka nwunye nke ndị eze abụọ na-esote, Rostom na Shah-Nawaz.&lt;ref name=&quot;dx&quot;/&gt; Simon ka dị ndụ ma biri na Georgia n'afọ 1672, mgbe onye France bụ Jean Chardin na-eme njem na Caucasus. Dị ka Chardin si kwuo, Mariam nabatara onye bubu di ya mbụ, bụ onye  nwere ahụmahụ na nke na-adịghị ike n'ókè ya na Imereti ma nye ya ụzọ ụfọdụ iji dịrị ndụ. Eze Shah-Nawaz nwere ekworo mana Mariam ji ọchị wepụ nchegbu ya, na-ajụ &quot;Ma ihere ọ̀ naghị eme ya inwe anyaụfụ n'ebe onye ogbenye, agadi, kpuru ìsì, ma dịkwa mwute, onye na-enweghịkwa ike ọ bụla n'ebe ya onwe ya nọ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Chardin|first=John, Sir|title=The travels of Sir John Chardin into Persia and the East-Indies, Vol. 1|date=1686|publisher=University of Oxford Text Archive|url=http://tei.it.ox.ac.uk/tcp/Texts-HTML/free/A31/A31753.html|accessdate=14 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415014441/http://tei.it.ox.ac.uk/tcp/Texts-HTML/free/A31/A31753.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ezinụlọ ==
Simon Gurieli nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ a ma ama: &lt;ref name=&quot;DRRI&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Grebelsky|first=P. Kh.|date=1993|publisher=Vesti|language=ru|pages=37–38}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Demetrius Gurieli (nwụrụ na 1664/1668), Prince of Guria (1659-1664), Eze Imereti (1663-1664);
* Otia (nwụrụ n'afọ 1645), onye sooro nne ya Mariam na Kartli wee nwụọ n'ebe ahụ.

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Akwụkwọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Toumanoff|first=Cyril|authorlink=Cyril Toumanoff|title=Manuel de Généalogie et de Chronologie pour l'histoire de la Caucasie chrétienne (Arménie, Géorgie, Albanie)|publisher=Edizioni Aquila|year=1976|location=Rome|language=French}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Gurieli]]}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mamia II Gurieli]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Guria]]|years=1625–1626}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kaikhosro I Gurieli]]}}
{{s-end}}</text>
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    <title>2007 Bọmbụ Batna</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Mwakpo bọmbụ nke afọ 2007 na Batna mere n'ụbọchị nke isii  n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2007 na Batna, bụ́ obodo dị na mpaghara Batna, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Algeria.

Bọmbụ ahụ, nke mere obere oge tupu nleta nke onye isi ala Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika, kpatara ọnwụ mmadụ iri naise-iri abụọ  &lt;ref name=ahn&gt;[http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7008435341 &quot;Suicide Bombing In Algeria Kills 15&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424022308/http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7008435341 |date=April 24, 2009 }} AHN News retrieved 10 September 2007&lt;/ref&gt; na mmerụ mmadụ 107 ahụ  ka onye na-atụ bọmbụ ahụ gbagburu ngwaọrụ ya n'etiti ìgwè mmadụ na-echere ịhụ onye isi ala,  onye nọ na njedebe nke njem ụbọchị atọ nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Algeria.

== Bọmbụ ahụ ==
Onye gburu onwe ya na bọmbụ so n'ìgwè mmadụ na-echere n'èzí ụlọ alakụba Al-Atik &lt;ref name=&quot;excite&quot; /&gt; mbata nke Onye isi ala Bouteflika mgbe ngwaọrụ ya, &quot;akpa plastik nwere ihe na-agbawa agbawa&quot;  na ụzọ &quot;na-agbawa&quot;  chọpụtara nkeji 45 tupu ọbịbịa Bouteflica. Nke a manyere onye na-atụ bọmbụ, &quot;nwoke dị afọ iri atọ ruo iri atọ na ise&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;excite&quot; /&gt; ka ọ gbanyụọ ngwaọrụ ya n'oge ka ndị uwe ojii bịakwutere ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ahn&quot; /&gt;  Otú ọ dị, a maghị ma onye bọmbụ ahụ n'onwe ya gbapụrụ na mgbawa ahụ, &lt;ref name=&quot;excite&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Algeria APS kwuru na onye bọmbị ahụ gbapụrụ site na eriri nchebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;excite&quot; /&gt;[needs update]

== Mmetụta na mmeghachi omume ==
A kọrọ na n'ụbọchị nke 8 n'ọnwa Septemba, otu Algerian Islamic Salvation Front katọrọ mwakpo ndị ahụ, ịkwado Bouteflika n'ịkpọ ndị mere ihe ahụ &quot;ndị omempụ&quot;. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị onye kwuru na ọ bụ ya kpatara ya ozugbo, onyeisiala Algeria kwuru na ndị agha Islam bụ ndị mere ya. APS kwukwara na onyeisiala ahụ kwuru na &quot;ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu enweghị ihe jikọrọ ha na ụkpụrụ dị mma nke Islam&quot;, ọ gara leta ndị nwụrụ anwụ merụrụ ahụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị dị nso. N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2007, otu 'al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb' kwupụtara na ha bụ ndị kpatara mwakpo ahụ, yana mgbawa ọzọ mere awa iri anọ na asatọ tupu mgbe ahụ.  N'otu webụsaịtị, otu al-Qaeda kwuru sị, &quot;Anyị na-ekwusi ike ọzọ na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị e gburu n'ọrụ a bụ ndị uwe ojii na ndị ọrụ nchekwa... nakwa na nwanne anyị echeghị ndị aka ha dị ọcha iche dịka mgbasa ozi siri kọọ.&quot; Banyere mwakpo abụọ ahụ, otu ahụ kwuru na e mere ha &quot;iji chebe okpukperechi Islam na mba ndị Alakụba.&quot;

Gọọmentị Algeria na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] dọrọ ụmụ amaala aka na ntị ka ha zere njem n'etiti obodo Algeria, na maka ndị njem nleta si mba ọzọ ka ha nọrọ na họtel dị nchebe.

== Hụkwa ==

* Bọmbụ ndị na-eyi ọha egwu na Algeria

== Ihe edeturu ==
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Mwakpo bọmbụ nke afọ 2007 na Batna mere n'ụbọchị nke isii  n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2007 na Batna, bụ́ obodo dị na mpaghara Batna, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Algeria.

Bọmbụ ahụ, nke mere obere oge tupu nleta nke onye isi ala Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika, kpatara ọnwụ mmadụ iri naise-iri abụọ  &lt;ref name=ahn&gt;[http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7008435341 &quot;Suicide Bombing In Algeria Kills 15&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424022308/http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7008435341 |date=April 24, 2009 }} AHN News retrieved 10 September 2007&lt;/ref&gt; na mmerụ mmadụ 107 ahụ  ka onye na-atụ bọmbụ ahụ gbagburu ngwaọrụ ya n'etiti ìgwè mmadụ na-echere ịhụ onye isi ala,  onye nọ na njedebe nke njem ụbọchị atọ nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Algeria.&lt;ref name=voa&gt;[http://voanews.com/english/2007-09-06-voa79.cfm &quot;Suicide Bombing Kills 15 in Algeria&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909135151/http://voanews.com/english/2007-09-06-voa79.cfm |date=September 9, 2007 }} VOA News retrieved 10 September 2007&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Bọmbụ ahụ ==
Onye gburu onwe ya na bọmbụ so n'ìgwè mmadụ na-echere n'èzí ụlọ alakụba Al-Atik &lt;ref name=&quot;excite&quot; /&gt; mbata nke Onye isi ala Bouteflika mgbe ngwaọrụ ya, &quot;akpa plastik nwere ihe na-agbawa agbawa&quot;  na ụzọ &quot;na-agbawa&quot;  chọpụtara nkeji 45 tupu ọbịbịa Bouteflica. Nke a manyere onye na-atụ bọmbụ, &quot;nwoke dị afọ iri atọ ruo iri atọ na ise&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;excite&quot; /&gt; ka ọ gbanyụọ ngwaọrụ ya n'oge ka ndị uwe ojii bịakwutere ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ahn&quot; /&gt;  Otú ọ dị, a maghị ma onye bọmbụ ahụ n'onwe ya gbapụrụ na mgbawa ahụ, &lt;ref name=&quot;excite&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Algeria APS kwuru na onye bọmbị ahụ gbapụrụ site na eriri nchebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;excite&quot; /&gt;[needs update]

== Mmetụta na mmeghachi omume ==
A kọrọ na n'ụbọchị nke 8 n'ọnwa Septemba, otu Algerian Islamic Salvation Front katọrọ mwakpo ndị ahụ, ịkwado Bouteflika n'ịkpọ ndị mere ihe ahụ &quot;ndị omempụ&quot;. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị onye kwuru na ọ bụ ya kpatara ya ozugbo, onyeisiala Algeria kwuru na ndị agha Islam bụ ndị mere ya. APS kwukwara na onyeisiala ahụ kwuru na &quot;ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu enweghị ihe jikọrọ ha na ụkpụrụ dị mma nke Islam&quot;, ọ gara leta ndị nwụrụ anwụ merụrụ ahụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị dị nso. N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2007, otu 'al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb' kwupụtara na ha bụ ndị kpatara mwakpo ahụ, yana mgbawa ọzọ mere awa iri anọ na asatọ tupu mgbe ahụ.  N'otu webụsaịtị, otu al-Qaeda kwuru sị, &quot;Anyị na-ekwusi ike ọzọ na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị e gburu n'ọrụ a bụ ndị uwe ojii na ndị ọrụ nchekwa... nakwa na nwanne anyị echeghị ndị aka ha dị ọcha iche dịka mgbasa ozi siri kọọ.&quot; Banyere mwakpo abụọ ahụ, otu ahụ kwuru na e mere ha &quot;iji chebe okpukperechi Islam na mba ndị Alakụba.&quot;

Gọọmentị Algeria na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] dọrọ ụmụ amaala aka na ntị ka ha zere njem n'etiti obodo Algeria, na maka ndị njem nleta si mba ọzọ ka ha nọrọ na họtel dị nchebe.

== Hụkwa ==

* Bọmbụ ndị na-eyi ọha egwu na Algeria

== Ihe edeturu ==
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Mwakpo bọmbụ nke afọ 2007 na Batna mere n'ụbọchị nke isii  n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2007 na Batna, bụ́ obodo dị na mpaghara Batna, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Algeria.

Bọmbụ ahụ, nke mere obere oge tupu nleta nke onye isi ala Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika, kpatara ọnwụ mmadụ iri naise-iri abụọ  &lt;ref name=ahn&gt;[http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7008435341 &quot;Suicide Bombing In Algeria Kills 15&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424022308/http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7008435341 |date=April 24, 2009 }} AHN News retrieved 10 September 2007&lt;/ref&gt; na mmerụ mmadụ 107 ahụ  ka onye na-atụ bọmbụ ahụ gbagburu ngwaọrụ ya n'etiti ìgwè mmadụ na-echere ịhụ onye isi ala,  onye nọ na njedebe nke njem ụbọchị atọ nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Algeria.&lt;ref name=voa&gt;[http://voanews.com/english/2007-09-06-voa79.cfm &quot;Suicide Bombing Kills 15 in Algeria&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909135151/http://voanews.com/english/2007-09-06-voa79.cfm |date=September 9, 2007 }} VOA News retrieved 10 September 2007&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Bọmbụ ahụ ==
Onye gburu onwe ya na bọmbụ so n'ìgwè mmadụ na-echere n'èzí ụlọ alakụba Al-Atik &lt;ref name=excite&gt;[http://news.excite.co.uk/international/africa/43149 &quot;16 killed in Algeria bombing attack&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108105552/http://news.excite.co.uk/international/africa/43149 |date=2023-11-08 }} Excite News retrieved 10 September 2007&lt;/ref&gt; mbata nke Onye isi ala Bouteflika mgbe ngwaọrụ ya, &quot;akpa plastik nwere ihe na-agbawa agbawa&quot;  na ụzọ &quot;na-agbawa&quot;  chọpụtara nkeji 45 tupu ọbịbịa Bouteflica. Nke a manyere onye na-atụ bọmbụ, &quot;nwoke dị afọ iri atọ ruo iri atọ na ise&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;excite&quot; /&gt; ka ọ gbanyụọ ngwaọrụ ya n'oge ka ndị uwe ojii bịakwutere ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ahn&quot; /&gt;  Otú ọ dị, a maghị ma onye bọmbụ ahụ n'onwe ya gbapụrụ na mgbawa ahụ, &lt;ref name=&quot;excite&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Algeria APS kwuru na onye bọmbị ahụ gbapụrụ site na eriri nchebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;excite&quot; /&gt;[needs update]

== Mmetụta na mmeghachi omume ==
A kọrọ na n'ụbọchị nke 8 n'ọnwa Septemba, otu Algerian Islamic Salvation Front katọrọ mwakpo ndị ahụ, ịkwado Bouteflika n'ịkpọ ndị mere ihe ahụ &quot;ndị omempụ&quot;. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị onye kwuru na ọ bụ ya kpatara ya ozugbo, onyeisiala Algeria kwuru na ndị agha Islam bụ ndị mere ya. APS kwukwara na onyeisiala ahụ kwuru na &quot;ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu enweghị ihe jikọrọ ha na ụkpụrụ dị mma nke Islam&quot;, ọ gara leta ndị nwụrụ anwụ merụrụ ahụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị dị nso. N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2007, otu 'al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb' kwupụtara na ha bụ ndị kpatara mwakpo ahụ, yana mgbawa ọzọ mere awa iri anọ na asatọ tupu mgbe ahụ.  N'otu webụsaịtị, otu al-Qaeda kwuru sị, &quot;Anyị na-ekwusi ike ọzọ na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị e gburu n'ọrụ a bụ ndị uwe ojii na ndị ọrụ nchekwa... nakwa na nwanne anyị echeghị ndị aka ha dị ọcha iche dịka mgbasa ozi siri kọọ.&quot; Banyere mwakpo abụọ ahụ, otu ahụ kwuru na e mere ha &quot;iji chebe okpukperechi Islam na mba ndị Alakụba.&quot;

Gọọmentị Algeria na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] dọrọ ụmụ amaala aka na ntị ka ha zere njem n'etiti obodo Algeria, na maka ndị njem nleta si mba ọzọ ka ha nọrọ na họtel dị nchebe.

== Hụkwa ==

* Bọmbụ ndị na-eyi ọha egwu na Algeria

== Ihe edeturu ==
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    <title>Jiang Qinqin</title>
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'''Jiang Qinqin''' (Chinese: 蒋勤勤; pinyin: Jiǎng Qínqín; amụrụ na Septemba 3, 1975) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Chaịna. Ná mmalite ọrụ ya, a na-akpọ ya '''Shui Ling''' (水灵; 水靈), aha ogbo nke onye edemede Taiwan nyere Chiung Yao.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Jiang na Chongqing na 3 Septemba 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;jiang&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|language=zh|author=Xi Xili ({{lang|zh|西西粒}})|volume=481|pages=6–8|year=2024|journal=Bosom Friend|issn=1007-502X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya bụ onye uwe ojii.&lt;ref name=&quot;jiang&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Jiang malitere ịmụ Beijing Opera mgbe ọ dị afọ iri wee banye na Beijing Film Academy na 1994 mgbe ọ nwetara ọkwa mbụ na ule ntinye. N'afọ nke abụọ nke ọmụmụ Jiang na Beijing Film Academy,  [[Xi Shi|Xishi]] na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn nke otu aha ahụ. O mechara mee ihe nkiri na Tears in Heaven, nke bụ mmegharị nke akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye dere ya bụ Chiung Yao, wee ruo n'ọkwa ama na Chaịna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/s/m/2001-08-28/55318.html|title=&quot;水灵&quot;蒋勤勤：琼瑶捧红的首位内地女星(附图)|date=August 28, 2001|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://wap.chinadaily.com.cn/2017-04/12/content_28878691.htm|title=The romance novels by Chiung Yao that launched many acting careers|date=April 12, 2017|work=China Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpa, gụnyere Gu Manlu na ''Affair of Half a Lifetime'' (2003) and Mu Nianci in ''The Legend of the Condor Heroes'' (2003).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/jiang-qinqin-doesn-apos-t-054800440.html|title=Jiang Qinqin doesn't want to be known for her looks|date=December 8, 2017|work=Yahoo}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ihe nkiri Jiang mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ''Qiao's Grand Courtyard'' meriela ihe nrite ya abụọ nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri TV kachasị amasị ya na nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị amasị ndị na-ege ntị na Golden Eagle TV Art Festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/people/celebrities/8/2826-1.htm|title=Jiang Qinqin: A Classic Beauty, Clear and Gentle like Water|date=November 10, 2006|work=Women of China|accessdate=December 11, 2017|archivedate=December 11, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211213627/http://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/people/celebrities/8/2826-1.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Golden Phoenix Awards. 

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Jiang lụrụ onye ome ihe nkiri Chen Jianbin na Febụwarị 22, 2006, onye ya na ya so mee ihe nkiri na Qiao's Grand Courtyard. A mụrụ nwa ha nwoke na Jenụwarị 8, 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjreview.com/movies/txt/2007-01/09/content_52538.htm|title=Chinese Actress Jiang Qinqin Becomes Mom|date=January 9, 2007|work=Beijing Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha Bekee
!Aha ndị China
!Ọrụ
!Ihe edeturu
|-
|1994
|''Ụmụnne ọbara ọbara''
|Nnukwu ihe ọjọọ
|Xiaoyao
|
|-
|1995
|
|Akụkọ ifo nke ọbara ígwè
|Fan Ruyu
|
|-
|1997
|''Njem Ahụike''
|Ìgwè Na-eme Ka Ịnọ Nkwụsị
|Nwaanyị Jingjing
|
|-
|2001
|''Agha China na Netherlands 1661''
|Ihe ịga nke ọma
|Xue Liang
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/42403.html|title=蒋勤勤水牢拍大戏 保鲜膜&quot;护身&quot;成绝招(附图)|date=May 8, 2011|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2005
|''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nwanne m nwanyị''
|Okwu nwanne nwanyị
|Niu Hongmei
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/r/m/2005-06-23/1706760900.html|title=蒋勤勤《姐姐词典》：那个年代，不是只有痛苦|date=June 13, 2005|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''N'abalị asaa''
|N'abalị asaa
|Abụ Yao
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/2004-08-02/1454461882.html|title=蒋勤勤&quot;新婚七夜&quot;吓破胆|date=August 2, 2004|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
|''Obodo Nrọ''
|Nrọ nile na-agbawa
|Lin Fang
| 
|-
|2011
|''Anyanwụ''
|Nnukwu anyanwụ
|Ying Tao
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cctv.com/program/cultureexpress/20080715/103212.shtml|title=Jiang Qinqin plays in earthquake relief film|date=July 15, 2008|work=CCTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2014
|''Ònye Na-ezo''
|Ihe Ebumnuche nke Mbụ
|Lu Yiran
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2014-05-07/17434137880.shtml|title=《一号目标》蒋勤勤婚后首秀穿国军制服|date=May 7, 2014|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Otu Nzọụkwụ Na-aga''
|Ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume
|Lu Qiuqi
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2014-08-06/13224187321.shtml|title=《触不可及》桂纶镁蒋勤勤成&quot;情敌&quot;|date=August 6, 2014|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2015
|''Onye nzuzu''
|Ihe omuma di iche
|Jin Zhizi
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2015/11/17/4001s904445.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118190446/http://english.cri.cn/12394/2015/11/17/4001s904445.htm|archivedate=November 18, 2015|title=Chen Jianbin's 'A Fool' Released in China|date=November 17, 2015|work=China Radio International}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2017
|''Ọnụ ụzọ''
|Ịdị mma nwere ọtụtụ ihe
|Zhuo Yanni
| 
|-
|2024
|''Ebe obibi n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri West''
|Ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti
|Wu Taihua
|
|-
|2024
|''Ụwa Ukwu''
|Nwa m
|Chen Lu
|
|}

=== Usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha Bekee
!Aha ndị China
!Ọrụ
!Ihe edeturu
|-
|1992
|''Meitai Guanyin''
|Ụdị ụdaolu
|Meitai Guanyin
|
|-
|1996
|''Xishi''
|Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ
|[[Xi Shi|Xishi]]
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1998
|''Alaeze nke Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke Ọchịchị Zhou nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ''
|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa
|Qi Jiang
|
|-
|''Akụkọ Xiaofengxian''
|Akụkọ gbasara ya
|Xiaofengxian
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2011-09-27/16333428957.shtml|title=盘点荧屏四版&quot;小凤仙&quot;|date=September 27, 2011|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Anya mmiri n'Eluigwe''
|Ihe omuma nke a
|Xiao Yufeng
|
|-
|
|Onye na-enyocha ihe dị na Kyoto
|Qi Menggu
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1999
|''Kangxi Njem A Na-amaghị Ama''
|__ibo__ Nlegharị anya n'onwe ya
|Zhu Yunqiao
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.chinadaily.com.cn/2016-11/18/content_27416870_2.htm|title=邓婕赵薇小陶虹蒋勤勤 《康熙微服私访记》女主演现状|date=November 18, 2016|work=China Daily|language=zh|access-date=September 5, 2026|archive-date=September 5, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260905151635/http://ent.chinadaily.com.cn/2016-11/18/content_27416870_2.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
|Ịga n'ihu
|Duan Yu
|
|-
|''Ịhụnanya nke Nwa agbọghọ ahụ nwere ntutu ọcha''
|Nwanyị amị na-acha ọcha
|Lian Nichang
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2012-09-14/14223741962.shtml|title=盘点白发魔女：蔡少芬很金庸蒋勤勤虐心|date=September 14, 2012|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Nna Ukwu nke Zen''
|Onye isi ala
|Hu Ji
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/richtalk/news/movie/9903/031813.html|title=《达摩祖师》开拍|date=March 18, 1999|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2000
|
|Onye Ọkachamara nke Chineke
|Princess Rourou
|
|-
|''Agụba Na-ekpuchi Anya, Dragọn Nzuzo''
|Ogwu藏
|Yu Jiaolong
| 
|-
|''iru uju n'elu Osimiri QingHe''
|Ịhụnanya nke青河
|Shen Xinci / Liang Xiuyun
| 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2001
|
|Eze nke Eze
|Princess Qianyun
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/2004-04-13/0003362757.html|title=《王中王》将现身金鹰剧场 蒋勤勤将饰演格格|date=April 13, 2004|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Onye Nnyocha Collum''
|Ihe omuma na-acha anụnụ anụnụ
|Li Xing'er
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2002
|''Ndị Nche Anọ''
|Nnukwu nnupụisi anọ
|Hei Hudie
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://enjoy.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper190/12/class019000029/hwz1379495.htm|title=宣传《四大名捕》蒋勤勤情动家乡人|work=eastday|language=zh|accessdate=2018-10-19|archivedate=2006-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210021731/http://enjoy.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper190/12/class019000029/hwz1379495.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Ifufe na Igwe ojii''
|Ifufe na-efe efe
|Mingyue
| 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2003
|''Nwaanyị m mara mma nke Atọ''
|Ọ bụkwa n'etiti ndị mmadụ atọ
|Xia Yingying
| 
|-
|''Akụkọ ifo nke ndị dike Condor''
|Ihe omuma ihe omuma
|Mu Nianci
|
|-
|''Ihe Ọkara Ndụ''
|Ọkara ndụ
|Gu Manlu
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2004
|''Nwanyị Ikpeazụ''
|Eze Nwanyị nke Oge Ikpeazụ
|Wenxiu
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://enjoy.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper190/5/class019000028/hwz1126825.htm|title=蒋勤勤当《末代皇妃》与皇上离婚|date=May 20, 2004|work=eastday|language=zh|accessdate=October 19, 2018|archivedate=December 15, 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215042118/http://enjoy.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper190/5/class019000028/hwz1126825.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Ịkụ Akụ n'Olu''
|Ịkụ ụda ntị
|Niu Hongmei
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/2004-08-15/0300474003.html|title=蒋勤勤豁出去 《耳光响亮》中出演激情戏(图)|date=August 15, 2004|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Ụwa nke Abụọ Ukwu''
|Ifufe na-atụ anya
|Beitang Xing'er
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.163.com/ent_2003/editor/030804/030804_183040.html|title=《风云争霸》蒋勤勤死心塌地的爱|date=August 4, 2003|work=Netease|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2005
|''Ụmụ nwanyị Han''
|Nnukwu Hanja
|Xin Zhui
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://yule.sohu.com/2004/06/11/33/article220483361.shtml|title=《大汉巾帼》蒋勤勤华贵古典造型曝光|date=June 11, 2004|work=Sohu|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2006
|''Nnukwu Ogige Qiao''
|Nnukwu ụlọ
|Lu Yuhan
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/shanxi/2012-03/12/content_14812873.htm|title=Mansion of the Qiao Family|date=March 12, 2010|work=China Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Ọ bụrụ na Ọnwa nwere Anya''
|Ọ bụrụ na ọnwa nwere anya
|Fan Meiyin
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2006-12-29/15531391465.html|title=蒋勤勤生子前主演《如果月亮有眼睛》即将播出|date=December 29, 2006|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
|Ezinụlọ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri
|Lianyi
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2006-08-15/19131202249.html|title=陈晓东蒋勤勤演绎苦命鸳鸯 《香粉世家》将播出|date=August 15, 2006|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
|''Ọgbọ Anọ n'okpuru Otu Elu ụlọ''
|Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Anọ
|Yunmei
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/6666/2009/04/29/1321s480170.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503010537/http://english.cri.cn/6666/2009/04/29/1321s480170.htm|archivedate=May 3, 2009|title=Close-up of 'Four Generations Living Together' Remake|date=April 29, 2009|work=China Radio International}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2011
|''Ime ka e nwee oge''
|Ebe a na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha
|Abụ Qingling
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2011-01-20/15173214787.shtml|title=陈建斌蒋勤勤夫妇再携手 《开天辟地》全新合作|date=November 20, 2011|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''China 1945''
|China1945 nke重庆风云
|Abụ Mmetụta
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2011-06-28/14353346299.shtml|title=《中国1945》袁莉蒋勤勤演绎宋家别样姐妹花|date=June 28, 2011|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Oge Ukwu''
|Oge Ukwu
|Liang Hongyu
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/s/m/2010-03-16/09362898489.shtml|title=内地版《大时代》筹拍 段奕宏携手蒋勤勤领衔|date=March 26, 2010|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2014
|''Agha Nna Nna Ukwu na-emegide ndị Japan''
|Nnukwu agha
|Akpụkpọ ahụ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2014-12/05/content_19033089.htm|title=Vengeance drives new wartime TV series|date=December 5, 2014|work=China Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|
|Ọhịa
|Tian Jiahui
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2017-09-07/doc-ifykusey4396486.shtml|title=《田姐辣妹》将播 蒋勤勤化身辣姐全程diss爆金句|date=September 7, 2017|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Agbụrụ na Alaeze Ukwu: Oké Ifufe nke Amụma''
|九州·海上牧云记
|Nanku Mingyi
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2017-11-16/doc-ifynstfi0298943.shtml|title=《海上牧云记》曝皇后剧照 蒋勤勤雍容威严气场足|date=November 16, 2017|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2020
|''Osimiri Na-ere Ọkụ''
|Nchọgharị nke anwụrụ ọkụ
|Lin Yuhong
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjnews.com.cn/ent/2019/11/22/653105.html|title=蒋勤勤回老家演女刑警，拍完《迷雾追踪》不敢关灯睡觉|date=November 22, 2019|work=Beijing News|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2021
|''Nwanyị Mara Mma''
|Nne nke ezinụlọ
|Shen Cuixi
|
|}

== Onyinye na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ihe nrite
!Ụdị
!Ọrụ ndị a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
!Ihe mgbochi.
|-
|2001
|Onyinye Otu Narị Flowers nke iri abụọ na anọ
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|''Agha China na Netherlands 1661''||{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2004
|Onyinye Golden Rooster nke iri abụọ na anọ
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nwanne m nwanyị''||{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2005
|Emume ihe nkiri ụmụ akwụkwọ nke iri na abụọ nke Beijing CollegeEmume ihe nkiri ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji nke Beijing
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma||{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Onyinye Golden Phoenix nke iri
|Onyinye Society||{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;golden&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-08/08/content_467220.htm|title=Jiang Qinqin wins film award|work=China Daily|date=August 8, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2006
|Ihe nrite Golden Eagle nke 23 nke China TVIhe nrite Golden Eagle nke China TV
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Nnukwu Ogige Qiao''||{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2007-08-27/10511691134.shtml|title=第26届中国电视剧飞天奖 《乔家大院》成大赢家|date=August 27, 2007|work=Sina|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Emume nka nke isii nke China Golden Eagle TVEmemme Nkà Ihe Nkà nke China Golden Eagle TV
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri a ma ama||{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cctv.com/program/cultureexpress/20061101/100382.shtml|title=Zhang and Jiang win Most Popular TV Actor and Actress|date=January 1, 2006|work=CCTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2007
|Ihe nrite nke iri abụọ na isii nke Flying ApsarasOnyinye Apsaras Na-efe efe
|Onye Na-eme Ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè||{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cctv.com/program/cultureexpress/20070828/100973_1.shtml|title=&quot;Flying Apsaras Awards&quot; handed out in Beijing|date=August 28, 2007|work=CCTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
|Ihe nrite nke 13 nke HuabiaoIhe nrite Huabiao
|Onye Na-eme Ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè
|''Obodo Nrọ''||{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2011
|Ihe nrite Golden Rooster nke iri abụọ na asatọOnyinye Golden Rooster
|Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Anyanwụ''||{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2012
|Emume ihe nkiri nke iri na otu nke ChangchunEmume ihe nkiri Changchun
|Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma||{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2015
|Emume ihe nkiri nke asaa nke ChinaEmume ihe nkiri China
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Onye nzuzu''||{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2016-10/27/content_39579270.htm|title=Kris Wu, Jiang Qinqin honored in Tokyo|date=October 27, 2016|work=China.org.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016
|1st Gold Aries Award Macau International Film Festival
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma||{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2016-03/09/content_23792443.htm|title=Goodbye Mr. Loser the biggest winner at Gold Aries Awards|date=March 9, 2016|work=China Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Emume ihe nkiri ụmụ akwụkwọ nke 23 nke Beijing CollegeEmume ihe nkiri ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji nke Beijing
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma||{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024
|Ihe nrite ihe nkiri Eshia nke iri na asaa
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ebe obibi n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri West''||{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/asia-film-awards-2024-winners-1235846437/|title=Asia Film Awards: Ryusuke Hamaguchi's 'Evil Does Not Exist' Wins Best Film|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 10, 2024|accessdate=March 11, 2024|author=Patrick Brzeski|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311091957/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/asia-film-awards-2024-winners-1235846437/|archivedate=March 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Emume ihe nkiri ụmụ akwụkwọ nke 31 nke Beijing CollegeEmume ihe nkiri ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji nke Beijing
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị amasị ya||{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/2024/05-05/10211308.shtml|title=第31届大学生电影节&quot;青春之夜&quot;圆满落幕|work=China News|date=5 May 2024|accessdate=7 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514165832/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/2024/05-05/10211308.shtml|archivedate=14 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Jiang QinqinnaIMDb
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101224140253/http://data.ent.sina.com.cn/star/675.html Peeji Jiang Qinqin na Sina] E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
{{Asian Film Award for Best Actress}}{{Golden Eagle Award (China) Best Actress}}{{Flying Apsaras Award for Outstanding Actress}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Jiang, Qinqin}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:All articles with unsourced statements]]</text>
      <sha1>0ww5fq3jhe17eebz8l2a7q1yalum44n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>Idei mmiri nke 1988 na Sudan</title>
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N’isi mmalite Ọgọst 1988, nnukwu idei mmiri dakwasịrị Khartoum, bụ́ isi obodo Sudan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=January 6, 1989|title=International Notes Health Assessment of the Population Affected by Flood Conditions -- Khartoum, Sudan|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001323.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010219105126/http://www.cdc.gov:80/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/00001323.htm |archive-date=2001-02-19 |access-date=2020-10-15|website=[[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report]]|publisher=US [[Centers for Disease Control]]}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na 4 Ọgọst, mpaghara Khartoum nwetara mmiri ozuzo ruru sentimita 8.4 (milimita 210) n’ime awa 24, nke karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke mmiri ozuzo a na-enwetakarị n’afọ dum. [1]Oke mmiri ozuzo dakwara ọzọ na 11 na 13 Ọgọst. [1]Mmiri ozuzo ahụ na idei mmiri sochiri ya bibiri ihe e mere atụmatụ na ọ bụ ụlọ obibi 127,000, bụ́ ndị nwere ihe dị ka ndị bi 750,000 n’ime ha; ọtụtụ n’ime ndị a bụ ndị ebuola ụzọ chụpụ ma ọ bụ kwaga site n’akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Sudan. [1]Na mgbakwunye, ihe oriri na mmiri, usoro ịdị ọcha na idebe gburugburu ọcha (sanitation), njem/ụgbọ njem, na usoro nkwukọrịta mebiri nke ukwuu ma ọ bụ kwụsị ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma. [1]Ọtụtụ mmadụ iri asatọ (80) nwụrụ n’ihi idei mmiri ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kramer|first=Robert S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OKZRewiEOsC&amp;dq=august+1988+floods+sudan&amp;pg=PR48|title=Historical Dictionary of the Sudan|date=2013-03-22|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7940-9|location=|pages=xlviii|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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Mgbukpọ Aluu Four bụ mgbukpọ olu nke metụtara ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Ngalaba Geology na Mahadum Port Harcourt. Aha ha bụ Ugonna Obuzor, Lloyd Toku, Chiadika Biringa, na Tekena Elkanah. E gburu ha niile mgbe e boro ha ebubo [[Ohi|izu ohi]] na Aluu, obodo dị na mpaghara ọchịchị [[Ikwerre]], Rivers State, Nigeria, na 5 Ọktoba 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;mob&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/26/world/africa/nigeria-mob-justice-duthiers/|publisher=CNN|title=Did misunderstanding lead to horrific Nigeria mob killings?|author=Vladimir Duthiers|date=November 26, 2012|accessdate=August 1, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationng.com/2012/10/real-story-behind-the-burning-alive-of-four-uniport-students-in-port-harcourt-yesterday.html|work=Information Nigeria|title=Real Story Behind The Burning Alive Of Four UNIPORT Students In Port Harcourt Yesterday|date=6 October 2012|accessdate=August 1, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe mere ==
Chiadika Biringa, Lloyd Toku Mike, Tekena Elkanah and Ugonna Obuzor were all friends and coincidentally first sons of their parents, and students of University of Port Harcourt.  The four students were also occasional roommates.  Ugonna sometimes spent the night with Tekena who lived outside the campus because his residence on campus was broken into multiple times by armed robbers. Ugonna had a debtor called Bright who owed him some undisclosed amount of money. Ugonna sought the help of his fellow rapper Lloyd, childhood friend Tekena and roommate Chiadika. Together they ventured to the house of the debtor around midnight carrying axe, pen knife, cutlass, and a gun in order to scare the debtor. Allegedly, a misunderstanding ensued and eventually turned into a fight.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2017-08-03|title=Aluu Four: Justice at last|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/08/aluu-four-justice-last/|accessdate=2021-09-10|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gabriel-Job|first=Nneka|date=2018|title=Determinants of the age at sexual debut among adolescents in secondary schools in Obio/Akpor local government area of Rivers State, Nigeria|journal=Port Harcourt Medical Journal|volume=12|issue=2|doi=10.4103/phmj.phmj_7_18|issn=0795-3038}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye ji ụgwọ bụ Bright malitere iti mkpu, na-azọrọ na ndị ikom ahụ nọ ebe ahụ iji zuo laptọọpụ na ekwentị mkpanaaka. A dọrọ otu ndị na-eche nche si Aluu aka na ntị na ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ ndị omempụ na-enye obodo nsogbu. Tupu ndị vigilantes abịarute, otu ìgwè mmadụ malitere ịchụ ndị ikom anọ ahụ n'okporo ámá na osisi na nkume. E jidere ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ, yipụ ha ọtọ, tie ha ihe ma mekpọọ ha ọnụ ruo mgbe ha fọrọ nke nta ka ha tụbọọ. N'ihu ìgwè ndị uwe ojii Naijiria na ụmụ amaala ndị ọzọ, a dọbara ha n'ime apịtị, tụba steepụ n'isi ha na taya ụgbọ ala jupụtara na mmanụ ụgbọala n'olu ha (&quot;olu&quot;) iji gbaa ha ọkụ. Enweghị mgbalị ọ bụla site n'aka ndị na-ekiri iji kwụsị nke a, gụnyere [[Nigeria Police Force|Ndị uwe ojii Naijiria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.elombah.com/index.php/write-for-us/12834-the-true-story-about-the-4-murdered-uniport-students|website=Elombah|title=The true story about the 4 Murdered Uniport students|accessdate=August 1, 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nwanne nwanyị Tekena chọpụtara na a ga-egbu nwanne ya nwoke na ndị enyi ya site na &quot;ikpe ziri ezi n'oké ọhịa&quot;.Ọ gbalịrị itinye aka site n'iti mkpu ma kwughachi na aka ha dị ọcha mana ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Ìgwè mmadụ ahụ meriri ya. Ndị mmadụ gwara ya ka ọ gbapụ. Na mgbalị ikpeazụ, ọ kpọtụrụ ndị ezinụlọ na ndị uwe ojii mana e gburu ndị ikom ahụ n'oge a chọrọ enyemaka. E ji ekwentị mkpanaaka mee ihe nkiri igbu ọchụ ahụ ma bulite ya na [[Intanet|Ịntanetị]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mob&quot; /&gt;

== Mmeghachi omume ==
Vidiyo nkeji 3–5 nke gosiri ha &quot;a na-akụ olu&quot; n'ala, a kụrụ ha ọtụtụ ugboro ma mechaa gbaa ha ọkụ, gbasaara na ịntanetị, ebe ọtụtụ ndị na-ekiri ya katọrọ mpụ ahụ [a na-atụ aro ya]. E zigara ezinụlọ ndị ahụ metụtara katọọ ndị Sineti. Ndị Sineti katọrọ ndị obodo ahụ mere ikpe ziri ezi n'enweghị ikpe n'ihu ìgwè mmadụ [a na-atụ aro ya]. Ụmụ akwụkwọ Mahadum mere mkpesa maka ogbugbu ahụ ma mee ngagharị iwe, bibie ihe onwunwe dị n'obodo ebe a gbubiri ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ.[1].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Updated: UNIPORT shut down as students protest death of slain colleagues|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2012/10/09/uniport-students-block-eastwest-road-in-protest-of-slain-colleagues/|accessdate=2022-03-09|work=Channels Television|date=9 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe si na ya pụta ==
A maara igbu mmadụ n'ala Naịjirịa na ụwa niile. Mpụ ahụ kpughere &quot;ikpe ziri ezi nke ọhịa&quot; ma ọ bụ ikpe ziri ezi nke ndị mmadụ na Naịjirịa.[1][2] E jidere ọtụtụ mmadụ maka mpụ ahụ.|url=https://www.naijanews.com/2019/05/02/jungle-justice-mob-kills-mad-man-in-rivers-see-why/ |access-date=2022-03-09 |newspaper=[[Naija News]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-10-03 |title=Jungle justice: Sokoto leads as 190 killed in 2yrs |url=https://dailytrust.com/jungle-justice-sokoto-leads-as-190-killed-in-2yrs |access-date=2022-03-09 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Julaị 31, 2017, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Rivers State mara onye isi ndị uwe ojii Lucky Orji, David Chinasa Ogbada na Ikechukwu Louis Amadi (aka Kapoon) ikpe ọnwụ maka itinye aka na ogbugbu nke ụmụ akwụkwọ anọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2017-07-31|title=Aluu Four: Police sergeant, 2 others sentenced to death|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/07/aluu-four-police-sergeant-2-others-sentenced-death/|accessdate=2021-09-10|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-03-27|title=Aluu Four: Policeman, two others sentenced to death {{!}} FRONTLINE NEWS|language=en-GB|work=FRONTLINE NEWS|url=https://frontlinenews.com.ng/aluu-four-policeman-two-others-sentenced-to-death/|accessdate=2021-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụlọ ikpe ahụ tọhapụrụ mmadụ anọ n'ime ndị a na-enyo enyo na ikpe ahụ, Saviour Johnny, Abiodun Yusuf, Joshua Ekpe na Cyril Abang. &lt;ref name=&quot;mob&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=189842|work=Osun defender|title=Aluu 4 Killing: Is Justice Dead In Nigeria??? Group Laments Delay In Trial Of Suspects|accessdate=August 1, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101054027/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=189842|archivedate=November 1, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/10/murder-uniport-students-on-rampage-set-omuokiri-aluu-ablaze/|title=Murder: Uniport students on rampage, set omuokiri, aluu ablaze|date=9 October 2012|accessdate=August 1, 2015|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E wepụtara ihe nkiri akpọrọ &quot;Dark October&quot; nke dabeere na lynching nke na-akọwa otú ihe omume ahụ (lynching) si malite, na Netflix na 4 February 2023. Ọ bụ [[Toka McBaror|Toka Mcbaror]] duziri ya ma [[Linda Ikeji]] mepụtara ya.

Akụkọ ifo nke igbu ọchụ ahụ bụ ihe ndabere nke atụmatụ ahụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Lightseekers nke Femi Kayode dere na 2021, ebe e ji obi ọjọọ gbuo ụmụ akwụkwọ atọ na-eto eto n'obodo mahadum Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Guest|first=Africa in Words|date=2021-07-08|title='Campus Gangsterism' – A review of Femi Kayode's &quot;Lightseekers&quot;|url=https://africainwords.com/2021/07/08/campus-gangsterism-a-review-of-femi-kayodes-lightseekers/|accessdate=2023-12-19|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Obodo Aluu ===
'''Aluu''' dị na Ikwerre Local Government Area nke Rivers State. Isi obodo Rivers State, Port Harcourt dị ihe dịka kilomita 19 / 12 mi site na Aluu (dị ka ugoloọma na-efe efe). &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Ogologo oge site na '''Aluu''' ruo n'isi obodo Naijiria, 'Abuja' bụ ihe dịka kilomita 461 / 286 mi (dị ka ugoloọma na-efe efe).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aluu, Nigeria - Facts and information on Aluu - Nigeria.Places-in-the-world.com|url=https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/2350362-place-Aluu.html|accessdate=2023-05-04|work=nigeria.places-in-the-world.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-04-14|title=Cultists behead four in Rivers, kill three others|url=https://guardian.ng/news/cultists-behead-four-in-rivers-kill-three-others/|accessdate=2023-05-04|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Enweghị mmiri na Kenya</title>
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'''Enweghị mmiri na Kenya''' na-emetụta ndị Kenya na-adabere na mmiri, ọ bụghị naanị maka ịṅụ mmiri kamakwa maka ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji ahịhịa ala mmiri eme ihe iji nye nri ma na-azụ anụ ụlọ. Enweghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha emetụtala ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na Kenya niile n'ihi iji ala eme ihe n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na mmụba nke ebe obibi obodo. Otu ihe atụ a kapịrị ọnụ nke a dị n'ọhịa Mau, n'ugwu Kenya, nke ahụ bụ isi mmiri maka mba ahụ. Na Mau Complex, ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ejirila ala mee ihe maka uru onwe ha, na-emepụta ụlọ na ugbo na mmefu nke ụdị dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Environmental Programme. Mau Complex Under Siege. 2005. Print&lt;/ref&gt;

Mbibi nke osisi n'ime ọhịa ahụ emeela ka ala na-agbada nke ukwuu, nke na-emetọ mmiri. Ihe omume a dị na mba ahụ niile ma site na mgbakwunye nke nsị anụmanụ na nke mmadụ n'ime mmiri emetọla, ọ emeela ka ịchọta mmiri dị ọcha sie ike maka ụmụ amaala Kenya. Ọnọdụ mmiri dị ugbu a akpatawo ọtụtụ nsogbu gụnyere ọtụtụ ọrịa na esemokwu agbụrụ maka ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MwangiWilson&quot;&gt;Mwangi, Wilson. Baseline survey of the Molo River. Molo, Kenya: Network for Ecofarming in Africa. 2009. Print&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Children_in_Kenya_carrying_water_from_the_river.webm|thumb|304x304px|Vidio nke ụmụaka nọ n'ime ime obodo Kenya na-ebu mmiri si n'osimiri ahụ]]
Tụkwasị na nke a, ka mmiri dị ọcha na-esiwanye ike ịchọta, a na-amanye ụmụ nwanyị ịga ije ọtụtụ kilomita kwa ụbọchị iji chọta mmiri dị mkpa maka ezinụlọ. Nnukwu nsogbu ọzọ na mmiri dị ọcha na Kenya bụ mbata nke ndị mmadụ na-akwaga n'obodo ukwu dị ka Nairobi, nke na-emepụta nnukwu ogige ndị nwere ụfọdụ ọnọdụ ndụ kachasị njọ na mmiri kachasị emetọ na mba ahụ. Mmekọrịta a n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na mmiri dị ugbu a n'oge dị oke mkpa na Kenya ka mba ahụ na-eche nnukwu ụkọ ikike maka ụmụ amaala ịnata mmiri ha chọrọ nke ukwuu ihu. Ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na njikwa ala na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inyere aka ijide n'aka na mba a nwere mmiri ọ chọrọ n'ụzọ ọ ga-esi ghọọ mba mepere emepe.&lt;ref name=&quot;MwangiWilson&quot; /&gt;

== Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya ==
Ịghọta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke Kenya chọrọ ile anya ọ bụghị naanị na gburugburu ebe obibi kamakwa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mba ka na-emepe emepe. Site na mmụba ngwa ngwa, ịkwado gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkwado mmụba bụ ihe ịma aka. Ndị bi na ya na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye ka akụ na ụba na akụ na ụba si n'aka na-agbasi mbọ ike. Ndị bi na Kenya na-eche oke ịda ogbenye ihu, ruo 43% na 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;rmportal&quot;&gt;Page, Kara. [http://www.rmportal.net/library/content/frame/kenya.pdf “USAID/ &quot;Kenya Strategic Plan: Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment&quot;]. Natural Resource Management and Development Portal. (2000): 1–40.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime ndị mmadụ na-adabere n'ọrụ ugbo dị ka ụzọ ndụ, ọ na-esiri ike igbochi ọrụ ugbo na ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi n'ewepụghị ihe onwunwe ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-arịwanye elu chọrọ ịlanarị. Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu na-etinye nrụgide na akụrụngwa mmiri site na ọrụ ugbo, ala na iji ike yana ihe ndị ọzọ. Ebe ala nke ihe onwunwe mmiri na Kenya bụkwa isi ihe. A naghị ekesa mmiri n'otu ụzọ ahụ na mba ahụ dum, na-ahapụ nnukwu ebe kpọrọ nkụ. Ihe dị ka 80% nke ihe onwunwe mmiri nke Kenya enweghị nchebe ọ bụla mana ọ bụghị n'enweghị mmebi site na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu na ọrụ ugbo.

A na-amata usoro mmiri nke Kenya na mba ụwa maka mkpa ha dị maka ụdị dị iche iche na Nnụnụ na-agagharị. Nsogbu mmiri na-emetụta anụ ọhịa n'onwe ya, ebe ọ bụ na nnweta mmiri ọṅụṅụ bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ndụ. Anụ ọhịa na-emetụtakwa n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na iji mmiri eme ihe iji kwado anụ ụlọ na ọrụ ugbo, nke na-asọ mpi na anụ ọhịa maka obere mmiri. A maara Kenya maka ụdị dị iche iche na ọgaranya ya; ọ nọ na mba iri ise kachasị elu nke ọgaranya. O nwekwara otu n'ime pasentị kachasị elu nke ụdị anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara.&lt;ref name=&quot;rmportal&quot; /&gt;

== Mmetụta nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na ihe onwunwe mmiri ==
[[Faịlụ:Tree_cutting_at_Karura_forest.jpg|alt=Tree cutting in Karura forest-Nairobi Kenya|thumb|361x361px|'''Ịkpụ osisi n'ọhịa Karura-Nairobi Kenya''']]
Oké ọhịa dị mkpa n'ichebe ebe mmiri na-enweta. Mgbe a na-egbutu nnukwu ọhịa, [[Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]] dị ka mmiri nwere ike imetụta ya. Kenya nwere otu n'ime oké ọhịa dịgasị iche iche n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka.&lt;ref name=&quot;rmportal&quot; /&gt; mana a na-eyi ọhịa ndị a egwu n'ihi na a na-eji ha eme ihe nke ukwuu dị ka isi iyi nke mmanụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee ha ka ha bụrụ ala ọrụ ugbo. Ịkụ osisi maka mmanụ bụ otu n'ime isi ihe mere ọhịa ji yie egwu. N'ime nde tọn 22 nke ngwaahịa osisi eji eme ihe na Kenya, nde 20 ka a na-eji maka mmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;rmportal&quot; /&gt;

A ga-anọgide na-ebibi nnukwu ọhịa ma ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na-egbute osisi na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ anaghị ebelata. Nsogbu ọzọ mgbe a na-egbubi ala maka ọrụ ugbo bụ na ọhịa na-etolite n'ala na-adịghị mma nke na-adịghị adaba maka ọrụ ugpo. Ya mere, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-aga n'ihu na-ebibi ọhịa n'ebe ọhụrụ mgbe ihe oriri ala dị ụkọ iji kwado ọrụ ugbo.

E nwere ọtụtụ mmegide gburugburu ihe onwunwe mmiri na Kenya. Obodo ndị nsogbu mmiri ndị a metụtara nwere ọtụtụ ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu ndị a. E nwekwara ọtụtụ òtù na-enyere obodo ndị a aka. Otú ọ dị, nke a edozibeghị nsogbu ahụ. E nwere ọtụtụ ike na-arụ ọrụ n'otu oge megide ngwọta nke nsogbu mmiri na Kenya. E nwere ọtụtụ òtù na-arụ ọrụ iji nyere aka dozie nsogbu mmiri na Kenya. Quest4Change, waterWater.org, WaterRelief bụ ihe atụ nke òtù ndị dị otú ahụ. Site n'ọrụ ha, ha enyewo ọtụtụ ndị chọrọ ya mmiri dị ọcha.&lt;ref&gt;WaterRelief – Kenya – Quest Overseas.&quot; Gap Year Specialists – Quest Overseas. Web. 5 Mar 2011. &lt;http://www.questoverseas.com/kenya-water-relief-gap-year.html&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Quest4Change | Web. 5 March 2011. [http://www.quest4change.org Home Page]&lt;/ref&gt; Iwu olulu mmiri bụ otu ihe ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-emekarị. Ọ bụ ezie na mmepụta nke olulu mmiri ahụ na-ewe naanị ụbọchị ole na ole, atụmatụ ahụ na-ewere ọnwa ole na ole. A chọpụtara na mgbe obodo na-arịọ maka enyemaka iwu olulu mmiri, obodo ndị a na-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịnọgide na-enweta mmiri ha karịa obodo ndị a bịakwutere ma nye ha olulu mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;K'akumu, O. A 2008&quot;&gt;K'akumu, O. A. &quot;Mainstreaming the Participatory Approach in Water Resource Governance: The 2002 water law in Kenya.&quot; Development 51.1 (2008): 56–62. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web.&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ahọpụta kọmitii mmiri iji duzie usoro iwu olulu mmiri. Ọ dị mkpa iburu ọtụtụ ihe dịka nkume gaa n'ebe ahụ. Nnyocha nke ala na-egosi ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ezigbo ebe. A na-egwu oghere ahụ ma ozugbo mmiri kụrụ, a na-etinye mgbapụta ma tinye okpu simenti.&lt;ref name=&quot;K'akumu, O. A 2008&quot;/&gt;

Nke a na-enye ndị mmadụ na Kenya ohere inwe isi iyi mmiri dị nchebe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=lotus.co.ke|url=http://lotus.co.ke/clean-safe-drinking-water-in-kenya/|title=clean safe drinking water in kenya|publisher=lotus.co.ke|date=11 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù ndị a na-ewu obere ihe mgbochi mmiri maka obodo. Nke a na-enye obodo ohere inwe isi iyi mmiri n'oge ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ma na-enye ha ohere a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na ojiji nke mmiri dị ọcha.

Agụmakwụkwọ bụ akụkụ ọzọ dị mkpa nke òtù ndị a. Ha na-akụziri ndị mmadụ mkpa ọ dị inwe mmiri dị ọcha na ịdị ọcha kwesịrị ekwesị iji gbochie ọrịa ma mee ka ahụike dịkwuo mma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=lotus.co.ke |url=http://lotus.co.ke/clean-safe-drinking-water-in-kenya/ |title=clean safe drinking water in kenya |publisher=lotus.co.ke |date=11 November 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; These organisations also build small dams for communities. This allows communities to have water sources in times of droughts and gives them more reliable access to and consumption of clean water.&lt;ref name=&quot;K'akumu, O. A 2008&quot;/&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Mauskogen.png|thumb|Map Oké ọhịa Mau nke ụcha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gosipụtara]]
Ọhịa Mau efunahụla otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mkpuchi mbụ ya kemgbe afọ 1980. &lt;ref&gt;Charles Maina Gichaba, et al. &quot;Assessing land cover change in Kenya's Mau Forest region using remotely sensed data.&quot; African Journal of Ecology 46.1 (2008): 46–54. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web.&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Ogiek na-ebi n'ọhịa ahụ. Ha na-anọgide na-ebi ndụ na-achụ nta na-achịkọta ihe nke na-adịgide adịgide. E nweela mmụba n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ime ọhịa ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime uto ahụ bụ n'ihi mbata na ọpụpụ. Ndị ọhụrụ a ewepụla ala ọhịa ma na-eduga n'ụzọ ndụ na-adịghị adịgide adịgide.

A na-eji ala ahụ eme ihe ugbu a maka ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Mgbukpọ a n'obodo ukwu emeela ka e jiri mmiri osimiri mee ihe gabigara ókè. 
Ịkpọ nkụ nke osimiri ndị a na-echegbu onwe ha nke ukwuu. Ọtụtụ obodo na-eji osimiri ndị a na-agbadata n'isi mmiri. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eyi osimiri ndị a egwu na isi iyi ha, ha anaghị enye ọtụtụ mmiri maka ọtụtụ ndị chọrọ ya ka ha na-agbadata. Ọ na-eyi ọtụtụ akụkụ okike ndị ọzọ nke ọhịa egwu. Osimiri ndị a dị mkpa maka ịchịkwa mmiri nke osimiri, ibelata idei mmiri, nchekwa mmiri, mbelata mbuze ala, ụdị dị iche iche, njide carbon, ebe nchekwa carbon na nchịkwa microclimate.

Enweela mmegharị obodo dị iche iche iji chekwaa ma weghachite ọnọdụ ọhịa a. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ụzọ a na-eji eweghachi ọhịa ahụ nwere ike ime ka ihe na-erughị mmadụ puku abụọ (2,000), bụ́ ndị nwere akwụkwọ ikike ala n’ime ọhịa ahụ, hapụ ebe ha bi ma ọ bụ ala ha.E nwekwara mgbalị ndị ọzọ iji nyere ndị bi n’ime ọhịa ahụ aka ka ha nwee ike ibi na ya ma na-eme ihe n’ụzọ na-emetaghị gburugburu ebe obibi nke ukwuu.Greenbelt Movement na-akwụ ndị mmadụ ego ka ha kụọ osisi. Nke a bụ ụdị mkpali/ụgwọ agbamume (incentive) iji gbaa ndị mmadụ ume ịkụ osisi, mana ihe ga-esi na ya pụta ka dị ka ihe na-adịghị enwe olileanya nke ukwuu, n’ihi na agbụrụ ndị a na-elekwasị anya karịa n’ọdịmma nke onwe ha karịa n’ọdịmma ndị mmadụ bi ọtụtụ kilomita n’ala osimiri ahụ.

== Gọọmentị na nsogbu mmiri nke Kenya ==
Gọọmentị Kenya enweghị ego iji lekọta usoro ọkpọkọ siri ike. Ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị bi na Kenya enweghị mmiri a na-etinye na paịpụ, maka ndị na-eme ya, mmiri ahụ na-abụkarị ihe na-adịghị ọcha n'ihi usoro ndị a na-arụ nke ọma na-ata ahụhụ site na mmebi ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Eric Maino|url=http://www.newsfromafrica.org/newsfromafrica/articles/art_834.html|title=Irony of Kenya's water crisis|publisher=Newsfromafrica.org|date=11 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928200209/http://www.newsfromafrica.org/newsfromafrica/articles/art_834.html|archivedate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E meela ọtụtụ omume na mgbanwe iji nyere ọnọdụ Kenya aka, mana mba ahụ ka na-ata ahụhụ site na nsogbu mmiri dị njọ karịa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa. N'afọ 1974, gọọmentị malitere National Water Master Plan, na ebumnuche nke inwe mmiri a na-aṅụ na mmiri dị n'ime ụlọ ọ bụla site n'afọ 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=World Water Assessment Programme|date=2006|title=Kenya national water development report: case study|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000148866|work=UNESDOC Digital Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi esemokwu dị n'etiti obodo ukwu ndị nwere mmiri na ime obodo ebe a dụrụ ndị na-etinye ego ọdụ ka ha ghara imepe emepe, enwetaghị ego iji mee ka nke a mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;Welcome to our electronic office&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Welcome to our electronic office|url=http://www.nwcpc.go.ke/|title=WELCOME TO NWCPC &amp;#124; National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation|publisher=Nwcpc.go.ke|date=24 June 1988|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423081417/http://www.nwcpc.go.ke/|archivedate=23 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Water_point_-_Kegonche_village-Kuria_East_Sub_County.jpg|alt=Water point - Kegonche village-Kuria East Sub County in Migori County, Kenya|thumb|338x338px|'''Ebe mmiri - obodo Kegonche-Kuria East Sub County na Migori County, Kenya''']]
Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụla ihe ịga nke ọma site na mbọ ha na-agba inye aka n'inweta mmiri dị mma. National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation enyewo enyemaka dị ukwuu kemgbe e guzobere ya na June 1988. Nzukọ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ iji mepụta ihe mgbochi mmiri na dike, jikwaa njikwa idei mmiri, ma nyere aka na mmiri na-agbapụta ala. Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ maka nchekwa na nkwado nke mmiri n'afọ niile na iji ala na mmiri idei mmiri eme ihe ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Welcome to our electronic office&quot; /&gt;

Ìgwè ndị na-arụ ọrụ na mpụga Kenya anọwo na-etinye aka. Kemgbe afọ 1997, [[Kansụl Ndị Gbara Ọsọ Ndụ nke Denmark]] anọwo na-enye ọrụ enyemaka ma na-enye aka na mmepe nke usoro mmiri dị ọcha na Kenya na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke East Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.drc.dk/relief-work/where-we-work/horn-of-africa-and-yemen/kenya/|title=Kenya|publisher=drc.dk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na Kenya enwetawokwa usoro inye mmiri nke òtù ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na òtù enyemaka onwe onye wuru. A na-ewukarị usoro ndị a site n’ego sitere na onyinye na nkwado nke Ngalaba Mmepe Mmiri (Department of Water Development). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mumma |first=Albert |date=2005 |title=Kenya's new water law: an analysis of the implications for the rural poor |url=http://www.nri.org/projects/waterlaw/AWLworkshop/MUMMA-A.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101236/http://www.nri.org/projects/waterlaw/AWLworkshop/MUMMA-A.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=28 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; N’agbanyeghị nke ahụ, obodo ahụ ka na-enwe nsogbu, dịkwa ka ndị ọzọ na-ekerịta isi mmiri ya si enwe. Ihe karịrị mba iri na abụọ (12) na-ekerịta ọdọ mmiri/ebe mmiri na-agbakọta (river basins) na Kenya, ma ruo ugbu a, enwebeghị usoro nkwekọrịta mba ụwa e guzobere iji hazie ma chịkwaa otú a ga-esi elekọta ma jiri akụrụngwa mmiri ndị a ha na-ekekọrịta. .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/projects/kenya/|title=Kenya|publisher=Water.org|accessdate=28 April 2011|archivedate=17 October 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017141957/http://water.org/projects/kenya/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Agha mmiri n'etiti Ethiopia na Kenya
* Mmiri na ịdị ọcha na Kenya
* Nsụda Mmiri Thomson
* [[Ụkọ mmiri|Enweghị mmiri]]
* Oké ọkọchị na Kenya na 2008-2009

== Edensibịa ==
 
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Karrie G. Dixon
| office              = 13th Chancellor of [[North Carolina Central University]]
| term_start          = July 1, 2024
| term_end            = 
| predecessor         = [[Johnson O. Akinleye]]
| successor           = 
| office1             = 7th Chancellor of [[Elizabeth City State University]]
| termstart1          = April 9, 2018
| termend1            = June 30, 2024 &lt;br&gt; ''Interim: April 9, 2018 - December 14, 2018''
| predecessor1        = Thomas Conway
| successor1          = Catherine Edmonds
| education           = [[North Carolina State University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[EdD]]) &lt;br&gt;[[University of North Carolina at Greensboro]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| children            = 2
| birth_name          = Karrie Gibson
| image               = 
| caption             = Dixon in 2025
}}
'''Karrie Gibson Dixon''' bụ onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ Amerịka na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nke iri na atọ na onye isi nchịkwa nke Mahadum North Carolina Central kemgbe 2024. Ọ bụbu onye isi ọchịchị nke Elizabeth City State University.

== Ndụ ==
Dixon si Winston-Salem, North Carolina .  Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị Pamela na Aldine Gibson.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1993, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Carver High School . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dixon gụsịrị B.A. na nkwukọrịta na mkpokọta ihe gbasara nkwukọrịta ọha na eze na mmekọrịta ọha na eze yana obere na Bekee na Mahadum North Carolina State na 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Levitan|first=Monica|date=2018-12-16|title=Elizabeth City State University Appoints Dr. Karrie G. Dixon as its Next Chancellor|url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/news-roundup/article/15103829/elizabeth-city-state-university-appoints-dr-karrie-g-dixon-as-its-next-chancellor|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2000, ọ nwetara nzere M.A. na nkwukọrịta okwu okwu na itinye uche na nkwurugwu na nyocha na Mahadum North Carolina na Greensboro . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ natara Ed.D. na agụmakwụkwọ kọleji ndị okenye na obodo site na Mahadum North Carolina State . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akụkọ ya nke afọ 2003 bụ, Factors Associated with Academic and Social Integration of Freshman Students in the First Year College at North Carolina State University . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Wynetta Lee bụ onye ndụmọdụ dọktọ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2008, Dixon ghọrọ onye isi nchịkwa na Mahadum nke North Carolina (UNC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Deen|first=Lango|date=March 27, 2019|title=Female Presidents at the Nation's HBCUs|url=https://www.blackengineer.com/article/female-college-presidents-at-the-nations-hbcus/|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=Black Engineer|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka osote osote provost na Mahadum Steeti North Carolina nakwa prọfesọ enyemaka na ngalaba nduzi, amụma, ndị okenye, na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2014, Dixon ghọrọ osote onye isi oche ya maka ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chancellor Karrie G. Dixon's Biography|url=https://www.ecsu.edu/about/leadership/chancellor-bio.php|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=www.ecsu.edu|archive-date=2024-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214053130/https://www.ecsu.edu/about/leadership/chancellor-bio.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye isi ọrụ UNC na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụmụ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Mahadum Elizabeth City State, nọchiri [[Thomas Conway, Jr.]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 14, 2018|title=Dr. Karrie G. Dixon Named Chancellor of Elizabeth City State University|url=https://www.northcarolina.edu/news/dr-karrie-g-dixon-named-chancellor-of-elizabeth-city-state-university/|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=University of North Carolina}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2018, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke iri na abụọ na onye isi oche asaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;Dixon bụ nwanyị nke abụọ ga-ejide ọkwa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
 
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Onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ ozi igbe ozi
| aha = Melissa Gilliam
| foto = Melissa Gilliam na MacLean Center Lecture Series.jpg
| nkọwa okwu = Gilliam na 2022
| ụlọ ọrụ = Onyeisi nke iri na otu nke Mahadum Boston
| mmalite oge = Julaị 1, 2024
| njedebe oge = 
| onye bu ụzọ = Kenneth W. Freeman onye na-eme ihe nkiri
| onye ga-anọchi anya = 
| aha_ọmụmụ = Melissa Lynn Gilliam
| ụbọchị_ọmụmụ = 
| ebe_ọmụmụ = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| ụbọchị_ọnwụ = 
| ebe_ọnwụ = 
| ndị ikwu = Dorothy Butler Gilliam (nne)&lt;br&gt;[[Sam Gilliam]] (nna)&lt;br&gt;Leah Gilliam (nwanne nwanyị)
|  agụmakwụkwọ = Mahadum Yale Bachelor of Arts|BA])&lt;br&gt;Mahadum Oxford Master of Arts MA&lt;br&gt;[Mahadum Harvard]] Dọkịta nke Ọgwụ|MD]])&lt;br&gt;Mahadum Illinois Chicago [[Master of Public Health|MPH


Melissa Lynn Gilliam bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa n'Amerịka Gynaecology|gynecologist nakwa agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke iri na otu nke Boston University kemgbe Julaị 2024. Ọ bụbu onyeisi oche nke Ohio State University site na 2021 ruo 2023 na osote onyeisi oche maka ụdị dị iche iche na Mahadum Chicago site na 2016 ruo 2021.

==Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ==
A mụrụ Gilliam na Washington, D.C., nye onye nta akụkọ [[Dorothy Butler Gilliam]] na onye na-ese ihe osise [[Sam Gilliam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Schoenberg&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Schoenberg |first1=Nara |title=Remarkable Woman: Melissa Gilliam |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-xpm-2013-03-31-ct-tribu-remarkable-gilliam-20130331-story.html |access-date=September 22, 2021 |publisher=Chicago Tribune |date=March 31, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her mother was the first African-American journalist for ''The Washington Post''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orozco&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Orozco |first1=Jessica |title=New provost looks to make lasting impact at Ohio State, promote a more inclusive environment |url=https://www.thelantern.com/2021/05/new-provost-looks-to-make-lasting-impact-at-ohio-state-promote-a-more-inclusive-environment/ |access-date=September 22, 2021 |publisher=The Lantern |date=May 28, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O nwetara akara ugo mmụta Bachelor's degree na akwụkwọ Bekee site na Mahadum Yale, akara ugo mmụta Master of Arts na nkà ihe ọmụma na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na University of Oxford, akara ugo mmụta medical site na Harvard University, na akara ugo mmụta Master of Public Health site na University of Illinois Chicago&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kyaw |first1=Arrman |title=Dr. Melissa L. Gilliam Named Ohio State University's First Woman of Color Provost |url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/news-roundup/article/15109320/dr-melissa-l-gilliam-named-ohio-state-universitys-first-woman-of-color-provost |publisher=Diverse |access-date=September 22, 2021 |date=May 27, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ọrụ==
Gilliam sonyeere ndị nkuzi na Mahadum nke Chicago na 2005.
&lt;ref name=&quot;distinguished&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UChicago faculty members receive named, distinguished service professorships |url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/uchicago-faculty-members-receive-named-distinguished-service-professorships-0 |publisher=University of Chicago |access-date=September 23, 2021 |date=February 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
O mechara bụrụ onyeisi atụmatụ ezinụlọ na nnyocha gbasara igbochi afọ ime na onyeisi mmemme na ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị maka ụmụaka, ndị ntorobịa, na ụmụ agbọghọ na Mahadum Chicago Medical Center. N'ọrụ a, ndị otu nyocha ya soro ndị nne dị afọ iri na ụma nke Afrịka Amerịka hụ ka agụmakwụkwọ ha, ebe obibi ha, mmega ahụ ha, ibu arọ ha, ọnọdụ mmetụta uche ha, na mmekọrịta ha si emetụta ihe egwu ha nke ime ime ọzọ.ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Springen |first1=Karen |title=U of C Doc Melissa Gilliam Fights Teen Pregnancies |url=https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-2011/U-of-C-Doc-Melissa-Gilliam-Fights-Teen-Pregnancies/ |publisher=Chicago Magazine |access-date=September 23, 2021 |date=January 11, 2011 |archive-date=September 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924033131/https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-2011/U-of-C-Doc-Melissa-Gilliam-Fights-Teen-Pregnancies/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Nnyocha ===
Nnyocha Gilliam na-ekpuchi ahụike na agụmakwụkwọ ndị ntorobịa, n'ime obodo na n'ụwa niile, site na ụzọ dịka akụkọ, teknụzụ, na imewe. Ruo afọ 2023, ọrụ a enwetala ego site n'aka The Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation, National Institutes of Health, MacArthur Foundation, na Ford Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melissa L. Gilliam {{!}} The Ohio State University |url=https://trustees.osu.edu/people/gilliam-melissa |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=trustees.osu.edu |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015002716/https://trustees.osu.edu/people/gilliam-melissa |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
N'ihi nnyocha ya, a họpụtara Gilliam dịka onye nkuzi nke Bucksbaum Institute for Clinical Excellence maka afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2013–14.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Melissa Gilliam, MD, MPH 2013–2014 SENIOR FACULTY SCHOLAR |url=https://bucksbauminstitute.uchicago.edu/bio/melissa-gilliam/ |publisher=Bucksbaum Institute for Clinical Excellence |access-date=September 23, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge a, o hiwere Center for Interdisciplinary Inquiry and Innovation in Sexual and Reproductive Health (Ci3), nke jiri egwuregwu, akụkọ, na imewe ghọta ma lebara anya na ihe ndị na-ekpebi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke nhazi nke ahụike mmekọahụ na ọmụmụ nwa nke ndị ntorobịa.REASEARCHER |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924033133/https://www.thechicagonetwork.org/members/melissa-gilliam/ |publisher=The Chicago News |access-date=September 23, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Ci3's three labs are divided between focuses on game design, storytelling, and design thinking.&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Neill&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=O'Neill |first1=Brook |title=Changing the game on teen health: Melissa Gilliam gives young people a voice |url=https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/pediatrics-articles/changing-the-game-on-teen-health |publisher=University of Chicago |access-date=September 23, 2021 |date=May 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime ụlọ nyocha nhazi egwuregwu ahụ, Gilliam jiri egwuregwu vidiyo na akụkọ dijitalụ kparịta maka mgbochi ime ihe ike mmekọahụ n'ụzọ &quot;nchekwa ihe egwu&quot;. Na 2015, ụlọ nyocha ahụ mepụtara egwuregwu a kpọrọ &quot;Ụbọchị Ndụ&quot; iji kụziere ndị ntorobịa gbasara HIV, mmegbu, afọ ime ndị ntorobịa, mmekọrịta dị mma, na njikọ dị n'etiti ndụ ụlọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Feldheim&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Feldheim |first1=Ben |title=Gaming Against Sexual Violence |url=https://www.chicagomag.com/chicago-magazine/june-2015/gaming-against-sexual-violence/ |publisher=Chicago Magazine |access-date=September 23, 2021 |date=June 9, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ ===
Na 2016, a họpụtara Gilliam dị ka osote onyeisi maka nduzi agụmakwụkwọ, ọganihu, na ụdị dị iche iche, a kpọkwara ya dịka Prọfesọ Ellen H. Block na Ahụike na Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Mahadum Chicago.&lt;ref name=&quot;distinguished&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Beilock, Gilliam and Hale appointed to leadership roles in Office of the Provost |url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/beilock-gilliam-and-hale-appointed-leadership-roles-office-provost |publisher=University of Chicago |access-date=September 23, 2021 |date=May 19, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'afọ 2020, a họpụtara ya dịka Prọfesọ Ọrụ Pụrụ Iche maka ọrụ ya dịka osote onyeisi ndị nkuzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Twenty-three UChicago faculty receive named, distinguished service professorships |url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/twenty-three-uchicago-faculty-receive-named-distinguished-service-professorships-2020 |publisher=University of Chicago |access-date=September 23, 2021 |date=December 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Na Ọgọst 2021, Gilliam sonyeere Mahadum Steeti Ohio dị ka osote onyeisi oche na provost, wee sonye na ngalaba ahụ dị ka prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ nwa na ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melissa Gilliam, MD, MPH {{!}} Ohio State College of Medicine |url=https://medicine.osu.edu/find-faculty/clinical/obgyn/melissa-gilliam-md-mph |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=medicine.osu.edu |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123013817/https://medicine.osu.edu/find-faculty/clinical/obgyn/melissa-gilliam-md-mph |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Szilagy |first=Alissa Widman Neese and Sarah |title=Ohio State University chooses Dr. Melissa L. Gilliam to be its new provost |url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/education/2021/05/27/ohio-state-university-chooses-dr-melissa-l-gilliam-new-provost/7477493002/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The Columbus Dispatch |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; She became the first woman of color to serve as OSU's provost.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Melissa L. Gilliam, MD, named Ohio State provost |url=https://news.osu.edu/melissa-l-gilliam-md-named-ohio-state-provost/ |publisher=Ohio State University |access-date=September 23, 2021 |date=May 27, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2023, a mara ọkwa na Gilliam ga-abụ onyeisiala na Mahadum Boston na Julaị 2024, wee nọchie Kenneth W. Freeman Kenneth Freeman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Most |first=Doug |date=6 October 2023 |title=Boston University Names Melissa L. Gilliam 11th President |work=Boston University School of Public Health |url=https://www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2023/boston-university-names-melissa-l-gilliam-11th-president/ |access-date=10 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-04 |title=Boston University Names Melissa Gilliam 11th President |url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2023/boston-university-names-melissa-gilliam-president/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Boston University |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị isi na ndị otu ==
Na 2019, a họpụtara Gilliam na National Academy of Medicine]] maka ịbụ &quot;onye nwere ikike na ọgwụ mgbochi afọ ime na ahụike ndị ntorobịa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Easton |first1=John |date=October 19, 2015 |title=Profs. Melissa Gilliam and David Meltzer elected to National Academy of Medicine |url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/profs-melissa-gilliam-and-david-meltzer-elected-national-academy-medicine |access-date=September 23, 2021 |publisher=University of Chicago}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2021, Gilliam sonyeere ndị isi na Talis Biomedical.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 27, 2021 |title=Talis Appoints Melissa L. Gilliam, M.D., M.P.H., to Board of Directors |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/releases/talis-appoints-melissa-l-gilliam-m-d-m-p-h-to-board-of-directors/ |access-date=September 23, 2021 |publisher=BioSpace}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Gilliam na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na Board of Governors nke Argonne National Laboratory ma na mbụ nye ndụmọdụ na Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) na Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Callahan |first=Molly |date=4 October 2023 |title=Melissa L. Gilliam, BU's New President, Brings Robust Research Background in Well-Being of Young People |work=BU Today |url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2023/melissa-l-gilliam-brings-robust-research-background-to-bu |access-date=10 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbipụta ==
Gilliam ebipụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nyocha na amụma gbasara ahụike ọmụmụ, gụnyere:
* ''Ohere nke placenta previa nwere ọtụtụ ọmụmụ caesarean na oke nha nhata dị elu'' (2002)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Gilliam |first1=Melissa |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Deborah |last3=Davis |first3=Faith |date=2002-06-01 |title=The likelihood of placenta previa with greater number of cesarean deliveries and higher parity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029784402020021 |journal=Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=976–980 |doi=10.1016/S0029-7844(02)02002-1 |pmid=12052584 |issn=0029-7844|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Ọmụmụ ịwa afọ ma a rịọ ya: ihe ga-esi na ya pụta n'ọmụmụ nwa'' (2006)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gilliam |first=Melissa |date=2006-10-01 |title=Cesarean Delivery on Request: Reproductive Consequences |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146000506000966 |journal=Seminars in Perinatology |series=Cesarean Delivery on Maternal Request |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=257–260 |doi=10.1053/j.semperi.2006.07.005 |pmid=17011396 |issn=0146-0005|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Mmechi site na iji mgbasa ozi dijitalụ ọhụrụ eme ka ahụike mmekọahụ nke ndị ntorobịa ka mma'' (2012)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Guse |first1=Kylene |last2=Levine |first2=Deb |last3=Martins |first3=Summer |last4=Lira |first4=Andrea |last5=Gaarde |first5=Jenna |last6=Westmorland |first6=Whitney |last7=Gilliam |first7=Melissa |date=2012-12-01 |title=Interventions Using New Digital Media to Improve Adolescent Sexual Health: A Systematic Review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X12001358 |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=535–543 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.03.014 |pmid=23174462 |issn=1054-139X|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ndụ onwe onye==
Gilliam lụrụ di na William Grobman, dibịa na-eme nchọpụta. Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ, otu nwoke na otu nwa nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Ntụaka==
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'''Verónica Eréndira Toussaint Rincón Gallardo''' (15 Machị 1976 - 16 Mee 2024), nke a maara dị ka '''Veronica Toussaint''', bụ onye na-eme ihe ngosi na telivishọn nke Mexico, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-eme ihe ọchị..Otu n'ime ọrụ ya ndị a ma ama bụ òkè ọ na-ekere dị ka onye na-egosi mmemme ¡Qué importa!  (2016-2020) na ¡Qué chulada!  (2020-2024), na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri Polar Bear (2017) na Impossible Things (2021).

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Verónica Eréndira Toussaint Rincón Gallardo na 15 Machị 1976 na Monterrey, Nuevo León, ebe ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ atọ nke ezinụlọ Onye na-agwọ ọrịa uche na onye na-ere osisi okooko. Ezinụlọ ya, bụ́ ndị nwere ego dị ukwuu, si Mexico City, ya mere obere oge ka a mụsịrị ya, a kpọọrọ ya gaa biri ebe ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Verónica Toussaint en El minuto que cambió mi destino - Programa completo|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWhXXqbEyqI|author=Imagen Entretenimiento|date=10 July 2022|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=21 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521025051/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWhXXqbEyqI|archivedate=21 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma jiri nzere na ngalaba nkwukọrịta okwu were pụta na Universidad Anáhuac México, ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye. Otú ọ dị, ezi mmasị Toussaint bụ ime ihe nkiri, ya mere o kpebiri ịzụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Núcleo de Estudios Teatrales, ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye nke na-azụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri .&lt;ref name=&quot;tv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvnotas.com.mx/espectaculos-mexico/quien-fue-veronica-toussaint-un-recorrido-por-su-trayectoria-artistica-y-personal|title=¿Quién fue Verónica Toussaint? Un recorrido por su trayectoria artística y personal|date=18 May 2024|accessdate=18 May 2024|work=TVNotas|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518191807/https://www.tvnotas.com.mx/espectaculos-mexico/quien-fue-veronica-toussaint-un-recorrido-por-su-trayectoria-artistica-y-personal|archivedate=18 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 2001, Toussaint mere ngosipụta nke mbụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nkwado na telenovela Cara o cruz, nke Telemundo mepụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;tv&quot; /&gt; Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, o guzobere onwe ya na ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn Imagen Televisión, ebe o guzobere onwe ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe ọchị n'ihi mmemme ¡Qué importa!, nke a bụ mgbasa ozi nke ihe ọchị comedy news broadcast nke o sonyeere na 2016 ma mechaa hapụ na 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/veronica-toussaint-salio-de-que-importa-por-gusto-no-por-pleito-de-mujeres/|title=Verónica Toussaint salió de &quot;¡Qué importa!&quot; por gusto, no por pleito de mujeres|date=30 June 2020|accessdate=18 May 2024|work=El Universal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518013202/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/veronica-toussaint-salio-de-que-importa-por-gusto-no-por-pleito-de-mujeres/|archivedate=18 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/espectaculos/2024/05/17/veronica-toussaint-y-sofia-rivera-que-paso-entre-las-conductoras-del-programa-que-importa/|title=Verónica Toussaint: Las dos versiones sobre su salida de '¡Qué importa!' y el conflicto con Sofía Rivera|date=17 May 2024|accessdate=18 May 2024|work=El Financiero|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518013103/https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/espectaculos/2024/05/17/veronica-toussaint-y-sofia-rivera-que-paso-entre-las-conductoras-del-programa-que-importa/|archivedate=18 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2018, ọ natara Ariel Award mbụ ya na naanị ya na ngalaba nke nwanyị kachasị mma, ihe nrite e nwetara n'ihi ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri Polar Bear nke afọ 2017.  &lt;ref name=&quot;ariel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.excelsior.com.mx/funcion/veronica-toussaint-gana-ariel-por-mejor-coactuacion-femenina/1243392|title=Verónica Toussaint gana Ariel por Mejor Coactuación Femenina|date=6 June 2018|accessdate=18 May 2024|work=Excélsior|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008162450/https://www.excelsior.com.mx/funcion/veronica-toussaint-gana-ariel-por-mejor-coactuacion-femenina/1243392|archivedate=8 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/06/06/album/1528261932_324853.html|title=La entrega de los premios Ariel 2018 - Fotos, Cultura|date=6 June 2018|accessdate=18 May 2024|work=EL PAÍS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmepụta a mekwara ka o nweta ihe nrite maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na 2018 Hermosillo International Film Festival . &lt;ref name=&quot;fest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cinepremiere.com.mx/veronica-toussaint-ariel.html|title=Oso polar, la película que le valió un Ariel a Verónica Toussaint|date=17 May 2024|accessdate=18 May 2024|work=Cine PREMIERE|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518190906/https://cinepremiere.com.mx/veronica-toussaint-ariel.html|archivedate=18 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2021, Toussaint nwere ọrụ nkwado na ihe nkiri Impossible Things, nke ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị mkpụmkpụ ma na-enweghị mkparịta ụka, pụtara ìhè maka otu o si ekwu okwu n'ọnụ ya na-agụ egwu  &quot;El día&quot; nke Angélica María mere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.publimetro.com.mx/mx/entretenimiento/2021/06/17/cosas-imposibles-muestra-que-ni-la-soledad-puede-negarnos-el-ser-felices.html|title='Cosas imposibles' muestra que ni la soledad puede negarnos el ser felices|date=17 June 2021|accessdate=19 May 2024|work=Publimetro|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519175737/https://www.publimetro.com.mx/mx/entretenimiento/2021/06/17/cosas-imposibles-muestra-que-ni-la-soledad-puede-negarnos-el-ser-felices.html|archivedate=19 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.milenio.com/espectaculos/cine/escena-veronica-toussaint-cantando-metro-cdmx-video|title=Así cantó Verónica Toussaint en el Metro de CdMx para una película - VIDEO|date=18 May 2024|accessdate=19 May 2024|work=Milenio|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519181659/https://www.milenio.com/espectaculos/cine/escena-veronica-toussaint-cantando-metro-cdmx-video|archivedate=19 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na 2020 ruo na njedebe nke ọrụ ya, ọ bụ onye na-elekọta mmemme Imagen Televisión, ¡Qué chulada!, nke na 2021, o kwuputara n'ihu ọha na ọ nwere ọrịa kansa ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mexico.as.com/mexico/2021/10/08/tikitakas/1633721694_697174.html|title=Verónica Toussaint comparte que fue diagnosticada con cáncer de mama|date=8 October 2021|accessdate=18 May 2024|work=tikitakas|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518014713/https://mexico.as.com/mexico/2021/10/08/tikitakas/1633721694_697174.html|archivedate=18 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/entretenimiento/2022/04/05/veronica-toussaint-conto-el-nuevo-paso-a-seguir-luego-de-cumplir-sus-16-quimioterapias/|title=Verónica Toussaint contó el nuevo paso a seguir luego de cumplir sus 16 quimioterapias|date=5 April 2022|accessdate=18 May 2024|work=infobae|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518014619/https://www.infobae.com/america/entretenimiento/2022/04/05/veronica-toussaint-conto-el-nuevo-paso-a-seguir-luego-de-cumplir-sus-16-quimioterapias/|archivedate=18 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, o sonyere na ihe nkiri Alejandro Andrade nke Fine Young Men . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=HOMBRES ÍNTEGROS - Reparto Completo|url=https://www.cine.com/us/pelicula/hombres-integros/reparto|accessdate=2025-08-06|work=Cine.com|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrịa na ọnwụ ==
Na 16 Mee 2024, mgbe ọ nọsịrị n'ụlọ ọgwụ ụbọchị iri n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na obodo Mexico , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.excelsior.com.mx/funcion/veronica-toussaint-hospitalizada-10-dias-ultimos-momentos/1652599|title=Verónica Toussaint estuvo 10 días hospitalizada: Así fueron sus últimos momentos|date=17 May 2024|accessdate=18 May 2024|work=Excélsior|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518025830/https://www.excelsior.com.mx/funcion/veronica-toussaint-hospitalizada-10-dias-ultimos-momentos/1652599|archivedate=18 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toussaint nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri anọ na asatọ site na ọrịa kansa ara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lopezdoriga.com/entretenimiento/muere-la-actriz-veronica-toussaint-a-los-48-anos-padecia-cancer/|title=Muere la actriz Verónica Toussaint a los 48 años; padecía cáncer|date=16 May 2024|accessdate=18 May 2024|work=López Dóriga Digital|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518022754/https://lopezdoriga.com/entretenimiento/muere-la-actriz-veronica-toussaint-a-los-48-anos-padecia-cancer/|archivedate=18 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2024/05/17/muere-veronica-toussaint-presentadora-actriz-mexico-orix/|title=Muere la actriz y presentadora mexicana Verónica Toussaint a los 48 años|date=17 May 2024|accessdate=18 May 2024|work=CNN en Español|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518022814/https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2024/05/17/muere-veronica-toussaint-presentadora-actriz-mexico-orix/|archivedate=18 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe emesịrị olili ozu ya na Panteón Francés de San Joaquín, a kpọrọ ozu ya ọkụ ma nyefee ntụ ya n'aka ezinụlọ ya.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/que-pasara-con-las-cenizas-de-veronica-toussaint/|title=¿Qué pasará con las cenizas de Verónica Toussaint?|date=18 May 2024|accessdate=19 May 2024|work=El Universal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519041348/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/que-pasara-con-las-cenizas-de-veronica-toussaint/|archivedate=19 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/espectaculos/2024/05/18/muerte-de-veronica-toussaint-revelan-que-haran-con-sus-cenizas/|title=¿Qué pasará con las cenizas de Verónica Toussaint? Revelan qué harán con sus restos tras funeral|date=18 May 2024|accessdate=19 May 2024|work=El Financiero|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519041310/https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/espectaculos/2024/05/18/muerte-de-veronica-toussaint-revelan-que-haran-con-sus-cenizas/|archivedate=19 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nwanne ya nwoke kwuru na site na testament nke Toussaint, a ga-agbasasị ozu ya n'ebe ha ga-ahọrọ mgbe e mesịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.debate.com.mx/show/Ultima-voluntad-de-Veronica-Toussaint-su-hermano-da-a-conocer-donde-seran-esparcidas-sus-cenizas-20240518-0084.html|title=Última voluntad de Verónica Toussaint: su hermano da a conocer dónde serán esparcidas sus cenizas|date=18 May 2024|accessdate=19 May 2024|work=debate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519041335/https://www.debate.com.mx/show/Ultima-voluntad-de-Veronica-Toussaint-su-hermano-da-a-conocer-donde-seran-esparcidas-sus-cenizas-20240518-0084.html|archive-date=19 May 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Edensibịa==
{{reflist}}

==Njikọ Mpụga==
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[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
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[[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1976]]</text>
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    <title>Mmetọ na Quintero na Puchuncaví</title>
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      <text bytes="7887" sha1="snfnx6hqlcc9iigh8au9vaj84afhg7s" xml:space="preserve">Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Quintero dị na Chile na mpaghara Puchuncaví dị nso na ya aghọọla ndị a ma ama maka mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime afọ ndị 2010 na 2020. A kọwakwara ha dịka mpaghara ịchụ àjà.&lt;ref name=&quot;ballena&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-12-05 |title=¿Qué son las zonas de sacrificio de Chile? |url=https://www.eldiario.es/ballenablanca/365_dias/zonas-sacrificio-chile-cumbre-clima_1_1205027.html |accessdate=2022-12-09 |work=[[ElDiario.es|El Diario]] |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpaghara ahụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Ventanas, ụlọ nrụpụta mmanụ, ebe nchekwa simenti, Fundición Ventanas, ebe nrụọrụ ọla kọpa na ụlọ nrụpụta, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal.&lt;ref name=&quot;ballena&quot; /&gt; Na ngụkọta ụlọ ọrụ 15 na-emetọ ikuku na-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 August 2018 |title=Quintero y Puchuncaví: La zona de sacrificio |url=https://www.latercera.com/nacional/noticia/quintero-puchuncavi-la-zona-sacrificio/295044/ |work=[[La Tercera]] |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1992, ụmụ nwanyị ise si Puchuncavi tinyere akwụkwọ mkpegharị ikpe megide Fundición Ventanas na Chilgener, nke a tinyere akwụkwọ megide ụlọ nrụpụta maka igwe ojii na-egbu egbu ọ na-ewepụta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bolados García et al 2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Bolados García |first=Paola |date=July 2017 |title=Una ecología política feminista en construcción: El caso de las 'Mujeres de zonas de sacrificio en resistencia', Región de Valparaíso, Chile |journal=Psicoperspectivas |language=es |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=33–42 |doi=10.5027/psicoperspectivas-vol16-issue2-fulltext-977}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ógbè ndị dị nso na ụlọ ọrụ na-emetọ ikuku, nnwale na 1997 gosipụtara ọkwa ọla kọpa dị elu n'ime ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;CopperSelenium&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author=De Gregori |first=I. |date=March 2000 |title=Comparative Study of Copper and Selenium Pollution in Agricultural Ecosystems from Valparaiso Region, Chile |journal=Environmental Technology |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=307–316 |doi=10.1080/09593332108618112}}&lt;/ref&gt; A chọpụtakwara ọkwa dị elu nke [[selenium]] na ọla kọpa na mmiri ozuzo dị nso na ụlọ ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CopperSelenium&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2011, Escuela La Greda nke dị na Puchuncaví, jupụtara na igwe ojii kemịkal sitere na Ventanas Industrial Complex. Igwe ojii sulfur ahụ gburu ihe e mere atụmatụ ụmụaka 33 na ndị nkuzi 9, nke mere ka ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kwaga ebe ọzọ. A gbahapụrụ ebe ochie ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ dị ugbu a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Astudillo |first=Daniela |date=6 April 2019 |title=La olvidada escuela la Greda |url=https://www.latercera.com/nacional/noticia/la-olvidada-escuela-la-greda/603939/ |accessdate=2023-01-08 |work=[[La Tercera]] |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ na Septemba afọ 2018 e nwere nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na Quintero na Puchuncaví, ebe ihe karịrị mmadụ 300 nwere ọrịa site na ihe na-egbu egbu na ikuku, na-abịa site na ụlọ ọrụ na-emetọ ikuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2019 |title=Chile: Supreme Court Hears Massive Air Pollution Case |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/11/chile-supreme-court-hears-massive-air-pollution-case |accessdate=2023-01-08 |work=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2022, a tụlere ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke Quintero, Puchuncaví na Concón na Senate nke Chile. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-06-22 |title=Quintero- Puchuncaví: Comisión de Medio Ambiente analizó efectos del cierre de la fundición Codelco Ventanas |url=https://www.senado.cl/contaminacion-quintero-puchuncavi-comision-de-medio-ambiente-analiza |accessdate=2023-01-08 |work=senado.cl |publisher=[[Senate of Chile]] |language=Spanish |archive-date=2023-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109214301/https://www.senado.cl/contaminacion-quintero-puchuncavi-comision-de-medio-ambiente-analiza |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2022, Onye isi ala Gabriel Boric kwupụtara mkpebi ụlọ ọrụ Codelco ime usoro imechi Fundición Ventanas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate&quot; /&gt;

N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2023, nsị buru ibu nọgidere na-eme, na ihe karịrị otu narị ụmụaka na ndị okenye nọ n'afọ akwụkwọ na-emetụta n'ihe na-erughị izu abụọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Intoxicaciones en Quintero: Piden más fiscalización y que empresas cumplan planes operacionales - Induambiente |url=https://www.induambiente.com/actualidad/noticias/intoxicaciones-en-quintero-piden-mas-fiscalizacion-y-que-empresas-cumplan-planes-operacionales?utm_source=chatgpt.com |accessdate=2025-10-13 |work=www.induambiente.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2023, ụlọ ọrụ na-agbaze ọla kọpa, Codelco, kwụsịrị ọrụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwuru na mmechi nke ngalaba Ventanas ya na-egosi na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-egwupụta ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Chile's Codelco shuts Ventanas smelter in move towards sustainable mining |url=http://www.reuters.com/sustainability/chiles-codelco-shuts-ventanas-smelter-move-towards-sustainable-mining-2023-05-31/ |accessdate=2025-10-13 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịgagharị ==
Otu 'Mujeres de Zona de Sacrificio' rụrụ nnukwu ọrụ n'ịhazi mkpọsa maka ebumnuche a. E hiwere otu ụmụ nwanyị bi n'mpaghara a n'afọ 2016 mgbe nsogbu metụtara ahụike ndị bi n'ebe ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi malitere ibilite .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Silva Zambrano |first=Valentina |date=26 May 2020 |title=Mujeres en Zona de Sacrificio, resistiendo al COVID-19 |url=https://oge.cl/mujeres-en-zona-de-sacrificio-resistiendo-al-covid-19/?utm_source}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha mụtara banyere mmetụta ahụike nke ibi na gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetọ emetọ ma mee mkpesa na-achọ ịza ajụjụ site n'aka ndị ọchịchị steeti na ụlọ ọrụ na-emetọrọ emetọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alcaraz |first=Flor |date=2022-07-14 |title=Cómo las mujeres de la &quot;zona de sacrificio&quot; más antigua de Chile incidieron en el cierre de una planta de Codelco |url=https://latfem.org/como-las-mujeres-de-la-zona-de-sacrificio-mas-antigua-de-chile-incidieron-en-el-cierre-de-una-planta-de-codelco/ |accessdate=2025-10-13 |work=LatFem |language=es-AR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya na Terram Foundation na Chilean Human Rights Institute (INDH), ìgwè ndị ahụ rụkọtara ọrụ iji mee ka ikpe a gaa n'ụlọ ikpe n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chile: NGOS and community members of Quintero-Punchavi file a claim against the company AES Gener (now AES Andes) and the Chilean Government for negligence and inaction in relation to serious environmental impacts of coal-fired power plants |url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/chile-ngos-and-community-members-of-quintero-punchavi-file-a-claim-against-the-company-aes-gener-now-aes-andes-and-the-chilean-government-for-negligence-and-inaction-in-relation-to-serious-environmental-impacts-of-coal-fired-power-plants/ |accessdate=2025-10-13 |work=Business &amp; Human Rights Resource Centre |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; INDH tinyere akwụkwọ nchedo iwu na ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke dị na Valparaiso mgbe ọ gachara n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ụbọchị atọ, na-achọpụta mmebi iwu nke ndị bi na ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Dịka o siri pụta na peeji Facebook ha bụ &quot;Mujeres de Zona de Sacrificio Quintero - Puchuncaví en Resistencia&quot;, ozi ndị ha bipụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi ihe akaebe na akụkọ gbasara nsogbu ndị na-aga n'ihu; nke gụnyere ikuku na-adịghị mma iku ume, ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọnọdụ ikuku na-emerụ ahụ na-emetụta, yana mgbaàmà nke nsị.

== Edensibia ==
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Veronica Lang''' bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri a mụrụ n'obodo Australia.

== Ọrụ ==
Lang malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya na England n'ihe gbasara ihe nkiri n'elu ikpo okwu na telivishọn, tupu ọ malite ịrụ ọrụ na obodo ya. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ nwa oge na America.

Ihe ngosi telivishọn nke Lang dị ọtụtụ. Ọdịdị ya na Britain gụnyere Upstairs Downstairs, Crown Court, Inspector Morse, Moon and Sun, Murder in Mind, Grange Hill, Heartbeat na The Bill. Ihe onwunwe telivishọn Australia ya gụnyere Matlock Police, ''Rush'', ''Bluey'', The Young Doctors, Chopper Squad, Skyways, Cop Shop, A Country Practice, ''Halifax f.p.'' na Heartbreak High. Ọ pụtakwara na miniseries The Dismissal na ''Vietnam'' (n'akụkụ Nicole Kidman).

Ihe nkiri Lang gosipụtara ''Callan'' (1974), Don's Party (1976), Say You Want Me (1977), A Good Thing Going (1978), The Clinic (1982) na Decadence (1994).

O meriri 1977 AFI Award maka Best Actress in a Supporting Role maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri nke Don's Party &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Australian Film Awards - Prizewinners |date=1 October 1977 |work=Filmnews |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/213733925?searchTerm=%22veronica%20lang%22%20afi&amp;searchLimits=}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 1980 Logie Award maka Best Supporting Actress na Miniseries / Telemovie maka A Good Thing Going . &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Logie winners |date=15 March 1980 |work=Canberra Times |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110582893?searchTerm=%22veronica%20lang%22%20logie&amp;searchLimits=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndepụta ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
!Ụdị
|-
|1969
|''[[Mini Weekend|Obere Ngwụsị izu]]''
|Jenny
|Ihe nkiri, UK
|-
|1974
|''Callan''
|Liz, odeakwụkwọ Hunter
|Ihe nkiri, UK
|-
|1976
|''Òtù Don''
|Jody
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|1977
|''Nkwupụta ahụ''
|
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|1977
|''Gwa na Ị chọrọ M''
|
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|1977
|''Ọrụ Ballantyne''
|
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|1978
|''Ihe Dị Mma Na-aga''
|Jane Harris
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|1979
|''Ụlọ Okporo ụzọ''
|
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|1982
|''Ụlọ Ọgwụ''
|Nancy
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|1985
|''Mgbe awa gasịrị''
|Eileen Phillips
|Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
|-
|1990
|''[[The Englishwoman: An Account of the Life of Emily Hobhouse|Nwanyị Bekee: Akụkọ banyere ndụ Emily Hobhouse]]'' (nke a na-akpọ ''Burenkrieg'') 
|Emily Hobhouse
|Ihe nkiri, US/South Africa
|-
|1994
|''Mmebi''
|Ndị gbara ya gburugburu
|Ihe nkiri, UK/Germany
|-
|2017
|''Mmiri na-asọ''
|Irene
|Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
|}

=== Ìgwè onyonyo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
!Ụdị
|-
|1964
|''[[Story Parade|Njem Akụkọ]]''
|Rosie Darcy
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1964
|''Ụwa nke Ya''
|Ọrụ ndị ọbịa
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1965
|''Ndị nwere ike ịbụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ''
|Cecile
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1965
|''[[Legend Of Death|Akụkọ ifo banyere ọnwụ]]''
|Estelle
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, ihe omume 2
|-
|1965
|''Ndị uwe ojii Riviera''
|Jean Howard
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1967
|''Ụlọ Onye mmeri''
|Tania
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1971
|''Ikpe Ziri Ezi''
|Odeakwụkwọ
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1972
|''N'elu n'okpuru''
|Nwunye Onye Na-eme Ihe Dị Mma
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1972
|''[[Six Faces|Ihu Isii]]''
|Onye na-anabata ndị ọbịa
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, ihe omume 2
|-
|1973
|''Harriet laghachiri n'obodo''
|Louise Wimbourne
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, ihe omume 2
|-
|1973
|''Ụlọikpe Crown''
|Fiona Gray
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, ihe omume 3
|-
|1973
|''Ònye ka ọ dị?''
|Jill Mather
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1973
|''[[The Dragon's Opponent|Onye Na-emegide Dragọn ahụ]]''
|Mimi Crawford
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, ihe omume 2
|-
|1974
|''Napoleon na Ịhụnanya''
|Nwanyị Remusat
|Miniserie TV UK, 5 episodes
|-
|1974
|''Ndị uwe ojii Matlock''
|Judy
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1975
|''Onye Sweeney''
|Sally Labbett
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1976
|''Rush''
|Melanie Parker
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1976
|''Ụmụ agbọghọ kpakpando''
|Nola
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1976
|''Ebe 1999''
|Lyra / Maurna
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1976
|''Emume ihe nkiri ụmụaka nke CBS''
|Oriakụ Graham
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV US, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1976
|''[[Chimpmates|Ndị na-eme ihe ike]]''
|Oriakụ Graham
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, ihe omume 3
|-
|1977
|''Bluey''
|Sylvia Granger
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume 30: &quot;A Political Animal&quot;
|-
|1977–1981
|''Ụlọ Ahịa Ndị Uwe Ojii''
|Sue Brady / Ann Carter / Claire Scott
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 4
|-
|1977
|''Ndị Dọkịta Na-eto Eto''
|Diane Pitt / Lesley Collins
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 7
|-
|1978
|''Ndị Chopper Squad''
|Margaret
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume 7: &quot;Lifeboat&quot;
|-
|1979
|''Ụzọ ụgbọelu''
|Sarah Blake
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 3
|-
|1982; 1984
|''Omume Mba''
|Kate Darcy
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 2
|-
|1983
|''Omume Mba''
|Janet Swanson
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 2
|-
|1983
|''Ịchụpụ Ndị Mmadụ''
|Onye nta akụkọ
|Miniserie TV, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1984
|''Omume Mba''
|Lori Morgan
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 5 episodes
|-
|1985
|''N'abalị Ihe nkiri''
|Lady Plymdale
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1985
|''Ndị mmeri''
|Alison Trig
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume: &quot;Ụlọ ịkwaga&quot;
|-
|1987
|''Vietnam''
|Evelyn Goddard
|Miniserie TV, 10 episodes
|-
|1987
|''Iwu Rafferty''
|
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1987
|''Willing na Ebel''
|
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1991
|''Onye Nnyocha Morse''
|Julia
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1992
|''Ọnwa na Nwa''
|Annabelle Garvie
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1995
|''Halifax f.p.''
|Cheryl Daleford
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1996
|''Obi gbawara agbawa''
|Vera Sumich
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume
|-
|1997
|''Ugwu Grange''
|Francesca
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 5 episodes
|-
|1997
|''Obi na-akụ''
|Oriakụ Dobson
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|-
|2001
|''Ogbugbu n'uche''
|Alice Young
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|-
|2003
|''Ụgwọ ahụ''
|Onye na-ahụ maka ala
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV UK, 1 ihe omume
|}

== Ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
!Ụdị
|-
|1964
|''Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe''
|Claire
|Hull New Theatre, Pavilion Theatre, Bournemouth, &amp; ebe ndị ọzọ na Audrey Lupton &amp; Arthur Lane na Aytell Productions 
|-
|1967
|''N'oge ọnwụ''
|Onye odeakwụkwọ
|Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford na Phoenix Theatre, London na Cooney Productions &amp; Enterprises 
|-
|
|''Ọdịdị nke Mgbanwe''
|
|Ụlọ Egwuregwu Royal Court, London
|-
|
|''Anyị tụrụ bọmbụ na New Haven''
|Onye ndu
|Ụlọ Egwuregwu Forum
|-
|
|''Ngụkọta nke Anyị''
|Joyce
|Ụlọ Egwuregwu Warehouse, Croydon
|-
|
|''Ant na igurube''
|Zelda Fitzgerald
|Ụlọ Egwuregwu dị n'okpuru ala
|-
|1971
|''Prometheus Bound''
|Nnụnụ Oké Osimiri 3
|Ụlọ Egwuregwu Mermaid, London
|-
|
|''Ndị nkịtị''
|Beth
|Ụlọ Egwuregwu Greenwich, London
|-
|1975
|''Òtù Don''
|Jody
|Royal Court Theatre, London na The English Stage CompanyỤlọ ọrụ English Stage
|-
|1977
|''Mmeri ndị Norman''
|Annie
|Seymour Centre, Sydney na Old Tote Theatre CompanyỤlọ ọrụ Old Tote Theatre
|-
|
|''Ịlụ Agha Na-ekwu Okwu''
|Muriel
|Ihe nkiri Frinton
|-
|1980
|''Pyjama Tops''
|Yvonne Charles
|Newcastle Civic Theatre, Regal Theatre, Perth, Royal Sydney, Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne, Canberra Theatre na Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust &amp; J. C. Williamson
|-
|2006
|''Mmụọ dị nro''
|Madame Arcati / Oriakụ Bradman
|Frinton Summer Theatre na Connaught Productions 
|-
|2011–2013
|''Ụkwụ gba ọtọ n'ogige ntụrụndụ''
|
|Njem UK na Malvern Theatres, Worcestershire, Theatre Royal, Bath, Oxford Playhouse, Richmond Theatre, London, Cambridge Arts Theatre na Yvonne Arnaud TheatreIhe nkiri Yvonne Arnaud
|-
|2014
|''Daytona''
|
|Njem UK na Lee Dean
|-
|2018
|''N'èzí''
|
|Bondi Pavilion, Sydney
|-
|2020
|''Hamlet''
|Gertrude
|N'ịntanetị - Australia na Streamed Shakespeare
|}

== Ihe nrite ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ihe nrite
!Ụdị
!Ọrụ
!Nsonaazụ
|-
|1977
|Ihe nrite AFI
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na fim
|''Òtù Don''| {{Won}}
|-
|1980
|Ihe nrite Logie
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere ihe nkiri / Telemovie
|''Ihe Dị Mma Na-aga''| {{Won}}
|}


== Edensibịa ==

* {{IMDb name|0485940}} 
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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    <title>Ụnwụ nri nke 1988 na Sudan</title>
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'''Ụnwụ nri nke 1988 na Bahr el Ghazal, Sudan''', nke a na-akpọkwa cok makurup &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Diing | first=Joseph | title=Moving for Survival: Oral Histories of Famine and Labour Migration in the Darfur–BeG Borderlands | website=World Peace Foundation | date=2025-12-05 | url=https://worldpeacefoundation.org/blog/moving-for-survival/ | access-date=2026-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nnukwu ọdachi metụtara ọdịmma mmadụ nke dakwasịrị mpaghara Bahr el Ghazal, nke kpatara ọnwụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 250,000. Ụnwụ nri ahụ sitere n'omume ndị otu Arab Muraheleen—ndị gọọmentị na-akwado ego—nke gụnyere izu ohi, mwakpo, ịchụpụ ndị mmadụ n'ebe obibi ha, igbu mmadụ, na ịtọrọ ndị agbụrụ Dinka. .

== Ndabere ==
Ụnwụ nri ahụ mere n'oge Agha Obodo Sudan nke Abụọ nke malitere mgbe nkwekọrịta Addis Ababa nke afọ 1972 mebiri. Gọọmentị Sudan (GoS) na Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) nwere nnukwu esemokwu. Agha ahụ gosipụtakwara site na mmụba nke ime ihe ike agbụrụ n'etiti agbụrụ dị iche iche nke South Sudan. Gọọmentị Sudan na-eji ndị agha [[Baggara Arabs|Baggara]] na-eme ihe ike iji kpochapụ nnupụisi na ndịda.

== Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya ==

=== Gọọmentị Sudan ===
Gọọmentị Sudan gbochiri òtù ndị na-enye enyemaka mmadụ ịbanye South Sudan ma mee ka ọ sie ezigbo ike maka òtù ndị na-abụghị nke gọọmentị (NGOs) ịrụ ọrụ na mpaghara ndịda Sudan. GoS mekwara mkpebi n'afọ 1986 nke nyere ndị ọchịagha ndị agha na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ohere iji ihe na-ezighị ezi ma gbochie enyemaka nri. GoS kwadoro Muraheleen, nke bụ ndị agha agbụrụ nke ndị Rizeigat na Mesiria si na mpaghara Darfur mejupụtara. Mureheleen na-elekwasị anya na Dinkas dịka a na-ewere ha dị ka isi obodo maka ọrụ SPLA. A na-ejikarị ụgbọ okporo ígwè ebuga Muraheleen na Wau. N'ebe ahụ, ha wakporo obodo nta ndị Dinka na-ewere ndị obodo dị ka ndị ohu ma na-ere obodo nta ahụ ọkụ. [[Idei mmiri nke 1988 na Sudan]] belatara enyemaka na-aga Southern Sudan ka a tụgharịrị ya na Khartoum.

=== Ndị agha nnwere onwe nke ndị Sudan ===
SPLA gọnahụrụ enyemaka enyemaka enyemaka site n'ịgbakọta obodo ndị agha gọọmentị na igbochi mbọ enyemaka na Juba. SPLA gbukwara ụgbọelu enyemaka ma wakpo ụgbọ okporo ígwè na osimiri nke enyemaka. SPLA gbochiri ma ọ bụ gbagọọ ahịa nri azụmahịa ma gbochie ndị ụnwụ nri ịchọ nri ọhịa n'ime ọhịa. Iwu ndị a jikọtara ọnụ mere ka ndị nkịtị nwee oke ụnwụ nri.

== Mmetụta ==
Ụnwụ nri ahụ gburu ndị bi na Bahr el Ghazal ma karịsịa agbụrụ Dinka metụtara agha ahụ. Ndị Dinka kpọrọ ụnwụ nri cok makurup nke pụtara agụụ nke ọdịda. Òtù Mba Ụwa (United Nations) na-eme atụmatụ na n'oge ụnwụ nri mere n'etiti afọ 1986 na 1988, ihe dị ka mmadụ 400,000 ruo 500,000 nwụrụ, ebe mmadụ 250,000 n'ime ha nwụrụ n'afọ 1988. Ụnwụ nri ahụ chụpụkwara nde mmadụ atọ n'ebe obibi ha. Nnukwu mmiri ozuzo sochiri ụnwụ nri ahụ site n'afọ 1990 ruo afọ 1991, nke a kpatara ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ ma mee ka ọnọdụ na-aga n'ihu ka njọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanada&quot; /&gt; Ụnwụ nri nke afọ 1988 mekwara ka ụnwụ nri afọ 1998 dị na Bahr el Ghazal nke 70,000 nwụrụ.

== Ọrụ Ndụ Sudan ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Mbibi nke ụnwụ nri ahụ dugara n'ịmepụta Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS). Ọ bụ nnukwu mgbalị enyemaka a haziri n'etiti UNICEF World Food Programme (WFP), yana 35 ndị ọzọ NGO. A kọwara OLS dị ka &quot;òtù nche anwụ&quot; nke UN nke ga-enye ma ikike ikike nkwekọrịta na ikike ịrụ ọrụ maka enyemaka e kesara n'akụkụ abụọ nke Agha Obodo. Nkwekọrịta ahụ guzobekwara &quot;okporo ụzọ nke udo&quot; nke nyere ohere maka njem na nkesa nri dị mkpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;medkit&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Ụnwụ nri Sudan na 1993]]
* Ụnwụ nri Sudan na 1998
* Enweghị nri na ụnwụ nri na South Sudan

== Edensibia ==
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'''Ụnwụ nri nke 1988 na Bahr el Ghazal, Sudan''', nke a na-akpọkwa cok makurup &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Diing | first=Joseph | title=Moving for Survival: Oral Histories of Famine and Labour Migration in the Darfur–BeG Borderlands | website=World Peace Foundation | date=2025-12-05 | url=https://worldpeacefoundation.org/blog/moving-for-survival/ | access-date=2026-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nnukwu ọdachi metụtara ọdịmma mmadụ nke dakwasịrị mpaghara Bahr el Ghazal, nke kpatara ọnwụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 250,000. Ụnwụ nri ahụ sitere n'omume ndị otu Arab Muraheleen—ndị gọọmentị na-akwado ego—nke gụnyere izu ohi, mwakpo, ịchụpụ ndị mmadụ n'ebe obibi ha, igbu mmadụ, na ịtọrọ ndị agbụrụ Dinka. .

== Ndabere ==
Ụnwụ nri ahụ mere n'oge Agha Obodo Sudan nke Abụọ nke malitere mgbe nkwekọrịta Addis Ababa nke afọ 1972 mebiri. Gọọmentị Sudan (GoS) na Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) nwere nnukwu esemokwu. Agha ahụ gosipụtakwara site na mmụba nke ime ihe ike agbụrụ n'etiti agbụrụ dị iche iche nke South Sudan. Gọọmentị Sudan na-eji ndị agha [[Baggara Arabs|Baggara]] na-eme ihe ike iji kpochapụ nnupụisi na ndịda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Darfur in Flames: Atrocities in Western Sudan: BACKGROUND |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/sudan0404/3.htm |website=www.hrw.org |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya ==

=== Gọọmentị Sudan ===
Gọọmentị Sudan gbochiri òtù ndị na-enye enyemaka mmadụ ịbanye South Sudan ma mee ka ọ sie ezigbo ike maka òtù ndị na-abụghị nke gọọmentị (NGOs) ịrụ ọrụ na mpaghara ndịda Sudan. GoS mekwara mkpebi n'afọ 1986 nke nyere ndị ọchịagha ndị agha na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ohere iji ihe na-ezighị ezi ma gbochie enyemaka nri. GoS kwadoro Muraheleen, nke bụ ndị agha agbụrụ nke ndị Rizeigat na Mesiria si na mpaghara Darfur mejupụtara. Mureheleen na-elekwasị anya na Dinkas dịka a na-ewere ha dị ka isi obodo maka ọrụ SPLA. A na-ejikarị ụgbọ okporo ígwè ebuga Muraheleen na Wau. N'ebe ahụ, ha wakporo obodo nta ndị Dinka na-ewere ndị obodo dị ka ndị ohu ma na-ere obodo nta ahụ ọkụ. [[Idei mmiri nke 1988 na Sudan]] belatara enyemaka na-aga Southern Sudan ka a tụgharịrị ya na Khartoum.

=== Ndị agha nnwere onwe nke ndị Sudan ===
SPLA gọnahụrụ enyemaka enyemaka enyemaka site n'ịgbakọta obodo ndị agha gọọmentị na igbochi mbọ enyemaka na Juba. SPLA gbukwara ụgbọelu enyemaka ma wakpo ụgbọ okporo ígwè na osimiri nke enyemaka. SPLA gbochiri ma ọ bụ gbagọọ ahịa nri azụmahịa ma gbochie ndị ụnwụ nri ịchọ nri ọhịa n'ime ọhịa. Iwu ndị a jikọtara ọnụ mere ka ndị nkịtị nwee oke ụnwụ nri.

== Mmetụta ==
Ụnwụ nri ahụ gburu ndị bi na Bahr el Ghazal ma karịsịa agbụrụ Dinka metụtara agha ahụ. Ndị Dinka kpọrọ ụnwụ nri cok makurup nke pụtara agụụ nke ọdịda. Òtù Mba Ụwa (United Nations) na-eme atụmatụ na n'oge ụnwụ nri mere n'etiti afọ 1986 na 1988, ihe dị ka mmadụ 400,000 ruo 500,000 nwụrụ, ebe mmadụ 250,000 n'ime ha nwụrụ n'afọ 1988. Ụnwụ nri ahụ chụpụkwara nde mmadụ atọ n'ebe obibi ha. Nnukwu mmiri ozuzo sochiri ụnwụ nri ahụ site n'afọ 1990 ruo afọ 1991, nke a kpatara ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ ma mee ka ọnọdụ na-aga n'ihu ka njọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanada&quot; /&gt; Ụnwụ nri nke afọ 1988 mekwara ka ụnwụ nri afọ 1998 dị na Bahr el Ghazal nke 70,000 nwụrụ.

== Ọrụ Ndụ Sudan ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Mbibi nke ụnwụ nri ahụ dugara n'ịmepụta Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS). Ọ bụ nnukwu mgbalị enyemaka a haziri n'etiti UNICEF World Food Programme (WFP), yana 35 ndị ọzọ NGO. A kọwara OLS dị ka &quot;òtù nche anwụ&quot; nke UN nke ga-enye ma ikike ikike nkwekọrịta na ikike ịrụ ọrụ maka enyemaka e kesara n'akụkụ abụọ nke Agha Obodo. Nkwekọrịta ahụ guzobekwara &quot;okporo ụzọ nke udo&quot; nke nyere ohere maka njem na nkesa nri dị mkpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;medkit&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Ụnwụ nri Sudan na 1993]]
* Ụnwụ nri Sudan na 1998
* Enweghị nri na ụnwụ nri na South Sudan

== Edensibia ==
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'''Ụnwụ nri nke 1988 na Bahr el Ghazal, Sudan''', nke a na-akpọkwa cok makurup &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Diing | first=Joseph | title=Moving for Survival: Oral Histories of Famine and Labour Migration in the Darfur–BeG Borderlands | website=World Peace Foundation | date=2025-12-05 | url=https://worldpeacefoundation.org/blog/moving-for-survival/ | access-date=2026-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nnukwu ọdachi metụtara ọdịmma mmadụ nke dakwasịrị mpaghara Bahr el Ghazal, nke kpatara ọnwụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 250,000. Ụnwụ nri ahụ sitere n'omume ndị otu Arab Muraheleen—ndị gọọmentị na-akwado ego—nke gụnyere izu ohi, mwakpo, ịchụpụ ndị mmadụ n'ebe obibi ha, igbu mmadụ, na ịtọrọ ndị agbụrụ Dinka. .

== Ndabere ==
Ụnwụ nri ahụ mere n'oge Agha Obodo Sudan nke Abụọ nke malitere mgbe nkwekọrịta Addis Ababa nke afọ 1972 mebiri. Gọọmentị Sudan (GoS) na Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) nwere nnukwu esemokwu. Agha ahụ gosipụtakwara site na mmụba nke ime ihe ike agbụrụ n'etiti agbụrụ dị iche iche nke South Sudan. Gọọmentị Sudan na-eji ndị agha [[Baggara Arabs|Baggara]] na-eme ihe ike iji kpochapụ nnupụisi na ndịda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Darfur in Flames: Atrocities in Western Sudan: BACKGROUND |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/sudan0404/3.htm |website=www.hrw.org |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya ==

=== Gọọmentị Sudan ===
Gọọmentị Sudan gbochiri òtù ndị na-enye enyemaka mmadụ ịbanye South Sudan ma mee ka ọ sie ezigbo ike maka òtù ndị na-abụghị nke gọọmentị (NGOs) ịrụ ọrụ na mpaghara ndịda Sudan. GoS mekwara mkpebi n'afọ 1986 nke nyere ndị ọchịagha ndị agha na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ohere iji ihe na-ezighị ezi ma gbochie enyemaka nri.&lt;ref name=Durra&gt;{{cite book |title=Denying &quot;the honor of living&quot;: Sudan, a human rights disaster |date=1990 |publisher=Africa Watch Committee |location=New York, NY |isbn=0929692535}}&lt;/ref&gt;  GoS kwadoro Muraheleen, nke bụ ndị agha agbụrụ nke ndị Rizeigat na Mesiria si na mpaghara Darfur mejupụtara. Mureheleen na-elekwasị anya na Dinkas dịka a na-ewere ha dị ka isi obodo maka ọrụ SPLA. A na-ejikarị ụgbọ okporo ígwè ebuga Muraheleen na Wau. N'ebe ahụ, ha wakporo obodo nta ndị Dinka na-ewere ndị obodo dị ka ndị ohu ma na-ere obodo nta ahụ ọkụ. [[Idei mmiri nke 1988 na Sudan]] belatara enyemaka na-aga Southern Sudan ka a tụgharịrị ya na Khartoum.

=== Ndị agha nnwere onwe nke ndị Sudan ===
SPLA gọnahụrụ enyemaka enyemaka enyemaka site n'ịgbakọta obodo ndị agha gọọmentị na igbochi mbọ enyemaka na Juba. SPLA gbukwara ụgbọelu enyemaka ma wakpo ụgbọ okporo ígwè na osimiri nke enyemaka. SPLA gbochiri ma ọ bụ gbagọọ ahịa nri azụmahịa ma gbochie ndị ụnwụ nri ịchọ nri ọhịa n'ime ọhịa. Iwu ndị a jikọtara ọnụ mere ka ndị nkịtị nwee oke ụnwụ nri.

== Mmetụta ==
Ụnwụ nri ahụ gburu ndị bi na Bahr el Ghazal ma karịsịa agbụrụ Dinka metụtara agha ahụ. Ndị Dinka kpọrọ ụnwụ nri cok makurup nke pụtara agụụ nke ọdịda. Òtù Mba Ụwa (United Nations) na-eme atụmatụ na n'oge ụnwụ nri mere n'etiti afọ 1986 na 1988, ihe dị ka mmadụ 400,000 ruo 500,000 nwụrụ, ebe mmadụ 250,000 n'ime ha nwụrụ n'afọ 1988. Ụnwụ nri ahụ chụpụkwara nde mmadụ atọ n'ebe obibi ha. Nnukwu mmiri ozuzo sochiri ụnwụ nri ahụ site n'afọ 1990 ruo afọ 1991, nke a kpatara ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ ma mee ka ọnọdụ na-aga n'ihu ka njọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanada&quot; /&gt; Ụnwụ nri nke afọ 1988 mekwara ka ụnwụ nri afọ 1998 dị na Bahr el Ghazal nke 70,000 nwụrụ.

== Ọrụ Ndụ Sudan ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Mbibi nke ụnwụ nri ahụ dugara n'ịmepụta Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS). Ọ bụ nnukwu mgbalị enyemaka a haziri n'etiti UNICEF World Food Programme (WFP), yana 35 ndị ọzọ NGO. A kọwara OLS dị ka &quot;òtù nche anwụ&quot; nke UN nke ga-enye ma ikike ikike nkwekọrịta na ikike ịrụ ọrụ maka enyemaka e kesara n'akụkụ abụọ nke Agha Obodo. Nkwekọrịta ahụ guzobekwara &quot;okporo ụzọ nke udo&quot; nke nyere ohere maka njem na nkesa nri dị mkpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;medkit&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Ụnwụ nri Sudan na 1993]]
* Ụnwụ nri Sudan na 1998
* Enweghị nri na ụnwụ nri na South Sudan

== Edensibia ==
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'''Ụnwụ nri nke 1988 na Bahr el Ghazal, Sudan''', nke a na-akpọkwa cok makurup &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Diing | first=Joseph | title=Moving for Survival: Oral Histories of Famine and Labour Migration in the Darfur–BeG Borderlands | website=World Peace Foundation | date=2025-12-05 | url=https://worldpeacefoundation.org/blog/moving-for-survival/ | access-date=2026-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nnukwu ọdachi metụtara ọdịmma mmadụ nke dakwasịrị mpaghara Bahr el Ghazal, nke kpatara ọnwụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 250,000. Ụnwụ nri ahụ sitere n'omume ndị otu Arab Muraheleen—ndị gọọmentị na-akwado ego—nke gụnyere izu ohi, mwakpo, ịchụpụ ndị mmadụ n'ebe obibi ha, igbu mmadụ, na ịtọrọ ndị agbụrụ Dinka. .

== Ndabere ==
Ụnwụ nri ahụ mere n'oge Agha Obodo Sudan nke Abụọ nke malitere mgbe nkwekọrịta Addis Ababa nke afọ 1972 mebiri. Gọọmentị Sudan (GoS) na Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) nwere nnukwu esemokwu. Agha ahụ gosipụtakwara site na mmụba nke ime ihe ike agbụrụ n'etiti agbụrụ dị iche iche nke South Sudan. Gọọmentị Sudan na-eji ndị agha [[Baggara Arabs|Baggara]] na-eme ihe ike iji kpochapụ nnupụisi na ndịda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Darfur in Flames: Atrocities in Western Sudan: BACKGROUND |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/sudan0404/3.htm |website=www.hrw.org |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya ==

=== Gọọmentị Sudan ===
Gọọmentị Sudan gbochiri òtù ndị na-enye enyemaka mmadụ ịbanye South Sudan ma mee ka ọ sie ezigbo ike maka òtù ndị na-abụghị nke gọọmentị (NGOs) ịrụ ọrụ na mpaghara ndịda Sudan. GoS mekwara mkpebi n'afọ 1986 nke nyere ndị ọchịagha ndị agha na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ohere iji ihe na-ezighị ezi ma gbochie enyemaka nri.&lt;ref name=Durra&gt;{{cite book |title=Denying &quot;the honor of living&quot;: Sudan, a human rights disaster |date=1990 |publisher=Africa Watch Committee |location=New York, NY |isbn=0929692535}}&lt;/ref&gt;  GoS kwadoro Muraheleen, nke bụ ndị agha agbụrụ nke ndị Rizeigat na Mesiria si na mpaghara Darfur mejupụtara. Mureheleen na-elekwasị anya na Dinkas dịka a na-ewere ha dị ka isi obodo maka ọrụ SPLA. A na-ejikarị ụgbọ okporo ígwè ebuga Muraheleen na Wau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Analysis of Nine Conflict Areas in Sudan |url=https://www.sudanarchive.net/?a=d&amp;d=SLPD20030500-01.1.46&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN%7CtxTI%7CtxAU----------- |access-date=7 March 2026 |date=May 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ebe ahụ, ha wakporo obodo nta ndị Dinka na-ewere ndị obodo dị ka ndị ohu ma na-ere obodo nta ahụ ọkụ. [[Idei mmiri nke 1988 na Sudan]] belatara enyemaka na-aga Southern Sudan ka a tụgharịrị ya na Khartoum.

=== Ndị agha nnwere onwe nke ndị Sudan ===
SPLA gọnahụrụ enyemaka enyemaka enyemaka site n'ịgbakọta obodo ndị agha gọọmentị na igbochi mbọ enyemaka na Juba. SPLA gbukwara ụgbọelu enyemaka ma wakpo ụgbọ okporo ígwè na osimiri nke enyemaka. SPLA gbochiri ma ọ bụ gbagọọ ahịa nri azụmahịa ma gbochie ndị ụnwụ nri ịchọ nri ọhịa n'ime ọhịa. Iwu ndị a jikọtara ọnụ mere ka ndị nkịtị nwee oke ụnwụ nri.

== Mmetụta ==
Ụnwụ nri ahụ gburu ndị bi na Bahr el Ghazal ma karịsịa agbụrụ Dinka metụtara agha ahụ. Ndị Dinka kpọrọ ụnwụ nri cok makurup nke pụtara agụụ nke ọdịda. Òtù Mba Ụwa (United Nations) na-eme atụmatụ na n'oge ụnwụ nri mere n'etiti afọ 1986 na 1988, ihe dị ka mmadụ 400,000 ruo 500,000 nwụrụ, ebe mmadụ 250,000 n'ime ha nwụrụ n'afọ 1988. Ụnwụ nri ahụ chụpụkwara nde mmadụ atọ n'ebe obibi ha. Nnukwu mmiri ozuzo sochiri ụnwụ nri ahụ site n'afọ 1990 ruo afọ 1991, nke a kpatara ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ ma mee ka ọnọdụ na-aga n'ihu ka njọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanada&quot; /&gt; Ụnwụ nri nke afọ 1988 mekwara ka ụnwụ nri afọ 1998 dị na Bahr el Ghazal nke 70,000 nwụrụ.

== Ọrụ Ndụ Sudan ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Mbibi nke ụnwụ nri ahụ dugara n'ịmepụta Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS). Ọ bụ nnukwu mgbalị enyemaka a haziri n'etiti UNICEF World Food Programme (WFP), yana 35 ndị ọzọ NGO. A kọwara OLS dị ka &quot;òtù nche anwụ&quot; nke UN nke ga-enye ma ikike ikike nkwekọrịta na ikike ịrụ ọrụ maka enyemaka e kesara n'akụkụ abụọ nke Agha Obodo. Nkwekọrịta ahụ guzobekwara &quot;okporo ụzọ nke udo&quot; nke nyere ohere maka njem na nkesa nri dị mkpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;medkit&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Ụnwụ nri Sudan na 1993]]
* Ụnwụ nri Sudan na 1998
* Enweghị nri na ụnwụ nri na South Sudan

== Edensibia ==
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'''Ụnwụ nri nke 1988 na Bahr el Ghazal, Sudan''', nke a na-akpọkwa cok makurup &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Diing | first=Joseph | title=Moving for Survival: Oral Histories of Famine and Labour Migration in the Darfur–BeG Borderlands | website=World Peace Foundation | date=2025-12-05 | url=https://worldpeacefoundation.org/blog/moving-for-survival/ | access-date=2026-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nnukwu ọdachi metụtara ọdịmma mmadụ nke dakwasịrị mpaghara Bahr el Ghazal, nke kpatara ọnwụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 250,000. Ụnwụ nri ahụ sitere n'omume ndị otu Arab Muraheleen—ndị gọọmentị na-akwado ego—nke gụnyere izu ohi, mwakpo, ịchụpụ ndị mmadụ n'ebe obibi ha, igbu mmadụ, na ịtọrọ ndị agbụrụ Dinka. .

== Ndabere ==
Ụnwụ nri ahụ mere n'oge Agha Obodo Sudan nke Abụọ nke malitere mgbe nkwekọrịta Addis Ababa nke afọ 1972 mebiri. Gọọmentị Sudan (GoS) na Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) nwere nnukwu esemokwu. Agha ahụ gosipụtakwara site na mmụba nke ime ihe ike agbụrụ n'etiti agbụrụ dị iche iche nke South Sudan. Gọọmentị Sudan na-eji ndị agha [[Baggara Arabs|Baggara]] na-eme ihe ike iji kpochapụ nnupụisi na ndịda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Darfur in Flames: Atrocities in Western Sudan: BACKGROUND |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/sudan0404/3.htm |website=www.hrw.org |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya ==

=== Gọọmentị Sudan ===
Gọọmentị Sudan gbochiri òtù ndị na-enye enyemaka mmadụ ịbanye South Sudan ma mee ka ọ sie ezigbo ike maka òtù ndị na-abụghị nke gọọmentị (NGOs) ịrụ ọrụ na mpaghara ndịda Sudan. GoS mekwara mkpebi n'afọ 1986 nke nyere ndị ọchịagha ndị agha na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ohere iji ihe na-ezighị ezi ma gbochie enyemaka nri.&lt;ref name=Durra&gt;{{cite book |title=Denying &quot;the honor of living&quot;: Sudan, a human rights disaster |date=1990 |publisher=Africa Watch Committee |location=New York, NY |isbn=0929692535}}&lt;/ref&gt;  GoS kwadoro Muraheleen, nke bụ ndị agha agbụrụ nke ndị Rizeigat na Mesiria si na mpaghara Darfur mejupụtara. Mureheleen na-elekwasị anya na Dinkas dịka a na-ewere ha dị ka isi obodo maka ọrụ SPLA. A na-ejikarị ụgbọ okporo ígwè ebuga Muraheleen na Wau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Analysis of Nine Conflict Areas in Sudan |url=https://www.sudanarchive.net/?a=d&amp;d=SLPD20030500-01.1.46&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN%7CtxTI%7CtxAU----------- |access-date=7 March 2026 |date=May 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ebe ahụ, ha wakporo obodo nta ndị Dinka na-ewere ndị obodo dị ka ndị ohu ma na-ere obodo nta ahụ ọkụ. [[Idei mmiri nke 1988 na Sudan]] belatara enyemaka na-aga Southern Sudan ka a tụgharịrị ya na Khartoum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=January 6, 1989|title=International Notes Health Assessment of the Population Affected by Flood Conditions -- Khartoum, Sudan|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001323.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010219105126/http://www.cdc.gov:80/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/00001323.htm |archive-date=2001-02-19 |access-date=2020-10-15|website=[[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report]]|publisher=US [[Centers for Disease Control]]}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị agha nnwere onwe nke ndị Sudan ===
SPLA gọnahụrụ enyemaka enyemaka enyemaka site n'ịgbakọta obodo ndị agha gọọmentị na igbochi mbọ enyemaka na Juba. SPLA gbukwara ụgbọelu enyemaka ma wakpo ụgbọ okporo ígwè na osimiri nke enyemaka. SPLA gbochiri ma ọ bụ gbagọọ ahịa nri azụmahịa ma gbochie ndị ụnwụ nri ịchọ nri ọhịa n'ime ọhịa. Iwu ndị a jikọtara ọnụ mere ka ndị nkịtị nwee oke ụnwụ nri.

== Mmetụta ==
Ụnwụ nri ahụ gburu ndị bi na Bahr el Ghazal ma karịsịa agbụrụ Dinka metụtara agha ahụ. Ndị Dinka kpọrọ ụnwụ nri cok makurup nke pụtara agụụ nke ọdịda. Òtù Mba Ụwa (United Nations) na-eme atụmatụ na n'oge ụnwụ nri mere n'etiti afọ 1986 na 1988, ihe dị ka mmadụ 400,000 ruo 500,000 nwụrụ, ebe mmadụ 250,000 n'ime ha nwụrụ n'afọ 1988. Ụnwụ nri ahụ chụpụkwara nde mmadụ atọ n'ebe obibi ha. Nnukwu mmiri ozuzo sochiri ụnwụ nri ahụ site n'afọ 1990 ruo afọ 1991, nke a kpatara ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ ma mee ka ọnọdụ na-aga n'ihu ka njọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanada&quot; /&gt; Ụnwụ nri nke afọ 1988 mekwara ka ụnwụ nri afọ 1998 dị na Bahr el Ghazal nke 70,000 nwụrụ.

== Ọrụ Ndụ Sudan ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Mbibi nke ụnwụ nri ahụ dugara n'ịmepụta Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS). Ọ bụ nnukwu mgbalị enyemaka a haziri n'etiti UNICEF World Food Programme (WFP), yana 35 ndị ọzọ NGO. A kọwara OLS dị ka &quot;òtù nche anwụ&quot; nke UN nke ga-enye ma ikike ikike nkwekọrịta na ikike ịrụ ọrụ maka enyemaka e kesara n'akụkụ abụọ nke Agha Obodo. Nkwekọrịta ahụ guzobekwara &quot;okporo ụzọ nke udo&quot; nke nyere ohere maka njem na nkesa nri dị mkpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;medkit&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Ụnwụ nri Sudan na 1993]]
* Ụnwụ nri Sudan na 1998
* Enweghị nri na ụnwụ nri na South Sudan

== Edensibia ==
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'''Ụnwụ nri nke 1988 na Bahr el Ghazal, Sudan''', nke a na-akpọkwa cok makurup &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Diing | first=Joseph | title=Moving for Survival: Oral Histories of Famine and Labour Migration in the Darfur–BeG Borderlands | website=World Peace Foundation | date=2025-12-05 | url=https://worldpeacefoundation.org/blog/moving-for-survival/ | access-date=2026-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nnukwu ọdachi metụtara ọdịmma mmadụ nke dakwasịrị mpaghara Bahr el Ghazal, nke kpatara ọnwụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 250,000. Ụnwụ nri ahụ sitere n'omume ndị otu Arab Muraheleen—ndị gọọmentị na-akwado ego—nke gụnyere izu ohi, mwakpo, ịchụpụ ndị mmadụ n'ebe obibi ha, igbu mmadụ, na ịtọrọ ndị agbụrụ Dinka. .

== Ndabere ==
Ụnwụ nri ahụ mere n'oge Agha Obodo Sudan nke Abụọ nke malitere mgbe nkwekọrịta Addis Ababa nke afọ 1972 mebiri. Gọọmentị Sudan (GoS) na Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) nwere nnukwu esemokwu. Agha ahụ gosipụtakwara site na mmụba nke ime ihe ike agbụrụ n'etiti agbụrụ dị iche iche nke South Sudan. Gọọmentị Sudan na-eji ndị agha [[Baggara Arabs|Baggara]] na-eme ihe ike iji kpochapụ nnupụisi na ndịda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Darfur in Flames: Atrocities in Western Sudan: BACKGROUND |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/sudan0404/3.htm |website=www.hrw.org |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya ==

=== Gọọmentị Sudan ===
Gọọmentị Sudan gbochiri òtù ndị na-enye enyemaka mmadụ ịbanye South Sudan ma mee ka ọ sie ezigbo ike maka òtù ndị na-abụghị nke gọọmentị (NGOs) ịrụ ọrụ na mpaghara ndịda Sudan. GoS mekwara mkpebi n'afọ 1986 nke nyere ndị ọchịagha ndị agha na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ohere iji ihe na-ezighị ezi ma gbochie enyemaka nri.&lt;ref name=Durra&gt;{{cite book |title=Denying &quot;the honor of living&quot;: Sudan, a human rights disaster |date=1990 |publisher=Africa Watch Committee |location=New York, NY |isbn=0929692535}}&lt;/ref&gt;  GoS kwadoro Muraheleen, nke bụ ndị agha agbụrụ nke ndị Rizeigat na Mesiria si na mpaghara Darfur mejupụtara. Mureheleen na-elekwasị anya na Dinkas dịka a na-ewere ha dị ka isi obodo maka ọrụ SPLA. A na-ejikarị ụgbọ okporo ígwè ebuga Muraheleen na Wau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Analysis of Nine Conflict Areas in Sudan |url=https://www.sudanarchive.net/?a=d&amp;d=SLPD20030500-01.1.46&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN%7CtxTI%7CtxAU----------- |access-date=7 March 2026 |date=May 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ebe ahụ, ha wakporo obodo nta ndị Dinka na-ewere ndị obodo dị ka ndị ohu ma na-ere obodo nta ahụ ọkụ. [[Idei mmiri nke 1988 na Sudan]] belatara enyemaka na-aga Southern Sudan ka a tụgharịrị ya na Khartoum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=January 6, 1989|title=International Notes Health Assessment of the Population Affected by Flood Conditions -- Khartoum, Sudan|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001323.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010219105126/http://www.cdc.gov:80/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/00001323.htm |archive-date=2001-02-19 |access-date=2020-10-15|website=[[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report]]|publisher=US [[Centers for Disease Control]]}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị agha nnwere onwe nke ndị Sudan ===
SPLA gọnahụrụ enyemaka enyemaka enyemaka site n'ịgbakọta obodo ndị agha gọọmentị na igbochi mbọ enyemaka na Juba.&lt;ref name=bibi&gt;{{cite web |title=FAMINE IN SUDAN, 1998 |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/sudan/SUDAWEB2-71.htm#P2474_470141 |website=www.hrw.org |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; SPLA gbukwara ụgbọelu enyemaka ma wakpo ụgbọ okporo ígwè na osimiri nke enyemaka. SPLA gbochiri ma ọ bụ gbagọọ ahịa nri azụmahịa ma gbochie ndị ụnwụ nri ịchọ nri ọhịa n'ime ọhịa. Iwu ndị a jikọtara ọnụ mere ka ndị nkịtị nwee oke ụnwụ nri.

== Mmetụta ==
Ụnwụ nri ahụ gburu ndị bi na Bahr el Ghazal ma karịsịa agbụrụ Dinka metụtara agha ahụ. Ndị Dinka kpọrọ ụnwụ nri cok makurup nke pụtara agụụ nke ọdịda. Òtù Mba Ụwa (United Nations) na-eme atụmatụ na n'oge ụnwụ nri mere n'etiti afọ 1986 na 1988, ihe dị ka mmadụ 400,000 ruo 500,000 nwụrụ, ebe mmadụ 250,000 n'ime ha nwụrụ n'afọ 1988. Ụnwụ nri ahụ chụpụkwara nde mmadụ atọ n'ebe obibi ha. Nnukwu mmiri ozuzo sochiri ụnwụ nri ahụ site n'afọ 1990 ruo afọ 1991, nke a kpatara ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ ma mee ka ọnọdụ na-aga n'ihu ka njọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanada&quot; /&gt; Ụnwụ nri nke afọ 1988 mekwara ka ụnwụ nri afọ 1998 dị na Bahr el Ghazal nke 70,000 nwụrụ.

== Ọrụ Ndụ Sudan ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Mbibi nke ụnwụ nri ahụ dugara n'ịmepụta Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS). Ọ bụ nnukwu mgbalị enyemaka a haziri n'etiti UNICEF World Food Programme (WFP), yana 35 ndị ọzọ NGO. A kọwara OLS dị ka &quot;òtù nche anwụ&quot; nke UN nke ga-enye ma ikike ikike nkwekọrịta na ikike ịrụ ọrụ maka enyemaka e kesara n'akụkụ abụọ nke Agha Obodo. Nkwekọrịta ahụ guzobekwara &quot;okporo ụzọ nke udo&quot; nke nyere ohere maka njem na nkesa nri dị mkpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;medkit&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Ụnwụ nri Sudan na 1993]]
* Ụnwụ nri Sudan na 1998
* Enweghị nri na ụnwụ nri na South Sudan

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; </text>
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'''Ụnwụ nri nke 1988 na Bahr el Ghazal, Sudan''', nke a na-akpọkwa cok makurup &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Diing | first=Joseph | title=Moving for Survival: Oral Histories of Famine and Labour Migration in the Darfur–BeG Borderlands | website=World Peace Foundation | date=2025-12-05 | url=https://worldpeacefoundation.org/blog/moving-for-survival/ | access-date=2026-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nnukwu ọdachi metụtara ọdịmma mmadụ nke dakwasịrị mpaghara Bahr el Ghazal, nke kpatara ọnwụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 250,000. Ụnwụ nri ahụ sitere n'omume ndị otu Arab Muraheleen—ndị gọọmentị na-akwado ego—nke gụnyere izu ohi, mwakpo, ịchụpụ ndị mmadụ n'ebe obibi ha, igbu mmadụ, na ịtọrọ ndị agbụrụ Dinka. .

== Ndabere ==
Ụnwụ nri ahụ mere n'oge Agha Obodo Sudan nke Abụọ nke malitere mgbe nkwekọrịta Addis Ababa nke afọ 1972 mebiri. Gọọmentị Sudan (GoS) na Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) nwere nnukwu esemokwu. Agha ahụ gosipụtakwara site na mmụba nke ime ihe ike agbụrụ n'etiti agbụrụ dị iche iche nke South Sudan. Gọọmentị Sudan na-eji ndị agha [[Baggara Arabs|Baggara]] na-eme ihe ike iji kpochapụ nnupụisi na ndịda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Darfur in Flames: Atrocities in Western Sudan: BACKGROUND |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/sudan0404/3.htm |website=www.hrw.org |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya ==

=== Gọọmentị Sudan ===
Gọọmentị Sudan gbochiri òtù ndị na-enye enyemaka mmadụ ịbanye South Sudan ma mee ka ọ sie ezigbo ike maka òtù ndị na-abụghị nke gọọmentị (NGOs) ịrụ ọrụ na mpaghara ndịda Sudan. GoS mekwara mkpebi n'afọ 1986 nke nyere ndị ọchịagha ndị agha na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ohere iji ihe na-ezighị ezi ma gbochie enyemaka nri.&lt;ref name=Durra&gt;{{cite book |title=Denying &quot;the honor of living&quot;: Sudan, a human rights disaster |date=1990 |publisher=Africa Watch Committee |location=New York, NY |isbn=0929692535}}&lt;/ref&gt;  GoS kwadoro Muraheleen, nke bụ ndị agha agbụrụ nke ndị Rizeigat na Mesiria si na mpaghara Darfur mejupụtara. Mureheleen na-elekwasị anya na Dinkas dịka a na-ewere ha dị ka isi obodo maka ọrụ SPLA. A na-ejikarị ụgbọ okporo ígwè ebuga Muraheleen na Wau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Analysis of Nine Conflict Areas in Sudan |url=https://www.sudanarchive.net/?a=d&amp;d=SLPD20030500-01.1.46&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN%7CtxTI%7CtxAU----------- |access-date=7 March 2026 |date=May 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ebe ahụ, ha wakporo obodo nta ndị Dinka na-ewere ndị obodo dị ka ndị ohu ma na-ere obodo nta ahụ ọkụ. [[Idei mmiri nke 1988 na Sudan]] belatara enyemaka na-aga Southern Sudan ka a tụgharịrị ya na Khartoum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=January 6, 1989|title=International Notes Health Assessment of the Population Affected by Flood Conditions -- Khartoum, Sudan|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001323.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010219105126/http://www.cdc.gov:80/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/00001323.htm |archive-date=2001-02-19 |access-date=2020-10-15|website=[[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report]]|publisher=US [[Centers for Disease Control]]}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị agha nnwere onwe nke ndị Sudan ===
SPLA gọnahụrụ enyemaka enyemaka enyemaka site n'ịgbakọta obodo ndị agha gọọmentị na igbochi mbọ enyemaka na Juba.&lt;ref name=bibi&gt;{{cite web |title=FAMINE IN SUDAN, 1998 |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/sudan/SUDAWEB2-71.htm#P2474_470141 |website=www.hrw.org |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; SPLA gbukwara ụgbọelu enyemaka ma wakpo ụgbọ okporo ígwè na osimiri nke enyemaka. SPLA gbochiri ma ọ bụ gbagọọ ahịa nri azụmahịa ma gbochie ndị ụnwụ nri ịchọ nri ọhịa n'ime ọhịa. Iwu ndị a jikọtara ọnụ mere ka ndị nkịtị nwee oke ụnwụ nri.

== Mmetụta ==
Ụnwụ nri ahụ gburu ndị bi na Bahr el Ghazal ma karịsịa agbụrụ Dinka metụtara agha ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Politics, Power and Chiefship in Famine and War – Rift Valley Institute |url=https://riftvalley.net/publication/politics-power-and-chiefship-famine-and-war/ |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Dinka kpọrọ ụnwụ nri cok makurup nke pụtara agụụ nke ọdịda. Òtù Mba Ụwa (United Nations) na-eme atụmatụ na n'oge ụnwụ nri mere n'etiti afọ 1986 na 1988, ihe dị ka mmadụ 400,000 ruo 500,000 nwụrụ, ebe mmadụ 250,000 n'ime ha nwụrụ n'afọ 1988. Ụnwụ nri ahụ chụpụkwara nde mmadụ atọ n'ebe obibi ha. Nnukwu mmiri ozuzo sochiri ụnwụ nri ahụ site n'afọ 1990 ruo afọ 1991, nke a kpatara ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ ma mee ka ọnọdụ na-aga n'ihu ka njọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanada&quot; /&gt; Ụnwụ nri nke afọ 1988 mekwara ka ụnwụ nri afọ 1998 dị na Bahr el Ghazal nke 70,000 nwụrụ.

== Ọrụ Ndụ Sudan ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Mbibi nke ụnwụ nri ahụ dugara n'ịmepụta Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS). Ọ bụ nnukwu mgbalị enyemaka a haziri n'etiti UNICEF World Food Programme (WFP), yana 35 ndị ọzọ NGO. A kọwara OLS dị ka &quot;òtù nche anwụ&quot; nke UN nke ga-enye ma ikike ikike nkwekọrịta na ikike ịrụ ọrụ maka enyemaka e kesara n'akụkụ abụọ nke Agha Obodo. Nkwekọrịta ahụ guzobekwara &quot;okporo ụzọ nke udo&quot; nke nyere ohere maka njem na nkesa nri dị mkpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;medkit&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Ụnwụ nri Sudan na 1993]]
* Ụnwụ nri Sudan na 1998
* Enweghị nri na ụnwụ nri na South Sudan

== Edensibia ==
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'''Ụnwụ nri nke 1988 na Bahr el Ghazal, Sudan''', nke a na-akpọkwa cok makurup &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Diing | first=Joseph | title=Moving for Survival: Oral Histories of Famine and Labour Migration in the Darfur–BeG Borderlands | website=World Peace Foundation | date=2025-12-05 | url=https://worldpeacefoundation.org/blog/moving-for-survival/ | access-date=2026-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nnukwu ọdachi metụtara ọdịmma mmadụ nke dakwasịrị mpaghara Bahr el Ghazal, nke kpatara ọnwụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 250,000. Ụnwụ nri ahụ sitere n'omume ndị otu Arab Muraheleen—ndị gọọmentị na-akwado ego—nke gụnyere izu ohi, mwakpo, ịchụpụ ndị mmadụ n'ebe obibi ha, igbu mmadụ, na ịtọrọ ndị agbụrụ Dinka. .

== Ndabere ==
Ụnwụ nri ahụ mere n'oge Agha Obodo Sudan nke Abụọ nke malitere mgbe nkwekọrịta Addis Ababa nke afọ 1972 mebiri. Gọọmentị Sudan (GoS) na Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) nwere nnukwu esemokwu. Agha ahụ gosipụtakwara site na mmụba nke ime ihe ike agbụrụ n'etiti agbụrụ dị iche iche nke South Sudan. Gọọmentị Sudan na-eji ndị agha [[Baggara Arabs|Baggara]] na-eme ihe ike iji kpochapụ nnupụisi na ndịda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Darfur in Flames: Atrocities in Western Sudan: BACKGROUND |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/sudan0404/3.htm |website=www.hrw.org |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya ==

=== Gọọmentị Sudan ===
Gọọmentị Sudan gbochiri òtù ndị na-enye enyemaka mmadụ ịbanye South Sudan ma mee ka ọ sie ezigbo ike maka òtù ndị na-abụghị nke gọọmentị (NGOs) ịrụ ọrụ na mpaghara ndịda Sudan. GoS mekwara mkpebi n'afọ 1986 nke nyere ndị ọchịagha ndị agha na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ohere iji ihe na-ezighị ezi ma gbochie enyemaka nri.&lt;ref name=Durra&gt;{{cite book |title=Denying &quot;the honor of living&quot;: Sudan, a human rights disaster |date=1990 |publisher=Africa Watch Committee |location=New York, NY |isbn=0929692535}}&lt;/ref&gt;  GoS kwadoro Muraheleen, nke bụ ndị agha agbụrụ nke ndị Rizeigat na Mesiria si na mpaghara Darfur mejupụtara. Mureheleen na-elekwasị anya na Dinkas dịka a na-ewere ha dị ka isi obodo maka ọrụ SPLA. A na-ejikarị ụgbọ okporo ígwè ebuga Muraheleen na Wau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Analysis of Nine Conflict Areas in Sudan |url=https://www.sudanarchive.net/?a=d&amp;d=SLPD20030500-01.1.46&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN%7CtxTI%7CtxAU----------- |access-date=7 March 2026 |date=May 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ebe ahụ, ha wakporo obodo nta ndị Dinka na-ewere ndị obodo dị ka ndị ohu ma na-ere obodo nta ahụ ọkụ. [[Idei mmiri nke 1988 na Sudan]] belatara enyemaka na-aga Southern Sudan ka a tụgharịrị ya na Khartoum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=January 6, 1989|title=International Notes Health Assessment of the Population Affected by Flood Conditions -- Khartoum, Sudan|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001323.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010219105126/http://www.cdc.gov:80/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/00001323.htm |archive-date=2001-02-19 |access-date=2020-10-15|website=[[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report]]|publisher=US [[Centers for Disease Control]]}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị agha nnwere onwe nke ndị Sudan ===
SPLA gọnahụrụ enyemaka enyemaka enyemaka site n'ịgbakọta obodo ndị agha gọọmentị na igbochi mbọ enyemaka na Juba.&lt;ref name=bibi&gt;{{cite web |title=FAMINE IN SUDAN, 1998 |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/sudan/SUDAWEB2-71.htm#P2474_470141 |website=www.hrw.org |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; SPLA gbukwara ụgbọelu enyemaka ma wakpo ụgbọ okporo ígwè na osimiri nke enyemaka. SPLA gbochiri ma ọ bụ gbagọọ ahịa nri azụmahịa ma gbochie ndị ụnwụ nri ịchọ nri ọhịa n'ime ọhịa. Iwu ndị a jikọtara ọnụ mere ka ndị nkịtị nwee oke ụnwụ nri.

== Mmetụta ==
Ụnwụ nri ahụ gburu ndị bi na Bahr el Ghazal ma karịsịa agbụrụ Dinka metụtara agha ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Politics, Power and Chiefship in Famine and War – Rift Valley Institute |url=https://riftvalley.net/publication/politics-power-and-chiefship-famine-and-war/ |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Dinka kpọrọ ụnwụ nri cok makurup nke pụtara agụụ nke ọdịda. Òtù Mba Ụwa (United Nations) na-eme atụmatụ na n'oge ụnwụ nri mere n'etiti afọ 1986 na 1988, ihe dị ka mmadụ 400,000 ruo 500,000 nwụrụ, ebe mmadụ 250,000 n'ime ha nwụrụ n'afọ 1988. Ụnwụ nri ahụ chụpụkwara nde mmadụ atọ n'ebe obibi ha.&lt;ref name=Kanada&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=John K. |title=Distributing Food Aid as a Civilization is Dismantled: The Case of Sudan |journal=Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees |date=1 April 1994 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=26–32 |doi=10.25071/1920-7336.21802 |url=https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/view/21802 |access-date=7 March 2026 |language=en |issn=1920-7336|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnukwu mmiri ozuzo sochiri ụnwụ nri ahụ site n'afọ 1990 ruo afọ 1991, nke a kpatara ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ ma mee ka ọnọdụ na-aga n'ihu ka njọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanada&quot; /&gt; Ụnwụ nri nke afọ 1988 mekwara ka ụnwụ nri afọ 1998 dị na Bahr el Ghazal nke 70,000 nwụrụ.

== Ọrụ Ndụ Sudan ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Mbibi nke ụnwụ nri ahụ dugara n'ịmepụta Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS). Ọ bụ nnukwu mgbalị enyemaka a haziri n'etiti UNICEF World Food Programme (WFP), yana 35 ndị ọzọ NGO. A kọwara OLS dị ka &quot;òtù nche anwụ&quot; nke UN nke ga-enye ma ikike ikike nkwekọrịta na ikike ịrụ ọrụ maka enyemaka e kesara n'akụkụ abụọ nke Agha Obodo. Nkwekọrịta ahụ guzobekwara &quot;okporo ụzọ nke udo&quot; nke nyere ohere maka njem na nkesa nri dị mkpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;medkit&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Ụnwụ nri Sudan na 1993]]
* Ụnwụ nri Sudan na 1998
* Enweghị nri na ụnwụ nri na South Sudan

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Sacha Horler</title>
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{{short description|Australian actress}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Original research|article|date=October 2009}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Use Australian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name         = Sacha Horler
| image        = Sacha Horler 2012.jpg
| image_size   =
| alt          = 
| caption      = Horler at the ''Killing Them Softly'' Australian Premiere in September 2012
| birth_name   = 
| birth_date   = 
| birth_place  = Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| death_date   = 
| death_place  = 
| other_names  = 
| occupation   = Actress
| years_active = 1995–present
| spouse       = 
| partner      = 
| website      =  
}}

'''Sacha Horler''' bụ onye Australia na-eme ihe nkiri. Nne na nna ya bụ ndị ọka iwu, mana ha so guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Nimrod nke Sydney na mbido afọ 1970.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Sacha Horler gụchara akwụkwọ na National Institute of Dramatic Arts dị na Sydney n'afọ 1993.

== Ọrụ ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Horler mere ihe nkiri izizi ya n'afọ 1995 site na ọrụ na egwu akpọrọ Billy's Holiday .

N'etiti ihe ngosi ya na Sydney bụ ọrụ ndị e gosipụtara na otu egwuregwu Playgrounds (1996) na ihe nkiri Harold Pinter The Birthday Party (1997). N'afọ 1997, e gosipụtara Horler na ihe nkiri Blackrock nke Australia mepụtara, n'afọ sochirinụ, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri mba ụwa Babe: Pig in the City .

Ọrụ mere ka Horler pụta ìhè nke ọma bụ na ihe nkiri afọ 1998 a na-akpọ *Praise*, nke nwere ọtụtụ ihe ngosi gbasara ịgba ọtọ na mmekọahụ. N'afọ 1999, ọrụ ọzọ ọ rụrụ dị ka onye na-akwado ndị isi ihe nkiri na *Soft Fruit* chọrọ ka o mee ka ahụ ya buru ibu maka ọrụ ahụ. N'otu afọ ahụ, o nwetara ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwado ndị isi ihe nkiri na *My Mother Frank*.

N'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, Horler pụtara na ọrụ dị iche iche n'ọtụtụ usoro TV Australia. Ihe kachasị mkpa n'ime ndị a bụ usoro ihe nkiri TV nke Australian Broadcasting Corporation Grass Roots na 2000 na 2003, miniseries ''Changi'' na 2001, ihe nkiri TV ''CrashBurn'' na ihe nkiri akụkọ sayensị Farscape na 2003, na usoro ihe nkiri headLand na Love My Way n'afọ 2006.

N'afọ 2009, Horler pụtara na ihe nkiri Australia nke AFI họpụtara My Year Without Sex . Kemgbe ahụ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ ugboro ugboro n'ọtụtụ usoro ihe nkiri Australia gụnyere Offspring na 2010, Small Time Gangster, ihe nkiri iwu ''Crownies'' na 2011, na telemovie ''Beaconsfield'' na 2012.

== Ihe nrite ==
Horler meriri ihe nrite abụọ nke Australian Film Institute n'afọ 1999, na-emeri Best Actress dị ka onye na-enwe mmekọahụ na Praise, na Best Supporting Actress maka ọrụ ya na Soft Fruit. Horler nwetakwara ihe nrite Best Supporting Actress na 2003 maka ọrụ ya na Travelling Light .

== Ndepụta ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
!Ihe edeturu
|-
|2018
|''Nkwụsị''
|Ihe doro anya
|Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2018
|''Nekrotronic''
|Oriakụ North
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|2018
|''Ọnọdụ Nne''
|Sara
|Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2018
|''Peter Rabbit''
|Onye ọkwọ ụgbọala
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|2017
|''Ịcheta Agatha''
|Cynthia
|Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2017
|''Ụmụ nwoke ole na ole''
|Ranger Ruth
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|2017
|''Onye Na-achọ Ịkwado''
|Nwanne nne June
|Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2016
|''Ụlọ Egwuregwu Egwuregwu: The Letdown''
|Ester
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|2016
|''Gbuo Nri Anyasị Gị''
|Scarlett
|Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2015
|''Onye Na-eme Uwe''
|Otu Ihe Na-atọ Mmasị
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|2012
|''Beaconsfield''
|Rachel Webb
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|2010
|''Akụkọ ifo nke ndị nche: Owls nke Ga'Hoole''
|Strix (olu) 
|Ihe nkiri animated
|-
|2010
|''Hawke''
|Jean Sinclair
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|2010
|''Ịgafe Ndị Agha''
|Shae
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|2009
|''Afọ M Na-enweghị Mmekọahụ''
|Natalie
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|2005
|''BlackJack: Egwuregwu Ace Point''
|Angie
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|2005
|''Lee Ụzọ Abụọ''
|Linda
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|2005
|''Dọkịta Ezinụlọ Na-ese Ihe Osise''
|Carol Kelp
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|2004
|''Gaa Nnukwu''
|Michaela Twinch
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|2003
|''Njehie Nchịkọta''
|Lauren
|Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2003
|''Ìhè Na-agagharị Agagharị''
|Bronwyn White
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|2002
|''Azụmaahịa Ndị Nwanyị Na-alụ Nwanyị Nzuzo''
|Lucy Dean
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|2001
|''Nwa bebi Russia''
|Liza
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|2000
|''Gaa n'Okwu''
|Bonita
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|2000
|''Nne m Frank''
|Margaret
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|1999
|''Mkpụrụ osisi dị nro''
|Nadia
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|1998
|''Babe: Ezì n'obodo''
|Nọọsụ Nọọsụ
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|1998
|''Otuto''
|Cynthia
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|1997
|''Nkume ojii''
|Onye nkuzi
|Ihe nkiri
|-
|1995
|''Oge ezumike Billy''
|Kristin
|Ihe nkiri
|}

=== Telivishọn ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
!Ihe edeturu
!Nkwupụta
|-
|2027
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwATQ&quot;&gt;Nnukwu Onye ọcha&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|TBA
|Ihe nkiri TV
|
|-
|2024
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAUA&quot;&gt;Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eyi Ojii&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Dorothy Miles
|Ihe omume 6
|
|-
|2023
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAUg&quot;&gt;Mgbe Ndị Nwoke Na-apụ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Helen
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 3
|
|-
|2022
|''Colin Site na Akụkọ''
|Fiona
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume
|
|-
|2021
|''Akwụkwọ ozi na nọmba ndị ama ama''
|Ya onwe ya: Onye na-asọ mpi
|1 ihe omume
|
|-
|2019
|''Nchịkwa zuru oke''
|Kelly Campbell
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 2
|
|-
|2017-19
|''Ihe Ndị A Na-eme Ka Ọ daa''
|Ester
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 10
|
|-
|2016-19
|''Obodo Nzuzo''
|Ludie Sypek
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 10
|
|-
|2018
|''Sando''
|Victoria 'Sando' Sandringham
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 6
|
|-
|2016-17
|''N'Ụlọ Na N'èzí''
|Ranae Turner
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 10
|
|-
|2015-16
|''Enweghị Ọrụ''
|Olu ndị uwe ojii
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 9
|
|-
|2010-16
|''Ụmụ ya''
|Stacey
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 4
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016
|''Ihe Mere na Kettering''
|Barbara Holloway
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 8
|
|-
|''Jack Irish''
|Alli Aquaro
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 4
|
|-
|2015
|''Ịnweta Milat''
|Karen Milat
|Miniserie TV, 1 ihe omume
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2014
|''Ihe Omume Ọjọọ''
|Ndị ọbịa
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 2
|
|-
|''Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ochie''
|Rhonda
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 7
|
|-
|''Ndị Moodys''
|Yvonne Tisdale
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 6
|
|-
|2013
|''N'akụkụ Ọchịchịrị''
|
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Egwú''
|Anthea
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 3
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2011
|''Crownies''
|Virginia Gardiner
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 5 episodes
|
|-
|''Obere Onye Nrụ Aka''
|Cathy
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 8
|
|-
|2010
|''Rake''
|Annie Murray
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2009
|''Ebe m nọ''
|Elsie
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume
|
|-
|''Nnapụta: Special Ops''
|Amanda Jackson
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume
|
|-
|''Ndị Nsọ Nile''
|Collette Harris
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV. 1 ihe omume
|
|-
|2006
|''Ịhụ Ụzọ M''
|P.K.
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 8
|
|-
|2006
|''isi ala''
|Julie Palermo
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 6
|
|-
|2003
|''CrashBurn''
|Abby
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 13 episodes
|
|-
|2000-03
|''Mgbọrọgwụ Ahịhịa''
|Helen Manoufis
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, ihe omume 15
|
|-
|2003
|''Ihe osise''
|Onye Mkpọrọ Morrock
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume
|
|-
|2002
|''Halifax f.p.''
|Karen Oldfield
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume
|
|-
|2001
|''Changi''
|Nerida
|Miniserie TV, 1 ihe omume
|
|-
|1998
|''Ọkpụkpọ Ogbugbu''
|Elsepth
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume
|
|-
|1996
|''Anụ mmiri''
|Christine Martin
|Usoro ihe nkiri TV, 1 ihe omume
|
|}

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|0394759}}
{{AACTA Award Best Actress in a Leading Role 1980–1999}}{{AACTAAward BestSupportingActress 1981–2000}}{{AACTAAward BestSupportingActress 2001–2020}}{{Authority control}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pratibha Gai</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372342492|Pratibha Gai]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''Dame Pratibha Laxman Gai-Boyes''' ọ bụ okachamara Britain na ihe gbasara iji igwe nlele ihe dị ntakịrị (microscope) arụ ọrụ, Prọfesọ na Onye isi oche nke ngalaba Electron Microscopy na onye bụbu onye nduzi na The York JEOL Nanocentre, Ngalaba nke Chemistry na Physics, Mahadum York .  O mepụtara atomic-resolution Environmental Transmission Electron Microscope (ETEM) ma bụrụ onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọrụ na sayensị.

== Agụmakwụkwọ na mmalite ndụ ==
Gai tolitere na mba India, ma nwee mmasị pụrụ iche na ihe gbasara sayensị mgbe ọ bụ nwata. Ọ nwetara mmetụta site n'aka Marie Curie, agụmakwụkwọ ya, na ndị mụrụ ya kpaliri ya ịmụ kemịkal. Otú ọ dị, n'oge ahụ, a nabataghị ụmụ nwanyị ka ha nwee ọrụ na sayensị anụ ahụ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-achọ nkà.

:: &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Ọ gaara esi ike ma ọ bụrụ na agụmakwụkwọ ahụ adịghị n'ihi na atụmanya ọha na eze maka ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ahụ anaghị agụnye ọrụ na sayensị ma ọ bụ kemịkal. Aga m ekwu na atụmanya ọha na eze, ọbụna taa, maka ihe dị mma maka ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere na UK, anaghị agụnye ọmụmụ sayensị mgbe niile.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Gai gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cambridge ebe e nyere ya PhD n'afọ 1974 maka nyocha na microscopy electron na-adịghị ike nke e mere na Cavendish Laboratory.

== Nnyocha na ọrụ ==
Gai bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ dị elu n'ime usoro electron microscopy na sayensị kemịkal. Ya na Edward D. Boyes, ha mepụtara atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM), nke na-eme ka ọhụụ na nyocha na ọnụọgụ atọm nke mmeghachi omume gas-catalyst na-akwado usoro kemịkal dị mkpa. Nnyocha ya enyerela aka ịghọta nke ọma otú ihe na-akpali akpali si arụ ọrụ, na-eduga na sayensị ọhụrụ bara uru. Ihe nchoputa a enyerela ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị aka. Ndị na-emepụta microscope, ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal na ndị nchọpụta na-eji microscope na usoro ya eme ihe n'ụwa niile.

N'afọ 2009, mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke mmepe gasịrị, Gai, onye nwere oche na electron microscopy ma bụrụ onye nduzi nke York JEOL Nanocentre na Mahadum York, nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta microscope nwere ike ịghọta mmeghachi omume kemịkal na atomic scale.

Nke a bụ ọganihu na microscopes nkịtị na ọkwa a, nke nwere ike ịhụ naanị ihe ebumpụta ụwa na ọnọdụ &quot;nwụrụ anwụ&quot; nke ikuku na okpomọkụ ime ụlọ. A maara ya dị ka atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM). 

Site n'enyemaka nke ndị ọrụ ibe ya, o wuru ma nụchaa igwe ahụ n'ime afọ iri abụọ, malite na prototype dị ala mgbe ọ bụ onye nyocha postdoctoral na Mahadum Oxford. Ọ nọrọ afọ iri na asatọ na US na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal DuPont na Mahadum Delaware . 

Ọ bụ ezie na igwe eji elele ihu dị ntakịrị ya bara ezigbo uru na ngalaba sayensị, o mere mkpebi ịghara inweta ya, na-asị, &quot;Echere m na ọ bụrụ na m nweta ya, ọ dịghị onye ọzọ ga-enwe ike iji ya rụọ ọrụ. Enwere m ike inweta ego, mana enweghị m mmasị na nke ahụ. Enwere m mmasị na ngwa maka ọtụtụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta, mepụta sayensị ndị ọzọ. Ya mere, ekpebiri m ịghara inweta ikike ya. &quot;

Ọ na-ekwukarị maka ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị, ma kwuo maka ihe ịma aka nke inwe ụmụ dị ka nwanyị sayensị. Ọ na-ekwu, &quot;ihe dị mkpa iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị nọgide na sayensị; ọ bụ mpaghara asọmpi nke ukwuu ma ha [ma ọ bụghị ya] na-anọ n'azụ ma ha na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. Ya mere, ana m agwa ụmụ akwụkwọ m ndị nwanyị ka ha lekwasị anya n'elu. &quot;

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==

* 2010 Gabor Medal na Prize maka in-situ atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM).
* Onye otu Institute of Physics 
* Onye otu Royal Society of Chemistry 
* 2013 L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards Laureate for Europe
* 2014 Fellow nke Royal Academy of Engineering 
* 2016 Fellow nke Royal Society (FRS) 
* 2018 Ihe nrite Eshia maka ihe ịga nke ọma pụtara ìhè na sayensị na teknụzụ. 
* 2018 Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire Maka ọrụ na sayensị na teknụzụ kemịkal 
* 2018 Honorary Fellow nke Royal Microscopical SocietyOnye Nsọpụrụ nke Royal Microscopical Society

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'''Daya Bai''' (onye amụrụ Mercy Mathew) bụ onye India na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze si Kerala, na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti agbụrụ nke etiti India. Ọ bi n'obodo Barul nke Mpaghara Chhindwara na Madhya Pradesh .

== Oge ọ malitere ndụ ya ==
Mercy Mathew sitere n'ezinụlọ ndị Kraịst nwere ọganihu na Pala, Kerala .  O nwere obi ụtọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na okwukwe siri ike na Chineke. Ọ hapụrụ Pala, Kerala mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii ka ọ bụrụ onye nọn,  ma mesịa hapụ omume ya, iji rụọ ọrụ maka ndị agbụrụ dị n'etiti India.

== Ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ==
Daya anọwo na-ekwu okwu ndị na-akpali akpali, na-eme satyagrahas na mkpọsa iji mee ka ndị ọchịchị ime obodo mepee ụlọ akwụkwọ ma nye obodo nta ndị a na-eleghara anya n'ime ime obodo na agbụrụ Madhya Pradesh. E jikọtara ya na Narmada Bachao Andolan na ọgụ Chengara, ma e wezụga ọgụ ya na-anọchite anya ndị bi n'ọhịa na ndị obodo na Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra na West Bengal. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ ya na ndị nkịtị nọ na Bangladesh n'oge agha ahụ. Daya Bai, onye na-eme nkà mmụta okpukpe nke nnwere onwe, biri n'etiti Gonds nke Mpaghara Chhindwara na Madhya Pradesh. O guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ n'obodo nta Barul. Daya Bai na-akụziri obodo ọ bụla ọ na-eleta otu esi elekọta onwe ya wee gaa n'obodo ọzọ.

Ọ malitere Swayam Sahayatha Group na ngwụcha afọ 90, dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka iwepụ ịda ogbenye ọnụ ntụ. Nke a mere ka iwe nke ndị na-agbachitere, ndị na-ebinye ego na onye isi obodo. Ọ rịọrọ ndị isi nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ akụ ahụ ka ha jiri ọnọdụ ha bulie ndị a na-emegbu emegbu na ndị ogbenye nọ na nsogbu.
[[File:Daya_Bai_in_a_Village.png|thumb]]

== Onyinye ihe nrite ==
Daya Bai nwetara ihe nrite 'Vanitha Woman of the Year' n'afọ 2007. E nyere ya ihe nrite 'Good Samaritan National Award' (nke otu Kottayam Social Service Society na Agape Movement nke Chicago hiwere) n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2012.

== Ihe Nketa ==
''Ottayal'' ma ọ bụ 'Otu Onye,' bụ ihe ngosi na-ewe otu awa na Daya Bai nke Shiny Jacob Benjamin. Nandita Das, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, dere otuto nye ya na 2005, dị ka otu ihe kpaliri ndụ ya. 

== Ihe nkiri ==
Ọ rụrụ ọrụ onye isi na ihe nkiri asụsụ Malayalam nke India nke afọ 2018 bụ Kanthan - The Lover of Colour .

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Dame Asha Khemka DBE DL (amụrụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1951,  na Sitamarhi, Bihar)   bụ onye bụbu onye nkuzi nke gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi na onye isi oche na West Nottinghamshire College na ngwụcha afọ 2018 mgbe kọleji ahụ nwere nsogbu ego.    Ọ sonyeere kọleji na 2006, nọchiri Di McEvoy-Robinson.&lt;ref name=&quot;beingindian1&quot; /&gt; Tupu ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2018 ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị a na-akwụ ụgwọ kachasị elu na ngalaba ahụ. 

== Nsọpụrụ ==
E nyere Khemka ihe nrite [[Order of the British Empire|OBE (Order of the British Empire)]] dị ka akụkụ nke 2009 New Year Honours, nke [[Elizabeth II|Elizabeth nke Abụọ]], mgbe ahụ The Queen, gosipụtara na Buckingham Palace na July 2009.   N'afọ 2014, e buliri ya ka ọ bụrụ Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, nke Charles nke Atọ, nke a na-akpọ Prince of Wales, gosipụtara ọzọ na Buckingham Palace.

Khemka bụ nwanyị nke anọ sitere na India e nyere ụtụ ahọ &quot;Dame&quot; ya ọkwa nke Order of the British Empire (DBE ma ọ bụ GBE) kemgbe e guzobere iwu ahụ na 1917, na-esote, n'usoro oge, Kaikhusrau Jahan, Begum nke Bhopal (1917), [[Maharani Lakshmi Devi Bai Sahiba]] nke Dhar State (1931), na Indira Patel (2011).

N'afọ 2017, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote Lieutenant nke Staffordshire, ebe ọ bụ onye bi ogologo oge. N'ọnwa Eprel 2017, a kpọrọ ya Asian Businesswoman of the Year na meme na Birmingham.

== Ihe nrite ndị ọzọ ==

* National Jewel Award for Excellence in Healthcare and Education, 2007
* Ihe nrite Asia Women of Achievement, 2008
* Midlands Businesswoman of the Year, 2009
* Ihe nrite ọla edo nke NRI Welfare Society of India maka ọrụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ dị ka onye India na-abụghị onye bi na ya, 2010
* Nwanyị Na-akpali Akpali nke Afọ, Derbyshire na Nottinghamshire Chamber of Commerce, 2011
* Onye Azụmaahịa nke Afọ, Ashfield na Mansfield Chad, 2011
* Nkwado zuru oke maka mmụta (inugurazi Asian Apprenticeship Awards, ndị isi ojii na ndị agbụrụ Asia pere mpe). 

== Ọrụ ebere ==
Khemka bụ onye guzobere Inspire and Achieve Foundation, otu ndị nkuzi nke e bu n'obi &quot;...i ji yere ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ọnọdụ siri ike,ndị a na eleghara anya na ndị na enweghị ohere zuru oke dị afọ iri na isii ruo afọ iri abụọ na isii...&quot;, mgbe ụfọdụ a maara dị ka NEETS - Ọ bụghị n'ọrụ, agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ọzụzụ.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Khemka lụrụ Shankar Lal Khemka, onye dọkịta na-awa ahụ. Ha nwere ụmụ atọ. Ọ hapụrụ agụmakwụkwọ na mpaghara Bihar nke India mgbe ọ dị afọ 13 ma lụọ di mgbe ọ dị iri na ise. Ya na di ya gara biri na UK n'afọ 1978, ebe ọ mụtara Bekee site na ikiri telivishọn na ịgwa ndị obodo okwu. Mgbe ọ ghọsịrị onye na-elekọta ụlọ ruo afọ 20, ọ laghachiri agụmakwụkwọ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ tozuru etozu, nweta akara ugo mmụta na Mahadum Cardiff, wee nweta ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi ọmụmụ azụmahịa kọleji.  

== Arụmụka na ịgba arụkwaghịm ==
Khemka gbara arụkwaghịm na ụbọchị nke mbụ na ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2018, na 'mmetụta ozugbo', na-esote nzukọ pụrụ iche nke ndị gọvanọ.  Kọleji ahụ nwere nnukwu mmebi ego n'afọ 2018 na tupu ya, a na-etinye ya na 'ihe omume pụrụ iche', ebe e nyere ya &quot;Notice To Improve&quot; n'oge Julaị, afọ 2018  .

Tupu ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm, Khemka bụ otu n'ime ndị isi / ndị isi a na-akwụ ụgwọ kachasị elu na ngalaba ahụ, na £ 275K na 2015/16 na £ 262K na 2016/17. Na mbido afọ 2019, a kọrọ na Khemka kwuru na ọ karịrị £ 41K na-emefu ihe n'ime afọ atọ. FE Week kọrọ na Khemka gbara arụkwaghịm n'anabataghị ụgwọ ego ruru £ 130K.

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Nwanna nwanyị M. Cyril Mooney, IBVM (21 Julaị 1936 - 24 June 2023) bụ onye nọn Irish nke [[Ndia|India]], onye nkuzi, onye na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ na afọ 2007 onye mmeri nke Padma Shri Award, nke anọ kachasị elu nke Gọọmentị India. 
Ọ natara ihe nrite  gụnyere nkwanye ugwu nke UNESCO (afọ 1994) na International Christian Stewardship Award na afọ 2002 nke US Conference of Catholic Bishops nyere.

A mụrụ ya na Ireland, ọ tolitere na Wolfe Tone Square, Bray, ebe ọ ghọrọ onye ozi maka nne ya na-ekesa magazin maka Holy Spirit Fathers' Missions. Ọ onwetere agụmakwụkwọ na efu na Loreto Convent na Bray, wee were iwu na afọ 1955 n'ime Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Ọ biri ma rụọ ọrụ na India kemgbe 1956, ebe ọ pụtara dị ka onye ndu mba niile n'iwetara ụmụaka dara ogbenye n'obodo ukwu na n'ime ime obodo agụmakwụkwọ dị mma. N'okpuru usoro ihe omume Rainbow School,&quot;Anyị nyere onwe anyị iwu na anyị ga-ewere 25% nke ụmụaka dara ogbenye oge ọ bụla anyị nabatara, na ka oge na-aga, nke a ruru 50%, Mooney kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na The Irish Times na afọ 2015. &quot;Iji nyere ụmụaka nọ n'okporo ámá aka ịnọgide na-aga, e nyere ebe obibi na saịtị ahụ n'ihe nlereanya nke gọọmentị West Bengal depụtaghachiri. &quot;

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
Ọ bụ nwanne nwanyị nke Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary (afọ 1955), ọ bịa rutere India na 10 Ọktoba afọ 1956. O nwetara PhD na Zoology (Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India). Site na afọ 1979, ọ bụ onye isi nke Loreto Day School Sealdah.
[[File:The_President,_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_presenting_Padma_Shri_to_Sister_M_Cyril_Mooney_(Teacher_Cum_Social_Worker),_at_an_Investiture_Ceremony_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi_on_March_23,_2007.jpg|thumb|Onye isi ala, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam na-enyefe Padma Shri na Sister M Cyril Mooney (Onye nkuzi Cum Social Worker), na emume Investiture na Rashtrapati Bhavan na New Delhi na 23 Machị 2007]]

== Ọnwụ ==
S. M. Cyril nwụrụ na Kolkata na 24 June 2023 mgbe ọ dị afọ 86. 

== Nsọpụrụ / onyinye obodo ==

* 2015: Saint Michael's College Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
* 2013: Ihe nrite Ọrụ Dị Mma nke Onye isi ala nke Ireland
* 2012: Ihe nrite Aparajita site na Rupashi Bangla (Public Choice) 
* 2011: Onyinye Global Visionary nke Mahadum Monmouth
* 2007: Padma Shri Award, nsọpụrụ nke anọ kachasị elu nke gọọmentị India nyere
* 2002: International Christian Stewardship Award, Bishops of America.
* 2000: Ihe nrite Kolkata Telegraph maka ịdị mma
* 1994: Ihe nrite NOMA maka ịgbasa ịgụ na ide, UNESCO
* Ihe nrite Kolkata Telegraph maka Ọrụ Ọha (ugboro 7) 
* Onyinye Enyi nke Child In Need Institute (CINI) 

== Hụkwa ==

* Agụmakwụkwọ na Kolkata

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