Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 9569 728072 724318 2026-09-26T03:01:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mosunmola Abudu''', onye a na-akpọkarị '''Mo Abudu''', bụ onye mgbasa ozi nke Naijiria, àgwà mgbasa ozi, ọrụ ebere, na onye na-ahụ maka nhazi akụ na ụba mmadụ. <ref name="meet"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/mo-abudu-pies-made-rich/|date=2 August 2014|title=Mo Abudu, the pie that made her rich|publisher=The Vanguard|accessdate=1 April 2015}}</ref> Nwanyi ''Forbes'' kowara ya dika "Nwanyi kacha enwe ọganihu n' Afrika." <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2015/01/09/mo-abudu-is-forbes-africas-most-successful-woman/|title=Mo Abudu Is Forbes Africa's Most Successful Woman|publisher=Prime News|date=9 January 2015|accessdate=31 March 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2015/01/01/africas-most-successful-women-mo-abudu/|date=1 January 2015|title=Africa's Most Successful Women: Mo Abudu|accessdate=28 March 2015}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na mmụta == A mụrụ Abudu na Hammersmith, West London. <ref name="meet"/> O biri na UK na mgbe ọ na-etolite. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Ridgeway, MidKent College na West Kent College . O nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Human Resource Management site na Mahadum Westminster na London . == Ọrụ ya == === EbonyLife TV === N'afọ 2006, Abudu bidoro EbonyLife TV, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/mosunmola-abudu-642527|title=MIPCOM: The 25 Most Powerful Women in Global TV|date=4 October 2013|accessdate=1 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414201633/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/mosunmola-abudu-642527|archive-date=14 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="DStv: Meet the hosts of Moments">{{Cite web|title=Meet the hosts of Moments|url=https://www.dstv.com/en-tz/news/lerato-kganyago-pearl-thusi-host-moments-2-20150626|publisher=DStv|accessdate=17 August 2016|date=26 June 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv.yahoo.com/news/nigerian-woman-launches-entertainment-tv-network-090312844.htm|title=Nigerian woman launches tv network}}</ref> ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri na-egosi n'ihe karịrị mba 49 n'ofe Afrika, yana UK na Caribbean. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/03/29/africa/african-voices-mo-abudu/index.html|title=The Nigerian Media mogul with a global empire|accessdate=2017-09-04}}</ref> Ọ bụ ntinye akwụkwọ nke Media na Entertainment City Africa (MEC Africa), EbonyLife TV dị na Tinapa Resort, [[Calabar]], [[Ȯra Cross River|Cross River State]], Nigeria. Na Machị 2018, Sony Pictures Television (SPT) kwupụtara na ha emechaala nkwekọrịta afọ atọ ha na EbonyLife TV nke ga-agụnye mmekorita nke ''The Dahomey Warriors,'' usoro banyere Amazons bụ ndị weghaara ndị ọchịchị France na narị afọ iri na itoolu n' ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba Afrika. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/29/africa/nollywood-hollywood-female-african-tv-show/index.html|title=Nollywood, Sony Pictures join forces for TV series on all-female African army|accessdate=2018-05-07}}</ref> === EbonyLife Films === Abudu guzobere EbonyLife Films. Ihe nkiri mbụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ ''Fifty.'' Mgbe ya na ndi The ELFIKE Collective' rụkọtara ọrụ na 2016, ọ mepụtara ''The Wedding Party ,'' nke ghọrọ ihe nkiri kachasi iweta ego na Film ndi Nigeria( Nollywood ). <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/film/the-wedding-party-rakes-in-over-n400m-in-ticket-sales/|title='The Wedding Party' rakes in over N400m in ticket sales|language=en-US}}</ref> === ''Moments with Mo'' === Abudu bụ Onye Mmepụta, onye Nlekọta na onye na-eme ihe ngosi nke okwu TV, ''Moments with Mo,'' nke bụ ihe ngosi okwu izizi kwa ụbọchị na telivishọn ndi di na mpaghara Africa. <ref name="TheStar: ‘Africa’s Oprah’ Mo Abudu launches TV network in Nigeria">{{Cite web|title='Africa's Oprah' Mo Abudu launches TV network in Nigeria|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/2013/07/02/africas_oprah_mo_abudu_launches_tv_network_in_nigeria.html|accessdate=17 August 2016|date=2 July 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Mosunmola abudu">{{Cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/2013/06/net-exclusive-mo-abudu-launches-n2bn-tv-channel/|title=ET Exclusive: Mo' Abudu launches N2bn TV channel|date=10 June 2013|accessdate=27 March 2014}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Mo_Abudu_&_Hillary_Clinton.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px| Abudu ya na onye odeakwụkwọ nke United States, Hillary Clinton ]] Ka ọ na-erule Ọktọba afọ 2009, edeela ihe karịrị narị amaokwu abụọ ma na-egosipụta isi okwu sitere na ụdị ndụ, site na ahụike, ọdịnala, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ntụrụndụ, ọdịnala, na egwu agbụrụ na agbụrụ agbụrụ. Ndị bịaranụ gụnyere ndị a ma ama, ndị isi, Nobel Laureates na onye odeakwụkwọ nke onye isi ọhụụ nke United States Hillary Clinton, <ref name="meet">{{Cite web|title=Meet Africa's Oprah: Why Mosunmola 'Mo' Abudu wants to change the world's view of her continent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/meet-africas-oprah-why-mosunmola-mo-abudu-wants-to-change-the-worlds-view-of-her-continent-8940635.html|publisher=Independent|accessdate=17 August 2016|date=16 November 2013}}</ref> Abudu kwuru na ihe ngosi ahụ na-egosi ndụ na arụmọrụ nke onye ama ama, mana oge ụfọdụ onye anaghị ahụ maka onye Africa bụ onye ma ọ bụ ike ya na mkpebi siri ike ya arụpụtala ihe, merie ihe maọbụ bụrụ ihe na - achọta ihe na - eme ya onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe nlereanya nye ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Grand launch for Mo-ments with Mo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mynaijanews.com/content/view/809/123/|title=Grand launch for Mo-ments with Mo|date=31 October 2007|accessdate=31 October 2007}}</ref> Egosiri ya na M-Net tinyere ngosi ya na TV di na mba anọ na asatọ (48) dị n' Africa, ihe ngosi ahụ na-ekwukwa ugbu a na televishọn n'akụkụ mba ndị ọzọ n'ụwa. Ọganiihu ihe ngosi ahụ na ebumnuche ịgbanwere echiche ụwa banyere kọntinenti Afrika emeela ka atụnyere Oprah Winfrey, ya na ''The Independent'' na ''Slate Afrique na-'' akpọ ya "Africa's Oprah" <ref name="meet"/> ma ọ bụ "Nigerian Winfrey", n'otu n'otu. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slateafrique.com/306465/medias-mosunmola-abudu-oprah-winfrey-nigeriane|title=Mosunmola Abudu, la Oprah Winfrey nigériane {{!}} Slate Afrique|accessdate=2017-09-04}}</ref> === ''The Debaters'' === Abudu bụ onye okike na onye nrụpụta ihe nkiri nke ''The Debaters,'' ihe ngosi telivishọn n'ezie . Nke ndi Guaranty Trust Bank nyere ya, ọ pụtara na 3 Ọktoba 2009. Ihe ngosi a lekwasịrị anya "inye Africa olu" site na ịkwalite oratory. === Mmezu === ''Forbes Africa'' ghọtara Abudu dị ka nwanyị Africa mbụ nke nwere Channel Pan-Africa (2013). <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/entreprenuers/2013/10/01/mo-abudu-africas-queen-talk/|title=Mo Abudu Africa's queen of talk - Forbes Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> Edepụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 25 kacha ike na Global TV nke ''The Hollywood Reporter gosipụtara'' na (2013) <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/mipcom-25-powerful-women-global-642526/item/mosunmola-abudu-25-powerful-women-642527|title=Mosunmola Abudu - MIPCOM: The 25 Most Powerful Women in Global TV|language=en}}</ref> wee nweta ntinye aka nke Women Werk na New York (2014) dika onye azụmahia kachasi. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/international-womens-day-mo-abudu-wins-entrepreneur-of-the-year/|title=International Women's Day: Mo Abudu wins Entrepreneur of the Year - The Nation Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, enyere ya ugwu Dọkịta Humane Letters (Honouris Causa) nke Mahadum Babcock wee. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/mo-abudu-recieves-honorary-doctorate-from-babock-university/|title=Mo Abudu Receives Honorary Doctorate from Babcock University - BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, e nyere ya MIPTV nke 2019 Médailles d'Honneur, na Cannes, France, mee ya onye mbụ n' Africa <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.screenafrica.com/2019/04/09/tv-radio/business-tv-radio/nigerian-media-mogul-mo-abudu-receives-2019-medailles-dhonneur-at-miptv/|title=Nigerian media mogul Mo Abudu receives 2019 Médailles d'Honneur at MIPTV - Screen Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> ịbụ onye natara nturu ugo na-akwanyere ugwu a. Ka emechara n’afọ ahụ, akpọpụtara Abudu ka edepụtara ya na 2020 ''Powerlist'', na ndepụta Top 100 nke ndị mmadụ kachasị emetụta na UK sitere na agbụrụ Africa / African-Carribean. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Raheem Sterling joins Meghan and Stormzy in top 100 most influential black Brits|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/black-powerlist-2020-raheem-sterling-20721033}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Abudu bi na Lagos. Ọ nwere ụmụ abụọ; nwa nwoke na nwa nwanyi. <ref name="I left ExxonMobil as HR manager to fulfill my personal dream - Mo Abudu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art201001242383673|title=I left ExxonMobil as HR manager to fulfill my personal dream – Mo Abudu|date=24 January 2010|accessdate=12 March 2010|archivedate=27 January 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127015329/http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art201001242383673}}</ref> ma di ya bụbu Tokunbo Abudu. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.naija.ng/1118608-mo-abudu-husband-children.html#1118608|title=Interesting facts from the personal and family life of Africa's Oprah - Mo Abudu|date=2017-08-04|accessdate=2018-01-23}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Amira Elmissiry * Funke Opeke == Ṅrụtụaka == {{References}} == Njikọ ndi ọzọ == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180102011201/http://thedebaters-ng.com/ The Debaters Official Page] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201028062628/http://inspire-africa.com/ Inspire Africa] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndi na-eme Film n'ala Yoroba]] [[Òtù:21st-century businesswomen]] [[Òtù:Ndi bekee sitere na Naijiria]] == Ndụ onwe onye == Mo Abudu bi na [[Lagos]] .O nwere nwa nwoke na nwa nwanyị. <ref name="I left ExxonMobil as HR manager to fulfill my personal dream - Mo Abudu"/> ma bụrụkwa nwunye Tokunbo Abudu. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.naija.ng/1118608-mo-abudu-husband-children.html#1118608|title=Interesting facts from the personal and family life of Africa's Oprah - Mo Abudu|author=Adoti|first=Olive|date=4 August 2017|work=Naija.ng - Nigeria news.|accessdate=23 January 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> N'Ọktoba 2021, ''Onye nta akụkọ Hollywood'' kpọrọ ya aha n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị 20 kachasị ike na ntụrụndụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Brzeski|first=Patrick|title=The 20 Most Powerful Women in Global Entertainment|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/powerful-women-global-entertainment-1235026092/|accessdate=11 October 2021|work=[[Hollywood Reporter]]|date=11 October 2021}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Mo Abudu na Hammersmith, West London .Nna ya bụ onye injinia, ọ nwụrụ na 1975.Nne ya bụ onye na -eri nri .Mkpọrọgwụ ezinụlọ Mo dị na Ondo Town, na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Nigeria.Ọ bụ ya bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụnne nwanyị atọ.Mo kwagara Nigeria na 7 ka ya na nne na nna nna ya biri wee laghachi England mgbe ọ dị afọ 11. === Agụmakwụkwọ === Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Ridgeway, MidKent College na West Kent College .O nwere nzere Masters na Human Resource Management na Mahadum Westminster na London .Ọ bụ onye otu British Psychological Society nwere ntozu n'ule ọrụ na ụdị mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/meet-africas-oprah-why-mosunmola-mo-abudu-wants-to-change-the-worlds-view-of-her-continent-8940635.html|date=16 November 2013|title=Meet Africa's Oprah: Why Mosunmola 'Mo' Abudu wants to change the world's view of her continent|accessdate=18 June 2020|work=Independent|first=Etan|author=Smallman}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Smallman, Etan (16 November 2013). [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/meet-africas-oprah-why-mosunmola-mo-abudu-wants-to-change-the-worlds-view-of-her-continent-8940635.html "Meet Africa's Oprah: Why Mosunmola 'Mo' Abudu wants to change the world's view of her continent"]. ''Independent''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Na 2014, a na-asọpụrụ ya na Dọkịta nke Akwụkwọ Ozi Humane ( Honouris Causa ) sitere na Mahadum Babcock . <ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2014|title=Mo Abudu Receives Honorary Doctorate from Babcock University - BellaNaija|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/mo-abudu-recieves-honorary-doctorate-from-babock-university/|accessdate=4 September 2017|work=www.bellanaija.com|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/mo-abudu-recieves-honorary-doctorate-from-babock-university/ "Mo Abudu Receives Honorary Doctorate from Babcock University - BellaNaija"]. ''www.bellanaija.com''. 3 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref>Mahadum Westminster nyere Abudu nzere doctorate na 2018 maka ntinye aka ya na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite news|date=13 November 2019|title=Mo Abudu bags Honorary Doctorate Degree from University of Westminster, UK|publisher=Punch|url=https://punchng.com/mo-abudu-bags-honorary-doctorate-degree-from-university-of-westminster-uk/}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://punchng.com/mo-abudu-bags-honorary-doctorate-degree-from-university-of-westminster-uk/ "Mo Abudu bags Honorary Doctorate Degree from University of Westminster, UK"]. Punch. 13 November 2019.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=13 November 2019|title=Mo Abudu awarded honorary doctorate by University of Westminster|work=The Guardian|url=https://guardian.ng/art/mo-abudu-awarded-honorary-doctorate-by-university-of-westminster/|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107225343/https://guardian.ng/art/mo-abudu-awarded-honorary-doctorate-by-university-of-westminster/|url-status=bot: unknown}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''The Guardian''. 13 November 2019.</cite></ref> Na 2018, Mahadum Westminster nyere Mo nzere nkwanye ugwu nke Dọkịta nke Arts. == Nkwanye ugwu == ''Forbes Africa'' ghọtara Abudu dị ka nwanyị Africa mbụ nwere ọwa TV Pan-Africa (2013). <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/entreprenuers/2013/10/01/mo-abudu-africas-queen-talk/|title=Mo Abudu Africa's queen of talk - Forbes Africa|date=1 October 2013|work=Forbes Africa|accessdate=4 September 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Edepụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 25 kachasị ike na Global TV site na Hollywood Reporter na 2013 <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/mipcom-25-powerful-women-global-642526/item/mosunmola-abudu-25-powerful-women-642527|title=Mosunmola Abudu - MIPCOM: The 25 Most Powerful Women in Global TV|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=4 September 2017|language=en}}</ref> wee nata onyinye nturu ugo nke onye ọchụnta ego nke Women Werk na [[New York City|New York]] (2014). <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/international-womens-day-mo-abudu-wins-entrepreneur-of-the-year/|title=International Women's Day: Mo Abudu wins Entrepreneur of the Year - The Nation Nigeria|date=11 March 2014|work=The Nation Nigeria|accessdate=4 September 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> A họpụtara Abudu ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Advisory Group on Technology and Creatively for Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techpoint.africa/2018/07/10/tech-creativity-advisory-group/|title=Here are 28 tech entrepreneurs that made the presidential advisory group|publisher=TechPoint Africa|first=Titilola|author=Oludimu|date=10 July 2018}}</ref>A họpụtara Abudu ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, bụ ọgbakọ na-ahụ maka inye onyinye nturu ugo Emmy International . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/12/mo-abudu-elected-director-of-international-academy-of-television-arts-sciences/|title=Mo Abudu elected Director of International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences|publisher=Bella Naija|date=21 December 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2018/12/mo-abudu-elected-director-international-academy-of-television-arts-sciences/|title=Mo Abudu elected Director of International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences|publisher=Allure Vanguard|date=21 December 2018}}</ref>Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ mechara họpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke 47th International Emmy Awards Gala, nke emere na New York na Mọnde 25 Nọvemba 2019.Ọ bụ onye Afrịka mbụ nwetara ọrụ a. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/11/27/mo-abudu-becomes-first-african-to-chair-47th-international-emmy-awards-gala/|title=Mo Abudu Becomes First African to Chair 47th International Emmy Awards Gala|publisher=This Day|date=27 November 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/365581-mo-abudu-becomes-first-african-to-chair-emmy-awards-gala.html|title=Mo Abudu becomes first African to chair Emmy awards gala|publisher=Premium Times|date=28 November 2019}}</ref> Akpọrọ ya aha na listi ike 2018, ndepụta kwa afọ nke UK kacha 100 ndị kacha emetụta ihe nketa Africa na Caribbean.A họpụtara Abudu ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Advisory Group on Technology and Creatively for Nigeria na 2018 kwa. Na 2019, e nyere ya MIPTV's 2019 Médailles d'Honneur, na Cannes, [[France]], na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye Africa mbụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.screenafrica.com/2019/04/09/tv-radio/business-tv-radio/nigerian-media-mogul-mo-abudu-receives-2019-medailles-dhonneur-at-miptv/|title=Nigerian media mogul Mo Abudu receives 2019 Médailles d'Honneur at MIPTV - Screen Africa|date=9 April 2019|language=en-US|accessdate=13 December 2019}}</ref> ka ọ bụrụ onye nnata nke ihe nrite a ma ama.Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, a mara ọkwa Abudu ka edepụtara ya na 2020 ''Powerlist'', na-edepụta Top 100 nke ndị kacha nwee mmetụta na UK nke agbụrụ Africa/African-Caribbean. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mills|first=Kelly-Ann|title=Raheem Sterling joins Meghan and Stormzy in top 100 most influential black Brits|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/black-powerlist-2020-raheem-sterling-20721033|work=mirror|accessdate=20 April 2020|date=25 October 2019}}</ref>E gosipụtara ya n'akwụkwọ dị peeji 493, ''Greatest Blacks Ever: Top 100 Blacks Who Changed the World for Peace.Ọganihu.Ọganihu.Obi ụtọ.''Obi ụtọ. A ga-enye Mo Abudu ihe nrite 2019 Médailles d'Honneur na Cannes na Marche International des Programs de Television (MIPTV). Ọ bụ otu n'ime mmadụ 4 nwetara ihe nrite, nke ọ ga-enweta n'April 2019. Mo Abudu bụ onye na-anọchite anya Creative Artists Agency (CAA). pwhmiakketirka25ozmetwulxbdjmof 0 9805 728147 724412 2026-09-26T09:41:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Niniola Apata''' (amụrụ na 15 Disemba 1986), <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/08/02/mtn-project-fame-season-6-contestants-unveiled/|title=MTN Project Fame Season 6 Contestants Unveiled|work=[[P.M. News]]|date=2 August 2013|accessdate=30 May 2016}}</ref> nke eji '''Niniola''' nwe mara bụ onye Nigerian na ede ma na agụkwa egwu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/11/music-industry-has-been-kind-to-me-niniola/|title=Music industry has been kind to me — Niniola|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard News]]|last=Ige|first=Tofarati|date=8 November 2015|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref> O sonyere na emume nke isii nke ''Project Fame West Africa'' na 2013. <ref name="vang">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/02/why-i-am-still-relevant-after-project-fame-niniola-apata/|title=Why I am still relevant after Project Fame — Niniola Apata|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard News]]|last=Ajose|first=Kehinde|date=21 February 2015|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbe o weputara egwu nke izizi ya bu "Ibadi", a hoputara ya dika otu onye na eme ịhe egwu na nka ofuma kwesịrị ilebe anya na 2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://notjustok.com/2015/06/11/the-10th-nea-awards-2015-nominees-list/|title=The 10th NEA Awards 2015 Nominees List|work=[[notJustOk]]|last=Lalaboiy|date=11 June 2015|accessdate=28 May 2016|archive-date=14 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414180855/http://notjustok.com/2015/06/11/the-10th-nea-awards-2015-nominees-list/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Mmalite ndu na agumakwukwo == Niniola mụrụ na [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos Steeti]] . Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Apata Memorial High School . Ọzọkwa, ọ nwetara akara asambodo nke agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Lagos . <ref name="premium">{{Cite news|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/music/182100-project-fame-prepared-me-for-a-bigger-stage-niniola.html|title=Project Fame prepared me for a bigger stage – Niniola|work=[[Premium Times]]|last=Abimboye|first=Micheal|date=26 April 2015|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Niniola sonyere n'ọtụtụ mmemme na asọmpi mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. <ref name="premium"/> O gbara onye nke atọ n’agba nke isii nke ''Project Fame West Africa'' . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dailypost.ng/2015/11/08/niniola-reveals-the-only-challenge-she-has-in-music-industry/|title=Niniola reveals the only challenge she has in music industry|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post News]]|last=Ogbeche|first=Danielle|date=18 November 2015|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref> N'oge asọmpi ahụ, ọ gụrụ egwu "Limpopo" ya na Kcee . Ọ gukwara egwu ya bu Cobhams Asuquo -kwadoro a na akpọ "Itura". O kwuru na Dolly Parton, Whitney Houston, Celine Dion, The Cranberries, [[Madonna]], [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyonce]] na Angélique Kidjo bu ndị ọkacha mara na egwu mere ya ji tiwe egwu. <ref name="vang"/> Niniola wepụtara egwu izizi ya "Ibadi" na 19 Maachị 2014.nke Sarz kwadoro. Ndi mmadu kwadoro ya be egwu oge oputara. Akpọ ya be egwu ugboro ugboro na igwe redio. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pulse.ng/music/life-after-project-fame-listen-to-niniola-ibadi-id2741067.html|title=Life After Project Fame: Listen To Niniola - Ibadi|work=Pulse Nigeria|author=Akan|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=28 May 2016|archive-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055918/http://pulse.ng/music/life-after-project-fame-listen-to-niniola-ibadi-id2741067.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.naijareview.com/video-niniola-ibadi-official-video/|title=VIDEO: NINIOLA – IBADI (OFFICIAL VIDEO)|work=Naija Review|author=Michael|date=1 December 2014|accessdate=28 May 2016|archive-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701202049/http://www.naijareview.com/video-niniola-ibadi-official-video/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Eji egwu ya "Ibadi" na "Gbowode" nwe me egwurịegwu oyoyo season 2 nke ''Gidi Up'' . NotJustOk gụnyere ya na nmadu ịrị na ịse fa rọputara bu ndị na eme ofuma na ejije di iche iche na afọ 2015. A hoputara Niniola na eme ihe ejije di iche iche ofuma a ga ileba anya na 2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://notjustok.com/2015/01/21/15-artists-watch-2015/|title=15 Artists to Watch in 2015|work=notJustOk|author=Demola OG|date=21 January 2015|accessdate=28 May 2016|archivedate=10 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510104019/http://notjustok.com/2015/01/21/15-artists-watch-2015/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/2015/06/full-list-of-nominees-for-nigerian-entertainment-awards-2015/|title=Full list of nominees for Nigerian Entertainment Awards 2015|work=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]|author=Hassan Sanusi|date=12 June 2015|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref> Niniola weputara egwu "Maradona" nke Sarz kwadoro na 2017. <ref name="pulseng">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/niniola-how-maradona-singer-scored-one-of-the-hottest-songs-in-nigeria/4m6qqsl|title=How ‘Maradona’ singer scored one of the hottest songs in Nigeria – Niniola|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|last=jonathan|date=7 June 2017|accessdate=22 November 2019|archive-date=4 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204134918/https://www.pulse.ng/niniola-how-maradona-singer-scored-one-of-the-hottest-songs-in-nigeria/4m6qqsl|url-status=dead}}</ref> Egwu ahụ so na egwu akpọro ugboro ugboro izuka ịrị na atọ na redio Metro FM nke South Africa, ma buru egwu nke kacha nma na izuka isii. <ref name="Officialniniola">{{Cite news|url=https://www.officialniniola.com/niniola-maradona-tops-metrofm-south-africa/|title=Niniola tops Metro Fm South Africa charts with "MARADONA" – Niniola|work=[[Officialniniola]]|last=michael|date=14 January 2018|accessdate=22 November 2019}}</ref> Niniola nwetara nhoputa na 2018 BET Awards maka egwu ya anakpọ "Maradona". <ref name="BET">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/2018/bet-international/features/niniola-the-afro-house-queen.html|title=What You Need To Know About Niniola The Afro-House Queen – Niniola|work=[[BET]]|last=Kami Simmons|date=6 June 2018|accessdate=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808122724/https://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/2018/bet-international/features/niniola-the-afro-house-queen.html|archive-date=8 August 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="SAMAS">{{Cite news|url=https://ynaija.com/niniola-and-wizkid-are-repping-naija-at-the-2018-samas-for-best-african-artiste-album/|title=Niniola and Wizkid are repping Naija at the 2018 SAMAs for Best African Artiste Album|work=[[Ynaija]]|last=Bernard Dayo|date=22 April 2018|accessdate=22 November 2019}}</ref> Ọ na eti egwu nke obodo Canada bụ Drake na ulọ ọrụ nke na eme ịhe nkiri nke obodo America bụ Timbaland tukwere ya aha. <ref name="OkayAfrica">{{Cite news|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/drake-niniola-new-big-fan-radio/|title=Apparently Drake Is Niniola's New Big Fan|work=[[Okay Africa]]|last=OKAYAFRICA|date=16 April 2019|accessdate=22 November 2019}}</ref> <ref name="OKAYAFRICA">{{Cite news|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/niniola-afro-house-nigeria-interview-video/|title=Video: Niniola Talks Afro-House and Getting Co-Signs From Timbaland & Drake|work=[[OKAYAFRICA]]|last=Kam Tambini|date=12 July 2019|accessdate=22 November 2019}}</ref> Na 2019, ejị ufọdu ịhe ọguru na "Maradona" we guọ egwu ana akpọ "Find Your Way Back" nke ọye guru ya bu Beyonce di na albom ''The Lion King: The Gift'' . Edekwara Niniola dị ka otu n’ime ndị dere ya be egwu.<ref name="BEYONCE">{{Cite news|url=https://beyonce.com/album/thegift/credits/|title=THE LION KING: THE GIFT CREDITS|date=19 July 2019|archive-date=20 October 2020|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020115722/https://beyonce.com/album/thegift/credits/|url-status=dead}}</ref> N’April 2020, ọ natara asambodo nhọpụta Grammy maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye dere egwu ana akpọ ''The Lion King''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://notjustok.com/news/niniola-receives-grammy-certificate-for-her-work-on-beyonces-album/|title=Niniola Receives Grammy Certificate For Her Work On Beyonce’s Album, Gift|date=2020-04-23|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nkà == Niniola na-akọwa ụdị egwu ya dịka Afro-house nke bu ngwakọta egwu Afrobeat na house music . == Ndụ onwe == Niniola bụ nwanne nwanyị tọrọ ọnye na agu egwu ana akpọ Teni . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/my-love-for-niniola-stronger-than-music-teni-entertainer/|title=My love for Niniola stronger than music –Teni Entertainer|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenet.ng/things-love-admire-teni-entertainer/|title=Here Are The Things To Love And Admire About Teni Entertainer - Nigerian Entertainment Today|work=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Nke a bụ M'' (2017) == Onyinye na nhoputa == {| class="wikitable" !Afo !Mmenme ihe nrite !Ihe nrite !Mputara |- | rowspan="5" |2015 |Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Most Promising Act to Watch |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://pulse.ng/buzz/nea-awards-2015-check-out-complete-winners-list-id4147066.html|title=NEA Awards 2015:Check out complete winners List|work=Pulse Nigeria|last=Akan|first=Joey|date=8 September 2015|accessdate=28 May 2016|archive-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630061820/http://pulse.ng/buzz/nea-awards-2015-check-out-complete-winners-list-id4147066.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Nigerian Achievers Award |Best Promising Female Artist of The Year |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hfmagazineonline.com/nigerian-achievers-award-2015-nominees-list/|title=Nigerian Achievers Award 2015 Nominees’ List|work=HF Magazine|date=23 June 2015|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref> |- |Lagos Fashion Awards |Most Fashionable Fast Rising Music Star Of The Year Female |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://greennews.ng/lagos-fashion-awards-2015-official-nominees-list/|title=LAGOS FASHION AWARDS|work=Greennews ng|date=16 August 2015|accessdate=24 August 2016|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510111430/http://greennews.ng/lagos-fashion-awards-2015-official-nominees-list/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Scream Awards |Best New Act Female |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://screamawards.com.ng/scream-all-youths-awards-2015-nominees-list/|title=SCREAM AWARDS|work=SCREAM AWARDS|date=13 August 2015|accessdate=24 August 2016|archive-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117041549/http://screamawards.com.ng/scream-all-youths-awards-2015-nominees-list/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |City People Entertainment Awards |Most Promising Act of the Year (Female) |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="11" |2016 |ACI Awards |New Artist Of The Year |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aciawards.com/music/|title=ACI AWARDS|work=ACI AWARDS|date=19 April 2016|accessdate=24 August 2016}}</ref> |- |Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best New Act |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |All Africa Music Awards |Best Female Artiste in West Africa |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://afrima.org/index.php/media2/news-update/194-2016-all-africa-music-awards-nominees-list-batch-a|title=Afrima Award 2016 Nominees’ List|work=Afrima|date=23 August 2016|accessdate=24 August 2016|archive-date=25 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825234439/http://afrima.org/index.php/media2/news-update/194-2016-all-africa-music-awards-nominees-list-batch-a|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Best Artiste/Duo/Group In African RnB & Soul |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://afrima.org/index.php/media2/news-update/196-au-afrima-release-full-nominees-list|title=Afrima Award 2016 Nominees’ List|work=Afrima|date=8 September 2016|accessdate=10 September 2016|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910140549/http://afrima.org/index.php/media2/news-update/196-au-afrima-release-full-nominees-list|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Songwriter of the Year In Africa for "Mbilo Mbilo" (Remix) |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://afrima.org/index.php/media2/news-update/196-au-afrima-release-full-nominees-list|title=Afrima Award 2016 Nominees’ List|work=Afrima|date=8 September 2016|accessdate=10 September 2016|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910140549/http://afrima.org/index.php/media2/news-update/196-au-afrima-release-full-nominees-list|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Best African Collaboration for "Mbilo Mbilo" (Remix) |{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/11/wizkid-phyno-flavour-others-shine-afrima-2/|title=Wizkid, Phyno, Flavour, others shine at AFRIMA|work=Afrima|date=8 November 2016|accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref> |- |Nigerian Music Video Awards |Best RnB Video for "Akara Oyibo" |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tooxclusive.com/news/2016-nmva-see-full-list-nominees/|title=2016 NMVA: See Full List Of Nominees|work=NMVA|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref> |- |ELOY Awards |Upcoming Female Music Artist |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://pulse.ng/fashion/eloy-awards-2016-tubo-wanger-ayu-fablane-by-derin-more-make-nominee-list-for-8th-edition-id5568598.html|title=2016 ELOY: See Full List Of Nominees|work=ELOY|date=5 October 2016|accessdate=22 November 2016|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123202115/http://pulse.ng/fashion/eloy-awards-2016-tubo-wanger-ayu-fablane-by-derin-more-make-nominee-list-for-8th-edition-id5568598.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Soundcity MVP Awards Festival |Best Collaboration for "Mbilo Mbilo" (Remix) |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tooxclusive.com/news/2016-soundcity-mvp-awards-full-nominations-list-released/|title=2016 Soundcity MVP: See Full List Of Nominees|work=Soundcity|date=25 November 2016|accessdate=1 December 2016}}</ref> |- |Best New Artiste |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Ayodele|title=Soundcity MVP Awards 2016: See full list of winners|url=http://pulse.ng/buzz/soundcity-mvp-awards-2016-see-full-list-of-winners-id5968899.html|accessdate=5 April 2017|archive-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406020550/http://pulse.ng/buzz/soundcity-mvp-awards-2016-see-full-list-of-winners-id5968899.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Top Naija Music Award |Artiste of the Year |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners Of 2016 (4th Edition) Top Naija Music Awards|url=http://topnaijamusicawards.com/winners-of-2016-top-naija-music-awards-other-awardees/|website=Top Naija Music Awards|accessdate=5 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Top Naija Music Awards Shorlisted Nominees (First & Second Batch)|url=http://topnaijamusicawards.com/fullnominees/|website=Top Naija Music Awards}}</ref> |- | rowspan="8" |2017 |Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best Afropop Female Artiste |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://notjustok.com/2017/07/10/wizkid-phyno-davido-nominated-for-nigerian-entertainment-awards-see-full-list-of-nominees/|title=Nigeria Entertainment Award|work=Notjustok|date=10 July 2017|accessdate=28 July 2017|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728164432/http://notjustok.com/2017/07/10/wizkid-phyno-davido-nominated-for-nigerian-entertainment-awards-see-full-list-of-nominees/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Best Newcomer |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://notjustok.com/2017/07/21/afrimma-awards-music-festival-2017-view-nominees-list/|title=AFRIMMA Awards & Music Festival 2017|work=Notjustok|date=21 July 2017|accessdate=28 July 2017|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728161357/http://notjustok.com/2017/07/21/afrimma-awards-music-festival-2017-view-nominees-list/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |City People Entertainment Awards |Music Artiste Of The Year Female |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/list-nominees-2017-city-people-music-awards/|title=LIST OF NOMINEES FOR 2017 CITY PEOPLE MUSIC AWARDS|work=Citypeopleonline|date=17 July 2017|accessdate=28 July 2017}}</ref> |- |Nigerian Teens Choice Awards |Choice Female Vocalist of the Year |{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.naijareviewlimited.com/niniola-bags-choice-female-vocalist-of-the-year-award/|title=NINIOLA BAGS CHOICE FEMALE VOCALIST OF THE YEAR AWARD|work=Nigerian Teens Choice Award 2017|date=9 August 2017|accessdate=12 September 2017|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209064914/http://www.naijareviewlimited.com/niniola-bags-choice-female-vocalist-of-the-year-award/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |All Africa Music Awards |Best Artiste African Electro |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://afrima.org/english/|title=AFRIMA 2017 FULL NOMINEES' LIST|work=Afrima Award 2017|date=11 August 2017|accessdate=12 September 2017|archive-date=12 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191721/https://afrima.org/english/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |Soundcity MVP Awards Festival |Best Female MVP |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://notjustok.com/news/2017-soundcity-mvp-awards-festival-nominees/|title=2017 Soundcity MVP Awards Festival Nominees|work=Soundcity mvp Award 2017|date=9 January 2018|accessdate=21 January 2018}}</ref> |- |Best Pop |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://notjustok.com/news/2017-soundcity-mvp-awards-festival-nominees/|title=2017 Soundcity MVP Awards Festival Nominees|work=Soundcity mvp Award 2017|date=9 January 2018|accessdate=21 January 2018}}</ref> |- |Listener's Choice |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://notjustok.com/news/2017-soundcity-mvp-awards-festival-nominees/|title=2017 Soundcity MVP Awards Festival Nominees|work=Soundcity mvp Award 2017|date=9 January 2018|accessdate=21 January 2018}}</ref> |- | rowspan="13" |2018 |Maya Awards |Youth Artiste of The Year |{{Won}} <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.xclusivehit.net/maya-awards-africa-5-0-full-list-of-winner/|title=MAYA Awards Africa 5.0 Full List Of Winner|work=MAYA AWARDS 2018|date=5 February 2018|accessdate=11 February 2018}}</ref> |- |Glazia Awards |Glazia Persons of The Year |{{Won}} <ref>{{cite news|url=http://glaziang.com/glazia-persons-year-full-list-recipients/|title=Glazia Persons of The Year – Full List of Recipients and More!|work=GLAZIA AWARDS 2018|date=29 January 2018|accessdate=11 February 2018}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |The Headies |Best R&B/Pop Album |{{nom}} <ref name="12th Headies Awards Nominees">{{cite news|url=https://notjustok.com/news/12th-headies-awards-nominees-see-full-list/|title=12th Headies Awards Nominees|work=HEADIES AWARDS 2018|date=13 April 2018|accessdate=15 April 2018}}</ref> |- |Best Vocal Performance (Female) |{{nom}} <ref name="12th Headies Awards Nominees"/> |- |Hip Hop World Revelation of the Year |{{nom}} <ref name="12th Headies Awards Nominees"/> |- |South African Music Awards |Best African Artist Album |{{nom}} <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.naijareview.com/niniola-bags-big-nomination-at-the-south-african-music-awards-2018/|title=NINIOLA BAGS BIG NOMINATION AT THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSIC AWARDS 2018|work=SOUTH AFRICAN MUSIC AWARDS 2018|date=20 April 2018|accessdate=20 April 2018|archive-date=4 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204132955/https://www.naijareview.com/niniola-bags-big-nomination-at-the-south-african-music-awards-2018/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |BET Awards |Viewers Choice Best New International Act |{{nom}} <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.naijareview.com/niniola-secures-bet-awards-nomination-for-viewers-choice-best-new-international-act/|title=NINIOLA SECURES BET AWARDS NOMINATION FOR VIEWERS’ CHOICE BEST NEW INTERNATIONAL ACT|work=BET AWARDS 2018|date=8 June 2018|accessdate=8 June 2018|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216233820/https://www.naijareview.com/niniola-secures-bet-awards-nomination-for-viewers-choice-best-new-international-act/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |IARA Awards |Best International Female Artist |{{nom}} <ref>{{cite news|url=https://iara-awards.org/iara-awards-2018-nominees/|title=IARA AWARDS 2018 NOMINATION|work=IARA AWARDS 2018|date=17 July 2018|accessdate=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923135209/https://iara-awards.org/iara-awards-2018-nominees/|archive-date=23 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Ghana-Naija Showbiz Awards |Best Female Act |{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kasapafmonline.com/2018/09/19/sarkodie-shatta-wale-patience-nyarko-others-bag-ghana-naija-showbiz-awards-nominations/|title=Sarkodie, Shatta Wale, Patience Nyarko, Others bag Ghana-Naija Showbiz Awards Nominations|work=Ghana-Naija|date=19 September 2019|accessdate=19 November 2018|archive-date=4 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204191215/https://kasapafmonline.com/2018/09/19/sarkodie-shatta-wale-patience-nyarko-others-bag-ghana-naija-showbiz-awards-nominations/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Afropop Female Artist |{{nom}} <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/nigerian-entertainment-awards-2018-complete-list-nominees|title=Nigerian Entertainment Awards 2018: Complete list of nominees|work=Music in Africa|date=12 September 2018|accessdate=19 November 2018}}</ref> |- |The Future Awards |The Future Awards Africa Prize in Music |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/the-future-awards-africa-2018-nominees-list/|title=The Future Awards Africa 2018 Nominees List|work=THE FUTURE AWARDS 2018|date=5 December 2018|accessdate=28 December 2018}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Soundcity MVP Awards Festival |Viewer's Choice |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://soundcity.tv/news/the-soundcitymvp-iii-nominees-are/|title=THE NOMINEES FOR THE 2018 SOUNDCITY MVP AWARDS ARE|work=Soundcity mvp Award 2018|date=12 December 2018|accessdate=28 December 2018}}</ref> |- |Best Female MVP |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://soundcity.tv/news/the-soundcitymvp-iii-nominees-are/|title=THE NOMINEES FOR THE 2018 SOUNDCITY MVP AWARDS ARE|work=Soundcity mvp Award 2018|date=12 December 2018|accessdate=28 December 2018}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2019 |African Music Magazine Awards |Best Female West Africa |{{nom}} <ref>{{cite news|url=https://notjustok.com/news/the-african-giant-burna-boy-earns-multiple-nominations-at-afrimma-2019-awards-music-festival/|title=The ‘African Giant’ Burna Boy Earns Multiple Nominations at AFRIMMA 2019 Awards & Music Festival|work=AFRIMMA 2019 AWARDS|date=6 August 2019|accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |All African Music Awards |Best Female West Africa |{{nom}} <ref name="The 6Th AFRIMA Nominees List">{{cite news|url=https://afrima.org/6th-AFRIMA-Nominees-List.py|title=The 6Th AFRIMA Nominees List|work=AFRIMMA 2019 AWARDS|date=26 August 2019|accessdate=27 August 2019|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827193201/https://afrima.org/6th-AFRIMA-Nominees-List.py|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Best Artiste,Duo or Group in African Electro |{{nom}} <ref name="The 6Th AFRIMA Nominees List"/> |- |Best African Dance or Choreography |{{nom}} <ref name="The 6Th AFRIMA Nominees List"/> |- |} == Hụ kwa == * List of Nigerian musicians == Ebe nsiweta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ dị na mpụga == * Official oficicial website [[Òtù:Category:21st-century women singers]] [[Òtù:Category:Nigerian songwriters]] [[Òtù:Category:1986 births]] [[Òtù:Category:Nigerian female singer-songwriters]] [[Òtù:Category:English-language singers from Nigeria]] [[Òtù:Category:Yoruba-language singers]] [[Òtù:Category:People from Ekiti State]] [[Òtù:Category:Musicians from Lagos State]] [[Òtù:Category:University of Lagos alumni]] [[Òtù:Category:21st-century Nigerian singers]] [[Òtù:Category:Nigerian female singers]] [[Òtù:Category:Yoruba musicians]] 081rvba6is8xjlr8h3hhp5nbnd4cg3u 0 10108 728139 724616 2026-09-26T09:01:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ngozi Eucharia Uche''' {{Audio|Ig-Ngozi Eucharia Uche.ogg|Audio}} (amụrụ na 18 June 1973 na [[:en:Mbaise|Mbaise]], [[:en:Imo_State|Imo]] steetị, [[Naijiria]]) bụbụ onye na-agba bọọlụ ma bụrụkwa onye isi koochị [[:en:Nigeria_women's_national_football_team|egwuregwu bọọlụ nke ụmụnwaanyị Naịjirịa]] Uche toro na [[:en:Owerri|Owerri]], [[Naijiria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=618&Itemid=|title=Untold Story of Eucharia Uche|first=Danusa|last=Ocholi|date=15 February 2009|publisher=Newswatch|accessdate=1 September 2019|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312073714/http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=618&Itemid=|archivedate=12 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/falcons-coach-bags-fifa-instructors-job/85705/|title=Falcons Coach Bags FIFA Instructor's Job|date=3 February 2011|accessdate=1 September 2019|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720075308/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/falcons-coach-bags-fifa-instructors-job/85705/|archivedate=20 July 2011}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ == Nwa nke mbụ n'ime ụmụ ise, a zụlitere ya na gburugburu di oyị na-enweghi nsogbu. Ọ gụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke ụmụ nwanyị na Egbu Girls Secondary School Owerri tupu ọ gawa Mahadum [[:en:Delta_State_University|Delta State]]. Mgbe Uche nọ na kọleji, ọ bidoro gbaa bọọlụ. O mechara gbaa bọọlụ ndị otu mba [[:en:Super_Falcons|Super Falcons]], wee bụrụ onye koochị nwanyị nke izizi ha. N’afọ 2010, ọ ghọrọ kochị nwanyị mbu meriri n’egwuregwu asọmpi nke ụmụ nwanyị n’[[:en:African_Women's_Championship|Afrika]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170818045413/http://m.goal.com/s/en-ng/news/7255/african-women-championship/2016/12/03/30095092/omagbemi-eyes-african-football-record ''The tactician hopes to emerge as the second female trainer to lead any women side to win the Africa Women's Cup of Nations by overcoming the hosts on Saturday in Yaounde'' "uche first woman to win second"]. Goal.com</ref> A chụrụ ya n'ọrụ na Ọktoba 2011 mgbe Naịjirịa erughị eru maka asọmpi [[:en:Football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_tournament|Olimpik nke 2012]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201110052706/https://news2.onlinenigeria.com/news/top-stories/117201-eucharia-uche-super-falcons-coach-sacked.html ''Eucharia Uche, Super Falcons coach, sacked'']. OnlineNigeria News</ref> == Esemokwu == [[:en:FIFA|FIFA]] dọrọ Uche aka na ntị maka okwu o kwuru n'oge asọmpi mba ụwa nke nwaanyị [[:en:2011_FIFA_Women's_World_Cup|FIFA]] nke afọ 2011, bụ nke ọ kpọrọ [[:en:Homosexuality|mmekọ nwoke na nwoke]] "okwu na-adịghị ọcha" na "ihe di njọ nke ime mmụọ"<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/23/sports/soccer/in-african-womens-soccer-homophobia-remains-an-obstacle.html Longman, Jere. "In African Women’s Soccer, Homophobia Remains an Obstacle." ''New York Times'', 21 June 2011.]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odili.net/news/source/2011/jul/1/626.html|title=Olakunle Opeyemi. "FIFA cautions Eucharia." Nigerian Tribune, 1 July 2011.|access-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212137/http://odili.net/news/source/2011/jul/1/626.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead|accessdate=18 November 2020|archivedate=3 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212137/http://odili.net/news/source/2011/jul/1/626.html}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == Naijiria '''Koochị''' * Onye mmeri nke <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Women's_Championship" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="African Women's Championship" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="62">African Women's Championship</a> (1): <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_African_Women's_Championship" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="2010 African Women's Championship" class="cx-link" data-linkid="63">2010</a> == Ebe m si dee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ dị na mpụga == * * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201125155137/https://nigeriaff.com/ Official Website of the Nigeria Football Federation] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181125052331/https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=nga/index.html Nigeria] at the FIFA website. * [http://www.cafonline.com/association/nigeria Nigeria] at CAF Online [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Nwaanyị egwuregwu]] [[Òtù:Ndị amụrụ n'afo 1973]] [[Òtù:Nwaanyị n'agba bọọlụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria n'agba bọọlụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria na-eme egwuregwu]] h1cg5ycqcy99ls67nuopglwecr3rlsd 0 10160 728032 724655 2026-09-25T23:31:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mavis Ogun''' (amụrụ 24 Ọgọst afọ 1973) bụ onye ọgba bọọlụ [[Naijiria]] gbara bọọlụ dịka onye agbachitere otu egwu bọọlụ ụmụnwaanyị Naịjirịa O sonyere na otu egwuregwu nke FIFA World Cup 1991, na 1999 FIFA World Cup. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/archive/usa1999/teams/team=1882893/index.html|title=FIFA Women's World Cup USA 1999 - Nigeria|accessdate=2007-09-28|publisher=[[FIFA]]|year=1999|work=FIFA Women's World Cup United States 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510150246/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/archive/usa1999/teams/team=1882893/index.html|archive-date=2017-05-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ebe m si nwete == <references /> == Njikọ dị na mpụga == * Mavis Ogun – FIFA competition record [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c2vuz27ufxtnhlhrv6ii31pc9tvez6h 0 10166 728029 724658 2026-09-25T23:26:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox football biography|name=Maureen Eke|years2=|club-update=|medaltemplates=|managerclubs1=|manageryears1=|nationalgoals1=0|nationalcaps1=3|nationalteam1=[[Nigeria women's national football team|Nigeria]]|nationalyears1=|totalgoals=|totalcaps=|goals2=|caps2=|clubs2=|goals1=|image=|caps1=|clubs1=[[Delta Queens FC]]|years1=|youthclubs1=|youthyears1=|position=[[Midfielder]]|height=|death_place=|death_date=|birth_place=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1986|12|19|df=y}}|fullname=|caption=|image_size=|nationalteam-update=10 September 2007 (before the [[2007 FIFA Women's World Cup]])}} '''Maureen Eke''' onye amụrụ na abalị iri na itoolu n’ime onwa iri na abuo n'afọ 1986. Ọ bụ nwaafọ Naịjirịa n’agba bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke òtù Mba ụwa dị ka onye ọnọ n'etiti (midfielder) . O so na otu egwu bọọlụ ụmụnwaanyị Naịjirịa . O so n'òtù egwuregwua na 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup . Na ogo klọb ọ na-agbara Delta Queens FC nọ na [[Ȯra Delta|Delta State]], [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/fwwc%5f2007%5fplayers%5f19147.pdf|title=List of Players|accessdate=2007-09-28|publisher=[[FIFA]]|year=2007|work=FIFA Women's World Cup China 2007|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014165606/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/fwwc_2007_players_19147.pdf|archive-date=2012-10-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Nrụtụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4yweyxwsxddagvajwxyyf98el7r7ykh 0 10182 728030 724670 2026-09-25T23:26:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maureen Nkeiruka Mmadu''' (amụrụ 7 Mee afọ 1975) Ọ bụ nwaafọ [[Naijiria|Naijiria bụ]] onye nchikwa na bọọlụ ma ọ bu bu midFielder. Dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ ọ na-anọchi anya Avaldsnes IL n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, otu Ngalaba nke mbụ dabere na ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Norway]] . Ọ gbaraa ọtụtụ ndị otu bọọlụ na Toppserien nke Norway ya na Linköpings FC na QBIK na Swedish Damallsvenskan . == Ọrụ == O gwuburu ndi Klepp IL egwuregwu na Norwegian Toppserien . <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation|NRK]]|title=Ikidi og Mmadu har riktige lønnsbet|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/rogaland/sport_nrk_rogaland/1.247389|language=Norwegian|date=13 October 2005}}</ref> Mmadu gbara Kolbotn na Oslo, Norway maka oge 2010, wee nyere ha aka i nọ n'ọkwa nke atọ na otu egwuregwu Toppserien . <ref>[http://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria/news/101112/I_played_for_Nigeria_while_my_mum_died 'I played for Nigeria while my mum died']</ref> Enwere ike ịhụ ya ka ọ na-egwuru Avaldsnes IL na asọmpi nke Oslo na 5 Febụwari afọ 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fotball.no/Landslag_og_toppfotball/Toppfotball/1Divisjon_kvinner/2012/Lyn-vs-Avaldsnes-i-finale1/ |title=Lyn-Avaldsnes Final 5 February 2012 |accessdate=2 August 2012 |archivedate=3 August 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803195339/http://www.fotball.no/Landslag_og_toppfotball/Toppfotball/1Divisjon_kvinner/2012/Lyn-vs-Avaldsnes-i-finale1/ }}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Ọ bụ onye otu na-ahụ maka Naịjirịa ma mee ihe karịrị otu narị egwuregwu maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa, <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[FIFA]]|title=FIFA Women's Century Club|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/stats-centclub/52/00/60/womenscenturyclub.pdf|date=25 August 2009|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062102/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/stats-centclub/52/00/60/womenscenturyclub.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> gụnyere ịpụta ugboro anọ na FIFA World Cups wee sọọ mpi na 2000 na 2004 Summer Olympics . <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Sports Reference|title=Maureen Mmadu Biography and Statistics|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mm/maureen-mmadu-1.html|access-date=2020-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418030201/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mm/maureen-mmadu-1.html|archive-date=2020-04-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ebe m si nwete == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] sqkekbuz3dqj672rcocn88x83nrm7yh 0 10192 728155 724677 2026-09-26T10:11:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nkechi Mbilitam''' (amụrụ ya na 5 Eprel n'afọ 1974) bụ nwaafọ [[Naijiria]] n'agba bọọlụ dika midfielder nke Naijiria women's national football team . O so na ndi otu FIFA World Cup nke 1991 ma soro kwa na FIFA World Cup nke 1995 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/archive/sweden1995/teams/team=1882893/players.html|title=FIFA Women's World Cup Sweden 1995 - Teams|accessdate=2007-09-28|publisher=[[FIFA]]|year=1995|work=FIFA Women's World Cup Sweden 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024023624/http://fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament%3D103/edition%3D4654/teams/index.html|archive-date=2007-10-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ebe m si nwete == <references /> == Njikọ dị na mpụga == * Nkechi Mbilitam – FIFA competition record [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Nwaanyị egwuregwu]] [[Òtù:Nwaanyị n'agba bọọlụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria n'agba bọọlụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria na-eme egwuregwu]] galnf3bciy39q6dsgv2olb1xeifrgko 0 10194 727988 211265 2026-09-25T18:56:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lydia Koyonda''' (amụrụ ya na 29 Mee afọ 1974) bụ onye '''ọgba bọọlụ Naịjirịa gbara bọọlụ''' dika onye nche nke otu egwu bọọlụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa . O so na ndị otu egwuregwu na 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup . Na ọkwa klọb, ọ na-egwuri egwu maka Ufuoma Babes na Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/08/19/wwc_91_tr_part2_260.pdf|title=FIFA Women's World Cup China 1991 - Technical Report|accessdate=20 October 2016|publisher=[[FIFA]]|year=1991|work=FIFA Women's World Cup China 1991|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074556/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/08/19/wwc_91_tr_part2_260.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ebe m si nwete == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ dị na mpụga == * Lydia Koyonda – FIFA competition record [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Nwaanyị n'agba bọọlụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria n'agba bọọlụ]] kh15g8a6qc5ptwlnceoc6wt0izejcfg 0 10195 727981 724679 2026-09-25T18:12:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Louisa Akpagu''' (amụrụ ya na 22 Disemba afọ 1974) bụ onye '''ọgba bọọlụ [[Naijiria]] gbara bọọlụ''' dika onye nche . O so na ndị otu egwu bọọlụ ụmụnwaanyị Naịjirịa. O so na otu nke FIFA Women's World Cup 1995. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/archive/sweden1995/teams/team=1882893/players.html|title=FIFA Women's World Cup Sweden 1995 - Teams|accessdate=2007-09-28|publisher=[[FIFA]]|year=1995|work=FIFA Women's World Cup Sweden 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221004056/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/archive/sweden1995/teams/team=1882893/players.html|archive-date=2016-12-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ebe m si nwete == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Nwaanyị n'agba bọọlụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria n'agba bọọlụ]] f7fyt2wstdkl46wmfjnvf8ba7448b00 0 10252 727995 724725 2026-09-25T19:30:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mactabene Amachree''' (onye amuru na abali iri-ato '''na onwa mbu n’afọ''' 1978 na [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt]] ) bubu onye na atụ basket boolụ na [[Naijiria]].<ref>[http://www.wnba.com/playerfile/mactabene_amachree/index.html WNBA Player Bio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319135719/http://www.wnba.com/playerfile/mactabene_amachree/index.html |date=2009-03-19 }}</ref> N’afọ 2001, ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ onye Naịjirịa nke gbara bọọlụ na WNBA. <ref name=voa>(28 July 2005), [https://web.archive.org/web/20090319033726/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2005-07/2005-07-28-voa71.cfm Nigerian Finds Home in Washington, DC Women's Pro Basketball Team] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319033726/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2005-07/2005-07-28-voa71.cfm |date=2009-03-19 }}, VOA News. Retrieved 03-06-2009.</ref> Amachree gbara n’egwuregwu basketball nke ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa na 2004 Summer Olimpik. O burukwa nwa ada Ojuka Clan nke ndi Kalabari na Naijiria..<ref name=voa/> == Ebe m si nwete == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Category:Nwaanyị egwuregwu]] [[Òtù:Category:Nwanyi]] mwkkzcs4hbnxdzdlolwdhfmk4re96vy 0 10259 728033 724731 2026-09-25T23:46:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox musical artist|name=Mayorkun|birth_date=March 23, 1994|associated_acts={{hlist|[[Davido]]|}}|label=Davido Music Worldwide|years_active=2016{{ndash}}present|instrument={{hlist|Vocals|piano}}|occupation={{hlist|Singer|songwriter|pianist}}|genre={{hlist|[[Afrobeats]]}}|origin=[[Osun State]], [[Nigeria]]|alias=|background=solo_singer|birth_name=Adewale Mayowa Emmanuel|native_name_lang=|native_name=|caption=Mayorkun chatting with Wazobia Max TV in June 2018|alt=|image_size=|image=Mayorkun.png|website={{URL|http://www.mayorkun.com}}}} '''Adewale Mayowa Emmanuel''' Onye amụrụ na abali iri-abuo '''n’ato n’onwa atọ, afọ''' 1994, bụ onye amaara nke oma dịka '''Mayorkun''', ma bụrụ nwaafọ Naịjịrịa na-agu egwu''', na-ede egwu mana apịkwa pịano'''. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mybiohub.com/2016/07/mayorkun-biography-age.html/|title=Mayorkun Biography {{!}} Age {{!}} MyBioHub|date=2016-07-04|language=en-US}}</ref> O weputara nkpuchi egwu nke Davido bụ "The Money" ma onye na-agụ egwu chọpụtara ya na Twitter. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/meeting-davido-was-a-blessing-mayokun/|title=Meeting Davido was a blessing – Mayorkun|language=en-US}}</ref> Mayorkun bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ndekọ aha Davido Music Worldwide (DMW) n'afọ 2016; ewepụtara otu mpụta mbụ ya "Eleko" n'okpuru labeelu a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/04/hkndavido-music-worldwide-presents-mayorkun-eleko/|title=HKN/Davido Music Worldwide Presents: Mayorkun - Eleko {{!}} 360Nobs.com|language=en-US|date=2016-04-07|accessdate=2020-11-28|archivedate=2018-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204102016/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/04/hkndavido-music-worldwide-presents-mayorkun-eleko/}}</ref> Mayorkunkun wepụtara albọm studịo mbụ ya ''Onye isi obodo Lagos'' na Nọvemba 2018. == Mmalite Ndụ == A mụrụ Mayorkun n'abalị̀ iri abụọ na atọ n'afọ, 1994 na [[Ȯra Osun|Osun State]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://okhype.media/artist/21/mayorkun|title=Mayorkun Biography, Discographies & Lifestyle|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-11-28|archivedate=2018-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204101925/https://okhype.media/artist/21/mayorkun}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa mbụ n’ime mmadụ atọ, amụrụ n’ezinụlọ nke ndị na-eme egwuregwu ntụrụndụ. Nne ya bụ onye na- eme ihe nkiri Nollywood ma nna ya, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri. Mayorkun so na ndị ukwe mgbe ọ dị obere ebe ọ, dịka o siri kwuo, "mụtara mbupute egwu". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/spotlight/mayorkun-the-mayor-of-lagos/|title=Mayorkun: The Mayor of Lagos|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ nwere asambodo na ngalaba na-ahụ maka ngụkọta ego na University of Lagos, ọ nọkwa n ’ụlọ akụ (bank) tupu a chọpụta ya n’afọ 2016. <ref><nowiki>{{Cite news|url=</nowiki>https://www.takemetonaija.com/2016/05/singer-mayorkun-full-biography.html<nowiki>|title=Singer MAYORKUN Full Biography; Net Worth Car, Age, Father - TIN Magazine|date=2016-05-03|work=TIN Magazine|access-date=2018-11-03|language=en-GB}}</nowiki></ref> == Ọrụ egwu == Mayorkun kpebiri ịhapụ ọrụ ụlọ akụ ya chọọ ọzọ n'ihi ụgwọ ebughi ibu,mgbe Davido hụrụ vidiyo mkpuchi ya na February 2016. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/buzz/davido-singer-signs-new-artist-mayor-kun-to-hkn-gang-id4759397.html|title=Davido: Singer signs new artist Mayor Kun to HKN Gang|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-12-04|access-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204102022/https://www.pulse.ng/buzz/davido-singer-signs-new-artist-mayor-kun-to-hkn-gang-id4759397.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Davido sooro ya na Twitta na Instagram, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị Davido jụrụ ya ma ọ ga - emeli ihe karịrị ikpọ pịano. O nwetara oku ekwentị Davido n’otu ụbọchị ahụ o dere akwụkwọ arụkwaghịm <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/others/got-call-davido-day-quit-bank-job-mayorkun-reveals|title=How I Got A Call From Davido The Day I Quit My Bank Job – Mayorkun Reveals|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-12-04|access-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204102003/http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/others/got-call-davido-day-quit-bank-job-mayorkun-reveals|url-status=dead}}</ref> wee zigara Davido ụfọdụ n’ime egwu ndị o degoro. Davido kpebiri ịdebananye aha ya na Davido Music Worldwide. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nigerianeye.com/2016/05/hkn-artiste-mayorkun-opens-up-on-how.html|title=HKN artiste Mayorkun opens up on how Davido signed him}}</ref> Mayorkun wepụtara otu mkpụrụ egwu mbụ ya n’okpuru akara akpọrọ “Eleko” n’afọ 2016. Vidio nke abụ a chịkọtara ndị nkiri nde mmadụ na ụbọchị iri mbụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theseunbadejo.com/mayorkuns-eleko-hits-one-million-views-on-youtube/|title=Mayorkun's 'Eleko' Hits One Million Views On YouTube {{!}} theseunbadejo.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-12-09|access-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209223652/https://www.theseunbadejo.com/mayorkuns-eleko-hits-one-million-views-on-youtube/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/you-need-to-hear-this-mayorkun-seeks-to-recreate-new-magic-with-love-you-tire-id5662596.html|title=You Need To Hear This: Mayorkun seeks to recreate new magic with "Love you tire"|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-12-04|access-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204102048/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/you-need-to-hear-this-mayorkun-seeks-to-recreate-new-magic-with-love-you-tire-id5662596.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'aha ya, Mayorkun nwere ọtụtụ egwu n'abụghị albọm nke gụnyere Yawa, Sade, Che Che na Mama. N'ọnwa Ọktọba 2018, ọ wepụtara ndị abụghị albọm bụ "Posh" na "Fantasy" nke na-egosi Olu Maintain <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsbreakers.ng/mayorkun-features-olu-maintain-in-new-album-titled-fantasy/|title=Mayorkun Features Olu Maintain in New Album Titled, Fantasy Newsbreakers|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-03-27|access-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327161944/https://newsbreakers.ng/mayorkun-features-olu-maintain-in-new-album-titled-fantasy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> na atụmanya nke albọm Studịo mbụ ya nke akpọrọ "The Mayor of Lagos". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/mayorkun-fts-davido-dbanj-on-debut-album-the-mayor-of-lagos-id9071418.html|title=Mayorkun fts Davido, Dbanj on debut album, "The Mayor of Lagos"|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-12-04|access-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204102045/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/mayorkun-fts-davido-dbanj-on-debut-album-the-mayor-of-lagos-id9071418.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Emepụtara The Mayor of Lagos Lagos n'abalị na isii nke ọnwa Nọvemba 2018. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/11/16/mayorkun-debuts-album-mayor-of-lagos/|title=Mayorkun Debuts Album "Mayor Of Lagos"|language=en-US}}</ref> N'abalị̀ mbụ nke ọnwa Disemba 2018, ọ pụtara na eserese Billboard albọm nke ụwa ,nke ọ nọ n'ogo ọnụ ọgụgụ iri na ise. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/mayorkun|title=Billboard-Mayorkun|language=en-US|access-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204123732/https://www.billboard.com/music/mayorkun|archive-date=2018-12-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Ngosi Egwu The Mayor of Lagos === Mayorkun malitere njem na mba niile na 2017 nke o mere ihe ngosi egwu n'ihe karịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ iri atọ na ise. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/music/mayorkun-to-headline-lagos-concert-this-december/|title=Mayorkun To Headline Lagos Concert This December|last=Orubo|first=Daniel|date=2017-11-03|work=Konbini Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-03-27|access-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327161958/http://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/music/mayorkun-to-headline-lagos-concert-this-december/|url-status=dead}}</ref> O mechiri afọ 2017 site n'iji isi egwu ya nke mbụ na [[Lagos]] akpọrọ "The Mayor of [[Lagos]] ". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/mayorkun-singer-rounds-off-2017-with-mayor-of-lagos-concert-photos-id7730579.html|title=Mayorkun: Singer rounds off 2017 with "Mayor Of Lagos" concert [Photos]|last=Akan|first=Joey|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-12-15|access-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173350/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/mayorkun-singer-rounds-off-2017-with-mayor-of-lagos-concert-photos-id7730579.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/12/artiste-concerts-rocked-2017/|title=Artiste concerts that rocked 2017 - Vanguard News Nigeria|date=2017-12-30|work=Vanguard News Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> The Mayor of [[Lagos]] na-aga n'ihu na 2018 site na ihe ngosi na obodo Ibadan na isi obodo, [[Abuja]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/davidos-protege-mayorkun-invade-abuja-for-the-mayor-concert-id8724168.html|title=Davidos protege Mayorkun invade Abuja for The Mayor Concert|last=Ohunyon|first=Ehis|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-12-04|access-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204102019/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/davidos-protege-mayorkun-invade-abuja-for-the-mayor-concert-id8724168.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, a mara ọkwa ụbọchị maka mbipụta nke [[Lagos]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenativemag.com/communities/mayorkun-announce-mayor-lagos-concert-date/|title=Mayorkun announces 'The Mayor Of Lagos' concert date - The Native|date=2018-09-24|work=The Native|language=en-US}}</ref> N’afọ 2018, Mayorkun mere njem ga [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]] tinyere onye otu labeelụ yabú Dremo, ebe ọ mmere ngosi ihe dị ka obodo isii. Ọ rụkwara n'akụkụ onye isi labeelụ Davido na wireless festival . == Egwu == === Albọm Studịo na EP === * ''The Mayor of Lagos'' (2018) * ''Geng'' (EP) (2020) === Ótù Ndị Ahọtara === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Album |- | rowspan="3" | 2016 | "Yawa" |rowspan="4" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- | "Eleko" |- | "Na Na Na" <small>(feat. Mr Eazi )</small> |- | rowspan="3" | 2017 | "Sade" |- | "Mama" | rowspan="5" | ''Onye isi na Lagos'' |- | "Che Che" |- | rowspan="4" | 2018 | "Bobo" <small>(nke gosipụtara Davido )</small> |- | "Posh" |- | "Echiche efu" |- | "Ogbe"|rowspan="4" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- | rowspan="3" | 2019 | "Nara Ekele" |- | "Ezi" (nke gosipụtara Kizz Daniel ) |- | "Ruo Ihe" <ref>https://www.jbklutse.com/mayorkun-up-to-something-mp3-official-video/%3famp</ref> |- | | | |- | 2020 | "Geng" "Nke Lagos" | |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Afọ ! Mmemme ! Nrite ! Nsonaazụ ! Ref |- | rowspan="4" | 2016 | Isi | Rookie nke Afọ|{{Won}} | <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/mayorkun-wins-headies-2018-next-rated-award-id8347693.html|title=Mayorkun wins Headies 2018 "Next Rated" award|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/music/219218-mayorkun-wins-headies-rookie-year-award.html|title=Mayorkun wins Headies' "Rookie of the Year" award - Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | Obodo Ndị Ntụrụndụ Obodo | Ọtụtụ nkwa na-ekwe nkwa|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenet.ng/full-list-of-winners-at-2016-city-people-entertainment-awards/|title=Full List Of Winners at 2016 City People Entertainment Awards - Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | Iwu kacha mma|{{Nominated}} | <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.joeheman.com/nominees-years-city-people-awards/|title=Nominees For This Year’s City People Awards » Joe Heman Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | Onyinye Nhọrọ nke umuaka nke Naijiria | Choputara Abụ ohuru nke Afọ|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/08/seyi-shay-mayorkun-dremo-others-win-big-at-the-5th-edition-of-the-nigerian-teen-choice-award-in-abuja/|title=Seyi Shay, Mayorkun, Dremo & others win Big at the 5th Edition of the Nigerian Teen Choice Award in Abuja - BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | Onyinye Ntụrụndụ Naịjirịa | Iwu kacha mma|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.informationng.com/2017/11/davido-olamide-mayorkun-win-big-2017-nea-awards-full-list-winners-2.html|title=Davido, Olamide, Mayorkun win big at 2017 NEA Awards {{!}} Full List of Winners - INFORMATION NIGERIA|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/whatsnew/nigerian-entertainment-awards-full-list-of-winners/|title=Nigerian Entertainment Awards: Full List Of Winners|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | Obodo Ndị Ntụrụndụ Obodo | Egwu Kachasị Mma|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/cpma2017-full-list-winners-city-people-music-awards/|title=#CPMA2017: Full List Of Winners At the City People Music Awards {{!}} City People Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | Artiste nke Afọ|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.informationng.com/2018/10/davidos-dmw-wins-six-awards-at-2018-city-people-music-awards.html|title=Davido’s DMW Wins Six Awards At 2018 City People Music Awards - INFORMATION NIGERIA|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | Isi | Na-esote gosiri|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenet.ng/headies-2018-30-billion-gang-storm-stage-mayorkun-wins-next-rated-award/|title=HEADIES 2018: 30 Billion Gang Storm Stage As Mayorkun Wins 'Next Rated' Award - Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | rowspan="2" | Isi | Best R & B / Pop Album maka onye ''isi obodo nke Lagos''|{{won}} | rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Headies 2019: Here are all the winners at the 13th edition of music award|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/headies-2019-here-are-all-the-winners-at-13th-edition-of-music-award/peegxqv}}</ref> |- | Hip Hop World Mkpughe |{{Won}} |} == Nrụtụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ dị na mpụga == * Official website [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qsfpc8flmyb14mp301ut38grnepmj3f 0 10268 728153 211347 2026-09-26T10:10:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nkechi Akashili''' (amụrụ na 22 '''Febrụwarị''' 1990) bụ onye na-agba [[:en:Basketball|basketbọọlụ]] si Naijiria maka otu klọb ndị [[:en:First_Bank_B.C.|First Bank B.C.]] na ndị [[:en:Nigeria_women's_national_basketball_team|otu na-anochitere Naijiria anya]] n'egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwaanyị. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//q/Nkechi_Akashili/pid//_//players.html |title=FIBA profile |access-date=2020-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301143346/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//q/Nkechi_Akashili/pid//_//players.html |archive-date=2023-03-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == O sonyere na egwuregwu asọmpi nke [[:en:2017_Women's_Afrobasket|2017 Women's Afrobasket]] . <ref>[http://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2017/Nkechi-Akashili 2017 Women's Afrobasket profile]</ref> == Ebe m si dee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ dị na mpụga == * Nkechi Akashili at FIBA [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Category:Nwaanyị n'agba bọọlụ]] [[Òtù:Category:Nwaanyị egwuregwu]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1990]] ju4k4655mzsmhcw133x7k2w74codvoa 0 10701 728140 186627 2026-09-26T09:01:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ngozi Ezeocha''' {{Audio|Ig-Ngozi Ezeocha.ogg|Audio}} (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị 12 n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1973) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa gbara bọọlụ dịka onye na -agbachitere ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa . O soro ndị otu asọmpi n'asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke FIFA afọ 1991, na iko ụmụ nwanyị mbaụwa nke FIFA afọ 1995 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/archive/sweden1995/teams/team=1882893/players.html|title=FIFA Women's World Cup Sweden 1995 - Teams|accessdate=2007-09-28|publisher=[[FIFA]]|year=1995|work=FIFA Women's World Cup Sweden 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024023624/http://fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament%3D103/edition%3D4654/teams/index.html|archive-date=2007-10-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ebemsidee == <references/> == Njikọ mpụga == * {{FIFA player|501}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7w46j2tco14xxo66x0lg546vg1824tf 0 10722 728126 135714 2026-09-26T07:24:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ndidi madu''' (a mụrụ n'ọnwa Maachị n'ụbọchị nke 17, afọ 1989) bụ onye Naijirịa a mụrụ n'Amerịka na-eme egwuregwu, onye gwuru egwuregwu basketbọọlụ ikpeazụ n'otu Broni na otu basketbọọlụ mba Naijirịa . <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//q/Ndidi_Madu/pid//_//players.html |title=FIBA profile |access-date=2021-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922194655/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//q/Ndidi_Madu/pid//_//players.html |archive-date=2017-09-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ Flọrịda == Nsipụta <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web1.ncaa.org/stats/StatsSrv/careerplayer|title=NCAA Statistics|work=web1.ncaa.org|accessdate=2021-06-03}}</ref> {{NBA player statistics legend}} {| class="wikitable" !Year !Team !GP !Points !FG% !3P% !FT% !RPG !APG !SPG !BPG !PPG |- |2007-08 |Florida |1 |3 |50.0% |0.0% |50.0% |3.0 | - | - | - |3.0 |- |2008-09 |Florida |26 |62 |'''51.0%''' |0.0% |50.0% |1.8 |0.3 |0.3 |0.3 |2.4 |- |2009-10 |Florida |32 |121 |35.0% |0.0% |59.5% |2.9 |0.5 |0.5 |0.3 |3.8 |- |2010-11 |Florida |'''35''' |'''251''' |45.4% |0.0% |'''76.7%''' |'''5.0''' |0.5 |0.5 |'''0.4''' |'''7.2''' |- |2011-12 |Florida |33 |165 |39.7% |'''28.0%''' |61.5% |4.3 |'''1.2''' |'''0.6''' |0.3 |5.0 |- |Career | |127 |481 |41.9% |28.0% |62.5% |3.6 |0.6 |0.5 |0.3 |3.8 |} == Ọrụ mbaụwa == O sonyere na Afrobasket ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 2017 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2017/player/Ndidi-Madu|title=Ndidi MADU at the FIBA Women's Afrobasket 2017|work=FIBA.basketball}}</ref> Ọ gbara ọkara 3.9 pts, 3.9 RBG na 1.6 APG n'oge asọmpi ahụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ndidi Madu profile, FIBA Africa Champions Cup for Women 2015|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/102603/sid/12207/tid/96464/_/2015_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women/index.html|accessdate=2021-06-04|work=FIBA.COM}}</ref> === Ọnụ ọgụgụ FIBA === N'oge asọmpi FIBA Africa maka ụmụ nwanyị n'afọ 2013, o nwetara nkezi 9.3 n'otu egwuregwu. N'oge iko FIBA Africa 2014 maka agba ikpeazụ nke klọb ụmụ nwanyị, ọ gbara ọkara 10pts, 3.3RPG, 0.8APG. N'oge Afrobasket afọ 2015 maka ụmụ nwanyị; n'agba ikpeazụ ọ gbara ọkara 8.1pts, 9.5 RPG na 0.6 APG. N'ime asọmpi FIBA nke afọ 2015 maka ụmụ nwanyị, ọ gbara ọkara 9pts, 5.8RPG, 1.1APG. N'oge asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị FIBA nke afọ 2016, ọ gbara ọkara 7pts, 6.5RPG, 1APG. Na Afrobasket afọ 2017 maka ụmụ nwanyị, ọ gbara ọkara 3.9pts, 3.9 RPG na 1.4 APG. Ọ gbakwara ọkara 7.2pts, 7RPG na 1.6 APG n'asọmpi FIBA afọ 2017 maka ụmụ nwanyị nke o sonyere otu interclube nke Angola. <ref name=":0" /> == Ịla ezumike nká == N'ụbọchị 25 n'ọnwa juun, afọ 2018, Madu kwupụtara ezumike nka ya site na sosha midia site na egwuregwu basketbọọlụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://basketballwithinborders.com/|title=BasketballWithinBorders - Training the World, One Baller at a Time|accessdate=2021-08-08|archivedate=2022-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901212921/https://basketballwithinborders.com/}}</ref> tupu asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị mbaụwa FIBA afọ 2018 na Spen. O kwuru na ezumike nka ya ga -enyere ya aka i lekwasị anya na ndụ ya mgbe basketbọọlụ gasịrị, nke bụ i nye ọzụzụ na ntọala ya bụ '''Team Madu Foundation''' nke hiwere isi na mwulite ndị ntorobịa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fiba.basketball/womensbasketballworldcup/2018/news/madu-calls-it-quits-ahead-of-fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup|title=Madu calls it quits ahead of FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup|work=FIBA.basketball}}</ref> == Ebemsidee == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s6fqriasn0lqldf51v0orlnvolm67t9 0 10760 728171 207221 2026-09-26T10:57:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ama Egwuregwu Nnamdi Azikiwe''' bụ ama egwuregwu maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] . A na -ejikarị ya agba [[Footbọl|egwuregwu bọọlụ]] ugbu a, ọ bụkwa ama egwuregwu nnọ n'ụlọEnugu Rangers . Egwuregwu a nwere ike ịbacha mmadụ puku iri abụọ na abụọ <ref>http://cheeronnigeria.blogspot.nl/2013_03_01_archive.html</ref> a kpọkwara ya aha onye isi ala mbụ nke Repoblik nke Nigeria, Dọkịnta Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe. [[File:Akwa United facing Enugu Rangers in their last league match of the 2021-22 season.jpg|thumb|Akwa United facing Enugu Rangers in their last league match of the 2021-22 season]] Ama egwuregwu Nnamdi Azikiwe bụbu nke ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ oloko Naijiria (NRC). Ruo oge ahụ, ọ bụ ama egwuregwu kacha enwu enwu na Enugu. Laa azụ na 1959, akụrụngwa ahụ bụ ebe egwuregwu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ. Nke a abụghị ihe ijuanya n'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nọ n'ihu n'ịkwalite egwuregwu n'oge ọchịchị na ọbụlagodi oge abụghị oge ọchịchị. Ka oge na -aga, o doro anya na ọ bụ n'ihi ọnọdụ ya dị n'etiti ama ama na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], Gọọmentị ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa kwụsịrị ọrụ wee weghara njikwa ebe a ma bulie aha ya. Ebe egwuregwu a gara n'ihu na -arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe egwuregwu ndị egwuregwu ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke bi na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ, ruo mgbe agha obodo Nigeria/Biafra malitere. Emezigharịrị ya mgbe agha obodo gachara ụlọ ebe obibi maka ịnabata ndị egwuregwu. Ọ debekwara kansụl egwuregwu steeti ahụ. E hiwere Rangers International nke Enugu n'oge ahụ ma mee ka ámá egwuregwu ahụ bụrụ ama egwuregwu nnọọ n'ụlọ ha.Aha nke Rangers bidoro ịpụta ihe n'afọ ndị 1970, ọkachasị n'ihi nnukwu ngosipụta ha bipụtara obere oge ha malitere. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a nọ na -achọ ka e wughachi ihe owuwu ahụ. Nke a butere mgnakọ aka gọọmentị steeti Anambra n'oge ahụ na njikọ aka ya na ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe iji nweta ego maka nrụgharị ámá egwuregwu ahụ, nke e hibere na 1986. Afọ iri na atọ ka emechara, emezigharịrị ámá egwuregwu ahụ ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ maka nhazi nke FIFA U-20 World Cup Nigeria 1999 . Ọ haziri egwuregwu dị mkpa gụnyere mmeri Mali meriri Naịjirịa na agba nke anọ. ámá egwuregwu, nke a na mbụ nwere ahịhịa okike, ugbu a,o nwere atifishíal tọf na skọbọd vidiomatris ọhụrụ. ihe ndị a na ọrụ nrụzigharị ndị ọzọ nụ iji nye ámá egwuregwu ahụ ọmarịcha ihu ọgbara ọhụrụ na nkwalite na teknolojị n'ihi na ọ bụ otu n'ime ámá egwuregwu chikọbaraFIFA U-17 World Cup Nigeria 2009 . . Ọ nabatara egwuregwu na Group D, nke gụnyere [[Turkéy|Turkey]], Costa Rica, [[Burkina Faso]] na New Zealand na FIFA U-17 World Cup Nigeria 2009 . <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/destination/stadiums/stadium=117/index.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506183853/http://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/destination/stadiums/stadium=117/index.html |archive-date=2015-05-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <references /> 6graqw3kdpekur7cmw48xvk075vbh19 0 11441 728016 175843 2026-09-25T21:27:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mariam Yalwaji Katagum''' (amuru ụbọchị iri na asatọ n' onwa Nọvemba, 1954, Azare, [[Ȯra Bauchi|Bauchi steeti]] ), <ref name=":0"/> na-eje ozi dika onye omebe iwu Naijiria maka ulo oru ahia, ahia na itinye ego. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/280921/president-buhari-swears-in-ministers-assign-portfolios-ful.html)|title=Nigeria HomePage - Breaking News, Business, Sports, Entertainment and Video News|work=www.thenigerianvoice.com|accessdate=2019-11-03}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.ng/fg-committed-to-achieving-seamless-implementation-of-afcfta-katagum/|title=FG committed to achieving seamless implementation of AfCFTA – Katagum|date=2019-09-28|work=Daily Times Nigeria|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-11-03}}</ref> Na mbụ, Katagum bụ onye nnọchi anya, onye nnọchi anya na-adịgide adịgide nke [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] na UNESCO <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-49094164|title=Meet di women wey make Buhari list|author=Williams|first=Princess Igho|date=2019-07-24|accessdate=2019-11-03|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/minister-solicits-unescos-support-for-nigerian-women/|title=Minister solicits UNESCO’s support for Nigerian women|author=Otaru|first=Anthony|date=|work=guardian.ng|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116004221/https://guardian.ng/business-services/minister-solicits-unescos-support-for-nigerian-women/|archivedate=2020-11-16|accessdate=2019-11-03}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == N'afo 1976, Mariam Y. Katagum nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts na bekee yana asambodo gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello, Zaria . <ref name=":1"/> N'afọ 1985, ọ nwetara nzere Master na nchịkwa na nhazi na Mahadum Lagos . <ref name=":0"/> Na 1999, Katagum nwetara Asambodo na Social Development Policy, Planning and Practice na Mahadum University, [[London]] . N'otu afọ ahụ, e nyere ya UNESCO Fellowship. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/credentials-committee/chairperson/|title=Chairperson {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2019-11-03}}</ref><nowiki></br></nowiki> == Ọrụ == Katagum malitere ọrụ ọkachamara ya na National Youth Service, na Board Water, [[Jos]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://educeleb.com/the-profile-of-minister-designate-mariam-katagum/|title=The profile of minister designate Mariam Katagum|author=EduCeleb|date=2019-07-24|work=EduCeleb|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103190459/https://educeleb.com/the-profile-of-minister-designate-mariam-katagum/|archive-date=2019-11-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'afọ 1977-1981, Katagum bụ onye isi mmụta na kọleji gọọmentị etiti, Azare. O mechara jee ozi na ndị na afụ maka agụma akwukwo na efu na Federal dị na Lagos (1981-1984). Afọ iri na ise sochirinụ e zigara ya na Nigerian National Commission for UNESCO (1985-2000). <ref name=":0"/> N2000-2001, Katagum bụ onye isi maka ọrụ pụrụ iche na National Primary Education Commission na [[Abuja]] . <ref name=":0" /> Malite na 2001, Katagum jere ozi dịka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke National National Commission for UNESCO. <ref name=":2"/> Na 2004, Katagum nyere okwu ikpeazụ na UNU -UNESCO Conference gbasara Aya na 21st Century na Paris . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/news/43584/programme-anglais.pdf|title=21 Century Wars, Programme|author=|first=|date=|work=United Nations University|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2019-11-03}}</ref> Malite n' afọ 2006 Katagum nọ na-elekọta Ngalaba Mmekọrịta Mba na Mba Nile nke Federal Ministry of Education . <ref name=":0" /> Na June 2009, a họpụtara Katagum ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya, onye nnọchi anya na-adịgide adịgide nke Nigeria na UNESCO. <ref name=":2" /> Ọ na-eje ozi na ọtụtụ kọmitii mba na mba ụwa na Panels gụnyere Board of Trustees of the African World Heritage Fund (2009-2011), West Africa Group na UNESCO (2009-2012), E-9 Group na UNESCO (2010). -2012), Kọmitii isi ụlọ ọrụ UNESCO (2011-2013), Commission PX nke Board Executive (2013) na ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":2"/> N' afọ 2017, Katagum gara abalị ngosi nke izu Afrịka n' afọ 2017 nke otu Afrika haziri na isi ụlọ ọrụ UNESCO na Paris. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nico.gov.ng/index.php/category-list/1907-ambassador-mariam-katagum-commends-ogun-state-cultural-troupe|title=Ambassador Mariam Katagum Commends Ogun State Cultural Troupe|work=www.nico.gov.ng|accessdate=2019-11-03|archivedate=2019-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103203504/https://www.nico.gov.ng/index.php/category-list/1907-ambassador-mariam-katagum-commends-ogun-state-cultural-troupe}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2019, Onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] họpụtara Katagum ka ọ bụrụ onye minista na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ, azụmaahịa na itinye ego na steeti Bauchi dị na Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/08/21/nigeria-s-new-cabinet-inaugurated-president-remain-petroleum-minister/|title=Nigeria's new cabinet inaugurated, president remains Petroleum minister|author=AfricaNews|first=|date=2019-08-21|work=Africanews|language=en|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2019-11-03}}</ref> Dịka Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ, azụmaahịa na itinye ego, Katagum na-akwado mmejuputa atumatu mpaghara Azụmahịa Ahịhịa Afrịka (AfCFTA) dị ka ihe dị mkpa iji nweta uru ndị Naijiria ga-erite. <ref name=":3"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g57e8kfhq1qvyp2z7a7ajbwh8gffqgb 0 11572 728023 89542 2026-09-25T22:41:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox football biography|name=Martina Ohadugha|caps1=|pcupdate=|nationalgoals1=2|nationalcaps1=35<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/players/player=298760/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610162417/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/players/player=298760/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 June 2015 |title= Profile |publisher= FIFA.com |accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref>|nationalteam1=[[Nigeria women's national football team|Nigeria]]|nationalyears1=2012–|position=[[Midfielder]]|goals1=|clubs1=[[Rivers Angels]]|image=|years1=|clubnumber=|currentclub=[[Rivers Angels]]|height={{height|m=1.62}}<ref name="FIFA 2015"/>|birth_place=[[Nigeria]]|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1991|5|5|df=yes}}<ref name="FIFA 2015"/>|fullname=Onyinyechi Martina Ohadugha<ref name="FIFA 2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |title=List of Players – 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup |work=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |accessdate=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306125454/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref>|ntupdate=18:34, 17 June 2015 (UTC)}} '''Martina Ohadugha''' (amụrụ na ubochi ise na onwa Mee 1991) bụ onye [[Footbọl|egwuregwu bọọlụ]] mba Naịjirịa nke na-agba bọọlụ dị ka onye ọkpọ egwuregwu bọọlụ Rivers Angels nke ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria na otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa . == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Ọ so na otu mba Naijiria na asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Africa nke 2012 na 2014, wee merie nke ikpeazụ. Ọ sokwa na asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke 2015 FIFA . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenff.com/2015/05/okon-picks-oshoala-nwabuoku-21-others-for-world-cup/|title=Okon picks Oshoala, Nwabuoku, 21 others for World Cup|date=27 May 2015|work=thenff.com}}</ref> == Nkwanye ugwu == === Mba ụwa === ; Naijiria * Asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka : 2014 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Martina Ohadugha – FIFA competition record (archived) * Martina Ohadugha at Soccerway [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ht4i45hps3w4jmq4qmi60kvc99er70r 0 11595 728138 197942 2026-09-26T09:01:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox football biography|name=Ngozi Ebere|nationalteam1=[[Nigeria women's national under-20 football team|Nigeria U20]]|goals3=7|years4=2019–|clubs4=[[Arna-Bjørnar Fotball|Arna-Bjørnar]]|caps4=15|goals4=2|nationalyears1=2010|nationalcaps1=2|clubs3=[[Barcelona FA]]|nationalgoals1=0|nationalyears2=2015–|nationalteam2=[[Nigeria women's national football team|Nigeria]]|nationalcaps2=20<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/players/player=300602/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610162427/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/players/player=300602/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 June 2015 |title=Profile |publisher=FIFA.com |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>|nationalgoals2=1|pcupdate=1 December 2019|caps3=25|years3=2017–2019|image=|position=[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]|fullname=Ngozi Ebere<ref name="FIFA 2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |title=List of Players – 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup |work=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306125454/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref>|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1991|8|5|df=yes}}<ref name="FIFA 2015"/>|birth_place=[[Port Harcourt]], [[Rivers State]], Nigeria|height={{height|m=1.75}}<ref name="FIFA 2015"/>|currentclub=[[Arna-Bjornar Fotball|Arna-Bjornar]]|clubnumber=2|years1=?–2015|goals2=0|clubs1=[[Rivers Angels]]|caps1=|goals1=|years2=2015–2017|clubs2=[[Paris Saint-Germain Féminines|Paris Saint-Germain]]|caps2=6|ntupdate=17 June 2015}} '''Ngozi Ebere''' (bu onye amụrụ na 5th Ọgọst n'afo 1991) bụ onye [[Footbọl|egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa nke]] na-egwu egwu dịka onye mgbachitere klọb Norwegian Arna-Bjørnar, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arna-bjornar.no/nyheter/2-ngozi-ebere/|title=2. Ngozi Ebere|work=Arna-Bjørnar|date=21 March 2019|accessdate=18 June 2019|archivedate=23 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223013420/https://arna-bjornar.no/nyheter/2-ngozi-ebere/}}</ref> na mba ụwa maka otu mba ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria . Ọ bụ onye otu Rivers Angels bụ onye meriri okpukpu abụọ nke ụlọ Naijiria na 2014, na otu ndị inyom mba Naijiria bụ ndị meriri asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Africa nke afọ 2014 . == Ọrụ == === Klọb === N'afọ 2014, Ngozi Ebere so na ndị otu egwuregwu bekee nke Nijiria bụ Rivers Angels bụ ndị meriri Nigeria Women Football League na Nigeria Federation Cup abụọ. N'ime oge ahụ, Ebere nyere golu asaa nke a gụnyere golu nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ na egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke oge ahu na 3-1 mmeri Sunshine Queens . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rivers Angels clinch league and cup double|url=http://mtnfootball.com/news/484917/Rivers-Angels-clinch-league-and-cup-double|publisher=MTN Football|accessdate=11 November 2016|date=27 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111203124/http://mtnfootball.com/news/484917/Rivers-Angels-clinch-league-and-cup-double|archivedate=11 November 2016}}</ref> Ndị otu French Paris Saint-Germain bịanyere aka na Ebere na Septemba 2015 na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ. O kwuru n'oge ahụ, "Anọ m ebe a iji nye ihe kacha mma nke onwe m na iji nweta ihe nrite, ihe ịma aka ọhụrụ a na-echere m ebe a na Paris kpaliri mmu m. Ọ bụ nrọ mezuru.” O mere mpụta mbụ ya na egwuregwu Division 1 Féminine Isompi megide Olympique Lyonnais na abali iri abuo na-Asa nke onwa Septemba n'afo 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Oludare|first=Shina|title=Super Falcons' Ngozi Ebere joins PSG|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4102/transfer-zone/2015/09/15/15382182/super-falcons-ngozi-ebere-joins-psg-ladies|publisher=Goal.com|accessdate=11 November 2016|date=15 September 2015}}</ref> Ka onwa abuo gasiri e deputara aha ya na ndepụta mmadụ ise maka ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Africa nke afọ ; ọ tụrụ aro na nhọpụta a bịara n'ihi ihe ngosi ya na nso nso a. <ref>{{Cite web|title=PSG Star, Ngozi Ebere : I Have Been Nominated For African Player of the Year|url=http://allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=17253|publisher=All Nigeria Soccer|accessdate=11 November 2016|date=14 December 2015}}</ref> N'ime oge nke oge mbụ ya, ọ sonyere na- egwuregwu asatọ; isii na Division 1 Féminine na abụọ na Coupe de France Féminine . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ebere Nogozi|url=http://www.psg.fr/en/Woman-Team/4010004/Player-sheet/3776/Ebere-Ngozi|publisher=Paris Saint-Germain|accessdate=11 November 2016|archivedate=11 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111200109/http://www.psg.fr/en/Woman-Team/4010004/Player-sheet/3776/Ebere-Ngozi}}</ref> N'afo 2017 ruo 2019 ọ gbara na Cyprus na Barcelona FA, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-bh/news/nigerias-ngozi-ebere-joins-cyprus-club-barcelona-fa/1lvfopvcbn6y71hzt695oh2ct0|title=Nigeria's Ngozi Ebere joins Cyprus club Barcelona FA &#124; Goal.com|work=www.goal.com}}</ref> tupu ọ gawa na klọb Norwegian Arna-Bjørnar . === Mba ụwa === Ebere so na otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụnwaanyị Naịjirịa na asọmpi ụmụnwaanyị Afrịka n'afọ 2012 na otu mmeri nke afọ 2014 . Ọ nọkwa na igwe nke 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenff.com/2015/05/okon-picks-oshoala-nwabuoku-21-others-for-world-cup/|title=Okon picks Oshoala, Nwabuoku, 21 others for World Cup|date=27 May 2015|publisher=The NFF|accessdate=11 November 2016}}</ref> == Nkwanye ugwu == === Klọb === ; Rivers Angel * Njikọ bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria (1): 2014 * Nigeria Federation Cup (1): 2014 === Mba ụwa === ; Naijiria * Asọmpi ụmụnwaanyị Afrịka (2): 2014, 2016 == Ndensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ngozi Ebere – FIFA competition record (archived) * Ngozi Ebere at Soccerway [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1a7dl3e3blk99ms8112y1323amu1zsw 0 11846 727996 91270 2026-09-25T19:30:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madagali''' ma ọ bụ '''Madagli''' bụ obodo na ọchịchị ime obodo dị na [[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa St]]<nowiki/>eeti [[Naijiria|Nijiria]], n'akụkụ oke ókè ya na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] . . Emebere LGA n'afọ 1991 mgbe e siri na Gongola steeti kee [[Ȯra Taraba|Taraba]] steeti. Ọ dị n'ókè Michika n'ebe ugwu, Askira uba n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, Gwoza ime obodo na ndịda na [[Kameroon|Republic of Cameroon]] n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ. Enwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ mana Fulani, Mafa na Margi bụ asụsụ agbụrụ bụ ndị ama ama. Obodo kachasị na Madagali bụ Gulak na Shuwa. A gọziri Madagali nke ukwuu site na ala na-eme nri nke na-eme ka ndị mmadụ na-etinye aka na ọrụ ugbo. [[Usòrò:Sukur Adamawa Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Madagali]] N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2012, ndị agha Naịjirịa gburu onye ọchịagha Boko Haram na Madgali, ma nwụchiri mmadụ 156 dịka akụkụ nke "Operation Restore Sanity." <ref>{{Cite web|author=Onah|first=Matthew|title=Nigeria: Boko Haram Kingpin Shot Dead in Adamawa|work=This Day - allAfrica.com|accessdate=2014-10-21|date=2012-09-24|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209250261.html}}</ref> Ndị Boko Haram weghaara obodo a n'August 2014. Na Septemba 2014, ndị bi na Madagali, Gulak, na Michika gbagara n'ugwu ugwu na obodo Mubi, n'ihi mbọ ndị agha gọọmentị gbalịsiri ike iweghachi obodo ahụ n'aka ndị ọgba aghara nsogbu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria: Thousands Flee as Boko Haram Militants Seize Major Towns|accessdate=2014-10-21|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Nigeria-Thousands-Flee-as-Boko-Haram-Militants-Seize-Major-Towns/858738|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814230417/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/nigeria-thousands-flee-as-boko-haram-militants-seize-major-towns/858738|archive-date=2015-08-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ndebesibia == {{Reflist}} rsg5kp0hbckwo6jql6uco6911taebo5 0 11890 728172 129011 2026-09-26T11:10:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nneka Egbuna''' (a mụrụ n’abalị iri abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Disemba na afọ 1980 <ref name=":0"/> ) bụ onye Naijiria na-agụ egwú, na-ede abụ ma bụkwara onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ na-abụ abụ na [[Asụsụ Bekee|bekee]], [[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Igbo]] na Nigerian Pidgin nke bụ ngwakọta asụsụ Naijiria dị iche iche na bekee. == Mbido ndụ == 2Amụrụ Nneka Egbuna ma zụlite ya na Warri, na [[Ȯra Delta|Delta State, Nigeria]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Live Sessions|url=https://livesessions.npr.org/|accessdate=2021-02-05|work=Live Sessions}}</ref> Nne ya bụ onye Germany ebe nna ya bụkwa onye Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Live Sessions|url=https://livesessions.npr.org/|accessdate=2021-02-05|work=Live Sessions}}</ref> Na afọ 1999, ọ kwagara na obodo Hamburg, [[Jémanị|Germany]] ka ọ mụọ Anthropology na mahadum ebe ahụ. <ref name=":0"/> Ọmalitere ịme egwuregwu n'ọgba egwu nke okpuru ala iji nweta ego iji kwụọ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ nzere ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The Official Nneka Site|url=http://www.nnekaworld.com/|accessdate=2021-02-05|work=www.nnekaworld.com}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === 2003–2007: Ọrụ mmalite na ''egwu Victim of Truth'' === Nneka nwetara nlebara anya ọha na mbụ n'afọ 2004 ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ mmeghe maka onye na eti egwu akpọrọ Sean Paul<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=Artists After the Escape: How Nneka Egbuna found a home in music {{!}} DW {{!}} 18.12.2017|url=https://www.dw.com/en/artists-after-the-escape-how-nneka-egbuna-found-a-home-in-music/a-41780148|accessdate=2021-02-05|work=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}</ref> na Hamburg Stadtpark, nke a nyere ya otuto dị ukwuu, ma mee ka o kwupụta ebumnobi ya idekọ nchịkọta egwu mbụ ya. Mgbe o wepụtachara ọba egwu mbụ ya, ''The Uncomfortable Truth'', ọ mere njem mbụ ya dị ka onye na-egwu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2005, ma mee ihe ngosi na obodo Germany, Austria na Switzerland. N'afọ 2005, e wepụtara nchịkọta egwu mbụ nke Nneka, ''Victim of Truth'', n'ofe Europe, Nigeria na Japan. N'ịchọta egwu nke a nwetara nlebanya dị egwu sitere na mgbasa ozi akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Sunday Times na obodo UK nke mechara kwupụta na ''Victim of Truth'' "abụ nke afọ a nke ịleghaara ya anya bụ mpụ".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Edwards|first=Mark|title=Nneka: Victim of Truth|work=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/nneka-victim-of-truth-qn0s0cc2nx5|accessdate=2021-02-05}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị otuto zuru ụwa ọnụ, ndekọ ahụ abanyeghị na chaatị egwu. Ka o sina dị, Nneka mere njem nlegharị anya nke gara nke ọma, ya na onye otu ya bụ Patrice Bart-Williams. N'oge njem ya, ọ bụrụ abụ ya na Chiemsee Reggae Summer, Haarlem (Bevrijdingsfestival), The Hague (Park Pop) na Saint-Brieuc (Art Rock Festival), na ebe ndị a na-akwanyere ùgwù, dị ka La Maroquinerie na New Morning na Paris, Tivoli na Utrecht, Paradiso na Amsterdam, na Cargo na ULU na London. Ọ kwadokwara ndị nka dịka Femi Kuti, Bilal, Seeed, na Gnarls Barkley. [[Usòrò:NNeka-12.jpg|thumb|Nneka]] N'afọ 2006, Nneka rụkwara ọrụ na netwọk telivishọn nke ndị German akpọrọ WDR, ebe ọ bụrụ otu egwu ya aha ya bụ ''"Gypsy"'', ebe otu egwu gbara usoro ịgba egwu emere maka maka egwu Nneka ahụ. Ndị otu Schlauberger kwadoro otu egwu. === 2008- 2011: ''Egwu No Longer at Ease'' na ''Concrete Jungle'' === N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2008, ọ wepụtara nchịkọta egwu nke abụọ ya, ''No Longer at Ease.''<ref name=":0"/> Ewepụtara aha nchịkọta egwu ahụ site na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke nwere otu aha ahụ nke [[Chinụa Achebe|Chinua Achebe]] dere nke na-egosipụta ọdịnaya egwu nke ndekọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime egwu na-ekwu maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-ekwu maka ọnọdụ ọjọọ nke [[Mba Mmiri|Niger Delta]] na nrụrụ aka dị n’ala nna Nneka. ''No Longer at Ease'' na-ejikọta akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke onwe " ngwakọta egwu nke mkpụrụ obi, nke pụtara n'ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere hip-hop na reggae". Isi otu egwu sitere na ndekọ ahụ, "Heartbeat", ghọrọ abụ mbụ nke Nneka batara na egwu iri ise kacha elu na obodo Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/|title=AllMusic {{!}} Record Reviews, Streaming Songs, Genres & Bands|work=AllMusic|language=en-us|accessdate=2019-01-10}}</ref> N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2009, egwu ahụ banyere na UK Singles Chart ọ we di n'ebe ahụ na ọnu-ọgugu iri-na-abua<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/Voice|title=UK Singles & Albums Official Charts Company - Nneka - Heartbeat|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|date=17 October 2009|accessdate=27 October 2010}}</ref> Emegharịrị egwu ''"Heartbeat"'' ọtụtụ oge, ọkachasị site na aka Chase &amp;amp; Status, Rita Ora tinye kwara egwu ahụ na nchịkọta egwu nke ya nke a na-ewu ewu nke ukwuu akpọrọ "R.I.P.". N'ọnwa ndị sochirinụ, Nneka gara njem n'ime [[France]], [[Italy]] na [[Portugal]], ebe ọ kwadokwara Lenny Kravitz mgbe ọmere njem na obodo France n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2009. A họpụtara Nneka n'ụdị atọ maka Channel O Music Video Awards nke afọ 2009<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://beta.mnet.co.za/channelo/|title=M-NET - Channel O|publisher=Beta.mnet.co.za|date=1 April 2007|accessdate=27 October 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010201329/http://beta.mnet.co.za/channelo/|archivedate=10 October 2008}}</ref> and won an award for Best African Act at the 2009 MOBO Awards. Na ebe njedebe nke afọ 2009, a họpụtara ya dị ka otu n'etiti ndị iri ise na-apụta apụta, ndị na-emepụta ihe site n'aka ndị akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Beyond Race.'' Nke a mere ka a kpọtụrụ ya aha n'akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ahụ nke ọnụọgụgụ iri na otu (ya na Bodega Girls na J. Cole na mkpuchi akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ), yana ajụjụ na azịza pụrụiche maka saịtị akwụkwọ akụkọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://beyondrace.com/articles/features/2141-nneka|title=Nneka|publisher=Beyondrace.com|accessdate=27 October 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125153425/http://beyondrace.com/articles/features/2141-nneka|archivedate=25 January 2010}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2009, Nneka malitere njem egwu mbụ ya na mba [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], ebe ọ mere ihe ngosi na [[New York City]], Vienna (Washington DC), Boston, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, na San Francisco. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ onye ọbịa pụrụ iche na The Roots. Nke ahụ bụ mmemme maka ndị egwu. Egwu izizi ya na mba US, ''Concrete Jungle,'' ka ewepụtara n'ụbọchị nke abụọ nke ọnwa Febrụwarị n'afọ 2010. E nyere egwu ahụ onye nke iri ise na asaa n'mkpokọta ọnụọgụ egwu nke Top R&amp;amp;B/Hip-Hop albums, na onye nke iri na asatọ n'mkpokọta ọnụọgụ egwu nke Heatseekers Albums, ebe ọ nọrọ izu ise n'ọnọdụ ahụ. Ejikwa egwu ya nke ọkpọrọ "Kangpe" mee egwu ndabere na ihe egwuregwu vidiyo EA Sports, ''FIFA 10'' . N'ọnwa Jenụarị nke afọ 2010, Nneka pụtara na mmeme Late Show ya na David Letterman na obodo New York tupu ya aga njem US, na n'ime ọnwa Juun na-eso ya, o jiri egwu egwu ya, "Africans" nwe mmerina ngalaba reggae nke Museke Online Africa Music Award 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|title=2010 Museke Online Africa Music Awards winners here|url=https://www.bizcommunity.africa/Article/410/23/48661.html|accessdate=2021-02-05|work=www.bizcommunity.africa|language=en}}</ref> Nneka so Nas na Damian Marley gagharịa maka ọba egwu ha akpọrọ ''Distant relatives''. Nas na Nneka gwakọtara egwu ya nke nwere nnukwu ọkwa akpọrọ, "Heartbeat". Ewepụtara ya site na iTunes na ụbọchị ise nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/album/heartbeat-feat.-nas/id394862146?i=394862148&ign-mpt=uo%3D5|title=Heartbeat EP|date=5 October 2010|publisher=itunes.apple.com|accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref> O sonyere na ihe mmeme Lilith Fair Concert nke afọ 2010, ebe ndị egwu ndị ọzọ dị ka Tegan na Sara, Sarah McLachlan, Kelly Clarkson, Jill Scott, [[Erykah Badu]], Corinne Bailey Rae, Mary J. Blige, [[Rihanna]] tiri egwu. N'oge njem ya na US maka egwu ''Concrete Jungle'', ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Washington, Raleigh na Charlotte na oge ahụ. Nneka dere egwu maka asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa nke afọ 2010 na South Africa nke akpọrọ "Viva Africa"; egwu a bụ nkwanye ugwu maka mgbe egwuregwu Iko Mbaụwa biara na ala Africa. N'afọ 2010, Nneka nwetara ihe nrite maka onye omenkà, onye egwu kacha mma na [[Naijiria]] na Nigerian Entertainment Awards, nke emere na obodo New York. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-09-27|title=Video: 5th Annual Nigeria Entertainment Awards (NEA) 2010 Recap|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/video-5th-annual-nigeria-entertainment-awards-nea-2010-recap/|accessdate=2021-02-05|work=OkayAfrica|language=en}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ ọ nwetago nturu ugo NEA maka onye omenkà mba ụwa kacha mma ọtụtụ oge. Nneka sonyere na ihe nkiri ejije, <nowiki><i id="mwkg">Relentless</i></nowiki> na Nigeria nke Andy Amadi Okoroafor mebere ma duzie ya. Ihe nkiri a gosikwara Gideon Okeke, Halle Mordu, Jimmy Jean-Louis na Tope Oshin Ogun. ''Relentless'' pụtara na ụbọchị iri na atọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2010 na BFI London Film Festival . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Akideinde, Oye|date=6 October 2010|title=360Trailers: "Relentless" starring Jimmy Jean-Louis, Gideon Okeke, Halle Mordu & Nneka Egbuna|url=http://www.360nobs.com/2010/10/360trailers-relentless-starring-jimmy-jean-louis-gideon-okeke-nneka-egbuna/|accessdate=4 October 2014|publisher=360Nobs.com}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, Nneka soro Ziggy Marley bụọ abụ akpọrọ "Express Yourself", nke emepụtara maka ihe nkiri ''Beat the World'' . === 2012- ruo ugbu a: Soul is Heavy na My Fairy Tales === Na ọnwa Maachị n'afọ 2012, ọ pụtara na [https://web.archive.org/web/20210126120036/https://www.bet.com/shows/106-and-park/news/music-matters-nneka-performs-on-106-tonight.html BET 106 na Park] Music Matters. Na ihe nkiri ahụ ọ bụrụ abụ ya na otu onye egwu oge ochie nke Naijiria bụ Clef nite na Black Thought bụ onye rapper maka otu egwu hip hop a ma ama The Roots . Ọ pụtara kwara na [http://www.mtviggy.com/videos/nneka-my-home-live/ MTV Iggy], ebe ọ bụrụ abụ ya na Clef nite onye nke kpọrọ ya ụbọ akwara. Nneka dekọrọ ọba egwu ya nke akpọrọ ''Soul Is Heavy'' in [[Naijiria|Nigeria]]. Ewepụtara ya na ọnwa March n'afọ 2012. Ndekọ egwu ahụ ghọrọ ihe ama ama na France, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, wee nọrọ na ọnụọgụgụ iri atọ na asatọ na ihe ngụkọ na nke UK R&amp;amp;B . Otu egwu kacha aga nke ọma na ndekọ egwu ahụ bụ "Shining Star", nke nọrọ na ọnụọgụgụ iri itoolu na asaa na UK Singles Chart. Nke ahụ bụkwa abụ ya nke abụọ na nke ikpeazụ nwetara ịnọ n'ọnọdụ ahụ. Ihe ndekọ ahụ nwetara nzaghachi dị oke egwu, ma nweta akara nke iri asaa na Metacritic . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nneka|url=https://www.metacritic.com/person/nneka|accessdate=2021-02-06|work=Metacritic|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, Nneka na ndị na eme akpụkpọ ụkwụ na uwe ndị America akpọrọ Reebok nwere njikọ aka. <ref>{{Cite web|title=StackPath|url=https://www.kicksonfire.com/nneka-x-reebok-betwixt-mid/|accessdate=2021-02-06|work=www.kicksonfire.com}}</ref> Na ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2013, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri ''arụsị ụgha'' site na aka Tricky . == Ụdị egwu == N'agbanyeghị na Nneka na-abụ abụ karịa ka ọ na-abụ egwu rap, ọ na-akpọ hip hop dị ka mgbọrọgwụ egwu ya nke bụkwa isi ihe mkpali kachasị mkpa, ebe ọ na-ehota ndị egwu dịka Fela Kuti na [[Bob Marley]] nakwa ndị rap nke oge a Mos Def, Talib Kweli, na Lauryn Hill dịka ndị bụ isi mkpali na ihe banyere iti egwu. <ref name="deezer.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.deezer.com/en/nneka.html|title=Nneka - Listen for free on Deezer|publisher=Deezer.com|accessdate=27 October 2010|archivedate=2 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702223730/http://www.deezer.com/en/nneka.html}}</ref> Egwu ya na-egosipụta ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na ndụ ya na Nigeria yana oge ọ nọrọ na Western Europe. Egwu ya na ekwu okwu gbasara ikekete ego, ịda ogbenye na agha ma na-ejikarị ozi nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ na ntụnyere aka. Ụfọdụ ndị na-akọwa egwu ya ma na-atụnyere ya [[Erykah Badu]], Neneh Cherry, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tom Horan|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/3656150/Nigerian-soul-with-a-European-groove.html|title=Nigerian soul with a European groove|work=Daily Telegraph|date=28 October 2006|accessdate=27 October 2010}}</ref> na Floetry . <ref>.http://www.lunch.com/data/Nneka_No_Longer_at_Ease-1380813.html</ref> == Nkwado == N'afọ 2012, Nneka kwadoro Rope Foundation, n'akụkụ Ahmed "Genda" Nyei. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ROPE Online|url=http://www.grab-the-rope.com/blog/|accessdate=2019-01-10|archivedate=2019-01-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183833/http://www.grab-the-rope.com/blog/}}</ref> Rope Foundation na-eje ozi dị ka ikpo okwu maka ndị na-eto eto na ndị inyom na-egosipụta onwe ha site na nkà, <ref name=":1" /> ha na arụ ọrụ ebere ma na-elekwasịkwa anya n'ịrụ ọrụ ebe ụmụ nwanyị ndị nke a na-emetọ mmekọahụ na WAGA (War Affected Girls & Adults) Foundation, nke dị na mpaghara Bo Town nke mba [[Sierra Leone]] . Nneka kọwara Rope Foundation dịka ndị na-arụ ọrụ "iji nye ohere maka inyere ndị mmadụ aka ikwupụta obi ha na okwu gbasara ọha mmadụ". <ref name=":1" /> Nneka na-ejekwa ozi dịka onye nnọchi anya Arts for the African Women Development Fund [AWDF] na mba Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-21|title=Introducing Nneka, Internationally Acclaimed Musician and Activist as AWDF's Ambassador for the Arts|url=https://awdf.org/introducing-nneka-internationally-acclaimed-musician-and-activist-as-awdfs-ambassador-for-the-arts/|accessdate=2021-02-06|work=The African Women's Development Fund (AWDF)|language=en}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu na ọrụ ebere na nka na [[Sierra Leone]] . == Egwu ya == === Ndekọ egwu === * 2005: ''Victim of Truth'' * 2008: ''No longer at Ease'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acharts.co/album/35441|title=No Longer At Ease by Nneka - Music Charts|work=acharts.co|accessdate=2019-01-10}}</ref> - Germany #31, France #34, Switzerland #42, Austria #49 * 2010: ''Concrete Jungle'' * 2012: ''Soul is Heavy'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acharts.co/album/65904|title=Soul Is Heavy by Nneka - Music Charts|work=acharts.co|accessdate=2019-01-10}}</ref> - France #38, Switzerland #30, Austria #46 * 2015: ''My Fairy Tales'' * 2022: Love Supreme === Nchịkọta === * 2009: ''To and Fro'' (3-CD igbe) * 2009: ''The Madness (Onye-Ala)'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jperiod.com/nneka/ |title=Free Download |accessdate=2022-02-24 |archivedate=2013-05-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510015346/http://www.jperiod.com/nneka/ }}</ref> <small>(with J.Period )</small> === EPs === * 2005: ''The Uncomfortable Truth'' * 2010: ''Heartbeat EP'' <small>(na-egosi Nas )</small> * 2022: ''About Guilt'' === Egwu ndị nọrọ onwe ha === * 2005: "The Uncomfortable Truth" * 2006: "Beautiful" * 2006: "God of Mercy" * 2007: "Africans" * 2008: " Heartbeat " <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acharts.co/song/35007|title=Heartbeat by Nneka - Music Charts|work=acharts.co|accessdate=2019-01-10}}</ref> - #9 Portugal, #20 UK, #34 Austria, #49 Germany * 2008: "Walking" * 2009: "Kangpe" * 2012: "Shining Star" * 2012: "Soul is Heavy" * 2012: "My Home" * 2013: "Shining" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yworld.co.za/music/|title=Archived copy|accessdate=16 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012060455/http://www.yworld.co.za/music/|archivedate=12 October 2013}}</ref> - #7 South Africa * 2021: "Love Supreme" * 2021: "Tea?" * 2021: “Yahweh” * 2021: "This Life" * 2021: "With You" * 2021: "Maya" === Egwu === * 2011: "Beat the World" == Ihe nkiri == * Lake of Fire (2004) * ''Offside''(2005) * ''Relentless''(2010) * ''Drexciya (2012)'' * ''Fifty (2015)'' == Ntụrụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * {{IMDb name|1855918|Nneka Egbuna}} * [https://myspace.com/nnekaworld Nneka] na Myspace [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c2r2xrczr96vyda7wc5ddgmow9tnmok 0 11933 728154 90267 2026-09-26T10:11:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nkechi Egbe''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị 5 n'ọnwa Febrụwarị 1978) bu onye Naijiria bụ onye agbagoro n'iru [[Footbọl|n'egwuregwu bọọlụ]] nke gbara otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa na asọmpi Summer Olimpik nke afọ 2004 . Na ọkwa klọb, ọ gbara maka Delta Queens . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensolympic/athens2004/teams/team=1882893/index.html|title=Olympic Women's Football Tournaments Athens 2004 – Squad List: Nigeria (NGR)|publisher=[[FIFA]]|accessdate=2 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907181945/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensolympic/athens2004/teams/team=1882893/index.html|archive-date=7 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nigeria na asọmpi olimpik nke afọ 2004 == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Nkechi Egbe – FIFA competition record (archived) *    [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tt3hpmwffid91bdcjrt01zblndvhd8e 0 12040 728142 722864 2026-09-26T09:13:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728142 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{databox}} '''Nicholas Scott Lachey''' / / ləˈʃeɪ / lə-SHAY ; <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2003/11/11/tem_wwwtem1a.html|title=TV's hottest newlywed says he's a regular local guy|work=Cincinnati Enquirer|date=November 11, 2003|accessdate=2007-07-07|first=Larry|author=Nager|archive-date=2024-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228060807/https://www.cincinnati.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> amuru Nọvemba 9, 1973) bụ onye America na-agụ egwú, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, àgwà telivishọn, na onye ọbịa. O tolitere bụrụ onye ama ama dị ka onye ndu onye na-abụ abụ nke multi-platinum-ere boyband 98 Degrees, wee mechaa kpalitere na usoro eziokwu ndị ''lụrụ ọhụrụ: Nick na Jessica'' na nwunye ya mgbe ahụ, Jessica Simpson . O wepụtala albums solo anọ: ''SoulO'', ''Gịnị hapụrụ m'', ''A Nna Lullaby'', na ''Soundtrack nke ndụ m'' . O nwekwara ọrụ ugboro ugboro na usoro ihe onyonyo ''Charmed'' . Ọ kwadoro NBC 's ''The Sing-Off'', kwadoro VH1 's ''Big Morning Buzz Live'' site na 2014 ruo 2015, ma ugbu a na- anabata Nickelodeon 's ''America's Most Musical Family'', na onye na-akwado Netflix na-egosi ''ịhụnanya bụ onye ìsì'' na nwunye ya Vanessa . Lachey . Na 2021, Lachey meriri oge nke ise nke <nowiki><i id="mwLQ">The Masked Singer</i></nowiki> . == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Lachey na Harlan, Kentucky nye Cathalyn (née Fopma) na John Lachey. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/nick-lachey-196910/bio/|title=Nick Lachey Biography, Celebrity Facts and Awards|publisher=TVGuide.com|accessdate=2016-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121315/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/nick-lachey-196910/bio/|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOsCAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Fopma's+two+sons,+Nick+and+Drew+Lachey%22&pg=PA18|title=Cincinnati Magazine - Google Books|date=September 2001|accessdate=2016-12-26|author=Communications|first=Emmis}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanne nke onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Drew Lachey, ya na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ. Nna nna ya, Robert James Fopma, sitere na Dutch. Aha nna Nick ndị ọzọ bụ Bekee, Scottish, German na Welsh na French dị anya. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Clovernook na mpaghara Cincinnati nke North College Hill, Ohio na ụlọ akwụkwọ maka imepụta ihe na ime nka na Cincinnati. Ọ gara Mahadum Miami na Oxford, Ohio, ebe ọ sonyere Sigma Alpha Epsilon . N'oge ọdịda nke 1992, ọ debanyere aha na Mahadum Southern California, dị ka nkwupụta o mere n'oge ngosi ọbịa ya na ''Ụlọ Nzukọ Arsenio'' na December 12, 2013. == Ọrụ == Lachey malitere ọrụ ịbụ abụ ọkachamara ya na King Island ya na enyi ya Justin Jeffre n'etiti 1990s na-abụ abụ na otu quartet n'ime ogige ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kicentral.com/history/shows.php|title=Kings Island Central - Kings Island History - Kings Island Shows and Entertainment|publisher=Kicentral.com|accessdate=2012-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524155756/http://www.kicentral.com/history/shows.php|archivedate=2012-05-24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visitkingsisland.com/public/news/media/story_ideas.cfm|title=Largest Amusement & Waterpark in the Midwest &#124; Kings Island|publisher=Visitkingsisland.com|accessdate=2013-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710001307/http://www.visitkingsisland.com/public/news/media/story_ideas.cfm|archivedate=2010-07-10}}</ref> Lachey bụ onye otu nwoke 98 Degrees yana nwanne ya nwoke, Drew, Justin Jeffre, na Jeff Timmons . Ndekọ mpụta mbụ ha bụ nke akpọrọ onwe ya ''98 Degrees'' ; Otú ọ dị, ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma nke ìgwè ahụ bịara na album na-esochi ha ''98 Degrees and Rising'' . Ogo 98 erela ndekọ nde iri. 98 Degrees mere ihe ngosi nchikota oge okpomọkụ nke otu oge na Hershey, Pennsylvania, na Summer Mixtape Festival na August 18, 2012, egwu mbụ ha n'ime ihe karịrị afọ iri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kenneth Partridge|url=http://blog.music.aol.com/2012/06/20/98-degrees-reunion/?icid=maing-grid7%7Cmain5%7Cdl6%7Csec3_lnk1%26pLid%3D171640|title=98 Degrees Reunion: Nick and Drew Lachey Confirm Boy Band Will Play One-Off Show in Hershey, Pennsylvania. - AOL Music Blog|publisher=Blog.music.aol.com|date=2012-06-20|accessdate=2012-10-04|archivedate=2020-08-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805031344/http://blog.music.aol.com/2012/06/20/98-degrees-reunion/?icid=maing-grid7%7Cmain5%7Cdl6%7Csec3_lnk1%26pLid%3D171640}}</ref> N'oge okpomọkụ nke 2003, eziokwu na-egosi ndị ''lụrụ di na nwunye ọhụrụ: Nick na Jessica'', na Lachey na nwunye Jessica Simpson, malitere ịgbasa na MTV . Di na nwunye ahụ gbara egwu na telivishọn pụrụ iche ''Nick na Jessica Variety Hour'', bụ nke e mere na 2004 ma jiri ya tụnyere ''The Sonny &amp;amp; Cher Show'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flakmag.com/tv/nickandjessica.html|title=''The Nick and Jessica Variety Hour''|author=Himes|first=Stephen|publisher=Flak|accessdate=2008-08-07|archivedate=2012-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423051530/http://www.flakmag.com/tv/nickandjessica.html}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, ndị ''lụrụ'' di na nwunye ọhụrụ meriri ihe nrite Nhọrọ Ndị mmadụ maka ihe ngosi eziokwu kachasị amasị tupu ha kechie obere oge. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,143882,00.html|title=Moore Controversy at People's Choice Awards|author=Kuntzman|first=Gersh|date=2005-01-10|publisher=foxnews.com|accessdate=2008-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726030829/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,143882,00.html|archive-date=2008-07-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 11, 2003, ewepụtara ya solo mpụta mbụ album, ''SoulO'' . <ref name="amg">{{Cite web|author=MacKenzie Wilson|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p351437|pure_url=yes}}|title=(((Nick Lachey > Biography)))|work=allmusic|date=1973-11-09|accessdate=2010-08-31}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na a tọhapụrụ ya n'oge ọganihu nke ndị ''lụrụ ọhụrụ'', album ahụ bụ ọdịda azụmahịa. Lachey rụrụ ọrụ ugboro ugboro na usoro ''Charmed'' n'etiti 2004 na 2005. [[Usòrò:Nick_Lachey_at_Ramstein1.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Lachey na Ramstein Air Base na Eprel 2005]] E wepụtara ''What's Left of Me'' na Mee 9, 2006 wee rụpụta ya na ọnụọgụ abụọ na ''Billboard'' 200. Enyere ọba akwụkwọ ahụ akwụkwọ ikike Gold, ka o resịrị ihe karịrị 500,000 n'ime ụlọ. Nke mbụ sitere na album ahụ bụ egwu egwu, " Gịnị hapụrụ m ", ewepụtara na February 21, 2006. Egwu a ghọrọ ihe egwu, rute n'ọkwa kacha elu nke ọnụọgụ isii na ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Vidiyo maka "Ihe fọdụrụ n'ime m" gosipụtara MTV VJ mbụ, Vanessa Minnillo . Lachey dekọtara " Ụbọchị nkịtị " maka ihe nkiri Oprah Winfrey mepụtara, ''Maka Otu ụbọchị ọzọ'' . Lachey malitere ịrụ ọrụ na album solo ya nke atọ na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Moss|first=Corey|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1554575/20070314/lachey_nick.jhtml|title=Don't Tell Effie: Nick Lachey Says He's Teaming With 'Dreamgirls' Underdogs - News Story &#124; Music, Celebrity, Artist News &#124; MTV News|publisher=Mtv.com|date=2007-03-14|accessdate=2010-08-31|archivedate=2007-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317040915/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1554575/20070314/lachey_nick.jhtml}}</ref> Lachey nwekwara kpakpando na usoro ihe nkiri TV a ma ama, ''One Tree Hill'', dị ka onye na-agụ egwú na Red Bedroom Productions. A mara ọkwa na Jenụarị 2010 na Jive Records edebela ọba ọhụrụ ya n'akwụsịghị akwụsị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.popcrunch.com/nick-lachey-vanessa-minnillo-cant-afford-to-get-married/|title="Broke" Nick Lachey Vanessa Minnillo Can't Afford Dream Wedding|publisher=Popcrunch.com|date=2010-01-22|accessdate=2012-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324112108/http://www.popcrunch.com/nick-lachey-vanessa-minnillo-cant-afford-to-get-married/|archivedate=March 24, 2012}}</ref> Na June 2010, Lachey kwadoro na ya kewara ụzọ na Jive Records. ''Na-ewere ogbo ahụ'', ihe ngosi egwu egwu na-edepụta ndụ ụmụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ maka Creative and Performing Arts, malitere na MTV na March 2009. Ọ bụ Lachey mepụtara ya. Na December 2009, ọ kwadoro ''The Sing-Off'', asọmpi egwu egwu America nke anọ nke na-egosipụta otu cappella, ọrụ ọ kwadoro n'oge December 2010 maka ihe ngosi nke abụọ na nke atọ na NBC . Lachey bụ onye asọmpi n'usoro asọmpi eziokwu ama ama nke NBC akpọrọ ''Stars Earn Stripes'' . <ref name="SES Reference">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbc.com/stars-earn-stripes/about/bios/nick-lachey/|title=Stars Earn Strips Bio for Contestant Nick Lachey|accessdate=2012-09-08}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 16, 2014, VH1 mara ọkwa Lachey ga-amaliteghachi nnabata Big Morning Buzz Live, mgbe ọ laghachiri na Machị 3, 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Takeda|first=Allison|title=Nick Lachey Replacing Carrie Keagan as Host of VH1's Big Morning Buzz Live|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/nick-lachey-replacing-carrie-keagan-as-host-of-vh1s-big-morning-buzz-live-2014161|work=[[Us Weekly]]|accessdate=February 18, 2014|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kondolojy|first=Amanda|title=Nick Lachey Joins VH1 'Big Morning Buzz Live' as Spring 2014 Host|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/01/17/nick-lachey-joins-vh1-big-morning-buzz-live-as-spring-2014-host/230061/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222225205/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/01/17/nick-lachey-joins-vh1-big-morning-buzz-live-as-spring-2014-host/230061/|archivedate=February 22, 2014|work=TV by the Numbers|publisher=[[Zap2it]]|accessdate=February 18, 2014|date=January 17, 2014}}</ref> Na September 6, 2017, a mara ọkwa Lachey dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eme ememme ga-ekere òkè na oge 25 nke ''Ịgba egwú na Stars'', na-asọmpi megide nwunye ya Vanessa. Ejikọtara ya na onye na-agba egwu ọkachamara Peta Murgatroyd . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/dancing-stars-season-25-celebrity-cast-frankie-muniz/story?id=49603734|title='Dancing With the Stars' season 25 celebrity cast: Frankie Muniz, Barbara Corcoran, Nick Lachey and more|work=ABC News|date=September 6, 2017|accessdate=September 6, 2017}}</ref> Di Murgatroyd, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, jikọtara ya na Vanessa. N'October 23, Lachey na Murgatroyd bụ di na nwunye nke ise a chụpụrụ n'asọmpi ahụ, pụọ n'ọkwa itoolu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/tv/tv-lust/bs-fe-dwts-recap-season-25-episode-7-story.html|title='Dancing With the Stars' recap: Nick Lachey is eliminated, Lindsey Stirling is perfect|work=The Baltimore Sun|date=October 24, 2017|accessdate=November 12, 2017|archivedate=November 11, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111215457/http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/tv/tv-lust/bs-fe-dwts-recap-season-25-episode-7-story.html}}</ref> Lachey kwadoro asọmpi egwu na Nickelodeon nke akpọrọ ''ezinụlọ America kacha egwu'' nke bidoro Nọvemba 1, 2019. Lachey na nwunye ya ugbu a na-akwado ihe ngosi Netflix eziokwu ịhụnanya bụ kpuru ìsì . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insider.com/love-is-blind-secrets-stories-and-season-2-details-2020-8|title='Love Is Blind' host Vanessa Lachey shares what you didn't see on the show, plus details about filming season 2|accessdate=October 25, 2020|work=Insider}}</ref> == Mmemme ndị ọzọ == Lachey bụ onye nwe Hollywood Fame, otu ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ America malitere igwu egwu na ọdịda 2006 ma bụrụ akụkụ nke otu nwe nke Tacoma Rainiers, Seattle Mariners 'Triple-A Mgbakwunye. Lachey bụkwa onye na-anwụ anwụ Cincinnati Bengals, Cincinnati Reds na Cincinnati Bearcats fan. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/minorlbb/news/story?id=2680320|title=sports.espn.go.com|publisher=sports.espn.go.com|date=2006-11-30|accessdate=2012-10-04}}</ref> Na Eprel 7, 2009, Lachey tụpụrụ ọkwa emume mbụ maka egwuregwu mmeghe MLB na Cincinnati, Ohio . Na Julaị 9, 2011 Lachey bụrụ abụ mba maka asọmpi NASCAR Sprint Cup nke mbụ na Kentucky Speedway na Sparta, Kentucky. Lachey so na otu ndị ọchụnta ego tinyere usoro iwu iwu wii wii na ntuli aka Ohio na 2015. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Contrera|first=Jessica|title=The Ohio marijuana vote that could make Nick Lachey a weed kingpin. Yes, that Nick Lachey.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-ohio-marijuana-vote-that-could-make-nick-lachey-a-weed-kingpin-yes-that-nick-lachey/2015/10/30/58bd2b28-7cc4-11e5-b575-d8dcfedb4ea1_story.html|accessdate=May 25, 2016|work=The Washington Post|date=October 30, 2015}}</ref> Ebumnuche a chọrọ ikike ntolite pụrụiche maka ndị otu ahụ ebe machibidoro ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ ma ewezuga obere ego maka ojiji nkeonwe. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Borchardt|first=Jackie|title=What you need to know about Issue 3 -- Ohio's marijuana legalization measure|url=http://www.cleveland.com/open/index.ssf/2015/09/what_you_need_to_know_about_is.html|accessdate=May 25, 2016|work=Northeast Ohio Media Group|date=September 21, 2015}}</ref> Lachey pụtara na onye na-akwado TV na-akwado ịgafe atụmatụ a, mana e meriri ya n'ikpeazụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Delbyck|first=Cole|title=Nick Lachey Could Make Serious Bank If Weed Is Legalized in Ohio|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/nick-lachey-weed-amendment-ohio_us_56392358e4b0b24aee47ea6c|accessdate=May 25, 2016|work=The Huffington Post|date=November 3, 2015}}</ref> Lachey nọ na Kansụl Ntụrụndụ nke ọgbakọ enyemaka agụụ na-enye America nri . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://qa.feedingamerica.org/how-we-fight-hunger/our-partners/celebrity-partners.aspx|title=Celebrity Partners|publisher=Feeding America|accessdate=July 12, 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130414175858/http://qa.feedingamerica.org/how-we-fight-hunger/our-partners/celebrity-partners.aspx|archivedate=April 14, 2013}}</ref> Na 2021, Lachey gbara asọmpi na oge ise nke ''Masked Singer'' dị ka "Piglet". Ekwuputara ya onye mmeri nke oge. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Seemayer|first=Zach|title='The Masked Singer' Season 5 Finale's Most Memorable Moments, Best Performances and Biggest Winners! {{!}} Entertainment Tonight|url=https://www.etonline.com/the-masked-singer-season-5-episode-11-2021-05-19-season-finale-live-updates|work=www.etonline.com|accessdate=27 May 2021}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == [[Usòrò:Nick_Lachey,_Vanessa_Minillo_(6883562290).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px| Lachey na nwunye Vanessa Minnillo na March 2012]] Na Disemba 1998, Lachey na onye na-agụ egwú ibe ya Jessica Simpson bụ onye njikwa ha na-emekọrịta ihe na emume ekeresimesi. Ha mechara malite mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwaanyị mgbe ha zutere ọzọ na ihe omume ''Teen People'' na Jenụwarị 1999, mana ha kewara ọnwa ise malite na Eprel 2001 ruo mgbe ha na-alaghachi azụ na-esochi mwakpo Septemba 11 . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0310/14/lkl.00.html|title=Interview With Nick Lachey, Jessica Simpson - Transcript|author=King|first=Larry|date=October 14, 2003|work=CNN|accessdate=July 5, 2013}}</ref> Ha gbara aka na February 2002, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.people.com/people/jessica_simpson/biography/|title=Jessica Simpson Biography - Will You Maui Me?|work=People|accessdate=July 6, 2013}}</ref> wee lụọ na Ọktoba 26, 2002 na Austin, Texas . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://people.com/celebrity/lachey-and-simpson-become-mr-and-mrs/|title=Lachey and Simpson Become Mr. and Mrs.|author=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=2002-10-28|work=People|accessdate=2019-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429154053/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C26334%2C625091%2C00.html|archivedate=2007-04-29}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 2005, ka ọnwa nke ịkọ nkọ tabloid gasịrị, Lachey na Simpson kwupụtara na ha na- ekewa . Simpson gbara akwụkwọ maka ịgba alụkwaghịm na Disemba 16, 2005, na-ekwu maka "ọdịiche na-enweghị atụ." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://people.com/celebrity/joe-simpson-nick-jessicas-marriage-is-solid/|title=Joe Simpson: Nick & Jessica's Marriage Is Solid|author=Borzillo-Vrenna|first=Carrie|date=2005-07-20|work=People|accessdate=2019-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617220658/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,1084766,00.html|archivedate=2008-06-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,1053559,00.html|title=Nick Lachey, Jessica Simpson Split|date=2005-11-25|publisher=people.com|accessdate=2008-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225082227/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C26334%2C1053559%2C00.html|archivedate=2007-02-25}}</ref> A kpọsara ịgba alụkwaghịm nke di na nwunye a n'ụwa niile, a kọkwara na ha mechara na June 30, 2006. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-06-30-simpson-lachey_x.htm|title=Jessica Simpson, Lachey divorce final|date=2006-06-30|work=USAToday.com|accessdate=2008-08-07}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị mgbe a tọhapụrụ " Gịnị bụ Left nke M ", Lachey's 2006 music video starring Vanessa Minnillo, ya na Minnillo malitere ịlụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651572/20101104/lachey_nick.jhtml|title=Nick Lachey And Vanessa Minnillo Are Engaged|date=2010-11-04|publisher=mtv.com|accessdate=2010-11-15|archivedate=2010-11-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105070716/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651572/20101104/lachey_nick.jhtml}}</ref> Ha gbasara obere oge na June 2009, mana ka ọ na-erule Ọktoba 2009, Lachey kwadoro na ha laghachiri ọnụ mgbe ha 'na-alụbeghị di otu nkeji. Lachey na Minnillo gbara akwụkwọ na Nọvemba 2010, wee lụọ na Julaị 15, 2011, na Sir Richard Branson 's Necker Island na British Virgin Islands . <ref>Garcia, Jennifer. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172511/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20511009,00.html "Nick Lachey & Vanessa Minnillo: Why We Picked Necker Island for Wedding"], ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'', July 18, 2011</ref> Agbamakwụkwọ a bụ ihe onyonyo na telivishọn na TLC. <ref>Garcia, Jennifer. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718085216/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20510637,00.html "Vanessa Minnillo and Nick Lachey Are Married!"], ''People'', July 15, 2011</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ atọ, Camden John (b. 2012), Brooklyn Elizabeth (b. 2015) na Phoenix Robert (b. 2016). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/vanessa-minnillo-welcomes-baby-girl-brooklyn-with-nick-lachey-pic-201561|title=Vanessa Minnillo Gives Birth, Welcomes Baby Girl Brooklyn Elisabeth With Nick Lachey: First Photo|date=January 6, 2015|work=Us Weekly|accessdate=January 18, 2015|first=Stephanie|author=Webber}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Schnurr|first=Samantha|title=Nick Lachey and Vanessa Lachey Expecting Baby No. 3|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/792013/nick-lachey-and-vanessa-lachey-expecting-baby-no-3|accessdate=September 3, 2016|work=[[E! Online]]|date=September 3, 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Quinn|first=Dave|title='A Christmas Miracle!' Nick and Vanessa Lachey Welcome Son Phoenix Robert|url=http://people.com/babies/nick-and-vanessa-lachey-welcome-son-phoenix-robert/?xid=socialflow_facebook_peoplemag|accessdate=December 26, 2016|work=[[People Magazine]]|date=December 26, 2016}}</ref> <references /> Lachey bụ onye na-akwado Cincinnati Bengals . Achụpụrụ ya na egwuregwu na 2012 megide ndị [[Ndị chaja Los Angeles|San Diego Chargers]] mgbe ya na onye ọzọ na-akwado esemokwu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Die-hard Bengals fan Nick Lachey kicked out of game in San Diego|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/la-xpm-2012-dec-04-la-sp-sn-nick-lachey-20121204-story.html|work=LA Times.com|date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == '''98 ogo''' * ''98°'' (1997) * ''98° na ebili'' (1998) * ''Mkpughe'' (2000) * ''2.0'' (2013) '''Ndekọ album''' * ''SoulO'' (2003) * ''Kedu ihe fọdụrụ m'' (2006) * ''Lullaby nke Nna'' (2013) * ''Ụda Ụda nke Ndụ M'' (2014) == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |1998 |''City Guys'' | rowspan="2" |Himself | |- |2003—2005 |''Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica'' | |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Room Raiders'' |Guest | |- |''Christmas in Rockefeller Center'' |Musical guest | |- | rowspan="4" |2004 |''American Dreams'' |Tom Jones |Episode: "To Tell the Truth" |- |''Charmed'' |Leslie St. Claire |6 episodes |- |''I'm with Her'' |Tyler Vance |Episode: "I'm Not With Her" |- |''Hope &amp;amp; Faith'' |Chris |Episode: "Just-In Time" |- |2005 |''Bewitched'' |Vietnam soldier |Cameo |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |''Twins'' |Charlie |Episode: "Himbo" |- |''Overhaulin''' |Himself |Episode 73 |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''The Hard Easy'' |Jason Burns |Main role |- |''Rise: Blood Hunter'' |Dwayne |Cameo |- |2008 |''Clash of the Choirs'' |Choir Director | |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |''One Tree Hill'' |Himself |2 episodes (Season 6, episodes 21 and 23) |- |''Taking the Stage'' |Himself/Guest | |- |2009–2014 |''The Sing-Off'' |Host | |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |''Hawaii Five-0'' |Tyler |Episode: "Powa Maka Moana (Pirate)" |- |''Nick & Vanessa's Dream Wedding'' |Himself | |- |2012 |''Stars Earn Stripes'' |Himself | |- |2013 |''The Winner Is'' |Host | |- |2014-2015 |''Big Morning Buzz Live'' |Host | |- |2015 |''Lachey's: Raising the Bar'' |Himself | |- |2016 |''Burgers, Brew &amp;amp; 'Que'' |Himself |Reality television<br /><br />Episode: "Phenomenal Philly Food Feast" |- | rowspan="3" |2017 |''Dancing with the Stars'' |Himself |Contestant (season 25) |- |''Top Chef Junior'' |Himself |Guest judge |- |''Drop the Mic'' |Himself |Episode: "Mayim Bialik vs. Kunal Nayyar / Ashley Tisdale vs. Nick Lachey" |- |2018 |''Miss USA 2018'' |Co-host/performer (98 Degrees) | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Sugar Rush'' |Himself |Guest Judge, Episode: "Made with Love" |- |''Miss USA 2019'' |Co-host/performer (solo) | |- |2021 |''The Masked Singer'' |Piglet |Season 5 Winner |- |2021 |''Alter Ego'' |Judge | |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == ; ASCAP Pop Music Awards ; American Music Awards ; Groovevolt Music na Ejiji Awards {{award table}} |- | rowspan=2|2007 | ''[[What's Left of Me (album)|What's Left of Me]]'' | Best Pop Album - Male | rowspan=2 {{Nom}} |- | "What's Left of Me" | Best Pop Song Performance - Male {{end}} {| class="wikitable" |+ ! ! ! ! |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bubf8b4j6eh49m6mzfcr36whgwjbqbr 0 12193 728100 722717 2026-09-26T05:30:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nadine Gordimer''' (Nọvemba 20, 1923). – 13 Julaị 2014) bụ onye odee [[South Africa]] na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị . O nwetara Nrite Nobel na Literature n'afọ 1991, nke a ghọtara dị ka onye ode akwụkwọ "onye site na ọmarịcha akwụkwọ akụkọ ya… <ref name="Nobelprize">{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991|publisher=Nobelprize|date=7 October 2010|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1991/|accessdate=7 October 2010}}</ref> Edemede Gordimer kwuru gbasara omume na agbụrụ, ọkachasị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa . N'okpuru ọchịchị ahụ, amachibidoro ọrụ ndị dị ka ''Burger's Daughter'' na ''July's People'' . Ọ nọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na-esonyere African National Congress n'oge ụbọchị a machibidoro nzukọ ahụ, ma nye [[Nelson Mandela]] ndụmọdụ banyere okwu nchebe ya a ma ama n'afọ 1964 na ikpe nke dugara n'ikpe ya maka ndụ. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ihe gbasara nje HIV/AIDS . == Ndụ mbido ya == A mụrụ Gordimer na nso Springs, Gauteng, obodo na- egwupụta akụ East Rand na mpụga Johannesburg . Ọ bụ ada nke abụọ nke nne na nna ya. Nna ya, Isidore Gordimer, bụ onye Lithuania onye Juu kwabatara na-eche nche si Žagarė (mgbe ahụ Alaeze Ukwu Russia ugbu a, [[Lithunia|Lithuania]] ugbu a), <ref name="Ettin">{{Cite book|author=Ettin|first=Andrew Vogel|title=Betrayals of the Body Politic: The Literary Commitments of Nadine Gordimer|year=1993|publisher=University Press of Virginia|location=Charlottesville|isbn=978-0-8139-1430-5|pages=29, 30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20mBXbH-PGoC|quote=although she had always referred to her father as Lithuanian, in recent years she has noted that his parents lived and worked in [[Riga]], and now she identifies him as [[Latvian people|Latvian]] .}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Newman|title=Nadine Gordimer's 'Burger's daughter': A Casebook|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-514717-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGFje8JWmN8C|quote=She believed for many years that he was Lithuanian (like many South African Jewish immigrants) and only discovered later in life that he was Latvian.}}</ref> na nne ya, Hannah "Nan" (Myers) Gordimer, si [[London]] . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Gordimer|first=Nadine|editor=Bazin|title=Conversations with Nadine Gordimer|year=1990|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|location=Jackson|isbn=978-0-87805-445-9|url=https://archive.org/details/conversationswit0000gord|quote=1923 – Born, 20 November in Springs, a small mining town in the Transvaal, South Africa. Second daughter of Isidore Gordimer, Jewish watchmaker and jeweler who had emigrated from Latvia at age 13, and Nan Myers Gordimer, a native of England.}}</ref> <ref name="Wastberg"/> Nne ya sitere n'ezinaụlọ ndị Juu; A zụlitere Gordimer n'ezinụlọ ndị Ego nkịtị. <ref name="Ettin" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/luminary/gordimer-nadine|title=Heroes – Trailblazers of the Jewish People|work=Beit Hatfutsot|accessdate=2022-03-15|archivedate=2020-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102202021/https://dbs.bh.org.il/luminary/gordimer-nadine}}</ref> === Nzụlite ezinụlọ === Mmasị mbụ Gordimer nwere na ahaghị nhata nke agbụrụ na akụ na ụba na South Africa bụ ndị nne na nna mere ya. Ahụmahụ nna ya dị ka onye gbara ọsọ ndụ sitere na Tsarist Russia nyere aka mee ka Gordimer bụrụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mana ọ bụghị onye na-akwado ma ọ bụ nwee ọmịiko karịsịa maka ahụmahụ nke ndị ojii n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. <ref name="Telegraph">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20080207032259/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2003%2F06%2F01%2Fbogor.xml&sSheet=%2Farts%2F2003%2F06%2F01%2Fbomain.html A Writer's Life: Nadine Gordimer]", ''Telegraph'', 3 April 2006.</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, Gordimer hụrụ mmegide site n'aka nne ya, bụ onye nchegbu banyere ịda ogbenye na ịkpa ókè nke ndị isi ojii chere na South Africa dugara ya n'ịchọta ebe obibi maka ụmụaka ojii. <ref name="Wastberg"/> Gordimer hụkwara mmegbu gọọmentị n'onwe ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma; ndị uwe ojii wakporo ụlọ ezinaụlọ ya, napụrụ akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ ndekọ aha n'ọnụ ụlọ otu ohu. <ref name="Wastberg" /> Gordimer gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na abughị Katọlik, mana ọ nọ n'ụlọ dịka nwata n'ihi na nne ya, maka "ihe dị iche iche nke onwe ya," etinyeghị ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ (o doro anya na ọ na-atụ egwu na Gordimer nwere obi adịghị ike). <ref name="Telegraph"/> N'ime ụlọ na mgbe ọ na-anọpụ iche, ọ malitere ide ihe n'oge ọ bụ nwata, wee bipụta akụkọ mbụ ya n'afọ 1937 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise. <ref name="Guardian">[http://books.guardian.co.uk/authors/author/0,,96530,00.html Nadine Gordimer], ''Guardian Unlimited'' (last visited 25 January 2007).</ref> Ọrụ e bipụtara nke mbụ ya bụ obere akụkọ maka ụmụaka, "The Quest for Seen Gold," nke pụtara na ''Children's Sunday Express'' n'afọ 1937; "Bịa Ọzọ Echi," akụkọ ụmụaka ọzọ, pụtara na ''Forum'' n'otu oge ahụ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, o mere ka e bipụta akụkọ ifo okenye mbụ ya. == Ọrụ ya == Gordimer gụrụ akwụkwọ otu afọ na Mahadum Witwatersrand, ebe ọ gwara ndị ọkachamara ibe ya n'ofe mmanya agba . O tinyekwara aka na mgbanwe Sophiatown . Ọ gụchaghị akara ugo mmụta ya, mana ọ kwagara Johannesburg na 1948, bụ ebe o biri mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. Ka ọ na-aga ọmụmụ ihe na Johannesburg, ọ gara n'ihu na-ede ihe, na-ebipụta ihe ka ukwuu n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị dị na South Africa. Ọ chịkọtara ọtụtụ akụkọ mbụ ndị a na ''ihu na ihu'', nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1949. N'afọ 1951, ''New Yorker'' nabatara akụkọ Gordimer "A Watcher of the Dead", <ref>''New Yorker'', 9 June 1951.</ref> na-amalite mmekọrịta dị ogologo, na iweta ọrụ Gordimer n'ihu ọha ka ukwuu. Gordimer, onye kwuru na ya kwenyere na mkpirisi akụkọ bụ ụdị edemede maka afọ anyị, <ref name="Guardian"/> gara n'ihu na-ebipụta akụkọ mkpirisi na ''New Yorker'' na akwụkwọ akụkọ edemede ndị ọzọ a ma ama. Onye mbipụta mbụ ya, Lulu Friedman, bụ nwunye onye omeiwu Bernard Friedman, ọ bụkwa n'ụlọ ha, "Toll Trees" na Avenue nke mbụ, Lower Houghton, Johannesburg, ka Gordimer zutere ndị edemede ndị ọzọ na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. <ref name="mg.co.za">{{Cite web|title=A mixture of ice and fulfilled desire|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2005-11-14-a-mixture-of-ice-and-fulfilled-desire|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|date=14 November 2005|accessdate=16 August 2010}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ Gordimer, ''The Liing Days'', ka ebipụtara n'afọ 1953. == Ịrụ ọrụ na ndụ ọkachamara ya == Njide nke ezigbo enyi ya, Bettie du Toit, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nadine Gordimer Biography and Interview|work=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://www.achievement.org/achiever/nadine-gordimer/#interview}}</ref> n'afọ 1960 na mgbuchapụ Sharpeville kpaliri Gordimer ịbanye na ngagharị mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. <ref name="Wastberg">{{Cite web|author=Wästberg|first=Per|title=Nadine Gordimer and the South African Experience|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1991/gordimer-article.html|work=Nobelprize.org|date=26 April 2001|accessdate=16 August 2010}}</ref> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere ngwa ngwa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa, ma bụrụ ezigbo enyi na ndị ọka iwu nchekwa [[Nelson Mandela]] ( Bram Fischer na George Bizos ) n'oge ikpe 1962 ya . <ref name="Wastberg" /> O nyekwara Mandela aka dezie okwu a ma ama bụ " Adị m njikere ịnwụ ", nke e nyere site n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri onye ebubo na ikpe ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Speech at Rivonia Trial that Changed History|author=Glen Frankel|date=5 December 2013|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/when-mandelas-and-the-worlds-fate-changed-at-historic-rivonia-trial/2013/12/05/22033836-5e10-11e3-be07-006c776266ed_story.html}}</ref> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ Mandela n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'afọ 1990, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ ọ chọrọ ịhụ. <ref name="Wastberg" /> N'ime afọ mgbe 1960s na 1970s, ọ gara n'ihu na-ebi na Johannesburg, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ahapụ oge ụfọdụ maka obere oge iji kụzie ihe n'ọtụtụ mahadum dị na United States. Ọ malitela inweta nnabata agụmagụ nke mba ụwa, na-anata ihe nrite edemede mbụ ya, WH Smith Commonwealth Literary Award, n'afọ 1961. N'ime oge a niile, Gordimer gara n'ihu na-achọ site na ma ederede ya na mmemme ya ka South Africa nyochaa ma dochie amụma ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ogologo oge. N'ime oge a, gọọmentị South Africa machibidoro ọtụtụ ọrụ ya, abụọ ruo ogologo oge. ''Ụwa ikpeazụ nke Bourgeois'' bụ ahụmahụ mbụ Gordimer nwere na nyocha; Ndị ọchịchị South Africa machiri ya na afọ 1976 ruo afọ iri. <ref name="Steele">Jonathan Steele, "[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/oct/27/fiction.artsandhumanities White magic]", ''The Guardian'' (London), 27 October 2001.</ref> <ref name="Caldwell">Gail Caldwell, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070421060846/http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1991/1991m.html South African Writer Given Nobel"], ''The Boston Globe'', 4 October 1991.</ref> ''A machibidoro ụwa ndị ọbịa'' iwu maka afọ iri na abụọ. <ref name="Steele" /> A na-enyocha ọrụ ndị ọzọ maka obere oge. ''Ada Burger, nke'' e bipụtara na June 1979, amachibidoro otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị. Kọmiti Mkpegharị Mkpegharị nke Kọmitii mbipụta weghaara mmachi nke ''ada Burger'' ọnwa atọ ka e mesịrị, na-ekpebi na akwụkwọ ahụ nwere otu akụkụ nke na ọ ga-abụ onye mgbagha. <ref name="BookForum">"[https://archive.today/20130111235159/http://www.bookforum.net/archive/feb_06/gordimer_interview.html Radiation, Race, and Molly Bloom: Nadine Gordimer Talks with ''BookForum'']", BookForum, Feb / March 2006.</ref> Gordimer zara mkpebi a na ''Essential Gesture'' (1988), na-arụtụ aka na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ machibido akwụkwọ abụọ nke ndị odee ojii n'otu oge ahụ machibido ọrụ nke ya. <ref>Gordimer wrote an account of the censorship in "[[What Happened to Burger's Daughter or How South African Censorship Works|What Happened to ''Burger's Daughter'' or How South African Censorship Works]]".</ref> ''Machibidokwara ndị mmadụ Julaị'' n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ma chekwa mkpesa n'okpuru ọchịchị ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. <ref name="BBC20010422">BBC News, "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1291396.stm South Africa reinstates authors]", 22 April 2001.</ref> N'afọ 2001, ngalaba mmụta ógbè wepụrụ ''ndị Julaị'' nwa oge na ndepụta ọgụgụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, yana ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-ede akwụkwọ na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na-akọwa ''ndị Julaị'' dị ka "oke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, onye ka elu na onye nkwado" <ref>Anuradha Kumar, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20040812224020/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/08/01/stories/2004080100320600.htm New Boundaries]", ''The Hindu'', 1 August 2004.</ref> - njirimara na Gordimer. weere dị ka mkparị dị egwu, na ọtụtụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mere mkpesa. <ref name="news24" /> Na South Africa, ọ sonyeere African National Congress mgbe gọọmentị South Africa ka depụtara ya dị ka ọgbakọ iwu na-akwadoghị. <ref name="Wastberg"/> <ref name="Morrison">Donald Morrison, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20061213164808/http://www.time.com/time/europe/hero2006/gordimer.html Nadine Gordimer]", ''Time Magazine'', 60 Years of Heroes (2006).</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghị eguzosi ike n'ihe nye nzukọ ọ bụla, Gordimer hụrụ ANC dị ka olileanya kacha mma maka ịghaghachi mmeso South Africa na-emeso ụmụ amaala ojii. Kama ịkatọ nzukọ a nanị maka emezighị emezi ya, ọ kwadoro isonyere ya iji lebara ha anya. <ref name="Wastberg" /> O zoro ndị isi ANC n'ụlọ nke ya iji nyere ha aka mgbapụ n'aka gọọmentị nwụchiri ha, ma o kwuru na ụbọchị kacha dị mpako ná ndụ ya bụ mgbe ọ gbara akaebe na 1986 Delmas Treason Trial n'aha ndị ịrị abụọ na abụọ, South Africa na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. <ref name="Wastberg" /> <ref name="Morrison" /> (Lee Simon Nkoli, Mosiuoa Lekota, wdg. ) N'ime afọ ndị a, ọ na-ekerekwa òkè mgbe niile na ngosipụta mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa, ma na-aga njem mba ụwa na-ekwu okwu megide apartheid South Africa na ịkpa ókè na mmegide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name="Wastberg" /> Ọrụ ya malitere inweta nkwado agụmagụ n'oge ọrụ ya, na nnabata izizi ya na mba ụwa n'afọ 1961, wee nweta ọtụtụ ihe nrite agụmagụ n'ime iri afọ sochirinụ. Nkwenye akwụkwọ maka ihe ndị ọ rụzuru mechiri na Nrite Nobel maka akwụkwọ na 3 October 1991, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1991 – Press Release|publisher=Nobel Media AB|date=2014|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1991/press.html|accessdate=10 December 2017}}</ref> nke kwuru na Gordimer "site na edemede akụkọ ya mara mma nwere - n'okwu nke Alfred Nobel - bara ezigbo uru nye mmadụ". <ref name="Nobelprize"/> Ọ bụghị nanị n'ọgụ a na-alụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ bụ ihe Gordimer mere. Ọ guzogidere mmachi na njikwa ozi steeti, wee kwalite nka agụmagụ. Ọ jụrụ ikwe ka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi South Africa wepụta ọrụ ya n’ihi na ọ bụ ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-achị ya. <ref name="Wren">Christopher S. Wren, "[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7DE133EF935A35753C1A967958260 Former Censors Bow Coldly to Apartheid Chronicler]", ''New York Times'', 6 October 1991.</ref> Gordimer jeekwara ozi na kọmitii nduzi nke otu Otu ihe mgbochi nyocha nke South Africa. Onye guzobere Congress of South African Writers, Gordimer na-arụsi ọrụ ike na akwụkwọ ozi South Africa na òtù mba ụwa. Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke International PEN . N'ime afọ 1990s na narị afọ nke 21st ka apartheid gasịrị, Gordimer nọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nje HIV/AIDS, na-ekwu maka nnukwu nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na South Africa. N'afọ 2004, ọ haziri ihe dị ka ndị edemede 20 bụ ndị isi ka ha nye aka maka akụkọ ifo dị mkpirikpi maka ''Telling Tales'', akwụkwọ nchịkọta ego maka Mgbasa Ozi Ọgwụgwọ Ọgwụ na South Africa, bụ nke na-akwado ego gọọmentị maka mgbochi na nlekọta HIV / AIDS. <ref name="AgenceFrance">Agence France-Presse, [http://www.smh.com.au/news/Health/Nobel-laureates-join-battle-against-AIDS/2004/11/30/1101577486999.html?from=storylhs "Nobel laureates join battle against AIDS"], 1 December 2004.</ref> N'okwu a, ọ katọrọ ọchịchị South Africa, na-ekwupụta n'afọ 2004 na ọ kwadoro ihe niile President Thabo Mbeki mere ma e wezụga nguzo ya na AIDS. <ref name="AgenceFrance" /> <ref name="Sampson">Nadine Gordimer and Anthony Sampson, [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/13915 Letter to ''The New Review of Books''], 16 November 2000.</ref> N'afọ 2005, Gordimer gara njem nkuzi wee kwuo okwu gbasara amụma mba ofesi na ịkpa oke karịa South Africa. Dị ka ihe atụ, n'afọ 2005, mgbe Fidel Castro dara ọrịa, Gordimer sonyeere mmadụ isii ndị ọzọ nwetara ihe nrite Nobel n’akwụkwọ ozi o degaara United States n’ihu ọha na-adọ ya aka ná ntị ka ọ ghara ịchọ imebi ọchịchị Kọmunist Cuba. Nguzogide Gordimer na ịkpa ókè agbatịkwuru ya ọbụna na-ajụ ịnakwere "mkpirisi mkpirisi" n'afọ 1998 maka ihe nrite Orange, n'ihi na ihe nrite ahụ na-amata naanị ụmụ nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ. Gordimer kụzikwara na Massey College nke Mahadum Toronto dị ka onye nkuzi na 2006. <ref name="Telegraph90">{{Cite web|title=Nadine Gordimer, anti-apartheid author, dies aged 90|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/10966165/Nadine-Gordimer-anti-apartheid-author-dies-aged-90.html|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/10966165/Nadine-Gordimer-anti-apartheid-author-dies-aged-90.html|archivedate=12 January 2022|work=The Telegraph|date=14 July 2014|accessdate=1 October 2018}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == N'afọ 2006, ndị ohi wakporo Gordimer n'ụlọ ya, nke kpalitere iwe na mba ahụ. O doro anya na Gordimer jụrụ ịkwaga n'ime ogige nwere oghere, megidere ndụmọdụ ụfọdụ ndị enyi. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Nobel writer Nadine Gordimer, 82, attacked and robbed|work=[[The Times]]|date=29 October 2006|accessdate=22 February 2010|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article616755.ece|first=RW|author=Johnson|archive-date=23 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523061010/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article616755.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ 1979-80 Gordimer kọwara onwe ya dị ka onye na- ekweghị na Chineke, ma gbakwụnyere: "Echere m na m nwere àgwà okpukpe n'ụzọ bụ isi, ikekwe ọbụna nke okpukpe." <ref name="ParisReview">Jannika Hurwitt, [http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3060/the-art-of-fiction-no-77-nadine-gordimer Interview with Gordimer], ''[[Paris Review]]'', 88, Summer 1983.</ref> Gordimer nwere nwa nwanyị, Oriane (a mụrụ 1950), site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya n'afọ 1949 nye Gerald Gavron, onye dọkịta ezé obodo, onye ọ gbapụrụ n'ime afọ atọ. <ref name="Steele"/> N'afọ 1954, ọ lụrụ Reinhold Cassirer, onye na-ere ihe nka a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke hibere South Africa Sotheby's ma mesịa gbaa ụlọ ngosi nke ya; "alụmdi na nwunye magburu onwe ya" <ref name="Telegraph"/> dịgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ site na emphysema n'afọ 2001. A mụrụ nwa ha nwoke, Hugo n'afọ 1955, ma bụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na New York, onye Gordimer rụkọrọ ọrụ na ọ dịkarịa ala akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ. === Akụkọ ndụ enweghị ikike === Ronald Suresh Roberts bipụtara akụkọ ndụ Gordimer, ''No Cold Kitchen'', n'afọ 2006. O nyela Roberts ajụjụ ọnụ na ịnweta akwụkwọ nkeonwe ya, na nghọta na ọ ga-enye ikike maka akụkọ ndụ ya maka ikike inyocha ihe odide ahụ tupu ebipụta ya. Agbanyeghị, Gordimer na Roberts enweghị nkwekọrịta n'ihe ndekọ ya gbasara ọrịa na ọnwụ nke di Gordimer Reinhold Cassirer na okwu Gordimer nwere na afọ mgbe 1950s, yana nkatọ echiche ya na esemokwu Israel-Palestine . Roberts bipụtara onwe ya, ọ bụghị dị ka "nwere ikike", Gordimer jụkwara akwụkwọ ahụ, na-ebo Roberts ebubo imebi ntụkwasị obi. <ref name="Donadio">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/31/books/review/31donadio.html|title=Nadine Gordimer and the Hazards of Biography|first=Rachel|author=Donadio|work=New York Times|date=31 December 2006|accessdate=12 April 2007}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na nghọtahie ndị ahụ, Roberts katọrọ nkwado Gordimer na-akwado ndị isi ojii South Africa, ọkachasị mmegide ya megide njikwa gọọmentị na-ahụ maka nsogbu AIDS, dịka nna nna na nke ihu abụọ nke ndị ọcha liberalism. Akụkọ ndụ ahụ kwukwara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Gordimer dere na 1954 ''New Yorker'', "Ụmụ South Africa", abụghị nke akụkọ ndụ zuru oke ma nwee ụfọdụ mmemme echepụtara echepụta. <ref name="Donadio"/> == Ọnwụ ya == Gordimer nwụrụ n'ụra ya na 13 Julaị 2014 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri itoolu. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.channel24.co.za/News/Local/Nadine-Gordimer-has-died-20140714|title=SA novelist Nadine Gordimer dies|work=[[News24 (website)|News24.com]]|date=14 July 2014|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=David|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jul/14/nadine-gordimer-dies-90-johannesburg-nobel-prize|title=Nadine Gordimer dies aged 90|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=15 July 2014|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Becker|first=Jillian|authorlink=Jillian Becker|url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/critique-september-14-nadine-gordimer-comrade-madame-jillian-becker-nelson-mandela|title=Nadine Gordimer: 'Comrade Madam'|work=[[Standpoint (magazine)|Standpoint]]|date=September 2014|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> == Ọrụ, gburugburu, na nnabata == Gordimer nwetara nkwanye ùgwù na-adịgide adịgide nke mba ụwa maka ọrụ ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ahụ maka okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, yana "mgbagwoju anya nke omume na nke mmụọ nke obodo ya nke kewara ekewa." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/gordimer.htm|title=Nadine Gordimer|work=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi)|first=Petri|author=Liukkonen|publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204041439/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/gordimer.htm|archivedate=4 December 2008}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ Gordimer niile na-ekwu maka isiokwu ịhụnanya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọkachasị gbasara agbụrụ na South Africa. Na-ajụkarị mmekọrịta ike na eziokwu mgbe niile, Gordimer na-akọ akụkọ banyere ndị nkịtị, na-ekpughe ambiguities omume na nhọrọ. Nkọwapụta ya dị iche iche, ekpughere karịa site na nhọrọ ndị agwa ya mere karịa site na njirimara na nkwenye ha na-ekwu. Ọ na-akpakwa nkọwa aghụghọ n'aha agwa ndị ahụ. === Nchịkọta nke ọrụ dị oke egwu === Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya ebipụtara, ''The Liing Days'' (1953), na-ewere ọnọdụ n'obodo Gordimer nke Springs, Transvaal, obodo ebe a na-egwuputa ihe na East Rand dị nso na Johannesburg . Na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ ọkara akụkọ ihe mere eme, ''The Liing Days'' bụ Bildungsroman, na-akọwapụta mmata ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eto eto nke nwa agbọghọ ọcha, Helen, na ndụ obere obodo na nkewa agbụrụ South Africa. <ref name="Norman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/contemporary-literary-criticism/special-commissioned-essay-lying-days-by-nadine/themes-lying-days?print=1|title=Judith Newman Special Commissioned Essay on The Lying Days by Nadine Gordimer Essay – Critical Essays|work=eNotes.com|date=20 November 1923|accessdate=2 November 2016|archivedate=23 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723114806/http://www.enotes.com/contemporary-literary-criticism/special-commissioned-essay-lying-days-by-nadine/themes-lying-days?print=1}}</ref> N'ime ọrụ afọ 1963 ya, ''Oge maka ịhụ n'anya'', Gordimer na-etinye apartheid na ịhụnanya ọnụ. Onye na-akwado ya, Ann Davis, lụrụ Boaz Davis, onye ọkà mmụta ethnomusic, mana ịhụnanya Gideon Shibalo, onye na-ese ihe nwere ọtụtụ mmekọrịta dara ada. Davis na-acha ọcha, Otú ọ dị, Shibalo bụ oji, na gọọmenti South Africa mebie mmekọrịta dị otú ahụ. Gordimer chịkọtara ihe nrite James Tait Black Memorial Prize maka ''onye ọbịa nke nsọpụrụ'' n'afọ 1971 yana, yana ọtụtụ ndị meriri na nrite a, ọ ga-aga n'ihu iji nweta ihe nrite Booker . Enyere onye na-ede akwụkwọ ahụ Gordimer maka akwụkwọ akụkọ 1974 ya, ''The Conservationist'', ma bụrụkwa onye mmeri ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Stanley Middleton ''Holiday'' . ''Onye nchekwa nchekwa'' na-enyocha omenala Zulu na ụwa nke ndị na-emepụta ihe na-acha ọcha ọcha site n'anya Mehring, onye na-eme ihe ike. Per Wästberg kọwara ''The Conservationist'' dị ka Gordimer si "densest na kasị uri akwụkwọ". <ref name="Wastberg"/> Thematically na-ekpuchi otu ala dị ka Olive Schreiner 's ''Akụkọ nke African Farm'' (1883) na JM Coetzee 's ''In the Heart of the Country'' (1977), onye "nchekwa" na-achọ ichekwa ọdịdị iji chekwaa usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na-eme mgbanwe. na bay. Mgbe a hụrụ ozu a na-amaghị ama n'ugbo ya, Mehring na-eme "ihe ziri ezi" site n'inye ya ili kwesịrị ekwesị; mana onye ahụ nwụrụ anwụ na-akpagbu ọrụ ahụ, ihe ncheta nke arụ nke a ga-ewulite ọhụụ Mehring na ya. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Gordimer's nke afọ 1979 ''Nwa nwanyị Burger'' bụ akụkọ nke nwanyị na-enyocha mmekọrịta ya na nna ya, onye nwụrụ n'ihi okwukwe na ngagharị mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Nwa nke ndị ọchịchị Kọmunist abụọ na ndị na-emegide apartheid, Rosa Burger na-ahụkwa onwe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'ịbụ nke e dere na njedebe nke ọgba aghara Soweto 1976, gọọmentị South Africa machibidoro akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya. Gordimer kọwara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị ka "nkịtị nsọpụrụ" nye Bram Fischer, onye ọka iwu gbachitere [[Nelson Mandela]] na ndị ọzọ na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. <ref name="Wastberg"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.law.wits.ac.za/bramfischer/then.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704102111/http://www.law.wits.ac.za/bramfischer/then.htm|archivedate=4 July 2007|title=Bram Fischer Human Rights Programme|work=Wits School of Law|year=2005|accessdate=16 August 2010}}</ref> N'ime ''ndị Julaị'' (1981), ọ na-eche mgbanwe mgbanwe ọbara na South Africa, bụ nke a na-achụgharị ma gbuo ndị ọcha mgbe ndị isi ojii nupụrụ isi megide ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọrụ ahụ sochiri Maureen na Bamford Smales, bụ́ di na nwunye bụ́ ndị ọcha gụrụ akwụkwọ, na July, bụ́bu ohu ha jerela ozi ruo ogologo oge, zoro maka ndụ ha. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-egwuri egwu dị iche iche nke "ndị July": ezinụlọ ya na obodo ya, yana Smales. Akụkọ ahụ na-enyocha otú ndị mmadụ si anagide nhọrọ dị egwu nke ime ihe ike, ịkpọasị agbụrụ, na steeti na-amanye ha. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1991/gordimer/article/|work=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref> ''Egbe Ụlọ'' (1998) bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ nke apartheid nke Gordimer. Ọ na-esote akụkọ banyere otu di na nwunye, Claudia na Harald Lingard, na-emekọ ihe banyere ogbugbu nwa ha nwoke Duncan gburu otu n'ime ndị ezinụlọ ya. Akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-ahụ maka mpụ na-arị elu na South Africa na egbe nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ezinụlọ niile nwere, yana ihe nketa nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ South Africa na nchegbu di na nwunye ahụ nwere banyere ọkàiwu nwa ha nwoke, bụ onye isi ojii. Ahọpụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ a maka ikike ihe nkiri na mmepụta Granada. <ref name="Garner">{{Cite web|first=Dwight|author=Garner|url=http://www.salon.com/books/int/1998/03/cov_si_09int.html|title=The Salon Interview: Nadine Gordimer|date=March 1998|work=salon.com|accessdate=2022-03-15|archivedate=2007-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331051735/http://www.salon.com/books/int/1998/03/cov_si_09int.html}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.readinggroupguides.com/guides/house_gun.asp ReadingGroup Guide], ''The House Gun'' by Nadine Gordimer, Bookreporter.com</ref> <ref name="Medalie">David Medalie, "'The Context of the Awful Event': Nadine Gordimer's ''The House Gun''", ''Journal of Southern African Studies'', v.25, n.4 (December 1999), pp. 633–644.</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ 2002 nke Gordimer nwetara nturu ugo, ''The Pickup'', tụlere okwu gbasara nchụpụ, mwepu, na mbata na ọpụpụ; klaasị na ike akụ na ụba; okwukwe okpukpe; na ikike nke ndị mmadụ ịhụ, na ịhụnanya, gafee ndị a nkewa. Ọ na-akọ akụkọ banyere otu di na nwunye: Julie Summers, nwanyị ọcha sitere n'ezinụlọ nwere ego, na Abdu, onye Arab kwagara South Africa n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Mgbe a jụrụ visa Abdu, di na nwunye ahụ laghachiri n'ala nna ya, ebe ọ bụ onye ọbịa. Ahụmahụ ya na uto ya dị ka ọbịa na omenala ọzọ na-eme ka obi dị n'ọrụ ahụ. <ref name="Coetzee-2003">[[J.M. Coetzee]] [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/16670 Review of ''The Pickup'' and ''Loot and Other Stories''], nytimes.com, 23 October 2003.</ref> ''Nweta ndụ'', nke edere na 2005 mgbe ọ nwụsịrị nke di ya ogologo oge, Reinhold Cassirer, bụ akụkọ banyere otu nwoke na-enweta ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa na-eyi ndụ egwu. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwetara nke ọma site na ahụmahụ ndụ onwe onye, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gara n'ihu n'ịchọgharị Gordimer nke isiokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Onye na-akwado ya bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, na-alụ ọgụ maka ntinye nke ụlọ ọrụ nuklia akwadoro. Ma n'otu oge ahụ ọ na-enweta ọgwụgwọ radieshon maka ọrịa kansa ya, na-akpatara ya iru újú na, n'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike nuklia n'ụlọ nke ya. N'ebe a, Gordimer na-agbasokwa ajụjụ nke otu esi ejikọta ndụ kwa ụbọchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name="Morrison"/> ''New York Times'' nkatọ JR Ramakrishnan, onye kwuru na myirịta ya na onye edemede Mia Alvar dere na Gordimer dere banyere "ndị di na nwunye nwere ogologo ntachi obi na (ndị) ezinụlọ na-enyere ndị nwoke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka" na akụkọ ifo ya. <ref name="twsNYT1">{{Cite news|author=J. R. Ramakrishnan|date=19 June 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/books/review/in-the-country-by-mia-alvar.html?_r=0|title='In the Country,' by Mia Alvar|accessdate=6 April 2016|quote=... Alvar’s elegant examination of the political wife is reminiscent of the long-suffering spouses and familial enablers of political men in Nadine Gordimer’s fiction...}}</ref> == Nkwanye ugwu na ihe nrite == * WH Smith Commonwealth Award Award for ''Friday's footprint'' (1961) <ref name="BC">{{Cite web|title=Nadine Gordimer|url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/nadine-gordimer|work=[[British Council]]|accessdate=1 October 2018}}</ref> * James Tait Black Memorial Prize maka ''Onye ọbịa nke nsọpụrụ'' (1972) <ref name="BC" /> * Booker Prize for ''the Conservationist'' (1974) <ref name="BC" /> * Akwụkwọ akụkọ Central News Agency maka ''onye nchekwa'' (1974) <ref name="CNALA">{{Cite web|title=Nadine Gordimer|url=https://www.librarything.com/bookaward/Central+News+Agency+Literary+Award|work=[[LibraryThing]]|accessdate=1 October 2018}}</ref> * Grand Aigle d'Or (France) (1975) <ref name="Routledge">{{Cite book|title=Nadine Gordimer's July's People: A Routledge Study Guide|author=Brendon Nicholls|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-71871-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTsVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11}}</ref> * Ndepụta ihe nrite Orange ; ọ jụrụ <ref name="Telegraph90"/> * Akwụkwọ akụkọ Central News Agency maka ''ada Burger'' (1979) <ref name="CNALA" /> * Akwụkwọ akụkọ Central News Agency maka ndị ''Julaị'' (1981) <ref name="CNALA" /> * Ndị otu Scottish Arts Council Neil M. Gunn Fellowship (1981) <ref name="BC" /> * Ndị otu nkwanye ugwu asụsụ ọgbara ọhụrụ (1984) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mla.org/Membership/Our-Members/Honorary-Members-and-Fellows/Past-Honorary-Fellows|title=Past Honorary Fellows &#124; Modern Language Association|work=Mla.org|date=27 December 1959|accessdate=2 November 2016}}</ref> * Ihe nrite Rome (1984) <ref>{{Cite web|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|url=http://www.unhcr.org/print/3b72550f62.html|title=UNHCR Gordimer, Nadine|publisher=Unhcr.org|date=20 November 1923|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-05-16/entertainment/ca-17650_1_rome-prize-competition|title=Merger Of The Arts, Scholarship, Funding : Rome Prize Sidesteps The Cutbacks|author=Mehren|first=Elizabeth|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=16 May 1985|accessdate=15 September 2013}}</ref> * Premio Malaparte (Italy) (1985) <ref name="BC" /> * Nrite Nelly Sachs (Germany) (1985) <ref name="BC" /> * Onyinye Bennett (United States) (1987) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bennett Award Acceptance Speech, 1986|url=https://hudsonreview.com/1987/07/bennett-award-acceptance-speech-1986/#.W7LJiXtKjIU|work=[[The Hudson Review]]|accessdate=1 October 2018}}</ref> * Anisfield-Wolf Akwụkwọ Award maka ''Egwuregwu nke okike'' (1988) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners by Year|url=https://www.anisfield-wolf.org/winners/winners-by-year/|work=Anisfield-Wolf|date=2018|accessdate=1 October 2018}}</ref> * Ewebatara dị ka onye otu nsọpụrụ na Phi Beta Kappa (1988) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbk.org/web/pbkdocs/NobelLaureates2009.pdf?WebsiteKey=8bddf5e3-8e54-40ad-8097-7fc795281499&hkey=7b14c826-1a07-4148-a627-2c1a6b1ed3a6&=404%3bhttps%3a%2f%2fwww.pbk.org%3a443%2fIMIS15%2fPBK_Member%2fAbout_PBK%2fpbkdocs%2fNobelLaureates2009.pdf|title=Nobel Laureates Who Are BK Members (through 2009)|work=Pbk.org|accessdate=2 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060924/https://www.pbk.org/web/pbkdocs/NobelLaureates2009.pdf?WebsiteKey=8bddf5e3-8e54-40ad-8097-7fc795281499&hkey=7b14c826-1a07-4148-a627-2c1a6b1ed3a6&=404%3bhttps%3a%2f%2fwww.pbk.org%3a443%2fIMIS15%2fPBK_Member%2fAbout_PBK%2fpbkdocs%2fNobelLaureates2009.pdf|archivedate=14 October 2016}}</ref> * Ihe nrite akwụkwọ akụkọ Central News Agency maka ''akụkọ nwa m nwoke'' (1990) <ref name="CNALA" /> * Nrite Nobel maka akwụkwọ (1991) <ref name="Telegraph90" /> * International Botev Prize Laureate (1996) <ref>{{Cite web|title=На колене пред слънцето на свободата!|url=http://old.duma.bg/2007/0607/020607/iskam/isk-3.html|accessdate=1 October 2018|archivedate=17 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417032303/http://old.duma.bg/2007/0607/020607/iskam/isk-3.html}}</ref> * Ihe nrite nke ndị ode akwụkwọ Commonwealth maka akwụkwọ kacha mma sitere na Africa maka ''ịkpọrọ'' (2002) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nadine Gordimer|url=https://us.macmillan.com/author/nadinegordimer/|work=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|accessdate=1 October 2018}}</ref> * Ndekọ ihe nrite Booker maka ''The Pickup'' (2001) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nadine Gordimer, ''The Pickup''|url=http://fhrc.flinders.edu.au/quodlibet/vol1/downloads/Gordimer.pdf|author=Sue Kossew|work=Quodlibet: The Australian Journal of Trans-national Writing|date=February 2005|accessdate=1 October 2018|archivedate=28 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228151713/http://fhrc.flinders.edu.au/quodlibet/vol1/downloads/Gordimer.pdf}}</ref> * Onye isi nke Legion of Honor (2007) * American Philosophical Society, Onye otu (2008) <ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Nadine+Gordimer&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|accessdate=3 May 2021|work=search.amphilsoc.org|archivedate=3 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503171857/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Nadine+Gordimer&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced}}</ref> * American Academy of Arts and Letters, Onye Ọpụrụiche (1979) <ref name="Routledge" /> * American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Onye Ọpụrụiche (1980) <ref name="Routledge" /> * Royal Society of Literature, Onye otu <ref name="Ray">{{Cite book|title=The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English|editor=Mohit K. Ray|date=2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dis|isbn=978-81-269-0832-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_YatfLrgnMC&pg=PA212}}</ref> * Congress nke ndị ode akwụkwọ South Africa, Onye enyemaka <ref>{{Cite web|title=Perceptive Works Earned Respect of S. African Blacks : Nobel: Nadine Gordimer's opposition to apartheid, evident in her books, also took her to court|author=Scott Kraft|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1991-10-04/news/mn-3416_1_nadine-gordimer|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=4 October 1991|accessdate=1 October 2018}}</ref> * Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, Ọchịagha <ref name="Routledge" /> * Nrịgo nsọpụrụ 15 <ref name="Ray" /> * Onye isi otu, Massey College nke Mahadum Toronto * Golden Plate Award nke American Academy of Achievement nke onye otu Awards Council Archbishọp Desmond Tutu nyere na emume onyinye na St. George's Cathedral na Cape Town, South Africa (2009) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement|work=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://www.achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=2009 Summit Photo|url=https://achievement.org/summit/2009/|quote=Nobel Prize-winning author Nadine Gordimer receives the Golden Plate Award from Archbishop Desmond Tutu.}}</ref> * Usoro nke Ugo Aztec <ref>{{Cite web|title=Francisco González receives Mexico's Order of the Aztec Eagle honor|url=https://www.bbva.com/en/francisco-gonzalez-receives-aztec-eagle-honor/|work=BBVA|date=18 April 2018|accessdate=1 October 2018}}</ref> == Ụtụ == Na 20 Nọvemba 2015, [[Google]] jiri Google Doodle mee mmemme ụbọchị ọmụmụ ịrị itoolu na abụọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/doodles/nadine-gordimers-92nd-birthday|title=Nadine Gordimer's 92nd Birthday|work=Google|date=20 November 2015}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * ''Ụbọchị Ụgha'' (1953) * ''Ụwa nke ndị ọbịa'' (1958) * ''Oge maka ịhụnanya'' (1963) * ''Ụwa Bourgeois Late'' (1966) * ''Onye ọbịa nke nsọpụrụ'' (1970) * ''The Conservationist'' (1974) - nkwonkwo mmeri nke Booker nrite na 1974 * ''Ada Burger'' (1979) * ''Ndị Juu'' (1981) * ''Egwuregwu nke okike'' (1987) * ''Akụkọ nke Ọkpara m'' (1990) * ''Ọ nweghị onye ga-eso m'' (1994) * ''Ụlọ egbe'' (1998) * ''Mkpebi'' (2001) * ''Nweta ndụ'' (2005) * ''Ọ dịghị oge dị ka ugbu a'' (2012) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Davies|first=Dominic|title=A Very Long Engagement|url=http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/a-very-long-engagement/|work=The Oxonian Review}}</ref> === Ejije === * ''Gburugburu Mbụ'', na ''Egwuregwu isii One-act nke ndị ode akwụkwọ South Africa'' (1949) === Akụkọ ifo dị mkpụmkpụ === ==== mkpokọta ==== * ''Ihu na ihu'' (1949) * ''Olu Agwọ ahụ dị nro'' (1952) * ''Ụkwụ isii nke Obodo'' (1956) * ''Kedu Oge Ọhụrụ nke ahụ ga-abụ?'' (1956) * ''Ụkwụ Fraịde'' (1960) * ''Ọ bụghị maka mbipụta'' (1965) * ''Ndị enyi Livingstone'' (1970) * ''Akụkọ ahọpụtara'' (1975) * ''Ụfọdụ Mọnde n'ezie (1976)'' * ''Enweghị ebe dị ka: Akụkọ ahọpụtara'' (1978) * ''Nnabata nke onye agha'' (1980) * ''Ndị hụrụ obodo na obodo'' (1982), nke Sylvester &amp;amp; Orphanos bipụtara * ''Ihe dị n'ebe ahụ'' (1984) * ''Agụmakwụkwọ nzikọrịta ozi na akụkọ ndị ọzọ'' (1984) * ''Oge Tupu egbe ahụ apụọ'' (1988) * ''N'otu oge'' (1989) * ''Mpụ nke akọ na uche'' (1991) * ''Jump: na akụkọ ndị ọzọ'' (1991) * ''Gịnị kpatara na ị debeghị: Akụkọ ahọpụtara 1950-1972'' (1992) * ''Ihe maka oge a 1950-1972'' (1992) * ''Loot na akụkọ ndị ọzọ'' (2003) * ''Beethoven dị ojii nke otu na iri na isii'' (2007) * ''Oge ndụ: Akụkọ'' (2011) === Edemede, mkpesa na ntinye aka ndị ọzọ === * ''Ihe mere ada Burger ma ọ bụ ka South Africa censorship si arụ ọrụ'' (1980) * ''Mmegharị ahụ dị mkpa: Edemede, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ebe'' (1988) * ''Ndị ntụgharị okwu ojii'' (1973) * ''Edemede na ịbụ: nkuzi Charles Eliot Norton'' (1995) * ''Ibi na olileanya na akụkọ ihe mere eme'' (1999) * === Ọrụ ndị edeziri === * ''Akụkọ ifo'' (2004) * ''Oge Ịkọ: Ode na Ndụ, 1950-2008'' (2010) === Ndị ọzọ === * "The Gordimer Akụkọ" (1981-82) - mmegharị nke asaa obere akụkọ; o dere screenplays maka anọ n'ime ha * ''Na Mines'' (1973) * ''Ndụ n'okpuru Apartheid'' (1986) * "Ịhọrọ maka ikpe ziri ezi: Allan Boesak" (1983) (akwụkwọ na Hugo Cassirer) * "Berlin na Johannesburg: The Wall and the Color Bar" (akwụkwọ ya na Hugo Cassirer) Isi mmalite: <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nadine Gordimer|url=https://www.biblio.com/nadine-gordimer/author/479|work=Biblio|accessdate=2 October 2018}}</ref> == Nyocha == Girdwood, Alison (1984), ''Gordimer's South Africa'', ntụleghachi nke ''Something Out There'', na Parker, Geoff (ed. ), ''Cencrastus'' Nke 18, Mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1984, p.&nbsp;50,  == Hụkwa ihe ọzọ == * Ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị nwetara ihe nrite Nobel * Ndepụta ndị Juu nwetara ihe nrite Nobel == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == === Akụkọ ndụ dị nkenke === * Nadine Gordimer * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194105/http://www.litweb.net/biography/556/Nadine_Gordimer.html LitWeb.net: Nadine Gordimer Biography] (2003) * [http://books.guardian.co.uk/authors/author/0,,96530,00.html Akwụkwọ nchekwa "Ibe ode akwụkwọ"], nwere profaịlụ yana njikọ maka akụkọ ndị ọzọ === Obituaries === * [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jul/14/nadine-gordimer-dies-90-johannesburg-nobel-prize ''Onye nche''] * [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/nadine-gordimer-dead-south-african-nobel-prizewinning-author-dies-aged-90-9605208.html ''The Independent''] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/15/books/nadine-gordimer-novelist-and-apartheid-foe-dies-at-90.html ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times''] * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/obituary-nadine-gordimer-nobel-laureate-exposed-toll-of-south-africas-apartheid/2014/07/14/2f4a78ae-56d8-11e3-ba82-16ed03681809_story.html ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Washington Post''] * [https://online.wsj.com/articles/nadine-gordimer-winner-of-south-africas-first-nobel-prize-in-literature-dies-at-90-1405346376 ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Wall Street''] === Ọmụmụ ihe dị egwu === * Stephen Clingman, ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Nadine Gordimer: Akụkọ si n'ime ime'' (1986) * John Cooke, ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Nadine Gordimer'' * Andrew Vogel Ettin, ''Nrara nke Ọchịchị nke Ahụ: Nkwekọrịta Akwụkwọ nke Nadine Gordimer'' (1993) * Dominic Head, ''Nadine Gordimer'' (1994) * Christopher Heywood, ''Nadine Gordimer'' (1983) * Santayana, Vivek. 2021. ''Kacha sie ike na kacha mara mma : ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ịke na ọrụ ikpeazụ nke Nadine Gordimer.'' Mahadum nke Edinburgh: akwụkwọ nyocha nke doctoral. * Rowland Smith, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, ''Critical Essays on Nadine Gordimer'' (1990) * Barbara Temple-Thurston, ''Nadine Gordimer letara'' (1999)  * Kathrin Wagner, ''Nadine Gordimer'' na-agụgharị (1994) * Louise Yelin, ''Site na oke ala nke Alaeze Ukwu: Christina Stead, Doris Lessing, Nadine Gordimer'' (1998) * [http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/nadine-gordimer-s-politics-7933 Ọchịchị Nadine Gordimer]  Nkeji edemede nke Jillian Becker na Commentary, February 1992 === Akụkọ === Ian Fullerton, ''ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akwụkwọ akụkọ South Africa na Bekee'', na Bold, Christine (ed. ) ''Cencrastus'' Nke 3, Summer 1980, p.&nbsp;22 & 23 === Nlebanya dị mkpirikpi === * [https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/01/home/gordimer.html Index nke ''akụkọ New York Times'' na Gordimer] === Okwu na ajụjụ ọnụ === * Ian Fullerton & Glen Murray, ''Ajụjụ ọnụ Nadine Gordimer'', na Murray, Glen (ed. ), ''Cencrastus'' Nke 6, Mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1981, p.&nbsp;2-5 * * Nadine Gordimer, Nancy Topping Bazin, na Marilyn Dallman Seymour, ''Mkparịta ụka ya na Nadine Gordimer'' (1990) * Nadine Gordimer </img> ya na nkuzi Nobel, 7 Disemba 1991 ''Ide na Ịbụ'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305195044/http://www.pen.org/book/nadine-gordimer-the-ultimate-safari Nadine Gordimer: Ọgụgụ Safari kacha elu] sitere na 2007 PEN World Voices Festival * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100206/http://www.pen.org/event/2007/04/29/arthur-miller-freedom-write-lecture Mkparịta ụka ya na Nadine Gordimer] na Arthur Miller Freedom ide akwụkwọ nkuzi, 2007 sitere na [http://www.pen.org/ PEN American Center] * Ronald Suresh Roberts, ''Enweghị kichin oyi: akụkọ ndụ Nadine Gordimer'' (2005) === Ebe nyocha === * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/uthrc/00048/hrc-00048.html Ndekọ mkpokọta] maka Nadine Gordimer Akụkọ mkpirisi na mkpokọta akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhụrụ, 1958–1965 (Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, Mahadum Texas, Austin, Texas) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210203053014/http://www.letrs.indiana.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?type=simple;view=text;subview=fulltext;c=fa-lilly;id=InU-Li-VAA1261 Ntuziaka na ihe odide Gordimer, 1934–1991] (Lilly Library, Mahadum Indiana, Bloomington, Indiana) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130112225448/http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead%2F00048.xml&query=gordimer&query-join=and Nchịkọta Nadine Gordimer] na Harry Ransom Center na Mahadum Texas na Austin == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Works by Nadine Gordimer </img> * {{IMDb name|0329919}} * [http://www.openculture.com/2014/07/5-free-short-stories-by-nadine-gordimer.html Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi sitere na Nadine Gordimer na webụ] * Appearances * Portraits of Nadine Gordimer </img> {{Nadine Gordimer}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mg7l1q8tetu9wapkgooohgrsah794dx 0 12397 727948 580754 2026-09-25T15:23:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lainey Wilson''' (amuru Mee 19, 1992) <ref name="Country Daily">{{Cite web|title=Meet Lainey Wilson and Learn Some Things You Oughta Know About Her|url=https://www.countrythangdaily.com/lainey-wilson/|work=Country Thang Daily|accessdate=25 December 2021}}</ref> bu onye egwu obodo America – onye ode akwukwo. Wilson rụrụ site na nwata, tupu ọ gaa Nashville, Tennessee ịchụso ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme egwuregwu mba. Na 2014, o wepụtara album mbụ ya, sochiri nke abụọ na akara Lone Chief na 2016. Wilson nwetara nkwekọrịta mbipụta wee wepụta ogologo egwuregwu (EP) na 2019, nke gụnyere egwu " Ihe mmadụ kwesịrị ịma ". Na 2020, ewepụtara ya dị ka otu site na otu egwu egwu BBR wee ruo na nke mbụ na eserese egwu obodo America. == Ndụ mbido == A zụlitere Wilson na Baskin, Louisiana, obodo nwere naanị mmadụ 300. Nna ya bụ onye ọrụ ugbo mgbe nne ya bụ onye nkuzi. Ọ malitere inwe mmasị n'egwú malite n'oge ọ bụ nwata. <ref name="Allmusic">{{Cite web|author=Deming|first=Mark|title=Lainey Wilson Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/lainey-wilson-mn0003508331/biography|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=25 December 2021}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ya na-egekarị egwu obodo nke Buck Owens na Glen Campbell . "Egwu obodo maka mụ na ezinụlọ m, ọ karịrị egwu. Anyị biri okwu ndị a na abụ ndị ahụ, "ka ọ gwara ''The Advocate'' . <ref name="Advocate">{{Cite news|author=Wirt|first=John|title=With a voice recalling Dolly Parton, Louisiana's Lainey Wilson is hitting the country charts; see video|url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/entertainment_life/music/article_88d8504c-a141-11eb-bd3a-3f1a05f65b01.html|accessdate=26 December 2021|work=[[The Advocate (Louisiana)|The Advocate]]|date=April 22, 2021}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu, ọ gara ihe ngosi nke Grand Ole Opry ma dọọrọ ya na egwu ahụ. "Echetara m na m lere anya n'ebe ahụ, dị ka, 'Nwoke, achọrọ m ime nke ahụ'," ka ọ chetara. <ref name="The Boot">{{Cite web|author=Ladd|first=Olivia|title=Lainey Wilson's Road from Hannah Montana Impersonator to the Opry|url=https://theboot.com/lainey-wilson-reflects-on-her-road-from-impersonating-hannah-montana-to-singing-on-the-opry/|work=The Boot|accessdate=25 December 2021}}</ref> Nna Wilson kuziri ya otu egwu egwu di na nwunye na n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ na-ede abụ ya site n'afọ iri na ụma ya. <ref name="Allmusic" /> N'afọ 2006, ọ wepụtara egwuregwu agbatịkwu (EP) na Myspace akpọrọ ''Country Girl Rule'' . <ref name="Country Daily" /> N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Wilson nwetara ọrụ na-eṅomi Hannah Montana . Ọtụtụ mgbe na-ede akwụkwọ ihe ngosi nke ya, <ref name="The Boot" /> ọ na-eme njem nlegharị anya dịka Hannah Montana n'ofe Louisiana. <ref name="Allmusic" /> == Ọrụ == === 2011–2018: Afọ mbụ na Nashville na mwepụta onwe ya === Wilson gụchara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị <ref name="Allmusic" /> wee kwaga Nashville, Tennessee na Ọgọst 2011. <ref name="Advocate" /> O biri na mbụ na ụgbọala na-adọkpụ na mpụga ụlọ ihe nkiri na Nashville. Onye nwe ụlọ studio kwụrụ ụgwọ mmiri na ọkụ eletrik Wilson iji nyere aka na-egbo mkpa ya. <ref name="Taste">{{Cite web|author=Dukes|first=Billy|title=Lainey Wilson's Perfectly Abnormal Journey to Nashville|url=https://tasteofcountry.com/lainey-wilsons-perfectly-abnormal-journey-to-nashville-interview/|work=Taste of Country|accessdate=25 December 2021}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Wilson kọwara na afọ mbụ ya na Nashville siri ike: "Ọ kụziiri m na ihe a agaghị adị mfe. Ọ kụziiri m nnọgidesi ike.” <ref name="Advocate" /> Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, Wilson na-egwuri egwu dị iche iche nke obere ihe ngosi ma rụọ ọrụ na ide abụ ya. <ref name="Allmusic" /> Na 2014, Wilson weputara album akpọrọ onwe ya na label Culpit. <ref name="Hollywood Life">{{Cite web|author=BrowJason|title=Lainey Wilson: 5 Things To Know AboutCountry Music’s Rising Star|url=https://hollywoodlife.com/feature/who-is-lainey-wilson-4590309/|work=[[Hollywood Life]]|accessdate=25 December 2021}}</ref> A na-esote ya na 2016 site na album ya nke abụọ ''Tougher'' . E wepụtara diski ahụ na akara Lone Chief. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wilson|first=Lainey|title=''Tougher'' (CD Liner Notes and Album Information)|journal=Lone Chief|date=April 8, 2016|id=5638676569}}</ref> Ọrụ a kpọkọtara ndị na-ege ntị wee depụta ndepụta Albums ''Billboard'' Top Country na 2016. <ref name="Country Albums">{{Cite web|title=Lainey Wilson chart history (Country Albums)|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/lainey-wilson/chart-history/clp/|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=25 December 2021}}</ref> Na 2018, o wepụtara EP nke abụọ ya, nchịkọta aha onwe ya nke ewepụtara onwe ya. Nke a butere Wilson bịanyere aka na SONY/ATV bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta mbipụta <ref name="Allmusic" /> na 2018. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ bịanyekwara aka na nkwekọrịta nchịkwa. === 2019 – dị ugbu a: “Ihe mmadụ kwesịrị ịma” na-eme nke ọma === Na 2018, Wilson bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ndekọ ndekọ aha isi na BBR Music Group . Mwepụta akara mbụ ya bụ EP ''Redneck Hollywood'' (2019) nke atọ ya. E wepụtakwara otu akara mpụta mbụ ya na 2019 akpọrọ "Dirty Looks". <ref name="Billboard">{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/country/9325188/lainey-wilson-emerging-country-interview|title=Emerging Country: From 'LA' to the Grand Ole Opry, 'Dirty Looks' Singer Lainey Wilson’s Dream Is Realized|publisher=Billboard|date=February 28, 2020|accessdate=April 5, 2021}}</ref> ''Off the Record UK'' toro EP, na-akọwapụta egwu egwu Wilson na mmepụta sitere na onye nrụpụta Jay Joyce . Mbipụta ahụ kwubiri site n'ikwu, "EP bụ raw na ezigbo, na-eme ka ụdị egwu mba ahụ gbasaa karịa mgbe ọ bụla ma na-eweghachi ya na omenala ma ka na-emegharị ya na gburugburu oge a." <ref>{{Cite news|title=Lainey Wilson’s ‘Redneck Hollywood’ Is A True Representation of The Power of Women in Country Music|url=https://www.offtherecorduk.com/lainey-wilsons-redneck-hollywood-review/|accessdate=26 December 2021|work=Off the Record UK|date=September 14, 2019}}</ref> Wilson nwetara nlebara anya site na Television Music Country, onye tinyere ya na Klas nke 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tingle|first=Lauren|title=CMT Listen Up Reveals 2019 Class|url=http://www.cmt.com/news/1801718/cmt-listen-up-reveals-2019-class/|work=CMT.com|accessdate=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427142018/http://www.cmt.com/news/1801718/cmt-listen-up-reveals-2019-class/|archive-date=27 April 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gee ntị" na njem ha "2019 CMT Next Women of Country". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tingle|first=Lauren|title=CMT’s Next Women of Country Inspire Positive Change|url=http://www.cmt.com/news/1800772/cmts-next-women-of-country-inspire-positive-change/|work=cmt.com|accessdate=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427142018/http://www.cmt.com/news/1800772/cmts-next-women-of-country-inspire-positive-change/|archive-date=27 April 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya na Morgan Wallen gakwara njem na 2019. <ref name="Billboard" /> N'otu oge ahụ, e gosipụtara ọtụtụ egwu ya na Paramount Network show ''Yellowstone'' . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sawyer|first=Bobbie Jean|title=Songs From the Bunkhouse: Lainey Wilson on Being Featured on 'Yellowstone,' the 'Coolest Cowboy Show of All Time'|url=https://www.wideopencountry.com/songs-from-the-bunkhouse-lainey-wilson/|work=Wide Open Country|accessdate=27 December 2021}}</ref> N'August 2020, akara BBR wepụtara Wilson na-esote otu na redio akpọrọ " Ihe mmadụ kwesịrị ịma ". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Liptak|first=Carena|title=LISTEN: Lainey Wilson's 'Things a Man Oughta Know'|url=https://tasteofcountry.com/lainey-wilson-things-a-man-oughta-know/|work=Taste of Country|accessdate=25 December 2021}}</ref> Egwu ahụ nwetara nlebara anya mgbasa ozi dị arọ site na saịtị dị ka Apple Music, <ref>{{Cite web|title=3/3/21: Up Next USA Spotlight|url=https://music.apple.com/us/station/3-31-21-up-next-usa-spotlight/ra.1560228205|work=music.apple.com|accessdate=27 April 2021}}</ref> iHeart Radio, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mastrogiannis|first=Nicole|title=Lainey Wilson: What You 'Oughta Know' About 'Bell Bottom Country' Star|url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2021-03-05-lainey-wilson-what-you-oughta-know-about-bell-bottom-country-star/|work=iheart.com|accessdate=27 April 2021}}</ref> Spotify <ref>{{Cite web|author=Konicki|first=Lisa|title=Spotify Reveals First-Ever Hot Country Artists To Watch 2021 List|url=https://americansongwriter.com/spotify-reveals-first-ever-hot-country-artists-to-watch-2021-list/|work=americansongwriter.com|accessdate=27 April 2021}}</ref> na Pandora . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pandora Announces Country Artists to Watch for 2020|url=https://www.nashvillenoise.com/pandora-country-artists-watch-2020/|work=NashvilleNoise.com|accessdate=27 April 2021}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 2021, "Ihe mmadụ kwesịrị ịma" ghọrọ onye na-agbaji agbawa, na-eru nọmba atọ na ''chaatị Billboard'' Country Airplay na nọmba nke mbụ na chaatị Mba Mba . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Asker|first=Jim|title=Billboard’s Top New Country Artist Of 2021 Lainey Wilson on the 10 Years Leading Up to Her First No. 1|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/features/lainey-wilson-interview-top-new-country-artist-2021-1235005084/|accessdate=25 December 2021|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=December 2, 2021}}</ref> Agụnyere ya na album studio nke atọ ''Sayin 'Ihe m na-eche''' (2021). Diski ahụ bụ mkpokọta album mbụ ya zuru oke ewepụtara na akara BBR ma nwee egwu iri na abụọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wilson|first=Lainey|title=''Sayin' What I'm Thinkin'' (CD Liner Notes and Album Information)|journal=[[BBR Music Group]]|date=February 19, 2021}}</ref> Ọ bụ nke abụọ ya iru na ndepụta ọba akwụkwọ obodo ''Billboard'', na-arị elu na ọnụọgụ 40. <ref name="Country Albums" /> Diski ahụ nwetara nyocha dị mma. "Ewezuga ide na ịdekọ egwu na-eju ndị na-egwu egwu obodo afọ, ọ na-eme nke ọma n'iwebata onwe ya dum site na egwu," ''Taste of Country 's'' Billy Dukes kwubiri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dukes|first=Billy|title=Album Review: Lainey Wilson, ''Sayin' What I'm Thinkin''|url=https://tasteofcountry.com/lainey-wilson-sayin-what-im-thinkin-album-review/|work=[[Taste of Country]]|accessdate=25 December 2021}}</ref> ''Entertainment Focus'' kwuru, "kpakpando na-ebili na-atụpụ ya n'ogige ahụ na ọba ọhụrụ ya." <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ellwood-Hughes|first=Pip|title=Lainey Wilson – “Sayin’ What I’m Thinkin'” review|url=https://entertainment-focus.com/2021/02/19/lainey-wilson-sayin-what-im-thinkin-review/|work=Entertainment Focus|accessdate=25 December 2021}}</ref> Wilson pụtara dị ka ihe nkwado na Jason Aldean 's "Back in the Saddle Tour" na 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-17|title=Jason Aldean: Back In The Saddle Tour 2021 To Launch This August With Special Guests Hardy And Lainey Wilson|url=https://www.livenationentertainment.com/2021/05/jason-aldean-back-in-the-saddle-tour-2021-to-launch-this-august-with-special-guests-hardy-and-lainey-wilson/|accessdate=2021-09-02|work=Live Nation Entertainment|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902205409/https://www.livenationentertainment.com/2021/05/jason-aldean-back-in-the-saddle-tour-2021-to-launch-this-august-with-special-guests-hardy-and-lainey-wilson/}}</ref> Na 2021, Cole Swindell rịọrọ ka Wilson rụkọọ ọrụ na otu ya na-esote. O kwetara na na 2021, ụzọ abụọ ahụ wepụtara duet " Ekwula mgbe ọ bụla ". <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Farthing|first=Lydia|title=Cole Swindell & Lainey Wilson Join Forces On Fiery Duet, ‘Never Say Never’ [Interview]|journal=Music Row|date=December 2, 2021|url=https://musicrow.com/2021/12/cole-swindell-lainey-wilson-join-forces-on-fiery-duet-never-say-never-interview/|accessdate=25 December 2021}}</ref> == Ụdị egwu na mmetụta == Ụdị egwu Wilson gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na egwu obodo, mana ọ na-agụnyekwa ihe ndị dị na pop, rock ndịda, obodo nke oge a na obodo mara mma . <ref name="Allmusic" /> <ref name="Rolling Stone 2">{{Cite journal|author=Freeman|first=Jon|title=Lainey Wilson Doesn’t Sound Like Anyone Else in Nashville. It Helped Make 2021 Her Year|journal=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=December 23, 2021|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/lainey-wilson-sayin-what-im-thinkin-album-1274936/|accessdate=26 December 2021}}</ref> N'ịkọwa ụdị ya, AllMusic 's Mark Deming kwuru, sị, "Olu Wilson doro anya ma sie ike, na-eji ụda Southern na-enweghị mgbagha, egwu ya na-esikwa ike ma na-esite n'obi obodo dị ugbu a nke nwere ọnụ nke nwere mgbọrọgwụ na nkume ndịda nke Southern na nkume kpochapụwo. yana mpịachi nke pop nke oge a." <ref name="Allmusic" /> N'ịkọwa ụdị egwu nke ya, Wilson kọwara ya dị ka "mba mgbịrịgba", nke ''Taste of Country'' kpọrọ "obe n'etiti ige ntị dị mfe na eziokwu siri ike." <ref name="The Boot" /> Wilson ejiriwo Dolly Parton nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu, na-enye ya ụtụ na egwu nke onwe ya "WWDD" (Gịnị ga-eme Dolly). Ọ na-etokwa Lee Ann Womack dị ka mmetụta na ọrụ ya na egwu ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sawyer|first=Bobbie Jean|title=Rooted in Country: Lainey Wilson Says Lee Ann Womack's 'I Hope You Dance' Spoke to Her 'Big Dreams'|url=https://www.wideopencountry.com/lainey-wilson/|work=Wide Open Country|accessdate=26 December 2021}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ==   '''Albums Studio''' * ''Lainey Wilson'' (2014) <ref name="Hollywood Life" /> * ''Kasiri ike'' (2016) * ''Kwuo ihe m na-eche''' (2021) == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+ !Afo !Nhọrọ na oru !Hie nrita !ihiengosiputa |- | |CMT ihie nrite eritere na egwú | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |} == Ntụaka == <references /> {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hg9xwjat7yodhu3enlkeqc3q8tn1rbd 0 12599 727937 722113 2026-09-25T13:55:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kristen Mary Jenner''' ( née '''Houghton''' / HOH - tən HOH bụbu '''Kardashian''' ; amuru Nọvemba 5, 1955) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kristen Mary Houghton, born 11/5/1955|url=http://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/kristen_mary_houghton_born_1955_5554859|publisher=[[California Birth Index]]|accessdate=April 29, 2015}}</ref> bụ agwa mgbasa ozi America, onye na-elekọta mmadụ, na nwanyị ọchụnta ego. O tolitere bụrụ onye ama ama n'ịgba egwu na usoro ihe onyonyo n'ezie na-edobe ''na Kardashians'' (2007 – 2021). O nwere ụmụ anọ site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya na onye ọka iwu Robert Kardashian : Kourtney, Kim, Khloé na Robert, na ụmụ abụọ site na alụmdi na nwunye nke abụọ ya na àgwà telivishọn na onye meriri egwuregwu Olympic Bruce Jenner (nke bụ Caitlyn): Kendall na Kylie . == Mbido Ndụ == A mụrụ Jenner na San Diego, California, na Nọvemba 5, 1955, ọkpara n'ime ụmụaka abụọ a mụrụ Mary Jo "MJ" Shannon (née Campbell; mụrụ 1934), onye nwere ụlọ ahịa akwa ụmụaka, na Robert True "Bob" Houghton. (1931–1975), onye injinia. <ref>Stated in ''Kris Jenner... and All Things Kardashian'', 2011</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~houghtonfamily/p956.htm#i92820|publisher=Ancestry.com|title=Houghton Surname Project|accessdate=October 17, 2013}}</ref> <ref>[https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a19833299/kris-jenner-on-why-khloe-kardashian-named-her-baby-true-thompson/ "Kris Jenner Explains Why Khloé Kardashian Named Her Baby True"]. ''Elle''. April 16, 2018. ("It turns out True has a lot of family history to it. "FUN FACT," Jenner wrote in all caps so you don't miss it. "My Grandfather's name on my Dad's side was True Otis Houghton....my real Dad's name was Robert True Houghton...so I am so excited Khloe named her daughter True!!!'")</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180418105101/http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2018/04/17/khloe-kardashians-mom-kris-jenner-reveals-story-behind-baby-name-true.html "Khloe Kardashian's mom Kris Jenner reveals story behind baby name True"]. ''Fox News''. April 16, 2018.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Balogun|first=Oyin|date=2020-09-02|title=Mary Jo Campbell Is Kris Jenner's Mom Who Turned 86 This Year — Details about Her|url=https://news.amomama.com/226051-mary-jo-campbell-is-kris-jenners-mother.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=news.amomama.com|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, M.&nbsp;J. na Bob gbara alụkwaghịm, ma ya na nwanne ya nwanyị nke obere, Karen Casey (née Houghton; a mụrụ 1958), bụ ndị nne ha zụlitere. MJ ga-emecha lụọkwa ọzọ, nye onye ọchụnta ego Harry Shannon (1926–2003), onye nyere aka zụlite ya na Karen. Site n'alụmdi na nwunye nne ya na Harry, ọ nwetara nwanne, Steven "Steve" Shannon. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Harry Shannon Obituary (2003) - San Diego, CA - San Diego Union-Tribune|url=https://www.legacy.com/amp/obituaries/sandiegouniontribune/1246004|accessdate=May 3, 2021|work=www.legacy.com|language=en}}</ref> Ọnwa atọ ka ọ kwagara Oxnard, California, onye ọrụ azụmahịa Shannon boro ebubo na ọ hapụrụ isi obodo ụlọ ọrụ ahụ niile, ya mere ezinụlọ ahụ laghachiri na San Diego. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wetpaint.com/kourtney-and-kim-take-new-york/cast/kris-jenner|title=Kris Jenner bio|publisher=wetpaint.com}}</ref> Na San Diego, Jenner rụrụ ọrụ na Shannon & Company, ụlọ ahịa akwa ụmụaka nke nne ya nwere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hauteliving.com/2015/08/kris-jenner-the-empress-of-power/582360/|title=Kris Jenner: The Empress of Power|date=August 13, 2015|accessdate=September 24, 2020|work=[[Haute Living]]|author=Mimi Lombardo}}</ref> Jenner gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Clairemont <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/groups/famous-alumni-of-clairemont-high-school|title=Famous Clairemont High School Alumni|date=January 6, 2015|accessdate=February 16, 2016}}</ref> wee gụchaa na 1973. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/kris-jenner-21187199|title=Kris Jenner|work=Biography.com|accessdate=April 5, 2016}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka American ụgbọ elu dị ka onye na-eje ozi ụgbọ elu otu afọ na 1976. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wetpaint.com/what-did-kris-jenner-do-before-she-got-famous-757940/|title=What Did Kris Jenner Do Before She Got Famous?|date=February 20, 2012|accessdate=February 16, 2016}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Jenner na-arụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta nke ya, Jenner Communications, nke dabeere na Los Angeles. Ebe ọ bụ na tupu mmalite nke ''Ịnọgide na-enwe na Kardashians'', ọ na-ejikwa ụmụ ya nwanyị Kim, Kourtney, Khloe, Kendall, na ọrụ Kylie. Ọ na-etinyekwa aka na njikwa azụmahịa nke ụmụ ya ndị nwanyị ndị ọzọ na nwa nwoke. Jenner mepere ụlọ ahịa ụmụaka na 2004 ya na ada ya nwanyị, Kourtney . A na-akpọ boutique ahụ "Smooch" ma meghere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ isii tupu emechie ya na 2009. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kris Jenner... and All Things Kardashian|url=https://archive.org/details/krisjennerandall0000kris|author=Jenner|first=Kris|publisher=Gallery Books and Karen Hunter Publishing|year=2011|isbn=9781451646962|location=New York|pages=257–260}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zimbio.com/Kourtney+Kardashian/articles/EtpeCHXXxNE/Smooch+Kardashians+Out+Business|title=Smooch by Kardashians: Out of Business|author=Bustillo|first=Deena|date=January 12, 2009|work=Zimbio|accessdate=April 3, 2016}}</ref> Na 2011, Jenner ulo oru a uwe ahịrị, Kris Jenner Kollection na QVC . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Medina|first=Marcy|date=August 16, 2011|title=Kris Jenner to Launch Line With QVC|url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/sportswear/kris-jenner-kardashian-to-launch-line-with-qvc-5066600/|accessdate=October 26, 2020|work=WWD|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Kris Jenner Is Frequently Compared to the Devil, And She Seems to Like It|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/mbzzv8/kris-jenner-is-frequently-compared-to-the-devil-and-the-kardashian-matriarch-seems-to-like-it|accessdate=October 26, 2020|work=www.vice.com|language=en}}</ref> Jenner ejirila QVC rere ngwa mgbatị ahụ na 1990s. <ref>{{Cite web|author=August 2011|first=17|title=Kris Jenner to release QVC clothing 'Kollection'|url=http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/lifestyle-fashion/stylenews/Kris+Jenner+to+release+QVC+clothing+Kollection-12617.html|accessdate=October 26, 2020|work=www.femalefirst.co.uk|language=en}}</ref> === Na-ede === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ Jenner, ''Kris Jenner... na All Things Kardashian'', wepụtara na Nọvemba 2011. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2011/11/01/kris-jenner-memoir-nicole-brown-simpson|title=Kris Jenner shares details on her relationship with Nicole Brown Simpson in new memoir|accessdate=November 4, 2015|date=November 1, 2011|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|first=Breia|author=Brissey|archive-date=October 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026071041/http://www.ew.com/article/2011/11/01/kris-jenner-memoir-nicole-brown-simpson|url-status=dead}}</ref> O mechara dee akwụkwọ esi nri akpọrọ ''In the Kitchen with Kris: A Kollection of Kardashian-Jenner Family Favorites'', nke ewepụtara na October 2014. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/books/a32367/wonderfully-absurd-moments-in-kris-jenners-cookbook/|title=The 10 Most Wonderfully Absurd Moments in Kris Jenner's Cookbook|first=Lauren|author=Hoffman|date=October 22, 2014|work=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]}}</ref> === Ihe ngosi ihe onyonyo === Jenner kwadoro ihe ngosi okwu ụbọchị nke omenala pop, ''Kris'' . Usoro ahụ malitere ịgba ọsọ n'oge okpomọkụ izu isii ya n'ọtụtụ ọdụ Fox nwere na Julaị 15, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title=Kris Jenner's Syndicated Talk Show Gets Premiere Date, Executive Producer|url=https://www.deadline.com/2013/04/kris-jenners-syndicated-talk-show-gets-premiere-date-executive-producer/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=July 11, 2013|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> [[Kanyé West|Kanye West]], ọgọ ya nwoke, kpughere foto ọha mbụ nke nwa nwanyị North West na ihe ngosi ahụ. Agbatịghị ọsọ nnwale nke ihe ngosi ahụ nke were izu isii. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Kris Jenner's show cancelled, even with ratings stunt unveiling of Kanye & Kim's baby|url=https://nypost.com/2013/08/28/kris-jenners-show-cancelled-even-with-ratings-stunt-unveiling-of-kanye-kims-baby/|work=[[New York Post]]|accessdate=August 28, 2013|date=August 28, 2013}}</ref> === ''Na-aga n'ihu na ndị Kardashians'' === Jenner zutere Ryan Seacrest na 2007 ịchụso ihe ngosi telivishọn n'ezie dabere na ezinụlọ ya. Seacrest, bụ onye nwere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta nke ya, kpebiri ịzụlite echiche ahụ, na-enwe ihe ngosi ezinụlọ a ma ama ''The Osbournes'' n'uche ya. Jenner gara n'ihu kwuo okwu banyere usoro enwere ike: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/10/magazine/where-would-the-kardashians-be-without-kris-jenner.html|title=Where Would the Kardashians Be Without Kris Jenner?|first=Taffy|author=Brodesser-Akner|date=May 8, 2015|accessdate=December 25, 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Kim_Kardashian_&_Kris_Jenner_MTV_Awards.jpg|thumb|276x276px| Kim Kardashian na Jenner na 2018 MTV Movie &amp;amp; TV Awards]] Emechara welitere ihe nkiri a ka ọ pụta na E! USB netwọk na Jenner na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe. Usoro a na-elekwasị anya na ndụ onwe onye na nke ọkachamara nke ezinụlọ agwakọtara Kardashian–Jenner. <ref name=":0" /> Usoro a malitere na Ọktoba 14, 2007, wee bụrụ otu n'ime ihe ngosi telivishọn na-eme ogologo oge na mba ahụ. Oge nke iri na asatọ nke ''Idogide ndị Kardashians'' malitere ikuku na Maachị 26, 2020 . Ihe ngosi a rụpụtara na mmepe nke ọtụtụ ntụgharị, dị ka ''Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami'' (2009), ''Kourtney and Kim Take New York'' (2011), ''Khloé &amp;amp; Lamar'' (2011), ''Rob &amp;amp; Chyna'' (2016), na ''Ndụ nke Kylie'' (2017) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uk.complex.com/pop-culture/2013/08/worst-reality-tv-stars-ever/|title=The Worst People in Reality TV History|first=Tanya|author=Ghahremani|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|accessdate=December 22, 2016|date=August 13, 2013|archivedate=December 22, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222221508/http://uk.complex.com/pop-culture/2013/08/worst-reality-tv-stars-ever/}}</ref> === ''Ndị Kardashians'' === Na Disemba 31, 2021, ekwuputara na Jenner na ezinụlọ ya ga-apụta na usoro ọhụrụ na Hulu akpọrọ ''The Kardashians'' . A na-ahazi ya ka ọ ga-ekuku ma emechaa na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Petski|first=Denise|date=2022-01-01|title=‘The Kardashians’: Hulu Series Gets Title & Teaser|url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/the-kardashians-hulu-series-gets-title-teaser-1234903515/|accessdate=2022-02-04|work=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> == Oyiyi ọha == A na-akpọkarị Jenner dị ka onye na-achị ezinụlọ . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ang|first=Katerina|title=Kardashian family matriarch Kris Jenner reveals how the franchise grew into a 750 million follower behemoth|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/kardashian-family-matriarch-kris-jenner-reveals-how-the-franchise-grew-into-a-750-million-follower-behemoth-2017-10-25|accessdate=October 26, 2020|work=MarketWatch|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Morin|first=Natalie|title=Kris Jenner, Matriarch Of Reality TV, Addresses The "KUWTK" Legacy Coming To An End|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2020/09/10016281/kris-jenner-keeping-up-with-the-kardashians-ending-response|accessdate=October 26, 2020|work=www.refinery29.com|language=en}}</ref> Dimitri Ehrlich nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Interview'' kpọrọ ya "nna nke Kardashian-Jenner brood" na "ndị na-emepụta omenala omenala ndị inyom na narị afọ nke 21st." <ref>{{Cite web|date=August 19, 2012|title=Kris Jenner|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/kris-jenner|accessdate=October 26, 2020|work=Interview Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Jenner kọwara ọrụ ya dị ka nwanyị ọchụnta ego n'ihe ndekọ ya ''Kris Jenner.'' ''.'' ''.'' ''Na ihe niile Kardashian:'' “Amalitere m ile ọrụ anyị anya dị ka iberibe chessboard. . . Kwa ụbọchị, m na-eteta ụra ma banye n'ọfis m ma jụọ onwe m, sị, 'Olee ịkwaga i kwesịrị ime taa?' A gbakọrọ ya nke ukwuu. Mkpebi azụmahịa na atụmatụ m bụ nke ebum n'obi, nke doro anya na atụmatụ ya ruo ogo nth." <ref name=":1" /> E gosipụtara Jenner na mkpuchi nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ejiji, gụnyere ''CR Fashion Book'', <ref>{{Cite web|author=Glass|first=Joshua|date=October 1, 2019|title=Surprise: The Kardashian-Jenners Star on a Collector's Edition of CR in Custom Mugler|url=https://www.crfashionbook.com/celebrity/a29314927/kardashian-jenner-fashion-cr-carine-mugler/|accessdate=October 26, 2020|work=CR Fashion Book|language=en-US|archivedate=January 26, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126011155/https://www.crfashionbook.com/celebrity/a29314927/kardashian-jenner-fashion-cr-carine-mugler/}}</ref> ''Redbook'', ''Cosmopolitan'', ''Harper's Bazaar'', <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 30, 2019|title=July/August Cover Revealed: Kris And Kylie Jenner|url=https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/fashion/editorials/kris-kylie-jenner-harpers-bazaar-arabia-july-august-cover|accessdate=October 26, 2020|work=Harper's Bazaar Arabia}}</ref> ''The Hollywood Reporter, Es Magazine'', na ''New Gị'' . == Ndụ onwe onye == === Alụmdi na nwunye, mmekọrịta, na ezinụlọ === Alụmdi na nwunye mbụ Jenner bụ onye ọka iwu Robert Kardashian (onye mechara bụrụ onye ama ama maka nnọchite iwu mbụ ya nke OJ Simpson ) na Julaị 8, 1978. <ref>Stated on ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'', November 8, 2011</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedashclothingstore.com/kris_jenner.html|title=Kris Jenner and Robert Kardashian on June 27, 1984 and Robert Kardashian, Jr. on March 17, 1987.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926062311/http://www.thedashclothingstore.com/kris_jenner.html|archivedate=September 26, 2011}}</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ anọ: ụmụ nwanyị Kourtney (amụrụ 1979), Kim (amụrụ 1980), Khloé (amụrụ 1984), na nwa Rob (a mụrụ 1987). Ha gbara alụkwaghịm na Maachị 1991, mana ọ bụ ezigbo enyi ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa cancer esophageal na 2003. <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/03/us/robert-kardashian-a-lawyer-for-o-j-simpson-dies-at-59.html "Robert Kardashian, a Lawyer For O. J. Simpson, Dies at 59"], ''The New York Times'', October 2, 2003.</ref> Na 2012, Kris kwupụtara na ya na onye bụbu onye egwuregwu bọọlụ na animator Todd Waterman nwere mmekọrịta n'oge alụmdi na nwunye ya na Kardashian. Ọ kpọrọ Waterman dị ka "Ryan" na akụkọ ndụ ya, mana o gosipụtara onwe ya n'onwe ya. Ha nwere nzuko na ''Idogide ndị Kardashians'' mgbe Kris na-enwe nkuzi tenis. <ref name="todd waterman">{{Cite web|url=http://thestir.cafemom.com/celebrities/139157/keeping_up_with_the_kardashians|title='Keeping Up With the Kardashians' Recap: Kris Jenner Has No Business Meeting Up With Todd Waterman|publisher=CafeMom.com|first=Julie Ryan|author=Evans|date=June 17, 2012|accessdate=February 16, 2016|archivedate=May 16, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516154703/http://thestir.cafemom.com/celebrities/139157/keeping_up_with_the_kardashians}}</ref> N'April 1991, otu ọnwa mgbe ịgba alụkwaghịm ya na Kardashian gasịrị, Jenner lụrụ di na nwunye nke abụọ, Olympian Bruce Jenner lara ezumike nká, bụ onye pụtara n'ihu ọha dị ka nwanyị transgender na 2015, na-akpọ aha Caitlyn. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff|title=Celebrity News Kris and Bruce Jenner confirm they separated a year ago|url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2013/10/08/kris-and-bruce-jenner-confirm-separated-year-ago/|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=October 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416165233/http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2013/10/08/kris-and-bruce-jenner-confirm-separated-year-ago/|archive-date=April 16, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ọnụ: Kendall (amụrụ 1995) na Kylie (amụrụ 1997); <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130523072751/http://www.bytv.com/info/kris-kardashian-info.aspx Kris Kardashian Biography]. Buddytv.com. Retrieved September 6, 2011.</ref> na akụkọ ndụ ya, Jenner kọwara na ọ kpọrọ nwa ya nwanyị Kendall Nicole aha mgbe Nicole Brown Simpson nwụrụ. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120716033116/http://shelf-life.ew.com/2011/11/01/kris-jenner-memoir-nicole-brown-simpson/ "Kris Jenner shares details on her relationship with Nicole Brown Simpson in new memoir"]. ''Entertainment Weekly''; November 1, 2011.</ref> Site n'alụmdi na nwunye na Bruce, Kris nwekwara ụmụ nwanyị anọ: Burt, Cassandra "Casey", Brandon, na Brody . Ndị Jenners kwupụtara nkewa ha na Ọktoba 2013, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Baker|first=Ken|title=Kris Jenner and Bruce Jenner are Separated, 'Much Happier' Living Apart|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/468068/kris-jenner-and-bruce-jenner-are-separated-much-happier-living-apart|accessdate=October 8, 2013|date=October 8, 2013|work=[[E! Online]]|publisher=[[NBCUniversal]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Takeda|first=Allison|title=Kris Jenner, Bruce Jenner 23 Years of Marriage: 'I Will Always Love Him'|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/kris-jenner-bruce-jenner-separate-after-22-years-of-marriage-i-will-always-love-him-2013810/|date=October 8, 2013|accessdate=June 10, 2018}}</ref> na na Septemba 22, 2014, Kris gbara akwụkwọ maka ịgba alụkwaghịm, na-ekwu maka esemokwu na-enweghị nkwekọrịta. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.today.com/entertainment/kris-jenner-files-divorce-husband-bruce-jenner-2D80167714|title=Kris Jenner files for divorce from husband Bruce Jenner|author=Esther Lee and Alli Rosenbloom|work=Today}}</ref> Ịgba alụkwaghịm ahụ mechara bụrụ na Maachị 23, 2015, n'ihi iwu steeti chọrọ ọnwa isii. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eonline.com/shows/kardashians/news/607756/kris-jenner-and-bruce-jenner-s-divorce-finalized|title=Kris Jenner and Bruce Jenner's Divorce Finalized|first=Francesca|author=Bacardi|date=December 18, 2014|work=E! Online|publisher=NBCUniversal|accessdate=January 29, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="March">{{Cite news|url=http://www.eonline.com/shows/kardashians/news/607756/kris-jenner-and-bruce-jenner-s-divorce-finalized|title=Kris Jenner and Bruce Jenner's Divorce Finalized on Kardashians|work=E! Online|publisher=NBCUniversal|date=May 4, 2015|accessdate=May 13, 2015}}</ref> Kris Jenner ekwuola maka nbika ya na Caitlyn dị ka "ihe na-adịghị mma na-eme ihe ike", na-ekwu na mgbe Kris maara maka ojiji nke Caitlyn na-eji hormones na 1980s, "enweghị okwu gbasara nwoke na nwanyị. Ọ dịghị onye kwuru okwu gbasara nwoke na nwanyị." <ref name="Independent">{{Cite news|author=Bolton|first=Doug|title=Kris Jenner on Caitlyn Jenner's transition: 'Why would you not explain all this to me?'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/kris-jenner-on-caitlyn-jenners-transition-why-would-you-not-explain-all-this-to-me-10317701.html|work=The Independent|accessdate=June 15, 2015}}</ref> Jenner nwere ụmụ ụmụ iri. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elleuk.com/life-and-culture/culture/articles/g32620/kardashian-grandchildren-list/|title=A Full Breakdown Of All The Kardashian And Jenner Grandchildren, Because We Almost Lost Count|date=April 17, 2018|work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|accessdate=December 16, 2020}}</ref> Jenner na Corey Gamble na-enwe mmekọrịta kemgbe gburugburu 2014. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ledbetter|first=Carly|title=Kris Jenner Just Hinted She Might Be Engaged To Corey Gamble|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/kris-jenner-engaged-corey-gamble_us_5b6adfa3e4b0de86f4a71c24|accessdate=January 12, 2019|work=Huffington Post|date=August 8, 2018}}</ref> === OJ Simpson ikpe === Jenner na ezinụlọ ya nwere ọgbaghara mmetụta uche n'oge ikpe OJ Simpson (1994-1995), emesịkwara kọwaa dị ka "Ọnwụnwa nke Century." Jenner bụ ezigbo enyi nke nwunye mbụ OJ, Nicole Brown, na di mbụ Jenner, Robert Kardashian, bụ otu n'ime OJ Simpson's " Dream Team " nke ndị ọka iwu agbachitere n'oge ikpe ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Kris Jenner... And All Things Kardashian|url=https://archive.org/details/krisjennerandall0000kris|author=Jenner|first=Kris|publisher=Gallery Books and Karen Hunter Publishing|year=2011|isbn=9781451646962|location=New York, NY|pages=145–165}}</ref> Onye omere America bụ Selma Blair gosipụtara ya na usoro FX amachi akụkọ ''American Crime Story: The People v.'' ''OJ Simpson'', nke ewepụtara na February 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2788432/|title=American Crime Story|work=IMDb|accessdate=April 5, 2016}}</ref> === California Community Church === Jenner na pastọ Brad Johnson tọrọ ntọala California Community Church na 2012. Akpọrọ ya na mbụ Life Change Community Church, nke dị na Agoura Hills, California. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Hyde|first=Marina|title=Worship with Kim and the Kardashians|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2014/apr/10/kim-kardashians-california-community-church|work=The Guardian|date=April 10, 2014|accessdate=July 23, 2015}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Dị ka onwe ya === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Igwe onyonyo ! scope="col" | Afọ ! scope="col" | Aha ! scope="col" | Ihe ndetu ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Ref. |- | 2007-2021 | ''Na-akwado ndị Kardashians'' | Isi ọrụ (akụkụ 238) | |- | rowspan="1" | 2008 | ''Ịgba egwu na kpakpando'' | Onye ọbịa (ngalaba anọ) | |- | 2008, 2018 | ''Esemokwu Ezinụlọ ama ama'' | Onye ọbịa (ngalaba 3) | |- | 2009–10 | ''Kourtney na Kim were Miami'' | Isi ọrụ (akụkụ atọ) | <ref>{{Cite web|first=Lynette|author=Rice|title=E! begins production on 'Kourtney and Kim take Miami'|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2012/09/14/e-kourtney-and-kim-kardashian-miami|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=July 2, 2014|date=September 14, 2012|archivedate=March 22, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322215651/http://www.ew.com/article/2012/09/14/e-kourtney-and-kim-kardashian-miami}}</ref> |- | 2012–12 | ''Ihe nlere anya kacha nke America'' | Kpakpando ọbịa; Akụkụ 2 | <ref>{{Cite web|title=''America's Next Top Model'' Episode: "La Toya Jackson"|url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/americas-next-top-model-2011/episode-5-season-17/la-toya-jackson/100032|work=TV Guide|accessdate=October 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015150755/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/americas-next-top-model-2011/episode-5-season-17/la-toya-jackson/100032|archive-date=October 15, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2011–12 | ''Kourtney na Kim aga New York'' | Ọrụ na-eme ugboro ugboro (ngalaba 6) | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kourtney and Kim Take New York – TV Show|url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/kourtney-and-kim-take-new-york/308707/|work=TV Guide|accessdate=June 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904222621/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/kourtney-and-kim-take-new-york/308707|archive-date=September 4, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2011 | ''Khloé &amp;amp; Lamar'' | Ọrụ na-eme ugboro ugboro (ngalaba 4) | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lamar Odom Surprises Khloe (and Kim Kardashian) with Dinner and a Dozen Roses|url=http://sandrarose.com/2013/03/lamar-odom-surprises-khloe-and-kim-kardashian-with-dinner-and-a-dozen-roses/|publisher=Sandra Rose|accessdate=March 12, 2013|date=March 12, 2013}}</ref> |- | 2013 | ''Kris'' | Onye ọbịa (ngalaba 30) | |- | rowspan="1" | 2014 | ''Kourtney na Khloé na-ewere Hamptons'' | Ọrụ na-eme ugboro ugboro (ngalaba 2) | |- | rowspan="2" | 2015 | ''Abụ m Cait'' | Ọrụ na-eme ugboro ugboro (ngalaba 6) | |- | ''The Mindy Project'' | Ọdịdị ọbịa | |- | rowspan="2" | 2016 | ''Rob &amp;amp; Chyna'' | Ọrụ na-eme ugboro ugboro (ngalaba 4) | |- | ''Hollywood Ọkara'' | rowspan="2" | Kpakpando ọbịa (1 ihe omume) | |- | 2017 | ''Ọsọ Drag nke RuPaul'' | |- | 2019 | ''Tụgharịa ya dị ka Disick'' | Ọbịa (mmepe 2) | |- | rowspan="3" | 2020 | ''Justin Bieber: Oge'' | Cameo | <ref>{{Cite web|date=May 28, 2020|title=Justin Bieber: Seasons: All the Celebrity Cameos Featured on Show|url=https://screenrant.com/justin-bieber-seasons-celebrity-cameos-musicians/|accessdate=August 2, 2020|work=ScreenRant|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | ''Kirby Jenner'' | Ọrụ na-eme ugboro ugboro (ngalaba 3) | |- | ''Nke a bụ Paris'' | Ọdịdị ọbịa (akwụkwọ) | |- | 2022 | ''Ndị Kardashians'' | Isi ọrụ | |} === Dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! scope="col" style="width:22em;" | Aha ! Ihe ndetu ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Ref. |- | 2007 - 2021 | ''Na-aga n'ihu na ndị Kardashians'' | Onye mmepụta ihe (78 nkeji) | |- | 2011–12 | ''Kourtney na Kim aga New York'' | Onye nrụpụta ọrụ (ngalaba 20) | |- | 2011–12 | ''Kourtney na Kim aga New York'' | Onye nrụpụta ọrụ (ngalaba 20) | |- | 2011–12 | ''Khloé & Lamar'' | Onye nrụpụta ọrụ (ngalaba 20) | |- | 2009–13 | ''Kourtney na Kim were Miami'' | Onye nrụpụta ọrụ (ngalaba 20) | |- | 2013 | ''Kris'' | Onye nrụpụta ọrụ (ngalaba 30) | |- | 2016 | ''Rob & Chyna'' | Onye nrụpụta ọrụ (akụkụ 3) | |- | 2019 | ''Tụgharịa ya dị ka Disick'' | Onye nrụpụta ọrụ (1 nkeji) | |- | 2020 | ''Kirby Jenner'' | Onye nrụpụta ọrụ (ngalaba 8) | |} === Na vidiyo egwu === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! scope="col" style="width:16em;" | Aha ! Onye omenkà ! Ọrụ ! Ref. |- | 2016 | scope="row" | " Olee ebe ịhụnanya nọ? " | The Black Eyed Peas featuring The World | Onwe ya | |- | 2018 | scope="row" | " Daalụ, Ọzọ " | Ariana Grande | Oriakụ George | |- |} == Ntụaka == <references /> {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fqg1o5krdg0669hgraeifx52oz8bhvt 0 12605 727914 722023 2026-09-25T12:20:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727914 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Katie Price, 2014.jpg|thumb|áká_ịkẹngạ]] {{Databox}} == Ndụ mbido == Amụrụ Katrina Amy Alexandra Alexis Infield na Brighton, East Sussex, na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ England, <ref name="IndeMag"> {{Cite news|author=Harding|first=Nick|title=My Secret Life: Katie Price|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/my-secret-life-katie-price-34-entrepreneur-7956872.html|accessdate=1 August 2012|work=The Independent Magazine|date=21 July 2012}} </ref> <ref name="kp-history">{{Cite web|url=http://www.katieprice.co.uk/index.php?page=32|title=History|work=Katie Price official website|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328220223/http://www.katieprice.co.uk/index.php?page=32|archivedate=28 March 2010|accessdate=11 April 2019}}</ref> Ọnụahịa bụ naanị nwa Ray na Amy Infield ( ''née'' Charlier). <ref name="grimsbytelegraph-name"> {{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Lucy|title=Katie Price's marriage licence reveals her real name - and it's a mouthful|url=https://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/news/celebs-tv/katie-prices-real-name-uncovered-6202833|accessdate=8 March 2022|work=[[Grimsby Telegraph]]|date=2021-11-13}} </ref> <ref name="hello-magazine-profile"> {{Cite news|title=Katie Price. Biography, news, photos and videos|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/katie-price/|accessdate=8 March 2022|work=[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]]|language=English}} </ref> <ref name="OK! Celebrity Profile"> {{Cite web|title=Katie Price: Celeb Profile|url=http://www.ok.co.uk/posts/view/1341/Katie-Price|work=OK!|accessdate=6 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723101113/http://www.ok.co.uk/posts/view/1341/Katie-Price|archivedate=23 July 2011}} </ref>  Nna <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> hapụrụ ezinụlọ mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, <ref name="BBC fronting">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/newsmakers/2166948.stm|title=Jordan: Fronting up|work=BBC News|date=2 August 2002|accessdate=6 November 2010|first=Bob|author=Chaundy}}</ref> na 1988 nne ya lụrụ onye na-ewu ụlọ Paul Price, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ nwetara aha nna ya. <ref name="IndeMag" /> <ref name="Independent">{{Cite news|title=Katie Price: Life on the red-top roundabout|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/katie-price-life-on-the-redtop-roundabout-1887887.html|author=Dickinson, Matt|work=The Independent|date=3 February 2010|accessdate=6 November 2010}}</ref> O nwere nwanne nne nke okenye aha ya bụ Daniel na nwanne nwanyị nke obere aha ya bụ Sophie. <ref name="kp-history" /> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Price|first=Katie|title=Being Jordan: My Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/beingjordanmyaut0000pric|publisher=John Blake|year=2006|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beingjordanmyaut0000pric/page/n21 2]–4|isbn=978-1-84454-224-6}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Italian, Spanish, Bekee na onye Juu. Nne nne Price bụ onye Juu, mana ọ naghị eji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Update: 'Moody' Princess Tiaamii Andre makes her debut|url=https://people.com/parents/update-moody-pr/|accessdate=9 February 2021|work=PEOPLE.com|language=EN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/katie-price-we-love-to-earn-money-who-doesnt-955318.html|title=Katie Price: 'We love to earn money, who doesn't?'|work=[[The Independent]]|author=Ross|first=Deborah|date=11 October 2008|accessdate=11 April 2019}}</ref> Ọnụ ego gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Blatchington Mill na Hove na East Sussex . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/katie-prices-old-school-set-to-give-students-an-extra-hour-in-bed-a3457191.html|title=Katie Price's old school set to give students an extra hour in bed|date=3 February 2017|work=Evening Standard|accessdate=31 March 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> O mere nke ọma na egwuregwu, igwu mmiri maka Sussex na asọmpi mpaghara. <ref name="Independent" /> N'oge ọ bụ nwata, ọ zụlitekwara mmasị maka ịnyịnya na ịnya ịnyịnya. <ref name="Independent" /> Ọ malitere ịme ihe ngosi mgbe ọ bụ nwata, na 13 ọ kpụrụ maka eriri uwe. <ref name="BBC fronting" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ 17, ọ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Katie Price. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Katie Price's real name revealed – and it's quite the tongue twister|url=https://www.ok.co.uk/lifestyle/what-katie-price-real-name-14389663|date=23 May 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Nlereanya === [[Usòrò:Katie_Price_at_Clothes_Show_Live.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|299x299px| Ọnụahịa na 2009]] N'atụmatụ enyi ya, Price nwere foto ndị ọkachamara wee kpebie ịchụso ọrụ ịmebe. <ref name="KatiePriceHistory">{{Cite web|title=History|url=http://katieprice.co.uk/history|publisher=Official Kate Price Website|accessdate=6 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102012712/http://katieprice.co.uk/history|archivedate=2 November 2010}}</ref> E zigara foto ndị a na ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe na London, na 1996 ọ pụtara, a na-akwụ ụgwọ dị ka "Jordan", na ''Peeji nke 3'' na akwụkwọ akụkọ Britain ''The Sun.'' <ref>{{Cite book|author=Banker|first=Leslie|title=Britannia in Brief: The Scoop on All Things British|url=https://archive.org/details/britanniainbrief0000bank|publisher=Random House, Inc.|year=2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/britanniainbrief0000bank/page/61 61], 67|isbn=978-0-345-50999-4}}</ref> Dịka Jordan, a ma ama Price maka ara nwere ike ịwa ahụ. Na 20, o nwere nke mbụ n'usoro ịwa ahụ na-akwalite ara, na-amụba 32B eke ya na 32FF. <ref name="Independent" /> Ọnụahịa na-apụtakwa mgbe niile na ''Daily Star'', ''FHM'', mbipụta Britain nke ''Playboy'', ''Nuts'', ''Maxim'', ''Loaded'', ''Vogue'' na ''Esquire'' ma na-agbakwa ọsọ dị ka onye na-akwado Stretford na Urmston n'oge ntuli aka n'ozuzu UK 2001, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/vote2001/hi/english/newsid_1360000/1360650.stm|title=Jordan Presses the Flesh|accessdate=18 April 2007|date=31 May 2001|work=BBC News}}</ref> na-anata 713 votes. 1.8% nke ntuli aka emere. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/vote2001/hi/english/newsid_1371000/1371483.stm|title=Independent Doctor Triumphs|accessdate=18 April 2007|date=8 June 2001|work=BBC News}}</ref> Na 2002, ọ pụtara na September cover nke American mbipụta nke ''Playboy'' magazin. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uk.askmen.com/celebs/women/models_100/113_katie_price.html|title=Katie Price Video, Pictures, Gallery – AskMen UK|publisher=Uk.askmen.com|accessdate=31 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082413/http://uk.askmen.com/celebs/women/models_100/113_katie_price.html|archivedate=17 January 2012}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2022 ọnụ ahịa sonyeere OnlyFans, mana welitere naanị £150 site na otu n'ime ọkwa ya, n'agbanyeghị na-arịọ ndị na-eso ụzọ ka ha debanye aha maka ọrụ ndenye aha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/katie-prices-latest-onlyfans-post-23001822|title=Katie Price's latest OnlyFans post flops and raises meagre sum|first=Chris|author=Harper|date=6 February 2022|work=WalesOnline.co.uk|accessdate=16 February 2022}}</ref> === Igwe onyonyo === [[Usòrò:Katie_Price_Jordan_(cropped).jpg|thumb|302x302px| Ọnụahịa na 2004]] === Egwu === Na Julaị 2010, Price wepụtara " Free to Love Again ", otu na-abụghị album. Banyere ntọhapụ ahụ, ọ kọwara, sị: “Abụghị m onye ọbụ abụ, nke a bụ nanị ihe m na-eme maka ntụrụndụ. Ọ dịghị ka m na-echegbu onwe m maka ịnweta ọkwa chaatị ma ọ bụ nọmba mbụ, nke a bụ naanị maka ntụrụndụ. Ma ndị mmadụ masịrị ya ma ọ bụ na ha achọghị, m na-eme ya." <ref>{{Cite web|author=Duncan, Amy|date=16 July 2010|title=Katie Price nervously mimes Free To Love Again on TV for the first time|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/tv/835303-katie-price-nervously-mimes-free-to-love-again-on-tv-for-the-first-time|accessdate=6 November 2010}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ === Ọnụ ahịa dị na 100 ndị na-ede akwụkwọ kacha ere nke afọ iri maka ire akwụkwọ n'etiti 2000 na 2009, yana ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ahịa nde atọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/6866648/Bestselling-authors-of-the-decade.html|title=Bestselling authors of the decade|first=Brian|author=MacArthur|date=22 December 2009|accessdate=17 September 2018|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> Rebecca Farnworth dere akwụkwọ ọnụ ahịa ghost. <ref name="ghostwriter">{{Cite news|title=Katie Price ghostwriter, Rebecca Farnworth, dies at 49|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-30274080|work=BBC News|date=1 December 2014|accessdate=5 October 2021|quote=Farnworth wrote all 14 books under the model and businesswoman's name}}</ref> Ọ wepụtara akụkọ akụkọ ndụ mbụ ya, ''ịbụ Jordan'', na Mee 2004. <ref name="Sexton">David Sexton [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/katie-price-knows-how-to-kiss-and-sell-6764040.html "Katie Price knows how to kiss and sell"], ''London Evening Standard'', 2 September 2009</ref> Ahịa mere njem nbinye aka akwụkwọ ụbọchị iri nke nyere aka ịkwalite ya n'ọkwa mbụ na Nielsen BookScan hardback sales chart na ire 97,090 n'ime otu afọ, na ihe karịrị 1,000,000 dị ka nke January 2007. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Barkham|first=Patrick|title=I'm famous, buy me|work=The Guardian|date=15 January 2007|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/biography/story/0,,1990564,00.html}}</ref> <ref name="IndBingo060924">{{Cite news|author=Kean|first=Danuta|title=Bookshop Bingo!|work=[[The Independent|Independent on Sunday]]|publisher=FindArticles.com|date=24 September 2006|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20060924/ai_n16748279|archive-date=31 December 2007|access-date=3 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231172253/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20060924/ai_n16748279|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dolby|first=Trevor|title=Publishing confessions|work=Prospect Magazine|date=January 2007|url=http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/printarticle.php?id=8148}}</ref> ] <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dolby|first=Trevor|title=Publishing confessions|work=Prospect Magazine|date=January 2007|url=http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/printarticle.php?id=8148}}</ref> E bipụtara akụkọ ndụ ya nke abụọ, ''A Whole New World'' na Jenụwarị 2006. Ọ ruru ọnụọgụ abụọ na ngalaba hardback izugbe wee ree 198,105 mbipụta site na 1&nbsp;Eprel 2006. <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Sunday Times bestsellers|work=The Sunday Times|date=9 April 2006|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article702048.ece|first=Fiona|author=Hamilton|archive-date=17 June 2011|access-date=3 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617004544/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article702048.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ nke Price, ''Crystal'', banyere mgbalị nwa agbọghọ na-eme ịghọ onye na-agụ egwú, rere 159,407 n'ime ọnwa atọ mbụ mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya na June 2007. <ref name="DTbooker">{{Cite news|author=Lusher|first=Adam|title=Man Booker Prize 2007: Why Jordan is better read than Ian McEwan|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=23 September 2007|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2007/09/23/boprice123.xml|accessdate=5 August 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1733919,00.html|title=The pen pushers|author=Tim Adams|date=19 March 2006|work=The Observer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060327172216/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1733919,00.html|archive-date=27 March 2006|access-date=3 April 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2097967.ece|title=Let's hear it for Katie Price, role model|author=Carol Midgley|date=19 July 2007|work=The Times|archive-date=24 July 2008|access-date=3 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724204404/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2097967.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na July 2008, Price wepụtara ya nke atọ akwụkwọ akụkọ, ''Angel Uncovered'' . Na Julaị 2009, Price wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ''akpọrọ Sapphire'' nke bụ ọnụọgụ&nbsp;1 na eserese akụkọ ifo hardback maka izu anọ na-esochi ma ree 42,215 n'ime izu abụọ mbụ ya na UK naanị. Price wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke ise, ''Paradaịs'', na Julaị 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7571543-paradise|title=Paradise (Angel Summer, #3)|work=Goodreads|accessdate=31 March 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, o wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ nke iri ya, ''Mee Ka Ọchịchọ M Mezuo'' . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ikonlondonmagazine.com/kate-price-make-my-wish-come-true-book-launch/|title=Ikon London Magazine coverage from the press launch|publisher=Ikon London Magazine|date=26 October 2014|accessdate=8 March 2018}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == === Mmekọrịta na ụmụaka === [[Usòrò:Peter_Andre_and_Katie_Price.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Ọnụ ya na di ya bụ Peter Andre na 2009 na-eme Marathon London]] Price mụrụ nwa mbụ ya, nwa nwoke Harvey, na Brighton na Mee 2002. Nna Harvey bụ onye [[Footbọl|egwuregwu bọọlụ]] lara ezumike nka Dwight Yorke . Achọpụtara Harvey ka ọ kpuru ìsì, ya na dysplasia septo-optic, nke na-eme ka mmepe akwara optic bụrụ ihe a na-atụghị anya ya. A chọpụtakwara ya na ụdị autistic spectrum yana nwee ọrịa Prader-Willi . <ref name="scotsman">{{Cite web|url=http://living.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=173652006|title=Two faces of Jordan|accessdate=18 March 2007|author=Catherine Deveney|date=5 February 2006|work=The Scotsman|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205194741/http://living.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=173652006|archivedate=5 February 2007}}</ref> <ref name="care">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47146778|title=Katie Price considers residential care for disabled son Harvey|work=BBC News|date=6 February 2019}}</ref> Na July 2009, Price malitere ịlụ MMA fighter na omee Alex Reid . Ha lụrụ na 2&nbsp;Febụwarị 2010 na emume nzuzo na ụlọ ụka dị na Wynn Hotel na Las Vegas . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8494848.stm|title=Model Katie Price married Alex Reid in Vegas|accessdate=25 April 2020|date=2 February 2010|work=BBC News}}</ref> Ha mechakwara gọzie otu ha n'otu ụka dị na UK; emume a mere ihe onyonyo maka ihe onyonyo onyonyo. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news//10500894|title=Katie Price and Alex Reid have their marriage blessed|accessdate=25 April 2020|date=4 July 2010|work=BBC News}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2011, Reid na Price kewapụrụ na ịgba alụkwaghịm ha kwụsịrị na March 2012. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/17879979/former-glamour-model-katie-price-to-marry-for-third-time|title=Former glamour model Katie Price to marry for third time|accessdate=25 April 2020|date=28 April 2009|work=Newsbeat}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/17445605/katie-price-divorces-reid-for-unreasonable-behaviour|title=Katie Price divorces Reid for 'unreasonable behaviour'|accessdate=25 April 2020|date=20 March 2012|work=Newsbeat}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Igwe onyonyo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ihe ndetu |- | 2002-2004 | ''Jordan'' | Usoro atọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b87f60b4a|title=Jordan - The Truth about Me (2002)|work=BFI|accessdate=2022-04-03|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005172641/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b87f60b4a}}</ref> |- | 2004, 2009 | <nowiki><i id="mwAiI">A bụ m onye ama ama.</i></nowiki> <nowiki><i id="mwAiI">.</i></nowiki> <nowiki><i id="mwAiI">.</i></nowiki> <nowiki><i id="mwAiI">Wepụ m n'ebe a!</i></nowiki> | Onye asọmpi na usoro nke atọ na nke itoolu |- | 2004-2009 | ''Katie &amp;amp; Peter'' | Usoro itoolu |- | 2004–2021 | ''Ụmụ nwanyị rụrụ arụ'' | Ndepụta ndị ọbịa mgbe niile; nkeji 113 |- | 2009-2012 | <nowiki><i id="mwAjY">Katie</i></nowiki> | Usoro anọ |- | 2010 | ''Katie & Alex'' | Otu usoro <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8dee2a8d|title=Katie and Alex: For Better for Worse[14/07/2010] (2010)|work=BFI|accessdate=2022-04-03|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005183411/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8dee2a8d}}</ref> |- | 2011 | ''Katie Price bịanyere aka na ya'' | Otu usoro <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2011/10/10/signed-by-katie-price-episode-1-tv-review-179623/|title=Signed by Katie Price was the worst X Factor copy yet|first=Christopher|author=Hooton|date=10 October 2011}}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''Onye ama ama Big Brother'' | Onye meriri usoro iri na ise <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/feb/06/katie-price-emerges-victorious-in-celebrity-big-brother-2015|title=Katie Price emerges victorious in Celebrity Big Brother 2015|date=6 February 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref> |- | 2016 | ''Katie Price's Pony Club'' | Otu usoro <ref name="guide" /> |- | 2017 - dị ugbu a | ''Katie Price: My Crazy Life'' | Usoro atọ <ref name="guide">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/katie-price/credits/3000333863/|title=Katie Price|work=TVGuide.com}}</ref> |- | 2021 | ''Katie Price: Harvey na mụ'' | Akwụkwọ akụkọ <ref>Katie Price: Harvey and Me</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | 2022 | ''Ụlọ nke Katie Price's Mucky Mansion'' | Akụkụ 2 |- | ''Katie Price: Trauma na mụ'' | Akwụkwọ akụkọ |- | ''Katie Price: Ihe Harvey mere ọzọ'' | Akwụkwọ akụkọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/proginfo/2022/10/katie-price-what-harvey-did-next|title=Katie Price: What Harvey Did Next|work=bbc.com/mediacentre|accessdate=27 February 2022}}</ref> |} === Mpụta ndị ọbịa === === Album === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Afọ ! rowspan="2" | Album ! Ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> eserese<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ọnọdụ ! rowspan="2" | Asambodo |- ! <small>UK</small> |- | 2006 | align="left" | ''Ụwa Ọhụrụ dum''<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (with Peter Andre ) * Ewepụtara: 27 November 2006 * Aha njirimara: Sony BMG * Ụdị: CD, budata | align="center" | 20 | * BPI : ọla edo |} === Ndị na-alụbeghị di === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Afọ ! rowspan="2" | Naanị otu ! colspan="2" | Ọkwa chaatị kacha elu ! rowspan="2" | Album |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! width="30" | UK ! width="30" | IRE |- | 2006 | align="left" | " Ụwa Ọhụrụ dum " | style="text-align:center;" | 12 | style="text-align:center;" | - | ''Ụwa Ọhụrụ dum'' |- | 2010 | align="left" | " nweere onwe gị ịhụ ọzọ n'anya " | style="text-align:center;" | 60 | style="text-align:center;" | - | rowspan="3" | Ndị otu na-abụghị album |- | 2017 | align="left" | "Enwere m gị" <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kelly|first=Aoife|date=22 June 2017|title=Katie Price sings new single I Got U on Loose Women – Ruth Langsford and Coleen Nolan's faces speak for everyone|url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/music/music-news/katie-price-sings-new-single-i-got-u-on-loose-women-ruth-langsford-and-coleen-nolans-faces-speak-for-everyone-35851627.html|accessdate=23 June 2017|work=[[Independent.ie]]}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |- | 2019 | align="left" | "Ajọ Ifufe"<br /><br /><br /><br /> (with Rick Live) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hurricane – Single by Katie Price & Rick Live|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/hurricane-single/1469658771|accessdate=27 July 2019|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=25 July 2019}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Ihe nrite ! Otu ! Ọrụ ! Nsonaazụ ! Ref |- | 2004 | ''Ebugoro ihe'' nrite | Cover Girl nke iri afọ | Onwe ya|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite news|author=Lucy Mangan|date=17 November 2009|title=The changing face of Katie Price|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/tvandradioblog/2009/nov/17/katie-price-im-a-celebrity}}</ref> |- | 2005 | ''Akwụkwọ nrite nke British Book Awards'' | Biography nke Afọ | ''Aha ya bụ Jordan''|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web|date=30 June 2005|title=Jordan up for book award|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/going-out/jordan-up-for-book-award-1060454|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716060910/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/going-out/jordan-up-for-book-award-1060454|archivedate=16 July 2015|work=Manchester Evening News}}</ref> |- | 2007 | ''Cosmopolitan'' Award | Nwanyị nke afọ | Onwe ya|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 November 2007|title=Katie Price Named Woman of the Year|url=http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/lifestyle-fashion/stylenews/Katie+Price-4103.html|work=femalefirst.co.uk}}</ref> |- | 2008 | ''Akwụkwọ nrite nke British Book Awards'' | Akwụkwọ ụmụaka nke Britain nke afọ | ''Akwụkwọ Nlekọta Pony m''|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite news|author=Lindesay Irvine|date=13 March 2008|title=The Galaxy British Book Awards shortlists are announced|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/mar/13/news.galaxyawards}}</ref> |- | 2009 | ''Onyinye'' onyinye | Celebrity mama nke afọ | Onwe ya|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite news|date=20 October 2009|title=Model Katie Price up for Celebrity Mum of the Year|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/6378295/Model-Katie-Price-up-for-Celebrity-Mum-of-the-Year.html}}</ref> |- | 2009 | ''FiFi Awards'' | Award maka Celebrity Fragrance | ''Mmasị''|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|title=UK Fifi Awards 2009 ~ the winners|url=https://nstperfume.com/2009/04/23/uk-fifi-awards-2009-the-winners/|work=nstperfume.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | 2011 | rowspan="3" | Virgin Music Media Awards | Onye meriri afọ | Onwe ya|{{Won}} | rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 February 2011|title=Katie Price voted 'loser of the year' at Virgin Media Music Awards|url=http://metro.co.uk/2011/02/09/katie-price-voted-loser-of-the-year-at-virgin-media-music-awards-638652/|work=Metro}}</ref> |- | Abụ kacha njọ | " nweere onwe gị ịhụ ọzọ n'anya" |{{Won}} |- | Ojiji akpaaka kacha njọ | " nweere onwe gị ịhụ ọzọ n'anya" |{{Won}} |- | 2012 | Foxy Bingo | Celebrity mama nke afọ | Onwe ya|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 March 2012|title=Katie Price crowned 'Celebrity Mum of the Year' 2012|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a371290/katie-price-crowned-celebrity-mum-of-the-year-2012/|work=Digital Spy}}</ref> |- | 2013 | Ihe nrite Mma dị ọcha | Ihe nrite imewe na nkwakọ ngwaahịa ọhụrụ kacha mma | ''Esusu ọnụ''|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Katie Price shows off post baby figure as she heads to beauty awards|url=http://www.reveal.co.uk/showbiz-celeb-gossip/news/a524608/katie-price-shows-off-post-baby-figure-as-she-heads-to-beauty-awards.html|work=Reveal}}</ref> |- | 2015 | Ihe nrite LGBT nke Britain | Celebrity kwụ ọtọ Ally | Onwe ya|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2015|title=Sam Smith, Tom Daley and Katie Price nominated for British LGBT Awards|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a629420/sam-smith-tom-daley-and-katie-price-nominated-for-british-lgbt-awards/|work=Digital Spy}}</ref> |} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == Akwụkwọ iri na anọ mbụ nke Price bụ Rebecca Farnworth dere ghost . <ref name="ghostwriter" /> === Akụkọ ndụ === * ''Abụ Jordan'' (2004) * ''Ụwa Ọhụrụ dum'' (2006) * ''Kwagara na oke'' (2008) * ''Naanị Ị Na-ebi Ndụ'' (2010) * ''Ịhụnanya, lipstick na ụgha'' (2013) * ''Mụọ ọzọ'' (2016) === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * ''Angel'' (2006) * ''Crystal'' (2007) * ''Ekpuchiri mmụọ ozi'' (2008) * ''Sapphire'' (2009) * ''Paradaịs'' (2010) * ''Nwa agbọghọ ahụ na-abịaghachi'' (2011) * ''Santa Baby'' (2011) * ''N'aha nke ịhụnanya'' (2012) * ''Ọ bụ ya'' (2013) * ''Mee ka ọchịchọ m mezuo'' (2014) * ''Eji ọkụ na-egwu egwu'' (2018) === Usoro ụmụaka === * ''Ponies zuru oke'' (2007- dị ugbu a) ** ''Ebe a na-abịa nwunye'', ''obere akụ'', ''Fancy Uwe Ponies'', ''Pony Club Weekend'', ''The New Best Enyi'', ''Ponies to the Rescue'', ''My Pony Care Book'', ''Star Ponies'', ''Pony 'n' Pooch'', ''Pony in Disguise'', ''Stage Fright!'', ''Nzuzo na ihe ịtụnanya'', ''Wild West Weekend'' (ka ụbọchị mbipụta) * ''Mermaids & Pirates'' (2008-dị ugbu a) ** ''Soro Azụ'', ''M Nledo'', ''Ka Anyị wuo Sandcastle'', ''Ụbọchị anwụ na-acha'', ''Telescope Overboard'', ''Time for a Picnic'', ''Nile Gburugburu'', ''Zoo na Chọọ'', ''Katie the Mermaid'', ''Katie's Day'', ''Peter's Friends'', ''Pirate Olympics'' (n'usoro nke ụbọchị mbipụta) === Akwụkwọ ejiji === * ''Nke pụtara'' (2009) == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ụdị ọmarịcha == Ntụaka == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Katie Price – official site * Katie Price discography at Discogs * Katie Price at IMDb {{S-start}} {{succession box|title=''[[Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series)|Celebrity Big Brother UK]]'' winner|years=[[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 15)|Series 15 (2015)]]|before=[[Gary Busey]]|after=[[James Hill (TV personality)|James Hill]]}} {{S-end}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4seusjthnv5iomhnakzwxd3ane07xmd 0 12723 727913 137999 2026-09-25T12:19:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727913 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Usòrò:Katie Lowes in SAG Awards Red Carpet Rollout (24328180089).jpg|thumb]]{{Databox}} '''Katie Quinn Lowes''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZbffRWFt6s|title=Scandal (ABC) Cast Interview|work=YouTube|accessdate=November 24, 2014}}</ref> (amụrụ n'abali iri abụo na abụọ nke ọnwa Septemba afọ 1982 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oe_UJ4HWBlY|title=The Real Midwives: Celebrity Birth Stories - Katie Lowes Ep 1|work=YouTube|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref> ) bụ onye ome ihe nkiri nke Amerika na onye ntuziaka ihe nkiri ọgbọ. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dị ka Quinn Perkins na usoro ihe nkiri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ABC ''Scandal'' (2012 – 2018) na ngosipụta ya dị ka Rachel DeLoache Williams na usoro ihe nkiri Netflix ''Inventing Anna'' (2022).7 == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Lowes na Queens, New York City o wee tolite na Port Washington, New York. Nna ya bụ onye Katọlik Irish, ebe nne ya bụ [[Jew|onye Juu]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://18doors.org/hollywood_now_scandals_katie_lowes_on_marriage_kate_hudson_chelsea_handler_jamie-lynn_sigler/|title=Hollywood Now: Scandal's Katie Lowes on marriage, plus news on Kate Hudson, Chelsea Handler & Jamie-Lynn Sigler|date=January 27, 2016}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Tisch School of Arts nke Mahadum New York jiri BFA na ime ihe nkiri. <ref name="tvg">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/katie-lowes/bio/324855|title=Katie Lowes Biography|publisher=TV Guide|accessdate=September 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528190459/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/katie-lowes/bio/324855|archive-date=May 28, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ == E deputara ya dịka onye otu sonyeere n'ihe nkiri bụ Four Saints in ''Mexico'' . Na 2004, Lowes wetere ọrụ ihuenyo mbụ ya na usoro FX ''Rescue Me'' ma mesịa mekọrịta ihe megidere Marcia Gay Harden na onye na-anya ụgbọ elu Showtime, ''Hate'' . Lowes mechara bụrụ onye ọbịa na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke usoro telivishọn, gụnyere ''The Sopranos'', ''Without a Trace'', ''NCIS'', ''Ghost Whisperer'', ''Castle'', ''Leverage'', and ''The Closer'' . Na 2008, o gosiputarakwara megide Laurie Metcalf na usoro ihe nkiri ejije CW dị mkpụmkpụ, ''Easy Money'' . <ref name="tvg"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/easy-money/|title=EASY MONEY (CW)|accessdate=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na arụmọrụ telivishọn ya, Lowes pụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri mmefu ego dị ala, gụnyere ''The Job'' (2009), ''Bear'' (2010) na ''Café'' (2011). A maara Lowes nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dị ka Quinn Perkins, onye bụbu Lindsay Dwyer, na usoro ihe nkiri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ABC ''Scandal'' nke Shonda Rhimes mepụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abc.go.com/shows/scandal|title=Scandal SERIES PREMIERE APR 5 10-9c|work=ABC|accessdate=November 24, 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2011/05/abc-picks-up-charlies-angels-good-christian-belles-and-ten-more.html|title=ABC picks up 'Charlie's Angels,' 'Good Christian Belles' and ten more - Zap2it|publisher=Blog.zap2it.com|date=2011-05-13|accessdate=2013-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505020628/http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2011/05/abc-picks-up-charlies-angels-good-christian-belles-and-ten-more.html|archivedate=2012-05-05}}</ref> Tupu ''Scandal'', Lowes nwere ọrụ ndị ọbịa na Shonda Rhimes ' ''Grey's Anatomy'' and ''Private Practice'' . <ref name="tvg"/> Tupu ọ banye n'ọrụ breakout ya na ihe nkiri ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nanny maka nwa e kuchiri Connie Britton . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20778566,00.html|title=Connie Britton: Scandal's Katie Lowes Was Once My Son's Nanny|accessdate=November 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106204146/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20778566,00.html|archive-date=November 6, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/501432/scandal-star-was-connie-britton-s-nanny-i-was-so-upset-when-she-got-her-little-show|title=Scandal Star Was Connie Britton's Nanny: "I Was So Upset When She Got Her Little Show!"|date=January 21, 2014|accessdate=November 6, 2014}}</ref> Na ntinye aka di ya, Adam Shapiro, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ IAMA Theatre Company nke dị na Los Angeles, na onye na-akwado obodo i Black Box theater nke Southern California. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://intimateexcellent.wordpress.com/2015/03/05/councilmember-mitch-ofarrell-speaks-out-to-oppose-aeas-referendum-on-las-99-seat-theatres/|title=Councilmember Mitch O'Farrell Speaks Out to Oppose AEA's Referendum on LA's 99-Seat Theatres|date=March 5, 2015|publisher=Fountain Theatre blog|accessdate=March 30, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/katie-lowes-scandal-a-dogs-house-1201460290/|title=Q&A: 'Scandal' Actress Katie Lowes Takes the Stage in 'A Dog's House'|author=Kelley|first=Seth|date=March 26, 2015|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=March 30, 2015}}</ref> N'ọnwa Jụlaị 2018, Lowes mere mpụta mbụ ya nke Broadway, ya na di ya Shapiro, na mmepụta Broadway nke ''Waitress'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.playbill.com/article/scandal-star-katie-lowes-and-husband-adam-shapiro-make-broadway-debuts-in-waitress-together-july-17|title=''Scandal'' Star Katie Lowes and Husband Adam Shapiro Make Broadway Debuts in Waitress Together July 17|date=July 17, 2018|author=McPhee|first=Ryan|work=playbill.com|accessdate=August 3, 2021}}</ref> Ha nọgidere na mmepụta ruo abali asaa n'ọnwa Ọktoba afo 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.playbill.com/article/alex-wyse-and-lenne-klingaman-join-broadways-waitress-october-9|title=Alex Wyse and Lenne Klingaman Join Broadway's Waitress October 9|author=McPhee|first=Ryan|date=October 9, 2018|work=playbill.com|accessdate=August 3, 2021}}</ref> N'abalị iri na anọ N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2021, CBS kwuputara na Lowes ga-eme egwuregwu megide Pete Holmes na sitcom nke lekwasịrị anya na ndụ nke onye ọrụ ụgbọ ala tụgharịri bụrụ-ọkachamara bowler Tom Smallwood . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/cbs-orders-smallwood-good-sam-series-1234973869/|title=CBS Orders 'Smallwood' and 'Good Sam' to Series|first=Elaine|author=Low|date=May 14, 2021|accessdate=May 17, 2021}}</ref> Usoro a nwere nsere foto nke mpụta etiti oge maka oge onyonyo afọ 2021–22. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.com/shows/smallwood/news/1010284/pete-holmes-to-star-in-new-cbs-comedy-smallwood-debuting-mid-season/|title=Pete Holmes To Star In New CBS Comedy Smallwood Debuting Mid-Season|work=cbs.com|date=May 19, 2021|accessdate=May 20, 2021}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ ọnwa Nọvemba , CBS mara ọkwa sitcom ka ''edegharịrị aha ya bụ How We Roll'' , wee nata usoro oge mbụ emezighariri nke akụkụ iri na otu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/11/pete-holmes-cbs-comedy-smallwood-retitled-how-we-roll-episode-order-adjusted-1234880028/|title=Pete Holmes' CBS Comedy 'Smallwood' Retitled 'How We Roll' As Episode Order Adjusted|author=White|first=Peter|work=deadline.com|date=November 24, 2021|accessdate=November 29, 2021}}</ref> Na Disemba 10, 2021, CBS kwupụtara usoro a ga-ebido N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Maachị 31, afọ 2022. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Pedersen|first=Erik|title='How We Roll' Premiere Date: CBS' Pete Holmes Bowling Comedy Books Lane For March|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/how-we-roll-premiere-date-cbs-bowling-comedy-pete-holmes-1234888520/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 29, 2021}}</ref> Lowes gosiputara dị ka Rachel DeLoache Williams na Shonda Rimes' ''Inventing Anna'', ihe nkiri Netflix ewepụtara na Febrụwarị afọ 2022. == Ndụ onwe onye == Lowes bi na Los Angeles ya na di ya, ome ihe nkiri bụ Adam Shapiro. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abc.go.com/shows/scandal/cast/quinn-perkins|title=Quinn Perkins|work=ABC|accessdate=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Shapiro gosiputara dị ka enyi nwoke ya na ihe omume ''Scandal'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvline.com/2013/01/08/scandal-season-2-spoilers-adam-shapiro-cast-quinn-boyfriend/|title=Scandal Exclusive: Katie Lowes' Husband Cast in 'Surreal' Role, as Quinn's [Spoiler]|work=TVLine|date=January 8, 2013|accessdate=November 24, 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2017, o kwupụtara na ya na di ya na-atụ anya nwa mbụ ha, nwoke. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Guest appearance|work=[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]|publisher=ABC|date=May 11, 2017}}</ref> Ọ mara ọkwa ọmụmụ nwa ha nwoke, Albee Shapiro, n'abalị ise nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 5, 2017|title=Baby Gladiator! Katie Lowes Welcomes Son Albee|url=http://people.com/babies/katie-lowes-adam-shapiro-welcome-son-albee/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> N'onwa Julaị 2020, ọ mara ọkwa na ya na di ya na-atụ anya nwa ha nke abụọ na Nọvemba. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=Katie Lowes Is Pregnant! Actress Expecting Second Child with Husband Adam Shapiro|url=https://people.com/parents/katie-lowes-pregnant-expecting-second-child-adam-shapiro/|work=PEOPLE.com|language=EN}}</ref> Lowes mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị Vera Shapiro na Nọvemba 22, 2020. <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/CIRo09OHqxo/?igshid=130vu3p83z9eq</ref> == Ndepụta Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |2006 |''Quarter Life Crisis'' |Gemini |Direct-to-video |- |2008 |''No Man's Land: The Rise of Reeker'' |Hospital Intern |Direct-to-video |- |2009 |''Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen'' |April the Resident Assistant | |- |2009 |''The Job'' |Connie |Direct-to-video |- |2009 |''Circle of Eight'' |Elaine |Direct-to-video |- |2009 |''Chris Weisberg Is Growing Bald'' |Lexie |Short film |- |2010 |''Bear'' |Christine |Direct-to-video |- |2011 |''Phil Cobb's Dinner for Four'' |G-Friend | |- |2011 |''By the Time the Sun Is Hot'' |The Bride |Short film |- |2011 |''Super 8'' |Tina | |- |2011 |''Café'' |Kelly |Direct-to-video |- |2011 |''Callers'' |Mitzi | |- |2012 |''Wreck-It Ralph'' |Candlehead |Voice |- |2013 |''Side Effects'' |Conference Organizer | |- |2013 |''Frozen'' |Additional voices, Motion work for "Let It Go"<ref>{{Cite news|title=SCANDAL's Katie Lowes Reveals She Did Motion Work for Disney's FROZEN|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/SCANDALs-Katie-Lowes-Reveals-She-Did-Motion-Work-for-Disneys-FROZEN-20140328|accessdate=May 23, 2017|work=Broadway World|date=March 28, 2014|language=en}}</ref> |Voice |- |2014 |''Big Hero 6'' |Abigail |Voice |- |2016 |''Zootopia'' |Dr. Madge Honey Badger |Voice |- |2018 |''Ralph Breaks the Internet'' |Candlehead<ref>{{Cite news|title='Scandal': What's Next (and Fun Facts) for Each of the Gladiators|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/scandal-whats-next-stars-1097052|accessdate=April 19, 2018|first=Lesley|author=Goldberg|date=April 19, 2018|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |Voice |- |2021 |''Vivo'' |Becky |Voice |- |} === Igwe onyonyo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" | Ihe ndetu |- | 2004 | ''Napụta m'' | | Ihe omume: "Onye mmekọ nwoke na nwoke" |- | 2004-2005 | ''Ka Ụwa na-atụgharị'' | Megan | Ọrụ ugboro ugboro |- | 2005 | ''Ịkpọ asị'' | Britney | Onye na-anya ụgbọelu |- | 2005 | | Nọọsụ Spector | Ihe omume |- | 2005 | ''Njikwa mmebi'' | Sorority Rushee | |- | 2006 | ''Ndị Sopranos'' | Gillian | Ihe omume: "Mr & Mrs. Arịrịọ John Sacrimoni" |- | 2006 | ''Enweghị Trace'' | Robin Olson | Ihe omume: "Ihe nwere feathers" |- | 2007 | ''NCIS'' | Bryn Landers | Ihe omume: "N'ọchịchịrị" |- | 2008 | ''Ghost Whisperer'' | Julie Anderson | Ihe omume: "The Gravesitter" |- | 2008 | ''Swingtown'' | Liz | Ihe omume: "Heatwave", "Were ya na oke" |- | 2008-2009 | ''Ego dị mfe'' | Brandy Buffkin | Usoro mgbe niile, nkeji 8 |- | 2009 | ''Ụlọ eze'' | Rachel Maddox | Ihe omume: "Ụlọ Bụ Ebe Obi Na-akwụsị" |- | 2010 | ''Nyefee'' | Ashley Moore | Ihe omume: "Ọrụ kpuru okpukpu abụọ" |- | 2010 | ''Omume nkeonwe'' | Kendra | Ihe omume: "Were Abụọ" |- | 2011 | ''Anatomi nke Grey'' | Onye nyere ọbara | Ihe omume: "Nwa obere na-esoghị" |- | 2011 | ''The Closer'' | Andrea Hirschbaum | Ihe omume: "iji ịhụnanya jee ozi" |- | 2012 | ''Royal mgbu'' | Carrie | Ihe omume: "Dawn of the Med" |- | 2012–2018 | ''Asịrị'' | Quinn Perkins / Lindsay Dwyer | Usoro mgbe niile |- | 2017-2018 | ''Voltron: Onye na-agbachitere akụkọ ifo'' | Commander Ladnok (olu) | Ihe omume: "Malite Blitz", "Onye Nchekwa Ọhụrụ", "Ọbara Duel" na "Ọbara" |- | 2022 | ''Na-echepụta Anna'' | Rachel DeLoache Williams | Usoro mgbe niile |- | 2022 | ''Ka Anyị Na-atụgharị'' | Jen | Usoro mgbe niile |} == Ebemsidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * {{IMDb name|1705090}} * Katie Lowes on Twitter [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fd0vae7bnqjmt1g8p03h7cuhk942ui2 0 12793 727952 722171 2026-09-25T15:36:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727952 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Stand_with_Standing_Rock_SF_Nov_2016_13.jpg|thumb|347x347px|2016 "Stand with Standing Rock" ngagharị. Okwu ndị a gụnyere "Anyị nọ ebe a iji chebe" na "Gbachitere ala."]] Onye na-agbachitere ala, onye na-echebe ala, ma ọ bụ '''onye na-agbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi''' bụ onye na-eme ihe ike nke na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike mmadụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma.<ref name=":102">{{Cite journal|author=Larsen, Billon, Menton, Aylwin, Balsiger, Boyd, Forst, Lambrick, Santos, Storey, Wilding|year=2021|title=Understanding and responding to the environmental human rights defenders crisis: The case for conservation action|url=https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/conl.12777|journal=Conservation Letters|volume=14|issue=3|doi=10.1111/conl.12777}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ducklow|first=Zoë|date=10 January 2019|title=Judy Wilson's Message for Canadians: 'The Land Defenders Are Doing This for Everybody'|url=https://thetyee.ca/Analysis/2019/01/10/Not-What-Reconciliation-Looks-Like/|accessdate=20 January 2020|work=The Tyee|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2016|title=Protesters? Or land protectors?|url=https://theindependent.ca/2016/10/28/protesters-or-land-protectors/|accessdate=15 January 2020|work=The Indy|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị na-agbachitere bụ ndị otu obodo ndị na-echebe ala ndị nna nna site na mmetọ, ịda mbà, ma ọ bụ mbibi.<ref name=":102" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=IWGIA|title=Land defence and defenders|url=https://iwgia.org/en/land-defence-defenders.html}}</ref> Ala na akụ ya nwere ike iwere dị ka ihe dị nsọ site n'aka ndị obodo, a na-ewerekwa ilekọta ala dị ka ọrụ na-asọpụrụ ndị nna nna, ndị nọ ugbu a, na ọgbọ ndị ga-abịa n'ihu.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web|date=18 September 2018|title=Illegal protest or protecting the land? An Indigenous woman gets ready to face a Canadian court - APTN News|url=https://aptnnews.ca/2018/09/18/illegal-protest-or-protecting-the-land-an-inuit-woman-gets-ready-to-face-a-canadian-court/|accessdate=12 January 2019|work=aptnnews.ca|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị na-agbachitere ala na-eche mkpagbu siri ike site na njikọ aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụlọ ọrụ dị ike nke na-erite uru site na mmịpụta akụ. United Nations Human Rights Council kpebiri na ndị na-agbachitere ala bụ "n'etiti ndị na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ bụ ndị kachasị pụta ìhè na ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ."<ref name=":102" /> == Mbido == [[File:One_day_at_Standing_Rock.webm|thumb|300x300px|Ndị na-agbachitere ala na mmiri nke Standing Rock Indian Reservation na 2016.]] N'oge ngagharị iwe Dakota Access Pipeline nke afọ 2016, ndị otu Standing Rock Indian Reservation gbochiri iwu pipeline ahụ iji chebe ala na mmiri nke ebe ahụ. Mgbalị azụmaahịa a mere ka ọtụtụ narị mmadụ jide ha na esemokwu ha na ndị uwe ojii na ndị agha National Guard. Isiokwu ndị na-adịghị mma kọwara ndị na-agbachitere ala dị ka "ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe," okwu nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi katọrọ. Onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Dallas Goldtooth nke Indigenous Environmental Network akatọla okwu ahụ bụ "onye na-eme ngagharị iwe", na-ekwu na okwu ahụ bụ "onye na-eme ngagharị iwe" adịghị mma ma na-egosi na ndị obodo na-ewe iwe, ime ihe ike, ma ọ bụ na-echebe ihe onwunwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Standing Rock activists: Don't call us protesters. We're water protectors.|url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-10-31/standing-rock-activists-dont-call-us-protesters-were-water-protectors|accessdate=2022-04-13|work=The World from PRX|language=en|archivedate=2022-05-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516092516/https://theworld.org/stories/2016-10-31/standing-rock-activists-dont-call-us-protesters-were-water-protectors}}</ref> Kama nke ahụ, ndị otu a na-akpọ onwe ha "ndị na-agbachitere ala", okwu nke na-ekwusi ike na pacifism na ibu ọrụ ilekọta ala ndị nna nna nke nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke ihe nketa onye na-agbachitere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=We Are Land Protectors, Not Protesters|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSE4cH95qlc}}</ref> Onye na-echebe ala Inuit Labrador Denise Cole ekwuola, "Abụ m onye kwere ekwe mgbe m na-aṅụ ọgwụ m, mgbe m na-ewere drum m, ihe iwu ndị ọchịchị ga-akpọ ngagharị iwe bụ nnọọ ihe m na-ewere dị ka emume. "<ref>{{Cite web|author=Moore|first=Angel|date=2018-09-18|title=Illegal protest or protecting the land? An Indigenous woman gets ready to face a Canadian court|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/illegal-protest-or-protecting-the-land-an-inuit-woman-gets-ready-to-face-a-canadian-court/|accessdate=2022-04-13|work=APTN News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Esemokwu ala na-egbu egbu na Honduras malitere na mmalite afọ 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|author=OlsonNovember 6 2021|first=Jared OlsonJared|title=In Honduras Land Battles, Paramilitaries Infiltrate Local Groups — Then Kill Their Leaders|url=https://theintercept.com/2021/11/06/honduras-paramilitaries-land-rights/|accessdate=2022-04-14|work=The Intercept|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ na ihe omume == Ndị na-agbachitere ala na-arụ ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma na-arịwanye elu na omume ndị e bu n'obi ichebe, ịsọpụrụ, ma mee ka a hụ mkpa ala. Enwere njikọ siri ike n'etiti ndị na-echebe mmiri, ndị na-agbachitere ala, na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|date=25 September 2014|title=Meet Josephine Mandamin (Anishinaabekwe), The "Water Walker"|url=http://indigenousrising.org/josephine-mandamin/|accessdate=10 January 2019|work=Indigenous Rising|language=en-US|archivedate=17 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017170810/http://indigenousrising.org/josephine-mandamin/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Maial Panhpunu Paiakan Kaiapó|first=|date=October 24, 2020|title=Opinion: The devastation of my Amazon homeland has accelerated during the pandemic|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-the-devastation-of-my-amazon-homeland-has-accelerated-during-the/|accessdate=2021-02-11}}</ref> Ndị na-agbachitere ala na-eguzogide ntinye nke paịpụ, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala, mbibi nke ókèala maka mmepe dịka ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ụlọ, na ọrụ mmịpụta akụ dị ka fracking n'ihi na omume ndị a nwere ike ibute mmebi nke ala, mbibi nke ọhịa, na ọgba aghara nke ebe obibi.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|title=Mi'kmaq water protectors blocking fossil fuel infrastructure in Nova Scotia {{!}} rabble.ca|url=http://rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/talking-radical-radio/2018/03/mikmaq-water-protectors-blocking-fossil-fuel|accessdate=10 January 2019|work=rabble.ca|archivedate=7 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607011205/https://rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/talking-radical-radio/2018/03/mikmaq-water-protectors-blocking-fossil-fuel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=McKenzie-Sutter|first=Holly|date=November 27, 2020|title=Indigenous land occupants in Caledonia appeal injunction|language=en-CA|work=Toronto Sun|url=https://torontosun.com/news/provincial/indigenous-land-occupants-in-caledonia-appeal-injunction|accessdate=2021-02-11|archive-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104162733/https://torontosun.com/news/provincial/indigenous-land-occupants-in-caledonia-appeal-injunction|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kestler-D'Amours|first=Jillian|title='RCMP off Wet'suwet'en land': Solidarity grows for land defenders|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/14/rcmp-off-wetsuweten-land-solidarity-grows-for-land-defenders|accessdate=2021-02-11|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> Ndị na-agbachitere ala na-eguzogide ọrụ ndị na-emerụ ala ahụ, ọkachasị n'ofe mpaghara ụmụ amaala na ọrụ ha jikọtara ya na ikike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beatings, Imprisonment, Murder: The World's Environmental Defenders Are Being Terrorized|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/environmental-activists-killed/|accessdate=15 January 2020|work=Global Citizen|language=en}}</ref> Yazzie na-ezo aka na usoro nguzogide nke ndị na-agbachitere ala Diné na mmegide ha na-emegide ndị isi ala na mmegide mmepe na mmịpụta akụ dị ka ndị nwere njikọ dị ukwuu na ọdịnala ogologo oge nke nguzogide Diné.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yazzie|first=Melanie K.|date=2018|title=Decolonizing Development in Diné Bikeyah: Resource Extraction, Anti-Capitalism, and Relational Futures|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26879576|journal=Environment and Society|volume=9|pages=25–39|doi=10.3167/ares.2018.090103|issn=2150-6779}}</ref> Ọrụ nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị ịmepụta ihe mgbochi na ala nchekwa ma ọ bụ mpaghara ọdịnala iji gbochie ụlọ ọrụ site na ọrụ mmịpụta akụ.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=Standing Rock activists: Don't call us protesters. We're water protectors.|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-10-31/standing-rock-activists-dont-call-us-protesters-were-water-protectors|accessdate=10 January 2019|work=Public Radio International|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-10-05|title=Barricades up in Caledonia after attempted arrest of land defender|language=en|work=The Hamilton Spectator|url=https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2020/10/05/barricades-up-in-caledonia-after-attempted-arrest-of-land-defender.html|accessdate=2021-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104162734/https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2020/10/05/barricades-up-in-caledonia-after-attempted-arrest-of-land-defender.html|archive-date=2021-11-04|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-25|title=Caledonia land occupation criminal cases move through courts|language=en|work=The Hamilton Spectator|url=https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2020/11/25/caledonia-land-occupation-criminal-cases-move-through-courts.html|accessdate=2021-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104191112/https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2020/11/25/caledonia-land-occupation-criminal-cases-move-through-courts.html|archive-date=2021-11-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ndị na-echebe mmiri na ala na-ewukwa ogige dị ka ụzọ isi weghara mpaghara ọdịnala ma mee ka mmekọrịta ọdịbendị sie ike. Ndị na-agbachitere ala na-arụkwa ọrụ site na usoro iwu dịka usoro ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị na mgbalị iji chịkwaa ókèala ọdịnala.<ref name=":62" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Beatings, Imprisonment, Murder: The World's Environmental Defenders Are Being Terrorized|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/environmental-activists-killed/|accessdate=15 January 2020|work=Global Citizen|language=en}}</ref> Omume nnupuisi obodo nke ndị na-agbachitere ala na-eme, na-abụkarị mpụ ma ụfọdụ na-arụ ụka na ndị uwe ojii na ime ihe ike dị arọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Simpson|first=Michael|date=2021-02-01|title=Reconciling violence: Policing the politics of recognition|journal=Geoforum|language=en-ca|volume=119|pages=111–121|doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.12.023|issn=0016-7185}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spiegel|first=Samuel J.|date=2021-01-01|title=Climate injustice, criminalisation of land protection and anti-colonial solidarity: Courtroom ethnography in an age of fossil fuel violence|journal=Political Geography|language=en-ca|volume=84|pages=102298|doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102298|issn=0962-6298|pmid=33052177}}</ref> Ụmụnwanyị sonyekeara na ndị na ihe ndị dị mkpa na ihe ịga nke ọma nke mmegharị ahụ, ebe ha na-abụkarị ndị na-agbachitere ala a na-ahụ anya n'ihu mgbochi na ngagharị iwe. == Ihe ize ndụ ndị na-eche ndị na-agbachitere ala ihu == Global Witness kọrọ na ogbugb ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ruru otu puku, narị itoolu, iri abụọ na abụọ (1,922) nke ndị na-agbachitere ala na mba iri ise na asaa (57) n'etiti afọ 2002 na afọ 2019. 40% nke ndị ahụ metụtara bụ ụmụ amaala, n'agbanyeghị na ha mejupụtara 6% nke ndị bi n'ụwa.<ref name=":102" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=5 deadly countries for environmental defenders {{!}} DW {{!}} 28.07.2020|url=https://www.dw.com/en/5-deadly-countries-for-environmental-defenders/a-54298499|accessdate=2022-04-14|work=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indigenous Peoples|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/indigenouspeoples|accessdate=2022-04-14|work=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> Ihe ndekọ nke ime ihe ike a ezughị ezu. N'afọ 2020, ogbugbu nke ndị na-agbachitere ala ruru ihe ndekọ dị elu nke 227.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-12|title=Murders of environment and land defenders hit record high|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/13/murders-environment-land-defenders-record-high|accessdate=2022-04-13|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Onye na-ahụ maka akụkọ pụrụ iche nke UN bụ David R. Boyd ajụọla, "Olee otú anyị ga-esi chebe ụdị ndụ dị iche iche n'ụwa ma ọ bụrụ na anyị enweghị ike ichebe ndị na-agbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi?"<ref>{{Cite book|author=Menton|first=Mary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-QsEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT74&dq=%22land+defender%22&hl=en|title=Environmental Defenders: Deadly Struggles for Life and Territory|date=2021-06-24|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-40221-6|language=en}}</ref> Ọ gakwara n'ihu kwuo na ihe ruru otu narị ndị na-agbachitere ala na-atụ egwu, jide ma ọ bụ na-enye nsogbu maka onye ọ bụla e gburu.<ref name=":102" /> Ndị na-agbachitere ala na-echekarị ọnọdụ dị ize ndụ ihu na-emegide ikike steeti, ụlọ ọrụ akụ na ụba dịka gas ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe, ndị ọzọ na-achọ ịzụlite ala ma ọ bụ kpochapụ ikike ala ụmụ amaala.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal|author=Middeldorp|first=Nick|date=2019-03-04|title=Deadly Environmental Governance: Authoritarianism, Eco-populism, and the Repression of Environmental and Land Defenders|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24694452.2018.1530586|journal=Annals of the American Association of Geographers|language=en|volume=109|issue=2|pages=324–337|doi=10.1080/24694452.2018.1530586|issn=2469-4452}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Land Defenders Keep Getting Killed in Colombia|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/4adx5q/land-defenders-keep-getting-killed-in-colombia|accessdate=2021-02-11|work=www.vice.com|language=en}}</ref> Onye America na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ Bill McKibben ekwuola, "[Ndị na-agbachitere nọ] n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi na ha na-ahụ onwe ha na-ebi ma ọ bụ na nso ihe ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-achọ. Ọchịchọ ahụ - ọchịchọ maka uru kachasị elu, oge kachasị ngwa ngwa, ọrụ kachasị ọnụ ala - yiri ka ọ na-asụgharị n'ikpeazụ n'ime nghọta, n'otu ebe, na onye na-akpata nsogbu ga-aga. "<ref>{{Cite web|author=OWP|first=Celina Shih MarCelina Shih Mar is a correspondent intern at the|date=2021-10-08|title=Record Number Of Environmental Activists Killed In The Past Year|url=https://theowp.org/record-number-of-environmental-activists-killed-in-the-past-year/|accessdate=2022-04-14|work=The Organization for World Peace|language=en-US}}</ref> Middeldorp na Le Billon ekwuola ihe ize ndụ ndị na-agbachitere ala na-eche ihu, ọkachasị na ọchịchị aka ike. N'isiokwu ha nke afọ 2018 banyere isiokwu a, ihe na-ekwu maka igbu ọtụtụ ndị na-agbachitere ala na Honduras.<ref name=":72" /> N'ebe ahụ, e zigara ndị agha na ndagwurugwu Aguán ka ha banye ma gbuo ndị isi na-akwado ikike ala iji mebie mbọ ndị otu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=OlsonNovember 6 2021|first=Jared OlsonJared|title=In Honduras Land Battles, Paramilitaries Infiltrate Local Groups — Then Kill Their Leaders|url=https://theintercept.com/2021/11/06/honduras-paramilitaries-land-rights/|accessdate=2022-04-14|work=The Intercept|language=en}}</ref> Otu nwere ike ijikọ mmegbu nke ikike ala ụmụ amaala na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iyi egwu, usoro ime ihe ike na igbu ọchụ megide ndị na-agbachitere ala na mmepe akụ na ụba na "nchịkwa ala" na steeti mba ndị ọchịchị. Ndị uwe ojii mba [[Kánada|Canada]], RCMP, dị njikere iji ike na-egbu egbu megide ndị na-agbachitere ala na ngagharị iwe 2019 na British Columbia.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Parrish|first=Jaskiran Dhillon Will|date=20 December 2019|title=Exclusive: Canada police prepared to shoot Indigenous activists, documents show|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/20/canada-indigenous-land-defenders-police-documents|accessdate=15 January 2020}}</ref> Dunlop jikọtara omume ime ihe ike megide ndị na-agbachitere ala na mba ndị dị ka Mexico dị ka mmegwara maka iguzogide mmepe akụ na ụba na mmịpụta akụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dunlap|first=Alexander|date=2020-04-15|title=The Politics of Ecocide, Genocide and Megaprojects: Interrogating Natural Resource Extraction, Identity and the Normalization of Erasure|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|language=en-ca|volume=23|issue=2|pages=212–235|doi=10.1080/14623528.2020.1754051|issn=1462-3528}}</ref> Òtù na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ bụ Global Witness kọrọ na e gburu ndị na-agbachitere ala 164 n'afọ 2018 na mba ndị dị ka Philippines, [[Brazil]], [[Ndia|India]], na Guatemala.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=30 July 2019|title=164 land defenders murdered in 2018, Global Witness reports|url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2019/07/30/164-land-defenders-murdered-2018-global-witness-reports/|accessdate=15 January 2020|work=Climate Home News|language=en}}</ref> Otu akụkọ a kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị nwụrụ, merụrụ ahụ, ma yie egwu bụ ụmụ amaala.<ref name=":02" /> Le Billon na Lujala na-akọ na ọ dịkarịa ala 1734 ndị na-agbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi na ala gburu n'etiti afọ 2002 na afọ 2018 nakwa na ụmụ amaala nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị na-agbachitere ala gburu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Le Billon|first=Philippe|date=2020-11-11|title=Environmental and land defenders: Global patterns and determinants of repression|journal=Global Environmental Change|language=en-ca|volume=65|pages=102163|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102163|issn=0959-3780}}</ref> UN ekwuola na ọtụtụ ndị na-echebe ala na-akpọ ndị na-eyi ọha egwu site n'aka gọọmentị steeti na mgbalị iji kwatuo nkwupụta ha.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Alleen|date=30 July 2019|title=More Than 160 Environmental Defenders Were Killed in 2018, and Many Others Labeled Terrorists and Criminals|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/07/30/criminalization-environmental-activists-global-witness-report/|accessdate=15 January 2020|work=The Intercept|language=en-US}}</ref> Akara dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịmepụta ọnọdụ dị ize ndụ maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe ikike ala.<ref name=":12" /> ''Yale Environment 360'' kọrọ na ọ dịkarịa ala, e gburu ndị na-eme mkpọsa gburugburu ebe obibi 212 na ndị na-agbachitere ala n'afọ 2019.<ref name=":82">{{Cite web|title=More Than 200 Environmental Activists and Land Defenders Murdered in 2019|url=https://e360.yale.edu/digest/more-than-200-environmental-activists-and-land-defenders-murdered-in-2019|accessdate=2021-07-10|work=Yale E360|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe karịrị ọkara nke ogbugbu a kọrọ na 2019 mere na [[Colombia]] na Philippines.<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":92">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-29|title=Record 212 land and environment activists killed last year|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/29/record-212-land-and-environment-activists-killed-last-year|accessdate=2021-07-10|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Amnesty International akpọọla uche na ihe ize ndụ ndị na-achọ ichebe ụwa, mmiri, na obodo, na-eche ihu, na-akpọ Latin America ebe kachasị dị ize ndụ maka ndị na-agbachitere ala.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web|date=2 April 2019|title=Earth Land and Water Defenders|url=https://www.amnesty.ca/earthdefenders|accessdate=15 January 2020|work=Amnesty International Canada|language=en|archivedate=3 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303042053/https://www.amnesty.ca/earthdefenders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tabary|first=Zoe|date=2020-11-01|title=One year on, family of murdered Amazon land defender say nothing has changed|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-indigenous-logging-trfn-idUSKBN27H16P|accessdate=2021-02-11}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ekwuola na e gbuola ihe karịrị ndị na-agbachitere 1700 na ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke ndị na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Murder in the rainforest: 1700+ defenders killed, but their legacy lives on|url=https://www.edf.org/blog/2019/11/22/murder-rainforest-1700-defenders-killed-their-legacy-lives|accessdate=15 January 2020|work=Environmental Defense Fund|language=en|archivedate=15 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115021602/https://www.edf.org/blog/2019/11/22/murder-rainforest-1700-defenders-killed-their-legacy-lives}}</ref> The [[Extinction Rebellion]] (XR) arụla ọrụ iji mee ka a mara ọnọdụ nke ndị na-agbachitere ala ma kwanyere ndị e gburu ùgwù na ọrụ nke ndị na-agbachitere ala jikọtara ya na atụmatụ ikpe ziri ezi ihu igwe dịka Climate Strike Canada .<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 October 2019|title=Extinction Rebellion honours land defenders killed for protecting the environment|url=https://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/brent-patterson/2019/10/extinction-rebellion-honours-land-defenders-killed-protecting|accessdate=15 January 2020|work=rabble.ca|language=en|archivedate=15 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115020513/https://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/brent-patterson/2019/10/extinction-rebellion-honours-land-defenders-killed-protecting}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=News|first=E. McIntosh {{!}}|date=2020-09-17|title=Climate strikers are trying to trademark Erin O'Toole's 'Take Back Canada' slogan|url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2020/09/17/news/climate-strikers-are-trying-trademark-erin-otooles-take-back-canada-slogan|accessdate=2021-02-11|work=National Observer|language=en}}</ref> == Ndị na-agbachitere ala ndị e gburu == * Berta Isabel Cáceres Flores (4 Machị 1971 - 2 Machị 2016) Onye na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi nke Honduras, onye ndu obodo * Paulo Paulino Guajajara, Brazil, gburu n'afọ 2019 site n'aka ndị na-egbu osisi na-akwadoghị na mpaghara Amazon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/02/brazilian-forest-guardian-killed-by-illegal-loggers-in-ambush|title=Brazilian 'forest guardian' killed by illegal loggers in ambush|author=Paulo|first=Sam Cowie São|date=2 November 2019|work=The Guardian|accessdate=15 January 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/brazil-amazon-forest-defender-shot-dead-illegal-loggers-191103052028290.html|title=Brazil Amazon forest defender shot dead by illegal loggers|work=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=15 January 2020}}</ref> * Chico Mendes, Brazil, Environmentalist na onye na-eme ihe ike. * Hernán Bedoya, Afro-Colombian land rights activist. * Julián Carrillo, onye isi obodo Rarámuri, Mexico, gburu 24 Ọktoba 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/11/la-mortal-defensa-del-bosque-por-julian-carrillo/|title=Julián Carrillo defended the forest with his life|work=www.amnesty.org|date=28 November 2018|language=en|accessdate=15 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mexico's environmental defenders need justice and protection|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/10/mexico-julian-carrillo-justice-protection-environmental-defenders/|accessdate=2021-07-10|work=www.amnesty.org|date=24 October 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-25|title=Indigenous rights leader reported slain in northern Mexico|url=https://apnews.com/article/7c326a45cc66490697cca1396ff9d607|accessdate=2021-07-10|work=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> * Datu Kaylo Bontolan, onye isi agbụrụ Manobo, onye otu National Council of Leaders of Katribu, Northern Mindanao, Philippines, gburu 7 Eprel 2019.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-29|title=Record 212 land and environment activists killed last year|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/29/record-212-land-and-environment-activists-killed-last-year|accessdate=2021-07-10|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Datu Kaylo Bontolan|url=https://hrdmemorial.org/hrdrecord/datu-kaylo-bontolan/|accessdate=2021-07-10|work=HRD Memorial: Celebrating Those Who Were Killed Defending Human Rights|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Omar Guasiruma, onye isi ụmụ amaala, Colombia, gburu Machị 2020.<ref name=":9" /> * Ernesto Guasiruma, onye isi ụmụ amaala, Colombia, gburu Machị 2020.<ref name=":9" /> * Simón Pedro Pérez, onye ndu ụmụ amaala, gburu July 6, 2021, Chiapas, Mexico.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indigenous Land Defender Assassinated in Chiapas|language=en|work=Democracy Now!|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2021/7/7/headlines/indigenous_land_defender_assassinated_in_chiapas|accessdate=2021-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-06|title=Mexico rights organizer killed, 3rd activist to die in month|url=https://apnews.com/article/mexico-dfc6fb1d675cd7b7d96f5c12a3b03a08|accessdate=2021-07-10|work=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> * Javiera Rojas, onye [[Chile]] na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na onye na-eme ihe ike, nwụrụ na Nọvemba 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chilean Activist Javiera Rojas, Who Helped Shut Down Dam Projects, Has Been Killed|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2021/12/6/headlines/chilean_activist_javiera_rojas_who_helped_shut_down_dam_projects_has_been_killed|accessdate=2021-12-06|work=Democracy Now!|language=en}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Ngagharị iwe 2020 na ụgbọ okporo ígwè Canada * Nsogbu Oka * Ogige Unistʼotʼen * Onye na-echebe mmiri == Ịgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite web|author=Amnesty International|date=2016|title=They Will Not Stop Us. Ecuador: Justice and Protection for Amazonian Women, Defenders of the Land, Territory, and Environment|url=https://www.amnesty.ca/sites/amnesty/files/Honduras%20Guatemala%20HRD%20-%20Report%20ENG.PDF|pages=|accessdate=2022-04-21|archivedate=2022-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421113303/https://www.amnesty.ca/sites/amnesty/files/Honduras%20Guatemala%20HRD%20-%20Report%20ENG.PDF}} == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qmtxdrasb6ije7nuebdumxnvrx4046x 0 12864 728020 708420 2026-09-25T22:16:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Mgbochi alụmdi na nwunye bụ omume nke igbochi ọrụ nke ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/news/great-depression-married-women-employment|title=Why Many Married Women Were Banned from Working During the Great Depression}}</ref> Ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ọdịda anyanwụ site na ngwụsị narị afọ nke iri na itoolu ruo n'afọ ndị 1970, omume a na-akpọkarị ka a kwụsị ọrụ nke nwanyị n'alụmdi na nwunye ya, ọkachasị na nkuzi na ọrụ ndị ụkọchukwu.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|title=Labor Economics|url=https://archive.org/details/laboreconomics0000borj_o6y7|first=George J.|author=Borjas|edition=4th|year=2007|location=London|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0073402826}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, a ka na-ewere ụmụnwanyị di ha nwụrụ nwere ụmụ dị ka ndị lụrụ di na nwunye mgbe ụfọdụ, na-egbochi ha ka a ghara ịrụ ọrụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title="Must a woman . . . give it all up when she marries?": The Debate over Employing Married Women as Teachers|url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/must-a-woman-give-it-all-up-when-she-marries-the-debate-over-employing-married-women-as-teachers/|work=Women's History Matters|date=18 December 2014|accessdate=2015-11-04|language=en-US|archivedate=2015-12-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224185141/http://montanawomenshistory.org/must-a-woman-give-it-all-up-when-she-marries-the-debate-over-employing-married-women-as-teachers/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=JSTOR|journal=Saothar|volume=12|pages=47–52|author=O'Leary|first=Eoin|year=1987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/history/scotland_britain_1880_now/employment_women/revision/3/|title=BBC - Standard Grade Bitesize History - Women and work : Revision, Page 3|work=bbc.co.uk|accessdate=8 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153003/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/history/scotland_britain_1880_now/employment_women/revision/3/|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Omume ahụ enweghị ihe ziri ezi na akụ na ụba, na itinye ya n'ọrụ siri ike na-akpaghasịkarị ebe ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye dị jụụ n'oge agha, n'ihi mmụba nke ọchịchọ maka ọrụ. Nnyocha nke Claudia Goldin mere iji chọpụta ihe ha na-ekpebi site na iji data ọkwa siri ike site n'afọ 1931 nakwa n'afọ 1940, chọpụta na ha na-ejikọta ya na nkwalite site n'ime, ụgwọ ọrụ dabeere na ọrụ, na omume ndị ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w2747|doi=10.3386/w2747|title=Marriage Bars: Discrimination Against Married Women Workers, 1920's to 1950's|year=1988|author=Goldin|first=Claudia}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1960, a na-ele omume a anya dị ka enweghị nhata n'ọrụ na ịkpa ókè n'ụzọ mmekọahụ, ma kwụsịla ya ma ọ bụ machibido iwu site na iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè. Na [[Netherlands]], ewepụrụ ihe mgbochi alụmdi na nwunye n'afọ 1957, na [[Ireland]] ewepụrụ ya n'afọ 1973.<ref>''The Economics of Imperfect Labor Markets: Second Edition'', by Tito Boeri, Jan van Ours, pp. 105</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168045ae0e|title=Dutch gender and LGBT-equality policy, 2013-16}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/Gender/publication/Netherlands_2015_Review_BPFA_Report_of_the_Netherlands_Government.pdf|title=2015 Review BPFA Report of the Netherlands Government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005144755/http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/Gender/publication/Netherlands_2015_Review_BPFA_Report_of_the_Netherlands_Government.pdf|archivedate=2015-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://martindale.cc.lehigh.edu/sites/martindale.cc.lehigh.edu/files/Patterson.pdf|title=Women of Ireland: Change Toward Social and Political Equality in the 21st Century Irish Republic|first=Rachel A.|author=Patterson|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008154655/https://martindale.cc.lehigh.edu/sites/martindale.cc.lehigh.edu/files/Patterson.pdf|archivedate=October 8, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galligan|title="Women and National Identity in the Republic of Ireland".|date=1997|pages=45–53}}</ref> == Mgbanwe == Ọ bụ ezie na "ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye" bụ okwu a na-ejikarị agụnye omume niile na-akpa ókè megide ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di, ọdịiche abụọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị ọrụ n'afọ 1900s. "Ụlọ ọrụ" bụ nhazi nke igbochi ịhọpụta ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di. "Ụlọ mmanya nchekwa" bụ igbochi ịnọgide na-enwe ndị ọrụ lụrụ di na nwunye. Okwu abụọ ahụ na-adaba n'okpuru okwu mkpuchi ka ukwuu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Goldin|first=Claudia|date=October 1988|title=Marriage Bars: Discrimination Against Married Women Workers, 1920s to 1950s|journal=NBER Working Paper No. 2747|doi=10.3386/w2747}}</ref> Iji zere omume yiri ịkpa ókè, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ jiri ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye kpaa ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di dị ka ndị ọrụ mgbakwunye, kama ịbụ ndị na-adịgide adịgide. Nke a bụ ikpe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Lloyds Bank ruo 1949, mgbe ụlọ akụ ahụ kagburu ụlọ ọrụ alụmdi na nwunye ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1901-1950 - Lloyds Banking Group plc|url=https://www.lloydsbankinggroup.com/our-group/our-heritage/timeline/1901-1950/|work=www.lloydsbankinggroup.com}}</ref> Ịhazi ụmụnwanyị dị ka ndị mgbakwunye, kama ndị ọrụ oge niile, nyere ndị ọrụ ohere izere ịkwụ ụmụnwanyị ụgwọ ọnwa na ịkwụsị ụmụnwanyị n'ụzọ dị mfe. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na United Kingdom == Na UK, ọtụtụ ọrụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ alụmdi na nwunye ruo n'afọ ndị 1970, na British Geological Survey ruo n'afọ 1975; Ụlọ ọrụ alụmdi na nwunye machibidoro ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di na nwunye ịbanye n'ọrụ obodo.<ref name="British">{{Cite journal|author=Pennington, Catherine|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/514086/|date=August 1, 2016|journal=GeoBlogy|title=The historic role of women scientists at BGS and a look at what is happening today}}</ref> A kpochapụrụ ya na 1946 maka Home Civil Service na 1973 maka Foreign Service, ruo mgbe ahụ, a chọrọ ka ụmụnwanyị hapụ ọrụ mgbe ha lụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women in the UK Civil Service - History|url=https://www.civilservant.org.uk/women-history.html|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=www.civilservant.org.uk}}</ref> E nwere ihe mgbochi alụmdi na nwunye maka ndị nkụzi E wepụrụ ihe mgbochi alụmdi na nwunye maka ndị nkụzi niile na BBC n'afọ 1944 ma mee ka omume ahụ bụrụ iwu na-akwadoghị site na Iwu Mmekọahụ nke afọ 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC - History - Themes - Women - Teaching|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/women_teaching.shtml|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Victorian Women Teachers|url=https://www.chardmuseum.co.uk/victorian-classroom|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=Chard Museum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=University|first=London Metropolitan|title=Winning Equal Pay: The value of women's work|url=http://www.unionhistory.info/equalpay/display.php?irn=100273&QueryPage=/equalpay/index.php|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=www.unionhistory.info|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113170443/http://www.unionhistory.info/equalpay/display.php?irn=100273&QueryPage=/equalpay/index.php}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na mba United States == Omume nke mgbochi alụmdi na nwunye bilitere na United States na ngwụsị afọ 1800. A na-ahụkarị ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye na ụlọ ọrụ nkuzi na ndị ụkọchukwu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị zoro ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye ha na mgbalị iji nọgide na-arụ ọrụ ha, iwu akwadoghị ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye ruo n'afọ 1964 mgbe Title VII nke Civil Rights Act nke afọ 1964 machibidoro ịkpa ókè n'ọrụ n'ihi agbụrụ, ụcha, mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ agbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Houseman|first=Susan|title=Anti-discrimination Laws|url=https://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/herman/reports/futurework/conference/staffing/9.7_discrimination.htm|work=United States Department of Labor|accessdate=6 December 2018|authorlink=Susan Houseman|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032301/https://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/herman/reports/futurework/conference/staffing/9.7_discrimination.htm|archivedate=7 September 2018}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na United States, ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye dị jụụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ na oge. N'adịghị ka obodo mepere emepe, ime obodo na-achọkarị ndị nkụzi ka ha wee dị njikere ịnara ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di. Ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye adịchaghị oke njọ n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Mbụ n'ihi na a chọrọ ụmụnwanyị iji nyere aka n'agha. Ná mmalite nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, 87% nke ụlọ akwụkwọ agaghị akwụ ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di na 70% agaghị ejigide nwanyị lụrụ di. Mana n'afọ 1951, ọ bụ naanị 18% nke bọọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere "ụlọ mmanya" na 10% nwere "ụlọ mmanya nchekwa". Ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye na-emetụta ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di na nwunye gụrụ akwụkwọ, ọkachasị ụmụnwanyị ọcha amụrụ. Ọrụ ha bụ nke izi ihe na ọrụ ndị ụkọchukwu. Ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọcha na-arụ ọrụ n'ichepụta ihe, ndị na-eje ozi, na ndị na-eje ozi n'ụlọ anaghị emetụta ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye. Akwụsịghị ịkpa ókè megide ndị nkụzi nwanyị lụrụ di na nwunye na US ruo n'afọ 1964 na ngafe nke Civil Rights Act. == Ihe ziri ezi == Otu isiokwu nke afọ 1946 na The Spectator, magazin British conservative, nyere ihe ole na ole maka nkwado nke ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Marriage Bar » 22 Aug 1946 » The Spectator Archive|url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/23rd-august-1946/2/the-marriage-bar|work=The Spectator Archive|accessdate=2015-11-04}}</ref> Isiokwu ahụ kwuru na di ha na-akwado ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di, ya mere ha adịghị ha mkpa ọrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ọzọkwa, ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye nyere ohere maka ndị na-akwado ha lere anya dị ka "n'ezie" chọrọ ọrụ, dị ka ụmụnwanyị na-alụbeghị di.<ref name=":0" /> Arụmụka ọzọ The Spectator na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị na-alụbeghị di bụ ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ha ma na-agagharị agagharị karịa ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di, ebe ha enweghị ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye nwere njikọ na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba, yana, ọkachasị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Mbụ gasịrị. Ndị ọrụ na-alọghachi chọrọ ọrụ, na mgbe e mesịrị ịda mbà n'obi na 1930s, dugara na mmejuputa ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye n'ọtụtụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.striking-women.org/module/women-and-work/inter-war-years-1918-1939|title=The inter-war years: 1918-1939 &#124; Striking Women|work=www.striking-women.org}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, a na-ekwukarị na ọdịnala, ọkachasị n'ebe enwere ọdịnala siri ike nke ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di dị ka ndị nlekọta. == Mmetụta nke oge a == Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nweghị njikọ kpọmkwem na ụlọ ọrụ alụmdi na nwunye, ụfọdụ omume ịkpa ókè n'ezie taa na-ewelite nchegbu yiri nke ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị dị ka ụlọ ọrụ alụmdi na nwunye mere na n'afọ 1900s. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, [nkọwa ọzọ dị mkpa] ụfọdụ omume ịkpa ókè megide ụmụnwanyị dị ime dugara na Iwu ịkpa ókè nke afọ ime nke afọ 1978. == Leekwa == * Feminisation nke ebe ọrụ * Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọrụ == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Ozi ndị ọzọ == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091002232105/http://www.apsc.gov.au/media/briggs201106.htm Ememe ncheta afọ iri anọ nke ibuli ụlọ ikpe alụmdi na nwunye] - ederede nke okwu Lynelle Briggs n'afọ 2006, gbasara ụlọ ọrụ alụmdi na nwunye na Australian Public Service [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gomq0v543dvc4fronujec6tbqdfssc9 0 12958 728125 722778 2026-09-26T07:14:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728125 wikitext text/x-wiki Ndị na-esonụ bụ ndepụta ụfọdụ, site n'afọ, nke ihe omume ndị a ma ama ma ọ bụ akụkọ banyere omume ọjọọ na nkuchi mba ụwa, nrụrụ aka nkuchi, [[Child harvesting|owuwe ihe ubi ụmụaka]], izu ohi nwa, mmebi iwu na nkuchi mba ụwa, ma ọ bụ nrụrụ aka ụlọ ọrụ nkuchi (lee [[Child laundering|ịla]] n'iyi ụmụaka; ịzụ ahịa ụmụaka) "Na United States nkuchi mba ụwa bụ nnukwu azụmahịa, ebe a na-akwụ ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nkuchi mba ụwa onwe ha ụgwọ na nkezi dọla pụkụ iri atọ kwa oge iji chọta nwa maka ndị nne na nna nwere olileanya. "<ref>[[David M. Smolin]], [http://law.bepress.com/expresso/eps/749/ Child Laundering: How the Intercountry Adoption System Legitimizes and Incentivizes the Practices of Buying, Trafficking, Kidnapping, and Stealing Children], also published by the Wayne Law Review.</ref><ref>David M. Smoin, Unpublished: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220201023833/https://works.bepress.com/david_smolin/4/ Child Laundering As Exploitation: Applying Anti-Trafficking Norms to Intercountry Adoption Under the Coming Hague Regime].</ref><ref>David M. Smolin, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20131002140703/http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=david_smolin The Two Faces of Intercountry Adoption: The Significance of the Indian Adoption Scandals]'', Seton Hall Law Review.</ref><ref>[[David M. Smolin]], ''Intercountry Adoption as Child Trafficking'', Valparaiso Law Review .</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adoptinginternationally.com/whattodo.php|title=What To Do|publisher=Adopting Internationally|accessdate=2013-09-27|archivedate=2012-07-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722111925/http://www.adoptinginternationally.com/whattodo.php}}</ref><ref name="U.S. adoption agencies exploit Ethiopian children">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ethiopianreview.com/news/6641|title=U.S. adoption agencies exploit Ethiopian children – documentary|accessdate=21 August 2013}}</ref> == 2020 == Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke United States n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2020 boro ụmụ nwanyị atọ na Ohio ebubo maka ọrụ ha nke e kwuru na ha turu "atụmatụ iji nrụrụ aka na aghụghọ nweta nkuchi nke ụmụaka Uganda na Poland site n'inye ndị isi Uganda aka azụ na ịghọgbu ndị nne na nna nkuchi nke United States, ndị ọchịchị United States, na ndị isi nchịkwa Poland. "<ref name="Three Individuals Charged with Arranging Adoptions from Uganda and Poland Through Bribery and Fraud">{{Cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/three-individuals-charged-arranging-adoptions-uganda-and-poland-through-bribery-and-fraud|title=Three Individuals Charged with Arranging Adoptions from Uganda and Poland Through Bribery and Fraud|accessdate=September 24, 2020}}</ref> == 2019 == E boro onye nyocha nke Maricopa County na Arizona bụ Paul D. Petersen, ebubo na ọ na-eme atụmatụ nkuchi iwu na-akwadoghị ebe ọ na-ewe, na-ebugharị, ma na-enye ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ime si Marshall Islands ụgwọ iji nye ụmụ ha maka nkuchi na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] n'ime afọ atọ. A machibidoro nnabata n'etiti US na Marshall Islands site na nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Utah AG's Office: Maricopa County Assessor Paul D. Petersen arrested, accused of human smuggling|url=https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/utah-ags-office-maricopa-county-assessor-paul-d-petersen-arrested-accused-of-human-smuggling|accessdate=May 4, 2020|work=[[KSAZ-TV]]|date=October 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Allyn|first=Bobby|title=Arizona Official Arrested In Alleged 'Baby Mill' Adoption Fraud Scheme|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/09/768533784/arizona-official-arrested-in-multi-million-dollar-baby-mill-adoption-fraud-schem|accessdate=May 4, 2020|work=[[NPR]]|date=October 9, 2019}}</ref> == 2017 == Ethiopia kwụsịrị, ma mesịa machibido, nnabata nkuchi niile nye United States.<ref name="Ethiopia Suspends">{{Cite news|author=Arsenault|first=Cassy|title=Ethiopian suspension on international adoptions has West Michigan family worried for soon-to-be-son with heart condition|url=http://fox17online.com/2017/05/08/ethiopian-suspension-on-international-adoptions-has-west-michigan-family-worried-for-soon-to-be-son-with-heart-condition/|date=May 8, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Ethiopia">{{Cite news|author=Lemma|first=Tarikuwa|title=International adoption: I was stolen from my family|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/16/opinion/international-adoption-tarikuwa-lemma-stolen-children|work=CNN}}</ref> == 2010 == * United States na Russia - Russia kwụsịtụrụ inye ezinụlọ United States ụmụaka maka nkuchi mgbe Artyom Savelyev (Justin Hansen) dị afọ asaa nke onye nọọsụ Tennessee Torry Hansen nakweere ikuchi ka e zigara naanị ya n'otu ụzọ ụgbọ elu laghachi Moscow, wee nye ya akwụkwọ na-ekwu na "o nwere uche na-adịghị mma".<ref>{{Cite news|first=Clifford J.|author=Levy|authorlink=Clifford J. Levy|title=Russia Seeks Ways to Keep Its Children|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/16/world/europe/16adopt.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 15, 2010|accessdate=April 24, 2012}}</ref> Mgbe ihe omume a gasịrị, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụaka nke Russia bụ Pavel Astakhov kwuru, sị: "Anyị aghaghị, dịka o kwere mee, idebe ụmụ anyị na mba anyị."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Quotes of the Day|url=http://www.time.com/time/quotes/0,26174,1982523,00.html|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=April 16, 2010|accessdate=April 24, 2012|archive-date=January 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128163400/http://www.time.com/time/quotes/0,26174,1982523,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Onye isi oche nke kọmitii ndị omeiwu Russia na-ahụ maka ezinụlọ na ụmụaka Yelena Mizulina kwuru na ezinụlọ nlekọta, nke ndị Russia na-elekọta ma ọ bụ na-elekọta weghachiri ụmụaka pụkụ iri atọ n'ụlọ ọrụ n'ime afọ atọ gara aga.<ref name="mizulina">{{Cite news|first=Clifford J.|author=Levy|authorlink=Clifford J. Levy|title=Russian Orphanage Offers Love, but Not Families|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/04/world/europe/04adopt.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 3, 2010|accessdate=April 24, 2012}}</ref> * United States na Russia - Ndị isi Russia kpọrọ oku ka a kwụsị nkuchi nye ndị nne na nna United States mgbe e boro di na nwunye Pennsylvania ebubo maka iti nwa nkuchi ha si Russia.<ref>[http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2010/03/nathaniel_craver_is_15th_or_16.html, Russian officials call for suspension of adoptions to U.S. parents after death of Dillsburg-area boy, By LARA BRENCKLE, The Patriot-News, March 05, 2010, 12:00AM]</ref> * New Life Children's Refuge case. Mgbe ala ọma jijiji Haiti nke afọ 2010 gasịrị, e jidere ndị ozi Baptist ịrị si ala ọzọ ma bo ha ebubo ịtọrọ mmadụ. Ndị otu a kpọkọtara ụmụaka iri atọ na atọ na mpaghara ndị mebiri emebi ma zube ịkwaga ha n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei nwa oge na Dominican Republic. Ndị ozi ala ọzọ ahụ enweghị ikike kwesịrị ekwesị iji kpọpụta ụmụaka ahụ na Haiti. O mechara doo anya na ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụaka ahụ abụghị ụmụ mgbei. >"ụmụaka Haiti ịrị atọ na atọ, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha abụghị ụmụ mgbei ma nwee ezinụlọ. 'bụ ụzọ ziri ezi iji gosipụta na nke a bụ n'ụzọ doro anya omume ohere nke Silsby site na mkpuchi ya, otu a na-enyo enyo, nke a maara dị ka New Life Children's Refuge. Ụmụaka ịrị atọ na atọ a tọọrọ mana NLCR enweghị ikike kwesịrị ekwesị maka ibugharị ụmụaka ahụ ma jide ha na ebubo ịtọrọ mmadụ. == 2009 == * China - "A na-ata ndị ọrụ gọọmentị isii nọ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ China ahụhụ n'ihi mkparị ụlọ ụmụ mgbei mgbe a kpọpụrụ ụmụaka atọ n'aka ezinụlọ ha bụ ndị na-enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ maka imebi iwu atụmatụ ezinụlọ. Ụlọ ụmụ mgbei ahụ zigara ụmụaka ahụ na mba ofesi maka nkuchi site na 2004 ruo 2006, akwụkwọ akụkọ dị na Guizhou kọrọ taa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shanghaidaily.com/sp/article/2009/200907/20090703/article_406276.htm|title=上海日报 - English Window to China News|publisher=Shanghai Daily|date=2013-04-18|accessdate=2013-09-27}}</ref> * Samoa - A mara mmadụ anọ ikpe na atụmatụ, ndị ọkàiwu na-ekwu na ụlọ ọrụ nkuchi ghọgburu ndị nne na nna Samoan ka ha nye ụmụ ha maka nkuchi<ref>["https://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=6958072&page=1 Four Sentenced in Scheme to 'Adopt' Samoan Kids--Prosecutors: Adoption Agency Tricked Samoan Parents Into Giving Children Up for Adoption," Beth Tribolet, Teri Whitcraft and Scott Michels, ABC News Law & Justice Unit, February 26, 2009.]</ref> * [[Ethiopia]] - Canadian Broadcasting Company na-akọ na ezinụlọ ndị Canada "na-ekwu na CAFAC agwawo ha na nwa ha bụ nwa mgbei mgbe nne na nna ha ka dị ndụ n'ezie ... (na) na mgbe ụfọdụ, afọ ụm ụaka ahụ dị oke njọ na ahụike nke ụmụaka ndị a dịgasị iche na ihe a gwara ha tupu ha agaa [[Addis Ababa]] iburu ha. "<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/03/19/f-ethiopia-adoption.html|work=CBC News|title=Canadian parents raise concerns|date=March 19, 2009}}</ref> Andrew Goeghegan na-akọ na "Ọ dịkarịa ala ụlọ ọrụ nnabata nkuchi iri asaa guzobere azụmahịa na Ethiopia. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara edebeghị aha, mana enwere obere iwu n'ụzọ ọ bụla na aghụghọ na aghụghọ jupụtara. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ewe ụmụaka na usoro a maara dị ka owuwe ihe ubi.<ref name="U.S. adoption agencies exploit Ethiopian children"/> Nke a emeela ka ụlọ ọrụ Dutch kwụsị nnabata site na Ethiopia "n'ihi akụkọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya banyere mmegbu nke usoro ahụ site n'aka gọọmentị nke Ethiopia na ụlọ ọrụ nnabata obodo. Nnyocha nke ụlọ ọrụ nnabata mere, na-egosi na ozi gbasara ụmụaka dị na faịlụ na nzulite ha adabaghị n'ezie. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ndị nne ụmụaka ahụ ka dị ndụ, ebe edepụtara ha dị ka ndị nwụrụ anwụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ethiopianreview.com/news/6790|title=Dutch agency stops adoption from Ethiopia pending investigation|accessdate=2013-08-21}}</ref> * Vietnam - "Ụlọ ikpe dị n'ebe ugwu Vietnam etinyela mmadụ iri na isii n'ụlọ ikpe maka ebubo na ha na-ere ihe karịrị ụmụ ọhụrụ narị abụọ na ịrị ise maka nkuchi na mba ọzọ. Onye isi ụlọ ọrụ abụọ na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ọha na eze na mpaghara Nam Dinh yana ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta na ndị nọọsụ na ụlọ ọgwụ obodo gara ikpe ụnyaahụ, ka Dang Viet Hung, onye isi ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe na-anụ ikpe ahụ kwuru. A na-ebo ndị a ebubo "iji ike na ikike eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi" ma nwee ike ịnọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ afọ ise ruo afọ iri. "<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/16-on-trial-for-selling-babies-for-adoption-1791716.html|work=The Independent|date=September 23, 2009|title=16 On Trial For Selling Babies For Adoption}}</ref> == 2007 == * Guatemala - Ndị uwe ojii Guatemala, ndị agha na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị wakporo ụlọ nlekọta na Antigua na-ejide ụmụ ọhụrụ iri anọ na isii, na-ebo ụlọ ahụ ebubo na ha enyeghị akwụkwọ kwesịrị ekwesị maka nkuchi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1657355,00.html|work=Time|title=Cleaning Up International Adoptions|date=August 29, 2007|archive-date=August 30, 2009|access-date=April 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830043711/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1657355,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Haiti - IOM na Pan American Development Foundation (PADF) na-eweghachite ụmụaka iri anọ na asaa, ndị a na-azụ ahịa ụmụaka n'ụlọ ha na Grand'Anse nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Haiti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/pbnAM/cache/offonce?entryId=14927|title=Home - International Organization for Migration|publisher=Iom.int|date=2013-09-09|accessdate=2013-09-27|archivedate=2007-09-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912091251/http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/pbnAM/cache/offonce?entryId=14927}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Thomson Reuters Foundation|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L10350968.htm|title=Thomson Reuters Foundation &#124; News, Information and Connections for Action|publisher=Alertnet.org|accessdate=2013-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/pbnAM/cache/offonce?entryId=14958|title=Home - International Organization for Migration|publisher=Iom.int|date=2013-09-09|accessdate=2013-09-27|archivedate=2007-09-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912085301/http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/pbnAM/cache/offonce?entryId=14958}}</ref> == 2005 == * China - N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2005, Xinhua News kọrọ na e jidere ụlọ ụmụ mgbei na mpaghara Hunan nke [[China]], yana ụlọ ụmụ mgbei ndị ọzọ a na-akpọghị aha na Guangdong na Guangxi Provinces, na-azụ ụmụ ọhụrụ n'aka ndị na-azụ ahịa maka "800 yuan (US $ 98.89) ruo 1,200 yuan ma ree ha n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ na ọnụahịa dị elu karị. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-11/24/content_3828880.htm|title=Xinhua - English|publisher=News.xinhuanet.com|date=2005-11-24|accessdate=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216124913/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-11/24/content_3828880.htm|archive-date=2014-02-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nnyocha ndị sochirinụ gosiri na ezinụlọ Duan rere ihe karịrị otu puku ụmụ ọhụrụ n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei Hunan, nakwa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụmụaka ndị a niile nabatara na mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Research-China.Org|url=http://research-china.blogspot.com/2006/10/hunan-one-year-after-part-one.html|title=Research-China.Org: Hunan - One Year After - Part One|publisher=Research-china.blogspot.com|date=2006-10-09|accessdate=2013-09-27}}; Brian H. Stuy (with foreword by David Smolin), Open Secret: Cash and Coercion in China's International Adoption Program" Cumberland Law Review 44.3 (2014): 355-422.</ref> * Samoa - Samoa mere iwu ngwa ngwa "iji mee ka nkuchi ndị mba ọzọ sie ike na-esote ọnwụ nke nwatakịrị nke nọ na nlekọta nke ụlọ ọrụ America ..."" otu afọ mgbe "nyocha One News kpughere ndị nne na nna Samoan etinyela ụmụ ha maka nkuchi na nzukọ Focus On Children, n'amaghị na ha agaghị ahụ ha ọzọ. Ndị nne na nna chere na ụmụaka ahụ ga-anọ na America naanị maka agụmakwụkwọ ha nakwa na nkuchi ahụ abụghị nke na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="TVNZ_594334">{{Cite news|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411424/594334/|title=Death prompts Samoan adoption change|date=June 27, 2005|work=[[One News (New Zealand)|One News]]|accessdate=October 15, 2011|archive-date=April 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417191521/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411424/594334|url-status=dead}}</ref> == 2004 == * Samoa - Otu akụkọ na-ekpughe na ndị nne na nna Samoan na-etinye ụmụ ha maka nkuchi na nzukọ Focus On Children na-eche na ụmụaka ahụ ga-anọ na America naanị maka agụmakwụkwọ ha nakwa na nkuchi ahụ abụghị nke na-adịgide adịgide ma na-ekpughe na o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị ahụ ụmụ ha ọzọ.<ref name="TVNZ_594334"/> == 2003 == * UNICEF na-ewepụta akụkọ banyere ịzụ ahịa ụmụaka / [[Child laundering|ịla]] n'iyi ụmụaka na Afrịka. * England - ''Onye ọka ikpe'' wakporo onye ọrụ ebere maka mkparị nkuchi mba ụwa. "E wepụrụ ihe mkpuchi ahụ na azụmahịa "ọjọọ na mmegbu" nke nnabata mba ụwa ụnyaahụ mgbe onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu wakporo onye ọrụ ebere nke Britain maka ikwe ka ezinụlọ edepụtara aha ha zụta nwa n'aka di na nwunye na United States...Mana tupu ụbọchị ọmụmụ mbụ ya, e debere ya n'aka ụlọ ikpe mgbe nne na nna ya "ọhụrụ", bụ ndị a machibidoro nkuchi na Britain site n'ụzọ nkịtị, kewara ebe nne nkuchi ya gburu onwe ya. "<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/judge-attacks-social-worker-over-international-adoption-scandal-599872.html|work=The Independent|title=Judge attacks social worker over international adoption scandal|accessdate=2013-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023064313/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/judge-attacks-social-worker-over-international-adoption-scandal-599872.html|archive-date=2010-10-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> == 2001 == * N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2001, otu United States Immigration and Naturalization Service kwụsịrị nnabata site na Cambodia. Richard Cross, onye isi nyocha nke US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, “boro ndị isi n'ọkwa kachasị elu nke gọọmentị ebubo na ha sonyere na aghụghọ metụtara ọtụtụ narị ụmụ ọhụrụ na ọtụtụ nde dollar.” Ọ bụkwa "onye isi nyocha gọọmentị etiti maka ikpe Lauryn Galindo maka aghụghọ visa na mmefu ego na-etinye aka na nnabata ndị Cambodia, mere atụmatụ na ọtụtụ n'ime nnabata narị asatọ nke Galindo nyere aka bụ aghụghọ - ma ọ bụ dabere na akwụkwọ aghụghọ, mmanye, ụmụ ọhụrụ a zụrụ, njirimara nke ụmụaka agbanwere, wdg. "<ref>Desiree Smolin and David Kruchkow, ''Why Bad Stories Must Be Told'', The Adoption Agency Checklist, </ref> Nke a sochiri nyocha nke otu ndị na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na Phnom Penh Post na-ekpughe ịzụta nwa na ịtọrọ site na ọrụ nkuchi Lauryn Galindo, yana ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2004, Galindo kwetara na ebubo gọọmentị etiti ma maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa iri na asatọ ma nyekwa ya iwu ka ọ tụfuo ihe karịrị otu nde dọla n'ihe onwunwe na Hawaii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brandeis.edu/investigate/gender/adoption/outofcambodia.html|accessdate=November 1, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804110545/http://www.brandeis.edu/investigate/gender/adoption/outofcambodia.html|archivedate=August 4, 2009}}</ref> == 2000 == * Òtù United Nations na-ewepụta Protocol iji gbochie, gbochie ma nye ntaramahụhụ maka ịzụ ahịa mmadụ, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, na-agbakwunye nkwekọrịta megide mpụ a haziri ahazi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://untreaty.un.org/English/TreatyEvent2003/Texts/treaty2E.pdf|accessdate=November 1, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928150400/http://untreaty.un.org/English/TreatyEvent2003/Texts/treaty2E.pdf|archivedate=September 28, 2006}}</ref> == 1999 == * India - Andhra Pradesh - "Ihe ihere mebiri na Machị na Eprel nke afọ 1999, ma tinye aka ọzọ Sanjeeva Rao na ụlọ ụmụ mgbei ya, ASD. N'oge a, onye ọzọ, Peter Subbaiah, onye na-elekọta Good Samaritan Evangelical and Social Welfare Association, sokwa na ya. Ebubo bụ isi metụtara ịzụta ụmụ ọhụrụ site n'aka otu agbụrụ a na-akpọ Lambada. Ndị Lambada bụ ndị na-agagharị agagharị, ugbu a biri n'ime obodo nta (nke a na-akpọ tandas) ma na-adị ndụ site na ọrụ ugbo na ọrụ ugbo, mgbe mgbe n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke oke ịda ogbenye. Ndị Lambada na-emebu omenala nke ọnụ ahịa nwanyị ọhụrụ, mana ha nakweere usoro omenala ndị India, nke chọrọ ka ezinụlọ nke nwanyị a na-alụ ọhụrụ kwụọ nnukwu ego nye ezinụlọ nwoke na-alụ nwanyị ọhụrụ iji hazie alụmdi na nwunye ya. Na mgbakwunye, e kwuru na ndị Lambada kwenyere na nwa nke atọ, nke isii, na nke itoolu bụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ, “na-adịghị mma.” E kwuru na ha na-egbu ụmụ nwanyị, ma na-erekwa, maka obere ego, ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị ha a mụrụ ọhụrụ. Ihe ndekọ ndị nta akụkọ na India zoro aka na ọdịdị ha dị mma dị ka nke na-eme ka ha mara mma nye ndị nne na nna si mba ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na o doro anya ma nke a gosipụtara ajọ ebumnobi ndị India, kama nke ndị America. Ihe ihere nke afọ 1999 malitere site na njide ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ndị e boro ebubo na ha na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị nyocha ma ọ bụ ndị ogbugbo n'ịzụta ụmụaka. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ akụkọ kpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị ndị a "ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya", a na-ebo ha ebubo ịzụta ụmụ ọhụrụ Lambada maka obere ego (dọla ịrị na ise ruo dọla ịrị anọ na ise), wee nata nnukwu ego (dọla narị abụọ na ịrị abụọ ruo dọla narị anọ na ịrị anọ) site n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei maka ụmụaka. Akụkọ ndị nta akụkọ gosiri na ụlọ ụmụ mgbei ahụ natara dọla pụkụ abụọ ruo dọla pụkụ atọ maka nwatakịrị ọ bụla e debere na nkuchi mba. N'ihi mkparị nke afọ 1999, e jidere Sanjeeva Rao na Peter Subbaiah ma tinye ha n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref name="bepress2005">"The Two Faces of Intercountry Adoption: The Significance of the Indian Adoption Scandals" Seton Hall Law Review Thirty-Five.Number Two (2005): 403-493. Available at: http://works.bepress.com/david_smolin/2</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Morning Edition|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12185524|title=An Adoption Gone Wrong|publisher=NPR|accessdate=2013-09-27}}</ref> == 1995-1996 == * India - "Nkwenye Andhra Pradesh na-elekwasị anya na enyo nke mmebi iwu n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei a na-akpọ Action for Social Development. E nyere ụmụaka ndị ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya Amerịka jidere, visa ma kwe ka ha gaa Amerịka.<ref name="bepress2005"/> == 1994 == * Romania - Isiokwu nyocha iwu na-akọ na ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya nke United States na-enyocha nkuchi ndị Romania chọpụtara "ihe omume ebe ndị nne [[Romania]] kwenyere na ha na-agbazinye ụmụ ha n'aka ndị nne na nna si mba ọzọ ma ghara ịhapụ ha kpamkpam. "<ref>Jorge L. Carro, Regulation of Intercountry Adoption: Can the Abuses Come to an End?, 18 HASTINGS INT’L & COMP. L. REV. 121, 144 (1994)(documenting “baby trafficking” problems in [[Peru]], [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]], [[Colombia]], [[Honduras]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Romania]]). </ref><ref name="bepress1">{{Cite web |url=http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=david_smolin |title=see footnote 29 |accessdate=2022-04-25 |archivedate=2015-04-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405103248/http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=david_smolin }}</ref> * Mba ndị ọzọ - Isiokwu nyocha iwu na-akọ nsogbu "ịzụ ahịa ụmụaka" na [[Peru]], [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]], [[Colombia]], Honduras, Sri Lanka (lee ịzụ ahịa ụmụaka / [[Child laundering|ịla]] n'iyi ụmụaka.)<ref>Jorge L. Carro, Regulation of Intercountry Adoption: Can the Abuses Come to an End?, 18 HASTINGS INT’L & COMP. L. REV. 121, 144 (1994) (documenting “baby trafficking” problems in [[Peru]], [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]], [[Colombia]], [[Honduras]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Romania]]).</ref><ref name="bepress1" /> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} qfhw2cj01fnogamvqe179hw62db8ylg 0 13065 727972 189443 2026-09-25T17:20:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Pages using infobox television with unnecessary name parameter]] Lindsay Lohan's Indian Journey bụ ihe nkiri British nke afọ 2010 nke Maninderpal Sahota duziri ma mepụta. Ọ bụ onye America na-eme ihe nkiri Lindsay Lohan gosipụtara ma kọọ ya. N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ dị otu awa, Lohan na-agwa ndị na-azụ ahịa mmadụ na Delhi, Kolkata na obodo nta dị na West Bengal okwu. Ọ na-agwakwa onye bụbu onye na-azụ ahịa mmadụ, ndị nne na nna nke ụmụaka a na-azụ ahịa ma na-eleta ebe obibi ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka [[Sanlaap]] na Kolkata. E mere ihe nkiri a na India n'ime otu izu na Disemba 2009. Lohan tinyere aka na ọrụ ahụ mgbe ọ zutere Sahota na mmemme mmekọrịta ma gosipụta mmasị isonye. Lindsay Lohan's Indian Journey nwetara ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi na-adịghị mma kemgbe ọ malitere. A katọrọ BBC nke ukwuu maka ịhọpụta Lohan n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-adịbeghị anya, a kpọsara nkwenye ịkwọ ụgbọala na-aṅụ mmanya na "ndụ oriri na nkwari".<ref name="Gentleman">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/mar/29/lindsay-lohan-bbc-documentary|title=Lindsay Lohan's misplaced tears|date=29 March 2010|first=Amelia|author=Gentleman|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=4 January 2011}}</ref> BBC kwuru na ha họọrọ Lohan iji dọta ndị na-ege ntị nke nwere ike ghara ikiri. Òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị India, Bachpan Bachao Andolan, katọrọ Lohan maka ozi Twitter ebe o yiri ka ọ na-enweta otuto maka otu n'ime mwakpo ha, ihe BBC kwuru na ọ bụ nkọwa na-ezighị ezi. Mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ahụ asụgharịghị ọkwa dị elu. Na mgbasa ozi mbụ ya na BBC Three na 1 Eprel 2010, ezinụlọ pụkụ narị abụọ na ịrị abụọ na anọ lere ya, òkè 0.9% nke ndị na-ege ntị. Ndị nkatọ jara ihe nkiri ahụ mma maka nyocha nke ọma ma na-akpali akpali, mana ha chọpụtara na ọnụnọ Lohan bụ ihe ijuanya ma na-adọpụ uche. == Nkọwapụta == Na Lindsay Lohan's Indian Journey, Lohan zutere ma gbaa ndị na-ahụ maka ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ajụjụ ọnụ na Delhi, Kolkata na obodo nta dị na West Bengal. Ha na-ekwu banyere mmegbu na mmegbu ha nwetara, na-akọwa ịgba ohu mmekọahụ, mmetọ anụ ahụ na ihe isi ike n'ime ka ndị na-azụ ahịa ha nweta ikpe ziri ezi. Ọ na-agwakwa onye bụbu onye na-azụ ahịa na ndị nne na nna nke ụmụaka na-azụ ahịa okwu. Otu nwata nwoke a na-azụ ahịa na-ekwu na ọ pụghị ịlaghachi n'ụlọ n'ihi na nne ya na-arịa ọrịa. Otu nne nke na-azụ ahịa nwa ya nwanyị na-akọwa otú ezinụlọ ya si ghara inwe nri zuru ezu, na otú ọ bụ ezie na ha enwetaghị ụgwọ e kwere ná nkwa maka ọrụ nwa ya nwanyị, ọ dịkarịa ala, a na-enye ya nri. Lohan gara ụlọ ọrụ [[Sanlaap]], ebe obibi ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na Kolkata. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ọgwụgwọ ịgba egwu dị ka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ ha na otu ụmụ agbọghọ na-agba egwu ha rụgharịrị. Ọ na-agwa ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ejidere n'ụlọ akwụna okwu ma ha na-akọwa na e dinara ha n'ike ma nye ha ọgwụ ọjọọ. Onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ Sanlaap na-akọwa otú Lohan si nwee mmasị na ịzụ ahịa nwere ike isi kpalie ndị na-eto eto ndị ọzọ itinye aka na imegide mmegbu. Bharti Ali, onye nduzi nke Non-governmental organization Centre for Child Rights, na-akatọ gọọmentị maka ịghara ibute nchedo ụmụaka ụzọ. N'ịlaghachi n'ụlọ, ndị na-ese foto paparazzi na-achụ Lohan na ndị ọrụ ihe nkiri ahụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu. Mgbe ọnwa abụọ gasịrị, Lohan nọ na London, England na-agwa Kate Redman, si Save the Children UK, onye na-akọwa otú otu n'ime nsogbu na ntinye aka gọọmentị bụ na ọ bụ naanị mmekọahụ na ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị. Ọ na-akwadokwa ime ka a mara nsogbu ndị metụtara ịzụ ahịa. == Mmepụta == '''"Ịchọta onye a ma ama nke na-eche banyere okwu ahụ n'ezie na-enyere aka ịdọta ìgwè mmadụ na-agaghị agbanwe agbanwe. Mana ị ga-akpachara anya. Ọ bụrụ na ị nweta mgbazinye-a-celeb, ndị na-ege ntị nwere ike ịhụ ya otu maịl. Ajụla m akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ama ama na-eduzi karịa ka m tinyegoro na ọwa."''' [[Danny Cohen (onye isi na telivishọn)|Danny Cohen]] na-ekwu maka ihe kpatara eji họrọ Lohan iweta akwụkwọ akụkọ.   Lohan nọrọ otu izu na Disemba 2009 na India na-ese ihe nkiri Lindsay Lohan's Indian Journey na ndị ọrụ BBC nwere mmadụ anọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20326926,00.html|title=Lindsay Lohan Returns from India|date=13 December 2009|first=David|author=Caplan|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=4 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018073120/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20326926,00.html|archive-date=18 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lohan tinyere aka na ihe nkiri ahụ mgbe ọ zutere Sahota na mmemme mmekọrịta ma gosipụta mmasị ya ime ya. Sahota kwuru na ọ na-eche na Lohan họọrọ isonye na ihe nkiri ahụ "n'ihi ịrụ ọrụ n'ụwa okenye kemgbe ọ dị afọ iri, ọ na-eche na nwata dị oké ọnụ ahịa, mgbe ị tụfuru otu ị gaghị anọchi afọ ndị ahụ. "<ref name="telegraphprod" /> O kwukwara na ndị ha zutere n'ime ime obodo India amachaghị Lohan na mbụ.<ref name="telegraphprod">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/7497892/Lindsay-Lohan-needed-to-create-interest-in-poverty-docs-says-BBC-boss.html|title=Lindsay Lohan needed to create interest in 'poverty' docs, says BBC boss|date=23 March 2010|first=Urmee|author=Khan|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=4 January 2011}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke abụọ nke ịme ihe nkiri ahụ, Lohan dere ozi na akaụntụ Twitter ya na-ekwu, sị: "Ihe karịrị ụmụaka iri anọ zọpụtara ruo ugbu a... N'ime ọrụ otu ụbọchị. " Òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị India, Bachpan Bachao Andolan, kwuru na ọ bụghị akụkụ nke mwakpo ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha ma na-eyi egwu ime ihe iwu kwadoro maka ọkwa ahụ. BBC kwuru na "a kọwara Lohan n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi" nakwa na "ọ na-ezo aka naanị na mwakpo nke mere metụtara ịzụ ahịa ụmụaka". Ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị, Lohan dere ọzọ na Twitter na-eto ọrụ Bachpan Bachao Andolan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 December 2009|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091213/jsp/nation/story_11857524.jsp|title=Lindsay lands in child saviour storm|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|publisher=[[ABP Group]]|accessdate=4 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/6790305/Lindsay-Lohan-attacked-over-claims-she-helped-rescue-40-Indian-children.html|title=Lindsay Lohan attacked over claims she helped rescue 40 Indian children|date=11 December 2009|first=Dean|author=Nelson|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=4 January 2011}}</ref> E bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ na ọ ga-anọ maka mwakpo ahụ, mana n'ihi mmegharị oge rutere mba ahụ n'oge. E mekwara ndokwa ka Lohan gbaa onye nnọchi anya UNICEF ajụjụ ọnụ maka ihe nkiri ahụ, mana ọ bịaghị.<ref name="guardianprod">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2010/apr/01/lindsay-lohan-child-trafficking|title=Lindsay Lohan's child trafficking film: DVD extras|date=1 April 2010|first=Marina|author=Hyde|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=4 January 2011}}</ref> BBC enwetaghị ike ịhụ na Lohan nwere visa ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị, nke nwere ike ime ka e tinye ya na ndepụta ojii nke mbata na India.<ref name="guardianprod" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/7472033/Lindsay-Lohan-faces-ban-from-India.html|title=Lindsay Lohan faces ban from India|date=18 March 2010|first=Dean|author=Nelson|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=1 March 2011}}</ref> Banyere ahụmịhe ya na-arụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri ahụ, Lohan kwuru, sị: "ike nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ agbọghọ m zutere na-eweda onwe m ala n'ezie" na "Enwere m olileanya na ọnụnọ m na India ga-eme ka a mara ihe ndị dị mkpa e welitere n'ime ihe nkiri a. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/celebritynews/news/lindsay-lohan-calls-experience-in-india-truly-humbling-2010151|title=Lindsay Lohan Calls Experience in India "Truly Humbling"|date=15 January 2010|work=[[Us Weekly]]|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vURjfHc5?url=http://www.usmagazine.com/celebritynews/news/lindsay-lohan-calls-experience-in-india-truly-humbling-2010151|archivedate=4 January 2011|accessdate=4 January 2011}}</ref> == Nnabata == [[Usòrò:Lindsay_Lohan_(Headshot).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|185x185px|A katọrọ BBC nke ukwuu maka ịhọpụta onye na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ iji gosipụta ihe nkiri ahụ]] Dị ka John Plunkett nke ''The Guardian'' si kwuo: "Ọ bụ ihe omume BBC3 ole na ole emeela ka ndị mgbasa ozi lebara anya n'oge dị mkpirikpi. Mana esemokwu nke Lindsay Lohan's Indian Journey kpatara ... adabaghị na ọkwa ya. "<ref name="Ratings" /> Na mgbasa ozi mbụ ya na BBC Three na Thursday, 1 Eprel 2010, ezinụlọ pụkụ narị abụọ na ịrị abụọ na anọ lere ihe nkiri ahụ. O nwere òkè 0.9% nke ndị na-ege ntị n'etiti 9pm na 10pm.<ref name="Ratings">{{Cite web|author=John Plunkett|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/apr/06/lindsay-lohan-indian-journey-bbc3-ratings|title=TV ratings&nbsp;– 1 April: Lindsay Lohan's Indian Journey takes only 224,000 along for the ride|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=6 April 2010|accessdate=15 September 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AiK03pXd?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/apr/06/lindsay-lohan-indian-journey-bbc3-ratings|archivedate=16 September 2012}}</ref> Ndị nkatọ jara Lindsay Lohan's Indian Journey mma maka nyocha nke ọma na ịmanye, mana ha chọpụtakwara na ọnụnọ Lohan bụ ihe ijuanya. Na kọlụm Lost in Showbiz ya na ''The Guardian'', Marina Hyde katọrọ ihe nkiri ahụ ugboro ugboro, ọkachasị nhọrọ itinye Lohan, kemgbe ọ malitere. Ọ na-ekwu banyere ikpe Lohan n'oge na-adịbeghị anya maka "ịkwọ ụgbọala na-aṅụ mmanya na ịnwe ọgwụ ọjọọ", na-akọwa ya dị ka "kpakpando ụgbọ okporo ígwè" nke nwere "[ọrụ] ... na mmechi" ma gaa n'ihu ịjụ ma ọ bụrụ na BBC na-arụ "ọrụ ndị na-emebi ihe oyiyi" na ma mkpebi nke were Lohan n'ọrụ bụ "ihe na-egosi nsogbu ọdịbendị sara mbara".<ref name="guardianprod"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2009/dec/11/india-lindsay-lohan-bbc-documentary|title=What has India done to deserve Lindsay Lohan?|date=11 December 2009|first=Marina|author=Hyde|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=11 March 2011}}</ref> Mary Elizabeth Williams nke Salon.com katọrọ mkpebi BBC3 ka Lohan, onye ọ kpọrọ "starlet nwere ọdachi," n'ihu usoro ihe omume ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na o kwukwara na "mgbalị nke na-eme ka a mara banyere ọrịa na-efe efe zuru ụwa ọnụ - ọbụnadị nke na-eji nwa ọkụkọ na-ekpo ọkụ - ka bụ mgbalị. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2010/01/12/lindsay_lohan_india|title=Lindsay Lohan: Sex trade savior|date=12 January 2010|first=Mary Elizabeth|author=Williams|work=[[Salon.com]]|accessdate=4 January 2011}}</ref> Amelia Gentleman nke ''The Guardian'' kọwara Lohan dị ka "onye a maara nke ọma maka ihe a na-akpọ euphemistically ndụ nnọkọ" ma kwuo na ọ bụ ezie na òkè ya wetara mgbasa ozi na ọrụ ahụ, nlebara anya ahụ adịghị mma na banyere onye ya, ọ bụghị nsogbu. N'ihe nkiri ahụ, o kwuru na "ihe ndị ahụ dị ike ma na-eme ka mmadụ kwenye," mana na Lohan bụ "onye na-adọpụ uche mgbe niile".<ref name="Gentleman"/> Sam Wollaston nke ''The Guardian'' dere akwụkwọ ozi na-atọ ọchị, na-akwa emo site n'echiche nke Lohan: "A na-eziga ụfọdụ n'ime ụmụaka ndị a ịrụ ọrụ mgbe ha dị obere. Nke m nwere ike ịkọ n'ihi na amalitere m ịrụ ọrụ dị ka nwa nlereanya mgbe m dị afọ atọ, wee banye na ihe nkiri mgbe m dị afọ iri na otu. Enwere m ike, dị ka, ịghọta ebe ndị a si abịa. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2010/apr/02/lindsay-lohans-indian-journey-review|title=Lindsay Lohan's Indian Journey|date=2 April 2010|first=Sam|author=Wollaston|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref> Andrew Billen nke ''The Times'' kọwara ihe nkiri a dị ka "agụmakwụkwọ mmetụta uche" na "ọrụ ngwa ngwa".<ref name="Timesonline" /> O kwuru na kama igosipụta mpụ nke ịzụ ahịa, "a tụgharịrị anya n'ụzọ dị irè na Lohan ma n'okpuru ya, ọ kwụsịrị".<ref name="Timesonline">{{Cite web|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article7084742.ece|title=Lindsay Lohan's Indian Journey; Lost Abroad: The Parents' Story|date=2 April 2010|first=Andrew|author=Billen|work=[[The Times]]|publisher=[[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]]|accessdate=4 January 2011}}</ref> Na nyocha na ''The Times'', Caitlin Moran dere na juxtaposition nke Lohan na nhụjuanya mmadụ nke ịzụ ahịa mere maka "usoro ihe omume na-enweghị atụ, nke na-agbagwoju anya".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article7084420.ece|title=Courteney Cox made me laugh four times|date=3 April 2010|first=Caitlin|author=Moran|work=[[The Times]]|publisher=[[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]]|accessdate=25 February 2010|archivedate=30 May 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530120245/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article7084420.ece}}</ref> Alice-Azania Jarvis nke ''The Independent'' chọpụtara na ihe nkiri ahụ "nke a chịkọtara nke ọma, nke a nyochara nke ọma, ma na-akpali akpali" ma kwuo na itinye Lohan "n'ezie ọ bụghị nhọrọ dị egwu. Naanị nke na-enweghị atụ. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/last-nights-television-lindsay-lohans-indian-journey-bbc3-brcountry-house-rescue-channel-4-1933726.html|title=Last Night's Television: Lindsay Lohan's Indian Journey, BBC3, Country House Rescue, Channel 4|date=2 April 2010|first=Alice-Azania|author=Jarvis|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=4 January 2011}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * {{IMDb title|title=Lindsay Lohan's Indian Journey}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lvs2e8f73tve04nzg1dw48lodiyqs68 0 13695 728025 89772 2026-09-25T23:00:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mary Wambui''' bụ nwanyị Kenya na-azụ ahịa na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ nọchiri onye bụbu onye isi ala Mwai Kibaki dị ka onye omeiwu nke Othaya. E kwuru na ọ bụ nwunye nke abụọ nke Kibaki.<ref>Wax, Emily. "New Kenyan Soap Opera: The President's Two Wives." The Washington Post 30 Jan. 2004: A01. The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. <https://web.archive.org/web/20181116045350/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A61727-2004Jan29/?language=printer>.</ref> Ezinụlọ Wambui na-ekwu na Mwai lụrụ Mary na 1972 n'okpuru iwu omenala Kikuyu ma nwee nwa nwanyị, Wangui Mwai. N'afọ 2004, ndị mgbasa ozi kọrọ na Kibaki nwere di nke abụọ a na-ekwu na ọ lụrụ di n'okpuru iwu omenala, Mary Wambui, na nwa nwanyị, Wangui Mwai. Mgbe akụkọ ahụ gasịrị, Ụlọ Steeti wepụtara nkwupụta a na-edeghị aha na naanị ezinụlọ Kibaki bụ nwunye ya, Lucy na ụmụ ha anọ. The ''Washington Post'' kpọrọ mkparị ahụ dum dị ka "ihe nkiri ọhụrụ nke Kenya".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181116045350/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A61727-2004Jan29/?language=printer New Kenyan Soap Opera: The President's Two Wives] ''Washington Post''</ref> N'afọ 2009, Kibaki, ya na Lucy Kibaki na-ewe iwe, nwere nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ iji kwughachi ụwa na ọ nwere naanị otu nwunye. Ọ bụ ezie na a gọnahụrụ ya ọnọdụ dị ka nwunye, a na-enye Wambui ọnyà niile nke di na nwunye onye isi ala gụnyere ndị nche na limousines. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na The Standard dere na Eprel 5, 2007, Winnie kwuru na ya na Artur Margaryan, onye a na-enyo enyo na ọ bụ onye ọrụ ego si Armenia, bu n'obi ịlụ n'ọdịnihu. Tupu ọ banye n'ụlọ omeiwu, a na-akọwakarị Mary Wambui dị ka onye na-akwado National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) ma mesịa bụrụ "The National Alliance activist" mgbe ọ gbanwere iguzosi ike n'ihe. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na nso nso a na ndị mgbasa ozi na Kenya, Wambui kwuru na ya nwere ụmụ ise mana ọ na-ala azụ ịkọwa aha ha. == Ndetu == <references /> {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] q17zce8cfvmpplxx9rxiz0bqzttl6ua 0 13781 728005 689664 2026-09-25T20:02:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mkpúrù èdè íke''' `Mai Atafo bụ onye Naijiria na-akwa ákwà ejiji, amaara maka akara ya, '''Mai Atafo'''. Ọ gara Savile Row Academy nke dị na Leeds iji nweta ọzụzụ dị ka onye na-akwa ákwà.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/13/mai-atafo-inspired-atelier-hosts-savile-row-master-tailor-sartorial-lagos-stylistas-attend/.|title=MAI Atafo Inspired Atelier hosts Savile Row Master Tailor &#124; Sartorial Lagos & Stylistas Attend|date=13 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ynaija.com/a-celebration-of-heritage-craftsmanship-mai-atafo-inspired-brings-savile-row-to-nigeria-photos/.|title=A celebration of heritage & craftsmanship: Mai Atafo Inspired brings Savile row to Nigeria (PHOTOS) {{!}}|work=www.ynaija.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620024107/http://www.ynaija.com/a-celebration-of-heritage-craftsmanship-mai-atafo-inspired-brings-savile-row-to-nigeria-photos/|archivedate=2014-06-20}} </ref> A mụrụ Atafo na Ile-Ife, Osun Steeti n'ezinụlọ nwere ụmụ itoolu.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://stargist.com/entertainment/nigerian_celebrity/mai-atafo-mai-atafo-biography-mai-atafo-wikipedia-mai-atafo-profile-about-mai-atafo/|title=10 Spectacular Things About Popular Stylist And Designer, Mai Atafo|date=2017-03-14|work=Nigerian Celebrity News + Latest Entertainment News|accessdate=2018-11-29|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129225241/https://stargist.com/entertainment/nigerian_celebrity/mai-atafo-mai-atafo-biography-mai-atafo-wikipedia-mai-atafo-profile-about-mai-atafo/|archive-date=2018-11-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Christine Atafo. Ha nwere otu nwa.<ref name="auto" /> == Ọrụ == Atafo, mgbe o si United Kingdom lọta n'afọ 2002 rụrụ ọrụ n'ọkwa dị iche iche na ngalaba ahịa na British American Tobacco Nigeria. N'afọ 2006, ọ hapụrụ Guinness Nigeria ebe ọ nọ ọdụ dị ka Brand Manager mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'afọ 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.musicmeetsrunway.com/designers/2013-designers/mai-atafo/|title=Coming Soon – musicmeetsrunway|accessdate=2022-05-29|archivedate=2021-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614221314/http://www.musicmeetsrunway.com/designers/2013-designers/mai-atafo/}}</ref> Tupu ọ pụọ na Guinness Nigeria, Atafo malitere aha uwe "Mai Atafo Inspired", <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/the-fashionista/i-quit-as-a-manager-in-guinness-to-go-into-fashion-mai-atafo-celebrity-clothier/|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2014-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730085039/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/the-fashionista/i-quit-as-a-manager-in-guinness-to-go-into-fashion-mai-atafo-celebrity-clothier/|archivedate=2014-07-30}}</ref> nke nwetara nlebara anya sndị ama ama dịka [[Omowunmi Akinnifesi]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2011/03/bn-bytes-ex-beauty-queen-omowunmi-akinnifesi-designer-ohimai-atafo-emerge-as-vanguard-newspapers-allure-style-icons-for-2011/|title=BN Bytes: Ex-beauty queen Omowunmi Akinnifesi & Designer Ohimai Atafo emerge as Vanguard Newspaper's "Allure Style Icons" for 2011|date=March 8, 2011}}</ref> Banky W, IK Osakioduwa na ndị ọzọ. Ọ nọdụrụ nwa oge dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ ejiji maka magazin Genevieve. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.genevieveng.com/ezinne-chinkata-joins-the-g-team-as-fashion-editor/|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2014-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808210709/http://www.genevieveng.com/ezinne-chinkata-joins-the-g-team-as-fashion-editor/|archivedate=2014-08-08}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, Mai Atafo Inspired malitere usoro ikwa Akwa agbamakwụkwọ a na-akpọ "Weddings by Mai".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bn.cdn.com.ng/2011/07/28/bn-exclusive-munachi-abii-is-the-bride-weddings-by-mai-the-dream-wedding/|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2014-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044527/http://bn.cdn.com.ng/2011/07/28/bn-exclusive-munachi-abii-is-the-bride-weddings-by-mai-the-dream-wedding/|archivedate=2014-08-08}}</ref> Atafo bụ onye nduzi ncheputa echiche nke Mai Atafo Inspired. Ọ bụ onye nduzi n'echeputa maka ụzọ nweta ezi ósisa-maka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Firehouse Group, ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka emcee maka Miss Nigeria Pageant n'afo 2010. Atafo bụ onye isi kọmitii na-arụ ọrụ na Future Awards Central.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ynaija.com/french-consul-general-francois-sastourne-adesuwa-onyenokwe-ohimai-atafo-ndidi-nwuneli-oc-ukeje-others-step-out-as-the-future-africa-awards-summit-honours-past-judges-unveils-advisory-council/|title=French Consul-General Francois Sastourne, Adesuwa Onyenokwe, Ohimai Atafo, Ndidi Nwuneli, OC Ukeje, others step out as The Future Africa Awards & Summit honours past judges, unveils Advisory Council (PHOTOS) » YNaija|date=July 11, 2014}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == A mara Atafo gburugburu Afrịka maka ntinye n'ihe gbasara ejiji na ụzọ oyiyi. * 2009 City People Fashion and Style, Hottest New Male Designer * 2010 City People Fashion and Style, Special Recognition. * 2010 Mode Men Fashion Designer of the Year * 2010 Mode Men, Best Dressed Man of the Year * 2010 FAB Magazine, Fashion Brand of the Year * 2010 Covenant University "Redefining Fashion Contribution" * 2011 Allure, Most Stylish Man of the Year * 2011 Thisday Style, Best Dressed Man * 2013 GLITZ, Onye Mmepụta nke afọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fabmagazineonline.com/mai-atafo-wins-designer-of-the-year-award-at-glitz-africa-fashion-week/|title=Mai Atafo Wins 'Designer of The Year Award' at Glitz Africa Fashion Week - FAB BLOG|work=fabmagazineonline.com}}</ref> * 2015 Heineken Lagos Fashion and Design Week, Menswear Designer of the Year<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/624211-photos-maki-oh-mai-atafo-others-emerge-winners-fashion-award.html|title=PHOTOS: Maki Oh, Mai Atafo, Others Emerge Winners Of Fashion Award|first=Ajomole|author=Helen|date=November 1, 2015|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|accessdate=May 29, 2022|archivedate=May 29, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529225824/https://www.legit.ng/624211-photos-maki-oh-mai-atafo-others-emerge-winners-fashion-award.html}}</ref> * 2016 - Abryanz Style and Fashion Awards, Fashion Designer of the year - West Africa * 2017 - Abryanz Style and Fashion Awards Lifestyle/Style Fashion Icon Achievement Award<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fashion Designer, Mai Atafo Wins Lifetime Style and Fashion Icon Achievement|url=https://connectnigeria.com/articles/2017/12/fashion-designer-mai-atafo-wins-lifetime-style-and-fashion-icon-achievement/|work=Connect Nigeria|date=14 December 2017|accessdate=1 July 2018|archivedate=1 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701002120/https://connectnigeria.com/articles/2017/12/fashion-designer-mai-atafo-wins-lifetime-style-and-fashion-icon-achievement/}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7fv9kfee1kpwvr2k15jnmkv5o0jngae 0 14024 727961 657688 2026-09-25T16:25:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Leo Asemota''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1967 na [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] State, Nigeria) bụ onye na-ese ihe n'oge a bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na [[London]], England.<ref name="Guardian bio">Leo Asemota (20 October 2005) [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2005/oct/20/imagineartafter.art "Leo Asemota: biography"], ''TheGuardian.com''.</ref> Asemota na-eji foto, [[Film|ihe nkiri]] na vidiyo, arụmọrụ, ihe ọkpụkpụ, eserese na ọganihu dị iche iche na ọrụ ya. '''Spoonman''' (1999) ihe nkiri banyere ụkpụrụ eziokwu e nyochara site na ndụ nke onye na-adabere na heroin bụ ọrụ mbụ nke Asemota. FiTH WORK (a mụrụ n'afọ 1999) bụ usoro na-aga n'ihu nke ọ na-agbanwe asụsụ maka echiche ya. FiTH bụ acronym nke o mepụtara n'afọ 1999 nke pụtara ahụ ọkụ n'isi. Ọrụ ndị sitere na usoro ahụ bụ ihe pụrụ iche ọ bụghị naanị n'ụdị na ụzọ kamakwa n'ihi na ha adịghị ọtụtụ. Otu n'ime ọrụ ya a maara nke ọma bụ ọmụmụ foto e mere otu afọ '''Map''' of a City (2001). Asemota malitere ọrụ ahụ na Jenụwarị 1, 2001 na-eme njem n'ụzọ na-enweghi nkwusi n'ofe London City na-achọ bọọdụ arịrịọ Ndịàmà nke ndị uwe ojii obodo ahụ tinyere na arịrịọ maka ndị akaebe maka ọtụtụ mpụ. E bipụtara ihe oyiyi sitere na ọmụmụ ihe ahụ na akwụkwọ nta sere okwu nke London Borough of Camden ma gosipụta ya na mbipụta mbụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ nka ''Magnet'', nke Institute of International Visual Arts (inIVA) bipụtara ma malite na Venice Biennale na 2001.<ref>Baltic Library Magnet: Non-place </ref> E gosipụtara "Map of a City" na Justina Barnicke Gallery Toronto Canada na ngosi otu “28 Days: Reimagining Black History Month nke Pamela Edmonds na Sally Frater haziri.<ref>Announcement. Art Museum, University of Toronto Canada. “28 Days: Reimagining Black History Month” Justina M. Barnicke Gallery and Georgia Scherman Projects Toronto Canada. January 19 – February 29, 2012 </ref> Site na ọkpụkpọ òkù site n'aka Lisa Goldman, onye nduzi nka nke ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri na-emeri ihe nrite The Red Room, Asemota mepụtara ntinye vidiyo na pọtụfoliyo nke eserese foto nke ndị bi na Hoxton maka mmepụta saịtị Hoxton Story nke mepere na Hoxton Hall, iji ree ihe nkiri na Septemba 10, 2005.<ref>Hoxton Story Book photographs by Leo Asemota </ref> Ọzọ kwa, n'afọ 2005, Asemota malitere The Ens Project (2005 - 2019) ọrụ nka nke ndị Edo na Benin na-eme [[Igue festival|ememme Igue]] kwa afọ, ịchụpụ ndị Britain a ma mesịa, na-apụnara Alaeze Benin n'oge 1897 Benin Expedition na edemede The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction nke onye Germany na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị Walter Benjamin. E gosipụtara afọ atọ mbụ nke ọrụ ahụ na nyocha '''Leo Asemota''': The Ens Project's First Principles na New Art Exchange na 2011.<ref>New Art Exchange “Leo Asemota | The Ens Project’s First Principles” </ref><ref>Charlotte A Morgan (November 2011) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140105073137/http://www.a-n.co.uk/interface/reviews/single/1840861 "Leo Asemota: The Ens Project's First Principles"], ''Art News''. Retrieved 2014-01-04.</ref><ref>Jennifer Flanagan (13 November 2011) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034047/http://www.impactnottingham.com/2011/11/the-ens-projects-first-principle-by-leo-asemota-new-art-exchange/ "'The Ens Project's First Principle' by Leo Asemota @ New Art Exchange"], ''Impact'' (Nottingham University Students). Retrieved 2014-01-04.</ref> E nyere ihe osise ọhụrụ '''The Intrinsic Tendency of The Ens Sign''' maka Sharjah Biennial 14.<ref>Sharjah Biennial 14. Leo Asemota “The Intrinsic Tendency of The Ens Sign”</ref> N'afọ 2017, Asemota sonyere na ihe emume radio a kpọrọ documenta 14 site na June 17 - July 7, 2017. Ihe ngosi ya bụ Intermission Transmission Temporal bụ usoro mgbasa ozi dị iche iche nwere ọdịnaya nke e dere site n'ụbọchị ruo n'ụbọchị.<ref>Documenta 14 Radio Program SAVVY Funk “Every Time A Ear Di Soun’”</ref> Ntinye ọkụ neon, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu egwu, ọrụ na mpempe '''akwụkwọ''' na arụmọrụ mejupụtara Asemota's Workbook for Exploring the Sonic Cosmologies of Halim El-Dabh (2018-21) maka nyocha, ngosi na mbipụta ọrụ na onye Ijipt na-ede egwu, ọkà mmụta na onye nkụzi Halim El-Dabh Ihe ngosi “Canine Wisdom for The Barking Dog - The Dog Done Gone Deaf: Exploring The Sonic Cosmologies of Halim El-Dabh (2018) e mere na Dakar, Senegal n'oge mbipụta nke iri na atọ nke Dakar Biennale 2018, na “HERE HISTORY BEGAN.<ref>SAVVY Contemporary Berlin. Canine Wisdom </ref>Ịchọpụta Re / Verberations nke Halim El-Dabh' (2021) na SAVVY Contemporary Berlin.<ref>SAVVY Contemporary Berlin. Here history began </ref> Ọ bụ SAVVY Contemporary Berlin haziri ọrụ ahụ ma bụrụ nke onye nlekọta Cameroon bụ Bonaventure Soh Bejeng Ndikung, onye nlekọta Ijipt bụ Kamila Metwaly na onye nlekọta Senegal bụ Marie Hélène Pereira haziri. Ihe ngosi mmekorita nke Asemota # '''215''' ya na onye na-ese ihe na Angola bụ Nastio Mosquito mere na Portikus Frankfurt na 2018. Ihe ngosi a dabere na mkparịta ụka dị n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe abụọ ahụ kemgbe nzukọ mbụ ha n'oge documenta 14 Radio Program na 2017 ma gosipụta ọrụ ha mepụtara kpọmkwem maka Portikus. Oge mmeghe ngosi ahụ bụ site na ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref>Portikus. “Leo Asemota & Nástio Mosquito: #215”. 01.12.2018–27.01.2019 Opening hours sunrise to sunset. </ref> Nchọpụta Site na Ụkpụrụ nke Phrenology, Literature, Sound na Mgbasa Ozi bụ onyinye Asemota nyere na ngosi "Ultrasanity: On Madness, Psychiatry and Resistance" nke emere na ifa-Galerie Berlin na 2019.<ref>ifa Gallery Berlin. “ULTRASANITY - On Madness, Sanitation, Antipsychiatry and Resistance”. 14 December 2019 – 09 February 2020 </ref> Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị dị na ngosi ahụ bụ (''ultrasanity anecdotes sound fractions'') album eserese nke abụ na isiokwu nke ara. Asemota na onye nlekọta Cameroon bụ Bonaventure Soh Bejeng Ndikung chịkọtara abụ ndị ahụ.<ref>Discogs. (ultrasanity anecdotes sound fractions) Artwork album on the occasion of the exhibition, research and performance project “Ultrasanity: On Madness, Sanitation, Antipsychiatry and Resistance" at ifa Gallery Berlin and SAVVY Contemporary Berlin. Compiled by Bonaventure Soh Bejeng Ndikung and Leo Asemota </ref> Maka mbipụta nke iri na abụọ nke Sonsbeek 20→24 International Contemporary Art Exhibition na Arnhem, Netherlands “Force Times Distance: On Labour and its Sonic Ecologies”, Asemota gosipụtara The Sonsbeek Suite (As The Distance Travelled By The Force Acting Is To The Distance Travelled By The Resistance), ọrụ a họpụtara n'ụdị atọ: ‘how-hard-and-how-and-and-how-long’ at Walter Books; ‘how-and-and-how-and-how-how-hard’; and ‘how-long-and-how-hard-and-how-far’ na Kröller-Müller Museum.<ref>sonsbeek20→24. Leo Asemota: The Sonsbeek Suite </ref> “The Sonsbeek Suite” mechara site na mmasị Asemota nwere n’ebe ndị na-achị, oge yana akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọrụ. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903021754/http://www.aaa.org.hk/3gzt/ArtistResult.aspx?id=188 Pool of Possibilities: Mapping Currents for The Third Guangzhou Triennial - Leo Asemota's index] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820093457/http://www.iniva.org/library/archive/people/a/asemota_leo inIVA Projects - Leo Asemota na njikọ na Magnet] * {{IMDb name|2038636}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060222013843/http://theredroom.org.uk/hoxton.htm The Red Room - Hoxton Story] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g5lsnbutspj1i39hlktny8d2nrmmu6h 0 14227 728108 722744 2026-09-26T06:17:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] '''Nsikayesizwe David Junior Ngcobo'''<ref name="name">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/entertainment/2020/06/08/the-def-jam-star-and-shape-shifter-in-african-music-i-come-from-a-place-where-dreaming-is-not-a-thing/|title=The Def Jam Star And Trend-Setter In African Music: 'I Come From A Place Where Dreaming Is Not A Thing'|work=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes Africa]]|author=Methil|first=Renuka|date=June 8, 2020|accessdate=8 June 2020}}</ref> (amụrụ na 11 Febụwarị na afọ 1997), nke a maara dịka '''Nasty C''', bụ onye South Afrika na-eti egwu, onye na-ede egwu, na onye na-emepụta ihe ndekọ. Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị mixtapes atọ, otu bụ "Undisputed" na EPs abụọ, Ngcobo wepụtara abọm mbụ ya Bad Hair (2016), na ''Strings'' and Bling (2018) nke jikọtara ma kwado ''njem'' mbụ ya, The Ivyson Tour .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trueafrica.co/article/nasty-cs-bad-hair-turns-out-good-the-review/|title=Nasty C's Bad Hair turns out good - the review|work=True Africa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theplugmag.com/album-review-nasty-cs-strings-bling/|title=Album Review – Nasty C's "Strings & Bling"|work=The Plug|access-date=2022-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427171752/http://theplugmag.com/album-review-nasty-cs-strings-bling/|archive-date=2019-04-27|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.informamoz.site/2021/03/nasty-c-pede-desculpas-ao-eminem.html|title=Nasty C diz ao Eminem para não prestar atenção ao seu vídeo recente|work=Informa Moz|accessdate=2022-06-07|archivedate=2021-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017041324/https://www.informamoz.site/2021/03/nasty-c-pede-desculpas-ao-eminem.html}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye kacha nta natara ihe nrite na 2015 South African Hip Hop Awards, ya bụ Best Freshman Award.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2015 SOUTH AFRICAN HIP HOP AWARD WINNERS|url=http://www.mtvbase.com/news/2015-sa-hip-hop-awards-winners/z21iyq|work=MTV Base|accessdate=7 July 2018|archivedate=7 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707174003/http://www.mtvbase.com/news/2015-sa-hip-hop-awards-winners/z21iyq}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Klein|first=Alyssa|title=And The 2015 South African Hip-Hop Awards Winners Are...|url=http://www.okayafrica.com/south-african-hip-hop-awards-2015-winners/|work=OkayAfrica|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> Na ọnwa Machị afọ 2020, Nasty C bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta na Def Jam Records, ma wepụta egwu ya na United States mgbe ọ sonyere Def Jam, "There They Go", nke mere ka a mara ya n'ụwa niile, o weputara abọm nke atọ ya na 28 Ọgọstụ afọ 2020, na nke mbụ ya na akara ''nke'' akpọrọ Zulu Man with Some Power (2020). == Ndụ na ọrụ == === 1997–2015: Mmalite ndụ na mixtapes mbụ === A mụrụ Nsikayesizwe David Junior Ngcobo na 11 Febụwarị na afọ 1997 na Diepkloof, mpaghara Soweto, Johannesburg . Mgbe nne ya nwụrụ nke nwere ihe mberede ụgbọ ala mgbe ọ dị ọnwa iri na otu, ọ kwagara Durban, Kwa-Zulu Natal ka nna ya, David Maviyo Ngcobo, bụ onye njikwa akụ na ụba mmadụ zụlite ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channel24.co.za/The-Juice/News/this-is-how-nasty-c-got-his-name-20180302|title=This is how Nasty C got his name|work=Channel24}}</ref> O nwere nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya, Siyabonga Ngcobo, onye mere ka ọ rap ka ọ mụtara ihe ndị bụ isi nke imepụta egwu site n'aka ya mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu. Ngcobo gara Strelitzia Secondary School na Lotus Park, Durban ebe ọ gụsịrị klas nke iri na abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://roodepoortnorthsider.co.za/253457/nasty-c-goes-big-at-20/|title=Nasty C goes big at 20|work=Roodepoort Northsider|accessdate=2022-06-07|archivedate=2019-05-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525021147/https://roodepoortnorthsider.co.za/253457/nasty-c-goes-big-at-20/}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, Ngcobo wepụtara mixtape mbụ ya One Kid, a Thousand Coffins na 14 Mee afọ 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/one-kid-a-thousand-coffins/651467364|title=One Kid a Thousand Cy Nasty_C on Apple Music|work=Apple Music}}</ref> O weputara EP mbụ ya L.A.M.E (Levitating Above My Enemies) na 4 Eprel 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nasty_C, Nasty_C New Releases: C L.A.M.E EP (Extended Play Version) on Beatport|url=https://pro.beatport.com/release/c-l-a-m-e-ep-extended-play-version/1290065|work=pro.beatport.com|accessdate=2016-01-21|archivedate=2016-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128001145/https://pro.beatport.com/release/c-l-a-m-e-ep-extended-play-version/1290065}}</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ na 10 Febụwarị, ọ wepụtara mixtape ya nke abụọ ''Price City'' nke mepụtara egwu "Juice Back" nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecr.co.za/shows/damon-beard-/nasty-c-drops-hot-video/|title=Nasty C drops hot video|work=East Coast Radio|accessdate=2022-06-07|archivedate=2019-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427171806/https://www.ecr.co.za/shows/damon-beard-/nasty-c-drops-hot-video/}}</ref> "Juice Back" mechara mepụta Gemini Major-produced remix nke gosipụtara onye na-agụ egwú Davido na onye na-eti egwu Cassper Nyovest na 20 Nọvemba afọ 2015. === 2016–2017: ''Ajọ ntutu isi'' === Na 11 Febụwarị afọ 2016, Ngcobo wepụtara "Hell Naw" nke e mechara kpughee na ọ bụ onye ndu site na abọm izizi ya na-abịanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoplemagazine.co.za/entertainment/jam-day-nasty-c-hell-naw/|title=Jam of the Day: Nasty C – Hell Naw|work=People Magazine|accessdate=2022-06-07|archivedate=2017-06-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617222551/http://www.peoplemagazine.co.za/entertainment/jam-day-nasty-c-hell-naw}}</ref> Na 23 Septemba, Ngcobo wepụtara abọm izizi ya, Bad Hair n'okpuru Mabala Noise Entertainment . Maka ihe osise nke abọm ahụ, o mere ka ndị na-akwado ya na Twitter zigara ya ozi email foto ha na-egosi oge ntutu isi ọjọọ ha, o wee jikọta ihe osise niile n'ụzọ nka na-achịkọta ihu ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sahiphopmag.co.za/2016/08/nasty-c-debuts-bad-hair-album-cover/|title=Nasty C Debuts The "Bad Hair" Album Cover|work=SA Hip Hop Mag}}</ref> Bad Hair ruru nọmba otu na chaatị mpaghara iTunes ma bụrụ abọm kachasị egwu na South Africa n'ime awa iri abụọ na anọ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://quenchsa.com/2016/09/27/nasty-c-bad-hair-itunes/|title=Nasty C's Bad Hair Tops iTunes Album Chart, Despite Being Free|work=Quench SA|accessdate=2022-06-07|archivedate=2019-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218101346/http://quenchsa.com/2016/09/27/nasty-c-bad-hair-itunes/}}</ref> Ngcobo wepụtara ihe nkiri nkeji iri na anọ nke gosipụtara egwu atọ sitere na Bad Hair nke Kyle Lewis duziri. Obere ihe nkiri ahụ nke gụnyere egwu "Don't Do It', "Good Girls and Snapchat Hoes" na "Phases" nke gosipụtara Rowlene, gosipụtara n'ọtụtụ mba gụnyere France, Germany, United Kingdom na United States, nke na-adịkarịghị maka vidiyo Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecr.co.za/news/entertainment/apple-music-praises-nasty-cs-epic-bad-hair-video/|title=Apple Music praises Nasty C's 'epic' Bad Hair video|work=EastCoastRadio}}</ref> Na 2 Disemba afọ 2016, Ngcobo wepụtara nsụgharị agbatị maka Bad Hair aha ya bụ Bad Hair Extensions .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Nasty-C-Bad-Hair-Extensions/release/12440593|title=Nasty C - Bad Hair Extensions (File, AAC, Album)|work=Discogs}}</ref> Bad Hair Extension gosipụtara egwu anọ ọhụrụ gụnyere egwu ndu Allow nke gosipụtara onye egwu America French Montana . N'inweta ọtụtụ ihe nrite maka afọ 2016 na afọ 2017, Ngcobo natara nhọpụta ya kachasị nke bụ maka 2017 BET Award for Best International Act: Africa ebe [[Wizkid]] meriri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/Entertainment/babes-aka-and-nasty-c-nominted-for-bet-awards-20170516|title=BABES, AKA AND NASTY C NOMINATED FOR BET AWARDS!|work=Daily Sun}}</ref> A họpụtakwara ya maka 2017 MTV Europe Music Awards .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dstv.com/news/babes-wodumo-nasty-c-nominated-for-mtvema-20171005|title=Babes Wodumo, Nasty C nominated for #MTVEMA|work=DStv}}</ref> Ngcobo nọ n'ọkwa nke atọ na afọ 2016 MTV Base: SA's Hottest MCs .<ref>{{Cite news|author=Donkoh|first=Ebenezer|title=SA's Hottest MCs of 2016 List Revealed|url=https://www.nydjlive.com/sas-hottest-mcs-of-2016-list-revealed/|accessdate=6 March 2022|work=NY DJ Live|date=2 December 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, a họọrọ ya ọzọ n'otu ihe omume ahụ, na nke ugbu a n'ọkwa nke anọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=KWESTA crowned SA’s Hottest MC of 2017 {{!}} YOMZANSI|url=https://www.yomzansi.com/2017/12/01/kwesta-sas-hottest-mc/|accessdate=6 March 2022|work=www.yomzansi.com|date=1 December 2017}}</ref> === 2018: UMG deals na ''Strings na Bling'' === Na 16 Febụwarị, Ngcobo bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nkesa na Universal Music Africa na mmekorita ya na Universal Music South Africa na nkwekọrịta ntinye akwụkwọ talent na UMG Live Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nasty C confirms exclusive deal with Universal Music|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/music/local/nasty-c-confirms-exclusive-deal-with-universal-music-13319750|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]|accessdate=26 June 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=rapper nasty c signs exclusive deal with universal music and umg live|url=https://umglive.africa/rapper-nasty-c-signs-exclusive-deal-with-universal-music-and-umg-live/|work=UMG Live Africa|accessdate=26 June 2020|archivedate=29 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629104859/https://umglive.africa/rapper-nasty-c-signs-exclusive-deal-with-universal-music-and-umg-live/}}</ref> Na 1 June, n'oge nleta ya na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nkesa na Universal Music Group Nigeria, tupu ewepụta egwu ya, "Jungle" na "King" nke gosipụtara onye egwu America A $ AP Ferg, site na abọm nke abụọ ya, ''Strings'' and Bling .<ref name="Premium Times" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://destinyman.com/2018/06/01/nasty-c-back-new-music-featuring-aap-ferg/|title=Nasty C is back with new music featuring A$AP Ferg|work=Destiny Man|accessdate=2022-06-07|archivedate=2019-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427171752/https://destinyman.com/2018/06/01/nasty-c-back-new-music-featuring-aap-ferg/}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, n'oge mgbasa ozi na [[Premium Times]], onye isi njikwa nke Universal Music Group Nigeria, Ezegozie Eze kwuru "''Strings na Bling'' bụ ihe akaebe maka nkà, ọrụ aka na agụụ nke ọ na-eweta na egwuregwu ya oge ọ bụla, anyị nwere obi ụtọ iweta ọrụ a magburu onwe ya n'ahịa. "<ref name="Premium Times">{{Cite web|title=Nasty C shares two new singles, 'King', 'Jungle' {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/music/270658-nasty-c-shares-two-new-singles-king-jungle.html|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=26 June 2020}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ''Strings na Bling'' na 6 Julaị afọ 2018 na usoro dijitalụ na nke anụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=KEKANA|first=CHRIZELDA|title=Strings and Bling is here & we're obsessed! Here are 5 reasons why!|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2018-07-06-strings-and-bling-is-here--were-obsessed-here-are-5-reasons-why/|work=TimesLive|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nasty C's 'Strings And Bling' Is Out And People Love It|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2018/07/06/nasty-cs-strings-and-bling-is-out-and-people-love-it_a_23476219/|work=TheHuffingtonPost|accessdate=7 July 2018|archivedate=7 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707172505/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2018/07/06/nasty-cs-strings-and-bling-is-out-and-people-love-it_a_23476219/}}</ref> ''TimesLIVE'' kpọrọ ''Strings na Bling'' otu n'ime abọm hip hop kachasị mma na South Africa, e tinyekwara ya na ndepụta nke abọm hip hop na magazin ''Tina''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2018-07-06-strings-and-bling-is-here--were-obsessed-here-are-5-reasons-why/|title=Strings and Blings is here & we're obsessed! Here are 5 reasons why!|work=TimesLIVE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tinamagazine.com/2018/08/best-rapper-in-south-africa.html|title=Best Rapper In South Africa Now: Top 10 South African Rappers 2018|date=2018-08-26|work=TINA Magazine|accessdate=2018-09-27|language=en-GB|archive-date=2018-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928044004/https://tinamagazine.com/2018/08/best-rapper-in-south-africa.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Egwu ndị ọzọ nke abọm ahụ gụnyere "SMA" nke gosipụtara Rowlene, na egwu nkwado "Gravy". Na 20 Ọgọstụ afọ 2018, Ngcobo guzobere akara ndekọ nke ya, Tall Racks Records .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hypemagazine.co.za/2018/08/21/nasty-c-announces-his-new-tall-racks-records-label-first-artist-signed/|title=Nasty C Announces His New 'Tall Racks Records' Label & First Artist Signed|work=Hype Magazine}}</ref> Onye na-agụ egwu ya ogologo oge bụ Rowlene bụ onye mbụ bịanyere aka n'okpuru akara ahụ, ya na ya onwe ya. Ngcobo malitere Ivyson Tour na 6 Ọktoba afo 2018, na Melrose Arch na Johannesburg. Njem ahụ nwere ihe ngosi ise n'usoro (abụọ na South Africa na otu na Namibia) bụ ihe ịga nke ọma na ndị bịara ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicalanalysis.co.za/nasty-c-announces-ivyson-tour-dates/|title=Nasty C announces Ivyson Tour dates|work=Political Analysis South Africa|accessdate=2022-06-07|archivedate=2019-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427171806/https://www.politicalanalysis.co.za/nasty-c-announces-ivyson-tour-dates/}}</ref> Na ngwụcha afọ 2018, a họọrọ ya na MTV Base: SA's Hottest MCs nke ugboro atọ n'usoro, na ebe nke atọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mkhabela|first=Sabelo|title=These Are The 10 Hottest South African MCs According to MTV Base|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/mtv-base-hottest-mcs-list-2018/|accessdate=6 March 2022|work=[[OkayAfrica]]|date=7 December 2018|language=en}}</ref> N'ihe banyere afọ 2019, a kpọrọ Ngcobo onye nnọchi anya nke ụlọ ọrụ ịkwa akwa nwoke, Axe South Africa .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoplemagazine.co.za/celebrity-news/local-celebrities/nasty-c-axe-ambassadorship/|title=Nasty C On His Axe Ambassadorship|work=People Magazine|accessdate=2022-06-07|archivedate=2020-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024000557/https://www.peoplemagazine.co.za/celebrity-news/local-celebrities/nasty-c-axe-ambassadorship/}}</ref> Na afọ 2019 Dstv Mzansi Viewers Choice Awards a họpụtara egwu ya "SMA (Vol. 1)" nke gosipụtara Rowlene maka Favourite Song Of the Year.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nominees for the 2020 DStv Mzansi Viewers’ Choice Awards announced {{!}} Channel|url=https://www.news24.com/amp/channel/tv/news/nominees-for-the-2020-dstv-mzansi-viewers-choice-awards-announced-20191129|date=29 November 2019|first=Thinus|author=Ferreira|work=News24}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 24, afọ 2019, o nwetara ihe nrite AFRIMA abụọ gụnyere Best African Rapper / Lyricist na Best African Collaboration.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burna Boy, Nasty C, Stonebwoy, Nadia Nakai & More Win 2019 AFRIMA Awards - OkayAfrica|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/burna-boy-nasty-c-stonebwoy-nadia-nakai-more-win-2019-afrima-awards/113916|first=Damola|author=Durosomo|accessdate=24 November 2019|work=OkayAfrica}}</ref> A họpụtakwara ya n'elu MTV Base: SA's Hottest MCs maka afọ 2019, oge nke anọ ya n'usoro na ndepụta ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mkhabela|first=Sabelo|title=These Are The 10 Hottest South African MCs of 2019 According to MTV Base|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/mtv-base-hottest-mcs-list-2019/|accessdate=6 March 2022|work=OkayAfrica|date=12 December 2019|language=en}}</ref> === 2019–2021: Def Jam, Def Jam Africa na Zulu Man with Some Power === Ngcobo mere nkeji nke atọ nke njem egwu ya, The Ivyson Tour, nke malitere na 20 Septemba afọ 2019, na Cape Town, South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/nasty-c-announces-dates-for-third-installment-of-ivyson-tour/|title=Nasty C Announces Dates for Third Installment of Ivyson Tour|work=OkayAfrica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shelflife.co.za/blogdetail/Nasty-C-The-Ivyson-Tour-Cape-Town|title=Nasty C 'The Ivyson Tour' - Cape Town|work=Shelflife|accessdate=2022-06-07|archivedate=2019-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927081222/https://www.shelflife.co.za/blogdetail/Nasty-C-The-Ivyson-Tour-Cape-Town}}</ref> Na 27 Septemba na afọ 2019, ọ wepụtara "God Flow" nke gosipụtara onye na-eti egwu okpuezeYung, onye ndu nke abọm studio ''nke'' atọ ya na-abịanụ, Zulu Man with Some Power . A kọrọ na e nwere ndị na-ese ihe na mba ụwa ga-apụta na abọm ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/za/album/god-flow-feat-crownedyung-single/1481494954|title=God Flow featuring Crowned Yung by Nasty C|work=Apple Music}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zalebs.com/whats-hot/everything-we-know-about-nasty-c-s-new-album|title=Everything We Know About Nasty C's New Album|work=ZAlebs|accessdate=2022-06-07|archivedate=2019-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927081214/https://zalebs.com/whats-hot/everything-we-know-about-nasty-c-s-new-album}}</ref> Na ọnwa Machị afọ 2020, ''Billboard'' kọrọ na Nasty C bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta na Def Jam Records, na ntọhapụ nke otu "There They Go" dị ka nke mbụ ya n'okpuru akara ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9343413/south-africa-rapper-nasty-c-def-jam-recordings-exclusive|title=South Africa's Star Rapper Nasty C Signs with Def Jam Recordings: Exclusive|date=26 March 2020|work=Billboard|accessdate=21 April 2020}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2020, Nasty C wepụtara EP ọhụụ Lost Files, ya na abụ ndị e gosipụtara na ihe nkiri na YouTube. Ọ kọwara echiche EP ahụ na-ekwu, sị: "Ha bụ abụ ndị na-emeghị ya na ọrụ ụfọdụ, abụ ndị mechara bụrụ naanị echiche." N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Mee, e bugoro EP ahụ na Apple Music.<ref name="Lost Files">{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/you-can-now-stream-nasty-cs-lost-files-ep/273429|title=You Can Now Stream Nasty C's 'Lost Files' EP|work=[[Okay Africa]]|author=Mkhabela|first=Sabelo|date=14 May 2020|accessdate=14 May 2020}}</ref> Na 20 Mee 2020, Nasty C mere ihe nkiri izizi ya na ọrụ cameo na akụkụ isii nke Netflix African mbụ na-eto eto na-eto eto Blood & Water, na-arụ ọrụ nke Zhero.<ref name="Netflix">{{Cite web|url=https://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/rapper-nasty-c-makes-his-acting-debut-in-netflixs-blood-water-20200514|title=Rapper Nasty C makes his acting debut in Netflix's 'Blood & Water'|work=[[News24 (website)|Channel 24]]|author=Ngwadla|first=Nkosazana|date=14 May 2020|accessdate=14 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNgwadla2020">Ngwadla, Nkosazana (14 May 2020). [https://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/rapper-nasty-c-makes-his-acting-debut-in-netflixs-blood-water-20200514 "Rapper Nasty C makes his acting debut in Netflix's 'Blood & Water'"]. ''[[News24 (saịtị)|Channel 24]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Na 28 Mee 2020, Nasty C bịanyere aka na Universal Music Group flagship Def Jam Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adegoke|first=Yinka|title=The legendary hip hop label Def Jam has been launched in Africa|url=https://qz.com/africa/1860785/universal-music-ups-def-jam-africa-label-in-nigeria-south-africa|work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz Africa]]|accessdate=26 June 2020|language=en}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Juun, Nasty C sonyeere onye egwu America bụ T.I. maka egwu ngagharị iwe "They Don't". Ihe a na-enweta site na abụ ahụ na-abara òtù ndị na-abaghị uru uru uru uru uru uru ruo mgbe nnwere onwe na ego, na okwu na-ezo aka na ogbugbu George Floyd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/ti-and-nasty-c-share-new-song-they-dont-listen/|title=T.I. and Nasty C Share New Song "They Don't": Listen|work=[[Pitchfork (magazine)|Pitchfork]]|author=Strauss|first=Matthew|date=8 June 2020|accessdate=8 June 2020}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwa Juun, ya na DJ Whoo Kid wepụtara mixtape, nke akpọrọ ''Zulu''. Mgbe ọtụtụ oge gasịrị, na 6 Ọgọstụ 2020, Nasty C gara na soshal midia ya ma kwupụta na a ga-ewepụta abọm ya a na-atụ anya ya Zulu Man with Some Power n'ime ọnwa Ọgọstụ. O wepụtara ndepụta egwu nke nwere egwu iri abụọ nke gosipụtara ndị egwu mba ụwa na South Africa, gụnyere Lil Keed, Ari Lennox, Lil Gotit, T.I, Tellaman na Rowlene. E wepụtara abọm ahụ na 28 Ọgọstụ 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://consequence.net/2020/08/nasty-c-palm-trees-stream/|title=Nasty C Drops New Single "Palm Trees": South African rapper is set to release his new album Zulu Man With Some Power on August 28th|work=[[Consequence of Sound]]|date=7 August 2020|accessdate=27 August 2020|author=Young, Alex}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2020-08-28-legendary-or-take-the-l-heres-what-the-streets-think-of-nasty-cs-new-album/|title='Legendary' or 'take the L'? Here's what the streets think of Nasty C's new album|work=TimesLIVE}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2020, Nasty C meriri ihe nrite Best Male Rap Act na mmemme African Muzik Magazine Awards 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title="African Muzik Magazine Awards 2020: All the winners {{!}} Music In Africa|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/african-muzik-magazine-awards-2020-all-winners|publisher=Music In Africa|first=Gabriel Myers|author=Hansen|date=16 November 2020}}</ref> Na Disemba 2020, ọ nọ n'ọkwa nke atọ na MTV Base: SA's Hottest MCs list, nke ugboro ise ya n'usoro ịpụta na ndepụta ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Tucker|first=Mercia|title=MTV Base ranks its Hottest MCs (and new wave artists) for 2020|url=https://theplugmag.com/mtv-base-ranks-its-hottest-mcs-and-new-wave-artists-for-2020/|accessdate=6 March 2022|work=The Plug|date=27 January 2021|language=en-ZA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306172954/https://theplugmag.com/mtv-base-ranks-its-hottest-mcs-and-new-wave-artists-for-2020/|archive-date=6 March 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na June 2021, o wepụtara otu egwu akpọrọ "Best I Ever Had".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Listen to Nasty C’s New Song ‘Best I Ever Had’ - OkayAfrica|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/listen-to-nasty-cs-new-song-best-i-ever-had/292943|work=OkayAfrica|date=June 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fans praise Nasty C for his range after he drops new song, ‘Best I Ever Had’|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2021-06-04-fans-praise-nasty-c-for-his-range-after-he-drops-new-song-best-i-ever-had/|date=June 4, 2021|work=TshisaLIVE|first=Chrizelda|author=Kekana}}</ref> Na emume nke isii nke All Africa Music Awards, ọ natara nhọpụta atọ maka Songwriter of the Year, Best Male Artist in Southern Africa na Best African Rapper/Lyricist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=All Africa Music Awards 2021: All the nominees {{!}} Music In Africa|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/all-africa-music-awards-2021-all-nominees|work=Music In Africa|first=Gabriel Myers|author=Hansen|accessdate=23 September 2021}}</ref> Ọ nọ n'ọkwa nke atọ ọzọ na 2021 MTV Base: SA's Hottest MCs list, nke isii ya n'usoro na ndepụta ahụ.<ref name="event2021">{{Cite news|author=Shumba|first=Ano|title=SA: MTV Base announces Hottest MCs of 2021|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sa-mtv-base-announces-hottest-mcs-2021|accessdate=6 March 2022|work=Music In Africa|date=7 December 2021|language=en}}</ref> === 2022–ugbua: ọrụ ọhụrụ, Ivyson Army Tour === Na Mee 2022, ọ malitere Ivyson Army Tour malitere Mee 7 (Bloemfontein); njem ahụ gụnyere ụbọchị 5 nke ga-amalite na Mee 7 ruo June 4, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SA: Nasty C invites US rapper Domani on his Ivyson Army Tour {{!}} Music In Africa|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sa-nasty-c-invites-us-rapper-domani-his-ivyson-army-tour|first=Ano|author=Shumba|accessdate=2022-05-07|work=Music in Africa|date=2022-05-06}}</ref> == Discography == === Albọm Studio === * Bad Hair (2016) * ''Strings'' and Bling (2018) * Zulu Man with Some Power (2020) === Mixtapes === * One Kid a Thousand Coffins (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|title=One Kid a Thousand Coffins - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_nJ9ihGzZXIXBMcrfNylXkSXGmoRKxxA6k|accessdate=2022-03-03|work=www.youtube.com}}</ref> * L.A.M.E (2014) * ''Price City'' (2015) * ''Zulu'' (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-17|title=Millions all the way! Nasty C celebrates streaming milestones [watch]|url=http://www.thesouthafrican.com/culture/entertainment/nasty-c-celebrates-streaming-milestones-dj-whookid-zulu-jack-colorful-watch/|accessdate=2022-03-03|work=The South African|language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Egwuregwu agbatị === * C L.A.M.E (2014)<ref>{{Cite web|title=C L.A.M.E EP (Extended Play Version) - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_lDhPgRVIj27jVVxg7GefoGWIHLRb4KMDI|accessdate=2022-03-03|work=www.youtube.com}}</ref> * Fayil ndị furu efu (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-14|title=You Can Now Stream Nasty C’s ‘Lost Files’ EP|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/nasty-c-lost-files/|accessdate=2022-03-03|work=OkayAfrica|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Television === {| class="wikitable" |+ Ihe nkiri !Afọ !Aha !Ọrụ !ndetu !Ref. |- |2020 |''Ọbara na Mmiri'' |Zhero |Ọrụ Ndị ọbịa |<ref name="Netflix"/> |- |2020 |''Nwoke Zulu na Japan'' |Ya onwe ya |Ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zulu Man In Japan - Netflix|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81313134#:~:text=In%20this%20documentary%2C%20South%20African,city's%20sights%2C%20sounds%20and%20culture.&text=Watch%20all%20you%20want.|work=Netflix|accessdate=2022-06-07|archivedate=2022-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607140316/https://www.netflix.com/title/81313134#:~:text=In%20this%20documentary%2C%20South%20African,city's%20sights%2C%20sounds%20and%20culture.&text=Watch%20all%20you%20want.}}</ref> |} == Njem == === Njem ndị isi === * Njem Ivyson (2017-2021) * Ndị agha Ivyson (2022–ugbua)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nasty C's The Ivyson Tour Gets Date {{!}} Fakaza News|url=https://fakazanews.com/2017/07/26/nasty-cs-ivyson-tour-gets-date/|work=Fakaza News|date=26 July 2017}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Emume Nrite !Nrite !Ọrụ / Onye nnata !Nsonaazụ |- | style="text-align:center" |2015 |South African Hip Hop Awards 2015 |Best Freshman<ref>{{Cite web|title=2015 SAHHA WINNERS|url=http://www.sahiphopawards.com/2015/12/2015-sahha-winners.html?m=1|work=SA Hip Hop Awards|accessdate=26 February 2017|archivedate=27 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227063700/http://www.sahiphopawards.com/2015/12/2015-sahha-winners.html?m=1}}</ref> |Ya onwe ya | {{Won}} |- | style="text-align:center" |2016 |South African Hip Hop Awards 2016 |Lyricist nke Afọ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sahha 3 nominated 2016|url=https://www.sahiphopawards.com/2016/11/sahha-nomination-2016.html?m=1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112032057/http://www.sahiphopawards.com/2016/11/sahha-nomination-2016.html?m=1|archivedate=12 November 2016|work=SA Hip Hop Awards|accessdate=26 February 2017}}</ref> |Ya onwe ya | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |2017 | rowspan="4" |16th Metro FM Music Awards |Onye egwu ọhụrụ kachasị mma<ref name="MMA16">{{Cite web|title=FULL LIST: Metro FM Award winners 2017|url=http://www.channel24.co.za/The-Juice/News/full-list-metro-fm-award-winners-2017-20170225|work=Channel 24|accessdate=26 February 2017}}</ref> |''Mgbatị ntutu isi ọjọọ'' | {{Won}} |- |Abọm kacha mma nke nwoke<ref name="MMA16" /> |''Mgbatị ntutu isi ọjọọ'' | {{Won}} |- |Abọm Hip Hop kacha mma<ref name="MMA16" /> |''Mgbatị ntutu isi ọjọọ'' | {{Won}} |- |Abụ nke Afọ<ref name="MMA16" /> |''Hell Naw'' | {{Won}} |- |BET Awards |Best International Act: Africa<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/2017/nominees/best-international-act-africa.html|title=BET Awards 2017 {{!}} Best International Act – Africa {{!}} Nominees|work=BET.com|accessdate=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228162524/https://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/2017/nominees/best-international-act-africa.html|archive-date=2018-02-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Ya onwe ya | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |SAMAs 27 |Abọm Hip Hop kacha mma |''Nwoke Zulu nwere ike ụfọdụ'' |{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|location=South Africa |work=News24|first=Qhama|last= Dayile|title=Here's the full list of the SAMA winners {{!}} Drum|url= https://www.snl24.com/drum/celebs/news/heres-the-full-list-of-the-sama-winners-20210731-3|date=31 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=South African Music Awards 2021: All the nominees {{!}} Music In Africa |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/south-african-music-awards-2021-all-nominees|first= Ano|last=Shumba|date=19 May 2021|website=Music In Africa}}</ref> |- |MTV Africa Music Awards 2021 |Onye egwu hip hop kacha mma | |{{pending}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Here Are the 2021 MTV Africa Music Awards Nominees |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/mtv-africa-music-awards-2021-nominees-announced/ |website=OkayAfrica |access-date=1 July 2021 |language=en |date=2020-12-11}}</ref> |} == Leekwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị egwu hip hop == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Nasty C on Twitter {{Nasty C|state=expanded}}{{authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i8j2v7avs1lja9kv3g9k5xfsvqhhlqp 0 14269 728127 90608 2026-09-26T07:26:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728127 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] '''Ndombe Opetum''' (March 3, 1944 , May 24, 2012), nke a maara nke ọma dị ka '''Pepe Ndombe''', bụ onye Odemba na-edekọ egwu, onye na-ede egwu na onye na-agụ egwú, na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Ọ bụbu onye otu egwu soukous TPOK Jazz nke na-achịkwa egwu egwu Congolese site na 1960s ruo 1980s. == Ọrụ egwu na TPOK Jazz == Ndombe Opetum bụ onye isi na-agụ egwú maka [[Tabu Ley Rochereau|Afrisa International]], tupu ọ banye na TPOK Jazz, n'etiti afọ 1970, mgbe [[Sam Mangwana]] hapụrụ òtù ahụ. Ọ bịara na TPOK Jazz na onye na-akpọ mpi Empopo Loway, ọ nọrọkwa n'òtù ahụ ruo mgbe ọ kewara na Disemba 1993, afọ anọ mgbe onye guzobere [[Franco Luambo|François Luambo Makiadi]] nwụsịrị. Ndị otu egwu nke oge ahụ gụnyere ndị na-agụ egwú: Wuta Mayi, [[Michel Boyibanda]], [[Josky Kiambukuta]] na [[Youlou Mabiala]], na onye na-agụ egwu rhythm Simaro Lutumba na onye na'onwe ya Franco.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/ndombe-opetum/bio/417976#/artist/ndombe-opetum/bio/417976 |title=Ndombe Opetum Replaced Sam Mangwana In TPOK Jazz |access-date=2022-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111071520/http://www.billboard.com/artist/ndombe-opetum/bio/417976#/artist/ndombe-opetum/bio/417976 |archive-date=2012-11-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A na-ekwu na Ndombe Opetum dere egwu ndị a maka òtù ahụ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ: * ''Njem na Bandundu'' * ''Mawe'' * ''Mabe Yo Mabe'' na 1977 * ''Iko Mba Ụwa'' n'afọ 1979 * Ị na 1980 * ''Nayebi Ndenge Bakolela Ngai'' na 1982 * ''Angela'' na 1989 * ''Tawaba'' na 1989 == Ọrụ egwu post TPOK Jazz == Mgbe ọnwụ Franco na afọ 1989, TPOK Jazz nọgidere na-egwuri egwu ruo afọ anọ. Simarro ga-elekọta ndị egwu na ezinụlọ ga-elekọta Ndị ọka iwu, ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ na ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka teknụzụ. Ndị na-agụ egwú ga-ekere òkè na 70% nke ego, ebe ezinụlọ Franco ga-edebe 30% nke ego niile. Otú ọ dị, esemokwu bilitere n'etiti ndị egwu na ezinụlọ Franco na òtù ahụ kewara na ọnwa Disemba nke afọ 1993. Ndombe Opetum, ya na Simaro Lutumba, [[Josky Kiambukuta]] na ihe dị ka iri atọ bụbu ndị otu TPOK Jazz. Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere otu egwu '''Bana OK''' na Jenụwarị nke afọ 1994 ma bụrụ onye otu egwu ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Mee 2012.<ref>[http://kenyapage.net/franco/after.html Life for Band Members After Franco Died]</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Pepe Ndombe Opetum na Bandundu Province na ihe a maara mgbe ahụ dị ka Belgian Congo na afọ 1944. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Leopoldville (nke bụzi [[Kinshasa]]). Ọ lụrụ di ma bụrụ nna ụmụ itoolu. Nwa ya nke ise bụ nwa nwoke, amụrụ na [[Kinshasa]] na 3 na ọnwa Machị nke afọ 1974, onye bụkwa onye ọkachamara na-agụ egwú na DRC. '''Nwa''' okorobịa Ndombe na-akpọ onwe ya Baby Ndombe ma ọ bụ Baby Black, ma rụọ ọrụ maka nnukwu ndị na-ege ntị na Africa, [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na North America, na-elekwasị anya na ndị [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africasounds.com/baby_ndombe.htm|title=Baby Ndombe Is The Son of Pepe Ndombe Opetum|accessdate=2011-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707093029/http://africasounds.com/baby_ndombe.htm|archivedate=2011-07-07}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Pepe Ndombe Opetum nwụrụ n'ihi nkwụsị obi na ọnwa Mee 24, 2012, na Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref name="sc20120531" /> Na oge ọnwụ ya, a kọrọ na ọ dị afọ 68<ref name="sc20120531">{{Cite web|url=http://www.starducongo.com/Ndombe-Opetum-l-artiste-prolifique-sera-inhume-le-samedi-9-juin_a5543.html|title=Ndombe Opetum est décédé à Kinshasa, à l’âge de 68 ans des suites d’un arrêt cardiaque|accessdate=2012-06-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604060845/http://www.starducongo.com/Ndombe-Opetum-l-artiste-prolifique-sera-inhume-le-samedi-9-juin_a5543.html|archivedate=2012-06-04}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Franco Luambo|Franco Luambo Makiadi]] * [[Sam Mangwana]] * [[Josky Kiambukuta]] * TPOK Jazz * Ndepụta nke ndị egwu Africa == Edensịbịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://allafrica.com/stories/201009131156.html Nchịkọta nke Ihe Nketa nke Franco na TPOK Jazz] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110921090553/http://www.afropop.org/multi/interview/ID/28/Lutumba+Simaro,+2002 Ajụjụ ọnụ ogologo na Simaro Lutumba Na 2002] * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/radiookapi/4013993194/ Foto nke Ndombe Opetum], Radio Okapi] tjn911x26s47zegwenq29k1tc6o41jk 0 14353 727945 515314 2026-09-25T14:49:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bisade Ologunde''' (na Lagos, 1960) bụ onye Naijiria na-eti egwu afrobeat, onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-eti egwu. A maara ya nke ọma dị ka '''Lágbájá''' maka ntinye aka ya nke ihe mkpuchi nke na-ekpuchi njirimara ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Tunde|first=Okanlawon|title=Nigerians celebrate Iconic Afrobeat musician, Lagbaja|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/05/20/nigerians-celebrate-iconic-afrobeat-musician-lagbaja/|accessdate=21 June 2020|publisher=PM News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Mark|first=Jenkins|title=Lagbaja takes Afropop in many different directions at Howard Theater|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/lagbaja-takes-afropop-in-many-different-directions-at-howard-theater/2015/05/19/5b329408-fd65-11e4-8b6c-0dcce21e223d_story.html|accessdate=21 June 2020|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> O kwenyere na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site na egwu. [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Mmalite ndụ na ọrụ == Ologunde nakweere aha Lágbájá (nke pụtara "Jane Doe" ma ọ bụ "John Doe" - Onye aha ya, njirimara ya na-ezobe na Yoruba) ka ọ malitere ọrụ ya na mmalite afọ 90. E gosipụtara aha ya na nhọrọ ya nke uwe ogbo - akwa akwa na ihe mkpuchi rọba nke a nakweere ka onye na-ese ihe na-anọchite anya 'nwoke nkịtị' n'ikwekọ na ọdịnala carnival nke ebo Yoruba ya. O guzobere obere egwu mbụ ya na 1991 na Lagos mgbe ọ kụziiri onwe ya ịkpọ saxophone. Site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ngwá egwu gụnyere congas na ịgba na-ekwu okwu, abọm Lagbaja bụ We Before Me (IndigeDisc / PDSE), nke ewepụtara n'afọ 2000, chọrọ ịkwụwa aka ọtọ n'aka ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma gbaa ume ka ha bụrụ òtù ụmụnna na ịdị n'otu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/lagbaja-mn0000125482/biography|accessdate=21 June 2020|publisher=ALLMUSIC}}</ref> Ọ kesara onye na-agụ egwu, [[Ego Ihenacho]], ma na-akpọkwa saxophone tenor. Site na ụda siri ike, nke yiri nke John Coltrane na Pharoah Sanders, ọ na-edepụta abụ nke abụ ndị ahụ, mgbe ụfọdụ na [[Ego Ihenacho|Ego]] scat-abụ abụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Jon|first=Pareles|title=POP REVIEW; Mining a Musical Diaspora, From a Yoruban Beat to Jazz|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/11/arts/pop-review-mining-a-musical-diaspora-from-a-yoruban-beat-to-jazz.html?pagewanted=1|accessdate=21 June 2020|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Annemette|first=Kirkegaard|title=Playing with Identities in Contemporary Music in Africa|date=2002|pages=32–35|isbn=9789171064967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlko7YMatxIC&q=lagbaja+part+with+ego&pg=PA32|accessdate=21 June 2020}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == * 2006 Channel O Music Video Awards - Best Male Video ("Never Far Away")<ref>BBC: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100105043119/http://www.bbc.co.uk/africabeyond/africaonyourstreet/features/17796.shtml Channel O Spirit Of Africa Music Video Awards 2006]</ref> == Discography == * 'Ikira', 1993 * ''Lagbaja'', 1993<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-12-25|title=The Lagbaja Story|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/12/the-lagbaja-story/|accessdate=2022-03-08|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Cest Un African Thing'', 1996 * ME, 2000 * ''Anyị'', 2000 * Anyị na Mụ Nkebi nke Abụọ, 2000 * ''ABAMI'', 2000 * Africano ... nne nke groove, 2005 * ''Paradaịs'', 2009 * ''Sharp Sharp'', 2009 * 200 Million Mumu (The Bitter Truth), 2012 == Leekwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị Yoruba == Ndetu == {{Reflist}} <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220519235718/http://xn--lgbj-5nacb.com/ Lagbaja's official home page] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jaxq1p1k9ocu0z1tl2hkcl8mtysewr2 0 14662 728053 130671 2026-09-26T01:46:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mikki Osei Berko''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1973) bụ onye [[Ghana]] na-eme ihe nkiri. O mere Master Richard na usoro TV Taxi Driver na Dada Boat na Dada Boat .<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180719234048/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=45829 "Dada Boat" Series Starts Today | Entertainment 2003-10-30] ''ghanaweb.com''</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nnọchi anya maka mpaghara ntuli aka Ayidiki maka otu oge, ọ bụkwa onye isi nchịkwa nke Mediagold Productions na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-22|title=Where is Mikki Osei Berko?|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/where-is-mikki-osei-berko/|accessdate=2020-08-21|work=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US}}</ref>Mikki Osei Berko rụrụ ọrụ nke ọma na Radio Gold, ụlọ ọrụ redio nke onwe ya nke dị na Accra, nke ọ hapụrụ na July afọ 2003 iji sonye na Happy FM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.modernghana.com/news2/262/3/happy-fm-woos-sekyere-boateng-others.html|title=Modern Ghana|work=www.modernghana.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-19}}</ref> O mechara gosipụta na Kessben FM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=69616|title=Kumasi Welcomes Number 14 Radio Station|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-19}}</ref> Ọ bụ ụbụrụ no n'azụ ọganihu Kente Radio, ụlọ ọrụ redio n'ịntanetị nke Pan-Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kenteradio.net|title=Reconnect Your Domain {{!}} Wix.com|work=Reconnect Your Domain {{!}} Wix.com|accessdate=2018-04-19|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406105554/http://www.kenteradio.net/|archive-date=2009-04-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>   == Ihe nkiri == Dị ka onye nduzi * Mirror gbajiri agbaji Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri * Mirror gbajiri agbaji * Okukuseku == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|2492563}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pd7hw4j13m8bv21hy26fkin7lu5sq00 0 14784 727953 588805 2026-09-25T15:48:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Comics creator pop|Larry Stroman]] [[Category:Track variant DoD|Larry Stroman]] [[Category:Pages using infobox comics creator with unknown parameters|periodLarry Stroman]] [[Category:Pages using infobox comics creator with unknown parameters|subcatLarry Stroman]] [[Category:Pages using infobox comics creator with unknown parameters|sortkeyLarry Stroman]] '''Larry Stroman''' bụ onye America na-ese ihe naañ-atọ ọchị n'akwụkwọ nakwa onye edemede. Mgbe mbụ ọ nwetara nlebara anya na-egosi usoro Epic Comics Alien ''Legion'' (vol. 2), ọ gara n'ihu gosipụta akwụkwọ Marvel Comics dị iche iche dịka ''The Uncanny X-Men'', ''X-Factor'', ''Ghost Rider'' (vol. 2) na Punisher, yana ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka DC Comics 'Darkstars na Dark Horse Comics' ''The Mark'' . O bipụtara obere oge usoro nke onye okike nke a na-akpọ The Tribe with Image Comics na mmalite afọ 1990. == Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Peter_David_and_Larry_Stroman.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Peter David na Larry Stroman na ntinye akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị maka X-Factor na mmalite afọ 1990.]] Stroman nwere mmasị na akwụkwọ ndị na-atọ ọchị site na nwata; ruo mgbe o nwere ike zụta ha n'onwe ya, ọ na-agụ ihe ọchị e nyefere ya n'aka nwanne ya nwoke ma ọ bụ nke ndị enyi ya gbazitere..<ref name="DAK105">{{Cite news|author=O'Neill|first=Patrick Daniel|date=February 1992|title=Larry Stroman|work=[[Comics Interview]]|pages=24–33|publisher=[[Fictioneer Books]]}}</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya n'ebumnobi nke ịbụ onye na-ese ihe na-atọ ọchị n'akwụkwọ, mana "ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ wezugara ya" wee rụọ ọrụ nke mbụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe, tupu ọ kwaga New York City wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe osise ruo afọ ole na ole..<ref name="DAK105" /> Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ọchị, Stroman na-ahọrọ usoro okike Marvel. Iji zere nsogbu na njedebe nke ihe ọchị (n'ihi na ọ na-enwe naanị obere ohere), ọ ga-ese peeji ole na ole ikpeazụ nke akụkọ ọ bụla ozugbo ọ sere peeji nke mbụ, na-ese peeji nke etiti ikpeazụ.<ref name="DAK105" /> Ọrụ mbụ nke Stroman na ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị nke ''America'' bụ na 1985, mgbe o gosipụtara akụkọ azụ na First Comics 'American Flagg! # 21–23 na World's Finest Comics # 316–317 maka DC Comics . O gosipụtara Alien ''Legion'' (vol. 2) #10–20 maka Marvel Comics . Mmekọrịta ya na ''Alien Legion'' gara n'ihu na njikwa ọrụ nka na mbipụta iri na asatọ mbụ nke mpịakọta ọzọ nke usoro ahụ, nke malitere na 1987, 1990 obere usoro atọ a kpọrọ ''Alien Legion'': On the Edge, na obere usoro ihe nkiri n'afọ 1991 a kpọrọ Alien ''Legion'': Tenants of Hell . N'oge a, ọ dọtara akwụkwọ Marvel ndị ọzọ, dị ka ''Alpha Flight'' Annual, Cloak and Dagger, What The--?! na ''Ghost Rider'', yana akwụkwọ maka ndị nkwusa ndị ọzọ, dị ka ''The Mark'' # 3 maka Dark Horse Comics, na The Law of Dredd # 24 maka Fleetway-Quality . Ọrụ ndị a mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere ịkekọrịta onyinye nka na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe n'okwu ụfọdụ, dị ka ịse obere peeji nke ''Uncanny X-Men'' #273 ma nye ihe atụ maka usoro ntụaka ''Who's Who in the DC Universe'' #9, nke e bipụtara na 1991. N'otu afọ ahụ, na-esote akụkọ "Muir Island Saga" nke gbanwere ọnọdụ nke ezinụlọ akwụkwọ X-Men, usoro ''X-Factor'' malitere n'ụzọ ọhụrụ, na ndị ọhụrụ na akụkọ, nke Stroman sonyeere onye edemede Peter David. Na mbụ, a kpọbatara ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, e nyere ya ''X-Factor'' dị ka ọrụ o ga-aru mgbe niile ma nye ya nkwado ịhazigharị uwe ndị ahụ na ọdịdị zuru oke dịka ọ hụrụ na ọ dị mma.<ref name="DAK105" /> Stroman bụ onye na-ese ihe mgbe niile na usoro ahụ site na mbipụta nke ịrị asaa na otu ruo mbipụta nke ịrị asatọ na otu. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ dọtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, dị ka ''Wolverine'', Punisher na ''Darkstars'' . N'afọ 1993, Stroman na [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|onye]] edemede Todd Johnson keputara usoro Image Comics Tribe, nke bụ ihe kachasị ere ahịa nke ndị Africa na ndị America mepụtara n'oge niile. Ahịa maka mbipụta # 1 gafere otu nde akara. Mgbe a kagburu aha ahụ na "Image shakeup" nke 1994, Stroman na Johnson hiwere Axis Comics iji gaa n'ihu na-ebipụta Tribe, mana ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mechiri mgbe ebipụtachara naanị mbipụta itoolu. N'akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi, Stroman hotara mgbanwe na mmekọrịta ya na Johnson, na "ịba ụba ego mmepụta, enweghị mmasị nke onye okike, na ihe ahịa a na-atụghị anya ya".<ref name="hi">{{Cite news|author=Benton|first=John|title=Axis Comics Gets the Ax: Larry Stroman Announces Axis to Be Dissolved|pages=17–19|publisher=[[Hero Illustrated]]|date=July 1994}}</ref> Ọrụ Stroman sochirinụ n'afọ ndị 1990 gụnyere igosi ''WildC''.A.T.s: Covert Action Teams Annual #1 for Jim Lee's Wildstorm Productions/Image, na ọtụtụ utu aha Marvel gụnyere ''X-Men'': The Early Years, ''Excalibur'' na Heroes Reborn: Iron Man . Ọrụ Stroman nke afọ 2000 gụnyere akụkụ dị iche iche nke usoro ntụgharị ''The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe'', nke gụnyere The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Teams 2005 na mbipụta abụọ nke akwụkwọ 2007 ''The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe'': A to Z: Update, yana What-If ''X-Men'': Rise and Fall of the Shi'Ar Empire, na ''Black Panther'' Annual #1 na Reginald Hudlin na Ken Lashley. N'afọ 2008, Stroman na onye ọrụ ya na ''X-Factor'' bụ Peter David zukọtara, na-egosi mbipụta nke ịrị atọ na ato wee rue nke ịrị atọ isii na ịrị atọ na asatọ nke mpịakọta atọ nke usoro ahụ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100509192637/http://marvel.com/news/comicstories.2879.x-factor_week~colon~_larry_stroman_returns "X-Factor Week: Larry Stroman Returns"] [[Marvel Comics]], March 12, 2008</ref> Stroman mechara gosipụta ihe nkiri atọ nke ''X-Men'': The Times and Life of Lucas Bishop miniseries, na ''Thunderbolts'' #144, ha abụọ n'afọ 2009. == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Ebensidee == * Larry Stroman at the Grand Comics Database == Njikọ mpụga == * Larry Stroman at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f3vzrabpup8qumexqdngfq43kezi0m1 0 15043 727990 670925 2026-09-25T19:14:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} M. Ayodele Heath bụ onye America na-ede abụ, onye na-ekwu okwu, na onye na-ede akụkọ ifo.   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Ndụ ya == A mụrụ ya na Atlanta, M. Ayodele Heath gụrụ injinịa eletriki na Georgia Institute of Technology ma nwee MFA na Poetry site na New England College. Ọ bụ onye mmeri ugboro abụọ na Southeastern Regional Poetry Slam Individual Champion (1999, 2000) na onye mmeri iri n'otu n'otu na National Poetry Slam (1999). E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke uri, Otherness, n'afọ 2011 na Brick Road ebe mbiputa abụ .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brickroadpoetrypress.com/|title=Brick Road Poetry press|publisher=Brick Road Poetry press.|accessdate=September 21, 2013}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye okike nke ụdị uri na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, ozu eletrik, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke anthology, Electronic Corpse: Poems from a Digital Salon (Svaha Paradox, 2014). == Ihe nrite == * 1999, 2000 Southeastern Regional Poetry Slam Onye mmeri n'otu n'otu * 2001 Onyinye onye na-ese ihe na-apụta site na Atlanta Bureau for Cultural Affairs * 2002, 2003 Fellowship, Summer Poetry na Idyllwild * 2005 Fellowship, Caversham Center for Writers & Artists, South Africa * 2007 McEver Visiting Chair in Writing na Georgia Institute of Technology * 2009 Dorothy Sargent Rosenberg Poetry Prize<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dorothyprizes.org/2009awards.htm|title=Dorothy Prizes Awarded for 2009|publisher=Dorothyprizes.org|date=August 29, 2009|accessdate=September 21, 2013|archivedate=September 23, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923003241/http://www.dorothyprizes.org/2009awards.htm}}</ref> * 2010 Fellowship, Cave Canem Foundation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cavecanempoets.org/profiles?page=H|title=Cave Canem, Fellows – profiles|publisher=Cavecanempoets.org|accessdate=September 21, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923062803/http://www.cavecanempoets.org/profiles?page=H|archivedate=September 23, 2013}}</ref> * 2011 RHINO Editors' Prize == Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ == * Electronic Corpse: Poems from a Digital Salon, poems (Svaha Paradox (2014)). * Otherness, poems (Brick Road Poetry Press, 2011). * uri Heath apụtawo na anthologies Poetry Slam: the Competitive Art of Performance Poetry (Manic D Press, 2000), My South: a People, a Place, a World All Its Own (Rutledge Hill Press, 2005), na ''The Southern Poetry Anthology'', Volume V (Texas Review Press, 2012). * uri Heath apụtawo n'ọtụtụ ''akwụkwọ'' akụkọ gụnyere ''Callaloo'', ''Chattahoochee Review'', ''Crab Orchard Review'', ''diode Poetry Journal'', ''Eclectic Literary Forum'', ''Mississippi Review'', ''Mythium'', New Millennium Writings, ''New York Quarterly'', Open City, na storySouth == Ihe nkiri / Vidiyọ == * 3-Minute Activists: the Soul of Slam (Mad Mouth Media, Cogitate Productions), ihe nkiri ogologo oge (2014). * 28 Days of Poetry: Poets Make Black History (Week 1), web video series (2011). * 28 Days of Poetry: Poets Make Black History (Week 2), web video series (2011). * 28 Days of Poetry: Poets Make Black History (Week 3), web video series (2011). * 28 Days of Poetry: Poets Make Black History (Week 4), web video series (2011). == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   '''VIDIYỌ''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3UtqZKrl4Q/ nkuzi, "Poetry 2.0: Poems for a Digital Age," TEDxPeacthreeSalon] '''INTERVIEWS''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171501/http://dailydoseoflit.com/2014/07/07/three-questions-m-ayodele-heath/ Ajụjụ ọnụ, "Ajụjụ atọ," Extract(s): ọgwụ kwa ụbọchị nke ọkụ] * [https://soundcloud.com/stateofthereunion/a-southern-griot-and-his-craft Ajụjụ ọnụ, "A Southern Griot and His Craft," Steeti nke ReUnion] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190907/http://neighbornewspapers.com/view/full_story/21524939/article-Roots-Festival-brings-multitude-of-events-to-Roswell-for-12th-year?instance=all/ Ajụjụ ọnụ, Roswell Neighbor] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120506213803/http://rhinopoetry.org/2012/02/09/i-just-let-the-poem-go-interview-with-m-ayodele-heath/ Ajụjụ ọnụ, RHINO Magazine] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9tscsvkjBc Ajụjụ ọnụ, FGTV's Writers in Focus] * [http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/ac10/al_haiti_mah2.html Ajụjụ ọnụ, In Motion Magazine] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306114547/http://m.clatl.com/atlanta/tongue-ties/Content?oid=1230563 Ajụjụ ọnụ, Creative Loafing] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714020305/http://www.magespell.com/podcast/BWDsh24.mp3 Ajụjụ ọnụ, na Business of Words] '''AKWỤKWỌ N’I''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111004191536/http://www.writersforum.org/first_draft/review_archives.html/article/2011/06/09/otherness nyochaa, na Alabama Writers' Forum] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723231433/http://oaklandwritingproject.net/content/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/elanfall2002.pdf isiokwu, Out Loud Poetry, Oakland Writing Project Newsletter] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150914045557/http://www.collegiannews.com/2011/05/poetry-slam-a-fingersnapping-good-time/ isiokwu, Poetry Slam A Fingersnapping Good Time, The Collegian of Georgia Perimeter College] * [https://archive.today/20130125064751/http://www.gulfcoastnewstoday.com/people/features/article_9bbdcee0-a032-11e1-8c03-001a4bcf887a.html Isiokwu, Okwu ndị a na-ekwu na-ada na Fairhope] * [http://www.jacksonprogress-argus.com/news/2013/mar/13/spoken-word-event-draws-large-crowd/ isiokwu, Ihe omume okwu ọnụ na-adọta nnukwu ìgwè mmadụ, Jackson Progress-Argus] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131107193928/http://www.artsatl.com/2013/04/review-36/ article, Review: Anthology Celebrates Georgia Poets, Jackson Progress-Argus] '''POEMS (TEXT)''' * [http://www.storysouth.com/poetry/2006/07/heath_tragic_mulatto.html abụ, The Tragic Mulatto, na storySouth] * [http://www.diodepoetry.com/v4n1/content/heath_ma.html 2 Poems, Dusk of the Afrikaner, A Brief History of Okra (Master's Take), na diode Poetry Journal] * uri, Ihe Nna m nyere m (nke m na-arịọghị), na akụkọ South [njikọ nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide] * [http://www.storysouth.com/spring2004/gospelqueenjames.html obere akụkọ, The Gospel According to Queen James, na storySouth] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120321222838/http://rhinopoetry.org/poems/2011/heath.pdf uri, The Stuttering House Negro Diviner Speaks: Heath Plantation, 1863, na RHINO] * [http://www.muzzlemagazine.com/m-ayodele-heath.html Abụ, Praise Song for the Marvelous City, na Muzzle Magazine] '''AKWỤKWỌ AUDIO''' * [http://badilishapoetry.com/radio/m-ayodele-heath/ uri ọdịyo, Urban Percussions, na Badilisha Poetry Xchange] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220701172143/https://indiefeedpp.libsyn.com/m-ayodele-heath-urban-percussions uri ọdịyo, Urban Percussions, na IndieFeed Performance Poetry] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220614125801/https://indiefeedpp.libsyn.com/m-ayodele-heath-of-ash-and-dust uri ọdịyo, Of Ash & Dust: a Tribute to the Crew of STS-107, Space Shuttle Columbia, na Indiefeed Performance Poetry] * [http://thedigitalamericana.com/issues/index.html uri ọdịyo, Of Ash & Dust: a Tribute to the Crew of STS-107, Space Shuttle Columbia, na The Digital Americana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061307/http://fatcityreview.com/praisesong-for-the-marvelous-city-m-ayodele-heath/ uri ọdịyo, Praisesong for the Marvelous City, na Fat City Review] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5oe6yygv6wd8i7ly979c3ioirv89u34 0 15065 727919 705990 2026-09-25T12:56:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kevin Eddie Lewis Betsy''' (amụrụ na 20 Machị n'afọ 1978) bụ onye nkuzi bọọlụ na onye bụbu onye na-agba bọọlụ nke bụ [[Footbọl|onye]] isi nchịkwa nke otu egwuregwu League Two Crawley Town. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Working mana ọ gara n'ihu na-eme onwe ya aha na Fulham ebe ọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke ndị otu nwetara nkwalite na 1999 na 2001 nke mere ka klọb ahụ bụrụ otu Premier League. Ọ pụtara otu ugboro n'ọkwa kachasị elu nke bọọlụ bọọlụ England, na-aghọ onye ọkpụkpọ Seychelles mbụ na-egwu na Premier League. O wee nọrọ oge na AFC Bournemouth, Hull City, na Barnsley tupu ọ banye na nke ikpeazụ na nkwekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide na 2002. Betsy mere egwuregwu league 94, gbaa goolu 15 n'ime afọ abụọ ya na Tykes tupu ọ kwaga Hartlepool United. Oge ya na Pool dị mkpụmkpụ wee gaa Oldham Athletic na Wycombe Wanderers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Non-League Club Directory 2014|url=https://archive.org/details/nonleagueclubdir0000mike|publisher=Tony Williams Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-869833-72-5|editor=Williams}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, ọ bịanyere aka na Bristol City ma mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ na Yeovil Town na Walsall. Otu afọ mgbe ọ bịanyere aka na City, ọ gara Southend United ọzọ tupu ọ laghachi Wycombe mgbe ọ gbazitere ego. N'afọ 2012, ọ bịanyere aka na Woking. N'agbanyeghị na a mụrụ ya n'England, Betsy ruru eru ịnọchite anya Seychelles site na nne na nna ya ochie wee nweta akara mbụ ya na 2011. Betsy malitere ọrụ ya na Woking, na-anọchite anya England na ọkwa ọkachamara ma bụrụ onye a na-akpọ Conference Player of the Year na 1998. Na Septemba 1998, Fulham bịanyere aka na Betsy maka ego £ 80,000, nke nwere ike ịrị elu ruo £ 125,000, na onye njikwa Kevin Keegan na-akọwa ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu kachasị mma ọ hụtụrụla n'oge ọ dị afọ. [citation dị mkpa] O mere nke mbụ ya na Anfield megide Liverpool na League Cup wee nọrọ afọ atọ na Fulham.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 September 1998|title=FOOTBALL: NON-LEAGUE NOTEBOOK: McDermott hired for Woking rescue job|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-nonleague-notebook-mcdermott-hired-for-woking-rescue-job-1200477.html|work=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 1998|title=Ince kills off Fulham's resistance|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-ince-kills-off-fulhams-resistance-1181214.html|accessdate=1 October 2012|work=The Independent}}</ref> Naanị ihe Betsy gbara mbọ maka Fulham bịara na mmeri ha meriri na 1998 na Division Two megide Millwall.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 April 1999|title=Fulham headache sends Millwall hangover into fourth day|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/1999/apr/22/match.sport2|accessdate=1 October 2012|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na league ise n'oge Fulham's 2000/01 oge mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a kwalite ha na Premier League. Ọ pụtara otu ugboro na Premiership maka Fulham n'okpuru Jean Tigana n'egwuregwu megide Manchester United na Old Trafford .<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 August 2001|title=Clockwatch: Man Utd 3–2 Fulham|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/1499174.stm|accessdate=1 October 2012|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Ọ gbazinyere ego na AFC Bournemouth na Hull City. Na 1 Machị n'afọ 2002, Betsy sonyeere Barnsley na mgbazinye otu ọnwa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2002|title=Intellect, Emotions, and Imagination|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/mar/01/thefiver.sport|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref> Mgbe ọ pụtara ugboro ise, Barnsley bịanyere aka na Betsy maka ego £ 200,000 na 28 Machị 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 March 2002|title=Deadline day deals|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/mar/29/newsstory.sport4|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=8 September 2004|title=Oldham sign Betsy|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/o/oldham_athletic/3634196.stm}}</ref> Ọ pụtara karịrị egwuregwu 90 maka klọb ahụ ma gbaa goolu iri na asaa ma bụrụ onye kacha gbaa goolu n'afọ 2002 na goolu iri n'otu site n'etiti etiti. [citation needed] Betsy nwere obere oge mgbazinye na Hartlepool United n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2004, na-apụta ugboro isii ma gbaa otu ugboro.<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 August 2004|title=Betsy returning to Barnsley|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/barnsley/3614278.stm}}</ref> Na 8 Septemba n'afọ 2004, ọ bịanyere aka na Oldham Athletic na nkwekọrịta ruo na ngwụcha oge ahụ, mgbe nkwekọrịta Barnsley ya kwụsịrị site na nkwekọ abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 September 2004|title=Oldham sign Betsy|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/o/oldham_athletic/3634196.stm}}</ref> Na Oldham, ọ gbara goolu ise ma bụrụ onye isi otu nke meriri Manchester City na FA Cup. Mgbe ọ jụrụ onyinye Oldham maka nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ, Betsy kwagara Wycombe Wanderers na July 2005, na-etinye aka na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ. Betsy bụ onye na-anọkarị na ndị otu Wycombe n'oge oge 2005 na 2006. Ọ bụkwa onye na-agba goolu mgbe niile maka klọb ahụ, ọkachasị site na hat-trick megide Mansfield Town na Septemba 2005 na Eprel 2006. Ndị ọkachamara ibe ya kwanyeere Betsy ùgwù site n'ịkpọ ya aha na Professional Footballers' Association (PFA) "Team Of The Year" maka League Two ma nyere Wycombe aka iru play-offs. Egwuregwu ikpeazụ Betsy gbara Wycombe bụ nke a ma ama, mmeri ikpeazụ nke League Cup megide ndị mmeri Chelsea na Stamford Bridge. Na Jenụwarị 2007, a mara ọkwa na League One Bristol City bịanyere aka na Betsy maka ego £ 200,000. Ọ nọ mgbe niile n'ime obodo na-enyere Robins aka inweta nkwalite na Championship, na-agba otu ugboro na usoro megide Northampton.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2007|title=Bristol City 1–0 Northampton|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_2/6392507.stm|accessdate=1 October 2012|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Betsy sonyeere Yeovil Town na mgbazinye ego n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2007.<ref name="Glovers sign City">{{Cite news|date=5 October 2007|title=Glovers sign City's Betsy on loan|work=BBC Sport|url=http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/y/yeovil/7029898.stm|accessdate=6 October 2007}}</ref> Ọ laghachiri na Bristol City na 7 Nọvemba ebe Yeovil enweghị ike ịgbatị ego ahụ, ebe ọ gbara otu ugboro maka Yeovil megide Swansea City.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 November 2007|title=City star Betsy ends Yeovil loan|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/7083214.stm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2007|title=Yeovil 1–2 Swansea|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_2/7054092.stm|accessdate=1 October 2012|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Ọ jụrụ nkwekọrịta mgbazinye ego na Cheltenham Town na Nọvemba 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 November 2007|title=Betsy turns down Cheltenham loan|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/cheltenham_town/7092963.stm}}</ref> Na 31 Jenụwarị n'afọ 2008, Betsy sonyeere Walsall maka oge fọdụrụnụ na mgbazinye ego.<ref name="Betsy heads to Walsall">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2008|title=Betsy heads to Walsall|publisher=Bristol City F.C.|url=http://www.bcfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10327~1229826,00.html|accessdate=31 January 2007}}</ref> Betsy bịanyere aka na Southend United na 7 August 2008, na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ.<ref name="Betsy Wings Into Southend">{{Cite news|date=7 August 2007|title=Betsy wings into Southend|publisher=Southend United F.C.|url=http://www.bcfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10327~1229826,00.html|accessdate=7 August 2007}}</ref> Na 1 Septemba n'afọ 2009, Betsy bịanyere aka na Wycombe Wanderers na mgbazinye ego ruo 2 Jenụwarị 2010.<ref name="King Kev">{{Cite news|date=1 September 2009|title=King Kev's Back!|publisher=Wycombe Wanderers F.C.|url=http://www.wycombewanderers.co.uk/page/LatestNews/0,,10430~1784822,00.html|accessdate=3 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719140818/http://www.wycombewanderers.co.uk/page/LatestNews/0,,10430~1784822,00.html|archive-date=19 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=September 2009|title=Betsy returns to Wycombe on loan|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wycombe_wanderers/8232859.stm}}</ref> Na 15 Jenụwarị 2010, mgbe mgbazinye ego gara nke ọma, Betsy bịanyere aka na Wycombe ruo mgbe ọ gwụchara oge ahụ, ebe a tọhapụrụ ya na Southend.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 January 2010|title=Betsy back at Wycombe for season|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wycombe_wanderers/8462382.stm}}</ref> Betsy duziri ndị otu ahụ na enyemaka asatọ, na-agba goolu ise ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara (OWWSA) Wycombe Supporters Player of the year. Na Mee 2010, Betsy kwetara nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ ọhụrụ na klọb ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 May 2010|title=Betsy agrees new Wycombe contract|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wycombe_wanderers/8704775.stm}}</ref> Betsy bụ onye na-eme ihe mgbe niile n'akụkụ nkwalite Wycombe na 2010[1], mana ọ chọtara ohere ndị otu mbụ na 2011-12, wee hapụ klọb ahụ site na nkwekọrịta ha abụọ na 20 Disemba 2011. N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2012, Betsy laghachiri Woking dị ka onye nweere onwe ya ruo na ngwụcha oge 2011 na 2012. Mgbe ọ batara ọzọ, o nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ime otu ahụ ma n'egwuregwu nke anọ ya, ọ meriri penalties abụọ n'ime nkeji ise. Ọ gara n'ihu merie n'asọmpi Conference South na Woking ebe ọ meriri Maidenhead United n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ. Mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma na ngwụcha oge 2011[1], Betsy bịanyere aka maka oge ọzọ na Woking. Na June 2014, Betsy bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Betsy signs new contract at Woking|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27942764}}</ref> Ọ nọgidere na Woking ruo na ngwụcha oge 2014 na 15 tupu o kpebie ịkwụsị ịgba bọọlụ ka o wee nwee ike ilekwasị anya n'ọrụ nkuzi ya. Betsy bụ onye Seychelles ma, mgbe ọ jụrụ ohere igwu egwu maka otu mba Seychelles n'afọ 2005, a kpọrọ ya n'ikpeazụ n'ime [[Seychelles|ndị]] otu ahụ wee mee nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa megide otu egwuregwu French na-eleta na 3 June 2011, na-agba bọọlụ ugboro abụọ na mmeri enyi na enyi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 February 2005|title=Betsy turns Seychelles down|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/4284799.stm?rss=yes/|accessdate=10 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=5 June 2011|title=Kev makes Seychelles bow|publisher=Wycombe Wanderers F.C.|url=http://www.wycombewanderers.co.uk/page/LatestNews/0,,10430~2371785,00.html|accessdate=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329063804/http://www.wycombewanderers.co.uk/page/LatestNews/0,,10430~2371785,00.html|archive-date=29 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> A kpọrọ Betsy ka ọ bịa n'òtù Seychelles maka asọmpi bọọlụ na 2011 Indian Ocean Island Games.<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 July 2011|title=Wycombe Wanderers lose Kevin Betsy for season kick-off|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/14295433.stm|accessdate=27 July 2011}}</ref> Ọ malitere egwuregwu ise niile nke Seychelles na asọmupi ahụ, na-agba goolu na ngwụcha megide Mauritius, nke mechara 1-1. Betsy gbara bọọlụ ọzọ n'ọgụ penalty nke Seychelles meriri n'ụzọ anọ. N'afọ 2016, a họtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke England na-erubeghị afọ iri na ise, ebe ọ bụbu onye zụrụ ndị otu ndị ntorobịa na Fulham.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 April 2016|title=The FA appoints Kevin Betsy as England Men's U15s head coach|url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2016/apr/14/fa-announces-kevin-betsy-as-england-u15s-head-coach|publisher=The Football Association}}</ref> Ebe ọ gara n'ihu iduzi U16 na U17 squads, a họtara Betsy ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke England U18s na 24 Septemba n'afọ 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 September 2020|title=THE COACHING STAFF FOR OUR ENGLAND TEAMS DURING THE 2020-21 SEASON HAS BEEN CONFIRMED|url=https://www.thefa.com/news/2020/sep/24/2020-21-england-coaching-appointments-confirmed-240920|accessdate=24 September 2020}}</ref> N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2021, a họpụtara Betsy ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Arsenal U23s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 August 2021|title=Kevin Betsy joins as our new under-23 head coach|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/kevin-betsy-joins-our-new-under-23-head-coach|accessdate=3 August 2021}}</ref> N'otu oge ya na Arsenal U23, Betsy kpọọrọ ha site na njedebe nke 10 na 2020 n'okpuru Steve Bould ruo na njedebe nke atọ, ka ọ na-etinye n'ọrụ "ụdị egwuregwu na-adabere na njikwa" ma na-eji usoro dị iche iche, ọkachasị ọdịiche dị na 3-5-2 na 4-3-3.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Whitehead|first=Jacob|date=6 June 2022|title=Arsenal U23 head coach Betsy named Crawley Town boss|url=https://theathletic.com/news/arsenal-kevin-betsy-crawley-town/zpLEYRCZhCUT/|accessdate=7 June 2022|work=[[The Athletic]]|language=en}}</ref> Na 6 June n'afo 2022, a mara ọkwa Betsy dị ka onye njikwa ọhụrụ nke EFL League Two club Crawley Town na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ mbụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Crawley name Arsenal's Betsy as new manager|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61711713}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, Betsy nọ na-amụ maka BA Honours Degree na Professional Sports Writing and Broadcasting na Mahadum Staffordshire.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Morris|first=Sam|date=19 November 2010|title=Footballing classmates square up as Port Vale take on Wycombe|url=http://www.staffs.ac.uk/schools/art_and_design/journalism/staffslive/wordpress/2010/11/19/footballing-classmates-square-up-as-port-vale-take-on-wycombe/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121223113252/http://www.staffs.ac.uk/schools/art_and_design/journalism/staffslive/wordpress/2010/11/19/footballing-classmates-square-up-as-port-vale-take-on-wycombe/|archivedate=23 December 2012|accessdate=6 December 2010|work=Staffs Live}}</ref> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] j1x5fyf38imlnke9xobs9hb1sjwounp 0 15214 727926 516794 2026-09-25T13:10:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Khalik Allah''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1985) bụ onye Amerịka na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ese foto. Ihe nkiri ya nke afọ 2015 bụ Field ''Niggas'' na akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2017 bụ Souls Against the Concrete na-egosi ndị bi n'akụkụ Harlem nke 125th Street na Lexington Avenue na New York City. Ihe nkiri ya Black Mother (2018) gosipụtara ndị mmadụ n'àgwàetiti [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]]. "Ọ na-akwado foto anya nke ndị mmadụ nọ n'okporo ámá na-ese foto ihu ha ruo ọtụtụ sekọnd ka ha na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ igwefoto kwụ otu ebe. "<ref name="guardian-rose">{{Cite news|first=Steve|author=Rose|accessdate=2018-12-07|title=Black Mother review – an epic odyssey through Jamaican identity|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/oct/31/back-mother-review-khalik-allah-jamaica-documentary|work=The Guardian|date=31 October 2018}}</ref> Khalik bi na Long Island<ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilkinson|first=Alissa|date=2019-03-19|title=Khalik Allah on his bold, boundary-breaking documentary Black Mother|url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/3/19/18260544/black-mother-khalik-allah-interview-review|accessdate=2020-06-11|work=Vox|language=en}}</ref> ma bụrụ onye otu Magnum Photos. == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Khalik na Brookhaven, New York. Nne ya bụ onye Jamaika na nna ya bụ onye Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Ashley|author=Clark|accessdate=2018-12-06|title='Field Niggas' Shows What It's Like to Be Homeless and High in Harlem at Night|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/ppxq5m/field-niggas-is-a-mesmerizing-dream-like-documentary-of-harlem-nightlife-1015|date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Ọ tolitere na Suffolk, Long Island, New York, mana ọ kwagara n'etiti Queens na Harlem n'oge ọ bụ nwata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=AnotherMan|title=The Man Behind Black Mother, an Epic New Film About Jamaican Identity|url=https://www.anothermanmag.com/life-culture/10581/khalik-allah-black-mother-film-jamaican-identity-interview-2018|accessdate=2020-06-11|work=AnotherMan|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=LI director Khalik Allah gets global attention|url=https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/movies/khalik-allah-black-mother-1.28149588|accessdate=2020-06-11|work=Newsday|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611191125/https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/movies/khalik-allah-black-mother-1.28149588|archive-date=2020-06-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Rapold|first=Nicolas|date=2015-04-17|title=Khalik Allah's Movie Captures Harlem Faces and Voices by Moonlight|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/19/movies/khalik-allahs-movie-captures-harlem-faces-and-voices-by-moonlight.html|accessdate=2020-06-11}}</ref> Nne na nna ya zutere na mahadum dị na Bristol, England.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ nwa amaala abụọ nke Jamaika na Amerịka.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Andrew Chan|title=Tracing the Roots of Khalik Allah's "Camera Ministry"|url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/6234-tracing-the-roots-of-khalik-allah-s-camera-ministry|accessdate=2020-06-11|work=The Criterion Collection|language=en}}</ref> Ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu na igwefoto vidiyo Hi-8.<ref name="nyt-rapold" /> Ihe nkiri mbụ ya, Popa Wu: A 5% Story (2010), bụ "ihe ngosi dị mma, nke na-ekwu okwu" banyere ''Popa Wu'', "onye ndụmọdụ ime mmụọ nke Wu-Tang Clan" na onye otu Five-Percent Nation.<ref name="fm-2015">{{Cite web|first=Vadim|author=Rizov|accessdate=2018-12-06|title=Khalik Allah|url=https://filmmakermagazine.com/people/khalik-allah/|work=[[Filmmaker (magazine)|Filmmaker]]}}</ref> O were afọ anọ iji mee ya.<ref name="fm-2015" /> Khalik malitere ise foto n'afọ 2010.<ref name="nyt-rapold">{{Cite news|first=Nicolas|author=Rapold|accessdate=2018-12-06|title=Khalik Allah's Movie Captures Harlem Faces and Voices by Moonlight|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/19/movies/khalik-allahs-movie-captures-harlem-faces-and-voices-by-moonlight.html|work=The New York Times|date=17 April 2015}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2020 ọ ghọrọ onye otu Magnum Photos.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2020-06-30|title=Magnum signs five new photographers after its lack of diversity comes under attack|url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/magnum-s-lack-of-diversity-is-under-attack|work=www.theartnewspaper.com}}</ref> === ''Nigga n'ọhịa'' === N'ịbụ nke The Village Voice kọwara dị ka "ahụmahụ ị na-agbanye karịa nyocha etinografik ị na-ekiri, Khalik Allah's hour-long non-narrative street-life doc Field Niggas guzo dị ka ụdị ihe osise obodo kachasị dị ịrịba ama. "<ref name="villagevoice-scherstuhl">{{Cite web|accessdate=2018-12-07|title=Lexington One Two Five: Experimental Doc 'Field Niggas' Puts You There All Night|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2015/10/13/lexington-one-two-five-experimental-doc-field-niggas-puts-you-there-all-night/|work=www.villagevoice.com|archivedate=2018-09-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912212231/https://www.villagevoice.com/2015/10/13/lexington-one-two-five-experimental-doc-field-niggas-puts-you-there-all-night/}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ gụnyere ihe nkiri nke, na ajụjụ ọnụ na mkparịta ụka na, ndị mmadụ n'abalị gburugburu ebe a ma ama n'okporo ámá Harlem nke 125th Street na Lexington Avenue na New York City.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Jordan|author=Hoffman|accessdate=2018-12-06|title=Field Niggas review – hallucinatory portrait of New York street life|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/oct/15/field-niggas-review-hallucinatory-portrait-of-new-york-drug-addicts|work=The Guardian|date=15 October 2015}}</ref> Ndị na-ekwu maka ya bụ [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị Afrịka Amerịka]], na-enwe ịda ogbenye, enweghị ebe obibi, ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ, na iyi egwu site n'aka ndị uwe ojii; ndị nwere "agụụ iji nụ olu ha".<ref name="villagevoice-scherstuhl" /><ref>{{Cite news|first=Glenn|author=Kenny|accessdate=2018-12-06|title=Review: 'Field Niggas' Is a Meditation on Life on the Streets of East Harlem|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/16/movies/review-field-niggas-is-a-meditation-on-life-on-the-streets-of-east-harlem.html|work=The New York Times|date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="newyorker">{{Cite news|first=Richard|author=Brody|accessdate=2018-12-06|title=A Filmmaker and Photographer's Urgent, Personal Portraits of Harlem at Night|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/photo-booth/a-filmmaker-and-photographers-urgent-personal-portraits-of-harlem-at-night|work=The New Yorker|date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="filmmakermagazine">{{Cite web|first=Erik|author=Luers|accessdate=2018-12-06|title="A Documentarian Needs to be Disarming": Khalik Allah on Field Niggas|url=https://filmmakermagazine.com/96015-a-documentarian-needs-to-be-disarming-khalik-allah-on-field-niggas/|work=[[Filmmaker (magazine)|Filmmaker]]}}</ref> A na-egosikwa ndị uwe ojii. A na-ewere aha ihe nkiri ahụ site na "Message to the Grass Roots", okwu ihu ọha nke onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ bụ [[Malcolm X]] kwuru n'afọ 1963, "na-eto mmụọ nnupụisi n'etiti ndị ohu nọ n'èzí".<ref name="nyt-rapold"/> E mere ihe nkiri ahụ n'oge ọkọchị afọ 2014, jiri igwefoto aka mee ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2018-12-06|title=Field Niggas|url=https://www.newyorker.com/goings-on-about-town/movies/field-niggas|work=The New Yorker}}</ref> Ewezuga ihe nkiri, ọ na-agụnye ihe nkiri nlekota nke nkụchi nke Eric Garner yana ụda nke ndị na-eti mkpu site na ndị otu afọ 1950s.<ref name="filmmakermagazine"/> Khalik wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ n'efu na [[YouTube]] na Vimeo n'afọ 2015 maka obere oge, tupu ewepụ ya na arịrịọ nke True / False Film Festival ka o wee nwee ike igosi ebe ahụ.<ref name="newyorker"/><ref name="fm-2015"/> Kemgbe ahụ, egosila ya na mmemme ihe nkiri na sekit kọleji na US na Yuropu.<ref name="nyt-rapold"/><ref name="fm-2015" /> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * ''Mkpụrụ obi megide ihe nkedo''. Austin: Mahadum [[Texas]], 2017. . == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri akwụkwọ === * ''Popa Wu'': A 5% Story (2010) 10 awa 1 * Antonyms of Beauty (2013) 27 nkeji * Field ''Niggas'' (2015) 1 awa * Black Mother (2018) 1 awa 17 nkeji * ''IWOW'': M na-aga n'elu mmiri (2020) === Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi === * ''Obodo Rashomon'' * ''Khamaica'' === Vidio egwu === * ''The Razah Code Underground Hip-Hop Isi nke 1'' [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3jj2n7sfyzplk35946wsaeafglknz8w 0 15333 727925 143248 2026-09-25T13:07:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Khaled Habib El-Kebich''' (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 24, 1970 na Tiaret, Algeria) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri [[Algeria]], onye na-ede egwu, onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. == Oge ọ malitere == Ọ na-ede ma na-eme ụdị egwu nke bụ ma nke omenala ma nke oge a. O mepụtara ngwakọta egwu nke onwe ya nke ọ na-agwakọta ụdị egwu dị iche iche yana egwu sitere n'ụwa niile ma mepụta ụdị egwu na-akpali akpali na nke pụrụ iche nke na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ ma na-adọta mmasị. Enwere ike ịkọwa egwu ya dị ka nke nwere mmetụta nke funk, jazz, reggae, blues, Latin rhythms yana egwu ọdịnala sitere n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Otu ihe ahụ na-emetụta ngwakọta nke ngwá egwú na ihe niile sitere na ịgbà ọdịnala ruo ụda eletrọniki. == Ọrụ == Khaled El Kebich na-ese ihe na-agbasa n'ime ngalaba nke ide egwu maka ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri, dị ka La Celestina guzobere na Swedish Royal Dramatic Theater (Dramaten) n'okpuru nduzi nke Robert Lepage (1998), na ihe nkiri Nattbok nke Carl Henrik Svenstedt, "Vingar av glas" na "Cappricciosa" nke Reza Bagher duziri, "Huvudrollen" nke Leyla Assaf-Tangroth duziri. Foursan Al Hoggar nke Kamal Laham duziri nke Samira Hadjdjilani / EPTV Algerian Television mepụtara na ihe nkiri "El Hanachia" nke Boualem Aissaoui mepụtara site na CADC (Centre Algerian du développement du cinema). Site na ụda ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-enweghị isi, egwu ihe nkiri na akara Khaled El Kebich bụ nke oge a na ụda mmetụta uche nke na-eme ka ọrụ ihe nkiri dị mma ka ọ na-agbaso àgwà egwu. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụdị ya sitere na egwu Algeria agwakọtara ya na ntụziaka egwu dị iche iche n'otu akụkụ n'ihi na o dere ma soro ọtụtụ ndị agbụrụ dị iche iche rụọ ọrụ, dị ka Down By Law si Italy, New Phases si South Africa, Aquarius si France, Hada Raïna si Sweden, na ndị ọzọ. O sonyekwara na nnukwu ememme ndị Europe dịka: Falun Folkmusik Festival, Roskilde Festival, ArtGenda Festival, Stockholm Water Festival, Re:Orient Festival, Folk o Folk Festival, Verlden i Norden Festival, 550 Fatih Istanbul Festival na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. == Egwu == * Ndị Ohu nke Nnwere Onwe, ( Hada Raina) 1998 * Celestina, 2000 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140305033249/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/khaled-habib-live/id304347152 Khaled Habib Live], 2003 * Olu e sere ese, Film-music 2004 * Ịchụ Nche, 2004 * La Casbah De Brel (Live) 2006 * Ultima Jam, 2007 == Ihe nkiri == * Knights of the Fantasia (2017) Ihe nkiri * The Rug (2018) Ihe nkiri nka == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.reverbnation.com/habibmusic Khaled Habib] na Reverb Nation * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050225053228/http://music.download.com/khaledhabib/3600-8811_32-100382676.html Khaled Habib] * {{IMDb name|nm1097091}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rsrnlca53wlpfb8uef8un7u9srwz04t 0 15360 728144 705660 2026-09-26T09:31:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728144 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Nikki Williams''' (amụrụ n'abalị iteghete nke ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1988) bụ onye South Africa na-agụ egwu ma na edekwa egwu. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Williams ma zụlite ya na Port Elizabeth, South Africa. O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ tọrọ ya bi na South Africa na nwanne nwanyị nke ọ tọrọ, Jade Williams, onye ya na nne ya, Mandy Morgan (née Williams) kwagara USA mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii. Ha biri na Los Angeles ọnwa asaa wee kwaga Nashville, Tennessee. Ọtụtụ afọ mgbe e mesịrị, Nikki laghachiri Los Angeles ebe ọ zutere Breyon Prescott wee bịanye aka na akara label ya bu Chameleon Entertainment / Island Def Jam.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lipshutz|first=Jason|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/1554227/nikki-williams-talks-glowing-video-co-writing-demi-lovatos-heart|title=Nikki Williams Talks 'Glowing' Video, Co-Writing Demi Lovato's 'Heart Attack'|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=21 March 2013}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Nweta otuto odide egwu ya gụnyere "Like My Mother Does" nke Lauren Alaina, orire platinum nke Demi Lovato bụ "Heart Attack", "Le Due Finestre" nke Laura Pausini (otu egwu kachasị ọhụrụ na album Fatti Sentire nke Laura na Latin Grammy).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latingrammy.com/en/nominees|title=19a Entrega Anual del Latin GRAMMY|work=Latingrammy.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-18|archivedate=2020-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120161507/https://www.latingrammy.com/en/nominees}}</ref> O sokwa dee "Fly Again" site na Country Strong soundtrack, Nash Overstreet's "You Don't Get 2 Do That," "Brand New Man" na "Magnetic," L2M's "Girlz," na Ronnie Milsap's "Make Up (Feat. Mandy Barnett) ". E wepụtara egwu mbụ ya "Kill, Fuck, Marry", nke Stargate mepụtara ma Sia so dee ya, n'abalị iri na iteghete nke ọnwa 19 Nọvafọ emba 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lansky|first=Sam|title=Nikki Williams Gives A Dazzling Debut With "Kill, F***, Marry": Watch The Video|url=http://idolator.com/7277442/nikki-williams-kill-fuck-marry-video|work=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=16 November 2012|archivedate=8 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808140129/http://www.idolator.com/7277442/nikki-williams-kill-fuck-marry-video}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kill-f**k-marry-single/id579755346|title=Kill F**k Marry – Single by Nikki Williams|publisher=[[iTunes Store]] (US). [[Apple Inc.]]|date=19 November 2012|accessdate=29 July 2013}}</ref> E wepụtara egwu nke abụọ ya "Glowing" n'abalị anọ n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/glowing-single/id580679573|title=Glowing – Single by Nikki Williams|publisher=[[iTunes Store]] (US). [[Apple Inc.]]|date=19 November 2012|accessdate=29 July 2013}}</ref> Ọ bụ Williams, Arnthor Birgisson, Daniel James, Leah Haywood, Bebe Rexha na Sandy Vee dere abụ ahụ, Vee mepụtara ya. Ọ malitere n'ọnụ ọgụgụ iri anọ na asatọ na chaatị Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs mechara ruo ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọ, O rụkwara n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke iri abụọ na na otu na chaai ''Billboard'' Pop Songs, na N'onu ọgụgụ nke mbụ na chaati ''Billboard'' Bubbling Under Hot 100.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Trust|first=Gary|title=Chart Highlights: Blake Shelton's 'Cool' Crowns Country Airplay|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/1552485/chart-highlights-blake-sheltons-cool-crowns-country-airplay|work=Billboard|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=18 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/5151106/nikki-williams-strips-down-glowing-in-chart-beat-meet-greet|title=Nikki Williams Strips Down 'Glowing' In Chart Beat Meet & Greet (Video)|date=30 July 2013|work=Billboard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Trust|first=Gary|title=Chart Highlights: Wale, Tiara Thomas Rule R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/1560039/chart-highlights-wale-tiara-thomas-rule-rbhip-hop-airplay|work=Billboard|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=29 April 2013}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2013, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nke onye nwere nka ihe omume nke Elvis Duran ma egosipụtara ya na ngosi telivishọn America NBC's Today nke Kathie Lee Gifford na Hoda Kotb kwadoro, ebe ọ na-eme egwu ya "Glowing".[citation needed] E wepụtara egwu nke atọ ya "Thank God It's Friday" n'abalị iri na ise nke ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2013 tinyere vidiyo egwu nke edepụtara na channel Vevo YouTube ya n'otu ụbọchị ahụ. Williams bịanyere aka na Big Yellow Dog Publishing na Atlantic Records ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/nikkiwilliamsmusic/|title=Nikki Williams (@nikkiwilliamsmusic) • Instagram photos and videos|work=Instagram.com}}</ref> N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2018, ọ wepụtara egwu mbụ ya n'ime afọ ise gara aga nke akpọrọ "Trouble" ya na DJ na onye na-emepụta Parov Stelar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8485201/parov-stelar-trouble-nikki-williams|title=Parov Stelar Teams Up With Nikki Williams For Infectious New Song 'Trouble': Exclusive|work=Billboard.com|accessdate=2018-12-28}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ nwa Nicolas Cage, Weston n'abalị iri abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Eprel afọ 2011 na New Orleans.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nudd|first=Tim|title=Nicolas Cage's Son Weston Marries in New Orleans|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20484492,00.html|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=25 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404140034/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20484492,00.html|archive-date=4 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cage tinyere akwụkwọ ịgba alụkwaghịm n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2011, nke a ekwekọtara mgbasa na June n'afọ 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Finn|first=Natalie|title=Weston Cage Files for Divorce: "Ladies, Daddy Is Back!"|url=http://uk.eonline.com/news/272884/weston-cage-files-for-divorce-ladies-daddy-is-back|work=E! Online|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=1 November 2011}}</ref> == Ndepụta egwu == * "Kill, Fuck, Marry" (2012) * "Glowing" (2012) * "Thank God It's Friday" (2013) * "Trouble" (2018) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|4371890}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] e6we16ti3cmnzxvih4iz2bx4e3jrxym 0 15580 728006 89840 2026-09-25T20:13:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728006 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Makhourédia Guèye''', onye a mụrụ '''Mamadou Guèye'''), bụ onye Senegalese na-eme ihe nkiri na ejije nke a maara maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri ndị Ousmane Sembène dere ma duzie.<ref name="Point">{{Cite news|author=Thiam|first=Ousman|title=Makhouredia Gueye Passes Away|url=http://thepoint.gm/africa/senegal/article/2008/4/11/makhouredia-gueye-passes-away|accessdate=6 October 2018|work=[[The Point (the Gambia)|The Point]]|publisher=The Point Newspaper|date=11 April 2008}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === * ''Mandabi'' (1968) - Ibrahima Dieng<ref name="BFI">{{Cite web|title=Makhourédia Guèye|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba523bec1|work=[[British Film Institute|BFI]]|publisher=British Film Institute|accessdate=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108114215/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba523bec1|archive-date=8 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Lambaaye'' (1972)<ref name="Dictionnaire">{{Cite book|author=Editions Karthala|title=Les cinemas d'Afrique: Dictionnaire|date=2000|publisher=[[FESPACO]], Association des trois mondes|isbn=2-84586-060-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61Ol3PLhYhsC|accessdate=23 November 2018}}</ref> * ''Garga M'Bossé'' (1975) - Manel Gueye<ref>{{Cite book|title=25. internationale filmfestspiele berlin|date=1975|publisher=[[Berlin International Film Festival|Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin]]|url=https://www.arsenal-berlin.de/nc/berlinale-forum/archiv/katalogblaetter/action/open-download/download/garga-mbosse-cactus-kaktus.html|language=German}}</ref> * ''Xala'' (1975) - onye isi ala<ref name="BFI" /> * Ceddo (1977) - eze<ref name="BFI" /> * ''Jom ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke otu ndị'' (1981) - Canar Fall<ref name="Dictionnaire" /> * ''Hyenas'' (1992) - onye isi obodo<ref name="BFI" /> === Telivishọn === * ''Lat Dior''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lat Dior. / Épisode 6, Ngol ngol|publisher=[[OCLC]]|oclc=858144171}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} h65f4k2718w45c9bob1ogf5fksdxkge 0 15621 727963 155819 2026-09-25T16:28:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Leon Botha''' (ubochí ànó n'ọnwa Juun 1985 rụọ úbọchị isé n'ọnwa Juun 2011) bụ ónyé na-ese ihe na ónyé na-eme egwuregwu diski na South Africa. A maara ya màkà mmekọrịta chiri anya ya na otu hip hop Die Antwoord, yana ịbụ otu n'ime ndị nwere progeria ogologo ógè n'ụwa.<ref>Staff report (14 January 2010). [http://www.mg.co.za/multimedia/2010-01-14-transcend-and-transgress Transcend and Transgress], ''[[Mail & Guardian]]''</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Botha na Cape Town, South Africa, ma biri ebe ahụ ruo mgbè ọ nwụrụ. A chọpụtara na ọ na-arịa progeria mgbè ọ dị afọ anọ. O nweghị ọzụzụ ọ bụla na nka karịa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Tygerberg Art Centre, mana ọ ghọrọ ónyé na-ese ógè niile mgbè ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, na-arụ ọrụ ndị e nyere iwu. N'afọ 2005, a wara Botha ahụ nkè ọma n'obi iji gbochie nkụchi obi n'ihi atherosclerosis metụtara progeria.<ref name="sampson2009">Sampson, Lin (17 October 2009). [http://www.timeslive.co.za/lifestyle/article151275.ece "Coming of Age: Cover Story"], ''[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]]''</ref> N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2010, ọ kwadoro ihe ngosi mbụ nke Who Am I? Transgressions, mmekọrịta foto ya na Gordon Clark, na João Ferreira Gallery na Cape Town.<ref name="cliffordholmes2010">Clifford-Holmes, Lauren (15 January 2010). [http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-01-15-the-fibre-of-reality The Fibre of Reality], ''[[Mail & Guardian]]''</ref> Botha kwùrù banyéré ihe ngosi ahụ, "Abụ m ónyé ime mmụọ, otu gị, n'ụzọ bụ isi. Mgbè ahụ abụ m mmadụ na akụkụ a nke mmadụ bụ ahụ, nke nwéré ọnọdụ. "<ref name="clark2010">Clark, Gordon, and Leon Botha (2010). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aq2r2g4F5UQ "Who Am I? ...Transgressions"] via YouTube</ref> Botha na-etinye áká na deejaying na turntablism n'okpuru áhà DJ Solarize.<ref></ref> E gosipụtara ya na Watkin Tudor Jones, aka Ninja, na vidiyo egwu "Enter the Ninja" site na Die Antwoord .<ref></ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2010, Botha nwèrè ọrịa strok.<ref>Morris, Christopher (7 June 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121108110207/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118038184?refCatId=16 DJ Leon Botha dies at 26.] ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''</ref> Botha nwụrụ site na nsogbụ nke progeria na Cape Town otu ụbọchị mgbè ọ gachara afọ iri abụọ na isii.<ref></ref> Botha bụ ihe kpaliri otu ihe nkiri Solarize, nkè Marcin Stańczyk, nkè Andrzej Szpindler dere, nke malitere na Warsaw n'ọnwa Eprel 2014 na Teatr Wielki, Polish National Opera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.teatrwielki.pl/repertuar/opera/kalendarium/projekt_p-1.html|title=404|accessdate=2022-06-18|archivedate=2015-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107131705/http://www.teatrwielki.pl/repertuar/opera/kalendarium/projekt_p-1.html}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120225045337/http://www.africanhiphop.com/archive/index.php?module=subjects&func=viewpage&pageid=266 Profaịlụ Leon Botha] sitere na africanhiphop.com, na archive.org * Media related to Leon Botha at Wikimedia Commons tedzwera6m6yny3dsfgykeci7lr4suc 0 16117 727954 143798 2026-09-25T15:53:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Laura El-Tantawy''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1980) bụ onye Britain na Ijipt na-ese foto nke bi na London na Cairo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/photography/article/30721/1/what-does-a-revolution-look-like|date=13 April 2016|accessdate=27 April 2016|first=Joe|author=Heaney|publisher=[[Dazed]]|title=What does a revolution look like?}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|url=http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/22/a-love-of-land-in-egypts-farms/|date=22 July 2014|accessdate=27 April 2016|first=Whitney|author=Richardson|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=A Love of Land in Egypt's Farms}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto akụkọ n'onwe ya na ọrụ onwe ya. A mụrụ El-Tantawy na England n'aka nne na nna ndị Ijipt ma kwaga Ijipt dị ka nwa ọhụrụ, na-etolite n'etiti ebe ahụ, Saudi Arabia na United States.<ref name="macdonald-nyt">{{Cite news|url=http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/01/visceral-hardships-rendered-in-imagery/|date=1 August 2011|accessdate=30 April 2016|first=Kerri|author=MacDonald|work=[[The New York Times]]|title='I'll Die for You'}}</ref><ref name="east-the-national">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-life/books/new-book-by-laura-el-tantawy-captures-the-impact-of-the-egyptian-revolution-on-daily-life|date=3 May 2016|accessdate=9 May 2016|first=Ben|author=East|publisher=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)]]|title=New book by Laura El-Tantawy captures the impact of the Egyptian revolution on daily life|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601093059/http://www.thenational.ae/arts-life/books/new-book-by-laura-el-tantawy-captures-the-impact-of-the-egyptian-revolution-on-daily-life|archive-date=1 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ya na-ekwu na foto ya " sitere na ajụjụ gbasara njirimara ya - na-enyocha nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara nzụlite ya. "<ref name="tantawy-bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lauraeltantawy.com/about-contact/bio/|accessdate=9 May 2016|author=Laura El-Tantawy|title=Bio|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701074113/http://www.lauraeltantawy.com/about-contact/bio/|archivedate=1 July 2017}}</ref> Na Shadow of the Pyramids (2015) bịara site na "ịlaghachi Ijipt iji chọpụta mgbọrọgwụ ya, ọ banyere n'ihe omume ndị dị mkpa na Tahir Square n'afọ 2011, wee nọrọ na-ese foto ihe omume ahụ dum. "<ref name="fotobookfestival">{{Cite web|url=http://fotobookfestival.org/public-vote-%E2%88%AB-best-photobooks-2015/|date=11 June 2015|accessdate=11 May 2016|publisher=Fotobookfestival|title=Best Photobooks 2015 ∫ Public vote|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001215555/http://fotobookfestival.org/public-vote-%e2%88%ab-best-photobooks-2015/|archivedate=1 October 2016}}</ref> Na Shadow of the Pyramids, e depụtara ya maka Deutsche Börse Photography Prize na 2015.<ref name="ohagan-guardian-2015">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/nov/05/deutsche-borse-photography-prize-2016-shortlist-drones-women-of-tahrir|date=5 November 2015|accessdate=27 April 2016|first=Sean|author=O'Hagan|authorlink=Sean O'Hagan (journalist)|work=[[The Guardian]]|title=Deutsche Börse photography prize shortlist: drones v the women of Tahrir}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, El-Tantawy bụ onye mmeri nke W. Eugene Smith ego nye maka m ga-anwụ maka gị.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-10-06|title=Laura El-Tantawy, 2020 W. Eugene Smith Fund Grant Recipient|url=https://www.smithfund.org/recipients/2020-laura-el-tantawy|work=W. Eugene Smith Memorial Fund}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ El-Tantawy na Worcestershire, England, na 1980 site na nne na nna Ijipt wee tolite n'etiti Egypt, Saudi Arabia na United States. <ref name="tantawy-bio"/> <ref name="macdonald-nyt"/> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Georgia dị na Athens, GA, n'afọ 2002 nwere ogo abụọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị . <ref name="tantawy-resume">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lauraeltantawy.com/about-contact/resume/|accessdate=10 May 2016|author=Laura El-Tantawy|title=Resume|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701045434/http://www.lauraeltantawy.com/about-contact/resume/|archivedate=1 July 2017}}</ref> Nakwa na 2002, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto na Milwaukee Journal Sentinel na Sarasota Herald-Tribune . <ref name="tantawy-bio" /> Na 2006, ọ ghọrọ onye na-ese foto nweere onwe ya ka o nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ na ọrụ nkeonwe. <ref name="tantawy-bio" /> Ọ mezuru mkpakọrịta nyocha na Mahadum Oxford na 2009, wee nweta MA na nka na omume mgbasa ozi site na Mahadum Westminster, London, na 2011. <ref name="tantawy-bio" /> N'afọ 2015, El-Tantawy bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, In the Shadow of the Pyramids . N'ịbụ nke magazin Burn na-akwado na mkpọsa ego, ọ na-elekwasị anya na Mgbanwe Egypt nke 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/photography/8860003/In-the-shadow-of-the-pyramids.html|date=31 October 2011|accessdate=1 May 2016|first=Laura|author=El-Tantawy|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|title=In the shadow of the pyramids: Laura El-Tantawy is looking for funding to document a new chapter in Egypt's history, post-Mubarak.}}</ref> Creative Review kọwara ya dị ka "foto ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na ihe nkiri okporo ámá nke ìgwè mmadụ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na Kairo n'oge mgbanwe Jenụwarị na Tahrir Square, na-agwakọta na akụkọ ndị akaebe mpaghara, yana foto ezinụlọ ochie site na nwata ya na-etolite n'etiti Egypt, Saudi Arabia na US. E sere ya n'etiti afọ 2005-2014, usoro ahụ bụ ngwakọta na-akpali akpali nke foto, foto, na ihe oyiyi ndị ọzọ dị ike, na-adịghị ahụkebe, na-emetụta ihe ndị na-eme n'oge gara aga, ihe ndị na'ụzọ ziri ezi. "<ref name="creativereview">{{Cite web|url=https://www.creativereview.co.uk/cr-blog/2015/november/deutsche-borse-photography-prize-2016-shortlist-announced/|first=Antonia|author=Wilson|date=5 November 2015|accessdate=9 May 2016|publisher=[[Creative Review]]|title=Deutsche Börse Photography Prize 2016: shortlist announced|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412061544/http://www.creativereview.co.uk/cr-blog/2015/november/deutsche-borse-photography-prize-2016-shortlist-announced/|archivedate=12 April 2016}}</ref> Gerry Badger, na-ahọrọ akwụkwọ ahụ maka ihe fotobuku kacha na Fotobookfestival na Kassel (nke ọ meriri), dere "Ụdị ya dị egwu dị na ọdịnala kachasị mma nke akwụkwọ mkpesa ndị Japan, ma na-ejide ọgba aghara nke ihe omume ahụ nke ọma ebe ndị mmadụ na-eme ngagharị iwe n'etiti ogige ahụ ebe ndị ọzọ na-anwụ n'okporo ámá ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Na anya mbụ, ihe oyiyi ya na-egbuke egbuke, nke na-adịghị ahụkebe yiri ka ọ dị oke mma, mana mgbe ị banyere ma mụọ usoro ahụ n'ezie, na-aga site na olileanya na obi ụtọ ruo na enweghị olileanya, ike nke ọhụụ ya na-apụta ìhè, a na-ejikọkwa ihe niile na ụkpụrụ mmepụta dị mma na imewe mara mma, ma ọ bụghị nke siri ike.<ref name="fotobookfestival"/> Usoro "I'll Die for You" ya na-ekwu maka igbu onwe n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo India.<ref name="nyt"/><ref name="macdonald-nyt"/> Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ El-Tantawy na-ekwu na foto ya " sitere na ajụjụ gbasara njirimara ya - na-enyocha nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara nzụlite ya".<ref name="tantawy-bio"/> O kwukwara na ihe mkpali ya "na-esite na egwu, uri na ndị na-ese ihe na-ese foto nke na-abụkarị uri na ihe osise, dị ka ọrụ Gueorgui Pinkhassov, Miguel Rio Branco na Saul Leiter. "<ref name="new-internationalist">{{Cite web|url=http://newint.org/features/web-exclusive/2014/09/30/egypt-photographer-el-tantawy/|date=30 September 2014|accessdate=9 May 2016|first=Cristiana|author=Moisescu|publisher=[[New Internationalist]]|title=Through the lens: a dreamlike-Egypt|archivedate=18 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118092100/http://newint.org/features/web-exclusive/2014/09/30/egypt-photographer-el-tantawy/}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == === Akwụkwọ El-Tantawy bipụtara === * ''N'okpuru onyinyo nke Pyramids''. Amsterdam: nke onwe ya bipụtara, 2015. . 440 peeji. Mbipụta nke 500. * ''Ndị mmadụ''. E bipụtara ya n'onwe ya, 2015.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-9932876-0-2|978-0-9932876-0-2]]. Mbipụta nke 1500 mbipụta. ** ''The People Collector Edition''. E bipụtara ya n'onwe ya, 2015. Mbipụta 102 ** mbipụta. * ''Post-Script''. Bristol, UK: RRB, 2016.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-9932323-9-8|978-0-9932323-9-8]]. Mbipụta nke 750 mbipụta. Foto na ederede nke El-Tantawy. Nke Colin Pantall dezigharịrị. Ọdịdị a na-agbakọta ọnụ. * Ihe karịrị nke a abụghị ihe ọ bụla. E bipụtara ya n'onwe ya, 2017.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-9932876-1-9|978-0-9932876-1-9]]. Mpịakọta atọ jikọtara ọnụ. Mbipụta nke 500. * Kpakpando n'Oké Osimiri. E bipụtara ya n'onwe ya, 2019.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-9932876-2-6|978-0-9932876-2-6]]. Mbipụta nke mkpụrụ 150. === Akwụkwọ ndị nwere onyinye El-Tantawy === * Otu narị ndị ọzọ: 100 ihu, ebe, akụkọ: ndị ọchụnta ego. London: Oneworld Publications, 2015. Nke Global Institute for Tomorrow dezigharịrị.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1780747125|978-1780747125]] Site n'okwu mbido nke Chandran Nair, mmeghe nke Tash Aw, okwu ikpeazụ nke Ian Johnson, na edemede nke Robyn Bargh, Eliane Brum, [[David Goldblatt]], Tolu Ogunlesi, Yasmine El Rashidi, na Huang Wenhai. El-Tantawy na-enye ederede na foto) banyere azụmahịa ike anyanwụ na Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theglobalist.com/solar-sustainability-in-egypt/|date=31 January 2016|accessdate=10 May 2016|publisher=[[The Globalist]]|title=Solar Sustainability in Egypt}}</ref> == Onyinye == * 2014: Reminders Photography Stronghold Grant, Reminders photography Stronghold, Tokyo, maka usoro "M ga-anwụ maka gị"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reminders-project.org/rps/seventh-winner-of-rps-grant-laura-el-tatawy/|date=26 August 2014|accessdate=10 May 2016|publisher=Reminders Photography Stronghold|title=Seventh Winner of RPS Grant – Laura El-Tantawy}}</ref> * 2015: Ndepụta dị mkpirikpi, Deutsche Börse Photography Prize, tinyere Erik Kessels, Trevor Paglen, na Tobias Zielony.<ref name="ohagan-guardian-2015"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deutscheboersephotographyfoundation.org/en/support/photography-prize/2016.php|title=Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize 2016|work=www.deutscheboersephotographyfoundation.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/photography/what-to-see/deutsche-borse-photography-prize-shortlist-announced/|date=5 November 2015|accessdate=27 April 2016|first=Beth|author=Ryan|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|title=Deutsche Börse Photography Prize 2016 shortlist announced}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://time.com/4101538/deutsche-borse-photography-prize/|date=5 November 2015|accessdate=30 April 2016|first=Rachel|author=Lowry|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|title=Shortlist Announced for Prestigious Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize}}</ref> * 2015: Onye mmeri, Best Photobooks 2015 Nhọrọ ọha na eze / Ihe nrite Nleta ọha na eze, Fotobookfestival, Kassel, Germany, maka In the Shadow of the Pyramids<ref name="fotobookfestival"/> * 2020: Onye mmeri jikọrọ aka, W. Eugene Smith na-akwado nye, maka m ga-anwụ maka gị. Ndị mmeri ndị ọzọ bụ Andrés Cardona, Sabiha Çimen, Mariceu Erthal García, na Yuki Iwanami.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-10-06|title=W. Eugene Smith Grant Awarded to 5 Photographers|url=https://www.blind-magazine.com/en/news/2925-w-eugene-smith-grant-awarded-to-5-photographers-en|work=www.blind-magazine.com}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == * Na onyinyo nke Pyramids, Pitt Rivers Museum, Photography Oxford Festival 14, Oxford, England, September October 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjp-online.com/2014/09/photography-oxford-a-new-festival/|date=13 September 2014|accessdate=9 May 2016|first=Diane|author=Smyth|publisher=Apptitude Media|work=[[British Journal of Photography]]|title=Photography Oxford: a new festival}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/sep/27/photography-oxford-festival-in-pictures|date=27 September 2014|accessdate=9 May 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|title=Photography Oxford festival 2014 – in pictures}}</ref> * ''Aga m Anwụ Maka Gị'', London<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timeout.com/tokyo/art/laura-el-tantawy-ill-die-for-you|accessdate=9 May 2016|publisher=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]|title=Laura El-Tantawy: I'll Die For You}}</ref> * Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize 2016 gụnyere El-Tantawy's In the Shadow of the Pyramids, The Photographers' Gallery, London, April TianJuly 2016. Ọrụ site na Deutsche Börse Photography Prize shortlist na Trevor Paglen, Erik Kessels, na Tobias Zielony.<ref name="ohagan-guardian-2015"/> Ntinye nke ọrụ El-Tantawy site na iji foto ndị a tụrụ anya ya, mbipụta na igbe ọkụ, ndekọ ụda na akwụkwọ In the Shadow of the Pyramids. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website {{Authority control (arts)}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] oznxu21vky2zh9t5eenz7yzty00bo3p 0 16268 727920 195726 2026-09-25T12:56:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Kevin Hanssen''', bụ onye Zimbabwe na-eme ihe nkiri, onye edemede na onye egwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/chris-hoffman/credits/144503/|title=Chris Hoffman films|publisher=tvguide|accessdate=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027124948/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/chris-hoffman/credits/144503/|archive-date=27 October 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri Mind Games, ''Mugabe'' na The Telling Room .<ref name="kevinhanssen">{{Cite web|url=https://kevinhanssen.com/resume/|title=Kevin Hanssen bio|publisher=Kevin Hanssen official website|accessdate=24 October 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1994, o nwetara nzere Bachelor of Arts na Industrial Psychology na UNISA, South Africa.<ref name="kevinhanssen" /> Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Over the Edge Theatre Company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africalia.be/fr/Creatives-work-9/Other-publications/Jump-Theatre?lang=fr|title=Jump Theatre: How to make a play|publisher=africalia|accessdate=24 October 2020|archivedate=27 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027032917/https://africalia.be/fr/Creatives-work-9/Other-publications/Jump-Theatre?lang=fr}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na egwuregwu 'A Man Like You' nke e mere n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ihe nkiri Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zimbojam.com/off-broadway-play-comes-theatre-park/|title=Off Broadway play comes to Theatre in the park|publisher=zimbojam|accessdate=24 October 2020|archivedate=27 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027090852/https://www.zimbojam.com/off-broadway-play-comes-theatre-park/}}</ref> == Onyinye == O ritere ọtụtụ ihe nrite n'ọtụtụ ememme mba ụwa.<ref name="kevinhanssen" /> * BAT Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma na-eme ihe nkiri na-enweghị ihe ''ọ'' bụla (1993) * Nhọrọ nke Fringe Award, Edinburgh Festival nke Iri na Abụọ (2001) * Mmụọ nke Fringe Award, Edinburgh Festival ''A mụrụ'' n'Africa (2003) * Onyinye Onye Na-eme Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma nke BAT * AFDIS Best Actor Award 意 An Inspector Calls (2015) * Ihe nrite onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma, Zimbabwe International Film Festival ♡ Mind Games (2017) * AFDIS Best Actor Award My Fair Lady (2017) == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ụdị ![Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |- |1993 |''Ọ bụghị Rappaport'' | |Ihe nkiri | |- |2001 |''N'abalị nke Iri na Abụọ'' | | | |- |2003 |''A mụrụ ya n'Afrịka'' | | | |- |2010 |''Nwaanyị Julie'' | | | |- |2013 |''Nnwere Onwe'' |Jaap |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |2015 |''Onye Nnyocha Kpọọ'' | | | |- |2017 |''Oké ọhịa Jabu'' |Cheetah |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2017 |''Egwuregwu Uche'' |Onye bụbu onye |Ihe nkiri | |- |2017 |''Isi nri'' |Onyeikpe |Ihe nkiri | |- |2017 |''Mugabe'' |Onye Nlekọta Ụlọ Mkpọrọ |Ihe nkiri | |- |2017 |''Nwanyị m mara mma'' | |Ihe nkiri | |- |2020 |''Ụlọ Akụkọ'' |Walter Parks |Ihe nkiri | |} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm5674728}} * [https://3-mob.com/tag/kevin-hanssen/?wpmp_switcher=desktop#.X5UURPjPzIU Nkwado: KEVIN HANSSEN] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qhvacny0is296c3zlwy0i56ho5p5lle 0 16433 727987 130533 2026-09-25T18:53:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Lydia_Cheromei.jpg|thumb|Lydia Cheromei, Amsterdam 2008]] '''Lydia Cheromei''' (amụrụ na 15 na onwa Mee na afọ 1977, na Baringo District) bụ onye Kenya na-eme egwuregwu nke amụrụ n'ezinụlọ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ bụ ọkachamara na ịgba ọsọ ogologo oge. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ site na mmeri na asọmpi ndị na-eto eto na IAAF World Cross Country Championships. O wepụrụ afọ ole na ole n'asọmpi, na-ekwu maka ike ọgwụgwụ, wee laghachi n'etiti afọ iri itoolu, na-apụta na afo 1996 Atlanta Olympics. Cheromei nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'okporo ụzọ, na-enweta mmeri na Saint Silvester Road Race wee bịa nke isii n'okpọ ụzọ na 2000 Summer Olympics. O sonyeghị na asọmpi site na afo 2001 ruo 2004 n'ihi nsogbu onwe onye, ọ tụfuru afọ abụọ ọzọ nke asọmpi mgbe nyocha doping dị mma na afọ 2006. Cheromei laghachiri na afọ 2008 wee malite ịsọ mpi na marathons, onye nkuzi Ịtali Gabriele Nicola sochiri, na-enweta mmeri mbụ na Amsterdam Marathon.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lydia Cheromei Marathon Training Program {{!}} RunnerUniverse|url=https://www.runnerprogram.com/product/lydia-cheromei-marathon-training-program/|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26|archivedate=2017-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518160514/http://www.runnerprogram.com/product/lydia-cheromei-marathon-training-program/}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Lydia Cheromei bụ nwa nke ise n'ime ụmụ asaa. Ya na nne na nna ya na ụmụnne ya Joseph, Jeremiah na David na-akọrọ mmasị ya maka ịgba ọsọ. Nne ya na-agba ọsọ nkeji isii, ebe nna ya na afọ 2010 ka na-agba kilomita asaa mgbe ọ dị afọ 72. Ụmụnne ya nwoke Joseph na Jeremiah nọchitere anya Kenya na Olimpik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.swvatoday.com/news/article_d818a5ea-c731-5f91-8bbc-dea713f60c75.html|title=Born to run|work=SWVA Today|accessdate=1 April 2016}}</ref> David Cheromei na-ekwu na ọ bụ mmụọ nsọ kpaliri ya iwere ịgba ọsọ n'ụzọ siri ike ka ihere wee ghara ime ya maka nwanne ya nwanyị na-eti ya ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.heraldcourier.com/news/running-free-runner-to-share-expertise-through-camp/article_0fb52cc8-0d4c-593d-9429-9265ac1602bb.html|title=Running Free: Runner to share expertise through camp|work=Running Courier|date=11 July 2010|accessdate=1 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010083857/https://heraldcourier.com/news/running-free-runner-to-share-expertise-through-camp/article_0fb52cc8-0d4c-593d-9429-9265ac1602bb.html|archive-date=10 October 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> Onye na-eme egwuregwu ibe ya na onye na-edekọ ihe ndekọ ụwa Paul Tergat bụ nwa nwanne ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flamefans.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=20&t=5043&start=0|title=|work=www.flamefans.com|accessdate=1 April 2016}}</ref> Na Septemba na afọ 2006 Lydia mụrụ nwa nwanyị, Faith Chelagat.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200701170018.html Cross Country – Cheromei Blames Fertility Jabs for Ban]. AllAfrica (17 January 2007). Retrieved 2 February 2011.</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ịnọ na ike ọgwụgwụ === Cheromei bụ onye nwetara ọla nchara na World Junior Championships ma merie na Junior category nke World Cross Country Championships na afọ 1991 mgbe ọ dị afọ 13. O meriri ule Kenya maka afọ 1991 World Championships, mana a na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-eto eto iji sọọ mpi na Tokyo. Ọ bụ Sister Christine Heverin nke Singore Girls Secondary School zụrụ ya n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 August 1991|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/19/sports/track-and-field-kenyans-on-informal-path-to-success.html|title=TRACK AND FIELD; Kenyans on Informal Path to Success|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ naghị arụ ọrụ n'etiti afọ 1994 na 1997, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ekwu na onye na-agba ọsọ ahụ gbara ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite news|work=The Tribune|date=22 January 2000|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000122/spr-trib.htm#2|title=Bid to end waste of talent|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ laghachiri mana o nwere ezumike afọ atọ ọzọ ruo 2004 n'ihi nsogbu onwe onye.<ref name="near">{{Cite news|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/near-world-record-misses-at-15km-for-sihine-a|title=Near World record misses at 15km for Sihine and Cheromei|publisher=IAAF|date=21 November 2004|accessdate=12 January 2007}}</ref> === Ịlaghachi na ịgba ọsọ na mmachibido iwu ọgwụ ọjọọ === Cheromei nwere mmeri atọ (afọ 1999, 2000 na 2004) na Saint Silvester Road Race nke a na-eme kwa afọ na [[Brazil]]. O meriri na afọ 2004 Zevenheuvelenloop site na ịgba ọsọ 47:02, oge nke abụọ kachasị mma 15K.<ref name="near"/> N'afọ 2006, a mara Cheromei ikpe maka ọgwụ clomiphene doping. E nyere ihe nnwale ahụ na 24 Febụwarị, na afọ 2005 na ule na-abụghị asọmpi na Eldoret. A kwụsịtụrụ ya na IAAF site na Mee na afọ 2005 ruo Mee 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Doping Rule Violation|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/Kind=1073741824/newsId=37204.html|publisher=IAAF|date=11 January 2007|accessdate=27 November 2006}}</ref> O kwuru na ọ na-aṅụ ọgwụ ahụ n'okpuru ọgwụ nke dọkịta ya ka ọ na-enweta ọgwụgwọ ọmụmụ n'oge ule.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200701170018.html Cross Country – Cheromei Blames Fertility Jabs for Ban]. AllAfrica (17 January 2007). Retrieved on 2 February 2011.</ref> Mmachibido iwu ahụ nọgidere n'ihi na ọ gwaghị ndị isi dị mkpa banyere ozi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CROSS COUNTRY: Cheromei blames fertility jabs for ban|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/sports/1090-165908-vb79lo/index.html|work=Daily Nation|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-24}}</ref> === Ịgba ọsọ Marathon === Cheromei meriri na afọ 2008 Rotterdam Half Marathon na ndekọ nke 68:35; ndekọ gara aga (69:13) bụ nke ya onwe ya setịpụrụ na afọ 2004 mgbe ọ merikwara ihe omume ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|publisher=IAAF|date=14 September 2004|url=http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid=47730.html|title=Double Kenyan victory, as six go sub-60 in Rotterdam}}</ref> O nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na marathon mbụ site na mmeri na 2008 Amsterdam Marathon na oge 2.25.27.<ref>Track and Field News, 19 October 2008: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120216054747/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/display_article.php?id=26329 2:07:51 For Paul Kirui At Amsterdam Marathon] Retrieved 19 October 2008.</ref> Na afọ 2009 Rotterdam Marathon ọ mechara nke abụọ n'azụ Nailya Yulamanova nke Russia.<ref>{{Cite news|publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]]|accessdate=6 May 2016|date=5 April 2009|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kibet-edges-kwambai-as-both-clock-20427-rot|title=Kibet edges Kwambai as both clock 2:04:27 – Rotterdam Marathon report}}</ref> Ọ gbara ọsọ na 2011 Dubai Marathon wee nweta ọnọdụ nke abụọ n'azụ Aselefech Mergia na oge ya nke 2:23:01 gosipụtara ọganihu karịa ihe kachasị mma ya karịa nkeji atọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Butcher|first=Pat|date=21 January 2011|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/barmasai-and-mergia-fight-headwind-to-take-du-1|title=Barmasai and Mergia fight headwind to take Dubai Marathon wins|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ mebiri ihe ndekọ nke Prague Half Marathon n'ọnwa Eprel na oge mmeri ya nke 1:07:33 gosipụtara ọganihu ọrụ maka anya nke ihe karịrị otu nkeji.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Butcher|first=Pat|date=2 April 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016|publisher=IAAF|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/limo-and-cheromei-shatter-course-records-at-p|title=Limo and Cheromei shatter course records at Prague Half Marathon}}</ref> N'ọnwa sochirinụ, ọ laghachiri n'obodo ahụ n'ụzọ gara nke ọma, merie Prague Marathon na oge ndekọ nke 2:22:34, ọzọ bụ nke kachasị mma.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Edwards|first=Andy|date=8 May 2011|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/cheromei-smashes-womens-prague-marathon-cours|title=Cheromei smashes women's Prague Marathon course record|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba, ọ meriri Marseille-Cassis Classic na ndekọ ndekọ nke 1:08:23 awa, mana ọ bụ naanị nke ise na Delhi Half Marathon n'ọnwa na-esote.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Vazel|first=Pierre-Jean|date=30 October 2011|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/tsegay-and-cheromei-crush-course-records-in-m|title=Tsegay and Cheromei crush course records in Marseille-Cassis Classic|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Krishnan|first=Ram. Murali|date=27 November 2011|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/in-close-races-desisa-and-kabuu-prevail-in-ne|title=In close races, Desisa and Kabuu prevail in New Delhi Half|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkacha mmasị tupu asọmpi na afọ 2012 Dubai Marathon na Jenụwarị, mana ọ gwụchara n'ọnọdụ nke isii. Otú ọ dị, ọ ka na-emeziwanye ihe kachasị mma ya site na ihe karịrị otu nkeji site na ọsọ nke awa 2:21:30 n'ọhịa ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Butcher|first=Pat|date=27 January 2012|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/abshero-stuns-with-20423-debut-mergia-clocks|title=Abshero stuns with 2:04:23 debut, Mergia clocks 2:19:31 in Dubai|publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]]|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Marathon All Time|accessdate=4 February 2012|date=27 January 2012|url=http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=W/all=y/legal=A/disc=MAR/detail.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224063329/http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout%3Do/age%3Dn/season%3D0/sex%3DW/all%3Dy/legal%3DA/disc%3DMAR/detail.html|archivedate=24 February 2012}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye ọkacha mmasị iji chebe aha ya na 2012 Prague Half Marathon ma mepụta ihe kachasị mma nke 1:07:26 awa, mana Joyce Chepkirui meriri ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Butcher|first=Pat|date=31 March 2012|publisher=IAAF|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/tsegays-5847-shatters-course-record-in-very-w|title=Tsegay's 58:47 shatters course record in 'very windy' Prague|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Prague Marathon, ọ banyere dị ka onye ọkacha mmasị ma nọgide na-agba ọsọ ọsọ ruo 30K, mana o mechara hapụ kilomita ole na ole site na njedebe na-ata ahụhụ site na mmerụ ahụ ụkwụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Edwards|first=Andy|date=13 May 2012|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kiprop-dashes-cheromeis-hopes-while-chimsa-li|title=Kiprop dashes Cheromei's hopes while Chimsa lives up to expectations in Prague|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ nọ n'ọkwa nke anọ na Lille Half Marathon na 2012 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships, nke bụ mpụta mba ụwa mbụ ya n'ime afọ asatọ. Ọ gbara ọsọ nke 2:23:07 iji merie Yokohama Women's Marathon na Nọvemba.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nakamura|first=Ken|date=18 November 2012|accessdate=14 February 2013|publisher=IAAF|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/cheromei-breaks-course-record-in-yokohama|title=Cheromei breaks course record in Yokohama}}</ref> Ọ banyere na afọ 2013 Prague Marathon na olile anya nke iṅomi mmeri ya afọ abụọ gara aga, mana nsogbu ọkpụkpụ hapụrụ ya n'ọnọdụ nke isii.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wenig|first=Jörg|date=12 May 2013|accessdate=13 May 2013|publisher=IAAF|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/kemboi-and-rotich-claim-good-wins-in-prague-m|title=Kemboi and Rotich claim good wins in Prague Marathon}}</ref> == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{KEN}} |- |1990 |[[1990 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] |[[Plovdiv]], Bulgaria |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |10,000 m |[[1990 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 10,000 metres|33:20.83]] |- |1991 |[[1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]] |[[Antwerp]], Belgium |bgcolor=gold|1st |Junior race (4.435&nbsp;km) |[[1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race|13:59]] |- |rowspan=3|1992 |[[1992 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]] |[[Boston]], United States |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |Junior race (4.005&nbsp;km) |[[1992 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race|13:43]] |- |[[Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Barcelona]], Spain |30th (h) |10,000 m |[[Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's 10,000 metres|33:34.05]] |- |[[1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] |[[Seoul]], [[South Korea]] |4th |10,000m |[[1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 10,000 metres|33:01.99]] |- |1995 |[[1995 IAAF Grand Prix Final|IAAF Grand Prix Final]] |[[Monaco]] |7th |3000 m |8:48.46 |- |1996 |[[Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Atlanta]], United States |heats |5000 m |15:49.85 |- |rowspan=3|1997 |[[1997 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]] |[[Turin]], Italy |11th |Long race (6.6&nbsp;km) |[[1997 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race|21:34]] |- |[[1997 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Athens]], Greece |5th |[[1997 World Championships in Athletics - Women's 5000 metres|5000 m]] |15:07.88 |- |[[1997 IAAF Grand Prix Final|IAAF Grand Prix Final]] |[[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], Japan |bgcolor=silver|2nd |5000 m |15:15.64 |- |rowspan=3|2000 |[[2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]] |[[Vilamoura]], Portugal |4th |Long race (8.08&nbsp;km) |[[2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race|26:02]] |- |[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |Sydney |6th |5000 m |14:47.35 |- |[[2000 IAAF Grand Prix Final|IAAF Grand Prix Final]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |4th |3000 m |8:54.85 |- |2001 |[[2001 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]] |[[Ostend]], Belgium |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |Long race (7.7&nbsp;km) |[[2001 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race|28:07]] |- ||2004 |[[2004 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships|World Half Marathon Championships]] |New Delhi, India |bgcolor=silver|2nd |Half marathon |1:09:00 |- |2008 |[[Amsterdam Marathon]] |[[Amsterdam, Netherlands]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |Marathon |2:25:57 |- |2012 |[[2012 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships|World Half Marathon Championships]] |[[Kavarna]], Bulgaria |4th |Half marathon |1:09:13 |} === Ihe kacha mma n'onwe ya === * 1500 mita Akara 4:13.06 nkeji (2000) * 3000 mita na 8:29.14 nkeji (2000) * 5000 mita Na 14:46.72 nkeji (1997) * 10,000 mita 31:41.09 nkeji (1992) * 10 kilomita Asia 31:33 nkeji (2004) * 15 kilomita 47:02 nkeji (2004) * Ọkara marathon Shia 1:07:26 awa (2012) * Marathon na 2:21:30 awa (2012) == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị egwuregwu a machibidoro iwu maka mmebi iwu doping == Ihe odide == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Lydia Cheromei at World Athletics * [http://marathoninfo.free.fr/athletes/kenya/cheromei_lydia.htm Profaịlụ Marathoninfo] {{s-start}} {{s-sports}} {{succession box|title=[[Rotterdam Half Marathon|Rotterdam Women's Half Marathon Winner]]|before=Incumbent|after={{flagicon|ETH}} [[Bezunesh Bekele]]|years=2004}} {{succession box|title=[[Zevenheuvelenloop|Zevenheuvelenloop Women's Winner (15 km)]]|before={{flagicon|ETH}} [[Mestawet Tufa]]|after={{flagicon|ETH}} [[Berhane Adere]]|years=2004}} {{s-end}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 81k442a6ni3f2ybxbl7fyrsmwj21kwo 0 16553 727992 725146 2026-09-25T19:22:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MaPo Kinnord''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1960 na Cleveland, OH) bụ ónyé na-ese ihe na ónyé nkụzi nke bi na New Orleans, Louisiana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Donohoe|first=Victoria|title=Her sculptures are shrines to memory MaPo Kinnord-Payton's use of small effigies, photos and symbolic objects achieves a sense of presence.|url=http://articles.philly.com/2003-08-31/news/25453882_1_primitive-works-fine-art-shrines|work=Philadelphia Inquirer|accessdate=21 February 2015|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073440/http://articles.philly.com/2003-08-31/news/25453882_1_primitive-works-fine-art-shrines}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Kinnord tolitere na Cleveland, Ohio. Ọ gụsịrị BFA ya na Massachusetts College of Art na Boston, ma nata MFA ya na Mahadum Ohio State na Columbus.<ref name=":0"/> N'afọ 1995, ọ kwagara New Orleans, LA ébé ọ zutere otu n'ime ndị nkụzi ya, John T. Scott.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.myneworleans.com/New-Orleans-Homes-Lifestyles/Winter-2017/Celebration-in-Clay/|title=Celebration in Clay|author=MARQUIS|first=PAMELA|date=Winter 2017|work=New Orleans Homes & Lifestyles|accessdate=2018-09-17|language=en|archive-date=2018-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917071456/http://www.myneworleans.com/New-Orleans-Homes-Lifestyles/Winter-2017/Celebration-in-Clay/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'iji ụdị ihe a tụrụ atụ nké yiri ụlọ apịtị nke Ghana, ọrụ Kinnord bụ màkà ncheta ndị nna nna.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ nọrọ oge na Northern [[Ghana]] na-emepụta vidiyo nyocha banyéré ite na ihe owuwu ceramic.<ref name="NOLANow">{{Cite web|author=Contemporary Arts Center|title=MaPo Kinnord-Payton|url=http://nolanow.cacno.org/user/560|work=NOLANow|publisher=CAC|accessdate=21 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003347/http://nolanow.cacno.org/user/560|archivedate=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ihe owuwu ma na-enyocha ma n'èzí ma n'ime site na ụrọ na nhazi elu. O jikwa ụzọ o si arụ ọrụ na ụrọ tụnyere jazz, improvisational ma nwee nhazi.<ref name=":1" /> Akụkụ nke ọrụ Kinnord dị ka ónyé nkuzi gụnyere ọgwụgwọ nka na-eji ntụgharị uche na-achịkwa ụrọ.<ref name="Press Street">{{Cite web|author=Press Street|title=The Contemplative Clay Project: MaPo Kinnord|url=http://press-street.org/the-contemplative-clay-project-mapo-kinnord/|work=Press Street|publisher=Press Street|accessdate=21 February 2015|archivedate=12 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312013749/http://press-street.org/the-contemplative-clay-project-mapo-kinnord/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ónyé nkuzi na Penland School of Crafts, na North Carolina, Haystack Mountain School of Craft na Maine.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haystack-mtn.org/documents/Fall2013Gateway.pdf |title=Haystack Gateway, Fall 2013 |accessdate=2022-06-21 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085436/http://www.haystack-mtn.org/documents/Fall2013Gateway.pdf }}</ref> Kinnord kụziri na MassArt na Massachusetts na Berkeley California tupu ọ kwaga New Orleans na 1995 ébé ọ ghọrọ Associate Professor of Art na Xavier University of Louisiana.<ref name="Black Art in America">{{Cite web|url=http://blackartinamerica.com/profiles/blogs/lagniappe-imagining-new-orleans-in-a-post-katrina-world-at-stella|title=10 Years Later – a Black Perspective|work=Black Art in America|publisher=BLACK ART IN AMERICA. LLC|accessdate=21 November 2015|archivedate=26 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826235903/http://blackartinamerica.com/profiles/blogs/lagniappe-imagining-new-orleans-in-a-post-katrina-world-at-stella}}</ref> E gosipụtara ọrụ Kinnord na mbà ụwa gụnyere na Arthur Roger Gallery, Mahadum Tulane, Baltimore Clayworks, Stella Jones Gallery, Swarthmore College, Contemporary Arts Center na New Orleans, Ogden Museum of Southern Art, na Imago Mundi.<ref name="Black Art in America"/> N'afọ 2017, e tinyere ọrụ ya n'ihe ngosi a na-akpọ Congregation at Antenna Gallery .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theadvocate.com/new_orleans/entertainment_life/article_7f7325ec-e186-11e6-97ce-33eec6aeb784.html|title=Steven Forster's Party Central: 'Cultural Grid' at Art Center'; 'Congregation' at Antenna Gallery|work=The Advocate|accessdate=2018-09-17|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917072948/https://www.theadvocate.com/new_orleans/entertainment_life/article_7f7325ec-e186-11e6-97ce-33eec6aeb784.html|archive-date=2018-09-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, a gụnyere ọrụ Kinnord na The Whole ''Drum'' Will Sound: Women in Southern Abstraction na Ogden Museum of Southern Art n'akụkụ ọrụ Lynda Benglis, Dusti Bongé, Clyde Connell, Dorothy Hood, Marie Hull, Lin Emery, Margaret Evangeline, Cynthia Brants, Jacqueline Humphries, Valerie Jaudon na Ida Kohlmeyer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://terremoto.mx/the-whole-drum-will-sound-women-in-southern-abstraction-at-ogden-museum-of-southern-art-new-orleans-usa/|title=The Whole Drum Will Sound: Women in Southern Abstraction at Ogden Museum of Southern Art, New Orleans, USA {{!}} Terremoto|work=terremoto.mx|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-09-17|archivedate=2018-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105124/http://terremoto.mx/the-whole-drum-will-sound-women-in-southern-abstraction-at-ogden-museum-of-southern-art-new-orleans-usa/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.afar.com/magazine/10-art-exhibitions-in-the-us-worth-traveling-for-this-spring|title=10 Art Exhibitions in the U.S. Worth Traveling for This Spring|work=AFAR Media|accessdate=2018-09-17}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5na21hknrajguqdfjmfnewn85ve2bdr 0 16566 728003 670950 2026-09-25T19:56:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Mahmoud Hemida''' (Arabic; a mụrụ na Disemba 7, 1953, na Cairo) bụ [[Actor|onye]] Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nilefm.com/undefined/article/2079/mahmoud-hemida-wins-best-actor-award-at-kazan-international-muslim-film-festival|title=Mahmoud Hemida Wins Best Actor At Kazan International Muslim Film Festival {{!}} NileFM {{!}} EGYPT'S#1 FOR HIT MUSIC|author=Kijamii|work=nilefm.com|accessdate=2019-11-12|archivedate=2019-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112061550/https://nilefm.com/undefined/article/2079/mahmoud-hemida-wins-best-actor-award-at-kazan-international-muslim-film-festival}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/|title=Mahmoud Hemida - Egypt Today|work=EgyptToday|accessdate=2019-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.el-balad.com/2400457|title=Mahmoud Hemida’s film 'Ward Masmom' to premiere on November 28|work=Sada El Balad|accessdate=2019-11-12|archivedate=2019-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112061549/http://en.el-balad.com/2400457}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/344423/Arts--Culture/Film/Mahmoud-Hemeida-president-of-honour-of-th-Luxor-Af.aspx|title=Mahmoud Hemeida president of honour of 9th Luxor African Film Festival - Film - Arts & Culture|work=Ahram Online|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.vogue.me/culture/middle-east-films-oscars/|title=Middle Eastern Films to Root for at the Academy Awards 2020|date=2019-09-10|work=Vogue Arabia|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ ime ihe nkiri Mahmoud malitere site na arụmọrụ na telivishọn n'afọ 1986, ọ natara ọrụ mbụ ya na usoro TV site n'aka onye nduzi Ahmed Khadr, ebe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere mmasị na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri na Egypt masịrị arụmọrụ ya.. Mgbe ahụ, o sonyere na usoro (Harat Al Shurafa) na (Al Wassiyah) na (Abyad W Eswed) n'akụkụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Salah Zulfikar n'afọ 1989, arụmọrụ ya na usoro ikpeazụ ahụ nwetara otuto na otuto maka nkà ya ma gosipụta mmalite nke ịrị elu ya dịka kpakpando.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cairo360.com/article/film/this-egyptian-film-is-participating-in-a-number-of-international-festivals/|title=This Egyptian Film Is Participating in a Number of International Festivals|date=2019-03-19|work=Cairo 360 Guide to Cairo, Egypt|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> Mmalite nke ọrụ ihe nkiri Mahmoud malitere site na ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkụ Ahmed Zaki na ihe nkiri (Al Embrator) n'afọ 1990. Mahmoud guzobekwara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke wepụtara ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Á Á Á Ájá Al Shayytan Ájá. Mahmoud guzobere magazin (ntụrụndụ) nke akpọrọ ŌAl Fann Al Sabeaaʹ nke bụ magazin Arabic mbụ, ihe nkiri, nke e biri ebi ka ọ bụrụ nke pụrụ iche na ụlọ ọrụ Cinema na Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cairowestmag.com/39th-cairo-international-film-festival-awards-ceremony/mahmoud-hmeda/|title=Mahmoud Hemida|work=Cairo West Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> N'afọ 1996, o guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta Albatrik, maka mmepụta nka na ọrụ ihe nkiri nke mepụtara ụfọdụ n'ime ha n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke ya, na ụfọdụ n'etiti ha dịka ndị isi mmepụta maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinando.com/en/Company/albatrik_art_productions_133088/Detail|title=ALBATRIK ART PRODUCTIONS|work=cinando.com|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ha kachasị nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ ha bụ ŌJanet El shyateen, nke ndị nkatọ nwere ekele. N'otu afọ ahụ, o guzobere "El-Momthel" Studio site n'enyemaka nke ndị ọkachamara maka ọzụzụ na ịkwado nkà ọhụrụ == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" |+ |2020 |Ngwunye Ịsa Ahụ |Omar - 60 |- |2018 |Ụgbọ mmiri Karmouz<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/302199/Arts--Culture/Film/Art-Alert-New-releases-in-Egyptian-cinemas-for-Eid.aspx|title=Art Alert: New releases in Egyptian cinemas for Eid Al-Fitr - Film - Arts & Culture|work=Ahram Online|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-12}}</ref> | |- |2018 |Ward Masmum<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/dakota-johnson-lynne-ramsay-daniel-bruhl-marrakech-jury-roma-green-book-galas-1202504660/|title=Dakota Johnson, Lynne Ramsay Among Marrakech Film Festival Jury; ‘Roma’, ‘Green Book’ Among Galas|author=Wiseman|first=Andreas|date=2018-11-19|work=Deadline|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> | |- |2018 |Sery Lelghaya | |- |2018 |Turab el Mass | |- |2017 |Youm Min el Ayam |Jaber |- |2017 |Fotocopies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madamasr.com/en/2017/09/25/feature/culture/el-gouna-film-festival-launches-with-grand-ambitions/|title=El Gouna Film Festival launches with grand ambitions|work=Mada Masr|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-12}}</ref> | |- |2017 |Saher karwan |Ward Masmoum |- |2016 |Yom Lel Seta<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/67780/Kamla-Abu-Zekri-s-Yom-Lel-Setat-to-screen-in|title=Kamla Abu Zekri's 'Yom Lel Setat' to screen in Canada on April 3|work=EgyptToday|accessdate=2019-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wwww.dailynewssegypt.com/2017/09/20/day-women-wins-grand-prize-african-cinema-festival/|title=A Day for Women wins Grand Prize in African Cinema Festival|date=2017-09-20|work=Daily News Egypt|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-13|archivedate=2019-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113041143/https://wwww.dailynewssegypt.com/2017/09/20/day-women-wins-grand-prize-african-cinema-festival/}}</ref> |Ahmed |- |2015 |Ndị ikom Dahr iwe |Adham |- |2015 |Regata |Sari |- |2015 |Ot W Far |Abbas El-Ot (Wazir el Dakhlia) |- |2015 |Nawara |Osama |- |2015 |Ahwak<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/eid-al-adha-movie-season-lacks-lead-movie-stars/|title=AEid Al-Adha movie season lacks lead movie stars|work=www.egyptindependent.com|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> |Hamza |- |2009 |Ehky Ya Shahrzad |Adham |- |2009 |Youm Ma Ebe Obibi |Yusuf |- |2009 |Dokan Shehata |Hagag |- |2009 |Laylat El Baby Doll |El-Lwaa Mohsen |- |2008 |Asef 3Al Ez3Ag |Saladin |- |2006 |Malek W Kitaba |Dr. Mahmoud |- |2004 |Alexandria - New York<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicman.com/00pic/6439.html|title=Alexandria-New York (2004) - (dir: Youssef Chahine) Egyptian film poster F, EX $55 *|work=www.musicman.com|accessdate=2019-11-13|archivedate=2019-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113043108/https://www.musicman.com/00pic/6439.html}}</ref> |Yehia |- |2004 |Baheb El Cima |Adly |- |2000 |Al-Abwab Al-Moghlaka |Mansour |- |1999 |Al-Akhar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/el-akhar|title=EL AKHAR|work=Festival de Cannes|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> | |- |1999 |Amn Dawlat |Kamal |- |1999 |JanetEl.Shyateen |Tabl / Munir Rasmy |- |1998 |Dantella |Hossam |- |1997 |Al-Masir<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/movie/76854/destiny|title=Destiny (Al Massir - Le Destin) {{!}} Film {{!}} The Guardian|date=2008-07-21|work=www.theguardian.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> |El Khalifa |- |1996 |Eghtial | |- |1996 |Afarit El-Asphalt |O kwuru |- |1995 |Abu Zeid Zamano |Abu Zeid |- |1995 |Qalil Min Alhob Kathir Min Aloanf | |- |1995 |El Ragol El Thalth |Rustem |- |1995 |Imra'A Hazat Aarsh Mesr |Mustafa Abdel Hamid |- |1994 |Ọdọ Mmiri El Farawla |Dove Fadel Al-Suhaji |- |1994 |Souq El Nssa |Ahmed (Onye Nnyocha) |- |1994 |Kart Ahmar |Dr. Mohsen |- |1994 |Al Mohager<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bb37ad329|title=Mahmoud Hemida|work=BFI|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022203825/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bb37ad329|archive-date=2019-10-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Minahar |- |1993 |Youm Har Gdn |Diaa |- |1993 |El Basha |Yusuf (Joe) |- |1993 |Bawabat Iblis |Na'naah |- |1993 |Enthar Bel-Ta3A |Ibrahim |- |1993 |Al-Thaaleb |Kamal |- |1993 |Disko Disko |Essam |- |1993 |Fursan Akher Zaman |Magdy Hassanein |- |1993 |Al-Ghaarkana |Saad |- |1993 |L3B M3A Ashrar |Farhan hazeen (Farfour) |- |1993 |Fares El-Madina |Ụgbọ njem |- |1993 |Maganino |Dr. Adam |- |1993 |Al Zeab |Taher |- |1992 |Raghba Motawahesha |O kwuru Ghazal |- |1992 |Emraa Ayla Lelsokot |Shukri Abdul Aziz (Onye nta akụkọ) |- |1992 |Al-Shariss |Hammam |- |1992 |Samara El-Amir<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stepfeed.com/12-egyptian-films-inspired-by-hollywood-7500|title=12 Egyptian films inspired by Hollywood|author=Shawky|first=Sarah Ahmed|date=2017-05-18|work=StepFeed|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-13|archivedate=2019-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113043106/https://stepfeed.com/12-egyptian-films-inspired-by-hollywood-7500}}</ref> |Ali Galal |- |1991 |Kpachara anya n'Onye Nwanyị A |Abbas |- |1991 |Assr El Qowa |Morsi Nofal |- |1991 |Al Feraa 12 | |- |1991 |Kaid Al Awalem |Hosni |- |1991 |Al Masateel |Samir |- |1990 |Onye Imbrator |Abraham |- |1990 |Sayedat Al-Qahira | |- |1986 |Al Awbash | |} == Ihe nkiri TV == * Nna Nna Chineke: 2017 - Zain Al Attar * Ihe nketa nke ifufe: 2013 - Ibrahim Tayeb * Abụ n'elu Àkwà Mmiri nke Olileanya * Ihe nrite: 1990 - Khawaja Taki * Ojii na ọcha: 1989 * M ise M ise: 1987 * Al-Shorafa Lane: 1986 * Al - Azhar Al - Sharif Lighthouse nke Islam: 1982 - Bilal * Ahmed bin Majid: 1980 - ọrụ mbụ ya * Mana ịhụnanya: Dr Alaa Tambouli * Nwoke na ụgbọ okporo ígwè * Pụọ n'ebe ahụ == Onyinye == {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Afọ''' !'''Ememme''' !'''Ihe nrite''' !'''Ihe nkiri''' |- |1994 |Emume ihe nkiri kwa afọ |Egwuregwu |Pasha |- |1995 |Egyptian Cinema Art Association |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Nwoke nke atọ |- |1996 |Emume ihe nkiri mba Ijipt |Ihe nkiri |Asphalt puck |- |1999 |Emume ihe nkiri mba Cairo |Mmepụta |Paradaịs Ekwensu |- |1999 |Alexandria International Film Festival |Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma |Paradaịs Ekwensu |- |2000 |Emume ihe nkiri mba nke isii nke Ijipt |Mmepụta na nnọchiteanya |Paradaịs Ekwensu |- |2003 |Ememme Mba Nile nke Tetouan |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Paradaịs Ekwensu |- |2005 |Film Art Association "Egyptian Academy Awards" |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Alexandria - New York |- |2005 |Emume Mba nke iri na otu nke ihe nkiri Egypt |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Ahụrụ m ihe nkiri n'anya |- |2006 |Ememme Mba Nile nke Muscat |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Eze na ederede |- |2006 |Emume ihe nkiri mba nke iri na abụọ nke Ijipt |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Eze na ederede |- |2007 |Ememme Katọlik na Cairo |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Eze na ederede |- |2018 |Kazan International Muslim Film Festival |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/57416/Mahmoud-Hemeida-wins-Best-Actor-Award-at-Kazan-Film-Festival|title=Mahmoud Hemeida wins Best Actor Award at Kazan Film Festival|work=EgyptToday|accessdate=2019-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kazan-mfmk.com/en/news/news/award-winners-of-the-14th-kazan-muslim-film-festival/|title=Award Winners of the 14th Kazan Muslim Film Festival|work=kazan-mfmk.com|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> |Fotocopies |} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0375990}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] addqnd2m5k4j0b94n0mql80ofunrjz4 0 16578 728101 90049 2026-09-26T05:48:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Nahed El Sebai''' (amụrụ na 25 Mee 1987) bụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2be30b8c30|title=Nahed El Sebai|work=BFI|access-date=2022-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910095101/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2be30b8c30|archive-date=2018-09-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na ihe karịrị ihe nkiri iri kemgbe afọ 2004. Ọ bụ nwa nwa Farid Shawki na Huda Sultan. == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ihe nkiri !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2012 |''Mgbe Agha ahụ gasịrị'' | | |- |2010 |''678'' | | |- |2009 |''Scheherazade, Gwa M Akụkọ'' | | |- |2012 |''Baad Al Mawkea'' | | |- |2015 |''Sukkar Mor'' | | |- |2016 |''Haraam Elgasad'' | | |- |2016 |''Yom Lel Settat'' | | |- |2016 |''Ali Meaza wa Ibrahim'' | | |- |2011 |''18 Youm'' | | |- |2011 |''X buru ibu'' | | |} == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}}  [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hldaqqepaguwug5nvo8r8brufnyq2j4 0 16621 727910 92530 2026-09-25T12:05:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Pages using infobox person with unknown empty parameters|home_townKarima Mokhtar]] [[Category:Pages using infobox person with unknown empty parameters|residenceKarima Mokhtar]] [[Category:Pages using infobox person with unknown empty parameters|influencedKarima Mokhtar]] [[Category:Pages using infobox person with unknown empty parameters|religionKarima Mokhtar]] [[Category:Pages using infobox person with unknown empty parameters|influencesKarima Mokhtar]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Karima Mokhtar''' (a mụrụ '''Attyat Mohamed Al Badry'''; 16 Jenụwarị 1934 na 12 Jenụwarụ 2017) bụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri nke ọrụ ya gafere ihe karịrị afọ iri ise. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Karima na Asyut, o wee gụsịa akwụkwọ ma nweta nzere bachelọ na nka ihe nkiri. Ọ lụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nduzi Nour Al-Demerdash, ha bụkwa nne na nna nke onye na-egosi telivishọn Moataz Al-Demertash. Ọ malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya na ihe ngosi redio ''Baba Sharou'', ma gaa n'ihu na ihe ngosi radio ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ ihe nkiri ya were ihe karịrị afọ iri ise. A na-akpọ ya "onye nne" na ihe nkiri Ijipt, na-emekarị "nne" na ihe ngosi na ihe ngosi telivishọn, dịka na The Kids Have Grown Up na The Grandson .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/mother-of-egyptians-actress-dies|title=Mother of Egyptians’ actress dies|author=Samar Al-Sayed|date=14 January 2017|work=The National|accessdate=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510141951/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/mother-of-egyptians-actress-dies|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.youm7.com/story/2017/1/12/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1-%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2-82-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7/3052513|title=وفاة الفنانة كريمة مختار عن عمر يناهز 82 عاما|language=Arabic|date=12 January 2017|work=www.youm7.com|accessdate=8 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/culture-and-art/2017/01/12/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6-.html|title=وفاة "أم العيال".. كريمة مختار ترحل بعد صراع مع المرض|language=Arabic|date=12 January 2017|work=www.alarabiya.net|accessdate=8 February 2017}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} 0qvupfvvkrirenwugw62a6baii673bl 0 16900 728114 422668 2026-09-26T06:43:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{MedalTableTop|image=Nawal El Moutawakel (cropped).JPG|imagesize=200px|caption=El Moutawakel in 2009|sport=Women's [[athletics (sport)|athletics]]|country_code=MAR|medals={{Medal|Competition|[[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}} {{Medal|Gold| [[Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metres hurdles|1984 Los Angeles]] | [[Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics|400 m hurdles]]}} {{Medal|Competition|[[Mediterranean Games]]}} {{Medal|Gold| [[1983 Mediterranean Games|1983 Casablanca]] | 400 m hurdles}} {{Medal|Gold| [[1987 Mediterranean Games|1987 Latakia]] | 400 m hurdles}}}} '''Nawal El Moutawakel''' (Amazigh; amụrụ n'ụbọchị iri na ise n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1962) bụ onye Morocco bụbu onye na-agba ọsọ, onye meriri asọmpi 400 mita nke ụmụ nwanyị na 1984 Summer Olympics, ọ bụkwa onye [[Morocco]] mbụ ghọrọ onye nrite Olympic (ọlaedo).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Olympic media|author=Billings|first=Andrew C.|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|date=2008|isbn=0-415-77250-8|url=https://archive.org/details/olympicmediainsi0000bill|quote=Taiwan Winter Olympics Boycott.|accessdate=2009-03-20}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102011610/http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslimwomen/bio/nawal_el_moutawakel/ Nawal El Moutawakel] Wise Muslim Women. Retrieved 9 April 2011</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/07/21/el-moutawakel-la-championne-qui-trone-sur-le-coeur-des-marocains/|title=El Moutawakel… la championne qui trône sur le cœur des Marocains|author=Benbachir|first=Simo|date=2019-07-21|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2020-02-17|archivedate=2020-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728235546/https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/07/21/el-moutawakel-la-championne-qui-trone-sur-le-coeur-des-marocains/}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, a họpụtara El Moutawakel ka ọ bụrụ Minista nke Egwuregwu na kansụl na-abịanụ nke Morocco. == Ndụ == A mụrụ El Moutawakel na Casablanca, ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Steeti Iowa<ref name="FT">{{Cite news|title=The Olympians: Nawal el-Moutawakel, Morocco|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/2aa7c59a-adfb-11e1-bb8e-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1xSehPdIH|work=[[FT Magazine|Financial Times Magazine]]|date=9 June 2012|author=Sarah Duguid}}</ref> mgbe ọ meriri n'asọmpi Olympic ya, nke bịara dị ka ihe ijuanya na mba ya. Eze Hassan nke Abụọ nke Morocco kpọrọ ya na ekwentị iji kelee ya, o kwupụtara na a ga-akpọ ụmụ agbọghọ niile a mụrụ n'ụbọchị mmeri ya aha iji sọpụrụ ya. Ihe nrite ya pụtakwara ọganihu maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme egwuregwu na Morocco na mba ndị ọzọ na-abụkarị ndị Alakụba. Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ maka ndị na-eme egwuregwu ndị Alakụba na ndị Afrịka n'ihi na ọ gbagọrọ agbagọ nkwenkwe ogologo oge na ụmụ nwanyị si n'ebe ndị dị otú ahụ enweghị ike ịga nke ọma na egwuregwu. N'afọ 1993, ọ malitere ịgba ọsọ maka ntụrụndụ, ọsọ kilomita 5 maka ụmụ nwanyị na Casablanca nke ghọrọ nnukwu agbụrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eme na mba ndị Alakụba, nke ruru 30,000 bịara ịgba ọsọ.<ref name="FT"/> N'afọ 1995, El Moutawakel ghọrọ onye otu kansụl nke International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), nke a maara ugbu a dị ka World Athletics, na afọ 1998 ọ ghọrọ onye otu International Olympic Committee (IOC). El Moutawakel bụ onye otu Kọmitii Olimpik Mba Nile, ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke kọmitii nyocha maka nhọpụta nke obodo na-anabata maka Summer Olympics nke 2012 na 2016.<ref name="FT"/> Kemgbe afọ 2012 ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke IOC.<ref>[http://www.olympic.org/ms-nawal-el-moutawakel Ms Nawal EL MOUTAWAKEL], IOC site.</ref> N'afọ 2006, El Moutawakel bụ otu n'ime mmadụ asatọ a na-asọpụrụ iji buru ọkọlọtọ Olympic na afo 2006 Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony na Turin, Ịtali. N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2012, o buuru ọkụ Olimpik nke London site na Westminster.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/torchrelay/day69|title=BBC – Olympic Torch Relay – Camden to Westminster|work=bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-05-23|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120726051654/http://www.bbc.co.uk/torchrelay/day69|archive-date=2012-07-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> El Moutawakel bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya Morocco afọ 2026 FIFA World Cup bid. == Egwuregwu mba ụwa == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes|nation=MAR}} |- |rowspan=2|1979 |rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 1979 Mediterranean Games|Mediterranean Games]] |rowspan=2|[[Split, Yugoslavia]] |6th |100 m |[[Athletics at the 1979 Mediterranean Games – Results#100 meters 2|12.13]] |- |5th |200 m |[[Athletics at the 1979 Mediterranean Games – Results#200 meters 2|24.64]] |- |rowspan=6|1981 |rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 1981 Summer Universiade|Universiade]] |rowspan=2|[[Bucharest, Romania]] |15th (sf) |100 m |[[Athletics at the 1981 Summer Universiade – Women's 100 metres|12.18]] |- |16th (h) |200 m |[[Athletics at the 1981 Summer Universiade – Women's 200 metres|24.23]] |- |rowspan=2|[[1981 Arab Athletics Championships|Arab Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Tunis, Tunisia]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |100 m |11.86 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |200 m |24.30 |- |rowspan=2|[[1981 IAAF World Cup|World Cup]] |rowspan=2|[[Rome]], Italy |8th |100 m |[[1981 IAAF World Cup results#100 m|11.92]]¹ |- |7th |4 × 100 m relay |[[1981 IAAF World Cup results#4 × 100 m relay|46.15]]¹ |- |rowspan=3|1982 |rowspan=3|[[1982 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |rowspan=3|[[Cairo]], Egypt |bgcolor=silver|2nd |100 m |11.7 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |100 m hurdles |13.8 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |400 m hurdles |58.42 |- |rowspan=8|1983 |[[Athletics at the 1983 Summer Universiade|Universiade]] |[[Edmonton]], Alberta | – |400 m hurdles |[[Athletics at the 1983 Summer Universiade – Women's 400 metres hurdles|DQ]] |- |rowspan=3|[[1983 Maghreb Athletics Championships|Maghreb Championships]] |rowspan=3|[[Casablanca, Morocco]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |200 m |24.0 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |100 m hurdles |13.4 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |400 m hurdles |58.5 |- |rowspan=2|[[1983 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Helsinki]], Finland |33rd (h) |100 m hurdles |[[1983 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres hurdles|14.85]] |- |12th (sf) |400 m hurdles |[[1983 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres hurdles|57.10]] |- |rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 1983 Mediterranean Games|Mediterranean Games]] |rowspan=2|[[Casablanca, Morocco]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |400 m hurdles |[[Athletics at the 1983 Mediterranean Games – Results#400 meters hurdles 2|56.59]] |- |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |{{Érèkọbalà|4 × 100 m}} relay |[[Athletics at the 1983 Mediterranean Games – Results#4 x 100 meters relay 2|46.69]] |- |rowspan=3|1984 |rowspan=2|[[1984 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Rabat, Morocco]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |200 m |23.93 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |400 m hurdles |56.01 |- |[[Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Los Angeles]], United States |bgcolor=gold|1st |400 m hurdles |[[Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metres hurdles|54.61]] |- |rowspan=4|1985 |[[1985 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Cairo]], Egypt |bgcolor=gold|1st |400 m hurdles |56.00 |- |[[Athletics at the 1985 Summer Universiade|Universiade]] |[[Kobe]], Japan |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |400 m hurdles |[[Athletics at the 1985 Summer Universiade – Women's 400 metres hurdles|55.59]] |- |rowspan=2|[[1985 IAAF World Cup|World Cup]] |rowspan=2|[[Canberra]], Australia |4th |400 m hurdles |[[1985 IAAF World Cup results#400 m hurdles|56.05]]¹ |- |7th |4 × 400 m relay |[[1985 IAAF World Cup results#4 × 400 m relay|3:36.86]]¹ |- |rowspan=6|1987 |rowspan=3|[[1987 Arab Athletics Championships|Arab Championships]] |rowspan=3|[[Algiers]], Algeria |bgcolor=gold|1st |200 m |24.33 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |400 m |54.28 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |400 m hurdles |59.93 |- |[[Athletics at the 1987 Summer Universiade|Universiade]] |[[Zagreb, Yugoslavia]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |400 m hurdles |[[Athletics at the 1987 Summer Universiade – Women's 400 metres hurdles|55.21]] |- |[[1987 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Rome]], Italy |18th (h) |400 m hurdles |[[1987 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres hurdles|57.21]] |- |[[Athletics at the 1987 Mediterranean Games|Mediterranean Games]] |[[Latakia, Syria]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |400 m hurdles |[[Athletics at the 1987 Mediterranean Games – Results#400 meters hurdles 2|56.28]] |}1Na-anọchite anya Africa == Hụkwa == * ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Morocco * Egwuregwu na Morocco == Ihe odide == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Dot Richardson]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Flo Hyman Memorial Award]]|years=2003}} {{s-aft|after=[[Kristi Yamaguchi]]}} {{s-end}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kkzvqyj1zoqwiolx27ooao3gdu3sgdm 0 17055 728099 130774 2026-09-26T05:25:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nada Meawad (Arabic: ندى معوض; amụrụ n'April 12, 1998) bụ onye Egypt na-egwu volleyball ụlọ na n'ụsọ osimiri, onye otu egwuregwu volleyball ụmụ nwanyị nke mba Egypt. O mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise na 2013 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship na Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/U18/2013/Teams.asp?Team=EGY|title=FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship Thailand 2013}}</ref> Ọ malitere ịgba egwu na El Shams Club mgbe ọ dị afọ ise. Nada Meawad na onye otu ya Doaa Elghobashy bụ ndị otu Afrịka mbụ sonyere na egwuregwu egwuregwu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rio2016.fivb.com/en/beachvolleyball/women/teams/911888-doaa-nada|title=Overview - Doaa/Nada}}</ref> volleyball n'ụsọ osimiri FIVB na 2016. Ọ bụ onye AVCA First Team All-American ugboro ise na onye NAIA Player of the Year 2018, 2020 na 2021 mgbe ọ na-egwu volleyball kọleji na Mahadum Park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parkathletics.com/roster/24/15/4396.php|title=Nada Meawad 2020 Women's Volleyball Roster|accessdate=2022-06-22|archivedate=2020-07-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715165202/http://www.parkathletics.com/roster/24/15/4396.php}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Akụkọ ndụ === A mụrụ Meawad na Hossameldin Meawad and Eman Helmi ma too na Cairo, Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/U18/2013/Players.asp?Tourn=GU182013&Team=EGY&No=143657|title=FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship Thailand 2013 &#124; Player's Biography}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye sitere n'ezinụlọ volleyball, o gosipụtara mmasị maka egwuregwu ahụ site na nwata. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Ibn El-Nafees ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2017, mgbe ọ na-egwu volleyball na El Shams Sporting Club na-agbaso nzọụkwụ nke ụmụnne ya. === Kọleji === Meawad malitere ọrụ volleyball kọleji ya na 2017 na Mahadum Park dị na Parkville Missouri nke US, a nabatara ya na Park na agụmakwụkwọ zuru oke ya na nwanne ya nwanyị ejima Noura nke na-egwuri egwu volleyball maka Mahadum park<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parkathletics.com/roster/21/15/2272.php|title=Nada Meawad 2017 Women's Volleyball Roster|accessdate=2022-06-22|archivedate=2022-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622200305/http://www.parkathletics.com/roster/21/15/2272.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parkathletics.com/roster/21/15|title=2017 Women's Volleyball Roster|accessdate=2022-06-22|archivedate=2022-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622200757/http://www.parkathletics.com/roster/21/15}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parkathletics.com/roster/21/15/2273.php|title=Noura Meawad 2017 Women's Volleyball Roster|accessdate=2022-06-22|archivedate=2022-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622195246/http://www.parkathletics.com/roster/21/15/2273.php}}</ref> N'afọ ahụ, a kpọrọ ya American Volleyball Coaches Association NAIA Freshman of the Year 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parkathletics.com/article/2089.php|title=Meawad Tacks on More Postseason Recognition as AVCA NAIA Freshman of the Year|date=5 December 2017|accessdate=22 June 2022|archivedate=22 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622195249/http://www.parkathletics.com/article/2089.php}}</ref> AVCA NAIA First Team All-American, AVCA NA IA Midwest Region Freshman na Player of the Year, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naia.org/sports/wvball/2017-18/releases/20171205ivhnp|title=NAIA Volleyball All-America Teams Announced|date=5 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://volleymob.com/parks-nada-meawad-named-avca-naia-freshman-year/|title=Park's Nada Meawad Named AVCA NAIA Freshman of the Year}}</ref> American Midwest Conference Freshman na Player of the Year. O nyeere Park aka na ndekọ nke 33-4 na mpụta na NAIA Volleyball Championship national quarterfinals. N'afọ 2018, ọ duuru ndị Pirates gaa 34-1 na NAIA Volleyball Championship nke mba, a kpọrọ ya MVP na All Tournament Team NAIA National Championship 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kshb.com/sports/nada-meawad-powers-park-to-naia-volleyball-title|title=Nada Meawad powers Park to NAIA volleyball title|date=2 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://siouxcityjournal.com/sports/volleyball/college/meawad-leads-park-to-naia-championship-win/article_e92eaf68-1323-5154-ba31-8d6161aec390.html|title=Meawad leads Park to NAIA championship win|access-date=2022-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407132355/https://siouxcityjournal.com/sports/volleyball/college/meawad-leads-park-to-naia-championship-win/article_e92eaf68-1323-5154-ba31-8d6161aec390.html|archive-date=2023-04-07|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naia.org/sports/wvball/2018-19/releases/20181202asmf9|title=2018 NAIA Women's Volleyball Championship|date=2 December 2018}}</ref> NAIA All-American First Team na NAIA Player of the Year 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naia.org/sports/wvball/2018-19/releases/20181204gmtfx|title=2018 NAIA Volleyball All-America Teams Announced|date=4 December 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 2019 ọ duziri ndị Pirates na 32X4, ha meriri asọmpi Conference Championship wee ruo nkeji iri na ise nke ikpeazụ na National Championship, Meawad mere AVCA All-American First Team na All-Tournament Team na NAIA National Championship .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naia.org/sports/wvball/2019-20/releases/All-Americans|title=2019 NAIA Women's Volleyball All-Americans|date=10 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naia.org/sports/wvball/2019-20/releases/Championship-Recap|title=2019 NAIA Women's Volleyball National Championship Recap|date=7 December 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2020 ọ duziri otu ahụ wee merie asọmpi Conference. Ọ bụ onye egwuregwu nke afọ na Nzukọ, Mpaghara na Onye egwuregwu nke Afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.avca.org/awards/avca-national-player-of-the-year-awards/naia.html|title=AVCA NAIA National Player of the Year}}</ref> O mere ya nke anọ Time First Team All-American.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naia.org/sports/wvball/2020-21/Releases/AA|title=2020 NAIA Women's Volleyball All-Americans|date=4 May 2021}}</ref> Mgbe afọ a na-atụghị anya ya nke iru eru n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19 ọ laghachiri na 2021 na Mahadum Park maka oge ọzọ ma duru ndị otu ahụ gaa Heart of America Conference Championship ma kpọọ na ngwụcha nke NAIA National Championship ebe ha bụ Runner Up. A kpọrọ ya onye mwakpo kachasị mma na onye egwuregwu NAIA nke afọ 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naia.org/sports/wvball/2021-22/Releases/Championship|title=2021 NAIA Women's Volleyball Championship|date=4 December 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == Meawad na-egwuri egwu maka El Shams Volleyball Club kemgbe ọ dị afọ ise. O sonyere na nke mbụ ya na ndị otu okenye nke klọb ahụ na 2015 Women's African Clubs Championship (volleyball) nke emere na Egypt. El Shams mechiri n'ọnọdụ nke anọ. N'afọ 2016 El Shams kwụsịrị n'ọnọdụ nke ise na Women's African Clubs Championship (volleyball) CAVB na [[Tunisia]]. N'afọ 2017 El Shams meriri n'ọkwa nke abụọ mgbe o meriri ndị otu Al Ahly 3 South na mmeri akụkọ ihe mere eme wee ruo eru maka ngwụcha na Women's African Clubs Championship (volleyball). E nyere Meawad ihe nrite Most Valuable Player.<ref>https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/egypt-olympian-nada-meawad-leads-african-dream?id=66825</ref> == Egwuregwu Olimpik == [[Usòrò:GermanysKiraWalkenhorstblockswhileEgyptsNadaMeawadbumps.jpg|thumb|Nkwụsị nke Egypt Nada Meawad na Rio 2016 Olympic Games]] Ya na onye mmekọ ya Doaa Elghobashy, ọ ruru eru na volleyball osimiri maka 2016 Summer Olympics na [[Rio de Janeiro]] site na mmeri CAVB<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/BeachVolleyball/Competitions/ContinentalCup/2014-16/CAVB/viewPressRelease.asp?No=59611&Language=en|title=CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup}}</ref> Continental Cup nke emere na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Elghobashi na Meawad sonyeere ndị mmekọ dị iche iche n'inyere Egypt aka inweta ebe na Rio. Doaa na Lamies Nossier na Nada na Randa Radwan gbara egwu. Ijipt weputara ihe ndekọ 5 na ngwụcha nke African Continental Cup n'etiti Eprel na Abuja, Naịjirịa. Site na mmeri mbụ n'elu ndị otu si Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, na Naịjirịa, ndị Ijipt meriri Rwanda 2o1 na ngwụcha. Meawad na Elghobashi gbara na asọmpi FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour nke mbụ ha. Enweghị ihe omume FIVB World Tour gara aga, Doaa na Nada bụ ndị otu mbụ si Egypt n'akụkọ ihe mere eme iji sọọ mpi na Olympic Games maka volleyball osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/video/detail/egyptian-women-compete-in-beach-volleyball-for-first-time/|title=Egyptian women compete in beach volleyball for first time}}</ref> Nada bụ nwa agbọghọ kachasị nta na-agba bọọlụ na-asọmpi n'egwuregwu Olimpik isii ọ bụla mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, ọnwa atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rio2016.fivb.com/en/beachvolleyball/news/egyptian-teens-take-on-red-hot-germans?id=63818|title=News - Egyptian teens take on red hot Germans on day two}}</ref> === Nsonaazụ Pool-D === Ha abụọ gbara na Pool-D na 2016 Summer Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rio2016.fivb.com/en/beachvolleyball/women/teams/911888-elghobashy-nada/nada-meawad?id=143657|title=Profile - Nada Meawad|publisher=Rio2016.fivb.com|date=2016-07-11|accessdate=2016-08-24}}</ref> * Ludwig / Walkenhorst (Germany) (0: 2) * Menegatti / Giombini (Italy) (0: 2) * Broder / Valjas (Canada) (0: 2) == Onyinye == === Onye ọ bụla === * 2014 Girls' Youth African Volleyball Championship "Most Valuable Player" na "Best Spiker"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://finixsports.wordpress.com/2014/09/11/egypt-claim-third-african-girls-u18-volleyball-championship-in-a-row/|title=Egypt Claim Third African Girls' U18 Volleyball Championship in a Row|date=11 September 2014}}</ref> * Women's African Clubs Championship (volleyball), 2017 Onye egwuregwu kacha baa uru === Klọb === * Women's African Clubs Championship (volleyball) 2017 Ihe nrite ọlaọcha, na El Shams Club[[File:Med_2.png]] === Kọleji === * Onye egwuregwu NAIA nke Afọ ugboro atọ (2018, 2020,2021 ) * Ugboro ise nke otu AVCA All-American (2017, 2019, 2019, 2020, 2021) * Ugboro ise NAIA National Attacker of the Week, (Sept 2.2018, Nov 3. 2020, Nov 10.2020, Aug 31.2021, Nov 2.2021 ) * Onye na-awakpo asọmpi NAIA Women's Volleyball Championship 2021 * MVP, NAIA National Championship 2018 * Ugboro atọ NAIA Championship All-Tournament Team (2018, 2019,2021) * Afọ anọ - oge AVCA NAIA Midwest Regional Player of the Year (2017, 2018, 2020,2021 ) * Oge ise AVCA NAIA Midwest Regional First Team (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020,2021 ) * 2017 AVCA NAIA Freshman nke Afọ * 2017 AVCA NAIA Midwest Regional Freshman of the Year * Ugboro abụọ nke First Team Heart of America Conference 2020,2021. * Ugboro atọ nke ndị otu American Midwest Conference (2017, 2018, 2019) * Obi America Player of the Year ugboro abụọ (2020,2021) * Onye egwuregwu nke afọ nke American Midwest Conference ugboro abụọ (2017, 2018) * 2017 American Midwest Conference Freshman nke Afọ * Ugboro abụọ American Midwest Conference First Team Academic (2018, 2019) * 2018 Google Cloud Academic All-American * Ugboro abụọ Google Cloud Academic All-District (2018, 2019) * Onye na-eme egwuregwu nke afọ nke Mahadum Park ugboro abụọ (2018, 2019) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Nada Meawad at the FIVB beach volleyball database * Nada Meawad at the Beach Volleyball Database * Nada Meawad at Olympedia [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9be15orazbaswvxrfufodugdnyzp65a 0 17126 728015 95967 2026-09-25T21:27:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728015 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Mariam Coulibaly''' (amụrụ na 7 Ọktoba, na afọ 1997) bụ onye Mali na-agba bọọlụ basketball maka Landerneau Bretagne Basket na otu mba Mali.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//q/Mariam_Coulibaly/pid//_//players.html |title=FIBA profile |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923194001/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//q/Mariam_Coulibaly/pid//_//players.html |archive-date=2017-09-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> O sonyere na Afrobasket ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 2017.<ref>[http://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2017/Mariam-Coulibaly 2017 Women's Afrobasket profile]</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Mariam Coulibaly at FIBA [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] h9pq532bplutecjyqu3qw8mrhevxb0v 0 17421 728174 722933 2026-09-26T11:12:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728174 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Nnenna Freelon''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ nke ọnwa Julaị afọ 1954) bụ onye America na-agụ egwu jazz, onye na-ede egwu, onye na'emepụta ihe, na onye nhazi. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Freelon Chinyere Nnenna Pierce nye Charles na Frances Pierce na Cambridge, [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]], ebe a zụlitere ya.<ref name="Baltimore Philip">{{Cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/features/bal-as.afam05jun05,0,7406682.story?page=2|title=Interview with Nnenna's husband, architect Philip G. Freelon|work=Baltimore Sun|date=June 5, 2005|accessdate=August 18, 2007|archive-date=September 30, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930023931/http://www.baltimoresun.com/features/bal-as.afam05jun05,0,7406682.story?page=2|url-status=dead}}</ref> O nwere nwanne nwoke Melvin na nwanne nwanyị aha ya bụ Debbie. Dị ka nwa agbọghọ, ọ bụrụ abụ nke ukwuu na obodo ya na Union Baptist Church na St. Paul AME. Ọ chetara, "Amalitere m ịbụ abụ n'ụlọ ụka, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ...."<ref name="Kennedy">{{Cite web|title=Billy Taylor's Jazz|url=https://www.npr.org/programs/btaylor/pastprograms/nfreelon.html|work=www.npr.org|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Nnenna gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Simmons College na Boston nke onwetara nzere na nlekọta ahụike. Ruo oge ụfọdụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Durham County Hospital Corporation, Durham, North Carolina. Ọ na-atụpụta na mmetụta ya gụnyere ọtụtụ "ndị na-amaghị ama" tinyere Nina Simone na Billy Eckstine, onye nne na nna ya na-akpọ egwu ya n'ụlọ. "Ọ dị mkpa imeghe ụmụ gị anya na agburugburu ebe egwu sara mbara", ka ọ na-ekwu. " emerem ihe nne m gwara m: 'Chawapụ ebe isi malite isi ije gi, 'abala ụgbọala gaa New York ma ọ bụ L.A., bụọ abụ ebe ị nọ'.<ref name="Kennedy"/> == Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Nnenna_Freelon,_Clark_Terry.jpg|thumb|Freelon na White House na Clark Terry na 2006]] N'afọ 1990, Nnenna Freelon gara nzukọ jazz nke Southern Arts Federation wee zute Ellis Marsalis. "Nke ahụ bụ nnukwu mgbanwe. N'oge ahụ, anọwo m na-ịbụ abụ kemgbe afọ asaa. Ellis bụ onye nkuzi ma ọ chọrọ ịzụlite ma nye aka. Ihe m na-amaghị n'oge ahụ bụ na George Butler nke Columbia Records na-achọ nwanyị na-agụ egwu. Ellis gwara okwu m maka ihe ngosi ọmụmatụ. Enwere m obere ihe obibi akwụkwọ m na obere teepu ma enwere egwu mbụ. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, a bịanyere m aka na nkwekọrịta nke Columbia Records. Ọ nọ na ngwụcha afọ iri atọ ya mgbe o mere CD mbụ ya, Nnenna Freelon, maka Columbia n'afọ 1992. Akara ahụ wepụrụ ya na 1994, Concord Records nabatara ya n'afọ 1996.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20020124215818/http://jazzreview.com/articledetails.cfm?ID=544 The Profound, Introspective and Supremely Talented, Nnenna Freelon], (Retrieved August 18, 2007)</ref> Ya na Ray Charles, Ellis Marsalis, Al Jarreau, Anita Baker, Aretha Franklin, Dianne Reeves, Diana Krall, Ramsey Lewis, George Benson, Clark Terry, Herbie Hancock, na Terence Blanchard arụkọla ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Carnegie Hall, Hollywood Bowl, Ellington Jazz Festival, Monterey Jazz Festival, Apollo Theater, Montreux Jazz Festival, John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. == Ụlọ ọrụ Egwu Ụmụaka == Freelon bụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere mba nke National Association of Partners in Education, otu nzukọ nwere ihe karịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ narị puku anọ na mmemme mmekọrịta obodo na ngafe United States, tinye ichu naagụmakwụkwọ nka. Freelon anọgidewo na-ejikọta ya na ọrụ ụlọ ọgwụ ya ka ọrụ jazz ya na-aga nke ọma. Ọmụmụ ihe Babysong ya, nke ọ malitere na Duke University Medical Center n'afọ 1990, na-akụziri ndị nne na-eto eto na ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike mkpa olu mmadụ dị maka ọgwụgwọ na nzụlite. Ọ na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ndị nne na nna na-ịbụ abụ nye ụmụaka iji bulie uto ụbụrụ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224751/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2006/06/09/freelon_not_afraid_to_voice_individuality/?rss_id=Boston+Globe+--+Living+/+Arts+News Boston Globe – June 9, 2006, Freelon not afraid to voice individuality], (Retrieved August 18, 2007)</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == N'afọ 1979, ọ lụrụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ Philip Freelon.<ref name="Baltimore Philip"/> Ya na di ya zụlitere ụmụ atọ, bụ Deen, Maya na Pierce, tupu ya ekpebie ịrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-agụ egwu jazz.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/programs/pianojazz/previousguests/spring2002/freelon.html|publisher=National Public Radio|title=Marian McPartland's ''Piano Jazz'': Nnenna Freelon|work=NPR.org|accessdate=December 26, 2017}}</ref> Nwa ha nwoke Pierce Freelon bụ onye na agụ egwú hip hop, Prọfesọ Nleta nke Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum North Carolina Central na onye guzobere ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Blackademics, nke ọ gbara ọtụtụ ndị ama ama dịka Angela Davis, Maya Angelou, Nikki Giovanni, na Jesse Jackson ajụjụ ọnụ.<ref>[http://blackademics.org/ Blackademics website]</ref> Deen Freelon bụ osote prọfesọ na Hussman School of Journalism na Media na Mahadum North Carolina na Chapel Hill na-amụ mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hussman.unc.edu/directory/faculty/deen-freelon|title=Faculty Profile – Deen Freelon|accessdate=25 January 2020|archivedate=25 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125204552/http://hussman.unc.edu/directory/faculty/deen-freelon}}</ref> Nwa nwanyị Maya Freelon Asante bụ onye na-ese ihe osise .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daregreatly.com/explore/culture/cadillac-partnerships/i-want-to-make-joy-maya-freelon-asante|work=DareGreatly.com|publisher=Cadillac|title=I Want to Make Joy: Maya Freelon Asante|date=February 7, 2017|accessdate=December 26, 2017}}</ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * Eubie Blake Award, Eubie Blake National Jazz Institute * Ihe nrite Billie Holiday, Académie du Jazz == Ndepụta egwu == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ụdị !Akara aha !Billboard<ref>[{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p10597/charts-awards|pure_url=yes}} Billboard Chart History for Nnenna Freelon]</ref> |- |1992 |''Nnenna Freelon'' | rowspan="7" |Jazz | rowspan="3" |Columbia | style="text-align:center;" |11 |- |1993 |''Ihe Nketa'' | style="text-align:center;" |10 |- |1994 |''Gee ntị'' | style="text-align:center;" |20 |- |1996 |''Ịgba Mgbagharị'' | rowspan="4" |Concord | style="text-align:center;" | |- |1998 |''Njem Nwaanyị'' | style="text-align:center;" |10 |- |2000 |''Mkpesa Soulcall'' | style="text-align:center;" |13 |- |2002 |''Akụkọ Dị Ebube'' | style="text-align:center;" |7 |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Chọọchị Abụ nke Mkpụrụ Obi na''<br /><br /><br /><br /> Ntụgharị Ndị na-ese ihe dị iche iche N'Ooh Child Nnenna Freelon |Oziọma |Utv Records | style="text-align:center;" |157 |- |Bi na The Kennedy Center, Washington D.C. | rowspan="4" |Jazz | rowspan="4" |Concord | |- |2005 |''Ihe osise nke nwanyị: Ihe osise banyere ezumike Billie'' | style="text-align:center;" |13 |- |2008 |''Ọ Ka Mma Karịa Ihe Ọ bụla'' | style="text-align:center;" | |- |2010 |''N'Enweghị Ebe Obibi'' | style="text-align:center;" | |} == Akụkọ Grammy == {| class="wikitable" | colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |'''Nnenna Freelon Grammy Awards History''' |- !Afọ !Ụdị !Ụdị !Aha ya !Akara aha !Nsonaazụ |- align="center" |2022 |Album Jazz Vocal Kasị Mma |Jazz |''Onye Na-eme Njem Oge'' |Mmalite |Ndị a họpụtara |- align="center" |2005 |Album Jazz Vocal Kasị Mma |Jazz |''Ihe osise nke Lady Sketches of Billie Holiday<br /><br /><br /><br />'' |Concord |Ndị a họpụtara |- align="center" |2001 |Album Olu Jazz |Jazz |''Mkpesa Soulcall'' |Concord |Ndị a họpụtara |- align="center" |2001 |Nhazi Ngwá Egwú Kasị Mma Na-eso Ụda<br /><br /><br /><br /> |Jazz |''Button Up Your Overcoat'' |Concord |Ndị a họpụtara |- align="center" |1998 |Egwú Jazz |Jazz |''Njem Nwaanyị'' |Concord |Ndị a họpụtara |- align="center" |1996 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma |Jazz |''Ịgba Mgbagharị'' |Concord |Ndị a họpụtara |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.nnenna.com/ Official site] * [http://www.jazzchicago.net/nnenna.html Review of Blueprint of a Lady at Jazz Chicago] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8s8l1cc0bj6bq5vjaflp1pz4mnf8phh 0 17783 728019 130593 2026-09-25T22:13:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mark Thomas Gibson''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1980, Miami, FL) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe nkírí na-arụ ọrụ na eserese, mbipụta, ink, na mmiri. Ọrụ Gibson na-enyocha nnọchite anya Black na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] site na iji usoro ihe ọchị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artstampabay.com/event/artist-lecture-mark-thomas-gibson/|title=Artist Lecture: Mark Thomas Gibson|work=Arts Tampa Bay|accessdate=2022-07-02|archivedate=2018-06-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613091742/https://www.artstampabay.com/event/artist-lecture-mark-thomas-gibson/}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://whyy.org/articles/history-increased-african-american-visibility-self-determination-black-pulp/|title=A history of increased African-American visibility, self-determination in ‘Black Pulp!’|date=28 February 2018|work=whyy.org}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Gibson natara B.F.A. ya site na The Cooper Union na M.F.a. ya site n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Yale School of Art na eserese na óbìbì akwụkwọ na 2013, ébé ọ natara Ely Harwood Schless Memorial Fund Award.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fredericksfreisergallery.com/exhibitions/mark-thomas-gibson2?view=slider|title=Mark Thomas Gibson|work=Frederick Freiser Gallery}}</ref> == Ihe osise == Gibson na-elekwasị ányà n'iji asụsụ nke ihe ọchị dị ka ngwá ọrụ màkà ikpe ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brooklynrail.org/2017/10/artseen/MARK-THOMAS-GIBSON-Early-Retirement|title=MARK THOMAS GIBSON: Early Retirement|work=The Brooklyn Rail|accessdate=2018-03-21}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ridley-howard/some-monsters-loom-large-_b_9706150.html|title=Some Monsters Loom Large: Interview with Mark Thomas Gibson|work=Huffington post}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na-agụnye akwụkwọ akụkọ na-ese onyinyo, nke nwéré ihe osise ojii na nke ọcha, na ihe osise mara mma sitere na ihe oyiyi ahọrọ site na akwụkwọ ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rampub.com/art/978-3-906803-43-2|title=MARK THOMAS GIBSON Early Retirement|access-date=2022-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125032538/http://www.rampub.com/art/978-3-906803-43-2|archive-date=2020-01-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Nkwupụta ónyé na-ese ihe nke Gibson na-akọwa nhọrọ na ọhụụ ya: ile omenala America anya site n'echiche dị iche iche dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri nwoke ojii, prọfesọ, onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke America na onye na-atọ ọchị. Ọtụtụ echiche ndị a na-agbagwoju anya na-akwalite nchọpụta m banyere ọdịbendị America site na asụsụ dị elu na nke dị ala nke eserese na ihe ọchị iji kpughee akụkọ nke na-akọwa mbibi anyị chepụtara echepụta. Ink ojii na ụcha siri ike n'ọrụ m na-emepụta ọdịiche dị ukwuu nke ohere dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma na-akọwa ihe mejupụtara. Ana m adabere na obere ihe márá mma, na-egwuri egwu ma ọmarịcha nka na akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị nke akụkọ na-aga n'ihu. N'ọrụ niile, ana m agbalị ime ka ìhè pụta ìhè na ihe ọjọọ na ihe siri ike nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke America nke ógè a.<ref name=":0"/> Mmetụta ya gụnyere ndị na-eme ihe ọchị Dwayne McDuffie, na Jim Steranko, yana ndị nduzi ihe nkiri Stanley Kubrick na Alfred Hitchcock.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0"/> == Onyinye == Ely Harwood Schless Memorial Fund Award 2013, Yale School of Art Yale Norfolk Assistantship 2012, nke Samuel Messer, Associate Dean nyere<ref name=":3"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jlxkpt3vee9kh3gz01iksxeb7j0plal 0 17894 728052 184222 2026-09-26T01:46:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''William Michael Coleman''' (amụrụ na Julaị 8, 1992), nkè a maara dị ka '''Mike Zombie''', bụ ónyé America na-emepụta ihe ndekọ na ónyé na-eti egwu si Willingboro Township, New Jersey. Kemgbe afọ 2012, Coleman bụ ónyé na-emepụta ihe n'ụlọ maka akara Drake bụ OVO Sound. Ihe kachasị ukwuu o mepụtara maka akara ahụ bụ "Started from the Bottom" na 2013. Ihe ọzọ dị mkpà o mepụtara bụ "Ha anaghị ahụ gị n'anya" nke DJ Khaled, wepụtara otu afọ ka e mesịrị. == Ọrụ == A maara ya nke ọma màkà mmepụta nke egwu Drake "Started from the Bottom". O gosipụtara egwu akpọrọ "Ambessence piano & drones 1" nke Bruno Sanfilippo & Mathias Grassow màkà abụ ahụ. "Started from the Bottom" bụ onye mmeri nke "Track of the Year" na 2013 BET Hip Hop Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bet.com/shows/hip-hop-awards/2013/nominees/track-of-the-year.html|title=Track of the Year|date=23 September 2013|work=BET.com|access-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207053046/http://www.bet.com/shows/hip-hop-awards/2013/nominees/track-of-the-year.html|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> A na-akpọ egwu ahụ n'oge NBA All-Star Weekend, LeBron James' "LeBron Face" Sprite commercial", egwuregwu vidio NBA 2K14, na egwuregwu vidio Assassin's Creed 4. A họpụtakwara abụ ahụ maka "Best Rap Song" na 56th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uwishunu.com/2013/12/the-56th-grammy-awards-nominations-are-in/|title=The 56th GRAMMY Awards® Nominations Are In|first=Ashley|author=Coleman|date=December 9, 2013|work=Uwishunu - Philadelphia Blog About Things to Do, Events, Restaurants, Food, Nightlife and More}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2013, BET kpọrọ ya otu n'ime "ndị na-eto eto iri na-emepụta ihe kachasị mma".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bet.com/music/photos/2013/07/10-young-producers-on-the-rise.html#!073113-music-producer-mike-zombie|title=10 Young Producers On the Rise|date=1 August 2013|work=BET.com|access-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028150412/https://www.bet.com/music/photos/2013/07/10-young-producers-on-the-rise.html#!073113-music-producer-mike-zombie|archive-date=28 October 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2013, Complex kpọrọ ya otu n'ime "ndị mmepụta ọhụrụ iri abụọ na ise ị ga-ele ányà".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2013/10/best-new-rap-producers/mike-zombie|title=Mike Zombie - 25 New Producers To Watch For - Complex|date=7 October 2013|work=Complex|accessdate=3 July 2022|archivedate=3 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703132056/https://www.complex.com/music/2013/10/best-new-rap-producers/mike-zombie}}</ref> Ya na ónyé na-eti egwu agha bụ Hollow Da Don rụkọtara ọrụ na mbụ na Hollow keere òkè dị mkpa na-etinye Drake na Mike Zombie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.datpiff.com/Hollow-Da-Don-Loyalty-Is-A-Way-Of-Life-mixtape.248667.html|title=Hollow Da Don - Loyalty Is A Way Of Life|work=DatPiff|accessdate=2022-07-03|archivedate=2022-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706094707/https://www.datpiff.com/Hollow-Da-Don-Loyalty-Is-A-Way-Of-Life-mixtape.248667.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.axs.com/mike-zombie-reveals-how-he-got-signed-to-drake-s-ovo-label-20601|title=Mike Zombie reveals how he got signed to Drake's OVO Label|date=21 September 2014|work=AXS}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke ndị ọbịa na-abụghị otu, na ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe nkiri, na-egosi afọ a tọhapụrụ na aha abọm ! scope="col" style="width:19em;" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe ! scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="row" |"Netflix & Chill" |2015 |Ant Beale | |- ! scope="row" |"Boom Bap" |2016 |Sap, Hit-Boy, Hodgy Beats |''Onye Na-arụ Ọrụ Onwe Ya'' |- ! scope="row" |"Ọnụ Ụtọ" |2016 |Ronny J | |- ! scope="row" |"Ihe bụ isi" |2017 |Tdot illdude & City Rominicki |Ihe Nlereanya Ikpeazụ nke Tdot illdude nke Thomas Jude |- |} === Nkọwapụta diski === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+ !Afọ !Aha ya !Onye na-ese ihe !Album |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |"Malite n'Ụwa" |Drake |Ọ dịghị Ihe Dị Otu |- |"Malite" |Lil Wayne |Nraranye 5 |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |"Ha anaghịzi ahụ gị n'anya" |DJ Khaled, Jay-Z, Rick Ross, French Montana |Agbanweela M nke ukwuu |- |"The Reach (Intro)" |Westside Boogie |Ịgafe |- | rowspan="5" |2016 |"Aura" |Iamsu! |Ogbugbu 3 |- |"Intro (Allstars)" |Yasin |Allstars |- |"Wanni Wag" |Mir Fontane feat. Ish Williams |Ònye Na-ele Ụmụaka |- |"Okpukpọ Okporo ámá" |Akwụkwọ nri Casey |A haziri ya nke ọma Mpịakọta 4: Nlaghachi nke Nwa Agbọghọ ahụ |- |"Rịa aka m" |Chevy Woods |Gang Shit Only |- | rowspan="4" |2017 |"Mee ka m bụrụ Jersey" |Dribble2much |Ebe a na-etinye uwe |- |"Onye na-egbu Egbu" |Torii Wolf | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- |"N'ịbụ onye a kpaliri nke ukwuu" |Jhené Aiko |''Njem'' |- |"Ice n'ime Nkume M" |Roy Woods | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |"Hụpụghị m n'anya" |Ọkụ ọkụ nke Waka Flocka |I Can't Rap Vol. 1 |- |"Bodega" |Mir Fontane |Macaroni Tony |- | rowspan="7" |2019 |"BIG" |Young M.A. |Akụkọ ya n'ime Ihe Ndị A Na-eme |- |"Ihe niile na-ele m anya" | rowspan="3" |Mir Fontane | rowspan="2" |Ònye Na-ele Ụmụaka 2 |- |"N'okpuru olu" |- |"Fetti" | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- |"Onye mmehie" |awa iri abụọ na anọ | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- |"Nọdụ ala" | rowspan="2" |Egwuregwu ahụ | rowspan="2" |A mụrụ 2 Rap |- |"Okporo n'elu Jizọs azụ" |- | rowspan="13" |2020 |"Nkwurịta okwu" |Ye Ali |Ebe Obibi nke Jodeci 2 |- |"Dripset" | rowspan="6" |Young M.A. | rowspan="5" |Ọrịa Ọbara Na-acha Uhie |- |"Ndị nnọchi anya" |- |"Ọchịchị ma ọ bụ Cap" |- |"Abụ ọjọọ Bitch" |- |"Ọhụụ 2020" |- |"Big Steppa" | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- |"Ọ ka dị ndụ" |Mir Fontane |Ka Na-adị Ndụ |- |"A.I. Na ndị Braids" |Egwuregwu ahụ | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- |"Gbanye n'Ịhụnanya Dị ka nke a" |Lauren Hashian | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- |"Sirens" |Dom Kennedy |Rap N Roll |- |"Anụ" |Dougie F & Tsu Surf | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- |"Ndị mmụọ ọjọọ a" |[[Eminem|Onye a ma ama]] |Egwú A Ga-egbu Site na - Akụkụ B |- |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1bj2f50tcxl6x6rxumdq4e89ze3y7b8 0 17909 727922 184169 2026-09-25T12:59:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dwane Marshall Weir''' II (amụrụ na Julaị 12, 1990) bụ ónyé America na-emepụta hip hop / R&B na ónyé na-ede egwu, nke a maara dị ka Key Wane . Wane emeela màkà ndị na-ese ihe dịka Big Sean, [[Jazmine Sullivan]], [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]], Drake, Jhene Aiko, [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]], Lil Wayne, Young Jeezy, Juicy J, Ariana Grande, Logic, Ty Dolla Sign na Meek Mill na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2013/08/key-wane-talks-big-seans-hall-of-fame-making-beware-and-remixing-songs-in-class/|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2013-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825074953/http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2013/08/key-wane-talks-big-seans-hall-of-fame-making-beware-and-remixing-songs-in-class/|archivedate=2013-08-25}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma màkà ịmepụta Drake's "All Me", Beyoncé's "Partition", Jazmine Sullivan's "Let It Burn" & "Insecure", Meek Mill's "Amen", Big Sean's "Guap", "Beware", "IDFWU" na ọtụtụ abọm ya gụnyere Hall of Fame, Dark Sky Paradise, na Twenty 88.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2861271/key-wane-producing-twenty88-big-sean-jhene-aiko-new-music/|title=Key Wane On Producing Twenty88, Big Sean's Crazy New Music And Unreleased Jhene Aiko Songs|work=Mtv.com|accessdate=January 16, 2020|archivedate=November 15, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115235658/http://www.mtv.com/news/2861271/key-wane-producing-twenty88-big-sean-jhene-aiko-new-music/}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == Mgbè ọ dị afọ iri na otu, Wane malitere ịkpọ piano na ụka na Sọnde mbụ ọ bụla, na mbụ na-akụziri onwé ya abụ tupu nne ya anụ ya ma tinye aka na mmụta ya. Ọ gwara ''XXL'', o nyèrè m iwu ka m jiri keyboard Yamaha a si na katalọgụ JCPenney. E zigara ya n'ụlọ, amalitere m na-eti ya. Mgbè ahụ, amalitere m ịnara nkụzi piano, na ihe m mụtara site na nkụzi piano m, m ga-ejikọta nke ahụ na ịkụ, ọ bụkwa n'ezie ihe m hụrụ n'anya ime, nwoke. Anaghị m eme ọtụtụ ihe n'ihi na m na-eweta ihe mgbè niile. "<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Na Disemba 2012, Key Wane gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Tennessee State na nzèrè na Musical Arts na Sciences.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> == Ọrụ egwu == N'afọ 2002, Wane malitere ịkụ aka n'ụlọ nne ya. Ónyé zutere rapper Big Sean na klas nke 8 site n'aka nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ ya ónyé gwara Wane ka ọ kpọọ nkụ màkà Sean. Big Sean was friends with Wane's older brother and cousin at their high school, Cass Technical High School in [[Detroit]]. Around the same time Wane started taking record production seriously, and begun sending him beats periodically. During mid-2010 before his junior year of college, Wane first became known after producing "Memories" by Big Sean, from his third mixtape ''Finally Famous Vol. 3: BIG''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2012/11/key-wane-tells-the-stories-behind-his-biggest-hits/big-sean-memories|title=Big Sean "Memories" (2010) — Key Wane Tells All: The Stories Behind His Biggest Hits|work=Complex.com|accessdate=January 16, 2020|archivedate=April 3, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403011605/https://www.complex.com/music/2012/11/key-wane-tells-the-stories-behind-his-biggest-hits/big-sean-memories}}</ref> In 2011, Wane produced and co-wrote Tyga's "Drink the Night Away" featuring The Game and Mario, "Don't Wake Me Up" and "Hypnotized", all of which featured on his mixtape ''Black Thoughts Vol. 2''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2012/11/key-wane-tells-the-stories-behind-his-biggest-hits/tyga-f-the-game-and-mario-drink-the-night-away|title=The Game and Mario "Drink The Night Away" (2011) — Key Wane Tells All: The Stories Behind His Biggest Hits|work=Complex.com|accessdate=January 16, 2020|archivedate=April 2, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402203030/https://www.complex.com/music/2012/11/key-wane-tells-the-stories-behind-his-biggest-hits/tyga-f-the-game-and-mario-drink-the-night-away}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2012/11/key-wane-tells-the-stories-behind-his-biggest-hits/tyga-hypnotized|date=2011|title=Key Wane Tells All: The Stories Behind His Biggest Hits|work=Complex.com|accessdate=January 16, 2020|archivedate=April 2, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402203033/https://www.complex.com/music/2012/11/key-wane-tells-the-stories-behind-his-biggest-hits/tyga-hypnotized}}</ref> In November 2011, Warner/Chappell and Big Sean signed Wane to a co-publishing deal. == Onyinye na nhọpụta == === Nhọpụta Grammy === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Onye a họpụtara / Ọrụ !Ihe nrite !Nsonaazụ |- |2015 |''"EyiONCE"'' |Album nke Afọ |Ndị a họpụtara |- |2016 |"''Ka ọ'' gbaa ọkụ" ^{''([[Jazmine Sullivan]])''} ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Isi Ihe Wane)}'' |Abụ R&B Kasị Mma n'Afọ |Ndị a họpụtara |- |} === Ihe nrite BET Hip Hop === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Onye a họpụtara / Ọrụ !Ihe nrite !Nsonaazụ |- | rowspan="2" |2015 | rowspan="2" |"''IDFWU''" ^{''(Big Sean na-egosi E-40)''} ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere DJ Mustard, Key Wane, [[Kanyé West|Kanye West]] & DJ Dahi)}'' |Best Club Banger |Ihe mmeri |- |Egwú Kasị Mma n'Afọ |Ndị a họpụtara |} === asambodo === {| class="wikitable" !Aha ya !Afọ !asambodo !Album |- |"''Amen''" ^{''(Meek Mill na-egosi Drake)''} ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Isi Ihe Wane)}'' | rowspan="2" |2012 | * RIAA: Gold<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=meek+mill+amen#search_section|title=Gold & Platinum|publisher=[[RIAA]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2016-07-31}}</ref> |''Nrọ Na Nrọ Ọjọọ'' |- |"''Guap''" ^{''(Big Sean)''} ^{''(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Key Wane Onye na-arụkọ ọrụ. Young Chop)''} | * RIAA: Platinum[4] | rowspan="2" |''Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Aha'' |- |"''Kpachara'' anya"Big Sean na-egosi ''<small>Lil Wayne</small>'' & ''<small>Jhene Aiko</small>'')''<br /><br /><br /><br />'' ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Key Wane Onye na-arụkọ ọrụ. Mike Dean)}'' | rowspan="2" |2013 | * RIAA: Gold[4] |- |"All Me"Drake na-egosi ''<small>Big Sean</small>'' & ''<small>2</small>'' Chainz)''<br /><br /><br /><br />'' ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Isi Ihe Wane)}'' | * RIAA: Platinum<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/every-drake-single-to-go-platinum-news.22248.html?|title=Every Drake Single To Go Platinum|work=HNHH|date=15 June 2016|accessdate=2016-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616051501/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/every-drake-single-to-go-platinum-news.22248.html|archive-date=2016-06-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> |''Ọ dịghị Ihe Dị Otu'' |- |"''Nkewa''" (''<small>[[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]]</small>'')''<br /><br /><br /><br />'' ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere [[Beyoncé Knowles]], Boots, Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon, Key Wane & Mike Dean)}'' | rowspan="2" |2014 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://louievreveals.com/2015/01/25/beyonce-partition-single-goes-platinum/|title=Beyonce 'Partition' Single Goes Platinum|date=2015-01-25|work=Louie V Reveals|accessdate=2016-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816081246/https://louievreveals.com/2015/01/25/beyonce-partition-single-goes-platinum/|archivedate=2016-08-16}}</ref> |''Beyoncé'' |- |"''IDFWU''" ^{''(Big Sean na-egosi E-40)''} ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere DJ Mustard, Key Wane, [[Kanyé West|Kanye West]] & DJ Dahi)}'' | * RIAA: 4× Platinum[4] * ARIA: Gold ^[1] * BPI: ọlaọcha [1] | rowspan="3" |''Paradaịs Eluigwe Ọchịchịrị'' |- |"''Amaara m''" ^{(Big Sean na-egosi Jhené Aiko)} ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere DJ Mustard & Key Wane)}'' |2015 | * RIAA: Gold |- |"''Egwuregwu'' Egwuregwu" ^{''(Big Sean na-egosi Chris Brown & Ty Dolla Sign)''} ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Key Wane & Jay John Henry)}'' |2016 | * RIAA: Gold |- |"''Sịpụ na windo''" ^{''(Big Sean)''} ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Isi Wane & Camper)}'' |2017 | * RIAA: Gold |Ekpebiri m |- |"Ọ dịghị ihe ize ndụ" ^{''([[Jazmine Sullivan]] na Bryson Tiller)''} ^'')'' ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Isi Ihe Wane)}'' |2017 | |Enweghị nchebe |} == Nkọwapụta == == Nkọwapụta diski == === Ndị a na-alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Afọ ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:30em;" |Aha ya ! colspan="4" scope="col" |Ọnọdụ chaatị ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US<br /><br /><br /><br /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US R&B/HH<br /><br /><br /><br /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US Rap<br /><br /><br /><br /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |UK R&B<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- | rowspan="2" |2012 |"''Amen''" ^{''(Meek Mill na-egosi Drake)''} ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Isi Ihe Wane)}'' |57 |5 |4 |Ọdịdị |''Nrọ Na Nrọ Ọjọọ'' |- |"''Guap''" ^{''(Big Sean)''} ^{''(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Key Wane Onye na-arụkọ ọrụ. Young Chop)''} |71 |21 |17 |Ọdịdị |''Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Aha'' |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |"All Me"Drake na-egosi ''<small>Big Sean</small>'' & ''<small>2</small>'' Chainz)''<br /><br /><br /><br />'' ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Isi Ihe Wane)}'' |20 |6 |4 |33 |''Ọ dịghị Ihe Dị Otu'' |- |"''Kpachara'' anya"Big Sean na-egosi ''<small>Lil Wayne</small>'' & ''<small>Jhene Aiko</small>'')''<br /><br /><br /><br />'' ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Key Wane Onye na-arụkọ ọrụ. Mike Dean)}'' |38 |10 |7 |_ |''Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Aha'' |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |"''Nkewa''" (''<small>[[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]]</small>'')''<br /><br /><br /><br />'' ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere [[Beyoncé Knowles]], Boots, Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon, Key Wane & Mike Dean)}'' |23 |9 |Ọdịdị |15 |''Beyoncé'' |- |"''IDFWU''" ^{''(Big Sean na-egosi E-40)''} ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere DJ Mustard, Key Wane, [[Kanyé West|Kanye West]] & DJ Dahi)}'' |11 |1 |Ọdịdị |67 |''Paradaịs Eluigwe Ọchịchịrị'' |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |"''Ka ọ'' gbaa ọkụ" ^{''([[Jazmine Sullivan]])''} ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Isi Ihe Wane)}'' |Ọdịdị |22 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |''Ihe ngosi nke Eziokwu'' |- |"''Egwuregwu'' Egwuregwu" ^{''(Big Sean na-egosi Chris Brown & Ty Dolla Sign)''} ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Key Wane & Jay John Henry)}'' |84 |28 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |''Paradaịs Eluigwe Ọchịchịrị'' |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |"''N'ụzọ''" (Ọtụtụ iri abụọ na asatọ) (N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Isi Ihe Wane) |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |<nowiki><i id="mwAl8">Iri abụọ na asatọ</i></nowiki> |- |"A hụlarị ya" (Ọtụtụ iri abụọ na asatọ) (N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Isi Wane & Cam O'bi) |Ọdịdị |21 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |<nowiki><i id="mwAm0">Iri abụọ na asatọ</i></nowiki> |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |"''Sịpụ na windo''" ^{''(Big Sean)''} ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Isi Wane & Camper)}'' |76 | | | |''Ekpebiri m'' |- |"Ọ dịghị ihe ize ndụ" ^{''([[Jazmine Sullivan]] na Bryson Tiller)''} ''^{(N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e dere n'ala ala ọzọ ka e dere Isi Ihe Wane)}'' | |19 | | |''HBO: Ihe omuma na-adịghị ize ndụ'' |} === Mmepụta nke Key Wane === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Onye na-ese ihe !Abụ !Ọrụ |- |2009 |Big Sean |"4 Ndị m" |''XXL's 10 Freshman Maka '10 Mixtape'' |- | rowspan="3" |2010 | rowspan="3" |Big Sean |Akpa M | rowspan="3" |''N'ikpeazụ Famous Vol. 3: BIG'' |- |"Ọ fọrọ <small>nke</small> nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dere gị abụ ịhụnanya" (nke No ID mepụtara)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2012/11/key-wane-tells-the-stories-behind-his-biggest-hits/|title=Archived copy|work=[[Complex Networks]]|accessdate=2013-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022173015/http://www.complex.com/music/2012/11/key-wane-tells-the-stories-behind-his-biggest-hits/|archivedate=2013-10-22}}</ref> |- |Ihe Ndị Na-echeta |- | rowspan="6" |2011 | rowspan="3" |Tyga |Atụla M | rowspan="3" |''Black Thoughts Mpịakọta nke 2'' |- |A Na-eji Nyere Anya |- |Sụọ N'abalị |- |Mickey Factz |"Ihe ndị Kasị Mma"<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://djbooth.net/tracks/review/mickey-factz-finer-things|title=Mickey Factz ft. KeY Wane - The Finer Things|work=Djbooth.net|accessdate=January 16, 2020}}</ref> |Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa |- |Big Sean |Ntinye |N'ikpeazụ bụrụ onye a ma ama |- |Chevy Woods |N'okpuru |Ebe A Na-esi Nri |- | rowspan="16" |2012 |Tyga |"Potty Mouth" (nke gosipụtara <small>Busta Rhymes</small>; mgbakwunye <small>nke</small> Jess Jackson) |''Ụwa Na-enweghị Nlezianya: Rise of the Last King'' |- |Rockie Fresh |"Ọ dị nnọọ ogologo"<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.datpiff.com/Key-Wane-So-Many-Keys-mixtape.450911.html|title=So Many Keys Mixtape by Key Wane Hosted by DJ Mo Beatz|work=Datpiff.com|accessdate=January 16, 2020|archivedate=March 17, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317150002/http://www.datpiff.com/Key-Wane-So-Many-Keys-mixtape.450911.html}}</ref> |''Ịkwọ ụgbọala 88'' |- |Eze Chip |"N'akpa uwe zuru ezu"<ref name=":3" /> |''Gwa Ndị Enyi Ya'' |- |Ihe igwe ihe Meek |"Amen" (nke <small>Drake</small> gosipụtara; <small>nke</small> Jahlil Beats so mepụta) |''Nrọ Na Nrọ Ọjọọ'' |- |Chevy Woods |"Ace N Mitch" |''Ala Ndị Ojii'' |- |Roscoe Dash |"MoWet" (<small>nke</small> gosipụtara <small>French Montana</small>) |''2.0'' |- | rowspan="6" |Big Sean |"Ugwu" | rowspan="6" |''Detroit'' |- |"24 Karats of Gold" (<small>nke</small> gosipụtara J. Cole) |- |"Woke Up" (<small>nke BP</small> & <small>Young Chop</small> mepụtara) |- |"I'm Gonna Be" (<small>nke</small> <small>Jhené Aiko</small> gosipụtara) |- |"RWT" (nke Southside mepụtara) |- |"Guap" (nke Young Chop mepụtara; mmepụta ọzọ nke DJ Camper & Rob Kinelski) |- |Alley Boy |"Abụ m nke ahụ" |''Mkpu Agha'' |- |Lil Wayne |"Awkward" (nke Jahlil Beats mepụtara)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/lil-wayne-awkward-prod-by-jahlil-beats-and-key-wane-new-song.1099364.html|title=Lil Wayne - Awkward (Prod. By Jahlil Beats & Key Wane)|work=Hotnewhiphop.com|date=December 2012|accessdate=January 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703142546/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/lil-wayne-awkward-prod-by-jahlil-beats-and-key-wane-new-song.1099364.html|archive-date=July 3, 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> |''The Appreciation Mpịakọta nke 5: mbipụta ezumike'' |- |Wale |"Mgbanwe Ego" |''Folarin'' |- |Jeezy na-eto eto |"Knob Broke" (<small>nke Jahlil Beats so mepụta</small>) |''Ọ bụ Tha World'' |- | rowspan="12" |2013 |Echiche |"Ndụ Dị Mma" |''Nwa okorobịa Sinatra: A na-anabata ya ruo mgbe ebighị ebi'' |- | rowspan="6" |Big Sean |"Ugwu" | rowspan="6" |''Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Aha'' |- |"10 2 10" (<small>mgbakwunye mmepụta</small>) |- |"Beware" (nke gosipụtara <small>Jhené Aiko</small> & <small>Lil Wayne</small>) (<small>nke</small> ya na Mike Dean mepụtara) |- |"Ọ bụ Oge" (nke Young Jeezy & Payroll gosipụtara) |- |"World Ablaze" (<small>nke e mepụtara na No ID</small>) |- |"Guap" (nke Young Chop mepụtara; mmepụta ọzọ nke DJ Camper & Rob Kinelski) |- |Drake |"All Me" (nke gosipụtara <small>2</small> Chainz & Big Sean) (mmepụta ọzọ <small>nke</small> Noah "40" Shebib) |''Ọ dịghị Ihe Dị Otu'' |- |Ihe igwe ihe Meek |"Dope Dealer" (<small>nke</small> <small>[[Nicki Minaj]]</small> na <small>Rick Ross</small> gosipụtara) |''Ndị Na-achụ Nrọ 3'' |- | rowspan="2" |[[Beyoncé Knowles]] |"Yoncé" / "Partition" (<small>nke</small> Timbaland, Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon, <small>Justin Timberlake</small> <small>na Beyoncé Knowles</small> jikọrọ aka mepụta) | rowspan="2" |''Beyoncé'' |- |"Mine" (_nke Noah "40" Shebib, Drake, Beyoncé, _{Majid Jordan}, Sidney "Omen" Brown _{na Key Wane} jikọrọ aka mepụta ma dee) |- |Diggy Simmons |"Mama Said" (nke gosipụtara B.o. |TBA |- | rowspan="6" |2014 | rowspan="2" |Big Sean |"1st Quarter Freestyle" (nke Travi$ Scott mepụtara)<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7sB6J7azKM|title=Big Sean - 1st Quarter Freestyle|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=January 16, 2020}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |egwu ndị na-abụghị album |- |"Nke anọ nke anọ"<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/bigsean-1/4th-quarter-prod-key-wane|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2014-09-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923153138/https://soundcloud.com/bigsean-1/4th-quarter-prod-key-wane|archivedate=2014-09-23}}</ref> |- |Ariana Ukwu |"Best Mistake" (<small>nke Big Sean gosipụtara</small>) |''Ihe M Na-eme'' |- | rowspan="3" |Jhené Aiko |"Rọm m n'ehihie" | rowspan="3" |''E wepụrụ ya'' |- |"Anyanwụ Ebighị Ebi" |- |"Ihe Nlele" |- | rowspan="13" |2015 | rowspan="5" |[[Jazmine Sullivan]] |"Dumb" (nke Meek Mill gosipụtara) (<small>nke</small> ya na Salaam Remi mepụtara) | rowspan="5" |''Ihe ngosi nke Eziokwu'' |- |"Ihe mkpuchi" |- |"Ọcha Ọlaọcha" |- |"Ka ọ gbaa ọkụ" |- |"Ọ dị ndụ" |- | rowspan="5" |Big Sean |"I Don't Fuck with You" (<small>nke gosipụtara E-40</small>) (mgbakwunye. mmepụta) | rowspan="5" |''Paradaịs Eluigwe Ọchịchịrị'' |- |"Play No Games" (nke <small>Chris Brown</small> na Ty Dolla $ign gosipụtara) (<small>nke</small> ya <small>na</small> Jay Henry mepụtara) |- |"I Know" (nke gosipụtara Jhené Aiko) (<small>nke</small> ya na DJ Mustard mepụtara) |- |"Deep" (<small>nke Lil Wayne gosipụtara</small>) (nke ya na DJ Mustard mepụtara) |- |"Platinum & Wood" |- | rowspan="2" |Jordin Sparks |"Work From Home" (<small>nke</small> gosipụtara B.o.<small>B)</small> | rowspan="2" |''N'Ebe A, N'Ege Ugbu A '' |- |"100 Afọ" |- |Ne-Yo |"Run" |''Ihe Ndị Na-abụghị Akụkọ ifo'' |- | rowspan="6" |2016 | rowspan="3" |Iri abụọ na asatọ |"A hụlarị ya" | rowspan="3" |Iri abụọ na asatọ |- |"N'ụzọ" |- |"London Bridge" |- |French Montana |"Onye Nsọ Moly" |''Chi Wave'' |- |Mmiri na-adịghị mma |"Nwa ọjọọ" |''Enweghị Mmetụta Ike'' |- |DJ Khaled |"Njem" (nke Travis Scott & Lil Wayne gosipụtara) |''Isi Ihe Dị Ukwu'' |- | rowspan="4" |2017 |Jhené Aiko |"Sing To Me" (<small>nke</small> Namiko Love gosipụtara) |Njem |- |Gucci Mane |"Changed" (<small>nke Big Sean gosipụtara</small>) |''Maazị Davis'' |- |[[Jazmine Sullivan]] |"Insecure" (<small>nke Bryson Tiller gosipụtara</small>) |''HBO: Ihe omuma na-adịghị ize ndụ'' |- |Big Sean |"Sịpụ na windo" |''Ekpebiri m'' |- | rowspan="2" |2018 | rowspan="2" |Royce Da 5'9<ref name="discogs.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/2220761-Key-Wane|title=Key Wane Discography|work=Discogs.com|accessdate=January 16, 2020}}</ref> |"Obi" | rowspan="2" |''Akwụkwọ nke Ryan'' |- |"1st Of The Month" (nke gosipụtara T-Pain & Chavis Chandler) |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | rowspan="2" |[[Jazmine Sullivan]] |"Ọdịdị (Intro) " | rowspan="2" |''Akụkọ Akụkọ'' |- |"Tinye ya ala" |- |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rwjoii86zjqz7kpiue9fq4exa14aj1o 0 17985 728136 722835 2026-09-26T08:47:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Who_Fears_2021.jpg|alt=On view in "Transfiguration" at the Frost Art Museum in 2021.|thumb|N'ile anya na "Transfiguration" na Frost Art Museum na 2021.]] [[Usòrò:Afrofuturism_Amplifiied.jpg|thumb|N'ihe ngosi na "Anyị ebiela n'ọdịnihu" na Flux Factory na 2017.]] [[Usòrò:The_Electrofunk_Mixtape_The_PASEO_Edition.jpg|thumb|Na mmemme nka n'èzí PASEO na Taos, NM na 2015.]] Nettrice R. Gaskins (amụrụ na Septemba 25, 1970) bụ onye na-ese ihe dijitalụ nke Africa-America, agụmakwụkwọ, onye na-enyocha ọdịbendị na ónyé na-akwado mpaghara STEAM. N'ọrụ ya, ọ na-enyocha "techno-vernacular creativity" na Afrofuturism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/2015/1216/How-efforts-to-combine-arts-with-STEM-education-could-improve-tech-diversity|title=How efforts to combine arts with STEM education could improve tech diversity|author=Lewontin|first=Max|date=2015-12-16|work=Christian Science Monitor|accessdate=2017-04-21}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://blerds.atlantablackstar.com/2014/10/09/using-steam-move-marginalized-students-future-interview-dr-nettrice-gaskins/|title=Using STEAM to Move Marginalized Students into the Future: An Interview with Dr. Nettrice Gaskins|author=Staff|first=Blerds|date=2014-10-09|work=Blerds|accessdate=2017-04-22}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Gaskins na Baltimore MD. Na DuPont Manual High School Gaskins sere otu mgbidi nke ọrụ parabolic na klas mgbakọ na mwepụ ya ma mepụta ihe osise kọmputa na-egosi njikọ nke ọla ntị na-akụ ọnụ ụzọ nke ógè a na ngwa ọdịnala Ghana. Ọ na-etinye aka, ọbụna n'oge ọ dị obérè, na njikọ nke nka na sayensị. Ọrụ ahụ dugara n'ụzọ ka a nabata ya na Pratt Institute na Brooklyn ébé ọ nwetara BFA ya na 1992.<ref name=":2"/> == Ọrụ == Gaskins na-enyocha ụmụ mmadụ na okike, ụda na ihe oyiyi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.taosnews.com/stories/the-paseo-promotes-youth-participation,30332|title=The Paseo promotes youth participation|work=The Taos News|date=2015-08-05|accessdate=2017-04-22|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629235135/http://www.taosnews.com/stories/the-paseo-promotes-youth-participation,30332|archive-date=2017-06-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ chọrọ ka ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara nwee ike ịhụ onwe ha na kọmpụta na teknụzụ dijitalụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2017/4/215028-computing-the-arts/fulltext|title=Computing the Arts {{!}} Communications of the ACM|author=Shein|first=Esther|date=April 2017|volume=60|issue=4|pages=17–19|accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref> A maara ya màkà ọrụ STEAM ya, na-arụ ụka na ịgbakwunye nka na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị, teknụzụ, injinia na mgbakọ na mwepụ ọdịnala ga-emeghe ohere màkà ụmụ akwụkwọ agba. O kwenyere na [[STIM|STEM]] adịla mgbè niile n'ime ìgwè ndị na-abụghị akụkụ ọdịnala nke ókwú a ma ama, na site na nka (dị ka hip-hop, ihe nkírí, ịgba egwu, [[Film|ihe nkiri]] nkiri, egwuregwu vidio, na nka anya) ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịghọta na ìgwè ndị a bụ akụkụ nke mkparịta ụka ahụ mgbe niile. Mmụọ ọchụnta ego, "dị ka ọ na-akpọ ya, dị ka ụzọ isi nwee ọganihu, nke a na-ahụ anya na ndị ọsụ ụzọ dị ka Fred Eversley, John Coltrane, Sun Ra, George Clinton na Grandmaster Flash bụ ndị gbanwere cross-fader a na-eji ugbu a site na ngwá electronic.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2"/> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Techno-Vernacular Creativity na Innovation. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press (August 2021). * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Cosmogramic Design: A Cultural Model of the Aesthetic Response". Na Aesthetics Equals Politics: New Discourses across Art, Architecture, and Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2019. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Techno-Vernacular Creativity and Innovation across the African Diaspora and Global South". Na teknụzụ na-adọrọ mmasị: agbụrụ, Technoscience nke ụlọ mkpọrọ, na echiche nnwere onwe na ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Mama Wata Remixed: The Mermaid in Contemporary African-American Culture". Na Scaled for Success: The Internationalisation of the Mermaid. East Barnet, UK: John Libbey Publishing, 2018. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ihe mere Black Panther's Shuri ji dị oke mkpa nye ụmụ agbọghọ ojii na ọdịbendị na-eme ihe" ''SyFy Wired'' (February 27, 2018).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/why-black-panthers-shuri-is-so-important-to-young-black-girls-and-maker-culture|title=Why Black Panther's Shuri is so important to young black girls and maker culture|author=Gaskins|first=Nettrice|date=2018-02-21|work=Syfy|accessdate=2018-09-13|language=en|archive-date=2018-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150154/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/why-black-panthers-shuri-is-so-important-to-young-black-girls-and-maker-culture|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ndị bi n'oké osimiri: Drexciya na Sonic Third Space. " Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures 10, no. 2 (2016). doi:10.21463/shima.10.2.08. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Otú nka na ịgba egwú si eme ka sayensị kọmputa dị mkpa na ọdịbendị" ''EdSurge''. (July 26, 2016).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.edsurge.com/news/2016-07-26-how-art-and-science-are-making-computer-science-culturally-relevant|title=How Art and Dance Are Making Computer Science Culturally Relevant (EdSurge News)|first=Nettrice|author=Gaskins|date=2016-07-26|work=EdSurge|accessdate=2017-04-21|language=en-US}}</ref> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Marvel's Black Panther na-eme ka STEAM dị mkpa maka ndị ntorobịa nọchitere anya; Tụkwasị na nke a, VR's Century-Old Roots" ''EdSurge''. (July 5, 2016).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.edsurge.com/news/2016-07-05-marvel-s-black-panther-makes-steam-relevant-to-under-represented-youth-plus-vr-s-century-old-roots|title=Marvel's Black Panther Makes STEAM Relevant to Under Represented Youth; Plus, VR's Century Old Roots|first=Nettrice|author=Gaskins|date=2016-07-05|work=EdSurge|accessdate=2017-04-21|language=en-US}}</ref> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Afrofuturism na Web 3.0: Vernacular Cartography na Augmented Space". Na Afrofuturism 2.0: The Rise of Astroblackness. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "The African Cosmogram Matrix in Contemporary Art and Culture". Black Theology 14, no. 1 (2016) doi:10.1080/14769948.2015.1131502. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ịmepụta Niobe ọzọ: Iwulite na Iwulite nke Black Femininity site na egwuregwu na Social Psychology nke Avatar". N'ihe odide ọdịnihu: arụmọrụ na-emebi ihe na ndị inyom. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Na-anabata Afrofuturism 3.0" ''Slate''. (December 2, 2015).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2015/12/02/how_i_m_using_technology_to_create_afrofuturism_art.html|title=Welcome to Afrofuturism 3.0|author=Gaskins|first=Nettrice|date=2015-12-02|work=Slate|accessdate=2017-04-21|language=en-US}}</ref> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Imebi unisphere: hip-hop na ụwa na-ebelata na mbara igwe na-agbasawanye. " Na Meet Me At the Fair, 1556-6. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ịkwalite STEM site na mmụta na-adabere na nka ọdịbendị". Journal of the New Media Caucus 9, no. 1 (Spring 2013). * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Urban Metaphysics: Ịmepụta Egwuregwu Egwuregwu n'elu Ụwa. " UCLA's ''Journal of Cinema and Media Studies'' (Winter 2012). == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] te442ht7jv54gw81tc9at4h0ni5mfqq 0 18046 727984 90626 2026-09-25T18:20:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} LoveRance (ónyé amụrụ Rance Love Oliver II) bụ ónyé America rapper, onye na-emepụta ihe na DJ si San Francisco Bay Area. A maara ya nke ọma màkà egwu egwu ya nke afọ 2011 bụ "Up!" nke gosipụtara 50 Cent ma mepụta ya site na Iamsu!.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/497057/loverance-rep-talk-success-of-up-interscope-signing|title=LoveRance, Rep Talk Success of 'Up!' & Interscope Signing|date=April 6, 2012|work=Billboard.com|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> "Up!" kụrụ nọmba 46 na US <nowiki><i id="mwEg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 na nọmba abụọ na chaatị Rap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bet.com/news/music/2012/06/13/loverance-breaks-down-backstory-behind-up.html?cid=facebook|title=LoveRance Breaks Down Backstory Behind "Up!"|work=Bet.com|accessdate=2020-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411050526/https://www.bet.com/news/music/2012/06/13/loverance-breaks-down-backstory-behind-up.html?cid=facebook|archive-date=2021-04-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Vidio egwu == E tinyere vidiyo egwu màkà egwu egwu LoveRance bụ "UP!" na akaụntụ Vevo ya na Jenụwarị 31, 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q93F03BhbXg|title=LoveRance - UP! (Explicit) ft. 50 Cent|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=2012-01-31|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> Vidio ahụ na-ewere ọnọdụ na Bay Area ma na-edekọ ọtụtụ n'ime vidiyo ahụ n'ime klọb abalị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/loverance/725488/up-w-intro.jhtml|title=Archived copy|work=www.mtv.com|accessdate=2 February 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130129103215/http://www.mtv.com/videos/loverance/725488/up-w-intro.jhtml|archivedate=29 January 2013}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke ndị na-alụbeghị di, dị ka onye na-eduzi ihe, na ọkwa chaatị ahọpụtara, na-egosi afọ a tọhapụrụ na aha abọm ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Aha ya ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Afọ ! colspan="3" scope="col" |Ọnọdụ chaatị kachasị elu ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US<br /><br /><br /><br /><ref>{{Cite web|title=LoveRance Album & Song Chart History: Hot 100|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=loverance|chart=all}}|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=December 21, 2012}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US R&B<br /><br /><br /><br /><ref>{{Cite web|title=LoveRance Album & Song Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=loverance|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}}|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=December 21, 2012}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US Rap<br /><br /><br /><br /><ref>{{Cite web|title=LoveRance Album & Song Chart History: Rap Songs|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=loverance|chart=Rap Songs}}|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=February 6, 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"UP(!" <span style="font-size:85%;">nke</span><br /><br /><br /><br /> gosipụtara <span style="font-size:85%;">50 Cent</span>) |2011 |46 |3 |2 | rowspan="2" {{n/a|non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" |"A(kup" <span style="font-size:85%;">nke</span><br /><br /><br /><br /> gosipụtara <span style="font-size:85%;">Tyga</span> & <span style="font-size:85%;">Nsogbu</span>) |2012 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |- ! scope="row" |"Na Ya" |2015 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |''Ihe ngosi na-adịghị mma Rancey'' |- ! scope="row" |"Ka m gwa gị" | rowspan="2" |2016 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị | rowspan="2" {{TBA}} |- ! scope="row" |"Ọdọ Mmiri" |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] krx456i7497595yuu8f5mruk8jv7e11 0 18052 727980 122146 2026-09-25T17:59:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''London Tyler Holmes'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1774602&subid=0|title=BMI &#124; Repertoire Search|work=Repertoire.bmi.com|accessdate=April 3, 2020}}</ref> (amụrụ na Machị 27, [[1991]]), nke a maara dị ka '''London''' on da Track, bụ ónyé America na-emepụta ihe ndekọ, ónyé na-eti egwu, na ónyé na-ede egwu. Ọ bụ ónyé na-arụkọ ọrụ ugboro ugboro na onye na-eti egwu Atlanta Young Thug ma soro Birdman, Lil Wayne, Lil Baby, Rich Homie Quan, Gucci Mane, Giggs, Drake, Post Malone, T.I., 21 Savage, 50 Cent, Sfera Ebbasta, Summer Walker na Ariana Grande, rụọ ọrụ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/new-music/2015/11/listen-to-50-cent-too-rich/|title=Listen to 50 Cent, "Too Rich"|date=November 30, 2015|accessdate=December 1, 2015|work=Hip-Hop News, Rap Music – XXL|publisher=Townsquare Media|author=Ivey|first=Justin}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Holmes na [[Maachị 1|Machị]] 27, [[1991]] na Memphis, [[Tennessee]], mana ọ kwagara Atlanta mgbè ọ dị afọ 10. Ọ mụtara ịkpọ piano na keyboard n'oge ụka. Mgbè ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Holmes gara Mahadum Full Sail na [[Flórídạ|Florida]], ọ bụ ezie na ọ gụsịrịbeghị akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@thesundaepaper/london-on-da-track-efc616f009d3|title=London on da Track|date=April 12, 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ == [[London]] malitere rap mgbè ọ dị afọ iri na isii na otu Dem Guyz. Ndị otu ahụ na-ebudata beats na SoundClick maka cents 99, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime beats na-efu $ 100 màkà ikike pụrụ iche. [nkọwa dị mkpa] Dị ka ụzọ isi chekwaa ego, London jiri ahụmahụ ya na-akpọ piano na chọọchị wee malite ime beats màkà ndị na-eti egwu. Site n'enyemaka nke ngwanrọ n'ịntanetị, o nwere ike imeziwanye ọrụ ya. Ọ nwetara otuto n'ógbè ahụ mgbe ọ malitere imepụta ihe maka Rich Kidz. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ndị ọzọ [onye?] malitere ịrịọ màkà ihe ndị o dere. Na mbido ọrụ ya, London ga-enyefe ọkpụkpụ ya n'efu dị ka ụzọ isi wuo njikọ ma nwetakwuo mgbasa ozi. Abụ mbụ o mepụtara nke nwetara egwu redio bụ "Pieon" nke Rich Kidz. Ihe ịga nke ọma nke "Pieon" kpaliri London ịga n'ihu na-emepụta. N'afọ 2011, o dekọrọ nke mbụ ya n'ime ọtụtụ mmekọrịta ya na Young Thug, "Curtains". London gàrà n'ihu na-enye ya ọkpụkpụ n'efu tupu ya abịanye aka na nkwekọrịta akara mbụ ya na Cash Money Records.<ref name="wishes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefader.com/2014/11/13/beat-construction-london-on-da-track|author=Turner, David|date=November 13, 2014|title=Beat Construction: London On Da Track Moves Rich Gang's Keys|accessdate=January 28, 2015}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Holmes nwere ụmụ anọ; nwa nwanyị na onye na-agụ egwu Summer Walker amụrụ na 2021, yana nwa nwanyị ọzọ na ụmụ nwoke abụọ site na mmekọrịta gárá aga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/london-on-da-track-proven-to-be-father-of-1-year-old-child-news.113752.html|title=London on da Track Proven to be Father of 1-Year-Old Child|work=HNHH|date=July 4, 2020|access-date=July 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191220/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/london-on-da-track-proven-to-be-father-of-1-year-old-child-news.113752.html|archive-date=July 5, 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madamenoire.com/1229750/london-on-da-track-makes-amends-coparents/|title='We Super Good': London on da Track Makes Amends with Mothers of His Children|date=May 22, 2021}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] puyt7kedmgjvzh31ac8j1kkrjl2jlqs 0 18068 727941 700746 2026-09-25T14:22:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Randell "Kydd" Jones bụ ónyé America na-eti egwu, ónyé na-emepụta ihe, na onye na-agụ egwu na onye na'ede egwu si Austin, Texas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Austin musician Kydd Jones gets chance to shine at SXSW|date=March 20, 2016|url=https://www.kxan.com/news/austin-musician-kydd-jones-gets-chance-to-shine-at-sxsw/|publisher=[[KXAN-TV]]|accessdate=July 4, 2022|archivedate=December 23, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223224822/https://www.kxan.com/news/austin-musician-kydd-jones-gets-chance-to-shine-at-sxsw/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chron.com/neighborhood/article/UHD-presents-Thursday-concerts-at-Discovery-Green-9541266.php|title=UHD presents Thursday concerts at Discovery Green|date=March 12, 2012|publisher=[[Houston Chronicle]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Jones rụrụ na NXNE, The Brooklyn Hip-Hop Festival na Red Bull Sound Select na 2014 mgbè ọ na-emepụta màkà Kirko Bangz<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.houstonpress.com/music/kirko-bangz-is-still-finding-his-way-9732531|title=Kirko Bangz Is Still Finding His Way|publisher=[[Houston Press]]}}</ref> na Progression V. N'afọ 2015, ọ wepụtara egwu abụọ: Patience na Blink Away na Sean Price; ọ rụkwara na Billboard Hot 100 Fest na Jones Beach Theater.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.a3cfestival.com/post/featured/a3cs-best-in-show-nxne-june-20th-studio-bar|title=A3C's Best in Show @ NXNE|publisher=A3C Festival Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Live Stream This Year's Brooklyn Hip-Hop Festival With Performances From Jay Electronica, Raekwon, and More|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2014/07/2014-brooklyn-hip-hop-festival-live-stream|publisher=[[Complex Magazine]]|accessdate=2022-07-04|archivedate=2022-07-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705221818/https://www.complex.com/music/2014/07/2014-brooklyn-hip-hop-festival-live-stream}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5915755/red-bull-sound-select-at-sxsw-sleigh-bells-danny-brown-earl-sweatshirt-to|title=Red Bull Sound Select in Austin: Sleigh Bells, Danny Brown, Earl Sweatshirt to Perform|date=February 26, 2014|publisher=[[Billboard Magazine]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/kirko-bangz-progression-v-young-texas-playa-new-mixtape.115619.html|title=Kirko Bangz – Progression V: Young Texas Playa [New Mixtape]|date=December 16, 2014|publisher=[[HotNewHipHop.com]]|access-date=July 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216045613/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/kirko-bangz-progression-v-young-texas-playa-new-mixtape.115619.html|archive-date=December 16, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allhiphop.com/2015/07/30/kydd-jones-patience/|title=Kydd Jones – "Patience"|date=July 30, 2015|publisher=[[AllHipHop]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://2dopeboyz.com/2015/03/07/kydd-jones-blink-away-sean-price/|title=KYDD JONES – BLINK AWAY F. SEAN PRICE|publisher=[[2DopeBoyz]]}}</ref><ref name="BET">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bet.com/music/photos/2015/08/billboard-hot-100-fest-highlights.html#!082415-music-billboard-KYDD|title=Billboard Hot 100 Fest Highlights|publisher=[[BET]]|access-date=2022-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021041016/https://www.bet.com/music/photos/2015/08/billboard-hot-100-fest-highlights.html#!082415-music-billboard-KYDD|archive-date=2020-10-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbè Chuck D họpụtara ya n'onwe ya imeghe maka The Hip Hop Gods Tour na Los Angeles na The Novo (nke bụbu Club Nokia), Kydd meghere màkà The Art Of Rap Fest na Lakewood Amphitheatre na Atlanta n'afọ 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/music/2013-03-15/playback-sxsw-news-and-carryings-on/|title=Playback: SXSW news and carryings-on|publisher=[[Austin Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ap.swishersweets.com/from-austin-to-the-atlanta-stage-meet-kydd-jones/|title=From Austin to the Atlanta Stage: Kydd Jones|publisher=[[Swisher Sweets]]|accessdate=2022-07-04|archivedate=2019-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330233100/https://ap.swishersweets.com/from-austin-to-the-atlanta-stage-meet-kydd-jones/}}</ref> O wepụtara Sounds in My Head 2: The Righteous Edition ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ na atụmatụ sitere na Skyzoo, Yelawolf, Pac Div, A.Dd+, Cory Kendrix, Max Frost, GLC & Tank Washington.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/singles/id.36070/title.dxclusive-kydd-jones-makes-waves-with-dripped-up|title=DXclusive: Kydd Jones Makes Waves With "Dripped Up"|date=January 25, 2017|publisher=[[HipHopDX]]|accessdate=July 4, 2022|archivedate=January 20, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120035540/https://www.hiphopdx.com/singles/id.36070/title.dxclusive-kydd-jones-makes-waves-with-dripped-up}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hypebeast.com/2011/11/kydd-featuring-yelawolf-hall-pass|title=Kydd featuring Yelawolf – Hall Pass|date=November 4, 2011|publisher=HYPEBEAST}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://earmilk.com/2012/03/05/kydd-now-then-feat-pac-div-video/|publisher=[[Earmilk]]|title=Kydd – "Now & Then" (Feat. Pac Div) [Video]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.okayplayer.com/news/kydd-the-masons-add-video.html|publisher=[[Okayplayer]]|title=Kydd 'The Masons' feat. A.Dd+|date=September 25, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://djbooth.net/tracks/review/kydd-russian-roulette|publisher=DJBooth|title=Kydd ft. GLC, Tank & Max Frost – Russian Roulette}}</ref> Jones rụrụ na SXSW<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bloggersguide.sxsw.com/artists/kydd-jones/|publisher=[[SXSW]]|title=Kydd Jones - The Music Bloggers Guide to SXSW|date=February 26, 2018|accessdate=July 4, 2022|archivedate=May 18, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518084532/https://bloggersguide.sxsw.com/artists/kydd-jones/}}</ref> na Austin City Limits Festival<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thedailytexan.com/2019/03/08/8-austinities-to-catch-at-the-2019-sxsw-music-festival/|publisher=[[The Daily Texan]]|title=8 Austinites to catch at the 2019 SXSW Music Festival}}</ref> na 2018 na 2019 na Gary Clark Jr<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.austin360.com/entertainmentlife/20191005/gary-clark-jr-at-acl-fest-gradual-build-beautiful-finish|publisher=[[Austin360]]|title=Gary Clark Jr. at ACL Fest: A gradual build, a beautiful finish}}</ref> Mgbè ọ tọhapụrụ abọm ya akpọrọ Homecoming yana EP ya na ónyé na-emepụta Insightful of Soulection.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.austinmonthly.com/acl-fest-qa-kydd-jones/|publisher=Austin Monthly|title=ACL Fest Q&A: Kydd Jones|date=October 23, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Afropunk">{{Cite web|url=http://afropunk.com/2018/06/all-is-fair-in-love-and-war-in-this-sultry-new-music-video-from-soulections-insightful/|title=PREMIERE: ALL IS FAIR IN LOVE AND WAR IN THIS SULTRY NEW MUSIC VIDEO FROM SOULECTION'S INSIGHTFUL|date=June 14, 2018|publisher=[[Afropunk]]|accessdate=July 4, 2022|archivedate=July 5, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705230344/https://afropunk.com/2018/06/all-is-fair-in-love-and-war-in-this-sultry-new-music-video-from-soulections-insightful/}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu na nke ahụ site n'ịrụ ọrụ na Blues On The Green n'oge 2020 na 2021 ma soro Round Rock Express rụkọọ ọrụ iji sọpụrụ ónyé Austinite na Negro league baseball legend Willie Wells na Austin Black Senators na Dell Diamond.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acl-radio.com/blues-on-the-screen/|publisher=[[Austin City Limits Radio]]|title=Blues On The Screen|accessdate=2022-07-04|archivedate=2022-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116070850/https://www.acl-radio.com/blues-on-the-screen/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kvue.com/article/entertainment/music/blues-on-the-green-austin-2021-zilker-park/269-1009adf7-8108-44b4-bad8-41eb099e8306|publisher=[[KVUE]]|title=Blues on the Green returning to Zilker Park this month|date=July 20, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cbsaustin.com/news/local/tbt-tipping-our-hat-to-austins-first-professional-team-the-austin-black-senators|title=#TBT: 'Tipping our hat' to Austin's first professional team The Austin Black Senators|date=July 29, 2021|publisher=[[KEYE-TV]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, Kydd wepụtara abọm ọhụrụ ya, ''Onyx'' D'Or .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kutx.org/song-of-the-day/kydd-jones-tv-on/|publisher=[[KUTX]]|title=Kydd Jones: "TV On"|date=January 11, 2022}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hw84101ea8whakho9m5i5uum4pa34cd 0 18069 727931 175768 2026-09-25T13:35:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Glen Earl Boothe'''<ref name="fullname1">{{Cite web|first=Jess|author=Sussman|url=http://www.xlr8r.com/news/2013/08/knxwledge-readies-new-ep-and-lp-for-all-city/|title=Knxwledge Readies New EP and LP for All City|publisher=[[XLR8R]]|date=August 27, 2013}}</ref> (amụrụ na Machị 8, 1988), nke a maara dị ka '''Knxwledge''' (nke a na-akpọ "ihe ọmụma"), bụ ónyé America na-emepụta ihe ndekọ hip hop na ónyé na-ede egwu nke dị na Los Angeles, [[California]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stones Throw|url=http://www.stonesthrow.com/knx|work=Stonesthrow.com|accessdate=March 26, 2015}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2009, o nweela ihe karịrị 100 ntọhapụ site na Bandcamp. N'afọ 2010, o wepụtara abọm izizi ya bụ Klouds site na All City . N'afọ 2012, o wepụtara nchịkọta egwu 53 na cassette, nke Leaving Records wepụtara. Abụ ya na-abụkarị ngwakọta nkè ụdị dị íchè íchè, dị ka jazz, mkpụrụ obi, hip hop ochie, na rap nke oge a. N'afọ 2015, o wepụtara abọm izizi ya màkà Stones Throw Records, ''Hud'' Dreems, ma mepụta egwu "Momma" na Kendrick Lamar's junior release, To Pimp a Butterfly, nke gárá n'ihu merie Best Rap Album na 58th kwa afọ Grammy Awards na 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Knxwledge bio|url=http://www.mtv.com/artists/knxwledge/biography/|work=Mtv.com|publisher=MTV|accessdate=March 26, 2015|archivedate=April 7, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407062154/http://www.mtv.com/artists/knxwledge/biography/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Fallon|first=Patrick|title=Rapper Proof – How Hardworking LA Beatmaker Knxwledge Became the Most Known Unknown Producer in the Game|url=http://www.xlr8r.com/features/2013/10/rapper-proof-how-hardworking-la-beatmaker-knxwledge-became-the-most-known-unknown-producer-in-the-game/|work=Xlr8r|date=October 24, 2013|publisher=Xlr8r|accessdate=October 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/videos/kendrick-lamar-wins-best-rap-album-pimp-butterfly|title=Kendrick Lamar wins Best Rap Album GRAMMY|work=Grammy.com|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=2020-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425015913/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/videos/kendrick-lamar-wins-best-rap-album-pimp-butterfly|archive-date=2020-04-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na Anderson.Paak dị ka duo NxWorries enwetala otuto dị egwu. Na Machị 2020 ọ wepụtara ''1988'', abọm nke abụọ ya màkà Stones Throw . == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] h1otdyokcy6xhp3n874a4uh3gxvd2l0 0 18091 728051 589054 2026-09-26T01:41:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] Mike & Keys (nke a maara n'oge gara-aga aga dị ka The Futuristiks) bụ ndị America na-emepụta hip hop na ndị na-ede egwu si Los Angeles, [[California]] nke nwéré Money Mike (onye amụrụ Michael Ray Cox, Jr.) na '''J-Keys''' (ónyé amuru John Groover).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/artist/5J0hy1k4Ghvo1iIZ8P7cd4|title=Mike & Keys|work=Spotify|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-10}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == J-Keys, amụrụ na South Sacramento na Money Mike amụrụ na Hammond, [[Luwisiánà|Louisiana]] na-akpọ ụka na ezinụlọ dị ka ndị nwéré nnukwu mmetụta na mmepe nke nkà egwu ha. Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Los Angeles Recording School na Hollywood, CA, ndị duo mbụ zuru oke mmepụta ego bịara na 2009 na Before I Self Destruct màkà ónyé na-eti egwu 50 Cent.<ref name="themusicshelf">{{Cite web|author=Sturrup|first=A|title=The Futuristik|url=http://www.themusicshelf.com/magazine/content/futuristiks|publisher=2010|accessdate=2017-06-29|archivedate=2015-04-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095735/http://www.themusicshelf.com/magazine/content/futuristiks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Earbits.com|title=The Futuristiks|url=http://www.earbits.com/#artists/the-futuristiks/bio|work=Earbits|publisher=Earbits|accessdate=12 November 2013|archivedate=12 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112022429/http://www.earbits.com/#artists/the-futuristiks/bio}}</ref> Mgbe ha rụchara ọrụ ọzọ na 2010 na abọm hip hop dị ka Dom Kennedy Kings From the Westside with Love, II, Redman'sReggie na Sheek Louch Kings Donnie G: Don Gorilla, The Futuristiks ghọrọ otu mmepụta ama màkà ndị na-ese hip-hop, R&B na Gospel. N'ịbụ afọ na-agbanwe ndụ màkà The Futuristiks, na 2011, ọrụ ha sitere na ndekọ hip hop na ndị na-ese ihe na-ese onyinyo [[Eminem]], Royce da 5ş9 na Ras Kass yana ihe ndị ọzọ a ma ama dị ka Strong Arm Steady na Mitchy Slick.<ref name="May">{{Cite web|author=May|first=Kevin|title=Strong Arm Steady x Fiend x The Futuristiks: Made in America [Preview]|url=http://www.kevinnottingham.com/2011/05/14/strong-arm-steady-x-fiend-x-the-futuristiks-made-in-america-preview/|work=kevinnottingham.com|publisher=kevinnottingham.com|accessdate=12 November 2013|archivedate=13 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022435/http://www.kevinnottingham.com/2011/05/14/strong-arm-steady-x-fiend-x-the-futuristiks-made-in-america-preview/}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ha mepụtara ónyé na-eti egwu bụ "Last Love" maka mixtape a na-ebipụtaghị Plan B nke nwetara vidiyo na BETX 106 & Park na-eme na Top Ten Countdown na vidiyo ndị ọzọ. Ọzọkwa, n'afọ 2011, ha mepụtara egwu ndị isi màkà Dom Kennedy bụ The Original Dom Kennedy na Skemeys mixtapes The Statement na Before My Next Statement. N'ịga n'ihu na uto ha, ndị na-emepụta ihe malitere iso ndị na-ese R&B Jeremih na-arụ ọrụ na ''Late Nights na Jeremih'' Mixtape, yana ọrụ izizi màkà ndị na-eme R&B TeeFlii na Elijah Blake. N'ahapụghị mgbọrọgwụ hip hop ha, na 2012, ha abụọ mepụtara egwu màkà ndị rapper T.I., Freddie Gibbs, Fat Joe, Bad Lucc, 8Ball, Jay Rock, Curren$y na OverDoz.<ref name="Meka">{{Cite web|author=Meka|title=FowL – LA (prod. The Futuristiks)|url=http://www.2dopeboyz.com/2012/07/10/fowl-la-prod-the-futuristiks/|work=2DopeBoyz.com|publisher=2DopeBoyz.com|accessdate=12 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=MVP|title=8Ball - Premro 2 Mixtape|url=http://www.freeonsmash.com/news/2013/01/25/8ball-premro-2-mixtape/|work=freeonsmash.com|publisher=freeonsmash.com|accessdate=12 November 2013|archivedate=12 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112022406/http://www.freeonsmash.com/news/2013/01/25/8ball-premro-2-mixtape/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mc Auliffe|first=John|title=Listen: Jay Rock – Checkmate|url=http://thesource.com/2012/03/28/listenjayrock-checkmate/|work=thesource.com|date=28 March 2012|publisher=thesource.com|accessdate=12 November 2013}}</ref> The Futuristiks mèrè Billboard Top 100 na 2012 maka mmepụta ha na Capitol Records Tito Lopezs song Mama Proud. Ha mekwara <nowiki><i id="mwSg">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200, Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart na Top Rap Album màkà mmepụta ha na Grand Hustle/Atlantic Records artist T.I.z Trouble Man: Heavy Is the Head. Ka ụda ha na-etolite ma na-agbasawanye ókèala na 2013, a họpụtara Futuristiks màkà onyinye Grammy nke mbụ ha na Best Rap Album maka onyinye ha nyere na Lupe Fiascoz Food & Liquor II: The Great American Rap Album<ref name="Mitchell">{{Cite web|author=Mitchell|first=Gail|title=2013 Grammy Awards: Rap Song, Rap Album|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1483748/2013-grammy-awards-rap-song-album-nominations|work=Billboard.com|publisher=Billboard.com|accessdate=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819010145/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1483748/2013-grammy-awards-rap-song-album-nominations|archive-date=19 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>, Pt. 1. Lupe's II nọ n'elu <nowiki><i id="mwWQ">Billboard's</i></nowiki> Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums na Rap Albums chaatị, mgbe ọ na-amalite ma na-arị elu na No. 5 na Billboard 200.<ref name="Mitchell" /> The Futuristiks malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Epic Records / Roc Nation Management artist Casey Veggies, na-eduzi egwu aha na egwu isii na 2013 Life Changes.<ref name="ryon">{{Cite web|author=Ryon|first=Sean|title=Casey Veggies "Life Changes" Mixtape Download & Stream|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.22410/title.casey-veggies-life-changes-mixtape-download-stream|work=HipHopDX.com|date=22 January 2013|publisher=HipHopDX.com|accessdate=12 November 2013|archivedate=27 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527180315/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.22410/title.casey-veggies-life-changes-mixtape-download-stream}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, ha mepụtara egwu màkà Master P, Juelz Santana, Adonis the Ace, Drumma Boy, Zeke na K.Roosevelt.<ref name="rap genius">{{Cite web|author=Genius|first=Rap|title=Juelz Santana - Nothing To Me Lyrics|work=RapGenius.com|publisher=|url=http://rapgenius.com/Juelz-santana-nothing-to-me-lyrics|accessdate=12 November 2013}}</ref> Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ihe, The Futuristiks, ewerewo ọrụ zuru oke ma na nso nso a wepụ ndị isi mmepụta na Nipsey Hussleńs, October 8, 2013 wepụtara ''Crenshaw''.<ref name="Tinsley">{{Cite web|author=Tinsley|first=J|title=Nipsey Hussle Ft. Dom Kennedy & Cobby Supreme – "Checc Me Out"|url=http://smokingsection.uproxx.com/TSS/2013/09/nipsey-hussle-ft-dom-kennedy-cobby-supreme-checc-me-out#ixzz2iZfr91bq|work=Smoking Section|publisher=Smoking Section|accessdate=12 November 2013}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, Futuristiks nwèrè ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-emepụta ihe na Dom Kennedy, 2013 release Get Home Safely. Ọmarịcha ha dị mma màkà ịdakwasị n'elu, na ịgbà na-agbadata na ihe nlele gbagọrọ agbagọ nke na-adịghị eme ka ọsọ dị elu maka ọkwa nri Domīs.<ref name="Weinstein">{{Cite web|author=Weinstein|first=Max|title=Review: Dom Kennedy Focuses on Feel-GOod With 'Get Home Safely' LP|url=http://www.vibe.com/article/review-dom-kennedy-focuses-feel-good-get-home-safely-lp|work=Vibe Magazine|date=15 October 2013|publisher=Vibe Magazine|accessdate=12 November 2013}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} npt8o734jvkkzztttp7xw315n2jqz92 0 18098 728107 594187 2026-09-26T06:11:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] Nard & B bụ ndị otu mmepụta ihe ndekọ nké America, nkèke ndị na-emepụta ihe ndekọ James "Nard" Bernard Rosser Jr. na Brandon "B" Rackley, si Atlanta, Georgia. N'afọ 2007, ha abụọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na ónyé America na-edekọ egwu T.I.'s Grand Hustle Records.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/exclusive-interview-grand-hustle-production-duo-nard-and-b-news.2019.html|title=Exclusive Interview: Grand Hustle Production Duo Nard and B|work=HotNewHipHop.com|date=16 May 2012|accessdate=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518132910/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/exclusive-interview-grand-hustle-production-duo-nard-and-b-news.2019.html|archive-date=18 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, Nard & B guzobere TrenchWerk Entertainment, ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta egwu, na ebumnuche nke "ịchịkọta ndị na-emepụta egwú kachasị mmá na Atlanta ma mepụta mmepụta a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na nke a na-enweghị atụ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reverbnation.com/cymandye/song/8814296-trenchwerkgrand-hustle-producers|title=TRENCHWERK/GRAND HUSTLE PRODUCERS Nard & B Interview - LADY C|work=Reverbnation.com|accessdate=2020-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/trenchwerk?lang=en|title=TrenchWerk (@TrenchWerk) - Twitter|work=Twitter.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reverbnation.com/trenchwerkentertainment|title=TrenchWerk Entertainment - Hip Hop from Atlanta, GA|work=Reverbnation.com|accessdate=2020-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/TrenchWerk/|title=TrenchWerk|work=Facebook.com|accessdate=2020-03-28}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Brandon Rackley, ónyé a maara dị ka B, zutere James Bernard Rosser Jr., onye a maara nke ọma dị ka Nard, mgbè ha abụọ na-aga Omnithech, na-amụ egwu na injinia.<ref name="bmv">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beatmakingvideos.com/Producer/nard-b|title=Nard & B - Beat Making Videos|work=Beatmakingvideos.com|accessdate=2022-07-04|archivedate=2020-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130084622/http://www.beatmakingvideos.com/Producer/nard-b}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị kọleji, Nard nwetara ọrụ dị ka ónyé injinia na-eso ụzọ maka akara egwu T.I. nke dị na Atlanta, Grand Hustle Records.<ref name="bmv" /> N'afọ 2007, Nard & B nwetara ọkwa mbụ ha n'otu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ studio album. Abụ ahụ, nke akpọrọ "That's Right", gosipụtara olu sitere na T.I. ma tinye ya na mgbalị izizi nke onye na-ese ihe na Grand Hustle Big Kuntry King, My Turn to Eat . Ihe ịga nke ọma nke ndekọ ahụ mere ka ónyé isi oche Grand Hustle Jason Geter mara ha, onye bịanyere aka na ha dị ka ndị na-emepụta ụlọ.<ref name="bmv" /> N'afọ 2007, Nard & B weputara egwu egwu T.I. "Big Shit Poppin' (Do It)", na-enye mmepụta ọhụrụ mgbe ndị na-eti egwu Grand Hustle Mac Boney, Alfamega, JR Get Money na Big Kuntry King, niile gbakwunyere amaokwu ọhụrụ. N'afọ 2009, Nard & B jikọrọ aka mepụta ónyé na-eti egwu na Brooklyn bụ Maino's hit single "All the Above", n'akụkụ onye na-emepụta ihe ndekọ dị elu Just Blaze. Nard & B gakwara n'ihu inye aka na mmepụta na Puff Daddy's 2015 project MMM (Money Making Mitch). N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2015, Nard & B wepụtara mixtape jikọrọ aka, nke akpọrọ Trench Muzik, n'akụkụ ónyé na-ese ihe nkiri Grand Hustle Spodee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbixdGjvdes|title=Spodee x Nard & B Decode "Trench Muzik" Mixtape|date=24 August 2015|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemixtapes.com/mixtapes/35600/spodee-trench-muzik.html|title=Spodee - Trench Muzik - DJ E.Sudd|work=Livemixtapes.com}}</ref> Na Septemba 13, 2015, Spodee sonyeere Nard & B iji wepụta Trench Muzik 2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/spodee-trench-muzik-2-new-mixtape.116023.html|title=Spodee - Trench Muzik 2 - Download & Listen [New Mixtape]|work=Hotnewhiphop.com|date=13 September 2015|access-date=4 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924163721/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/spodee-trench-muzik-2-new-mixtape.116023.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 22, 2015, a tọhapụrụ nke atọ nke Trench Muzik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/spodee-trench-muzik-3-new-mixtape.116135.html|title=Spodee - Trench Muzik 3 - Download & Listen [New Mixtape]|work=Hotnewhiphop.com|date=22 November 2015|access-date=4 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123153420/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/spodee-trench-muzik-3-new-mixtape.116135.html|archive-date=23 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 9, 2016, ónyé na-eti egwu Atlanta bụ Skooly, ónyé bụbu nke Rich Kidz, sonyeere Nard & B iji wepụta ''Trench Gotti''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/skooly-trench-gotti-new-mixtape.116263.html|title=Skooly - Trench Gotti - Download & Listen [New Mixtape]|work=Hotnewhiphop.com|date=9 February 2016|access-date=4 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210091614/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/skooly-trench-gotti-new-mixtape.116263.html|archive-date=10 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="hhdx" /> Na Eprel 21, 2016, Nard & B sonyeere Jose Guapo iji wepụta Extravagant Trench Shit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemixtapes.com/mixtapes/38619/jose-guapo-extravagant-trench-shit.html|title=Jose Guapo - Extravagant Trench Shit - Download & Listen [New Mixtape]|work=LiveMixtapes.com}}</ref> Na Julaị 19, 2016, B wepụtara egwu akpọrọ "Out Perform You", n'okpuru aha nzuzo ¡B!. Abụ ahụ, nke Nard & B na XL Eagle mepụtara, bụ nke mbụ ga-ada site na ọrụ izizi nke B, "nke ga-egosipụta ndekọ pụrụ iche sitere n'aka ndị omenkà dị íchè íchè".<ref name="hhdx">{{Cite web|url=http://hiphopdx.com/singles/id.34477/title.b-of-nard-b-skooly-drop-out-perform-you|title=¡B! (of Nard & B) & Skooly Drop "Out Perform You"|work=Hiphopdx.com|date=19 July 2016|accessdate=4 July 2022|archivedate=5 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705223858/https://hiphopdx.com/singles/id.34477/title.b-of-nard-b-skooly-drop-out-perform-you}}</ref> Ọrụ ahụ, nke a na-eme atụmatụ ịdakwasị na ngwụcha afọ ahụ, ga-agụnye mmepụta sitere na Nard & B na mmepụta site na ónyé na-emepụta TrenchWerk, XL Eagle.<ref name="hhdx" /> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2016, Nard & B wepụtara mixtape ya na ónyé na-eti egwu na Jamaica na onye mmekọ Hustle Gang bụ Zuse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6u-EnFoDuQ|title=On The Come Up: Zuse Talks Kingston, Jamaica Origins & Affiliation With T.I.|author=HotNewHipHop|date=11 February 2015|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Mixtape ahụ, nke akpọrọ Trench Zuse, gụnyere ụfọdụ ndị na-emepụta Nard & B dịka DJ Spinz, Bobby Kritical, Will A Fool, na DJ Plugg. Onye na-emepụta hip hop nke ndịda XL Eagle, onye otu TrenchWerk, na-emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ egwu ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/zuse-and-nard-and-b-trench-zuse-new-mixtape.116573.html|title=Zuse & Nard & B - Trench Zuse - Download & Listen [New Mixtape]|work=Hotnewhiphop.com|date=11 October 2016|access-date=4 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012151228/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/zuse-and-nard-and-b-trench-zuse-new-mixtape.116573.html|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, Migos wepụtara "T-Shirt", nke Nard & B mepụtara, site na abọm nke abụọ ha Culture. "T-Shirt" jisiri ike ruo Top 40 nke US <nowiki><i id="mwYg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/01/migos-t-shirt-video/|title=Migos Drop Crazy New Video for 'T-Shirt' - XXL|work=Xxlmag.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke ndị na-alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ onye na-emepụta ma ọ bụ ndị na-emepụta ihe, na ọkwa chaatị ahọpụtara na asambodo, na-egosi afọ a tọhapụrụ, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na aha abọm ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Aha ya ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Afọ ! colspan="10" scope="col" |Ọnọdụ chaatị kachasị elu ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" |asambodo ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US R&amp;amp;B ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |USRap<nowiki><br id="mweQ"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |AUS ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |CAN ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |GER ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |IRL ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |NZ ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |SWI ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |UK |- ! scope="row" |"Nke ahụ ziri ezi" (Big Kuntry King featuring T.I.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/nz/album/thats-right-feat-t-i-single/266124496|title=That's Right (feat. T.I.) - Single by Big Kuntry King|work=Music.apple.com|date=23 October 2007|accessdate=2020-03-28}}</ref><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">)</span> | rowspan="1" |2007 |Ọdịdị |105 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị | | rowspan="1" |''Ọganihu M Na-eri'' |- ! scope="row" |"All the Above" (<span style="font-size:85%;">Maino</span> na-egosi T-Pain)<br /><br /><br /><br /> | rowspan="4" |2009 |39 |59 |10 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA">{{Cite web|title=Gold & Platinum: Maino|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Maino&format=&go=Search&perPage=50|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=September 23, 2011}}</ref> |''Ọ bụrụ na echi abịa...'' |- ! scope="row" |"Hood Dreamer" (<span style="font-size:85%;">Willy Northpole</span> gosipụtara B.o.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/hood-dreamer-feat-b-o-b-single/1445137037|title=Hood Dreamer (feat. B.O.B) - Single by Willy Northpole|work=Music.apple.com|date=January 2009|accessdate=2020-03-28}}</ref><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">B)</span> |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị | |''Njikọ'' |- ! scope="row" |"Futuristic Love (Elroy)" (Yung L.A. na <span style="font-size:85%;">Ricco Barrino</span>)<br /><br /><br /><br /> |Ọdịdị |55 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị | | {{n/a|non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Imma Fool Wit It" (Killer Mike <span style="font-size:85%;">na</span> Big Kuntry King)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/imma-fool-wit-it-single/898569634?i=898569635|title=I'mma Fool Wit It by Killer Mike & Big Kuntry King|work=Music.apple.com|date=21 July 2009|accessdate=2020-03-28}}</ref><br /><br /><br /><br /> |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị | |''Atlanta n'okpuru ala'' |- ! scope="row" |"So High" (<span style="font-size:85%;">Slim Thug</span> na-egosi B.o.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/itunes/|title=iTunes|work=Apple}}</ref><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">B)</span> | rowspan="1" |2010 |125 |35 |19 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị | | rowspan="1" |''Ihe ngosi Tha Thug'' |- ! scope="row" |"Million asaa"Lil Uzi Vert na-egosi <span style="font-size:85%;">ọdịnihu</span>)<br /><br /><br /><br /> | rowspan="1" |2016 |Ọdịdị |54 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị | |''Ihe nkiri Luv zuru oke'' |- ! scope="row" |"T-Shirt" (<span style="font-size:85%;">Migos</span>)<br /><br /><br /><br /> | rowspan="1" |2017 |19 |11 |7 |Ọdịdị |16 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |5 |53 |82 | * RIAA: 2× Platinum |''Omenala'' |- ! scope="row" |"Glo Up Remix" (<span style="font-size:85%;">Jordan Kristine Seamon na-egosi High Defynition</span><br /><br /><br /><br />)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/glo-up-remix-feat-high-defynition-single/1348123554|title=Glo Up Remix (feat. High Defynition) - Single by J.K.|work=Music.apple.com|date=5 March 2018|accessdate=2020-03-28}}</ref> | rowspan="1" |2018 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị | | {{n/a|non-album single}} |- | colspan="14" style="font-size:90%" |"X" na-egosi ihe ndekọ nke na-enweghị chaatị ma ọ bụ nke a na-ewepụtaghị na mpaghara ahụ. |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} mpvs9gjul4xg0fznb637l6rwdb1szxd 0 18120 728008 89952 2026-09-25T20:39:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Byron Otto Thomas''' (amụrụ na Machị 20, 1969), nke a maara nke ọma site na aha egwu ya bụ '''Mannie Fresh''', bụ ónyé American DJ, onye na-emepụta ihe ndekọ, na onye na-eti egwu.<ref name="allmusic">{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/mannie-fresh-mn0000677857/biography|title=Mannie Fresh biography|author=Jeffries, David|publisher=allmusic|accessdate=May 28, 2017}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma màkà mmepụta ya na Cash Money Records, yana ịbụ ọkara nke hip hop duo (n'akụkụ onye guzobere akara Birdman) Big Tymers. O mepụtara egwu niile ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ n'ime egwu na 17 multi-platinum, platinum ma ọ bụ ọla edo albums maka Cash Money site na 1998 ruo 2004 tupu ọ hapụ akara ahụ. Ọ bụkwa naanị ónyé na-emepụta ihe n'ime ụlọ mgbè ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere na 1991. == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Thomas ma zụlite ya na 7th Ward nke New Orleans. N'ịbụ ónyé nna ya DJ Sabu metụtara, Thomas ghọrọ DJ maka ndị otu hip hop nke New Orleans New York Incorporated na 1984 mgbè ọ dị afọ 15.<ref name="allmusic"/> Na ngwụcha afọ 1980, ọ malitere mmekọrịta ya na onye na-eti egwu na New Orleans MC Gregory D. Ha wepụtara abọm mbụ ha Throwdown na 1987, na Mannie Fresh na-emepụta na MC Gregory D na-eti rap. Ha ga-ewepụta ndekọ abụọ ọzọ ọnụ na ngwụcha afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990. Mgbè ha abọm ikpeazụ ha gasịrị, na 1993, Thomas zutere Bryan "Baby" Williams, onye nyere ya ohere ịghọ onye na-emepụta ihe n'ụlọ nke akara ndekọ ya bụ Cash Money Records. Site n'enyemaka Williams, Thomas mere abọm ndị dị n'elu maka Hot Boys, nké Lil Wayne, B.G., Juvenile, na Turk mejupụtara, na-emepụta abọm niile nke otu ahụ. O mepụtara egwu niile na ọrụ ndị otu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/06/arts/music/06wayne.html?pagewanted=all|title=Set to Put New Orleans Rap Back on Top|author=Sanneh|first=Kelefa|date=December 6, 2005|work=The New York Times|accessdate=June 26, 2009}}</ref> Later, Thomas formed the Big Tymers along with Williams, as Mannie Fresh and Birdman respectively, bringing him fame, and released five albums.<ref name="loving">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/03/arts/music/03choi.html|title=Loving, Rapping, Snuggling and...|author=Sanneh|first=Kelefa|date=January 3, 2005|work=The New York Times|accessdate=June 26, 2009}}</ref> In 2004, he released his own debut solo album ''The Mind of Mannie Fresh'', which consisted of 30 tracks and featured the single "Real Big," which peaked at #72 on the <nowiki><i id="mwJw">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/music/cd_reviews/articles/2004/12/31/cd_report/|title=CD report – The Mind of Mannie Fresh|author=Capobianco|first=Ken|date=December 31, 2004|work=The Boston Globe|accessdate=June 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026000132/http://www.boston.com/ae/music/cd_reviews/articles/2004/12/31/cd_report/|archive-date=October 26, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2005, he split from Cash Money for financial reasons, and later joined Def Jam South, to which he is currently signed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/arts/music/23sann.html?pagewanted=all|title=New Orleans Hip-Hop Is the Home of Gangsta Gumbo|author=Sanneh|first=Kelefa|date=April 23, 2006|work=The New York Times|accessdate=June 26, 2009}}</ref> On October 27, 2009, Mannie Fresh released his second solo album, ''Return of the Ballin'''. The album was entirely produced by Fresh himself and featured prominent guests Rick Ross and Lil Jon. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 91j23lv7qdavt7yauwwv24wt4em5zu9 0 18383 728075 211597 2026-09-26T03:29:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] [[Usòrò:Helena_Mattsson_&_Mohombi_Moupondo_2002.jpg|thumb|Na mbido, Helena Mattsson na Mohombi nọ n'otu ihe nkiri nke Wild Side Story.]] '''Mohombi Nzasi Moupondo''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1986) bụ onye egwu, onye na-agụ egwu, onye edemede na onye na-agba egwu na Congolese-Swedish. Ọ tolitere na Norsborg na Kista nso [[Stockholm]]. Mohombi bụ [[RedOne]] mbụ bịanyere aka na 2101 Records na njikọ aka na Universal Music Group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/redone-launches-label_1157297|title=Lady Gaga – Redone Launches Label – Contactmusic News|publisher=Contactmusic.com|date=9 August 2010|accessdate=14 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815211805/http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/redone-launches-label_1157297|archivedate=15 August 2010}}</ref> Site na 2000 ruo 2008, Mohombi so n'òtù hip hop Swedish Avalon na nwanne ya nwoke Djo Moupondo. Mohombi wepụtara egwu izizi ya "Bumpy Ride" n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2010. Otu ahụ ghọrọ ''ihe'' a ma ama n'ụwa niile, ma depụta n'elu iri n'ọtụtụ mba, ma soro ya na abọm studio mbụ ya MoveMeant na Febụwarị 2011. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Mohombi n'aka nne Swedish na nna Congolese. O nwere ụmụnne iri na anọ. Mohombi na ezinụlọ ya hapụrụ Congo agha mebiri emebi wee kwaga [[Stockholm]], Sweden na 1999 mgbe Mohombi dị afọ 13. Mgbe ọ gbara afọ iri abụọ, Mohombi gbazitere otu ọnụ ụlọ n'ụlọ Simon B nke Radio 1 UAE maka nwata iji mata ya nke ọma. Nne na nna ya na-ekpughekarị ya mmetụta egwu dịgasị iche iche site na nwata Mohombi gụrụ ''akwụkwọ'' na Rytmus Music High School na Stockholm wee pụta n'oge ọ nọ n'elu ikpo okwu, na 2002 na mweghachi Swedish nke Wild Side Story .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kmel.com/new2/featured/f/2861|title=106 KMEL – HIP HOP AND R&B|publisher=Kmel.com|accessdate=14 March 2011|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120524161350/http://www.kmel.com/new2/featured/f/2861|archivedate=24 May 2012}}</ref><ref>[[c:File:Wild_Side_Story_poster_2002_adjusted.JPG|Poster]]</ref><ref>[https://www.facebook.com/pg/Swenglistic-Underground-135967279761245/about/?ref=page_internal About Swenglistic Underground]</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ na egwu na Royal College of Music, Stockholm. Ọ na-asụ [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]], French, Lingala, Spanish, Swahili na Swedish. === Na duo Avalon === Na [[Stockholm]], Mohombi na nwanne ya nwoke Djo Moupondo, onye DJ klọb dị n'ógbè ahụ a maara dị ka DJ Djo guzobere otu Avalon<ref>{{Cite web|author=SE|url=https://www.myspace.com/groupavalon|title=Group Avalon – Award Winners! &#124; Gratis muziek, tourneedata, foto's, video's|publisher=Myspace.com|accessdate=14 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528221623/http://www.myspace.com/groupavalon|archivedate=28 May 2011}}</ref> [isi iyi na-abụghị isi dị mkpa] na-ejikọta dancehall na hip hop nke oge ahụ na ọdịiche Africa nke a zụlitere ha. Site n'afọ 2004 ruo n'afọ 2008, otu ahụ rere ihe karịrị ọkara nde ndekọ wee merie All African Kora Awards, nke Afrịka yiri Grammy maka ụdị Best Group São Diaspora Europe / Caribbean, ebe Mohombi ghọrọ onye na-ede egwu na onwe ya. N'oge a, egwu bụ naanị ọrụ nwa oge, na ịchọ ihe ọzọ, Mohombi gara Los Angeles iji gaa n'ihu n'ọrụ ya. Na afọ 2005, Avalon sonyere na Melodifestivalen, na mgbalị iru eru maka Eurovision Song Contest 2005 na-anọchite anya Sweden na egwu Bekee na French "Big Up" nke gụnyekwara okwu mmeghe na asụsụ Lingala. Na afọ 2005, ndị Avalon sonyere na ihe ngosi "sthlm", mmemme egwu kwa afọ nke a haziri na Lava Kulturhuset. Na 2 June ọnwa nke afọ 2007, Avalon sonyere na Hoodsfredsfestivalen na Kista. Na 21 ọnwa Disemba nke afọ 2007, Avalon weputara abọm studio ya ''Afro-Viking'' nke e mere maka ahịa Afrịka. Avalon esorola ndị na-ese ihe / ndị na-ede egwu dịka Bob Sinclar, Million Stylez, Mohaamed Lamine, Silver Room, Alexander Papadimas na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ rụkọọ ọrụ.<ref name="hollywooddame1">{{Cite web|author=kathi says|url=http://hollywooddame.com/2010/08/26/mohombis-bumpy-ride/|title=Mohombi's 'Bumpy Ride' &#124; Hollywood Dame|publisher=Hollywooddame.com|date=26 August 2010|accessdate=14 March 2011|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130208083335/http://hollywooddame.com/2010/08/26/mohombis-bumpy-ride/|archivedate=8 February 2013}}</ref> === 2010-2012 === Mohombi sooro onye na-eti egwu Sweden bụ Lazee rụkọọ ọrụ na "Do It", nke a tọhapụrụ na Sweden na 31 Mee 2010. Ọ malitere na ọnụọgụ itoolu na Swedish Singles Chart. Na Los Angeles, e mere ka Mohombi mara site n'aka ndị enyi na onye na-emepụta ihe na Sweden-Morocco [[RedOne]]. Otu egwu izizi nke onye na-agụ egwu ahụ, "Bumpy Ride" bụ nke mbụ a tọhapụrụ na akara RedOne 2101 Records, njikọ aka na Universal. A tọhapụrụ ya na United States na 24 August 2010. Mohombi wepụtara "Miss Me" dị ka egwu izizi ya na United Kingdom na 31 October 2010.<ref name="hollywooddame1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.popgeneration.com/artists/503/Mohombi/|title=Mohombi|publisher=Pop Generation|accessdate=14 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511222450/http://www.popgeneration.com/artists/503/Mohombi/|archivedate=11 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=US|url=https://www.myspace.com/2101records|title=2101 RECORDS/REDONE &#124; Gratis muziek, tourneedata, foto's, video's|publisher=Myspace.com|accessdate=14 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912121833/http://www.myspace.com/2101records|archivedate=12 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Miss Me feat Nelly available to download 31st October!|url=http://www.mohombi.co.uk/news.php?item=110|date=29 September 2010|publisher=Mohombi.co.uk|accessdate=7 October 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313122850/http://www.mohombi.co.uk/news.php?item=110|archivedate=13 March 2012}}</ref> Ọ na-egosi onye America na-eti egwu Nelly. E wepụtara egwu nke atọ ya akpọrọ "Dirty Situation" na Europe na 11 ọnwa Nọvemba ma gosipụta onye na-agụ egwu R&B Akon. A na-akpọ "Dirty Situation" na mbido ma mesịa ọzọ na etiti vidiyo egwu maka "Miss Me". A tọhapụrụ abọm izizi Mohombi, MoveMeant na Europe Mọnde 28 ọnwa Febụwarị nke afọ 2011 na US na ngwụcha afọ 2011. Mohombi gosipụtara na egwu "Hoola Hoop", egwu na 2011 Stella Mwangi album ''Kinanda''. Otu egwu Mohombi, "Coconut Tree" gosipụtara olu Nicole Scherzinger. Na afọ 2011, Mohombi pụtara nke mbụ ya kwa afọ na MAD Video Music Awards, na Athens, Gris, ya na Katerína Stikoúdi na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, na "Coconut Tree Make Me Stay" .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mohombi.com/news.php?item=182|title=Archived copy|work=www.mohombi.com|accessdate=30 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727044450/http://www.mohombi.com/news.php?item=182|archivedate=27 July 2011}}</ref> Na 2 ọnwa Septemba nke afọ 2011, Mohombi wepụtara egwu ọzọ akpọrọ "Maraca" na iTunes na Sweden.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171120115226/https://itunes.apple.com/se/album/maraca-single/id460954828 "iTunes – Musik – Maraca – Single av Mohombi"]. iTunes Store.</ref> Mohombi dekwara egwu "Suave (Kiss Me)" na Nayer & Pitbull. A họpụtara ya maka Best Swedish Act na 2011 European Music Awards na Belfast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mohombi.com/news.php?item=203|title=Archived copy|accessdate=22 March 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130104042841/http://www.mohombi.com/news.php?item=203|archivedate=4 January 2013}}</ref> Nke a ga-abụ Pop depụtara ya nke asaa na Top 10 nke afọ 2012.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120508070724/http://www.thismustbepop.com/2012/01/next-big-thing-my-top-10-of-2012.html This Must Be Pop: The Next Big Thing: My Top 10 of 2012]. thismustbepop.com. 1 January 2012</ref> N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Disemba na afọ 2011, ọ pụtara dị ka onye ọbịa egwu na oge nke mbụ nke The Voice of Romania .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.protv.ro/stiri/vezi-cum-a-ridicat-mohombi-in-picioare-publicul-de-la-vocea-romaniei-cu-melodia-coconut-tree.html|title=Vezi cum a ridicat Mohombi in picioare publicul de la Vocea Romaniei cu melodia 'Coconut Tree'!|publisher=[[Pro TV]]|date=17 December 2011|language=ro|accessdate=16 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108075037/http://www.protv.ro/stiri/vezi-cum-a-ridicat-mohombi-in-picioare-publicul-de-la-vocea-romaniei-cu-melodia-coconut-tree.html|archivedate=8 January 2012}}</ref> === Ọrụ ndị e mere mgbe e mesịrị === [[Usòrò:Mohombi_Moupondo_(1545).jpg|thumb|Mohombi na Amani Festival na 2022]] Na afọ 2014, Mohombi kpebiri ịhapụ Universal Music ma guzobe akara egwu nke ya, La Clique Music, wepụta abọm ya bụ Universe. A kpọrọ Mohombi na ọnwa Julaị bu ubochi nke afọ 2015 ka ọ nọchite anya ndị ntorobịa mba ya na nzukọ nke United Nations haziri na New York City. Ọ bụkwa onye otu ndị ọka ikpe nke 2015 Best of the Best All Stair season, nnukwu ihe ngosi nka na Democratic Republic of Congo. Na afọ 2015, Mohombi sonyeere Pitbull na "Baddest Girl in Town" na wisin. Na afọ 2016, Mohombi sonyeere Joey Montana na Picky (remix) na Akon. Na afọ 2016, Mohombi nwetakwara onyinye Grammy maka òkè ya na album Pitbull ''Dale'' maka ụdị: Best album of the year. O sonyere na Melodifestivalen 2019 na egwu "Hello", ebe o mere ya na njedebe ikpeazụ na nke ise.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dahlander|first=Gustav|url=https://blogg.svt.se/melodifestivalen-expertbloggen/artisterna-melodifestivalen-2019-hela-listan-s%C3%A5-blir-delt%C3%A4vlingarna/|title=Artisterna i Melodifestivalen 2019: Hela listan – så blir deltävlingarna|work=Gustavs expertblogg|publisher=[[Sveriges Television|SVT]]|language=sv|date=27 November 2018|accessdate=27 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127092702/https://blogg.svt.se/melodifestivalen-expertbloggen/artisterna-melodifestivalen-2019-hela-listan-s%C3%A5-blir-delt%C3%A4vlingarna/|archivedate=27 November 2018}}</ref> Na afọ 2020, o sonyere na Melodifestivalen 2020 na egwu "Winners".<ref>[https://www.expressen.se/noje/melodifestivalen/melodifestivalen-2020-allt-om-finalen-artisterna-och-latarna/ Allt om finalen: Artisterna och låtarna] Expressen Retrieved 27 February 2020</ref> O ruru na ngwụcha, ebe ọ gwụchara na ọnọdụ nke iri na abụọ, na-enweta ngụkọta nke akara 26.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/melodifestivalen/a/K39LxE/the-mamas-vinner-melodifestivalen-2020|title=The Mamas vinner Melodifestivalen 2020|author=Thornéus|first=Ebba|date=7 March 2020|work=[[Aftonbladet]]|language=sv|accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba 2022, Mohombi kwuputara ndoro-ndoro ochichi ya maka ntuli aka onye isi ala 2023 dika onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi nwere onwe ya.[https://web.archive.org/web/20230320163829/https://www.lemag.cd/actualite/2022/12/09/elections-2023-en-rdc-le-chanteur-mohombi-annonce-sa-candidature]. == Onyinye na nhọpụta == * Melodifestivalen 2005. * Na Kora Awards: ** Kora All African Music Awards 2003[isi iyi na-abụghị isi]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myspace.com/mohombi|title=Mohombi &#124; Gratis muziek, tourneedata, foto's, video's|publisher=Myspace.com|accessdate=14 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817191044/http://www.myspace.com/mohombi|archivedate=17 August 2011}}</ref> ** Kora All African Music Awards 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJ0GPydRUCw|title=|work=www.youtube.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211155514/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJ0GPydRUCw|archivedate=11 December 2010}}</ref> * 2008/2009: Kora All African Music Awards Onye a họpụtara 2009/2010 bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri / otu kachasị mma n'Africa. * MTV European Music Awards 2011 Nomination: Best Singer Swedish of the Year. * 2011: a họpụtara ya maka Swedish Grammis maka Bumpy Ride. * Latin Italian Music Awards 2015 〜 Mohombi meriri Latin Italian Music Award maka òkè ya na album Pitbull DALE . * U.S Grammy Award 2016 Asia Best Latin Album. Mohombi meriri grammy maka òkè ya na album Pitbull DALE . * Billboard Music Award 2016 〜 Mohombi meriri Billboard Award maka òkè ya na album Pitbull DALE . * Big Apple Music Award 2017 Asia Best African Act Awards. * N'afọ 2018: A họpụtara Mohombi maka Daf Bama Music Awards na ngalaba nke Best African Artist of the Year. * N'afọ 2018: A họpụtara Mohombi maka Latin Grammy Awards dị ka onye dere J Balvin album Vibras . * Melodifestivalen 2019. * 2019: Mohombi meriri ihe nrite na BMI Award 2019, na ngalaba: abụ Latin nke oge a nke afọ ịbụ onye na-ede egwu na aha Mi Gente nke J Balvin . * Melodifestivalen 2020. == Nkọwapụta == * MoveMeant (2011) * ''Eluigwe na Ala'' (2014) * Rumba 2.0 (2020) == Edensịbịa == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website {{Mohombi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1vw31xywok37vdgyunkhmsdv32t6hn8 0 18501 727978 95014 2026-09-25T17:56:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Lokua Kanza''' (a mụrụ ya n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1958) bụ onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu si [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] . A maara ya maka ụda ya dị egwu, folksy [nkọwa dị mkpa].<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=2003-07-12|title=Festival International Nuits D Afrique|page=66|work=The Gazette Canada|url=|accessdate=}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Lokua Kanza '''Pascal Lokua Kança''' na Bukavu na mpaghara Sud-Kivu, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Democratic Republic of Congo. Ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ, nna ya bụ Mongo na nne ya bụ Tutsi si [[Rwanda]]. N'afọ 1964, ezinụlọ ahụ gara biri na [[Kinshasa]] n'ógbè dị n'etiti, ruo ụbọchị nna Pascal, onye isi ụgbọ mmiri, nwụrụ. Nne ya kwagara n'ógbè dara ogbenye nke obodo ahụ, Pascal ga-arụkwa ọrụ iji nye ezinụlọ ahụ nri. Tinyere ịbụ abụ na ụka [nkọwa dị mkpa]. Lokua Kanza na-abụ abụ na French, Swahili, Lingala, Portuguese, na Bekee. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na The Voice Afrique Francophone n'afọ 2016 nakwa n'afọ 2017. == Nkọwapụta == * ''Lokua Kanza'' (1993, Universal) * ''Wapi'' Yo (1995, BMG) * ''3'' (1998, Universal) * ''Toyebi Te'' (2002, Universal) * ''Toto Bona Lokua'' (2004, No Format!) na Richard Bona & Gerald Toto * ''Ihe'' Na-adịkwa Ndụ (2005, Universal) * Nkolo (2010) == Hụkwa == * Egwú nke Democratic Republic of the Congo == Ebensidee == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060623155904/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/world/reviews/kanza_toyebi.shtml BBC World Music Review nke ''Toyebi Te''] {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cg462o0r0xo5zd2arnhqbtlvgneesph 0 18635 728040 90079 2026-09-26T00:30:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Meskerem Legesse''' (28 Septemba afọ 1986 wee ruo 15 Julaị afọ 2013) bụ onye Etiopia na-agba ọsọ ọsọ. O sonyere na mita 1,500 na 2004 Summer Olympics na Athens. Legesse ghọrọ ọkachamara ma sonye n'ọtụtụ ihe omume US n'ebe dị iche iche. O setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ ụwa nke ụmụaka na 800m ime ụlọ na oge nke 2:01.03 na Fayetteville, United States na 14 Febụwarị 2004. Na 2004 Olympics, ọ gbara ọsọ oge nke 4:18:03 (ebe nke iri na abụọ na okpomọkụ nke mbụ), ọ gakwaghị n'ihu na ihe nrite. Legesse biri na Westport, Connecticut ma ọ nọghị na Ethiopia ruo afọ itoolu, kemgbe afọ 2004. Ọ lara ezumike nká na ịgba ọsọ n'ihi ọnọdụ ọrịa obi.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Alex|author=Greig|title=Pregnant Olympian Meskerem Legesse dies in restaurant but her baby is saved|url=http://www.miaminewsday.com/national/14022-pregnant-olympian-meskerem-legesse-dies-in-restaurant-but-her-baby-is-saved.html|publisher=Miami Newsday|date=18 July 2013|accessdate=18 July 2013}}</ref> Legesse nwụrụ na mberede izu atọ tupu ya amụọ nwa. Ya na nwa ya nwoke dị afọ abụọ nọ mgbe ọ dara na 15 Julaị n'afọ 2013 na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ dị na Hamden, Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pregnant former Olympian collapses and dies in Connecticut, doctors save baby|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/07/18/pregnant-former-olympian-collapses-and-dies-in-connecticut-doctors-save-baby/|publisher=Fox News|date=18 July 2013|accessdate=18 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719033938/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/07/18/pregnant-former-olympian-collapses-and-dies-in-connecticut-doctors-save-baby/|archive-date=19 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ndị dọkịta nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzọpụta nwa ya a na-amụbeghị amụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meskerem Legesse collapses, dies|url=http://espn.go.com/olympics/trackandfield/story/_/id/9486152/pregnant-former-olympian-meskerem-legesse-dies-baby-saved|publisher=ESPN|date=18 July 2013|accessdate=18 July 2013}}</ref> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cl86ktyncsyaq6vfhq1k69cg4c7wsv9 0 19170 727957 140598 2026-09-25T16:11:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Leevi Aaltonen''' (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 24, 2001) bụ onye Finland na-agba bọọlụ ice hockey nke na-agbara otu KooKoo na Liiga. Ọ gbara bọọlụ asaa maka KalPa n'afọ 2018 na-enweghị ihe mgbaru ọsọ na otu enyemaka.<ref name="elite">{{Cite web|title=Leevi Aaltonen|url=https://www.eliteprospects.com/player/347570/leevi-aaltonen|accessdate=2019-06-24|publisher=Elite Prospects}}</ref> Ọ bụ New York Rangers dere ya na agba nke ise nke 2019 NHL Entry Draft onye nke otu narị na iri atọ na draft ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rangers GM Jeff Gorton feels good about his seven other picks in draft|accessdate=2019-06-24|publisher=Newsday|date=June 22, 2019|url=https://www.newsday.com/sports/hockey/rangers/jeff-gorton-kaapo-kakko-matthew-robertson-1.32780757|author=Stephenson, Colin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624022751/https://www.newsday.com/sports/hockey/rangers/jeff-gorton-kaapo-kakko-matthew-robertson-1.32780757|archive-date=2019-06-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Oge a na-eme mgbe niile na egwuregwu === {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; width:60em" ! colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ! colspan="5" |Oge a na-eme mgbe niile ! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ! colspan="5" |Egwuregwu ndị a na-eme n'egwuregwu |- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" !Oge !Otu !Njikọ !GP !G !A !Pts !PIM !GP !G !A !Pts !PIM |- |201617 |KalPa |Jr. A |2 |0 |0 |0 |2 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" |2017 18 |KalPa |Jr. A |34 |8 |13 |21 |4 |13 |2 |5 |7 |2 |- |201819 |KalPa |Jr. A |29 |12 |24 |36 |28 |6 |1 |2 |3 |31 |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" |201819 |KalPa |Liiga |7 |0 |1 |1 |0 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |- |201819 |IPK |Mestis |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" |201920 |KalPa |Liiga |45 |1 |6 |7 |4 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |- |201920 |KalPa |Jr. A |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" |201920 |IPK |Mestis |3 |2 |2 |4 |0 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |- |2020 21 |KalPa |Liiga |22 |1 |4 |5 |4 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" |2020 21 |KalPa |Jr. A |2 |1 |1 |2 |4 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |- |2020 21 |IPK |Mestis |5 |3 |3 |6 |0 |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" |2021 22 |KooKoo |Liiga |47 |6 |4 |10 |6 |16 |0 |1 |1 |4 |- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! colspan="3" |Ngụkọta nke Liiga !121 !8 !15 !23 !14 !16 !0 !1 !1 !4 |} {{MedalTableTop|name=}} {{MedalCountry|{{ihj|FIN}}}} {{MedalSport|[[Ice hockey]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[IIHF World U18 Championship|World U18 Championships]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2018 IIHF World U18 Championships|2018 Russia]]|}} {{MedalBottom}} === Mba ụwa === {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; width:40em" !Afọ !Otu !Ihe omume !Nsonaazụ ! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" | !GP !G !A !Pts !PIM |- |2016 |Finland |U17 |Nke asaa |5 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" |2017 |Finland |IH18 |Nke isii |4 |3 |2 |5 |0 |- |2017 |Finland |U17 |Nke isii |5 |1 |2 |3 |2 |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" |2018 |Finland |U18 | |7 |2 |0 |2 |2 |- |2018 |Finland |HG18 |Nke asaa |4 |0 |2 |2 |2 |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" |2019 |Finland |U18 |Nke asaa |5 |1 |4 |5 |2 |- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! colspan="4" |Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eto eto !30 !7 !10 !17 !8 |} == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or The Internet Hockey Database [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4c3ez0hz8xihf8jk3u5fe8ccy9l13y8 0 19174 728095 115733 2026-09-26T05:21:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728095 wikitext text/x-wiki == NDUFA2 == [[Usòrò:Protein NDUFA2 PDB 1s3a.png|thumb]] '''NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2''' bụ protein nke ''NDUFA2'' gene na-edepụta n'ime ahu ndi mmadụ.<ref name="pmid9763676">{{Cite journal|title=Mapping of the NDUFA2, NDUFA6, NDUFA7, NDUFB8, and NDUFS8 electron transport chain genes by intron based radiation hybrid mapping|journal=Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics|volume=82|issue=1–2|pages=114|date=Nov 1998|pmid=9763676|doi=10.1159/000015081}}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{Cite web|title=Entrez Gene: NDUFA2 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 2, 8kDa|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4695|access-date=2022-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824034331/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4695|archive-date=2022-08-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> hee1s65df5m4hlqv7tt7m3rdnw0yqpy 0 19276 728156 722907 2026-09-26T10:12:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nkhensani Manganyi''' (nke a makwaara dị ka '''Nkhensani Nkosi''') bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ejiji na mba South Africa. == Ọrụ == === Dị ka onye na-emepụta ejiji === N'afọ 2000, Manganyi malitere ụlọ ejiji Stoned Cherrie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2006/08/08/bella-naija-africa-fashion-week-day-1/|title=Africa Fashion Week – Day 1|publisher=[[Bella Naija]]|date=2006-08-08}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ hiwere nhiwe nwere ọkwa dị elu na South Africa maka iji ihe oyiyi nke ndị dike oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị ka ihe na-apụta ugboro ugboro na atụmatụ ya nke T-shirts na elu efe cutaway.<ref name="globe">{{Cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2003/10/14/south_african_protest_songs_find_different_themes/|title=South African Protest Songs Find Different Themes|publisher=[[Boston Globe]]|author=Mariam Jooma|date=2003-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072041/http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2003/10/14/south_african_protest_songs_find_different_themes/|archive-date=2016-03-04|access-date=2022-09-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> Otu n'ime ụdị elu efe nwoke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ a maara nke ọma gosipụtara mkpuchi sitere na magazin Drum na ihu onye na-emegide agwa ịkpa ókè agbụrụ bụStephen Biko, nke ndị ọrụ nchekwa steeti gburu na 1977, onye ihu ya ka bụ ihe nnọchianya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ike nke mmegide ịkpa oke agbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/europe/html/040419/kwaito.html|title=That's Kwaito Style|publisher=[[Time magazine]]|author=Simon Robinson|date=2004-04-11|archive-date=2010-05-16|access-date=2022-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516175357/http://www.time.com/time/europe/html/040419/kwaito.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọrụ ya gụnyekwara ihe eji eme anya na ihe eji eme ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/Archives/City-Press/Winning-Women-Renaissance-fashion-guru-20150430|title=Winning Women: Renaissance fashion guru|work=News24|accessdate=2017-03-08}}</ref> Ọ gaala gburugburu mba Afrịka dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ejiji Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/fashion/15web-fashion.html|title=Revealing New Layers of African Fashion|author=Trebay|first=Guy|date=2009-02-14|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2017-03-08}}</ref> Ihe oyiyi nke Manganyi, dị ka Nkhensani Nkosi, na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ya na Johannesburg gụnyere n'akwụkwọ ahụ, "Asụsụ nke Fashion Design" dị ka ihe atụ nke otu ndị na-emepụta ihe si emepụta nchịkọta ha.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGf4AgAAQBAJ&q=%22Nkhensani+Nkosi%22&pg=PT214|title=The Language of Fashion Design: 26 Principles Every Fashion Designer Should Know|author=Volpintesta|first=Laura|date=2014-02-01|publisher=Rockport Publishers|isbn=9781592538218|pages=213|language=en}}</ref> E gosipụtara ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ Nkosi na Fashion Institute of Technology dị ka akụkụ nke ngosi Black Fashion Designers site na ọnwa Disemba afọ 2016 ruo Mee afọ 2017<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2016/12/black-designers-finally-get-a-museum-exhibit.html|title=Black Designers Finally Get a Museum Exhibit|author=Peoples|first=Lindsay|work=The Cut|accessdate=2017-03-08|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fitnyc.edu/museum/exhibitions/black-fashion-designers.php|title=Black Fashion Designers {{!}} Fashion Institute of Technology|work=www.fitnyc.edu|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-09}}</ref> === Ime ihe nkiri na mgbasa ozi a ma ama === Ihe nkiri Manganyi gụnyere Legend of the Hidden City, ''Tarzan'': The Epic Adventures na Kickboxer 5. N'afọ 2003, Manganyi bụ onye ọka ikpe na South African run nke usoro telivishọn ''Popstars'' . O kwuru n'oge ahụ, sị: "N'oge gara aga, nkatọ nke (Pop Stars) nwere mmetụta siri ike nke America nwere ike ịdị mkpa, mana echere m na usoro ọhụrụ anyị enyerela aka ịgbanwe nke ahụ. ".<ref name="globe"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220903152706/http://www.stonedcherrie.co.za/background.html Cherrie e ji Nkume mee] * {{IMDb name|0542151}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f5cfilnuk1mcf6rbc56hk7fmpjeojm2 0 19439 728111 184197 2026-09-26T06:26:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728111 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:National Theatre Nigeria.jpg|thumb|National Theatre Nigeria]] Ụlọ ihe nkiri national theatre art, Nigeria bụ isi ebe maka nka na-eme ihe nkiri na Nigeria. [[Surulere|Ihe]] ncheta ahụ dị na Iganmu, Surulere, [[Lagos]]. E wuchara ya na 1976 iji kwadebe maka Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC) na afọ 1977. Enwere ike ịkọwa National Theatre of Nigeria dị ka ụlọ ntụrụndụ . Nchịkwa ya na-agba mbọ iru ebumnuche nke e guzobere National Theatre, n'ihe gbasara ngosi, nchekwa na nkwalite nke nka na ọdịbendị na Naịjirịa. Dị ka gọọmentị etiti na-azụ ahịa, ọ kpebisiri ike ịgbasawanye ikike ya site n'ịghọwanye ihe ọhụrụ na ihe egwu iji bụrụ ihe dị mkpa na ahịa asọmpi. == Nhazi == Amaritere ịlụ ogege national theatre art na oge Ọchịchị ndị agha nke General Yakubu Gowon malitere iwu ụlọ ihe nkiri National ma wuchaa ya n'oge ọchịchị ndị agha nke [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2021, ọtụtụ ndị na-elekọta ụlọ a nwere ndị isi dịka Jimmy Folorunso Atte (1991 August 1999), Prọfesọ Babafemi A. Osofisan (2000 2004), Dr. Ahmed Parker Yerima (2006 August 2009), Kabir Yusuf (2009 August 2016), George Ufot, (Late) Dr. (Mrs.) Stella Oyedepo, Prọfesọ Sunday Enessi Ododo, fsonta, FNAL. E mere mpụga ụlọ ihe nkiri kpụọ ma wuo ya ka ọ dị ka okpu agha. Na mbụ, o nwere ike inabata opekanpe mmadụ dika 5,000 nke nwere ikpo okwu na-ada ada, na ụlọ ihe nkiri abụọ nwere ike, nke niile nwere ihe owuwu maka ntụgharị asụsụ 8 n'otu oge; n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ụlọ ihe nkiri National, Naịjirịa bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ nke Bulgaria (Techno Exporstroy) haziri ma wuo ya. Alhaji Sule Katagum bụ onye nwe ya na onye isi oche ha. Ọ dị ka Obí nke Ọdịbendị na Egwuregwu na Varna, Bulgaria (e wuchara na 1968); National Theatre Lagos, Nigeria bụ nke ka ukwuu n'ime abụọ ahụ. Ebe ndị njem nleta a hụrụ n'anya nke ukwu maka omenala ọdịbendị na arụmọrụ n'etiti ndị ọzọ na-aga n'ihu ugbu a. == Arụmụka == N'afọ 2005, Onye isi ala [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] kwupụtara atụmatụ ime ka ụlọ ihe nkiri National Theatre bụrụ nke onwe. Nke a kpatara esemokwu n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe ntụrụndụ na ndị na-ede egwuregwu na Naijiria dị ka Wole Soyinka Na 30 Disemba N'afọ 2014, a kọrọ na ereela ụlọ ihe nkiri National na ụlọ ọrụ Dubai maka ego $ 40million, nakwa na a ga-agbanwe ụlọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ahịa na-enweghị ụtụ isi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1567074.stm|title=National theatre sale angers Nigerians|publisher=BBC|author=Eniwoke Ibagere|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/i-punch/controversy-surrounds-sale-of-national-theatre/|title=Controversy surrounds sale of National Theatre|publisher=Punch|date=30 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108221012/http://www.punchng.com/i-punch/controversy-surrounds-sale-of-national-theatre/|archivedate=8 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọdịdị na mgbasa ozi == * Ihe nkiri maka vidiyo "Keys to the Kingdom" na album anya [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyonce]] ''Black'' is King mere na National Arts Theatre, Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Paris|first=Amanda|title=7 African artists share their feelings on the glory — and missteps — of Beyoncé's Black is King|url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/7-african-artists-share-their-feelings-on-the-glory-and-missteps-of-beyonce-s-black-is-king-1.5677738|work=CBC}}</ref> * Burna Boy mere medley nke egwu ya "Level Up", "Onyeka" na "Ye" n'ihu na n'ime ụlọ ahụ, n'oge emume izizi nke 63rd Grammy Awards, na Machị 2, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=13 November 2021|date=14 March 2021|title=BURNA BOY: "LevelUp/Onyeka/Ye"-MEDLEY 63rd GRAMMY Awards Premiere Ceremony|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cmz5fRI0pWY|work=Recording Academy / GRAMMYs channel on YouTube}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị n'izu ahụ, abọm ya Twice as Tall meriri Grammy Award maka Best Global Music Album.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=13 November 2021|date=14 March 2021|title=2021 GRAMMY Awards Show Acceptance Speech: Burna Boy Wins Best Global Music Album|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/videos/burna-boy-wins-best-global-music-album-2021-grammy-awards-show-acceptance-speech|work=GRAMMY.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114025237/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/videos/burna-boy-wins-best-global-music-album-2021-grammy-awards-show-acceptance-speech|archive-date=14 November 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>  * * ==Foto ịmaatụ== <gallery> File:Art at Iganmu.jpg|[[Usòrò:The National Arts Theatre in Lagos (7099736099).jpg|thumb]] File:Amina of Zazzau.jpg File:National-arts-theatre-lagos-2.jpg File:Garden front of National Theater, Iganmu, Lagos.jpg </gallery> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1214362 Ụbọchị Afọ 77] c1vfallnwt96gaw4cls016fl9r6imu2 0 19621 728178 722938 2026-09-26T11:35:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728178 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Noah Cameron Schnapp''' (amụrụ ya n'October 3, 2004) bụ onye America na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/entertainment/celeb+birthdays+week/14852076/story.html|title=Celeb birthdays for the week of Oct. 1-7|work=Ottawa Citizen|accessdate=October 24, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025020936/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/entertainment/celeb+birthdays+week/14852076/story.html|archivedate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> Ọ nwetara nkwado maka igwu Will Byers na usoro egwu egwu sayensị sayensị Netflix Stranger Things . Ọrụ ihe nkiri ya gụnyere Roger Donovan na ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Steven Spielberg bụ Bridge of Spies (2015) na olu Charlie Brown na ''ihe nkiri'' The Peanuts Movie (2015). == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Schnapp na New York City, New York, nye Mitchell na Karine Schnapp (née Perez), a zụlitere ya na mpụga [[New York City|obodo]] ahụ n'obodo Scarsdale.<ref name="NHL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/canadiens/news/off-the-ice-with-noah-schnapp/c-292229434|title=Off the ice with... Noah Schnapp|author=Cudzinowski|first=Matt|date=October 27, 2017|work=[[NHL]]|accessdate=August 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163506/https://www.nhl.com/canadiens/news/off-the-ice-with-noah-schnapp/c-292229434|archive-date=June 19, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="scarsdale2015">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scarsdalenews.com/Scarsdale_Inquirer/11-13-15_SPOTLIGHT__Youre_a_good_man,_Noah_Schnapp.html|title=You're a good man, Noah Schnapp|author=bradlow|first=Lisa Coleman|date=November 13, 2015|work=The Scarsdale Inquirer|accessdate=August 1, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220141457/http://www.scarsdalenews.com/Scarsdale_Inquirer/11-13-15_SPOTLIGHT__Youre_a_good_man,_Noah_Schnapp.html|archivedate=December 20, 2018}}</ref> Schnapp bụ onye Juu ma nwee Bar Mitzvah ya na [[Israel]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stljewishlight.com/features/award-season-features-notable-jewish-actors-performers/article_9570ee34-fc6e-11e7-80af-67f22eb2b4a9.html|title=Award season features notable Jewish actors, performers|author=Bloom|first=Nate|date=January 18, 2018|work=[[St. Louis Jewish Light]]|accessdate=February 21, 2019|archivedate=May 25, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525210350/https://www.stljewishlight.com/features/award-season-features-notable-jewish-actors-performers/article_9570ee34-fc6e-11e7-80af-67f22eb2b4a9.html}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=First look & set report: Noah Schnapp in Michael Morpurgo adpation ''Waiting For Anya'' (exclusive)|url=https://www.thejc.com/culture/features/it-s-hard-to-be-famous-at-%EF%AC%81fteen-1.497033|date=May 15, 2018|work=Screen Daily|accessdate=May 15, 2020|archivedate=June 9, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609214803/https://www.thejc.com/culture/features/it-s-hard-to-be-famous-at-%EF%AC%81fteen-1.497033}}</ref> O nwere ejima.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stranger Things actor Noah Schnapp's age, net worth and twin revealed|url=https://www.capitalfm.com/news/tv-film/stranger-things/noah-schnapp-will-stranger-things-age/|work=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]]|accessdate=19 June 2022|language=en|date=3 July 2019}}</ref> O nwere nwa amaala Canada; nna ya bụ onye Juu Russia, ebe nne ya bụ onye ndị Juu Moroccan.<ref name="NHL" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jews in the News: Steven Spielberg, Sam Mendes and Lior Britton|publisher=Tampa Jewish Federation|url=https://www.jewishtampa.com/jews-in-the-news/jews-in-the-news-steven-spielberg-sam-mendes-and-lior-britton|accessdate=May 15, 2020|archivedate=July 4, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704054157/https://www.jewishtampa.com/jews-in-the-news/jews-in-the-news-steven-spielberg-sam-mendes-and-lior-britton}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/noah-schnapp/bio/3030547132/|title=Noah Schnapp}}</ref> Ọchịchọ Schnapp ime ihe malitere mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ ise mgbe ọ kiriri mmepụta Broadway nke ''Annie''.<ref name="Nededog">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/breakout-stars-of-netflixs-stranger-things-2016-9#-as-will-byers-2|title=Here's what the young breakout stars of Netflix's ''Stranger Things'' look like in real life|author=Nededog|first=Jethro|date=September 17, 2016|work=www.businessinsider.com|accessdate=August 1, 2018}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ime ihe nkiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na egwuregwu obodo.<ref name="scarsdale2015" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ 8, onye nkuzi ya na-eme ihe nkiri tụrụ aro ka ọ gbalịa ọrụ ọkachamara.<ref name="Nededog" /> Nne na nna Schnapp debanyere aha ya na mmemme ime ihe nkiri na Westchester's Star Kidz na onye nkuzi Alyson Isbrandtsen onye n'oge na-adịghị anya zigara ya na MKS&DNjikwa nkà maka ohere ọrụ.<ref name="scarsdale2015" /> == Ọrụ ya == === Ime ihe nkiri === Ihe nkiri izizi nke Schnapp bụ na ihe nkiri nke afọ 2015 nke nwetara ihe nrite Academy Award Bridge of Spies, nke Steven Spielberg duziri.<ref name="ET">{{Cite web|author=Herman|first=James Patrick|title=EXCLUSIVE: ''Stranger Things'' Star Noah Schnapp Talks Steven Spielberg, Justice for Barb and Season 2|url=http://www.etonline.com/features/197908_noah_schnapp_talks_stranger_things_steven_spielberg_and_barb/|accessdate=September 18, 2016|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=September 15, 2016}}</ref> Ọ na-eme Roger, nwa James B. Donovan. N'otu oge ahụ, Schnapp kwupụtara onye isi, Charlie Brown, na ''ihe nkiri'' animated The Peanuts Movie .<ref name="Nededog"/> O kwupụtakwara onye maka egwuregwu vidyo The Peanuts Movie: Snoopy's Grand Adventure .<ref name="btva">{{Cite web|title=Noah Schnapp (visual voices guide)|url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Noah-Schnapp/|work=Behind The Voice Actors|accessdate=May 5, 2021}}</ref> Ọganihu ya bịara na Julaị 2016, mgbe ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri dị ka Will Byers na usoro ''ihe'' nkiri telivishọn egwu sayensị Netflix Stranger Things .<ref name="deadline">{{Cite web|author=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title=Duffer Bros. Netflix Supernatural Drama Series Sets Young Cast, Gets Title|url=https://deadline.com/2015/08/duffer-bros-netflix-series-stranger-things-young-cast-1201502552/|accessdate=August 24, 2015|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=August 20, 2015}}</ref> A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri maka oge nke abụọ nke usoro ahụ, nke malitere na Ọktoba 27, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Brownstein|first=Bill|date=November 6, 2015|title=A chat with Noah Schnapp, the 11-year-old Montrealer who voices Charlie Brown in The Peanuts Movie|url=https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/movies/a-chat-with-noah-schnapp-the-11-year-old-montrealer-who-voices-charlie-brown-in-the-peanuts-movie|work=[[National Post]]}}</ref> Schnapp mekwara ihe nkiri onwe onye dịka ''Abe'' (2019) na Waiting for Anya (2020). Ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke Halloween nke afọ 2020 bụ ''Hubie Halloween'' . N'ọnwa Eprel 2022, Schnapp sonyeere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri The Tutor .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2022-04-13|title=Garrett Hedlund, Noah Schnapp, Victoria Justice And Jonny Weston To Star In ''The Tutor''|url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/garrett-hedlund-noah-schnapp-victoria-justice-jonny-weston-the-tutor-1235001867/|accessdate=2022-04-14|work=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọrụ ndị ọzọ === N'afọ 2019, ọ malitere ọwa YouTube n'aha nke ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 12, 2019|title=Noah Schnapp launches YouTube channel with the Dolan twins as first guests|url=https://www.popbuzz.com/tv-film/stranger-things/noah-schnapp-youtube-channel-dolan-twins/|accessdate=2022-06-12|work=PopBuzz|language=en}}</ref> Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike ruo otu afọ na ọkara, o mepụtara vlogs na ụdị ndụ vidiyo. Ka ọ na-erule June 2022, ọwa ahụ nwere nde mmadụ isi ihe anọ debanyere aha ma nweta nkiri mmadu otu narị nde na iri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Noah Schnapp - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/c/NoahSchnapp/about|accessdate=2022-06-12|work=www.youtube.com}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, Schnapp malitere To Be Honest (TBH), ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe oriri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our founder|url=https://www.snacktbh.com/pages/our-founder|accessdate=2022-02-17|work=Snack TBH|language=en|archivedate=2022-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217225644/https://www.snacktbh.com/pages/our-founder}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Yu|first=Douglas|title=''Stranger Things'' Actor Noah Schnapp Takes On Nutella With New Snacking Company TBH|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/douglasyu/2021/10/25/stranger-things-actor-noah-schnapp-takes-on-nutella-with-new-snacking-company-tbh/|accessdate=2022-02-17|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> == Omume Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ihe edeturu ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |  |- |2015 |''Àkwà Mmiri nke Ndị Nledo'' |Roger Donovan | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/noah-schnapp-interview-what-will-from-stranger-things-did-next-sthl9270z|title=Noah Schnapp interview — what Will from Stranger Things did next|author=Alex O'Connell|date=February 18, 2020|work=[[The Times]]|accessdate=April 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314155751/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/noah-schnapp-interview-what-will-from-stranger-things-did-next-sthl9270z|archivedate=March 14, 2020}}</ref> |- |2015 |''Ihe nkiri Peanuts'' |Charlie Brown (olu) | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141127005023/en/PEANUTS-MOVIE-Cast-Announced|title=THE PEANUTS MOVIE Cast Announced|author=Nathan Marcy|date=November 27, 2014|work=[[Business Wire]]|accessdate=April 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707180139/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141127005023/en/PEANUTS-MOVIE-Cast-Announced|archivedate=July 7, 2019}}</ref> |- |2018 |''Naanị Ihe Anyị Amaara Ihe Dị Mkpa'' |Otis Copeland | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/matthewhuff/stranger-things-cast-where-to-watch|title=Watch These Movies Starring The "Stranger Things" Cast While You Wait For Season 4|author=Matthew Huff|date=April 2, 2021|work=[[BuzzFeed]]|accessdate=April 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425030348/https://www.buzzfeed.com/matthewhuff/stranger-things-cast-where-to-watch|archivedate=April 25, 2021}}</ref> |- |2018 |''Akụkọ ifo nke Hallowaiian'' |Kai (olu) | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/325119/kings-hawaiian-bows-animated-feature-film-voiced.html|title=King's Hawaiian Bows Animated Feature Film Voiced By Stars|author=Karlene Lukovitz|date=September 14, 2018|work=Media Post|accessdate=April 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308114052/https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/325119/kings-hawaiian-bows-animated-feature-film-voiced.html|archivedate=March 8, 2021}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Abe'' |Abe | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/04/abe-review-stranger-things-noah-schnapp-foodie-1202225584/|title=''Abe'' Review: ''Stranger Things'' Star Noah Schnapp Leads Foodie Drama with Too Many Flavors|author=Jude Dry|date=April 17, 2020|work=[[IndieWire]]|accessdate=April 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125170455/https://www.indiewire.com/2020/04/abe-review-stranger-things-noah-schnapp-foodie-1202225584/|archivedate=November 25, 2020}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Na-echere Anya'' |Jo | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/feb/20/waiting-for-anya-review-anjelica-huston-jean-reno-michael-morpurgo|title=Waiting for Anya review – soapy second world war melodrama|author=Michael Morpurgo|date=February 20, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=April 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020083903/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/feb/20/waiting-for-anya-review-anjelica-huston-jean-reno-michael-morpurgo|archivedate=October 20, 2020}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Hubie Halloween'' |Tommy | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/adam-sandler-kevin-james-julie-bowen-maya-rudolph-netflix-comedy-1202650376/|title=Adam Sandler Sets Next Netflix Comedy With All-Star Cast Including Kevin James, Julie Bowen, Maya Rudolph & Many More|author=Amanda N'Duka|date=July 22, 2020|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=April 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128012734/https://deadline.com/2019/07/adam-sandler-kevin-james-julie-bowen-maya-rudolph-netflix-comedy-1202650376/|archivedate=November 28, 2020}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Ònye ka Ị bụ, Charlie Brown?'' |Onwe ya |Ihe nkiri | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Who Are You, Charlie Brown?'': Apple To Celebrate Peanuts Characters, Creator Charles M. Shulz With Documentary Special|url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/who-are-you-charlie-brown-peanuts-charles-schulz-apple-celebrate-documentary-special-1234769114/|work=Deadline}}</ref> |- |TBD |''Onye nkuzi'' | |Mgbe emechara ya | |} === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ihe edeturu ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |  |- |2016–2025 |''Ihe Ndị A Na-amaghị Ama'' |Will Byers |Ọrụ a na-eme ugboro ugboro (oge 1), ọrụ bụ isi (oge 2 ugbu a) | |- |2017 |''Agha Nkwekọrịta egbugbere ọnụ'' |Onwe ya |Ihe omume: "Ndị na-eme ihe ndị dị ịtụnanya" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Prudom|first=Laura|date=May 26, 2017|title=The ''Stranger Things'' kids rocked ''Lip Sync Battle'' so hard, everyone else should probably give up|url=https://mashable.com/2017/05/26/lip-sync-battle-stranger-things-video-watch/|accessdate=March 6, 2019|work=Mashable}}</ref> |- |2018 |''Liza na-achọ'' |Evan / Trevor |Ihe omume 2 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liza on Demand season 2 trailer teases guest stars Noah Schnapp, Josh Peck, and more|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/liza-demand-season-2-trailer-153000294.html|work=Yahoo! Entertainment}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Sharks ndị ọzọ'' |Onwe ya |TV pụrụ iche (Shark Week) |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shark Week streaming guide: How to watch Shark Week 2022|url=https://www.livescience.com/shark-week-streaming-guide|work=Live Science}}</ref> |} === Vidio egwu === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Onye na-ese ihe ! scope="col" |  |- |2016 |"Onye na-efe ofufe" |Egwu! na Disco |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Noah Schnapp is in Panic! at the Disco's ''LA Devotee'' music video|url=https://www.popbuzz.com/tv-film/features/noah-schnapp/brendon-urie-panic-at-the-disco/|work=Popbuzz|accessdate=2022-09-12|archivedate=2022-08-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824234917/https://www.popbuzz.com/tv-film/features/noah-schnapp/brendon-urie-panic-at-the-disco/}}</ref> |- |2018 |"N'ime Mmetụta M" |Drake |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drake's ''In My Feelings'' Video: All the Celeb Cameos|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/drake-drizzy-scorpion-in-my-feelings-video-all-the-celeb-cameos-8468575/|work=Billboard}}</ref> |- |2020 |"Ghụ Gị" |Johnny Orlando |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Johnny Orlando Releases Timely New Single and Video With "See You"|url=https://www.umusic.ca/press-releases/johnny-orlando-releases-timely-new-single-and-video-with-see-you/|work=UMusic|accessdate=2022-09-12|archivedate=2022-08-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819132910/https://www.umusic.ca/press-releases/johnny-orlando-releases-timely-new-single-and-video-with-see-you/}}</ref> |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ndị Noah Schnapp nwetara ! scope="col" |Ihe nrite ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Ụdị ! scope="col" |Ọrụ ! scope="col" style="width:8%;" |Nsonaazụ ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ref. |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Gold Derby Awards | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'afọ |Ọdịdị | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Montgomery|first=Daniel|title=2018 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations: ''This is Us'', ''Gianni Versace'' and ''The Handmaid's Tale'' lead the way|url=https://www.goldderby.com/article/2018/2018-gold-derby-tv-awards-nominations-this-is-us-news-319750682/|accessdate=July 11, 2019|work=Gold Derby|publisher=Gold Derby|date=July 26, 2018}}</ref> |- |Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma |''Ihe Ndị A Na-amaghị Ama'' | {{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |MTV Movie &amp;amp; TV Awards | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Egwuregwu Egwu Kasị Mma |''Ihe Ndị A Na-amaghị Ama'' | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/3080111/noah-schnapp-movie-tv-awards-speech|title=Noah Schnapp Takes His Shot With Zendaya During His Acceptance Speech|archive-date=2019-07-11|access-date=2022-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711225255/http://www.mtv.com/news/3080111/noah-schnapp-movie-tv-awards-speech/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Ndị otu kachasị mma na ihuenyo |''Ihe Ndị A Na-amaghị Ama'' | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/mtv-movie-tv-awards-2018-winners-black-panther-stranger-things-a8405521.html|title=MTV Movie & TV Awards 2018 winners: Stranger Things and Black Panther dominate|date=June 19, 2018}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Ihe nrite nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |Egwuregwu Pụrụ Iche nke Otu Ndị Jikọrọ Aka na Drama Series |''Ihe Ndị A Na-amaghị Ama'' | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" | |- | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Egwuregwu Pụrụ Iche nke Otu Ndị Jikọrọ Aka na Drama Series |''Ihe Ndị A Na-amaghị Ama'' | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gonzalez|first=Sandra|title=The full list of the 2018 SAG Awards nominees|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/13/entertainment/sag-awards-nominations/index.html|accessdate=January 24, 2018|work=CNN|publisher=CNN|date=January 17, 2018}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;" |2020 |Egwuregwu Pụrụ Iche nke Otu Ndị Jikọrọ Aka na Drama Series |''Ihe Ndị A Na-amaghị Ama'' | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 26th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards|url=https://www.sagawards.org/nominees-and-recipients/26th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards|accessdate=August 6, 2020|work=[[Screen Actors Guild]]|date=January 19, 2020}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Onyinye Nhọrọ Ndị Ntorobịa | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |Nhọrọ Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na TV n'oge ọkọchị |Ọdịdị | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Swift|first=Andy|title=Teen Choice Awards: Stranger Things Leads Final Wave of 2019 Nominations|url=https://tvline.com/2019/07/08/teen-choice-awards-nominees-2019-stranger-things-full-list-nominations/|work=TVLine|accessdate=July 19, 2019|date=July 8, 2019|archivedate=July 8, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708201032/https://tvline.com/2019/07/08/teen-choice-awards-nominees-2019-stranger-things-full-list-nominations/}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Onyinye Ndị Na-eto Eto Na-eme Ihe Osise | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |Egwuregwu Kasị Mma na Digital TV Series ma ọ bụ Film na-eto eto na-eme ihe nkiri |''Ihe Ndị A Na-amaghị Ama'' | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} {{MTV Movie Award for Best Scared-As-Shit Performance}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 30o5ogfduuuqyrg1pcherla2chhlz9u 0 19624 728124 207400 2026-09-26T07:11:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nke a bụ ndepụta nke nkịta amụrụ site mmekorita n'ụdị nkịta ọzọ. Ndị a bụ nkịta amụrụ site na mmekọrịta n'ụdị nkịta ọzọ nke e ji ụma mepụta site na ịgwakọta nkịta abụọ dị ọcha. A maara ụfọdụ dị ka nkịta ndị na-emepụta ihe ma zụlite ha dị ka nkụ ibe, a na-enyekarị aha portmanteau sitere na nke nne na nna; a na-azụ ndị ọzọ iji jikọta àgwà ọrụ ụfọdụ dị na nne na nna.{{Clear}} {| class="wikitable" !Aha !Foto !Ụdị nne na nna na ihe edeturu |- |Nkịta ọhịa America |[[Usòrò:Staghound.jpg|100x100px]] |Cross nke ụdị dị iche iche nke sighthound; zụlitere na United States dị ka nkịta ịchụ nta. |- |Ụgbọ mmiri |[[Usòrò:Beagliers_love_a_good_walk.JPG|100x100px]] |Cross of a Beagle and a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel; nke mbụ kpachapụrụ anya zụlite na 1990s site n'aka ndị na-azụ nkịta na Australia dị ka nkịta ibe na ebumnuche nke ibelata ịchụ nta na-esi ísì ụtọ nke a na-ahụkarị na Beagles. |- |Cavoodle ma ọ bụ Cavapoo |[[Usòrò:Cavoodle_Buffy.jpg|133x133px]] |Cross nke Cavalier King Charles Spaniel na Poodle; nke mbụ kpachapụrụ anya zụlite site n'aka ndị na-azụ nkịta na Australia dị ka nkịta ibe nwere àgwà yiri nke Cockapoo, mana na obere nha. |- | Chiweenie |[[Usòrò:Hair_length_variations_among_Chiweenies.jpg|100x100px]] |Obe nke Chihuahua na Dachshund.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/dogs-101/videos/chiweenie|title=Dogs 101: Chiweenie|author=|first=|date=|work=[[Animal Planet]]|publisher=|accessdate=June 19, 2021|quote=}}</ref> |- | Chorkie |[[Usòrò:3-fully-vaccinated-chorkie-puppies-for-sale.jpg|100x100px]] |Cross nke Chihuahua na Yorkshire Terrier. [1] |- | Chug |[[Usòrò:Lucy_the_Chug.jpg|133x133px]] |Obe nke Chihuahua na Pug. [1] |- |Cockapoo |[[Usòrò:Cockapoo_apricot_standing.jpg|100x100px]] |Cross nke Cocker Spaniel na Miniature Poodle; [1] zụlitere dị ka nkịta ibe. |- |Cojack |[[Usòrò:Cojack.jpg|frameless|100x100px]] |Cross nke Jack Russel Terrier na Pembroke Welsh Corgi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cojack {{!}} Dog Breed Facts and Information - Wag! Dog Walking|url=https://wagwalking.com/breed/cojack|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=WagWalking|language=en}}</ref> |- | Daniff | |Cross nke Great Dane na Mastiff. |- |Dorgi |[[Usòrò:Young_dorgi.jpg|100x100px]] |Cross nke Dachshund na Pembroke Welsh Corgi; [1] a zụlitere ha na mbụ mgbe otu n'ime Queen Elizabeth's Corgis na Pipkin, Dachshund nke bụ nke Princess Margaret; Queen hụrụ ha na-adọrọ mmasị nke na a haziri ọtụtụ mmekọrịta ndị ọzọ. [2] |- |Nkịta ọhịa Eurohound |[[Usòrò:Eurohound.jpg|100x100px]] |Cross nke Alaska Husky na Pointers dị iche iche. |- |Feist |[[File:Feist_dog_looking_up.jpg|133x133px]] |Cross nke Greyhound ma ọ bụ Whippet na ụdị Terrier ụfọdụ. A zụlitere ya na United States dị ka nkịta Squirrel ma ọ bụ ratter.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Feist or Fiction? The Squirrel Dog of the Southern Mountains|first=Donald|author=Davis|volume=26|date=1992|pages=193–201}} {{Cite journal|title=Introduction to the Treeing Feist: a squirrel dog breed history|first=Marcus B.|author=Gray|date=November–December 2007}}</ref> |- |Shepsky nke Gerberian |[[Usòrò:Dolce_sc2.jpg|116x116px]] |Cross nke onye ọzụzụ atụrụ German na onye Siberian Husky; [1] ọ nwere ntị kwụ ọtọ nke onye ọzụzụ ehi German na agba uwe elu na uwe elu siri ike nke onye Siberian husky, ihu na ihe nkpuchi dị obosara. [2] |- |Goldador |[[Usòrò:Goldador_dog_Holly.jpg|100x100px]] |Cross of a Golden Retriever na a Labrador Retriever; e jirila ihe atụ mee ihe dị ka nkịta nduzi, nkịta ọchụchọ na nnapụta, na nkịta nchọpụta ọgwụ, yana nkịta ibe. |- |Goldendoodle |[[Usòrò:Goldendoodle_standing.jpg|100x100px]] |Cross of a Golden Retriever and a Poodle. [1] A zụlitere ya dị ka nkịta ibe, ndị na-azụ nkịta na Australia na United States malitere ịkpachara anya na-agafe Golden Retrievers na Standard Poodles na 1990s dị ka ihe ọzọ na Labradoodle. [2] [3] |- | Jackabee |[[Usòrò:Nigel03.jpg|100x100px]] |Cross nke Jack Russell Terrier na Beagle. [1] |- | Jack Tzu |[[Usòrò:Jack_Tzu.jpg|178x178px]] |Cross nke Jack Russell Terrier na Shih Tzu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.designerbreedregistry.com/recognized_breeds_j_l.html|title=Designer Breed Registry (DBR)|access-date=2022-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206105730/https://www.designerbreedregistry.com/recognized_breeds_j_l.html|archive-date=2022-12-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Ikpe |[[Usòrò:Jug_dog_Albert.jpg|133x133px]] |Cross nke Jack Russell Terrier na Pug. [1] |- |Nkịta Kangaroo |[[Usòrò:Kangaroo_Greyhound_from_1915.JPG|100x100px]] |Cross nke ụdị dị iche iche nke sighthound; zụlitere na Australia maka ikike ịchụ nta. [1] |- |Labradoodle |[[Usòrò:Labradoodle-male-australian-9-months.jpg|144x144px]] |Cross of a Labrador Retriever and a Poodle; [1] nke mbụ a zụlitere na [[Ostraliya|Australia]] na 1980s na olileanya nke ịmepụta nkịta nduzi dabara adaba maka ndị kpuru ìsì na-adịghị anabata ntutu nkịta; ugbu a nkịta enyi a ma ama. [2] |- |Nnukwu nkịta |[[Usòrò:Longdog.jpg|frameless|100x100px]] |Cross nke ụdị dị iche iche nke sighthound; zụlitere na British Isles dị ka nkịta ịchụ nta. |- |Onye na-agba ọsọ |[[Usòrò:Lurcher_Image_003.jpg|frameless|100x100px]] |Dị ka omenala si dị obe nke Collie na Greyhound, mana ọ nwere ike ịbụ nkịta ọ bụla na-azụ atụrụ (gụnyere Rhodesian Ridgeback) ma ọ bụ terrier na-agafe na sighthound; zụlitere na British Isles dị ka nkịta na-achụ nta. |- |Mal-shi |[[Usòrò:Maltzu-abby.jpg|100x100px]] |Cross nke Maltese na Shih Tzu; nke mbụ kpachapụrụ anya zụlite site n'aka ndị na-azụ nkịta na Australia na 1990s dị ka nkịta ibe. |- |Maltipoo |[[Usòrò:Maltipoo_Dog_-_Poodle_Maltese_Mix_Breed.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Maltipoo_Dog_-_Poodle_Maltese_Mix_Breed.jpg/100px-Maltipoo_Dog_-_Poodle_Maltese_Mix_Breed.jpg|alt=|áká_èkpè|frameless|100x100px]] |Cross nke Maltese na Poodle [1] |- |Ugwu Cur |[[Usòrò:Mtncur.png|100x100px]] |Nkịta na-achụ nta maka squirrels na raccoons, cross breed.<ref name="Smith2002">{{Cite book|first=Steve|author=Smith|title=The Encyclopedia of North American Sporting Dogs: Written by Sportsmen for Sportsmen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4FnXfnoc-IC&pg=PA222|date=1 September 2002|publisher=[[Willow Creek Press]]|isbn=978-1-57223-501-4|pages=222–223}}</ref> |- |Peekapoo |[[Usòrò:Female_pekeapoo.jpg|100x100px]] |Cross nke Pekingese na Poodle. |- |Pomchi |[[Usòrò:Hitomi_the_Pomchi.jpg|100x100px]] |Cross nke Pomeranian na Chihuahua, a zụlitere Pomchi dị ka obere nkịta; ịdị elu na-adịkarị site na 6 ruo 9 sentimita (15.2 ruo 22.9 ) na ịdị arọ 2 ruo 5 pound (0.9 ruo 2.3 ), ọ nwere ike ịbụ agba ọ bụla siri ike ma ọ bụ agba. |- |Ịgbagharị |[[Usòrò:Charlie_the_Puggle.jpg|100x100px]] |Cross of a Pug and a Beagle. [1] A zụlitere Puggles dị ka nkịta ibe na 1990s na United States, ebe ha ka na-ewu ewu; ha na-adịkarị 13á15 in (33á38 ) n'ịdị elu na 18á30 lb (8.2á13.6 kg) . [2] |- |Schnoodle |[[Usòrò:SchnoodleTopNEW.JPG|100x100px]] |Cross nke Schnauzer na Poodle; [1] zụlitere dị ka nkịta ibe site na 1980s gaa n'ihu, enwere ike zụlite ha site na Miniature, Standard ma ọ bụ Giant Schnauzers jikọtara ya na Toy, Miniature ma ọ bụ Standard Poodles; ụmụ ahụ dịgasị iche iche n'ibu dabere na ụdị nne na nna dị iche iche zụliere. [2] |- | Sheepadoodle |[[Usòrò:Sheepadoodle.JPG|133x133px]] |Cross nke Old English Sheepdog na Poodle. [1] |- |Shih-poo |[[Usòrò:Shihpoo.jpg|133x133px]] |Cross nke Shih Tzu na Poodle; [1] zụlitere dị ka nkịta ibe ya na ohere nke ọ na-eketa uwe hypoallergenic; ịdị elu dị site na 9 ruo 14 sentimita (23 ruo 36 ) na ịdị arọ dị site na 9 ruo 16 (4.1 ruo 7.3 kg). [2] [3] |- |Springador | |Obe nke Springer Spaniel na Labrador Retriever, a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe dị ka gundogs; ịdị elu dị site na 18 ruo 22 sentimita (46 ruo 56 ) na ịdị arọ dị site na 45 ruo 90 pound (20 ruo 41 ). [1] |- |Texas Heeler |[[Usòrò:Ziggy_Lucero_Sessoms_3.11.JPG|133x133px]] |Cross nke nkịta ehi nke Australia (aka. |- |Westiepoo |[[Usòrò:Westiepoo_age_7.jpg|112x112px]] |Cross nke West Highland White Terrier na Poodle. |- |Yorkiepoo |[[Usòrò:Yorkipoo.jpg|100x100px]] |Cross of a Yorkshire Terrier and a Poodle; [1] zụlitere dị ka nkịta ibe; Yorkiepoo, n'agbanyeghị ọdịiche, bụ otu n'ime obere poodle crossbreeds nke ndị na-azụ nkịta mepụtara. [2] |- |Zuchon |[[Usòrò:Zuchon.jpg|100x100px]] |Cross nke Shih Tzu na Bichon Frisé; zụlitere dị ka nkịta ibe. [1] |- |} == Hụkwa ihe ọzọ == * Ndepụta nke ụdị nkịta * Mongrel == Edensibia == === Ihe ndị e kwuru === {{Reflist}} 7nvfapg5smhnqi7y8mvhic8ud5um4j2 0 19967 727946 722157 2026-09-25T14:59:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Lagos Rail Mass Transit bụ usoro njem ngwa ngwa a na-emepe ma na-ewu na [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] State.<ref name="LAMATA" /> Ọ bụ Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA) na-elekọta usoro ụgbọ okporo ígwè ahụ.<ref name="LAMATA">{{Cite web|title=Lagos Rail Mass Transit|url=http://www.lamata-ng.com/rail_services.php|publisher=[[Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority]]|year=2015|accessdate=September 23, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201131312/http://www.lamata-ng.com/rail_services.php|archivedate=December 1, 2016}}</ref> Ngwá ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè gụnyere ike eletrik, mgbaàmà, ihe na-agagharị agagharị, na ngwá ọrụ nchịkọta ụgbọ ala ga-enye site na ngalaba onwe n'okpuru nkwekọrịta nkwenye. LAMATA na-ahụ maka ntụziaka iwu, iwu, na akụrụngwa maka netwọk ahụ. Akụkụ mbụ nke netwọk ahụ, Phase I nke Blue Line, e bu ụzọ hazie ka a rụchaa ya na afọ 2011, ọ bụ ezie na owuwu ahụ enweela ọtụtụ igbu oge n'ihi ụkọ ego na mgbanwe gọọmentị. N'ọnwa Febụwarị na afọ 2021, Gọọmentị Steeti Lagos kwupụtara na Blue na Red Lines ga-emeghe na Disemba, na afọ 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nairametrics.com/2021/02/25/lagos-says-blue-red-rail-lines-will-be-ready-by-december-2022/|title=Lagos says blue, red rail lines will be ready by December 2022|date=February 25, 2021}}</ref> == Usoro iheomume == * 2008: A na-atụ aro ụgbọ oloko maka [[Lagos]], nke a na-ekwu na ọ ga-agwụ na 2011. * 2009: A malitere iwu ya na Blue Line.<ref name="LAMATA"/> * 2016: Nzọụkwụ I (Blue Line site na Marina ruo Mile 2) mere atụmatụ imeghe na Disemba 2016. * 2018: Mgbe nyocha Alstom nke ọrụ ahụ gasịrị, Phase I (Blue Line site na Marina ruo Mile 2) ga-emeghe ugbu a na 2021. * 2021: Gọọmentị Lagos Steeti mara ọkwa na Blue na Red Lines ga-emeghe na Disemba 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nairametrics.com/2021/02/25/lagos-says-blue-red-rail-lines-will-be-ready-by-december-2022/|title=Lagos says blue, red rail lines will be ready by December 2022|date=February 25, 2021}}</ref> * 2022, Jenụwarị: LAMATA zụrụ ụgbọ oloko abụọ nke Talgo VIII. Echiche nke ịzụlite njem ngwa ngwa na [[Ȯra Lagos|steeti Lagos]], malitere na 1983 na netwọk Lagos Metroline nke Alhaji Lateef Jakande chepụtara n'oge nke abụọ nke Naịjirịa Republic.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gbenga Salau|date=July 26, 2016|url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/30-years-after-lagos-metroline-still-work-in-progress/|title=30 years after… Lagos Metroline still work in progress|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5UPAQAAMAAJ|title=Nigeria and France, 1960-1995: The Dilemma of Thirty-five Years of Relationship|author=Bola A. Akinterinwa|publisher=Indiana University (Vantage)|year=1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwa3AAAAIAAJ|title=Infrastructure development and urban facilities in Lagos, 1861-2000 Volume 15 of Occasional publication|author=Ayodeji Olukoju|publisher=Institut français de recherche en Afrique, University of Ibadan|year=2003|isbn=978-9-788-0250-54}}</ref><ref name="April14">{{Cite news|title=Turning Lagos Into a Megacity|work=PM News|date=April 14, 2004}}</ref> [[Muhammadu Buhari]] kwụsịrị ọrụ Metroline mbụ na 1985 na mfu nke ihe karịrị $ 78 nde nye ndị na-akwụ ụtụ isi steeti.<ref name="January24">{{Cite news|author=Farukanmi|first=Olorunnimbe|title=Battle of Generals|work=Vanguard|date=January 24, 2003}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, gọvanọ nke oge ahụ, [[Bola Tinubu]], weghachiri netwọk ụgbọ okporo ígwè maka [[Ȯra Lagos|steeti Lagos]] site na ọkwa ọkwa iwu ya.<ref name="December3">{{Cite news|author=Momodu|first=Shaka|title=Lagos Launches $135m Rail System|work=This Day|date=December 3, 2003}}</ref> A tụpụtara ego mbụ $ 135 nde maka nnukwu Lagos Urban Transportation Project nke ụlọ ọrụ Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA) nke e guzobere ọhụrụ ga-emejuputa.<ref name="December3" /> LAMATA na mbụ lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta usoro Bus Rapid Transit, na-agba site na Mile 12 ruo Lagos Island. N'afọ 2008, LAMATA nwere ọganihu na ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, na-elekwasị anya na Blue Line na Red Line. == Ngwongwo na-agbagharị == [[Usòrò:2lineslagos2.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/2lineslagos2.jpg/275px-2lineslagos2.jpg|thumb|275x275px|Akara na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, akara uhie, ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè na ọdụ ụgbọ elu]] [[Usòrò:Talgo_VIII_at_Portland_Union_Station,_September_2019.JPG|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Talgo_VIII_at_Portland_Union_Station%2C_September_2019.JPG/220px-Talgo_VIII_at_Portland_Union_Station%2C_September_2019.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|"Talgo VIII" (ma ọ bụ "Talgo 8") ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Ihe atụ e sere na ya sitere na Amtrak Cascades]] Na Septemba 2011, LAMATA kwupụtara na ọ ga-enweta ụfọdụ ụgbọ oloko H5-series nke Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) ji mee ihe. A ga-edozi ụgbọ ala ndị ahụ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] ma gbanwee ha ka ha bụrụ ọkọlọtọ tupu ebubata ha ma tinye ha n'ọrụ na Blue na Red. Otu nkwekọrịta ahụ gụnyekwara nhọrọ maka ụfọdụ ụgbọ ala ụgbọ oloko H6-series site na TTC, agbanyeghị nke a kagburu kemgbe.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Tess|author=Kalinowski|title=TTC subway cars bound for Nigeria|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/transportation/article/1049970--ttc-subway-cars-bound-for-nigeria|work=[[Toronto Star]]|date=September 6, 2011|accessdate=December 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Eko Rail's Trains Begin Journey to Lagos|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/eko-rails-trains-begin-journey-to-lagos-130627418.html|work=[[PR Newswire]]|date=September 27, 2011|accessdate=December 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2009/May_28_2009/Reports/Sale_of_Surplus_Asse.pdf|title=Report on sales of surplus assets|publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]]|date=May 28, 2009|accessdate=June 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.railjournal.com/newsflash/first-subway-cars-leave-toronto-for-lagos-1333.html|title=First subway cars leave Toronto for Lagos|journal=[[International Railway Journal]]|date=September 28, 2011|accessdate=June 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003100612/http://www.railjournal.com/newsflash/first-subway-cars-leave-toronto-for-lagos-1333.html|archive-date=October 3, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> E wuru ụgbọ oloko ndị ahụ dị ka ndị di na nwunye<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nigeriansabroadlive.com/lagos-settles-for-refurbished-subway-cars-for-its-light-rail-project/|title=Lagos settles for refurbished subway cars for its light rail project|work=[[Nigerians Abroad]]|date=May 11, 2011|accessdate=June 14, 2013|quote=Subway cars — equivalent of trains — are series of connected railroad cars used for intra city (urban) transportation, usually underground and operated by electricity.}}</ref> abụọ nwere onye ọkwọ ụgbọala n'ihu aka nri nke ụgbọ ala ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cptdb.ca/wiki/index.php?title=Toronto_Transit_Commission_5670-5807|title=Toronto Transit Commission 5670-5807|publisher=Canadian Public Transit Discussion Board|accessdate=June 14, 2013|archivedate=June 14, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614080606/http://cptdb.ca/wiki/index.php?title=Toronto_Transit_Commission_5670-5807}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị, na afọ 2015, LAMATA họọrọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị China rụrụ kama, na-enye iwu 15 electro-diesel multiple units site na CNR Dalian na nhọrọ maka 14 ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackborderbuild.com/nigeria-updates/lamata-opts-for-chinese-trains-for-the-lagos-light-rail|title=LAMATA opts for Chinese Trains for the Lagos Light Rail|publisher=Black Border Build|date=January 11, 2015|accessdate=September 22, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925120446/http://www.blackborderbuild.com/nigeria-updates/lamata-opts-for-chinese-trains-for-the-lagos-light-rail|archivedate=September 25, 2015}}</ref> Ihe dị ka ụgbọala H5 76 nke e bugara maka nrụzigharị na Buffalo, [[New York City|New York]], ka a tụfuru n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cptdb.ca/wiki/index.php?title=Hawker_Siddeley_Canada_H5|title=Hawker Siddeley Canada H5|work=Canadian Public Transit Discussion Board|accessdate=September 22, 2015|archivedate=September 25, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925101147/http://cptdb.ca/wiki/index.php?title=Hawker_Siddeley_Canada_H5}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Pendular.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pendular.jpg/220px-Pendular.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụkpụrụ ọrụ nke ụgbọ ala "Pendular" (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ: ike ndọda, ọbara ọbara: ike centrifugal na curve, acha anụnụ anụnụ: ike na-esi na ya apụta)]] N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, na afọ 2018, LAMATA bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na Alstom. Dị ka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta ahụ, Alstom mere nyocha nke ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Mgbe nyocha nke ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ahụ, nke kwesịrị ịmalite ọrụ ndị njem, gọọmentị steeti kwuru na Blue Line, ga-adị njikere ugbu a maka ọrụ ndị njem site na afọ 2022. Nkwekọrịta a na-eme atụmatụ maka eletrik nke akụkụ nke egwu ahụ.<ref name="premiumtimesng.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/279888-lagos-light-rail-to-commence-operation-2022-official.html|title=Lagos light rail to commence operation 2022 - Official|date=August 12, 2018}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị, na afọ 2022, Gọvanọ Babajide Sanwo-Olu gara steeti [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]] nke US, iji kwupụta ịzụta ụgbọ okporo ígwè abụọ Talgo VIII maka ọrụ na Red Line.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wpr.org/sites/default/files/lagospressrelease.pdf|title=Lagos State Governor to Visit Milwaukee Talgo Facility|publisher=[[Wisconsin Public Radio]]|date=January 18, 2022|accessdate=January 19, 2022|archivedate=January 18, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118231946/https://www.wpr.org/sites/default/files/lagospressrelease.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 19, 2022|title=Unused US Talgo trains to move to Nigeria|url=https://www.railjournal.com/africa/unused-us-talgo-trains-to-move-to-nigeria/|accessdate=January 22, 2022|work=International Railway Journal|language=en}}</ref> Wisconsin nyere ha iwu ka ha jiri ya mee ihe na Amtrak Hiawatha Service na afọ 2009, mana etinyeghị ha n'ọrụ, kama echekwara ha.<ref name="urbanmilwaukee.com">{{Cite web|url=https://urbanmilwaukee.com/2022/01/18/talgos-wisconsin-trains-find-home-in-nigeria/|title=Talgo’s Wisconsin Trains Find Home In… Nigeria|date=January 18, 2022}}</ref> Ụgbọala Talgo VIII dabeere na teknụzụ pụrụ iche nke ụdị Talgo ''Pendular'', nke (dị ka onye na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè) ''na-adabere'' na curve na-akpata obere ike n'akụkụ na nkasi obi dị elu maka ndị njem mgbe ọ na-akwọ ụgbọala n'okporo ụzọ curved.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talgo speed comparison {{!}} Trains Magazine|url=https://www.trains.com/trn/train-basics/ask-trains/talgo-speed-comparison/|accessdate=January 22, 2022|work=Trains|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Talgo America - Overview|url=http://web.talgoamerica.com/overview|accessdate=January 22, 2022|work=web.talgoamerica.com|archivedate=January 22, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122170345/http://web.talgoamerica.com/overview}}</ref> "Ntinye" nke ụgbọ ala ahụ bụ ''ihe na-agaghị'' agafe agafe dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ na-eme naanị site na ike a na-enweta, na-enweghị ngwá electronic, sensọ ma ọ bụ injin. ''Nke'' a na-eme ka ụdị ''Pendular'' na VIII dị mma maka okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè obodo. == Okporo ụzọ == [[Usòrò:Mile2station-best.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mile2station-best.jpg/275px-Mile2station-best.jpg|thumb|275x275px|Obere ụgbọ okporo ígwè na ọdụ bọs "Mile 2" - ihe nlereanya maka ọtụtụ ọdụ Blue Line]] [[Usòrò:Mile2station-again2.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mile2station-again2.jpg/220px-Mile2station-again2.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Station Mile 2, nke a hụrụ site n'elu ụzọ]] N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008, Gọọmentị Steeti Lagos kwadoro ijeri 70 maka iwu Okokomaiko-Iddo-Marina Line, na ụbọchị a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ga-agwụ na afọ 2011. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ igbu oge n'ihi enweghị ego.<ref name="businessday2015">{{Cite news|title=Lagos light rail now to be completed 2017|url=https://www.businessdayonline.com/lagos-light-rail-now-to-be-completed-2017/|work=BusinessDay|date=October 21, 2015|archive-date=December 12, 2019|access-date=September 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212164625/https://www.businessdayonline.com/lagos-light-rail-now-to-be-completed-2017/|url-status=dead}}</ref> E dezigharịrị ụbọchị mmeghe ahụ na June 2013, mgbe ahụ na Desemba, na afọ 2016, mgbe ahụ 2017.<ref name="venturesafrica2016" /><ref name="businessday2015" /> Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba, afọ 2016, ọ bụ naanị kilomita 16 n'ime kilomita 27 Blue Line ka emechara.<ref name="venturesafrica2016" /> E nyere nkwekọrịta ahụ na China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), na ọrụ ndụmọdụ nke CPCS Transcom Limited na-enye.<ref name="venturesafrica2016">{{Cite news|author=Fahd|first=Abdulmalik|title=December knocking: Where is the Lagos light rail?|url=http://venturesafrica.com/december-knocking-where-lagos-light-rail/|work=Ventures Africa|date=November 25, 2016}}</ref> Lagos State na-eji ego nke ya na-akwado iwu Blue Line. Blue Line ga-agba kilomita 27.5 site na Marina ruo [[Okokomaiko]], nwere ọdụ 13 na oge njem site na njedebe ruo na njedebe nke nkeji 35. Blue Line dum ga-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị nchebe na nke pụrụ iche, na-enweghị ebe a na-agafe na enweghị ndị na-agagharị agagharị ma ọ bụ ụgbọala na-enweghị nchịkwa. Ụzọ ahụ ga-agba n'elu n'etiti etiti Lagos-Badagry Expressway n'etiti Igbo-Elerin Road (Okokomaiko) na Iganmu. A ga-ebuli akara ahụ site na Iganmu n'akụkụ ndịda nke okporo ụzọ awara awara na-agafe njikọ ya na Eric Moore Road, na-agafee n'ebe ndịda nke National Theatre gaa Iddo, wee gaa n'ebe ugwu Lagos Island na ọdụ na Marina. A ga-ewu Ụlọ Nlekọta na Nchekwa (MSF) na [[Okokomaiko]], yana njikọ egwu site na Blue Line gaa na ụlọ nkwakọba ihe. ==== Nzọụkwụ nke 1: Mile 2 - Marina ==== N'Aprel 25th, na afọ 2022, gọvanọ Lagos kwupụtara na akụkụ 1 nke Blue Line, ejirila pasent 90 mezue. Ụbọchị nnyefe ga-abụ na Q1 nke afọ 2023. Gọvanọ ahụ kpọrọ ụmụ amaala ka ha ghara ịga ije n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè ọzọ, ebe ọ bụ na a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik n'ụzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-25|title=Lagos Blue Line Rail project at 90 per cent completion – Sanwo-Olu|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/lagos-blue-line-rail-project-at-90-per-cent-completion-sanwo-olu/|accessdate=2022-05-22|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530215059/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/lagos-blue-line-rail-project-at-90-per-cent-completion-sanwo-olu/}}</ref> Foto ndị dị na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na-egosi onye ọchịchị nọ n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-agba ọsọ nnwale. Agence Française de Développment (AFD), otu mba ụwa, kwupụtara njikere ịhapụ ego na enyemaka teknụzụ maka Gọọmentị Lagos Steeti, site na Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA), maka mmepe nke ụzọ asatọ Quality Bus Passageways, QBCs, na mgbanwe ụgbọ njem abụọ n'okpuru Lagos Strategic Transport Master Plan Project Phase 1, LSTMPP1.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vanguard News|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/|accessdate=2022-04-30|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> AFD bụ ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka ego na teknụzụ nke na-arụ ọrụ na ndị mmekọ. Ọzọkwa, Maazị David Margonszternd, AFD Task Team Leader, kọwara na AFD ga-akwado mgbanwe njem abụọ na Marina na Mile-2, yana ụzọ asatọ maka ọrụ bọs dị mma. === Red Line: Agbado - Marina === Ahịrị nke abụọ, Red Line, ga-esi na Marina gaa [[Ifako-Ijaiye|Agbado]]. Akara ahụ ga-ekerịta ụzọ aka nri nke Lagosá Kanos Standard Gauge Railway.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 7, 2017|title=Nigeria: Lagos-Ibadan Rail Project Ready in 2018 - Osinbajo|work=Premium Times (Abuja)|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201703080017.html}}</ref> Gọọmentị Lagos Steeti zụrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Talgo maka iji ya na Red Line site na [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] of America, ebe e wuru ha ma zụta ha maka ọrụ n'etiti Milwaukee na Madison, mana ejighị ya mee ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trains built in Milwaukee head to Nigeria after decade-long legal saga over high-speed rail|url=https://www.cbs58.com/news/trains-built-in-milwaukee-head-to-nigeria-after-decade-long-legal-saga-over-high-speed-rail|accessdate=January 19, 2022|work=CBS58|language=en}}</ref> === Green Line: Marina - Epe === Ahịrị ahịhịa ndụ ga-amalite na Marina ma gbasaa na Epe. == Hụkwa ==   == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Subways.net Lagos Rail Mass Transit * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180722102547/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/news/africa/single-view/view/lagos-metro-train-unveiled.html RGI] * [http://urbanrail.net/af/lagos/lagos.htm Urbanrail.net] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jq7jo4edee64powccxvarm1wcqsmkg7 0 20157 728173 594777 2026-09-26T11:10:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Nnemkadi Ogwumike3.jpg|thumb|Nneka Ogwumike]] Nnemkadi Chinwe Victoria "Nneka" Ogwumike bụ onye (/ˈnɛkə oʊˈɡwuːmɪkeɪ/; amụrụ na Julaị 2, 1990) bụ onye Naijiria-Amerịka na-agba bọọlụ maka Los Angeles Sparks nke Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), mgbe edepụtara ya na No. 1 n'ozuzu na 2012 WNBA Draft. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe edepụtara ya, Ogwumike bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nkwado na Nike.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.nike.com/news/inside-access-introducing-nneka-and-chiney-ogwumike|title=Inside Access: Introducing Nneka and Chiney Ogwumike|work=Nike News|accessdate=September 12, 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanne nwanyị nke Chiney Ogwumike, onye na-egwuri egwu maka Sparks. A kpọrọ Ogwumike WNBA MVP maka oge WNBA nke afọ 2016 wee merie WNBA Finals n'otu afọ ahụ A kpọrọ aha ya na ndepụta W25 nke ndị egwuregwu 25 kachasị elu nke afọ iri abụọ na ise mbụ ya, na 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nneka Ogwumike named WNBA MVP|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/wnba/sparks/2016/09/27/nneka-ogwumike-wnba-mvp/91192228/|author=Mandell, Nina|date=September 27, 2016|work=USA Today|accessdate=October 14, 2016}}</ref> Ọ na-egwuri egwu maka Dynamo Kursk nke Russia Aha ya "Nneka" pụtara "Nne bụ Onye Kasị Elu" n'asụsụ Igbo nke Naijiria - ebe ezinụlọ ya si.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/wnba/story/_/id/7820313/nnemkadi-ogwumike-goes-no-1-sparks-wnba-draft|title=Nnemkadi Ogwumike goes No. 1 to Los Angeles Sparks in WNBA draft – ESPN|publisher=Espn.go.com|accessdate=April 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fibaeurope.com/euroleaguewomen/coid_gt5HPvv,HjYdnz8KgLf2T2.articleMode_on.html|title=EuroLeague Women - FIBA.com|work=Fibaeurope.com|accessdate=November 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/nigeriannames/ad.asp?blurb=611|title=Ifeoma|work=Online Nigeria:Nigerian Names and meanings|accessdate=August 18, 2014}}</ref> Ọ dị 6'2" ma na-eme ihe ike n'ihu. Ọ gara Cy-Fair High School na Cypress, [[Texas]] ma duru ha gaa 5A State Championship na oge ikpeazụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usabasketball.com/bios/ogwumike_nneka.html|title=USA Basketball: Nneka Ogwumike|accessdate=May 15, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515212409/http://www.usabasketball.com/bios/ogwumike_nneka.html|archivedate=May 15, 2012}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum Stanford, o nyeere Kadinal aka iru Final Four ugboro anọ. A họpụtara Ogwumike ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke WNBA Players Association n'afọ 2016 ma họpụta ya ọzọ maka afọ atọ ọhụrụ n'afọ 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/wnba/story/_/id/17828322/wnba-players-turn-nneka-ogwumike-players-union-president|title=WNBA players turn to Nneka Ogwumike as players' union president|work=Espn.com|date=October 18, 2016|accessdate=November 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>[https://www.espn.com/wnba/story/_/id/28372329/wnba-union-extend-cba-negotiations-jan-15 Nneka Ogwumike re-elected WNBPA president amid CBA talks]</ref> == Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị == A kpọrọ Ogwumike onye WBCA All-American. O sonyere na 2008 WBCA High School All-America Game, ebe o nwetara akara iri na asaa , jidere rebounds isii ma nweta MVP nsọpụrụ maka ndị White. Ọ nwetara akara 16.8, 8.0 rebounds, 1.8 assists, 2.4 steals na 0.8 blocks kwa egwuregwu n'oge oge 2007 na Cy-Fair High School. == Kọleji == [[Usòrò:Nnemkadi_Ogwumike.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Nnemkadi_Ogwumike.jpg/170px-Nnemkadi_Ogwumike.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ogwumike na Stanford]] Ogwumike họọrọ Stanford karịa Baylor, Duke, Connecticut, Tennessee na Notre Dame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://girlshoops.scout.com/a.z?s=209&p=8&c=1&nid=2656271|title=Scout.com: Nneka Ogwumike Profile|publisher=Girlshoops.scout.com|accessdate=April 17, 2012|archivedate=March 5, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305124059/http://girlshoops.scout.com/a.z?s=209&p=8&c=1&nid=2656271}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu USA Under 18 Team nke ritere ọla edo na Argentina na July 23-27, 2008. Nneka nwetara akara iri abụọ na rebounds iri na ise na egwuregwu mmeri nke Under-18 FIBA Americas. Ọ duuru ndị otu USA gaa na ndekọ 5-0 mgbe ọ na-eduga ndị otu ahụ n'ịgba goolu na ịwụghachi. A kpọrọ ya MVP nke asọmpi a na Argentina. Nneka sokwa nwanne ya nwanyị, Chiney Ogwumike na Stanford.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insider.espn.go.com/ncw/recruiting/tracker/player?recruitId=63021|title=Chiney Ogwumike 2010 High School Girls' Basketball Profile – ESPNHS|publisher=Insider.espn.go.com|date=January 2, 2011|accessdate=April 17, 2012|archivedate=July 13, 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120713013243/http://insider.espn.go.com/ncw/recruiting/tracker/player?recruitId=63021}}</ref> Na ụbọchị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị 2010, Ogwumike mebiri ihe ndekọ nke Cardinal maka rebounds n'egwuregwu na iri abụọ na atọ iji soro akara iri atọ na mmeri 100-80 na Oregon.<ref name="Rule of Tree">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ruleoftree.com/2012/3/3/2840936/nneka-ogwumike-stanford-cardinal-top-10-games|title=The Top 10 Games of Nneka Ogwumike's Stanford Career – Rule of Tree|publisher=Rule of Tree|accessdate=October 22, 2012|archivedate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030627/http://www.ruleoftree.com/2012/3/3/2840936/nneka-ogwumike-stanford-cardinal-top-10-games}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2011, Ogwumike nwetara akara iri anọ na abụọ kachasị elu na iri na itoolu maka ịgba égbè iri abụọ na asaa mgbe ọ na-ejikwa rebounds iri na asaa na mmeri iri itoolu na asaa na Tennessee Lady Vols nke isii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scores.espn.go.com/ncw/boxscore?gameId=313540024|title=Tennessee Lady Volunteers vs. Stanford Cardinal – Box Score – December 20, 2011 – ESPN|publisher=ESPNW|accessdate=October 22, 2012}}</ref> N'ụbọchị asaa n'ọnwa Jenụwarị, 2012, Ogwumike gafere ma akara 2,000 na 1,000 rebound thresholds maka ọrụ ya na 33-point, rebound iri na isii arụmọrụ megide Oregon State.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nnemkadi Ogwumike Hits Two Milestones in 67–60 Victory over Oregon State|publisher=Stanford athletics|year=2012|url=http://www.gostanford.com/sports/w-baskbl/recaps/010712aaa.html|accessdate=January 15, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119200644/http://www.gostanford.com/sports/w-baskbl/recaps/010712aaa.html|archivedate=January 19, 2012}}</ref> Ogwumike hapụrụ Stanford Cardinal dị ka onye nke abụọ na-ebute akara maka mmemme basketball ụmụ nwanyị, n'azụ naanị Candice Wiggins.<ref name="Rule of Tree"/> == USA Basketball == Ogwumike bụ onye otu USA Women's U18 team nke meriri nrite ọla edo na FIBA Americas Championship na Buenos Aires, [[Argentina]]. E mere ihe omume ahụ na Julaị 2008, mgbe ndị otu USA meriri Argentina iji merie asọmpi ahụ. Ogwumike nyeere ndị otu ahụ aka imeri egwuregwu ise niile, malite egwuregwu ise niile ma na-eduga ndị niile na-agba bọọlụ na 12.6 n'egwuregwu ọ bụla. Ọ bụkwa onye na-ebute ụzọ na 8 kwa egwuregwu. Ogwumike dekọrọ 15 rebounds na egwuregwu ikpeazụ megide Argentina, ndekọ U18. Ogwumike gara n'ihu na otu USA Women's U19 nke nọchitere anya US na 2009 U19 World's Championship, nke emere na Bangkok, Thailand na July na August 2009. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị otu USA meriri egwuregwu mmeghe na Spain, ha gara n'ihu merie egwuregwu asaa ha sochirinụ iji nweta mmeghachi omume megide Spain na ngwụcha, wee merie egwuregwu 81-71 iji nweta ọla edo. Ogwumike malitere egwuregwu itoolu niile ma bụrụ onye na-ebute akara n'otu egwuregwu ahụ, na akara 13.6 kwa egwuregwu. Ọ bụ onye na-ebute ụzọ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iri n'egwuregwu ọ bụla, a kpọkwara ya aha na otu egwuregwu niile. Ogwumike gbara na otu na-egosi US na 2011 World University Games nke emere na Shenzhen, China, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị, [[China|Chiney]] Ogwumike. Ndị otu ahụ, nke Bill Fennelly zụrụ, meriri egwuregwu isii niile iji nweta ihe nrite ọla edo. Ogwumike nwetara akara 13.2 na 5.7 rebounds kwa egwuregwu, ha abụọ bụ nke abụọ na otu ahụ n'azụ Elena Delle Donne. Ogwumike gbakwara Team USA bọọlụ na 2014 FIBA World Championship for Women, na-enyere Team USA aka imeri [[Spain]] 77·64 na egwuregwu ọla edo. == Ọrụ WNBA == [[Usòrò:Ogwumike_201610.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ogwumike_201610.jpg/130px-Ogwumike_201610.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ogwumike n'oge 2016 WNBA Finals]] N' ụbọchị iri na isii n'ọnwa April 2012, Los Angeles Sparks họọrọ Ogwumike nke mbụ n'ozuzu na 2012 WNBA Draft. Ọ ghọrọ onye egwuregwu nke abụọ site na Cypress-Fairbanks High School ka edepụtara No. 1 n'ozuzu ya na WNBA n'azụ Lindsey Harding na 2007. N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2012, Ogwumike setịpụrụ ọkwa kachasị elu na rebounds na iri abụọ iji soro akara iri abụọ na abụọ na mmeri 77-74, onye mmeri WNBA Indiana Fever. N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2012, o nwetara akara iri atọ n'ime iri na ise iji soro rebounds iri na otu na mmeri 86z77 na Chicago Sky. Na ngwụcha oge na Septemba bu ubochi iri abụọ na 2012, Ogwumike dakọtara na onye otu ya Candace Parker maka ọkwa dị elu na isi abụọ na rebounds na onye ọkpụkpọ ọ bụla na-enweta 22 na 11, n'otu n'otu, na mmeri 92 76 na onye na-agbachitere onye mmeri WNBA Minnesota Lynx. Ogwumike bụ iri maka iri na atọ site n'ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wnba.com/playerfile/nneka_ogwumike/game_by_game_stats.html|title=WNBA.com: Nneka Ogwumike Playefile|publisher=WNBA|accessdate=October 22, 2012}}</ref> A kpọrọ Ogwumike WNBA Rookie of the Month ugboro anọ n'ime ise n'oge rookie ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wnba.com/news/ogwumike_rookie_of_month_september_12.html|title=WNBA.com: Los Angeles' Nneka Ogwumike Named Rookie of the Month For September|publisher=WNBA|accessdate=October 22, 2012}}</ref> N'October ụbọchị asaa 2012, e nyere Ogwumike dị ka 2012 WNBA Rookie of the Year. Ọ bụ afọ nke ise n'usoro na onye mbụ a họọrọ meriri ihe nrite ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/womens-college-basketball/blog/_/name/ncwexperts/id/8474877/wnba-nneka-ogwumike-named-rookie-year|title=WNBA – Nneka Ogwumike named rookie of the year – ESPN|publisher=ESPNW|accessdate=October 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230052/http://espn.go.com/womens-college-basketball/blog/_/name/ncwexperts/id/8474877/wnba-nneka-ogwumike-named-rookie-year|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'oge afọ 2014, Ogwumike mere nkezi 15.8 ppg ma họpụta ya dị ka WNBA All-star maka oge nke abụọ n'ọrụ ya ya na nwanne ya nwanyị Chiney Ogwumike, na-aghọ ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ mbụ a họpụtara n'ime egwuregwu WNBA All.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/wnba/2014/07/15/ogwumike-sisters-headline-wnba-all-star-reserves/12711179/|title=Ogwumike sisters headline WNBA All-Star reserves|work=Usatoday.com|date=July 15, 2014|accessdate=November 2, 2016}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Brunson_Whalen_Ogwumike_20171004.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Brunson_Whalen_Ogwumike_20171004.jpg/170px-Brunson_Whalen_Ogwumike_20171004.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ogwumike n'oge egwuregwu 5 nke 2017 WNBA Finals]] N'afọ 2016, Ogwumike bịanyere aka na Sparks ozugbo nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ya gwụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/wnba/story/_/id/14797792/la-sparks-re-sign-all-star-forward-nneka-ogwumike|title=L.A. Sparks re-sign All-Star forward Nneka Ogwumike|work=Espn.com|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=November 2, 2016}}</ref> N'oge oge ahụ, a kpọrọ Ogwumike onye egwuregwu AP WNBA nke Afọ, mgbe ọ na-emecha nke atọ na league na akara (19.7 ppg), nke atọ naleague na rebounding (9.1 rpg) na nke mbụ na pasentị goolu (.665).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/09/20/sports/basketball/ap-bkl-around-the-wnba.html|title=Nneka Ogwumike Wins AP WNBA Player of the Year Award|author=Associated Press|date=September 20, 2016|work=New York Times|accessdate=September 20, 2016}}</ref> Ọrụ oge ya ga-enyekwa ya aka inweta 2016 WNBA Most Valuable Player Award. N'oge oge ahụ, Ogwumike setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ WNBA maka ọtụtụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ n'usoro (23 ihe mgbarugwụ n'usoro n'ime egwuregwu atọ) ma setịpụ ihe ndekọ ọhụrụ WNBA maka otu egwuregwu maka ọtụtụ mgbalị n'ọhịa na-enweghị njehie nke o nwetara akara iri atọ na abụọ na iri abụọ na abụọ nke iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọgbọ egwuregwu na mmeri 97 - 73 na Dallas Wings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/sparks-ogwumike-sets-wnba-record-accuracy|title=Sparks' Ogwumike sets WNBA record for accuracy|work=Bigstory.ap.org|accessdate=November 2, 2016|archivedate=March 5, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305001733/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/sparks-ogwumike-sets-wnba-record-accuracy}}</ref> N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Juun n'afọ 2016, o nwetara akara iri atọ na asatọ na rebounds iri na otu na mmeri 84-75 megide Atlanta Dream.<ref>[http://www.wnba.com/video/nneka-ogwumike-posts-38-points-11-rebounds-vs-the-dream-6302016/ Nneka Ogwumike posts 38 points & 11 rebounds vs. the Dream, 6/30/2016]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/points-721128-ogwumike-career.html|title=Nneka Ogwumike scores career-high 38 points as Sparks beat Dream|date=June 30, 2016|work=Orange County Register|accessdate=September 12, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, o setịpụrụ ndekọ basketball maka ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ezigbo ịgba égbè site na iru 73.7% n'oge oge ahụ, na-aghọ onye na-agba égbè kachasị mma n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke basketball ọkachamara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.vice.com/en_us/highlight/nneka-ogwumike-is-the-most-efficient-shooter-ever-in-professional-basketball|title=Nneka Ogwumike is the Most Efficient Shooter Ever in Professional Basketball|work=Sports|language=en-us|accessdate=September 12, 2017|archivedate=February 2, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202113321/https://sports.vice.com/en_us/highlight/nneka-ogwumike-is-the-most-efficient-shooter-ever-in-professional-basketball}}</ref> Site na nkwado nke Candace Parker na Kristi Toliver, Sparks bụ onye na-asọ mpi mmeri na league na ndekọ 26-8. Site na usoro egwuregwu ọhụrụ nke WNBA, Sparks bụ mkpụrụ nke abụọ na league na-asị abụọ gaa na ọkara ikpeazụ (agba ikpeazụ tupu WNBA Finals) na-eche Chicago Sky ihu. Sparks meriri Sky 3-1 na usoro ahụ, na-aga n'ihu na WNBA Finals maka oge mbụ kemgbe 2003. Na WNBA Finals, ọ bụ oge nke abụọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke league ka ìgwè abụọ sitere n'otu nzukọ ahụ chere ihu na ibe ha na Final n'ihi usoro egwuregwu ọhụrụ. Na Minnesota Lynx na-agbachitere asọmpi ahụ, Sparks meriri asọmpi ahụ na usoro egwuregwu ise siri ike, merie asọmpi mbụ ha kemgbe afọ 2002. Ogwumike meriri n'asọmpi WNBA nke mbụ ya. N'egwuregwu nke ise nke usoro ahụ, Ogwumike nwere akara iri na abụọ yana rebounds iri na abụọ ma gbaa bọọlụ mmeri egwuregwu mgbe o jidere mmeghachi omume mmegide iji mee ka Sparks ruo 77- 76 na sekọnd atọ fọdụrụ na egwuregwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wnba.com/video/nneka-ogwumike-beats-buzzer-win-championship-l/|title=Nneka Ogwumike Beats The Buzzer To Win A Championship For L.A. – WNBA.com – Official Site of the WNBA|work=WNBA.com|date=October 20, 2016|accessdate=November 2, 2016}}</ref> Ogwumike ghọrọ onye egwuregwu nke asaa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke WNBA iji merie ma ihe nrite MVP na asọmpi n'otu oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wnba.com/news/wnba-mvp-championship-same-season-nneka-ogwumike/|title=Nneka Ogwumike Makes History As MVP and Champ in Same Season – WNBA.com – Official Site of the WNBA|work=WNBA.com|accessdate=November 2, 2016}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Ogwumike-20180520.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ogwumike-20180520.jpg/130px-Ogwumike-20180520.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ogwumike na 2018]] N'afọ 2017,bu Ogwumike bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta na Sparks.<ref>[http://sparks.wnba.com/news/wnba-mvp-nneka-ogwumike-extends-contract-los-angeles-sparks/ WNBA MVP Nneka Ogwumike Extends Contract with Los Angeles Sparks]</ref> N'oge oge 2017, a họpụtara Ogwumike n'ime egwuregwu WNBA All-Star nke afọ 2017, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ya nke anọ. N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2017, Ogwumike nwetara akara iri atọ na abụọ kachasị elu n'oge egwuregwu yana rebounds iri na mmeri okpukpu abụọ nke oge mgbakwunye na Chicago Sky.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sparks.wnba.com/video/nneka-ogwumike-posts-32-points-10-rebounds-vs-the-sky/ |title=Nneka Ogwumike posts 32 points & 10 rebounds vs. the Sky |accessdate=2022-09-26 |archivedate=2022-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929081420/https://sparks.wnba.com/video/nneka-ogwumike-posts-32-points-10-rebounds-vs-the-sky/ }}</ref><ref>[http://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-sparks-sky-20170818-story.html Nneka Ogwumike, Candace Parker lead Sparks in 2OT win over Sky]</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha oge ahụ, Ogwumike duziri Sparks n'ịgba goolu maka oge nke abụọ n'usoro, na-eme nkezi 18.8 ppg na Sparks mechara dị ka mkpụrụ nke abụọ maka afọ nke abụọ n"usoro na otu ndekọ ahụ, na-enweta okpukpu abụọ na ọkara ikpeazụ. Sparks ga-aga n'ihu na ngwụcha maka oge nke abụọ n'usoro, mgbe ha merisịrị Phoenix Mercury na egwuregwu atọ, na-eguzobe mmeghachi omume na Lynx. Otú ọ dị, Sparks ga-efunahụ na egwuregwu ise, na-emerighị asọmpi azụ azụ. [[Usòrò:2021-09-19_WNBA_Dallas_Wings_vs_LA_Sparks_-_28_Awak_Kuier_vs_30_Nneka_Ogwumike.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2021-09-19_WNBA_Dallas_Wings_vs_LA_Sparks_-_28_Awak_Kuier_vs_30_Nneka_Ogwumike.jpg/170px-2021-09-19_WNBA_Dallas_Wings_vs_LA_Sparks_-_28_Awak_Kuier_vs_30_Nneka_Ogwumike.jpg|thumb|Ogwumike (n'aka nri) na-agbachitere Awak Kuier (n'akụkụ aka ekpe) n'oge egwuregwu WNBA nke 2021.]] Iji malite n'afọ 2018, Ogwumike nwetara akara iri abụọ na ise kachasị elu n'oge mmeri iri asatọ na asaa na iri asaa na Indiana Fever.<ref>[http://fever.wnba.com/news/recap-fever-sparks-180522/ Game Recap: Fever 70, Sparks 87]</ref> Ka oge na-aga, a họpụtara Ogwumike n'ime 2018 WNBA All-Star Game mana ọ ga-ahapụ egwuregwu ahụ n'ihi ike ọgwụgwụ, nke mere ka ọ nọrọ ihe karịrị otu izu n'etiti ọnwa Julaị.<ref>[http://www.espn.com/wnba/story/_/id/24192548/los-angeles-sparks-nneka-ogwumike-miss-all-star-game Sparks' Nneka Ogwumike to miss All-Star Game, replaced by Rebekkah Brunson]</ref> Ogwumike laghachiri n'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2018, megide Minnesota Lynx wee nweta akara iri na ise na mmeri 79-57.<ref>[http://womenshoopsworld.com/2018/08/02/sparks-beat-lynx-79-57-to-take-playoff-tiebreaker/ Sparks beat Lynx, 79–57, to take playoff tiebreaker]</ref> Ogwumike mechiri oge ahụ na 15.5 ppg. Sparks ji ọnụọgụ isii na league mechie 19 - 15 N'egwuregwu mmeri nke mbụ, ha meriri Minnesota Lynx na-agbachitere asọmpi ahụ. N'egwuregwu nke abụọ, Sparks meriri Washington Mystics na 96-64 N'abalị anọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2019, bụ Ogwumike nwetara akara iri atọ na otu kachasị elu n'oge ya yana rebound iri na mmeri 98 na 1981 na Washington Mystics.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/wnba/2019/07/07/ogwumike-gray-lead-sparks-to-98-81-win-over-mystics/39662577/ Ogwumike, Gray lead Sparks to 98-81 win over Mystics]</ref> Ogwumike ga-ahọpụta n'ime 2019 WNBA All-Star Game, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke isii ya. Sparks mechiri oge ahụ dị ka mkpụrụ nke atọ na ndekọ 221012, na-enweta bye na agba nke abụọ. N'egwuregwu nke abụọ, Sparks meriri ndị na-agbachitere Seattle Storm 92[[69. Na ọkara ikpeazụ, e wepụrụ Sparks na egwuregwu atọ nke Connecticut Sun. N'afọ 2020, e yigharịrị oge ahụ ma mee ka ọ dị mkpirikpi ruo egwuregwu iri abụọ na abụọ na bọọlụ na IMG Academy n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19. N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2020, Ogwumike nwetara akara iri abụọ na anọ n'ime mmeri Las Vegas Aces.<ref>[https://www.espn.com/wnba/game?gameId=401230819 Aces Vs Sparks Game Summery - 9/12/29]</ref> Ogwumike gbara egwuregwu iri na asatọ n'ime egwuregwu iri abụọ na abụọ (na-anọpụ egwuregwu anọ na mmerụ ahụ azụ). Sparks mechiri oge 15-7 dị ka mkpụrụ nke atọ, na-enweta bye na agba nke abụọ, mana Connecticut Sun wepụrụ ha ọzọ n'egwuregwu mwepụ, Ogwumike enweghị ike igwu egwu maka egwuregwu ahụ n'ihi ọrịa.<ref>[https://highposthoops.com/2020/09/18/wnba-playoffs-surprising-results-second-round/ Your Day in Women's Basketball, September 18: Parker and Taurasi out as young stars shine]</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2021,bụ Ogwumike bịanyere aka na Sparks maka nkwekọrịta ọtụtụ afọ.<ref>[https://www.si.com/wnba/2021/01/27/nneka-ogwumike-signs-deal-with-los-angeles-sparks Report: Nneka Ogwumike Signs Multi-Year Deal With Sparks]</ref> N'oge nke 2021. nke 25 nke WNBA, a kpọrọ aha ya na W25 dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu iri abụọ na ise kachasị elu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke league, na ngwụcha oge ahụ a họpụtara ya maka WNBA's Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award maka afọ nke atọ n'usoro. == Ọrụ mba ofesi == N'afọ 2012 na-abụghị oge egwuregwu, Ogwumike gbara bọọlụ na [[Poland]] maka CCC Polkowice wee merie otu mmeri na otu ahụ Kemgbe afọ 2014, Ogwumike agbaala bọọlụ atọ na Russia maka Dynamo Kursk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fibaeurope.com/euroleaguewomen/cid_-tmRPCfrIrYRSO2M5V49E1.playerID_69718.compID_jr6ZiXqeGhMBtfq1yxqV83.season_2013.roundID_9048.teamID_92198.html|title=EuroLeague Women - FIBA.com|work=Fibaeurope.com|accessdate=November 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wnba.com/wnba-players-playing-overseas/|title=WNBA Players Playing Overseas – WNBA.com – Official Site of the WNBA|work=WNBA.com|date=June 20, 2014|accessdate=November 2, 2016}}</ref> Klọb ahụ meriri Euroleague nke afọ 2017. Na ngwụcha afọ 2017, Ogwumike laghachiri na Dynamo Kursk maka oge ezumike WNBA nke afọ 2017. == Ndụ onwe onye == Ogwumike bụ onye Katọlik.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-26|title='It's been an emotional month': Ogwumike on USA Basketball snub, Nigeria denial|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/basketball/story/_/id/31888720/what-nneka-ogwumike-saying-usa-basketball-decision-fiba-denial|accessdate=2021-09-27|work=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{WNBA player statistics legend}} {| class="wikitable" | style="background:#afe6ba; width:3em;" |† |Ọ na-egosi oge ndị Ogwumike meriri asọmpi WNBA |} === WNBA === ==== Oge a na-eme mgbe niile ==== {{WNBA player statistics start}} |- style="text-align: Center;" |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2012 WNBA season|2012]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | 33 || 33 || 27.9 || .535 || .143 || .734 || 7.5 || 1.2 || 1.3 || 0.8 || '''1.2''' || 14.0 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2013 WNBA season|2013]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | '''34''' || '''34''' || 25.8 || .566 || .400 || .826 || 7.6 || 1.3 || 1.4 || 0.9 || 1.9 || 14.6 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2014 WNBA season|2014]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | 33 || 33 ||27.6||.520||.300||'''.873'''|| 7.1|| 1.5 ||1.7 || 0.4 || 2.0 || 15.8 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2015 WNBA season|2015]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | 23 || 23 ||style="background:#D3D3D3"|'''34.1'''° ||.525 ||.083|| .866|| 7.3|| 2.1 || 1.0 || 0.4 || 1.8 || 16.5 |- |style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| [[2016 WNBA season|2016]]^† | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | 33 || 33 ||31.6||style="background:#D3D3D3"|'''.665'''° ||'''.615'''||.869|| '''9.1''' || '''3.1''' || 1.2 || ''' 1.1''' || 2.1 || '''19.7''' |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2017 WNBA season|2017]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | '''34''' || '''34''' ||30.9|| .561 ||.340|| .870 || 7.7 || 2.1 || '''1.8''' || 0.5 || 1.5 || 18.8 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2018 WNBA season|2018]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | 27 || 27||30.8|| .525 ||.346|| .816 || 6.8 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 0.4 || 1.4 || 15.5 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2019 WNBA season|2019]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | 32 || 32 ||27.9|| .510 ||.338 || .828 || 8.8 || 1.8 || '''1.8''' || 0.4 || 1.8 || 16.1 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2020 WNBA season|2020]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | 18 || 18 || 26.2 || .569 ||.500 || .837 || 4.8 || 1.7 || 1.1 || 0.2 || 1.6 || 13.3 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2021 WNBA season|2021]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2021 Los Angeles Sparks season|Los Angeles]] | 18 || 18 || 31.7 || .532 || .367 || .800 || 6.5 || 2.7 || 1.4 || 0.3 || 2.2 || 14.5 |- | style="text-align:left;"| Career | style="text-align:left;"| 10 years, 1 team | 286 || 285 || 29.2 || .551 || .365 || .835 || 7.5 || 1.9 || 1.5 || 0.6 || 1.8 || 16.0 {{s-end}} ==== Egwuregwu ndị a na-eme n'egwuregwu ==== {{WNBA player statistics start}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2012 WNBA Playoffs|2012]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | 4 || 4 || 25.8 || .552 || .000 || .400 || 5.3 || 0.5 || 1.0|| 0.8|| '''1.2''' || 9.0 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2013 WNBA Playoffs|2013]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | 3||3||30.3||.419|| .000 || .909||'''11.7'''||1.0||0.7||0.0 || 2.0||12.0 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2014 WNBA Playoffs|2014]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | 2||2||30.0||'''.667'''||.000 ||'''1.000'''||6.0||1.0||0.5||0.0||3.0||13.0 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2015 WNBA Playoffs|2015]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | 3||3||30.7||.600||.000 ||.833||4.3||2.0||1.0||0.3||2.3||11.7 |- |style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| [[2016 WNBA Playoffs|2016]]^† | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | '''9'''||'''9'''||31.4||.625||.222||.763||9.3||'''2.6'''||2.0||'''1.1'''||2.8||17.9 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2017 WNBA Playoffs|2017]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | 8||8||31.5||.482|| .100 ||.744||8.8||1.5||'''2.1'''||0.1||1.7||14.0 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2018 WNBA Playoffs|2018]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | 2|| 2 ||'''33.8'''|| .400 ||.000 || .733 || 4.0 || 1.5 || 1.5 || 0.5 || 2.5 || 13.5 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2019 WNBA Playoffs|2019]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[Los Angeles Sparks|Los Angeles]] | 4 || 4 ||29.1|| .592 ||'''.400''' || .857 || 7.3 || 1.8 || 1.2 || 0.5 || 2.0 || '''18.0''' |- | style="text-align:left;"| Career | style="text-align:left;"|8 years, 1 team |35||35||30.4||.550||.208||.763||7.8||1.7||1.5||0.5||2.2||14.4 {{s-end}} === Kọleji === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Afọ !Ìgwè !GP !GS !MPG !FG% !3P% !FT% !RPG !APG !SPG !BPG !PPG |- |200809 |Stanford |'''38''' |14 |21.0 |'''.629''' |.000 |.702 |6.1 |1.0 |0.4 |0.3 |10.6 |- style="text-align: Center;" |2009 na iri |Stanford |'''38''' |'''38''' |'''30.4''' |.598 |.000 |.761 |9.9 |1.4 |0.9 |0.5 |18.5 |- style="text-align: Center;" |2010-11 |Stanford |33 |33 |28.8 |.586 |.222 |.757 |7.6 |1.2 |0.9 |0.6 |17.5 |- style="text-align: Center;" |2011-12 |Stanford |36 |36 |30.0 |.547 |'''.235''' |'''.830''' |'''10.2''' |'''1.8''' |'''1.4''' |'''1.1''' |'''22.5''' |- | colspan="2;" align="center" |Ọrụ |145 |121 |27.5 |.591 |.109 |.762 |8.5 |1.3 |0.9 |0.6 |17.2 |} == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==   {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ọrụ fim !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2021 |''Space Jam: Ihe Nketa Ọhụrụ'' |Ya onwe ya, Olu nke Arachnneka |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Conway|first=Tyler|title=Report: Space Jam 2 Will Star Anthony Davis, Damian Lillard, Klay Thompson, More|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2841919-report-space-jam-2-will-star-damian-lillard-anthony-davis-klay-thompson-more|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822172623/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2841919-report-space-jam-2-will-star-damian-lillard-anthony-davis-klay-thompson-more|archivedate=August 22, 2019|accessdate=October 25, 2019|work=Bleacher Report|language=en}}</ref> |} == Ndemsibia == <references group="" responsive="1"> </references> == Njikọ mpụga == * Nneka Ogwumike na FIBA * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804121106/http://www.usabasketball.com/women_team.php?bios=ogwumike_nneka Akụkọ ndụ basketball nke USA] * [https://gostanford.com/news/2013/4/17/208442111.aspx Stanford Cardinal bio] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130119025832/http://www.plkk.pl/zawodniczki/p/35620/nnemkadi_ogwumike_.html Profaịlụ PLK] {{Los Angeles Sparks current roster}}{{Navboxes|title=Awards for Nneka Ogwumike|list1={{Gatorade National Basketball Player of the Year}} {{Pacific-12 Conference Women's Basketball Player of the Year navbox}} {{Senior CLASS Award - Women's Basketball}} {{2012 WNBA Draft}} {{WNBA First Overall Picks}} {{WNBA Rookies of the Year}} {{The W25}} {{WNBA MVP}} {{Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award}} {{United States Squad 2014 FIBA World Championship for Women}} {{United States Squad 2018 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup}} {{Los Angeles Sparks 2016 WNBA Champions}} {{Dynamo Kursk 2016–17 Euroleague Women champions}}}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:United States women's national basketball]] [[Òtù:Women's National basketball Association]] [[Òtù:Universiade medalist in basketball]] [[Òtù:Universiade gold medalists for the United]] [[Òtù:Stanford Cardinal women's basketball]] [[Òtù:Sportspeople from Harris Country, Texas]] [[Òtù:Power forwards (basketball)]] [[Òtù:People from cypress, Texas]] [[Òtù:Parade High school All-American (girls)]] [[Òtù:Medalists at the 2011 summer university]] [[Òtù:McDonald's High school All-Americans]] [[Òtù:Los Angeles Sparks draft picks]] [[Òtù:Igbo sportspeople]] [[Òtù:Guangding Vermilion Birds players]] [[Òtù:Basketball players from Texas]] [[Òtù:Basketball player at the 2012 NCAA D]] [[Òtù:American women's basketball player]] [[Òtù:American sportspeople of Nigeria de]] [[Òtù:American people of Igbo descent]] [[Òtù:American expatriate basketball people]] [[Òtù:All-American college women's basketball]] [[Òtù:African-American Catholic]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1990]] 4cquovbfc37zl0d7no9dpnrvo81vmdq 0 20590 728143 722866 2026-09-26T09:21:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728143 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:AdamsOshiomhole.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AdamsOshiomhole.jpg/220px-AdamsOshiomhole.jpg|thumb|Adams Oshiomhole, onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Nigeria Labour Congress (n'aka nri) na onye nnọchi anya US na Nigeria Howard Franklin Jeter (n'etiti), July 5, 2002, Lagos.]] Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) bụ òtù nche anwụ maka òtù ọrụ na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E bipụtara Nigerian Labour Congress na Disemba 1978, dị ka njikọta nke òtù anọ dị iche iche: Nigeria Trade Union Congress (NTUC), Labour Unity Front (LUF), United Labour Congress (ULC) na Nigeria Workers' Council (NWC).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Labour Congress elects new leadership|url=https://www.tuc.org.uk/research-analysis/reports/nigeria-labour-congress-elects-new-leadership|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=www.tuc.org.uk|language=en}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Gọọmentị Ndị Agha Federal e guzobere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nke Murtala Mohammed duziri, jụrụ ịnakwere nzukọ ọhụrụ ahụ, kama nke ahụ, guzobe Ụlọikpe Adebiyi iji nyochaa ọrụ nke òtù ọrụ na ndị isi ha. Ụlọikpe ahụ kọrọ n'afọ 1976 ma kwuo na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ niile dị ugbu a gbasaa echiche Agha Nzuzo, dabere na ego sitere na njikọ mba ụwa, ma na-ejighị ego. E ji nke a mee ihe dị ka ihe ziri ezi iji machibido ụlọ ọrụ anọ ahụ iwu, ebe a họpụtara M. O. Abiodun dị ka onye nchịkwa nke òtù ọrụ. Ọ nabatara nguzobe nke otu ọhụrụ nke Naịjirịa Labour Congress, na ọnọdụ na e mezigharịrị ihe dị ka otu puku na narị ise na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe iri anọ na abụọ, tinyere ndị otu iri na itoolu na-anọchite anya ndị isi ọrụ.<ref name="otuturu">{{Cite journal|author=Otuturu|first=Gogo|title=A SURVEY OF CENTRAL * LABOUR ORGANIZATIONS IN NIGERIA|journal=Labour Law Review|date=2013|volume=7|issue=2|url=https://www.nicn.gov.ng/Archive/A%20SURVEY%20OF%20CENTRAL.pdf|accessdate=28 December 2020|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003191329/https://www.nicn.gov.ng/Archive/A%20SURVEY%20OF%20CENTRAL.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87) - Nigeria (Ratification: 1960)|url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:13101:0::NO::P13101_COMMENT_ID:3344296|work=International Labour Organization|accessdate=28 December 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1978, e guzobere Nigeria Labour Congress, ya na ụlọ ọrụ 42 na-arụ ọrụ. Ọ ga-abụ naanị otu ndị ọrụ aka iwu kwadoro.<ref name="otuturu"/> Ndị ndu ya gụnyere ọtụtụ n'ime ndị isi sitere na ndị anọ bu ya ụzọ, ebe Wahab Goodluck ghọrọ onye isi oche ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The President|url=https://www.nlcng.org/the-president/|work=Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC)|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref> N'oge akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, esemokwu ya na ọchịchị ndị agha ugboro abụọ dugara n'ịgbasa akụkụ mba nke NLC, nke mbụ n'afọ 1988 n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị agha nke General [[Ibrahim Babangida]] na nke abụọ n'afọ 1994, n'okpuru usoro ọchịchị nke General [[Sani Abacha]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=1994-07-14|title=Nigerian Unions Raise Stakes In Standoff With Military Regime|work=Christian Science Monitor|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1994/0714/14062.html|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref> N'afọ 1996, e jikọtara ndị mmekọ iri anọ na abụọ nke NLC banye ịrị abụọ na itoolu, site na Iwu nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu.<ref name="otuturu"/> N'okpuru ọchịchị ndị agha nke Naịjirịa, a na-ejide ndị isi ọrụ ugboro ugboro ma na-agbagwoju nzukọ ndị otu ọrụ anya anya anya. N'ịgbaso mgbanwe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mba ahụ, e wepụrụ ụfọdụ n'ime iwu ndị na-emegide ndị otu na Jenụwarị 1999. N'otu ọnwa ahụ, a họpụtara Adams Oshiomhole ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke nzukọ ahụ. Na mbido afọ 2000, esemokwu dị n'etiti gọọmentị na NLC rịrị elu n'ihi mmegide nke nzukọ ahụ na ọnụahịa mmanụ dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-16|title=EXCLUSIVE: Nigerians groan as fuel shortage worsens …daily activities increasingly crippled|url=https://theinformant247.com/exclusive-nigerians-groan-as-fuel-shortage-worsens-daily-activities-increasingly-crippled/|accessdate=2022-06-08|work=The Informant247|language=en-US}}</ref> Mmụba ọnụahịa ahụ bụ n'ihi mkpebi gọọmentị [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] mere iji belata enyemaka ego nke ukwuu ma wepụ iwu ịzụta na ire ya. NLC emeela ka ọtụtụ ọgbaghara na-eme mkpesa megide iwu ọnụahịa mmanụ ụgbọala nke ndị n'achi obodo .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerians strike to protest reduced fuel subsidies, 2003 {{!}} Global Nonviolent Action Database|url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/nigerians-strike-protest-reduced-fuel-subsidies-2003|work=nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref> N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2004, NLC nyere gọọmentị etiti iwu ka ha gbanwee mkpebi ahụ iji weghachite ụtụ isi mmanụ ụgbọala na-ese okwu ma ọ bụ chee mkpesa mba niile ihu. E mere egwu ahụ n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na mkpebi ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Federal na esemokwu gara aga kwupụtara na nzukọ ahụ enweghị ikike iwu ịkpọ oku maka iwu ndị n'achi obodo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3695618.stm|title=Nigeria unions warn over oil hike|date=27 September 2004}}</ref> Mgbe a mara ọkwa atụmatụ ọgbaghara ahụ, NLC kwuru na e jidere Onye isi ala Adams Oshiomhole n'October 9, 2004 na ngagharị iwe na Nnamdi Azikiwe Airport. Dị ka nzukọ ahụ si kwuo, "otu ìgwè ndị ọrụ nke State Security Services (SSS) nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ha karịrị iri na ise, ndị meriri ya, lụso ya ọgụ n'ala ma tinye ya n'ime ụgbọ ala Peugeot 504 na-echere, nke na-enweghị akara ikikere".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nlcng.org/october2004strike/Arrestofadams09102004.htm|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2004-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041019044236/http://www.nlcng.org/october2004strike/Arrestofadams09102004.htm|archivedate=2004-10-19}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ nchekwa steeti kpọrọ nkwupụta ahụ "akụkọ na-akpali akpali na nke na-ezighị ezi", na-ekwu na onye isi oche NLC nwere " nghọtahie" na ndị ọrụ mpaghara, mana na e doziri okwu ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya. Onye na-ekwuchitere onye isi ala kwuru na a kpọrọ Oshiomhole naanị maka "kparịta ụka" n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu, ọ nweghị njide e jidere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardiannewsngr.com/news/article01/101004|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2004-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041210103029/http://www.guardiannewsngr.com/news/article01/101004|archivedate=2004-12-10}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, a gbanwere iwu ahụ iji kwe ka ndị otu ọrụ ndị ọzọ nweta nkwado gọọmentị, yana ikwe ka ndị otu ndị isi ọrụ sonye na NLC.<ref name="otuturu"/> N'afọ 2016, ihe dị ka ndị mmekọ iri abụọ na ise hapụrụ iji guzobe United Labour Congress, mana ha laghachiri na NLC n'afọ 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Adedigba|first=Azeezat|title=NLC, ULC resolve rift, merge|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/403292-just-in-nlc-tuc-resolve-rift-merge.html|accessdate=3 January 2021|work=Premium Times|date=16 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ahiuma-Young|first=Victor|title=Emergence of United Labour Congress causes ripples|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/emergence-united-labour-congress-causes-ripples/|accessdate=3 January 2021|work=Vanguard|date=21 December 2016}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ ahụ, ọ nwere ndị mmekọ iri anọ na atọ, nke na-anọchite anya ihe karịrị ndị otu nde anọ n'afọ 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ILO and National Labour Congress discuss the future of work|url=https://www.ilo.org/africa/media-centre/pr/WCMS_470311/lang--en/index.htm|work=International Labour Organization|date=14 April 2016|accessdate=28 December 2020}}</ref> Otu n'ime mkpesa kachasị ike nke NLC nwere ike ịchọta na Jenụwarị 2012 n'oge ọchịchị Onye isi ala [[Goodluck Jonathan]]. Onye isi ala na ndị otu akụ na ụba ya ekwuola na ịkwụ ụgwọ enyemaka mmanụ ụgbọala na-eme ka mba ahụ tụfuo ọtụtụ ijeri naira ma ọ ga-echekwa ihe dị ka "£ 4.2bn kwa afọ iji tinye ego na ụlọ nrụpụta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke mere ka Naịjirịa bubata mmanụ nke ya ozugbo a nụchara ya".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-01-08|title=Nigeria faces mass strike and protests over discontinued state fuel subsidy|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/08/nigeria-fuel-strike-seun-kuti|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Onye isi ala kwuru na ndi n'achi obodo ya enweghịzi mmasị n'ịkwụ ụgwọ enyemaka mmanụ ụgbọala na ndị na-egosi mmanụ.<ref name="eribake">{{Cite web|author=eribake|first=akintayo|date=2012-01-01|title=New Year Shocker! Fuel now to sell at N141 per litre|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/new-year-shocker-fuel-now-to-sell-at-n141-per-litre/|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> Nke a ga-ebugharị ọnụahịa mmanụ ụgbọala nke a na-ere maka N65 a lita na enyemaka gụnyere gburugburu N141 nke na-egosi ihe karịrị otu narị pasent mmụba.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-01-03|title=Riots turn deadly in Nigeria over hike in fuel prices|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20120103-lagos-nigeria-end-petrol-subsidy-riots-clashes-police|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Stephanie Busari|title=What is behind Nigeria fuel protests?|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/06/world/africa/nigeria-fuel-protest-explained/index.html|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=CNN|date=6 January 2012}}</ref> Ndị ozi nọ na kọmitii ya kwadoro mkpọsa maka iwepụ enyemaka mmanụ ụgbọala ma bụrụkwa onye Ozi na-ahụ maka ego / minista na'ahụ maka akụ na ụba n'oge ahụ bụ Dr. Ngozi Okonjo Iweala.<ref>{{Cite web|author=eribake|first=akintayo|date=2011-12-25|title=Fuel Subsidy Removal: How Okonjo-Iweala convinced Jonathan,Sambo, ministers|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/12/fuel-subsidy-removal-how-okonjo-iweala-convinced-jonathansambo-ministers/|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> Gọọmentị mara ọkwa na a ga-ewepụ enyemaka mmanụ ụgbọala na Jenụwarị 2012 na ọkwa a anabataghị ya na Nzukọ Ndị Ọrụ Naịjirịa. Abdulwahed Omar, onye isi oche NLC n'oge ahụ mara gọọmentị aka na a ga-enwe ngagharị iwe zuru oke na Naịjirịa ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaa n'ihu na atụmatụ ya iji wepụ mmanụ.<ref name="eribake"/> NLC nwere ike ijikọ ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ na ndị otu obodo iji kwado ngagharị iwe ya. Ihe ịma aka a gosipụtara site n'omume mgbe gọọmentị gara n'ihu na iwepụ ụgwọ maka enyemaka mmanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Strike to Proceed Monday Despite Court Order {{!}} Voice of America - English|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/nigeria-strike-proceed-monday-despite-court-order|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=www.voanews.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603041743/https://www.voanews.com/africa/nigeria-strike-proceed-monday-despite-court-order|archive-date=2021-06-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Schechter|first=Danny|title=Opinion: #OccupyNigeria|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/1/23/occupynigeria-shows-the-movements-global-face|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 9 Jenụwarị 2012, nnukwu ngagharị iwe malitere gburugburu Naịjirịa na n'obodo ukwu gụnyere Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt na Kano.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Occupy Nigeria Movement Says it Won't Stop Fighting Government Corruption {{!}} Voice of America - English|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/occupy-nigeria-movement-says-it-wont-stop-fighting-government-corruption|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=www.voanews.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603043612/https://www.voanews.com/africa/occupy-nigeria-movement-says-it-wont-stop-fighting-government-corruption|archive-date=2021-06-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ngagharị iwe ndị a mebiri akụ na ụba n'ihi na e nwere mmechi zuru oke nke ndị ọrụ dị iche iche nke mba ma ọ were ihe karịrị ụbọchị ọrụ ise.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3 Killed as Nigerians Strike Against End of Fuel Subsidy {{!}} Voice of America - English|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/3-killed-nigerians-strike-against-end-fuel-subsidy|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=www.voanews.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603041922/https://www.voanews.com/africa/3-killed-nigerians-strike-against-end-fuel-subsidy|archive-date=2021-06-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nke a mere ka onye isi ala Jonathan mara ọkwa na TV na gọọmentị ga-akwado ọnụahịa mmanụ ụgbọala ma belata ya ruo ihe dị ka $ 2.75 (£ 1.80) kwa galọn.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lagos|first=Associated Press in|date=2012-01-16|title=Nigeria restores fuel subsidy to quell nationwide protests|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/16/nigeria-restores-fuel-subsidy-protests|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> E mechara kwụsị ngagharị iwe ahụ mgbe gọọmentị etiti gbasịrị ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Brock|first=Felix Onuah, Joe|date=2012-01-16|title=Nigeria unions suspend strike after fuel price cut|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-nigeria-strike-20120116-idAFJOE80F00A20120116|accessdate=2021-06-03}}</ref> Ngagharị iwe a bụ otu n'ime ngagharị iwe kachasị ike nke gọọmentị ndị nkịtị na Naịjirịa chere ihu ma gosipụta ike nke Nigerian Labour Congress. == nku ụmụ nwanyị == National Women Commission bụ ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị nke NLC. E mepụtara ya na 2003 iji mụbaa ntinye aka ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe omume nke njikọ ahụ.<ref name="Women & Youth">{{Cite web|title=Women & Youth|url=https://www.nlcng.org/women-youth/|work=Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC)|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=NLC calls for end to violence against women|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/123790-nlc-calls-for-end-to-violence-against-women.html|date=March 8, 2013|accessdate=August 17, 2016}}</ref> Malite n'afọ 1983, ọchịchọ maka nkwanye ùgwù maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ dugara n'ịmepụta ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị n'isi obodo steeti. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, alaka steeti nke NLC nwere kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị na onye isi oche nke kọmitii ahụ bụ onye otu na-akpaghị aka nke kansụl nchịkwa nke NLC steeti. Na mba, onye isi nke National Women Commission bụ osote onye isi oche nke NLC.Onye isi oche nke National Women Commission bụ Comrade Rita Goyit.<ref name="Women & Youth" /> Akụkụ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka na nnukwu ngagharị iwe na ngagharị iwe iji kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na megide ime ihe ike metụtara nwoke na nwanyị megide ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-31|title=NLC holds rally to stop gender based violence|url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/nlc-holds-rally-to-stop-gender-based-violence/|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=TVC News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndị mmekọ Oru == === Ndị mmekọ oru ugbu a === Òtù ndị na-esonụ nwere mmekọ na NLC:<ref>{{Cite web|title=NLC Affiliates Contacts|url=https://www.nlcng.org/affiliates-contacts/|work=Nigeria Labour Congress|accessdate=24 December 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Njikọ !Nchịkọta !E hiwere ya !Ndị otu (1988)<ref name="oup">{{Cite book|author=LeVan|first=A. Carl|title=The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0192526328}}</ref> !Ndị otu (1995)<ref name="1995members">{{Cite book|title=Nigeria|date=1995|publisher=U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs}}</ref> !Ndị otu (2005)<ref name="oup" /> |- |Ndị Ọrụ Mmụta nke Polytechnics |ASUP | | | | |- |Ndị Ọrụ Mmụta Union of Research Institutions |ASURI | | | | |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Mmụta nke Mahadum |ASUU |1978 | | | |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo na Ndị Jikọrọ Aka nke Naịjirịa |AAEUN |2008 |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |- |Njikọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze, ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ndị ọrụ teknụzụ na ntụrụndụ |Ọchịchị |1996 |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |85,000 |- |Kọleji nke Mmụta Academic Staff Union |COEASU | | | | |- |Iron and Steel Senior Staff Association nke Nigeria |ISSAN |1981 | | | |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ikpe nke Naịjirịa |JUSUN | | | | |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ụgbọ Mmiri nke Naịjirịa |MWUN |1996 |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |83,479<ref name="erapi02">Figure is for 2002. {{Cite book|author=Erapi|first=Godwin Esierumua|title=Trade Unions and Employment Relationship in Privatised State Enterprises: A Case-Study of the Finance and Petroleum Industries in Nigeria|date=2005|publisher=University of Warwick|pages=330&ndash;331|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4073/1/WRAP_THESIS_Erapi_2005.pdf|accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref> |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ahụike na Ahụike nke Naịjirịa |MHWUN |1978 |41,000 |100,000 |45,000 |- |Metal Products Senior Staff Association nke Nigeria |MEPROSSAN | | | | |- |National Association of Academic Technologists |NAAT | | | | |- |National Association of Nigeria Nurses and Midwives |NANNM |1978 |50,000 |100,000 |125,000 |- |National Union of Air Transport Employees |Uche dị mma |1978 | |16,000 |8,820<ref name="erapi02" /> |- |Ndị Ọrụ National Union of Banks, Insurance and Financial Institution |Ebe Ọmụma |1978 |69,613 |80,000 |15,060<ref name="erapi02" /> |- |National Union of Chemical, Footwear, Rubber, Leather and Non-Metallic Employees |NUCFRLANMPE |1996 |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |32,121<ref name="erapi02" /> |- |National Union of Civil Engineering, Construction, Furniture and Wood Workers |NUCECFWW |1996 |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |62,000 |- |National Union of Electricity Employees |Ọdịda Anyanwụ |1978 |25,893 |25,500 |24,000 |- |National Union of Food, Beverage and Tobacco Employees |Uche anyị |1978 |44,405 |40,000 |160,000 |- |National Union of Hotels and Personal Services Workers |NUHPSW |1978 |30,000 |30,000 |3,613<ref name="erapi02" /> |- |National Union of Lottery Agents and Employees |Uche | | | | |- |National Union of Postal and Telecommunication Employees |NUPTE |1978 |29,000 |30,000 |8,000 |- |National Union of Printing, Publishing and Paper Products Workers |NUPPROW |1996 |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |6,623<ref name="erapi02" /> |- |National Union of Road Transport Workers |NURTW |1978 |30,000 |70,000 |96,000 |- |National Union of Shop and Distributive Employees |NUSDE |1978 | |20,000 |4,628<ref name="erapi02" /> |- |National Union of Textile, Garment and Tailoring Workers of Nigeria |N'okpuru Uche |1978 |41,312 |47,000 |30,000 |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Obodo Naịjirịa |NCSU |1978 |205,397 |205,000 |100,000 |- |Njikọ nke ndị nta akụkọ Nigeria |NUJ |1978 |3,950 |5,000 |35,000 |- |Njikọ nke Ndị Ọrụ Gọọmentị Obodo Naịjirịa |Enweghị ihe ọ bụla |1978 | |245,000 |24,434<ref name="erapi02" /> |- |Njikọ Ndị Ọrụ Naịjirịa |Aha |1996 |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |2,739<ref name="erapi02" /> |- |Njikọ Ndị Naịjirịa Naịjirị |NUP |1978 |286,000 |700,000 |1,000,000 |- |Naịjirịa Union of Petroleum and Natural Gas Workers |NUPENG |1978 |13,750 |35,000 |8,000 |- |Nigeria Union of Public Service Reportorial, Secretarial, Data Processors na Allied Workers |NUPSRSDAW |1978 | | |10,949<ref name="erapi02" /> |- |Njikọ nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Naịjirịa |NUR |1978 |20,634 |puku iri atọ na atọ | |- |Njikọ Ndị Nkụzi Naịjirịa |NUT |1978 |250,000 |250,000 |35,000 |- |Njikọ ndị na-akwado na ndị na-enyocha ihe na Nigeria |NIWELFU | | | | |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-abụghị nke agụmakwụkwọ nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmụta na Ndị Jikọrọ Aka |NASU |1978 |260,000 |260,000 |67,462<ref name="erapi02" /> |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ndị Omeiwu nke Naịjirịa |Ọ na-agafe agafe | | | | |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Redio, Telivishọn, Ihe nkiri na Nkà |RATTAWU |1978 |80,000 |5,000<ref name="erapi94">Figure is for 1994. {{Cite book|author=Erapi|first=Godwin Esierumua|title=Trade Unions and Employment Relationship in Privatised State Enterprises: A Case-Study of the Finance and Petroleum Industries in Nigeria|date=2005|publisher=University of Warwick|pages=325&ndash;326|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4073/1/WRAP_THESIS_Erapi_2005.pdf|accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref> |7,000 |- |Òtù Ndị Isi Ndị Ọrụ nke Nigerian Polytechnics |Nkwado | | | | |- |Òtù Ndị Isi Ndị Ọrụ nke Mahadum Naịjirịa |SSANU |1993 |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' | | |- |Senior Staff Union of Colleges of Education na Nigeria |N'oge anyị | | | | |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Steel na Injinia nke Naịjirịa |SEWUN |1996 |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |''Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa'' |28,000<ref>Figure is for 2009. {{Cite web|title=Crisis In SEWUN Resolved With The Assistance Of IMF And NUMSA|url=http://www.industriall-union.org/archive/imf/crisis-in-sewun-resolved-with-the-assistance-of-imf-and-numsa|work=IndustriALL|date=19 August 2009|accessdate=3 January 2021}}</ref> |} === Ndị mmekọ oru gara aga === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Njikọ !Nchịkọta !E hiwere ya !N'aka ekpe !Ihe kpatara ya na-esoghị !Ndị otu (1995)<ref name="1995members"/> |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo na Ndị Jikọrọ Aka nke Naịjirịa |AAWUN |1978 |2008 |E jikọtara ya na AAEUN |6,000<ref name="erapi94"/> |- |Ụgbọ ala, ụgbọ mmiri, Ngwá Ọrụ Njem na Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Naịjirịa |ABTEAWUON |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na SEWUN |17,000 |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ọchịchị Ndị Ọrụ Nkà na Ụzụ nke Naịjirịa |CSTWU |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na AUPCTRE |100,000 |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ụgbọ Mmiri nke Naịjirịa |DUN |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na MWUN |20,000 |- |Akpụkpọ ụkwụ, akpụkpọ anụ na ihe ndị rọba Union of Nigeria Workers' Union of Nigeria |FLRPWUN |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na NUCFRLANMPE |11,500 |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Iron na Steel nke Naịjirịa |ISWUN |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na SEWUN | |- |Metal Products' Union of Nigeria Workers' Union of Naịjirịa |MPWUN |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na SEWUN |7,000 |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-arụ Ọrụ Na-egwupụta Mmanụ na Na-abụghị Mmanụ |MNMWU |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na NUMW |20,000 |- |National Union of Chemical and Non-Metallic Products Workers |Onye Ọmụma |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na NUCFRLANMPE |40,000 |- |National Union of Furniture, Fixtures and Wood Workers |NUFFWW |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na NUCECFWW |13,000 |- |National Union of Paper and Paper Products Workers |NUPPPW |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na NUPPPROW | |- |National Union of Public Corporations Employees |NUPCE |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na AUPCTRE | |- |Njikọ Ndị Naịjirịa Naịjirị |NCMU |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na NUMW |1,500 |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Naịjirịa Naịjirị |NPAWU |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na MWUN |22,500 |- |Naịjirịa Union of Construction and Civil Engineering Workers |NUCCEW |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na NUCECFWW |73,000 |- |Njikọ Naịjirịa nke Ndị Ọrụ Ụgbọ Mmiri na Ndị Ọrụ Naịjirị |NUSWTW |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na MWUN | |- |Nkwupụta, Eletrik na Ngwá Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ Union |MGBE NKE |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na SEWUN |10,000 |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-ebipụta Na-ebi Akwụkwọ |PAPWU |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na NUPPPROW | |- |Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ntụrụndụ |Ọchịchọ |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na AUPCTRE |17,000 |- |Njikọ nke Mbupu, Nchịkọta na Nkwado Ụlọ Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ nke Naịjirịa |USCFAWN |1978 |1996 |E jikọtara ya na MWUN |4,000 |} == Ịchịkwa == === Ndị isi ala === : 1978: Wahab Goodluck : 1979: Hassan Sunmonu<ref name="history">{{Cite news|author=Oyesola|first=Bimbola|title=Celebrating years of struggles, trials, successes|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/celebrating-years-of-struggles-trials-successes/|accessdate=23 December 2020|work=The Sun|date=26 February 2018}}</ref> : 1984: Ali Chiroma<ref name="history" /> : 1988: Pascal Bafyau<ref name="history" /> : 1994: Ọfịs tọgbọ chakoo : 1999: Adams Oshiomhole<ref name="history" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-04|title=Oshiomhole : Consistent labour activist and political aficionado @ 67|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/oshiomhole-consistent-labour-activist-and-political-aficionado-67/|accessdate=2022-03-18|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> : 2007: Abdulwaheed Omar<ref name="history" /> : 2015: Ayuba Wabba<ref name="history" /> === Ndị odeakwụkwọ ukwu === : 1978: Aliyu Dangiwa<ref name="gensecs">{{Cite news|author=Ahiuma-Young|first=Victor|title=Breaking: Ugboaja emerges NLC General Secretary|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/08/breaking-ugboaja-emerges-nlc-general-secretary/|accessdate=24 December 2020|work=Vanguard|date=22 August 2019}}</ref> : 1986: Lasisi Osunde<ref name="gensecs" /> : 1992: ''Ebe a tọhapụrụ ya''<ref name="gensecs" /> : 2001: John Odah<ref name="gensecs" /> : 2014: Peter Ozo-Eson<ref name="gensecs" /> : 2019: Emmanuel Ugboaja<ref name="gensecs" /> == Hụkwa Ihe ọzọ ==   * Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naịjirịa * Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke Naịjirịa * Wahab Goodluck == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190914123037/http://www.nlcng.org/ Ebe obibi nke NLC] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080305004926/http://www.tribune.com.ng/03032008/labour.html Nigerian Tribune: NLC na-eme emume ncheta afọ iri atọ] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o22u2nwiotfrbv8dvxuy2o8bv4c7pal 0 20624 728043 725966 2026-09-26T00:48:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Murabitat (''ndị na-agbachitere okwukwe'', ndị siri ike, ma ọ bụ ndị agha) bụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Islamist nke ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba, nke alaka ugwu nke Islamic Movement na Israel kwadoro. <ref name="Telegraph">{{Cite news|title=Hardline Israelis anger Palestinians by trying to reclaim prayer rights at Jerusalem's most famous holy site|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/11328893/Hardline-Israelis-anger-Palestinians-by-trying-to-reclaim-prayer-rights-at-Jerusalems-most-famous-holy-site.html|publisher=The Telegraph|date=January 7, 2015}}</ref><ref name="AlMonitor" />{{Cite news|title=Al-Aqsa's women resist|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/10/women-protect-al-aqsa-mosque-jerusalem-radical-jews.html#|publisher=Al Monitor|date=October 27, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Hadid" />{{Cite news|author=Hadid|first=Diaa|title=Israel Bans 2 Muslim Groups That Protest at Jerusalem Holy Site|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/temple-mount-noble-sancutary-protesters.html?_r=0|accessdate=10 September 2015|work=New York Times|date=9 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="CohenMourabitat" />{{Cite news|author=Cohen|first=Gili|title=Israel Bans Two Muslim Activist Groups From Temple Mount|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.675329|accessdate=10 September 2015|date=9 September 2015|archive-date=19 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919005206/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.675329|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="WafaProtesting">{{Cite news|title=Foreign Ministry Condemns Calls to Ban Protesting Palestinians' Entry to Al-Aqsa Mosque|url=http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=29152|accessdate=9 September 2015|publisher=[[Wafa]]|date=24 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="CohenMourabitat" /><ref name="HarkovCongressmen" />{{Cite news|author=Harkov|first=Lahav|title=Arabs harass US congressmen during visit to Temple Mount|url=http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Exclusive-Muslims-harass-Congressmen-visiting-Temple-Mount-411782|accessdate=9 September 2015|publisher=Jerusalem Post|date=11 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="Miller" />{{Cite news|title=At Temple Mount gate, banned Muslim activists vent their anger|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/at-temple-mount-gate-banned-muslim-activists-vent-their-anger/|publisher=Times of Israel|date=September 3, 2015}}</ref>Ìgwè ahụ na-ahazi klas na Al-Aqsa na agụmakwụkwọ [[Arabic]] na ''qira'at'' na ''tajweed'' na recitation kor'an. Ndị otu ahụ enyochala nleta ndị Juu gara n'ogige Al-Aqsa na mgbalị ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-ekpe ekpere ndị Juu, nke, dịka ọnọdụ dị, ndị ọchịchị Israel na Jọdan ekweghị. <ref name="CohenMourabitat">{{Cite news|author=Cohen|first=Gili|title=Israel Bans Two Muslim Activist Groups From Temple Mount|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.675329|accessdate=10 September 2015|date=9 September 2015|archive-date=19 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919005206/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.675329|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCohen2015">Cohen, Gili (9 September 2015). . Haaretz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Hadid">{{Cite news|author=Hadid|first=Diaa|title=Israel Bans 2 Muslim Groups That Protest at Jerusalem Holy Site|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/temple-mount-noble-sancutary-protesters.html?_r=0|accessdate=10 September 2015|work=New York Times|date=9 September 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHadid2015">Hadid, Diaa (9 September 2015). [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/temple-mount-noble-sancutary-protesters.html?_r=0 "Israel Bans 2 Muslim Groups That Protest at Jerusalem Holy Site"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Gonen">{{Cite book|author=Gonen|first=Rivka|title=Contested holiness : Jewish, Muslim, and Christian perspectives on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem|date=2003|publisher=KTAV|location=Jersey City (N. J.)|isbn=9780881257984|pages=[https://archive.org/details/contestedholines00rivk/page/149 149]-155|url=https://archive.org/details/contestedholines00rivk}}</ref>Ndị otu ahụ emebiwo ọtụtụ mgbalị dị otú ahụ site n'ịkparị, na mgbe ụfọdụ na-awakpo ndị otu ndị Juu. <ref name="AlMonitor">{{Cite news|title=Al-Aqsa's women resist|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/10/women-protect-al-aqsa-mosque-jerusalem-radical-jews.html#|publisher=Al Monitor|date=October 27, 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/10/women-protect-al-aqsa-mosque-jerusalem-radical-jews.html# "Al-Aqsa's women resist"]. Al Monitor. October 27, 2014.</cite></ref><ref name="CohenMourabitat" /><ref name="Miller">{{Cite news|title=At Temple Mount gate, banned Muslim activists vent their anger|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/at-temple-mount-gate-banned-muslim-activists-vent-their-anger/|publisher=Times of Israel|date=September 3, 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.timesofisrael.com/at-temple-mount-gate-banned-muslim-activists-vent-their-anger/ "At Temple Mount gate, banned Muslim activists vent their anger"]. Times of Israel. September 3, 2015.</cite></ref><ref name="CohenMourabitat" />Israel agbalịwokwa igbochi ndị otu ahụ ịbanye na Al-Aqsa.<ref name="HarkovCongressmen">{{Cite news|author=Harkov|first=Lahav|title=Arabs harass US congressmen during visit to Temple Mount|url=http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Exclusive-Muslims-harass-Congressmen-visiting-Temple-Mount-411782|accessdate=9 September 2015|publisher=Jerusalem Post|date=11 August 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHarkov2015">Harkov, Lahav (11 August 2015). [http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Exclusive-Muslims-harass-Congressmen-visiting-Temple-Mount-411782 "Arabs harass US congressmen during visit to Temple Mount"]. Jerusalem Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Miller" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Òtù ndị yiri ya, Murabiton maka ụmụ nwoke na Murabitat maka ụmụ nwanyị, bụ nke alaka ugwu nke otu Islamist, Islamic Movement in Israel mepụtara n'afọ 2012. <ref name="CohenMourabitat"/><ref name="Hadid"/>Dị ka Haaretz si kwuo, ebumnuche ha bụ "ịkpagbu ndị Juu na-eleta Ugwu Ụlọ Nsọ." Ìgwè ndị ahụ na-arụ ọrụ ụgbọ ala kwa ụbọchị n'etiti obodo ndị Arab gụnyere Umm al-Fahm na Tayibe), nke a na-akpọ Triangle, yana site na Negev na Galili gaa n'Ugwu Ụlọ Nsọ .<ref name="CohenMourabitat" /><ref name="CohenMourabitat" /> Dị ka ndị ọrụ nchekwa Israel si kwuo, tupu a machibido ìgwè ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị iwu ma mechie ọfịs nke NGO na-akwado ha, a na-akwụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe 3,000-4,000 shekel ($ 771- $ 1,028) kwa ọnwa, na ụfọdụ n'ime ego na-abịa site na Gulf States.<ref name="CohenMourabitat"/> == Ihe omume == Dị ka Christian Broadcasting Network si kwuo, a na-akwụ ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ụgwọ maka ịkpasu ndị ọbịa nwanyị na Temple Mount ọbụna mgbe ha yi uwe dị ala.<ref name="Barrow" />{{Cite news|author=Barrow|first=Tzippe|title=Muslims Harass US Congressmen on Temple Mount|url=http://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2015/August/Congressmen-Harassed-on-the-Temple-Mount/|accessdate=9 September 2015|publisher=[[Christian Broadcasting Network|CBN]]|date=12 August 2015}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, n'afọ 2015, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ kpagburu otu ndị na-eleta ndị otu United States Congress, gụnyere Rep. Evan Jenkins, Rep. Trent Franks, Rep. Keith Rothfus na nwunye Maazị Jenkins. <ref name="Barrow">{{Cite news|author=Barrow|first=Tzippe|title=Muslims Harass US Congressmen on Temple Mount|url=http://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2015/August/Congressmen-Harassed-on-the-Temple-Mount/|accessdate=9 September 2015|publisher=[[Christian Broadcasting Network|CBN]]|date=12 August 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBarrow2015">Barrow, Tzippe (12 August 2015). [http://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2015/August/Congressmen-Harassed-on-the-Temple-Mount/ "Muslims Harass US Congressmen on Temple Mount"]. [[Christian Broadcasting Network|CBN]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Fields">{{Cite news|author=Fields|first=Ben|title=Back in US, Jenkins recounts Israel temple incident|url=http://www.herald-dispatch.com/news/back-in-us-jenkins-recounts-israel-temple-incident/article_be91a2cb-2867-58c7-9ecc-4edb50510669.html|accessdate=9 September 2015|publisher=Herald Dispatch|date=13 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409163420/https://www.herald-dispatch.com/news/back-in-us-jenkins-recounts-israel-temple-incident/article_be91a2cb-2867-58c7-9ecc-4edb50510669.html|archive-date=9 April 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="HarkovCongressmen"/>Onye omeiwu Jenkins kọwara onwe ya dị ka onye, "nke oke enweghị nnwere onwe na àgwà esemokwu na ụzọ na omume" nke otu ahụ."Ọ kọwara omume nke ndị Alakụba n'Ugwu Ụlọ Nsọ n'ụbọchị ahụ dị ka "ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ".<ref name="Fields" /><ref name="HarkovCongressmen" /> Moshe Ya'alon, Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa, ekwuola na omume ndị otu ahụ na-eduga, "na ime ihe ike nke nwere ike imerụ ndụ mmadụ".<ref name="CohenMourabitat"/> == E kwupụtara na iwu na-akwadoghị == N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2015, Minista Nchebe Ọha nke Israel, Gilad Erdan, machibidoro ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'oge nleta ụtụtụ. <ref name="Miller"/>Na mbido, Njikọ Arab katọrọ atụmatụ ịmachibido otu ahụ iwu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Arab League slams Israel's attempts to ban Aqsa Mosque society|url=http://english.palinfo.com/site/pages/details.aspx?itemid=73278|publisher=Palestinian Information Center|date=August 28, 2015|archive-date=April 9, 2023|access-date=October 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409163421/https://english.palinfo.com/site/pages/details.aspx?itemid=73278|url-status=dead}}</ref>Na Septemba 8, 2015, Minista Nchebe Moshe Ya'alon bịanyere aka n'iwu nke kwupụtara otu Murabitat dị ka nzukọ iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref name="A7">{{Cite news|title=Defense Minister Outlaws Temple Mount Screamers|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/200493#.VfEb9tJVhBc|publisher=Arutz 7|date=September 9, 2015}}</ref><ref name="CohenMourabitat"/> Sheikh Azzam al-Khatib, onye isi nke Jerusalem Islamic Waqf nke na-elekọta Ugwu Ụlọ Nsọ, kpọrọ mkpebi ahụ, "ihe a na-anabataghị kpamkpam", na-ekwusi ike na gọọmentị Israel enweghị "ikike" itinye aka.<ref name="WaqfStatement">{{Cite news|title=Israel outlaws Palestinian groups at Aqsa compound|url=http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?ID=767533|accessdate=11 September 2015|publisher=[[Ma'an News Agency]]|date=9 September 2015}}</ref> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2016/al-aqsa-mosque-jerusalem-360-degrees-tour-4k-video/the-protectors-of-al-aqsa-jerusalem.html Ònye bụ ndị na-elekọta al-Aqsa?][Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [https://www.972mag.com/meet-the-outlawed-women-of-israels-islamic-movement/ Zute ụmụ nwanyị a machibidoro iwu nke Israel's Islamic Movement], Jenụwarị 16, 2016, Samah Salaime, +972 Magazine. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Temple Mount}} i87hq1r13p7m4i5llpq8cog3jhqe7ac 0 21265 728168 138667 2026-09-26T10:56:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nnaemeka Chidiebere Ikegwuonu'''<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=The 'Global Diplomacy Lab' tackles migration|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=2015-11-07|url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-global-diplomacy-lab-tackles-migration/a-18834238|accessdate=2021-12-27}}</ref> (amụrụ n'afọ 1981 ma ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Naijiria na onye mgbasa ozi redio. O guzobere Smallholders Foundation, nke na-enye ihe ọmụma banyere ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide site na ụlọ ọrụ redio, ọ bụkwa onye isi nke ColdHubs, nke na'ịkwụ ụgwọ nchekwa oyi na-eji anyanwụ eme ihe maka ndị na-emepụta nri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Energy Storage Solution Wholesale,Solar & Energy storage Price|url=https://www.everexceed.com/energy-storage-solution_c86?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIjbr94-W5-QIVCIbVCh1iCwePEAAYBCAAEgIj7PD_BwE|accessdate=2022-08-09|work=www.everexceed.com}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Ikegwuonu bụ onye ezinaụlọ na-akọ ugbo na steeti Imo, Nigeria. O nwetara nzere bachelọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọmụmụ mba ụwa na mahadum Imo State na 2009, nzere masta na nkwado na mmepe site na Institute for Advanced Studies na Mahadum Pavia, Italy. Ọ na-enwetakwa asambodo na ihe ọmụmụ gụnyere njikwa akụrụngwa mmiri, ịda ogbenye na ikike mmadụ, na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi sitere na mahadum dị iche iche nke Europe. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Ikegwuonu rụrụ ọrụ maka otu NGO na-ahụ maka HIV n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo.<ref name="broadcaster">{{Cite news|first=Mark|author=Tran|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/dec/20/airwave-agriculturist-farmer-broadcasting-pioneer|title=Airwave agriculturist: the smallholder farmer who became a broadcast pioneer|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2011-12-20|accessdate=2022-01-02}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, o guzobere Smallholders Foundation, iji nye ndị ọrụ ugbo ozi gbasara omume na-adịgide adịgide; o mechara tinye ihe ngosi redio na-emekọrịta ihe, na ndị ọrụ ugpo na-eji ekwentị ndị na-eji anyanwụ eme ihe na njikọ Wi-Fi iji soro ndị mgbasa ozi kwurịta okwu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=Dec 2010|title=A rural radio service for small scale farmers|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/ce1e0f3c243bba1e82a5f23a58d6b008/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=25518|journal=Appropriate Technology|volume=37}}</ref><ref name="broadcaster" /><ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|date=2017-12-28|first=Kate|author=Hodal|title=How the sun's rays can keep food chilled: fighting waste in Africa|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/dec/28/fighting-food-waste-in-africa|accessdate=2021-12-27|work=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/rural-radio-helps-nigerian-farmers/av-19485414|title=Rural radio helps Nigerian farmers|work=Deutsche Welle|date=2016-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=El Ebrashi|first=Raghda|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Raghda-El-Ebrashi-2/publication/316573065_Social_entrepreneurs'_strategies_for_addressing_institutional_voids_in_developing_markets/links/592bce660f7e9b9979a9b0c5/Social-entrepreneurs-strategies-for-addressing-institutional-voids-in-developing-markets.pdf|title=Social entrepreneurs' strategies for addressing institutional voids in developing markets|journal=[[European Journal of International Management]]|volume=11|issue=3|date=January 2017}}</ref><ref name="allAfrica">{{Cite news|first=Mahmud|author=Johnson|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201109081435.html|title=Africa: Surfing the Radio Waves for Sustainable Agriculture|work=[[allAfrica]]|date=2011-09-07|accessdate=2022-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226221100/https://allafrica.com/stories/201109081435.html|archive-date=2021-12-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2010 ọ nwere ihe dịka ndị na-ege ntị 250,000 kwa ụbọchị.<ref name="broadcaster" /><ref name="Qatar">{{Cite news|title=Radio changes rural lives in Nigeria|work=[[Qatar Tribune]]|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Radio+changes+rural+lives+in+Nigeria.-a0244111681|date=2010-12-10}}</ref> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gnyapb9mafzopeq2r579a0zhasj890g 0 21897 728110 709364 2026-09-26T06:26:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728110 wikitext text/x-wiki   National Agency for the Great Green Wall (NAGGW) bụ '''ụlọ ọrụ''' gọọmentị Naijiria n'okpuru Federal Ministry of Environment (Nigeria), nke e guzobere iji dozie mmebi ala na ọzara, bulie nchekwa nri na nkwado obodo iji mee mgbanwe ihu igwe na steeti Naijiria nke [[Sokoto]], [[Ȯra Kebbi|Kebbi]], Kastina, [[Ȯra Zamfara|Zamfara]], [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano]], [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa]], [[Bauchi]], [[Ȯra Gombe|Gombe]], [[Ȯra Yobe|Yobe]], [[Ȯra Borno|Borno]], na [[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gef6.globelegislators.org/nigeria/the-great-green-wall-experience-in-nigeria|title=The Great Green Wall Experience in Nigeria &#124; GLOBE|accessdate=2022-10-14|archivedate=2022-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025235/https://gef6.globelegislators.org/nigeria/the-great-green-wall-experience-in-nigeria}}</ref> NAGGW na-eje ozi dị ka ebe a na-elekwasị anya na Naijiria maka mmelite nke ọhụụ nke African Union Great Green Wall of the Sahara na Sahel project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greatgreenwall.org/about-great-green-wall|title=Great Green Wall — the Great Green Wall|access-date=2022-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117173918/https://www.greatgreenwall.org/about-great-green-wall|archive-date=2021-01-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/directory/listing/national-agency-for-great-green-wall/|title=National Agency for Great Green Wall (NAGGW)}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke NAGGW bụ ịkwụsị ma gbanwee mmebi ala, gbochie mmebi nke ụdị dị iche iche, hụ na ka ọ na-erule afọ 2025, gburugburu ebe obibi na-eguzogide mgbanwe ihu igwe ma na-aga n'ihu na-enye ọrụ dị mkpa nke ga-enye aka na ọdịmma mmadụ na mkpochapụ ịda ogbenye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://authorityngr.com/2021/03/01/naggw-revalidates-national-strategic-action-plan/|title=NAGGW revalidates National Strategic Action Plan – THE AUTHORITY NEWS|accessdate=2022-10-14|archivedate=2022-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425115056/https://authorityngr.com/2021/03/01/naggw-revalidates-national-strategic-action-plan/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere National Agency for the Great Green Wall (NAGGW) site na Iwu nke [[Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara|Nzukọ]] Ndị Omeiwu n'afọ 2015 iji mezuo ọhụ nke African Union na ndị isi ya na steeti nke gọọmentị Great Green Wall of the Sahara na ọrụ Sahel Initiative (GGWSSI) nke afọ 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://placng.org/i/documents/national-agency-for-the-great-wall-establishment-act-2015/|title=National Agency for the Great Wall (Establishment) Act 2015 - Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre|date=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/fg-approve-national-agency-on-great-green-wall/|title=FG approve National Agency on Great Green Wall|date=22 October 2014}}</ref> Omume ahụ lekwasịrị anya na mgbalị iji lụso mmebi ala, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na ọzara na egwu ndị ọzọ nke mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na mgbalị na usoro mmejuputa iji melite ihe ndị obodo ndị ahụ metụtara ma belata ngosipụta doro anya nke ịda ogbenye na iwulite ume nke ndị mmadụ na ihe omume nke mgbanwe ihu ọha. Ogologo usoro mmejuputa nke mmemme GGW na-ekpuchi steeti ndị dị n'ebe ugwu (Adamawa, Borno, Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Kano, Katsina, Zamfara, Sokoto, Kebbi, na Yobe).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/property/experts-decry-great-green-wall-project-implementation/|title=Experts decry Great Green Wall project implementation|date=27 June 2022|accessdate=14 October 2022|archivedate=20 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120175441/https://guardian.ng/property/experts-decry-great-green-wall-project-implementation/}}</ref> == Ntinye aka na Ọrụ == * Ego na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi na-akwado nnukwu ọrụ Green Wall (EFO) * Nnukwu ọrụ mgbukpọ ọhịa na mgbukpọ osisi nke Natural Resources Development Fund (NRDF) kwadoro; * Ọrụ na-emegide Desertification (AAD) Ọrụ nke Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) nke United Nations na European Union (EU) kwadoro. == Ịchịkwa == Onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Onye isi ala nke Federal Republic of Nigeria họpụtara, onye na-aza ajụjụ maka mmezu nke iwu, mmemme na atụmatụ dịka Council kwadoro; na nchịkwa kwa ụbọchị nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. DG nke ugbu a bụ Dr Yusuf Maina-Bukar onye Onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] họpụtara n'ọnwa Eprel 1, afọ 2022 maka afọ anọ mgbe oge Dr Bukar Hassan gwụsịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radionigeria.gov.ng/2022/04/01/national-agency-for-the-great-green-wall-gets-new-dg/|title=National Agency for the Great Green Wall gets New DG|date=April 2022|accessdate=2022-10-14|archivedate=2022-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813073348/https://radionigeria.gov.ng/2022/04/01/national-agency-for-the-great-green-wall-gets-new-dg/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecable.ng/buhari-appoints-yusuf-maina-bukar-as-dg-of-great-green-wall-agency|title=Buhari appoints Yusuf Maina-Bukar as DG of great green wall agency|date=April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/outgoing-naggw-boss-calls-for-effective-service-delivery-from-staff/|title=Outgoing NAGGW boss calls for effective service delivery from staff|date=8 April 2022}}</ref> == Ebensidee == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> 5pf2enw0dmklmbzw8897t4s09a7ph11 0 23759 728037 189096 2026-09-26T00:01:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ebubennem Megalyn Ann Echikunwoke''' (/ˈmɛɡəlɪn ɛˌtʃɪkʊnˈwoʊkeɪ/ MEG-ə-lin eh-CHIK-uun-WOH-kay; amụrụ na Mee 28, 1983), nke a makwaara dị ka Megalyn E.K., bụ onye Amerika na-eme ihe nkiri, nke a maara karịsịa maka ọrụ ya na telivishọn na ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://headgum.com/lets-talk-about-me-baby/ep-40-megalyn-echikunwoke-aka-we-stand-with|title=EP 40: Megalyn Echikunwoke AKA "We Stand with..."|date=December 7, 2016|work=Let's Talk About Me, Baby with Utkarsh Ambudkar|accessdate=December 17, 2018}}</ref><ref name="mccann">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7ZYsnTPIhwC|title=Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television|author=McCann|first=Bob|publisher=McFarland|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7864-5804-2|location=Jefferson, North Carolina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/megalyn_echikunwoke|title=Megalyn Echikunwoke|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20191001230159/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/megalyn_echikunwoke|archivedate=October 1, 2019|accessdate=October 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/arrows-megalyn-e-k-calls-her-role-as-vixen-a-dream-come-true/|title="Arrow's" Megalyn E.K. Calls Her Role as Vixen a 'Dream Come True'|author=Damore|first=Meagan|date=February 24, 2016|work=CBR|language=en-US|accessdate=November 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-09|title=Meet Megalyn Echikunwoke, The Beautiful Igbo Girl Who Just Dumped Chris Rock|url=https://koko.ng/meet-megalyn-echikunwoke-the-beautiful-igbo-girl-who-just-dumped-chris-rock/|accessdate=2022-03-16|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-01-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122142947/https://koko.ng/meet-megalyn-echikunwoke-the-beautiful-igbo-girl-who-just-dumped-chris-rock/}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na Spokane, Washington, a chọpụtara ya mgbe ọ na-eme ihe nkiri maka ụlọ akwụkwọ nka, ọ malitekwara ịrụ ọrụ ọkachamara mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, na-apụta n'otu ''ihe'' omume nke The Steve Harvey Show . N'agbata afọ 2001 na afọ 2002, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Nicole Palmer, nwa nwanyi nke David Palmer, na usoro Fox ''24'', nke ọrụ ndị ọbịa sochiri na ER na ''Buffy'' the Vampire Slayer. N'agbata afọ 2004 na ''afọ'' 2005, ọ gosipụtara Angie Barnett, nwanne Steven Hyde, na sitcom That '70s Show . N'afọ 2006, ọ pụtara dị ka onye ndu na usoro The ''4400'' nke gara ruo n'afọ 2007, na-esote ọrụ ugboro ugboro na ''90210'' na House of Lies . Ọrụ ihe nkiri ya na mbido afọ 2010 gụnyere Whit Stillman's Damsels in Distress (2011), na ihe omume na-esote A Good Day to Die Hard (2013). N'afọ 2016, o gosiputara Mari McCabe / Vixen na Arrowverse . N'afọ sochirinụ, o nwere ọrụ nkwado na ''CHiPs'' (2017), nke na-esote ya bụ An Actor Prepares (2018). Na-esote, ọ sonyeere na ihe nkiri Night School (2018). Na ngwụcha afọ 2018, o mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya na New York na mmepụta nke ''Apologia'' na Broadway. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Ebubennem Megalyn Ann Echikunwoke na Spokane, Washington na Mark Onigwe Versato Echikunvoke, nna [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] Naijirịa, na Anita Laurie.<ref name="tvg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/megalyn-echikunwoke/credits/190556/|title=Megalyn Echikunwoke Credits|work=[[TV Guide]]|accessdate=October 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002011946/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/megalyn-echikunwoke/credits/190556/|archive-date=October 2, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="oxfam">{{Cite web|url=https://firstperson.oxfamamerica.org/2017/05/on-the-brink-of-famine-in-the-place-my-father-called-home/|title=On the brink of famine in the place my father called home|author=Echikunwoke|first=Megalyn|date=May 1, 2017|work=[[Oxfam|<!-- don't delink -->Oxfam America]]|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20191002011426/https://firstperson.oxfamamerica.org/2017/05/on-the-brink-of-famine-in-the-place-my-father-called-home/|archivedate=October 2, 2019|accessdate=October 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="mccann"/><ref name="mccann" /> Nna ya, onye kwagara na United States, bụ onye lanarịrị [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naijirịa]], n'oge ọ nwere mmerụ ahụ égbè nke mere ka ọ butere ịba ọcha n'anya B.<ref name="oxfam" /> Mgbe Echikunwoke dị afọ anọ, nna ya, onye na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu na Spokane, nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa imeju, nke sitere na nsogbu ahụike ya metụtara agha.<ref name="oxfam"/> Nne ya kwagara ezinụlọ ya na Navajo Nation, ebe ọ zụlitere Echikunwoke na ụmụnne ya na obodo na-enweghị ụlọ ọrụ nke Chinle, Arizona.<ref name="mccann"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200608210859.html|title=Nigeria: Megalyn Echikunwoke&nbsp;– Mega-Talent Doing Nigeria Proud!|author=Aminu|first=Abdulkareem Baba|date=August 29, 2006|work=AllAfrica|accessdate=December 8, 2016}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, a chọpụtara Echikunwoke mgbe ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na mmepụta ihe nkiri na ogige oge okpomọkụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ nka.<ref name="mccann" /> == Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Megalyn.Echikunwoke.20091114.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Megalyn.Echikunwoke.20091114.jpg/150px-Megalyn.Echikunwoke.20091114.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Echikunwoke na 2009]] Ọrụ mbụ Echikunwoke gosiputara bụ onye ọbịa na The Steve Harvey Show na 1998.<ref name="mccann"/> N'afọ sochirinụ, o nwere ọrụ ihe nkiri mbụ ya na Julie Dash's Funny Valentines .<ref name="amg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/megalyn-echikunwoke-p239362/filmography|title=Megalyn Echikunwoke|work=[[AllMovie]]|accessdate=October 1, 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ihe nkirí MTV Spyder Games dị ka Cherish Pardee, onye na-agụ egwú n'ụlọ kọfị, nke gbara n'afọ ahụ.<ref name="mccann" /> O mechara rụọ ọrụ ugboro ugboro na oge mbu nke ''24'' (2001 Dz 2002) dị ka nwa nwanyị David Palmer bụ Nicole.<ref name="mccann" /> Na mbido afọ 2003, ọ pụtara ''dị ka'' Danika na-usoro ihe nkiri Like Family, ma bụrụ onye ọbịa na ''Buffy'' the Vampire Slayer, na ihe omume "The Killer in Me" (2003).<ref name="mccann" /><ref name="mccann" /> Nke a sochiri ya na ọrụ ọbịa na ''Veronica Mars'' na 2004.<ref name="mccann" /> N'agbata ''afọ'' 2004 na 2005, ọ pụtara na Fox's That '70s Show dị ka nwanne Steven Hyde, Angie Barnett.<ref name="mccann"/> N'afọ 2006, a tụbara ya dị ka usoro na-aga n'ihu na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn akụkọ sayensị The ''4400'' dị ka ụdị okenye nke Isabelle Tyler dị omimi.<ref name="mccann" /> Ọ hapụrụ ihe ngosi ahụ na 2007. Site na 2008 ruo 2009, ọ pụtara na oge 7 nke CSI: Miami dị ka onye nyocha ahụike ọhụrú Dr. Tara Price.<ref name="mccann" /> O nwere ọrụ ugboro ugboro na TNT's Raising the Bar (2008ī2009) dị ka mmasị ịhụnanya nke onye ọka iwu Marcus McGrath, nke J. August Richards mere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Echikunwoke-CSI-Miami-1006729.aspx|title=CSI: Miami Doctor Is Out... and Hitting the Bar?|work=[[TV Guide]]|accessdate=June 9, 2009}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, ọ pụtara dị ka onye na-agụ egwu na Leonard Chess biopic Who Do You Love?<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36612190/the_record/|title=Blues film down on its luck|author=Whitty|first=Stephen|date=April 9, 2010|work=The Record|page=G2}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ mere Holly na oge nke anọ nke ''90210'', ma mesịa pụta na ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị Damsels in Distress .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvline.com/2011/07/90210-justin-deeley-megalyn-echikunwoke/|title=90210 Exclusive: Newcomer Justin Deeley Cast as... Brad Pitt?|author=Ausiello|first=Michael|date=July 6, 2011|work=TVLine|accessdate=October 24, 2011|archivedate=June 3, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603133015/http://tvline.com/2011/07/06/90210-justin-deeley-megalyn-echikunwoke/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36612154/the_akron_beacon_journal/|title='Damsels in Distress' worth saving time to see|author=Rodriguez|first=Rene|date=May 3, 2012|work=The Akron Beacon Journal|page=F7}}</ref> O mere April na Showtime's House of Lies (2012) na Riley Parker na ihe nkịrị iwu nke Made in Jersey (nakwa 2012) na CBS.<ref>[http://tvline.com/2012/07/18/made-in-jersey-megalyn-echikunwoke/ Roots, Kimberly. "Fall TV Exclusive: CBS' ''Made in Jersey'' Casts ''90210''{{'}}s Megalyn Echikunwoke," TVLine, Wednesday, July 18, 2012.]</ref> N'afọ 2014, o sonyere na usoro ihe nkiri Mind Games na ABC. N'afọ 2016, Echikunwoke pụtara na CW's Arrow dị ka DC Comics superhero Mari McCabe / Vixen maka otu ihe omume, ma kwupụta agwa ahụ na CW Seed animated series Vixen. N'ihi nkwa ndị gara aga, ọ nọghị na ya igwu egwu na Legends of Tomorrow, nke mere ka ewebata Vixen ọhụrụ nke Maisie Richardson-Sellers, nne nne nke Echikunwoke. Echikunwoke nwere ọrụ nkwado na Dax Shepard's ''CHiPs'' (2017), nke ihe ọchị An Actor Prepares (2018) sochiri. N'afọ ahụ, o nwere ọrụ nkwado na ihe nkiri Night School, nke nwetara ihe karịrị $ 100 nde.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=nightschool2018.htm|title=Night School (2018)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=April 21, 2019}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ Claire na mmepụta nke ''Apologia'' maka Roundabout Theatre Company nke malitere n'October 16, 2018, ruo December 16, 2018.<ref name="apologia" /><ref name="apologia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/stockard-channing-and-hugh-dancy-take-the-stage-in-apologia-off-broadway|title=Stockard Channing and Hugh Dancy Take the Stage in Apologia Off-Broadway|author=Vine|first=Hannah|date=October 12, 2018|work=[[Playbill]]|accessdate=October 1, 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, o nwere ọrụ nkwado na Late Night .<ref name="amg"/> O mechara nwee ọrụ dị mkpa na Almost Family, usoro ihe nkiri Fox nke na-akọ akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị atọ na-amụta na ha bụ ụmụnne mgbe dọkịta na-ahụ maka ọmụmụ a ma ama kpughere na o jirila sperm nke ya mee ''ihe'' karịa 100 ụmụ na ndị ọrịa ya.<ref name="af">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/almost-family-1.37025532|title='Almost Family': Story of a fertility doc was almost a good idea|author=Gay|first=Verne|date=October 1, 2019|work=[[Newsday]]|accessdate=October 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001144906/https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/almost-family-1.37025532|archive-date=October 1, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> A kagbuola ya mgbe otu oge gachara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/almost-family-canceled-fox-1203521583/|title='Almost Family' Canceled After One Season at Fox|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Will|author=Thorne|date=March 2, 2020|accessdate=March 2, 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == N'afọ 2007, Echikunwoke, Justin Long, Olivia Wilde na Kal Penn mere mkpọsa maka onye a họpụtara dịka onye isi ala nke Democratic [[Barack Obama]] n'afọ 2008. Ọ gụnyere njem nleta n'oge oyi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji na ụlọ mmanya na Iowa, nke a maara dị ka All-Actor All-Iowa All-Star Voter Education Tour, iji debanye aha ndị ọhụrụ na-eme ntụli aka na kọleji tupu ntuli aka.<ref name="Chaudhary2012">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgogJBL65-UC&pg=PT130|title=First Cameraman: Documenting the Obama Presidency in Real Time|author=Chaudhary|first=Arun|date=August 21, 2012|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=978-0-8050-9573-9|pages=130–}}</ref> Nwa nwanne nne Echikunwoke bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu Annette Echikunvoke.<ref>{{Cite web|title=megalyn: So my cousin is an unstoppable super star Olympian! Please follow and support her while she prepares to win the gold for Nigeria!!|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CQZQoe_gBPm/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023194810/https://www.instagram.com/p/CQZQoe_gBPm/|archivedate=2022-10-23|accessdate=2021-12-18|work=Instagram}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu ! class="unsortable" |Ref. |- ! scope="row" |1999 |''Valentines na-atọ ọchị'' |Lauren | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="amg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2004 |''Ogologo Ogologo'' |Elena |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="mccann"/> |- ! scope="row" |2006 |''Ndị na-ese foto'' |Sista Strada Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="amg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2008 |''Nkwado'' |Carmen | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="amg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2008 |''Ònye ka Ị hụrụ n'anya?'' |Ihe oriri Ivy | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="amg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2011 |''Ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na nsogbu'' |Rose | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="amg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2011 |''Hugs na-enweghị ihe mgbochi'' |Megan |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2013 | data-sort-value="Good Day to Die Hard, A" |''Ụbọchị Dị Mma Ịnwụ Ike'' |Onye nta akụkọ mara mma | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="amg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2014 |''Ihe osise eletrik'' |Jọn | | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2014 |''Igwu Mmiri n'abalị'' |Iv |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2015 | data-sort-value="Meddler, The" |''Onye Ahịa ahụ'' |Elise | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="amg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2017 |''CHiPs'' |Patricia Eerly | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="amg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2018 |''Ụmụnne nwanyị na-agafe agafe'' |Jamilah | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="amg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2018 | data-sort-value="Actor Prepares, An" |''Onye Na-eme Ihe nkiri Na-akwadebe'' |Clementine | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="amg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2018 |''Ụlọ Akwụkwọ N'abalị'' |Lisa King | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="amg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2019 |''N'abalị'' |Robin | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="amg"/> |- ! scope="row" |2022 |''Emily Onye Omume Ọjọọ'' |Liz | | style="text-align:center;" | |} === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu ! class="unsortable" |Ref. |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''Ihe E Kere Eke'' |Elizabeth Gibson |Obere ihe nkiri | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |1998 | data-sort-value="Steve Harvey Show, The" |''Ihe ngosi Steve Harvey'' |Allison Hightower |Ihe omume: "Nwanne nna Steve" | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2000 |''Malibu, CA'' |Randy |Ihe omume: "Three Dudes and a Baby" | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2001 |''Egwuregwu Spyder'' |Ebe a na-akpọ Cherish Pardee |Ihe omume 65 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2001 2002 | data-sort-value="Twenty-four" |''24'' |Nicole Palmer |Ihe omume 6 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2002 |''Sheena'' |Janel |Ihe omume: "Ịbịa Africa" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2002 |''ER'' |Terry Welch |Ihe omume: "Bygones" | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2002 |''Maka Ndị Mmadụ'' |Claudia Gibson |Ihe omume 2 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2002 |''Ihe M M hụrụ n'anya Maka Gị'' |Karen |Ihe omume: "Ọnyà Parrot" | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2002 |''B.S.'' |Obe Shannon |Ihe nkiri telivishọn | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="mccann"/> |- ! scope="row" |2003 |''Buffy onye na-egbu egbu'' |Vaughne |Ihe omume: "Onye Ogbu mmadụ n'ime m" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="mccann" /> |- ! scope="row" |2003-2004 |''Dị ka Ezinụlọ'' |Danika Ward |Ihe omume iri abụọ na abụọ | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2004 |''Veronica Mars'' |Mmiri ozuzo |Ihe omume: "Ịṅụ Kool-Aid" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2004-2005 |''Afọ 70 ahụ gosiri'' |Angie Barnett |Ihe omume 8 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2005 |''A na-etinye ya'' |Christina |Ihe nkiri telivishọn | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="mccann" /> |- ! scope="row" |2006 |''Ike karịrị nke mmadụ'' |Cassie Robinson |Ihe omume: "Ụzọ 666" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2006 2007 | data-sort-value="Forty-four Hundred, The" |''4400'' |Isabelle Tyler |Ọrụ bụ isi | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2008 | data-sort-value="Game, The" |''Egwuregwu ahụ'' |Cheyenne |Ihe omume: "Were nkwa ndị a ma chụpụ 'Ha!" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2008-2009 |''CSI: Miami'' |Tara Price |Ihe omume iri abụọ na atọ | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2009 |''Ịzụlite Ọchịchị'' |Amelia Mkali |Ihe omume 3 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2009 |''Iwu na Iwu: Ngalaba Ndị O merụrụ Ahụ Pụrụ Iche'' |Nicole Gleason |Ihe omume: "Anchor" | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2011-2012 | data-sort-value="Nine Oh Two One Oh" |''90210'' |Holly Strickler |Ọrụ a na-arụ ugboro ugboro | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2012 |''Ụlọ nke ụgha'' |Eprel |Ọrụ a na-arụ ugboro ugboro | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2012 |''Ndị mara mma'' |Monica |Ihe nkiri telivishọn | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2012 |''Emere na Jersey'' |Riley Parker |Ọrụ bụ isi | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2014 |''Nna America!'' |Angie (olu) |Ihe omume: "Nweta Onye Nlekọta Na-adịghị Mma" | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2014 |''Egwuregwu Uche'' |Megan Shane |Ọrụ bụ isi | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2015 | data-sort-value="Following, The" |''Ndị na-esote'' |Penny |Ihe omume 4 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2016 |''Akụ́'' |Mari McCabe / Vixen |Ihe omume: "Taken" | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2016 |''Damien'' |Simone Baptiste |Ọrụ bụ isi | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2017 |''Mmụọ'' |Natalie |Ihe omume: "Whispers" | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2017 |''Ndị ọcha a ma ama'' |Ihe mgbu |Ihe omume 4 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg"/> |- ! scope="row" |20192020 |''Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Ezinụlọ'' |Edie Palmer |Ọrụ bụ isi | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg" /> |- ! scope="row" |2021 |''N'Oké Ọchịchịrị'' |Esme Rawls |Ihe omume: "Blood Moon" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="BloodMoon">{{Cite web|title=Hulu, Blumhouse TV's ''Into the Dark'' Finds Lead Cast for Season 2 Finale (Exclusive)|url=https://www.thewrap.com/hulu-blumhouse-tv-into-the-dark-lead-cast-season-2-finale-exclusive/|work=The Wrap|first=Beatrice|author=Verhoeven|date=February 16, 2021|accessdate=February 16, 2021}}</ref> |} === Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu ! class="unsortable" |Ref. |- ! scope="row" |2017 |''Ikpe Ziri Ezi 2'' |Mari McCabe / Vixen |Olu | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2018 |''Lego DC Super-Villains'' |Mari McCabe / Vixen |Olu | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2019 |''Mortal Kombat 11'' |Jacqui Briggs |Olu | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2019 |''Ndị dike nke Oké Ifufe ahụ'' |Qhira |Olu | style="text-align:center;" | |} == Ihe ngosi nke ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu ! class="unsortable" |Ref. |- ! scope="row" |2018 |''Apologia'' |Claire |Ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Roundabout | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="apologia"/> |- |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Megalyn Echikunwoke at Wikimedia Commons * {{IMDb name}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qun8g36fjqq980vpcrqvdtyt74m45pz 0 23819 728077 138191 2026-09-26T03:32:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Infobox sportsperson|name=Mojisola Oluwa|image=|image_size=|caption=|fullname=|nickname=|nationality=[[Nigeria]]n|birth_date={{birth date and age|1973|3|27|df=y}}|birth_place=|height=|weight={{convert|69|kg|lb|abbr=on}}|country=|sport=[[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]|event=70 kg|medaltemplates={{MedalCountry| {{NGR}} }} {{MedalSport| Men's [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}} {{MedalGold|{{nowrap|[[1994 Commonwealth Games|1994 Victoria]]}}|{{nowrap|70 kg}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[African Games]]}} {{MedalSilver|{{nowrap|[[1995 All-Africa Games|1995 Harare]]}}|{{nowrap|70 kg}}}}|updated=19 September 2019}} '''Mojisola Oluwa''' (amụrụ na 27 Machị 1973 bụ onye Naijirịa na-ebu ibu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/mojisola-oluwa|title=Mojisola Oluwa|accessdate=19 September 2019|work=www.olympic.org}}</ref> O sonyere na 1996 Summer Olympics na ihe omume ụmụ nwoke 70 kilogram Ọ meriri ihe omume ụmụ nwanyị 70 kilogram na 1994 Commonwealth Games<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mojisola Oluwa profile at the sports-reference|accessdate=19 September 2019|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ol/mojisola-oluwa-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114094716/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ol/mojisola-oluwa-1.html|archive-date=14 January 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mojisola Oluwa profile at the Commonwealth Games|work=thecgf.com|accessdate=27 July 2014|url=https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/55468|archivedate=31 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731115907/https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/55468}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" width="40" |Afọ ! rowspan="2" width="250" |Ebe a na-anọ ! rowspan="2" width="60" |Ibu ! colspan="5" |Ntinye (kg) ! colspan="5" |Clean & Jerk (kg) ! rowspan="2" width="40" |Ngụkọta ! rowspan="2" width="40" |Ọnọdụ |- ! width="40" |1 ! width="40" |2 ! width="40" |3 ! width="40" |Nsonaazụ ! width="40" |Ọnọdụ ! width="40" |1 ! width="40" |2 ! width="40" |3 ! width="40" |Nsonaazụ ! width="40" |Ọnọdụ |- ! colspan="15" |Na-anọchite anya |- ! colspan="15" |Egwuregwu Olimpik |- |1996 | align="left" |[[Atlanta]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] |kilogram 70 |135.0 |'''140.0''' |<s>142.5</s> |'''140.0''' |18 |165.0 |<s>170.0</s> |'''170.0''' |'''170.0''' |19 |'''310.0''' |'''18''' |- ! colspan="15" |Egwuregwu Commonwealth |- |1994 | align="left" |[[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[Kánada|Canada]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecgf.com/results/games/3043/event/1792|title=1994 Commonwealth Games Weightlifting Men's 70 kg - Result|publisher=thecgf.com|accessdate=2019-09-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023152304/https://thecgf.com/results/games/3043/event/1792|archivedate=2019-10-23}}</ref> |kilogram 70||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}} |'''130.0''' |||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}} |'''165.0''' | |'''295.0''' | |- ! colspan="15" |Egwuregwu Afrịka |- |1995 | align="left" |[[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]] |kilogram 70||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}} |'''135.0''' |||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}} |'''170.0''' | |'''305.0''' | |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Mojisola Oluwa at the Commonwealth Games Federation [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nwmllv8ddrnqw6ui2v25juk24l71lmj 0 24830 728161 124920 2026-09-26T10:38:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728161 wikitext text/x-wiki A nabatara '''nkwupụta ndị isi''' APEC nke Sydney na mgbanwe ihu igwe, nchekwa ike na mmepe dị ọcha na APEC Australia 2007 na asatọ Septemba na afo puku abụọ na asaa.<ref>''[http://www.smh.com.au/news/apec/sydney-declaration-on-climate-change-and-energy/2007/09/09/1189276526002.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2 Sydney Declaration on Climate Change and Energy]'', Sydney Morning Herald, 9 September 2007. See also ''[http://www.smh.com.au/pdf/leadersstatement.pdf Leaders Statement (PDF)]'' Accessed 12 September 2008</ref> Nkwekọrịta ahụ na-egosi ọchịchọ nke ndị bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ka ha rụọ ọrụ maka ebumnuche ebumnuche na nrụpụta ike ike n'otu nkeji nke GDP ma na-agba ume mkpuchi ọhịa na mpaghara ahụ. Ebumnuche APEC n'obosara mpaghara bụ ibelata ike ike site na opekata mpe 25 pasent site na 2030 site na ọkwa 2005, ma setịpụ ebumnuche mpaghara APEC nke ịba ụba oke ọhịa na mpaghara site na square kilomita 200,000 site na 2020.<ref>''[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/apec-climate-agreement-a-diplomatic-breakthrough/2007/09/09/1189276521977.html APEC climate agreement a 'diplomatic breakthrough]'', The Age, 9 September 2007. Accessed 12 September 2008</ref> == Nkotọ == Òtù ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ihu igwe dị ka Greenpeace, Australian Conservation Foundation na Climate Action Network katọrọ nkwekọrịta ahụ maka ịghara ịtọ ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ maka mba ndị mepere emepe, nakwa na nkwupụta ahụ bụ ihe karịrị ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110213040242/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/09/2027701.htm Govt, green groups face off over Sydney Declaration]'' ABC News, 9 September 2007. Accessed 12 September 2008</ref><ref>Greenpeace media release, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110423215302/http://www.greenpeace.org/australia/news-and-events/media/releases/climate-change/apec-declaration-a-sydney-dist APEC declaration a Sydney distraction from action on climate change]'', Greenpeace website, 8 September 2007. Accessed 12 September 2008</ref> Greenpeace kwuru na Minista na-ahụ maka mba ofesi Alexander Downer gwara okwu APEC na Melbourne n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007 na ebumnuche ndị a na-achọ bụ "ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị" na "ọ bụghị ezigbo ebumnuche".<ref>Liz Micnchin, ''[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/q-when-is-a-stunt-not-a-stunt-a-when-the-boss-likes-the-idea/2007/09/06/1188783413265.html Q: When is a stunt not a stunt? A: When the boss likes the idea]'', The Age, 7 September 2007. Accessed 12 September 2008</ref> Otu onye na-ekwuchitere Greenpeace kwuru na a ga-akpọ nkwupụta ahụ "Sydney Distraction" na mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>Adam Gartrell, ''[http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22384889-5005961,00.html Greenpeace slams APEC climate pact]'', Herald Sun, 8 September 2007. Accessed 12 September 2008</ref> Australian Conservation Foundation kpọrọ nkwupụta ahụ "adịghị ike" ma kwuo na "nkwupụta ahụ anaghị akwalite mkparịta ụka zuru ụwa ọnụ banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe." == Ntuaka == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> pbzhdpmk4x8vuaih717ro1hkqtd95hz 0 24922 727909 708297 2026-09-25T12:04:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Karen Ching-Yee Seto''' bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ maka ọdịdị ala, ime obodo na igbanwe ala, na Frederick C. Hixon Prọfesọ nke Geography na Urbanisation Sayensị na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]]. Ọ bụ ọkachamara na mmepe obodo na nkwado, na imata satellite dịpụrụ adịpụ. Ọ bụ onye isi maka isi na mgbochi obodo na Intergovernmental Panel na Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report nke isii na IPCC Assessement Report nke asaá. Site n'afọ 2014 ruo 2020, ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ sayensị Global Environmental Change . Ọ bụ onye a họpụtara ahọpụta na US National Academy of Sciences (NAS), Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering (CASE), American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Council on Foreign Relations, na onye otu American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) dị na obodo Amerika == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Seto na Hong Kong ma ezinụlọ ya kwaga US mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Key thinkers on cities|others=Koch, Regan,, Latham, Alan|isbn=9781473907744|location=London|oclc=985695509|date=2017-08-09}}</ref> Ọ gara Pomona Catholic High School na Mahadum California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/profile/seto/|title=Karen C. Seto {{!}} Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies|work=environment.yale.edu|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref name="YN">{{Cite web|url=https://news.yale.edu/2017/05/15/karen-seto-appointed-hixon-professor-geography-and-urbanization-science|title=Karen Seto appointed the Hixon Professor of Geography and Urbanization Science|date=May 15, 2017|work=news.yale.edu|publisher=Yale News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511234104/https://news.yale.edu/2017/05/15/karen-seto-appointed-hixon-professor-geography-and-urbanization-science|archivedate=May 11, 2019|accessdate=May 11, 2019}}</ref> Ọ gakwara Mahadum Boston maka nzere masta na mmekọrịta mba ụwa, na njikwa akụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, nzere doctorate na geography wee sote, ebe ya na Robert C. Kaufmann na Curtis E. Woodcock rụkọrọ ọrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Nnyocha edemede ya nyochara mgbasawanye ala obodo na mmetụta na ala ugbo nke dị na Pearl River Delta nke dị na obodo [[China]]. Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na ijikọta data mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ihe oyiyi satellite iji mụọ uto obodo site na iji nyocha usoro oge.<ref name="SetoKaufmann2002">{{Cite book|author=Seto|first=Karen C.|title=Linking People, Place, and Policy|chapter=Monitoring Land Use Change in the Pearl River Delta, China|year=2002|pages=69–90|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-0985-1_4|isbn=978-1-4613-5337-9}}</ref> == Ọrụ na nyocha == E nyere Seto ihe nrite NASA New Investigator Program na Earth Science n'afọ 2000 na National Science Foundation CAREER Award na 2004.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Contributions of Land Remote Sensing for Decisions About Food Security and Human Health: Workshop Report|author=Council|first=National Research|date=2007-01-13|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=9780309102957|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0348986|title=NSF Award Search: Award#0348986 - CAREER: Urban Land-Use Change in Asia|work=www.nsf.gov|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ngalaba na Mahadum Stanford n'afọ 2000, ebe ọ nwere nhọpụta jikọrọ aka na Institute maka International Studies na Woods Institute for the Environment .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wri.org/profile/karen-c-seto|title=Karen C. Seto {{!}} World Resources Institute|work=www.wri.org|accessdate=2019-05-11|date=2017-10-24|archivedate=2020-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023053950/https://www.wri.org/profile/karen-c-seto}}</ref> Seto na-eme nnyocha banyere mgbanwe ala sitere na mmadụ, na-aghọta usoro nke ime obodo ma na-enyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mgbanwe na ojiji ala. Ọrụ mbụ tụlere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmepe akụ na ụba, ime obodo na iji ala eme ihe na obodo ndị a bụ China na Vietnam.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ duziri Ecosystem Management Tools maka nchịkwa Commission on Ecosystem nke International Union maka Conservation of Nature (IUCN) site na afọ 2002 ruo 2008 ma soro bụrụ onye isi oche nke International Project on Urbanisation na Global Environmental Change site na afọ 2005 ruo 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ugec.org/karen-seto/|title=Karen Seto|work=ugec.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-11|archivedate=2023-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528025236/https://ugec.org/karen-seto/}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, Seto sonyere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Yale nke ngalaba Forestry na Environment Studies A họpụtara Seto ka ọ bụrụ Associate Dean for Research and Director of Doctoral Studies na Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies na 2014 na Frederick C. Hixon Professor of Geography and Urbanisation Science na 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/karen-seto-succeeds-david-skelly-as-doctoral-studies-director/|title=Karen Seto Succeeds David Skelly as Associate Dean & Doctoral Studies Director|work=environment.yale.edu|date=6 June 2014|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref name="YN" /> Ọ bụ onye na-ahazi onye edemede maka akụkọ ihu igwe UN abụọ. Ọ duziri isi nke imebi obodo nke 2022 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6th Assessment Report (AR6) na 2014 IPCC 5th Assessement Report (AR5), nke nyochara nhọrọ iji belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ n'obodo ukwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/seto-lead-coordinating-author-in-ipcc-chapter-on-urbanization/|title=Seto Leads Focus on Urbanization In the Latest IPCC Climate Report|work=environment.yale.edu|date=14 April 2014|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> Mgbe ala ọma jijiji bibiri mpaghara dị na Nepal na 2015, a kpaliri Seto ịchọpụta otú mmepe obodo na-agbanwe agbanwe si emetụta ihe ize ndụ na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://environment.yale.edu/news/article/collaboration-to-examine-value-of-remote-sensing-receives-national-award|title=RFF Awards Yale Collaboration Examining the 'Value' of Remote Sensing in Himalaya|work=environment.yale.edu|date=25 July 2018|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> Ọ duziri ọrụ NASA nke na-ele anya na njikọ dị n'etiti uto obodo ukwu, adịghị ike na ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/nasa-grant-to-explore-land-use-changes-and-threats-in-vulnerable-himalayan-regions/|title=Himalaya Study Eyes How Urban Shifts Affect Land Uses and Natural Disasters|work=environment.yale.edu|date=17 January 2017|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> Ọ mụọla "njikọ zoro ezo" n'etiti ime obodo na usoro nri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/untangling-the-hidden-linkages-between-urbanization-and-food-systems/|title=Untangling the Hidden Linkages Between Urbanization and Food Systems|work=environment.yale.edu|date=19 May 2016|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ramankutty|first=Navin|date=2016-05-20|title=Hidden linkages between urbanization and food systems|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_2016-05-20_352_6288/page/943|journal=Science|language=en|volume=352|issue=6288|pages=943–945|doi=10.1126/science.aaf7439|issn=0036-8075|pmid=27199419}}</ref> Seto chọpụtara na uto nke obodo ukwu n'ụwa niile nwere ike iwepụ mpaghara dị mkpa nke ala ugbo, na-ebu amụma na ka ọ na-erule afọ 2030 otu mpaghara dị ka [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] nwere ike ịla n'iyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/growth-of-megacities-will-consume-swaths-of-cropland-in-africa-and-asia/|title=Growth of Mega-Cities Will Consume Swaths of Cropland in Africa and Asia|work=environment.yale.edu|date=3 January 2017|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://environment.yale.edu/news/article/growth-of-cities-poses-significant-global-environmental-risks/|title=Growth of Cities Poses Significant Global Environmental Risks|work=environment.yale.edu|date=22 August 2011|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://earthdata.nasa.gov/user-resources/who-uses-nasa-earth-science-data-user-profiles/user-profile-dr-karen-seto?_ga=2.136103601.1824472433.1557615225-1429330215.1557615225|title=User Profile: Dr. Karen Seto {{!}} Earthdata|work=earthdata.nasa.gov|date=9 June 2017|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> O jirila ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi satellite mụọ mmepe obodo, gụnyere site na Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS), Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) na Landsat.<ref name=":7" /> Seto dezigharịrị nchịkọta akwụkwọ maka Proceedings nke National Academy nke Sciences onke dị na United States of America (PNAS) na mmepe obodo na nkwado, na-enyocha mmetụta nke nnukwu mmepe obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://environment.yale.edu/news/article/pnas-special-feature-on-urbanization-edited-by-karen-seto-yale/|title=Can Science Keep Up with Growth of The World's 'Mega-Urban' Areas?|work=environment.yale.edu|date=25 October 2017|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Turner|first=B. L.|date=2017|title=Sustainability in an urbanizing planet|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=114|issue=34|pages=8935–8938|doi=10.1073/pnas.1606037114|issn=0027-8424|pmid=28784798}}</ref> Na mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ''PNAS'', Seto chọpụtara isiokwu atọ, isiokwu bụ ndị e deputara, ha bụ, nkwado nke ime obodo dị ọtụtụ akụkụ, na ngwọta ndị e mere maka otu akụkụ (ahụike ọha na eze, ihe dị ndụ ụdị dị iche iche) nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe mmetụta dị mma, ime obodo nwere ike isi ike na enwere mkpa dị ukwuu ịmepụta usoro dị ukwuu iji nyochaa usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name=":4" /> Akpọọla Seto maka usoro jikọtara ọnụ maka nkwado zuru ụwa ọnụ karịa ọrụ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/karen-seto-honored-by-two-major-science-organizations-for-urban-land-systems-research/|title=Major Science Organizations Honor Seto For Work on Urban Land Systems|work=environment.yale.edu|date=12 April 2017|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, o gosipụtara na atụmatụ obodo dị mma na iwu njem dị irè nwere ike belata ojiji ike site na 25% n'obodo dị iche iche na gburugburu ụwa.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/smart-urbanization-could-save-25-percent-of-energy-use/|title=Smart Urbanization Could Reduce Energy Use in Cities 25 Percent by 2050|work=environment.yale.edu|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-11|archivedate=2019-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428234324/http://environment.yale.edu/news/article/smart-urbanization-could-save-25-percent-of-energy-use/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mcc-berlin.net/en/news/information/information-detail/article/how-cities-would-need-25-percent-less-energy.html|title=How cities would need 25 percent less energy|work=www.mcc-berlin.net|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> Nke<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/when-meeting-energy-demands-of-growing-cities-density-will-be-as-critical-as-efficiency-study-finds/|title=In Meeting Future Energy Demands, Density is as Important as Efficiency|work=environment.yale.edu|date=11 January 2017|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> Ọ chọpụtara na obodo ndị dị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe mere ka 86% nke mbelata ike, n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịmepụta atụmatụ iji kwalite njem dị mkpirikpi.<ref name=":6" /> Ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya bú Yale Eli Fenichel, e nyere Seto ihe nrite nke a na-akpọ Resources for the Future Award na 2018 iji tụọ uru nke ngwaahịa data satellite ma mee map nke ime obodo di na Himalaya.<ref name=":3" /> === Akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri === * Obodo A Na-adịghị Ahụ Anya: Ọhụụ Ọhụrụ nke Obodo Planet<ref>{{Cite book|title=City Unseen: New Visions of an Urban Planet|url=https://archive.org/details/cityunseennewvis0000seto|author=Seto|first=Karen C.|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0300221695}}</ref> * ''Akwụkwọ ntuziaka na Urbanisation na Global Environmental Change''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook on urbanization and global environmental change|author=Seto|first=K.C.|year=2015|isbn=9780415732260}}</ref> * 10,000 Shovels: Rapid Urban Growth in China (ihe nkiri) === Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ === Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ Seto natara gụnyere: * 2009 Aldo Leopold Onye ndu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://envs.uoregon.edu/news/bohannan-aldo-leopold/|title=Bohannan selected as Leopold Leadership Fellow {{!}} Environmental Studies Program|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> * 2014 Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies Faculty Award for Outstanding Teaching and Advising * 2017 A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu US National Academy of Sciences<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20011555.html|title=Karen Seto|work=nasonline.org|accessdate=2019-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322065059/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20011555.html|archive-date=2023-03-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/seto-elected-to-national-academy-of-sciences/|title=Seto Elected to the Prestigious National Academy of Sciences|work=environment.yale.edu|date=2 May 2017|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> * 2017 American Association of Geographers Human Dimensions of Global Change Research Excellence Award<ref name=":5"/> * 2017 Fellow nke American Association for the Advancement of Science<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/raymond-and-seto-elected-aaas-fellows-/|title=Raymond and Seto Elected AAAS Fellows|work=environment.yale.edu|date=27 November 2017|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> * 2017 Ecological Society of America Sustainability Science Award<ref name=":5" /> * 2018 A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://environment.yale.edu/news/article/burke-seto-elected-to-connecticut-academy-of-science-and-engineering/|title=Burke, Seto Elected to Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering|work=environment.yale.edu|date=2 March 2018|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> * 2018 Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researchers Ndepụta<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://environment.yale.edu/news/article/three-fes-faculty-make-highly-cited-researchers-list/|title=Three F&ES Faculty Make 'Highly Cited Researchers' List|work=environment.yale.edu|date=4 December 2018|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> * 2019 American Association of Geographers Onyinye pụtara ìhè maka ihe nrite nyocha nke Remote Sensing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/seto-receives-national-honor-for-outstanding-contributions-to-remote-sensing-research/|title=Seto Receives National Honor for Outstanding Contributions to Remote Sensing Research|work=environment.yale.edu|date=24 April 2019|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> * 2019 Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researchers Ndepụta<ref>{{Cite web|title=Five YSE Faculty Members Make 'Highly Cited Researchers' List|date=16 December 2020|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/five-yse-faculty-members-make-highly-cited-researchers-list}}</ref> * 2020 Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researchers Ndepụta<ref>{{Cite web|title=Four YSE Faculty Members Named on the 'Highly Cited Researchers' List|date=6 December 2021|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/four-yse-faculty-members-named-highly-cited-researchers-list}}</ref> * 2021 Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researchers Ndepụta<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-16|title='Highly Cited Researchers' List Includes Four YSE Faculty Members|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/highly-cited-researchers-list-includes-four-yse-faculty-members|accessdate=2022-12-21|work=Yale School of the Environment|language=en}}</ref> * 2022 A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eight Yale faculty members elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences|date=28 April 2022|url=https://news.yale.edu/2022/04/28/eight-yale-faculty-members-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences}}</ref> * 2022 American Geographical Society, Alexander na Ilse Melamid Medal<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://americangeo.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Melamid_Medal_Press_Release_2022.pdf |title=The American Geographical Society Awards Alexander and Isle Melamid Medal |accessdate=2023-04-05 |archivedate=2022-12-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221011351/https://americangeo.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Melamid_Medal_Press_Release_2022.pdf }}</ref> * 2023 Onye otu ndụ nke Council on Foreign Relations<ref>https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/world-renowned-urbanization-expert-karen-seto-elected-council-foreign-relations</ref> == Edensibịa == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hs3uyybe6k95asnn5r85diwrpbm8py5 0 24975 728130 726235 2026-09-26T08:17:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ndị otu bọọlụ mba Niger'''<ref>[http://www.cafonline.com/competition/african-cup-of-nations_2012/news/6795-menas-to-test-pharaohs-form.html Menas to test Pharaohs form]. </ref> na-anọchite anya [[Niger]] na [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] ụwa site na Nigerien Football Federation, onye otu Confederation of African Football (CAF). Niger na-egwuri egwu na agba nke ọkọlọtọ Niger, ọcha, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na oroma. Aha utu aha ha sitere na mgbada Damas, onye obodo Niger, aha Hausa nke bu Meyna ma obu Ménas.<ref>[http://www.saharaconservation.org/?Dama-Gazelle Dama Gazelle Nanger dama]. </ref> Dama na-apụta na baajị ha na agba nke ọkọlọtọ mba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afrik-foot.com/can-2019-la-liste-du-niger-contre-l-egypte-sans-maazou|title=CAN 2019 : la liste du Niger contre l'Egypte sans Maazou|date=March 21, 2019|work=Afrik-Foot|access-date=April 10, 2023|archive-date=November 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115201339/https://www.afrik-foot.com/can-2019-la-liste-du-niger-contre-l-egypte-sans-maazou|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/country/134/2019/Niger.html|title=Niger team of 2019|work=national-football-teams.com|publisher=National Football Teams}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'agbanyeghị na otu n'ime ndị na-enwechaghị ihe ịga nke ọma na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka siri ike, Niger ewepụtala ọsọ pụrụ iche na asọmpi ntozu. Otu n'ime egwuregwu ha kachasị mma bụ n'afọ 1982 FIFA World Cup qualifiers nke Niger wepụrụ Somalia na Togo na iwu ihe mgbaru ọsọ, mana Algeria meriri ha na agba nke atọ ebe naanị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ asatọ fọdụrụ. Ndị egwuregwu ama ama na ọsọ a gụnyere Jacques Komlan, Hassane Adamou na [[Moussa Kanfideni]]. N'afọ 1990, ha setịpụrụ ndekọ site n'ịkụ Mauritania 7-1 na asọmpi nke nwepu kọntinent, akara kachasị mma maka ''Mena''. N'afọ 2004 African Nations Cup qualifiers, Niger meriri egwuregwu ha niile n'ụlọ (gụnyere mmeri Guinea) iji mechie na akara itoolu, naanị atọ na-erughị iru eru. Ndị otu Niger na-enwekwa nsogbu gbasara ego, nke mere ka ha hapụ asọmpi mba ụwa ihe karịrị otu oge. Ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ Niger gaara atụgharịa n'ịkwakọba ego iji kwụọ ụgwọ njem ha na iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2010 na Angola, ma a sị na ha tozuo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.helpmena.com/index.html|title=Project MENA is dedicated to assisting MENA, the Niger national soccer team. The project aimed to raise enough money to send the team to compete for the 2010 African Cup in Angola.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426002616/http://www.helpmena.com/index.html|archivedate=2008-04-26}}</ref> N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2010, Niger meriri Egypt n'ụlọ n'asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2012 Nke juru onye ọ bụla anya N'agbanyeghị asọmpi AFCON 2010 dara ada, Niger kwadoro wee merie asọmpi UemoA na Nọvemba 2010, wee sochie ntozu mbụ ha maka asọmpi mba Africa na February 2011.<ref>[http://www.rfi.fr/afrique-foot/20110219-chan-2011-niger-heroique-mais-elimine-le-soudan CHAN 2011 : Un Niger héroïque mais éliminé par le Soudan&nbsp;– Football/CHAN 2011&nbsp;– RFI] 2011-02-19</ref> Mgbe ha meriri South Africa na Sierra Leone n'ụlọ ha, na 8 Ọktoba 2011 Niger ruru eru maka iko mba Afrịka na oge mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, n'agbanyeghị na ha dara n la aka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ndị Egypt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/15229854.stm|title=Niger in historic qualification despite Cairo loss|work=BBC Sport|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|date=2011-10-08|accessdate=2011-10-08}}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/8613171.stm Fixtures, results and tables for the qualifiers for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations to be co-hosted by Gabon and Equatorial Guinea.] </ref> Niger, South Africa na Sierra Leone niile ji akara itoolu mechie, mana Niger ruru eru n'ihi ihe ndekọ ha dị elu megide ndị na-asọmpi ha. N'asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2012, edoro Niger na Group C yana ndị ga-akwado Gabon, Tunisia na Morocco. N'asọmpi mmalite ha, Niger meriri 2-0 na Gabon, ebe ha zutere Tunisia na Libreville, Niger 1-0 na goolu mbụ nke Youssef Msakni mere nke ọ zọpụrụ n'ụzọ ya maka ọkpụ goolu dị mma ka nanị nkeji anọ gachara.Otú ọ dị, [[William N'Gounou]] mere akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'ịgba goolu mbụ nke Niger na iko mba Afrịka. O yiri ka ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọ gafere, mana ihe mgbaru ọsọ Issam Jemâa ga-ewepụ Niger na asọmpi ahụ. N'egwuregwu ikpeazụ, Niger zutere Morocco n'egwuregwu nke gosipụtara akụkụ abụọ e wepụrụla na asọmpi ahụ. Younès Belhanda gbara na enyemaka sitere n'aka Marouane Chamakh naanị nkeji iri na otu site n'oge iji nye Morocco mmeri 1- 0 .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/16803984|title=Niger 0-1 Morocco|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ 2012, Niger kwughachiri ihe ịga nke ọma ya na African Nations Cup qualifiers site na ịkụ Guinea na usoro ụkwụ abụọ iji ruo eru maka Africa Cup of Nations nke afọ 2013. Guinea meriri egwuregwu mbụ n'egwuregwu 1- 0, mana Niger meriri 2 - 0 n'egwú na nke abụọ. Ndị na-agba goolu [[Mohamed Chikoto]] na [[Issoufou Boubacar Garba|Issoufou Boubacar]] zigara Niger na asọmpi iko mba Afrịka ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/african-tournaments/2013-afcon-qualifiers/|title=2013 Africa Cup of Nations Qualifiers - Qualifier Rounds - MTNFootball|accessdate=2012-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009102658/http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/african-tournaments/2013-afcon-qualifiers/|archivedate=2012-10-09}}</ref> N'egwuregwu mbụ ha na Africa Cup of Nations nke afọ 2013, Niger dara mgbe ha gbara otu egwuregwuMali na Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium na Port Elizabeth. Onye isi ụgbọ mmiri Mali Seydou Keita nyere mba ya mmeri siri ike nkeji ise tupu njedebe nke ọgụ ahụ. Niger wee nweta akara mbụ ha na African Cup of Nations mgbe ha jidere DR Congo na draw 0-0. N'egwuregwu nke atọ, Ghana meriri Niger 3-0 iji ruo nkeji iri na ise nke ikpeazụ dị ka ndị mmeri nke otu B.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/artikel.php?ID=263428|title=Ghana cruises into African Cup quarters|date=January 28, 2013|work=GhanaWeb}}</ref> Niger mechiri n'ala nke otu ahụ. N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2014, Niger gbara egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Ukraine, nke bu egwuregwu mbụ ha gbara imegide mba Europe. Oumarou Bale gbara bọọlụ na nkeji nke iri ise na isii, na-agbanyụ goolu nke nkeji nke iri abụọ site n'aka Ivan Ordets tupu Ukraine emeri na goolu site n'enyemaka Taras Stepanenko ka egwuregwu ahụ gwụchara 2-1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shakhtar.com/404.html?item=%2fnews%2f31806&user=extranet%5cAnonymous&site=fcsd|title=Страница не найдена|work=shakhtar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/friendlies/season=2014/matches/round=2000374/match=2014301/index.html|title=Ukraine-Niger &#124; European Qualifiers|access-date=2023-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606230835/http://www.uefa.com/friendlies/season=2014/matches/round=2000374/match=2014301/index.html|archive-date=2014-06-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Nsonaazụ na ihe ndị a kwadoro ==       === 2022 === {{Football box collapsible|round=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group F|2023 AFCON qualification]]|date=4 June|time=17:00|team1={{fb-rt|NIG}}|score=1–1|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/04/africa/africa-cup-of-nations-qualification/niger/tanzania/3783021/|team2={{fb|TAN}}|goals1=*[[Daniel Sosah|Sosah]] {{goal|26}}|goals2=*[[George Mpole|Mpole]] {{goal|1}}|stadium=[[Stade de l'Amitié]]|location=[[Cotonou]], Benin|attendance=|referee=[[Komlanvi Aklassou]] ([[Togolese Football Federation|Togo]])|result=D}}{{Football box collapsible|round=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group F|2023 AFCON qualification]]|date=8 June|time={{UTZ|16:00|3}}|team1={{fb-rt|UGA}}|score=1–1|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/08/africa/africa-cup-of-nations-qualification/uganda/niger/3783022/|team2={{fb|NIG}}|goals1=*[[Milton Karisa|Karisa]] {{goal|43}}|goals2=*[[Amadou Sabo|Sabo]] {{goal|71}}|stadium=[[St. Mary's Stadium-Kitende]]|location=[[Entebbe]], Uganda|attendance=|referee=[[Tsegay Mogos Teklu]] ([[Eritrean National Football Federation|Eritrea]])|result=D}}{{footballbox collapsible|format=|round=[[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]]|date=23 September|time=|team1={{fb-rt|EGY}}|score=3–0|report=|team2={{fb|NIG}}|goals1=*[[Mohamed Salah|Salah]] {{goal|42||65|pen.}} *[[Mostafa Mohamed (footballer)|Mohamed]] {{goal|54}}|goals2=|stadium=[[Borg El Arab Stadium]]|location=[[Alexandria]], Egypt|attendance=|referee=|result=L}}{{footballbox collapsible|format=|round=[[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]]|date=2 November|time=|team1={{fb-rt|ALG}}|score=2–0|report=|team2={{fb|NIG}}|goals1=|goals2=|stadium=|location=|attendance=|referee=|result=L}}{{footballbox collapsible|format=|round=[[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]]|date=20 November|time=|team1={{fb-rt|GAB}}|score=3–1|report=|team2={{fb|NIG}}|goals1=|goals2=|stadium=Atilla Vehbi Konuk Tesisleri|location=[[Antalya]], Turkey|attendance=|referee=Zorbay Küçük ([[Turkish Football Federation|Turkey]])|result=L}}{{footballbox collapsible|format=|round=[[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]]|date=21 December|time={{UTZ|15:00|1}}|team1=[[AC Ajaccio|Ajaccio]]|score=2–0|report=|team2={{fb|NIG}}|goals1=*[[Qazim Laçi|Laçi]] {{goal|85}} *[[Riad Nouri|Nouri]] {{goal|90|pen.}}|goals2=|stadium=[[Stade François Coty]]|location=[[Ajaccio]], France|attendance=|referee=|result=L}} === 2023 === {{Football box collapsible|id=Senegal v Niger|date=6 January|time=13:00 [[Central European Time|CET]] ([[UTC+01:00|UTC+1]])|round=[[Exhibition game|Friendly]]|score=0–0|report=https://www.eurosport.com/football/international-friendlies/2023/live-senegal-niger_mtc1417526/live-stats.shtml|team1={{fb-rt|SEN}}|goals1=|team2={{fb|NIG}}|goals2=|stadium=La Cigale Sport Complex|location=[[Tabarka]], Tunisia|attendance=|referee=|result=D}}{{Football box collapsible|round=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group F|2023 AFCON qualification]]|date=23 March|time={{UTZ|22:00|1}}|team1={{fb-rt|ALG}}|score=2–1|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/23/africa/africa-cup-of-nations-qualification/algeria/niger/3783024/|team2={{fb|NIG}}|goals1=*[[Rahim Alhassane|Alhassane]] {{goal|54|o.g.}} *[[Riyad Mahrez|Mahrez]] {{goal|88}}|goals2=*[[Daniel Sosah|Sosah]] {{goal|38}}|stadium=[[Nelson Mandela Stadium]]|location=[[Algiers]], Algeria|attendance=|referee=[[Mahmood Ismail]] ([[Sudan Football Association|Sudan]])|result=L}}{{Football box collapsible|round=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group F|2023 AFCON qualification]]|date=27 March|time={{UTZ|17:00|1}}|team1={{fb-rt|NIG}}|score=0–1|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/27/africa/africa-cup-of-nations-qualification/niger/algeria/3783026/|team2={{fb|ALG}}|goals1=|goals2=*[[Baghdad Bounedjah|Bounedjah]] {{goal|6}}|stadium=[[Hammadi Agrebi Stadium]]|location=[[Tunis]], Tunisia|attendance=|referee=[[Boubou Traoré]] ([[Malian Football Federation|Mali]])|result=L}}{{Football box collapsible|round=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group F|2023 AFCON qualification]]|date=June|time=|team1={{fb-rt|TAN}}|score=|report=|team2={{fb|NIG}}|goals1=|stadium=[[National Stadium (Tanzania)|National Stadium]]|location=[[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania|attendance=|referee=|result=}}{{Football box collapsible|round=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group F|2023 AFCON qualification]]|date=September|time=|team1={{fb-rt|NIG}}|score=|report=|team2={{fb|UGA}}|goals1=|stadium=|location=|attendance=|referee=|result=}} == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkuzi ==   == Ndị na-egwu egwuregwu == === Ndị otu dị ugbu a === * A kpọrọ ndị egwuregwu na-esonụ maka asọmpi asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2023.'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le sélectionneur Jean-Michel Cavalli a officialisé la liste des joueurs du Mena National pour la double confrontation décisive Niger- Algérie|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=583782897123824&set=a.457879976380784|publisher=Fédération Nigérienne De Football - Facebook|accessdate=20 March 2023}}</ref>''' * '''Ụbọchị egwuregwu''': 23 na 27 Machị 2023 * '''Mmegide''': Algeria * '''Caps na''' goolu ziri ezi dị ka nke: 3 February 2023, mgbe egwuregwu megide Madagascar gasịrị.  === Nkwupụta ndị a kpọrọ n'oge ugbu a === The following players have been called up for Niger in the last 12 months. {{nat fs r start|background=|color=}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Kassaly Daouda]]|age={{birth date and age|1983|8|19|df=y}}|caps=89|goals=0|club=[[Katsina United F.C.|Katsina United]]|clubnat=NGA|latest=vs. {{fb|UGA}}, 8 June 2022}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Naim Van Attenhoven]]|age={{birth date and age|2003|1|31|df=y}}|caps=7|goals=0|club=[[K.V.K. Ninove|Ninove]]|clubnat=BEL|latest=vs. {{fb|UGA}}, 8 June 2022}} {{nat fs break|background=}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Abdoul Razak Seyni]]|age={{birth date and age|1990|1|1|df=y}}|caps=19|goals=1|club=[[ASN Nigelec|Nigelec]]|clubnat=NIG|latest=vs. {{fb|UGA}}, 8 June 2022}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Djibrilla Ibrahim Mossi]]|age={{birth date and age|2002|3|2|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=[[HNK Rijeka|Rijeka]]|clubnat=CRO|latest=vs. {{fb|UGA}}, 8 June 2022}} {{nat fs break|background=}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Youssouf Oumarou]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|2|16|df=y}}|caps=50|goals=4|club=[[US Monastir (football)|US Monastir]]|clubnat=TUN|latest=vs. {{fb|UGA}}, 8 June 2022}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Boubacar Goumey]]|age={{birth date and age|2000|7|14|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=[[ASN Nigelec|Nigelec]]|clubnat=NIG|latest=vs. {{fb|UGA}}, 8 June 2022}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Moustapha Sabo]]|age={{birth date and age|2004|9|14|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[AS SONIDEP]]|clubnat=NIG|latest=vs. {{fb|UGA}}, 8 June 2022}} {{nat fs break|background=}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Amadou Moutari]]|age={{birth date and age|1994|1|19|df=y}}|caps=48|goals=2|club=[[Al Qadsiah FC|Al-Qadsiah]]|clubnat=KSA|latest=vs. {{fb|UGA}}, 8 June 2022}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Mahamane Cissé]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|12|27|df=y}}|caps=36|goals=5|club=[[AS Otôho]]|clubnat=COG|latest=vs. {{fb|UGA}}, 8 June 2022}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Ibrahim Marou]]|age={{birth date and age|2000|1|1|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[AS FAN]]|clubnat=NIG|latest=vs. {{fb|UGA}}, 8 June 2022}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Salam Boulhassan]]|age={{birth date and age|2001|1|18|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[ASN Nigelec|Nigelec]]|clubnat=NIG|latest=vs. {{fb|UGA}}, 8 June 2022}} {{nat fs break|background=}} ^DEC Player refused to join the team after the call-up.<br/> ^INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.<br/> ^PRE Preliminary squad.<br/> ^RET Player has retired from international football.<br/> ^SUS Suspended from the national team. {{nat fs end|background=}} {| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:98%" ! scope="col" style="width:5%" |<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Position</nowiki&gt;">Pos.</abbr> ! scope="col" style="width:20%" |Player ! scope="col" style="width:20%" |Date of birth (age) ! scope="col" style="width:5%" |Caps ! scope="col" style="width:5%" |Goals ! scope="col" style="width:20%" |Club ! scope="col" style="width:25%" |Latest call-up |- class="nat-fs-player" |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] ! scope="row" |[[Kassaly Daouda]] | style="text-align:left" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1983-08-19</span>) </span>19 August 1983<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;39)</span> |89 |0 | style="text-align:left" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=Nigeria_Football_Federation|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]</span> [[Katsina United F.C.|Katsina United]] | style="text-align:left" |vs. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap">[[Uganda national football team|Uganda]]</span>, 8 June 2022 |- class="nat-fs-player" |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] ! scope="row" |[[Naim Van Attenhoven]] | style="text-align:left" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">2003-01-31</span>) </span>31 January 2003<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;20)</span> |7 |0 | style="text-align:left" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|link=Royal_Belgian_Football_Association|alt=Belgium|border|23x23px]]</span> [[K.V.K. Ninove|Ninove]] | style="text-align:left" |vs. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap">[[Uganda national football team|Uganda]]</span>, 8 June 2022 |- class="sortbottom" | colspan="7" style="border:0;opacity:.75" | ---- |- class="nat-fs-player" |[[Defender (association football)|DF]] ! scope="row" |[[Abdoul Razak Seyni]] | style="text-align:left" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1990-01-01</span>) </span>1 January 1990<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;33)</span> |19 |1 | style="text-align:left" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Niger.svg|link=Nigerien_Football_Federation|alt=Niger|border|18x18px]]</span> [[ASN Nigelec|Nigelec]] | style="text-align:left" |vs. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap">[[Uganda national football team|Uganda]]</span>, 8 June 2022 |- class="nat-fs-player" |[[Defender (association football)|DF]] ! scope="row" |[[Djibrilla Ibrahim Mossi]] | style="text-align:left" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">2002-03-02</span>) </span>2 March 2002<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;21)</span> |4 |0 | style="text-align:left" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg|link=Croatian_Football_Federation|alt=Croatia|border|23x23px]]</span> [[HNK Rijeka|Rijeka]] | style="text-align:left" |vs. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap">[[Uganda national football team|Uganda]]</span>, 8 June 2022 |- class="sortbottom" | colspan="7" style="border:0;opacity:.75" | ---- |- class="nat-fs-player" |[[Midfielder|MF]] ! scope="row" |[[Youssouf Oumarou]] | style="text-align:left" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1993-02-16</span>) </span>16 February 1993<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;30)</span> |50 |4 | style="text-align:left" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg|link=Tunisian_Football_Federation|alt=Tunisia|border|23x23px]]</span> [[US Monastir (football)|US Monastir]] | style="text-align:left" |vs. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap">[[Uganda national football team|Uganda]]</span>, 8 June 2022 |- class="nat-fs-player" |[[Midfielder|MF]] ! scope="row" |[[Boubacar Goumey]] | style="text-align:left" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">2000-07-14</span>) </span>14 July 2000<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;22)</span> |4 |0 | style="text-align:left" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Niger.svg|link=Nigerien_Football_Federation|alt=Niger|border|18x18px]]</span> [[ASN Nigelec|Nigelec]] | style="text-align:left" |vs. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap">[[Uganda national football team|Uganda]]</span>, 8 June 2022 |- class="nat-fs-player" |[[Midfielder|MF]] ! scope="row" |[[Moustapha Sabo]] | style="text-align:left" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">2004-09-14</span>) </span>14 September 2004<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;18)</span> |0 |0 | style="text-align:left" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Niger.svg|link=Nigerien_Football_Federation|alt=Niger|border|18x18px]]</span> [[AS SONIDEP]] | style="text-align:left" |vs. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap">[[Uganda national football team|Uganda]]</span>, 8 June 2022 |- class="sortbottom" | colspan="7" style="border:0;opacity:.75" | ---- |- class="nat-fs-player" |[[Forward (association football)|FW]] ! scope="row" |[[Amadou Moutari]] | style="text-align:left" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1994-01-19</span>) </span>19 January 1994<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;29)</span> |48 |2 | style="text-align:left" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg|link=Saudi_Arabian_Football_Federation|alt=Saudi Arabia|border|23x23px]]</span> [[Al Qadsiah FC|Al-Qadsiah]] | style="text-align:left" |vs. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap">[[Uganda national football team|Uganda]]</span>, 8 June 2022 |- class="nat-fs-player" |[[Forward (association football)|FW]] ! scope="row" |[[Mahamane Cissé]] | style="text-align:left" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1993-12-27</span>) </span>27 December 1993<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;29)</span> |36 |5 | style="text-align:left" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Congolese_Football_Federation|alt=Republic of the Congo|border|23x23px]]</span> [[AS Otôho]] | style="text-align:left" |vs. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap">[[Uganda national football team|Uganda]]</span>, 8 June 2022 |- class="nat-fs-player" |[[Forward (association football)|FW]] ! scope="row" |[[Ibrahim Marou]] | style="text-align:left" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">2000-01-01</span>) </span>1 January 2000<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;23)</span> |5 |0 | style="text-align:left" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Niger.svg|link=Nigerien_Football_Federation|alt=Niger|border|18x18px]]</span> [[AS FAN]] | style="text-align:left" |vs. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap">[[Uganda national football team|Uganda]]</span>, 8 June 2022 |- class="nat-fs-player" |[[Forward (association football)|FW]] ! scope="row" |[[Salam Boulhassan]] | style="text-align:left" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">2001-01-18</span>) </span>18 January 2001<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;22)</span> |2 |0 | style="text-align:left" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Niger.svg|link=Nigerien_Football_Federation|alt=Niger|border|18x18px]]</span> [[ASN Nigelec|Nigelec]] | style="text-align:left" |vs. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap">[[Uganda national football team|Uganda]]</span>, 8 June 2022 |- class="sortbottom" | colspan="7" style="border:0;opacity:.75" | ---- ^DEC Player refused to join the team after the call-up. ^INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury. ^PRE Preliminary squad. ^RET Player has retired from international football. ^SUS Suspended from the national team. |} == Ihe ndekọ == {{Updated|20 November 2022}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Niger |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/country/134/Niger.html |website=National Football Teams}}</ref> :''Players in '''bold''' are still active with Niger.''{{col-begin}} {{col-2}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |- |+Most appearances |- !width=30px|Rank ! style="width:150px;"|Player !width=50px|Caps !width=50px|Goals ! style="width:100px;"|Career |- | 1 ||align=left| '''[[Kassaly Daouda]]''' || 89 || 0 || 2002–present |- | 2 ||align=left| [[Koffi Dan Kowa]] || 67 || 4 || 2008–2018 |- | 3 ||align=left| '''[[Moussa Maâzou]]''' || 54 || 13 || 2008–present |- | rowspan=3|4 ||align=left| [[Souleymane Dela Sacko|Souleymane Sacko]] || rowspan=3|53 || 3 || 2007–2019 |- |align=left| [[Karim Lancina|Lassina Konaté]] || 1 || 2006–2016 |- | align=left| '''[[Youssouf Oumarou]]''' || 4 || 2013–present |- | rowspan=2|7 ||align=left| '''[[Amadou Moutari]]''' || rowspan=2|50 || 2 || 2012–present |- | align=left| '''[[Victorien Adebayor]]''' || 19 || 2015–present |- | 9 ||align=left| [[Mohamed Chikoto]] || 48 || 2 || 2008–2016 |- | 10 ||align=left| '''[[Mohamed Wonkoye]]''' || 45 || 5 || 2012–present |- |} {{col-2}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |- |+Top goalscorers |- !width=30px|Rank ! style="width:150px;"|Player !width=50px|Goals !width=50px|Caps !width=50px|Ratio ! style="width:100px;"|Career |- | 1 ||align=left| '''[[Victorien Adebayor]]''' || 19 || 50 || {{#expr:19/50 round 2}} || 2015–present |- | 2 ||align=left| '''[[Moussa Maâzou]]''' || 13 || 54 || {{#expr:13/54 round 2}} || 2008–present |- | 3 ||align=left| [[Kamilou Daouda]] || 10 || 37 || {{#expr:10/37 round 2}} || 2007–2019 |- | 4 ||align=left| [[Mounkaila Ide Barkire]] || 7 || 13 || {{#expr:7/13 round 2}} || 1992–1998 |- | 5 ||align=left| [[Zakari Lambo]] || 6 || 10 || {{#expr:6/10 round 2}}|| 1990–1995 |- | rowspan=2|6 ||align=left| '''[[Mahamane Cissé]]''' || rowspan=2|5 || 38 || {{#expr:5/38 round 2}} || 2013–present |- |align=left| '''[[Mohamed Wonkoye]]''' || 45 || {{#expr:5/45 round 2}} || 2012–present |- | rowspan=5|8 ||align=left| '''[[Issa Djibrilla]]''' || rowspan=5|4|| 19 || {{#expr:4/19 round 2}} || 2020–present |- |align=left| [[Moussa Yahaya]] ||16 || {{#expr:4/16 round 2}} || 1992–1998 |- |align=left| '''[[Issa Modibo Sidibé|Modibo Sidibé]]''' || 27 || {{#expr:4/27 round 2}} || 2010–present |- |align=left| '''[[Youssouf Oumarou]]''' || 53 || {{#expr:4/53 round 2}} || 2013–present |- |align=left| [[Koffi Dan Kowa]] || 67 || {{#expr:4/67 round 2}} || 2008–2018 |- |} {{col-end}} == Ihe ndekọ asọmpi == === Ihe ndekọ FIFA World Cup === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="9" |Iko Mbaụwa FIFA ! rowspan="39" width="1%" | ! colspan="6" |Ntinye aka FIFA World Cup |- !Afọ !Njem !Ọnọdụ !  !  ! * !  !  !  !  !  !  !  !  !  |- |[[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]] | colspan="8" rowspan="6" |''Akụkụ nke France'' | colspan="6" rowspan="6" |''Akụkụ nke France'' |- |[[1934 FIFA World Cup|1934]] |- |[[Iko Mba Ụwa nke FIFA nke 1938|1938]] |- |[[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950]] |- |[[1954 FIFA World Cup|1954]] |- |[[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958]] |- |[[1962 FIFA World Cup|1962]] | colspan="8" rowspan="4" |''abanyeghị'' | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |''abanyeghị'' |- |[[1966 FIFA World Cup|1966]] |- |[[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]] |- |[[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]] |- |[[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]] | colspan="8" rowspan="2" |''erughị eru'' |2 |1 |0 |1 |3 |6 |- |[[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]] |6 |2 |2 |2 |4 |7 |- |[[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]] | colspan="8" |''Ọ lara ezumike nká'' | colspan="6" |''Ọ lara ezumike nká'' |- |[[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]] | colspan="8" |''abanyeghị'' | colspan="6" |''abanyeghị'' |- |[[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]] | colspan="8" |''erughị eru'' |4 |2 |1 |1 |3 |2 |- |[[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]] | colspan="8" |''Ọ lara ezumike nká'' | colspan="6" |''Ọ lara ezumike nká'' |- |[[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]] | colspan="8" |''abanyeghị'' | colspan="6" |''abanyeghị'' |- |[[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]] | colspan="8" rowspan="5" |''erughị eru'' |2 |0 |0 |2 |0 |7 |- |[[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]] |6 |1 |0 |5 |5 |11 |- |[[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]] |6 |1 |1 |4 |6 |12 |- |[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] |4 |2 |1 |1 |6 |3 |- |[[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]] |6 |2 |1 |3 |13 |17 |- |[[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]] | colspan="8" |''ka a kpebie ya'' | colspan="6" |''ka a kpebie ya'' |- !'''Ngụkọta''' ! !'''0/22''' ! ! ! ! ! ! !36 !11 !6 !19 !40 !65 |} === Ihe ndekọ nke iko mba Afrịka === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="9" |Ihe ndekọ nke iko mba Afrịka |- !Afọ !Njem !Ọnọdụ !  !  !  !  !  !  |- |[[1957 Iko Mba Afrịka|1957]] | colspan="8" rowspan="2" |''Akụkụ nke France'' |- |[[1959 Iko Mba Afrịka|1959]] |- |[[1962 Iko Mba Afrịka|1962]] | colspan="8" rowspan="3" |''Enweghị njikọ na CAF'' |- |[[1963 Iko Mba Afrịka|1963]] |- |[[1965 Iko Mba Afrịka|1965]] |- |[[1968 Iko Mba Afrịka|1968]] | colspan="8" |''abanyeghị'' |- |[[1970 Iko Mba Afrịka|1970]] | colspan="8" rowspan="2" |''erughị eru'' |- |[[1972 Iko Mba Afrịka|1972]] |- |[[1974 Iko Mba Afrịka|1974]] | colspan="8" |''Ọ lara ezumike nká'' |- |[[1976 Iko Mba Afrịka|1976]] | colspan="8" |''erughị eru'' |- |[[1978 Iko Mba Afrịka|1978]] | colspan="8" rowspan="2" |''Ọ lara ezumike nká'' |- |[[1980 Iko Mba Afrịka|1980]] |- |[[1982 Iko Mba Afrịka|1982]] | colspan="8" |''abanyeghị'' |- |[[1984 Iko Mba Afrịka|1984]] | colspan="8" |''erughị eru'' |- |[[1986 Iko Mba Afrịka|1986]] | colspan="8" rowspan="3" |''abanyeghị'' |- |[[1988 Iko Mba Afrịka|1988]] |- |[[1990 Iko Mba Afrịka|1990]] |- |[[1992 Iko Mba Afrịka|1992]] | colspan="8" rowspan="2" |''erughị eru'' |- |[[1994 Iko Mba Afrịka|1994]] |- |[[1996 Iko Mba Afrịka|1996]] | colspan="8" |''Ọ lara ezumike nká n'oge iru eru'' |- |[[1998 Iko Mba Afrịka|1998]] | colspan="8" |''A chụpụrụ ya n'ihi ịpụ na 1996'' |- |[[2000 Iko Mba Afrịka|2000]] to <br /><br /><br /><br /> [[2010 Africa Cup of Nations|2010]] | colspan="8" |''erughị eru'' |- |[[2012 Africa Cup of Nations|2012]] | rowspan="2" |Nzọụkwụ otu |Nke iri na ise |3 |0 |0 |3 |1 |5 |- |[[2013 Africa Cup of Nations|2013]] |Nke iri na ise |3 |0 |1 |2 |0 |4 |- |[[2015 Iko Mba Afrịka|2015]] | colspan="8" rowspan="4" |''erughị eru'' |- |[[2017 Iko Mba Afrịka|2017]] |- |[[2019 Iko Mba Afrịka|2019]] |- |[[2021 Iko Mba Afrịka|2021]] |- |[[2023 Iko Mba Afrịka|2023]] | colspan="8" rowspan="2" |''ka a kpebie ya'' |- |[[2025 Iko Mba Afrịka|2025]] |- !Ngụkọta !Nzọụkwụ otu !2/33 !6 !0 !1 !5 !1 !9 |} [[Usòrò:Morocco_vs_Niger,_February_09_2011-2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ndị otu mba Niger megide Morocco, 9 Febụwarị 2011]] === Ihe ndekọ nke African Nations Championship === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="9" |Mmeri Mba Afrịka |- ! colspan="9" |Ebe ọ pụtara: 4 |- !Afọ !Njem !Ọnọdụ !  !  ! * !  !  !  |- |[[2009 African Nations Championship|2009]] | colspan="8" |''erughị eru'' |- |[[2011 African Nations Championship|2011]] |Ọkara ikpeazụ |Nke asaa |4 |2 |1 |1 |3 |3 |- |[[2014 African Nations Championship|2014]] | colspan="8" |''erughị eru'' |- |[[2016 African Nations Championship|2016]] |Nzọụkwụ otu |Nke iri na isii |3 |0 |1 |2 |3 |11 |- |[[2018 African Nations Championship|2018]] | colspan="8" |''erughị eru'' |- |[[2020 African Nations Championship|2020]] |Nzọụkwụ otu |Nke iri na abụọ |3 |0 |2 |1 |2 |3 |- style="background:#9acdff" |[[2022 African Nations Championship|2022]] |Ebe nke anọ |Nke anọ |5 |2 |1 |2 |3 |6 |- !'''Ngụkọta''' !'''Ebe nke anọ''' !'''4/7''' !'''15''' !'''4''' !'''5''' !'''6''' !'''11''' !'''23''' |} == Ihe ndekọ ihu na ihu == {{updated|19 November 2019}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" !Opponent !Games !Wins !Draws !Losses !Goals For !Goals Against !Goal Differential |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Algeria |5 |1 |0 |4 |1 |14 |−13 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Angola |2 |0 |0 |2 |2 |5 |−3 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Benin |15 |3 |5 |7 |17 |24 |−7 |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Botswana |3 |2 |1 |0 |4 |2 | +2 |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Burundi |1 |1 |0 |0 |3 |1 | +2 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Burkina Faso |15 |3 |5 |7 |13 |22 |−9 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Cameroon |3 |0 |1 |2 |0 |4 |−4 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Central African Republic |2 |0 |1 |1 |3 |5 |−2 |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Chad |1 |0 |1 |0 |1 |1 |0 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Congo |4 |0 |1 |3 |3 |10 |−7 |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | style="text-align:left;" | DR Congo |1 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Ivory Coast |13 |0 |2 |11 |9 |29 |−20 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Egypt |6 |1 |1 |4 |2 |16 |−14 |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Equatorial Guinea |1 |0 |1 |0 |1 |1 |0 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Ethiopia |3 |1 |0 |2 |3 |4 |−1 |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Eswatini |2 |1 |1 |0 |2 |1 | +1 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Gabon |6 |1 |0 |5 |5 |13 |−8 |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Gambia |1 |0 |1 |0 |1 |1 |0 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Ghana |11 |0 |1 |10 |4 |38 |−34 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Guinea |7 |3 |0 |4 |8 |11 |−3 |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Lesotho |2 |1 |0 |1 |3 |3 |0 |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Liberia |7 |3 |1 |3 |7 |10 |−3 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Libya |4 |0 |3 |1 |4 |8 |−4 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Madagascar |1 |0 |0 |1 |2 |6 |−4 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Mali |8 |1 |2 |5 |4 |10 |−6 |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Mauritania |5 |3 |2 |0 |10 |3 | +7 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Morocco |7 |1 |0 |6 |2 |16 |−14 |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Namibia |1 |1 |0 |0 |2 |1 | +1 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Nigeria |3 |0 |0 |3 |1 |7 |−6 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Senegal |5 |1 |1 |3 |3 |6 |−3 |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Sierra Leone |6 |3 |0 |3 |11 |15 |−4 |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Somalia |2 |0 |2 |0 |1 |1 |0 |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | style="text-align:left;" | South Africa |2 |1 |0 |1 |2 |3 |−1 |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Togo |9 |3 |3 |3 |13 |14 |−1 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Tunisia |3 |0 |0 |3 |2 |4 |−2 |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Uganda |5 |2 |1 |2 |6 |6 |0 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | Ukraine |1 |0 |0 |1 |1 |2 |−1 |- bgcolor="#FFCCCC" | style="text-align:left;" | United Arab Emirates |1 |0 |0 |1 |0 |4 |−4 |- class="sortbottom" !38 Countries !174 !37 !38 !99 !156 !320 !−164 |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Football in Niger}}{{CAF teams}}{{WAFU Football}}{{National sports teams of Niger}}{{2013 Africa Cup of Nations finalists}}A{{Niger squad 2012 Africa Cup of Nations}}{{Niger squad 2013 Africa Cup of Nations}} p1wx211oql5c48p6tpwi00fj55j27f0 0 25381 728065 697936 2026-09-26T02:47:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ọrịa COVID-19 nwere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi, na mgbanwe na ọrụ mmadụ na-eduga na mgbanwe nwa oge na [[mmetọ ikuku]], ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na ogo mmiri. Ka ọrịa a ghọrọ nsogbu ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ na mbido 2020, nzaghachi dị iche iche nke mba gụnyere mkpọchi na mgbochi njem kpatara nnukwu ọgba aghara na ọha mmadụ, njem, iji ike eme ihe na ọrụ akụ na ụba, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya "anthropause".Dika ebuliri usoro ahụike ọha ka emechara n'ọrịa a, a na-atụle mmetụta ya mgbe ụfọdụ n'ihe metụtara mmejuputa mgbanwe ume ọhụrụ na [[mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe]]. [[Usòrò:Pollutant_Drops_in_wuhan_china_due_to_virus.png|thumb|Foto sitere na NASA Earth Observatory na-egosi mbelata siri ike na mmetọ na Wuhan, mgbe ị na-atụnyere ọkwa NO2 na mbido 2019 (n'elu) na mbido 2020 (n'okpuru).]] Site na mmalite nke ọrịa a, a hụrụ mmetụta ụfọdụ dị mma na [[Ebe okike|gburugburu ebe obibi]] n'ihi enweghị ọrụ mmadụ. N'afọ 2020, ikuku carbon dioxide ji 6.4% ma ọ bụ ijeri tọn 2.3 daa n'ụwa niile.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|title=COVID curbed carbon emissions in 2020 - but not by much|journal=Nature|volume=589|issue=7842|pages=343|date=January 2021|pmid=33452515|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00090-3}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel 2020, ikuku NOx ji pasent 30 daa.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|date=August 2020|title=Erratum: Publisher Correction: Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19|journal=Nature Climate Change|volume=10|issue=10|doi=10.1038/s41558-020-0904-z|pmid=32845944}}</ref> Na China, mkpọchi na usoro ndị ọzọ mere ka mbelata 26% na ojiji coal, na mbelata 50% na ikuku nitrogen oxide.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|date=September 2020|title=Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability|journal=Heliyon|volume=6|issue=9|pages=e04965|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04965|pmid=32964165}}</ref> Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpuchi ikuku na-agbanye n'oge ọrịa a ka ọtụtụ mba malitere iwepụ ihe mgbochi, na mmetụta kpọmkwem nke amụma ọrịa na-efe efe na-enwe mmetụta ogologo oge na-adịghị mma na [[okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|mgbanwe ihu igwe]].<ref name=":21" /><ref name="effectspaper">{{Cite journal|title=Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19|journal=Nature Climate Change|date=7 August 2020|volume=10|issue=10|pages=913–919|doi=10.1038/s41558-020-0883-0|language=en|issn=1758-6798}}</ref> Ọrịa ọjọọ ahụ butkwara n'iyi ọgwụ na-abawanye ụba. Mmepụta na iji ngwa ahụike dịka ngwa nchekwa onwe onye nyere aka na mkpofu rọba.<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal|title=Current plastics pollution threats due to COVID-19 and its possible mitigation techniques: a waste-to-energy conversion via Pyrolysis|journal=Environmental Systems Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=8|date=2021-01-20|pmid=34777936|doi=10.1186/s40068-020-00217-x}}</ref> Nzaghachi ahụike chọrọ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu karịa nke ihe nkpuchi, gloves, agịga, agịgị, na ọgwụ.<ref name=":9"/> N'afọ 2020, a na-eji ihe dị ka ijeri gloves 65 na ijeri ihe nkpuchi ihu 129 kwa ọnwa, ma tụfuo ya.<ref name=":19" /> Iji PPE eme ihe n'ụzọ ọha na eze emeela ka ihe ịma aka nye njikwa mkpofu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=COVID-19 pandemic repercussions on plastic and antiviral polymeric textile causing pollution on beaches and coasts of South America|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=763|pages=144365|date=April 2021|pmid=33360513|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144365}}</ref> Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ nke sitere na usoro ọgwụgwọ nke ihe mkpofu plastik a sitere na tọn 14 ruo 33.5 nke CO2 kwa tọn nke ihe nkpuchi, òkè kachasị ukwuu sitere na mmepụta na njem.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1140170160|title=Mechanics of materials|year=2021|isbn=978-0-357-37785-7|oclc=1140170160}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == === Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi === Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ kemgbe mmalite nke oge mmepụta ihe emeela ka okpomọkụ ụwa dị n'ụwa rịa elu. Mgbanwe ihu igwe emeela ka ice na-agbaze, mmụba nke ihu igwe siri ike, ọnwụ nke ụdị, ọkụ ọhịa ugboro ugboro, na [[Tashin matakin teku|ịrị elu nke oke osimiri]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Air Pollution|url=https://www.who.int/airpollution/ambient/health-impacts/en/|work=WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION|publisher=WHO|accessdate=23 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sealevel.html|title=Is sea level rising?|work=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=6 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218172232/https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sealevel.html|archivedate=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/climate-change/|title=Climate Change|date=28 March 2019|work=[[National Geographic Society]]|accessdate=6 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231070002/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/climate-change/|archivedate=31 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-27|title=10 Climate Change Impacts That Will Affect Us All|url=https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2019/12/27/climate-change-impacts-everyone/|accessdate=2021-11-07|work=State of the Planet|language=en}}</ref> Tupu ọrịa COVID-19, usoro ndị ndị ọrụ ahụike na-atụ anya ka ha tụọ aro maka ọrịa na-efe efe gụnyere iche iche na ịnọpụ iche.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation|date=2017|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525302/|title=Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty|pages=315–345|edition=3rd|publisher=The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank|isbn=978-1-4648-0527-1|doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-0527-1_ch17}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, ndị na-eme nchọpụta [onye?] buru amụma na mbelata nke ọrụ akụ na ụba ga-elekwasị anya na nsogbu ndị okpomọkụ ụwa kpatara; ọ ga-akwụsị ịrị elu okpomọkụ, yana belata [[Mmetọ ikuku|ikuku]] na mmetọ mmiri, ma baara gburugburu ebe obibi uru.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 February 2018|title=Anthropocentrism: More than Just a Misunderstood Problem|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics|language=en|volume=31|issue=1|pages=109–127|doi=10.1007/s10806-018-9711-1|issn=1573-322X}}</ref> A hụla mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọrụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọgba aghara ahụike ọha dị iche iche n'oge gara aga, dị ka ọrịa Spanish na ọrịa kịtịkpa, wee hụ ya ọzọ na ọrịa COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021|title=Societal Impacts of Pandemics: Comparing COVID-19 With History to Focus Our Response|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|volume=9|pages=630449|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.630449|pmid=33912529}}</ref> === Ntiwapụ nke COVID-19 === N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2020, ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ụwa (WHO) kwupụtara ntiwapụ nke COVID-19 dị ka ọrịa na-efe efe. Ka ọ na-erule 5 Julaị 2020, mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara 188 kọrọ na ha nwere COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=August 2020|title=COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown as a "Global Human Confinement Experiment" to investigate biodiversity conservation|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=248|issue=7|pages=108665|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108665|pmid=32549587}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, ọrịa COVID-19 na-aga n'ihu egbuola ihe karịrị nde mmadụ ise.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-01|title=COVID-19 has killed 5 million people—and the pandemic is far from over|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/covid-19-has-killed-nearly-5-million-peopleand-the-pandemic-is-far-from-over|accessdate=2021-11-07|work=Science|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029115242/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/covid-19-has-killed-nearly-5-million-peopleand-the-pandemic-is-far-from-over|archive-date=2021-10-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'ihi oke nke nje ahụ, ọtụtụ mba mere mkpọchi iji chebe ndị mmadụ, belata mgbasa ahụ, ma hụ na ohere dị n'ụlọ ọgwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why is coronavirus lockdown necessary?|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/why-coronavirus-lockdown-necessary|accessdate=2021-11-07|work=www.gavi.org|language=en}}</ref> Mkpọchi ndị a na-akpaghasị ndụ kwa ụbọchị n'ụwa niile, na-ebelata ọkwa na ugboro ole ọrụ na mmepụta mmadụ. Site na mmetụta a na-ahụta, ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta na ndị ọrụ kpọrọ oku maka ụdị dị iche iche na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi dịka akụkụ nke atụmatụ mgbake COVID-19..<ref>{{Cite journal|title=COVID-19 recovery can benefit biodiversity|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2020-05-22_368_6493/page/838|journal=Science|volume=368|issue=6493|pages=838–839|date=May 2020|pmid=32439784|doi=10.1126/science.abc1430}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Letter: We call on leaders to put climate and biodiversity at the top of the agenda|url=https://www.ft.com/content/09d934ac-6f59-11ea-9bca-bf503995cd6f?src=rss|work=Financial Times|date=27 March 2020|accessdate=3 April 2020}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ ikuku == [[Usòrò:Nitrogen_dioxide_Density_Change_In_China_Due_To_Coronavirus.png|alt=|áká_èkpè|thumb|TROPOMI data na-egosi ọkwa NO2 na China na mbido 2020. Foto sitere na Earth Observatory.]] [[Usòrò:Empty_motorway_due_to_2019–20_coronavirus_pandemic_(A1_motorway,_Slovenia).jpg|thumb|Mbelata nke okporo ụzọ ụgbọ ala emeela ka mbelata nke mmetọ ikuku. Inset bụ okporo ụzọ awara awara A1 efu na Slovenia na 22 Machị 2020]] N'ihi mmetụta nke ọrịa a na njem na ụlọ ọrụ, ụwa n'ozuzu ya nwere mbelata na [[mmetọ ikuku]].<ref name="mdpi">{{Cite journal|date=April 2020|title=NO_x Emission Reduction and Recovery during COVID-19 in East China|journal=Atmosphere|volume=11|issue=4|pages=433|doi=10.3390/atmos11040433}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 March 2020|title=Coronavirus pandemic leading to huge drop in air pollution|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/23/coronavirus-pandemic-leading-to-huge-drop-in-air-pollution|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=4 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=19 May 2020|title=Temporary reduction in daily global {{CO2}} emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=10|issue=7|pages=647–653|doi=10.1038/s41558-020-0797-x|issn=1758-6798}}</ref> Mbelata nke mmetọ ikuku belatara ma mgbanwe ihu igwe na ihe ize ndụ COVID-19, mana enwetabeghị ụdị mmetọ ifufe, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị, bụ ihe ize ndụ zuru oke maka ha abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 April 2020|title=Air pollution linked to far higher Covid-19 death rates, study finds|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/apr/07/air-pollution-linked-to-far-higher-covid-19-death-rates-study-finds|accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref> The Centre maka Research on Energy na Clean Air nke bụ n'Igbo Centa nyocha maka ike na ikuku dị ọcha kọrọ na ụzọ iji nwee mgbasa nke SARS-CoV-2, dị ka mgbochi iche na mmachibido njem, butere mbelata 25% nke ikuku carbon na [[China]].<ref name="DIm4R">{{Cite web|date=19 February 2020|title=Analysis: Coronavirus has temporarily reduced China's {{CO2}} emissions by a quarter|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-coronavirus-has-temporarily-reduced-chinas-co2-emissions-by-a-quarter|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304082845/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-coronavirus-has-temporarily-reduced-chinas-co2-emissions-by-a-quarter|archivedate=4 March 2020|accessdate=16 March 2020|work=CarbonBrief}}</ref><ref name="Forbes-McMahon">{{Cite web|title=Study: Coronavirus Lockdown Likely Saved 77,000 Lives In China Just By Reducing Pollution|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2020/03/16/coronavirus-lockdown-may-have-saved-77000-lives-in-china-just-from-pollution-reduction/|accessdate=2021-11-03|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnwa mbụ nke mkpọchi, China mepụtara ihe dị ka nde 200 nke carbon dioxide karịa otu oge ahụ na 2019 n'ihi mbelata nke ụgbọ elu, mmanụ, na ojiji coal.<ref name="Forbes-McMahon" /> N'otu oge a, njem ụgbọ ala jiri pasent 70 daa na UK.<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Ways We've Wasted the Potential of Pandemic Recovery — and How You Can Help Turn the Tide|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/pandemic-recovery-inequality-poverty-environment/|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=Global Citizen|language=en}}</ref> Otu onye sayensị na-ahụ maka usoro ụwa mere atụmatụ na mbelata a nwere ike ịzọpụta ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndụ 77,000.<ref name="mcmahon">{{Cite web|date=16 March 2020|title=Study: Coronavirus Lockdown Likely Saved 77,000 Lives In China Just By Reducing Pollution|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2020/03/16/coronavirus-lockdown-may-have-saved-77000-lives-in-china-just-from-pollution-reduction/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317041245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2020/03/16/coronavirus-lockdown-may-have-saved-77000-lives-in-china-just-from-pollution-reduction/|archivedate=17 March 2020|accessdate=16 March 2020|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Sarah Ladislaw nke Center for Strategic & International Studies kwuru na ekwesighi ile mbelata nke ikuku sitere na ndakpọ akụ na ụba anya dị ka ihe bara uru, n'ihi na nloghachi China na ọnụego uto gara aga n'etiti agha azụmahịa na nkwụsịtụ nnyefe na ahịa ike ga-eme ka mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ya ka njọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/global-impacts-coronavirus-outbreak|title=The Global Impacts of the Coronavirus Outbreak|work=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]|language=en|accessdate=4 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407202137/https://www.csis.org/analysis/global-impacts-coronavirus-outbreak|archivedate=7 April 2020}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, Nature kọrọ na n'afọ 2020, ikuku carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ jiri pasent 6.4 daa.<ref name=":21"/> [[Usòrò:NOx_emission_changes_in_East_China.jpg|thumb|  emission changes in East China<ref name="mdpi">{{Cite journal|date=April 2020|title=NO_x Emission Reduction and Recovery during COVID-19 in East China|journal=Atmosphere|volume=11|issue=4|pages=433|doi=10.3390/atmos11040433}}</ref>]] Mgbanwe nke mmetọ ikuku n'oge mkpọchi COVID emetụtakwala ogo mmiri. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtala ogologo oge na ịdị mma ikuku na mma mmiri dị n'elu nwere njikọ chiri anya; Otú ọ dị, mbelata nke mmetọ ikuku n'oge ọrịa na-efe efe na-emetụta usoro mmiri ka na-edochaghị anya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=USDA ERS - Improving Air and Water Quality Can Be Two Sides of the Same Coin|url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2006/july/improving-air-and-water-quality-can-be-two-sides-of-the-same-coin/|accessdate=2021-12-11|work=www.ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ọtụtụ nnyocha achọpụtala na mmelite n'ihi COVID-19 bụ nke nwa oge, ọ bụ ezie na e nweela mbelata dị ịrịba ama na mmetọ na usoro mmiri dị iche iche.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-06|title=How the Coronavirus Pandemic is Affecting Water Demand|url=https://pacinst.org/how-the-coronavirus-pandemic-is-affecting-water-demand/|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=Pacific Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ịdị mma mmiri == [[Usòrò:COVID-19_wastewater_testing.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Mahadum steeti Oregon na-anwale mmiri na-adịghị mma maka nje virus na-akpata COVID-19]] === Mmetụta ikuku na-emetụta ịdị mma mmiri === A hụrụ nnukwu mbelata nke nitrous oxides na ikuku n'ebe dị anya site na ókèala ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke China. Ebe mepere emepe nke [[Nú Yọk|New York]], Paris na [[London]] dekọrọ 40% nitrous oxide n'ime izu abụọ mbụ nke oge opupu ihe ubi 2020 ma e jiri ya tụnyere afọ gara aga. N'ọnwa Maachị 2020, Los Angeles (nke a ma ama maka okporo ụzọ na anwụrụ ọkụ) hụrụ mmụba 20% na ikuku dị mma n'ihi nnọpụiche.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|title=The silver lining to coronavirus lockdowns: Air quality is improving|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/04/09/air-quality-improving-coronavirus/|accessdate=2021-11-05}}</ref> Na San Francisco Bay Area, okporo ụzọ gbadatara 45%, na-eduga na nnukwu ọdịiche na ikuku carbon dioxide ma e jiri ya tụnyere afọ ndị gara aga.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|date=25 September 2020|volume=98|issue=37|journal=Chemical & Engineering News|title=COVID-19 lockdowns had strange effects on air pollution across the globe|url=https://cen.acs.org/environment/atmospheric-chemistry/COVID-19-lockdowns-had-strange-effects-on-air-pollution-across-the-globe/98/i37|accessdate=2021-11-05}}</ref> == Mmiri a chọrọ == Ọrịa na-efe efe a metụtara ọchichọ mmiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Ịdị ọcha nke ọma bụ otu n'ime ụkpụrụ ndị e ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ ọgụ. Iji ncha na mmiri saa aka ugboro ugboro maka sekọnd 20, na-egbu nje n'elu, na-ehicha akpa nri ka ha na-abanye n'ụlọ, mere ka mmiri dịkwuo mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-06-03|title=Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on water consumption behaviour|journal=Water Supply|volume=21|issue=ws2021160|pages=4058–4067|doi=10.2166/ws.2021.160|issn=1606-9749}}</ref> === Ebe obibi === Ọchịchọ mmiri rịrị elu n'ebe ndị mmadụ bi n'ihi mkpọchi amachiri nke mere ka ndị mmadụ nọrọ n'ụlọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ojiji mmiri n'ụlọ na Portsmouth, England ji pasent 15 rịa elu, ebe ojiji na-abụghị ebe obibi jiri pasent 17 belata. Mmụba nke ojiji mmiri n'ụlọ mere ka ụgwọ mmiri dị elu, na-eme ka nrụgide ego ka njọ nye ndị na-emetụta site na mkpọchi ụlọ nke ọrịa a nyere iwu.<ref name=":52"/> == Anụ Ọhịa == [[Usòrò:The_effects_of_COVID-19_litter_on_animal_life_-_10.1163_-_15707563-bja10052_-_Fig._2.jpg|thumb|Otu glove dọkịta e gburu egbu jidere n'elu osisi ahụ ruo ọnwụ]] Ọnụ ahịa azụ na ọchịchọ maka azụ belatara n'ihi ọrịa na-efe efe na mbido 2020, ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ gburugburu ụwa na-anọkarị n'enweghị ọrụ.<ref name="smithsonian">{{Cite news|date=8 April 2020|title=With Boats Stuck in Harbor Because of COVID-19, Will Fish Bounce Back?|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/fish-stop-covid-19-180974623/|accessdate=24 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Commercial fishing industry in free fall as restaurants close, consumers hunker down and vessels tie up|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/04/08/commercial-fishing-coronavirus/|accessdate=25 April 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=8 April 2020}}</ref> Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Germany bụ Rainer Froese kwuru na biomass azụ ga-abawanye n'ihi mbelata dị egwu n'ịkụ azụ, ma chee na na mmiri Europe, ụfọdụ azụ, dị ka herring, nwere ike okpukpu abụọ nke biomass ha.<ref name="smithsonian" /> Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Eprel 2020, ihe ịrịba ama nke mgbake mmiri ka na-abụkarị akụkọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=With Fishing Fleets Tied Up, Marine Life Has a Chance to Recover|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-17/with-fishing-fleets-tied-up-marine-life-has-a-chance-to-recover|accessdate=25 April 2020|publisher=Bloomberg Green|date=17 April 2020}}</ref> Ka ndị mmadụ nọrọ n'ụlọ n'ihi mkpọchi na mmachi njem, ahụrụla ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ ka ha na-agagharị n'obodo. A hụrụ nduru n'oké osimiri ka ha na-atụkwasị akwa n'akụkụ osimiri ndị ha na-ezere na mbụ (dị ka ụsọ oké osimiri nke Bengal), n'ihi nnyonye anya dị ala nke mmadụ na mmetọ ọkụ..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/living/2020/04/25/while-you-stay-home-animals-roam-free-in-our-towns-and-cities|title=While you stay home, animals roam free in our towns and cities|date=25 April 2020|work=living}}</ref> Na United States, ụgbọ ala na-egbu egbu na anụmanụ ndị dị ka mgbada, elk, moose, bear, ọdụm ugwu jiri 58% daa n'oge Machị na Eprel 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 26, 2020|title=Roadkill rates fall dramatically as lockdown keeps drivers at home|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/06/decline-road-kill-pandemic-lockdown-traffic/|work=[[National Geographic]]|accessdate=July 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628175206/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/06/decline-road-kill-pandemic-lockdown-traffic/|archive-date=June 28, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>Na Glacier National Park ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara mgbanwe dị ukwuu na omume anụ ọhịa n'ihi mbelata dị ukwuu n'ihu ụmụ mmadụ (n'ụzọ dị irè, ogige ntụrụndụ na-enweghị isi n'ime ogige ntorobịa).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.wsu.edu/press-release/2023/01/19/low-impact-human-recreation-changes-wildlife-behavior/|title=Low-impact human recreation changes wildlife behavior}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Partial COVID-19 closure of a national park reveals negative influence of low-impact recreation on wildlife spatiotemporal ecology|first=Alissa K.|author=Anderson|date=13 January 2023|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=13|issue=1|pages=687|doi=10.1038/s41598-023-27670-9|pmid=36639399}}</ref> == Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa na iweghachi oké ọhịa == N'ihi mbelata nke ohere ọrụ n'oge ọrịa a, a goro ọtụtụ ndị na-enweghị ọrụ iji nyere aka na-egbutu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị n'ebe okpomọkụ. Dabere na ọkwa igbukpọ osisi sitere na Global Land Analysis & Discovery (GLAD)), a chọpụtara ngụkọta nke 9583 km2 nke ala ndị e gburu egbu n'ofe okpomọkụ ụwa n'ime ọnwa mbụ mgbe e guzobere nchebe COVID-19, nke bụ ihe dịka ugboro abụọ nke a hụrụ n'afọ gara aga, na 2019 (4732 km2).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Emerging threats linking tropical deforestation and the COVID-19 pandemic|journal=Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation|volume=18|issue=4|pages=243–246|date=2020-10-01|pmid=33020748|doi=10.1016/j.pecon.2020.09.006}}</ref> Mgbagwoju anya sitere na ọrịa a nyere ihe mkpuchi maka ọrụ mgbukpọ ọhịa iwu na-akwadoghị na Brazil, nke dị na afọ itoolu.<ref name=":5" /> Ihe osise Satellite gosipụtara mgbukpọ ọhịa nke oké ọhịa Amazon na-arị elu karịa 50% ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa ntọala.<ref name="Amazon1">{{Cite news|date=6 May 2020|title=Deforestation of Amazon rainforest accelerates amid COVID-19 pandemic|work=ABC News|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/deforestation-amazon-rainforest-accelerates-amid-covid-19-pandemic/story?id=70526188}}</ref><ref name="Amazon2">{{Cite news|title=Deforestation of the Amazon has soared under cover of the coronavirus|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/deforestation-amazon-has-soared-under-cover-coronavirus-n1204451|work=NBC News|date=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, enweghị ọrụ nke ọrịa COVID-19 kpatara mere ka ọ dịrị ndị ọrụ mfe iwebata ndị ọrụ maka mkpọsa 10 ijeri osisi Tsunami nke Pakistan iji kụọ ijeri osisi 10 nke a na-eme atụmatụ na osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ na-efu kwa afọ n'ime afọ 5.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 September 2015|title=Earth has 3 trillion trees but they're falling at alarming rate|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-trees-idUSKCN0R21Z620150902|accessdate=26 May 2020|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=As a 'green stimulus' Pakistan sets virus-idled to work planting trees|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-pakistan-trees-fea/as-a-green-stimulus-pakistan-sets-virus-idled-to-work-planting-trees-idUSKCN22A369|accessdate=30 May 2020|work=Reuters|date=28 April 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Hires Thousands of Newly-Unemployed Laborers for Ambitious 10 Billion Tree-Planting Initiative|url=https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/pakistan-hires-laborers-for-planting-10-billion-tree/|work=Good News Network|language=en|date=30 April 2020|accessdate=2 May 2020}}</ref> N'ihi na ọrịa a mere ka ọtụtụ ndị ọchịchị ghara ịrụ ọrụ, ịchụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'oge 2020 na 2021. Na Columbia, ọrụ iwu na-akwadoghị na ọkụ ọhịa bụ ihe abụọ kachasị na-enye aka na mbibi nke oké ọhịa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Poaching, deforestation reportedly on the rise since COVID-19 lockdowns|url=https://www.conservation.org/blog/poaching-deforestation-reportedly-on-the-rise-since-covid-19-lockdowns|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=www.conservation.org|archivedate=2021-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118164113/https://www.conservation.org/blog/poaching-deforestation-reportedly-on-the-rise-since-covid-19-lockdowns}}</ref> == Mgbanwe ihu igwe == [[Usòrò:Change_in_global_daily_fossil_CO₂_emissions,_%25_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Mgbanwe na ikuku CO2 zuru ụwa ọnụ kwa ụbọchị, % n'oge ọrịa COVID-19.]] [[Usòrò:Global_daily_CO2_emissions_for_sectors.webp|thumb|300x300px|Mgbasa CO2 kwa ụbọchị site na ngalaba isii na 2019 na ọkara mbụ nke 2020]] [[Usòrò:Daily_CO2_emissions_for_countries.webp|thumb|335x335px|Mmetụta nke ọrịa COVID-19 na ikuku CO2 kwa ụbọchị n'ụwa niile na mba iri na otu]] Mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke mkpọchi COVID-19 kpatara dị ka ịnakwere iwu ọrụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, na ihe omume ndị mebere emepe nwere ike ịnwe mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide karịa mbelata mkpirikpi nke iji njem eme ihe.<ref name="C3vSo">{{Cite news|url=https://fortune.com/2020/03/10/coronavirus-remote-flexible-work-from-home/|title=Commentary: Coronavirus may finally force businesses to adopt workplaces of the future|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|accessdate=9 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Foevb">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/business/coronavirus-businesses.html|title=1,000 Workers, Go Home: Companies Act to Ward Off Coronavirus|date=26 February 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=9 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="nationalgeographic1">{{Cite news|date=3 April 2020|title=Carbon emissions are falling sharply due to coronavirus. But not for long.|language=en|work=Science|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/coronavirus-causing-carbon-emissions-to-fall-but-not-for-long/|accessdate=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405204814/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/coronavirus-causing-carbon-emissions-to-fall-but-not-for-long/|archive-date=5 April 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=How scientific conferences will survive the coronavirus shock|journal=Nature|volume=582|issue=7811|pages=166–167|date=June 2020|pmid=32488188|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-01521-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tao|first=Yanqiu|title=Trend towards virtual and hybrid conferences may be an effective climate change mitigation strategy|journal=Nature Communications|date=16 December 2021|volume=12|issue=1|pages=7324|doi=10.1038/s41467-021-27251-2|pmid=34916499|language=en|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> N'ime nnyocha e bipụtara na Septemba 2020, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eme atụmatụ na mgbanwe omume ndị a na-eme n'oge a kpọchiri nwere ike ibelata 15% nke ikuku CO₂ ụgbọ njem na-adịgide adịgide..<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|title=COVID-19: Clinching the Climate Opportunity|journal=One Earth|volume=3|issue=4|pages=400–404|date=October 2020|pmid=34173539|doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.09.003}}</ref> === Mmetụta na ihu igwe === N'ime nnyocha e bipụtara n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mere atụmatụ na ikuku NOx zuru ụwa ọnụ jiri ihe ruru pasent iri atọ belata n'ọnwarị ma jiri pasent iri abụọ belata ikuku SO2 zuru ụwa ọnụ nke na-eme ka mmetụta na-emebi ihe ma kwubie na mmetụta nke nzaghachi maka ọrịa na-efe efe na okpomọkụ ụwa ga-abụ ihe a na-eleghara anya, na atụmatụ na-eme atụmatụ na-ajụ oyi nke ihe dị ka 0.01 ± 0.005 °C site na 2030 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe dị mkpa ma mmetụta na-apụtaghị ìhè n'ihi mgbake akụ na ụba nke 0.3 okpomọkụ na-eme n'ọdịnihu nwere ike ịkpali akụ na ụba okpomọkụ.<ref name="PhysPaper">{{Cite news|title=Lockdown emissions fall will have 'no effect' on climate|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-lockdown-emissions-fall-effect-climate.html|accessdate=31 August 2020|work=phys.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name="effectspaper"/> Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ na-egosi na mgbanwe usoro n'otú ụmụ mmadụ si enwe ike na inye onwe ya nri ka achọrọ maka mmetụta dị ukwuu na okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ..<ref name="PhysPaper" /> == Ahịa na mmepụta nri == === Mmepụta nri === Ndị ọrụ ugbo pere mpe anọwo na-anabata teknụzụ dijitalụ dị ka ụzọ isi ree ihe ha na-emepụta n'onwe ha, ọrụ ugbo na-akwado obodo na usoro nnyefe na-ere ere na-arị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2020|title=Innovation spurred by COVID-19 crisis highlights 'potential of small-scale farmers'|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/news/innovation-spurred-by-covid-19-crisis-highlights-potential-of-small-scale-farmers/}}</ref> Ụzọ ndị a eritela uru n'obere ụlọ ahịa ihe nri n'ịntanetị bụ ndị na-erekarị nri organic na mpaghara mpaghara ma nwee ike inwe mmetụta dị mma gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi ndị na-azụ ahịa na-ahọrọ ịnata nnyefe kama iji ụgbọ ala gaa ụlọ ahịa ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 February 2020|title=Delivery disaster: the hidden environmental cost of your online shopping|language=en|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/shortcuts/2020/feb/17/hidden-costs-of-online-delivery-environment|accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> Ịzụ ahịa nri n'ịntanetị amụbaala nke ukwuu n'oge ọrịa a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus will change the grocery industry forever|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/19/business/grocery-shopping-online-coronavirus/index.html|accessdate=26 May 2020|work=CNN|date=19 March 2020}}</ref> == Ihe mkpofu == [[Usòrò:2020-12-30_17-08-37_-_Fontainebleau_-_Masque_chirurgical.jpg|thumb|A gbahapụrụ ihe mkpuchi ịwa ahụ na nsọtụ ọhịa nke Fontainebleau (ebe echedoro), na Disemba 2020.]] Nnukwu mmụba nke ihe mkpofu plastik n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 ghọrọ nnukwu nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Mmụba nke ọchịchọ maka plastik a na-eji eme ihe n'otu oge mere ka nsogbu mmetọ plastik dị oke njọ. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime plastik ọhụrụ a hụrụ n'oké osimiri sitere n'ụlọ ọgwụ, ngwugwu mbupu, na site na ihe nchebe onwe onye (PPE). N'ime ọnwa 18 mbụ nke ọrịa na-efe efe, a kwakọbara ihe ruru nde tọn nde asatọ. Akụkụ dị ịrịba ama sitere na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, 72% nke ihe mkpofu a sitere na [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ihe mkpofu a na-emetụta oke osimiri (na anụ ọhịa), ma na-agbakọta n'ụsọ osimiri na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsara oké osimiri.<ref name="Peng">{{Cite journal|title=Plastic waste release caused by COVID-19 and its fate in the global ocean|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=118|issue=47|date=November 2021|pages=e2111530118|pmid=34751160|doi=10.1073/pnas.2111530118}}</ref> == Ntinye ego na usoro akụ na ụba ndị ọzọ == [[Usòrò:Firms_that_plan_to_cut_investment_as_a_result_of_the_COVID-19_crisis.png|thumb|430x430px|Nnyocha Nnyocha Ego nke European Investment Bank 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Corporate investment in Europe was having a renaissance– then COVID-19 hit|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/corporate-investment-in-europe-was-having-a-renaissance-then-covid19-hit|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=European Investment Bank|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/investment-report-2020|title=EIB Investment Report 2020/2021: Building a smart and green Europe in the COVID-19 era|date=2021-01-21|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-4811-8|language=EN}}</ref> ]] Ụfọdụ achọpụtala na enwere ike ịhazi ngwugwu mkpali akwadoro iji mee ka mgbanwe ume ọhụrụ dị ngwa na ịkwalite ume ike..<ref name="nationalgeographic1"/> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta nke World Resources Institute akọwaala ọtụtụ ihe kpatara itinye ego na njem ọha na eze yana ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije n'oge na mgbe ọrịa a gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Safer, More Sustainable Transport in a Post-COVID-19 World|url=https://www.wri.org/blog/2020/04/coronavirus-public-transport-stimulus-packages|accessdate=30 May 2020|language=en|date=23 April 2020}}</ref> Ojiji nke njem ọha na eze n'obodo ukwu n'ụwa niile ejirila 50-90%, na nnukwu mfu nke ego maka ndị ọrụ. Ntinye ego dịka n'omume ịdị ọcha dị elu na njem ọha na eze na usoro dị anya nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nwere ike idozi nchegbu ahụike ọha na eze banyere ojiji nke njem ọha na ibe ya.<ref name="iea-report">{{Cite web|title=Transport – Sustainable Recovery – Analysis - IEA|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/sustainable-recovery/transport#abstract|work=IEA|accessdate=21 June 2020}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ International Energy Agency na-ekwu na nkwado sitere n'aka gọọmentị n'ihi ọrịa a nwere ike ịkwalite uto ngwa ngwa na teknụzụ batrị na hydrogen, belata ịdabere na mmanụ ala ma gosipụta adịghị ike nke mmanụ ala na nsogbu nchekwa na nkesa.<ref name="reuters1">{{Cite web|title=World has 'historic' opportunity for green tech boost, says global watchdog|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-energy-idINKCN22A2MY|work=Reuters|accessdate=1 June 2020|language=en|date=28 April 2020|archivedate=10 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610165231/https://in.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-energy-idINKCN22A2MY}}</ref><ref name="reuters2">{{Cite web|title=Green hydrogen's time has come, say advocates eying post-pandemic world|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronarivus-hydrogen-analysis-idUSKBN22K0MJ|work=Reuters|accessdate=1 June 2020|language=en|date=8 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="reuters3">{{Cite web|title=Why The Coronavirus Pandemic Is Creating A Surge In Renewable Energy|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/heatherfarmbrough/2020/05/05/why-the-coronavirus-pandemic-is-creating-a-surge-in-renewable-energy/|work=Forbes|accessdate=1 June 2020|language=en}}</ref> == Nkà na ụbụrụ na nghọta ihe ize ndụ == [[Usòrò:Climate_change_and_COVID-19._The_crisis_has_changed_people’s_views_on_the_challenges_facing_their_countries.svg|thumb|424x424px|Ọrịa a agbanweela echiche ndị mmadụ banyere ihe ịma aka ndị mba ha na-eche ihu, dịka achọtara na nyocha ihu igwe nke European Investment Bank 2020 - 2021.<ref>{{Cite book|author=European Investment Bank|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-eib-climate-survey-2020-2021|title=The EIB Climate Survey 2020-2021 - The climate crisis in a COVID-19 world: calls for a green recovery|date=2021-05-31|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5021-0|language=EN}}</ref>]] Ọgba aghara na mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọrịa COVID-19 mere ka ọdịnihu ọdachi dị ka ọ dị ntakịrị na ime ihe iji gbochie ya dị mkpa na ezi uche. Otú ọ dị, ọ nwekwara mmetụta dị iche site n'itinye uche na nsogbu ndị ọzọ na-eme n'oge ọrịa a karịa nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ, dị ka mgbanwe ihu igwe na mgbukpọ ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Guardian view on Brazil and the Amazon: don't look away {{!}} Editorial|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/05/the-guardian-view-on-brazil-and-the-amazon-dont-look-away|accessdate=9 June 2020|work=The Guardian|date=5 June 2020|language=en}}</ref> == Mmetụta na nlekota gburugburu ebe obibi na amụma == === Nkọwa ihu igwe === European Centre maka Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) kwupụtara na mbelata zuru ụwa ọnụ na ụgbọ elu ụgbọ elu n'ihi ọrịa a nwere ike imetụta izi ezi nke amụma ihu igwe, na-ekwu maka iji ụgbọelu azụmahịa Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) dị ka onyinye dị mkpa maka izi ezi amụma ihu igwe. ECMWF buru amụma na mkpuchi AMDAR ga-ebelata site na 65% ma ọ bụ karịa n'ihi ọdịda nke azumahia ụgbọ elu ma ọ bụ ndị ji ugbo elu eje njem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2020/drop-aircraft-observations-could-have-impact-weather-forecasts|title=Drop in aircraft observations could have impact on weather forecasts|author=Press release|work=European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts|date=24 March 2020|accessdate=26 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326005351/https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2020/drop-aircraft-observations-could-have-impact-weather-forecasts|archivedate=26 March 2020}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụgbọelu]] * [[Mweghachi ahịhịa ndụ|Mweghachi griin]] * [[Mmetụta nke oria ojoo COVID-19|Mmetụta nke ọrịa COVID-19]] * [[Mmetụta ọrịa ọrịa COVID-19 na ụgbọ njem ọha|Mmetụta nke ọrịa COVID-19 na njem ọha na eze]] * [[Mgbochi ọrịa na-efe efe|Mgbochi ọrịa na-efe efe #Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba]] * [[Akara nka nka|Technosignature#Nnyocha Atmospheric]] * ''The Year Earth Changed'' == Edensibịa == == Ebe e si nweta ya == Edemede a na-etinye ederede sitere na ọrụ ọdịnaya efu. Enyere ikike n'okpuru CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (nkwupụta ikike/ikike). Text taken from ''Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics''​, United Nations Environment Programme. == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://eodashboard.org/ COVID-19] Earth Observation Dashboard site na NASA, ESA, na JAXA * [https://race.esa.int/ Mgbalị ngwa ngwa na COVID-19 na Earth Observation Dashboard] site na ESA na EC * [https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/11/4140 Mmetụta a hụrụ na nke nwere ike inwe nke ọrịa COVID-19 na gburugburu ebe obibi] * [https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/six-nature-facts-related-coronaviruses United Nations: Ihe Isii Okike metụtara Coronaviruses] * [https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1 WHO air quality index / akụkọ nke mmetọ ikuku na 2020] [[Òtù:Gburugburu ebe obibi na 2020]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2txcjk2amfm4kgvcwr87lxth139x2ht 0 25450 728055 198609 2026-09-26T02:30:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A kọwara mmanụ mkpofu dị ka mmanụ ọ bụla sitere na mmanụ ala ma ọ bụ sịntetik nke, site na mmetọ, aghọọla nke na-ekwesịghị ekwesị maka ebumnuche mbụ ya n'ihi ọnụnọ adịghị ọcha ma ọ bụ mfu nke ihe mbụ..<ref name="EPA1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/usedoil/usedoil.htm|title=Managing Used Oil: Advice for Small Businesses &#124; Common Wastes & Materials &#124; US EPA|work=epa.gov|year=2012|quote=waste|accessdate=July 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510083003/http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/usedoil/usedoil.htm|archive-date=May 10, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ịdị iche n'etiti "mmanụ mkpofu" na "mmanụ a na-eji eme ihe" == U.S. EPA na-akọwa okwu ahụ bụ "mmanụ eji eme ihe" dị ka mmanụ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ mmanụ aka mere nke ejirila mee ihe, n'ihi ojiji dị otú ahụ, ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ nke kemịkal na-emetọ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/usedoil/|title=Used Oil Management Program &#124; Common Wastes & Materials &#124; US EPA|work=epa.gov|year=2011|accessdate=July 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418205021/http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/usedoil/|archive-date=April 18, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Mmanụ e ji mee ihe" bụ okwu nchịkwa ziri ezi. "Mmanụ mkpofu" bụ okwu zuru oke maka mmanụ nke e metọrọ na ihe ndị nwere ike ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị adị ize ndụ.<ref name="EPA1"/> Mmanụ ọ bụla ejiri ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ metọọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ, ma ọ bụrụ otu a, a ga-ejikwa ya dabere n'ụkpụrụ njikwa mkpofu dị ize ndụ. Ma mmanụ a na-eji eme ihe na mmanụ mkpofu chọrọ nrụgharị ma ọ bụ mkpofu kwesịrị ekwesị iji zere ịmepụta nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. == Ngwaahịa ndị a na-eji eme ihe dị ka mmanụ mkpofu == Ihe atụ ụfọdụ nke ụdị ngwaahịa ndị mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe, enwere ike ịkpọ ya mmanụ eji eme ihe bụ: mmanụ hydraulic, mmanụ nnyefe, mmiri brek, mmanụ moto, mmanụ crankcase, mmanụ gear box, mmanụ aka, na mmanụ nke 1, 2, 3 na 4.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maine.gov/dep/rwm/wasteoil/wasteoil.htm|title=State of Maine (www.maine.gov)|accessdate=2010-10-16|archivedate=2010-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021151103/http://maine.gov/dep/rwm/wasteoil/wasteoil.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OLEM|date=2016-01-14|title=Reference Table for the Question "What is Used Oil?"|url=https://www.epa.gov/hw/reference-table-question-what-used-oil|accessdate=2021-10-17|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> == Ịchụpụ mmanụ mkpofu == Enwere ike ikpofu mmanụ n'efu n'ụzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere izipu mmanụ eji eme ihe na saịtị (a na-ahapụ ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ijikwa mmanụ eji eme ihe dị ka ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ebe a na-ekpofu ihe mkpofu mpaghara), na-ere mmanụ eji ọkụ dị ka mmanụ ọkụ (ụfọdụ mmanụ ejiri mee ihe). A naghị ahazi ya site n'ụkpụrụ ọkụ ọkụ, ma ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nkọwa nke mmanụ a na-eji eme ihe nwere ike ịgba ọkụ naanị n'ime ọkụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ụfọdụ ndị na-esi nri, na ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekwe ka ha na-ere ihe), na ịzụ ahịa mmanụ eji eme ihe (a na-ekwu na mmanụ eji eme ihe bụ iji a ga-akpọ ya ọkụ maka mgbake ike, e mesịa, a na-ebuga ya n'ebe a na-ere mmanụ e ji eme ihe bụ́ onye na-ere mmanụ ahụ e ji eme ihe n'ọkụ ụlọ ọrụ akwadoro.ya). Mmanụ ndị na-abụghị nkọwapụta na-enwekarị: Arsenic 5 ppm, Cadmium 2 ppm, Chromium 10 ppm, Lead 100 ppm, Flash point 100°F, kacha nta (ya bụ, FP ga-abụrịrị karịa 100°F), Total Halogens >4,000 ppm<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epic.er.doe.gov/epic/docs/525.pdf|title=Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste: Used Oil Final Rule and Correction Notices Issued|accessdate=2007-04-05|year=1993|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental Guidance|archivedate=2003-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030904005842/http://epic.er.doe.gov/epic/DOCS/525.pdf}}</ref> == Nchekwa na njikwa mmanụ mkpofu == Maka ọkụ na saịtị nke mmanụ eji eme ihe, a ga-echekwa mmanụ ahụ n'ime tankị ma ọ bụ arịa, n'elu ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ala. Akara ndị ahụ ga-adị n'ọnọdụ dị mma na-enweghị ihe na-agbapụta, a ga-eji okwu ndị a na-akpọ tankị / akwara ndị ahụ, a ga na-enwerịrị atụmatụ mgbochi mgbochi (ma ọ bụ atụmatụ njikwa na mgbochi). === Nchịkwa Mmanụ E Ji Eme Ihe === N'afọ 1984, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Florida (DEP) mejupụtara usoro nchịkwa mmanụ eji eme ihe n'okpuru Nkebi 403.75 site na 403.769, Iwu Florida. Florida Used Oil Recycling Program etolitela ịghọ otu n'ime ndị na-aga nke ọma na United States ma nweta nkwado mba. === Ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ na ebe a na-esi mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ === Ọkụ mmanụ n'efu bụ ụdị ọkụ a na-eji eme ihe maka ikpo ọkụ ma na-eme ya site na mmanụ eji eme ihe na-enweghị mmerụ dị ize ndụ, dịka EPA kọwara. Enwere ike iji ọkụ ọkụ na-ekpofu mmanụ na-ekpofu mmanụ maka ebumnuche ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche yana ikpo ọkụ. == Hụkwa Ihe ọzọ == * Mmanụ akwụkwọ nri e ji mee ihe dị ka mmanụ * [[Dangerous goods|Ngwongwo ndị dị ize ndụ]] * Mmanụ na-agwụ agwụ * Mmanụ ụgbọala * Mmanụ mmiri == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dhwm/pdf/Used_Oil_Burner_Guidance.pdf The Regulation of Used Oil: Used Oil Burners. 2005. State of Ohio Environmental Protection Agency.] * [http://www.c2e2.org/evc/CafUsed.html Mmanụ e ji mee ihe. 2006. Environmental Virtual Campus.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190130161909/http://www.deq.state.ne.us/Publica.nsf/b6c30825602081228625687300596e93/72f862774c7513428625690a006ce563?OpenDocument Mmanụ a na-eji eme ihe na Mmanụ a Na-eji emepụta Mmanụ a. Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọdịdị Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Nebraska.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070815185158/http://www.gov.ns.ca/just/regulations/regs/env17996.htm Iwu Mmanụ Ejiri Eme Ihe. 2003. Gọọmentị nke Nova Scotia.] E debere Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170316181955/http://www.dmoz.org/Business/Construction_and_Maintenance/Materials_and_Supplies/Mechanical/Heat_Generating_Equipment/ DMOZ Open Directory Project - Ngwá Ọrụ Na-emepụta Okpomọkụ] E debere Wayback Machine * [http://www.noranews.org/ NORA], Otu Association of Responsible Recyclers, nke bụbu National Oil Recyclers Association * {<nowiki>http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/categories/used_oil/}</nowiki> * <ref>{{Cite web|title=Waste Oil Recycling Plant|url=http://www.hering-vpt.com/products/waste-oil-recycling-plant/|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-20}}</ref> 7ezf1rhv94fkktmtyq8a7kcqejglmqs 0 25565 728068 142441 2026-09-26T02:50:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mmiri ikuku (VI) bụ usoro nke kemịkal dị n'ala ma ọ bụ '''mmiri''' dị n'okpuru ala - ọkachasị Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) - na-akwaga na ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ n'elu ebe emetọ. == Nkọwa == Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States na-akọwa intrusion nke ikuku dị ka "ịkwaga nke kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze site na mmetọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ala emetọ n'ime ụlọ dị n'elu". Chemicals nwere ike ịbụ nke dị iche iche gụnyere volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ụfọdụ semi-volatile organic compound (SVOCs) na inorganic chemicals, dị ka elemental mercury, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), na-apụta na radon, na hydrogen sulfide.<ref name="epa">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/vaporintrusion/what-vapor-intrusion|title=What is Vapor Intrusion?|publisher=US EPA|date=30 September 2015|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref> == Nchegbu == N'ụzọ kachasị njọ, ikuku ikuku nwere ike ịbụ ihe ize ndụ nchekwa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ihe na-ere ọkụ na-etinye aka n'ụdị mgbawa. Mmiri na-egbu egbu nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta ahụike, ma ọ bụ nke siri ike dị ka nsogbu CNS dị ka isi ọwụwa ma ọ bụ mgbanwe ọnọdụ uche, ha nwekwara ike inwe [[Health effect|mmetụta ahụike]] na-adịghị ala ala, dịka radon, nke nwere ike ịkpalite ọrịa kansa akpa ume. N'ikpeazụ, anwụrụ ọkụ nwere ike ịbụ "nsogbu mara mma" siri ike, dịka, ísì sitere na hydrogen sulfide.<ref name="epa"/> Na United States, a na-edozi ntinye nke uzuoku na steeti ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu n'ụzọ dị iche iche.. Ngalaba Ahụike nke New York wepụtara ntụziaka na-emeghe ụzọ na intrusion nke ikuku n'afọ 2006.<ref>[http://www.health.state.ny.us/environmental/investigations/soil_gas/svi_guidance Guidance for Evaluating Soil Vapor Intrusion in the State of New York] Final Soil Vapor Intrusion Guidance, 92pp, October 2006.</ref> Na June 2010, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM International) wepụtara azụmahịa "Standard Guide for Vapor Encroachment Screening on Property Involved in Real Estate Transactions" (ASTM E 260010).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astm.org/Standards/E2600.htm|title=ASTM E2600-10 Standard Guide for Vapor Encroachment Screening on Property Involved in Real Estate Transactions|publisher=ASTM International|date=1 June 2010}}</ref> N'afọ 2002, US EPA nyere ntuziaka mbụ ya na isiokwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/correctiveaction/eis/vapor.htm|title=OSWER Draft Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air Pathway from Groundwater and Soils (Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance)|publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]|date=2002-11-29|access-date=2023-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002165445/http://www.epa.gov/correctiveaction/eis/vapor.htm|archive-date=2006-10-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nchịkwa George W. Bush kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ n'afọ 2003, ọ bụkwa naanị n'afọ 2013 ka onye Obama họpụtara dị ka onye enyemaka nchịkwa EPA na Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe kachasị mkpa iji mezue akwụkwọ ahụ. Na June 11, 2015, EPA wepụtara ntụzịaka nka nka na vapor intrusion ikpeazụ ya, yana ntuziaka nka maka ị na-agwa okwu ntinye vapor Petroleum na saịtị ebe nchekwa nchekwa dị n'okpuru ala. Ntuziaka abụghị ụkpụrụ ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ, kama ọ bụ nduzi.<ref name="oswer">{{Cite web|title=OSWER Technical Guide for Assessing and Mitigating the Vapor Intrusion Pathway from Subsurface Vapor Sources to Indoor Air.|url=http://www.epa.gov/oswer/vaporintrusion/guidance.html#EO12866OSWERVI.|publisher=US EPA|accessdate=29 August 2015|date=11 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125728/http://www.epa.gov/oswer/vaporintrusion/guidance.html#EO12866OSWERVI.|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hụkwa Ihe Ọzọ == * Superfund maka ndepụta nke Ebe Ọrụ Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi Superfund * Trichloroethylene (TCE) maka mkparịta ụka banyere kemịkalụ ahụ * Steam Intrusion (DTSC) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} kzeynu5emebj4whzq9wct4239nd8vw6 0 25645 728179 111714 2026-09-26T11:40:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728179 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nokomis 3''' bụ ngwakọta nke kemịkal ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mepụtara n'afọ 1971, nke e mere kpọmkwem iji mụbaa mgbasa nke mmanụ a wụfuru n'ime mmiri. Nhazi synergetic nke kemịkalụ bụ mmiri dabere na enweghị ọkụ. Ndị agha mmiri United States ejirila ngwaahịa a, State of California Fish and Game na United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Marlin Supply Inc. bụ onye na-ekesa ngwaahịa a nwere ụlọ nyocha na San Francisco, Texas, Florida na Mexico. E gosipụtara Nokomis 3 na nyocha iji mụbaa ọnụego biodegradation nke hydrocarbons mmanụ na otu nyocha na-ahụ ọnụego mmebi mụbara ruo 5.07 ± 0.37 mg L−1 ụbọchị−1 site na 2.39 ± 0.22 mg L− 1 ụbọchị−1.<ref>Uribe-Flores, María Magdalena, et al. “Assessing the Effect of Chemical Dispersant Nokomis 3-F4 on the Degradation of a Heavy Crude Oil in Water by a Marine Microbial Consortium.” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 108, no. 1, 5 May 2021, pp. 93–98, 10.1007/s00128-021-03247-y. Accessed 21 Sept. 2022.</ref> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ngwaahịa ahụ site na ụgbọelu ma ọ bụ ikuku, ọ nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu, na-eme ka ohere ka mma ka ọ rute n'ala.<ref>http://nokomis3.com/ Nokomis 3 Hayward CA</ref> Emebere ngwaahịa a nke ọma iji hichaa mmanụ mmanụ 2 n'ime mmiri. Nokomis 3 bụ ntọala n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ pH na ọ bụ mmiri na-agbaze kpam kpam<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100603065450/http://www.epa.gov/OEM/content/ncp/products/nokomis3AA.htm United States Environmental Protection Agency</ref> == Nokomis 3-AA == Ngwaahịa a kpọmkwem nke Nokomis 3 bụ colloid nke mmiri. Enwere ike itinye Nokomis 3-AA site na spray nozzles na ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri na maka ojiji kachasị mma propeller nke ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike inye aka na ịgwakọta ngwaahịa ahụ n'ime mmiri maka mmetụta kachasị.<ref>http://www.nokomis3.com/pdfs/Nokomis-3AA-datasheet-en.pdf Nokomis 3-AA Data Sheet</ref> Nhazi nke abụọ nke Nokomis 3 bụ Nokomis 3-F4. A na-eme ya na viscosity dị elu, na-amụba ohere na ngwaahịa zuru ezu na-eru n'elu mmiri. Ọ bụghị ụgbọ elu anaghị etinye ya mgbe niile mana enwere ike fesa ya site na nozzles ruo n'elu mmiri ahụ. Dabere na ọnọdụ na nha nke mmanụ a wụfuru, enwere ike itinye ya ma ọ bụ na-agbanye ma ọ bụ n'ike zuru oke.<ref>http://www.nokomis3.com/pdfs/Nokomis-3F4-datasheet-en.pdf Nokomis 3-F4 Data Sheet</ref> == Hụkwa == * Mmanụ a na-awụfu * Mmanụ ala * Mgbanwe nke Bioremediation * Microorganisms * Ihe na-akpata ihe ndị dị ndụ == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://nokomis3.com/ Nokomis 3] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230423093958/https://www.epa.gov/emergency-response/nokomis-3-f4 Nokomis 3-F4 EPA Technical Product Bulletin] mgogphvvj438534g9uqf1fk3bbeahgn 0 25723 728146 111813 2026-09-26T09:40:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Nina Leopold Bradley''' (onye amụrụ '''Nina Leopold''') (August 4, 1917 na May 25, 2011) bụ onye Amerika na-echekwa ihe, onye nchọpụta na onye edemede. == Akụkọ ndụ ya == Nna ya bụ onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ Aldo Leopold. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ na geography na Mahadum Wisconsin – Madison. N'oge WW II ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye inyeaka na Thomas Park na Tribolium oru ngo na Mahadum Chicago.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nina Bradley (1917–2011)|work=Columbia Daily Tribune|date=29 May 2011|url=https://www.columbiatribune.com/article/20110529/Obituaries/305299827}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thomas Park, 1908–1992|work=Ecological Society of America|url=https://www.esa.org/history/obits/Park_T.pdf}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi odee nke edemede 1999 Phenological mgbanwe na-egosipụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na Wisconsin, nke nwere ihe karịrị 700 ntụaka. Ọ lụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ bụ William H. Elder n'afọ 1941. Na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, ha mụrụ anụ ọhịa na Illinois na Missouri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Elder, W. H.|year=1949|title=Role of the family in the formation of goose flocks|journal=Wilson Bull.|volume=61|issue=3|pages=132–140|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v061n03/p0133-p0140.pdf}}</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ma rụọ ọrụ ubi na Hawaii na Africa.<ref name="Lorbiecki">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zPcCwAAQBAJ&q=trish|title=A Fierce Green Fire: Aldo Leopold's Life and Legacy|isbn=9780190460938|author=Lorbiecki|first=Marybeth|date=2016-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1515/mamm.1970.34.3.356|title=Social Groupings and Primate Associations of the Bushbuck (''Tragelaphus scriptus'')|year=1970|author=Elder|first=William H.|journal=Mammalia|volume=34|issue=3}}</ref> Alụmdi na nwunye ha biri na ịgba alụkwaghịm. N'afọ 1971, ọ lụrụ onye ọkà mmụta ala bụ Charles Bradley.<ref name="Lorbiecki" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nina Leopold Bradley (1917 – May 25, 2011)|work=International Society for Environmental Ethics|url=https://enviroethics.org/2011/10/14/nina-leopold-bradley-1917-–-may-25-2011/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Thompson, M.|title=Daughter of Aldo Leopold dies in Baraboo at age 93|work=Portage Daily Register|date=25 May 2011|url=https://www.wiscnews.com/portagedailyregister/news/daughter-of-aldo-leopold-dies-in-baraboo-at-age/article_b074dba4-8746-11e0-ac37-001cc4c002e0.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317192715/https://www.wiscnews.com/portagedailyregister/news/daughter-of-aldo-leopold-dies-in-baraboo-at-age/article_b074dba4-8746-11e0-ac37-001cc4c002e0.html|archive-date=17 March 2020|access-date=24 April 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Ọ nwụrụ na Mee 25, 2011, mgbe ọ gbara afọ 93.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/article_21c1ac24-8733-11e0-98c6-001cc4c002e0.html|author=Ed Zagorski|title=Conservationist Nina Leopold Bradley, 'the vision and force' behind Aldo Leopold Center, dies at 93|work=[[Wisconsin State Journal]]|date=May 25, 2011|accessdate=May 26, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/obituaries/122658879.html|author=Amy Rabideau Silvers|title=Daughter of environmentalist Leopold dies|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=May 26, 2011|accessdate=May 26, 2011}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, a kpọbatara Bradley n'ụlọ ezumike nke Wisconsị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nina Leopold Bradley|work=Wisconsin Conservation Hall of Fame|url=https://wchf.org/nina-leopold-bradley/}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.aldoleopold.org/ Ntọala Aldo Leopold] * [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Aldo_Leopold%27s_Children#gen2 Ụmụ Aldo Leopold] na Encyclopedia nke Ụwa * {{Cite web|title=The Nina Bradly Family Phenology Center at the Aldo Leopold Nature Center|date=August 10, 2012|publisher=Development and Communications Coordinator|work=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OF3BU2N9uNI}} * {{Cite web|title=Nina Leopold Bradley|date=November 5, 2013|publisher=LeopoldFoundation|work=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYB34zIKJLA}} * {{Cite web|title=Nina's Insights: Into her fathers, Aldo Leopold's land ethic|date=August 11, 2016|publisher=Stephan Carlson PhD|work=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVKPrAQUzmU}} fhoy4ph2m31pwlxwdiffvg9x6kho3t7 0 25773 728122 722770 2026-09-26T07:05:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Nke bụ '''ndepụta nke ụdị Sphenisciformes site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụwa'''. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ atụmatụ, ndị ọkachamara na ngalaba ha emeela ha. Sphenisciformes (site na Latin maka "ụdị ụdọ") bụ usoro taxonomic nke penguins nọ na ya. Ndụ Bird mba ụwa enyochawo ụdị iri na asatọ. 16 (89% nke ngụkọta ụdị) emeela atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ha: ndị na efu efu bụ eze na obere penguins, nke a nyochara abụọ ahụ dị ka ndị na adịchaghị echegbu onwe ha. A na eji ụzọ dịgasị iche iche maka ịgụta penguins, na Eprel 2012 hụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mbụ ha site na mbara igwe, mgbe ejiri ihe oyiyi sitere na Ikonos, QuickBird-2, na WorldView-2 satellites gụọ ndị eze Antarctican.<ref name="NatGeo Emperors">{{Cite news|first=Christine|author=Dell'Amore|title=Emperor Penguins Counted From Space—A First|date=13 April 2012|publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/04/120413-emperor-penguins-survey-antarctica-animals-space-science/|work=National Geographic News|accessdate=2012-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415072425/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/04/120413-emperor-penguins-survey-antarctica-animals-space-science/|archive-date=2012-04-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nke a bụ usoro yiri nke UNHCR ji gụọ ụmụ mmadụ na [[Somalia]].<ref name="somalia">{{Cite news|first=Mohammed|author=Yusuf|title=UNHCR Tries to Count Somalia|date=29 June 2012|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/unhcr-tris-count-somalias-displaced/1212910.html|work=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=2012-11-21}}</ref> Ọtụtụ nnyocha ndị na eme n'oké osimiri na eji eriri na-adịghị mma iji tụọ njupụta; a na agbakwunye nke a n'ebe anụmanụ ahụ dị.<ref name="Australia Antarctic">{{Cite journal|title=Black and white or shades of grey? Detectability of Adélie penguins during shipboard surveys in the Antarctic pack-ice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-ecology_2009-02_46_1/page/136|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|year=2009|first=C.|author=Southwell|volume=46|pages=136–143|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01584.x}}</ref> A na agụ Galapagos kwa afọ kemgbe 1961 site na Galápagos Ọrụ Ntụrụndụ Mba. Site n'ala na oké osimiri, ha na eme ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke na mpaghara iri na ọnụ ọgụgụ nkebi na anọ. Nnyocha nke nnụnụ 721 nke afọ 2012 gosipụtara na ọkwa anọgidewo na adị otu n'ime afọ ndị na adịbeghị anya, ọ dịghịkwa mkpa ịgbanwe atụmatụ zuru ezu ugbu a.<ref name="Galapagos park">{{Cite news|title=Annual Galapagos Penguin and Cormorant Census|publisher=Proceso de Relaciones Públicas – Parque Nacional Galápagos – Ecuador|url=http://www.galapagos.org/newsroom/gnp-news-annual-galapagos-penguin-and-cormorant-census/|work=GNP News|accessdate=2012-12-22|archive-date=2013-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307234848/http://www.galapagos.org/newsroom/gnp-news-annual-galapagos-penguin-and-cormorant-census/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maka ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara otu esi achọpụta atụmatụ ndị a, lee isiokwu Wikipedia banyere ihe ndị dị ndụ na ihe ndị dị gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụdị ndị a na enweghị ike itinye na ndepụta nke ọdịdị a gụnyere Waitaha penguin, nke ikpeazụ a kwenyere na ọ nwụrụ n'etiti 1300 na 1500 AD (n'oge na adịghị anya mgbe Polynesian rutere New Zealand), na Chatham penguin, bụ nke a maara naanị site na subfossils mana enwere ike idebe ya n'agbata oge ụfọdụ n'etiti 1867 na 1872.<ref name="ODT1120">{{Cite news|first=Rebecca|author=Fox|title=Ancient species of penguin found in DNA of bones|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/32502/ancient-species-penguin-found-dna-bones|work=Otago Daily Times|date=2008-11-20|accessdate=2008-11-20|archive-date=2011-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609001743/http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/32502/ancient-species-penguin-found-dna-bones|url-status=dead}}</ref> Adélies na emperors na-akpa akwụ́ na Antarctica ma na eri nri na ice gbajiri agbaji; mmetụta okpomọkụ ụwa na nke ikpeazụ nwere ike imetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, na chinstraps na gentoo, nke abụọ na eri na mmiri mepere emepe, anọwo na abanye n'ime Adélie na ndị eze ukwu na ebute ice. Gentoo ahụla mmụba nke 7500% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ kemgbe 1974, na chinstraps 2700%.<ref name="NatGeo pop shift">{{Cite news|first=Ker|author=Than|title=3/4 of Big Antarctic Penguin Colonies to Disappear?|date=1 Dec 2008|publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/12/081201-penguins-warming.html|work=National Geographic News|accessdate=2012-12-22}}</ref> == Ụdị dị iche iche site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="15%" |Common name ! width="15%" |[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]] ! data-sort-type="number" width="15%" |Population ! width="5%" |[[Ọnọdụ nchekwa|Status]] ! width="5%" |Trend ! class="unsortable" |Notes ! class="unsortable" width="15%" |Image |- |'''Galapagos penguin''' |''Spheniscus mendiculus'' |'''1800''' | align="center" style="background:#FAEB86" |[[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|EN]]<ref name="Spheniscus mendiculus IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Spheniscus mendiculus IUCN" /> | |[[Usòrò:Galápagos_penguin_(Spheniscus_mendiculus)_male.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Humboldt penguin''' |''Spheniscus humboldti'' |'''3300 – 12 000''' | align="center" style="background:#b0f4b0" |VU<ref name="Spheniscus humboldti IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Spheniscus humboldti IUCN" /> | |[[Usòrò:Schwimmender-Pinguin.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Fiordland penguin''' |''Eudyptes pachyrhynchus'' |'''5000 – 6000''' | align="center" style="background:#b0f4b0" |VU<ref name="Eudyptes pachyrhynchus IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Eudyptes pachyrhynchus IUCN" /> |Only mature individuals were included in the count.<ref name="Eudyptes pachyrhynchus IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Fiordland_Penguin.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Yellow-eyed penguin''' |''Megadyptes antipodes'' |'''5930 – 6970''' | align="center" style="background:#FAEB86" |[[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|EN]]<ref name="Megadyptes antipodes IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Megadyptes antipodes IUCN" /> |Estimate is dated (1988/89).<ref name="Megadyptes antipodes IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Yellow-eyed_Penguin_3.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''African penguin''' |''Spheniscus demersus'' |'''75 000 – 80 000''' | align="center" style="background:#FAEB86" |[[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|EN]]<ref name="Spheniscus demersus IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Spheniscus demersus IUCN" /> |5000 breeding pairs in Namibia & 21 000 in South Africa.<ref name="Spheniscus demersus IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:African_Penguin_at_Boulders_Beach.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Snares penguin''' |''Eudyptes robustus'' |'''93 000''' | align="center" style="background:#b0f4b0" |VU<ref name="Eudyptes robustus IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{Steady}}<ref name="Eudyptes robustus IUCN" /> | |[[Usòrò:Diving_Snares_Penguin.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Erect-crested penguin''' |''Eudyptes sclateri'' |'''195 000 – 210 000''' | align="center" style="background:#FAEB86" |[[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|EN]]<ref name="Eudyptes sclateri IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Eudyptes sclateri IUCN" /> |Population breeds in two locations: the Bounty Islands (26 000 pairs), & the Antipodes Islands (41 000 pairs).<ref name="Eudyptes sclateri IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Antipodes_Penguin.JPG|175x175px]] |- |'''Northern rockhopper penguin''' |''Eudyptes moseleyi'' |'''530 000''' | align="center" style="background:#FAEB86" |[[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|EN]]<ref name="Eudyptes moseleyi IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Eudyptes moseleyi IUCN" /> |Only mature individuals were included in the count (265 thousand pairs); population has declined 57% in the past 37 years.<ref name="Eudyptes moseleyi IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Eudyptes_moseleyi_-Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin,_Germany-8a.jpg|263x263px]] |- |'''Emperor penguin''' |''Aptenodytes forsteri'' |'''595 000''' | align="center" style="background:#CEF2E0" |NT<ref name="Aptenodytes forsteri IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{Steady}}<ref name="Aptenodytes forsteri IUCN" /> | |[[Usòrò:Emperor_penguins.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Gentoo penguin''' |''Pygoscelis papua'' |'''774 000''' | align="center" style="background:#CEF2E0" |[[Ụdị ndị na-adịchaghị echegbu onwe ha|LC]]<ref name="Pygoscelis papua IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Pygoscelis papua IUCN" /> |Only mature individuals were included in the count (387 thousand pairs).<ref name="Pygoscelis papua IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Falkland_Islands_Penguins_69.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Royal penguin''' |''Eudyptes schlegeli'' |'''1 700 000''' | align="center" style="background:#b0f4b0" |NT<ref name="Eudyptes schlegeli IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{Steady}}<ref name="Eudyptes schlegeli IUCN" /> |Only mature individuals were included in the count (850 000 pairs on Macquarie & over 1000 pairs on Bishop and Clerk). Estimate is from the 1980s, but population is stable.<ref name="Eudyptes schlegeli IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:RoyalPenguins5.JPG|175x175px]] |- |'''Southern rockhopper penguin''' |''Eudyptes chrysocome'' |'''2 460 000''' | align="center" style="background:#b0f4b0" |VU<ref name="Eudyptes chrysocome IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Eudyptes chrysocome IUCN" /> |Only mature individuals were included in the count (1.23 million pairs); population has declined 34% in the past 37 years.<ref name="Eudyptes chrysocome IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Falkland_Islands_Penguins_88.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Magellanic penguin''' |''Spheniscus magellanicus'' |'''2 600 000''' | align="center" style="background:#CEF2E0" |NT<ref name="Spheniscus magellanicus IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Spheniscus magellanicus IUCN" /> |Only mature individuals were included in the count (1.3 million pairs).<ref name="Spheniscus magellanicus IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Magellanic_penguin.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Adélie penguin''' |''Pygoscelis adeliae'' |'''4 740 000''' | align="center" style="background:#CEF2E0" |[[Ụdị ndị na-adịchaghị echegbu onwe ha|LC]]<ref name="Pygoscelis adeliae IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{increase}}<ref name="Pygoscelis adeliae IUCN" /> |Only mature individuals were included in the count (2.37 million pairs).<ref name="Pygoscelis adeliae IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Antarctic_adelie_penguins_(js)_21.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Chinstrap penguin''' |''Pygoscelis antarcticus'' |'''8 000 000''' | align="center" style="background:#B0E0E6" |[[Ụdị ndị na-adịchaghị echegbu onwe ha|LC]]<ref name="Pygoscelis antarcticus IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{increase}}<ref name="Pygoscelis antarcticus IUCN" /> |Minimum estimate.<ref name="Pygoscelis antarcticus IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Pygoscelis_antarcticus_head.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Macaroni penguin''' |''Eudyptes chrysolophus'' |'''18 000 000''' | align="center" style="background:#b0f4b0" |VU<ref name="Eudyptes chrysolophus IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Eudyptes chrysolophus IUCN" /> |Only mature individuals were included in the count (9 million pairs); main population centres at Île des Pingouins, Heard and McDonald (1 million pairs each), Kerguelen (1.8 million pairs), & South Georgia (2.5 million pairs).<ref name="Eudyptes chrysolophus IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Eudyptes_chrysolophus_-Antarctic-54.jpg|175x175px]] |- |} == Hụkwa ==   * Ndepụta nke nnụnụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ * Ndepụta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> a9ch2aeesfdwz59kbvjarr4anu97bb5 0 26264 728158 725770 2026-09-26T10:26:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Kyoto Protocol | long_name = Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC | image = Kyoto Protocol parties.svg | image_width = 355 | caption ={{legend|#008000|Annex B parties with binding targets in the second period}} {{legend|purple|Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period but not the second}} {{legend|#0000FF|Non-Annex B parties without binding targets}} {{legend|#EEEE00|Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period but which withdrew from the Protocol}} {{legend|orange|Signatories to the Protocol that have not ratified}} {{legend|#FF1111|Other UN member states and observers that are not party to the Protocol}} | date_drafted = | date_signed = {{dts|11 December 1997}}<ref name=parties/> | location_signed = [[Kyoto, Japan]] | date_sealed = | date_effective = 16 February 2005<ref name=parties/> | condition_effective = Ratification by at least 55 states to the Convention | date_expiration = 31 December 2012 (first commitment period)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf|title=Kyoto Protocol on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|publisher=United Nations}}</ref><br />31 December 2020 (second commitment period)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol|title=What is the Kyoto Protocol?|publisher=UNFCCC}}</ref> | signatories = 84<ref name=parties/> (1998–1999 signing period) | parties = [[List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol|192]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/process/the-kyoto-protocol/status-of-ratification |title=Status of Ratification |publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|website=unfccc.int}}</ref><ref name=UNlist/> (the European Union, Cook Islands, Niue, and all [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member states]] except Andorra, Canada, South Sudan, and the United States as of 2022) | depositor = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] | language = | languages = Arabic, Mandarin, English, French, Russian, and Spanish | website = | wikisource = Kyoto Protocol }} {{Infobox person | name = Kyoto Protocol Extension (2012–2020) | long_name = Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol | type = Amendment to international agreement | image = Doha Amendment of Kyoto.svg | image_width = 350 | caption = Acceptance of the Doha Amendment {{legend|#32CD32|States that ratified}} {{legend|#b9b9b9|Kyoto protocol parties that did not ratify}} {{legend|#e9e9e9|Non-parties to the Kyoto Protocol}} | date_drafted = 8 December 2012 | location_signed = [[Doha]], [[Qatar]] | date_sealed = | date_effective = 31 December 2020<ref name=DOHARAT/> | condition_effective = Ratification by 144 state parties required | date_expiration = 31 December 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/10/02/nigeria-jamaica-bring-closure-kyoto-protocol-era-last-minute-dash/|title=Nigeria, Jamaica bring closure to the Kyoto Protocol era, in last-minute dash|publisher=Climate Change News|date=2 October 2020}}</ref> | signatories = <!--there is only ratification/acception...--> | ratifiers = 147<ref name=DOHARAT>{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-c&chapter=27&clang=_en|title=7.c Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol|work=UN Treaty Database|access-date= 19 April 2015}}</ref> | depositor = | language = | languages = | website = | wikisource = Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol }}   Nkwekọrịta Kyoto bụ nkwekọrịta mba ụwa nke gbatịpụrụ 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) nke na-eme ka ndị otu steeti belata ikuku ikuku griin, dabere na nkwenye sayensị na (akụkụ nke mbụ) okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na-eme yana (akụkụ nke abụọ).  na ikuku CO2 mmadụ mere na-ebu ya. A nabatara Kyoto Protocol na [[Kyoto]], [[Japan]], na 11 Disemba 1997 wee banye n'ọrụ na 16 Febụwarị 2005. E nwere òtù narị na iri itoolu na abụọ na nzukọ ahụ (Canada si na protocol ahụ pụọ, malite na Disemba 2012) gaa na Protocol na 2020.<ref name="UNlist">{{Cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-a&chapter=27&lang=en|title=7.a Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|work=UN Treaty Database|accessdate=27 November 2014|archivedate=8 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008095709/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-a&chapter=27&lang=en}}</ref> The Kyoto Protocol mejuputa atumatu UNFCCC iji belata mmalite nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ site n'ibelata mkpokọta gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku ruo "ọkwa nke ga-egbochi nnyonye anya anthropogenic dị ize ndụ na usoro ihu igwe" (Nkeji 2).  Usoro Kyoto etinyere na gas griin haus asaa edepụtara na Annex A: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), nitrogen trifluoride (  NF3).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://naei.beis.gov.uk/overview/ghg-overview.php|title=Overview of greenhouse gases - Defra, UK|work=Naei.beis.gov.uk|accessdate=2 March 2022|archivedate=23 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123114338/https://naei.beis.gov.uk/overview/ghg-overview.php}}</ref> A gbakwunyere nitrogen trifluoride maka oge nke abụọ n'oge Doha Round.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/kp_doha_amendment_english.pdf|title=Doha amendment to the Kyoto Protocol|work=Unfcc.int|accessdate=2 March 2022}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta ahụ dabere n'ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ nkịtị ma bụrụ kwa nke dị iche iche: ọ kwenyere na mba nke ọ bụla nwere ikike dị iche iche n'ịlụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ, n'ihi mmepe akụ na ụba, ya mere o tinyere ọrụ iji belata ihe ọkụkụ ugbu a na mba ndị mepere emepe na ndabere na ha, n'oge gara aga, na-ahụ maka ọkwa ikuku griin ha dị ugbu a na ikuku. Oge nkwekọrịta mbụ nke Protocol malitere n'afọ 2008 wee kwụsị na 2012. Mba iri atọ na isii niile sonyere n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'oge nkwa mbụ ahụ kwekọrọ na Protocol. Otú ọ dị, mba itoolu aghaghị ịmalite usoro mgbanwe site n'ịkwado mbelata ikuku ikuku na mba ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ikuku mba ha dị ntakịrị karịa ihe ha chọrọ. Nsogbu ego nke afọ 2007–08 nyere aka ibelata ihe ọkụkụ a. A hụrụ mbelata ihe ọkụkụ kachasị ukwuu na mba ndị bụbu Eastern Bloc n'ihi na mgbasa nke Soviet Union belatara ihe ọkụkụ ha na mmalite 1990s.<ref name="Shislov"/> Ọ bụ ezie na mba ịrị atọ na isii mepere emepe belatara ikuku ha, ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ ji pasent ịrị atọ na abụọ rịa elu site na 1990 ruo 2010.<ref name="GapReport">{{Cite web|url=http://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/8526/-The%20emissions%20gap%20report%202012_%20a%20UNEP%20synthesis%20reportemissionGapReport2012.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y|title=The Emissions Gap Report 2012|date=2012|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme|accessdate=2019-12-07}}</ref> Ekwenyere oge nkwa nke abụọ na 2012 ịgbatị nkwekọrịta ahụ ruo 2020, nke a maara dị ka Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, nke mba ịrị atọ na asaa nwere ebumnuche e jikọtara ọnụ: [[Ostraliya|Australia]], European Union (na mba ịrị abụọ na asatọ ya n'oge ahụ, nke dị ịrị abụọ na asaa ugbu a), [[Belarus]], [[Iceland]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Norway]], [[Switzerland]], na [[Yukrain|Ukraine]]. Belarus, Kazakhstan, na Ukraine kwuru na ha nwere ike ịpụ na Kyoto Protocol ma ọ bụ ghara itinye Ndezigharị ahụ n'ọrụ iwu na ebumnuche nke abụọ. Japan, [[New Zealand]], na Russia sonyere na agba nke mbụ nke Kyoto mana ha emeghị ihe ọhụrụ na oge nke abụọ. Mba ndị ọzọ mepere emepe na-enweghị ebumnuche nke abụọ bụ Canada (nke si na Kyoto Protocol pụọ na 2012) na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] (nke na-akwadoghị). Mkpebi mba Canada mere ịpụ bụ ihe wutere minista gburugburu ebe obibi, Peter Kent. Ọ bụrụ na ha ga-anọgide dị ka akụkụ nke usoro iwu ahụ, a ga-akwụ Canada ụgwọ ijeri dọla ịrị na anọ, nke ga-emebi akụ na ụba ha, ya mere mkpebi na-achọghị ịpụ.<ref>{{Cite news|first=|date=December 12, 2011|title=Canada pulls out of Kyoto Protocol|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-pulls-out-of-kyoto-protocol-1.999072|accessdate=11 January 2023}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule Ọktọba 2020, steeti otú narị na iri anọ na asaa anabatala nkwekọrịta Doha Amendment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|url=http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/doha_amendment/items/7362.php|work=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|accessdate=23 July 2016}}</ref> Ọ malitere na Disemba 31, 2020, na-esochi nnabata ya site na opekata mpe steeti otu narị na iri anọ na anọ, n'agbanyeghị na oge nkwa nke abụọ kwụsịrị n'otu ụbọchị ahụ. N'ime ndị otu iri atọ na asaa nwere nkwekọrịta, iri atọ na anọ kwadoro. Emere mkparita uka n'usoro nke UNFCCC kwa afo ogbako mgbanwe ihu igwe maka ihe a ga-eme mgbe oge nke abuo gwusiri na 2020. Nke a butere na 2015 nnabata nke Paris Agreement, nke bu ihe di iche n'okpuru UNFCCC kama imeghari Kyoto Protocol.. == Ntọala na Mmalite ==   [[Usòrò:Kyoto_Parties_with_first_period_(2008-2012)_greenhouse_gas_emissions_limitations_targets_and_the_percentage_change_in_their_carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_fuel_combustion_between_1990_and_2009.png|alt=Refer to caption|thumb|Ndị otu Kyoto nwere oge mbụ (2008 – 12) na-achọ njedebe nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ, na pasentị mgbanwe na ikuku carbon dioxide ha site na ọkụ ọkụ n'etiti 1990 na 2009. Maka nkọwa zuru ezu nke mba / mpaghara, lee Kyoto Protocol na ọrụ gọọmentị.]] [[Usòrò:Overview_map_of_states_committed_to_greenhouse_gas_limitations_in_the_first_Kyoto_Protocol_period_(years_2008-2012)_(greyscale).png|alt=Refer to caption|thumb|Nchịkọta map nke steeti ndị na-etinye aka na njedebe nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ (GHG) n'oge mbụ nke Kyoto Protocol (2008 – 12):<ref>{{Cite web|date=n.d.|url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/items/1678.php|title=Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: Annex B|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|accessdate=8 October 2011}}</ref><br /><br /><br /><br />  <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Annex I Parties who have agreed to reduce their GHG emissions below their individual base year levels (see definition in this article)</div>     Maka nkwekọrịta nkwụsịtụ nke ndị otu Annex I, lee ngalaba nke isiokwu ahụ na ebumnuche nkwụsịtụ na 2012 na "usoro mgbanwe".<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> European Union n'ozuzu ya, dịka nkwekọrịta a si dị, etinyela onwe ya aka belata pasent 8. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ mba ndị so na ya (dị ka Gris, Spain, Ireland na Sweden) etinyebeghị aka na mbelata ọ bụla ebe France etinyela aka na ya agaghị agbasawanye ikuku ya (0% mbelata).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kyoto 1st commitment period (2008–12)|url=https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/progress/kyoto_1_en|work=[[European Commission]]|accessdate=2020-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221064248/https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/progress/kyoto_1_en|archivedate=2016-12-21}}</ref>]] Echiche bụ na ihe omume ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike kpatara ihe ka ukwuu n'ime mmụba a na-ahụ anya na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ("okpomọkụ ụwa") kemgbe etiti senchiri nke iri abụọ bụ ngosipụta ziri ezi nke echiche sayensị ugbu a..<ref> {{Cite book|year=2001|author=US National Research Council|chapter=Summary|title=Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions|publisher=National Academy Press|location=Washington, D.C., U.S.A.|chapterurl=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10139&page=3|doi=10.17226/10139|isbn=978-0-309-07574-9}} </ref><ref name="2008 us nrc Understanding and Responding to Climate Change">{{Cite book|year=2008|title=Understanding and Responding to Climate Change|publisher=Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, US National Academy of Sciences|author=US National Research Council|url=http://americasclimatechoices.org/climate_change_2008_final.pdf|archive-date=2011-12-13|access-date=2023-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213210836/http://americasclimatechoices.org/climate_change_2008_final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A na-atụ anya na okpomọkụ nke ihu igwe sitere na mmadụ ga-aga n'ihu na senchiri nke iri abụọ na otu na karịa.<ref name="2008 us nrc Understanding and Responding to Climate Change" /> Ngalaba Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) emepụtala atụmatụ dịgasị iche iche banyere ihe mmụba n'ọdịnihu na okpomọkụ ụwa nwere ike ịbụ.<ref name="2007 IPCC global warming projections">{{Cite book|year=2007|chapter=3. Projected climate change and its impacts|title=Summary for Policymakers|series=etal|editor=Core Writing Team|publisher=Cambridge University Press|author=IPCC|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.html|accessdate=25 March 2010|archive-date=20 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120232817/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Atụmatụ IPCC bụ atụmatụ "isi", nke pụtara na ha na-eche na ọ dịghị mgbalị a na-eme n'ọdịnihu iji belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ. Atụmatụ IPCC na-ekpuchi oge site na mmalite nke senchiri nke iri abụọ na otu ruo na njedebe nke senchiri nke iri abụọ na otu.<ref name="2007 IPCC global warming projections" /><ref>Temperatures are measured relative to the average global temperature averaged over the years 1980–1999, with the projected change averaged over 2090–2099.</ref> O nwere ike ịbụ (dị ka a na-enyocha na ọ nwere ihe karịrị pasent ịrị isii na isii nke ịbụ eziokwu, dabere na mkpebi ndị ọkachamara nke IPCC) mmụba a na-atụ anya na okpomọkụ ụwa na senchiri nke iri abụọ otu nke dị n'etiti 1.1 na 6.4 °C.<ref name="2007 IPCC global warming projections" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị na ntule okpomọkụ na-egosipụta akụkụ dị iche iche nke ikuku ikuku griin na-eme n'ọdịnihu.  Ntụle dị iche iche nwere echiche dị iche iche maka mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọdịnihu (mmụba akụ na ụba, ọkwa mmadụ, atumatu ume), nke n'aka nke ya na-emetụta amụma nke gasị griin haus n'ọdịnihu (GHG) emissions.  Oke ahụ na-egosipụtakwa ejighị n'aka na nzaghachi nke usoro ihu igwe maka ihe ọkụkụ GHG gara aga na n'ọdịnihu (nke a na-atụle site na mmetụta ihu igwe)<ref name="2009 karl ipcc global warming projections">{{Cite book|year=2009|chapter=Global climate change|title=Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States|editor=Karl|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-14407-0|url=http://www.globalchange.gov/publications/reports/scientific-assessments/us-impacts/full-report/global-climate-change|series=etal|archive-date=2012-09-15|access-date=2023-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915115254/http://www.globalchange.gov/publications/reports/scientific-assessments/us-impacts/full-report/global-climate-change|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="2009 karl ipcc global warming projections" /><ref name="2009 karl ipcc global warming projections" />  === Usoro ihe omume === '''1992''' – A na-enwe ọgbakọ UN maka gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe na Rio de Janeiro. O wetara ọgbakọ Framework Convention on Climate Change ("FCCC" ma ọ bụ "UNFCCC") n'etiti nkwekọrịta ndị ọzọ. '''1995''' - Ndị otu UNFCCC na-ezukọ na Berlin (Ogbako izizi nke ndị otu (COP) na UNFCCC) iji kọwapụta ebumnuche akọwapụtara na ikuku. '''1997''' – Na Disemba afọ 1997, ndị otu ahụ mechiri nkwekọrịta Kyoto na Kyoto, Japan, ebe ha kwenyere na usoro sara mbara nke ebumnuche mgbasa ikuku. '''2004''' Russia na Canada kwadoro nkwekọrịta Kyoto na UNFCCC nke mere ka nkwekọrịta ahụ malite na 16 Febụwarị 2005 '''2011''' – Canada ghọrọ mba nke mbụ bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iji kwupụta ọpụpụ ya n'ọgbakọ Kyoto Protocol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/default.asp?lang=En&n=EE4F06AE-1&xml=EE4F06AE-13EF-453B-B633-FCB3BAECEB4F&offset=3&toc=show|title=A Climate Change Plan for the Purposes of the Kyoto Protocol Implementation Act 2012: Canada's Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol|date=11 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211142508/http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/default.asp?lang=En&n=EE4F06AE-1&xml=EE4F06AE-13EF-453B-B633-FCB3BAECEB4F&offset=3&toc=show|archivedate=11 February 2015|accessdate=2 March 2022}}</ref> '''2012''' – oge nkwekọrịta mbụ n'okpuru Protocol ahụ gwụrụ. === Isiokwu nke abụọ nke UNFCCC === Ọtụtụ mba bụ ndị sonyere na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Nkeji edemede nke abụọ nke ọgbakọ ahụ kwuru ebumnobi ya kachasị, nke bụ ime ka ikuku nke ikuku griin na ikuku kwụsie ike “n'ọkwa nke ga-egbochi nnyonye anya anthropogenic (mmadụ) dị ize ndụ na usoro ihu igwe. "<ref name="2001d ipcc article 2 of UNFCCC">{{Cite book|year=2001d|chapter=Question 1|title=Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|editor=Watson, R.T.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|author=IPCC|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/vol4/english/017.htm|accessdate=25 December 2011|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204439/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/vol4/english/017.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sayensị okike ihe, teknụzụ na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nwere ike ịnye ozi gbasara mkpebi ndị metụtara ebumnuche a gụnyere oke na ọnụego mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ọdịnihu.<ref name="2001d ipcc article 2 of UNFCCC"/> Otú ọ dị, IPCC kwubiri na mkpebi nke ihe mejupụtara ntinye aka "dị ize ndụ" chọrọ ikpe bara uru, nke ga-adịgasị iche n'etiti mpaghara dị iche iche nke ụwa..<ref name="2001d ipcc article 2 of UNFCCC" /> Ihe ndị nwere ike imetụta mkpebi a gụnyere nsonaazụ mpaghara nke mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe, ikike nke otu mpaghara ime mgbanwe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ikike mpaghara iji belata ihe ọkụkụ GHG ya.<ref name="2001d ipcc article 2 of UNFCCC" /> == Ebumnuche ==   Ebumnuche bụ isi nke Kyoto Protocol bụ ịchịkwa ikuku nke isi anthropogenic (mmadụ na-ewepụta) greenhouse gas (GHGs) n'ụzọ ndị na-egosipụta ọdịiche mba dị na GHG, akụ na ụba, na ikike ime ka mbelata.<ref name="2004 grubb kyoto">{{Cite journal|author=Grubb|first=M.|year=2004|title=Kyoto and the Future of International Climate Change Responses: From Here to Where?|journal=International Review for Environmental Strategies|volume=5|issue=1|url=http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/rstaff/grubb/publications/J37.pdf|archive-date=2012-01-11|access-date=2023-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111215457/http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/rstaff/grubb/publications/J37.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta ahụ na-agbaso ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi kwekọrịtara na 1992 UN Framework Convention.<ref name="2004 grubb kyoto" /> Dịka nkwekọrịta ahụ siri dị, n'afọ 2012, Annex I Parties bụ ndị kwadoro nkwekọrịta ahụ ga-emezurịrị ọrụ ha nke mmachi ikuku ikuku griin haziri maka oge nkwekọrịta mbụ nke Kyoto Protocol (2008-2012). Edepụtara nkwa mmachi ikuku ndị a na Annex B nke Protocol. Mkpebi mbụ nke Kyoto Protocol bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ zuru ezu e mere n'ime UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref name="gupta">{{Cite book|year=2007|chapter=13.3.1 Evaluations of existing climate change agreements. In (book chapter): Policies, instruments, and co-operative arrangements.|title=Climate Change 2007: Mitigation.|series=etal|editor=B. Metz|publisher=Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: IPCC website|author=Gupta|first=S.|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch13s13-3-1.html|accessdate=2 April 2010|archive-date=3 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503040428/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch13s13-3-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Protocol ahụ na-ewepụta usoro nke oge mbelata ikuku. O debere usoro iheomume malite na 2006 maka mkparita uka iji guzobe nkwa mbelata ikuku maka oge nke abụọ. Nkwenye mbelata ikuku nke oge mbụ agwụla na 31 Disemba 2012. Ebumnuche kachasị nke UNFCCC bụ "ịkwado oke gas na ikuku na ọkwa nke ga-akwụsị itinye aka dị ize ndụ na usoro ihu igwe. "<ref name="unfccc2005">{{Cite web|title=Article 2|work=The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.|quote=Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner|url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1353.php|accessdate=15 November 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028023600/http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1353.php|archivedate=28 October 2005}}</ref> Ọbụlagodi na ndị otu Annex I ga-eme nke ọma n'imezu nkwa ha kwere na agba nke mbụ, a ga-achọ mbelata ikuku ka ukwuu n'ọdịniihu iji mee ka mkpokọta ikuku GHG kwụsie ike.. Maka nke ọ bụla n'ime GHGs dị iche iche sitere n'aka mmadụ, a ga-achọ ọkwa dị iche iche nke mbelata ikuku iji mezuo ebumnuche nke ime ka ikuku kwụsie ike.<ref name="2007 meehl stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of GHGs">{{Cite book|year=2007|chapter=FAQ 10.3 If Emissions of Greenhouse Gases are Reduced, How Quickly do Their Concentrations in the Atmosphere Decrease?|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-10-3.html|author=Meehl|first=G. A.|title=Global Climate Projections|series=etal|editor=Solomon, S.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|accessdate=26 December 2011|archive-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224051815/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-10-3.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Carbon dioxide (CO2) bụ GHG kachasị mkpa nke sitere n'aka mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite book|year=2007|chapter=Human and Natural Drivers of Climate Change|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/spmsspm-human-and.html|author=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|title=Summary for Policymakers|series=etal|editor=Solomon, S.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|accessdate=26 December 2011|archive-date=2 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102212113/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/spmsspm-human-and.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ịkwado oke CO2 na ikuku ga-achọ ka e wepụ CO2 nke sitere n'aka mmadụ.<ref name="2007 meehl stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of GHGs" /> Ụfọdụ n'ime atụmatụ ndị bụ isi n'ọgbakọ Kyoto Protocol bụ: * Nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta maka akụkụ nke Atụmatụ I.Isi ihe dị na Protocol ahụ bụ na o guzobere nkwekọrịta iwu iji belata ikuku nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ maka akụkụ Annex I.<ref name="liverman">{{Cite journal|year=2008|title=Conventions of climate change: constructions of danger and the dispossession of the atmosphere|doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2008.08.008|author=Liverman|first=D. M.|journal=Journal of Historical Geography|url=http://www.environment.arizona.edu/files/env/profiles/liverman/liverman-2009-jhg.pdf|accessdate=10 May 2011|volume=35|pages=279–296|issue=2|archive-date=12 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912161138/http://www.environment.arizona.edu/files/env/profiles/liverman/liverman-2009-jhg.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>  * Mmejuputa. Iji mezuo ebumnuche nke Protocol ahụ, a chọrọ ka ndị otu Annex I kwadebe iwu na usoro maka mbelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ na mba ha. Na mgbakwunye, a chọrọ ka ha mụbaa ịmịkọrọ gas ndị a ma jiri usoro niile dịnụ, dị ka mmejuputa njikọta, usoro mmepe dị ọcha na ahia ikuku, iji nweta ụgwọ ọrụ nke ga-enye ohere ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpuchi ikuku n'ụlọ. * Mbelata mmetụta na mba ndị na-emepe emepe site n'ịmepụta ego mgbanwe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. * Accounting, Reporting na Review iji hụ na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke Protocol. * Nkwado. Ịtọlite Kọmitii Nkwado iji mee ka nkwenye na nkwekọrịta dị n'okpuru Protocol. == Oge nkwekọrịta mbụ: 2008-2012 == N'okpuru Kyoto Protocol, mba ịrị atọ na asaa mepere emepe na European Community (European Union-15, nke mejupụtara steeti iri na ise n'oge mkparịta ụka Kyoto) na-etinye onwe ha n'ịchịkọta ebumnuche maka ikuku GHG.. Ihe ndị a na-elekwasị anya metụtara ụzọ gas anọ nke gụnyere: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), na ìgwè gas abụọ, [[Hydrofluorocarbon|hydrofluorocarbons]] (HFCs) na perfluorocarburbons (PFCs). A na-asụgharị GHG isii ahụ n'ime CO2 n'ịkọwa mbelata nke ikuku. Mbelata ndị a na-atụ anya inweta gụnyekwara gas ụlọ ọrụ, chlorofluorocarbons, nke a na-emeso n'okpuru 1987 [[Montreal Protocol|Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer]]. N'okpuru Protocol ahụ, ọ bụ naanị ndị otu Annex I etinyela onwe ha na ebumnuche mba ma ọ bụ nke jikọrọ aka (nke a na-akpọ "quantified emission limitation and reduction objectives" (QELRO) Article 4.1). Ndị otu Kyoto Protocol a na-edeghị na Annex I nke nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ mba ndị na-emepe emepe ndị na-enweta ego dị ala, ma nwee ike isonye na Kyoto Protocol site na atụmatụ Clean Development Mechanism (nke akọwapụtara n'okpuru). Ihe mgbochi nke mpụga nke akụkụ nke Annex I dịgasị iche n'etiti akụkụ dị iche iche.<ref name="2011 unfccc kyoto protocol targets"> {{Cite web|title=Kyoto Protocol - Targets for the first commitment period|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-kyoto-protocol/what-is-the-kyoto-protocol/kyoto-protocol-targets-for-the-first-commitment-period|accessdate=28 January 2019}} </ref> Ụfọdụ ndị otu ahụ nwere oke ikuku na-ebelata n'okpuru ọkwa afọ mbụ, ụfọdụ nwere oke na ọkwa afọ ntọala (enweghị mmụba anabataghị karịa ọkwa afọ ntọala), ebe ndị ọzọ nwere oke karịa ọkwa afọ. Mgbasa ikuku anaghị agụnye ikuku sitere na ụgbọ elu na mbupu mba ụwa. N'agbanyeghị na Belarus na Turkey depụtara na mgbakwunye nke mbụ nke mgbakọ ahụ, ha enweghị ebumnuche ikuku n'ihi na ha abụghị Annex I Parties mgbe anabatara Protocol.<ref name="2011 unfccc kyoto protocol targets"/> Kazakhstan enweghị ebumnuche, mana ekwupụtala na ọ chọrọ ịghọ otu Annex I Party na mgbakọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-convention/history-of-the-convention/proposal-to-amend-annexes-i-and-ii-to-remove-the-name-of-turkey-and-to-amend-annex-i-to-add-the-name|title=Proposal to amend Annexes I and II to remove the name of Turkey and to amend Annex I to add the name of Kazakhstan|work=unfccc.int|accessdate=2020-04-22}}</ref>   N'ebe ọtụtụ ndị otu steeti nọ, afọ 1990 bụ afọ kacha mkpa maka ndabere nke ndepụta GHG nke mba na ngụkọta nke ego e kenyere. Otú ọ dị, òtù steeti ise nwere afọ ndabere ọzọ dị iche:<ref name="2008 unfccc kyoto protocol reference manual" /> * Bulgaria: 1988; * Hungary: nkezi nke afọ 1985-1987 * Poland: 1988; * Romania: 1989; * Slovenia: 1986. Annex I Parties nwere ike iji ọtụtụ usoro “mgbanwe” ọkaibe (lee n'okpuru) iji mezuo ebumnuche ha. Annex I Parties nwere ike imezu ebumnuche ha site n'itinye ndị isi na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ala ha obere ego ego kwa afọ, ma ọ bụ ikwe ka ndị ọrụ a gafere oke nke ha site n'imebi ngafe ọ bụla site na usoro nke ndị otu niile na UNFCCC kwetara, dị ka ịzụrụ ihe. nnabata nnabata sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ nwere kredit ngafe ikuku. == Usoro mgbanwe == Nkwekọrịta ahụ na-akọwa "usoro mgbanwe" atọ nke ndị otu patị Annex I nwere ike iji wee mee ihe dịka nkwekọrịta mgbochi ha sị wee dị: Usoro mgbanwe ndị a gụnyere: International Emissions Trading (IET), Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), na Joint Implementation (JI). IET na-enye ohere ka ndị otu Annex I "na-ere ahịa" ha (Assigned Amount Units, AAUs, nke e nwere ike ịkpọkwa "allowances").<ref>Clifford Chance LLP (2012). "Clean Development Mechanism: CDM and the UNFCC" {{Cite web|url=http://a4id.org/sites/default/files/user/CDM%26UNFCCCcorrected.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2013-09-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060112/http://a4id.org/sites/default/files/user/CDM%26UNFCCCcorrected.pdf|archivedate=21 September 2013}}. Advocates for International Development. Retrieved: 19 September 2013.</ref> Ndabere akụ na ụba maka inye mgbanwe a bụ na ọnụ ahịa dị ntakịrị maka ibelata (ma ọ bụ ibelata) ikuku ikuku dị iche n'etiti mba. "Ọnụahịa dị ala" bụ ọnụahịa nke belata tọn ikpeazụ nke CO2-eq maka Annex I / non-Annex I Party. N'oge ebumnuche mbụ nke Kyoto, nnyocha tụrụ aro na usoro mgbanwe nwere ike belata ọnụahịa zuru oke (nchịkọta) nke izute ebumnuche ahụ. Nnyocha egosikwara na enwere ike ibelata mfu mba na Annex I nnukwu ụlọ (GDP) site na iji usoro mgbanwe..<ref name="hourcade 2001 economic costs of flexibility mechanisms" /> A na-akpọ CDM na JI "usoro dabere na oru ngo", n'ihi na ha na-ebute mbelata ikuku sitere na ọrụ. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti IET na usoro dabere na oru ngo bụ na IET gbadoro ụkwụ na ntọala nke mmachi oke ikuku, ebe CDM na JI dabere n'echiche nke "mmepụta" nke mbelata ikuku.. E mere CDM iji kwalite mmepụta nke mbelata ikuku na ndị na-abụghị Annex I Parties, ebe JI na-agba ume mmepụta nke belata ikuku na Annex I Parties. Mmepụta nke mbelata ikuku nke CDM na JI mepụtara nwere ike iji ya mee ihe site na Annex I Parties na-emezu nkwa mgbochi ikuku ha. Mbelata ikuku ikuku nke CDM na JI na-emepụta bụ nke a tụrụ n'otu n'otu dabere na usoro nleba anya n'echiche nke gaara eme na enweghị otu ọrụ mbelata ikuku.  Mbelata ikuku ikuku nke CDM na-emepụta bụ nke a na-akpọ Mbelata Emission (CERs);  Mbelata nke JI mepụtara bụ nke a na-akpọ Emission Reduction Units (ERUs).  A na-akpọ mbelata ndị a "kredit" n'ihi na ha bụ mbelata ihe ọkụkụ na-ekwupụta megidere usoro echiche echiche..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Fernandez Quesada|first=Nicolas|title=Kyoto Protocol, Emissions Trading and Reduction Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation|date=2013|publisher=GRIN Verlag GmbH|isbn=978-3-656-47173-8|location=Munich|oclc=862560217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2lqtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|title=International Conventions on Atmosphere Handbook|publisher=International Business Publications, USA|isbn=9781433066290|pages=14|date=3 March 2008}}</ref> Naanị ọrụ mbelata ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnyeghị iji ike nuklia tozuru oke maka nzere n'okpuru CDM, iji gbochie mbupụ teknụzụ nuklia ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ ndabara maka inweta kredit n'okpuru CDM. Mba Annex I nke ọ bụla ka achọrọ ka ọ nyefee akụkọ kwa afọ nke ngwaahịa niile ikuku griin haus sitere na isi mmalite yana mwepụ na sinks n'okpuru UNFCCC na Protocol Kyoto. Mba ndị a na-ahọpụta mmadụ (nke a na-akpọ "onye ọchịchị mba a họpụtara") imepụta na jikwaa ngwa ahịa gas griin ha. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba niile na-abụghị Annex I ewepụtala ikike mba ahapụtara iji jikwaa ọrụ Kyoto ha, ọkachasị "usoro CDM". Nke a na-ekpebi ọrụ GHG ha chọrọ ịtụpụta maka nzere site na Board Executive CDM === Azụmaahịa ikuku mba ụwa ===   E meberela ma ọ bụ na-eme atụmatụ ka emejuputa ọtụtụ atụmatụ emissions trading atụmatụ (ETS)..<ref name="hood"/>  ==== Eshia ==== * ''Japan'': Azụmaahịa ikuku na Tokyo malitere na 2010.<ref name="hood"/>  ==== Europe ==== * European Union: European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), nke malitere na 2005.<ref name="hood">{{Cite book|date=November 2010|author=Hood|first=Christina|chapter=5. Current and proposed emissions trading systems|title=Reviewing Existing and Proposed Emissions Trading Systems: Information paper|series=IEA Energy Papers|url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/energy/reviewing-existing-and-proposed-emissions-trading-systems_5km4hv3mlg5c-en|publisher=International Energy Agency (IEA)|location=Head of Publications Service, 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France|doi=10.1787/5km4hv3mlg5c-en|accessdate=15 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501082530/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/energy/reviewing-existing-and-proposed-emissions-trading-systems_5km4hv3mlg5c-en|archive-date=1 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>  * Norway: ahia nke ikuku na Norway malitere na 2005.: 21 Nke a bụ nke Gọọmentị ''[[Norway]]'' na-achị, nke bụzi onye na-ekere òkè na EU ETS.<ref name="hood" /> * ''[[Switzerland]]'': Swiss ETS, nke na-agba ọsọ site na 2008 ruo 2012, iji kwekọọ na oge nkwekọrịta mbụ nke Kyoto Protocol.: 22<ref name="hood" />  * ''United Kingdom'': ** UK Emissions Trading Scheme, nke malitere n'afọ 2002 ruo 2006.<ref name="hood" />  ** UK CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme, nke malitere na 2010, ma bụrụ nke Gọọmentị UK na-achịkwa: 25<ref name="hood" />  ==== Ebe Ugwu America ==== * Canada: ahia ikuku na Alberta, ''Canada'', nke malitere na 2007.<ref name="hood"/>  * ''United States'': ** Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), nke malitere na 2009. Atụmatụ a na-egbochi ikuku sitere na mmepụta ike na steeti iri na otu dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ US (Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, na Virginia).: 24 [nnyocha dara]<ref name="hood" /> ** Azụmaahịa ikuku na California, nke malitere na 2013.: 26<ref name="hood" />  * Western Climate Initiative (WCI), nke malitere na 2012.<ref name="hood" />  ==== Oceania ==== * ''Australia'': New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme (NSW), nke malitere na 2003. Ọ bụ steeti Australia nke New South Wales mere atụmatụ a, wee sonye na Alfa Climate Stabilization (ACS) mana emechiela ya n'afọ 2012 iji gbanarị mmeghari nke ọnụ ahịa carbon nke Commonwealth.<ref name="hood"/>  * New Zealand: ''New Zealand'' Emissions Trading Scheme, nke malitere na 2008.: 23<ref name="hood" />  ==== Azụmaahịa ikuku n'etiti gọọmentị ==== Nhazi nke European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) na-enye ohere n'ezoghị ọnụ maka ịzụ ahịa nke ọrụ Kyoto mba n'etiti mba ndị na-ekere òkè. Carbon Trust chọpụtara na ewezuga azụmaahịa nke na-eme dịka akụkụ nke EU ETS, ọ nweghị azụmaahịa gọọmentị etiti emerela. Otu n'ime nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na IET bụ nnukwu njupụta nke ikike dị. Russia, Ukraine, na mba EU-12 ọhụrụ (Kyoto Parties Annex I Economies-in-Transition, nke akpọrọ "EIT": Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, na Ukraine) nwere ngọpụ nke ikike, ebe ọtụtụ mba OECD nwere mperi. Ụfọdụ n'ime EIT ndị nwere njupụta na-ewere ya dị ka nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka mmerụ ahụ nke nhazigharị akụ na ụba ha. Mgbe a kparitaara nkwekọrịta Kyoto, a ghọtara na ebumnobi ebumpụta ụwa maka EIT nwere ike ime ka ha nweta oke ego..<ref>{{Cite book|year=2001|chapter=8.3.1.1 "Where Flexibility"|title=8. Global, Regional, and National Costs and Ancillary Benefits of Mitigation|series=etal|editor=B. Metz|publisher=Cambridge University Press|author=Hourcade|first=J.-C.|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/341.htm|archive-date=2012-01-11|access-date=2023-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111150919/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/341.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> EITs lere oke ego a anya dị ka "isi" iji zụlite akụ na ụba ha. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị na-akpọkwa ihe karịrị akarị ahụ "ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ", okwu nke Russia (mba nwere ihe ruru ijeri tọn atọ nke carbon dioxide) na-ele anya dị ka "ihe na-akpasu iwe". Mba OECD nwere ụkọ ego nwere ike imezu nkwa Kyoto ha site n'ịzụta ego site na mba ndị na-agafe agafe na ihe karịrị akarị. Ọ gwụla ma e mere nkwa ndị ọzọ iji belata ngụkọta nke ego, azụmahịa dị otú ahụ agaghị eme ka a belata ikuku. ==== "Ụkpụrụ Ntinye Ego na-acha Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ" ==== "Green Investment Scheme" (GIS) bụ atụmatụ maka inweta uru gburugburu ebe obibi site na ego azụmaahịa (AAUs) n'okpuru Kyoto Protocol. Atụmatụ ntinye ego nke Green (GIS), usoro dị na nhazi nke International Emissions Trading (IET), ka emebere iji nweta mgbanwe dị ukwuu na iru ebumnuche nke Protocol Kyoto ma na-echekwa iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke IET. Agbanyeghị, iji GIS achọghị n'okpuru Protocol Kyoto, enweghị nkọwa gọọmentị maka okwu ahụ.<ref name="Definition of Green Investment Scheme (GIS)" /> N'okpuru GIS ndị otu na protocol na-atụ anya na mmepe nke akụ na ụba ya agaghị agwụ agwụ na oke Kyoto, nwere ike ire ngafe nke nkeji oke Kyoto (AAU) nye ndị ọzọ. Ego a na-enweta site na ire ahịa AAU kwesịrị ịbụ "acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ", ya bụ, na-enye aka na mmepe na mmejuputa ọrụ ndị ahụ ma ọ bụ nweta mbelata ikuku ikuku griin haus (ike ndụ ndụ siri ike) ma ọ bụ wulite usoro dị mkpa maka usoro a (greening dị nro). ==== Azụmaahịa na AAUs ==== Latvia bụ otu n'ime ndi malitere azụmahịa nke GISs. World Bank (2011) kọrọ na Latvia akwụsịla inye ahịa AAU n'ihi ọnụ ahịa AAU dị ala. N'afọ 2010, Estonia bụ ebe kachasị mma maka ndị na-azụ AAU, Czech Republic na Poland sochiri.<ref name="world bank 2011 trade in aaus" />  Iwu mba Japan iji mezuo ebumnuche Kyoto ha gụnyere ịzụta AAUs ndị e rere n'okpuru GISs. N'afọ 2010, ụlọ ọrụ dịgasị na mba Japan na Steeti Japan bụ ndị isi na-azụ AAUs. N'ihe gbasara ahịa carbon mba ụwa, azụmahịa na AAUs bụ obere òkè nke ọnụ ahịa ahịa zuru oke. N'afọ 2010, ọ bụ European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) kpaliri pasent ịrị itoolu na asaa nke azụmahịa na ahịa carbon mba niile.<ref name="world bank 2011 trade in aaus" /><ref name="world bank 2011 trade in aaus" />  ==== Usoro Mmepe Dị Ọcha ==== N'agbata afọ 2001, nke bụ afọ mbụ Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) nwere ike ịdebanye aha, yana 2012, njedebe nke oge nkwekọrịta Kyoto mbụ, a na-atụ anya na CDM ga-emepụta ihe dị ka ijeri 1.5 ijeri carbon dioxide kwekọrọ (CO2e) na ikuku. mbelata. Ọtụtụ n'ime mbelata ndị a bụ site n'ịzụ ahịa ume ọhụrụ, nrụpụta ike, yana mgbanwe mmanụ ọkụ (World Bank, 2010, p. 262). Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2012, a na-eme atụmatụ na ike kacha ukwuu maka imepụta CER na [[China]] (52% nke CERs) na India (16%). CERs mepụtara na Latin America na Caribbean mejupụtara pasent ịrị na ise nke ngụkọta nwere ike, na Brazil dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe kachasị na mpaghara ahụ (7%). ==== Ntinye aka ==== Oge kredit maka njikọta mmejupụta (Joint Implementation - JI) dabara na oge ntinye aka nke Kyoto Protocol, na ebidoghị ruo Jenụwarị 2008 (Carbon Trust, 2009, p. 20). Na Nọvemba 2008, naanị ọrụ JI ịrị abụọ na abụọ ka akwadoro ma debanye aha ya n'akwụkwọ. Ngụkọta ego a na-atụ anya n'ichekwa ihe mgbapụta sitere na JI n'afọ 2012 bụ ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke CDM. Rọshịa bụ ihe dị ka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ego a na-echekwa, ebe nke fọdụrụ kewara nha anya n'etiti Ukraine na mba EU ọhụrụ. Nchekwa ikuku na-agụnye mbelata na methane, HFC, na N2O anwuru. == Nkwado nke GHG == Dịka ekwuru na mbụ, nkwa mmachi ikuku nke Kyoto nke agba nke mbụ ezughi oke iji doziwanye mkpokọta ikuku nke GHG. Nkwụsi ike nke mkpokọta GHG nke ikuku ga-achọ mbelata ikuku ikuku mgbe njedebe nke oge nkwekọrịta Kyoto nke mbụ na 2012. === Ntọala na Mmalite ===   Ndị nnyocha ewepụtala ọnọdụ maka mgbanwe n'ọdịnihu na ikuku GHG nke na-eduga nkwụsi ike na mkpokọta ikuku nke GHGs. Ihu igwe a na-atụ aro na a na-ejikọta ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị ala na ogo dị ala nke okpomọkụ ụwa n'ọdịnihu, ebe ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị elu na-ejikọta ya na ogo dị elu nke okpomọkụ ụwa n'ọdịnihu. Iji nweta nkwụsi ike, ikuku GHG zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-arị elu, wee belata. Ka ọkwa nkwụsi ike a chọrọ dị ala, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ a na mbelata ga-eme ngwa ngwa (lee ihe osise dị iche).<ref name="emissions peak and decline" /> Maka ọkwa nkwụsi ike enyerela, mbelata ikuku ikuku ka ukwuu n'oge dị nso na-enye ohere maka mbelata ikuku ikuku dị obere ma emechaa.. N'aka nke ọzọ, obere mbelata ikuku ikuku dị nso ga-, maka ọkwa nkwụsi ike enyere, ga-achọ mbelata ikuku ikuku ọzọ ma emechaa.<ref name="near term emissions reductions" /> Enwere ike ilele oge mbụ mmachi ikuku Kyoto dị ka nzọụkwụ mbụ iji nweta nkwụsi ike ikuku nke GHG.<ref name="gupta"/> N'echiche a, oge mbụ nkwa Kyoto nwere ike imetụta ihe enwere ike nweta ọkwa nkwụsi ike ikuku n'ọdịnihu.. === Mmekọrịta na ihe ndị a na-achọ na okpomọkụ === Na Nzukọ nke iri na isii nke ndị otu ahụ e mere na 2010, ndị otu UNFCCC kwetara na okpomọkụ ụwa n'ọdịnihu ga-ejedebe n'okpuru 2°C ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa okpomọkụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ. Otu n'ime ọkwa nkwụsi ike a tụlere n'ihe gbasara ebumnuche okpomọkụ a bụ ijide oke ikuku nke GHGs na akụkụ narị anọ na ịrị ise kwa nde (ppm) CO2- eq. Nkwado na 450 ppm nwere ike ijikọta ya na pasent ịrị abụọ na isii wee ruo pasent ịrị asaa na asatọ ihe ize ndụ nke ịgafe 2°C. Ihe omume ndị Gupta et al. (2007) nyochara na-atụ aro na ikuku nke Annex I ga-adị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ pasent ịrị abụọ na ise wee ruo pasent ịrị anọ n'okpuru ọkwa 1990 site na 2020, ''na'' 80% ruo 95% n'okpuru ọnọdụ 1990 site na 2050. Nanị akụkụ nke Atụmatụ I nke mere nkwa afọ ofufo kwekọrọ na nke a bụ Japan (pasent ịrị abụọ na ise n'okpuru ọkwa 1990 site na 2020) na Norway (pasent ịrị atọ wee ruo pasent ịrị anọ n'okpuru ogo 1990 site na 2020. Gupta et al. (2007) lekwara ihe 450 ppm na-atụle maka ndị na-abụghị Annex I Parties. Atụmatụ gosiri na ka ọ na-erule afọ 2020, ọ ga-adị mkpa ibelata mpụta na-abụghị Annex I n'ọtụtụ mpaghara (Latin America, Middle East, East Asia, na Central Asia zubere) n'okpuru "azụmahịa-dị ka ọ na-adị".<ref name="450ppm scenarios" /> Atụmatụ azụmahịa-dị ka ọ na-adị<nowiki>''</nowiki> ka a na-atụ anya na ọ na-abụghị Annex I na-enweghị atumatu ọhụrụ ọ bụla iji chịkwaa ihe ndị a na-esi n'ọkụ pụta. Atụmatụ gosiri na ka ọ na-erule 2050, a ga-achọ ka e wedata ikuku n'ime mpaghara niile na-abụghị Annex I nke ukwuu n'okpuru "azụmahịa dika ọ na-adị.<ref name="450ppm scenarios" /> == Nkọwa nke nkwekọrịta ahụ == Nkwekọrịta a bụ protocol nke United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) kwekọritara na Nzukọ Ụwa na [[Rio de Janeiro]] n'afọ 1992, nke na-edobeghi mmachi ọ bụla n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na ikuku ma ọ bụ usoro mmanye. Naanị ndị otu UNFCCC nwere ike ịghọ ndị otu na Kyoto Protocol. A nabatara nkwekọrịta Kyoto Protocol na nnọkọ nke atọ nke ọgbakọ ndị otu na UNFCCC na 1997 na Kyoto, Japan.. Ebumnuche mba dị iche iche akọwapụtara na Protocol Kyoto na-ewepu ụgbọ elu na mbupu mba ụwa. Ndị otu Kyoto nwere ike iji ala, mgbanwe ojiji ala, na oke ọhịa (LULUCF) iji mezuo ebumnuche ha. A na-akpọkwa mmemme LULUCF mmemme “sink”. Mgbanwe nke sink na iji ala mee ihe nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ihu igwe, na n'ezie, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Special Report on Land Use, mgbanwe iji ala, na ọhịa na-eme atụmatụ na kemgbe 1750, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke okpomọkụ ụwa akpatala. site na mgbanwe ojiji ala.<ref>Robert T. Watson, Ian R. Noble, Bert Bolin, N. H. Ravindranath, David J. Verardo and David J. Dokken (editors), 2000, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, Cambridge University Press, UK</ref> Atụmatụ pụrụ iche na-emetụta nkọwa nke ọhịa n'okpuru Kyoto Protocol. Ijikwa oke ọhịa, njikwa ihe ọkụkụ, njikwa ala ịta ahịhịa, na ahịhịa bụ ihe omume LULUCF tozuru oke n'okpuru Protocol.. Ndepụta I Ndị otu na-eji njikwa ọhịa eme ihe n'ịhụ ihe ha na-achọ.<ref name="forest management" /> === Mkparịta ụka === Nkeji edemede 4.2 nke UNFCCC na-enye mba ndị mepere emepe iwu ka ha "[na-eduga" n'ibelata ikuku. Ebumnuche mbụ bụ ka mba ndị mepere emepe ka ha kwụsie ike na ọkwa 1990 site na 2000..<ref name="grubb original unfccc target" /> Ọdịda nke mba ndị mepere emepe emepeghị ụzọ a bụ isi ihe kpatara Kyoto ji kwaga na nkwa ndị siri ike.<ref name="grubb original unfccc target" /> Na mbụ UNFCCC Conference of the Parties na Berlin, G77 nwere ike ịkwado maka ikike ("mandate Berlin") ebe a ghọtara na: * Mba ndị mepere emepe enyela aka n'ụzọ kachasị na GHGs dị ugbu a na ikuku (lee Greenhouse gas # Nchịkọta na akụkọ ihe mere eme). * Mgbasa ikuku mba na-emepe emepe kwa onye (ya bụ, nkezi ikuku kwa onye bi na ya) ka dị ala. * nakwa na òkè nke ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ sitere na mba ndị na-emepe emepe ga-eto iji gboo mkpa mmepe ha. N'oge mkparịta ụka, G-77 nọchitere anya mba otu narị na iri atọ na atọ na-emepe emepe. China abụghị onye otu ahụ kama ọ bụ onye mmekọ. Ọ ghọwo onye otu kemgbe ahụ. A nabatara iwu Berlin na Kyoto Protocol na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe anọghị n'okpuru nkwa mbelata ikuku n'ime oge mbu nke Kyoto.. Otú ọ dị, nnukwu ohere maka uto na mba ndị na-emepe emepe mere ka mkparịta ụka na okwu a sie ike. N'ime nkwekọrịta ikpeazụ, e mere Clean Development Mechanism iji gbochie ikuku ikuku na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, mana n'ụzọ na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe anaghị akwụ ụgwọ maka ịmachi ikuku ikuku..<ref name="grubb developing country emissions" /> Echiche n'ozuzu bụ na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe ga-eche ihu nkwekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ n'ime oge ntinye aka, ma n'otu oge ahụ, mba ndị mepere emepe ga-emezu nkwa nke mbụ ha..<ref name="grubb developing country emissions" /> ==== Mbelata nke ikuku na-agbasa ==== G77 na China kwadoro mbelata ikuku siri ike n'ụwa niile mepere emepe. US bu ụzọ kwuo maka agba nke abụọ nke mkparịta ụka na nkwa Kyoto iji soro mkparịta ụka nke mbụ. N'ikpeazụ, a ga-emeghe mkparịta ụka maka oge nke abụọ n'afọ 2005.<ref name="grubb second round negotiations" /> Mba ndị na-emezu oke na nkwa oge mbụ ha nwere ike "ụlọ akụ" ego ha na-ejighi eji mee ihe n'ime oge na-esote..<ref name="grubb second round negotiations" /> EU na mbụ rụrụ ụka maka naanị GHGs atọ ka a ga-agụnye CO2, CH4, na N2O na gas ndị ọzọ dị ka HFCs na-achịkwa iche. EU chọkwara inwe nkwa “afụ”, nke ọ ga-esi na ya mee nkwakọ ọnụ nke nyere ụfọdụ ndị otu EU ohere ịbawanye ikuku ha, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ebipụ nke ha..<ref name="liverman negotiations" /> Mba ndị kachasị emerụ ahụ - Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) - kwadoro ka mba ndị mepere emepe gbubisịa n'otu n'otu, n'ebumnobi nke ime ka ihe ọkụkụ belata ruo n'ókè kachasị ike.. Mba ndị kwadoro ọdịiche nke ebumnuche nwere echiche dị iche iche banyere otu esi agbakọ ya, a tụkwara aro ọtụtụ ihe ngosi dị iche iche.<ref name="grubb differentiation" /> Ihe atụ abụọ gụnyere ọdịiche nke ebumnuche dabere na nnukwu ngwaahịa anụ ụlọ (GDP), na ọdịiche dabere na ike ike (iji ike eme ihe kwa nkeji nke mmepụta akụ na ụba). Ebumnuche ikpeazụ a kwurịtara na Protocol ahụ bụ nsonaazụ nkwekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ikpeazụ. Ebumnuche ndị a dabara nke ọma nke onye Argentine Raul Estrada kpebiri, onye nnọchi anya onye isi oche mkparịta ụka ahụ.. Ọnụọgụ e nyere ndị otu ọ bụla site n'aka onyeisi oche Estrada dabere na ebumnuche ndị otu pati ekwelarịrị, ozi enwetara na ọnọdụ mkparita uka kacha ọhụrụ, yana ebumnuche nke inweta nsonaazụ gburugburu ebe obibi kacha sie ike. Ebumnuche ikpeazụ adịghị ike karịa nke ndị otu ụfọdụ tụrụ aro, dịka, Alliance of Small Island States na G-77 na China, mana siri ike karịa ebumnuche ndị ọzọ tụrụ aro, dịka Canada na United States. === Nkwekọrịta ego === Protocol ahụ na-akwadokwa ụkpụrụ nke mba ndị mepere emepe ga-akwụ ọtụtụ ijeri dollar, na-ebuga teknụzụ na mba ndị ọzọ maka ọmụmụ na ọrụ metụtara ihu igwe. Ekwenyere ụkpụrụ ahụ na [[Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe|UNFCCC]]. Otu oru ngo a bu The Adaptation Fund,[93] nke ndi otu di iche iche na Kyoto Protocol nke UN Framework Convention on Climate Change hibere iji kwado oru mmeghari na mmemme na mba ndi ka na-emepe emepe bu ndi otu na Kyoto Protocol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adaptation-fund.org/|title=AF - Adaptation Fund|work=www.adaptation-fund.org}}</ref> === Ndokwa mmejuputa === Usoro ahụ hapụrụ ọtụtụ okwu mepere emepe ka ọ ga-emecha kpebie site na ọgbakọ nke isii nke ndị otu COP6 nke UNFCCC, nke nwara idozi nsogbu ndị a na nzukọ ya na Hague na ngwụcha 2000, mana enweghị ike iru nkwekọrịta n'ihi esemokwu dị n'etiti European Union (onye kwadoro mmejuputa iwu siri ike) na United States, Canada, Japan na Australia (ndị chọrọ ka nkwekọrịta ahụ ghara ịdị na-achọsi ike ma gbanwee). N'afọ 2001, e mere nzukọ gara aga (COP6-bis) na Bonn, ebe a nabatara mkpebi achọrọ.<ref>[[International Institute for Sustainable Development]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200728204839/https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop6bis/ Sixth Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change: Resumed Session], accessed 27 May 2020</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ nkwenye gasịrị, ndị na-akwado protocol (nke European Union na-edu) jisiri ike nweta nkwekọrịta nke Japan na Russia site n'ikwe ka ojiji nke carbon dioxide ọzọ. E mere ọgbakọ COP7 site na 29 Ọktoba 2001 ruo 9 Nọvemba 2001 na Marrakech iji guzobe ihe ikpeazụ e kwesịrị imata gbasara protocol ahụ. Emere nzukọ mbụ nke ndị otu na Kyoto Protocol (MOP1) na Montreal site na 28 Nọvemba ruo 9 Disemba 2005, yana ọgbakọ ịrị na otu nke ndị otu na UNFCCC (COP11) N'oge COP13 na Bali, mba ịrị atọ na isii mepere emepe (gbakwunyere EU dị ka otu na European Union) kwetara na mmụba 10% maka [[Iceland]]; mana, ebe ọ bụ na mba ndị otu EU nwere ọrụ nke onwe ha, a na-ekwe ka mmụba dị ukwuu (ruo 27%) maka ụfọdụ mba EU na-emepebeghị emepe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Kyoto protocol – A brief summary|work=European Commission|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/kyoto.htm|accessdate=19 April 2007|archivedate=10 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810105055/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/kyoto.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/background/items/3145.php|title=Kyoto Protocol|publisher=UNFCCC|date=14 May 2008|accessdate=21 May 2009}}</ref> Njedebe mbelata gwụrụ na 2013. === Usoro nke ịgbaso === Usoro ahụ na-akọwa usoro nke "ịgbaso" dị ka "nlekota na nkwa ma nwekwa ezigbo ntaramahụhụ maka agbasoghi nkwekọrịta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Compliance with the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change|first=S|author=Maljean-Dubois|work=Synthèse, n° 01, 2007|publisher=Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations|url=http://www.iddri.org/Publications/Collections/Syntheses/Compliance-with-the-Kyoto-Protocol-on-Climate-Change|accessdate=2023-05-09|archivedate=2009-11-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110071921/http://www.iddri.org/Publications/Collections/Syntheses/Compliance-with-the-Kyoto-Protocol-on-Climate-Change}}</ref> Dị ka Grubb si kwuo (2003), ebumnuche doro anya nke enweghị nkwekọrịta ahụ adịghị ike ma e jiri ya tụnyere iwu obodo.<ref name="grubb compliance" /> N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ngalaba nkwekọrịta ahụ nwere nnukwu esemokwu na enweghị nkwekọrịta na nkwekọrịta Marrakesh.<ref name="grubb compliance" /> === Nlekọta Mgbasa Ozi === Nleba anya na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa siri ike dịka n'iwu mba ụwa, enweghị ikike uwe ojii, na-eke mkpali maka steeti iji chọta 'ụzọ gburugburu' nlekota. Protocol Kyoto na-ahazi mmiri mmiri 6 na isi mmalite nke Gases. Carbon dioxide, methane, Nirous oxide, Hydroflurocarbons, Sulfur hexafluouride na Perfluorocarbons. Ileba anya gas ndị a nwere ike bụrụ ihe ịma aka. Enwere ike nyochaa methane ma tụọ ya site na ubi osikapa agbasara mmiri ma nwee ike tụọ ya site na seedling na-etolite ruo owuwe ihe ubi. Ihe pụtara n'ọdịnihu na-ekwu na nke a nwere ike imetụta nke a site na ụzọ ndị dị irè karị iji chịkwaa ikuku n'ihi na mgbanwe nke ụdị fatịlaịza nwere ike ibelata ihe ọkụkụ site na 50%. Na mgbakwunye na nke a, ọtụtụ mba enweghị ike nyochaa ụzọ ụfọdụ nke carbon absorption site na osisi na ala ruo n'ogo ziri ezi..<ref>Victor, David G. The Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 2004.</ref> === Ịmanye Mbelata Mgbasa Ozi === Ọ bụrụ na ngalaba mmanye ekpebie na mba Annex I akwadoghị mmachi ikuku ya, yabụ obodo ahụ kwesịrị ime mgbanwe ahụ n'ime oge nkwa nke abụọ yana mgbakwunye 30%. Na mgbakwunye, a ga-akwụsịtụ obodo ahụ site na ịnyefe n'okpuru mmemme ịzụ ahịa ikuku.<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/kyoto_mechanisms/compliance/introduction/items/3024.php|title=An Introduction to the Kyoto Protocol Compliance Mechanism|publisher=UNFCC|accessdate=30 October 2006}}</ref> == Usoro nkwado == [[Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe|COP 3]] nke UNFCCC nabatara Protocol ahụ na 11 Disemba 1997 na [[Kyoto]], [[Japan]]. Emeghere ya na 16 Machị 1998 maka ịbịanye aka n'ime otu afọ site na ndị otu [[Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe|UNFCCC]], mgbe Antigua na Barbuda, Argentina, Maldives, Samoa, St. Lucia na Switzerland bịanyere aka na ya. Na ngwụcha oge mbinye aka, mba 82 na European Community bịanyere aka. Nkwado (nke achọrọ iji bụrụ otu na Protocol) malitere na 17 Septemba site na nkwado nke Fiji. Mba ndị na-abịaghị aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ, nke nwere otu mmetụta iwu ahụ.<ref name="parties">{{Cite web|title=Status of ratification|url=http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php|publisher=UNFCC Homepage|accessdate=5 June 2012}}</ref> Nkeji edemede 25 nke Protocol ahụ na-akọwapụta na Protocol ahụ na'ọrụ "n'ụbọchị nke iri itoolu mgbe ụbọchị nke ihe na-erughị ndị otu 55 na Nkwekọrịta ahụ gasịrị, na-etinye ndị otu gụnyere na Ndepụta I nke na-agụnye ma ọ dịkarịa ala 55% nke ngụkọta carbon dioxide maka 1990 nke mba Ndepụta I, etinyela ngwá ọrụ ha maka nkwenye, nnabata, nkwenye ma ọ bụ ntinye".<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Kyoto Protocol full text (PDF)|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf|publisher=UNFCC Homepage}}</ref> EU na mba ndị so na ya kwadoro nkwekọrịta ahụ na Mee 2002. N'ime ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ, e ruru "ndị otu iri ise na ise" na 23 Mee 2002 mgbe [[Iceland]] kwadoro Protocol ahụ.<ref name="parties"/> Nkwado nke Russia na 18 Nọvemba 2004 mezuru "55%" ma mee ka nkwekọrịta ahụ malite, malite na 16 Febụwarị 2005,mgbe ụbọchị 90 gachara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=West|first=Larry|title=What is the Kyoto Protocol|url=http://environment.com/od/kyotoprotocol/i/kyotoprotocol.htm|publisher=|accessdate=5 June 2012|archivedate=2 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302123655/http://environment.com/od/kyotoprotocol/i/kyotoprotocol.htm}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule Mee 2013, mba 191 na otu nzukọ akụ na ụba mpaghara (EC) akwadowo nkwekọrịta ahụ, na-anọchite anya ihe karịrị 61.6% nke ikuku nke 1990 sitere na mba Annex I.<ref name="Kyoto-PDF-unfccc">{{Cite web|title=Kyoto Protocol: Status of Ratification|url=http://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/application/pdf/kp_ratification.pdf|date=14 January 2009|accessdate=6 May 2009|publisher=[[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]}}</ref> Otu n'ime mba 191 kwadoro ya gbara arụkwaghịm na usoro ahụ. {{hidden begin|title=Convention Parties|titlestyle=text-align:left;|bodystyle=text-align:left;}} {| |- | style="width:25%; vertical-align:top;"| [[Afghanistan]] <br /> [[Albania]] <br /> [[Algeria]] <br /> [[Angola]] <br /> [[Antigua and Barbuda]] <br /> [[Argentina]] <br /> [[Armenia]] <br /> Australia <br /> [[Austria]] <br /> [[Azerbaijan]] <br /> [[Bahamas]] <br /> [[Bahrain]] <br /> [[Bangladesh]] <br /> [[Barbados]] <br /> [[Belarus]] <br /> [[Belgium]] <br /> [[Belize]] <br /> [[Benin]] <br /> [[Bhutan]] <br /> [[Bolivia]] <br /> [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] <br /> [[Botswana]] <br /> [[Brazil]] <br /> [[Brunei]] <br /> [[Bulgaria]] <br /> [[Burkina Faso]] <br /> [[Myanmar]] <br /> [[Burundi]] <br /> [[Cambodia]] <br /> [[Cameroon]] <br /> Canada <br /> [[Cape Verde]] <br /> [[Central African Republic]] <br /> [[Chad]] <br /> [[Chile]] <br /> China <br /> [[Colombia]] <br /> [[Comoros]] <br /> [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] <br /> [[Republic of the Congo]] <br /> [[Cook Islands]] <br /> [[Costa Rica]] <br /> [[Ivory Coast]] <br /> [[Croatia]] <br /> [[Cuba]] <br /> [[Cyprus]] <br /> [[Czech Republic]] <br /> [[Denmark]] <br /> [[Djibouti]] <br /> [[Dominica]] | style="width:25%; vertical-align:top;"| [[Dominican Republic]] <br /> [[Ecuador]] <br /> [[East Timor]] <br /> [[Egypt]] <br /> [[El Salvador]] <br /> [[Equatorial Guinea]] <br /> [[Eritrea]] <br /> [[Estonia]] <br /> [[Eswatini]] <br /> [[Ethiopia]] <br /> [[European Union]] <br /> [[Fiji]] <br /> [[Finland]] <br /> France <br /> [[Gabon]] <br /> [[Gambia]] <br /> [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] <br /> Germany <br /> [[Ghana]] <br /> [[Greece]] <br /> [[Grenada]] <br /> [[Guatemala]] <br /> [[Guinea]] <br /> [[Guinea-Bissau]] <br /> [[Guyana]] <br /> [[Haiti]] <br /> [[Honduras]] <br /> [[Hungary]] <br /> [[Iceland]] <br /> [[India]] <br /> [[Indonesia]] <br /> [[Iran]] <br /> [[Iraq]] <br /> Ireland <br /> [[Israel]] <br /> [[Italy]] <br /> [[Jamaica]] <br /> Japan <br /> [[Jordan]] <br /> [[Kazakhstan]] <br /> [[Kenya]] <br /> [[Kiribati]] <br /> [[North Korea]] <br /> [[South Korea]] <br /> [[Kuwait]] <br /> [[Kyrgyzstan]] <br /> [[Laos]] <br /> [[Latvia]] <br /> [[Lebanon]] <br /> [[Lesotho]] <br /> [[Liberia]] <br /> [[Libya]] | style="width:25%; vertical-align:top;"| [[Liechtenstein]] <br /> [[Lithuania]] <br /> [[Luxembourg]] <br /> [[Madagascar]] <br /> [[Malawi]] <br /> [[Malaysia]] <br /> [[Maldives]] <br /> [[Mali]] <br /> [[Malta]] <br /> [[Marshall Islands]] <br /> [[Mauritania]] <br /> [[Mauritius]] <br /> [[Mexico]] <br /> [[Federated States of Micronesia]] <br /> [[Moldova]] <br /> [[Monaco]] <br /> [[Mongolia]] <br /> [[Montenegro]] <br /> [[Morocco]] <br /> [[Mozambique]] <br /> [[Namibia]] <br /> [[Nauru]] <br /> [[Nepal]] <br /> [[Netherlands]] <br /> New Zealand <br /> [[Nicaragua]] <br /> [[Niger]] <br /> [[Nigeria]] <br /> [[Niue]] <br /> [[North Macedonia]] <br /> [[Norway]] <br /> [[Oman]] <br /> [[Pakistan]] <br /> [[Palau]] <br /> [[Panama]] <br /> [[Papua New Guinea]] <br /> [[Paraguay]] <br /> [[Peru]] <br /> [[Philippines]] <br /> [[Poland]] <br /> [[Portugal]] <br /> [[Qatar]] <br /> [[Romania]] <br /> [[Russia]] <br /> [[Rwanda]] <br /> [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] <br /> [[Saint Lucia]] <br /> [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] <br /> [[Samoa]] <br /> [[San Marino]] | style="width:25%; vertical-align:top;"| [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] <br /> [[Saudi Arabia]] <br /> [[Senegal]] <br /> [[Serbia]] <br /> [[Seychelles]] <br /> [[Sierra Leone]] <br /> [[Singapore]] <br /> [[Slovakia]] <br /> [[Slovenia]] <br /> [[Solomon Islands]] <br /> [[Somalia]] (non-party to Kyoto) <br /> South Africa <br /> Spain <br /> [[Sri Lanka]] <br /> [[Sudan]] <br /> [[Suriname]] <br /> [[Sweden]] <br /> [[Switzerland]] <br /> [[Syria]] <br /> [[Tajikistan]] <br /> [[Tanzania]] <br /> [[Thailand]] <br /> [[Togo]] <br /> [[Tonga]] <br /> [[Trinidad and Tobago]] <br /> [[Tunisia]] <br /> [[Turkey]] <br /> [[Turkmenistan]] <br /> [[Tuvalu]] <br /> [[Uganda]] <br /> [[Ukraine]] <br /> [[United Arab Emirates]] <br /> United Kingdom <br /> United States (non-party to Kyoto) <br /> [[Uruguay]] <br /> [[Uzbekistan]] <br /> [[Vanuatu]] <br /> [[Venezuela]] <br /> [[Vietnam]] <br /> [[Yemen]] <br /> [[Zambia]] <br /> [[Zimbabwe]] * '''Observers:''' [[Andorra]] (non-party to Kyoto) <br /> [[Holy See]] (non-party to Kyoto) |} {{hidden end}} === Enweghị nkwado nke US === US bịanyere aka na Protocol na 12 Nọvemba 1998, n'oge onye isi ala Clinton.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congressional Research Service Reports #98-349: Global Climate Change: Selected Legal Questions About the Kyoto Protocol|url=http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/ern/01jul/98-349.php|accessdate=22 April 2014|archivedate=6 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506234653/http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/ern/01jul/98-349.php}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, iji bụrụ ihe na-agbaso iwu na US, Senate ga-akwado nkwekọrịta ahụ, nke agafeworị [[Mkpebi ByrdīHagel|mkpebi Byrd-Hagel]] na-adịghị agbaso iwu nke afọ 1997, na-ekwupụta enweghị nkwenye maka nkwekọrịta mba ụwa ọ bụla nke na-achọghị ka mba ndị na-emepe eme ka mbelata ikuku na "ga-emebi akụ na ụba nke United States". Mkpebi ahụ gafere 950.<ref>Byrd-Hagel Resolution ({{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalcenter.org/KyotoSenate.html|title=Byrd-Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98) Expressing the Sense of the Senate Regarding Conditions for the U.S. Signing the Global Climate Change Treaty|accessdate=2014-12-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626110143/http://www.nationalcenter.org/KyotoSenate.html|archivedate=26 June 2010}})</ref> Ya mere, ọ bụ ezie na gọọmentị Clinton bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ, ọ dịghị mgbe e nyefere ya na Senate maka nkwado.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/12/11/kyoto/ "Clinton Hails Global Warming Pact"]. All Politics (CNN). 11 December 1997. Retrieved 5 November 2006.</ref> Na mbido ọchịchị Bush, ndị Senate Chuck Hagel, Jesse Helms, Larry Craig, na Pat Roberts degaara Onye isi ala George W. Bush akwụkwọ ozi na-achọ ịchọpụta ọnọdụ ya na Kyoto Protocol na iwu mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ParlInfo - GRIEVANCE DEBATE: Environment: Greenhouse Policy|url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22chamber/hansardr/2001-03-26/0103%22|accessdate=2020-08-24|work=parlinfo.aph.gov.au}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi e dere na Machị 13, 2001, Onye isi ala Bush zaghachiri na "Ọchịchị ya na-ewere okwu mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ukwuu", mana na "M na-emegide Kyoto Protocol n'ihi na ọ na-ewepụ pasent 80 nke ụwa, gụnyere nnukwu ebe ndị mmadụ dị ka China na India, site na nrubeisi, ma ga-akpata nnukwu mmerụ ahụ na akụ na ụba US. Ntuli aka nke Senate, 95-0, na-egosi na enwere nkwekọrịta doro anya na Kyoto Protocol bụ ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ iji dozie nchegbu mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. "<ref>{{Cite web|title=Text of a Letter From The President|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/03/20010314.html|accessdate=2020-08-24|work=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov}}</ref> Nchịkwa ahụ jikwa obi ike sayensị gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe ma kwuo na ọ ga-emebi ihe nke mbelata ikuku na akụ na ụba US.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Dessler|first=Andrew E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ivw7EAAAQBAJ|title=Introduction to Modern Climate Change|date=2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-84018-7|pages=234|language=en}}</ref> The Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research kọrọ na 2001:<blockquote>Mgbanwe iwu a nwetara nnukwu nkatọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi mba ụwa nabatara ngwa ngwa. Òtù ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi gbagburu White House, ebe ndị Europe na ndị Japan gosipụtara nchegbu na ịkwa ụta miri emi.... Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị isi ụwa niile (dịka. China, Japan, South Africa, Pacific Islands, wdg) gosipụtara mmechuihu ha na mkpebi Bush.</blockquote>N'ịzaghachi nkatọ a, Bush kwuru, sị: "M na-azaghachi eziokwu, eziokwu bụ na mba ahụ nwere ezigbo nsogbu mgbe ọ bịara na ike". Ụlọ ọrụ Tyndall kpọrọ nke a "okwu gabigara ókè nke e ji kpuchie nnukwu ndị na-enyere mgbanwe iwu a aka, ya bụ, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na coal nke US, nke nwere ndị na-akwado ọchịchị na ndị omeiwu Republican. " Ka ọ na-erule 2020, US bụ naanị onye bịanyere aka na Protocol ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-a&chapter=27&lang=en|title=United Nations Treaty Collection|work=treaties.un.org|accessdate=27 December 2014|archivedate=8 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008095709/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-a&chapter=27&lang=en}}</ref> US mejupụtara 36.1% nke ikuku na 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weiner|first=John Barlow|date=2003|title=International Environmental Law|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40707857|journal=The International Lawyer|volume=37|issue=2|pages=575–587|issn=0020-7810}}</ref> N'ihi nke a, maka nkwekọrịta ahụ ịbanye n'ọrụ iwu na-enweghị nkwado US, ọ ga-achọ njikọ aka gụnyere EU, Russia, Japan, na obere òtù. E nwetara nkwekọrịta, na-enweghị US Administration, na mkparịta ụka ihu igwe Bonn (COP-6.5), nke e mere na 2001. === Ọpụpụ nke Canada === N'afọ 2011, Canada, Japan na Russia kwuru na ha agaghị emegide ihe mgbaru ọsọ Kyoto ọzọ.<ref name="canadaguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/dec/13/canada-pulls-out-kyoto-protocol|title=Canada pulls out of Kyoto protocol|work=The Guardian|accessdate=13 December 2011|date=13 December 2011}}</ref> Gọọmentị Canada kwupụtara na ọ ga-ekwe omume ịpụ n'oge ọ bụla afọ atọ mgbe a kwadoro Kyoto Protocol na 12 Disemba 2011, malite na 15 Disemba 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/politics/article/1100802--canada-withdrawing-from-kyoto?bn=1#article|title=Canada withdrawing from Kyoto|work=The Toronto Star|date=12 December 2011|accessdate=12 December 2011}}</ref> Canada kpebisiri ike belata ikuku okpomọkụ ya ruo 6% n'okpuru ọkwa 1990 site na 2012, mana na 2009 ikuku dị 17% karịa na 1990. Gọọmentị Harper butere mmepe ájá mmanụ na Alberta ụzọ, ma gbochie mbelata nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ. Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi Peter Kent kwuru na Canada nwere ibu ọrụ maka "nnukwu ntaramahụhụ ego" n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ahụ ọ gwụla ma ọ pụọ.<ref name="canadaguardian" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2011/12/13/canada-to-pull-out-of-kyoto-protocol/|title=Canada to pull out of Kyoto protocol|work=Financial Post|first=David|author=Ljunggren|date=13 December 2011|accessdate=9 January 2012}}</ref> Ọ tụkwara aro na nkwekọrịta Durban nke a bịanyere aka na nso nso a nwere ike inye ụzọ ọzọ ịga n'ihu.<ref name="bbc canada withdrawal">{{Cite news|title=Canada under fire over Kyoto protocol exit|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16165033|date=13 December 2011}}</ref> Gọọmentị Harper kwuru na ọ ga-achọta ngwọta "E mere na Canada". Mkpebi Canada nwetara nzaghachi na-adịghị mma n'ozuzu site n'aka ndị nnọchiteanya nke mba ndị ọzọ kwadoro.<ref name="bbc canada withdrawal" /> === Steeti na mpaghara ndị ọzọ ebe nkwekọrịta ahụ anaghị arụ ọrụ === Andorra, Palestine, [[South Sudan]], United States na, mgbe ha lara ezumike nká na 15 Disemba 2012, Canada bụ naanị UNFCCC Parties na-esoghị na Protocol ahụ. Ọzọkwa, anaghị etinye Protocol ahụ n'ọrụ na onye na-ahụ UNFCCC na Holy See. Ọ bụ ezie na Alaeze nke Netherlands kwadoro usoro maka Alaeze ahụ dum, ọ tinyeghị ngwá ọrụ nkwenye maka Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten ma ọ bụ Caribbean Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.minbuza.nl/en/key-topics/treaties/search-the-treaty-database/1997/12/008415.html|work=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)]]|title=Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|accessdate=30 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203014400/http://www.minbuza.nl/en/key-topics/treaties/search-the-treaty-database/1997/12/008415.html|archivedate=3 February 2014}}</ref> == Omume gọọmentị na ikuku na-agbasa ==   === Ndepụta I mba === [[Usòrò:CO2emissions1.jpg|thumb|Mmiri sitere n'aka mmadụ nke CO2 kwa afọ site na ndị na-emepụta 10 kachasị (European Union dị ka otu mpaghara, n'ihi atụmatụ azụmaahịa carbon ha jikọtara ọnụ). Data haziri dabere na onyinye 2010.  <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7C00; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;China (party, no binding targets)</div>                    ]] Ngụkọta ngụkọta nke GHG na-ewepụ ma ọ bụ wepụ site na iji ala eme ihe, mgbanwe nke iji ala eme njem na ọhịa (LULUCF, ya bụ, nchekwa carbon n'ime ọhịa na ala) maka akụkụ niile nke Annex I (lee ndepụta dị n'okpuru) gụnyere United States e jikọtara ọnụ belatara site na 19.0 ruo 17.8 puku teragrams (Tg, nke hà ka 109 kg) CO2 kwekọrọ, mbelata nke 6.0% n'oge 1990 EITs: 3 Ihe dị iche nyere aka na mbelata a: 14 Ndepụta nke mbụ bụ n'ihi mgbanwe akụ na ụba na 14<ref name="2011 unfccc synthesis of annex I communications" /><ref name="2011 unfccc synthesis of annex I communications" /> N'ime oge 1990 na 1999, ikuku na-esi n'ụgbọ mmiri na-agbadata site na 40% na EITs na-esote ọdịda nke atụmatụ etiti na Soviet Union na mba ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe: 25 Nke a dugara na mbelata dị ukwuu nke akụ na ụba ha dị arọ, yana mbelata metụtara na ojiji mmanụ ala ha na ikuku ha. Emissions growth in Annex I Parties have also been limited due to policies and measures (PaMs).: 14  In particular, PaMs were strengthened after 2000, helping to enhance energy efficiency and develop renewable energy sources.<ref name="2011 unfccc synthesis of annex I communications" />: 14  Energy use also decreased during the economic crisis in 2007–2008.<ref name="2011 unfccc synthesis of annex I communications" />: 14  ==== Ndepụta I ndị nwere ebumnuche ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Percentage changes in emissions from the base year (1990 for most countries) for Annex I Parties with Kyoto targets !Country !Kyoto<br /><br />target<br /><br />2008–2012<ref name="Shislov"/> !Kyoto<br /><br />target<br /><br />2013–2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/kp_doha_amendment_english.pdf|title=Doha amendment to the Kyoto Protocol|date=2012|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|accessdate=2019-12-13}}</ref> !GHG<br /><br />emissions<br /><br />2008–2012<br /><br />including<br /><br />LULUCF<ref name="Shislov" /> !GHG<br /><br />emissions<br /><br />2008–2012<br /><br />excluding<br /><br />LULUCF<ref name="Shislov" /> |- |[[Ostraliya|Australia]] | +8 |−0.5 | +3.2 | +30.3 |- |[[Austria]] |−13 |−20 | +3.2 | +4.9 |- |[[Belgium]] |−8 |−20 |−13.9 |−14.0 |- |[[Bulgaria]] |−8 |−20 |−53.4 |−52.8 |- |[[Kánada|Canada]] (withdrew) |−6 |''N/A'' | +18.5 | +18.5 |- |[[Kroatia|Croatia]] |−5 |−20 |−10.8 |−7.5 |- |[[Chekia|Czech Republic]] |−8 |−20 |−30.6 |−30.0 |- |[[Denmark]] |−21 |−20 |−17.3 |−14.8 |- |[[Estoniya|Estonia]] |−8 |−20 |−54.2 |−55.3 |- |[[Finland]] |0 |−20 |−5.5 |−4.7 |- |[[France]] |0 |−20 |−10.5 |−10.0 |- |[[Jémanị|Germany]] |−21 |−20 |−24.3 |−23.6 |- |[[Greece]] | +25 |−20 | +11.5 | +11.9 |- |[[Hungary]] |−6 |−20 |−43.7 |−41.8 |- |[[Iceland]] | +10 |−20 | +10.2 | +19.4 |- |Ireland | +13 |−20 | +11.0 | +5.1 |- |[[Italy]] |−6 |−20 |−7.0 |−4.0 |- |[[Japan]] |−6 |''N/A'' |−2.5 | +1.4 |- |[[Latvia]] |−8 |−20 |−61.2 |−56.4 |- |[[Liechtenstein]] |−8 |−16 | +4.1 | +2.4 |- |[[Lithunia|Lithuania]] |−8 |−20 |−57.9 |−55.6 |- |[[Luxembourg]] |−28 |−20 |−9.3 |−8.7 |- |[[Monako|Monaco]] |−8 |−22 |−12.5 |−12.5 |- |[[Netherlands]] |−6 |−20 |−6.2 |−6.4 |- |[[New Zealand]] |0 |''N/A'' |−2.7 | +20.4 |- |[[Norway]] | +1 |−16 | +4.6 | +7.5 |- |[[Poland]] |−6 |−20 |−29.7 |−28.8 |- |[[Portugal]] | +27 |−20 | +5.5 | +22.4 |- |[[Romania]] |−8 |−20 |−57.0 |−55.7 |- |[[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] |0 |''N/A'' |−36.3 |−32.7 |- |[[Slovakia]] |−8 |−20 |−37.2 |−36.8 |- |[[Slovenia]] |−8 |−20 |−9.7 |−3.2 |- |[[Spain]] | +15 |−20 | +20.0 | +23.7 |- |[[Sweden]] | +4 |−20 |−18.2 |−15.3 |- |[[Switzerland]] |−8 |−15.8 |−3.9 |−0.8 |- |[[Yukrain|Ukraine]] |0 |−24 |−57.1 |−56.6 |- |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |−13 |−20 |−23.0 |−22.6 |- |[[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] (did not ratify) |−7 |''N/A'' | +9.5 | +9.5 |} [[Usòrò:Carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_fuel_combustion_of_Annex_I_Kyoto_Protocol_Parties_1990-2009.png|alt=Refer to caption and image description|áká_èkpè|thumb|CO2 emissions from fuel combustion of Annex I Kyoto Protocol (KP) Parties, 1990–2009. Total Annex I KP emissions are shown, along with emissions of Annex II KP and Annex I EITs.]] N'ozuzu, otu mba ndị mepere emepe na-etinye aka na ebumnuche Kyoto, ya bụ, mba ndị Annex I na-ewepu US, nwere ebumnuche nke ibelata ikuku GHG ha site na 4.2% na nkezi maka oge 2008 2012 ma e jiri ya tụnyere afọ isi, nke n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ bụ 1990.  Dị ka e kwuru na ngalaba gara aga, n'etiti 1990 na 1999, e nwere mbelata dị ukwuu na ikuku nke EITs: 25 Mbelata nke EIT bụ ihe kpatara mbelata zuru ezu (nchịkọta) (ewepu LULUCF) na ikuku nke mba Ndepụta I, ewezuga US.: 25 Mmiri nke mba Ndebanye nke II (Nchịkọta I ewezuga mba EIT) enweela mmụba dị nta na ikuku site na 1990 ruo 2006, wee soro nkwụsi ike na mbelata dị ịrịba ama site na 2007 gaa n'ihu: 25 nke EU 25 na nzukọ mbụ<ref name="Long term trend in global CO2 emissions" /><ref name="Long term trend in global CO2 emissions" /><ref name="Long term trend in global CO2 emissions" />  Na Disemba 2011, minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke Canada, Peter Kent, kwupụtara n'ụzọ doro anya na Canada ga-ewepụ na nkwekọrịta Kyoto otu ụbọchị mgbe njedebe nke 2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference (lee akụkụ nke iwepụ Canada ). <ref name="vaughan 2011 canada withdrawal"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/dec/13/canada-withdrawal-kyoto-protocol?intcmp=239|author=Vaughan|first=A|title=What does Canada's withdrawal from Kyoto protocol mean?|work=The Guardian|date=13 December 2011|accessdate=17 December 2011}} </ref> ==== Ndepụta I ndị na-enweghị ebumnuche Kyoto ==== Belarus, Malta, na Turkey bụ ndị Annex I Parties mana enweghị ebumnuche mbụ nke Kyoto. US nwere ebumnuche Kyoto nke mbelata 7% ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa 1990, mana ọ kwadoghị nkwekọrịta ahụ.<ref name="Shislov">{{Cite journal|author=Shishlov|first=Igor|date=2016|title=Compliance of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in the first commitment period|journal=Climate Policy|volume=16|issue=6|pages=768–782|doi=10.1080/14693062.2016.1164658|url=https://hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01425106/file/2016%20-%20Shishlov%20et%20al%20-%20Climate%20Policy%20-%20Compliance%20of%20the%20Parties%20to%20the%20Kyoto%20Protocol%20in%20the%20first%20commitment%20period_preprint.pdf}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na US kwadoro Kyoto Protocol, nkezi pasentị mbelata na ngụkọta GHG maka otu Annex I ga-abụ mbelata 5.2% ma e jiri ya tụnyere afọ: 26  ==== Nkwado ==== Mba 38 mepere emepe kwadoro ịmachi ikuku ikuku griin ha. N'ihi na United States akwadoghị na Canada wepụrụ, oke ikuku ahụ ka dị ike maka mba 36. Ha niile na-akwado Protocol. Agbanyeghị, mba itoolu (Austria, Denmark, Iceland, Japan, Lichtenstein, Luxembourg, Norway, Spain na Switzerland) kwesịrị ịmalite usoro mgbanwe n'ihi na ikuku mba ha dị ntakịrị karịa ebumnuche ha. <ref name="Shislov"/> N'ozuzu, mba 36 ndị sonyere n'ụzọ zuru ezu na Protocol ahụ kpebisiri ike belata ngụkọta ha site na 4% site na afọ 1990. Nkezi ha na-eme kwa afọ n'afọ 2008 na 2012 bụ 24.2% n'okpuru ọkwa 1990. N'ihi ya, ha karịrị nkwekọrịta ha niile site na nnukwu ohere. Ọ bụrụ na etinye United States na Canada, ikuku na-ebelata site na 11.8%. Nnukwu mbelata ahụ bụ n'ihi mgbasa nke Soviet Union, nke belatara ikuku nke Eastern Bloc site na iri pasent na mbido afọ 1990. Na mgbakwunye, nsogbu ego nke 2007-08 belatara ikuku na-esi n'ime oge mbụ nke Kyoto.<ref name="Shislov"/> Mba iri atọ na isii ndị na-agba mbọ belata ikuku na-emepụta naanị ihe ruru pasent iri abụọ na anọ nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụwa niile na 2010.<ref name="Shislov"/> Ọ bụ ezie na mba ndị a belatara ikuku ha n'oge Kyoto, mba ndị ọzọ mụbara ikuku ha nke ukwuu nke na ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ ji pasent 32 rịa elu site na 1990 ruo 2010.<ref name="GapReport"/> === Ihe Ndị Na-abụghị Mgbakwunye nke Mbụ ===   UNFCCC (2005) chịkọtara ma jikọta ozi ndị na-abụghị ndị Annex I Parties gwara ya. Ọtụtụ ndị na-abụghị ndị Annex I so n'òtù na-enweta ego dị ala, ebe ole na ole ka a na-ahazi dị ka ndị na-enweta ihe dị n'etiti.: 4 Ọtụtụ ndị gụnyere ozi gbasara iwu metụtara mmepe na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="2005 unfccc non-annex i summary" /> Ihe ndị na-aga n'ihu na-ebute ụzọ na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke ndị na-abụghị Annex I Parties kwuru gụnyere ibelata ịda ogbenye na ịnweta agụmakwụkwọ na nlekọta ahụike.: 6 Ọtụtụ ndị na-adịghị na Annex I na-eme mgbalị iji gbanwee ma melite iwu gburugburu ebe obibi ha iji tinye nchegbu ụwa dịka mgbanwe ihu igwe.: 7<ref name="2005 unfccc non-annex i summary" /><ref name="2005 unfccc non-annex i summary" />  Ndị otu ole na ole, dịka, South Africa na Iran, kwupụtara nchegbu ha banyere otu mbọ ndị Annex I Parties nwere ike isi belata ikuku nwere ike imetụta akụ na ụba ha n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.: 7 Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke mba ndị a na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ego a na-enweta site na mmepụta, nhazi, na mbupụ nke mmanụ ala. Nkwekọrịta Cancún nke afọ 2010 gụnyere nkwa afọ ofufo nke mba 76 mepere emepe na mba na-emepe emepe mere iji chịkwaa ikuku ha na-emepụta gas na-ekpo ọkụ. N'afọ 2010, mba 76 ndị a jikọtara ọnụ maka pasent iri asatọ na ise nke ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ kwa afọ.<ref name="king 2011 cancun agreement" /> GHG emissions, ewezuga mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe na ọhịa (LUCF), nke otu narị na iri abụọ na abụọ na-abụghị Annex I Parties kọrọ maka afọ 1994 ma ọ bụ afọ kachasị nso a kọrọ, ruru ijeri tọn 11.7 (ijeri = 1,000,000) nke CO2-eq. CO2 bụ oke kachasị nke ikuku (63%), methane (26%) na nitrous oxide (N2O) (11%) sochiri. Ngalaba ike bụ isi iyi kachasị maka ndị 70 Parties, ebe maka ndị 45 Parties ngalaba ọrụ ugbo bụ nke kachasị. Mgbasa ikuku nke onye ọ bụla (na tọn CO₂-eq, ewezuga LUCF) mere nkezi tọn 2.8 maka ndị 122 na-abụghị Annex I Parties. * Ngụkọta nke ikuku nke mpaghara Afrịka bụ ijeri tọn 1.6, na ikuku nke onye ọ bụla nke tọn 2.4. * Ngụkọta nke mpaghara Eshia na Pacific bụ ijeri tọn 7.9, na onye ọ bụla na-ewepụta tọn 2.6. * Ngụkọta nke Latin America na mpaghara Caribbean bụ ijeri tọn abụọ, na onye ọ bụla na-ewepụta tọn 4.6. * Mpaghara "nke ọzọ" gụnyere [[Albania]], Armenia, [[Azerbaijan]], Georgia, Malta, [[Moldova]], na North Macedonia. Ngụkọta ha bụ 0.1 ijeri tọn, na onye ọ bụla na-ewepụta tọn 5.1. Ndị otu kọrọ ọkwa dị elu nke ejighị n'aka na LUCF emissions, mana n'ozuzu, o yiri ka ọ bụ naanị obere ọdịiche nke 1.7% na na na-enweghị LUCF. Na LUCF, ikuku na-esi n'ụgbọ mmiri apụta bụ ijeri tọn 11.9, na-enweghị LUCF, ngụkọta ngụkọta nke ikuku na-ese n'ụba bụ ijeri ton 11.7. '''Ihe Ndị Na-eme''' N'ọtụtụ nnukwu mba na-emepe emepe na akụ na ụba na-eto ngwa ngwa (China, India, Thailand, Indonesia, Egypt, na Iran) GHG na-agbanye ọkụ amụbaala ngwa ngwa (PBL, 2009).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Industrialised countries will collectively meet 2010 Kyoto target|author=PBL|date=16 October 2009|publisher=Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) website|url=http://www.pbl.nl/en/dossiers/COP13Bali/moreinfo/Industrialised-countries-will-collectively-meet-2010-Kyoto-target.html|accessdate=3 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409000327/http://www.pbl.nl/en/dossiers/COP13Bali/moreinfo/Industrialised-countries-will-collectively-meet-2010-Kyoto-target.html|archivedate=9 April 2010}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ikuku na China arịwo elu nke ukwuu n'ime oge 1990-2005, mgbe mgbe site na ihe karịrị 10% afọ. Mgbasa ozi kwa onye na mba ndị na-abụghị Annex I ka dị, n'akụkụ ka ukwuu, dị ala karịa na mba ndị mepere emepe. Mba ndị na-abụghị Annex I enweghị nkwekọrịta mbelata nke ikuku, mana ha na-agba mbọ ime ihe iji belata. China, dịka ọmụmaatụ, enweela usoro iwu mba iji belata uto ikuku, nke gụnyere mmechi nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ochie, nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma. == Ọnụ ego e mere atụmatụ == Barker et al. (2007, p. 79) nyochara akwụkwọ ahụ ''na'' atụmatụ ọnụahịa maka Kyoto Protocol.<ref>{{Cite book|year=2007|chapter=Mitigation costs across sectors and macro-economic costs|title=Technical summary|series=Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|editor=Metz|publisher=Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, US. This version: IPCC website|isbn=978-0-521-88011-4|author=Barker|first=T.|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/tssts-ts-11-2-mitigation-costs.html|accessdate=16 April 2011|archive-date=20 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220020450/http://ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/tssts-ts-11-2-mitigation-costs.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'ihi na US anaghị etinye aka na nkwekọrịta Kyoto, a chọpụtara na atụmatụ ọnụahịa dị ala karịa ndị e mere atụmatụ na IPCC Third Assessment Report gara aga. Na-enweghị ntinye aka US, yana iji usoro mgbanwe nke Kyoto mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru oke, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụahịa na-erughị 0.05% nke Annex B GDP. Nke a ma e jiri ya tụnyere atụmatụ mbụ nke 0.1 São 1.1%. Na-enweghị iji usoro ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụahịa na-enweghị ntinye aka US na-erughị 0.1%. Nke a ma e jiri ya tụnyere atụmatụ mbụ nke 0.2X2%. A na-ele atụmatụ ọnụahịa ndị a anya dị ka ndị dabeere na ọtụtụ ihe akaebe na nkwekọrịta dị elu na akwụkwọ. == Echiche Banyere Usoro ahụ == Gupta et al. (2007) nyochara akwụkwọ gbasara iwu mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ha chọpụtara na ọ nweghị nyocha ikike nke UNFCCC ma ọ bụ Protocol ya kwusiri ike na nkwekọrịta ndị a nwere, ma ọ bụ ga-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma n'idozi nsogbu ihu igwe.<ref name="gupta"/> Na nyocha ndị a, a na-eche na UNFCCC ma ọ bụ Protocol ya agaghị agbanwe. Nkwekọrịta Framework na Protocol ya gụnyere ndokwa maka usoro iwu n'ọdịnihu a ga-ewere. Gupta et al. (2007) kọwara nkwa nke mbụ nke Kyoto dị ka "obi umeala", na-ekwu ''na'' ha rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi na ịdị irè nke nkwekọrịta ahụ. A tụrụ aro na a ga-eme ka nkwa Kyoto ndị ọzọ dịkwuo irè site na usoro ndị e mere iji nweta mbelata dị omimi na ikuku, yana ịnwe iwu ndị a na-etinye na òkè ka ukwuu nke ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref name="gupta kyoto assessment" /> N'afọ 2008, mba ndị nwere okpu Kyoto mejupụtara ihe na-erughị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ikuku carbon dioxide zuru ụwa ọnụ kwa afọ site na ọkụ ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion - 2011 Highlights|author=International Energy Agency (IEA)|url=http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/CO2highlights.pdf|publisher=IEA|location=Paris, France|accessdate=31 August 2012}}</ref> World Bank (2010) kwuru banyere otu Kyoto Protocol si nwee mmetụta dị nta n'ịchịkwa uto ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ. E kwurịtara nkwekọrịta ahụ na 1997, mana n'afọ 2006, ikuku carbon dioxide metụtara ike ejirila pasent 24 rịa elu. World Bank (2010) kwukwara na nkwekọrịta ahụ nyere naanị nkwado ego ole na ole maka mba ndị na-emepe emepe iji nyere ha aka belata ikuku ha na ime mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name="world bank kyoto comments" /> Ụfọdụ n'ime nkatọ nke Protocol ahụ dabeere n'echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi ihu igwe (Liverman, 2008, p. 14).<ref name="liverman"/> Nke a lekwasịrị anya na nguzozi dị n'etiti obere ikuku na nnukwu nsogbu nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe na mgbanwe ihu igwe, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu ikuku na mba ndị mepere emepe. Nkatọ ọzọ nke Kyoto Protocol na mgbakọ mba ụwa ndị ọzọ, bụ ikike ụmụ amaala nwere isonye. N'ịbụ nke e hotara ebe a site na nkwupụta nke Nzukọ Mba Nile Mbụ nke Ndị N'Ime Obodo na Mgbanwe Ihu igwe, ọ na-ekwu "N'agbanyeghị nkwenye nke ọrụ anyị na igbochi okpomọkụ ụwa, mgbe oge ruru ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa dị ka United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, ọzọ, ikike anyị isonye na mkparịta ụka mba na nke na-emetụta ndị mmadụ na mpaghara anyị".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Indigenous peoples and environmental issues: an encyclopedia|author=Johansen|first=Bruce E.|date=2003-01-01|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=9780313323980|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indigenouspeople0000joha/page/115 115–116]|oclc=51559162|url=https://archive.org/details/indigenouspeople0000joha/page/115}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, mgbe e mesịrị na nkwupụta ahụ, ọ na-agụ:<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>Anyị na-akatọ eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ bụghị [United Nations] ma ọ bụ Kyoto Protocol na-anabata ịdị adị ma ọ bụ onyinye nke ndị obodo. Ọzọkwa, arụmụka ndị dị n'okpuru ngwá ọrụ ndị a atụlebeghị aro na aro nke ndị obodo ma ọ bụ nwee usoro kwesịrị ekwesị iji hụ na anyị sonyere na arụmụka niile metụtara ndị obodo.</blockquote>Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi akwadowo Kyoto Protocol n'ihi na ọ bụ "''na''anị egwuregwu dị n'obodo", na ikekwe n'ihi n'ihi ete ha na-atụ anya na nkwekọrịta mbelata ikuku n'ọdịnihu nwere ike ịchọ mbelata ikuku siri ike (Aldy et al.., 2003, p. 9).<ref name="aldy">{{Cite journal|title=Thirteen Plus One: A Comparison of Global Climate Policy Architectures|date=9 September 2003|author=Aldy|first=J. E.|journal=Climate Policy|volume=3|issue=4|pages=373–397|url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17261/thirteen_plus_one.html|accessdate=2 April 2010|doi=10.1016/j.clipol.2003.09.004|archive-date=27 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027163217/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17261/thirteen_plus_one.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, ụlọ akwụkwọ sayensị iri na asaa nke mba ahụ kwuru na nkwado nke Protocol ahụ na-anọchite anya "obere nzọụkwụ mbụ dị mkpa iji mee ka ikuku nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ kwụsie ike". Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị akatọọla nkwa ndị dị ugbu a maka adịghị ike (Grubb, 2000, p. 5).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 2000|author=Grubb|first=M.|title=The Kyoto Protocol: An Economic Appraisal. FEEM Working Paper No. 30 2000|url=https://archive.org/details/kyotoprotocolgui0000grub|doi=10.2139/ssrn.229280}}</ref> United States (n'okpuru onye bụbu onye isi ala George W. Bush) na Australia (na mbido, n'okpuru onye isi ala John Howard) emeghị ka nkwekọrịta Kyoto kwado. Dị ka Stern si kwuo (2006), mkpebi ha dabeere na enweghị nkwekọrịta nke ikuku maka akụ na ụba na-apụta (lee kwa ngalaba 2000 gaa n'ihu).<ref name="stern us and australia" /> Australia, n'okpuru onye bụbu praịm minista Kevin Rudd, akwadowo nkwekọrịta ahụ, nke malitere na Machị 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200610/s1772952.htm|title=Govt still not serious about climate change: Labor|work=ABC News Online|date=26 October 2006|accessdate=30 October 2006|archive-date=11 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011163324/http://abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200610/s1772952.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="australia signing">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7124236.stm|title=Rudd takes Australia inside Kyoto|work=BBC News|date=3 December 2007|accessdate=5 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7124236.stm|title=Australia's Rudd sworn in as PM|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=3 December 2007|accessdate=3 December 2007}}</ref> === Echiche banyere usoro mgbanwe === Mpaghara ọzọ a kọwaara bụ ọrụ nke usoro mgbanwe nke Kyoto bụ azụmaahịa ikuku, Njikọ Njikọ, na Usoro Mmepe Dị Ọcha (CDM). Usoro mgbanwe ahụ adọtawo okwu dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma. Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, ọtụtụ ndị otu Annex I emejuputa atụmatụ azụmaahịa ikuku (ETSs) dị ka akụkụ nke mgbalị iji mezuo nkwa Kyoto ha. Nkọwa n'ozuzu banyere ahia ikuku na-abanye na ahia ikuku na ahia ikuku carbon. Isiokwu ọ bụla na ETS nwere nkọwa na atụmatụ ndị a (lee § International Emissions Trading maka ndepụta nke ETSs). Otu n'ime arụmụka ndị e mere iji kwado usoro mgbanwe bụ na ha nwere ike belata ego ndị Annex I Parties na-efu n'ịmezu nkwa Kyoto ha. Nkatọ nke mgbanwe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, gụnyere enweghị ike nke ahia ikuku na ịkwalite itinye ego na isi mmalite ike na-abụghị fossil, yana mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọrụ CDM na obodo ndị dị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. === Nkà ihe ọmụma === Dị ka Kyoto Protocol na-achọ ibelata mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi ma n'otu oge ahụ na-agbanwe nnwere onwe nke ụfọdụ ụmụ amaala. Dị ka Milton Friedman tụlere, mmadụ nwere ike inweta nnwere onwe akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na akụrụngwa; n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ dịghị mgbe a na-ekwe nkwa na mmadụ ga-enwe nhata nke akụ na ụba nke ndị nọ n'elu "usoro nri" nke ụwa akụrụngwa a. Mgbanwe ndị a niile na-abịa n'ihe ndị isi ụmụ amaala na-ahọrọ itinye n'ụzọ iji melite ndụ mmadụ. N'ihe banyere Kyoto Protocol, ọ na-achọ itinye iwu ga-ebelata mmepụta nke mmetọ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọzọkwa, na-achọ imebi nnwere onwe nke ụmụ amaala onwe na nke ọha na eze. N'otu akụkụ ọ na-etinye iwu buru ibu maka ụlọ ọrụ ma belata uru ha ka ha chọrọ imezu iwu ndị dị otú ahụ, nke na-adịkarị oke ọnụ, ụzọ ndị ọzọ maka mmepụta. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ na-achọ ibelata ikuku na-akpata mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ngwa ngwa a na-akpọ mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọnọdụ nke Kyoto Protocol na-agụnye ihe ndị a chọrọ maka gas na-ekpo ọkụ maka mba ndị na-eduga n'ụwa. Dị ka United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change nyere, "Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị a sitere na -8 pasent ruo +10 pasent nke ọkwa ikuku nke mba 1990 n'otu n'otu iji belata ikuku ha niile nke gas dị otú ahụ site na ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 5 n'okpuru ọkwa 1990 dị ugbu a n'oge nkwekọrịta 2008 ruo 2012."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/background/items/2879.php|title=A Summary of the Kyoto Protocol|work=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|accessdate=2017-03-03}}</ref> A chọghị ka China, India, Indonesia na Brazil belata ikuku CO2 ha. Mba ndị fọdụrụnụ bịanyere aka na ya abụghị iwu itinye usoro ma ọ bụ usoro ụfọdụ, kama iji ruo ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke mbelata ikuku nke ha nwere ike irite uru na ahịa nke abụọ maka ego carbon nke ọtụtụ mba gbanwere site na ibe ha.<ref name="OCLC 1027999644" /> Usoro ahia nke ikuku (ETS) nyere mba ohere ịnabata ụlọ ọrụ na-emetọ ikuku na ịzụta ihe onwunwe nke uru gburugburu ebe obibi ha na ụkpụrụ ọma site na mba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="OCLC 1027999644">{{Cite book|author=Geoffrey Wells|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9K5XphOdukC&pg=PA89|title=Sustainable Business: Theory and Practice of Business Under Sustainability Principles|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|date=January 1, 2013|isbn=9781781001868|oclc=1027999644|chapter=5 - Carbon accounting and carbon auditing for business}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ndị na-agọnahụ mgbanwe ihu igwe, bụ ndị na-akatọ ihe akaebe sayensị siri ike banyere mmetụta mmadụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-agbagha ebumnuche nke Kyoto Protocol. Otu onye ọkà mmụta a ma ama na-eche na ndị a na-agọnahụ mgbanwe ihu igwe "n'ụzọ a na-enyo enyo" na-emebi echiche Rousseau banyere nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke bụ nkwekọrịta doro anya n'etiti ndị otu ọha iji hazie mbọ n'aha uru mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze. Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-egbochi mbọ ndị a na-agba ịbịakwute nkwekọrịta dị ka otu ọha zuru ụwa ọnụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OFcdDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT93|title=Remaking the Urban Social Contract: Health, Energy, and the Environment|author=Pagano|first=Michael A.|date=2016-08-30|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252099137|language=en}}</ref> Nnyocha nke 2021 na-atụle ma atụmatụ ụlọ ọrụ na atụmatụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke metụtara nnabata nke usoro Kyoto. Ọ kwubiri na obere mmetụta nke Kyoto protocol na ikuku carbon dioxide zuru ụwa ọnụ na-egosipụta ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere "atụmatụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ike na-ahaghị nhata, na enweghị onye ndu" n'etiti na n'ime mba.<ref name="Stoddard" /> Mgbalị nke ọdịmma mmanụ ala na ndị na-eche echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe iji gbasaa ozi aghụghọ na ịgọnahụ mgbanwe ihu igwe emetụtala echiche ọha na eze na omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma n'ime United States ma karịa ya. Nkwado nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala na ego ha na-enye ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị emeela ka omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị belata iji dozie mgbanwe ihu igwe na mpaghara, mba, na mba ụwa.<ref name="Stoddard">{{Cite journal|author=Stoddard|first=Isak|title=Three Decades of Climate Mitigation: Why Haven't We Bent the Global Emissions Curve?|journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources|date=18 October 2021|volume=46|issue=1|pages=653–689|doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011104|url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011104|accessdate=31 August 2022|language=en|issn=1543-5938}}</ref> == Nzukọ nke Ndị Otu == [[Usòrò:DF3_Session_Kyoto_Protocol_Panelists_(14301146388).jpg|thumb|DF3 Nzukọ Nzukọ Kyoto Protocol Panelists]] Nzukọ gọọmentị nke steeti niile sonyere na Kyoto Protocol bụ Conference of the Parties (COP) na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). A na-eme ya kwa afọ; ọ na-eje ozi dị ka nzukọ UNFCCC. Ndị otu na Nkwekọrịta ahụ nwere ike isonye na nzukọ ndị metụtara Protocol ma ọ bụ dị ka ndị otu na Protocol ma ọ dị ka ndị na-ekiri. E mere nzukọ mbụ na 1995 na Berlin. E mere nzukọ mbụ nke ndị otu Kyoto Protocol (CMP) na 2005 na njikọ aka na COP 11. E mere nzukọ 2013 na Warsaw. E mechara mee COPs na Lima, Peru, na 2014 na Paris, France, na 2015. Ihe omume 2015, COP 21, bu n'uche ijide mmụba nke ụwa na okpomọkụ n'okpuru 2 degrees Celsius.<ref>{{Cite web|title=21st Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and 11th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP 21/CMP 11) {{!}} PreventionWeb.net|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/events/view/30512?id=30512|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=www.preventionweb.net}}</ref> E mere atụmatụ COP 22 maka Marrakesh, Morocco na COP 23 maka Bonn, Germany. == Mgbanwe na onye nọchiri ya == Na "Washington Declaration" na-adịghị agbanye iwu kwetara na 16 Febụwarị 2007, ndị isi gọọmentị si Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, United States, Brazil, China, India, Mexico na South Africa kwetara na ụkpụrụ nke onye nọchiri Kyoto Protocol. Ha chepụtara usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ga-emetụta mba ndị mepere emepe na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, na mbido ha nwere olileanya na ọ ga-adị n'ọnọdụ site na 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6364663.stm|title=Politicians sign new climate pact|publisher=BBC|date=16 February 2007|accessdate=28 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://environment.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,,2014683,00.html|title=Global leaders reach climate change agreement|work=The Guardian|date=16 February 2007|accessdate=28 May 2007}}</ref> Nzukọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations na Copenhagen na Disemba 2009 bụ otu n'ime usoro nzukọ UN kwa afọ nke sochiri 1992 Earth Summit na Rio. N'afọ 1997, mkparịta ụka ahụ dugara na Kyoto Protocol, a na-ewerekwa nzukọ ahụ na Copenhagen dị ka ohere iji kwado onye ga-anọchi Kyoto nke ga-eweta mbelata carbon bara uru.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/mar/25/copenhagen-climate-change-summit|title=Why the Copenhagen climate change cliffhanger could drag on a little longer|author=Adam|first=David|work=The Guardian|date=25 March 2009|accessdate=14 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/apr/14/global-warming-target-2c|quote=The poll comes as UN negotiations to agree a new global treaty to regulate carbon pollution gather pace in advance of a key meeting in Copenhagen in December. Officials will try to agree a successor to the Kyoto protocol, the first phase of which expires in 2012.|title=World will not meet 2C warming target, climate change experts agree|work=The Guardian|author=Adam|first=David|date=14 April 2009|accessdate=14 April 2009}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta Cancún nke afọ 2010 gụnyere nkwa afọ ofufo nke mba 76 mepere emepe na mba na-emepe emepe mere iji chịkwaa ikuku ha na-emepụta gas na-ekpo ọkụ. N'afọ 2010, mba 76 ndị a jikọtara ọnụ maka pasent iri asatọ na ise nke ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ kwa afọ.<ref name="king 2011 cancun agreement" /> Ka ọ na-erule Mee 2012, US, Japan, Russia, na Canada egosila na ha agaghị etinye aka na oge nke abụọ nke Kyoto.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/may/16/bonn-climate-talks-eu-kyoto|title=Bonn climate talks: EU plays down talk of Kyoto protocol rift|first=James|author=Murray|work=The Guardian|date=16 May 2012|quote=A number of large emitters, including the US, Japan, Russia, and Canada, have signalled they will not sign up to Kyoto or to a second commitment period of Kyoto, while large emerging economies will only sign up to an agreement that does not impose binding emission reduction targets on them.|accessdate=21 November 2012}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2012, Australia kwupụtara na ọ ga-esonye na oge nke abụọ n'okpuru Kyoto Protocol na New Zealand kwupụtara nde ọ gaghị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/09/australia-kyoto-protocol-second-phase|title=Kyoto protocol: Australia signs up to second phase|first=Fiona|author=Harvey|work=The Guardian|date=9 November 2012|accessdate=21 November 2012}}</ref> Minista ihu igwe nke New Zealand bụ Tim Groser kwuru na Protocol Kyoto nke dị afọ iri na ise bụ ihe mgbe ochie, nakwa na New Zealand "n'ihu usoro" n'ịchọ onye ga-anọchi ya nke ga-agụnye mba ndị na-emepe emepe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Groser-NZ-ahead-of-the-curve-in-quitting-Kyoto-Protocol/tabid/1160/articleID/278937/Default.aspx|work=3 News NZ|title=Groser defends quitting Kyoto Protocol|date=3 December 2012|accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref> Òtù ndị na-enweghị uru na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka World Wildlife Fund katọrọ mkpebi New Zealand ịpụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/NZs-environmental-reputation-nosedive/tabid/1160/articleID/279779/Default.aspx|work=3 News NZ|title=NZ's climate reputation 'nosedive'|date=10 December 2012|accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref> Na 8 Disemba 2012, na ngwụcha 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference, e ruru nkwekọrịta ịgbatị Protocol ahụ ruo 2020 na ịtọ ụbọchị nke 2015 maka mmepe nke akwụkwọ ga-anọchi ya, nke a ga-etinye n'ọrụ site na 2020 (lee isi maka ozi ndị ọzọ).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20653018|title=UN climate talks extend Kyoto Protocol, promise compensation|work=BBC News|date=8 December 2012}}</ref> Nsonaazụ nke mkparịta ụka Doha enwetala nzaghachi dị mgbagwoju anya, na obere agwaetiti na-akatọ ngwugwu ahụ n'ozuzu. Oge nkwa nke abụọ nke Kyoto na-emetụta ihe dị ka 11% nke ikuku ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụwa niile kwa afọ. Nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ nke nzukọ ahụ gụnyere oge maka nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ a ga-anakwere site na 2015 nke gụnyere mba niile. Na nzukọ Doha nke ndị otu UNFCCC na 8 Disemba 2012, onye isi na-ekwu maka ihu igwe nke European Union, Artur Runge-Metzger, kwere nkwa ịgbatị nkwekọrịta ahụ, na-ejikọta na mba 27 nke Europe, ruo n'afọ 2020 na-echere usoro nkwenye n'ime. Ban Ki Moon, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations, kpọrọ ndị isi ụwa ka ha bịa na nkwekọrịta maka ịkwụsị okpomọkụ ụwa n'oge nnọkọ nke 69 nke Nzukọ Ezumezu UN na 23 Septemba 2014 na New York.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sd.iisd.org/events/69th-session-of-the-un-general-assembly-unga-69|title=Event: 69th Session of the UN General Assembly (UNGA 69) &#124; SDG Knowledge Hub|work=Sd.iisd.org|accessdate=2023-05-09|archivedate=2016-03-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310204438/http://sd.iisd.org/events/69th-session-of-the-un-general-assembly-unga-69}}</ref> E mere nzukọ ihu igwe ọzọ na Paris na 2015, nke si na ya pụta nkwekọrịta Paris, onye nọchiri Kyoto Protocol. == QHụkwa ==    ==Edensibia== {{Reflist}} == Ihe edeturu == * {{citation |date=March 2009 |title=Global Carbon Mechanisms: Emerging lessons and implications (CTC748) |author=Carbon Trust |url=http://www.carbontrust.com/resources/reports/advice/global-carbon-mechanisms |publisher=Carbon Trust |access-date=24 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504022256/http://www.carbontrust.com/resources/reports/advice/global-carbon-mechanisms |archive-date=4 May 2013 |url-status=dead }} * {{Citation |date=25 November 2000 |title=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Technical paper: Tracing the Origins of the Kyoto Protocol: An Article-by-Article Textual History |publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |last=Depledge |first=J. |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/tp/tp0200.pdf }} * {{citation |date = December 2001 |last = Dessai |first = S. |title = Tyndall Centre Working Paper 12: The climate regime from The Hague to Marrakech: Saving or sinking the Kyoto Protocol? |url = http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/content/climate-regime-hague-marrakech-saving-or-sinking-kyoto-protocol |publisher = Tyndall Centre |location = Norwich, UK |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121031094826/http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/content/climate-regime-hague-marrakech-saving-or-sinking-kyoto-protocol |archive-date = 31 October 2012 |df = dmy-all }} * {{citation | author=EEA | year=2012 | title=Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2012 - Tracking progress towards Kyoto and 2020 targets. 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In: Carbon & Climate Law Review, Vol. 3., 2009, p.&nbsp;102–114. * Katy Longden, Roshni Pabari, Munir Hassan, and Dalia Majumder-Russel, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203938/http://a4id.org/sites/default/files/files/%5BA4ID%5D%20Climate%20change%20Mitigation%20and%20Adaptation.pdf Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaptation (A Legal Guide)]". Advocates for International Development (June 2012) * Romain Morel, and Igor Shishlov, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20150419002806/http://www.cdcclimat.com/Climate-Report-no44-Ex-post-1704.html Ex-post evaluation of the Kyoto Protocol: Four key lessons for the 2015 Paris Agreement]". CDC Climat Research (May 2014) * Sebastian Oberthür, Hermann E. Ott: [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-03925-0 ''International Climate Policy for the 21st Century''], 1999, Springer. ;Economics * {{Cite journal |date=May 1999 |title=The Costs of the Kyoto Protocol: A Multi-Model Evaluation |editor-last=Weyant |editor-first=J. P. |journal=Energy Journal |issue=Special issue |url=http://emf.stanford.edu/publications/the_costs_of_the_kyoto_protocol_a_multimodel_evaluation/ |access-date=8 August 2009 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709075041/http://emf.stanford.edu/publications/the_costs_of_the_kyoto_protocol_a_multimodel_evaluation/ |url-status=dead }} From this issue: ** {{Cite journal |title=The Kyoto Protocol: A Cost-Effective Strategy for Meeting Environmental Objectives? | last1 = Manne | first1 = A. S. | first2 = R. | last2 = Richels |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/38/53/1923159.pdf |access-date=8 August 2009}} ** {{Cite journal | title = Requiem for Kyoto: An Economic Analysis of the Kyoto Protocol | author-link1 = William Nordhaus | last1 = Nordhaus | first1 = W. D. | first2 = J. G. | last2 = Boyer | url = http://www.econ.yale.edu/~nordhaus/homepage/Kyoto.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20001006234806/http://www.econ.yale.edu/~nordhaus/homepage/Kyoto.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 6 October 2000 | access-date = 8 August 2009 }} ==Njikọ Mpuga== * E nwere edemede gbasara [[s:Kyoto Protocol|Nkwekọrịta Kyoto]] na [[Wikisource|Wikisọọsụ]] * Protocol text ([http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.html HTML] and [http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf PDF]), [http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CTC/Ch_XXVII-7-b.pdf 2007] and [http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CTC/Ch_XXVII-7-c.pdf 2012 amendment]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-a&chapter=27&clang=_en List of countries who have ratified, accepted, approved, or accessed the Kyoto Protocol], its [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-b&chapter=27&clang=_en first amendment] (Targets for Belarus) and its [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-c&chapter=27&clang=_en second amendment] (extension period 2012–2020) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150313033837/http://www.zvon.org/law/r/kyoto.html Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change at Law-Ref.org] – fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents * [http://mindprod.com/environment/kyoto.html The layman's guide to the Kyoto Protocol] * [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/13n2a4d-k-qyiBM9ajPo5ugXxOkQWLdEPygRVLdkkoI0/edit?hl=en%3Cbr+%3E%3C/a%3E&hl=en%3Cbr+%3E%3C/a%3E#gid=0 Kyoto: On Target? – Google Docs] * [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/kpccc/kpccc.html Introductory note by Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, procedural history note and audiovisual material] on the ''Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change'' in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law] cbe3sxhtraqu9k675va7p6klpxx3jgc 0 26293 728064 697578 2026-09-26T02:46:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728064 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Databox}} '''Mmetụta ngwupụta na gburugburu ebe obibi''' nwere ike ime na mpaghara, mpaghara, na n'ọkwa zuru ụwa ọnụ site na omume ngwuputa ihe kpọmkwem na nke na-apụtaghị ìhè. Mmetụta ndị a nwere ike ịkpata mbuze, nsị, mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ mmetọ nke ala, mmiri ala, na mmiri dị n'elu site na kemịkalụ na-esi na usoro Ngwuputa. Usoro ndị a na-emetụtakwa ikuku sitere na ikuku carbon nke na-emetụta ogo ahụike mmadụ na ụdị dị iche iche..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Laura J.|first=Sonter|date=December 5, 2018|title=Mining and biodiversity: key issues and research needs in conservation science|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=285|issue=1892|pages=20181926|doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.1926|pmid=30518573}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụzọ ngwuputa ihe (ngwuputa lithium, ngwuputa phosphate, ngwuputa coal, ngwuputa ugwu, na ngwuputa aja) nwere ike inwe mmetụta di egwu gburugburu ebe obibi na ahu ike nke ọha na eze nke na a choro ka ulo oru ngwuputa na mba ufodu soro usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na nhazighari iji jide n'aka na ebe a na-egwuputa ihe.  mpaghara laghachiri na ọnọdụ izizi ya. == Mbize == Mgbukpọ nke ugwu ndị a na-ahụ anya, ebe a na-ekpofu ihe, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na nsị nke mmiri, iyi na osimiri nwere ike imetụta mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu, ihe atụ kachasị mma bụ nnukwu Ok Tedi Mine na Papua New [[Guinea]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rose|first=Calvin W.|date=2014-05-24|title=The erosive growth of hillside gullies|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3593|journal=Earth Surface Processes and Landforms|volume=39|issue=15|pages=1989–2001|doi=10.1002/esp.3593|issn=0197-9337}}</ref> Mgbari ala nwere ike belata mmiri maka uto osisi, na-akpata mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi osisi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Moreno-de las Heras|first=M.|date=March 2009|title=Development of soil physical structure and biological functionality in mining spoils affected by soil erosion in a Mediterranean-Continental environment|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016706108003601|journal=Geoderma|language=en|volume=149|issue=3–4|pages=249–256|doi=10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.12.003}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo gabigara ókè, enweghị njikwa ala na ikpughe kemịkal site na igwu ala na-akpata mbuze ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wantzen|first=Karl|date=2013-09-30|title=Soil Erosion from Agriculture and Mining: A Threat to Tropical Stream Ecosystems|journal=Agriculture|volume=3|issue=4|pages=660–683|doi=10.3390/agriculture3040660|issn=2077-0472}}</ref> N'ebe ndị dị n'ọzara, igwu ala nwere ike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi na ebe obibi, na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo ọ nwere ike ịkpaghasị ma ọ bụ bibie ebe ịta nri na-amị mkpụrụ na ala ihe ọkụkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Ling|date=2015-05-01|title=Effects of vegetation on runoff and soil erosion on reclaimed land in an opencast coal-mine dump in a loess area|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0341816215000211|journal=CATENA|language=en|volume=128|pages=44–53|doi=10.1016/j.catena.2015.01.016|issn=0341-8162}}</ref> == Olulu mmiri == [[Usòrò:2008-05-23_Haus_Ecke_Kamp_und_Johowstrasse.JPG|thumb|188x188px|Ụlọ dị na Gladbeck, Germany, nke nwere oghere ndị sitere na mbuze nke ike ndọda n'ihi igwu ala]] A na-enwekarị olulu mmiri na ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala site na ọdịda nke elu ụlọ a na-egwu ihe n'ime ala site na nchọpụta nke ihe onwunwe, oke ibu ma ọ bụ nkwụsị ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Singh|first=Kalendra B.|date=1997|title=Sinkhole subsidence due to mining|journal=Geotechnical & Geological Engineering|volume=15|issue=4|pages=327–341|doi=10.1007/BF00880712}}</ref> Ibu ibu dị n'ebe a na-egwuputa ihe nwere ike ịmalite oghere n'ime ala ma ọ bụ nkume, nke nwere ike ijupụta na ájá na ala site na eriri ndị dị n'elu. Oghere ndị a dị n'oke ibu nwere ike imecha banye n'ime, na-eme oghere n'elu. Ọdịda mberede nke ụwa na-emepụta nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi n'elu na-enweghị ịdọ aka ná ntị, nke a nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ nke ukwuu nye ndụ na ihe onwunwe..<ref name="Singh-1997">{{Cite journal|author=Singh|first=Kalendra B.|title=Sinkhole subsidence due to mining|journal=Geotechnical and Geological Engineering|date=December 1997|volume=15|issue=4|pages=327–341|doi=10.1007/BF00880712}}</ref> Enwere ike ibelata olulu mmiri dị n'ebe a na-egwuputa ihe site n'ichepụta akụrụngwa kwesịrị ekwesị dị ka nkwado ngwuputa ihe na mgbidi ka mma iji mepụta ihe mgbochi n'akụkụ ebe nwere ike ịnweta mmiri mmiri. Enwere ike ime ndochi azụ na ịchafụ iji mee ka ọrụ ndị dị n'okpuru ala gbahapụrụ kwụsie ike == Mmetọ mmiri == Ịgwụpụta ihe n'ala nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na gburugburu mmiri. Ọ bụrụ na ejighị nlezianya mee ihe kwesịrị ekwesị, oke kemịkal dị elu, dị ka arsenic, sulphuric acid, na mercury nwere ike ịgbasa n'ebe dị mkpa nke mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/01/gold/larmer-text/3|title=January 2009|work=ngm.nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=2023-05-10|archivedate=2017-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615124707/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/01/gold/larmer-text/3}}</ref> Mmiri buru ibu nke a na-eji na-eme ka mmiri na-agbapụta m, oyi m, mmịpụta mmiri na usoro ngwuputa ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka ohere nke kemịkalụ ndị a metọọ ala na mmiri dị elu. Ka ngwuputa ihe na-emepụta mmiri mkpofu dị ukwuu, ụzọ mkpofu na-ejedebeghị n'ihi mmetọ dị n'ime mmiri mkpofu. Mgbọ mmiri nke nwere kemịkalụ ndị a nwere ike ibute mbibi nke ahịhịa ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Ntupu nke mmiri ozuzo na mmiri dị elu ma ọ bụ n'ọtụtụ ọhịa bụ nhọrọ kacha njọ. Ya mere, a na-ahụta mkpofu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri dị ka nhọrọ ka mma (ọ bụrụ na a na-agbanye ihe mkpofu ahụ ruo omimi dị ukwuu).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/01/gold/larmer-text/6|title=January 2009|work=ngm.nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=2023-05-10|archivedate=2017-07-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701153625/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/01/gold/larmer-text/6}}</ref> Nchekwa ala na itinye ihe ndị a na-egwupụta n'ime ala mgbe e mebisịrị ya ka mma, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị oké ọhịa a ga-ewepụ maka ichekwa ihe mkpofu. Mmetọ nke mmiri na-esite na mgbapụta nke kemịkal nwekwara mmetụta na ahụike nke ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/mining-and-water-quality?qt-science_center_objects=0#|title=Mining and Water Quality|work=www.usgs.gov|accessdate=2020-04-21}}</ref> N'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala nke a na-achịkwa nke ọma, ndị ọkà mmụta mmiri na ndị ọkà mmụta banyere mbara ala na-eji nlezianya tụọ mmiri iji kpachara anya iji wepụ ụdị mmetọ mmiri ọ bụla nke ọrụ ogbunigwe nwere ike ịkpata. A na-amanye mbelata mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi n'omume ngwuputa nke Amerika site na iwu gọọmentị etiti na steeti, site na mmachibido ndị na-arụ ọrụ irute ụkpụrụ maka nchebe nke elu na mmiri ala site na mmetọ..<ref>The principal federal laws are: </ref> A na-eme nke a nke ọma site na iji usoro mwepụ na-enweghị nsogbu ọ bụla dị ka bioleaching.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Asante|first=Ramseyer|date=March 29, 2017|title=Environmental Impact of Mining|journal=Global Congress on Process Safety}}</ref> == Mmetọ ikuku == Ihe mmetọ ikuku na-enwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na uto osisi, bụ isi site na itinye aka na nchịkọta akụ. Ozugbo akwụkwọ na-akpachi anya na ikuku, ọtụtụ ihe na-emetọ ikuku, dị ka O3 na NOx, na-emetụta ọrụ metabolic nke akwụkwọ ahụ ma na-egbochi net carbon fixation site na osisi osisi. Ihe mmetọ ikuku nke a na-etinye na mbụ n'ala, dị ka ọla dị arọ, na-ebute ụzọ na-emetụta ọrụ mgbọrọgwụ ma na-egbochi ihe ọkụkụ nke ala nke osisi ahụ. Mbelata ndị a na njide akụrụngwa (mmepụta nke carbohydrate site na photosynthesis, nri nri ịnweta na iwepụta mmiri sitere na ala) ga-emetụta uto osisi site na mgbanwe nke ikenye akụrụngwa n'ụdị osisi dị iche iche. Mgbe nrụgide mmetọ ikuku na-ejikọta na nrụgide ndị ọzọ, dịka. nrụgide mmiri, ihe ga-esi na ya pụta ga-adabere na mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya nke usoro n'ime osisi. N'ọkwa gburugburu ebe obibi, mmetọ ikuku nwere ike gbanwee nguzozi asọmpi n'etiti ụdị dị ugbu a ma nwee ike ibute mgbanwe na nhazi nke obodo osisi. Na agroecosystem, mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike ịpụta na mbelata akụ na ụba.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Development|first=Office of Research &|title=PLANT RESPONSE TO AIR POLLUTION|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?Lab=NHEERL&dirEntryId=50437#:~:text=Air%20pollutants%20have%20a%20negative,fixation%20by%20the%20plant%20canopy.|accessdate=2022-03-31|work=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408040319/https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?Lab=NHEERL&dirEntryId=50437#:~:text=Air%20pollutants%20have%20a%20negative,fixation%20by%20the%20plant%20canopy.|archive-date=2022-04-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Mmiri acid na-asọpụta na nkume === Ngwuputa ihe nke dị n'okpuru ala na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu n'okpuru mmiri mmiri, n'ihi ya, a ghaghị ịwụpụ mmiri mgbe niile na ogbunigwe ahụ iji gbochie idei mmiri. Mgbe a gbahapụrụ ogbunigwe, ịgbapụta mmiri a na-akwụsị, mmiri na-ejukwa ebe a na-egwupụta ihe. Iwebata mmiri a bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ mmiri mmiri acid. [[Usòrò:Lagoa_vermelha_na_Mina_do_Losal_05.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmiri na-esi n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ala na [[Portugal]]]] Ngwunye mmiri acid na-apụta n'ụzọ nkịtị n'ime mpaghara ụfọdụ dịka akụkụ nke usoro ihu igwe nke nkume mana ọ na-akawanye njọ site na nnukwu ọgba aghara ụwa njirimara nke Ngwuputa ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ewu ụlọ, na-emekarị n'ime nkume ndị nwere ụbara mineral sulfide. Ebe a kpasuru ụwa iwe (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebe a na-ewu ihe owuwu, nkewa nkewa, na okporo ụzọ njem) nwere ike ịmepụta mmiri mmiri acid. N'ọtụtụ mpaghara, mmiri mmiri nke na-esi n'ọkọba coal, ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi coal, ebe a na-asa akwa na ntụ ntụ nwere ike ịbụ nnukwu acidic, n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, a na-ewere ya dị ka acid mine drainage (AMD). Otu ụdị mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na usoro nwere ike ime site na mkpasu iwe nke ala acid sulfate guzobere n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụsọ oké osimiri ma ọ bụ estuarine mgbe oke oke mmiri nke ikpeazụ gasịrị, ma bụrụ ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi yiri ya. Nkà na ụzụ ise a na-eji nyochaa ma chịkwaa mmiri na-agafe n'ebe ndị a na-egwupụta ihe bụ usoro ntụgharị, ọdọ mmiri mgbochi, usoro mgbapụta mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, usoro mmiri na-agbanye n'okpuru, na ihe mgbochi n'okpuru. N'ihe banyere AMD, a na-agbanye mmiri na-emetọ emetọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ nke na-egbochi mmetọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/ndemers/Miningconference/mcindex.htm|title=Mining conference 2008|work=itech.fgcu.edu|accessdate=2023-05-10|archivedate=2017-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217164556/http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/ndemers/Miningconference/mcindex.htm}}</ref> Nnyocha nke afọ 2006 nke nkwupụta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi chọpụtara na "ebu amụma mmiri dị mma nke e mere mgbe ọ tụlere mmetụta nke mbelata ahụ na-eleda mmetụta dị n'okpuru ala, nsị, na mmiri dị n'elu ala".<ref>Maest et al. 2006. [http://www.asmr.us/Publications/Conference%20Proceedings/2006/1122-Maest-CO.pdf Predicted Versus Actual Water Quality at Hardrock Mine Sites: Effect of Inherent Geochemical and Hydrologic Characteristics].</ref> === Ígwè ndị dị arọ === Ọla dị arọ bụ ihe na-apụta n'okike nwere oke atọm dị elu yana njupụta dịkarịa ala ugboro ise karịa nke mmiri. Ngwa ụlọ ọrụ ha dị iche iche, ụlọ, ọrụ ugbo, ọgwụ na teknụzụ emeela ka ha kesaa n'obosara na gburugburu ebe obibi; na-ewelite nchegbu maka mmetụta ha nwere na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-egosiputa ọla dị arọ nke na-emekarị n'ụdị nke na-adịghị enweta ngwa ngwa maka osisi. A na-egosipụtakarị ha n'ụdị a na-apụghị ịsacha, dị ka n'ụdị ịnweta, ma ọ bụ n'ụdị dị mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-adịghị enweta ngwa ngwa maka ibu ihe ọkụkụ. Ọla dị arọ na-emekarị nwere ikike mgbasa ozi dị egwu n'ime ala, yabụ na ọ naghị enweta ngwa ngwa maka ihe ndị dị ndụ. Njide ike dị n'etiti ọla dị arọ na ala na-emekarị dị oke elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ahụ na ebe a na-enweta anthropogenic.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ayangbenro|first=Ayansina|date=2017-01-19|title=A New Strategy for Heavy Metal Polluted Environments: A Review of Microbial Biosorbents|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=14|issue=1|pages=94|doi=10.3390/ijerph14010094|pmid=28106848|issn=1660-4601}}</ref> Mgbasa na ibufe ọla na ọla ndị dị arọ site na ịgba ọsọ na mmiri ala bụ ihe atụ ọzọ nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ngwuputa ihe, dị ka Britannia Mine, bụbu ebe a na-egwupụta ọla kọpa dị nso na Vancouver, British Columbia. Tar Creek, mpaghara ebe a na-egwupụta akụ gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na Picher, Oklahoma nke bụzi saịtị Superfund na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, na-enwekwa mmerụ ahụ dị arọ. Mmiri dị n'ime ogbunigwe ahụ nwere ọla ndị gbazere agbaze dị ka lead na cadmium gbabara n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala, na-emetọ ya..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.state.ok.us/PROGRAM/envhlth/sites/ottawa.html|title=Ottawa County, Oklahoma Hazardous Waste Sites<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=2009-07-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220055930/http://www.health.state.ok.us/PROGRAM/envhlth/sites/ottawa.html|archivedate=2008-02-20}}</ref> Ịchekwa tailings na uzuzu ogologo oge nwere ike ibute nsogbu ndị ọzọ, ebe ọ bụ na ifufe nwere ike ịfesa ha ngwa ngwa, dị ka e mere na Skouriotissa, ebe a na-egwupụta ọla kọpa gbahapụrụ na Saịprọs. Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na ịba ụba ọrụ Ngwuputa nwere ike ịbawanye ọdịnaya nke ọla dị arọ na sedimenti iyi..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Xiang|date=2010-09-01|title=Environmental impact of mining activities on the surface water quality in Tibet: Gyama valley|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=408|issue=19|pages=4177–4184|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.015|issn=1879-1026|pmid=20542540}}</ref> == Mmetụta na ụdị dị iche iche == [[Usòrò:Tabubil-world_wind.png|thumb|Osimiri Ok Tedi na-emetọ site na nsị sitere na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe dị nso.]] Mgbakwunye nke ebe a na-egwupụta ihe bụ nnukwu mgbanwe ebe obibi, na obere nsogbu na-eme n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ buru ibu karịa ebe a na'ebe a na-erigbu ya, ihe mkpofu na-eguzogide ihe mkpofu nke ebe obibi dịka ọmụmaatụ. Enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta ọjọọ ogologo oge mgbe njedebe nke ọrụ ogbunigwe gasịrị.<ref name="art1">{{Cite journal|author=Jung|first=Myung Chae|title=Heavy metals contamination of soils and plants in the vicinity of a lead-zinc mine, Korea|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-geochemistry_january-march-1996_11_1-2/page/53|journal=Applied Geochemistry|date=1996|volume=11|issue=1–2|pages=53–59|doi=10.1016/0883-2927(95)00075-5}}</ref> Mbibi ma ọ bụ mgbanwe dị egwu nke saịtị mbụ na mwepụta nke ihe ndị sitere n'aka mmadụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sonter|first=Laura J.|date=December 2020|title=Renewable energy production will exacerbate mining threats to biodiversity|url=|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4174|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17928-5|issn=2041-1723|pmid=32873789}}</ref> Mbibi nke ebe obibi bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ nke ụdị dị iche iche, mana nsị kpọmkwem nke ihe ndị a na-ewepụta na ala kpatara, na nsị na-apụtaghị ìhè site na nri na mmiri, nwekwara ike imetụta ụmụ anụmanụ, ahịhịa na microorganisms. Mgbanwe ebe obibi dị ka pH na mgbanwe okpomọkụ na-enye obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu nsogbu. Ụdị ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ na-emetụta karịsịa, ebe ọ bụ na ha chọrọ ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi pụrụ iche. Mbibi ma ọ bụ obere mgbanwe nke ebe obibi ha tinyere ha n'ihe ize ndụ nke mkpochapụ. Ebe obibi nwere ike imebi mgbe enweghi ngwaahịa zuru oke nke ala yana ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị kemịkal, dị ka nnukwu nkume sitere na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na-atụfu na ala gbara ya gburugburu n'enweghị nchegbu maka mmetụta na ebe obibi okike.<ref name="art3">{{Cite journal|author=Diehl|first=E|title=Ground-dwelling ant fauna of sites with high levels of copper|journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology|date=2004|volume=61|issue=1|pages=33–39|doi=10.1590/S1519-69842004000100005|pmid=15195362}}</ref> A maara na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọla dị arọ na-ebelata na anya site na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, na mmetụta na ụdị dị iche iche na-agbaso otu usoro ahụ.<ref name="art1"/> Mmetụta nwere ike ịdịgasị iche iche dabere na njem na bioavailability nke mmetọ ahụ: mkpụrụ ndụ ndị na-adịghị agagharị agagharị ga-anọgide na-adịghị na gburugburu ebe obibi ebe mkpụrụ ndụ ndị nwere nnukwu njem ga-agagharị n'ụzọ dị mfe n'ime oghere ọzọ ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eburu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụdị nke ọla n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nwere ike ịgbanwe bioavailability ha, yana nsị ha maka ihe ndị dị na mmiri.<ref name="art13">{{Cite journal|author=Tarras-Wahlberga|first=N.H.|title=Environmental impacts and metal exposure of aquatic ecosystems in rivers contaminated by small scale gold mining: the Puyango River basin, southern Ecuador|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|date=2001|volume=278|issue=1–3|pages=239–261|doi=10.1016/s0048-9697(01)00655-6|pmid=11669272}}</ref> Biomagnification na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ebe obibi mmetọ: mmetụta nke igwu ala na ụdị dị iche iche, na-eche na ọkwa dị elu ezughi oke iji gbuo ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya, kwesịrị ịdị ukwuu karịa ụdị dị n'elu usoro nri n'ihi ihe omume a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cervantes-Ramírez|first=Laura T.|date=2018-05-18|title=Heavy metal biomagnification and genotoxic damage in two trophic levels exposed to mine tailings: a network theory approach|journal=[[Revista Chilena de Historia Natural]]|volume=91|issue=1|pages=6|doi=10.1186/s40693-018-0076-7|issn=0717-6317}}</ref> Mmetụta ọjọọ nke igwu ala na ụdị dị iche iche na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ọdịdị nke mmetọ ahụ, ọkwa nke itinye uche nke enwere ike ịchọta ya na gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị gburugburu ebe obibi n'onwe ya. Ụdị ụfọdụ na-eguzogide nsogbu ndị mmadụ na-akpata, ebe ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ ga-apụ kpamkpam na mpaghara ahụ emetụtara. Oge naanị ya yiri ka ọ naghị ekwe ka ebe obibi ahụ gbakee kpamkpam site na mmetọ ahụ.<ref name="art11">{{Cite journal|author=Pyatt|first=F. B.|title=An Imperial Legacy? An Exploration of the Environmental Impact of Ancient Metal Mining and Smelting in Southern Jordan|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|date=2000|volume=27|issue=9|pages=771–778|doi=10.1006/jasc.1999.0580}}</ref> Omume mgbazi na-ewe oge, na n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ agaghị eme ka e nwetaghachi ọdịiche dị iche iche dị tupu ọrụ igwu ala.<ref name="art7"/> == Ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri == Ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ala nwere ike imetụta ụdị dị iche iche nke mmiri site n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Otu ụzọ nwere ike ịbụ nsị kpọmkwem; ihe ize ndụ dị elu maka nke a na-eme mgbe mmetọ na-agagharị na sediment ma ọ bụ bioavailable na mmiri.<ref name="art2"/><ref name="art8">{{Cite journal|author=Niyogi|first=Dev K.|title=Effects of Stress from Mine Drainage on Diversity, Biomass, and Function of Primary Producers in Mountain Streams|journal=Ecosystems|volume=6|date=2002|issue=5|pages=554–567|doi=10.1007/s10021-002-0182-9}}</ref><ref name="art2" /> Mmiri na-adọba n'ime ala nwere ike ịgbanwe pH mmiri, na-eme ka o sie ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmetụta kpọmkwem na ihe ndị dị ndụ site na mmetụta nke mgbanwe pH kpatara.<ref name="art14">{{Cite journal|author=Ek|first=A. S.|title=Heavy metal pollution and lake acidity changes caused by one thousand years of copper mining at Falun, central Sweden|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-paleolimnology_2001-06_26_1/page/n94|journal=Journal of Paleolimnology|date=2001|volume=26|issue=1|pages=89–107|doi=10.1023/A:1011112020621}}</ref> A ka nwere ike ịhụ mmetụta ma gosipụta na ọ bụ mgbanwe pH kpatara ya.<ref name="art8" /> Contaminants nwekwara ike imetụta ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri site na mmetụta anụ ahụ: iyi ndị nwere oke nke sediment na-egbochi ìhè, si otú a na-ebelata biomass algae.<ref name="art8" /><ref name="art15">{{Cite journal|author=RYAN|first=PADDY A.|title=Environmental effects of sediment on New Zealand streams: a review|url=https://archive.org/details/new-zealand-journal-of-marine-and-freshwater-research_1991_25_2/page/207|journal=New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research|date=1991|volume=25|issue=2|pages=207–221|doi=10.1080/00288330.1991.9516472}}</ref> Ntinye metal oxide nwere ike igbochi biomass site na ikpuchi algae ma ọ bụ ihe ha, si otú ahụ gbochie colonization.<ref name="art8" /> [[Usòrò:Osisko_lake.JPG|thumb|Ọdọ mmiri Osisko e metọrọ emetọ na Rouyn-Noranda]] Ihe ndị na-emetụta obodo dị iche iche na ebe ndị acid na-egwupụta mmiri dịgasị iche n'oge na n'oge: okpomọkụ, mmiri ozuzo, pH, salinisation na ọnụọgụ ọla niile na-egosipụta ọdịiche dị iche iche n'ogologo oge, ma nwee ike imetụta obodo dị iche. Mgbanwe na pH ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ nwere ike imetụta solubility metal, yana site na ya ọnụọgụ bioavailable nke na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ọzọkwa, mmetọ na-aga n'ihu n'oge: afọ iri itoolu mgbe mmechi nke ebe a na-egwupụta pyrite gasịrị, pH mmiri ka dị ala ma ọnụ ọgụgụ microorganisms mejupụtara isi nje acidophil.<ref name="art6">{{Cite journal|author=Kimura|first=Sakurako|title=Biodiversity and geochemistry of an extremely acidic, low-temperature subterranean environment sustained by chemolithotrophy|journal=Environmental Microbiology|date=2011|volume=13|issue=8|pages=2092–2104|doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02434.x|pmid=21382147}}</ref> Otu nnukwu nnyocha nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu na ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri bụ mmetọ nke mere na Minamata Bay.<ref name="BABY-2010">{{Cite journal|author=BABY|first=Joseph|date=2010|title=Toxic effect of heavy metals on aquatic environment|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308299883|journal=International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences}}</ref> Methylmercury ka ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta kemịkal wepụtara n'ime mmiri na-adịghị mma ma chọpụta ọrịa a na-akpọ ọrịa Minamata na Kumamoto, [[Japan]].<ref name="BABY-2010" /> Nke a mere ka mercury na-egbu egbu na azụ na shellfishes ma ọ na-emetọ ụdị ndị gbara ya gburugburu ma ọtụtụ mmadụ nwụrụ site na ya ma ọ na'emetụta onye ọ bụla riri azụ ndị ahụ emetọ.<ref name="BABY-2010" /> === Microorganisms === Obodo algae dị obere na mmiri acid nwere zinc dị elu, na nrụgide mmiri na-ebelata mmepụta ha.<ref name="art8"/> Obodo Diatoms na-agbanwe nke ukwuu site na mgbanwe kemịkal ọ bụla, nchịkọta pH phytoplankton, na oke metal na-ebelata ọtụtụ ụdị planktonic.<ref name="art5">{{Cite journal|author=Salonen|first=Veli-Pekka Salonen|title=History of mine drainage impact on Lake Orija¨ rvi algal communities, SW Finland|journal=Journal of Paleolimnology|date=2006|volume=35|issue=2|pages=289–303|doi=10.1007/s10933-005-0483-z}}</ref><ref name="art16">{{Cite journal|author=Michelutti|first=Neal|title=Diatom Assessment of Past Environmental Changes in Lakes Located Near the Noril'sk (Siberia) Smelters|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_water-air-and-soil-pollution_2001-01_125_1-4/page/231|journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution|date=2001|volume=125|issue=1|pages=231–241|doi=10.1023/A:1005274007405}}</ref><ref name="art5" /> Ụfọdụ ụdị diatom nwere ike itolite na sediments dị elu.<ref name="art5" /> N'ime ihe ndị dị nso n'elu, cysts na-ata ahụhụ site na corrosion na mkpuchi dị arọ.<ref name="art5" /> N'ọnọdụ mmetọ dị ukwuu, ngụkọta algae biomass dị ala, na obodo diatom planktonic efuola.<ref name="art5" /> N'otu aka ahụ na phytoplankton, a na-agbanwe obodo zooplankton nke ukwuu n'ọnọdụ ebe mmetụta nke igwu ala siri ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leppänen|first=Jaakko Johannes|date=2018-09-01|title=An overview of Cladoceran studies conducted in mine water impacted lakes|journal=International Aquatic Research|language=en|volume=10|issue=3|pages=207–221|doi=10.1007/s40071-018-0204-7|issn=2008-6970}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na phytoplankton na zooplankton na-anọgide na-akwụsi ike. === Macro-organisms === A na-agbanwe ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na ihe ndị bi na mmiri na gburugburu ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, na-akpata obere okpomọkụ na obodo ha na-achịkwa ndị na-eri ibe ha.<ref name="art9">{{Cite journal|author=Gerhardt|first=A.|title=Macroinvertebrate response to acid mine drainage: community metrics and on-line behavioural toxicity bioassay|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-pollution_2004-07_130_2/page/263|journal=Environmental Pollution|date=2004|volume=130|issue=2|pages=263–274|doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2003.11.016|pmid=15158039}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụdị dị iche iche nke macroinvertebrates nwere ike ịnọgide na-adị elu, ma ọ bụrụ na a na-eji ụdị dị iche dị nro dochie anya ndị na-anabata.<ref name="art10" /> Mgbe a na-ebelata ọdịiche dị n'ime mpaghara ahụ, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ nweghị mmetụta nke mmetọ iyi na ụba ma ọ bụ biomass, na-atụ aro na ụdị na-anabata ihe na-arụ otu ọrụ ahụ na-ewere ọnọdụ nke ụdị dị nro na ebe ndị mmetọ. mbelata pH na mgbakwunye na oke metal nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ na omume macroinvertebrates, na-egosi na nsị kpọmkwem abụghị naanị nsogbu.<ref name="art10">{{Cite journal|author=MALMQVIST|first=BJOÈ RN|title=Influence of drainage from old mine deposits on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in central Swedish streams|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_water-research_1999-07_33_10/page/2415|journal=Water Research|date=1999|volume=33|issue=10|pages=2415–2423|doi=10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00462-x}}</ref> Azụ nwekwara ike imetụta pH, ọdịiche okpomọkụ, na oke kemịkal.<ref name="art17">{{Cite journal|author=Wong|first=H.K.T|title=Dispersion and toxicity of metals from abandoned gold mine tailings at Goldenville, Nova Scotia, Canada|journal=Science of the Total Environment|date=1999|volume=228|issue=1|pages=35–47|doi=10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00021-2}}</ref> == Ihe ndị bị n'elụ ala == === Ahịhịa === Enwere ike ịgbanwe ọdịdị ala na mmiri dị na ya nke ukwuu na ebe ndị nwere nsogbu, na-eduga na mgbanwe obodo osisi na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="art7"/> Ọtụtụ n'ime osisi ndị ahụ nwere obere nnagide maka ọla n'ime ala, mana mmetụta dị iche n'etiti ụdị. Ụdị ahịhịa dị iche iche na mkpuchi zuru oke anaghị emetụta oke mmetọ karịa forbs na shrubs.<ref name="art7" /> Enwere ike ịchọta ihe mkpofu ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu n'ihi ọrụ igwu ala n'akụkụ ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe dị anya site na isi iyi.<ref name="art4">{{Cite journal|author=del Pilar Ortega-Larrocea|first=Marıa|title=Plant and fungal biodiversity from metal mine wastes under remediation at Zimapan, Hidalgo, Mexico|journal=Environmental Pollution|date=2010|volume=158|issue=5|pages=1922–1931|doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.034|pmid=19910092}}</ref> Osisi ndị e guzobere enweghị ike ịpụ na nsogbu, ha ga-emesị nwụọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọla ma ọ bụ metalloids dị arọ emetọ ebe obibi ha n'ụzọ dị elu maka ahụike ha. Ụdị ụfọdụ na-eguzogide ma ga-adịgide na ọkwa ndị a, na ụfọdụ ụdị ndị na-abụghị nke ala nwere ike ịnagide mkpokọta ndị a n'ime ala, ga-akwaga n'ala ndị gbara ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ihe iji nọrọ na niche gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a nwekwara ike ịhapụ ala ka ọ ghara imebi ala, nke ga-eme ka osisi biri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=what is the most likely consequence of open pit mining on plant life? - Lisbdnet.com|url=https://lisbdnet.com/what-is-the-most-likely-consequence-of-open-pit-mining-on-plant-life-2/|accessdate=2022-04-08|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220221114/https://lisbdnet.com/what-is-the-most-likely-consequence-of-open-pit-mining-on-plant-life-2/}}</ref> Enwere ike imetụta osisi site na nsị kpọmkwem, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe dị n'ala arsenic na-ebelata ụdị dị iche iche nke bryophyte.<ref name="art2"/> Ahịhịa nwekwara ike imerụ site na ọla ndị ọzọ dịka nickel na ọla kọpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hutchinson|first=T. C.|date=1974|title=Heavy-metal Pollution in the Sudbury Mining and Smelting Region of Canada, I. Soil and Vegetation Contamination by Nickel, Copper, and Other Metals|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0376892900004240/type/journal_article|journal=Environmental Conservation|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=123–132|doi=10.1017/S0376892900004240|issn=0376-8929}}</ref> Acidification nke ala site na mbelata pH site na mmetọ kemịkal nwekwara ike iduga na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ụdị.<ref name="art2" /> Ihe ndị na-emetọ mmadụ nwere ike ịgbanwe ma ọ bụ mebie microorganisms, si otú a gbanwee nnweta ihe oriri, na-akpata mfu nke ahịhịa n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="art2" /> Mgbọrọgwụ osisi ụfọdụ na-esi n'ala dị omimi pụọ iji zere mpaghara emetọ, ya mere enweghị nkedo n'ime ala dị omimi, na-akpata ike iwepụ mgbọrọgwụ site n'ikuku mgbe ịdị elu ha na ịdị arọ ha na-abawanye.<ref name="art4"/> N'ozuzu, a na-ebelata nyocha mgbọrọgwụ n'ebe ndị emetọla ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-emetọghị.<ref name="art7">{{Cite journal|author=Mummey|first=Daniel L.|title=Soil microbiological properties 20 years after surface mine reclamation: spatial analysis of reclaimed and undisturbed sites|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_soil-biology-biochemistry_2002-11_34_11/page/1717|journal=Soil Biology and Biochemistry|date=2002|volume=34|issue=11|pages=1717–1725|doi=10.1016/s0038-0717(02)00158-x}}</ref> Ụdị osisi dị iche iche ga-anọgide na-adị ala na ebe obibi ndị a weghachiri karịa na mpaghara ndị a na-emetụbeghị.<ref name="art7" /> Dabere na ụdị igwu ala a na-eme, enwere ike iwepụ ahịhịa niile n'ógbè ahụ tupu ịmalite igwu ala n'ezie.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Yi|date=2014-08-24|title=Effect of coal mining on vegetation disturbance and associated carbon loss|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3584-z|journal=Environmental Earth Sciences|volume=73|issue=5|pages=2329–2342|doi=10.1007/s12665-014-3584-z|issn=1866-6280}}</ref> Ihe ọkụkụ a kụrụ akụ nwere ike ịbụ nsogbu n'akụkụ ebe a na-egwupụta ihe. Ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike itolite n'ebe ndị na-adịghị emetọ, mana ihe ọkụkụ na-adịkarị ala karịa ka ọ gaara abụ n'ọnọdụ uto mgbe niile. Osisi na-enwekarị ọla dị arọ n'ime akụkụ ha dị elu, nke nwere ike iduga mmadụ na-eri mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Orji|first=O. U.|date=2021-08-01|title=Assessment of Levels and Health Risks of Trace Metals in Soils and Food Crops Cultivated on Farmlands Near Enyigba Mining Sites, Ebonyi State, Nigeria|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X22068429|journal=Journal of Food Protection|language=en|volume=84|issue=8|pages=1288–1294|doi=10.4315/JFP-20-295|pmid=33465238|issn=0362-028X}}</ref> Nri a na-eri ihe ọkụkụ ndị na-emetọ emetọ mgbe niile nwere ike ibute nsogbu ahụike nke na-esite na mkpuchi ígwè ogologo oge.<ref name="art1"/> Cigarettes e ji ụtaba na-eto n'ebe ndị e metọrọ emetọ nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ na ndị mmadụ, ebe ụtaba na'enwekarị cadmium na zinc na akwụkwọ ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barabasz|first=A.|date=2010-05-19|title=Metal accumulation in tobacco expressing Arabidopsis halleri metal hyperaccumulation gene depends on external supply|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq129|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=11|pages=3057–3067|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq129|pmid=20484319|issn=0022-0957}}</ref> === Anụmanụ === [[Usòrò:Malartik_mine_-_Osisko.JPG|thumb|Ebe a na-egwupụta mmanụ ala na Osisko]] Mbibi ebe obibi bụ otu n'ime isi okwu nke ọrụ igwu ala. A na-ebibi nnukwu ebe obibi okike n'oge a na-arụ ma na-erigbu ya, na-amanye ụmụ anụmanụ ịhapụ ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cristescu|first=Bogdan|date=2016|title=Large Omnivore Movements in Response to Surface Mining and Mine Reclamation|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|pages=19177|doi=10.1038/srep19177|pmid=26750094}}</ref> Ụmụ anụmanụ nwere ike ịnwe nsí ozugbo site na ngwaahịa ndị dị n'ime ala na ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ. Bioaccumulation na osisi ma ọ bụ obere ihe ndị ha na-eri nwekwara ike ibute nsị: ịnyịnya, ewu na atụrụ na-ekpughe n'ebe ụfọdụ na oke nsị nke ọla kọpa na ọnya n'ime ahịhịa.<ref name="art11"/> E nwere ụdị ndanda ole na ole n'ime ala nwere oke ọla kọpa, n'akụkụ ebe a na-egwupụta ọla kọpa.<ref name="art3"/> Ọ bụrụ na a chọta ụmụ ahụhụ ole na ole, ohere dị elu na ihe ndị ọzọ bi na gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu site na ọkwa ọla kọpa dị elu. Ndanda nwere ezi mkpebi ma ọ bụrụ na ebe a na-ahụkarị ka ha na-ebi kpọmkwem n'ime ala ma si otú a na-emetụta nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. === Microorganisms === Microorganisms na-emetụta mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi nke ukwuu, dị ka pH gbanwere, mgbanwe okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ oke kemịkal n'ihi ogo ha.<ref name="art2">{{Cite journal|author=Steinhauser|first=Georg|title=Metalloid Contaminated Microhabitats and their Biodiversity at a Former Antimony Mining Site in Schlaining, Austria|journal=Open Environmental Sciences|date=2009|volume=3|pages=26–41|doi=10.2174/1876325100903010026}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụnọ nke arsenic na antimony n'ime ala emeela ka mbelata nke nje bacteria n'ime ụwa.<ref name="art2" /> Dị ka mmetụta mmiri, obere mgbanwe na pH ala nwere ike ịkpali remobilisation nke mmetọ, na mgbakwunye na mmetụta kpọmkwem na ihe ndị na-emetụta pH.<ref name="art12">{{Cite journal|author=Rösner|first=T.|title=The environmental impact gold mine tailings footprints in the Johannesburg region, South Africa|journal=Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment|date=2000|volume=59|issue=2|pages=137–148|doi=10.1007/s100640000037}}</ref> Microorganisms nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ ha niile, yabụ enwere ohere ka ukwuu nke ịdị ndụ nke ụdị ahụ n'ihi nguzogide ma ọ bụ nnagide mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ ihe nkita nke ụfọdụ mpaghara nwere, ọ bụrụhaala na mgbanwe adịghị oke njọ.<ref name="art62">{{Cite journal|author=Hoostal|first=MJ|title=Local adaptation of microbial communities to heavy metal stress in polluted sediments of Lake Erie|journal=FEMS Microbiology Ecology|date=2008|volume=65|issue=1|pages=156–168|doi=10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00522.x|pmid=18559016}}</ref> Ka o sina dị, ịdị ndụ n'ọnọdụ ndị a ga-apụta nnukwu mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na-akpata mbelata ikike maka mgbanwe na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ. Ala na-emepebeghị emepe n'ebe ndị nwere oke metal nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịrịba ama nke ọrụ dị ala microfauna na microflora, na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala ma ọ bụ ọrụ dị ala.<ref name="art2"/> Afọ iri abụọ mgbe ọgba aghara gasịrị, ọbụlagodi na mpaghara mmezigharị, biomass microbial ka na-ebelata nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ebe obibi na-enweghị nsogbu.<ref name="art7"/> Fungi mycorrhiza nke Arbuscular na-emetụta ọnụnọ nke kemịkal, ala na-emetụtakwa mgbe ụfọdụ nke na ha enweghịzi ike ijikọ na osisi mgbọrọgwụ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ fungi nwere ikike nchịkọta mmetọ na ikike nhicha ala site na ịgbanwe biodisponibility nke mmetọ, nke a nwere ike ichebe osisi site na mmebi nke kemịkal nwere ike ịkpata.<ref name="art4"/><ref name="art4" /> Ọnụnọ ha n'ebe ndị e metọrọ emetọ nwere ike igbochi mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche n'ihi mmetọ nke ihe mkpofu, ma ọ bụ nye ohere maka bioremediation, iwepụ kemịkal ndị a na-achọghị site na ala emetọ.<ref name="art4" /> N'ụzọ dị iche, ụfọdụ microbes nwere ike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi: nke nwere ike iduga na SO4 dị elu na mmiri ma nwee ike ịbawanye mmepụta microbial nke hydrogen sulfide, nsí maka ọtụtụ osisi na ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri.<ref name="art4" /> == Ihe mkpofu == === Tailings === Usoro igwu ala na-emepụta ihe mkpofu karịrị akarị a maara dị ka tailings. Ihe ndị a hapụrụ mgbe e mesịrị bụ nsonaazụ nkewa nke akụkụ bara uru site na akụkụ na-enweghị akụ na ụba nke ore. Nnukwu ihe mkpofu ndị a bụ ngwakọta mmiri, ájá, ụrọ, na bitumen fọdụrụnụ. A na-echekwa nsị n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị e ji ndagwurugwu ndị dị ugbu a mee ma ọ bụ nnukwu ihe mgbochi na usoro mmiri.<ref name="CA oil sands">{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadasoilsands.ca/en/explore-topics/tailings-ponds|title=Tailings Ponds|work=Canada's Oil Sands|accessdate=2023-05-10|archivedate=2019-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113080442/https://www.canadasoilsands.ca/en/explore-topics/tailings-ponds}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ndị na-agba ọsọ nwere ike ịnọgide na-abụ akụkụ nke ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ruo afọ 300. Nke a na-enye ohere maka nkwụnye ego, ma ọ bụ maka nchekwa na iji mmiri mee ihe.<ref name="CA oil sands" /> Tailings nwere nnukwu ikike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi site na ịhapụ ọla na-egbu egbu site na mmiri acid ma ọ bụ site na imebi anụ ọhịa mmiri; ha abụọ chọrọ nlekota na ọgwụgwọ nke mmiri na-agafe na mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franks|first=DM|date=2011|title=Sustainable Development Principles for the Disposal of Mining and Mineral Processing Wastes|journal=Resources Policy|volume=36|issue=2|pages=114–122|doi=10.1016/j.resourpol.2010.12.001}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ihe ize ndụ kasịnụ nke ọdọ mmiri tailings bụ ọdịda mmiri. A na-ejikarị ihe ndị a na-enweta n'ógbè (ala, ihe mkpofu siri ike, ma ọ bụ ihe karịrị akarị site na ọrụ ndị na-egwupụta ihe na ihe ndị a ga-egweri egweri) emepụta ọdọ mmiri ndị a na mgbidi ndị a na ya iji kwado ọtụtụ ihe ndị a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rico|first=M|date=2008|title=Floods from tailings dam failures|doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.110|pmid=18096316|journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials|volume=154|issue=1–3|pages=79–87}}</ref> Enweghị ụkpụrụ maka ụkpụrụ imepụta nke ọdọ mmiri tailings bụ ihe na-etinye gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihe ize ndụ maka idei mmiri site na ọdọ mmiri taillings. === Spoil tip === Spoil tip bụ ikpo ihe mkpokọta nke e wepụrụ n'ebe a na-egwupụta coal ma ọ bụ ore. Ihe mkpofu ndị a nwere ala na nkume nkịtị, nke nwere ike imerụ ya na ihe mkpofu kemịkal. Ihe mkpofu dị nnọọ iche na tailings, ebe ọ bụ na a na-edozi ihe nke na-anọgide mgbe ewepụla ihe ndị bara uru na ore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/spoil+tip|title=Spoil tip}}</ref> Spoil tip nwere ike ime n'ụzọ a na-ahụkarị dịka, isi ihe ndị na-emebu ihe na-adịkarị ala ma na-agbanye n'akụkụ nke ụyọkọ. Dị ka ihe nkwata na-ejikarị ihe carbonaceous nke na-ere ọkụ nke ukwuu, ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ntụ ọkụ nwere ike ịgba ya ọkụ na mberede.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/S0166-1116(08)70744-1|chapter=7 Colliery Spoil Heap Combustion|title=The Reclamation of Former Coal Mines and Steelworks|pages=213–232|series=Studies in Environmental Science|year=1993|isbn=9780444817037}}</ref> Spoil tip nwere ike ịnwụrụ ọkụ ma hapụ ya ka ọ na-ere ọkụ n'okpuru ala ma ọ bụ n'ime ihe mkpofu ruo ọtụtụ afọ. == Ọrụ igwu ala == Ọrụ igwu ala, gụnyere nchọpụta, nchọpụta, iwu, ịrụ ọrụ, mmezi, mgbasawanye, ịhapụ, ịkwụsị ọrụ na ịmegharị ihe ndị a na-egwupụta n'ime ala nwere ike imetụta usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma, na ụzọ kpọmkwem na nke na nke na'apụtaghị ìhè.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Haddaway|first=Neal R.|date=2019-02-21|title=Evidence of the impacts of metal mining and the effectiveness of mining mitigation measures on social–ecological systems in Arctic and boreal regions: a systematic map protocol|journal=Environmental Evidence|volume=8|issue=1|pages=9|doi=10.1186/s13750-019-0152-8|issn=2047-2382}}</ref> == Mmetụta nke mmetọ ala na ụmụ mmadụ == Ndị mmadụ na-emetụtakwa site na igwu ala. E nwere ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị nwere ike ịpụta site na mmetọ ndị a na-ewepụta n'ime ikuku na mmiri n'oge usoro igwu ala. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge ọrụ ịgbaze, a na-ewepụta nnukwu ikuku na-emetọ ikuku, dị ka ihe na-akwụsị akwụsị, SOx, arsenic particles na cadmium. A na-ejikarị ọla eme ihe n'ime ikuku dị ka ụmụ irighiri ihe. E nwekwara ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike n'ọrụ nke ndị na-egwupụta ihe na-eche ihu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-egwupụta akụ̀ na ụba na-arịa ọrịa iku ume na akpụkpọ ahụ dị iche iche dị ka asbestosis, silicosis, ma ọ bụ ọrịa akpa ume ojii.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Donoghue|first=A. M.|date=2004-08-01|title=Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqh072|journal=Occupational Medicine|volume=54|issue=5|pages=283–289|doi=10.1093/occmed/kqh072|pmid=15289583|issn=0962-7480}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, otu n'ime nnukwu akụkụ nke igwu ala nke na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ bụ mmetọ ndị na-ejedebe na mmiri, nke na-akpata àgwà mmiri dị njọ.<ref name="Schwarzenbach-2010">{{Cite journal|author=Schwarzenbach|first=René P.|date=2010-11-21|title=Global Water Pollution and Human Health|journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=109–136|doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-100809-125342|issn=1543-5938}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri atọ nke ụwa nwere ohere ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ụlọ ọrụ na-eji emepụta nnukwu ihe mkpofu nwere kemịkal dị iche iche nke a na-etinye n'ime mmiri dị ọcha.<ref name="Schwarzenbach-2010" /> Nchegbu nke kemịkal na-arụ ọrụ na mmiri nwere ike ibute nnukwu ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike mmadụ n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ịba n'ime mmiri na azụ.<ref name="Schwarzenbach-2010" /> E mere nnyocha na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala na China, ebe a na na-eguzogide ihe na Dabaoshan na ebe a anaghị arụ ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma mmetụta nke otu ọla nwere ike isi gbakọta na mmiri na ala bụ nnukwu nchegbu maka obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu.<ref name="Zhuang-2009">{{Cite journal|author=Zhuang|first=Ping|date=2009-02-15|title=Health risk from heavy metals via consumption of food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine, South China|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969708011121|journal=Science of the Total Environment|language=en|volume=407|issue=5|pages=1551–1561|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.061|pmid=19068266|issn=0048-9697}}</ref> N'ihi enweghị nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị nke ihe mkpofu, a na-eme atụmatụ na 56% nke ọnụọgụ ọnwụ n'ime mpaghara ndị gbara ebe ndị a na-egwupụta ihe, a chọpụtakwala na ọtụtụ ndị nwere ọrịa kansa esophageal na ọrịa imeju.<ref name="Zhuang-2009" /> O mere ka ebe a na-egwupụta ihe ruo taa ka nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ahụike mmadụ site na ihe ọkụkụ ma o doro anya na ọ dị mkpa ka e mee ihe ndị ọzọ na-ehicha gburugburu ebe ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Mmetụta na-adịte aka nke metụtara mmetọ ikuku bụ ọtụtụ gụnyere ụkwara ume ọkụ na-adịghị ala ala, ọrịa akpa ume, na ọnwụ obi. Dị ka nnyocha ndị otu [[Sweden]] si kwuo, ọ dị ka a na-akpata ọrịa shuga mgbe mmetọ ikuku ogologo oge gasịrị. Ọzọkwa, mmetọ ikuku yiri ka ọ nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na-adịghị mma na ndụ mmadụ, dị ka nsogbu iku ume, obi, uche, na nsogbu perinatal, na-eduga na ọnwụ ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala n'oge okenye. Nkwurịta banyere mmetọ na-emetụta ndị bi na nnukwu obodo ukwu, ebe ọpụpụ n'okporo ámá na-enye aka kachasị na mmebi nke ikwurịta àgwà. E nwekwara egwu nke ọghọm igwe, ebe mgbasa nke anwụrụ ọkụ na-emerụ ahụ nwere ike igbu ndị bi na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu. A na-ekpebi mgbasa nke nsí site n'ọtụtụ akụkụ, nke kachasị mma na ikuku.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Manisalidis|first=Ioannis|date=2020-02-20|title=Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|volume=8|pages=14|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014|issn=2296-2565|pmid=32154200}}</ref> == Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa == Site na igwu ala na-emeghe oghere, a ga-ewepụ ihe karịrị akarị, nke nwere ike ikpuchi n'oké ọhịa, tupu igwu ala amalite. Ọ bụ ezie na mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ihi igwu ala nwere ike ịdị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere ngụkọta nke ọ nwere ike iduga na mkpochapụ ụdị ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ọkwa dị elu nke mpaghara mpaghara. Ndụ nke igwu coal bụ otu n'ime usoro kachasị njọ nke na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ihi oke nsí, na ọla dị arọ nke a na-ewepụta n'ala na mmiri.<ref name="doi.org">Prasad, Siva, T Byragi Reddy, and Ramesh Vadde. 2015. “Environmental Aspects and Impacts Its Mitigation Measures of Corporate Coal Mining” 11: 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2015.06.002.</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na mmetụta nke igwupụta coal na-ewe ogologo oge iji metụta gburugburu ebe obibi ọkụ nke coal na ọkụ nke nwere ike ịgba ọkụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ nwere ike ịhapụ ntụ na-efe efe ma mụbaa gas na-ekpo ọkụ. N'ụzọ doro anya, a na-egwupụta ihe nke nwere ike ibibi ala, oké ọhịa, na ebe obibi anụ ọhịa ndị dị nso na saịtị ndị ahụ.<ref name="doi.org" /> A na-ewepụ osisi, osisi na ala dị n'elu n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe ma nke a nwere ike iduga na mbibi nke ala ugbo. Ọzọkwa, mgbe mmiri na-ezo, a na-asa ntụ na ihe ndị ọzọ n'iyi nke nwere ike imerụ azụ. Mmetụta ndị a ka nwere ike ime mgbe emechara ebe a na-egwupụta ihe nke na-emetụta ọnụnọ nke ala na mweghachi nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na-ewe ogologo oge karịa ka ọ na-adịkarị n'ihi na ọdịdị ala ahụ na-emebi.<ref name="doi.org" /> Igwu ala iwu kwadoro, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-achịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi karịa igwu ala iwu na-akwadoghị, na-enye aka na pasent ụfọdụ dị ukwuu na mgbukpọ ọhịa nke mba ndị na-ekpo ọkụ.<ref> {{Cite journal|author=González-González|first=Andrés|date=May 2021|title=Growing mining contribution to Colombian deforestation|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=16|issue=6|pages=064046|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/abfcf8}} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sonter|first=Laura|date=October 2017|title=Mining drives extensive deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon|journal=Nature Communications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1013|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-00557-w|pmid=29044104}} </ref> == Mmetụta metụtara ụdị ụfọdụ nke igwu ala == === Ebe a na-egwupụta coal === Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ coal abụghị naanị na ọ na-emetụta mmetọ ikuku, njikwa mmiri na ojiji ala kamakwa ọ na-akpata mmetụta ahụike siri ike site na ọkụ nke coal. [[Mmetọ ikuku]] na-abawanye n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nsí dịka mercury, ọta, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides na ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ.<ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{Cite journal|author=Bian|first=Zhengfu|date=2010-03-01|title=Environmental issues from coal mining and their solutions|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674526409601873|journal=Mining Science and Technology (China)|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=215–223|doi=10.1016/S1674-5264(09)60187-3|issn=1674-5264}}</ref> Nke a na-akpata nsogbu ahụike metụtara nsogbu iku ume ma na-emetụta anụ ọhịa gburugburu ebe ndị gbara ya gburugburu chọrọ ikuku dị ọcha iji dịrị ndụ. Ọdịnihu nke mmetọ ikuku ka na-edochaghị anya dịka Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi agbalịwo igbochi ụfọdụ ikuku ma enweghị usoro nchịkwa maka ụlọ ọrụ niile na-emepụta coal.<ref name="sciencedirect.com" /> Mmetọ mmiri bụ ihe ọzọ na-emebi n'oge usoro a nke igwu coal, a na-ebukarị ntụ sitere na coal na mmiri ozuzo nke na-asọba n'ebe mmiri buru ibu. Ọ nwere ike iwe ihe ruru afọ 10 iji mee ka ebe mmiri dị ọcha nke nwere ihe mkpofu coal na ikike imebi mmiri dị ọcha nwere ike ime ka nzacha sie ike. === Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'oké osimiri === Mmanụ ala dị omimi maka manganese nodules na ihe ndị ọzọ emeela ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mmiri na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nwee nchegbu banyere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi dị omimi. Ihe ọmụma banyere mmetụta ndị nwere ike inwe bụ nke a kpaara ókè n'ihi obere nnyocha na ndụ miri emi nke oké osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-12|title=David Attenborough calls for ban on 'devastating' deep sea mining|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/12/david-attenborough-calls-for-ban-on-devastating-deep-sea-mining|accessdate=2021-09-11|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Halfar|first=Jochen|date=2007-05-18|title=Danger of Deep-Sea Mining|url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1138289|journal=Science|volume=316|issue=5827|language=EN|doi=10.1126/science.1138289|pmid=17510349}}</ref> === Mmanụ ala lithium === [[Usòrò:Lithium_Mining_at_Salar_del_Hombre_Muerto,_Argentina.jpg|thumb|Mmanụ ala lithium na Salar del Hombre Muerto, Argentina]] Lithium anaghị apụta dị ka ígwè n'ụzọ okike ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-emeghachi omume nke ukwuu, mana a na-ahụ ya na obere ego na nkume, ala, na mmiri.<ref name="Kaunda-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Kaunda|first=Rennie B.|date=2020-07-02|title=Potential environmental impacts of lithium mining|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2020.1754596|journal=Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law|volume=38|issue=3|pages=237–244|doi=10.1080/02646811.2020.1754596|issn=0264-6811}}</ref> Enwere ike ikpughe ihe a na-ewepụta lithium n'ụdị nkume na ikuku, mmiri, na ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sun|first=Ying|date=2021-02-01|title=Recent advances in magnesium/lithium separation and lithium extraction technologies from salt lake brine|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383586620322814|journal=Separation and Purification Technology|language=en|volume=256|pages=117807|doi=10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117807|issn=1383-5866}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, a na-achọ batrị n'ụwa niile maka ịnwe lithium n'ihe gbasara mmepụta, kemịkal na-egbu egbu nke lithium na-emepụta nwere ike imetụta ụmụ mmadụ, ala, na ụdị mmiri.<ref name="Kaunda-2020" /> Mmepụta lithium ji 25% mụbaa n'etiti afọ 2000 na 2007 maka iji batrị, a na-ahụkwa isi iyi lithium na ọdọ mmiri saline.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Talens Peiró|first=Laura|date=2013-07-11|title=Lithium: Sources, Production, Uses, and Recovery Outlook|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jom_2013-08_65_8/page/986|journal=JOM|volume=65|issue=8|pages=986–996|doi=10.1007/s11837-013-0666-4|issn=1047-4838}}</ref> A na-achọpụta Lithium ma wepụta ya na mineral 150, ụrọ, ọtụtụ brines, na mmiri oké osimiri, ọ bụ ezie na iwepụta lithium site na ụdị nkume dị okpukpu abụọ karịa nke lithium wepụtara na brines, nkezi saline dị ukwuu karịa ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkezi lithium siri ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Flexer|first=Victoria|date=October 2018|title=Lithium recovery from brines: A vital raw material for green energies with a potential environmental impact in its mining and processing|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.223|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=639|pages=1188–1204|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.223|pmid=29929287|issn=0048-9697}}</ref> === Mmanụ ala phosphate === [[Usòrò:Karst_following_phosphate_mining_on_Nauru.jpg|thumb|Karst limestone na Nauru Island nke na-emetụta site na igwupụta phosphate]] A na-egwupụta nkume ndị nwere phosphate iji mepụta phosphorus, ihe dị mkpa eji eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ ugbo.<ref name="Yang-2014">{{Cite journal|author=Yang|first=Yu-You|date=2014-11-01|title=Environmental impacts caused by phosphate mining and ecological restoration: a case history in Kunming, China|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1212-6|journal=Natural Hazards|language=en|volume=74|issue=2|pages=755–770|doi=10.1007/s11069-014-1212-6|issn=1573-0840}}</ref> Usoro nke iwepụta na-agụnye iwepụ ahịhịa dị n'elu, si otú a kpughee nkume phosphorus na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ala, na-emebi mpaghara ala na phosphorum a kpughere, na-akpata mbuze ala.<ref name="Yang-2014" /> Ngwaahịa ndị a na-ewepụta site na igwupụta ore phosphate bụ ihe mkpofu, na nsị, na-akpata ikpughe mmadụ na ihe ndị na-adịghị mma site na nsị emetọ site na iku ume na ihe ndị dị na-egbu egbu na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ bụ (Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu na Pb).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khelifi|first=Faten|date=February 2021|title=Bioaccessibility of potentially toxic metals in soil, sediments and tailings from a north Africa phosphate-mining area: Insight into human health risk assessment|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111634|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=279|pages=111634|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111634|pmid=33213991|issn=0301-4797}}</ref> === Ngwupụta mmanụ shale === Mmanụ shale bụ nkume sedimentary nwere kerogen nke enwere ike ịmepụta hydrocarbons. Mmanụ ala na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ọ nwere ike imebi ala na gburugburu ebe obibi. Okpomọkụ na ọkụ na-emepụta ọtụtụ ihe na ihe mkpofu nke gụnyere carbon dioxide na gas na-ekpo ọkụ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-emegide mmepụta na ojiji nke mmanụ shale n'ihi na ọ na-emepụta nnukwu gas na-ekpo ọkụ. N'etiti mmetọ ikuku, mmetọ mmiri bụ nnukwu ihe karịsịa n'ihi na mmanụ shales na-emeso oxygen na hydrocarbons.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jiang|first=Zaixing|date=2016-12-01|title=Basic characteristics and evaluation of shale oil reservoirs|journal=Petroleum Research|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=149–163|doi=10.1016/S2096-2495(17)30039-X|issn=2096-2495}}</ref> Enwere mgbanwe na ala na ebe ndị a na-egwupụta ihe n'ihi igwupụta mmanụ na mmepụta site na iji ngwaahịa kemịkal.<ref name="Toomik, Arvi 1998">Toomik, Arvi, and Valdo Liblik. 1998. “Oil Shale Mining and Processing Impact on Landscapes in North-East Estonia” 41: 285–92.</ref> Mgbanwe ala n'ime mpaghara nke igwu ala n'okpuru ala bụ nsogbu nke na-adịte aka n'ihi na ọ na-akpata ebe ndị na-adịghị akwụsi ike. Igwu ala n'okpuru ala na-akpata nhazi ọhụrụ nke nwere ike dabara adaba maka uto osisi ụfọdụ, mana enwere ike ịchọ nrụzigharị.<ref name="Toomik, Arvi 1998" /> === Ngwupụta nke elu ugwu === Ngwupụta élú úgwú (Mountain top removal mining - MTR) na-eme mgbe a na-egbutu osisi, na igwe na bọmbụ na-ewepụkwa coal.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Marberry|first=M. Katie|date=2020-10-01|title=The role of mountaintop removal mining in the opioid crisis|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1533256X.2020.1821539|journal=Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions|volume=20|issue=4|pages=302–310|doi=10.1080/1533256X.2020.1821539|issn=1533-256X}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ala ahụ nwere ike ịnwe idei mmiri na-eme ka mmetọ site na kemịkal.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holzman David C.|date=2011-11-01|title=Mountaintop Removal Mining: Digging Into Community Health Concerns|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=119|issue=11|pages=a476–a483|doi=10.1289/ehp.119-a476|pmid=22171378}}</ref> Mpaghara dị oke egwu nke iwepụ ugwu na-eme ka mmiri mmiri na-emebi n'akụkụ mmiri na ala ma si otú a wepụ igwu ala na-emetụta nzaghachi mmiri na mmiri ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nippgen|first=Fabian|date=August 2017|title=Creating a More Perennial Problem? Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining Enhances and Sustains Saline Baseflows of Appalachian Watersheds|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|language=en|volume=51|issue=15|pages=8324–8334|doi=10.1021/acs.est.7b02288|pmid=28704046|issn=0013-936X}}</ref> === Igwu ala ájá === Igwupụta ájá na igwupụta gravel na-emepụta nnukwu oghere na oghere n'elu ụwa. Mgbe ụfọdụ, igwu ala nwere ike ịgbasa nke ukwuu nke na ọ na-emetụta mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, isi iyi, olulu mmiri dị n"okpuru ala, na tebụl mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Maliva|first=Robert G.|date=December 2010|title=Simulations of Impacts of Sand and Rock Mining on Florida Coastal Plain Water Resources|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10230-010-0119-z|journal=Mine Water and the Environment|language=en|volume=29|issue=4|pages=294–300|doi=10.1007/s10230-010-0119-z|issn=1025-9112}}</ref> Nnukwu egwu nke ọrụ igwu ala ájá gụnyere mmebi ala ọwa, mmepụta osimiri na mbuze.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barman|first=Bandita|date=2019-09-01|title=Impact of sand mining on alluvial channel flow characteristics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857419301727|journal=Ecological Engineering|language=en|volume=135|pages=36–44|doi=10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.05.013|issn=0925-8574}}</ref> Mmanụ ala ájá emeela ka mmụba nke mmiri na-adịghị mma n'ọtụtụ n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Hongze, ọdọ mmiri nke anọ kachasị ukwuu dị na China.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zou|first=Wei|date=December 2019|title=Catastrophic effects of sand mining on macroinvertebrates in a large shallow lake with implications for management|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133706|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=695|pages=133706|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133706|pmid=31419677|issn=0048-9697}}</ref> == Mbelata == Iji hụ na emechaala, ma ọ bụ iweghachi ala ala maka iji ya mee ihe n'ọdịnihu, ọtụtụ gọọmentị na ndị na-achịkwa gburugburu ụwa chọrọ ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwupụta ihe na-etinye ụgwọ a ga-ejide na nchekwa ruo mgbe egosiri na mmepụta nke ala a weghachiri, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụrụ na usoro nhicha dị oke ọnụ karịa nha nke bond ahụ, enwere ike ịhapụ ụgwọ ahụ. Kemgbe afọ 1978, ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ala weghachitere ihe karịrị nde acres abụọ (8,000km²) nke ala na United States naanị. Ala a e weghachiri emeela ka ahịhịa na anụ ọhịa dị ọhụrụ n'ala ndị a na-egwupụta ihe n'oge gara aga ma nwedịrị ike iji ya mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo na ịkpa anụ. == Ebe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ == * Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala Tui na New Zealand * Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na Stockton na New Zealand * Northland Pyrite Mine na Temagami, Ontario, Canada * Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na Sherman na Temagami, Ontario, Canada * Ok Tedi Mine na Western Province, Papua New Guinea * Olulu Mmiri Berkeley * Wheal Jane Mines == Hụkwa == * Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke igwu ala miri emi n'oké osimiri * Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke igwu ala * Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke igwupụta ọlaedo * Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke igwupụta zinc * Ndepụta nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi * Appalachian Voices, otu ndị na-akwado ndị mmadụ na United States * Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala * Ihe ndị sitere n'okike == Edensibia == <references responsive="0"></references> [[Òtù:Mmetọ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s5wyopk20nh9a82uv5vmivin6rwv64x 0 26314 728069 697866 2026-09-26T02:55:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Cloud_formation_from_refinery_in_Curacao.jpg|thumb|Igwe ojii acid nwere ike itolite na mpụga SO2 sitere na refineries, dịka a hụrụ ebe a na Curaçao.]] '''Mmiri ozuzo acid''' bụ mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ụdị mmiri ozuzo ọ bụla ọzọ nke na adịghị ahụkebe, nke pụtara na ọ nwere ọkwa dị elu nke hydrogen ion (pH dị ala). Ọtụtụ mmiri, gụnyere mmiri ọṅụṅụ, nwere pH na anọpụ iche nke dị n'etiti 6.5 na 8.5, mana mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ọkwa pH dị ala karịa nke a ma na agbanwe site na 4 Xia5 na nkezi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2015-09-03|title=Drinking Water Regulations and Contaminants|url=https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/drinking-water-regulations-and-contaminants|accessdate=2021-10-19|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OAR|date=2016-02-09|title=What is Acid Rain?|url=https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain|accessdate=2021-10-19|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> Ka mmiri ozuzo acid na adịkwu acid, otú pH ya na adịkwa ala.<ref name=":5" /> Mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike inwe mmetụta na emerụ ahụ na osisi, anụmanụ mmiri, na akụrụngwa. Mmiri ozuzo acid na esite na ikuku sulfur dioxide na nitrogen oxide, nke na emeghachi omume na mmiri mmiri dị na ikuku iji mepụta acid. E gosipụtara na mmiri ozuzo acid nwere mmetụta ọjọọ n'oké ọhịa, mmiri dị ọcha, ala, ụmụ ahụhụ, ụmụ ahụhụ na ụdị ndụ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OAR|date=2016-03-16|title=Effects of Acid Rain|url=https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects-acid-rain|accessdate=2022-03-29|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> N'ime usoro okike, mmiri ozuzo acid na adịgide adịgide na ebelata mkpo osisi, na ahapụ osisi ndị na emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, okpomọkụ / oyi na nje. Mmiri ozuzo acid nwekwara ike imebi ihe ndị dị n'ala site n'iwepụ ya ihe oriri dịka calcium na magnesium nke na arụ ọrụ na uto osisi na idebe ala dị mma. N'ihe gbasara akụrụngwa mmadụ, mmiri ozuzo acid na akpatakwa ágbá, corrosion nke ihe owuwu ígwè dị ka àkwà mmiri, na ihu igwe nke ụlọ nkume na ihe oyiyi yana inwe mmetụta na ahụike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Magaino|first=S.|date=1997-01-01|title=Corrosion rate of copper rotating-disk-electrode in simulated acid rain|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468696002253|journal=Electrochimica Acta|language=en|volume=42|issue=3|pages=377–382|doi=10.1016/S0013-4686(96)00225-3|issn=0013-4686|accessdate=April 22, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Markewitz|first=Daniel|date=1998|title=Three Decades of Observed Soil Acidification in the Calhoun Experimental Forest: Has Acid Rain Made a Difference?|journal=Soil Science Society of America Journal|language=en|volume=62|issue=5|pages=1428–1439|doi=10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200050040x|issn=1435-0661}}</ref> Gọọmentị ụfọdụ, gụnyere ndị dị na [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na North America, emeela mgbalị kemgbe afọ 1970 iji belata ntọhapụ nke sulfur dioxide na nitrogen oxide n'ime ikuku site na iwu mmetọ ikuku. Mgbalị ndị a enweela nsonaazụ dị mma n'ihi nyochIa zuru oke banyere mmiri ozuzo acid malitere na 1960s na ozi a kpọsara banyere mmetụta ọjọọ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=P. Rafferty|first=John|title=What Happened to Acid Rain?|url=https://www.britannica.com/story/what-happened-to-acid-rain|accessdate=2022-07-21|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|language=en}}</ref> Isi iyi nke sulfur na nitrogen compounds nke na akpata mmiri ozuzo acid bụ nke mmadụ na akpali, mana nitrogen oxides nwekwara ike mepụta n'ụzọ okike site na égbè eluigwe na sulfur dioxide na emepụta site na mgbawa ugwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sisterson|first=D. L.|date=1990-01-01|title=An evaluation of lightning and corona discharge on thunderstorm air and precipitation chemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-atmospheric-chemistry_1990-01_10_1/page/83|journal=Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=83–96|doi=10.1007/BF01980039|issn=1573-0662}}</ref> == Nkọwa == "Acid rain" bụ okwu a ma ama na ezo aka na ntinye nke ngwakọta site na mmiri (mmiri ozuzo, snow, mmiri ozuzo, alụlụ, mmiri igwe ojii, na igirigi) na akọrọ (acidifying particles and gas) acidic components. Mmiri a mịrị amị, ozugbo ewepụrụ carbon dioxide, nwere pH na anọpụ iche nke 7.<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OAR|date=2016-02-09|title=What is Acid Rain?|url=https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain|accessdate=2021-09-13|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> Mmiri nwere pH na erughị 7 bụ acidic, na ndị nwere pH karịrị 7 bụ alkaline. "Oké" ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo na adịghị emetọ emetọ nwere pH acidic, mana ọ naghị adịkarị ala karịa 5.7, n'ihi na carbon dioxide na mmiri dị na ikuku na emegharị ọnụ iji mepụta carbonic acid, acid na adịghị ike dịka mmeghachi omume ndị a: :   Carbonic acid nwere ike ịghọ ion na mmiri na emepụta obere carbonate na hydronium ion: :   Mmiri ozuzo na emetọghị emetọ nwekwara ike ịnwe kemịkal ndị ọzọ na emetụta pH ya (ọkwa acidity). Ihe atụ a na ahụkarị bụ nitric acid nke eletrik na emepụta na ikuku dịka àmụ̀mà.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1029/JD092iD11p13299|author=Likens, Gene E.|title=Chemistry of precipitation from a remote, terrestrial site in Australia|year=1987|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=92|issue=D11|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231444|accessdate=August 25, 2020}}</ref> Ntinye acid dị ka nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi (nke a tụlere mgbe e mesịrị n'isiokwu ahụ) ga agụnye acid ndị ọzọ karịa H2CO3. A kọọrọ na pH na agụ mgbe ụfọdụ na mmiri ozuzo na mmiri igwe ojii nke dị n'okpuru 2.4 n'ebe ndị mepere emepe. Isi ihe na akpata mmetọ SO2 na NOx nke na akpatara mmiri ozuzo acid bụ ịgba mmanụ ala ọkụ iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik na ike ụgbọ ala ọkụ, iji nụchaa mmanụ, na mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ na usoro ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2016-02-09|title=What is Acid Rain?|url=https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain|accessdate=2023-05-07|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A malitere ịmụ mmiri ozuzo acid na Europe, n'afọ ndị 1960, na United States na Canada, n'ime afọ iri sochirinụ. === Na Europe === Mmetụta na emebi emebi nke ikuku obodo na emetọ, nke acid na limestone na marble ka John Evelyn chọpụtara na narị afọ nke iri na asaa, onye kwuru maka ọnọdụ ọjọọ nke marbles Arundel.<ref>E. S. de Beer, ed. ''[[The Diary of John Evelyn]]'', III, 1955 (September 19, 1667) p. 495.</ref> Kemgbe mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ikuku nke sulfur dioxide na nitrogen oxides n'ime ikuku amụbaala. N'afọ 1852, [[Robert Angus Smith]] bụ onye mbụ gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmiri ozuzo acid na mmetọ ikuku na Manchester, England. Smith chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "mmiri ozuzo acid" n'afọ 1872. Na ngwụcha afọ 1960, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị malitere ileba anya ma na amụ ihe omume ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Likens, G. E.|year=1972|title=Acid rain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environment_1972-03_14_2/page/n33|journal=Environment|volume=14|issue=2|pages=33–40|doi=10.1080/00139157.1972.9933001}}</ref> Na mbụ, isi ihe na elekwasị anya na nyocha a dị na mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid. Waldemar Christofer Brøgger bụ onye mbụ kwetara na njem dị anya nke mmetọ na agafe ókèala site na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] gaa Norway bụ nsogbu nke Brynjulf Ottar nyochara n'afọ ndị 1970.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brøgger|first=Waldemar Christofer|date=1881|title=Note on a contaminated snowfall under the heading Mindre meddelelser (Short communications)|journal=Naturen|volume=5|pages=47}}</ref> Ọrụ Ottar nwere mmetụta siri ike site n'aka onye sayensị ala Sweden Svante Odén, onye dọtara uche zuru oke na nsogbu mmiri ozuzo acid nke Europe na akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama ma dee akwụkwọ akụkọ dị ịrịba ama na isiokwu ahụ na 1968.<ref name="ottar1976">{{Cite journal|author=Ottar|first=Brynjulf|title=Organization of long-range transport of air pollution monitoring in Europe|journal=Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Acid Precipitation and the Forest Ecosystem, May 12–15, 1975, Columbus, Ohio|date=1976|volume=6|issue=2–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDLYzk8YsHAC|doi=10.1007/BF00182866}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Odén|first=Svante|year=1968|title=The Acidification of Air and Precipitation and its Consequences for the Natural Environment|journal=Ecology Committee, Bul. 1.|url=https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/6102744|accessdate=5 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Satake|title=Acid Rain 2000 Proceedings from the 6th International Conference on Acidic Deposition: Looking Back to the Past and Thinking of the Future, Tsukuba, Japan, 10–16 December 2000|date=December 6, 2012|publisher=Springer|location=Netherlands|isbn=9789400708105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0PzCAAAQBAJ|accessdate=5 December 2021|quote="Extensive scientific attention to acid deposition arguably began in 1968 when Svante Odén published his landmark paper on acidification (Oden, 1968)."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Hannigan|first=John A.|title=Environmental Sociology: A Social Constructionist Perspective|date=1995|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415112543|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzHHvE07OqkC|accessdate=5 December 2021|quote=Of more immediate impact was the work of Svante Odén, a Swedish soil scientist. Odén, now widely regarded as the 'father of acid rain studies' (Park, 1987:6) not only found that the acidity levels of precipitation were increasing in Scandinavia but he was the first to definitively link source and receptor areas.}}</ref>   [[Usòrò:Bixi_stele_(wrapped),_Harvard_University,_Cambridge,_MA_-_IMG_4607.JPG|thumb|Kemgbe afọ 1998, Mahadum Harvard na ekpuchi ụfọdụ ihe oyiyi ọla nchara na marble na ogige ya, dị ka "ihe nchara ndị China" a, nke nwere mkpuchi mmiri na egbochi mmiri n'oge oyi ọ bụla, iji chebe ha pụọ na corrosion nke mmiri ozuzo acid na snow acid kpatara]] Akụkọ mbụ banyere mmiri ozuzo acid na United States sitere na ihe akaebe kemịkal a chịkọtara na Hubbard Brook Valley; mmata ọha na eze banyere mmiri ozu acid na US mụbara na 1970s mgbe ''The New York Times'' kọrọ banyere nchọpụta ndị a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Likens, G. E.|doi=10.1126/science.184.4142.1176|title=Acid Rain: A Serious Regional Environmental Problem|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1974-06-14_184_4142/page/1176|year=1974|journal=Science|volume=184|issue=4142|pages=1176–9|pmid=17756304}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1029/2005JG000157|title=Soil CO2 dynamics and fluxes as affected by tree harvest in an experimental sand ecosystem|year=2006|author=Keller|first=C. K.|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=111|issue=G3|pages=G03011}}</ref> N'afọ 1972, otu ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gụnyere Gene Likens chọpụtara na mmiri ozuzo nke e debere na White Mountains nke New Hampshire bụ acidic. A tụrụ pH nke sample ahụ ka ọ bụrụ 4.03 na Hubbard Brook.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Likens|first=Gene E.|title=Acid Rain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environment_1972-03_14_2/page/n33|journal=[[Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development]]|volume=14|issue=2|pages=33–40|doi=10.1080/00139157.1972.9933001|year=1972}}</ref> Nnyocha Hubbard Brook Ecosystem gara n'ihu na usoro nyocha nke nyochara mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmiri ozuzo acid. Mmiri ozuzo acid nke jikọtara ya na mmiri iyi na Hubbard Brook bụ alumina sitere n'ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson|first=Noye M.|date=September 1, 1981|title='Acid rain', dissolved aluminium and chemical weathering at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire|url=https://archive.org/details/geochimica-et-cosmochimica-acta_1981-09_45_9/page/1421|journal=[[Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta]]|volume=45|issue=9|pages=1421–1437|doi=10.1016/0016-7037(81)90276-3}}</ref> Nsonaazụ nke nyocha a gosipụtara na mmeghachi omume kemịkal n'etiti mmiri ozuzo acid na aluminum na eduga n'ịbawanye ọnụego ihu igwe nke ala. E mere nnyocha nnwale iji nyochaa mmetụta nke mmụba acidity na iyi na ụdị gburugburu ebe obibi. N'afọ 1980, otu ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gbanwere acidity nke Norris Brook, New Hampshire, wee hụ mgbanwe na omume nke ụdị. E nwere mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche, mmụba nke ndị na achị obodo, na mbelata nke mgbagwoju anya nri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hall|first=Ronald J.|date=August 1, 1980|title=Experimental Acidification of a Stream in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ecology_1980-08_61_4/page/976|journal=[[Ecology (journal)|Ecology]]|language=en|volume=61|issue=4|pages=976–989|doi=10.2307/1936765|issn=1939-9170}}</ref> N'afọ 1980, US Congress weputara [[Acid Deposition Act|iwu]] Acid Deposition Act.<ref name="Lackey">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/staff/lackey/pubs/ACID-RAIN-SCIENCE-POLICY-LACKEY-BLAIR-JOURNAL-REPRINT-1997.pdf|author=Lackey, R.T.|year=1997|title=Science, policy, and acid rain: lessons learned|journal=Renewable Resources Journal|volume=15|issue=1|pages=9–13|accessdate=December 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506113115/http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/staff/lackey/pubs/ACID-RAIN-SCIENCE-POLICY-LACKEY-BLAIR-JOURNAL-REPRINT-1997.pdf|archive-date=May 6, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Iwu a guzobere mmemme nyocha na nyocha afọ iri na asatọ n'okpuru nduzi nke National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). NAPAP gbasaa netwọk nke ebe nlekota iji chọpụta otú mmiri ozuzo si dị acid n'ezie, na achọ ịchọpụta ihe na eme ogologo oge, ma guzobe netwọk maka nkwụsị akọrọ. N'iji atụmatụ nnwale dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ, NAPAP gosipụtara mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid na mpaghara site na nyocha na nyocha iji chọpụta ma kọwaa mmetụta nke mmiri mmiri ozuzo na mmiri dị ọcha na gburugburu ebe obibi. NAPAP nyochakwa mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid na ụlọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ihe ncheta, na ihe owuwu. Ọ kwadokwara nyocha dị ukwuu na usoro ikuku na mmemme nchịkwa nwere ike. Site na mbido, ndị na akwado iwu site n'akụkụ niile gbalịrị imetụta ọrụ NAPAP iji kwado mgbalị ha na akwado atụmatụ iwu, ma ọ bụ iji mebie nke ndị iro ha.<ref name="Lackey"/> Maka ụlọ ọrụ sayensị nke Gọọmentị US, mmetụta dị ịrịba ama nke NAPAP bụ ihe mmụta a mụtara na usoro nyocha na njikwa nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi nye nnukwu ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị njikwa mmemme, na ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S1462-9011(98)00006-9|title=Acid rain: Science and policy making|year=1998|author=Winstanley|first=Derek|journal=Environmental Science & Policy|volume=1}}</ref> N'afọ 1981, National Academy of Sciences na enyocha nyocha banyere nsogbu ndị na ese okwu gbasara mmiri ozuzo acid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/08/science/acid-rain-issue-creates-stress-between-administration-and-science-academy.html|title=ACID RAIN ISSUE CREATES STRESS BETWEEN ADMINISTRATION AND SCIENCE ACADEMY|author=Times|first=Robert Reinhold, Special To The New York|date=June 8, 1982|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=November 16, 2016}}</ref> Onye isi ala Ronald Reagan jụrụ nsogbu nke mmiri ozuzo acid ruo mgbe ọ gara Canada ma kwado na ókèala Canada tara ahụhụ site na mmetọ na agagharị site na anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na US Midwest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Ronald_Reagan_Environment.htm|title=Ronald Reagan on Environment|work=www.ontheissues.org|accessdate=November 16, 2016|archivedate=November 25, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125074037/http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Ronald_Reagan_Environment.htm}}</ref> Reagan kwanyeere nkwekọrịta ahụ nye Praịm Minista Canada Pierre Trudeau maka itinye iwu mgbochi mmetọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1986/04/14/67366/index.htm|title=HYSTERIA ABOUT ACID RAIN Even Ronald Reagan now casts it as the villain. He is overriding a lot of scientific evidence. - April 14, 1986|work=archive.fortune.com|accessdate=November 16, 2016|archivedate=November 16, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116164525/http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1986/04/14/67366/index.htm}}</ref> N'afọ 1982, Reagan nyere William Nierenberg ọrụ ịrụ ọrụ na National Science Board.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=41900|title=Ronald Reagan: Nomination of William A. Nierenberg To Be a Member of the National Science Board|work=www.presidency.ucsb.edu|accessdate=November 16, 2016|archivedate=November 16, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116225425/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=41900}}</ref> Nierenberg họọrọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gụnyere Gene Likens ka ha rụọ ọrụ na panel iji dee akụkọ banyere mmiri ozuzo acid. N'afọ 1983, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị wepụtara akụkọ, nke kwubiri na mmiri ozuzo acid bụ ezigbo nsogbu na a ga achọ ihe ngwọta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/20013U0E.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1981+Thru+1985&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D:%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C81thru85%5CTxt%5C00000012%5C20013U0E.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL|title=Report of the Acid Rain Peer Review Panel|date=July 1984|work=Document Display {{!}} NEPIS {{!}} US EPA|language=en|accessdate=November 16, 2016|archivedate=November 16, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116163849/https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/20013U0E.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1981+Thru+1985&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C81thru85%5CTxt%5C00000012%5C20013U0E.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8%2Fr75g8%2Fx150y150g16%2Fi425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL}}</ref> White House Office of Science and Technology Policy nyochara akụkọ ahụ ma zipụ aro Fred Singer banyere akụkọ ahụ, nke mere ka obi abụọ dịrị na ihe kpatara mmiri ozuzo acid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://grist.org/article/from-tobacco-to-climate-change-merchants-of-doubt-undermined-the-science/full/|title=From tobacco to climate change, 'merchants of doubt' undermined the science|date=April 17, 2010|work=Grist|language=en-US|accessdate=November 16, 2016}}</ref> Ndị otu ahụ kpughere ịjụ ọnọdụ Singer ma nyefee akụkọ ahụ na Nierenberg n'ọnwa Eprel. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 1983, ụlọ omebe iwu vootu megide iwu nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịchịkwa ikuku sulfur. E nwere arụmụka banyere ma Nierenberg egbughị oge ịhapụ akụkọ ahụ. Nierenberg n'onwe ya gọnahụrụ ihe ahụ kwuru banyere mgbochi ya nke akụkọ ahụ ma kwuo na e gbochiri akụkọ ahụ mgbe ụlọ ahụ tụchara vootu n'ihi na ọ dịbeghị njikere ibipụta ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/18/us/legislators-sat-white-house-suppressed-acid-rain-report.html|title=LEGISLATORS SAT WHITE HOUSE SUPPRESSED ACID RAIN REPORT|author=Franklin|first=Ben A.|date=August 18, 1984|work=The New York Times|accessdate=November 16, 2016}}</ref> NoN'afọ 1991, US National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) nyere nyocha mbụ ya nke mmiri ozuzo acid na United States.<ref>The US National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program : 1990 integrated assessment report. Washington, D.C. : National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Office of the Director, [1991]</ref> Ọ kọrọ na 5% nke ọdọ mmiri New England bụ acidic, ebe sulfates bụ nsogbu kachasị. Ha kwuru na 2% nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ enweghịzi ike ịkwado Brook Trout, na 6% nke ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ adịghị mma maka ndụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị minnow. Akụkọ ndị sochirinụ nye Congress edekọla mgbanwe kemịkal na ala na mmiri dị ọcha, nitrogen saturation, mbelata nke ihe oriri na ala, acidic episodic, ụfụfụ mpaghara, na mmebi nke ihe ncheta ''akụkọ'' ihe mere eme. Ka ọ dịgodị, na 1990, US Congress weputara usoro mmezigharị na Clean Air Act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/clean-air-act-title-iv-subchapter-acid-deposition-control|title=Clean Air Act Title IV - Subchapter A: Acid Deposition Control &#124; Overview of the Clean Air Act and Air Pollution &#124; US EPA|publisher=Epa.gov|date=June 3, 2015|accessdate=March 20, 2018|archivedate=December 26, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226020829/https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/clean-air-act-title-iv-subchapter-acid-deposition-control}}</ref> Isi nke anọ nke mmezigharị ndị a guzobere usoro okpu na azụmaahịa e mere iji chịkwaa ikuku nke sulfur dioxide na nitrogen oxides. Isiokwu nke anọ kpọrọ maka mbelata zuru ezu nke ihe dị ka nde tọn 10 nke SO2 sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mbelata 50%.<ref name=":0" /> E mejupụtara ya n'ụzọ abụọ. Nzọụkwụ m malitere na 1995, ma belata ikuku sulfur dioxide site na 110 n'ime nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ike ruo ngụkọta nke nde tọn 8.7 nke sulfur dioxide. Otu ụlọ ọrụ ike na New England (Merrimack) nọ na Phase I. A gbakwunyere ụlọ ọrụ anọ ndị ọzọ (Newington, Mount Tom, Brayton Point, na Salem Harbor) n'okpuru ndokwa ndị ọzọ nke mmeme ahụ. Nzọụkwụ nke abụọ malitere na 2000, ma na emetụta ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na mba ahụ. N'ime afọ ndị 1990, nyocha gara n'ihu. Na Machị 10, 2005, EPA wepụtara Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR). Iwu a na enye steeti ngwọta maka nsogbu nke mmetọ ụlọ ọrụ eletrik nke na esi n'otu steeti gaa na nke ọzọ. CAIR ga ejedebe ikuku SO2 na NOx n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ United States. emejupụtara ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu [mgbe?, CAIR ga ebelata ikuku SO2 na steeti 28 dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na District of Columbia site n'ihe karịrị 70% na ikuku NOx site n'elu 60% site na ọkwa 2003.<ref name="US Environmental Protection Agency">{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/NE/eco/acidrain/history.html|title=US EPA: A Brief History of Acid Rain|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency|date=2002|accessdate=November 18, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925214841/http://www.epa.gov/NE/eco/acidrain/history.html|archivedate=September 25, 2010}}</ref> N'ozuzu, usoro ihe omume ahụ na usoro azụmahịa enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzube ebumnuche ya. Kemgbe afọ 1990, ikuku SO2 adaala na 40%, na dị ka Pacific Research Institute si kwuo, mmiri ozuzo acid adaala na 65% kemgbe 1976. A na eji usoro iwu eme ihe na European Union, nke hụrụ mbelata nke ihe karịrị 70% na ikuku SO2 n'otu oge ahụ. N'afọ 2007, ngụkọta nke SO2 bụ nde tọn 8.9, na enweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ ogologo oge nke mmemme ahụ tupu oge iwu nke afọ 2010. N'afọ 2007, EPA mere atụmatụ na ka ọ na erule afọ 2010, ngụkọta ego nke ịgbaso usoro ihe omume maka azụmaahịa na ndị na azụ ahịa ga abụ ijeri $ 1 ruo ijeri $ 2 kwa afọ, naanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ihe e buru n'amụma na mbụ. Forbes na ekwu, sị: "N'afọ 2010, mgbe George W. Bush na achị Clean Air Interstate Rule, SO2 emissions adaala na nde tọn 5.1".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gerdes|first=Justin|title=Cap and Trade Curbed Acid Rain: 7 Reasons Why It Can Do The Same For Climate Change|url=http://onforb.es/yfatTf|work=Forbes|accessdate=October 27, 2014}}</ref> Enwere ike ịchọta okwu sayensị ụmụ amaala site na Jenụwarị 1989 na mkpọsa nke Audubon Society iji tụọ mmiri ozuzo acid. Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Muki Haklay kwuru na akụkọ iwu maka Wilson Center nke akpọrọ 'Citizen Science and Policy: A European Perspective' na mbụ R. Kerson jiri okwu 'citizen science' mee ihe na magazin MIT Technology Review site na Jenụwarị 1989.<ref name="1stUse">{{Cite web|author=Muki Haklay|date=2015|title=Citizen Science and Policy: A European Perspective|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Citizen_Science_Policy_European_Perspective_Haklay.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018170921/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Citizen_Science_Policy_European_Perspective_Haklay.pdf|archivedate=October 18, 2016|accessdate=June 3, 2016|publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars}}</ref> N'ikwu okwu site na akụkọ Wilson Center: "Ụdị ọhụrụ nke itinye aka na sayensị nwetara aha "sayensị nwa amaala". Ihe atụ mbụ e dekọrọ nke iji okwu ahụ eme ihe sitere na 1989, na akọwa otú ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 225 gafee US si anakọta ihe nnwale mmiri ozuzo iji nyere Audubon Society aka na mkpọsa na eme ka mmiri ozuzo mara. Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo ahụ chịkọtara ihe nlele, nyochaa acidity, wee kọọrọ nzukọ ahụ. E jiri ozi ahụ mee ihe iji gosipụta oke ihe omume ahụ.<ref name="1stUse" /><ref name="Kerson" /> Onye Canada Harold Harvey so na ndị mbụ nyochara ọdọ mmiri "nwụrụ anwụ". N'afọ 1971, ya na R.J. Beamish bipụtara akụkọ, "Acidification of the La Cloche Mountain Lakes", na edekọ mmebi nke azụ na ọdọ mmiri 60 na Killarney Park na Ontario, nke ha na amụ n'usoro kemgbe 1966.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Albin|first=Tom|editor=Schmandt|title=Acid Rain and Friendly Neighbors: The Policy Dispute Between Canada and the United States|date=1985|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9780822308706|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U22AxXheqpAC|accessdate=5 December 2021|chapter=5: Environmental and Economic Interests in Canada and the United States}}</ref> N'afọ 1970 na 80, mmiri ozuzo acid bụ isi isiokwu nke nyocha na Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) na Northwestern Ontario, Canada.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-12|title=IISD Experimental Lakes Area: The world's living freshwater laboratory|url=http://www.biolabmag.com/iisd-experimental-lakes-area-living-freshwater-laboratory/|accessdate=2020-07-06|work=BioLab Business Magazine|language=en-US|archivedate=July 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707002517/http://www.biolabmag.com/iisd-experimental-lakes-area-living-freshwater-laboratory/}}</ref> Ndị na eme nchọpụta gbakwunyere sulfuric acid na ọdọ mmiri dum na nnwale gburugburu ebe obibi a na achịkwa iji gosipụta mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid. N'ihi na ọnọdụ ya dịpụrụ adịpụ nyere ohere maka nnwale gburugburu ebe obibi dum, nyocha na ELA gosipụtara na mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid na ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ malitere na ntinye dị ala karịa ndị a hụrụ na nnwale ụlọ nyocha.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Luoma|first=Jon R.|date=1988-09-13|title=Bold Experiment in Lakes Tracks the Relentless Toll of Acid Rain|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/13/science/bold-experiment-in-lakes-tracks-the-relentless-toll-of-acid-rain.html|accessdate=2020-07-06}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara eriri nri, ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ dara tupu mgbe mmiri ozuzo acid nwere mmetụta na egbu egbu na azụ n'ihi na acidity dugara na ọdịda n'ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri (dịka mysids).<ref name=":3" /> Ka a na ebelata ntinye acid nke nnwale, ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ na usoro okike ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwetaghachiri ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na enweghị azụ alaghachighị kpamkpam na ọnọdụ ntọala.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-16|title=A Canadian Scientist Explains How Acid Rain is Still Making its Mark|url=https://www.iisd.org/ela/blog/research-highlights/acid-rain-totally-last-century-right-not-exactly-canadian-scientist-explains-acid-rain-still-making-mark/|accessdate=2020-07-06|work=IISD Experimental Lakes Area|archivedate=July 6, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706171557/https://www.iisd.org/ela/blog/research-highlights/acid-rain-totally-last-century-right-not-exactly-canadian-scientist-explains-acid-rain-still-making-mark/}}</ref> Nnyocha a gosipụtara na acidization nwere njikọ na mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ nakwa na enwere ike ịgbanwe mmetụta ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ikuku sulfuric acid belata, ma metụta iwu na Canada na United States.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1985, mpaghara asaa nke Canada (ma e wezụga British Columbia, Alberta, na Saskatchewan) na gọọmentị etiti bịanyere aka na Eastern Canada Acid Rain Program.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Environment and Climate Change|date=2004-06-03|title=Acid rain history|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/air-pollution/issues/acid-rain-causes-effects/history.html|accessdate=2020-07-06|work=aem|archivedate=July 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707073349/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/air-pollution/issues/acid-rain-causes-effects/history.html}}</ref> Mpaghara ndị ahụ kwetara na ha ga ebelata ngụkọta nke sulfur dioxide ha ruo nde tọn 2.3 ka ọ na erule afọ 1994. A bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta Canada US Air Quality na 1991.<ref name=":4" /> N'afọ 1998, ndị Minista niile nke Federal, Provincial, na mpaghara nke Energy na Environment bịanyere aka na The Canada Wide Acid Rain Strategy for Post 2000, nke e mere iji chebe ọdọ mmiri ndị na emetụ n'ahụ karịa ndị nke iwu ndị gara aga chebere.<ref name=":4" /> == Mpụta nke kemịkal na eduga na acidization == Gas kachasị mkpa nke na eduga na acidization bụ sulfur dioxide. Mgbasa nke nitrogen oxides nke a na eme ka ọ bụrụ nitric acid dị mkpa na arịwanye elu n'ihi njikwa siri ike na ikuku nke sulfur compounds. 70 Tg(S) kwa afọ n'ụdị SO₂ na abịa site na ọkụ ọkụ na ụlọ ọrụ, 2.8 Tg(s) site na ọkụ ọhịa, na 7化8 Tg ((S) kwa ngwaga site na ugwu mgbawa. === Ihe ndị sitere n'okike === {{Bar chart|title=Mean acidifying emissions (air pollution) of different foods per 100g of protein<ref name="Nemecek 987–992">{{Cite journal|last1=Nemecek|first1=T.|last2=Poore|first2=J.|date=2018-06-01|title=Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2018-06-01_360_6392/page/987|journal=Science|volume=360|issue=6392|pages=987–992|doi=10.1126/science.aaq0216|issn=0036-8075|pmid=29853680|bibcode=2018Sci...360..987P|doi-access=free}}</ref>|float=right|label_type=Food Types|data_type=Acidifying Emissions (g SO₂eq per 100g protein)|bar_width=20|width_units=em|data_max=300.6|label1=[[Beef]]|data1=343.6|label2=[[Cheese]]|data2=165.5|label3=[[Pork]]|data3=142.7|label4=[[Lamb and mutton|Lamb and Mutton]]|data4=139.0|label5=[[Aquaculture|Farmed Crustaceans]]|data5=133.1|label6=[[Poultry]]|data6=102.4|label7=[[Aquaculture|Farmed Fish]]|data7=65.9|label8=[[Egg as food|Eggs]]|data8=53.7|label9=[[Faboideae|Groundnuts]]|data9=22.6|label10=[[Peas]]|data10=8.5|label11=[[Tofu]]|data11=6.7|label12=|data12=|label13=|data13=}}Ihe ndị bụ isi sitere n'okike nke na enye aka na gas na emepụta acid na ikuku bụ ikuku sitere na ugwu mgbawa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Floor|first=G. H.|date=2011-10-23|title=Selenium mobilization in soils due to volcanic derived acid rain: An example from Mt Etna volcano, Sicily|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000925411100324X|journal=Chemical Geology|language=en|volume=289|issue=3|pages=235–244|doi=10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.08.004|issn=0009-2541|accessdate=April 22, 2020}}</ref> Ya mere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, fumaroles sitere na crater Laguna Caliente nke Poás Volcano na emepụta mmiri ozuzo acid na alụlụ dị elu, na acidity dị elu dị ka pH nke 2, na ewepụ mpaghara ahịhịa ọ bụla ma na akpasu anya na akpa ume nke ndị bi n'obodo ndị dị nso iwe ugboro ugboro. A na emepụta gas na emepụta acid site na usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ na eme n'ala, na ala mmiri, na n'oké osimiri. Isi ihe na akpata ihe ndị dị ndụ nke sulfur compounds bụ dimethyl sulfide. Nitric acid na mmiri ozuzo bụ isi iyi dị mkpa nke nitrogen kwụ ọtọ maka ndụ osisi, a na emepụta ya site na ọrụ eletrik na ikuku dịka àmụ̀mà.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/63065-acid-rain.html|title=Acid Rain: Causes, Effects and Solutions|work=[[Live Science]]|date=July 14, 2018|accessdate=August 23, 2019|archivedate=August 23, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823203539/https://www.livescience.com/63065-acid-rain.html}}</ref> A chọpụtala ebe acid dị na ice ice ọtụtụ puku afọ n'akụkụ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ụwa.<ref name="Likens, G. E. 1979">{{Cite journal|author=Likens, G. E.|year=1979|title=Acid rain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1979-10_241_4/page/43|journal=Scientific American|volume=241|issue=4|pages=43–51|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1079-43}}</ref> === Ọrụ mmadụ === [[Usòrò:Gavin_Power_Plant.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ Gavin Power Plant na agba coal na Cheshire, Ohio]] Isi ihe na akpata mmiri ozuzo acid bụ sulfur na nitrogen compounds sitere na isi mmalite mmadụ, dị ka mmepụta ọkụ eletrik, ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ụgbọala. Mmiri ozuzo nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe bụ nnukwu nsogbu na China na Russia na mpaghara ndị ikuku si na ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=17835740|year=1987|author=Galloway|first=JN|title=Acid rain: China, United States, and a remote area|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1987-06-19_236_4808/page/1559|volume=236|issue=4808|pages=1559–62|doi=10.1126/science.236.4808.1559|journal=Science}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Chandru|url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers20%5Cpaper1944.html|title=CHINA: Industrialization pollutes its country side with Acid Rain|publisher=Southasiaanalysis.org|date=September 9, 2006|accessdate=November 18, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620200735/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers20/paper1944.html|archivedate=June 20, 2010}}</ref> Mpaghara ndị a niile na ere coal nwere sulfur iji mepụta okpomọkụ na ọkụ eletrik. Nsogbu nke mmiri ozuzo acid abụghị naanị na ọ na abawanye na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na uto ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, kamakwa ọ na agbasawanye. Ojiji nke anwụrụ ọkụ dị elu iji belata mmetọ mpaghara enyela aka na mgbasa nke mmiri ozuzo acid site na ịhapụ gas n'ime ikuku ikuk Tou mpaghara; mgbasa site na nchịkọta ndị a dị elu na eme ka a na ebugharị mmetọ gaa n'ihu, na akpata mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ebe obibi.<ref name="Likens, G. E. 1979"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Likens, G. E.|year=1984|title=Acid rain: the smokestack is the "smoking gun"|journal=Garden|volume=8|issue=4|pages=12–18}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, nkwụsị na eme n'ebe dị anya site na ikuku, na mpaghara ugwu na enwetakarị nkwụsị kachasị ukwuu (n'ihi mmiri ozuzo dị elu). Ihe atụ nke mmetụta a bụ pH dị ala nke mmiri ozuzo nke na ada na Scandinavia. Ọkụ nke mmanụ na emepụta sulfur dioxide na nitric oxides. A na agbanwe ha ka ha bụrụ sulfuric acid na nitric acid. === Ọdịdị nke gas === N'oge gas, a na eme ka sulfur dioxide oxide site na mmeghachi omume na hydroxyl radical site na mmegharị intermolecular: : SO2 + OH· → HOSO2· nke a na esote: : HOSO2· + O2 → HO2· + SO3 N'ebe mmiri dị, a na a agbanwe sulfur trioxide (SO3) ngwa ngwa ka ọ bụrụ sulfuric acid: : SO3 (g) + H2O (l) → H2SO4 (aq) Nitrogen dioxide na OH na emeghachi omume iji mepụta nitric acid: [[Usòrò:Air_Pollution-Causes&Effects.svg|thumb|Nke a na egosi usoro nke mmetọ ikuku na abanye na ikuku na mpaghara ndị ga emetụta.]] : NO2 + OH· → HNO3 === Chemistry na mmiri igwe ojii === Mgbe igwe ojii dị, ọnụọgụ ọnwụ nke SO2 dị ngwa karịa ka enwere ike ịkọwa site na kemịkal gas naanị. Nke a bụ n'ihi mmeghachi omume na mmiri mmiri. ; Hydrolysis Sulfur dioxide na agbaze na mmiri wee, dị ka carbon dioxide, hydrolyses n'usoro mmeghachi omume nguzozi: : SO2 (g) + H2O O O O2·H2O : SO2·H2O H⁺ + HSO3− : HSO3− H⁺ + SO32− ; Ọsụsọ E nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mmeghachi omume mmiri nke na eme ka sulfur oxidize site na S(IV) gaa na S(VI), na eduga n'ịmepụta sulfuric acid. Mmetụta oxidation kachasị mkpa bụ ozone, hydrogen peroxide na oxygen (mmetụta oxygen na akpali site na iron na manganese na mmiri igwe ojii). == Mmetụta acid == === Mmiri na ekpo ọkụ === Mmiri na-etinye acid na eme mgbe ụdị mmiri ozuzo ọ bụla (mmiri ozuzo, snow, na ihe ndị ọzọ) na ewepụ acid na ikuku ma na ebute ya n'elu ụwa. Nke a nwere ike ịpụta site na ntinye nke acid mepụtara na mmiri ozuzo (lee mmiri mmiri na mmiri ozu n'elu) ma ọ bụ site na mmiri oyu na ewepụ acid ma ọ bụ na igwe ojii ma ọ bụ n'okpuru igwe ojii. Mmiri wepụ ma gas na aerosols dị mkpa maka mmiri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain|title=What is Acid Rain?|author=US EPA|first=OAR|date=2016-02-09|work=US EPA|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-14|archivedate=May 23, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523211319/https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain}}</ref> === Nkwụsị mmiri === Ntinye acid na emekwa site na nkwụsị akọrọ na enweghị mmiri ozuzo. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ihe ruru 20 ruo 60% nke ngụkọta acid.<ref name="archive glossary">{{Cite web|url=http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/glossary.php|title=UK National Air Quality Archive: Air Pollution Glossary|publisher=Airquality.co.uk|date=April 1, 2002|accessdate=November 18, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417054802/http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/glossary.php|archivedate=April 17, 2009}}</ref> Nke a na eme mgbe ụmụ irighiri ihe na gas na arapara n'ala, osisi ma ọ bụ n'elu ihe ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":1"/> == Mmetụta ọjọọ == E gosipụtara na mmiri ozuzo acid nwere mmetụta ọjọọ n'oké ọhịa, mmiri na ala, na egbu ụmụ ahụhụ na ụdị ndụ mmiri yana imebi ụlọ ma na emetụta ahụike mmadụ. === Mmiri dị n'elu na anụmanụ ndị dị n'ime mmiri === [[Usòrò:Waterspecies.gif|thumb|Ọ bụghị azụ niile, shellfish, ma ọ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ ha na eri nwere ike ịnagide otu acid ahụ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, frogs nwere ike ịnakwere mmiri nke acidic (ya bụ, nwere pH dị ala) karịa trout.]] Ma pH dị ala ma aluminum dị elu na mmiri dị n'elu nke na eme n'ihi mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike imebi azụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri. Na pH dị ala karịa 5 ọtụtụ àkwá azụ agaghị apụta ma pH dị ala nwere ike igbu azụ toro eto. Ka ọdọ mmiri na osimiri na aghọwanye acidic biodiversity na ebelata. Mmiri ozuzo acid ewepụla ndụ ụmụ ahụhụ na ụdị azụ ụfọdụ, gụnyere trout iyi na ọdọ mmiri ụfọdụ, iyi, na iyi na mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe dị egwu, dị ka Ugwu Adirondack nke United States.<ref name="EPA">{{Cite web|title=Effects of Acid Rain - Surface Waters and Aquatic Animals|url=http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/surface_water.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514121649/http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/surface_water.html|archivedate=14 May 2009|work=US EPA}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ókè mmiri ozuzo acid na enye aka kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na apụtaghị ìhè site na mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri na acidity nke osimiri (ya bụ, dabere na njirimara nke mmiri gbara ya gburugburu) dịgasị iche. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) na ekwu, sị: "N'ime ọdọ mmiri na iyi ndị a nyochara, mmiri ozuzo acid kpatara acidity na 75% nke ọdọ mmiri acid na ihe dị ka 50% nke iyi acid".<ref name="EPA" /> Ọdọ mmiri ndị nkume ala silicate kwadoro nwere acid karịa ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime limestone ma ọ bụ nkume ala ndị ọzọ nwere carbonate (ya bụ marble) n'ihi mmetụta na egbochi site na mineral carbonate, ọbụlagodi na otu mmiri ozuzo acid. [citation needed]<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Mineral Resources, Economics and the Environment.|author=Kesler|first=Stephen|publisher=Cambridge University|year=2015|isbn=9781107074910}}</ref> === Ala === Mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike imebi ihe ọmụmụ ala na kemịkalụ nke ukwuu. Ụfọdụ microbes enweghị ike ịnagide mgbanwe na pH dị ala ma gbuo ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rodhe|first=Henning|date=2002-10-01|title=The Global Distribution of Acidifying Wet Deposition|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/es020057g|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=36|issue=20|pages=4382–4388|doi=10.1021/es020057g|pmid=12387412|issn=0013-936X}}</ref> Enzymes nke microbes ndị a na agbanwe (gbanwee n'ọdịdị ka ha wee ghara ịrụ ọrụ) site na acid. Hydronium ion nke mmiri ozuzo acid na akpalikwa nsí, dị ka aluminum, ma na ewepụ ihe oriri na mineral dị mkpa dị ka magnesium. : 2 H+ (aq) ⁺ Mg²⁺ (ụrọ) 2 H+ "ụrọ) + Mg 2+ (aq Enwere ike ịgbanwe kemịkalụ ala n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama mgbe cations, dị ka calcium na magnesium, na agbapụta site na mmiri ozuzo acid, si otú a na emetụta ụdị dị iche iche, dị ka sugar maple (Acer saccharum).<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.272.5259.244|url=http://www.esf.edu/efb/mitchell/Class%20Readings/Sci.272.244.246.pdf|title=Long-Term Effects of Acid Rain: Response and Recovery of a Forest Ecosystem|year=1996|author=Likens|first=G. E.|journal=Science|volume=272|issue=5259|accessdate=February 9, 2013}}</ref> '''<big>Mmetụta acid n'ala</big>''' [[Usòrò:Effect_of_nitrogen_fertilizer_on_soil_acidity.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke ihe na-edozi ahụ na ala nwere oke acidity nke ala.]] Mmetụta nke mmiri acid na acidic nke ala na osisi nwere ike ịbụ obere ma ọ bụ n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ dị mkpa. Ọtụtụ obere ikpe nke na adịghị akpata ọnwụ nke ndụ osisi nwere ike ịkọwa na osisi ndị na adịchaghị enwe nsogbu na ọnọdụ acid na / ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo acid na adighi ike. Otú ọ dị, ọbụlagodi na obere ọnọdụ, osisi ahụ ga emesị nwụọ n'ihi mmiri acid na ebelata pH nke osisi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Larssen|first=T.|date=2000-10-01|title=Acid rain and acidification in China: the importance of base cation deposition|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749199002791|journal=Environmental Pollution|language=en|volume=110|issue=1|pages=89–102|doi=10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00279-1|pmid=15092859|issn=0269-7491|accessdate=April 22, 2020}}</ref> Mmiri acid na abanye n'ime osisi ahụ ma mee ka mineral ndị dị mkpa nke osisi gbazee ma buru ha; nke na eme ka osisi ahụ nwụọ n'ihi enweghị mineral maka nri na edozi ahụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị mkpa, nke dị oke njọ, otu usoro mmebi ahụ na eme dị ka ọ dị na obere ikpe, nke bụ iwepụ mineral ndị dị mkpa.<ref name=":8"/> N'otu aka ahụ, mmiri ozuzo acid nke na ada n'ala na n'elu akwụkwọ osisi na akpata ịcha nke cuticle akwụkwọ waxy, nke na emecha mee ka mmiri na apụ ngwa ngwa site na osisi gaa na ikuku dị n'èzí ma mesịa kpatara ọnwụ nke osisi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Evans|first=Lance S.|date=1977|title=Leaf Surface and Histological Perturbations of Leaves of Phaseolus Vulgaris and Helianthus Annuus After Exposure to Simulated Acid Rain|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=64|issue=7|pages=903–913|doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1977.tb11934.x|issn=1537-2197}}</ref> Iji hụ ma ọ bụrụ na osisi na emetụta acid nke ala, mmadụ nwere ike ileba anya nke ọma na akwụkwọ osisi ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na akwụkwọ ya na acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma na ele anya dị mma, pH ala dị mma ma dị mma maka ndụ osisi. Mana ọ bụrụ na akwụkwọ osisi ahụ nwere odo odo n'etiti akwara dị na akwụkwọ ha, nke ahụ pụtara na osisi ahụ na ata ahụhụ site na acidization ma ghara ịdị mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Du|first=Yan-Jun|date=2014-04-30|title=Effect of acid rain pH on leaching behavior of cement stabilized lead-contaminated soil|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389414000892|journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials|language=en|volume=271|pages=131–140|doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.02.002|pmid=24637445|issn=0304-3894|accessdate=April 22, 2020}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, osisi na ata ahụhụ site na acidisation nke ala enweghị ike photosynthesize; usoro acid mmiri na akpata nke ịcha osisi ahụ nwere ike ibibi organelles chloroplast.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sun|first=Jingwen|date=2016-09-01|title=Effects and mechanism of acid rain on plant chloroplast ATP synthase|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-016-7016-3.pdf|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|language=en|volume=23|issue=18|pages=18296–18306|doi=10.1007/s11356-016-7016-3|issn=1614-7499|pmid=27278067}}</ref> Enweghị ike photosynthesize, osisi enweghị ike ịmepụta ihe oriri maka ndụ nke ya ma ọ bụ oxygen maka ndụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, nke na emetụta ọtụtụ ụdị dị n'ụwa ma mechaa kwụsị ebumnuche nke ịdị adị nke osisi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stoyanova|first=D.|date=1997-12-01|title=Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Chloroplast Ultrastructure of Primary Leaves of Phaseolus Vulgaris|url=https://bp.ueb.cas.cz/pdfs/bpl/1997/04/36.pdf|journal=Biologia Plantarum|language=en|volume=40|issue=4|pages=589–595|doi=10.1023/A:1001761421851|issn=1573-8264}}</ref>   === Oké ọhịa na ahịhịa ndị ọzọ === [[Usòrò:Acid_rain_woods1.JPG|thumb|Mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike inwe mmetụta siri ike na ahịhịa. Oké ọhịa dị na Black Triangle na Europe.]] Mmetụta ọjọọ nwere ike inwe njikọ na mmiri ozuzo acid, dị ka mmetụta acid na ala (lee n'elu) ma ọ bụ oke nke gas na ebute mmiri ozuzo. Oké ọhịa ndị dị elu na abụkarị ndị na adịghị ike n'ihi na igwe ojii na alụlụ gbara ha gburugburu nke na adịkarị acid karịa mmiri ozuzo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson|first=Dale W.|date=1982|title=The effects of acid rain on forest nutrient status|url=https://archive.org/details/water-resources-research_1982-06_18_3/page/449|journal=Water Resources Research|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=449–461|doi=10.1029/WR018i003p00449|issn=1944-7973}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo acid nwekwara ike imebi osisi ndị ọzọ, mana mmetụta na ihe ọkụkụ na ebelata site na itinye lime na fatịlaịza iji dochie ihe oriri furu efu. N'ebe a na akọ ugbo, a pụkwara itinye limestone iji mee ka ikike ala ahụ dịkwuo elu iji mee ka pH kwụsie ike, mana usoro a enweghị ike iji ya mee ihe n'ihe gbasara ala ọzara. Mgbe calcium na agbapụta site na agịga nke red spruce, osisi ndị a na aghọ ndị na anaghị anabata oyi ma gosipụta mmerụ ahụ n'oge oyi na ọbụna ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lazarus, Brynne E.|year=2006|title=Landscape-scale spatial patterns of winter injury to red spruce foliage in a year of heavy region-wide injury|journal=Can. J. For. Res.|volume=36|pages=142–152|url=http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/1412/1/IND43839159.pdf|doi=10.1139/x05-236}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130403191322/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-148267431.html highbeam copy]</ref> === Mmiri acid nke oké osimiri ===     Mmiri ozuzo acid nwere mmetụta na adịghị emerụ ahụ n'oké osimiri n'ụwa niile, mana ọ na emepụta mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmiri na adịghị omimi nke mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.<ref name="sciencedaily.com">{{Cite web|title=Acid Rain Has A Disproportionate Impact On Coastal Waters|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070907175147.htm|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=ScienceDaily|language=en|archivedate=June 26, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626013407/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070907175147.htm}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike ime ka pH nke oké osimiri daa, nke a maara dị ka acidisation nke oké osimiri, na eme ka o sie ike maka ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri iji mepụta ọkpụkpụ ha dị mkpa iji dịrị ndụ. Ụdị anụmanụ ndị a dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ejikọta ọnụ dị ka akụkụ nke usoro nri nke oké osimiri, na enweghịkwa na ha bụ isi iyi maka ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ n'oké osimiri iji rie nri, ihe ndị ọzọ na adị ndụ n'ime mmiri ga anwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.windows2universe.org/headline_universe/olpa/acid_coasts_7sept07.html|title=Acid Rain Has Disproportionate Impact on Near-Shore Ocean Waters - Windows to the Universe|work=www.windows2universe.org|accessdate=February 27, 2017|archivedate=February 28, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228080549/http://www.windows2universe.org/headline_universe/olpa/acid_coasts_7sept07.html}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ limestone nke Coral na emetụta pH na ebelata, n'ihi na calcium carbonate, akụkụ bụ isi nke ọkpụkpụ limedone, na agbaze na acidic (low pH) ngwọta. Na mgbakwunye na acidization, ntinye nitrogen karịrị akarị site na ikuku na akwalite uto nke phytoplankton na osisi ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri, nke, n'aka nke ya, nwere ike ịkpata okooko algal na emerụ ahụ ugboro ugboro na eutrophication (ịmepụta "ebe nwụrụ anwụ" oxygen deleted) n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke oké osimiri.<ref name="sciencedaily.com"/> === Mmetụta ahụike mmadụ === Mmiri ozuzo acid anaghị emetụta ahụike mmadụ. Acid dị na mmiri ozuzo dị oke ala iji nwee mmetụta ọjọọ kpọmkwem. Akụkụ ndị na akpata mmiri ozuzo acid (sulfur dioxide na nitrogen oxides) nwere mmetụta ọjọọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke obere ihe dị n'ime ikuku na enye aka na nsogbu obi na akpa ume, gụnyere ụkwara ume ọkụ na ụkwara ume. === Mmetụta ọjọọ ndị ọzọ === [[Usòrò:Pollution_-_Damaged_by_acid_rain.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmetụta mmiri ozuzo acid na ihe oyiyi]] [[Usòrò:Skulptur_aus_Sandstein,_Dresden_2012-09-06-0555.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmiri ozuzo acid na ihu igwe]] Mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike imebi ụlọ, ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ihe oyiyi, ọkachasị ndị e ji nkume mee, dị ka limestone na marble, nke nwere nnukwu calcium carbonate. Acids na mmiri ozuzo na emeghachi omume na calcium compounds na nkume iji mepụta gypsum, nke na apụ mgbe ahụ. : CaCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ̊ CaSO4 (s)+ CO2 (g) + H 2O (l) A na ahụkarị mmetụta nke a na nkume ili ochie, ebe mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike ime ka ihe odide ahụ bụrụ ihe a na apụghị ịgụta ọnụ. Mmiri ozuzo acid na emekwa ka ọnụ ọgụgụ corrosion nke ọla, ọkachasị ígwè, ígwè, ọla kọpa na ọla nchara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Reisener|first=A.|year=1995|title=ICP on effects on materials|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_water-air-and-soil-pollution_1995-12_85_4/page/2701|journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution|volume=85|issue=4|pages=2701–2706|doi=10.1007/BF01186242}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/WP-89-104.pdf|title=Approaches in modeling the impact of air pollution-induced material degradation|accessdate=November 18, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716175635/http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/WP-89-104.pdf|archivedate=July 16, 2011}}</ref> == Ebe ndị ahụ metụtara == Ebe mmiri ozuzo acid metụtara nke ukwuu gburugburu ụwa gụnyere ọtụtụ n'ime ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe site na [[Poland]] gaa n'ebe ugwu Scandinavia, ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke atọ nke United States, na ndịda ọwụwa Ọwụwa Aụda [[Kánada|Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/acid_rain_in_europe|title=Acid Rain in Europe|author=Ed. Hatier|year=1993|accessdate=January 31, 2010|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] GRID Arendal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822041734/http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/acid_rain_in_europe|archivedate=August 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.epa.gov/airmarkt/progress/ARP_4/NOx-Emission-Trends-for-All-Acid-Rain-Program-Units.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.epa.gov/airmarkt/progress/ARP_4.html&usg=__qYQtwO9Hldtam9UIQp48Gy58lmU=&h=355&w=788&sz=18&start=5&um=1&tbnid=4GNKn98e78ebJM:&tbnh=64&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dacid%2Brain%2B.gov%26hl%3Den%26um%3D1|title=Clean Air Markets 2008 Highlights|author=US Environmental Protection Agency|year=2008|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> Ebe ndị ọzọ metụtara gụnyere ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke China na Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greeneducationfoundation.org/green-building-program-sub/learn-about-green-building/1222-acid-rain.html|title=Acid Rain - Green Education Foundation {{!}} GEF {{!}} Sustainability Education|work=www.greeneducationfoundation.org|language=en-gb|accessdate=November 2, 2017|archivedate=October 21, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021232505/http://greeneducationfoundation.org/green-building-program-sub/learn-about-green-building/1222-acid-rain.html}}</ref> == Ụzọ mgbochi == === Ihe ngwọta teknụzụ === Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na eji flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wepụ gas sulfur in sulfur site na gas ha. Maka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik a na eji coal eme ihe, FGD ga ewepụ 95% ma ọ bụ karịa nke SO2 na gas anwụrụ ọkụ. Ihe atụ nke FGD bụ mmiri scrubber nke a na ejikarị eme ihe. Mmiri na agbanye mmiri bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi ụlọ elu na emeghachi omume nke nwere fan nke na ewepụta anwụrụ ọkụ na ekpo ọkụ site na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ n'ime ụlọ elu ahụ. A na agbanye lime ma ọ bụ limestone n'ụdị slurry n'ime ụlọ elu ahụ iji gwakọta ya na gas ndị dị n'elu ma jikọta ya na sulfur dioxide dị. Calcium carbonate nke limestone na emepụta pH neutral calcium sulfate nke a na ewepụ n'ụzọ anụ ahụ site na scrubber. Nke ahụ bụ, onye na agbanye mmiri na agbanwe mmetọ sulfur n'ime sulfates nke ụlọ ọrụ. N'ebe ụfọdụ, a na ere sulfates na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal dị ka gypsum mgbe ịdị ọcha nke calcium sulfate dị elu. Na ndị ọzọ, a na etinye ha n'ebe a na ekpofu ahịhịa. Mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike ịdịru ọtụtụ ọgbọ, dịka mmetụta nke mgbanwe pH nwere ike ịkpali ịga n'ihu na agbapụta kemịkal ndị a na achọghị n'ime isi iyi mmiri dị ọcha, na egbu ụmụ ahụhụ na ụdị azụ na adịghị ike ma gbochie mbọ iji weghachite ndụ ala. Ọkụ a na etinye n'elu mmiri na ebelata oke sulfur nke mmepụta ike na ewepụta. Nchịkwa ikuku na esi n'ụgbọala na ebelata ikuku nke nitrogen oxides site na ụgbọala. === Nkwekọrịta Mba Nile === [[Usòrò:Acid_Rain_box_-_23_(49753937638).jpg|thumb|Omume gọọmentị iji lụso mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid ọgụ]] Mba ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ekwekọrịtala nkwekọrịta mba ụwa maka njem dị anya nke mmetọ ikuku ruo oge ụfọdụ ugbu a. Malite na 1979, mba Europe gbakọtara iji kwado ụkpụrụ ndị a tụlere n'oge UNECE Convention. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịlụso Mmetụta ikuku Transboundary Long Range ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Convention and its achievements {{!}} UNECE|url=https://unece.org/convention-and-its-achievements|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=unece.org}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta Helsinki nke [[1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulfur Emissions|1985]] na Mbelata nke Mgbasa Sulfur n'okpuru Nkwekọ na Mmetụta ikuku Transboundary Long Range mere ka nsonaazụ nke mgbakọ ahụ dịkwuo elu. Nsonaazụ nke nkwekọrịta ahụ emeela nke ọma, dịka ihe akaebe nke ihe dị ka pasent 40 nke ihe dị na North America gosipụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Moses|first=Elizabeth|date=2020-02-25|title=The Most Successful Air Pollution Treaty You've Never Heard Of|url=https://www.wri.org/insights/most-successful-air-pollution-treaty-youve-never-heard|language=en}}</ref> Ịdị irè nke Nkwekọrịta ahụ n'ịlụso mmiri ozuzo acid ọgụ akpaliwo omume ndị ọzọ nke nkwenye mba ụwa iji gbochie mmụba nke ihe particulate. Canada na US bịanyere aka na [[Nkwekọrịta Air Quality nke United States na Canada|nkwekọrịta]] Air Quality na 1991. Ọtụtụ mba Europe na Canada bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ. Ọrụ nke Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention nọgidere na ehi ụra mgbe 1999, mgbe mba 27 gbakọtara iji belata mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Agreements on Acid Rain|url=http://www.enviropedia.org.uk/Acid_Rain/International_Agreements.php|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=www.enviropedia.org.uk|archivedate=October 22, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022013359/http://www.enviropedia.org.uk/Acid_Rain/International_Agreements.php}}</ref> N'afọ 2000, e mere ka mmekọrịta mba ọzọ iji gbochie mmiri ozuzo acid na Eshia na nke mbụ ya. Ndị nnọchi anya mba iri si mba dị iche iche gbakọtara iji kwurịta ụzọ isi gbochie mmiri ozuzo acid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-10-26|title=Talks start to form network to monitor Asia's acid rain|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2000/10/26/national/talks-start-to-form-network-to-monitor-asias-acid-rain/|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=The Japan Times|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223094807/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2000/10/26/national/talks-start-to-form-network-to-monitor-asias-acid-rain/}}</ref> N'ịgbaso mkparịta ụka ndị a, e guzobere Acid Deposition Monitoring Network na East Asia (EANET) na 2001 dị ka atụmatụ gọọmentị etiti iji nye ndị na eme mkpebi ntinye sayensị na ịkwalite imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa na ntinye acid na East Asia.<ref>Totsuka, T., Sase, H., Shimizu, H. (2005). Major activities of acid deposition monitoring network in East Asia (EANET) and related studies. In: Omasa, K., Nouchi, I., De Kok, L.J. (eds) Plant Responses to Air Pollution and Global Change. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/4-431-31014-2_28</ref> Na 2023, mba ndị so na EANET gụnyere Cambodia, China, Indonesia, [[Japan]], Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russia, Thailand na Vietnam.<ref>"EANET National Focal Points" https://www.eanet.asia/about/national-focal-points/ retrieved February, 16 2023.</ref> === Azụmaahịa ikuku ===   N'ime atụmatụ nchịkwa a, a na enye ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla na emetọ ihe ugbu a ma ọ bụ nwere ike ịzụta n'ahịa mepere emepe ikike ikuku maka nkeji ọ bụla nke mmetọ a họpụtara ọ na ewepụta. Ndị na arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịwụnye ngwá ọrụ nchịkwa mmetọ, ma ree akụkụ nke ikike ha na adịghịzi mkpa maka ọrụ nke ha, si otú a na eweghachi ụfọdụ ego ha na etinye na ngwá ọrụ dị otú ahụ. Ebumnuche bụ inye ndị ọrụ ego iji wụnye njikwa mmetọ. E guzobere ahịa ahịa ahịa mbu na United States site na itinye iwu Clean Air Act Amendments nke 1990. Ebumnuche zuru oke nke Acid Rain Program nke Iwu ahụ guzobere bụ iji nweta uru dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike ọha na eze site na mbelata nke ikuku sulfur dioxide (SO2) na nitrogen oxides (NOx), isi ihe na akpata mmiri ozuzo acid. Iji mezuo ebumnuche a na ọnụ ala kachasị ala maka ọha mmadụ, mmemme ahụ na eji usoro nchịkwa na nke ahịa iji chịkwaa mmetọ ikuku. == Hụkwa == * Mmiri na ezo n'ala * Sayensị ụmụ amaala otu n'ime 'iji mbụ' nke okwu ahụ mee ihe bụ na mkpọsa mmiri ozuzo acid na 1989. * Gene Likens * Ndepụta nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke isiokwu gburugburu ebe obibi * Mmiri acid nke oké osimiri * Uzuzu mmiri ozuzo (''mmiri ozuzo alkaline'') * Nlaghachi azụ na mmebi ala {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/AQRS/reports/napapreport05.pdf National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report] – a 98-page report to Congress (2005) * [http://www.geography-site.co.uk/pages/environ/acid.html Acid rain for schools] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080815095700/http://www.hubbardbrookfoundation.org/education_outreach/ Acid rain for schools – Hubbard Brook] * United States Environmental Protection Agency – [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415152327/http://www.epa.gov/region1/eco/acidrain/index.html New England Acid Rain Program] (superficial) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060421175435/http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/2.html Acid Rain] (more depth than ref. above) * U.S. Geological Survey – [http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/acidrain/2.html What is acid rain?] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070212003546/http://www.adirondackcouncil.org/acrapub.pdf Acid Rain: A Continuing National Tragedy] – a report from The Adirondack Council on acid rain in the Adirondack region (1998) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725161913/http://chemconnections.org/modules/acidrain/ What Happens to Acid Rain?] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111112093305/http://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/water-quality/acid-rain.html Acid Rain and how it affects fish and other aquatic organisms] * [https://www.eanet.asia/resource/fourth-report-for-policy-makers-towards-clean-air-for-sustainable-future-in-east-asia-through-collaborative-activities/ Fourth Report for Policy Makers (RPM4): Towards Clean Air for Sustainable Future in East Asia through Collaborative Activities]- a report for policy-makers, Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia, EANET, (2019). [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d9w0ji7r5l59nt6dqxpqotgdkz43x7y 0 26324 728063 697701 2026-09-26T02:43:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728063 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Water_pollution_in_the_Wairarapa.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmetọ mmiri n'ihi ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi na mpaghara Wairarapa nke New Zealand (nke e sere na 2003)]]   Mmetọ ọrụ ugbo na-ezo aka na biotic na abiotic site na [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] nke na-akpata mmetọ ma ọ bụ '''mmebi''' nke gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi, na / ma ọ bụ na-akpatara mmadụ ahụ na ọdịmma akụ na ụba ha. Mmetọ ahụ nwere ike isi n'ọtụtụ isi mmalite, site na mmetọ mmiri isi iyi (site n'otu ebe a na-ewepụta) ruo na ihe ndị ọzọ na-agbasa, ihe ndị na-akpata ala, nke a makwaara dị ka mmetọ isi iyi na mmetorụ ikuku. Ozugbo ha nọ na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmetọ ndị a nwere ike inwe mmetụta kpọmkwem na gburugburu ebe dị gburugburu, ya bụ, igbu anụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ mmetọ mmiri ọṅụṅụ, na mmetụta ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri dị ka mpaghara nwụrụ anwụ nke mmiri ọrụ ugbo kpatara na-elekwasị anya na nnukwu mmiri. Omume nchịkwa, ma ọ bụ amaghị ha, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọnụọgụ na mmetụta nke mmetọ ndị a. Usoro nchịkwa sitere na nchịkwa anụmanụ na ụlọ ruo na mgbasa nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na fatịlaịza na ọrụ ugbo zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi. Omume nchịkwa ọjọọ gụnyere ọrụ nri anụmanụ na-adịghị mma, ịtabiga nri ókè, ịkọ ugbo, fatịlaịza, na iji ọgwụ ahụhụ eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, gabigara ókè, ma ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị njọ. Mmetọ sitere n'ọrụ ugbo na-emetụta ịdị mma mmiri nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ịchọta ya na ọdọ mmiri, osimiri, ala mmiri, estuaries, na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. Ihe mmetọ sitere n'ọrụ ugbo gụnyere ihe ndị dị n'ime ala, ihe na-edozi ahụ, pathogens, pesticides, ọla, na [[Ńnú|nnu]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-20|title=Agricultural Nonpoint Source Fact Sheet|url=http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/agriculture_facts.cfm|accessdate=22 April 2015|work=United States Environmental Protection Agency|publisher=EPA|archivedate=2015-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907203903/http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/agriculture_facts.cfm}}</ref> Ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmetọ ndị na-abanye na gburugburu ebe obibi. Bacteria na pathogens na nsị nwere ike ịbanye n'iyi na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ma ọ bụrụ na ịta nri, ịchekwa nsị n'ime ọdọ mmiri na itinye nsị n"ọhịa anaghị elekọta nke ọma.<ref name=":2">"Investigating the Environmental Effects of Agriculture Practices on Natural Resources". ''USGS.'' January 2007, pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3001/pdf/508FS2007_3001.pdf. Accessed 2 April 2018.</ref> Mmetọ ikuku nke ọrụ ugbo kpatara site na mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe na ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mgbanwe ihu igwe, na idozi nchegbu ndị a bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land.<ref>{{Cite book|author=IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/11/SRCCL-Full-Report-Compiled-191128.pdf|title=IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems|publisher=In press|year=2019|editor=Shukla|ref={{harvid|IPCC SRCCL|2019}} <!-- ipcc:20200204 -->|authorlink=IPCC|series=4}} https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srccl/.</ref> Mbelata mmetọ ọrụ ugbo bụ akụkụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke usoro nri na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stefanovic|first=Lilliana|title=Food System Outcomes: An Overview and the Contribution to Food Systems Transformation|journal=Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems|date=2020|volume=4|doi=10.3389/fsufs.2020.546167/full|issn=2571-581X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leip|first=Adrian|title=The role of nitrogen in achieving sustainable food systems for healthy diets|journal=Global Food Security|date=1 March 2021|volume=28|pages=100408|doi=10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100408|language=en|issn=2211-9124}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Allievi|first=Francesca|title=Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals Through Sustainable Food Systems|date=2019|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-23969-5|pages=3–23|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-23969-5_1|language=en|chapter=Understanding the Global Food System}}</ref> == Ebe ndị na-emepụta nje == === Ọgwụ ahụhụ === [[Usòrò:Cropduster_spraying_pesticides.jpg|alt=Cropduster spraying pesticides.|thumb|Ntinye ọgwụ ahụhụ n'elu.]] A na-etinye ọgwụ ahụhụ na ọgwụ ahịhịa n'ala ọrụ ugbo iji chịkwaa ahụhụ ndị na-emebi mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ. Mmetọ ala nwere ike ime mgbe ọgwụ ahụhụ [[Ihe na-emetọ ihe ndị dị ndụ|na-adịgide]] ma na-agbakọta n'ala, nke nwere ike ịgbanwe usoro microbial, mee ka osisi na-enweta kemịkal, ma bụrụ ihe na-egbu egbu na ihe ndị dị n'ala. Ruo n'ókè ọgwụ ahụhụ na herbicides na-adịgide na-adabere na kemịkal pụrụ iche nke compound, nke na-emetụta usoro sorption na-akpata akara na njem na gburugburu ala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/science/efed_databasesdescription.htm|title=Environmental Databases: Ecotoxicity Database|work=Pesticides: Science and Policy|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)|date=2006-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704074226/http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/science/efed_databasesdescription.htm|archivedate=2014-07-04}}</ref> Pesticides nwekwara ike [[Iba|ịba]] n'ime anụmanụ ndị na-eri ahụhụ na-emetọ na ihe ndị dị n'ala. Na mgbakwunye, ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere ike imerụ ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru, dị ka ndị na-eme ntụ ọka, na ndị iro nke ụmụ ahụhụ (ya bụ, ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ma ọ bụ na-egbu nje) karịa ka ha na-emerụ ụmụ ahụhụ n'onwe ha. ==== Mgbapụta nke ọgwụ ahụhụ ==== Mgbukpọ nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na-eme mgbe ọgwụ ahụhụ na mmiri na-agwakọta ma na-agafe n'ime ala, na-emetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke leaching na-ejikọta ya na ụfọdụ ala na njirimara ọgwụ ahụhụ na ogo mmiri ozuzo na ịgba mmiri. O yikarịrị ka ọ ga-eme ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri ọgwụ ahụhụ na-agbaze na mmiri, mgbe ala na-enwekarị ájá n'ọdịdị; ọ bụrụ na ịsa mmiri gabigara ókè na-eme ozugbo etinyechara ọgwụ ahụhụ; ma ọ bụrụhaala adsorption nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na ala dị ala. Ọ bụghị naanị na nsị nwere ike isi n'ọhịa ndị a gwọrọ, kamakwa site na ebe a na-agwakọta ọgwụ ahụhụ, ebe a na'ịsa ákwà na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ eme ihe, ma ọ bụ ebe a na na-ekpofu ihe.<ref name="agf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/pesticides/c_2.htm|title=Environmental Fate of Pesticides|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|work=Pesticide Wise|publisher=British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225091304/http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/pesticides/c_2.htm|archivedate=2015-12-25}}</ref> === Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri === A na-eji fatịlaịza eme ihe iji nye ihe ọkụkụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ, dị ka Nitrogen, Phosphorus, na Potassium, nke na-akwalite uto osisi ma na-abawanye ihe ọkụkụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ha bara uru maka uto osisi, ha nwekwara ike imebi usoro nri na-edozi ahụ na mineral biogeochemical ma na-etinye ihe ize ndụ na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. ==== Naịtrojin ==== Nitrogen fatịlaịza na-enye osisi nwere ụdị nke nitrogen bụ ndị dị ndụ maka iweta ihe ọkụkụ; ya bụ NO3- (nitrate) na NH4+ (ammonium). Nke a na-abawanye mkpụrụ ihe ọkụkụ na arụpụta ọrụ ugbo, mana ọ nwekwara ike imetụta mmiri dị n'ime ala na mmiri dị n'elu, metọọ ikuku, na imebi ahụike ala. Ọ bụghị ihe oriri niile a na-etinye site na fatịlaịza ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eburu ya, ma nke fọdụrụ na-agbakọta n'ime ala ma ọ bụ na-efunahụ ya dị ka mmiri na-asọpụta. Fatịlaịza nitrate nwere ike ịla n'iyi na profaịlụ ala site na mmiri na-agbapụta n'ihi oke solubility ya yana dịka ebubo n'etiti molecule na ụrọ na-adịghị mma. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke fatịlaịza nwere nitrogen jikọtara ya na nnukwu mmiri-slubility nke nitrate na-eduga n'ịba ụba n'ime mmiri dị n'elu yana ịbanye n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala, si otú ahụ na-ebute mmetọ mmiri n'ime ala. Ọkwa nitrate karịrị 10 mg/L (10 ppm) n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala nwere ike ibute "ọrịa na-acha anụnụ anụnụ" (enwetara methemoglobinemia) na ụmụ ọhụrụ na ikekwe ọrịa thyroid na ụdị ọrịa cancer dị iche iche. Nitrogen fixation, nke na-ekpuchi ikuku nitrogen (N2) na ụdị ndị ọzọ dị ndụ, na denitrification, nke na-agbanwe ogige nitrogen dị na N2 na N2O, bụ abụọ n'ime usoro metabolic kachasị mkpa na-etinye aka na okirikiri nitrogen n'ihi na ha bụ ihe ntinye kachasị ukwuu na mmepụta nitrogen na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ha na-ekwe ka nitrogen na-asọba n'etiti ikuku, nke dị ihe dịka 78% nitrogen) na biosphere. Usoro ndị ọzọ dị ịrịba ama na okirikiri nitrogen bụ nitrification na ammonification nke na-ekpuchi ammonium na nitrate ma ọ bụ nitrite na ihe organic na amonia n'otu n'otu. N'ihi na usoro ndị a na-eme ka mkpokọta nitrogen kwụsie ike n'ọtụtụ gburugburu ebe obibi, nnukwu ntinye nke nitrogen site na mmiri mmiri nke ugbo nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu nsogbu. Ihe na-esikarị na nke a pụta na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri bụ eutrophication nke n'aka nke ya na-emepụta ọnọdụ hypoxic na anoxic - ha abụọ na-egbu egbu na/ma ọ bụ na-emebi ọtụtụ ụdị. Nitrogen fatịlaịza nwekwara ike hapụ gas NH3 n'ime ikuku nke enwere ike ịtụgharị ghọọ ogige NOx. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ogige NOx dị na mbara igwe nwere ike ime ka acidification nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri na-ebute nsogbu iku ume dị iche iche na ụmụ mmadụ. Fatịlaịza nwekwara ike hapụ N2O nke bụ ikuku griin haus ma nwee ike ikwado mbibi ozone (O3) na stratosphere.Ala ndị na-enweta fatịlaịza nitrogen nwekwara ike imebi. Mmụba nke ihe ọkụkụ dị na nitrogen ga-abawanye mmepụta ụgbụ nke ihe ọkụkụ, n'ikpeazụkwa, ọrụ microbial nke ala ga-abawanye n'ihi nnukwu ntinye nitrogen sitere na fatịlaịza na ogige carbon site na biomass mebiri emebi. N'ihi mmụba nke ire ere n'ime ala, ihe ndị dị n'ime ya ga-agwụcha nke na-eme ka ahụike ala dị ala..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lu|first=Chaoqun|date=2017-03-02|title=Global nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use for agriculture production in the past half century: shifted hot spots and nutrient imbalance|url=https://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/9/181/2017/|journal=Earth System Science Data|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=181–192|doi=10.5194/essd-9-181-2017|issn=1866-3508}}</ref> ===== Mbelata ===== [[Usòrò:Changes_in_global_N_budget_in_croplands_with_the_best_adoption_of_the_11_selected_measures.webp|thumb|Mgbanwe na mmefu ego N zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ala a na-akọ ugbo na nkwenye kachasị mma nke usoro 11 ahọpụtara<ref name="10.1038/s41586-022-05481-8">{{Cite journal|author=Gu|first=Baojing|title=Cost-effective mitigation of nitrogen pollution from global croplands|journal=Nature|date=January 2023|volume=613|issue=7942|pages=77–84|doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05481-8|pmid=36600068|language=en|issn=1476-4687}} </ref> ]] Nnyocha chọpụtara "ihe dị mkpa iri na otu" nke nwere ike belata mmetọ na sitere na ubi. Ihe ndị a na-ebute ụzọ na-agụnye iji fatịlaịza na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma (EEFs), mmezigharị ala, ntụgharị akwụkwọ nri na itinye n'ọrụ mpaghara mgbochi. Dị ka meta-measure, ọmụmụ ihe ahụ na-atụ aro "usoro iwu ọhụrụ dị ka usoro ego nitrogen (NCS) nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ iji họrọ, kpalie ma, ebe ọ dị mkpa, kwado nkwado nke usoro ndị a".<ref name="10.1038/s41586-022-05481-8">{{Cite journal|author=Gu|first=Baojing|title=Cost-effective mitigation of nitrogen pollution from global croplands|journal=Nature|date=January 2023|volume=613|issue=7942|pages=77–84|doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05481-8|pmid=36600068|language=en|issn=1476-4687}} </ref> Otu ihe ọzọ ọzọ maka fatịlaịza nitrogen bụ Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers (EEF). E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị EEFs mana ha na-adaba n'ime ụdị abụọ, ngwa ngwa na-ewepụta fatịlaịza ma ọ bụ nitrification inhibitor fatịlaịtị. A na-ekpuchi fatịlaịza na-ewepụta ngwa ngwa na polymer nke na-egbu oge ma na-eme ka ntọhapụ nke Nitrogen dị n'ime usoro ọrụ ugbo. Ndị na-egbochi nitrification bụ fatịlaịza ndị a na-ekpuchi na sulfur compound nke na-egbu egbu, nke a na-enyere aka belata ntọhapụ nke Nitrogen. EEFs na-enye obere na nke na-aga n'ihu nke nitrogen n'ime ala ma nwee ike belata nitrogen leaching na volatilization nke NOx compounds, agbanyeghị akwụkwọ sayensị na-egosi ma ịdị irè na enweghị ike iji belata mmetọ nitrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Akiyama|first=Hiroko|title=Evaluation of effectiveness of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers as mitigation options for N2O and NO emissions from agricultural soils: meta-analysis|journal=Global Change Biology|date=2010|volume=16|issue=6|pages=1837–1846|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02031.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Williams|first=T.|title=Enhanced Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilizer: Potential Impacts on Crop Yield and Groundwater in Tall Fescue Fields of the Southern Willamette Groundwater Management Area, Oregon, USA|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=347986&Lab=CPHEA&subject=Water%20Research&showCriteria=0&searchAll=water%20and%20(drinking%20water%20or%20small%20systems)&sortBy=revisionDate|work=EPA.gov|publisher=Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=2023-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008055257/https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=347986&Lab=CPHEA&subject=Water%20Research&showCriteria=0&searchAll=water%20and%20(drinking%20water%20or%20small%20systems)&sortBy=revisionDate|archive-date=2022-10-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Phosphorus ==== Ụdị fatịlaịza phosphorus a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo bụ phosphate (PO43-), a na-etinyekwa ya na ngwakọta ndị na-etinye PO43- ma ọ bụ n'ụdị ihe ndị dị ka nsị na compost.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://extension.umn.edu/phosphorus-and-potassium/understanding-phosphorus-fertilizers|title=Understanding phosphorus fertilizers|work=extension.umn.edu|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-09}}</ref> Phosphorus bụ ihe na-edozi ahụ dị mkpa na ihe niile dị ndụ n'ihi ọrụ ọ na-arụ na mkpụrụ ndụ na ọrụ metabolic dị ka mmepụta nucleic acid na nnyefe ike metabolic. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, gụnyere ihe ọkụkụ ugbo, chọrọ naanị obere phosphorus n'ihi na ha agbanweela na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere obere ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hart|first=Murray|date=2004-11-01|title=Phosphorus Runoff from Agricultural Land and Direct Fertilizer Effects|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51369130|journal=Journal of Environmental Quality|volume=33|issue=6|pages=1954–72|doi=10.2134/jeq2004.1954|pmid=15537918}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ irighiri ihe dị n'ala nwere ike ịgbanwe ụdị phosphorus ka ọ bụrụ ụdị osisi dị ka phosphate. A na-ejikarị fatịlaịza inorganic eme ihe na-agafe nzọụkwụ a n'ihi na a na-etinye ya dị ka phosphate ma ọ bụ ụdị osisi ndị ọzọ dịnụ. A na-etinye phosphorus ọ bụla nke osisi na-adịghị ewere na ala nke na-enyere ya aka ịnọgide n'ebe. N'ihi nke a, ọ na-abanye na mmiri dị n'elu mgbe ala nke ọ na-ejikọta na ya na-agbaze n'ihi mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na-abanye na mmiri dị n'elu dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-etinye dị ka fatịlaịza, mana n'ihi na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ọtụtụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ọbụna obere ego nwere ike imebi okirikiri phosphorus biogeochemical nke gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://extension.psu.edu/programs/nutrient-management/educational/soil-fertility/managing-phosphorus-for-agriculture-and-the-environment|title=Managing Phosphorus for Agriculture and the Environment (Pennsylvania Nutrient Management Program)|work=Pennsylvania Nutrient Management Program (Penn State Extension)|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-09|archivedate=2019-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607070822/https://extension.psu.edu/programs/nutrient-management/educational/soil-fertility/managing-phosphorus-for-agriculture-and-the-environment/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na nitrogen na-arụ ọrụ na algae na-emerụ ahụ na cyanobacteria na-eme ka eutrophication, a na-ewere phosphorus karịrị akarị dị ka ihe kachasị enye aka n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na phosphorum na-abụkarị ihe na-edozi ahụ, ọkachasị na mmiri dị ọcha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-phosphorus|title=Indicators: Phosphorus|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2013-11-27|work=US EPA|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-19}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na mbelata ikuku oxygen na mmiri dị n'elu, okooko osisi algae na cyanobacteria nwere ike ịmepụta cyanotoxins nke na-emerụ ahụike mmadụ na anụmanụ yana ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-dead-zones-and-harmful-algal-blooms|title=The Effects: Dead Zones and Harmful Algal Blooms|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2013-03-12|work=US EPA|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-10}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke cadmium na fatịlaịza nwere phosphorus dịgasị iche iche ma nwee ike ịbụ nsogbu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, fatịlaịza mono-ammonium phosphate nwere ike ịnwe cadmium dị ala dị ka 0.14 mg / kg ma ọ bụ dị elu dị ka 50.9 mg / kg. Nke a bụ n'ihi na nkume phosphate eji emepụta ha nwere ike ịnwe ihe ruru 188 mg / kg cadmium (ihe atụ bụ nkwụnye ego na Nauru na agwaetiti Krismas). Iji fatịlaịza cadmium dị elu eme ihe na-aga n'ihu nwere ike imerụ ala na osisi. European Commission atụlewo oke nke cadmium nke fatịlaịza phosphate. Ndị na-emepụta fatịlaịza nwere phosphorus ugbu a na-ahọrọ nkume phosphate dabere na ọdịnaya cadmium.<ref name="Microchemical Journal 2012 pp. 17–21">{{Cite journal|title=Investigation of Cd contents in several phosphate rocks used for the production of fertilizer|journal=Microchemical Journal|volume=104|date=2012-09-01|issn=0026-265X|doi=10.1016/j.microc.2012.03.020|pages=17–21|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026265X12000665|accessdate=2022-01-23|author=Mar|first=Swe Swe}}</ref> Nkume phosphate nwere ọkwa dị elu nke fluoride. N'ihi ya, ojiji a na-ejikarị eme ihe na fatịlaịza phosphate emeela ka mmiri dị n'ala dịkwuo ukwuu. Achọpụtala na mmetọ nri sitere na fatịlaịza adịghị echegbu onwe ya ka osisi na-enweta obere fluoride site n'ala; nchegbu ka ukwuu bụ ohere nke nsị fluoride na anụ ụlọ na-eri ala emetọ. Ihe ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ nchegbu bụ mmetụta nke fluoride na microorganisms nke ala.<ref name="Water Research 2009 pp. 3177–3186">{{Cite journal|title=Toxicity of fluoride to microorganisms in biological wastewater treatment systems|journal=Water Research|volume=43|issue=13|date=2009-07-01|issn=0043-1354|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.032|pages=3177–3186|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135409002802|accessdate=2022-01-23|author=Ochoa-Herrera|first=Valeria|pmid=19457531}}</ref> ===Ihe ndị na-emepụta radiation=== Ihe radiation nke fatịlaịza dịgasị iche iche ma dabere ma na oke ha na nne na nna mineral na usoro mmepụta fatịlaịtị. Uranium-238 nwere ike ịdị site na 7 ruo 100 pCi / g na nkume phosphate na site na 1 ruo 67 pCi /g na fatịlaịza phosphate. Ebe a na-eji ọnụego dị elu kwa afọ nke fatịlaịza phosphorus, nke a nwere ike ịkpata uranium-238 n'ime ala na mmiri mmiri mmiri nke dị ọtụtụ ugboro karịa ka ọ dị. Otú ọ dị, mmetụta nke mmụba ndị a na ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike mmadụ site na mmetọ radionuclide nke nri dị obere ( na-erughị 0.05 mSv / y). ==== Ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe ndị sitere n'okike ==== Nri na ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-edozi ahụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ na-eri n'ụdị nri. Omume nke iweghachi ihe mkpofu dị otú ahụ n'ala ugbo na-enye ohere iji megharịa ihe oriri ala. Ihe ịma aka bụ na nsị na biosolids nwere ọ bụghị naanị ihe na-edozi ahụ dịka carbon, nitrogen, na phosphorus, kamakwa ha nwere ike ịnwe mmetọ, gụnyere ọgwụ na ngwaahịa nlekọta onwe onye (PPCPs). E nwere ọtụtụ PPCPs nke ụmụ mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ na-eri, nke ọ bụla nwere kemịkal pụrụ iche na gburugburu ala na mmiri. N'ihi nke a, ọ bụghị ha niile ka a nyochara maka mmetụta ha na ala, mmiri, na ikuku. Ụlọ ọrụ US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enyochawo nsị nsị site na ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi mmiri na US iji nyochaa ọkwa nke PPCPs dị iche iche dị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/biosolids/sewage-sludge-surveys|title=Sewage Sludge Surveys|publisher=EPA|work=Biosolids|date=2016-08-17}}</ref> === Igwe === Ihe ndị dị mkpa na-etinye ọla dị arọ (dịka ọkpụkpụ, cadmium, arsenic, mercury) n'ime usoro ọrụ ugbo bụ fatịlaịza, ihe mkpofu dị ka nsị, na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ. Nri na-adịghị n'ahụ na-anọchite anya ụzọ dị mkpa maka ọla dị arọ ịbanye n'ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Srivastava|first=Vaibhav|date=2017|title=Agroecological Responses of Heavy Metal Pollution with Special Emphasis on Soil Health and Plant Performances|journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science|language=en|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fenvs.2017.00064|issn=2296-665X}}</ref> Usoro ọrụ ugbo ụfọdụ, dị ka ịgba mmiri, nwere ike iduga n'ịchịkọta selenium (Se) nke na-eme n'ụzọ okike n'ime ala, nke nwere ike ịkpata ọdọ mmiri na-agbadata mmiri nwere [[selenium]] nke na-egbu anụ ọhịa, anụ ụlọ, na ụmụ mmadụ. A maara usoro a dị ka "Kesterson Effect," nke a na-akpọ aha ya site na Kesterson Reservoir na San Joaquin Valley ([[California]], USA), nke a kpọsara na ọ bụ ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu na 1987.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Presser|first=Theresa S.|date=1994-05-01|title=The Kesterson effect|journal=Environmental Management|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=437–454|doi=10.1007/BF02393872|issn=1432-1009|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232546}}</ref> Mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike iburu ọla dị arọ dị na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke nwere ike ibute ihe ize ndụ ahụike nye ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha rie osisi ndị metụtara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Alves|first=Leticia|date=2016-07-18|title=Heavy metals in agricultural soils: From plants to our daily life|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305627542|journal=Científica|volume=44|issue=3|pages=346|doi=10.15361/1984-5529.2016v44n3p346-361}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ọla dị mkpa maka uto osisi, agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ na ahụike osisi. Ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ ígwè, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ime fatịlaịza n'ihi ọkwa dị elu nke zinc (nke dị mkpa maka uto osisi), nwekwara ike ịgụnye ọla ndị na-egbu egbu: ọt, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, na nickel. Ihe ndị na-egbu egbu kachasị na ụdị fatịlaịza a bụ mercury, ọta, na arsenic. Enwere ike iwepụ ihe ndị a nwere ike imerụ ahụ n'oge mmepụta fatịlaịza; Otú ọ dị, nke a na-eme ka ọnụahịa fatịlaịtị dịkwuo elu. A na-enweta fatịlaịza dị ọcha n'ọtụtụ ebe, ma eleghị anya a maara nke ọma dị ka fatịlaịtị na-agbaze mmiri nke nwere ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. A na-ejikarị fatịlaịza dị ka ndị a eme ihe n'ụlọ, dị ka Miracle-Gro. A na-eji fatịlaịza ndị a na-agbaze mmiri nke ukwuu na azụmaahịa ụlọ ọrụ na-azụ osisi ma dị na ngwugwu buru ibu na ọnụ ala karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpọsa. Enwekwara ụfọdụ fatịlaịza dị ọnụ ala nke a na-eme na ndị dị ọcha, na-egbochi mmepụta. === Nchịkwa ala === ==== Mgbari nke ala na sedimentation ==== [[Usòrò:Soil_erosion_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1135515.jpg|alt=Soil erosion|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mgbari ala: ala asawo site n'ọhịa a kụrụ akụ site n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá a wee banye n'ime mmiri gafere.]] Ọrụ ugbo na-enye aka nke ukwuu na mbuze ala na ikpo ala site na njikwa siri ike ma ọ bụ mkpuchi ala na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma. A na-eme atụmatụ na mmebi ala ugbo na-eduga na mbelata a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe na ọmụmụ ihe na ihe dị ka nde hekta 6 nke ala na-eme nri kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Dudal|first=R.|year=1981|chapter=An evaluation of conservation needs|pages=3–12|title=Soil Conservation, Problems and Prospects|editor=Morgan|location=Chichester, U.K.|publisher=Wiley}}</ref> Nchịkọta nke sediments (ya bụ sedimentation) na mmiri na-asọ asọ na-emetụta ogo mmiri n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Sedimentation nwere ike belata ikike njem nke ọwara, iyi, osimiri, na ọwa ụgbọ mmiri. Ọ pụkwara igbochi oke ìhè na-abanye na mmiri, nke na-emetụta ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri. Nsogbu a na-enweta site na sedimentation nwere ike igbochi omume iri nri nke azụ, na-emetụta ọnụọgụ mmadụ. Sedimentation na-emetụtakwa njem na nchịkọta nke mmetọ, gụnyere phosphorus na ọgwụ ahụhụ dị iche iche.<ref name="Abrantes Pereira Gonçalves pp. 77–88">{{Cite journal|author=Abrantes|first=Nelson|title=Occurrence of Pesticides in Water, Sediments, and Fish Tissues in a Lake Surrounded by Agricultural Lands: Concerning Risks to Humans and Ecological Receptors|journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution|volume=212|issue=1–4|date=2010-01-30|issn=0049-6979|doi=10.1007/s11270-010-0323-2|pages=77–88}}</ref> ==== Mgbasa na ikuku nitrous oxide ==== Usoro biogeochemical nke ala sitere n'okike na-eme ka ikuku dị iche iche na-ekpo ọkụ, gụnyere nitrous oxide. Omume nchịkwa ọrụ ugbo nwere ike imetụta ọkwa ikuku. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, egosila na ọkwa ọrụ ugbo na-emetụta ikuku nitrous oxide.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700030029x|title=Nitrous Oxide Emission in Three Years as Affected by Tillage, Corn-Soybean-Alfalfa Rotations, and Nitrogen Fertilization|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-environmental-quality_may-june-1998_27_3/page/698|journal=Journal of Environmental Quality|volume=27|issue=3|pages=698–703|year=1998|author=MacKenzie|first=A. F}}</ref> === Ọrụ ugbo na-emepụta ihe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma iji belata === Site n'echiche gburugburu ebe obibi, fatịlaịza, mmepụta nke ukwuu na iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo akpatala, ma na-akpata mbibi dị ukwuu n'ụwa niile na gburugburu ebe obibi, ahụike ala,<ref name="10.1016/bs.agron.2015.12.003"/><ref name="10.1007/s13165-019-00275-1"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=M. Tahat |first1=Monther |last2=M. Alananbeh |first2=Kholoud |last3=A. Othman |first3=Yahia |last4=I. Leskovar |first4=Daniel |title=Soil Health and Sustainable Agriculture |journal=Sustainability |date=January 2020 |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=4859 |doi=10.3390/su12124859 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref> ụdị dịgasị iche iche, mmiri ala na mmiri ọṅụṅụ. na mgbe ụfọdụ ahụike ndị ọrụ ugbo na ọmụmụ.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Water pollution by agriculture|journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci|volume=363|issue=1491|date=12 February 2008|doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2176|pmid=17666391|pmc=2610176|pages=659–66|author=Brian Moss}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/short_series/lakereservoirs-3/6.asp|title=Social, Cultural, Institutional and Economic Aspects of Eutrophication|publisher=[[UNEP]]|access-date=14 October 2018|accessdate=12 May 2023|archivedate=30 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730060358/http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/short_series/lakereservoirs-3/6.asp}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards|journal=Interdiscip Toxicol.|volume=2|issue=1|date=March 2009|doi=10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7|pmid=21217838|pmc=2984095|pages=1–12|author=Aktar |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/news/pesticides-spark-broad-biodiversity-loss-1.13214|title=Pesticides spark broad biodiversity loss|journal=Nature|date=17 June 2013|author=Sharon Oosthoek|doi=10.1038/nature.2013.13214|s2cid=130350392|access-date=14 October 2018|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Seufert">{{cite journal | last1=Seufert | first1=Verena | last2=Ramankutty | first2=Navin | title=Many shades of gray — The context-dependent performance of organic agriculture | journal=Science Advances | volume=3 | issue=3 | year=2017 | issn=2375-2548 | pmid=28345054 | pmc=5362009 | doi=10.1126/sciadv.1602638 | page=e1602638| bibcode=2017SciA....3E2638S }}</ref> Ọrụ ugbo na-egbu egbu na-ebelata ụfọdụ mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo nke oge ochie, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbelata nwere ike isi ike ịkọwapụta ma dị iche dabere na ụzọ ọrụ ugbo. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ibelata mkpofu nri na mgbanwe nri nwere ike inye uru ka ukwuu.ref name=Seufert/> Nnyocha e mere na 2020 na Mahadum nka na ụzụ nke Munich chọpụtara na ikuku griin haus nke nri sitere n'osisi a na-akọ dị ala karịa nri sitere n'osisi a na-akọ. Ọnụ ego gas griin haus na-eri anụ ndị a na-emepụta bụ otu ihe na anụ anaghị emepụta ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Organic meats found to have approximately the same greenhouse impact as regular meats|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-12-meats-approximately-greenhouse-impact-regular.html|access-date=31 December 2020|website=phys.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Otú ọ dị, otu akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na ngbanwe site na usoro omenala gaa n'usoro ihe omume nwere ike ịba uru maka ịrụ ọrụ ogologo oge na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ma eleghị anya na-emewanye ala ka oge na-aga.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Pieper|first1=Maximilian|last2=Michalke|first2=Amelie|last3=Gaugler|first3=Tobias|date=15 December 2020|title=Calculation of external climate costs for food highlights inadequate pricing of animal products|url= |journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=6117|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19474-6|pmid=33323933|pmc=7738510|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.6117P|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> == Ebe ndị na-emepụta ihe ndị dị ndụ == === Ikuku Green sitere na nsị === Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (FAO) buru amụma na 18% nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ nke mmadụ na-abịa ahụike pụtaghị ìhè site na anụ ụlọ ụwa. Akụkọ a tụkwara aro na ikuku sitere na anụ ụlọ karịrị nke nie na anụ ụlọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a n'ịmepụta gas na-ekpo ọkụ, a na-ekwu na atụmatụ ahụ bụ ihe na-ezighị ezi. Ọ bụ ezie na FAO jiri nyocha nke ndụ nke ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ (ya bụ, akụkụ niile gụnyere ikuku sitere na ihe ọkụkụ na-eto eto maka nri, njem gaa na igbu anụ, wdg), ha etinyeghị otu nyocha ahụ maka ngalaba njem.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/S0065-2113(09)03001-6|chapter=Clearing the Air: Livestock's Contribution to Climate Change|pages=1–40|title=Advances in Agronomy|year=2009|author=Pitesky|first=Maurice E|isbn=978-0-12-374819-5}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na atụmatụ FAO dị ala nke ukwuu, na-ekwu ete ụlọ ọrụ anụ ụlọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nwere ike ibute ihe ruru 51% nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku karịa 18%.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Environmental Effects of the Livestock Industry: The Relationship between Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior among Students in Israel|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|date=April 16, 2019|volume=16|issue=8|author=Dopelt|first=Keren|doi=10.3390/ijerph16081359|pmid=31014019}}</ref> Ndị nkatọ na-ekwu na ọdịiche dị na atụmatụ sitere na ojiji FAO na-eji data ochie. N'agbanyeghi, ọ bụrụ na akụkọ FAO nke 18% ziri ezi, nke ahụ ka na-eme ka anụ ụlọ bụrụ nke abụọ kachasị emetọ gas. Ihe nlereanya PNAS gosipụtara na ọbụlagodi na ewepụrụ ụmụ anụmanụ kpamkpam na ọrụ ugbo na nri US, ikuku GHG nke US ga-ebelata naanị 2.6% (ma ọ bụ 28% nke ikuku GHHG nke ọrụ ugbo). Nke a bụ n'ihi mkpa ọ dị iji fatịlaịza dochie nsị anụmanụ na iji dochie ihe ndị ọzọ anụmanụ na-emepụta, yana n'ihi na anụ ụlọ na-eji nri ndị mmadụ na-apụghị ịgụta na ihe ndị na-emepụta eriri. Ọzọkwa, ndị mmadụ ga-ata ahụhụ site na ụkọ dị ukwuu na ihe oriri ndị dị mkpa ọ bụ ezie na ha ga-enweta ike karịrị akarị, nke nwere ike iduga oke ibu.<ref name="pnas">{{Cite journal|title=Nutritional and greenhouse gas impacts of removing animals from US agriculture|date=Nov 13, 2017|volume=114|issue=48|pages=E10301–E10308|doi=10.1073/pnas.1707322114|pmid=29133422|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|author=White|first=Robin R.}}</ref> === Ọgwụ na-egbu ụmụ ahụhụ === Biopesticides bụ ọgwụ ahụhụ sitere na ihe okike (anụmanụ, osisi, microorganisms, mineral ụfọdụ). Dị ka ihe ọzọ na ọgwụ ahụhụ ọdịnala, ọgwụ biopesticides nwere ike belata mmetọ ọrụ ugbo n'ozuzu ya n'ihi na ha dị nchebe iji chịkwaa, na-emetụtakarị anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ ma ọ bụ anụ ndị nwere azụ, ma nwee obere oge fọdụrụ.<ref name="Pedigoand" /> Nchegbu ụfọdụ dị na biopesticides nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ndị na-enweghị isi, Otú ọ dị.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10123-003-0144-x|pmid=12955583|title=Development, registration and commercialization of microbial pesticides for plant protection|journal=International Microbiology|volume=6|issue=4|pages=245–52|year=2003|author=Montesinos|first=Emilio|url=http://revistes.iec.cat/index.php/IM/article/view/9432}}</ref> Na United States, ndị na-egbu egbu na-achịkwa site na EPA. N'ihi na ọgwụ biopesticides adịghị emerụ ahụ ma nwee mmetụta dị nta na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ọgwụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ anaghị achọ ọtụtụ data iji debanye aha ha. A na-ekwe ka ọtụtụ biopesticides n'okpuru National Organic Program, Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States, ụkpụrụ maka mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ. === Ụdị ndị e webatara === ==== Ụdị ndị na-awakpo ==== [[Usòrò:Yellow_star_thistle.jpg|alt=Yellow Star Thistle.|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Centaurea solstitialis'', ahịhịa na-awakpo nke ukwuu, nwere ike ịbụ na e webatara ya na North America na mkpụrụ nri na-emetọ emetọ. Omume ọrụ ugbo dị ka ịkọ ugbo na ịkpa anụ ụlọ nyere aka na mgbasa ngwa ngwa. Ọ na-egbu egbu na ịnyịnya, na-egbochi osisi ala ka ha ghara itolite (na-ebelata ụdị dị iche iche na-emebi usoro okike), ọ bụkwa ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ maka mbata nke ụmụ anụmanụ.]] Mgbasawanye nke ọrụ ugbo n'ụwa niile emeela ka ebugharị nje, ahịhịa, na ọrịa na mberede gaa n'ebe ọhụrụ. Ọ bụrụ na ha guzobe, ha na-aghọ ụdị na-awakpo nke nwere ike imetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ala ma na-eyi mmepụta ugbo egwu.<ref name="Mooney">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.091093398|pmid=11344292|title=The evolutionary impact of invasive species|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2001-05-08_98_10/page/5446|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=98|issue=10|pages=5446–51|year=2001|author=Mooney|first=H. A}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, njem nke aṅụ a zụlitere na Europe ma zigara ya na United States na / ma ọ bụ [[Kánada|Canada]] maka iji ya dị ka ndị na-eme ntụ ọka azụmahịa emeela ka ewebata nje Old World na New World.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/135295/0|title=Bombus franklini (Franklin's Bumble Bee)|publisher=Iucnredlist.org|date=2008-01-01|accessdate=2013-07-24}}</ref> Nkwupụta a nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na mbelata aṅụ na-adịbeghị anya na North America. Ụdị ndị a na-ewebata n'ọrụ ugbo nwekwara ike ịgwakọta na ụdị ala nke na-akpata mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche<ref name="Mooney" /> nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma na-eyi mmepụta ugbo egwu.<ref name="Gullan" /> Mgbagwoju anya nke ebe obibi (ecology) metụtara ọrụ ugbo n'onwe ha nwekwara ike ime ka ọ dịrị ndị a webatara mfe. Ngwá ọrụ na-emetọ emetọ, anụ ụlọ na nri, na ihe ọkụkụ na-emetọrọ emetọ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ahịhịa nwekwara ike ibute mgbasa nke ahịhịhịa. Quarantines (lee biosecurity ) bụ otu ụzọ nke a ga-achịkwa mgbochi nke mgbasa nke ụdị ndị na-awakpo na ọkwa iwu. Quarantine bụ ngwá ọrụ iwu nke na-egbochi ngagharị nke ihe na-arịa ọrịa site na mpaghara ebe ụdị na-awakpo dị na mpaghara ebe ọ na-adịghị. Òtù Azụmaahịa Ụwa nwere iwu mba ụwa gbasara iche iche nke ụmụ ahụhụ na ọrịa n'okpuru nkwekọrịta maka itinye n'ọrụ usoro ahụike na ọgwụ. Mba ọ bụla na-enwekarị iwu nke ha. Na United States, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo / Ụmụ Anụmanụ na Ọrụ Nnyocha Ahụike nke United States (USDA / APHIS) na-ahụ maka iche iche n'ime ụlọ (n'ime United States) na mba ọzọ (ihe si n'èzí United States). Ndị na-enyocha ndị a na-eme ka ndị na-ahụ maka iche iche na ókèala steeti na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. ==== Nchịkwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ==== Iji ihe ndị na-egbochi nje na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, ma ọ bụ iji ndị na-eri anụ, parasitoids, parasites, na pathogens chịkwaa ụmụ ahụhụ nke ugbo, nwere ike ibelata mmetọ ugbo nke jikọtara ya na usoro nchịkwa ahụhụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka iji pesticide. Otú ọ dị, a kparịtara ụka banyere uru iwebata ndị na-abụghị ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ozugbo ewepụtara ya, iwebata onye na-ahụ maka biocontrol nwere ike ọ gaghị agbanwe agbanwe. Okwu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịgụnye ịgbasa site na ebe obibi ọrụ ugbo gaa na gburugburu eke, na mgbanwe ndị ọbịa ma ọ bụ imeghari iji were ụdị ụmụ amaala. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ịkọ ihe ga-esi na mmekọrịta dị na gburugburu ebe obibi dị mgbagwoju anya na mmetụta ndị nwere ike ime tupu ahapụ ya nwere ike isi ike. Otu ihe atụ nke usoro ihe nchịkwa bio nke butere mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi mere na North America, bụ ebe e webatara parasitoid nke urukurubụba iji chịkwaa nla gypsy na nla browntail. Parasitoid a nwere ike iji ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-elekọta urukurubụba, ma yikarịrị ka ọ kpatara mbelata na mkpochapụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị nla silk..<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.060402.102800|pmid=12208812|title=Nontarget effects—the Achilles' heel of biological control? Retrospective analyses to reduce risk associated with biocontrol introductions|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=48|pages=365–96|year=2003|author=Louda|first=S.M|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=biosciecology}}</ref> Nnyocha mba ụwa maka ndị nwere ike ịchịkwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na-enyere aka site na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka European Biological Control Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture / Agricultural Research Service (USDA / ARS), Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, na International Organization for Biological Control of Noxious Plants and Animals. Iji gbochie mmetọ ọrụ ugbo, a chọrọ iche iche na nyocha sara mbara banyere ịdị irè nke ihe ahụ na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi tupu ewebata ya. Ọ bụrụ na a kwadoro ya, a na-eme mgbalị iji chekwaa ma gbasaa onye na-achịkwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na ntọala ọrụ ugbo kwesịrị ekwesị. A na-eme nyocha na-aga n'ihu na ịdị irè ha. === Ihe dị ndụ emeghariri emeghari (Genetically modified organisms (GMO)) === [[Usòrò:Bt_plants.png|alt=Top: Lesser cornstalk borer larvae extensively damaged the leaves of this unprotected peanut plant. (Image Number K8664-2)-Photo by Herb Pilcher. Bottom: After only a few bites of peanut leaves of this genetically engineered plant (containing the genes of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria), this lesser cornstalk borer larva crawled off the leaf and died. (Image Number K8664-1)-Photo by Herb Pilcher.|áká_èkpè|thumb|(N'elu) Non transgenic peanut leaves na-egosi nnukwu mmebi site na European corn borer larvae. (N'okpuru) A na-echebe akwụkwọ ahụekere nke a gbanwere iji mepụta nsí Bt pụọ na mmebi ahịhịa.]] ==== Mmetọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ==== Otú ọ dị, ihe ọkụkụ GMO nwere ike ịkpata mmetọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ụdị osisi ala site na ngwakọta. Nke a nwere ike iduga n'ịbawanye ahịhịa nke osisi ma ọ bụ mkpochapụ nke ụdị ala. Na mgbakwunye, osisi transgenic n'onwe ya nwere ike ịghọ ahịhịa ma ọ bụrụ na mgbanwe ahụ eme ka ahụike ya dị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi. Enwekwara nchegbu na ihe ndị na-abụghị ndị a na-elekwasị anya, dị ka ndị na-eme ntụ ọka na ndị iro okike, nwere ike ịnwe nsí site na iri ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta Bt na mberede. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke na-anwale mmetụta nke ntụ ọka ọka Bt na-eme ka ahịhịa ndị dị nso na-eme nri nke urukurubụba eze chọpụtara na egwu a na-eyi ndị eze ahụ dị ala. Ojiji nke ihe ọkụkụ GMO nke e mepụtara maka iguzogide herbicide nwekwara ike ịbawanye oke mmetọ ugbo metụtara iji herbicide eme ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmụba nke ojiji nke herbicide na ubi ọka na-eguzogide herbicide n'etiti ọdịda anyanwụ United States na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmiri ara ehi dị maka ụmụ ahụhụ monarch butterfly. Nchịkwa nke ntọhapụ nke ihe ndị a gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dịgasị iche dabere na ụdị ndị dị ndụ na mba metụtara. ==== GMO dị ka ngwá ọrụ nke ibelata mmetọ ==== Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike inwe nchegbu banyere ojiji nke ngwaahịa GM, ọ nwekwara ike ịbụ ngwọta maka ụfọdụ nsogbu mmetọ ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ dị ugbu a. Otu n'ime isi ihe na-akpata mmetọ, ọkachasị vitamin na mineral drift n'ime ala, na-abịa site na enweghị arụmọrụ na-agbari nri n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ. Site n'imeziwanye arụmọrụ nke mgbari nri, ọ ga-ekwe omume ibelata ọnụahịa nke mmepụta anụmanụ na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Otu ihe atụ na-aga nke ọma nke teknụzụ a na ngwa ya nwere ike itinye ya bụ Enviropig. Enviropig bụ ezì Yorkshire gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke na-egosipụta phytase na asọ ya. Mkpụrụ, dị ka ọka na ọka wit, nwere phosphorus nke a na-ejikọta n'ụdị a na-adịghị agbari nke a maara dị ka phytic acid. A na-agbakwunye Phosphorus, ihe na-edozi ahụ dị mkpa maka ezì, na nri ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na enweghi ike ịkpụbi ya n'ụzọ nri ezì. N'ihi ya, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ phosphorus niile a na-ahụ n'ime ọka na-efu n'ime nsị, ma nwee ike inye aka na ọkwa dị elu n'ime ala. Phytase bụ enzyme nke nwere ike imebi phytic acid na-adịghị agbari agbari, na-eme ka ezì nwee ya. Ikike nke Enviropig ịgbari phosphorus site na ọka na-ewepụ ihe mkpofu nke phosphorum ahụ (mbelata pasent ịrị abụọ wee ruo pasent ịrị isii), ma na-ewepu mkpa ọ dị ịgbakwunye ihe na-edozi ahụ na nri.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/90788|pmid=11479566|year=2001|author=Golovan|first=Serguei P|title=Pigs expressing salivary phytase produce low-phosphorus manure|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-biotechnology_2001-08_19_8/page/741|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=19|issue=8|pages=741–5}}</ref> === Nlekọta anụmanụ === ==== Nchịkwa nsị ==== Otu n'ime isi ihe na-enye aka na ikuku, ala na mmetọ mmiri bụ nsị anụmanụ. Dị ka akụkọ USDA nke afọ 2005 si kwuo, a na-emepụta ihe karịrị tọn 335 nke ihe mkpofu "ihe kpọrọ nkụ" (ihe mkpofu mgbe ewepụrụ mmiri) kwa afọ n'ugbo dị na United States.<ref>USDA Agricultural Research Service. "FY-2005 Annual Report Manure and Byproduct Utilization", 31 May 2006</ref> Ọrụ inye ụmụ anụmanụ nri na-emepụta ihe dị ka okpukpu 100 karịa nsị karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nsị mmadụ a na-edozi na ụlọ ọrụ mmiri nsị nke US kwa afọ. Mmetọ sitere na fatịlaịza ugbo siri ike ịchọta, nyochaa ma chịkwaa. A na-achọta oke nitrate na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ma nwee ike iru 50 mg / lita (ókè EU Directive). N'ọwara na osimiri, [[Nri mmetọ|mmetọ]] nri sitere na fatịlaịza na-akpata eutrophication. Nke a ka njọ n'oge oyi, mgbe ịsụ ugbo n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ wepụtara ọtụtụ nitrates; mmiri ozuzo n'oge ọkọchị na-adị arọ na-abawanye na mmiri na-agbapụta, ma enwere obere ihe ọkụkụ. EPA na-atụ aro na otu ugbo mmiri ara ehi nwere ehi 2,500 na-emepụta ihe mkpofu dị ka obodo nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 411,000. US National Research Council achọpụtala ísì dị ka nsogbu kachasị mkpa nke anụmanụ na mpaghara mpaghara. Usoro anụmanụ dị iche iche anabatala ọtụtụ usoro nchịkwa ihe mkpofu iji dozie nnukwu ihe mkpofu a na-emepụta kwa afọ. Uru nke ọgwụgwọ nsị bụ mbelata nke nsị nke chọrọ ibugharị ma tinye ya na ihe ọkụkụ, yana mbelata mkpakọ ala. A na-ebelata ihe oriri, nke pụtara na a chọrọ obere ala a na-akọ ihe ubi maka ịba nsị. Ọgwụ nsị nwekwara ike belata ihe ize ndụ nke ahụike mmadụ na ihe ize ndụ nchekwa site n'ibelata ọnụọgụ nke pathogens dị na nsị. Nri anụmanụ na-enweghị ntụpọ ma ọ bụ slurry bụ otu narị okpukpu karịa nsị ụlọ, ma nwee ike iburu nje eriri afọ, ''Cryptosporidium'', nke siri ike ịchọpụta mana enwere ike ịnyefe ụmụ mmadụ. Mmanya Silage (site na ahịhịa mmiri na-agba ụka) siri ike karịa slurry, na pH dị ala na oke mkpa oxygen. Site na pH dị ala, mmanya silage nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-emebi ihe nke ukwuu; ọ nwere ike ịwakpo ihe ndị aka mere, na-eme ka ihe nchekwa mebie, ma na-eduga na nsị mberede. Enwere ike imeziwanye uru ndị a niile site na iji usoro nchịkwa nsị ziri ezi na ugbo ziri ezi dabere na onwunwe ndị dịnụ. ==== Ọgwụ nsị ==== ===== Ime kọmpost ===== Ime kọmpost bụ usoro nchịkwa nsị siri ike nke na-adabere na nsị siri eme site na pensụl ngwugwu, ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike site na ihe na-ekewa nsị mmiri. E nwere ụzọ abụọ e si eme composting, na-arụ ọrụ na nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ. A na-agbanye nsị site n'oge ruo n'oge n'oge na-arụ ọrụ composting, ebe ọ bụ na composting na-agaghị agafe agafe ọ bụghị. Achọpụtala na composting na-agafe agafe nwere obere ikuku gas na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'ihi ire ure na-ezughị ezu na ọnụego mgbasa gas dị ala. [citation needed] ===== Nkewa nke ihe siri ike na mmiri ===== Enwere ike ike ikewapụta nsị n'ime akụkụ siri ike na mmiri maka njikwa dị mfe. Enwere ike iji mmiri (4-8% ihe kpọrọ nkụ) mee ihe n'ụzọ dị mfe na usoro mgbapụta maka ịgbasa n'elu ihe ọkụkụ na akụkụ siri ike (15-30% ihe kpọrọ akọrọ) nwere ike iji dị ka ihe ndina, gbasaa na ọkụkụ, composted ma ọ bụ mbupụ. ===== Mgbari nri na ọdọ mmiri ===== [[Usòrò:Anaerobic_Lagoon_at_Cal_Poly.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ mmiri anaerobic n'ebe a na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi]] Anaerobic digestion bụ ọgwụgwọ nke ihe mkpofu anụmanụ na-eji nje bacteria eme ihe n'ógbè na-enweghị ikuku, nke na-akwalite ire ure nke ihe siri ike. A na-eji mmiri ọkụ eme ihe iji mee ka ihe mkpofu dị ọkụ iji mụbaa ọnụego mmepụta gas.<ref name="manuremanagement.cornell" /> Mmiri fọdụrụnụ bara ọgaranya ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe n'ọhịa dị ka fatịlaịza na gas methane nke enwere ike ịgba ọkụ ozugbo na stove biogas ma ọ bụ na generator engine iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik na okpomọkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2017.08.068|title=Current approach to manure management for small-scale Southeast Asian farmers - Using Vietnamese biogas and non-biogas farms as an example|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=115|pages=362–70|year=2018|author=Roubík|first=Hynek}}</ref> Methane dị ihe dị ka okpukpu iri abụọ karịa gas na-ekpo ọkụ karịa carbon dioxide, nke nwere mmetụta ọjọọ gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụrụ na anaghị achịkwa ya nke ọma. Anaerobic ọgwụgwọ nke ihe mkpofu bụ usoro kachasị mma maka ịchịkwa ísì metụtara njikwa nsị.<ref name="manuremanagement.cornell" /> Ọdọ mmiri ọgwụgwọ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ejikwa mgbari anaerobic iji mebie ihe siri ike, mana n'ụzọ dị nwayọ. A na-edebe ọdọ mmiri na okpomọkụ gburugburu ebe obibi karịa tankị mgbari ọkụ. Lagoons chọrọ nnukwu ala na oke mmiri iji rụọ ọrụ nke ọma, yabụ ha anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ọtụtụ ihu igwe n'ebe ugwu United States. Lagoons na-enyekwa uru nke mbelata ísì na biogas na-eme ka ọ dị maka okpomọkụ na ike eletrik. Nnyocha egosila na a na-ebelata ikuku GHG site na iji usoro mgbari nri aerobic. Mbelata na ego GHG nwere ike inye aka kwụọ ụgwọ maka ọnụahịa nrụnye dị elu nke teknụzụ aerobic dị ọcha ma mee ka ndị na-emepụta ihe nabata teknụzụ dị elu na gburugburu ebe obibi iji dochie ọdọ mmiri anaerobic dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2007.09.034|pmid=18060761|title=Greenhouse gas emission reduction and environmental quality improvement from implementation of aerobic waste treatment systems in swine farms|journal=Waste Management|volume=28|issue=4|pages=759–66|year=2008|author=Vanotti|first=M.B}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Mmetọ ikuku]] [[Òtù:Mmetọ mmiri]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mn8l7mmri6jchjovf5unm5elpm6lb77 0 26354 728062 191239 2026-09-26T02:42:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728062 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Pathway-of-plastic-to-ocean.png|thumb|400x400px|Ụzọ plastik si abanye n'oké osimiri ụwa]] Mmetọ rọba mmiri nke mmiri (ma ọ bụ mmetọ rọba n'oké osimiri) bụ ụdị mmetọ mmiri site na plastik, sitere na nha site na nnukwu ihe mbụ dị ka karama na akpa, gbadaa na microplastics nke emere site na nkewa nke ihe rọba. A na-atụfu ihe mkpofu mmiri nke ukwuu nke na-ese n'elu, ma ọ bụ kwụsịtụrụ n'oké osimiri. Pasent 80 nke irighiri mmiri mmiri bụ plastik. Microplastics na nanoplastics na-esite na ndakpọ ma ọ bụ foto mmebi nke ihe mkpofu rọba n'elu mmiri, osimiri ma ọ bụ oke osimiri. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtala nanoplastics na nnukwu snow, karịsịa ihe dị ka tọn 3,000 na-ekpuchi Switzerland kwa afọ. A na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ihe ruru nde tọn 86 nke ihe mkpofu mmiri rọba dị n'oké osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ dịka njedebe nke afọ 2013, na-eche na 1.4% nke plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ emepụtara site na 1950 ruo 2013 abanyela n'oké osimiri wee gbakọta n'ebe ahụ. A na-eche na “oriri” plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-abụ nde tọn 300 kwa afọ dịka nke 2022, ebe ihe dị ka nde tọn 8 na-ejedebe n'oké osimiri dị ka macroplastics. Ihe dị ka nde tọn 1.5 nke microplastics bụ isi na-ejedebe n'oké osimiri. Ihe dị ka 98% nke olu a bụ ihe omume dabere na ala, ebe 2% fọdụrụ bụ nke sitere na ihe omume sitere n'oké osimiri. A na-eme atụmatụ na 19-23 nde tọn rọba na-adaba n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri kwa afọ. Nzukọ Ọgbakọ Oké Osimiri Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nke 2017 mere atụmatụ na oke osimiri nwere ike ibu ibu na rọba karịa azụ n'afọ 2050.   A na-emetọ oke osimiri site na irighiri ihe rọba dị nha site na nnukwu ihe mbụ dị ka karama na akpa, ruo na microplastics nke emere site na nkewa nke ihe rọba. A na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eweda ihe a ma ọ bụ wepụ ya n'oké osimiri, nke mere na ụmụ irighiri ihe plastik na-agbasa ebe niile n'elu oke osimiri ma mara na ha na-enwe mmetụta dị egwu na ndụ mmiri. Akpa rọba a tụfuru atụfu, mgbanaka mkpọ isii, mkpọ sịga na ụdị mkpofu rọba ndị ọzọ na-emecha n'oké osimiri na-eweta ihe egwu nye anụ ọhịa na ịkụ azụ. Enwere ike iyi ndụ mmiri egwu site na njikọta, ntachi, na iri nri. Ndị na-akụ azụ nwere ike ịhapụ ma ọ bụ tụfuo ụgbụ azụ, nke a na-ejikarị plastik eme. A maara dị ka ụgbụ mmụọ, azụ ndị a na-ekekọta, dolphins, nduru mmiri, shark, dugongs, agụ iyi, nnụnụ mmiri, crabs na ihe ndị ọzọ e kere eke, na-egbochi mmegharị, na-akpata agụụ, laceration, ọrịa, na, n'ime ndị kwesịrị ịlaghachi n'elu. iku ume, iku ume. Enwere ụdị plastik dị iche iche nke oké osimiri na-akpata nsogbu na ndụ mmiri. A hụla okpu karama n'ime afọ nduru na nnụnụ mmiri, bụ́ ndị nwụrụ n'ihi mgbochi nke akụkụ iku ume na nri nri. Ụgbụ mmụọ bụkwa ụdị nsogbu rọba dị n'oké osimiri dịka ha nwere ike na-aga n'ihu na-ejide ndụ mmiri n'usoro a maara dị ka "ịkụ azụ mmụọ". 10 kasị ukwuu na-ebupụta mmetọ rọba oké osimiri n'ụwa nile bụ, site na nke kasị nta, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, na Bangladesh, nke ukwuu site na osimiri Yangtze, Indus, Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, na Mekong, na-aza "pasent 90 nke plastik niile na-erute oke osimiri ụwa." Eshia bụ isi ebe mkpofu rọba a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, ebe China naanị nwere ihe ruru nde metric ton 2.4. Plastics na-agbakọba n'ihi na ha adịghị emebi emebi dị ka ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ si eme. Ha ga-ese fotodegrade na ikpughe anyanwụ, ma ha na-eme nke ọma naanị n'okpuru ọnọdụ akọrọ, na mmiri na-egbochi usoro a. Na gburugburu mmiri, plastic fotodegraded na-agbasasị n'ime obere iberibe mgbe ọ bụla polymers, ọbụna ruo n'ọkwa molekụla. Mgbe ụmụ irighiri ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri na-agbada ruo nha zooplankton, jeliifish na-anwa iri ha, n'ụzọ dị otú a, plastik na-abanye n'agbụ nri oké osimiri. A ga-ejikọta ihe ngwọta maka mmetọ rọba mmiri mmiri, yana mmetọ plastik n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe mgbanwe na mmepụta ihe na nkwakọ ngwaahịa, na mbelata ojiji, karịsịa, ngwaahịa plastik otu ma ọ bụ obere oge. Ọtụtụ echiche dị maka ihicha rọba n'ime oke osimiri gụnyere ịdo irighiri rọba n'ọnụ osimiri tupu ịbanye n'oké osimiri, na ihicha gyres nke oke osimiri. == Ogologo nsogbu ahụ == [[Usòrò:Plastic_Bag_Jelly_Fish.jpg|alt=|thumb|Ihe ngosi na Mote Marine Laboratory nke na-egosipụta akpa plastik n'oké osimiri nke yiri jellyfish.]] A na-amata mmetọ mmiri nke ihe ndị nwere rọba na-akpata dị ka okwu nke oke kachasị elu, site n'echiche mmetọ. A naghị emegharị ọtụtụ plastik a na-eji na ndụ ndị mmadụ kwa ụbọchị, ihe ruru 90% na ihe karịrị nde metric ton nke ihe mkpofu rọba na-atụba n'oké osimiri kwa afọ. Ọ bụrụ na nke a na-aga n'ihu, mgbe ahụ n'afọ 2050, a ga-enwe plastik karịa azụ n'ụwa site na ibu. N'ime afọ iri mbụ nke narị afọ gara aga, e mepụtala plastik karịa plastik niile dị na akụkọ ihe mere eme ruo n'afọ 2000 na ọtụtụ n'ime plastik ahụ adịghị arụgharị ya. Enwere ihe ruru puku ijeri iri na ise ruo puku iri ise na otu n'ime oke osimiri niile nke ụwa na-agbatị site n'elu oke osimiri ruo n'ala oke osimiri. Oke osimiri bụ mmiri mmiri kachasị omimi na mbara ụwa nwere nkezi omimi nke ala abyssal dị ihe dịka 4km n'okpuru ọkwa oke osimiri. Nnukwu ike ndọda ga-ebufe ma bufee ihe site na ala gaa n'oké osimiri, ebe oke osimiri na-aghọ ebe nchekwa njedebe. Otu atụmatụ nke mmepụta rọba akụkọ ihe mere eme na-enye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 8,300 nde metric tonne (Mt) maka mmepụta rọba zuru ụwa ọnụ ruo 2015, nke 79% nke a na-akwakọba na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe dị ka nde tọn 8 nke ihe mkpofu rọba na-abanye n'oké osimiri kwa afọ. Dị ka ICUN si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ a amụbaala ruo nde tọn 14 nke plastik. Mmetọ nke plastik Oceanic dị ịrịba ama maka oke ọnụnọ ya, site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, n'ime oke mmiri dị omimi, n'elu oke osimiri na mkpọda oke osimiri ruo n'akụkụ oke osimiri na oke osimiri. Ọbụna atolls n'àgwàetiti ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nwere ike ịnwe rọba nke sitere n'ebe dị anya kwajuru osimiri. N'elu oké osimiri, a na-etinye ihe mkpofu rọba n'ime akụkụ okirikiri buru ibu, nke a na-akpọ oké osimiri. Oke osimiri na-etolite n'ime oke osimiri niile, n'ihi usoro ikuku zonal na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-ebuga njem ime ime na mpaghara mpaghara, yana njem ime ime n'ime oke osimiri. Oke osimiri na-etinye ihe mkpofu rọba n'ime gyres. A na-emepụta plastik n'ihi na ha na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-akpụzi na àgwà na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-enye plastik ọtụtụ ngwa bara uru. Plastics na-eguzogide n'ụzọ dị egwu na usoro ihu igwe nke na-akụda ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'elu ụwa. Usoro oké osimiri, gụnyere oké ifufe, omume ebili mmiri, mmiri mmiri nke oké osimiri, hydration, na ikpughe elu na usoro ihu igwe nke ikuku (dịka oxidation) na radieshon ultraviolet, na-agbaji irighiri plastik n'ime nha na-ebelata mgbe niile (na-esi na microplastics), kama ịgbari anụ ahụ. ma ọ bụ kemikal na-agbanwe ihe plastik. Atụmatụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na ịdị arọ nke rọba n'ofe mpaghara ịta ahụhụ n'oké osimiri ise bụ nke ihe irighiri ihe ruru puku ijeri 5.25 dị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ tọn 300,000. Mbelata nke ihe irighiri plastik na milimita na micro-scales na-enye ohere ka plastik banye n'ime mmiri mmiri dị omimi, ma eleghị anya okpukpu anọ karịa plastik na-ejedebe n'ime sediments ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri mmiri dị n'elu. Plastics bụzi akụkụ nke usoro okirikiri biogeochemical dị mgbagwoju anya nwere ihe ndị dị ndụ, dị ka cetaceans, nnụnụ mmiri, mammals, na nje bacteria, na-etinye plastik. A na-emepụta ihe karịrị nde tọn 300 nke rọba kwa afọ, nke a na-eji ọkara n'ime ha eme ihe dị ka iko, akpa, na nkwakọ ngwaahịa. A na-eme atụmatụ na 19-23 nde tọn rọba na-adaba n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri kwa afọ. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmara nke ọma, mana a na-eme atụmatụ na ihe dị ka nde metric ton plastik dị n'oké osimiri anyị. Mmetọ rọba na-eme 80% nke irighiri mmiri niile sitere na mmiri dị n'elu ruo n'oke mmiri dị omimi. Ebe ọ bụ na plastik dị ọkụ, a na-ahụ ọtụtụ n'ime mmetọ a n'ime na gburugburu oke osimiri, ma a na-ahụ ihe mkpofu plastik na ihe ndị dị ugbu a n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi mmiri na nke ụwa, gụnyere oké osimiri miri emi, nnukwu ọdọ mmiri, coral reefs, osimiri, osimiri, na estuaries. . Ọdọ mmiri okpuru mmiri bụ ebe dị mkpa na-akpakọba ihe, na-enye aka na-ebufe irighiri ihe ndị dị otú ahụ n'oké osimiri dị omimi. Ihe akaebe kacha adọrọ adọrọ nke nsogbu rọba nke oke osimiri bụ ihe mkpofu na-agbakọta na mpaghara gyre. Gyre bụ oke osimiri okirikiri nke kpụrụ site n'ụkpụrụ ikuku nke ụwa na ike ndị e kere site na ntụgharị nke mbara ala. Enwere gyres nke oke osimiri ise: North na South Pacific Subtropical Gyres, North na South Atlantic Subtropical Gyres, na Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre. Enwere nnukwu ihe mkpofu na nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a. Enwere ike itinye ihe mkpofu plastik buru ibu (macroplastics) site na ụdị mmiri, na-ejuputa afọ ha ma mee ka ha kwenye na ha juru afọ mgbe n'ezie na ha ewereghị ihe ọ bụla bara uru. Nke a nwere ike bute nnụnụ mmiri, whales, azụ̀ na nduru ịnwụ n'agụụ site n'afọ jupụtara na rọba. Ụdị mmiri nwekwara ike kụnwụ ma ọ bụ tinye ya n'ime ihe mkpofu rọba. Ihe mkpofu macroplastic nwere ike imebi n'ime obere iberibe plastik, nke a maara dị ka microplastics mgbe ha dị obere karịa 5mm n'ogo. Mkpughe ìhè anyanwụ, okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, ebili mmiri, na ifufe na-amalite ịkụda rọba ahụ n'ime iberibe ihe na-erughị milimita ise n'ogologo. Enwere ike ịkụda plastik site na obere ihe ndị ga-eri ihe mkpofu rọba, na-akụda ya n'ime obere iberibe, ma wepụ microplastics ndị a ma ọ bụ gbasaa ha. N'ime nyocha ụlọ nyocha, a chọpụtara na amphipods nke ụdị Orchestia gammarellus nwere ike iri iberibe akpa rọba ngwa ngwa, na-akụri otu akpa n'ime iberibe ihe dị nde 1.75. Ọ bụ ezie na e mebiri plastik ahụ, ọ ka bụ ihe mmadụ mere nke na-adịghị emebi emebi. A na-eme atụmatụ na ihe dịka 90% nke plastik na gburugburu mmiri mmiri pelagic bụ microplastics. E nwekwara isi mmalite nke microplastics, dị ka microbeads na nurdles. Ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-erikarị microplastics ndị a n'okpuru eriri nri, dị ka plankton na larvae azụ, nke na-eduga na ntinye nke plastik etinyere n'usoro nri. A na-eji kemịkal na-egbu egbu eme plastik, ya mere ihe ndị a na-egbu egbu na-abanye n'agbụ nri mmiri, gụnyere azụ ndị ụfọdụ mmadụ na-eri. == Ụdị isi mmalite na ọnụ ọgụgụ == [[Usòrò:Decomposition_rates_of_marine_debris_items,_OWID.svg|thumb|Nkezi oge a na-eme atụmatụ ire ure nke ihe mkpofu mmiri. A na-egosi ihe plastik na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.]] Ihe mkpofu rọba na-abanye n'oké osimiri na-abawanye kwa afọ na ọtụtụ plastik na-abanye n'oké osimiri dị n'ihe na-erughị milimita ise. N'ihe dị ka afọ 2016, e mere atụmatụ na e nwere ihe ruru nde tọn 150 nke mmetọ rọba n'oké osimiri ụwa, e mere atụmatụ na ọ ga-eru nde tọn 250 na 2025. Nnyocha ọzọ mere atụmatụ na n'afọ 2012, ọ dị ihe dị ka nde tọn 165. N'afọ 2020, nchọpụta chọpụtara na oke osimiri Atlantic nwere ihe dị ka plastik okpukpu iri karịa ka e chere na mbụ. Otu ụdị mmetọ rọba kachasị ukwuu (~ 10 %) na ọtụtụ nnukwu rọba dị n'oké osimiri na-atụfu wee tụfuo ụgbụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ. The Ocean Conservancy kọrọ na China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, na Vietnam na-atụfu rọba n'oké osimiri karịa mba ndị ọzọ jikọtara ọnụ. Otu nnyocha e mere mere atụmatụ na e nwere ihe karịrị 5 trillion plastic iberibe (akọwapụtara na klas anọ nke obere microplastics, nnukwu microplastics, meso- na macroplastics) na-ese n'elu mmiri. N'afọ 2020, ahụrụ nha ọhụrụ karịa plastik okpukpu iri n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic karịa ka e chere na mbụ na ọ dị. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2019, mgbe nyocha gosipụtara oke mmetọ rọba nke oke osimiri sitere na ụgbọ mmiri China, ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Ocean Cleanup kwuru, sị: "Onye ọ bụla na-ekwu maka ịchekwa oke osimiri site n'ịkwụsị iji akpa rọba, ahịhịa ahịhịa na nkwakọ ihe eji eme otu. Nke ahụ dị mkpa, mana mgbe anyị na-aga n'oké osimiri, nke ahụ abụghị ihe anyị na-achọta." Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 20% nke irighiri ihe rọba nke na-emetọ mmiri oke osimiri, nke pụtara nde tọn 5.6, sitere na isi mmalite nke oke osimiri. MARPOL, bụ nkwekọrịta mba ụwa, "machibidoro mkpofu plastik n'oké osimiri kpamkpam." Ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-ere ahịa na-ebupụ ibu, nsị mmiri, ngwá ọrụ ahụike eji eme ihe, na ụdị ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ nwere rọba n'ime oké osimiri. Na United States, Iwu Nnyocha na njikwa mmetọ mmiri nke mmiri mmiri nke 1987 machibido ịkwanye plastik n'oké osimiri, gụnyere site na ụgbọ mmiri ndị agha. Ụgbọ mmiri ndị agha mmiri na nyocha na-ebupụ ihe mkpofu na ngwa agha ndị e chere na ọ dịghị mkpa. Ọrụ obi ụtọ na-ahapụ ngwa ịkụ azụ na ụdị ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ na mberede ma ọ bụ site na njikwa na-eleghara anya. A na-atụfu ihe mmetọ rọba kachasị n'oké osimiri sitere na ngwa ịkụ azụ (gụnyere ọnyà na ụgbụ), atụmatụ na ọ ruru 90% nke irighiri rọba na mpaghara ụfọdụ. Awụba mmiri rọba kọntinent na-abanye n'oké osimiri nke ukwuu site na oke mmiri ozuzo, na-asọba na mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ na-ebuba ya ozugbo na mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Plastics dị n'oké osimiri ka egosiri na ọ na-eso oke osimiri nke na-emecha ghọọ ihe a maara dị ka nnukwu ihe mkpofu. [[Usòrò:Per_capita_plastic_waste_generation_Jambeck_et_al_2015.svg|thumb|Mmepụta ihe mkpofu plastik karịrị oke mmetọ plastik a na-achụpụ n'oké osimiri.]] Mmetụta microplastic na macroplastic na-abanye n'oké osimiri adịghị etinye aka ozugbo site na ịkwanye plastik n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri, kama site na osimiri ndị emetọọ nke na-eduga ma ọ bụ na-emepụta ụzọ ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri gafere n'ofe ụwa. Osimiri nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka isi iyi ma ọ bụ imi dabere n'ihe gbara ya gburugburu. A na-eche na osimiri bụ isi ihe na-ebute mmetọ rọba maka oke osimiri, n'agbanyeghị na o nwere ike ọ bụghị dị ka ntinye aka kpọmkwem site n'aka ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ọnụọgụ rọba nke e dekọrọ ka ọ dị n'oké osimiri dị obere karịa nke rọba na-abanye n'oké osimiri n'oge ọ bụla. Dị ka nnyocha e mere na UK, e nwere "iri top" macroplastic typologies bụ naanị ndị ahịa metụtara (dị na tebụl n'okpuru). N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, a na-agụ ihe 192,213-awụba n'oké osimiri na nkezi nke 71% bụ plastik na 59% bụ ihe macroplastic metụtara ndị ahịa. Ọ bụ ezie na mmetọ mmiri dị ọhụrụ bụ isi ihe na-enye aka na mmetọ rọba mmiri, enwere obere ọmụmụ ihe emere yana nchịkọta data maka oke mmetọ na-esi na mmiri dị ọcha banye n'oké osimiri. Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na-ekwubi na enwere ntakịrị nchịkọta data nke irighiri plastik na gburugburu mmiri dị ọcha na gburugburu mbara ala, n'agbanyeghị na ndị a bụ ndị kacha enye aka. Mkpa mgbanwe amụma na mmepụta, ojiji, mkpofu, na njikwa mkpofu dị mkpa iji belata ego na ikike nke rọba iji banye na gburugburu mmiri dị ọcha. Nnyocha e mere na 1994 nke ala oké osimiri na-eji ụgbụ trawl n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Mediterenian gburugburu ụsọ oké osimiri Spain, [[France]], na Ịtali kọrọ na ọ bụ ihe dị ka irighiri ihe dị 1,935 kwa square kilomita. Mpekere plastik ruru 77%, nke 93% bụ akpa rọba. === Mmasị === Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke ihe plastik ewebatara na gburugburu mmiri na-ama jijiji, mana imerụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike ime ka irighiri ihe ndị dị na plastik imikpu n'ala oké osimiri, ebe ọ nwere ike igbochi ụdị ebe obibi sedimenti na usoro mgbanwe gas sedimental. Ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka microplastic na-eme mkpọtụ, gụnyere njupụta nke rọba ọ mejupụtara yana nha na ọdịdị nke iberibe microplastic n'onwe ha. Microplastics nwekwara ike mebe oyi akwa biofilm na-agbapụta n'elu oke osimiri. A na-ahụta mgbanwe nrịbama n'ihe gbasara ingestion nke microplastics na autotrophs n'ihi na absorption nwere ike igbochi photosynthesis na ọkwa gas na-esote. Otú ọ dị, okwu a dị mkpa karịa ihe mkpofu plastik buru ibu. {| class="wikitable" |+Mkpụrụ plastik<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Driedger|first=Alexander G.J.|year=2015|title=Plastic debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes: A review|journal=Journal of Great Lakes Research|volume=41|issue=1|pages=9–19|doi=10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.020}}</ref> |'''Ụdị plastik''' |'''Nchịkọta''' |'''Mkpụrụ (g/cm3)''' |- |Polystyrene |PS |1.04 na 1.08 |- |Polystyrene gbasaa |EPS |0.01 nke 0.04 |- |Polyethylene dị ala |LDPE |0.890.93 |- |Polyethylene dị elu |HDPE |0.940.98 |- |Polyamide |PA |1.131 na 16. |- |Polypropylene |PP |0.85 nke dị n'afọ 92 |- |Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene |ABS |1.040.06 |- |Polytetrafluoroethylene |PTFE |2.10 na 2.30 |- |Cellulose Acetate |CA |1.30 |- |Polycarbonate |PC |1.201.22 |- |Polymethyl methacrylate |PMMA |1.161.20 |- |Polyvinyl chloride |PVC |1.381.41 |- |Polyethylene terephthalate |PET |1.381.41 |} == Ebe ala na-emetọ mmetọ plastik nke oké osimiri == [[Usòrò:Plastic_straw_photo-degraded_and_brittle.webm|thumb|346x346px|Ahịhịa plastik a na-emebi foto nke na-eme ka ahịhịa na-agbaji n'ime microplastics]] Atụmatụ maka ntinye aka nke rọba dị n'ala dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na otu nnyocha mere atụmatụ na ntakịrị ihe karịrị 80% nke ihe mkpofu rọba na mmiri oké osimiri na-abịa site na isi mmalite nke ala, na-akpata 800,000 tọn (ton 880,000 mkpụmkpụ) kwa afọ. Na 2015, a gbakọrọ na 275 million tonne (303 nde mkpụmkpụ tọn) nke mkpofu rọba ka ewepụtara na mba 192 dị n'ụsọ osimiri na 2010, yana 4.8 ruo 12.7 million tonne (5.3 ruo 14 million short ton) na-abanye n'oké osimiri - pasentị nke naanị. ruo 5%. Ọtụtụ mmetọ rọba nke ala na-abanye n'oké osimiri site na South, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, na Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, yana nnukwu emitters gụnyere China, Indonesia, Philippines na India.<ref name="nature.com">{{Cite journal|author=Lebreton|first=Laurent|date=2019-01-29|title=Future scenarios of global plastic waste generation and disposal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-018-0212-7|journal=Palgrave Communications|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=6|doi=10.1057/s41599-018-0212-7|issn=2055-1045}}</ref> Isi iyi nke kpalitere nchegbu bụ mkpofu ahịhịa. Ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu n'ụdị rọba n'ime ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa bụ ihe a na-eji otu eme ihe dịka nkwakọ. Ịtụfu plastik n'ụzọ dị otú a na-eduga n'ịgbakọta. Ọ bụ ezie na ikpofu ihe mkpofu rọba na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nwere obere ihe ize ndụ ikuku gas karịa ikpofu ya site na ọkụ, nke mbụ nwere oke ohere. Ihe ọzọ na-echegbu onwe ya bụ na ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa dị n'etiti ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịgbaji, si otú ahụ na-agbapụta nsị ma na-emerụ ala na mmiri dị nso. Ngwunye ala dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri na-enyekarị aka na irighiri ihe n'oké osimiri n'ihi na a na-ebufe ọdịnaya ngwa ngwa wee bufee ya n'oké osimiri site na ifufe ma ọ bụ obere ụzọ mmiri dị ka osimiri na iyi. Ihe mkpofu mmiri nwekwara ike ịpụta site na mmiri nsị nke a na-edozibeghị nke ọma, bụ́ nke a na-ebuga ya n'oké osimiri site n'osimiri. A pụkwara ibufe ihe rọba ndị a tụfuru n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị gaa n'oké osimiri site na mmiri ozuzo. == Microplastics == [[Usòrò:Microplastics_in_the_surface_ocean,_OWID.svg|thumb|Microplastics n'elu oké osimiri 1950 na projections karịa, na nde metric ton.]] [[Usòrò:Polystyrene_beach.jpg|thumb|Polystyrene foam beads n'ụsọ osimiri Ireland]] [[Usòrò:Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg|thumb|Nnukwu ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na Pacific Ocean emeela ka "àgwàetiti" atọ nke ihe mkpofu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-11|title=Great Pacific Garbage Patch|url=https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/movement/great-pacific-garbage-patch|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417124654/https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/movement/great-pacific-garbage-patch|archivedate=2014-04-17|accessdate=2019-09-03|work=Marine Debris Division – Office of Response and Restoration|publisher=NOAA}}</ref>]] [[Usòrò:Microplastic.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nlereanya nke microplastic anakọtara site na Mahadum Oregon State]] Nchegbu na-eto eto banyere mmetọ rọba na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri bụ iji microplastics. Microplastics bụ bead nke rọba na-erughị milimita 5 n'obosara, a na-ahụkarị ha na ncha aka, ihe nchacha ihu, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-apụ apụ. Mgbe a na-eji ngwaahịa ndị a eme ihe, microplastics na-agafe na usoro nzacha mmiri na n'ime oké osimiri, ma n'ihi ntakịrị nha ha, ọ ga-abụ na ha ga-agbanarị nwude site na ihuenyo ọgwụgwọ mbụ na osisi mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri. Achịcha ndị a na-emerụ ahụ anụ ahụ dị n'oké osimiri, ọkachasị ndị na-eri nri, n'ihi na ha nwere ike itinye plastik n'ụzọ dị mfe wee rịa ọrịa. Microplastics bụ nchegbu dị otú ahụ n'ihi na ọ na-esiri ike ikpochapụ ha n'ihi nha ha, n'ihi ya, ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ịgbalị izere iji plastik ndị a na-emerụ ahụ site n'ịzụta ngwaahịa ndị na-eji ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ihi na a na-eji plastik eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụwa niile, microplastics abụrụla ihe a na-ahụkarị na gburugburu mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịchọta microplastics n'ụsọ osimiri ájá na mmiri dị n'elu nakwa na kọlụm mmiri na mmiri miri emi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=De-la-Torre|first=Gabriel E.|year=2020|title=Abundance and distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches of Lima, Peru|url=https://www.aacademica.org/gabriel.e.delatorre/3|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=151|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110877|pmid=32056653}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Karlsson|first=Therese M.|year=2020|title=Comparison between manta trawl and in situ pump filtration methods, and guidance for visual identification of microplastics in surface waters|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|volume=27|issue=5|pages=5559–5571|doi=10.1007/s11356-019-07274-5|pmid=31853844}}</ref> A na-ahụkwa microplastics n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri dị ka ihe ndị nwụrụ anwụ (anụ ahụ na mkpokoro) na ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị n'ala (nke ifufe na-ebugharị ma buru ya n'oké osimiri). A na-ewere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ịdị nso n'etiti obodo dị iche iche dị ka isi ihe na-emetụta ụbara nke microplastics na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ejikọla ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke microplastics na ihe omume mmiri ozuzo. Mmiri mmiri ozuzo mgbe mmiri ozuzo gasịrị na ala, ebe mmepụta rọba na mmebi nke ihe mkpofu rọba dị elu, nwere ike ibunye microplastics ndị a n'ime gburugburu mmiri. Ka mmiri ozuzo na-abawanye, ka mmetụta mbuze nke mmiri na-asọpụta n'elu ala ga-esiwanye ike, na otú ahụ ka a ga-ebufe ihe mkpofu rọba. Microplastics na-abanye n'okporo ụzọ mmiri site n'ọtụtụ ụzọ gụnyere mmebi nke agba okporo ụzọ, uwe taya na uzuzu obodo na-abanye n'okporo ụzọ mmiri, pellets plastik wụfuru na arịa mbupu, ụgbụ mmụọ na akwa ndị ọzọ sịntetik na-atụba n'oké osimiri, ihe ịchọ mma na-apụ na ngwaahịa na-asa ákwà na-abanye na mmiri nsị na mkpuchi mmiri. na ụgbọ mmiri na-eweda ala. Mgbe ha rutere gburugburu mmiri, n'ihi obere nha na njupụta dị ala, a na-ebuga microplastics n'ebe dị anya site na ifufe na mmiri mmiri dị n'elu. A na-emetụta njem njem ahụ site na njiri mara ha (ederede na ọdịdị) kamakwa ihe gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ọsọ ọsọ, ụdị matriks na mgbanwe oge. Ụdị ọnụọgụgụ na-enwe ike ịchọpụta obere ihe mkpofu rọba (micro- na meso-plastics) na-akpagharị n'oké osimiri, si otú a na-ebu amụma ọdịnihu ha. Ụfọdụ microplastics na-ahapụ oké osimiri wee banye n'ikuku, dị ka ndị nchọpụta si na Mahadum Strathclyde chọpụtara na 2020. Ụfọdụ na-anọgide n'elu oké osimiri; microplastics na-aza 92% nke irighiri plastik n'elu oke osimiri, dịka ọmụmụ 2018 si kwuo. Ụfọdụ na-emikpukwa n'ala oké osimiri. Ụlọ ọrụ sayensị mba [[Ostraliya|Australia]] CSIRO mere atụmatụ na nde metric tọn microplastics dị nde 14 adịlarị n'ala oké osimiri na 2020. Nke a na-anọchi anya mmụba sitere na atụmatụ 2015 na oke osimiri ụwa nwere 93-236 puku metrik tọn microplastics na atụmatụ 2018 nke 270 puku. tọn. The Ocean Conservancy ekwuola na China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, na Vietnam na-atụfu rọba n'oké osimiri karịa mba ndị ọzọ jikọtara ọnụ. Nnyocha nke ikesa ihe mkpofu rọba dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Pacific Ocean (ọ bụghị kpọmkwem microplastic, ọ bụ ezie na, dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, ọtụtụ nwere ike ịbụ microplastic) na-enyere aka igosi mmụba nke plastik na-arị elu na oké osimiri. Site na iji data na ntinye uche plastik n'elu (iberibe plastik kwa km2) site na 1972 ruo 1985 (n=60) na 2002-2012 (n=457) n'ime otu mpaghara mkpokọta rọba, ihe ọmụmụ ahụ chọpụtara na ọ pụtara mmụba plastik n'etiti abụọ ahụ. usoro data, gụnyere mmụba okpukpu iri nke 18,160 ruo 189,800 nke plastik kwa km2. Microplastics [[Arctic Ocean]] sitere na isi iyi Atlantic, ọkachasị Europe na North America. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ekpughere na ntinye microplastics na glaciers ma ọ bụ snow dị nnọọ elu karịa ọbụna mmiri ndị mepere emepe, ọ bụ ezie na a naghị eji microplastics eme ihe ozugbo ma ọ bụ mepụta ya n'akụkụ glaciers. Dị ka nke 2021, Europe na Central Asia na-akpata ihe dịka 16% nke microplastics zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abanye n'oké osimiri. Mmụba dị elu nke microplastics na glaciers na-egosi na ibufe site na ifufe bụ ụzọ dị mkpa iji kesaa microplastics na gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha chọpụtara na achọtala microplastics sitere n'oké osimiri na ikuku oké osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=Microplastics discovered blowing ashore in sea breezes|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/may/12/microplastics-discovered-blowing-ashore-in-sea-breezes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Stack|first=Liam|date=18 April 2019|title=Ocean-Clogging Microplastics Also Pollute the Air, Study Finds|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/18/science/what-are-microplastics.html}}</ref> Microplastics nwere ike itinye uche na gills na eriri afọ nke ndụ mmiri ma nwee ike igbochi omume nri ha, na-ebute ọnwụ. Egosiputara microplastics iji kpalite omume igwu mmiri na nri na-adịghị mma na azụ, mọsel na nematodes, n'okpuru ọnọdụ oke ibu. Ogo Microplastic bụ ihe dị mkpa maka mmepụta nke mmetụta na-egbu egbu na ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche, Otú ọ dị, nhazi anụ ahụ na nhazi nke akụkụ ahụ ọ bụla na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ịdị njọ nke mmebi nke ihe ndị a nwere ike ịmepụta. [[Usòrò:Microplastics_impact_on_biological_communities.png|thumb|Mmetụta nke microplastics na webụ nri mmiri]] Nchikota nke microplastics nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na webụ nri, si otú ahụ na-agbanwe ihe ndị dị ndụ ma na-atụnye ụtụ na mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche. Ozugbo etinyere ya, microplastics ga-egested ma ọ bụ na-ejigide ya site na organism. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-eri anụ na-eri anụ ahụ nke jigidere microplastic, onye na-eri anụ ahụ ga-eri plastik a n'ezoghị ọnụ dịka akụkụ nke nri ya, na usoro a na-akpọ "nfefe trophic". Enwere ike imetụta njide plastik site na nnweta na udi nri mana a ga-achịkwa ya site na nha rọba ahụ. A ga-ebufe microplastics ingested n'akụkụ eriri afọ, mgbe ahụ, a ga-etinye ya n'ofe eriri afọ, gbanye ya n'ime eriri afọ (ya bụ, nkwụsị nke eriri afọ na-eme ka njigide plastik), ma ọ bụ tinye ya n'ime nsị anụ ahụ ma mee ya. E guzobela nsị nke plastik site n'ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri ugbu a na omimi nke oke osimiri. A chọtara microplastic n'ime afọ amphipods ndị e nwetara site na Japan, Izu-Bonin, Mariana, Kermadec, New Hebrides na ọdọ mmiri Peru-Chile. Achọpụtara amphipods sitere na Trench Mariana na 10,890 m na ha niile nwere microfibres. Dị ka otu atụmatụ nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya si kwuo, onye na-eri ihe oriri n'oké osimiri ga-aṅụ 11 000 microplastics kwa afọ. Ọbụlagodi obere oge ka achọpụtala microplastics n'ọbara mmadụ. === Nnyocha nyocha === Oke mmetọ microplastic n'ime oke osimiri ka ekpebibeghị nke ọma, n'ihi nke a, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-enyocha ihe ndị dị ndụ ugbu a ma na-amụ sedimenti iji ghọta nke ọma okwu a. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2013 tụlere ebe anọ dị iche iche iji nọchite anya ọtụtụ ebe obibi mmiri na omimi dị iche iche site na 1100-5000m. Atọ n'ime ebe anọ ahụ nwere ọnụọgụ microplastics enwere ike ịmata dị na elu sedimenti 1 cm. E wepụrụ ihe nlele isi site na ebe ọ bụla wee mee ka microplastics ha si na sedimenti nkịtị. Achọpụtara ihe ndị ahụ plastik site na iji micro-Raman spectroscopy; Nsonaazụ gosiri pigmenti mmadụ mere nke a na-ejikarị na ụlọ ọrụ rọba. N'afọ 2016, ndị nchọpụta jiri ROV na-anakọta ihe ndị dị n'ime oké osimiri itoolu na isi sediments. A gbajiri ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri itoolu ndị ahụ na-enyocha akụkụ ahụ dị iche iche site n'aka ndị nchọpụta nọ n'ikpere mmiri iji chọpụta microplastics na microscope. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara na isii n'ime ihe dị ndụ itoolu a nyochara nwere microplastics nke bụ microfibers niile, nke dị na traktị GI. Nnyocha nke MBARI mere na 2013 n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke North America na gburugburu Hawaii chọpụtara na n'ime irighiri ihe niile a hụrụ site na afọ 22 nke ihe nkiri vidiyo VARS, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ihe ndị ahụ bụ akpa rọba. Iri ihe a na-ahụkarị n'okpuru omimi 2000 m. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke chịkọtara ihe ndị dị ndụ na sedimenti na mpaghara Abyssopelagic nke Western Pacific Ocean wepụtara ihe ndị sitere na samples wee chọpụta na poly (propylene-ethylene) copolymer (40.0%) na polyethylene terephthalate (27.5%) bụ ndị polymer a na-ahụkarị. E mere ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ site na ịnakọta sedimenti miri emi na coral n'etiti 2011 na 2012 na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian, Southwest Indian Ocean, na Northeast Atlantic Ocean. N'ime ihe nlele 12 coral na sedimenti e weere, a chọtara ha niile nwere nnukwu microplastics. Rayon abụghị plastik mana etinyere ya na ọmụmụ ihe n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe eji eme ihe. Achọtara ya na nlele niile yana 56.9% nke ihe achọtara, sochiri polyester (53.4%), plastik (34.1%) na acrylic (12.4%). Ọmụmụ ihe a chọpụtara na ọnụọgụ microplastics, n'ụdị microfibres, dị ka nke a chọtara na sedimenti intertidal ma ọ bụ subtidal. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 2017 nwere nchọpụta yiri nke ahụ - site n'inyocha Rockall Trough na Northeast Atlantic Ocean na omimi nke ihe karịrị mita 2200, a na-achọpụta eriri microplastic na ntinye nke 70.8 particles kwa cubic mita. Nke a dị ka ọnụọgụ ego a kọrọ na mmiri dị n'elu. Ọmụmụ ihe a lekwara anya na micropollution nke benthic invertebrates Ophiomusium lymani, Hymenaster pellucidus na Colus jeffreysianus na-enweta wee chọpụta na n'ime ihe dị ndụ 66 a mụrụ, 48% etinyela microplastics n'ọtụtụ dị iche iche na ụdị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke nchọpụta 112 chọpụtara ntinye plastik kachasị elu n'ime ihe ndị a na-anakọta na Mediterranean na Northeast Indian Ocean nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị plastik nke ìgwè anụmanụ dị iche iche na-etinye, gụnyere ọdịiche dị na agba na ụdị polymers juru ebe niile. N'ozuzu, microplastics fiber doro anya bụ ụdị kachasị nke megafauna mmiri na-etinye gburugburu ụwa. N'afọ 2020, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mepụtara ihe nwere ike ịbụ atụmatụ sayensị mbụ banyere ole microplastic bi ugbu a n'elu oke osimiri nke ụwa, mgbe nyochachara mpaghara isii nke ~ 3 km omimi ~ 300 km n'akụkụ oke osimiri Australia. Ha chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ microplastic na-agbanwe nke ukwuu dabara na rọba n'elu na akụkụ nke mkpọda ala oké osimiri. Site na nkezi nke microplastic mass kwa cm3, ha mere atụmatụ na ala mmiri nke ụwa nwere ~ 14 nde tọn microplastic - ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ nke ego ha mere atụmatụ dabere na data sitere na ọmụmụ mbụ - n'agbanyeghị na-akpọ atụmatụ abụọ ahụ "mgbanwe" dị ka ebe a maara n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. microplastic. Atụmatụ ndị a dị ihe dị ka otu ugboro ma ọ bụ okpukpu abụọ nke echiche rọba na-abanye ugbu a n'oké osimiri kwa afọ. Ijeri mmadụ abụọ n'ụwa niile enweghị ebe mkpofu zuru oke iji weghara plastik na-emerụ ahụ. Mmezi ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu na njikwa mmiri mmiri ozuzo n'ọtụtụ mba ndị dara ogbenye ga-egbochi akụkụ nke 1.5 nde tọn microplastics ịbanye n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri kwa afọ. == Mmiri ọgwụ na-egbu egbu == Ihe mgbakwunye na-egbu egbu a na-eji na-emepụta ihe plastik nwere ike ịbanye na gburugburu ha mgbe mmiri na-ekpuchi ya. Ihe dị ka tọn 8000-19000 nke ihe mgbakwunye ka a na-eji matrices rọba na-ebufe ụwa niile na-ebugakwa akụkụ dị mkpa na Arctic. Mmetọ mmiri nke hydrophobic na-ebunye mmiri na-anakọta ma na-ebuli elu n'elu ihe mkpofu rọba, si otú a na-eme ka plastik na-egbu egbu n'oké osimiri karịa ka ọ ga-adị n'elu ala. A na-amakwa mmetọ hydrophobic ka ọ na-akpakọba n'ime anụ ahụ nwere abụba, na-eme ka agbụ nri na-etinye nrụgide na ndị na-eri anụ na ụmụ mmadụ. A maara ụfọdụ ihe mgbakwunye rọba na-akpaghasị usoro endocrine mgbe ejiri ya, ndị ọzọ nwere ike igbochi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ ma ọ bụ belata ọnụego ọmụmụ. irighiri ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri nwekwara ike ịmịnye ihe ndị na-emetọ mmiri na-esi na mmiri oké osimiri, gụnyere PCB, DDT, na PAH. Mpekere rọba nwere ike ịmịnye kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu site na mmetọ oke osimiri, nwere ike imebi ihe ọ bụla e kere eke na-eri ya. Ewezuga mmetụta na-egbu egbu mgbe etinyere ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ụbụrụ anụmanụ dịka estradiol, na-akpata ọgba aghara nke homonụ na anụ ọhịa o metụtara. Nnyocha achọpụtara, mgbe plastik mechaa debie, ha na-emepụta bisphenol A (BPA) na PS oligomer nwere ike ime n'ime mmiri. Ekwenyere na nsị ndị a na-ebute nsogbu na ndụ mmiri na-ebi na mpaghara ahụ. Bisphenol A (BPA) bụ ihe atụ ama ama nke plasticizer emepụtara na nnukwu mpịakọta maka ịkwakọ nri site na ebe ọ nwere ike ịbanye n'ime nri, na-eduga n'ikpughe mmadụ. Dị ka estrogen na glucocorticoid agonist agonist, BPA na-etinye aka na usoro endocrine ma jikọta ya na ụbara abụba na òké. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta chịkọtara ihe nlele mmiri n'ụwa niile, wee chọpụta na ihe nlele niile nwere polystyrene derivatives. Polystyrene bụ plastik a na-ahụ na styrofoam na ọtụtụ ihe ụlọ na ndị ahịa. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ meziri ka polystyrene na-agbaze n'oké osimiri. Nsonaazụ nke ihe ngosi a gosipụtara na polystyrene, nke na-amalite ịda na okpomọkụ nke 86 ° na karịa, na-agbada n'ime kemịkal na-emerụ ahụ, dị ka Bisphenol A (BPA, nke nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ ọmụmụ n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ), styrene monomer (ihe a na-enyo enyo na ọ na-akpata ọrịa kansa), na styrene trimer (ihe sitere na polystirene).<ref name="natgeo">{{Cite web|author=Barry|first=Carolyn|date=20 August 2009|title=Plastic Breaks Down in Ocean, After All And Fast|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/08/090820-plastic-decomposes-oceans-seas.html|publisher=National Geographic Society|access-date=14 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826095155/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/08/090820-plastic-decomposes-oceans-seas.html|archive-date=26 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ejikọtala ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na microplastics na uto na-adịghị mma na nsogbu ịmụ nwa n'ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ n'ihi nkwụsị nke endocrine. E biputekwala microplastics ka ọ kpata iwe GI, mgbanwe nke microbiome, ọgba aghara nke ike na metabolism lipid, na nrụgide oxidative. Ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ, dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ihe ndị na-etinye microplastics, yana ọla ndị dị ize ndụ dị ka lead na cadmium. == Ebe ndị a na-achịkọta == [[Usòrò:Garbage_Black_sand_beach_Maui_Hawaii_Road_to_Hana_(45690820912).jpg|thumb|Ihe mkpofu Pacific n'ụsọ osimiri ájá ojii na Maui, Hawaii]] [[Usòrò:North_Pacific_Subtropical_Convergence_Zone.jpg|thumb|Ebe Nkwekọrịta Obodo Ukwu Pacific]] Mpekere rọba na-achọkarị ịgbakọta n'etiti etiti oke osimiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, North Pacific Gyre achịkọtala ihe a na-akpọ "Great Pacific Garbage Patch", nke a na-eche ugbu a na ọ ga-ewe otu ugboro na iri abụọ karịa Texas (ihe dịka 700,000 ruo 15,000,000 square kilomita). Enwere ike ịnwe rọba dị ka azụ n'oké osimiri. Ọ nwere ọkwa dị elu nke plastic particulate kwụsịtụrụ na kọlụm mmiri dị elu. N'ihe atụ ndị e tere na North Pacific Gyre na 1999, ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ plastik karịrị nke zooplankton (ndụ anụmanụ kasịnụ n'ógbè ahụ) site n'ihe dị ka isii. Midway Atoll, jikọtara ya na Agwaetiti Hawaii niile, na-enweta nnukwu irighiri ihe sitere na ihe mkpofu. Pasent 90 nke plastik, irighiri ihe a na-akwakọba n'akụkụ osimiri Midway ebe ọ na-aghọ ihe ize ndụ nye ndị nnụnụ nke agwaetiti ahụ. == Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Ocean_plasic_count_density.gif|thumb|Nsonaazụ ihe nlereanya maka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke planktonic plastic particles (red bụ nke siri ike, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ bụ nke na-erughị oke)<ref name="PMID25494041">{{Cite journal|author=Eriksen|first=Marcus|date=10 December 2014|title=Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=12|pages=e111913|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913|pmid=25494041}}</ref>]] Awụba mmiri nke a na-ebuga n'ime oke osimiri bụ ihe na-egbu egbu na ndụ mmiri, na ụmụ mmadụ. Nsi nke bụ akụkụ nke rọba gụnyere diethylhexyl phthalate, nke bụ carcinogen na-egbu egbu, yana lead, cadmium, na mercury. Plankton, azụ, na n'ikpeazụ agbụrụ mmadụ, site n'usoro nri, na-etinye carcinogens ndị a na-egbu egbu na kemịkalụ. Iri azụ̀ ndị nwere nsí ndị a nwere ike ime ka ọrịa cancer na-abawanye, ọrịa ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, na nkwarụ ịmụ nwa. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị nanị na a na-achọta nsí ndị a n'ime azụ kamakwa n'ihe oriri ndị bụ́ isi, mmiri ọṅụṅụ, nnu tebụl, ntacha eze, na ụdị nri ndị ọzọ dị n'oké osimiri. Enwere ike ịchọta okwu ndị a na Indonesia, bụ nke abụọ kacha enye aka na mkpofu rọba, ebe a na-anakọta stool mmadụ site n'aka ndị ọkụ azụ na-achọpụta na 50% nwere mkpokọta microplastics. Stool mmadụ ọ bụla nwere microplastics nwere ntinye n'etiti 3.33 ruo 13.99 µg nke microplastic kwa gram nke nsị. Ihe ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ n'awụba n'oké osimiri dị nso na nke dị n'oké osimiri bụ plastik mebere ma bụrụ ebe na-adịgide adịgide nke mmetọ mmiri. N'ọtụtụ mba, njikwa na-adịghị mma nke mkpofu siri ike pụtara na ọ nweghị njikwa plastik na-abanye na usoro mmiri. Dị ka nke 2016, e nwere 5.25 trillion nke mmetọ rọba na-atụ ihe ruru tọn 270,000. Kemgbe ahụ, nchọpụta achọpụtala na ọnụọgụ plastik amụbaala ebe site na 15 ruo 51 trillion particles na 2021. A na-ewere rọba a site na mmiri mmiri na-agbakọba na nnukwu vortexes a maara dị ka oké osimiri gyres. Ọtụtụ n'ime gyres na-aghọ ihe mkpofu mmetọ jupụtara na rọba. Nnyocha banyere ihe mkpofu rọba na-ese n'elu mmiri n'oké osimiri bụ isiokwu na-eto ngwa ngwa n'etiti isiokwu nkwado 56 nke a na-enyocha na nyocha nke mbipụta sayensị nke mba 193 na-ebipụta n'elu 2011 ruo 2019. N'ime afọ itoolu, nchọpụta zuru ụwa ọnụ na-edepụta ihe a na-esi na 46 (2011) gaa na 853 (2019) akwụkwọ. === Usoro okike nke mmiri === Nchegbu n'etiti ndị ọkachamara etoola kemgbe afọ 2000 na ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị ndụ na-emezigharị ka ha dịrị ndụ na irighiri ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri, na-enye ha ohere ịgbasa site na mmiri mmiri ma si otú ahụ nwee ike ịghọ ụdị ndị na-akpa ike na gburugburu ebe obibi dị anya. Nnyocha e mere na 2014 na mmiri dị gburugburu Australia kwadoro ọtụtụ ndị na-achị obodo, ọbụna na obere flakes, ma hụkwa na nje bacteria na-eto eto na-eri nri n'ime rọba iji mepụta olulu na oghere. Ndị nchọpụta a gosiri na "plastic biodegradation na-eme n'elu oké osimiri" site n'omume nje bacteria, ma kwuo na nke a kwekọrọ na nyocha ọhụrụ nke nje bacteria ndị dị otú ahụ. Nchoputa ha kwekọrọ na nyocha ndị ọzọ bụ isi emere na 2014, bụ ndị chọrọ ịza ilu nke enweghị njupụta nke plastik na-ese n'elu mmiri n'ime oke osimiri, n'agbanyeghị oke mkpofu na-aga n'ihu. Achọtara rọba dị ka microfibres n'ime ihe atụ ndị a gbapụrụ site na sedimenti dị na ala nke oke osimiri miri emi. A chọpụtabeghị ihe kpatara oke ogbu mmiri dị otú ahụ zuru ebe niile. Ọdịdị hydrophobic dị n'elu plastik na-akpali nhazi ngwa ngwa nke biofilms, nke na-akwado ọrụ dịgasị iche iche nke metabolic, na-eme ka usoro nke micro- na macro-organisms ndị ọzọ. === Photodegradation nke plastik === [[Usòrò:Litter_on_Singapore's_East_Coast_Park.jpg|thumb|Ihe mkpofu plastik a na-asacha n'ụsọ osimiri na Singapore]] Ngwunye ihe mkpofu bụ otu n'ime mpaghara oke osimiri ebe ndị nyocha enyochala mmetụta na mmetụta nke photodegradation plastik na oyi akwa neustonic. N'adịghị ka irighiri ihe ndị dị ndụ, nke na-emebi emebi, rọba na-agbasa n'ime obere iberibe ka ọ na-anọgide na-polima (na-agbanweghị kemịkalụ). Usoro a na-aga n'ihu ruo n'ọkwa molekụla. Ụfọdụ plastik na-emebi n'ime otu afọ nke ịbanye na mmiri, na-ahapụ kemịkalụ nwere ike na-egbu egbu dị ka bisphenol A, PCBs na ihe mmepụta nke polystyrene. Ka plastic flotsam photodegrades n'ime obere na obere iberibe, ọ na-elekwasị anya na elu mmiri kọlụm. Ka ọ na-agbakasị, iberibe ahụ na-adị ntakịrị nke ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-ebi n'akụkụ elu oké osimiri ga-erinye ha. Plastic nwere ike itinye uche na neuston, wee banye n'agbụ nri. Mgbasa pụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime plastik dị ntakịrị nke a na-apụghị ịhụ. Ọzọkwa, plastik ekpughere na ìhè anyanwụ na gburugburu ebe a na-agba mmiri na-emepụta gas na-ekpo ọkụ, na-eduga na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ọzọ. Dị ka a na-ahụta ihe ndị ahụ rọba n'ime pelagic oyi akwa nke oké osimiri, ha na-enweta ọkwa dị elu nke photodegradation, nke na-eme ka plastik ahụ daa n'ime obere iberibe. Iberibe ndị a na-emecha dị ntakịrị nke na ọbụna microorganisms nwere ike ịbanye na metabolize ha, na-eme ka plastik ghọọ carbon dioxide. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, microplastics ndị a na-abanye ozugbo n'ime biomolecules nke microorganism. Agbanyeghị, tupu erute steeti a, ọnụọgụ ọ bụla nke ntule nwere ike imekọrịta ihe na plastik ndị a. === Mgbanwe ihu igwe na akụkụ mmetọ ikuku === A na-ejikọta mmetọ plastik na mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta nke abụọ ahụ bụ ihe mmeju. Nsí ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emetọ rọba na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ n'ikuku na-eme ka ọnụọgụ mgbanwe ihu igwe na-arị elu ma na-akawanye njọ dị ka ngwa ngwa. Ụzọ plastik si etinye aka na nsogbu mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ n'ihi otú e si emepụta plastik. Site na mmanụ ọkụ ka a na-eji na-arụ igwe na-emepụta plastik karịa, a na-ahapụ ya n'ikuku nke na-ebute ikuku ikuku griin haus. Oké osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ nde paụnd nke ihe fọdụrụ plastik na nnukwu iberibe, mana nwekwara ọtụtụ n'ime ikuku griin na-emepụta. Plastics dị n'oké osimiri na-ebunye gas na-ekpo ọkụ ka ọ na-akụda n'ime mmiri. Igwe ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-emepụta site na imepụta plastik na-eme ka o siere oké osimiri ike ịbanye na carbon ma nyere aka belata usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ụzọ ọzọ oriri rọba na mmetọ na-esi ebute mmụba mgbanwe ihu igwe, bụ site n'ịkpọ ihe mkpofu rọba ọkụ. Nke a na-ahapụ ọtụtụ nsị n'ikuku wee rie ya niile site na mmiri oké osimiri. Oke osimiri na-ejedebe na-eburu kemịkalụ, kamakwa obere iberibe plastik na-emebibeghị nke ọma. Nke a na-ebute mmiri mmiri ruru unyi ma na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime oke osimiri. Ọkụ nke ngwaahịa rọba na-eme ka carbon ojii banye n'ikuku. Carbon ojii na-abịa site na anwuru ọkụ ma bụrụkwa ihe na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe. == Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ahụ ụmụ anụmanụ == Ihe mkpofu rọba eruola oke osimiri ụwa niile. Mmetọ rọba a na-emerụ ihe dị ka nduru 100,000 na anụ mmiri na anụ 1,000,000 kwa afọ. Plastics buru ibu (nke a na-akpọ "macroplastics") dị ka akpa ịzụ ahịa rọba nwere ike mechie traktị nri nri nke anụmanụ buru ibu mgbe ha na-eri ya ma nwee ike ịkpata agụụ site na igbochi mmegharị nke nri, ma ọ bụ site n'imeju afọ na ịghọgbu anụmanụ na-eche na ọ juru. . Microplastics n'aka nke ọzọ na-emerụ obere ndụ mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iberibe plastik pelagic dị n'etiti gyres nke oke osimiri anyị karịrị ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri plankton dị ndụ, a na-agafekwa n' yinye nri iji ruo ndụ mmiri niile. Ngwa ịkụ azụ dị ka ụgbụ, ụdọ, ahịrị, na ngịga na-apụkarị n'oké osimiri ma nwee ike ịga ebe dị anya nke emetụtala ọtụtụ anụmanụ mmiri dị ka coral n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Ngwa a na-akụ azụ bụ rọba na-anaghị emebi emebi n'ọtụtụ ụdị coral dị iche iche na-agbakọta na ya nke na-eme ka anụ ahụ daa ma nwee ike ịnwụ. Mmetọ rọba nwere ike imebi anụmanụ, nke nwere ike imetụta oke nri mmadụ. A kọwawo mmetọ rọba dị ka ihe na-emebi nnukwu anụ mamma nke mmiri, nke akọwara n'akwụkwọ Introduction to Marine Biology dị ka ihe na-etinye "otu egwu kachasị ukwuu" nye ha. A chọpụtala na ụfọdụ ụdị mmiri, dị ka nduru mmiri, nwere nnukwu plastik n'ime afọ ha. Mgbe nke a mere, anụ ahụ na-agụkarị agụụ, n'ihi na plastik na-egbochi tract digestive anụmanụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, anụ mamma na mmiri na-agbanye na ngwaahịa rọba dị ka ụgbụ, nke nwere ike imerụ ha ahụ ma ọ bụ gbuo ha. === Entanglement === [[Usòrò:Sea_turtle_entangled_in_a_ghost_net.jpg|thumb|Igurube mmiri a tụbara n'ime ụgbụ mmụọ]] Nchikota na irighiri ihe eji eme plastik bu ihe kpatara onwu nke otutu ihe di n'ime mmiri, dika azu, akàrà, nduru, na nnunu. Anụmanụ ndị a na-ejide n'ime irighiri ihe na-emesị kụgbuo ma ọ bụ rie mmiri. Ebe ọ bụ na ha enweghị ike ịtọpụ onwe ha, ha na-anwụkwa n’ihi agụụ ma ọ bụ n’ihi enweghị ike ịgbanahụ ndị na-eri anụ. Ịkekọta onwe ya na-ebutekarị ọnya na ọnya. A na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị anụmanụ 267 dị iche iche atawo ahụhụ site na nchikota na iri ihe mkpofu rọba. A na-eme atụmatụ na ihe karịrị anụmanụ 400,000 na-anwụ anwụ kwa afọ n'ihi mmetọ rọba n'oké osimiri. A na-ejide ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri n'ime ngwa ịkụ azụ atụfuru, dị ka ụgbụ mmụọ. A na-ejikarị ụdọ na ụgbụ a na-eji azụ azụ eme ihe dị ka naịlọn, na-eme ka akụrụngwa ịkụ azụ dịkwuo ogologo ma na-ekpo ọkụ. A pụkwara ijide ihe ndị a n'ime ihe ndị a na-akwakọba plastik okirikiri, ma ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto, rọba ahụ nwere ike bee n'ime anụ ahụ ha. Akụrụngwa dị ka ụgbụ nwekwara ike ịdọrọ n'akụkụ oke osimiri, na-emebi coral reef. Ụfọdụ anụmanụ mmiri na-ahụ onwe ha n'ime iberibe ihe mkpofu buru ibu nke na-akpata mmerụ ahụ dị ka microplastics a na-ahụkebe. Ahịhịa nke nwere ike ijikọ onwe ya gburugburu ihe dị ndụ nwere ike ịkpata nhụhụ ma ọ bụ imikpu. Ọ bụrụ na ihe mkpofu ahụ na-arapara n'akụkụ eriri nke na-adịghị mkpa maka ikuku, eriri ahụ nwere ike ịmalite site na adịghị arụ ọrụ. Ịdị adị plastik dị n'oké osimiri na-aghọ ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ihi na ndụ mmiri nke ọ na-egbu na-emecha ree n'ime oké osimiri, na-ewepụtaghachi plastik n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụmụ anụmanụ nwekwara ike ịbanye na ụgbụ rọba na mgbanaka, nke nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ. Mmetọ rọba na-emetụta ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị mmiri 700, gụnyere nduru mmiri, akara, nnụnụ mmiri, azụ, whale na dolphins. A hụla Cetaceans n'ime patch ahụ, nke na-ebute ọnyà na ntinye ihe egwu nye ụmụ anụmanụ na-eji nnukwu ihe mkpofu Pacific dị ka okporo ụzọ mbata ma ọ bụ ebe obibi. === Iri nri === [[Usòrò:Laysan_albatross_chick_remains.jpg|thumb|Ihe fọdụrụ n'ụgbọ mmiri albatross nke nwere mmiri a na-eri eri]] Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị bi n'elu ma ọ bụ n'oké osimiri na-eri flotsam n'amaghị ama, ebe ọ na-adịkarị ka anụ anụ ha. Mpekere rọba, mgbe nnukwu ma ọ bụ gbagọrọ agbagọ, na-esiri ike ịgafe, ma nwee ike ịbanye na traktị nri nke anụmanụ ndị a. Karịsịa mgbe mgbanwe mgbanwe evolushọn na-eme ka ọ ghara ikwe omume ndị na-amasị nduru ịjụ akpa rọba, nke yiri jeliifish mgbe a na-emikpu n'ime mmiri, ebe ha nwere usoro na akpịrị ha iji kwụsị nri ndị na-amị amị site n'ịgbanahụ ọzọ. Nke a na-egbochi ụzọ nri na-ebute ọnwụ site na agụụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa. Ọtụtụ n'ime iberibe ndị a na-adịte aka na-ejedebe n'afọ nke nnụnụ na anụmanụ, gụnyere nduru oké osimiri, na albatross nwere ụkwụ ojii. Nke a na-ebute nkwụsị nke ụzọ mgbari nri, nke na-eduga n'ịbelata agụụ ma ọ bụ ọbụna agụụ. N'ime njem njem Gyre Pacific nke 2008, ndị nyocha Algalita Marine Research Foundation malitere ịchọpụta na azụ na-eri iberibe plastik na irighiri ihe. N'ime azụ 672 a nwụdere n'oge njem ahụ, 35% ejirila iberibe rọba. Site na ụbara plastik dị n'oké osimiri, ihe ndị dị ndụ nọ ugbu a n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke mmerụ ahụ site na oriri rọba na njikọ. Ihe dị ka 23% nke anụ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, na 36% nke nnụnụ mmiri ahụ enwetala mmebi nke ọnụnọ plastik na oke osimiri. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe ruru 70% nke ahịhịa a na-eche na ọ dị n'elu oke osimiri, na microplastics dị naanị milimita n'obosara, ndụ mmiri n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkwa ọ bụla nke nri nri na-emetụta. Anụmanụ ndị na-eri nri n'ala ala oké osimiri nwere ihe ize ndụ na-ekpochapụ microplastics n'ime sistemu ha mgbe ha na-achịkọta nri. Ndụ obere mmiri dị ka mọsel na ikpuru mgbe ụfọdụ na-emehie plastik maka anụ oriri ha. Oriri rọba na-emetụtakwa anụmanụ ndị buru ibu n'ihi na ha na-eri azụ̀, ma na-erikwa microplastics ndị tọrọ n'ime anụ oriri ha n'ụzọ na-edoghị anya. N'otu aka ahụ, ụmụ mmadụ na-enwekwa ike ịnweta microplastic oriri. Ndị na-eri ihe oriri n'oké osimiri na-erikwa ụfọdụ n'ime microplastics nke ndụ mmiri riri. Oysters na clams bụ ụgbọ ala ewu ewu maka oriri microplastic mmadụ. Anụmanụ ndị nọ n'okirikiri mmiri na-emetụtakwa plastik dị n'oké osimiri. Nnyocha egosiwo na 36% ụdị nnụnụ mmiri na-eri plastik n'ihi na ha na-emehie nnukwu plastik maka nri. Plastic nwere ike ịkpata mgbochi eriri afọ yana dọkasịa afọ ime na eriri afọ nke ndụ mmiri, n'ikpeazụ bute agụụ na ọnwụ. Ụfọdụ plastik na-adịte aka na-ejedebe n'ime afọ ụmụ anụmanụ mmiri. Plastic na-adọta nnụnụ mmiri na azụ. Mgbe ndụ mmiri na-eri rọba na-enye ya ohere ịbanye n'agbụ nri, nke a nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ka ukwuu mgbe anụ ndị ọzọ na-eri anụ ndị riri plastik. Ọtụtụ nchọpụta achọpụtala plastik na microplastics n'ime afọ nke anụmanụ mmiri. Iri ihe mkporisị rọba buru ibu, dị ka ụgbụ azụ na ụdọ, nwere ike bute ọnwụ anụmanụ mmiri site na mmetụta afọ. ==== Anụ na-enye nwa ara na azụ ==== Nyocha akwụkwọ 2021 nke e bipụtara na Sayensị chọpụtara ụdị mmiri 1,288 nke amara na-etinye plastik. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ndị a bụ azụ. Mmetọ rọba na-emetụta mbe oké osimiri. Ụdị ụfọdụ bụ ndị na-eri azụ̀ jelii, ma na-ehiekarị akpa rọba maka anụ oriri ha. Mpekere rọba a nwere ike igbu mbe mmiri site na igbochi esophagus. Nduru nke oke osimiri na-adighi ike nke ọma dịka nyocha 2018 nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Australia mere. Ụdị whale dị iche iche na-etinye plastik, dị ka whale beaked, whale baleen, na sperm whales. Ha nwere ike imehie plastik maka nri ma rie ya na mberede mgbe ha na-eri nri anụ anụ ndị a na-achịkọta n'akụkụ plastik. Plastics nwekwara ike ịbanye n'ime usoro ha ma ọ bụrụ na anụ oriri ha enweelarị irighiri plastik sịntetik na tract digestive ha site na nchịkọta bioaccumulation. A chọtala nnukwu plastik n'ime afọ whale ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri. Mpekere rọba malitere ịpụta n'ime afọ sperm whale kemgbe 1970s, a chọpụtakwara na ọ bụ ihe kpatara ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ whale. Na June 2018, a hụrụ ihe karịrị akpa rọba 80 n'ime ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-anwụ anwụ nke na-asachapụ n'ikpere mmiri Thailand. Na Maachị afọ 2019, otu anụ ọhịa Cuvier nwụrụ anwụ ji rọba dị kilogram 88 sachara na Philippines. N'April 2019, na-esochi nchoputa nke sperm whale nwụrụ anwụ nke Sardinia nwere rọba paụnd 48 n'ime afọ ya, World Wildlife Foundation dọrọ aka ná ntị na mmetọ rọba bụ otu n'ime ihe iyi egwu kachasị egwu na ndụ oké osimiri, na-achọpụta na egbuola whale ise. site na plastik n'ime afọ abụọ. Azụ obere azụ na-eri ụfọdụ n'ime obere rọba dị ntakịrị, n'akụkụ mpaghara pelagic dị n'oké osimiri a na-akpọ Mesopelagic zone, nke dị mita 200 ruo 1000 n'okpuru oke osimiri, na ọchịchịrị kpamkpam. A maghị ọtụtụ ihe gbasara azụ̀ ndị a ma e wezụga na e nwere ọtụtụ n’ime ha. Ha na-ezo n'ọchịchịrị nke oké osimiri, na-ezere ndị na-eri anụ ma na-egwu mmiri n'elu oké osimiri n'abalị iji rie nri. A na-anakọta plastik ndị a chọtara n'ime afọ azụ ndị a n'oge njem Malaspina, ọrụ nyocha nke na-enyocha mmetụta mgbanwe ụwa na-enwe na oke osimiri. Nnyocha nke Scripps Institution of Oceanography mere gosiri na nkezi plastic dị n'ime afọ nke azụ azụ mesopelagic 141 karịa ụdị 27 dị iche iche bụ 9.2%. Atụmatụ ha maka nha azụ̀ ndị a dị na North Pacific na-etinye ihe mkpofu rọba n'agbata tọn 12,000 na 24,000 kwa afọ. Azụ mesopelagic kacha ewu ewu bụ azụ lantern. Ọ na-ebi n'etiti gyres nke oké osimiri, nnukwu usoro nke na-atụgharị n'oké osimiri. Ebe ọ bụ na azụ lantern bụ isi nri maka azụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na-azụta, gụnyere tuna na swordfish, rọbas ndị ha na-etinye na-aghọ akụkụ nke agbụ nri. Azụ lantern bụ otu n'ime azụ azụ ndị na-eri nri n'oké osimiri, ọ na-erikwa mpekere rọba buru ibu, nke n'aka nke ya agaghị eme ka ha na-edozi ahụ nke ọma maka azụ ndị ọzọ iri. Nnyocha ọzọ chọpụtara ntakịrị rọba karịa azụ̀ ụmụaka asaa ruo otu n'ime mmiri ụmụaka dị na Hawaii. Mgbe ha gbasasịrị ọtụtụ narị azụ̀ larval, ndị nchọpụta ahụ chọpụtara na ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ na-etinye ihe dị n’ime rọba. A na-ahụkwa rọba n'ime azụ na-efe efe, nke ndị oke anụ dị ka tuna na ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri Hawaii na-eri. A hụla anụmanụ ndị dị omimi n'oké osimiri nwere plastik n'ime afọ ha. N'afọ 2020, a chọtara ụdị oké osimiri dị omimi Eurythenes plasticus, nke nwere otu n'ime ihe atụ nke nwere plastik na eriri afọ ya; akpọrọ aha ya iji mee ka mmetụta mmetọ rọba pụta ìhè. Achọpụtara ya na 2016-2017 na ihe karịrị 35% nke ndịda Pacific Lanternfish riri irighiri ihe rọba. Mgbe azụ̀ na-erinye ya, ngwakọta kemịkal dị na rọba ndị a enweghị ike igbari. Nke a nwere ike imetụta mmadụ, n'ihi na Lanternfish bụ ebe nri maka salmon na tuna. Azụ na whales nwekwara ike imehie plastik dị ka isi iyi nri. ===== Nnụnụ ===== [[Usòrò:Basstoelpel-Helgoland_(cropped).JPG|thumb|Northern gannet na Helgoland, Germany, tọrọ n'akwụ́ ha nke e ji ụgbụ ochie na ihe mkpofu plastik ndị ọzọ wuo.]] Mmetọ rọba anaghị emetụta naanị anụmanụ ndị bi naanị n'oké osimiri. A na-emetụtakwa nnụnụ mmiri nke ukwuu. N'afọ 2004, e mere atụmatụ na gulls ndị dị n'Oké Osimiri North nwere nkezi nke iberibe iri atọ n'ime afọ ha. Nnụnụ oké osimiri na-emekarị ka ahịhịa na-ese n'elu oké osimiri dị ka anụ oriri. Ebe nri ha na-abanyekarị n'ihe mkpofu rọba, si otú a na-ebufe plastik ahụ site na anụ anụ gaa na anụ ọhịa. Ihe mkpofu e tinyere n’ime ya nwere ike igbochi ma mebie usoro mgbari nri nke nnụnụ, na-ebelata ikike mgbari nri ma nwee ike ibute erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ, agụụ na ọnwụ. Kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu a na-akpọ polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) na-etinyekwa uche n'elu plastik dị n'oké osimiri ma na-ahapụ ya mgbe nnụnụ mmiri riri ya. Kemịkalụ ndị a nwere ike ịgbakọba n'anụ ahụ ma nwee mmetụta na-egbu egbu na ikike ịmụ nwa, usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, na nguzozi nke homonụ. Mpekere rọba na-ese n'elu mmiri nwere ike ibute ọnya, ọrịa na-ebute ọnwụ. Mmetọ mmiri rọba n’ime mmiri pụrụ ọbụna iru nnụnụ ndị na-agatụbeghị n’oké osimiri. Ndị nne na nna nwere ike na-azụ ụmụ nwa ha na mberede rọba, na-eche na ọ bụ nri. Chicks Seabird bụ ndị kachasị mfe na ntinye plastik ebe ọ bụ na ha enweghị ike ịgbọpụta nri ha dị ka nnụnụ ndị toro eto. Plasticosis bụ ụdị ọrịa fibrotic nke a hụrụ na mbụ n'otu ụdị nnụnụ na 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2023/march/plasticosis-new-disease-caused-by-plastic-affecting-seabirds.html|title='Plasticosis': a new disease caused by plastic that is affecting seabirds|date=March 3, 2023|publisher=Natural History Museum|accessdate=March 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/03/plasticosis-new-disease-caused-by-plastics-discovered-in-seabirds|title=New disease caused by plastics discovered in seabirds|date=March 3, 2023|work=The Guardian|accessdate=March 5, 2023}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Great_Blue_Heron_Swallows_Fish_in_Plastic_Bag_-_Flickr_-_Andrea_Westmoreland.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Nnukwu nnụnụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-ejide azụ e jiderela n'ime akpa plastik na anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ na-eri plastik mgbe niile mgbe ọ na-ejikọta ma ọ bụ na-agbagwoju ya anya na nri.]] Mgbe nlebanya mbụ na ọtụtụ n'ime osimiri ndị dị na New Zealand nwere nnukwu pellet rọba, nchọpụta ndị ọzọ chọpụtara na ụdị prion dị iche iche na-etinye ihe mkpofu plastik. Prions agụụ na-agụ na-aghọtaghị pellets ndị a maka nri, a hụkwara ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-emebibeghị n'ime gizzards nnụnụ na proventriculi. A na-ahụ akara pecking yiri nke ndị fulmars nke ugwu na-eme n'ọkpụkpụ rọba, dị ka styrofoam, n'ụsọ osimiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Dutch, na-egosi na ụdị nnụnụ a na-emehiekwa irighiri plastik maka nri. N'ime nde 1.5 Laysan albatrosses nke bi na Midway Atoll, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile nwere ike ịnwe rọba n'ime eriri afọ ha. Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ụmụ ha na-anwụ, na ọtụtụ n'ime ọnwụ ndị ahụ sitere na rọba n'amaghị ama nke ndị mụrụ ha na-enye ha nri. Tọn iri abụọ nke irighiri plastik na-asachapụ n'etiti Midway kwa afọ yana tọn ise na-ejedebe n'ime afọ ụmụ chicks albatross. Nnụnụ mmiri ndị a na-ahọrọ iberibe rọba uhie, pink, aja aja, na acha anụnụ anụnụ n'ihi myirịta na ebe nri ha si enweta. N'ihi ntinye plastik, enwere ike igbochi tract digestive na-akpata agụụ. A pụkwara igbochi ikuku ikuku, nke na-ebute nkwụsịtụ. Mpekere ahụ nwekwara ike ịgbakọta n'ime eriri afọ anụ ahụ, ma nye ha echiche ụgha nke izu oke nke ga-ebutekwa agụụ. N'ikpere mmiri ahụ, a na-ahụ ọtụtụ puku ozu nnụnụ na plastik fọdụrụ ebe afọ dịbu. A na-ahụ ogologo oge nke plastik n'etiti ihe fọdụrụnụ. N'ụfọdụ oge, ikpo rọba ka dị ebe ozu nnụnụ na-erekasịla. N'otu aka ahụ na ụmụ mmadụ, anụmanụ ndị na-ekpuchi plastik nwere ike ịnweta ntụpọ mmepe. Kpọmkwem, a chọpụtala na atụrụ na-enwe obere ibu ọmụmụ mgbe ekpughere ya na bisphenol A. Ịhụta na BPA nwere ike ime ka anya dị n'etiti anya tadpole dị mkpụmkpụ. Ọ nwekwara ike ịkwụsị mmepe na frogs ma nwee ike ibute mbelata ogologo ahụ. N'ụdị azụ dị iche iche, ikpughe nwere ike ịkwụsị ịwa akwa akwa ma mee ka ibelata ibu ahụ, ogologo ọdụ na ogologo ahụ. [[Usòrò:Albatross_at_Midway_Atoll_Refuge_(8080507529).jpg|thumb|Ihe dị n'ime afọ nke nwa ọkụkọ albatross nwụrụ anwụ na-agụnye ihe dịgasị iche iche na-eme n'ime mmiri]] Nnyocha e mere gosiri na n'afọ 1960, a chọpụtara na ihe na-erughị 5% nke nnụnụ mmiri riri ihe mkpofu, ebe n'August 2015 ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ rịgoro ihe dị ka pasent 90. A na-ebu amụma na n'afọ 2050, 99% nke nnụnụ mmiri ga-eri ihe ndị dị otú ahụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ ihe dị n'ime afọ nke ụmụ ọkụkọ Laysan Albatross na-akọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ 40% tupu ha etoo. Mgbe a nyochachara ihe dị n'ime afọ na-eso necropsies, ahụrụ na ha nwere ihe mkpofu rọba. Ọ bụghị nanị na pellet rọba ndị e ji emepụta ihe n’ụwa nile na-enweta kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu dị ka DDT na PCB site na mmiri, ma ha pụrụ ọbụna ịcha kemịkalụ dị ka biphenyl. A na-eme atụmatụ na ihe ruru ụdị mmiri 267 na-emetụta mmetọ rọba. '''Phytoplankton''' N'afọ 2019 na 2020, enwere ọmụmụ ihe ogologo izu mere na Australia n'akụkụ Osimiri Georges iji tụọ ọnụọgụ microplastics. Ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ ihe ndị a bụ iji chọpụta ma microplastics dị na mmiri na-emetụta phytoplankton bi na osimiri ahụ. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gụnyere imecha nnwale microcosm ebe a na-anakọta ihe nlele mmiri n'ime karama sitere na osimiri wee kpochaa ya. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e mere ihe ngwọta microplastic tinyere nchịkọta phytoplankton site n'otu osimiri ahụ. Mgbe ọmụmụ ihe mechara, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara na enwere nnukwu microplastics dị n'osimiri ahụ bụ nke emetụtala phytoplankton dị ka cyanobacteria. Dị ka a na-ekpughere ọtụtụ ụdị phytoplankton dị iche iche na microplastics na Osimiri Georges, ọ bụghị nanị na nke a na-emetụta ndụ nke phytoplankton n'onwe ha, kamakwa ọ na-emetụta anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na nri ha. Phytoplankton bụ ndị na-emepụta ihe mbụ; ya mere, mgbe a na-etinye microplastics, ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na-eri nri na phytoplankton na-etinyekwa microplastics. '''Azụ whale''' N'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian, e mewo nnyocha iji chọpụta otú ọnụ ọgụgụ microplastics dị n'elu ala nke oké osimiri siri metụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke azụ whale. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, ndị nchọpụta chịkọtara ihe nlele nke microplastics n'ụbọchị mgbe ọ na-enweghị obere ihe ọ bụla na-efegharị efegharị. A na-ahụzi iberibe plastik ndị a na-anakọta na ihe nlele ahụ n'okpuru microscope iji chọpụta nha ha na ma hà bụ microplastics ma ọ bụ mesoplastics. A na-ahụkwa ebe obibi fin whale ebe a tụrụ ọnụọgụ zooplankton yana ọkwa chlorophyll nke oke osimiri dị n'ime ebe obibi ha. A na-eji ihe atụ Tyrreno-ROMS tụọ oke osimiri ma ọ bụ gyres yana okpomọkụ dị n'elu ebe obibi azụ whale n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ahụ gosiri na enwere nnukwu microplastics dị n'ogo elu nke Oké Osimiri Mediterenian nke bụ ebe obibi whale na azụ ma na-eje ozi dị ka ebe nri ha si enweta karịsịa n'oge ọnwa okpomọkụ. Nsonaazụ na-egosi na mgbe whale azụ na-achọ nri ha ga-eri n'elu oke osimiri, ha na-erikarị microplastics na mberede. Microplastics ndị a nwere ọtụtụ nsị na kemịkalụ nwere ike imerụ azụ whale ma ọ bụrụ na ha rie ya ka a na-echekwa nsị ndị a n'ime anụ ahụ nke whale azụ ruo ogologo oge. === Ndị ọzọ === Nnyocha sitere na 2019 na-egosi na nnukwu plastik dị na nnukwu ihe mkpofu Pacific nwere ike imetụta omume na nkesa nke ụfọdụ anụmanụ mmiri, n'ihi na ha nwere ike ime dị ka ngwaọrụ nchịkọta azụ (FAD). FADs nwere ike ịdọta cetaceans na-enye nri, si otú a na-abawanye ohere nke ikekọta ma ọ bụ itinye plastik ọzọ. == Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ == Nanoplastics nwere ike banye n'ime anụ ahụ eriri afọ n'ime ihe ndị dị na mmiri ma nwee ike ịbanye n'agbụ nri mmadụ site na iku ume (ume) ma ọ bụ iri nri, karịsịa site na azụ azụ na crustaceans. Ejikọtala ntinye nke plastik na mmetụta dị iche iche nke ịmụ nwa, carcinogenic na mutagenic. Ngwakọta sịntetik organic a kacha mara amara nke ejiri mee ọtụtụ plastik bụ bisphenol A (BPA). Ejikọtala ya na ọrịa autoimmune na ọrịa endocrine na-akpaghasị mmadụ, na-eduga n'ịbelata ọmụmụ nwoke na ọrịa ara ara. A na-ejikọkwa phthalate esters na-akpata mmetụta ịmụ nwa n'ihi na a na-ahụ ya na nkwakọ ngwaahịa maka nri. Ihe nsị sitere na phthalate esters na-emetụta usoro ọmụmụ nwoke na-etolite. A na-enyo enyo na Diethylhexyl phthalate na-akpaghasị ọrụ nke thyroid; Otú ọ dị, ọmụmụ ihe na-adịghị ugbu a. Plastics dị n'ahụ mmadụ nwere ike ịkwụsị ma ọ bụ mee ka usoro nkwụsịtụ kwụsịlata, na-ebute oke nsi na egbu egbu. Ha nwere ike imetụta usoro ụjọ ahụ nke etiti na usoro ọmụmụ, ọ bụ ezie na nke a agaghị ekwe omume ma ọ bụrụ na ọkwa ekpughere dị elu ma na-abawanye ọkwa nnabata. Ihe omumu nke vitro sitere na sel mmadu gosiputara ihe akaebe na a na-ewere polystyrene nanoparticles ma nwee ike ibute nrụgide oxidative na nzaghachi pro-inflammatory. == Mgbalị ndị e mere iji belata == A ga-ejikọta ihe ngwọta maka mmetọ rọba mmiri mmiri, yana mmetọ plastik n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe mgbanwe na mmepụta ihe na nkwakọ ngwaahịa, na mbelata ojiji, karịsịa, ngwaahịa plastik otu ma ọ bụ obere oge. Ọtụtụ echiche dị maka ihicha rọba n'ime oke osimiri gụnyere ịdo irighiri rọba n'ọnụ osimiri tupu ịbanye n'oké osimiri, na ihicha gyres nke oke osimiri. === Nchịkọta n'oké osimiri === [[Usòrò:Marine_Debris_Removal_...Hawaiian_Islands.jpg|thumb|Ihichapụ ihe mkpofu mmiri nke NOAA na 2014]] Mmetọ rọba n'ime oke osimiri nwere ike ọ gaghị agbanwe agbanwe. Ozugbo microplastics na-abanye na gburugburu mmiri, ha na-esi nnọọ ike ma dị oke ọnụ iji wepụ ya. Òtù ahụ "The Ocean Cleanup" na-agbalị iji ụgbụ na-anakọta ihe mkpofu plastik n'oké osimiri. Enwere nchegbu site na mmerụ ahụ na ụdị ụfọdụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri, karịsịa neuston. Na TEDxDelft2012, Boyan Slat kpugheere echiche maka iwepụ nnukwu irighiri mmiri dị na gyres oké osimiri. N'ịkpọ ọrụ ya The Ocean Cleanup, ọ tụrụ aro ka a na-eji mmiri dị n'elu mee ka irighiri ihe kpafuo n'elu ikpo okwu. Ọnụ ego eji arụ ọrụ ga-adị ntakịrị ma ọrụ ahụ ga-arụ ọrụ nke ọma nke na ọ nwere ike ịba uru. Echiche a na-eji ọganihu na-ese n'elu mmiri na-atụgharị kama ijide irighiri ihe. Nke a na-ezere njide, ebe ọ na-anakọta ọbụna obere irighiri ihe. Dabere na ngụkọ Slat, enwere ike ihicha gyre n'ime afọ ise, nke ruru opekata mpe 7.25 nde tọn plastik n'ofe gyres niile. Ọ kwadokwara "ụzọ mgbochi mmetọ plastik radical" iji gbochie gyres ime mgbanwe. N'afọ 2015, oru ngo Cleanup Ocean bụ onye mmeri otu na onyinye ihe ngosi nka nke afọ 2015 nke Design. Otu ụgbọ mmiri nke ụgbọ mmiri 30, gụnyere nne nne dị mita 32 (105-ụkwụ), sonyere na njem otu ọnwa iji chọpụta ole plastik dị site na iji trawl na nyocha ikuku. Òtù ahụ "everwave" na-eji ụgbọ mmiri na-anakọta ihe mkpofu pụrụ iche na osimiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri iji gbochie ihe mkpofu ịbanye n'oké osimiri nke ụwa. Ebe a bụkwa Ocean Plastic Utilisation Ships System R&D project (OPUSS). Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ọrụ a bụ ime ka usoro ihicha oke osimiri bụrụ nke a na-azụmaahịa n'oge, na gburugburu ebe obibi ma dị irè n'ozuzu ya. Echiche bụ isi nke ọrụ OPUSS bụ n'ịmepụta atụmatụ mgbanaka okirikiri ọhụrụ nke mkpocha oke osimiri, ebe ọ bụ na ụdọ ndị na-ebubata ngwa agha ndị dị ugbu a enweghị ike ijide nkọwapụta nke mkpofu plastik na-apụta n'oké osimiri. Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ọrụ bụ ihicha oke osimiri site na nsonaazụ kacha mma n'ihe gbasara ngwa ngwa na ọnụ ahịa ihe owuwu, yana obere ego eji arụ ọrụ. ==== Usoro ntụgharị plastik gaa na mmanụ ==== The Clean Oceans Project (TCOP) na-akwalite ntughari nke ihe mkpofu plastik ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ ọkụ bara uru, gụnyere mmanụ ụgbọala, mmanụ dizel na kerosene, na-eji teknụzụ ntụgharị plastik-na mmanụ nke Blest Co. Ltd., ụlọ ọrụ injinịa gburugburu ebe obibi Japan mepụtara. TCOP na-ezube ịkụziri obodo ndị dị n'ime obodo ma mepụta ihe mkpali ego maka ha imegharị plastik, dobe oke osimiri ha ọcha, na ibelata ihe mkpofu rọba. N'afọ 2019, otu nyocha duuru ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke Mahadum Washington State chọtara ụzọ isi gbanwee ngwaahịa mkpofu plastik ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ ụgbọ elu. Ọzọkwa, ụlọ ọrụ "Recycling Technologies", ewepụtala usoro dị mfe nke nwere ike ịmegharị ihe mkpofu plastik na mmanụ a na-akpọ Plaxx. Otu ndị injinia sitere na mahadum Warwick na-edu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na usoro maka ịtụgharị plastic mkpofu na mmanụ ụgbọala gụnyere GRT Group na OMV. === Iwu na iwu === Mkpebi dị n'usoro amụma mba ụwa dị ugbu a gụnyere: "nlekwasị anya na isi mmalite nke mmetọ rọba mmiri nke sitere n'oké osimiri; oke nke ngwa iwu dị nro; na nkewa nke usoro iwu mba ụwa dị ugbu a". Akụkụ anọ dị mkpa maka usoro agbakwunyere iji dozie nsogbu nke mmetọ plastik mmiri: nkwekọ nke iwu mba ụwa (ihe atụ omume: ịmepụta nkwekọrịta plastik ụwa ọhụrụ); njikọta n'ofe amụma mba; nhazi nke òtù mba ụwa (ihe atụ omume: chọpụta otu ndị isi nhazi nhazi (dịka, UN Environment Programme (UNEP)); na mmekọrịta sayensị na amụma. A na-edekarị mmejọ ndị a dị ka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala maka ọganihu nke nkwekọrịta plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ. Mmepe nke dị otú ahụ. Nkwekọrịta na-aga n'ihu dịka nke Machị 2022 ma a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-agwụ na njedebe nke 2024. Na EU, a na-eme atụmatụ na machibido ntinye nke microplastics na ihe ịchọ mma, detergents, paints, polish na mkpuchi, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, ga-ebelata ikuku microplastics site n'ihe dị ka tọn 400,000 n'ime afọ 20. Achọpụtara ahịa mkpofu rọba sitere na mba mepere emepe gaa na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe dị ka isi ihe na-ebute mkpofu mmiri n'ihi na mba ndị na-ebubata plastik mkpofu na-enwekarị ikike ịhazi ihe niile. Ya mere, United Nations amachibidoro ịzụ ahịa rọba n'efu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ruru ihe ụfọdụ. Azụmaahịa mkpofu plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ mgbe ọ malitere na Jenụwarị 2021. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga === Ebu ụzọ hụ mmetọ rọba na etiti gyres, ma ọ bụ oke osimiri na-agbanwe agbanwe nke etinyere nlebanya ndị a sitere na Osimiri Sargasso na 1972 Journal Science. N'afọ 1986, otu ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụghị akwụkwọ mere nyocha site na ịdekọ ole plastic ha nwetara n'ụgbọ mmiri ha mgbe ha na-eme njem n'osimiri Atlantic. Nnyocha ha mere ka ha nwee ike ịnakọta data bara uru na ogologo oge gbasara rọba na Atlantic Ocean yana Charles Moore na-enwe ike ịchọpụta nnukwu ihe mkpofu Pacific. Na mgbakwunye, nyocha nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụghị akwụkwọ nyere aka mee ka e mepụta okwu ahụ bụ "microplastics". === Okwu === '''Microplastics''' Richard Thompson jiri okwu a bu "microplastics" mee ihe na 2004 ka ọ kọwara microplastics ka ọ bụrụ obere iberibe rọba, kpọmkwem ihe na-erughị 5 mm, nke a na-ahụ n'oké osimiri na akụkụ mmiri ndị ọzọ. Mgbe Thompson chepụtachara okwu ahụ bụ "microplastics", ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị emeela nyocha iji gbalịa chọpụta mmetụta microplastics nwere n'oké osimiri. ==== Plastic soup ==== Charles J. Moore chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "ofe plastik" na 1997, mgbe ọ chọtara patches nke mmetọ plastik na North Pacific Gyre n'etiti Hawaii na California. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ ndị ji okwu ahụ bụ neuston plastic kọwara na mbụ na 1988 Great Pacific Garbage Patch kọwara "Nha irighiri irighiri ihe ndị a na-etinye na ụgbụ e mere iji jide n'elu plankton (nke a na-akpọ ya plastic neuston)", ma kweta na mbụ. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ ndị 1970 egosila na "plastic neuston juru ebe niile, dị ukwuu na etiti na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ North Pacific, na-ekesa site na mmiri iyi na ifufe". Na 2006, Ken Weiss bipụtara otu akụkọ na Los Angeles Times nke bụ onye mbụ mere ka ọha na eze mara banyere mmetụta nke ahịhịa ahịhịa na Pacific Ocean. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2009, otu ndị nchọpụta kpebiri ịpụ na Pacific Ocean iji gosi ma ọ bụrụ na mkpofu ahịhịa ọ bụ eziokwu ma ọ bụ akụkọ ifo. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gachara n'oké osimiri, ndị otu nyocha ahụ hụrụ ọtụtụ narị iberibe rọba n'oké osimiri nke a hụrụ dị ka ofe nke microplastics karịa nnukwu plastik dị ka a tụrụ anya ya. A na-eji okwu ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-ezo aka naanị na mmetọ site na microplastics, mpempe plastik na-erughị 5mm n'ogo dị ka eriri ndị a na-esi na textiles sịntetik na-asa ákwà: British National Federation of Women's Institutes kwadoro mkpebi na 2017 nke isiokwu ya bụ "End Plastic Soup" mana. na-etinye uche n'akụkụ a nke mmetọ. Plastic Soup Foundation nke dabeere na Amsterdam bụ otu nkwado nke na-achọ ime ka mmadụ mara nsogbu ahụ, kuziere ndị mmadụ, na ịkwado mmepe nke ngwọta. Dị ka nke Jenụwarị 2019, Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Oxford agụnyeghị okwu ofe rọba, plastik neuston ma ọ bụ plastik neustonic, mana ọ kọwara okwu ahụ microplastic (ma ọ bụ micro-plastic) dị ka “obere obere plastik, emepụtara dị ka nke a (n'ụdị). nke nurdles ma ọ bụ microbeads) ma ọ bụ sitere na mkpofu na nbibi nke ngwaahịa plastik na ihe mkpofu" na nkọwa nkọwa ya niile metụtara mmetọ mmiri, nke mbụ bụ ntụaka 1990 na akwụkwọ akụkọ Sayensị South Africa: "Otu oge micro-plastic pụtara. Ihe dị iche iche mụbara site na 491 m1 nke osimiri na 1984 ruo 678 m1 na 1989". == Hụkwa == * Mmetọ plastik == Ebe e si nweta ya ==   === Ihe odide === [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] svbetyez8rfvjyhp9bhnncsaguubxlr 0 26367 728059 639099 2026-09-26T02:42:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Usòrò:Soilcontam.JPG|thumb|Soilcontam.]] Mmetọ aja, ma ọ bụ mmetọala dị ka akụkụ nke '''mmebi ala''' na-esite na ọnụnọ nke kemịkal xenobiotic (nke mmadụ mere) ma ọ bụ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ala. Ọ na-abụkarị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, kemịkal ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ mkpofu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Kemịkal ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ petroleum hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (dị ka naphthalene na benzo(a)pyrene), solvents, pesticides, lead, na ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ. Mmetọ na-emetụta ogo mmepụta ihe na ike nke kemịkal. Nchegbu banyere mmetọ ala na-esite n'ihe ize ndụ ahụike, site na mmetụ ihu na ihu na ala emetọ, anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na mmetọ, ma ọ bụ site na mmegọ nke abụọ nke mmiri dị n'ime na n'okpuru ala.<ref>''Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Human Health Evaluation Manual'', Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]], Washington D.C. 20450</ref> Map nke ebe ala emetọ na nhicha ndị na-esi na ya apụta bụ ọrụ na-eri oge ma dị oke ọnụ, ma chọọ nka na geology, hydrology, chemistry, modeling kọmputa, na GIS na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ekele maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke kemịkal ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=George|first=Rebecca|title=Treatment Methods for Contaminated Soils – Translating Science into Practice|url=http://ijear.org/vol4.1/rebecca.pdf|work=International Journal of Education and Applied Research|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archivedate=November 4, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104134629/http://ijear.org/vol4.1/rebecca.pdf}}</ref> Na mpaghara North America na Western Europe, a maara oke ala emetọ nke ọma, ebe ọtụtụ mba dị na mpaghara ndị a nwere usoro iwu iji chọpụta ma dozie nsogbu gburugburu [[Olile anyanwu Amerika|ebe]] obibi a. Mba ndị na-emepe emepe anaghị achịkwa nke ọma n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ n'ime ha enweela nnukwu mmepụta ihe. == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == Mmetọ ala nwere ike ibute site na ihe ndị a (ndepụta na-adịghị agwụ agwụ) : * Microplastics * [[Mmanu mmanu|Mmanụ na-awụfu]] * Mmanụ ala na ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị arọ * Mgbasa na mberede nwere ike ime n'oge ihe omume, wdg. * Mgbọrọ nke tankị nchekwa n'okpuru ala (gụnyere ọkpọkọ eji ebufe ihe dị n'ime) * [[Mmiri ozuzo acid]] * Ọrụ ugbo siri ike * Agrochemicals, dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ, ọgwụ ahịhịa na fatịlaịza * Petrochemicals * Ihe mberede ụlọ ọrụ * Ihe mkpofu okporo ụzọ * Ọrụ owuwu * Ihe osise ndị e sere n'èzí * Mmiri na-emetọ n'elu ala na-abanye n'ime ala * Mgbọ, kemịkal, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka agha * Ihichapụ ihe mkpofu ** Mmanụ na mmanụ a na-atụfu ** Ihe mkpofu nuklia ** Mgbasa nke ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ na ala ** Mmiri nsị ** Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na ebe a na-awụfu ihe n'ụzọ iwu na- ** Ọla coal ** [[Ihe mkpofu eletrọniki]] ** Nkume nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-egbu egbu na-emetọ ya. ** Pb merụrụ ya n'ihi anwụrụ ọkụ ụgbọ ala, Cd, na Zn nke taya mebiri. ** Mmetọ site n'ime ka ikuku na-emetọ ikuku sie ike site n'ịkpọ ihe ndị a na-emepụta n'ala ọkụ. Chemicals ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead, na ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ. Ọrụ ọ bụla nke na-eduga n'ụdị ndị ọzọ nke mmebi ala (erosion, compaction, wdg) nwere ike ime ka mmetụta mmetọ ahụ ka njọ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè na mmezi ala ahụ na-aghọwanye ihe na-agwụ ike. [[Usòrò:Agbogbloshie,_Ghana_2019.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|263x263px|Nhazi ihe mkpofu E na Agbogbloshie, Ghana. Nchịkọta na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke ngwongwo arụpụtara na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ, na-apụtakarị na obodo ndị dị na ndịda ụwa ga-edozi ngwongwo. Karịsịa na-enweghị nchebe kwesịrị ekwesị, ọla dị arọ na mmetọ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ala, ma mepụta mmetọ mmiri na [[Mmetọ ikuku|mmetụ ikuku]].]] Ntụnye ash nke a na-eme n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a na-eji eme ụlọ, azụmahịa, na ikpo ọkụ ụlọ ọrụ, yana maka usoro mmepụta ihe dị ka ịgbaze ọla, bụ ihe na-ebutekarị mmetọ n'ebe ndị mepere emepe tupu ihe dị ka afọ 1960. Coal na-emekarị na-etinye isi na zinc n'oge e guzobere ya. , yana ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ ka ọ dị ntakịrị. Mgbe a na-agba ọkụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ọla ndị a na-etinye uche na ntụ (nke bụ isi bụ mercury). ntụ ntụ na slag nwere ike ịnwe ndu zuru oke iji tozuo dị ka "ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ", akọwara na US dị ka nwere ihe karịrị 5 mg/L nke lead enwere ike wepụ site na iji usoro TCLP. Na mgbakwunye na ndu, uyi uyi na-enwekarị mgbanwe ma ọ bụ nnukwu mkpokọta nke polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; eg, benzo (a) anthracene, benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo (k) fluoranthene, benzo (a) pyrene, indeno (cd) pyrene, phenanthrene, anthracene na ndị ọzọ). A maara PAH ndị a dị ka carcinogens nke mmadụ na mkpokọta anabatara nke ha na ala na-adịkarị gburugburu 1 mg/kg. Enwere ike ịmata ntụ ntụ na slag site na ọnụnọ nke mkpụrụ osisi na-acha ọcha na ala, ala dị iche iche na-acha ntụ ntụ, ma ọ bụ (coal slag) na-afụ ụfụ, mkpụrụ osisi vesicular nwere nha. Mmiri nsị a gwọrọ agwọ, nke a maara na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka biosolids, aghọwo ihe arụmụka dị ka "mkpụrụ osisi". Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ihe na-esite na ọgwụgwọ nsị, ọ na-enwekarị mmetọ dị ka ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọgwụ ahụhụ, na ọla dị arọ karịa ala ndị ọzọ. Na European Union, ntụziaka Urban Waste Water Treatment na-enye ohere ka a na-awụfu nsị n'ala. A na-atụ anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ ga-eji okpukpu abụọ ruo tọn otu narị puku na ịrị asatọ na ise nke ihe siri ike na 2005. Nke a nwere ezigbo ọrụ ugbo n'ihi nitrogen dị elu na phosphate. N'afọ 1990/1991, a na-awụfu 13% mmiri na 0.13% nke ala; Otú ọ dị, a na-atụ anya na nke a ga-arị elu okpukpu ịrị na ise site na 2005. Ndị na-akwado na-ekwu na ọ dị mkpa ịchịkwa nke a ka microorganisms pathogenic ghara ịbanye n'ime mmiri na iji hụ na enweghị nchịkọta nke ọla dị arọ n'elu ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.08.004|title=Potential risk effect from elevated levels of soil heavy metals on human health in the Niger delta|journal=Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety|volume=85|pages=120–130|year=2012|author=Olawoyin|first=Richard|pmid=22921257}}</ref> === Ọgwụ ahụhụ na ọgwụ ahịhịa === Ọgwụ ahụhụ bụ ihe eji egbu ahụhụ. Ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere ike ịbụ kemịkal, ihe na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ (dị ka nje ma ọ bụ nje bacteria), antimicrobial, disinfectant ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ eji emegide ihe ọ bụla. Nje ndị na-egbu egbu gụnyere ụmụ ahụhụ, pathogens nke osisi, ahịhịa, mollusks, nnụnụ, anụ na-enye nwa ara, azụ, nematodes (roundworms) na ụmụ mmadụ na-asọ mpi maka nri, na-ebibi ihe onwunwe, na-agbasa ma ọ bụ na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ ihe na-enye nsogbu. Ọ bụ ezie na enwere uru na iji ọgwụ ahụhụ, enwere nsogbu, dị ka nsị nwere ike ịba mmadụ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pesticides: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002430.htm|accessdate=2022-04-01|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pesticides|url=https://www.acmt.net/Pesticides.html}}</ref> A na-eji ọgwụ herbicides egbu ahịhịa, ọkachasị n'okporo ụzọ na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Ha yiri auxins ma ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere ike imebi site na nje bacteria ala. Otú ọ dị, otu ìgwè sitere na trinitrotoluene (2:4 D na 2:4:5 T) nwere dioxin na-adịghị ọcha, nke na-egbu egbu ma na-akpata ọnwụ ọbụna na obere. Ọgwụ ọzọ na-egbu ahịhịa bụ Paraquat. Ọ na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu mana ọ na-emebi ngwa ngwa n'ala n'ihi ọrụ nje bacteria ma ọ naghị egbu anụmanụ ala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paraquat poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001085.htm|accessdate=2022-04-01|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en|archivedate=2022-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401190255/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001085.htm}}</ref> A na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ eme ihe iji kpochapụ ihe oriri na ugbo nke na-emebi ihe ọkụkụ. Ụmụ ahụhụ na-emebi ọ bụghị naanị ihe ọkụkụ guzo ọtọ kamakwa ndị echekwara na n'ebe okpomọkụ a na-eche na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmepụta zuru ezu na-efu n'oge nchekwa nri. Dị ka ọ dị na fungicides, ọgwụ ahụhụ mbụ e ji mee ihe na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu bụ inorganic dịka. Paris Green na ihe ndị ọzọ nke arsenic. A na-ejikwa nicotine eme ihe kemgbe afọ 1690.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tomizawa|first=Motohiro|date=2005|title=Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: mechanisms of selective action|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed|journal=Annual Reviews|volume=45|pages=247–268|doi=10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930|pmid=15822177}}</ref> Ugbu a, e nwere ụzọ abụọ nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na-egbu egbu: 1. Organochlorines gụnyere DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin na BHC. Ha dị ọnụ ala iji mepụta, dị ike ma na-anọgidesi ike. A na-eji DDT mee ihe n'ụzọ buru ibu site na 1930s, na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke tọn 72,000 eji mee ihe na 1970. Mgbe ahụ, ojiji dara ka a na-ahụ mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi. A chọtara ya n'ụwa niile na azụ na nnụnụ ma chọta ya na snow na [[Antarctica|Antarctic]]. Ọ na-agbaze na mmiri ma na-agbaza nke ọma na ọbara. Ọ na-emetụta usoro akwara na endocrine ma na-eme ka mkpokoro àkwá nke nnụnụ ghara inwe calcium na-eme na ha na-agbaji ngwa ngwa. A na-eche na ọ bụ ya kpatara mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ na-eri anụ dị ka ospreys na falcons peregrine na 1950s ha na-agbake ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DDT and Birds|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/DDT_and_Birds.html|accessdate=2022-04-04|work=web.stanford.edu}}</ref> Tinyere mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ site na eriri nri, a maara na ọ na-abanye site na membranes na-agafe agafe, yabụ azụ na-enweta ya site na gills ha. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwere obere mmiri, ọ na-anọkarị n'elu mmiri, yabụ ihe ndị dị ndụ bi n'ebe ahụ na-emetụta ya. DDT a chọtara na azụ nke mejupụtara akụkụ nke usoro nri mmadụ kpatara nchegbu, mana ọkwa a chọtara n'ime imeju, akụrụ na anụ ahụ ụbụrụ erughị 1 ppm na abụba bụ 10 ppm, nke dị n'okpuru ọkwa nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, a machibidoro DDT na UK na United States iji kwụsị ịbawanye ya na usoro nri. Ndị na-emepụta US nọgidere na-ere DDT na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ndị na-enweghị ike ịzụta kemịkal ndị dị oke ọnụ na ndị na-enweghi iwu siri ike na-achịkwa ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OCSPP|date=2014-01-07|title=DDT - A Brief History and Status|url=https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/ddt-brief-history-and-status|accessdate=2022-06-17|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> 2. Organophosphates, dịka parathion, methyl parathion na ihe dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ 40 ndị ọzọ dị na mba ahụ. Parathion bụ ihe na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, methyl-parathion dị obere ma a na-ewere Malathion dị ka ihe dị nchebe n'ozuzu ya n'ihi na ọ nwere obere nsị ma na-agbaji ngwa ngwa na imeju anụ na-enye nwa ara. Ìgwè a na-arụ ọrụ site na igbochi nnyefe akwara dị mma ka a na-egbochi cholinesterase imebi ihe na-ebufe acetylcholine, na-akpata mmegharị ahụ na-enweghị nchịkwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parathion Methyl - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/parathion-methyl|accessdate=2022-06-17|work=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> === Ndị agha === Ikpochapụ mgbọ, na enweghị nlekọta n'imepụta mgbọ nke sitere na ngwa ngwa nke mmepụta, nwere ike imerụ ala ruo ogologo oge. E nwere obere ihe akaebe e bipụtara banyere ụdị mmetọ a n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ihe mgbochi nke gọọmentị nke ọtụtụ mba tinyere na mbipụta nke ihe metụtara agha. Otú ọ dị, gas mustard echekwara n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] emetọla ụfọdụ ebe ruo afọ iri ịse na nnwale nke Anthrax dị ka ngwá agha nwere ike imerụ agwaetiti Gruinard.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/sixty-secret-mustard-gas-sites-uncovered-1335343.html – Six Mustard gas sites uncovered – The Independent]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1457035.stm Britain's Anthrax Island – BBC]</ref> == Ahụike mmadụ == === Ụzọ ekpughere ekpughe === Ala emetọrọ emetọ na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ n'onwe ya site na mmetụ aka na ala ma ọ bụ site na iku ume nke mmetọ ala nke na-agbaze; enwere ike ibute egwu site na mmegide nke mmetụ ala n'ime mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke a na-eji eme ihe mmadụ, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe ndị dị anya site na isi iyi ọ bụla doro anya nke mmetorita n'elu ala. Mmanụ ndị na-egbu egbu nwekwara ike ịga n'ihu n'usoro nri site na osisi ndị bi n'ala nwere nnukwu ọla dị arọ. Nke a na-akpata mmepe nke ọrịa metụtara mmetọ. Ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe ngosi bụ ihe mberede, ihe ngosi nwere ike ime site na:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb4894en|title=Global assessment of soil pollution: Report|date=2021-06-04|publisher=FAO and UNEP|isbn=978-92-5-134469-9|language=en|chapter=Chapter 4: Environmental, health and socio-economic impacts of soil|doi=10.4060/cb4894en}}</ref> * Iri uzuzu ma ọ bụ a aja n'onwe ya * Iri nri ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nri a na-akụ n'ala emetọ ma ọ bụ na nri na-emetụta ihe na-emetọ emetọ * Mmetụta akpụkpọ ahụ na uzuzu ma ọ bụ ala * Mmiri si n'ala * Ịekuru uzuzu mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ n'ala ma ọ bụ ebe ikuku na-efe Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ nnyocha na-eme atụmatụ na 90% nke ikpughe bụ site na iri nri na-emetọ emetọ.<ref name=":0"/> === Nsonaazụ ya === Mmetụta ahụike sitere na mmetọ ala dịgasị iche iche dabere na ụdị mmetọ, ụzọ mwakpo, na adịghị ike nke ndị a na-ahụ. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-atụ aro na ọgwụ ahụhụ na ọla dị arọ n'ime ala nwere ike imerụ ahụike obi, gụnyere ọzịza na mgbanwe na elekere dị n'ime ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=European Society of Cardiology|date=7 July 2022|title=Now cardiovascular researchers are worried about soil pollution|url=https://yakhte.com/2022/07/11/now-cardiovascular-researchers-are-worried-about-soil-pollution/|work=Yakhte.com}}</ref> Mmetụta na-adịghị ala ala na chromium, ọtụrụ, na ọla ndị ọzọ, mmanụ, solvents, na ọtụtụ ọgwụ ahụhụ na herbicide nwere ike ibute ọrịa cancer, nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ọmụmụ, ma ọ bụ nwere ike ịkpalite ọnọdụ ahụike ndị ọzọ na-adịghị elu. Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma ọ bụ nke mmadụ mepụtara nke ihe ndị na-apụta n'okike, dị ka nitrate na ammonia jikọtara ya na nsị anụ ụlọ site na ọrụ ugbo, achọpụtakwala dị ka ihe ize ndụ ahụike n'ala na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/water/owrcCatalog.nsf/065ca07e299b464685256ce50075c11a/383316fae0e9065285256cfd0048e1d2!OpenDocument |title=yosemite.epa.gov |access-date=2023-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701183219/https://yosemite.epa.gov/water/owrcCatalog.nsf/065ca07e299b464685256ce50075c11a/383316fae0e9065285256cfd0048e1d2!OpenDocument |archive-date=2016-07-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A maara na ikpughe benzene na-adịghị ala ala na oke zuru oke nwere njikọ na oke leukemia. A maara Mercury na cyclodienes ka ha na-akpata ihe dị elu nke mmebi akụrụ na ụfọdụ ọrịa ndị a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. PCBs na cyclodienes nwere njikọ na nsị imeju. Organophosphates na carbonates nwere ike ịkpata usoro mmeghachi omume na-eduga na mgbochi neuromuscular. Ọtụtụ solvents chlorinated na-akpata mgbanwe imeju, mgbanwe akụrụ, na ịda mbà nke usoro akwara etiti. E nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta ahụike ndị ọzọ dị ka isi ọwụwa, agbọ onunu, ike ọgwụgwụ, iwe anya na akpụkpọ ahụ maka ihe ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu na kemịkal ndị ọzọ. Na dosages zuru oke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mmetọ ala nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ site na ikpughe site na mmetụ aka, iku ume ma ọ bụ iri ihe mmetọ na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke emetọ site na ala. Gọọmentị Scotland enyewo ụlọ ọrụ Institute of Occupational Medicine ọrụ ka ha nyochaa usoro iji nyochaa ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike mmadụ site na ala emetọ. Ebumnuche zuru oke nke ọrụ a bụ ịrụ ọrụ nduzi nke kwesịrị ịba uru nye ndị isi obodo Scotland n'ịtụle ma saịtị na-anọchite anya nnukwu ohere nke nnukwu mmerụ ahụ (SPOSH) na ahụike mmadụ. A na-atụ anya na mmepụta nke ọrụ ahụ ga-abụ akwụkwọ dị mkpirikpi na-enye nduzi dị elu na nyocha ihe ize ndụ ahụike na-ezo aka na nduzi na usoro ndị e bipụtara ugbu a nke a chọpụtara dị ka ndị dị mkpa ma na-enyere aka. Ọrụ ahụ ga-enyocha etu e si mepụta ntuziaka iwu maka ikpebi nnabata nke ihe ize ndụ na ahụike mmadụ ma tụọ aro ụzọ iji nyochaa ihe mejupụtara ihe ize ndụ a na-anabataghị na-agbaso ụkpụrụ maka SPOSH dịka akọwapụtara na iwu na Ntuziaka Iwu Scotland. == Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Sanitation_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Mmiri na ihe mkpofu na-emetọ mpaghara a na-eme ka gburugburu ebe obibi ghara ịdị ọcha]] Ọ bụghị na mberede, mmetọ ala nwere ike inwe nnukwu ihe na-emerụ ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>Michael Hogan, Leda Patmore, Gary Latshaw and Harry Seidman ''[[Computer model|Computer modelng]] of pesticide transport in soil for five instrumented watersheds'', prepared for the U.S. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] Southeast Water laboratory, Athens, Ga. by ESL Inc., Sunnyvale, California (1973)</ref> Enwere mgbanwe kemịkalụ ala siri ike nke nwere ike ịpụta site na ọnụnọ nke ọtụtụ kemịkal dị ize ndụ ọbụna na obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị mmetọ. Mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike igosi na mgbanwe nke metabolism nke microorganisms na [[Arthropod|arthropods]] bi na gburugburu ala enyere. Nsonaazụ ya nwere ike ịbụ mkpochapụ nke ụfọdụ n'ime usoro nri bụ isi, nke n'aka nke ya nwere ike inwe nnukwu nsonaazụ maka anụ na-eri anụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ndị na-eri. Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na mmetụta kemịkal na ụdị ndụ dị ala dị obere, ọkwa pyramid dị ala nke usoro nri nwere ike iri kemịkal ndị ọzọ, nke na-abụkarị ihe na-elekwasị anya maka ọkwa ọ bụla na-eri nri. A maara ọtụtụ n'ime mmetụta ndị a nke ọma ugbu a, dị ka njupụta nke ihe DDT na-adịgide adịgide maka ndị na-azụ nnụnụ, na-eduga n'ike ọgwụgwụ nke mkpokoro àkwá, mmụba ọnwụ ụmụ ọkụkọ na njedebe nke ụdị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jayaraj|first=Ravindran|date=December 2016|title=Organochlorine pesticides, their toxic effects on living organisms and their fate in the environment|journal=Interdisciplinary Toxicology|volume=9|issue=3–4|pages=90–100|doi=10.1515/intox-2016-0012|issn=1337-6853|pmid=28652852}}</ref> Mmetụta na-eme na ala ugbo nke nwere ụdị mmetọ ala ụfọdụ. Ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na-agbanwekarị metabolism nke osisi, na-akpatakarị mbelata nke ihe ọkụkụ. Nke a nwere mmetụta nke abụọ na nchekwa ala, ebe ọ bụ na ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị ike enweghị ike ichebe ala ụwa pụọ na mbuze. Ụfọdụ n'ime kemịkal ndị a na-emetọ ihe nwere ogologo oge ọkara ndụ na n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, a na-emepụta kemịkal sitere na mbibi nke mmetọ ala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The chemical nature and properties of soil contaminants|url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb4894en/online/src/html/chapter-02-2.html|accessdate=2022-07-10|year=2021|doi=10.4060/cb4894en|isbn=978-92-5-134469-9|language=en}}</ref> === Mmetụta ndị nwere ike ime site na mmetọ na ọrụ ala === Mmetụta dị arọ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetọ ala nwere ike imetụta ọrụ, ihe mejupụtara ụdị na ọtụtụ microorganisms nke ala, si otú ahụ na-eyi ọrụ ala egwu dị ka cycling nke carbon na nitrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rijk|first=Ingrid J. C.|date=April 2020|title=Carbon and nitrogen cycling in a lead polluted grassland evaluated using stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and microbial, plant and soil parameters|journal=Plant and Soil|language=en|volume=449|issue=1–2|pages=249–266|doi=10.1007/s11104-020-04467-7|issn=0032-079X}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mmetọ ala nwekwara ike ịghọ obere bioavailable site n'oge, na microorganisms na ecosystems nwere ike ime mgbanwe na ọnọdụ gbanwere. Ihe onwunwe ala dị ka pH, ihe dị n'ime ala na ọdịdị dị ezigbo mkpa ma gbanwee njem, bioavailability na nsị nke mmetọ n'ala emetọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/801654870|title=Heavy metals in soils|date=2012|publisher=Springer|others=B. J. Alloway|isbn=978-94-007-4470-7|edition=3rd|location=Dordrecht|oclc=801654870}}</ref> Otu ihe mmetọ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egbu egbu n'otu ala mana ọ dịghị emerụ ahụ n'ala ọzọ. Nke a na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị nyocha na usoro ihe ize ndụ nke ala. == Nhọrọ nhicha == Cleanup or environmental remediation is analyzed by environmental scientists who utilize field measurement of soil chemicals and also apply computer models (GIS in Environmental Contamination) for analyzing transport and fate of soil chemicals. Various technologies have been developed for remediation of oil-contaminated soil and sediments <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Agarwal|first=A.|year=2015|title=Remediation technologies for oil-contaminated sediments|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=101|issue=2|pages=483–490|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.010|pmid=26414316}}</ref> There are several principal strategies for remediation: * Gwuo ala ma buru ya gaa n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa site na ụzọ dị njikere maka mmekọrịta mmadụ ma ọ bụ nke dị nro. Usoro a na-emetụtakwa ịdọrọ apịtị nwere nsí. * Mmiri nke ala n'ebe emetọ (nke nwere ihe ize ndụ nke ịmepụta [[mmetọ ikuku]]) * Mgbanwe okpomọkụ site na iwebata okpomọkụ iji bulie okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru ala nke ọma iji mee ka mmetọ kemịkal na-apụ n'ime ala maka iwepụta ikuku. Nkà na ụzụ gụnyere ISTD, ọkụ eletrik (ERH), na ET-DSP. * Bioremediation, nke na-agụnye mgbari nke ụfọdụ kemịkalụ. Usoro eji eme ihe na bioremediation gụnyere ọrụ ugbo ala, biostimulation na bioaugmentating soil biota na microflora dị na ahịa. * Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ma ọ bụ ikuku ala na usoro eletromechanical na-arụ ọrụ, na-ewepụ ihe na-emetọ ihe site na ihe a na-ewepụta. * Njide nke mmetọ ala (dị ka site na ikpuchi ma ọ bụ paving n'ebe). * Phytoremediation, ma ọ bụ iji osisi (dị ka willow) wepụta ọla dị arọ. * Mycoremediation, ma ọ bụ iji fungus mee ka ihe na-emetọ ihe ma na-akwakọta ọla dị arọ. * Mgbanwe nke mmanụ na-emetọ site na microbubbles ikuku na-emebi onwe ya.<ref>A. Agarwal, Y. Zhou, Y. Liu (2016) Remediation of oil contaminated sand with self-collapsing air microbubbles. Environmental Science and Pollution Research DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7601-5</ref> * Mmiri na-agbapụta n'elu mmiri * Interfacial solar evaporation iji wepụta ion metal dị arọ site na ala mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wu|first=Pan|date=2021-09-05|title=Interfacial solar evaporation driven lead removal from a contaminated soil|journal=EcoMat|volume=3|issue=5|doi=10.1002/eom2.12140|issn=2567-3173}}</ref> == Site na mba == Ụkpụrụ mba dị iche iche maka njupụta nke ụfọdụ mmetọ gụnyere United States EPA Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals (U.S. PRGs), US EPA Region 3 Risk Based Concentrations (U.s. EPA RBCs) na National Environment Protection Council of [[Ostraliya|Australia]] Guideline on Investigation Levels in Soil and Groundwater. === [[China|People's Republic of China]] === Uto dị ukwuu na nke na-aga n'ihu nke [[China|People's Republic of China]] kemgbe afọ 1970 emeela ka ọnụahịa ala ahụ dị na mmụba nke mmetọ ala. Ministri nke Ecology na Environment kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe iyi egwu nye gburugburu ebe obibi, nchekwa nri na ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide. Dabere na nnwale sayensị, 150 nde mu (100,000 square kilomita) nke ala a na-akọ ugbo na China emetọla, na-eji mmiri emetọ emetọ eme ihe iji gbaa mmiri ọzọ 32.5 nde mu (21,670 square kilomita) na nde mu abụọ ọzọ (1,300 square kilomita) kpuchiri ma ọ bụ mebie ya site na ihe mkpofu siri ike. N'ozuzu, mpaghara ahụ bụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ala a na-akọ ugbo na China, ọ dịkwa n'ógbè ndị mepere emepe. A na-eme atụmatụ na nde tọn iri na abụọ nke ọka na-emetọ site na ọla dị arọ kwa afọ, na-akpata mfu nke ijeri yuan 20 ($ 2.57 ijeri USD).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/724-Facing-up-to-invisible-pollution- |title=Facing up to "invisible pollution" |accessdate=2023-05-16 |archivedate=2019-06-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626093321/https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/724-Facing-up-to-invisible-pollution- }}</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na 19% nke ala ugbo emetọla nke nwere ọla dị arọ na metalloids. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọla ndị a dị arọ n'ime ala amụbaala nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhao|first=Fang-Jie|date=2015-01-20|title=Soil Contamination in China: Current Status and Mitigation Strategies|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es5047099|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|language=en|volume=49|issue=2|pages=750–759|doi=10.1021/es5047099|pmid=25514502|issn=0013-936X}}</ref> === Njikọ Europe === Dabere na data natara site na mba ndị otu, na European Union ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ebe ndị a na-eme atụmatụ na ha nwere ike imerụ ahụ karịrị nde 2.5 na ebe ndị a chọpụtara na ha emetụla ihe dị ka puku 342.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|author=Panagos|first=Panos|date=2013|title=Contaminated Sites in Europe: Review of the Current Situation Based on Data Collected through a European Network|journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health|language=en|volume=2013|pages=158764|doi=10.1155/2013/158764|pmid=23843802|issn=1687-9805}}</ref> Ihe mkpofu obodo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-enye aka na mmetọ ala (38%), na-esote ụlọ ọrụ mmepe / azụmahịa (34%). Mmanụ ala na ọla dị arọ bụ isi ihe na-emetọ ihe na-enye aka na 60% na mmetọ ala. N'ihe gbasara mmefu ego, a na-eme atụmatụ na njikwa nke ebe ndị emetọ ga-efu ihe dị ka ijeri Euro 6 (€) kwa afọ.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> === [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] === Ntuziaka n'ozuzu nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] bụ Ala Guideline Values nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Nri na Mmekọrịta Ime Obodo (DEFRA) na Ngalaba Na'Oké Ala bipụtara. Ndị a bụ ụkpụrụ nyocha nke na-egosi ọkwa dị ala nke ihe. N'elu nke a, enweghị ike ịnwe mmesi obi ike n'ihe gbasara nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke mmerụ ahụ mmadụ. A na-enweta ihe ndị a site na iji Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment Model (CLEA UK). A na-enye ụfọdụ ntinye ntinye dị ka Health Criteria Values, afọ na ojiji ala na CLEA UK iji nweta mmepụta nwere ike. Ntuziaka site na Inter Departmental Committee for the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land (ICRCL) ka DEFRA wepụrụ, maka iji ya dị ka akwụkwọ na-enye iwu iji chọpụta mkpa ọ dị imezi ma ọ bụ nyocha ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.contaminatedland.co.uk/std-guid/icrcl-l.htm|title=www.ContaminatedLAND.co.uk - ICRCL 59/83 Trigger Concentrations|accessdate=2016-05-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009165821/http://www.contaminatedland.co.uk/std-guid/icrcl-l.htm|archivedate=2016-10-09}}</ref> Ihe nlereanya CLEA nke DEFRA na Environment Agency (EA) bipụtara na Machị 2002 setịpụrụ usoro maka nyocha kwesịrị ekwesị nke ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike mmadụ site na ala emetọ, dịka akụkụ IIA nke Iwu Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi 1990 chọrọ. Dị ka akụkụ nke usoro a, e mepụtara ụkpụrụ nduzi ala (SGVs) ugbu a maka mmetọ iri iji mee ihe dị ka "ụkpụrụ ntinye aka".<ref>{{Cite web|title=What are "Soil Guideline Values" and which should I use?|url=https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/soil-horizons/soil-horizons-articles/soil-guideline-values/|accessdate=2022-07-10|work=Manaaki Whenua|language=en-US}}</ref> A gaghị ele ụkpụrụ ndị a anya dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ mana ụkpụrụ ndị dị n'elu nke a ga-atụle nyocha zuru ezu; lee ụkpụrụ Dutch. E mepụtara usoro atọ nke CLEA SGVs maka iji ala eme ihe atọ dị iche iche, ya bụ, * ebe obibi (na na-enweghị osisi) * nkewa * azụmahịa / ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe Ebumnuche ya bụ na SGVs ga-anọchi ụkpụrụ ICRCL mbụ. CLEA SGVs na-emetụta ịtụle ihe ize ndụ na-adịghị ala ala (ogologo oge) na ahụike mmadụ ma ọ naghị emetụta nchebe nke ndị ọrụ ala n'oge owuwu, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịnata dịka mmiri n'okpuru ala, ụlọ, osisi ma ọ bụ usoro okike ndị ọzọ. CLEA SGVs anaghị arụ ọrụ kpọmkwem na saịtị kpuchiri kpamkpam na ihe siri ike, ebe ọ bụ na enweghị ụzọ mmeghe kpọmkwem na ala emetọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LCRM: Stage 1 risk assessment|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/land-contamination-risk-management-lcrm/lcrm-stage-1-risk-assessment|accessdate=2022-07-10|work=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> Ruo ugbu a, e bipụtala iri n'ime iri ise na ise SGV na-emerụ emerụ, maka ndị a: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury inorganic, nickel, selenium ethyl benzene, phenol na toluene. E mepụtala Draft SGVs maka benzene, naphthalene na xylene mana ejidere mbipụta ha. Ebipụtala data Toxicological (Tox) maka nke ọ bụla n'ime mmetọ ndị a yana maka benzo[a] pyrene, benzene, dioxins, furans na dioxin dị ka PCB, naphthalene, vinyl chloride, 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane na 1. 1,1,2 tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, tetrachlorethene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethane na xylene. SGVs maka ethyl benzene, phenol na toluene na-adabere na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala (SOM) (nke enwere ike gbakọọ site na mkpokọta organic carbon (TOC) ọdịnaya). Dị ka ihuenyo mbụ, a na-ewere SGVs maka 1% SOM dị ka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị === [[Kánada|Canada]] === Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Febụwarị 2021, e nwere ngụkọta nke ebe 2,500 na ebe ndị e metọrọ emetọ na [[Kánada|Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=contenu|first=English name of the content author / Nom en anglais de l'auteur du|date=1994-01-01|title=English title / Titre en anglais|url=https://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/fcsi-rscf/cen-eng.aspx?dataset=prov&sort=name|accessdate=2021-02-19|work=www.tbs-sct.gc.ca}}</ref> Otu ebe a na-emetọ emetọ dị nso na ebe a na'ebe a na-agbaze nickel-copper na Sudbury, Ontario. Nnyocha na-enyocha mmetọ ígwè dị arọ n'akụkụ ebe a na-agbaze ihe na-ekpughe na a chọtara ọkwa dị elu nke nickel na ọla kọpa n'ime ala; uru dị elu dị ka 5,104ppm Ni, na 2,892 ppm Cu n'ime kilomita 1.1 nke ebe a na na-agbapụta ihe. A chọpụtakwara ọla ndị ọzọ n'ime ala; ọla ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere ígwè, cobalt, na ọlaọcha. Ọzọkwa, mgbe a na-enyocha ahịhịa dị iche iche gbara ebe a na-agbaze ihe, o doro anya na ha metụtakwara ya; nsonaazụ na-egosi na osisi ndị ahụ nwere nickel, ọla kọpa na aluminum n'ihi mmetọ ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hutchinson|first=T. C.|date=1974|title=Heavy-metal Pollution in the Sudbury Mining and Smelting Region of Canada, I. Soil and Vegetation Contamination by Nickel, Copper, and Other Metals|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environmental-conservation/article/abs/heavymetal-pollution-in-the-sudbury-mining-and-smelting-region-of-canada-i-soil-and-vegetation-contamination-by-nickel-copper-and-other-metals/F2AB075780381015B120FC8D63DCE353|journal=Environmental Conservation|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=123–132|doi=10.1017/S0376892900004240|issn=1469-4387}}</ref> === [[Ndia|India]] === N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2009, mbipụta nke nsị uranium na Punjab dọtara mgbasa ozi. A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ntụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na-efe efe kpatara ya, nke a kọrọ na ọ na-eduga na nkwarụ ọmụmụ siri ike n'ime ụmụaka na mpaghara Faridkot na Bhatinda nke Punjab. Akụkọ akụkọ kwuru na ọkwa uranium karịrị okpukpu iri isii karịa oke nchekwa.<ref name="fa">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Uranium-deforms-kids-in-Faridkot/articleshow/4347313.cms|title=Uranium deforms kids in Faridkot|date=2 April 2009|work=The Times of India|first=Priya|author=Yadav}}</ref><ref name="bc">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7979022.stm|title=Punjab disability 'uranium link'|date=2 April 2009|publisher=BBC News|first=Asit|author=Jolly}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, Gọọmentị India kwupụtara na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na Malwa belt nke Punjab nwere uranium metal nke dị 50% karịa ókè nke United Nations 'World Health Organization (WHO) setịpụrụ.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=85937 Uranium in Ground Water] Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India (2012)</ref> Nnyocha sayensị, dabere na ihe karịrị 1000 samples site na ebe nnwale dị iche iche, enweghị ike ịchọpụta isi iyi na-efe efe na isi iyi ọ bụla sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị ka ebubo mbụ. Nnyocha ahụ kpughekwara na uranium dị n'ime mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke mpaghara Malwa abụghị okpukpu 60 nke oke WHO, mana naanị 50% karịa oke WHO na ebe 3. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu a chọtara na samples dị ala karịa ndị a chọtara n'ụzọ okike na mmiri ala nke a na-eji eme ihe ugbu a maka ebumnuche mmadụ n'ebe ndị ọzọ, dị ka [[Finland]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140228040735/http://dae.nic.in/writereaddata/lsus3346.pdf Atomic Energy Report – Malwa Punjab Uranium Q&A] Lok Sabha, Government of India (2012)</ref> A na-eme nnyocha iji chọpụta ihe okike ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ maka uranium. == Hụkwa == * [[Njikwa mmetọ]] * [[Ụkpụrụ mmetọ ndị Dutch]] * [[Amụma gburugburu ebe obibi na China]] * [[GIS na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi]] * [[Mmetọ mmiri n'ime ala]] * [[Mbibi ebe obibi]] * [[Ndekọ akụkọ gbasara mkpofu ahịhịa]] * [[Mbibi ala]] * [[Mkpoju ala]] * [[Ndepụta teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ unyi siri ike]] * [[Ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe mkpofu]] * [[Mmetọ gburugburu]] * [[Pestide drift]] * [[plasticulture]] * [[Ihe dị ndụ na-eri plastik]] * [[Mwezigharị saịtị ndị mmetọ na ciment]] * [[Triangle nke ọnwụ (Italy)]] * [[Mmetọ mmiri]] == Edensibia == <references responsive="0"></references> * Panagos, P., Van Liedekerke, M., Yigini, Y., Montanarella, L. (2013) [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jeph/2013/158764/ Ebe ndị] merụrụ ahụ na Europe: Nyocha nke Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a dabere na Data anakọtara site na European Network. Journal of Environmental and Public Health In Press. doi:10.1155/2013/158764 == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200812102235/http://www.eugris.info/ Portal maka njikwa ala na mmiri na Europe] Ntinye ozi onwe onye nke European Commission kwadoro maka isiokwu metụtara ala na mmiri, gụnyere ala emetọ, ala na njikwa mmiri. * [http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/library/themes/contamination/ European Soil Portal]: Mmetụta ala Na ọkwa EU, nsogbu nke ebe ndị emetọ (mmetọ mpaghara) na ala emetọ (mmetọ diffuse) ka: European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC) tụlere. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190626093321/https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/724-Facing-up-to-invisible-pollution- Isiokwu banyere mmetọ ala na China] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190407163616/http://www.hydrology.nl/iahpublications/70-arsenic-in-groundwater.html Arsenic na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala] Akwụkwọ banyere arsenic na ማይ dị n'ime ala site na IAH's Netherlands Chapter na Netherlands Hydrological Society [[Òtù:Mmetọ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ablw3r003y8e2x7vgbyllz24txaxqkz 0 26388 728183 706701 2026-09-26T11:53:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728183 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Not Gay: Sex Between Straight White Men bụ akwụkwọ Jane Ward dere n'afọ puku iri ise, ebe onye edemede ahụ kọwapụtara ihe omume nke ndị ọcha na-achọ mmekọahụ ya na ụmụ nwoke ibe ha ọ bụla, maọbụ abụọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Not Gay: Sex between Straight White Men|url=https://archive.org/details/notgaysexbetween0000ward|first=Jane|author=Ward|authorlink=Jane Ward|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|year=2015|isbn=9781479860685|doi=10.18574/nyu/9781479860685.001.0001}}</ref><ref name="vice" /><ref name="stranger" /> == Isiokwu == Onye e dere ede a bu Ward na-atụle omenala ndị dịka "ịgagharị enyí", emume njikọ nwoke maọbụ nwanyị nke o kọwara dịka ""nke a maara ama n'usoro Gris" ebe 'ndi mmadụ ji penis onye ahụ jide ya bù penis wee nwee mkpọnwụ aka ukwuu ya n'ọnụ nwa okorobịa nọ n'ihu ha".<ref name="vice">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/read/how-to-have-gay-sex-without-being-gay-965|title=How to Have Gay Sex Without Being Gay|date=August 9, 2015|author=Ryan|first=Hugh|accessdate=April 7, 2022|work=[[Vice News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201104234/http://www.vice.com/read/how-to-have-gay-sex-without-being-gay-965|archive-date=December 1, 2016|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRyan2015">Ryan, Hugh (August 9, 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161201104234/http://www.vice.com/read/how-to-have-gay-sex-without-being-gay-965 "How to Have Gay Sex Without Being Gay"]. ''[[Akụkọ ọjọọ|Vice News]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Omenala ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike inye aka n'ịchịkọta ìgwè maọbụ otu ọnụ na ịnye mmetụta nke ịbụ onye. A pụkwara inweta nke a site na akara ebighi ebi n'ụdị egbugbu maọbụ ụdị. N'adịghị ka akụkụ ndị a nke hazing, ọ pụkwara ịghọ ihe na-emerụ ahụ maọbụ ọbụna mmegbu (gụnyere mkparị mmekọahụ), Ward chọpụtakwara mkpali nwere ike iduga ụmụ okorobịa ịchọ ịchịkwa onwe ya n'elu ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ dị njọ.<ref name="forbes" /> Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ nke ya bù mmekọrịta mmekọahụ n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na-enwe mmasị heterosexual nyochara gụnyere okirikiri, ụmụ nwanyị kwụ ọtọ mgbasa ozi onlaini chọrọ ka ha soro ụmụ mmadụ ọcha mee ihe omume masturbation, yana "akụkọ ogologo oge zoro ezo banyere ụmụ nwoke nkịtị ugboro mgbe niile maka ịmekọrịta onwe onye".<ref name="vice" /><ref name="stranger">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thestranger.com/blogs/slog/2015/07/27/22606460/not-gay-men-who-have-not-gay-sex-with-other-not-gay-men|title=Not Gay Men Who Have Not Gay Sex with Other Not Gay Men|date=July 27, 2015|author=Savage|first=Dan|authorlink=Dan Savage|accessdate=April 7, 2022|work=[[The Stranger (newspaper)|The Stranger]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSavage2015">[[Dan Savage|Savage, Dan]] (July 27, 2015). [http://www.thestranger.com/blogs/slog/2015/07/27/22606460/not-gay-men-who-have-not-gay-sex-with-other-not-gay-men "Not Gay Men Who Have Not Gay Sex with Other Not Gay Men"]. ''[[The Stranger (akwụkwọ akụkọ)|The Stranger]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ward na-enyocha ebumnuche nke ndị ikom a nakwa otu ha si mee ka omume ha kwekọọ n'ọdịdị nwoke maọbụ nwaanyị ibe ya n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche, nke gụnyere omenala ịbanye mu obodo ọhụrụ na "ịhụnanya" ọnọdụ mmadụ dịka ụlọ mkpọrọ na agha.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="stranger" /><ref name="forbes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bobcook/2015/08/06/not-gay-a-book-with-an-intriguing-theory-on-male-school-sports-hazing/|title='Not Gay' -- A Book With An Intriguing Theory On Male School Sports Hazing|first=Bob|author=Cook|work=[[Forbes]]|date=August 5, 2015|accessdate=April 7, 2022}}</ref><ref name="ny">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecut.com/2015/08/why-straight-men-have-sex-with-each-other.html|title=Why Straight Men Have Sex With Each Other|date=August 5, 2015|work=[[The Cut (website)|The Cut]]|accessdate=April 7, 2022|first=Jesse|author=Singal|authorlink=Jesse Singal}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ gosipụtara ihe ndị sitere na mgbasa ozi onwe onye nke Craigslist, ma kọwaa ọtụtụ ebumnuche mere ụmụ nwoke nwere ike ịchọ ya bù mmekọahụ n'ebe obibi ha nọ.<ref name="ny" /><ref name="vice" /> Okwu ahụ bụ "bro-job" (nke a na-akpọ okwu ndị dị ka "" bro"" ya na 'blowJob") na-ezo aka n'inwe mmekọahụ n'etiti ụmụ nwoke abụọ kwụ ọtọ nke na-abụkarị ezigbo enyi. Ward na-ekwupụta echiche ahụ bụ na "ọrụ mkpuchi" abụghị ihe ngosi nke nwoke n'ezie, kama ọ bụ ụzọ maka ndị ikom nkịtị iji chọpụta njirimara mmekọahụ ha.<ref name="bustle">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/102655-bro-jobs-dont-make-you-gay-says-new-book-on-straight-white-male-sexual-fluidity|title=Can Dudes Who Give "Bro-Jobs" Still Be Straight?|first=Mariella|author=Mosthof|work=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|accessdate=April 7, 2022|date=August 7, 2015}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na a kwadoro ya ka ọ chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ bro-job, onye e seré ese a bu Ward mere ihe doo anya: == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} ojnuimdhmxq85lc2w4myn8xv12jj5ll 0 26571 728061 722585 2026-09-26T02:42:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala''' (nke a na-akpọkwa mmetọ mmiri nke ala) na-eme mgbe a na-ahapụ ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe n'ala wee banye na mmiri dị n'ime ala. Ụdị mmetọ mmiri a nwekwara ike ime n'ụzọ nkịtị n'ihi ọnụnọ nke obere ihe na-achọghị, mmetọ, ma ọ bụ adịghị ọcha na mmiri dị n'ime ala, nke a na-akpọkarị ya dị ka mmetọ karịa mmetọ. Mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala nwere ike ime site na sistemu ịdị ọcha na saịtị, mkpofu ahịhịa, ihe na-esi na mmiri na-ekpofu ahịhịa, nsị mmiri, ebe a na-ejuputa mmanụ, hydraulic fracturing (fracking) ma ọ bụ site na itinye fatịlaịza n'ọrụ ugbo. Mmetọ (ma ọ bụ mmetọ) nwekwara ike ime site na mmetọ ndị na-emekarị, dị ka arsenic ma ọ bụ fluoride..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Adelana|first=Segun Michael|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/915416488|title=Groundwater: Hydrogeochemistry, Environmental Impacts and Management Practices.|date=2014|publisher=Nova Science Publishers, Inc|isbn=978-1-63321-791-1|oclc=915416488}}</ref> Iji mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-emetọ emetụ ahụike ọha mmadụ site na nsị ma ọ bụ mgbasa nke ọrịa ([[Ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri|ọrịa ndị]] a na-ebute). Ihe na-emetọ ya na-ebutekarị eriri na-emerụ emerụ n'ime mmiri aquifer. Ntugharị mmiri na mgbasa n'ime aquifer na-agbasa ihe mmetọ ahụ n'akụkụ ebe sara mbara. Ókè ya na-aga n'ihu, nke a na-akpọkarị n'ọnụ ọnụ mmiri, nwere ike ijikọ olulu mmiri dị n'ime ala na mmiri dị n'elu, dị ka mmiri iyi na isi iyi, na-eme ka mmiri ahụ ghara ịdị ize ndụ nye ụmụ mmadụ na anụ ọhịa. Enwere ike nyochaa mmegharị nke plume, nke a na-akpọ ihu n'ihu, site na ụdị ụgbọ njem mmiri ma ọ bụ ụdị mmiri ala. Nyocha nke mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala nwere ike ilekwasị anya na njirimara ala na ọdịdị ala saịtị, hydrogeology, hydrology, na ọdịdị nke mmetọ. Usoro dị iche iche nwere mmetụta na mbufe ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe, dịka ọmụmaatụ. mgbasa, adsorption, ọdịda, ire ere, n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala. A na-enyocha mmekọrịta nke mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala na mmiri dị n'elu site na iji ụdị ụgbọ njem hydrology. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmiri ala na mmiri dị n'elu dị mgbagwoju anya. Dị ka ihe atụ, mmiri dị n’ime ala na-enye ọtụtụ osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nri. Nke a pụtara na mmebi nke aquifers nke ala dịka ọmụmaatụ. site na-agbaji ma ọ bụ karịa abstraction, nwere ike imetụta osimiri na ọdọ mmiri ndị na-adabere na ya. Mbanye mmiri [[Ńnú|nnu]] n'ime ọdọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ mmiri bụ ihe atụ nke mmekọrịta dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Costall|first=A. R.|date=2020|title=Groundwater Throughflow and Seawater Intrusion in High Quality Coastal Aquifers|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=9866|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-66516-6|issn=2045-2322|pmid=32555499}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Han|first=D.M.|date=2014|title=Chemical and isotopic constraints on evolution of groundwater salinization in the coastal plain aquifer of Laizhou Bay, China|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022169413007695|journal=[[Journal of Hydrology]]|language=en|volume=508|pages=12–27|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.040}}</ref> Ụzọ mgbochi gụnyere: itinye [[Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya|ụkpụrụ ịkpachapu anya]], nlekota ịdị mma nke ala mmiri, ịzọpụta ala maka nchekwa mmiri dị n'ime ala, ịchọta usoro ịdị ọcha na saịtị nke ọma na itinye iwu n'ọrụ. Mgbe mmetọ mere, ụzọ nlekọta na-agụnye ọgwụgwọ mmiri n'ebe a na-eji eme ihe, nhazigharị mmiri dị n'ime ala, ma ọ bụ dị ka ihe ikpeazụ, agbahapụ.   == Ụdị ihe mmetọ == Mmetọ ndị a na-ahụ na mmiri dị n'ime ala na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ inorganic, kemịkalụ organic, bacteriological, na nke redioaktivu. N'ụzọ bụ isi, ọtụtụ n'ime otu mmetọ ahụ na-ekere òkè na mmetọ mmiri dị n'elu mmiri nwekwara ike ịhụ na mmiri dị n'ime ala emetọru, ọ bụ ezie na mkpa ha nwere ike ịdị iche. === Arsenic na fluoride ===   Arsenic na fluoride ka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (World Health Organization) ghọtara dị ka ihe kachasị njọ dika ọ gbasara mmiri ọṅụṅụ zụrụ ụwa ọnụ.<ref name="WHO2006"/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Brindha|first=K.|chapter=Fluoride in groundwater: causes, implications and mitigation measures|title=Fluoride properties, applications and environmental management|date=2011|pages=111–136}}</ref> Inorganic arsenic bụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị nke arsenik dị ma n'ime ala nakwa na mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1969|title=Arsenic Content of Soil and Crops Following Use of Methanearsonate Herbicides|journal=[[Soil Science Society of America Journal]]|language=en|volume=33|issue=2|pages=279–282|doi=10.2136/sssaj1969.03615995003300020032x|issn=1435-0661}}</ref> Metalloid arsenic nwere ike ịpụta na mmiri dị ala, dịka a hụrụ ya ugboro niile eshia, gụnyere [[China]], India na Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/arsenic/references/Ravenscroft_Prediction.pdf|title=Predicting the global extent of arsenic pollution of groundwater and its potential impact on human health|date=2007|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|accessdate=2023-05-20|archivedate=2017-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319023736/http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/arsenic/references/Ravenscroft_Prediction.pdf}}</ref> Na Ganges Plain nke ugwu India na Bangladesh, mmetọ siri ike nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala site na arsenic sitere n'okike metụtara pasent ịrị abụọ na ịse nke olulu Mmiri ndị miri emi abụọ. Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na mpaghara ndị a metọkwara site na iji ọgwụ ahụhụ arsenic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Uptake kinetics of arsenic species in rice plants|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-physiology_2002-03_128_3/page/1120|journal=[[Plant Physiology (journal)|Plant Physiology]]|volume=128|issue=3|pages=1120–8|date=March 2002|pmid=11891266|doi=10.1104/pp.010733}}</ref> Arsenic dị n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala nwekwara ike ịdị ebe a na-arụ ọrụ ngwuputa ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu m nke ga-agbapụta arsenic. Fluoride sitere n'okike na mmiri dị ala bụ nchegbu ka a na-eji mmiri miri emi eme ihe, "nke nwere mmadụ nde narị abụọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịṅụ mmiri na-adichaghị mma ọṅụṅụ.<ref name="ICUN"/> Enwere ike ịhapụ fluoride karịsịa site na nkume gbawaa acid na ntụ ọkụ mgbawa gbasasịrị mgbe mmiri siri ike dị ntakịrị. Ọkwa dị elu nke fluoride na mmiri dị n'ime ala bụ nnukwu nsogbu na mmiri Pampas Argentine, [[Chile]], [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], [[Ndia|India]], Pakistan, na ụfọdụ agwaetiti mgbawa ugwu (Tenerife)<ref name="GEF"/> N'ebe ndị nwere fluoride dị elu n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala nke a na-eji mmiri ọṅụṅụ, fluorosis eze na ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ nwere ike gbasaa ma dị njọ..<ref name="WHOfluoride">{{Cite book|title=Fluoride in drinking-water|date=2006|publisher=IWA for [[World Health Organization|WHO]]|location=Geneva|isbn=978-9241563192|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/fluoride_drinking_water_full.pdf}}</ref> === Ihe Ndị Na-akpata Ọrịa === [[Usòrò:Groundwater_Contamination_Latin_America_Sm.png|thumb|Enwere ike ịgbasa [[Ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri|ọrịa ndị]] na-ebute mmiri site n'olulu mmiri dị ala nke nwere nje nsị sitere na ụlọ mposi.]] Enweghị usoro ịdị ọcha kwesịrị ekwesị, yana olulu mmiri na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, nwere ike iduga na mmiri ọñụñụ nke nje na-ebute n'ime nsị na mmamịrị. Ọrịa ndị dị otú ahụ a na-ebute site na fecal-oral gụnyere typhoid, ọgbụgbọ na [[afọ ọsịsa]].<ref name="Wolf2015"/><ref name="Wolf2014">{{Cite journal|title=Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low- and middle-income settings: systematic review and meta-regression|journal=[[Tropical Medicine & International Health]]|volume=19|issue=8|pages=928–42|date=August 2014|pmid=24811732|doi=10.1111/tmi.12331|url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/51912/1/Wolf_2014_Assessing_impact_of_drinking_water.pdf}}</ref> N'ime ụdị pathogen anọ dị na nsị (bacteria, nje virus, protozoa, and helminths or Helmineth àkwá), atọ mbụ nwere ike ịchọta n'emeghị mmiri ruru unyi nke ala, ebe nnukwu a na-enyocha site na matrix ájá. A na-ewerekarị aquifers miri emi dị ka ebe nchekwa kachasị mma nke mmiri ọñụñụ n'ihe gbasara nje.  Ọrịa na-efe efe sitere na mmiri mkpofu a na-edozi ma ọ bụ nke a na-edozibeghị nwere ike imerụ ụfọdụ, karịsịa na-emighị emi, aquifers.<ref name="Bacteria and Their Effects on Ground-Water Quality">{{Cite web|title=Bacteria and Their Effects on Ground-Water Quality|url=https://mi.water.usgs.gov/h2oqual/GWBactHOWeb.html|date=2017-01-04|work=[[Michigan Water Science Center]]|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS)}}</ref> === Nitrate === Nitrate bụ kemịkal na-emetọkarị n'ime mmiri dị ala nke ụwa.<ref name="UNEP">{{Cite book|title=Clearing the waters a focus on water quality solutions|date=2010|publisher=UNEP|location=Nairobi, Kenya|isbn=978-92-807-3074-6|url=http://www.cep.unep.org/meetings/documents/19fa8807cd439e60dc1125fdea9f6ca1|archive-date=2019-06-05|access-date=2023-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605003128/http://www.cep.unep.org/meetings/documents/19fa8807cd439e60dc1125fdea9f6ca1|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'ụfọdụ mba ndị nwere obere ego, ọkwa nitrate dị na mmiri dị n'ime ala dị oke oke, na-ebute nnukwu nsogbu ahụike. Ọ kwụsiri ike (ọ naghị emebi) n'okpuru ọnọdụ ikuku oxygen dị elu.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke nitrate na mmiri ala nwere ike ibute site n'ịdị ọcha, mkpofu nsụda ihe oriri na ọrụ ugbo.<ref name="AGW">{{Cite book|url=http://www.agw-net.org/resources/docs/Literature/GW_RBO_Training_Manual/English_version/08_Training_Manual_en.pdf|title=Integration of Groundwater Management into Transboundary Basin Organizations in Africa: Groundwater Hazards - a Training Manual by AGW-Net, BGR, IWMI, CapNet, ANBO, & IGRAC.|author=AGW-Net|date=2016|archive-date=2015-10-13|access-date=2023-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013005259/http://www.agw-net.org/resources/docs/Literature/GW_RBO_Training_Manual/English_version/08_Training_Manual_en.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya mere, ọ nwere ike ịnwe mmalite obodo ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo.<ref name="GEF"/> Ọkwa nitrate karịrị 10 mg/L (10 ppm) n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala nwere ike ịkpata "ọrịa nwa ọhụrụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ" (enwetara methemoglobinemia). Ụkpụrụ ịdị mma nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ na European Union kwuru ihe na-erughị 50 mg/L maka nitrate n'ime mmiri ọñụnụ..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/1998/83/2015-10-27|title=Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption, ANNEX I: PARAMETERS AND PARAMETRIC VALUES, PART B: Chemical parameters|work=EUR-Lex|accessdate=30 December 2019}}</ref> Njikọ dị n'etiti nitrates na mmiri ọṅụṅụ nakwa ọrịa a kpọrọ blue baby syndrome bu nsogbu a rụrịtara ụka ya na nnyocha ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{Cite journal|title=Drinking-water nitrate, methemoglobinemia, and global burden of disease: a discussion|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_2004-10_112_14/page/1371|journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]]|volume=112|issue=14|pages=1371–4|date=October 2004|pmid=15471727|doi=10.1289/ehp.7216}}</ref><ref name="vanGrinsven">{{Cite journal|title=Does the evidence about health risks associated with nitrate ingestion warrant an increase of the nitrate standard for drinking water?|journal=[[Environmental Health (journal)|Environmental Health]]|volume=5|issue=1|pages=26|date=September 2006|pmid=16989661|doi=10.1186/1476-069X-5-26}}</ref> Ntiwapụ nke ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ihe ndị ọzọ karịa oke nitrate dị na mmiri ọṅụṅụ.<ref name="Ward">{{Cite journal|title=Workgroup report: Drinking-water nitrate and health--recent findings and research needs|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_2005-11_113_11/page/1607|journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]]|volume=113|issue=11|pages=1607–14|date=November 2005|pmid=16263519|doi=10.1289/ehp.8043}}</ref> === Ihe ndị sitere n'okike ===   Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) bụ ihe mmetọ dị ize ndụ nke mmiri ala. A na-ebutekarị ha na gburugburu ebe obibi site na omume ụlọ ọrụ na-akpachapụghị anya. Ọtụtụ n'ime ogige ndị a amataghị na ọ ga-emerụ ahụ ruo ngwụcha afọ 1960 na ọ bụ oge tupu ịnwale mmiri dị n'ime ala mgbe niile achọpụtara ihe ndị a na isi mmiri ọñụñụ. Ihe mmetọ VOC nke mbụ achọtara na mmiri dị n'ime ala gụnyere aromatic hydrocarbons dị ka ogige BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene na xylenes), na ihe mgbaze chlorinated gụnyere tetrachlorethylene (PCE), trichlorethylene (TCE), na vinyl chloride (VC). BTEX bụ ihe dị mkpa nke mmanụ ụgbọala. PCE na TCE bụ ihe mgbaze ụlọ ọrụ eme ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na usoro nhicha akọrọ yana dị ka ihe na-emebi ígwè, n'otu n'otu.. Ihe mmetọ organic ndị ọzọ dị na mmiri dị n'ime ala nke sitere na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe bụ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). N'ihi ịdị arọ molekụla ya, naphthalene bụ nke kachasị soluble na mkpanaka PAH dị na mmiri ala, ebe benzo (a) pyrene bụ nke kachasị egbu egbu. A na-emepụta PAH n'ozuzu dị ka ihe ndị sitere n'okike site na ọkụ ọkụ nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ezughị ezu. A pụkwara ịhụ ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala dị ka ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ na ahịhịa. Dị ka ọtụtụ ogige organic sịntetik ndị ọzọ, ọtụtụ pesticides nwere ihe dị mgbagwoju anya molekụla. Mgbagwoju anya a na-ekpebi ike mmiri, ikike mgbasa ozi, na mmegharị nke pesticides na usoro mmiri ala. Ya mere, ụfọdụ ụdị ọgwụ na-egbu egbu na-agagharị karịa ndị ọzọ ka ha wee nwee ike iru ebe mmiri ọṅụṅụ na-adị mfe karị.<ref name="ICUN"/> === Ọla igwe === Ọtụtụ ọla nchara na-apụta n'ụzọ nkịtị n'ụdị nkume ụfọdụ ma nwee ike ịbanye na gburugburu ebe obibi site na usoro okike dị ka ihu igwe.  Otú ọ dị, ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị ka Ngwuputa, metallurgy, mkpofu siri ike, ọrụ agba na enamel, wdg nwere ike iduga n'ịdị elu nke ọla ndị na-egbu egbu gụnyere lead, cadmium na chromium.  Ihe mmetọ ndị a nwere ike ịbanye n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala.<ref name="AGW"/> Mbugharị nke ọla (na metalloids) na mmiri dị n'ime ala ga-emetụta ọtụtụ ihe, karịsịa site na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ nke na-ekpebi nkewa nke mmetọ n'etiti usoro na ụdị dị iche iche. Ya mere, ngagharị nke ọla na-adabere na pH na redox steeti mmiri dị n'ime ala.<ref name="ICUN"/> === Ọgwụ ===   Ntakịrị ọnụọgụ ọgwụ sitere na mmiri mkpofu a na-esi na ya na-abanye n'ime aquifer so na mmetọ mmiri ala na-apụta a na-amụ na United States niile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bexfield|first=Laura M.|date=2019-03-19|title=Hormones and Pharmaceuticals in Groundwater Used As a Source of Drinking Water Across the United States|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=53|issue=6|pages=2950–2960|doi=10.1021/acs.est.8b05592|pmid=30834750|issn=0013-936X}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị a ma ama dị ka ọgwụ nje, ihe na-egbochi ọzịza, antidepressants, decongestant.<ref name="static.azdeq.gov">{{Cite web|url=http://static.azdeq.gov/wqd/apec_emerging_cont_final.pdf|title=Emerging Contaminants In Arizona Water|date=September 2016}}</ref> A na-ewepụ mmiri mkpofu a site na ebe a na-agwọ ọrịa, ma na-abanyekarị n'ime aquifer ma ọ bụ isi iyi nke mmiri dị n'elu a na-eji mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgwụ ndị dị na mmiri ala na mmiri dị n'elu dị n'okpuru ihe a na-ewere dị ize ndụ ma ọ bụ na-echegbu onwe ya n'ọtụtụ ebe, mana ọ nwere ike ịbụ nsogbu na-arịwanye elu ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eto eto ma na-eji mmiri na-ekpofu ọkụ na-eme ihe maka mmiri nke obodo..<ref name="static.azdeq.gov"/> === Ndị ọzọ === Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ emerụ na-agụnye ụdị organohalides na ogige kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ, mmanụ ala hydrocarbons, ogige kemịkalụ dị iche iche dị na ịdị ọcha nke onwe na ngwaahịa ịchọ mma, mmetọ ọgwụ na-emetụta ọgwụ ọgwụ na metabolites ha. Ihe mmetọ inorganic nwere ike ịgụnye nri ndị ọzọ dị ka amonia na phosphate, yana radionuclides dị ka uranium (U) ma ọ bụ radon (Rn) dị n'ụdị ọdịdị ala. Mbanye mmiri nnu bụkwa ihe atụ nke mmetọ sitere n'okike, mana ihe omume mmadụ na-esiwanye ike. Mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala bụ okwu zuru ụwa ọnụ. Nnyocha e mere maka ịdịmma mmiri dị n'ime ala nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị bụ isi nke United States mere n'etiti 1991 na 2004, gosiri na 23% nke olulu mmiri ụlọ nwere mmetọ n'ogo dị elu karịa akara ahụike mmadụ. Nnyocha ọzọ tụrụ aro na isi nsogbu mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala n'Africa, n'ịtụle usoro ọ dị mkpa bụ: (1) mmetọ nitrate, (2) ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa, (3) mmetọ organic, (4) salinization, na (5) mmiri mmiri acid mine..<ref name="Xu2006">{{Cite book|title=Groundwater pollution in Africa|date=2006|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-0-415-41167-7|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292226330}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == Ihe ndị dị iche iche na-akpata mmetọ mmiri n'okpuru ala gụnyere ndị a (nkọwa ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe a): * Ihe na-eme n'okike (geogenic) * Usoro nhicha n'ebe ahụ * Mmiri nsị na mmiri * Ihe na-eme ka nri dị ọcha * Mgbapụta azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepe * Mgbaji mmiri * Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa * Ndị ọzọ === Ihe na-eme n'okike (geogenic) === "Geogenic" na-arụtụ aka n'ihe okike nke sitere na usoro ala. Mmetọ arsenic eke sitere n'okike na-eme n'ihi na sediments aquifer nwere ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ọnọdụ anaerobic na aquifer. Ọnọdụ ndị a na-ebute mgbasa microbial nke ígwè oxides na sedimenti na, ya mere, ntọhapụ nke arsenic, na-ejikarị ike ejikọta ya na ígwè oxides, n'ime mmiri. N'ihi ya, mmiri dị n'ime ala nke arsenic na-abụkarị ọgaranya ígwè, ọ bụ ezie na usoro nke abụọ na-emekarị ka njikọ nke arsenic gbazere na ígwè gbazere na-ekpuchi anya. A na-ahụ Arsenic n'ime mmiri dị n 'ime ala dịka ụdị arsenite dị ntakịrị na ụdị oxidized arsenate, oke nsi nke arsenite dị ntakịrị karịa nke arsenate.<ref name="EAWAG2015">{{Cite book|url=https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/Domain1/Forschung/Menschen/Trinkwasser/Wrq/Handbook/geogenic-contamination-handbook.pdf|title=Geogenic Contamination Handbook - Addressing Arsenic and Fluoride in Drinking Water|author=EAWAG|publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG)|date=2015|archive-date=2021-05-11|access-date=2023-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511010040/https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/Domain1/Forschung/Menschen/Trinkwasser/Wrq/Handbook/geogenic-contamination-handbook.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nnyocha nke WHO gosipụtara na 20% nke oghere 25,000 a nwalere na Bangladesh nwere arsenic karịrị 50 μg / L.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ihe na-eme fluoride dị nso na ụbara na solubility nke mineral nwere fluoride dị ka fluorite (CaF2). Ọkpụkpụ fluoride dị elu na mmiri dị n'ime ala na-abụkarị enweghị calcium n'ime mmiri aquifer. Nsogbu ahụike jikọtara ya na fluorosis eze nwere ike ime mgbe mkpokọta fluoride na mmiri dị n'ime ala gafere 1.5 mg/L, nke bụ uru ntuziaka WHO kemgbe 1984..<ref name="WHO2006" /> Ụlọ ọrụ [[Switzerland]] Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) ewepụtala n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mmekọrịta Groundwater Assessment Platform (GAP), ebe enwere ike ịkọwa ihe ize ndụ geogenic nke mmetọ na mpaghara enyere site na iji geoloji, topographical na data gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ịnwale nlele. site na mmiri ala mmiri ọ bụla. Ngwá ọrụ a na-enyekwa onye ọrụ ohere ịmepụta maapụ ihe ize ndụ maka ma arsenic na fluoride.<ref name="GAPMaps">{{Cite web|title=Groundwater Assessment Platform|url=http://www.gapmaps.org|work=GAP Maps|accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ihe ndị dị iche iche dị ka ọnọdụ ńnú, iron, manganese, uranium, radon na chromium, na mmiri dị n'ime ala, nwekwara ike ịbụ nke sitere na geogenic. Ihe mmetọ a nwere ike ịdị mkpa na mpaghara mana ha agbasachaghị ka arsenic na fluoride.<ref name="EAWAG2015"/> === Usoro nhicha n'ebe ahụ === [[Usòrò:Shallow_water_well_in_traditional_house_(4359799047).jpg|thumb|Ebe obibi ọdịnala dị nso na Herat, Afghanistan, ebe olulu mmiri miri emi (n'ihu) nọ n'akụkụ ụlọ mposi ahụ (nke a hụrụ azụ ọcha nke greenhouse) na-eduga mmetọ nke mmiri ala]] Mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala nwere nje nje na nitrate nwekwara ike ime site na mmiri mmiri na-abanye n'ime ala site na sistemu ịdị ọcha dị na saịtị dị ka ụlọ mposi olulu na tankị septik, dabere na njupụta ndị mmadụ na ọnọdụ hydrogeological..<ref name="Wolf2015"/> Ihe ndị na-achịkwa akara aka na njem nke pathogens dị mgbagwoju anya ma mmekọrịta n'etiti ha aghọtaghị ya.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ọ bụrụ na a na-eleghara ọnọdụ hydrogeological mpaghara (nke nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'ime oghere nke square kilomita ole na ole) na-eleghara anya, obere akụrụngwa ịdị ọcha dị na saịtị dịka ụlọ mposi olulu nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ihe egwu ahụike ọha na eze site na mmiri ala emetọru. Mmírí na-esi n'olulu ahụ na-agafe na mpaghara ala na-adịghị mma (nke na-adịghị jupụta na mmiri). N'ikpeazụ, mmiri mmiri ndị a si n'olulu ahụ na-abanye na mmiri dị n'ime ala ebe ha nwere ike ibute mmetọ mmiri n'ime ala. Nke a bụ nsogbu ma ọ bụrụ na a na-eji olulu mmiri dị nso na-enye mmiri dị n'ime ala maka nzube mmiri ọṅụṅụ. N'oge a na-agafe na ala, ọrịa nje nwere ike ịnwụ ma ọ bụ gbasaa nke ọma, na-adabere na oge njem n'etiti olulu na olulu mmiri.. Ọtụtụ, ma ọ bụghị pathogens niile na-anwụ n'ime ụbọchị 50 nke Ọnọdụ mwepụ nke pathogen dịgasị iche na ụdị ala, ọdịdị mmiri, anya na ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="Graham2013">{{Cite journal|title=Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review|journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]]|volume=121|issue=5|pages=521–30|date=May 2013|pmid=23518813|doi=10.1289/ehp.1206028}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mpaghara na-enweghị ntụpọ "na-asa" n'oge ogologo oge nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, na-enye ụzọ hydraulic maka ịgafe ngwa ngwa nke pathogens.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ọ na-esiri ike ịkọwa ebe nchekwa dị n'etiti ụlọ mposi olulu ma ọ bụ tank septic na isi iyi mmiri. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, ndụmọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ gbasara ebe dị nchebe na-elegharakarị ndị na-ewu ụlọ mposi anya. Na mgbakwunye, ala ezinụlọ nwere oke oke ya mere a na-ewukarị ụlọ mposi olulu nso na olulu mmiri dị n'ime ala karịa ihe enwere ike were dị ka nchekwa. Nke a na-ebute mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala na ndị òtù ezinụlọ na-ada ọrịa mgbe ha na-eji mmiri ala a dị ka isi iyi mmiri ọṅụṅụ. === Mmiri nsị na mmiri === Enwere ike ịkpata mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala site na mwụfu mkpofu na-agwọghị ya na-ebute ọrịa dịka ọnya anụ ahụ, afọ ọsịsa ọbara na dermatitis. Nke a na-adịkarị n'ebe ndị nwere obere akụrụngwa ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu ahịhịa, ma ọ bụ ebe enwere ọdịda usoro nke sistemu mkpofu mmiri na saịtị.<ref name="Graham2013"/> Tinyere pathogens na ihe oriri, nsị a naghị edozi ahụ nwekwara ike ịnwe nnukwu ibu nke ọla dị arọ nwere ike ịbanye n'ime usoro mmiri ala. Mmiri a na-agwọ site na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nsị mmiri nwekwara ike iru n'ime mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụrụ na a na-agbanye ma ọ bụ wepụ ya na mmiri dị n'elu. Ya mere, ihe ndị ahụ a na-ewepụghị n'ebe a na-ekpocha mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri nwere ike irukwa na mmiri dị n'ime ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Combined sewer overflows: an environmental source of hormones and wastewater micropollutants|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=46|issue=10|pages=5336–43|date=May 2012|pmid=22540536|doi=10.1021/es3001294}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ fọdụrụ na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala bụ ihe dịka 50 mg / L n'ọtụtụ ebe na Germany. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ nhicha nsị, micro-pollutants dị ka homonụ, ọgwụ fọdụrụnụ na micropropinents ndị ọzọ nwere mamịrị na feces naanị obere wepụrụ ma wụọ nke fọdụrụ na mmiri elu ya, ebe ọ nwekwara ike iru ala. Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nwekwara ike ịpụta site na nsị nke a hụrụ dịka ọmụmaatụ na Germany.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Urban Groundwater Management and Sustainability|date=2006|publisher=Springer Link, NATO Science Series Volume 74 2006|isbn=978-1-4020-5175-3|pages=490|editor=Tellam|doi=10.1007/1-4020-5175-1|series=NATO Science Series}}</ref> Nke a nwekwara ike ibute mmetọ nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ.<ref name="UNWATER2015">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unwater.org/fileadmin/user_upload/unwater_new/docs/UN-Water_Analytical_Brief_Wastewater_Management.pdf|title=Wastewater Management - A UN-Water Analytical Brief|author=UN-Water|date=2015|accessdate=2017-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130125232/http://www.unwater.org/fileadmin/user_upload/unwater_new/docs/UN-Water_Analytical_Brief_Wastewater_Management.pdf|archivedate=2016-11-30}}</ref> A pụkwara itinye mgbasa mmiri mkpofu ma ọ bụ nsị n'ọrụ ugbo dị ka isi iyi nke mmetọ fecal na mmiri ala.<ref name="WHO2006"/> === Ihe na-eme ka nri dị ọcha === Nitrate nwekwara ike ịbanye na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala site na iji fatịlaịza mee ihe gabigara ókè, gụnyere ịgbasa nsí. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọ bụghị naanị akụkụ nke fatịlaịza nitrogen ka a gbanwere iji mepụta ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe fọdụrụ na-agbakọta n'ala ma ọ bụ furu efu dị ka mmiri.<ref name="Khan2014">{{Cite book|title=Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Control|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-007-7813-9|chapter=Eutrophication: Challenges and Solutions}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke fatịlaịza nitrogen jikọtara ya na mmiri siri ike nke nitrate na-eduga n'inwekwu nsụdabawanye n'ime mmiri ala yana ịdọrọ banye mu Mmiri, si otú ahụ kpatara mmetọ mmiri.<ref name="singh1995">{{Cite journal|title=Fertilizer-N use efficiency and nitrate pollution of groundwater in developing countries|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contaminant-hydrology_1995-12_20_3-4/page/167|journal=[[Journal of Contaminant Hydrology]]|date=1995|volume=20|issue=3–4|pages=167–184|doi=10.1016/0169-7722(95)00067-4}}</ref> Ojiji gabigara ókè nke fatịlaịza nitrogen (ma ọ bụ na ha emepụtara maọbụ okike) dị njọ karịsịa, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime nitrogenium ndị osisi anaghị ewere gbanwere ka ya bụrụ Nitrate nke a pụrụ ịpụ ngwa.<ref name="jackson2008">{{Cite journal|title=Roots, nitrogen transformations, and ecosystem services|journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]]|volume=59|issue=1|pages=341–63|date=2008|pmid=18444903|doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092932|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1b50c5358e1ae5dcbcd3916ba64417fef5c781ce}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Manure_spreading_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1241415.jpg|thumb|Omume nchịkwa na-adịghị mma n'ịgbasa nsí nwere ike iwebata ma pathogens na nutrients (nitrate) na usoro mmiri dị ala.]] Ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ, karịsịa nitrates, na fatịlaịza nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu maka ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na a na-asachapụ ha n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ na-esi na ala banye na mmiri dị n'ime ala. Iji nnukwu fatịlaịza nitrogen eme ihe n'usoro ihe ọkụkụ bụ ihe kacha enye aka na nitrogen anthropogenic na mmiri ala n'ụwa niile.<ref name="suthar2009">{{Cite journal|title=Nitrate contamination in groundwater of some rural areas of Rajasthan, India|journal=[[Journal of Hazardous Materials]]|volume=171|issue=1–3|pages=189–99|date=November 2009|pmid=19545944|doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.111}}</ref> Ebe a na-eri nri / anụmanụ nwekwara ike iduga n'ịgbapụta nitrogen na ọla ka ọ banye mmiri dị ala.<ref name="UNWATER2015"/> Ntinye nke nsị anụmanụ n'ụzọ gabigara ókè nwekwara ike ịkpata mmetọ mmiri dị ala na ọgwụ ndị fọdụrụnụ sitere na ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ. Ụlọ ọrụ US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) na European Commission nọ n'ụzọ siri ike ịnagide nsogbu nitrate metụtara mmepe ugbo, dị ka nnukwu nsogbu mmiri nke chọrọ njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref name="GEF">{{Cite book|url=http://www.groundwatergovernance.org/fileadmin/user_upload/groundwatergovernance/docs/Thematic_papers/GWG_Thematic_Paper_1.pdf|title=Trends in groundwater pollution: Loss of groundwater quality & related services - Groundwater Governance|publisher=Global Environmental Facility (GEF)|date=2013|archive-date=2018-09-21|access-date=2023-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921022542/http://www.groundwatergovernance.org/fileadmin/user_upload/groundwatergovernance/docs/Thematic_papers/GWG_Thematic_Paper_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mmiri na-agbanye ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere ike ịbanye na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-akpata nsogbu ahụike mmadụ site na olulu mmiri emetọ.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgwụ ahụhụ a na-ahụ na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-adịkarị ala, na mgbe mgbe, oke ahụike mmadụ karịrị oke ahụike dị ala.<ref name="WHO2006" /> Organophosphorus insecticide monocrotophos (MCP) yiri ka ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ole na ole dị ize ndụ, na-adịgide adịgide, na-agbaze ma na-agagharị (ọ naghị ejikọta ya na mineral dị n'ala) pesticides nwere ike iru isi iyi mmiri ọṅụṅụ.<ref name="PPDB">{{Cite web|title=PPDB: Pesticide Properties DataBase|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/|work=[[University of Hertfordshire]]|accessdate=23 March 2017}}</ref> N'ozuzu, a na-achọpụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-egbu ụmụ ahụhụ ka mmemme nlekota nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-abawanye ụba; Otú ọ dị, a na'ime obere nlekota na mba ndị na-emepe emepe n'ihi nnukwu ego nyocha.<ref name="WHO2006" /> === Mgbapụta azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe === A chọtawo ọtụtụ ihe na-emetọ ikuku ma nke anụ ahụ n'ime mmiri dị iche iche. Ngwuputa ọla na ụlọ ọrụ igwe bụ isi ọrụ maka ọnụnọ ọla na mmiri dị n'ime ala nke sitere na anthropogenic, gụnyere arsenic. Obere pH jikọtara ya na acid mine drainage (AMD) na-enye aka na solubility nke ọla ndị nwere ike ime ka ọ banye n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala. [[Usòrò:Benzene_Transport_to_Groundwater_from_Oil_Spill.pdf|thumb|Mmanụ na-awụfu nke jikọtara ya na paịpụ mmiri n'okpuru ala nwere ike ịhapụ benzene na hydrocarbons mmanụ ndị ọzọ a gafere ngwa ngwa.]] Enwere nchegbu na-arịwanye elu banyere mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala site na gasoline nke sitere na tankị nchekwa mmanụ (USTs) nke ọdụ ụgbọ oloko.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ngwakọta BTEX bụ ihe mgbakwunye kachasị na gasoline. BTEX compounds, gụnyere benzene, nwere njupụta dị ala karịa mmiri (1 g / mL). Dị ka mmanụ na-awụfu n'oké osimiri, akụkụ a naghị agwakọta ya, nke a kpọrọ Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL), ga-efegharị" na tebụl mmiri dị na aquifer.<ref name="WHO2006" /> A na-eji solvents chlorinated eme ihe n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ụlọ ahịa niile ebe a chọrọ iwepụ ya.<ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/PGWsection1.pdf|chapter=Section 1:Managing the Quality of Drinking-water Sources|author=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|title=Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality of Drinking-water|date=2006|publisher=IWA Publishing for WHO}}</ref> PCE bụ ihe a na-eji emepụta mmiri nke ọma n'ụlọ ọrụ nhicha ala maka ịdị irè ya dị ọcha ma ọnụ ahịa pere mpe. A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe maka ọrụ metal. N'ihi na ọ bụ ihe a pụrụ ịdabere n'ahụkarị, a naghị ahụ ya ugboro niile na mmiri dị ala karịa ka o si nweta isi iyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/consult/_2014/tetrachloroethylene/draft-ebauche-eng.php|title=Tetrachloroethylene in Drinking Water|author=Health Canada|date=2014|accessdate=20 March 2017}}</ref>A na-eji TCE eme ihe n'akụkọ mere eme dị ka nhicha ígwè. E debere ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha Anniston Army Depot (ANAD) na United States n'ime Ndepụta Ntọala Mba nke EPA Superfund National Priorities List (NPL) maka mmetụ mmiri dị ala nwere ihe ruru nde pound 27 nke TCE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hac/pha/AnnistonArmyDepot093008/Anniston%20Army%20Depot%20HC%20093008.pdf|title=Follow-up Health Consultation: Anniston Army Depot.|author=ATSDR (US Agency for Toxic Substance & Disease Registry)|date=2008|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref> Ma PCE na TCE nwere ike ịghọ vinyl chloride (VC), hydrocarbon kachasị egbu.<ref name="WHO2006" /> Enwere ike iwepụ ọtụtụ ụdị solvents n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, nke gafere oge gaa na usoro mmiri dị ala.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Chlorinated solvents dị ka PCE na TCE nwere njupụta karịa mmiri ma a na-akpọ akụkụ ahụ anaghị agwakọta ya Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPL).<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ozugbo ha ruru n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, ọ ga-ada ma mesie gbakọta n'elu ala ndị nwere obere mmiri.<ref name="WHO2006" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/remedytech/citizens-guide-drycleaner-cleanup|title=A Citizen's Guide to Drycleaner Cleanup|date=August 2011|work=Technologies for Cleaning Up Contaminated Sites|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)|access-date=2023-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023181104/https://www.epa.gov/remedytech/citizens-guide-drycleaner-cleanup|archive-date=2021-10-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ụlọ ọgwụ na-agwọ osisi ewepụwokwa pesticides dị ka pentachlorophenol (PCP) na creosote n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi, na-emetụta mmiri ala.<ref name="atlanticwood">{{Cite web|title=Superfund Site: Atlantic Wood Industries, Inc.|url=https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0302836|date=2018-10-23|work=Superfund|publisher=[[EPA]]}}</ref> PCP bụ ọgwụ ahụhụ na-agbari agwọ nke ukwuu ma bụrụ ihe a gafere egbu n'oge gara aga edepụtara ya na [[Stockholm]] Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. PAHs na ọkara-VOC ndị ọzọ bụ ihe mmetọ a ma ama metụtara creosote. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ngwakọta, ma LNAPLs na DNAPL ka nwere ike iji nwayọọ nwayọ gbazee n'ime mmiri (mgwakọrọ) nke mepụtara plume wee si otú a ghọọ isi iyi ogologo oge. DNAPLs (chlorinated solvents, heavy PAHes, creosote, PCB) na-esi ike ijikwa ebe ha nwere ike ibi n'ime ala.<ref name="WHO2006"/> === Mgbaji mmiri ===   Uto nke olulu mmiri na-agbaji ("Fracking") n'oge a na United States emeela ka nchegbu banyere ihe ize ndụ ya nwere ike imerụ akụrụngwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jackson|first=Robert B.|date=2014-10-17|title=The Environmental Costs and Benefits of Fracking|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-environ-031113-144051|journal=[[Annual Review of Environment and Resources]]|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=327–362|doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-031113-144051|issn=1543-5938}}</ref> E nyela EPA, tinyere ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta ọzọ ka ha mụọ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mgbawa mmiri na ihe ọṅụṅụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Office|first=US EPA National Center for Environmental Assessment, Immediate|title=Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas: Impacts from the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle on Drinking Water Resources in the United States (Final Report)|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/hfstudy/recordisplay.cfm?deid=332990|accessdate=2022-04-01|work=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208212114/https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/hfstudy/recordisplay.cfm?deid=332990|archive-date=2021-02-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-ekwe omume ime mmiri n'enweghị mmetụta dị mkpa maka onwunwe nke ala ma bụrụ na njikwa siri ike na usoro nchịkwa mma adị, enwere ọtụtụ ikpe ebe a hụrụ mmetọ mmiri site na nlekọta ọjọọ ma ọ bụ ọdịda teknụzụ. Ọ bụ ezie na EPA ahụtabeghị ihe àmà dị ịrịba ama nke mmetụta zuru ebe niile, nhazi usoro na mmiri ọṅụṅụ site na hydraulic fracturing, nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na ezughị ezu usoro tupu na post-hydraulic fracturing data banyere àgwà mmiri ọṅụṅụ, na ọnụnọ nke ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka mmetọ na. gbochie njikọ dị n'etiti mmanu siri ike na mwepu gas na mmetụta ya. N'agbanyeghị enweghị ihe akaebe zuru oke nke EPA, ndị nchọpụta ọzọ emeela nyocha dị ịrịba ama banyere mmetọ mmiri na-arịwanye elu n'okpuru ala nso nnukwu ebe a gafere mmanụ / gas dị na Marcellus<ref name="digiulio">{{Cite journal|title=Impact to Underground Sources of Drinking Water and Domestic Wells from Production Well Stimulation and Completion Practices in the Pavillion, Wyoming, Field|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=50|issue=8|pages=4524–36|date=April 2016|pmid=27022977|doi=10.1021/acs.est.5b04970|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/642dd083b748fc94d9090c5c7358d2f02de76d06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Injection-induced earthquakes|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=341|issue=6142|pages=1225942|date=July 2013|pmid=23846903|doi=10.1126/science.1225942|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b34081789de119d828608f52292f2d9db926a36c}}</ref> (British Columbia, Canada). N'ime otu kilomita nke ebe ndị a, obere mmiri ọṅụṅụ na-adịghị omimi gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu karịa methane, ethane, na propine. Nnyocha nke Helium dị elu na gas ndị ọzọ a ma ama tinyere ịrịbawanye nke ọkwa hydrocarbon kwadoro ọdịiche n'etiti hydraulic fracturing fugitive gaz and natural-eme "background" hydrogen content. A na-eche na mmetọ a bụ n'ihi ihe ndị gbawara agbawa, ọdịda ma ọ bụ nke e debereghị agafe.<ref name="Vengosh">{{Cite journal|title=A critical review of the risks to water resources from unconventional shale gas development and hydraulic fracturing in the United States|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=48|issue=15|pages=8334–48|date=2014|pmid=24606408|doi=10.1021/es405118y|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b48801ac328a467d0711d48f62dcc2e54b1ee0ed}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, a na-eche na mmetọ ahụ nwekwara ike ịkpata na mbugharị capillary nke mmiri residual hyper-saline miri na hydraulic fracturing fluid, ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agafe na mmejọ na mgbaji ruo mgbe emesịa na-akpakọrịta na mmiri ala mmiri. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta na-arụ ụka na. permeability nke nkume na-agafe n'ụdị shale dị oke ala nke na-ekwe ka nke a mee nke ọma.<ref name="Vengosh"/><ref name="Howarth">{{Cite journal|title=Natural gas: Should fracking stop?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2011-09-15_477_7364/page/271|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=477|issue=7364|pages=271–5|date=September 2011|pmid=21921896|doi=10.1038/477271a}}</ref> Iji gosipụta echiche a, ọ ga-abụrị na e nwere akara nke trihalomethanes (THM) nsị ebe ha bụ na ejikọtakwara ya na mmetụ gas furu efu.<ref name="Howarth" /> E wezụga nke ahụ, mmiri nnu dị elu bụ ihe okike a na-ahụkarị n'usoro miri emi. Ọ bụ ezie na nkwubi okwu banyere mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala dịka nsonaazụ nke hydraulic fracturing fluid flow nwere ike igbochi ma ohere maka sistemụ gas metọrọ dabere karịsịa na iguzosi Ike ku yosi ihe nke mmanụ shale / olulu, yana ọnọdụ ya metụtara usoro mgbawa mpaghara nke enwere ike inye ụzọ ndị ga-agafe.<ref name="Vengosh"/><ref name="Howarth"/> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ gbasara n'ọtụtụ ebe, mmetọ sistemụ site na hydraulic fracturing abụwo nke a rụrịtara ụka siri ike, otu isi ihe kpatara mmerụ ahụ nwere nkwekọrịta kachasị ukwuu n'etiti ndị nchọpụta ịbụ nsogbu kacha njọ bụ mpịakọta mberede mmiri mgbawa. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ihe omume mmetọ mmiri ndị na-esite n'okporo ụzọ ụmụ mmadụ nke elu karịa ịbawanye ala site na ntọala shale.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Elevated levels of diesel range organic compounds in groundwater near Marcellus gas operations are derived from surface activities|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=112|issue=43|pages=13184–9|date=October 2015|pmid=26460018|doi=10.1073/pnas.1511474112}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na mmebi ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe doro anya, a na-emekwa mgbalị dị ukwuu iji gbochie ọdachi ndị a ime ugboro ole na ibe ha, enweghị data sitere n'ịgbapụta mmanụ ka ga-ahapụ ndị nchọpụta nọgide. N'ọtụtụ n'ime ihe omume ndị a, data e nwetara site na mgbapụta ma ọ bụ nsị ahụ anaghị adịkarị mgbagwoju anya, ya mere ga-eduga ndị nchọpụta ka ha ghara inwe nkwubi okwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2016/01/22/lack-of-data-on-fracking-spills-leaves-researchers-in-the-dark-on-water-contamination/|title=Lack of data on fracking spills leaves researchers in the dark on water contamination|work=StateImpact Pennsylvania|accessdate=2016-05-09}}</ref> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta sitere n'ụlọ ọrụ Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) mere ihe nlereanya maka mmepụta gas dị omimi na North German Basin. Ha kwubiri na o yikarịrị ka ịrị elu nke mmiri fracking site n'okpuru ala ruo n'elu ga-emetụta obere mmiri dị n'ime.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016|title=Numerical modeling of fracking fluid migration through fault zones and fractures in the North German Basin|journal=[[Hydrogeology Journal]]|volume=24|issue=6|pages=1343–1358|doi=10.1007/s10040-016-1418-7}}</ref> === Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa === Mmiri na-agbapụta n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nwere ike ibute mmetọ mmiri dị ala. Kemịkal nwere ike banye n'ime mmiri ala site na mmiri ozuzo na mpụta mmiri. A chọrọ ka e ji ụrọ ma ọ bụ ihe sịntetịt ọzọ kpuchie ebe ọhụrụ a na-edebe ala, yana leachate iji chebe mmiri ala gbara ya gburugburu. Otú ọ dị, ebe a na-edebe ala ochie enweghị usoro ndị a, ọ na-adịkarịkwa nso na mmiri dị n'elu na n'ime ala ndị nwere ike ịgbasa. Ngwunye ala mechiri emechi ka nwere ike ibute mmiri dị n'ime ala ma ọ bụrụ na ejighị ihe na-enweghị ike kpuchie ya tupu emechi ya ka ọ ghara ịwụsa ihe mmetọ..<ref>{{Cite web|author=Environmental Protection Agency|title=Getting up to Speed: Ground Water Contamination|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/mgwc-gwc1.pdf|work=EPA|publisher=[[Environmental Protection Agency]]|accessdate=30 September 2019|authorlink=Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Love Canal bụ otu n'ime ihe atụ a ma ama nke mmetọ mmiri dị ala. N'afọ 1978, ndị bi n'ógbè Love Canal dị na [[Nú Yọk|New York]] chọpụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ọrịa kansa yana ọnụọgụ nkwarụ ọmụmụ. Nke a mechara chọpụta na ihe ndị e ji edozi mmiri ma dioxins sitere n'ebe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke arụnyere gburugburu ya, bụ ebe ọ batara wee banye n'ime Mmiri ahụ iji mebie ikuku. A kwụrụ ezinụlọ narị asatọ ụgwọ maka ụlọ ha wee kwaga, mgbe nnukwu agha iwu na mgbasa ozi. === Ịgbabiga mmiri ókè === Data Satellite na Mekong Delta dị na Vietnam enyewo ihe akaebe na mmiri karịrị akarị nke ala n'okpuru ebe ahụ ga-eme ka ọdịda ụwa nakwa maka ịhapụ arsenic na ikekwe ọla ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2014|title=Groundwater extraction, land subsidence, and sea-level rise in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam|journal=[[Environmental Research Letters]]|volume=9|issue=8|pages=084010|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084010|issn=1748-9326}}</ref> A na-achọta arsenic n'ime ụrọ ndị dị elu maka oke ala ha nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ya dabere na ihe ruru ájá. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-agafe ájá na gravels nwere obere arsenic. Otú ọ dị, n'oge mgbapụta gabigara ókè, gradient kwụ ọtọ na-adọta mmiri site na ụrọ ndị a naghị agafe emebi, si otú ahụ kwalite ntọhapụ arsenic banye na Mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Overpumping leads to California groundwater arsenic threat|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=9|issue=1|pages=2089|date=June 2018|pmid=29872050|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-04475-3}}</ref> === Ndị ọzọ === Enwere ike ime mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala site na mwụfu kemịkalụ sitere na ọrụ azụmahịa ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, mwụfu kemịkalụ na-eme n'oge njem (dịka mwụfu mmanụ dizel), mkpofu ahịhịa n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, ntinye site na mkpọpu mmiri n'obodo ukwu ma ọ bụ ọrụ Ngwuputa, nnu okporo ụzọ, kemịkalụ na-ekpochapụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu na ọbụna mmetọ ikuku ebe ọ bụ na mmiri dị n'ime ala bụ akụkụ nke okirikiri hydrologic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Potential Threats to Our Groundwater|url=http://www.groundwater.org/get-informed/groundwater/contamination.html|publisher=The Groundwater Foundation|accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> Ojiji nke herbicide nwere ike itinye aka na mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala site na ntinye arsenic. Herbicides na-enye aka na mkpochapụ arsenic site na nchịkọta na mbugharị nke mmetọ ahụ. Ọgwụ herbicides chlorinated na-egosipụta mmetụta dị ala na desorption arsenic karịa ụdị ahịhịa phosphate. Nke a nwere ike inye aka gbochie mmetọ arsenic site na ịhọrọ ahịhịa ahịhịa kwesịrị ekwesị maka mkpokọta arsenic dị iche iche dị na ala ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Arsenic mobilization from soils in the presence of herbicides|journal=[[Journal of Environmental Sciences]]|volume=85|pages=66–73|date=November 2019|pmid=31471032|doi=10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.025}}</ref> I liri ozu na mmebi ha nwere ike ibute ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/143364/lups-gu32-guidance-on-assessing-the-impacts-of-cemetries-on-groundwater.pdf|title=Guidance on Assessing the Impacts of Cemeteries on Groundwater|author=[[Scottish Environmental Protection Agency]] (SEPA)|date=2015|accessdate=2023-05-20|archivedate=2021-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712055810/https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/143364/lups-gu32-guidance-on-assessing-the-impacts-of-cemetries-on-groundwater.pdf}}</ref> == Usoro == Mmiri na-agafe n'okpuru ala nwere ike inye ihe mgbochi a pụrụ ịdabere ná ntị maka mmetọ mana ọ bụ naanị mgbe ọnọdụ dị mma.<ref name="Wolf2015">{{Cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2155|title=How to keep your groundwater drinkable: Safer siting of sanitation systems|date=2015|publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance Working Group 11}}</ref> Ọdịiche nke mpaghara ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ibugharị mmetọ. Ebe nwere ike ịnwe ala ájá, nkume gbawara agbawa, ụrọ ma ọ bụ hardpan. Mpaghara nke karst topography na nkume limestone nwere ike imerụ mmetọ n'elu mmiri site. Njehie ala ọma jijiji nwekwara ike ịbụ ụzọ mbata maka ịbanye na mmetọ. Ọnọdụ tebụl mmiri dị oke mkpa maka inye ya mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ịgba ala ugbo iyi, mkpofu ihe (gụnyere nsị nuklia), ebe obibi anụ ọhịa, na nsogbu ndị ọzọ metụtara gburugburu ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Groundwater Sampling|date=31 July 2012|url=http://www.groundwatersampling.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211025722/http://www.groundwatersampling.org/|archivedate=11 February 2014}}</ref> Ọtụtụ kemịkal na-emebi ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nke mmiri, ọkachasị n'ime ogologo oge dị ka ebe nchekwa mmiri dị n'ime ala. Otu ụdị dị ịrịba ama nke kemịkal ndị a bụ hydrocarbons chlorinated dịka trichloroethylene (nke e ji mee ihe na mmepụta ígwè ma mepụtara ngwá electronic) na tetrachloro ethylene eji eme ụlọ ọrụ nhicha akọrọ. Ọgwụ abụọ a, nke bụ ihe na-akpata ọrịa kansa n'onwe ya, nwere mmeghachi omume ire ure ụfọdụ, na-eduga na kemịkal ọhụrụ dị ize ndụ (gụnyere dichloroethylene na vinyl chloride).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=A.T. Ekubo and J.F.N. Abowei|date=10 November 2011|title=Aspects of Aquatic Pollution in Nigeria|url=https://maxwellsci.com/print/rjees/v3-673-693.pdf|journal=Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences|volume=3|issue=6|pages=684|archive-date=21 April 2023|access-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421172152/https://maxwellsci.com/print/rjees/v3-673-693.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Mmekọrịta ya na mmiri dị n'elu === Ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere njikọ, a naghị amụkarị mmiri dị n'elu ala ma jikwaa ya dịka ihe onwunwe pụrụ iche.<ref name="circ1139">{{Cite web|work=[[USGS]]|date=1998|url=http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1139/|title=Ground Water and Surface Water: A Single Resource.|accessdate=2023-05-20|archivedate=2020-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409011836/https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/}}</ref> Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmiri ala na nke elu bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya. Mmiri dị n'elu na-abanye n'ime ala wee ghọọ mmiri nọ n'okpuru. N'aka nke ọzọ, mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nwekwara ike inye isi iyi mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọtụtụ osimiri na ọdọ mmiri sitere n'okpuru ala. Nke a pụtara na mmebi nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nwere ike imetụta osimiri na ọdọ mmiri ndị dabere ya. Mmiri nnu na-abanye n'ime mmiri dị iche iche bụ ihe atụ nke mmekọrịta ndị a.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Mgbasa ma ọ bụ ntọhapụ na-aga n'ihu nke kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ radionuclide mmetọ banye n'ime ala (nke dị anya site na mmiri elu) nwere ike ghara ịmepụta ntụpọ ma ọ bụ isi iyi mana enwere ike imerịta ihe ndị ahụ nọ n'okpuru, mepụta anwụrụ ọkụ. Enwere ike inyocha mmegharị nke plume ahụ site na ụdị ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe nlereanya mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. == Mgbochi == [[Usòrò:Safer_siting_of_sanitation_systems_-_schematic.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi na enwere ihe ize ndụ dị ala nke mmetọ mmiri n'okpuru ebe omimi miri emi karịa<ref name="Wolf2015"/>]] === Ụkpụrụ nchebe ===   [[Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya|Ụkpụrụ ịkpachapu anya]], nke sitere na ụkpụrụ 15 nke Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, dị mkpa n'ichepụta ihe ndị mmiri ala site na mmetọ. Ụkpụrụ nchebe ahụ na-enye na "ebe enwere egwu nke mmebi a ga-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe, enweghị nkwenye sayensị zuru oke agaghị eji ya mee ihe dị ka ebumnuche maka iwepụ usoro ndị bara uru iji gbochie imezi gburugburu ebe obibi".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/10737/GoodPracticesforRegulatingWastewater.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=Good Practices for Regulating Wastewater Treatment|author=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)|date=2015|accessdate=19 March 2017}}</ref> Otu n'ime ụkpụrụ isii bụ isi nke iwu mmiri European Union (EU) bụ itinye usoro nchebe.<ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/protecting_groundwater_part5.pdf?ua=1|chapter=Section 5:Approaches to pollution source management|author=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|title=Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality of Drinking-water|date=2006|publisher=IWA for WHO}}</ref> === Nlekota nke ịdị mma mmiri n'okpuru ala === A na-etinye usoro nlekota nke mmiri dị ala mgbe niile n'ọtụtụ mba gburugburu ụwa. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa iji ghọta usoro hydrogeological, na maka mmepe nke ụdị echiche na map ndị nwere ike ịdabere n'ime mmiri.<ref name="WHO2006b"/> A ghaghị ileba anya mgbe niile n'ụdị mmiri dị ala gafee ebe a na-egwu mmanụ iji chọpụta ihe ndị mmadụ nwere. Nnyocha mmiri dị n'okpuru ala kwesịrị ịbụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu mmetọ nchegbu.<ref name="ICUN"/> Enwere ike iji ọkwa mmetọ tụnyere ntuziaka World Health Organization (WHO) maka ogo mmiri ọṅụṅụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44584/1/9789241548151_eng.pdf|title=Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality|author=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|date=2011|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ka njedebe nke mmetọ dị ala dịka ị gafere ahụike.<ref name="GEF"/> A ga-enye ego zuru oke iji gaa n'ihu na nyocha ogologo oge. Mgbe a chọtara nsogbu, e kwesịrị ime ihe iji dozie ya.<ref name="ICUN">{{Cite book|title=Spring - managing groundwater sustainably|date=2016|publisher=[[IUCN]]|isbn=978-2-8317-1789-0|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2016-039.pdf}}</ref> Ntiwapụ nke mmiri na United States belatara site n'iwebata nyocha siri ike (na ọgwụgwọ) chọrọ ná mmalite afọ 90.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Obodo ahụ nwekwara ike inye aka nyochaa ogo mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.<ref name="WHO2006b"/> Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị emepụtala ụzọ ndị nwere ike ịmepụta map ihe ize ndụ maka ọgwụ na-egbu egbu n'ime mmiri dị ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Amini|first=Manouchehr|date=2008-05-15|title=Statistical Modeling of Global Geogenic Fluoride Contamination in Groundwaters|url=https://archive.org/details/environmental-science-technology_2008-05-15_42_10/page/3662|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=42|issue=10|pages=3662–3668|doi=10.1021/es071958y|pmid=18546705|issn=0013-936X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Amini|first=Manouchehr|date=2008-05-15|title=Statistical Modeling of Global Geogenic Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater|url=https://archive.org/details/environmental-science-technology_2008-05-15_42_10/page/3669|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=42|issue=10|pages=3669–75|doi=10.1021/es702859e|pmid=18546706|issn=0013-936X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Winkel|first=Lenny|title=Predicting groundwater arsenic contamination in Southeast Asia from surface parameters|journal=[[Nature Geoscience]]|volume=1|issue=8|pages=536–42|doi=10.1038/ngeo254|year=2008|url=https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag%3A5777}}</ref> Nke a na-enye ụzọ dị irè iji chọpụta olulu mmiri ndị kwesịrị ịnwale. === Mpaghara ala maka nchebe mmiri dị n'okpuru === Ọtụtụ ndị isi mmiri emeela mmepe nke map mpaghara iji ala mee ihe n'ụzọ dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. E nwere ụdị map mpaghara abụọ: chaatị na-adịghị ike nke mmiri dị n'ime ala na eserese nchebe isi iyi.<ref name="ICUN"/> ==== Map nke mmiri na-adịghị ike ==== Ọ na-ezo aka n'ihe dị mkpa (ma ọ bụ nke okike) maka mmetọ mmiri.<ref name="ICUN"/> N'ụzọ dị nro, ụfọdụ aquifers na-enwekwu mmetọ karịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO2006b">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/PGWsection2.pdf?ua=1|title=Protecting Groundwater for Health - Understanding the drinking-water catchment|author=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|date=2006|accessdate=20 March 2017}}</ref> Mmiri ndị na-enweghị mgbochi dị n'okpuru ala nọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ n'ihi na e nwere obere ọkwa iji nyochaa ihe emetụ.<ref name="ICUN" /> Mpaghara na-enweghị ntụpọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwụsị (na iwepụ) pathogens ma yabụ a ghaghị ịtụle mgbe ị ga-enyocha adịghị mma nke mmiri.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ọrụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ kachasị ukwuu n'elu ala ebe mbelata pathogens na-arụ ọrụ karịa.<ref name="WHO2006" /> Nkwadebe nke map ndị na-adịghị ike gụnyere itinye ọtụtụ eserese isiokwu banyere ihe anụ ahụ ahọpụtara iji kọwaa adịghị mma mmiri.<ref name="WHO2006b"/>.<ref name="WHO2006b"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment|publisher=Pan American Centre for Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sciences|year=1988|location=Lima, Peru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/913221468028147970/Groundwater-quality-protection-a-guide-for-water-utilities-municipal-authorities-and-environment-agencies|title=Groundwater quality protection: a guide for water utilities, municipal authorities, and environment agencies|date=2002}}</ref> Ụzọ ọzọ nke EP'''A''' mepụtara, usoro nyocha a na-akpọ "DRASTIC", na-eji ihe asaa hydrogeological emepụta ndepụta nke adịghị ike: omimi maka tebụl mmiri, net Recharge, mgbasa ozi Aquifer, ala media, Topography (mgbidi), Mmetụta n'ógbè vadose, na conductivity.<ref name="WHO2006b" /> E nwere ==== Map nchebe ==== Ọ na-arutu aka n'ebe ejidere n'akụkụ ebe mmiri dị n'ime ala dị n'otu n'otu, dị ka olulu mmiri ma ọ bụ isi iyi, iji chebe ha karịsịa pụọ na mmetọ. Ya mere, ebe ndị nwere ike isi nweta mmetọ ndị na-emebi emebi, dị ka nje nje, nwere ike ịnọ n'ebe dị anya nke oge njem n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-asọ asọ na-adị ogologo oge maka ikpochapụ mmetọ ahụ site na nzacha ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi..<ref name="ICUN"/> Ụzọ nyocha site na iji usoro kọwaa mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na njem mmetọ bụ nke a kacha jiri mee ihe.<ref name="WHOb">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/PGWsection4.pdf?ua=1|chapter=Section 4: Approaches to drinking-water source protection management|title=Protecting groundwater for health: Managing the quality of drinking-water sources|author=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|publisher=IWA Publishing for WHO|date=2006}}</ref> WHPA bụ usoro nyocha nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mepụtara site na US EPA maka ịkọwa mpaghara mmeri na ebe nchekwa isi iyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/water-research/wellhead-protection-area-whpa-model|title=Wellhead Protection Area (WHPA) Model|date=2017-01-26|work=Water Research|publisher=EPA, National Risk Management Research Laboratory}}</ref> Ụdị kachasị mfe nke mpaghara na-eji usoro dị anya ebe a chụpụrụ ihe omume n'ime otu oge akọwapụtara gburugburu isi.<ref name="WHOb"/> === Ịchọta usoro nhicha n'ebe ahụ === Dị ka mmetụta ahụike nke ọtụtụ kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu na-ebilite mgbe ikpughe ogologo oge, ihe ize ndụ ahụike sitere na kemịkal na-adịkarị ala karịa nke nje na-akpata..<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ya mere, ogo nke usoro nchebe isi iyi bụ akụkụ dị mkpa n'ịchịkwa ma pathogens nwere ike ịdị na mmiri ọṅụṅụ ikpeazụ.<ref name="WHOb"/> Enwere ike ịhazi usoro ịdị ọcha na saịtị n'ụzọ ga-eme ka mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala site na usoro ịdị ọcha ndị a ghara ime..<ref name="Wolf2015"/><ref name="Nick_2012">{{Cite web|date=2012|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/98|title=Sustainable sanitation and groundwater protection|work=Factsheet of Working Group 11|publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)}}</ref> E mepụtara ntuziaka zuru ezu iji tụọ anya dị nchebe maka ichepụta isi iyi mmiri n'okpuru ala site na mmetọ nke ịdị ọcha.<ref>{{Cite web|author=ARGOSS|date=2001|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1926|title=Guidelines for assessing the risk to groundwater from on-site sanitation.|work=NERC, [[British Geological Survey]] Commissioned Report, CR/01/142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010|url=http://www.envirolink.govt.nz/PageFiles/31/Guidelines_for_separation_distances_based_on_virus_transport_.pdf|title=Guidelines for separation distances based on virus transport between on-site domestic wastewater systems and wells|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113073933/http://envirolink.govt.nz/PageFiles/31/Guidelines_for_separation_distances_based_on_virus_transport_.pdf|archivedate=2015-01-13}}</ref> A tụwo aro ụkpụrụ ndị a maka ọnọdụ dị nchebe (ya bụ, ikpebi ebe) nke usoro nhicha na saịtị:<ref name="Wolf2015" /> * Ogologo oge dị n'etiti isi iyi mmiri ọṅụṅụ na usoro nhicha ** Ụkpụrụ nduzi maka nkewa dị larị iche n'etiti usoro nhicha na isi iyi mmiri dịgasịa nnọọ (dịka 15 ruo 100 m) anya kwụ ọtọ n'agbata ụlọ mposi na olulu ala).<ref name="Graham2013"/> * Ogologo oge dị n'etiti olulu mmiri ọṅụṅụ na usoro nhichampaghara atụmatụ buru ibu Dị ka ntuziaka zuru oke, a na-atụ aro na ala nke olulu ahụ kwesịrị ịdịkarịa ala mita abụọ n'elu ọkwa mmiri dị n'okpuru ebe obibi, yana obere anya 30m site na oghere na isi iyi iji belata mmetọ nje. Otú ọ bụ ezie na ekwesighi ikwu okwu gbasara kacha nta ọdịiche akụkụ achọrọ igbochi mmerụcha nkeolugu si ụlọ mposi ya pụta ìhè.<ref name="Wolf2015"/> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọbụlagodi 50m mpụta anya nkewa nwere ike ọ gaghị ezu oke na sistemu karstified siri ike nwere olulu mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri na-agbadata, ebe anya nkewa mpụta 10m zuru oke ma ọ bụrụ na enwere akwa mkpuchi ụrọ mepere emepe nke ọma yana oghere anular nke. A na-emechi olulu mmiri dị n'ime ala nke ọma. === Iwu === Okwu ụlọ ọrụ na nke iwu dị oke mkpa n'ịkọwa ihe ịga nke ọma ma ọ bụ ọdịda nke ụkpụrụ nchebe mmiri ala.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Na United States Iwu nchekwa nchekwa na mgbake akụrụngwa na-echebe mmiri dị n'ime ala site n'ịhazi mkpofu ahịhịa siri ike na ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ, yana Nzaghachi gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwụghachi ụgwọ, na ụgwọ ọrụ, nke a makwaara dị ka "Superfund", chọrọ ndozigharị nke ebe mkpofu dị ize ndụ agbahapụ. [[Usòrò:Blaues_Hinweisschild_Wasserschutzgebiet.JPG|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama dị nso na Mannheim, Germany, nke na-egosi mpaghara dịka "ebe nchebe mmiri n'okpuru ala"]] == Nchịkwa == Enwere ike ịchịkọta nhọrọ maka mezie mmiri dị n'ime ala n'ime ụdị ndị a: * nwere mmetọ iji gbochie ha ịkwaga ọzọ * iwepụ mmetọ n'ime mmiri * idozi mmiri site na ijide ma ọ bụ wepụ nsị mgbe ha ka nọ n'ime ala (in-situ) * ịgwọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ebe a na-eji ya * ịhapụ iji mmiri n'okpuru ala nke ebe a ma chọta ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc-Po/Pollution-of-Groundwater.html|work=Water Encyclopedia, Science and Issues|accessdate=21 March 2015|title=Pollution of groundwater}}</ref> === Ọgwụgwọ a ga-eji mee ihe ===   Enwere ike iji ngwaọrụ na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha ma ọ bụ "point-of-eji" (POU) usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri na usoro ịgbasa mmiri n'ubi iji wepụ ụfọdụ ụdị mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala tupu ịṅụ mmanya, ya bụ mmetọ fecal ọ bụla. Ọtụtụ sistemu eji eme ka mmiri dị ọcha ma ọ bụ ihe mgbakwunye kemịkalụ nke nwere ike wepu nje, chlorine, uto ọjọọ, isi na ọla dị arọ dị ka lead na mercury.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2018|title=Review of low-cost point-of-use water treatment systems for developing communities|journal=NPJ Clean Water|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=11|doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0011-0|issn=2059-7037}}</ref> Usoro gụnyere ịsị esi, ọzịz, ọgwụ kemịkalụ, ultraviolet ọcha, mmiri mmiri ozone, mkpochapụ mmiri anyanwụ, ntanye anyanwụ, ihe nzacha mmiri arụrụ n'ụlọ. Ihe nzacha mkpochapụ arsenic (ARF) bụ teknụzụ raara onwe ya nye a na-etinyekarị iji wepụ arsenic. Ọtụtụ n'ime teknụzụ ndị a chọrọ itinye ego ego na nrụzi ogologo oge. Ndị ọrụ na-ahapụkarị ihe nzacha na Bangladesh n'ihi ọnụ ahịa dị oke ọnụ na nhazi ha siri ike, nke dịkwa oke ọnụ. === Mgbanwe mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ===   Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala siri ike belata karịa mmetụ nke elu ebe ọ bụ na Mmiri nọ n'ime ya nwere ike ịkwaga ogologo oge site na aquifers a naghị ahụ anya. Mmiri na-enweghị oghere dị ka ụrọ mere ka mmiri nke nje bacteria ghara ịdị ọcha site n'ịgbanye ya (adsorption and absorption), ịgbaze, yana, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, mmeghachi omume kemikal na ọrụ ndụ; Otú ọ dị, n'okwu ole na ole, [[Mmetọ aja|ihe ndị]] ahụ metọrọ emetọ gbanwere naanị ghọọ ihe emetụta ala. Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke na-agafe oghere ndị mepere emepe ma nwee ike ibugharị ya dịka mmiri elu. N'ezie, nke a nwere ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo njọ site n'àgwà mmadụ iji sinkholes sitere na okike mee ihe dịka ebe mkpofu ahịhịa karst.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988609755|title=The Nile Delta|date=2017|others=Abdelazim M. Negm|isbn=978-3-319-56124-0|location=Cham, Switzerland|oclc=988609755}}</ref> Enwere ike wepu ihe mmetọ na ihe mmetọ na mmiri ala site na itinye usoro dị iche iche wee mee ka ọ dị mma maka ojiji. Usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri ala (ma ọ bụ ngbanwe) na-agbasa teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ ndụ, kemịkalụ na anụ ahụ. Ọtụtụ usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri nke ala na-eji ngwakọta teknụzụ eme ihe. Ụfọdụ usoro ọgwụgwọ ndu gụnyere bioaugmentation, bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping, na phytoremediation. Ụfọdụ usoro ọgwụgwọ kemịkal gụnyere ozone na oxygen injection gas, mmiri ozuzo, nkewa akpụkpọ ahụ, mgbanwe ion, absorption carbon, aqueous chemical oxidation, na mgbake na-emewanyewanye elu. Enwere ike ime ụfọdụ usoro kemịkalụ site na iji nanomaterials. Usoro ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ gụnyere, mana ọnweghị oke na, mgbapụta na ọgwụgwọ, sparging ikuku, na mmịpụta akụkụ abụọ. === Ịhapụ ya === Ọ bụrụ na a na-ewere ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ imezigharị mmiri dị n'ime ala metọọ dị ka ihe siri ike ma ọ bụ dị oke ọnụ, mgbe ahụ ịhapụ iji mmiri aquifer a na-achọta ebe ọzọ isi mmiri bụ naanị nhọrọ ọzọ. == Ihe Nlereanya == ==== Lusaka, Zambia ==== Mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Lusaka, isi obodo Zambia, nwere ọnọdụ ala bụ karstified siri ike ma n'ihi ya na mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nọ nso ebe a.<ref name="EPA gw-rule">{{Cite web|date=2018-12-18|title=Ground Water Rule|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/ground-water-rule|work=Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems|publisher=[[EPA]]}}</ref> ==== Obodo Babati, Tanzania ==== Na [[Tanzania]], ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya dabere n'isi iyi mmiri dị ala, ọkachasị site na olulu miri emi nke ebe ahụ, maka ịṅụ mmanya na ebumnuche ụlọ ọzọ. Ọnụ ego nke mmiri gọọmentị emeela ka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ dabere na olulu ndị mmadụ karịa ụlọ ọrụ Babati. Mmiri a na-eri site n'isi iyi mmiri nwa oge nke amaghị mma (karịsịa olulu ndị omimi) emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mmadụ nwee ọrịa sitere na mmiri. Na Tanzania, a na-akọwa ụmụaka pụkụ ịrị abụọ na atọ na narị itoolu n'okpuru afọ ise ka ha ga-anwụ kwa afọ site na ọrịa ọnyụnyụ ọbara na afọ ọsịsa metụtara ịṅụ mmiri adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pantaleo|first=P. A.|date=2018-12-01|title=Contamination of groundwater sources in emerging African towns: the case of Babati town, Tanzania|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.104|journal=[[Water Practice and Technology]]|volume=13|issue=4|pages=980–990|doi=10.2166/wpt.2018.104|issn=1751-231X}}</ref> === Eshia === ==== India ==== Ganga River Basin (GRB) nke bụ mmiri dị nsọ maka ndị Hindu na-eche oke mmetọ arsenic ihu. India na-ekpuchi 79% nke GRB, ya mere ọtụtụ steeti emetụtala. Steeti ndị metụtara gụnyere Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Madhya Pradech, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Punjab, Haryana na West Bengal. Ọnọdụ arsenic ruru 4730 μg / L na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, ~ 1000μg - l na mmiri ịgba ọsọ, yana ihe ruo 3947 μ g "kg" na nri niile karịrị ụkpụrụ nke United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization maka ịnya ụgbọ elu na ọkọlọtọ World Health Organisation Maka Mmiri ọṅụṅụ. N'ihi ya, ndị mmadụ na-ahụkarị ọrịa nke metụtara akpụkpọ ahụ ha, akwara ụbụrụ, ọmụmụ ihe na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi, ọbụnakwa nwee ike ịkpata kansa.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2018|title=Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in the Ganga River Basin: A Future Health Danger|journal=[[International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health]]|volume=15|issue=2|pages=180|doi=10.3390/ijerph15020180|pmid=29360747}}</ref> N'India gọọmentị aga n'ihu ịkwalite mmepe idebe ihe ọcha iji lụso ịrị elu nke mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala na mpaghara dị iche iche nke mba ahụ. Mbọ a egosila nsonaazụ ma belata mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala ma belata ohere nke ọrịa maka ndị nne na ụmụaka bụ ndị okwu a metụtara nke ukwuu. Nke a bụ ihe dị mkpa nke ukwuu dịka ọmụmụ si kwuo, ihe karịrị ụmụaka 117,000 na-erubeghị afọ ise na-anwụ kwa afọ n'ihi iri mmiri rụrụ arụ. Mgbalị mba ahụ ahụla ihe ịga nke ọma na mpaghara ndị mepere emepe nke akụ na ụba nke mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mukherjee|first=Abhijit|date=2019-10-23|title=Impact of sanitation and socio-economy on groundwater fecal pollution and human health towards achieving sustainable development goals across India from ground-observations and satellite-derived nightlight|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]|volume=9|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-50875-w|pmid=31645651|issn=2045-2322}}</ref> === Ebe Ugwu America === ==== Hinkley, U.S ==== Obodo Hinkley, [[California]] (U.S.), nwere mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ya na-emetọ chromium hexavalent malite na 1952, nke dugara ikpe megide Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) yana nkwekọrịta ọtụtụ nde dollar na 1996. E gosipụtara ikpe ahụ na ihe nkiri ''Erin Brockovich'', nke e wepụtara n'afọ 2000. '''San Joaquin, U.S''' Mgbapụta kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na mpaghara San Joaquin, California, ebutela mmetọ arsenic. San Joaquin county echewo oke mgbapụta kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke mere ka ala dị n'okpuru San Joaquin mebie wee mebie akụrụngwa. Nke a kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala ekwela ka arsenic banye n'ime mmiri mmiri dị n'ime ala nke na-enye mmiri ọṅụṅụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu nde ndị bi na ya ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ubi maka ihe ọkụkụ na ụfọdụ n'ime ubi ndị kasị baa ọgaranya na US. Aquifers bụ ájá na gravel nke ụrọ dị obere kewapụrụ bụ nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka sponge nke na-ejide mmiri na arsenic. Mgbe a na-agbapụta mmiri nke ọma, aquifer na-apịaji ma na-ada n'ala nke na-eduga na ụrọ na-ahapụ arsenic. Nnyocha na-egosi na aquifers merụrụ n'ihi n'ịfefefefefe, ha nwere ike ịgbake ma ọ bụrụ na nkwụsịtụ kwụsịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=[[University of Stanford]]|date=2018-06-05|title=Overpumping groundwater increases contamination risk|url=https://news.stanford.edu/2018/06/05/overpumping-groundwater-increases-contamination-risk/|accessdate=2021-03-16|work=Stanford News|language=en}}</ref> ==== Walkerton, Canada ==== N'afọ 2000, mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mere na obere obodo Walkerton, Canada nke dugara ọnwụ asaa n'ihe a maara dịka ntiwapụ walkerton E. Coli . Mmiri nke e si na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nweta merụrụ O157:H7 bacteria.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/walkerton-e-coli-outbreak-declared-over/article1041067/|title=Walkerton E. coli outbreak declared over|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> Mmetọ a bụ n'ihi na ugbo ahụ abanye mu olulu mmiri dị nso nke nwere ike imerụ mmetorị. == Edensibia == <references responsive="0"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Groundwater pollution}} * [http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/ United States Geological Survey - Office of Groundwater] * [http://www.groundwateruk.org/ UK Groundwater Forum] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723153248/http://www.igrac.net/ IGRAC, International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre] * [https://iah.org/ IAH, International Association of Hydrogeologists] * [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library?vbl_2%5B%5D=&vbl_8%5B73%5D=73 Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na ịdị ọcha] (akwụkwọ ndị nọ n'ọ́bá akwụkwọ nke Sustainable Sanitation Alliance) * [http://upgro.org/ UPGro Na-emeghe Ikike nke Mmiri n'okpuru Ala maka Ndị Ogbenye] {{Natural resources}} [[Òtù:Mmírí]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] p93mhnh6h4v8gauns0g0xewbsu0z7ii 0 26671 728117 725979 2026-09-26T06:50:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728117 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:CLEAN_OCEAN_PROJECT_(3081307726).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke Clean Ocean Project]] '''Nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi''' bụ omume nke ichebe gburugburu ebe okike site n'aka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, na otu gọọmentị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/environmental-protection|title=Environmental-protection dictionary definition {{!}} environmental-protection defined|work=yourdictionary.com|accessdate=21 November 2018}}</ref> Ebumnuche ya bụ ichekwa ihe onwunwe okike na gburugburu ebe obibi okike dị ugbu a na, ebe o kwere omume, idozi mmebi na ịgbanwe ọnọdụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thelawdictionary.org/environmental-protection/|title=What is Environmental Protection? definition of Environmental Protection (Black's Law Dictionary)|date=19 October 2012|work=The Law Dictionary|accessdate=21 November 2018}}</ref> N'ihi nrụgide nke oke oriri, mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na teknụzụ, a na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi biophysical, mgbe ụfọdụ na-adịgide adịgide. A matala nke a, gọọmentị amalitela itinye ihe mgbochi na ọrụ ndị na-akpata mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Kemgbe afọ 1960, mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi emeela ka a mara ọtụtụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Enweghị nkwekọrịta banyere oke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọrụ mmadụ, ya mere a na-arụrịta ụka mgbe ụfọdụ maka usoro nchebe. == Ụzọ e si echebe gburugburu ebe obibi == === Nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi afọ ofufo === Na mba ndị na-emepụta ihe, nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi afọ ofufo na-enyekarị ikpo okwu maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ga-amata maka ịgafe ụkpụrụ nchịkwa kachasị mma ma si otú a kwado mmepe nke omume gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị mma. Dị ka ọmụmaatụ, na India, Environment Improvement Trust (EIT) anọwo na-arụ ọrụ maka nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na ọhịa kemgbe afọ 1998.<ref>Karamanos, P., Voluntary Environmental Agreements: Evolution and Definition of a New Environmental Policy Approach. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2001. 44(1): p. 67-67-84.</ref> Na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, dị ka Latin Amerịka, a na-ejikarị nkwekọrịta ndị a eme ihe iji dozie ọkwa dị ukwuu nke na-adịghị agbaso iwu iwu. === Ụzọ gburugburu ebe obibi === Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi maka njikwa akụ na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na-ezube ịtụle mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya nke usoro gburugburu ebe obibi dum na mkpebi kama ịzaghachi naanị na nsogbu na ihe ịma aka ụfọdụ. N'ụzọ dị mma, usoro mkpebi n'okpuru usoro dị otú ahụ ga-abụ usoro mmekorita maka ịhazi na ime mkpebi nke na-agụnye ọtụtụ ndị metụtara ya na ngalaba gọọmentị niile dị mkpa, yana ndị nnọchi anya ụlọ ọrụ, ndị otu gburugburu ebe obibi, na obodo. Usoro a na-akwado mgbanwe ozi ka mma, mmepe nke usoro ngwọta esemokwu na nchekwa mpaghara ka mma. Okpukpe na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa n'ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=An ecosystem approach to natural resource conservation in California|url=http://www.interenvironment.org/cipa/ecosystemapproach.htm|work=CIPA Publication No. 106|publisher=InterEnvironment Institute|accessdate=10 July 2012|author=The California Institute of Public Affairs (CIPA)|date=August 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402223955/http://www.interenvironment.org/cipa/ecosystemapproach.htm|archivedate=2 April 2012}}</ref> === Nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa === [[Usòrò:Kyoto_Protocol_Commitment_map_2010.png|thumb|321x321px|Map Kyoto Protocol Commitment 2010]] Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe onwunwe ụwa bụ ndị na-adịghị ike karịsịa n'ihi na mmetụta mmadụ na-emetụta ha na mba dị iche iche. N'ihi nke a, ọtụtụ mba na-eme mgbalị iji mepụta nkwekọrịta nke ọtụtụ gọọmentị bịanyere aka na ya iji gbochie mmebi ma ọ bụ jikwaa mmetụta nke ọrụ mmadụ na akụrụngwa. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye nkwekọrịta na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ka ihu igwe, oké osimiri, osimiri na [[mmetọ ikuku]]. Nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa ndị a bụ mgbe ụfọdụ akwụkwọ iwu na-ejikọta ya na iwu nke nwere mmetụta iwu mgbe a na-agbasoghị ha ma, n'oge ndị ọzọ, ha bụ nkwekọrịta ndị ọzọ na ụkpụrụ ma ọ bụ maka iji ya dị ka ụkpụrụ omume. Nkwekọrịta ndị a nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụfọdụ nkwekọrịta mba dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ site na mmalite afọ 1910 na Europe, Amerịka na [[Eluàlà|Afrika]] .<ref>Mitchell, R.B., International Environmental Agreements: A Survey of Their Features, Formation, and Effects. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2003. 28(1543-5938, 1543-5938): p. 429-429-461.</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ mba ụwa e guzobere mgbe afọ 1945 gasịrị lekwasịrị anya na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1960, otu mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi na-eto eto kpọrọ maka mmekọrịta mba ụwa. E mere Nnọkọ United Nations na gburugburu ebe obibi mmadụ na Stockholm na afọ 1972, na-eguzobe echiche nke [[Right to a healthy environment|ikike maka gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma]]. E guzobere United Nations Environment Programme n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ sochiri ya.<ref>Iriss Borowy, "Before UNEP: who was in charge of the global environment? The struggle for institutional responsibility 1968–72." ''Journal of Global History'' 14.1 (2019): 87-106.</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime [[Nkwekọrịta Kyoto|nkwekọrịta]] mba ụwa a ma ama gụnyere Kyoto Protocol nke afọ 1997 na Paris Agreement nke afọ 2015. N'abalị asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2021, Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke UN wepụtara mkpebi na-ekweta na ịnweta gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma ma na-adịgide adịgide dị ka ikike zuru ụwa ọnụ. Na mkpebi 48/13, Kansụl ahụ kpọrọ mba dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa ka ha rụkọọ ọrụ ọnụ, yana ndị mmekọ ndị ọzọ, iji mezuo ikike ọhụrụ a nabatara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The right to a clean and healthy environment: 6 things you need to know|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1103082|work=UN News|date=15 October 2021|accessdate=15 October 2021}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2022, Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu vootu iji kwupụta ikike ibi na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ọcha, dị mma ma na-adịgide adịgide bụ ikike mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. Onye Kọmishọna Ukwu nke UN maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ Michelle Bachelet toro mkpebi ahụ ma kpọọ oku ka e mee ihe ngwa ngwa iji mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị adị maka mmadụ niile.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 29, 2022|title=Bachelet Calls For Urgent Action To Realize Human Right To Healthy Environment Following Recognition By UNGA|url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO2207/S00234/bachelet-calls-for-urgent-action-to-realize-human-right-to-healthy-environment-following-recognition-by-unga.htm|accessdate=2022-08-11|work=www.scoop.co.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bachelet calls for urgent action to realize human right to healthy environment following recognition by UN General Assembly|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/bachelet-calls-urgent-action-realize-human-right-healthy-environment|accessdate=2022-08-11|work=OHCHR|language=en}}</ref> == Gọọmentị == [[Usòrò:Top_5_Countries_by_biological_diversity.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|400x400px|Mba ise kachasị elu site na ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ]] Nkwurịta okwu banyere nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na-elekwasịkarị anya na ọrụ gọọmentị, iwu, na mmanye iwu. Otú ọ dị, n'echiche ya sara mbara, nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịhụ dị ka ọrụ nke ndị mmadụ niile ọ bụghị naanị nke gọọmentị. Mkpebi ndị na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ga-emetụta ọtụtụ ndị metụtara gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ, ndị otu ụmụ amaala, ndị otu gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị nnọchi anya obodo. Nke nta nke nta, usoro mkpebi gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbanwe iji gosipụta nnukwu ntọala nke ndị metụtara ma na-aghọwanye ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ọtụtụ mba.<ref>Harding, R., Ecologically sustainable development: origins, implementation and challenges. Desalination, 2006. 187(1-3): p. 229-239</ref> === Tanzania === Ọtụtụ iwu na-ekweta na [[Tanzania]] nwere ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị dị iche iche kachasị ukwuu nke mba Afrịka ọ bụla. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasenti iri anọ nke ala ahụ ka e guzobere n'ime netwọk nke ebe echedoro, gụnyere ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biodiversity and Protected Areas-- Tanzania|url=http://www.vub.ac.be/klimostoolkit/sites/default/files/documents/tanzania_bd.pdf|work=Earth Trends Country Profiles|publisher=Vrije Universiteit Brussel|accessdate=10 July 2012|author=Earth Trends|year=2003|archivedate=3 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503021844/https://www.vub.ac.be/klimostoolkit/sites/default/files/documents/tanzania_bd.pdf}}</ref> Nchegbu maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-agụnye mmebi nke gburugburu ebe obibi yana ọnwụ nke ebe obibi sitere na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, mmụba ọrụ ugbo, mmetọ, iwepụta osisi na ojiji dị ukwuu nke osisi dị ka mmanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania – Environmental Policy Brief|url=http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/SIDA_env_pol_brief.pdf|publisher=Development Partners Group Tanzania|accessdate=10 July 2012|author=Jessica Andersson|date=16 June 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710183811/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/SIDA_env_pol_brief.pdf|archivedate=10 July 2012}}</ref> Nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi na Tanzania malitere n'oge ndị Germany bi n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka (1884-1919) iwu nchedo maka nchedo egwuregwu na ọhịa, ebe a na-etinye ihe mgbochi na ọrụ ọdịnala ndị obodo dị ka ịchụ nta, ịnakọta nkụ, na ịkpa ehi.<ref>Goldstein, G., Legal System and Wildlife Conservation: History and the Law's Effect on Indigenous People and Community Conservation in Tanzania, The. Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 2005. Georgetown University Law Center (Spring).</ref> N'afọ 1948, Serengeti guzobere ogige ntụrụndụ mba mbụ maka nwamba ọhịa n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. Kemgbe afọ 1983, e nweela mgbalị sara mbara iji jikwaa nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ọkwa mba, site na nguzobe National Environment Management Council (NEMC) na mmepe nke omume gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="TanLaw">Pallangyo, D.M. (2007). "Environmental Law in Tanzania; How Far Have We Gone?".LEAD: Law, Environment & Development Journal 3 (1).</ref> [[Usòrò:Zebras,_Serengeti_savana_plains,_Tanzania.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Zebras na mbara ala Serengeti savana n'akụkụ ugwu nke Tanzania]] Ngalaba nke biosphere bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-ahụ maka nchebe. Ọ na-eme nke a site na ịhazi iwu, ịhazi na nlekota nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi, atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi na nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi nke iwu. National Environment Management Council (NEMC) bụ ụlọ ọrụ nke malitere mgbe e webatara National Environment Management Act n'afọ 1983. Kansụl a nwere ọrụ inye gọọmentị na ndị mba ụwa ndụmọdụ n'ọtụtụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. NEMC bụ ebumnuche ndị a: inye ndụmọdụ teknụzụ; hazie ọrụ teknụzụ, mepụta ntuziaka na usoro mmanye; nyochaa, nyochaa ma nyochaa ọrụ ndị na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi; kwalite ma nyere aka na ozi gburugburu ebe obibi na nkwurịta okwu; ma chọọ ọganihu nke ihe ọmụma sayensị.<ref name="TanGov">Tanzania Government. "Environment Tanzania". Tanzania Government. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref> National Environment Policy nke 1997 na-arụ ọrụ dị ka usoro maka ime mkpebi gburugburu ebe obibi na Tanzania. Ebumnuche iwu bụ iji mezuo ihe ndị a: * Gbaa mbọ hụ na ojiji na-adịgide adịgide na nke ziri ezi nke ihe onwunwe n'emebighị gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ tinye ahụike ma ọ bụ nchekwa n'ihe ize ndụ. * Igbochi ma chịkwaa mmebi nke ala, mmiri, ahịhịa na ikuku. * Chekwaa ma bulie ihe nketa okike na nke mmadụ mere, gụnyere ụdị dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi pụrụ iche. * Melite ọnọdụ na mmepụta nke ebe ndị mebiri emebi. * Mee ka a mara na nghọta banyere njikọ dị n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe. * Kwalite ntinye aka nke onye ọ bụla na obodo. * Na-akwalite imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa.<ref name="TanGov">Tanzania Government. "Environment Tanzania". Tanzania Government. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref> * Jiri ihe onwunwe na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi. Tanzania bụ onye bịanyere aka n'ọtụtụ mgbakọ mba ụwa gụnyere Rio Declaration on Development and Environment n'afo 1992 na Convention on Biological Diversity n'afọ 1996. The Environmental Management Act, 2004, bụ usoro iwu na ụlọ ọrụ mbụ zuru oke iji duzie mkpebi nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Ngwá ọrụ iwu ndị bụ akụkụ nke iwu ahụ gụnyere iji nyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi nke atụmatụ, na ụtụ isi na mmetọ maka ụlọ ọrụ na ngwaahịa ụfọdụ. Ịdị irè nke mgbanwe nke omume a ga-apụta ìhè ka oge na-aga ka nchegbu banyere mmejuputa ya pụta ìhè dabere n'eziokwu na, n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, enweghị ikike itinye iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na enweghị ngwaọrụ na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka ebumnuche nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi rụọ ọrụ. === China === [[Usòrò:Longwanqun_national_forest_park_creek_2011_07_25.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ogige Ntụrụndụ Longwanqun National Forest bụ ebe a na-echebe okike na Huinan County, Jilin, China.]] Nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi na China bụ nke mbụ a kpaliri site na afọ 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment nke emere na Stockholm, Sweden. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ha malitere iguzobe ụlọ ọrụ na-echebe gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-achịkwa ụfọdụ ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ ya. China bụ otu n'ime mba ndị mbụ na-emepe emepe iji tinye usoro mmepe na-adịgide adịgide n'ọrụ. N'afọ 1983, Kansụl Steeti mara ọkwa na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi ga-abụ otu n'ime iwu mba China na n'afọ 1984, e guzobere National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA). Mgbe nnukwu idei mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri Yangtze na afọ 1998, e buliri NEPA ka ọ bụrụ Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Steeti (SEPA) nke pụtara na a na-etinye nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi ugbu a na ọkwa ndị minista. N'afọ 2008, a maara SEPA site na aha ya ugbu a nke Ministry of Environmental Protection of the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (MEP).<ref name="zhang08">{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Kunmin|title=Review on environmental policies in China: Evolvement, features, and evaluation|journal=Environ. Sci. Engin. China|year=2008|volume=2|issue=2|pages=129–141|doi=10.1007/s11783-008-0044-6}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Iwu na njikwa !Ihe mkpali akụ na ụba !Ngwá ọrụ afọ ofufo !Ntinye aka ọha na eze |- |Nchịkwa mmetọ nke na-adabere na njupụta |Ụgwọ ụtụ isi maka mmetọ |Usoro akara gburugburu ebe obibi |Mgbasa mgbasa ozi nhicha |- |Nchịkwa ndị dabeere n'ìgwè na ngụkọta nke mpaghara |Ụgwọ a na-akwụghị ụgwọ |Usoro ISO 14000 |Mgbasa mgbasa ozi gburugburu ebe obibi |- |Nnyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (EIA) |Usoro ikikere ịpụ |Mmepụta dị ọcha |Ndepụta mmetọ ikuku |- |Usoro ihe omume atọ jikọtara ọnụ |Ụgwọ a na-akwụ maka mpụta sulfur |Òtù NGO |Nkwupụta ịdị mma nke mmiri |- |Azụmaahịa nnyefe oge a kara aka | |Nkwupụta ikike nchịkwa |- |Nchịkwa mmetọ |Nkwado maka ngwaahịa nchekwa ike | | |- |Iwu abụọ na-agbaso iwu |Nchịkwa maka ụgwọ mkpofu maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emetọ ihe dị elu | | |- |Ụgwọ ịkwụ ụgwọ gburugburu ebe obibi | | | |+Ngwá ọrụ nchịkwa mmetọ na China |} Mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi emeela ka China nwee mfu akụ na ụba. N'afọ 2005, a gbakọrọ mmefu akụ na ụba (karịsịa site na mmetọ ikuku) na pasenti asaa pom asaa nke GDP China. Nke a toro ruo pasenti iri pom atọ, site na afọ 2002 na mmebi akụ na ụba site na mmetọ mmiri (pasenti isii pom otu),malitere karịa nke mmetọ ikuku kpatara.<ref name="zhangwen08">{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Kun-min|title=Review and challenges of policies of environmental protection and sustainable development in China|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|year=2008|volume=88|issue=4|pages=1249–1261|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.06.019|pmid=17767999}}</ref> China abụwo otu n'ime mba ndị na-eme nke ọma n'ihe gbasara uto GDP (pasenti itoolu pom iri isii na anọ n'ime afọ iri gara aga).<ref name="zhangwen08" /> Otú ọ dị, ọganihu akụ na ụba dị elu etinyela nrụgide dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi ya na ihe ịma aka gburugburu ebe obibi nke China na-eche ihu karịrị ọtụtụ mba. N'afọ 2022, China nọ n'ọnọdụ nke otu narị iri isii n'ime mba otu narị na iri asatọ na Environmental Performance Index n'ihi ikuku na-adịghị mma na nnukwu ikuku GHG. China emeela ihe iji mụbaa nchebe ya maka gburugburu ebe obibi ma lụso mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi ọgụ: * Ntinye ego nke China na ike na-agbanwe agbanwe toro pasenti iri na asatọ na afọ 2007 ruo ijeri $ iri na ise pom isii na-aza ajụjụ maka ~ pasenti iri nke itinye ego zuru ụwa ọnụ na mpaghara a.<ref name="chunmei10">{{Cite journal|author=Chunmei|first=Wang|title=Environmental Policies in China over the past 10 Years: Progress, Problems and Prospects|journal=International Society for Environmental Information Sciences 2010 Annual Conference (ISEIS)|year=2010|volume=2|pages=1701–1712|doi=10.1016/j.proenv.2010.10.181}}</ref> * N'afọ 2008, mmefu ego na gburugburu ebe obibi bụ pasenti otu pom iri anọ na itoolu nke GDP, okpukpu atọ pom anọ site na afọ 2000;<ref name="chunmei10" /> * Mgbapụta nke CO (carbon monoxide) na SO2 (sulfur dioxide) jiri pasenti isii pom isii na pasenti asatọ pom iri itoolu na ise belata na afọ 2008 ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ahụ na afọ 2005;<ref name="chunmei10" /> * Ebe nchekwa okike nke China amụbaala nke ukwuu. Na afọ 1978 e nwere naanị iri atọ na anọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nde abụọ narị ise iri atọ na asatọ, na afọ 2010. Usoro nchekwa okike echedoro ugbu a na-ewe pasenti iri na ise pom ise nke mba ahụ; nke a dị elu karịa nkezi ụwa.<ref name="chunmei10" /> Uto ngwa ngwa na GDP abụwo ihe mgbaru ọsọ bụ isi nke China n'ime afọ iri atọ gara aga na ụdị mmepe kachasị nke iji ihe onwunwe eme ihe na-adịghị mma na mmetọ dị elu iji nweta GDP dị elu. Maka China ịzụlite nke ọma, a ga-emeso nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke iwu akụ na ụba ya.<ref name="Liu08">{{Cite journal|author=Liu|first=Jianguo|title=Revolutionizing China's Environmental Protection|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-01-04_319_5859/page/37|journal=Science|year=2008|volume=319|issue=5859|doi=10.1126/science.1150416|pages=37–38|pmid=18174421}}</ref> Nkwupụta sitere na Shengxian Zhou, onye isi nke MEP (2009): "Ezi iwu akụ na ụba bụ ezigbo iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdịdị nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi bụ usoro akụ na ụba, ụdị mmepụta na mmepe ihe nlereanya".<ref name="chunmei10"/> === Njikọ Europe === Nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi aghọwo ọrụ dị mkpa maka ụlọ ọrụ nke European Community mgbe Maastricht Treaty maka nkwado nke European Union site na mba niile so na ya. EU na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ọhịa nke iwu gburugburu ebe obibi, na-enye ntụziaka dịka ndị na-enyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ịnweta ozi gburugburu ebe obibi maka ụmụ amaala nọ na mba ndị otu. ==== Ireland ==== Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Ireland (EPA) nwere ọrụ dịgasị iche iche iji chebe gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ọrụ ya bụ isi gụnyere:<ref>{{Cite web|title=What We Are Responsible For|url=https://www.epa.ie/about/roles/|work=Environmental Protection Agency|language=en}}</ref> * Ikike gburugburu ebe obibi * Mmetụta nke iwu gburugburu ebe obibi * Atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi, agụmakwụkwọ, na nduzi * Nnyocha, nyocha na ịkọ akụkọ banyere gburugburu ebe obibi * Ịchịkwa ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na Ireland * Mmepe nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi * Nnyocha gburugburu ebe obibi * [[Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu]] * Nchebe radiology === Etiti ọwụwa anyanwụ === Mba ndị dị n'Etiti Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa ghọrọ akụkụ nke ọrụ njikọ aka nke ndị Alakụba na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke a malitere na afọ 2002 na Jeddah. N'okpuru Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, mba ndị otu ahụ sonyeere Nzukọ Ndị Minista Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]] n'ime afọ abụọ ọ bụla, na-elekwasị anya na mkpa nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. A na-enyekwa mba ndị Arab aha njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị mma n'ụwa Alakụba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isesco.org.ma/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/final-report-7icem.pdf|title=7th Islamic Conference of Environment Ministers|accessdate=25 October 2017|publisher=ISESCO|archivedate=28 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828131348/https://www.isesco.org.ma/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/final-report-7icem.pdf}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2019, Sultanate nke Oman meriri ihe nrite maka 2018[[19 na Saudi Arabia, na-ekwu maka ọrụ ya "Ịhụ Afọ na Uto nke Obere Spotted Spots na Northwest Coast nke Oké Osimiri Oman".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://muscatdaily.com/Archive/Oman/Oman-wins-award-for-environment-management-in-Islamic-world-5fgg|title=Oman wins award for environment management in Islamic world|accessdate=26 August 2019|work=Muscat Daily}}</ref> === Rọshịa === Na Russia, a na-ewere nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke nchekwa mba. Federal Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nwere ikike nke na-ahụ maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Agbanyeghị, enwere ọtụtụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na Russia. === Latin America === United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) achọpụtala mba iri na asaa megadiverse. Ndepụta ahụ gụnyere mba isii Latin America: [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], [[Peru]] na [[Venezuela]]. [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] na [[Brazil]] pụtara n'etiti ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ha nwere mpaghara kachasị ukwuu, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị. Mba ndị a na-anọchite anya nnukwu nchegbu maka nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ha nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke mgbukpọ ọhịa, mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi, mmetọ, na mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. ==== Brazil ==== [[Usòrò:Foz_de_Iguaçu_27_Panorama_Nov_2005.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Panorama nke Iguazu na-ada na Brazil]] Brazil nwere oke ọhịa kachasị n'ụwa, 4,105,401 km2 (pasenti iri anọ na asatọ pomm. Otu nke [[Brazil]]), lekwasịrị anya na mpaghara Amazon. Brazil bụ ebe obibi nke nnukwu ụdị dị iche iche, nke mbụ n'etiti mba dị iche iche nke ụwa, nwere n'etiti pasenti iri na ise ruo pasenti iri abụọ nke otu pom ise nde a kọwara n'ụwa niile.<ref>Lewinsohn, T. M.; Prado, P. I. (2004) 'Biodiversidade Brasileira: Síntese do Estado Atual do Conhecimento', Contexto Academico</ref> Nzukọ na-ahụ maka nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi bụ Ministry of the Environment nke Brazil (na Portuguese: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, MMA).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ministério do Meio Ambiente|url=http://www.mma.gov.br/sitio/|publisher=Ministério do Meio Ambiente|accessdate=10 July 2012|author=Ministério do Meio Ambiente|language=Portuguese|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302154545/http://www.mma.gov.br/sitio/|archivedate=2 March 2012}}</ref> E bu ụzọ mepụta ya n'afọ 1973 na aha Special Secretariat for the Environment (Secretaria Especial de Meio Ambiente), na-agbanwe aha ọtụtụ ugboro, ma na-anabata aha ikpeazụ n'afọ 1999. Ministri ahụ na-ahụ maka idozi nsogbu ndị a: * Iwu mba maka gburugburu ebe obibi na maka ihe onwunwe mmiri; * Iwu maka nchekwa, nchekwa na ojiji na-adịgide adịgide nke gburugburu ebe obibi, ụdị dị iche iche, na ọhịa; * Na-atụ aro atụmatụ, usoro, ngwá ọrụ akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka imeziwanye ogo gburugburu ebe obibi, na iji ihe onwunwe okike eme ihe na-adịgide adịgide; * Iwu maka ijikọ mmepụta na gburugburu ebe obibi; * Iwu na mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi maka Amazon Iwu; * Mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba. N'afọ 2011, ebe ndị a na-echebe nke Amazon kpuchiri 2,197,485 km2 (ebe buru ibu karịa Greenland), yana mpaghara nchekwa, dị ka ogige ntụrụndụ mba, nke mejupụtara ihe karịrị ọkara (50.6%) na mpaghara ụmụ amaala na-anọchite anya pasenti iri anọ na itoolu pom anọ fọdụrụ.<ref>Veríssimo, A., Rolla, A., Vedoveto, M. & de Furtada, S.M. (2011) Áreas Protegidas na Amazônia Brasileira: avanços e desafios, [[Imazon]]/ISA</ref> ==== Mexico ==== [[Usòrò:Axolote.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Axolotl bụ ụdị dị n'etiti Mexico.]] N'inwe ihe karịrị nde narị abụọ ụdị dị iche iche, Mexico bụ ebe obibi nke pasenti iri ruo iri na abụọ nke ụdị dị ichelekana nke ụwa, nke mbụ na ụdị dị ichehuta nke anụ na-akpụ akpụ na nke abụọ na atụmatụ ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara na-egosi na ihe karịrị pasenti iri ise nke ụdị anụmanụ na osisi niile bi na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]].<ref>Mittermeier, R. y C. Goettsch (1992) 'La importancia de la diversidad biológica de México', Conabio, México</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Principal ecosystems in Mexico|url=http://www.vivanatura.org/Maps%20Mexican%20ecosystems.html|work=Viva Natura|publisher=Viva Natura|accessdate=10 July 2012|author=Viva Natura|archivedate=15 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415124522/http://vivanatura.org/maps%20mexican%20ecosystems.html}}</ref> Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na Mexico malitere na afọ 1940s site na itinye iwu nke Nchekwa Ala na Mmiri (na Spanish: Ley de Conservación de Suelo y Agua). Afọ iri atọ ka e mesịrị, na mbido afọ ndị 1970, e mepụtara Iwu iji gbochie ma chịkwaa mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi (Ley para Prevenir y Controlar la Contaminación Ambiental). N'afọ 1972 bụ nzaghachi mbụ sitere na gọọmentị etiti iji dozie mmetụta ahụike dị ịrịba ama site na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. O guzobere nzukọ nchịkwa nke Secretariat for the Improvement of the Environment (Subsecretaría para el Mejoramiento del Ambiente) na Ngalaba Ahụike na Ahụike. Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, SEMARNAT) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na Mexico.<ref>Official site: http://www.semarnat.gob.mx/</ref> Ministri ahụ na-ahụ maka idozi nsogbu ndị a: * Na-akwalite nchedo, mweghachi, na nchekwa nke gburugburu ebe obibi, ihe onwunwe okike, ngwongwo, na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eme ka ojiji ha na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide dị mfe. * Mepụta ma tinye iwu mba maka ihe onwunwe okike * Kwalite njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime ala mba ahụ, na nkwekọrịta na ọkwa niile nke gọọmentị na ngalaba onwe. * Nyochaa ma nye mkpebi siri ike na nkwupụta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka ọrụ mmepe na mgbochi nke mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi * Na-etinye iwu mba na mgbanwe ihu igwe na nchedo nke ozone layer. * Ọrụ na ọmụmụ ihe na-ahụ maka ihu igwe, ihu igwe, mmiri, na usoro geohydrological, ma sonye na mgbakọ mba ụwa na isiokwu ndị a. * Na-achịkwa ma na-enyocha nchekwa nke ụzọ mmirit N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2000, e nwere ebe otu narị iri abụọ na asaa echedoro; ugbu a, e nweghị otú narị iri asaa na anọ , na-ekpuchi mpaghara 25,384,818 hekta, na'ịbawanye ebe ndị gọọmentị etiti na na mpaghara ala ya site na pasenti asatọ pom ise ruo pasenti iri na abụọ pom iri asatọ na ise nke ala. === Oceania === ==== Australia ==== [[Usòrò:GreatBarrierReef-EO.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Great Barrier Reef na Australia bụ nnukwu ihe mgbochi n'ụwa.]] N'afọ 2008, e nwere 98,487,116 hectare nke ebe a na-echebe ala, na-ekpuchi pasenti iri na abụọ pom asatọ nke ala [[Ostraliya|Australia]].<ref name="DB 2008">{{Cite web|title=Collaborative Australian Protected Areas Database 2008|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/capad/2008/index.html|publisher=Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ afọ 2002 nke pasenti iri pom otu nke ala na 64,615,554 hectare nke ebe nchekwa mmiri chọpụtara na ọ na-anọchite anya ihe dị ka ọkara nke mpaghara 85 nke Australia.<ref name="DB 2002">{{Cite web|title=Collaborative Aus tralian Protected Areas Database 2002|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/capad/2002/index.html|publisher=Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="bio asses 2002">{{Cite web|title=Australian Terrestrial Biodiversity Assessment 2002|url=http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/vegetation/pubs/biodiversity/bio_assess_contents.html|work=National Land and Water Resources Audit|publisher=Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities|accessdate=21 September 2011|author=Paul Sattler and Colin Creighton|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911163908/http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/vegetation/pubs/biodiversity/bio_assess_contents.html|archivedate=11 September 2011}}</ref> A pụrụ ịhụ nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na Australia dị ka mmalite site na ịmepụta ogige ntụrụndụ mbụ, Royal National Park, na 1879.<ref name="royal">{{Cite web|title=Royal National Park|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030|publisher=NSW Office of Environment and Heritage|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref> Nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi na-aga n'ihu karị malitere na afọ 1960s na 1970s na nnukwu mmemme mba ụwa dị ka United Nations Conference on the Human Environment na 1972, Kọmitii Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke OECD na afọ 1970, na United Nations Environment Programme nke afọ 1972.<ref name="AUS achieve">{{Cite book|title=Australian achievements in environment protection and nature conservation 1972-1982|year=1982|publisher=Australian Environment Council and Council of Nature Conservation Ministers|location=Canberra|isbn=0-642-88655-5|pages=1–2}}</ref> Ihe omume ndị a tọrọ ntọala site n'ịbawanye mmata ọha na eze na nkwado maka iwu. Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke steeti bụ nke na-adịghị mma ma na-adịghị ike ruo mgbe e guzobere Australian Environment Council (AEC) na Council of Nature Conservation Ministers (CONCOM) na 1972 na 1974, na-emepụta nzukọ iji nyere aka n'ịhazi usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa n'etiti steeti na mba ndị agbata obi.<ref name="council BG">{{Cite web|title=Background to the Councils|url=http://www.mincos.gov.au/background|publisher=Australian Government Primary Industries Ministerial Council and Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council|accessdate=21 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822171721/http://www.mincos.gov.au/background|archivedate=22 August 2011}}</ref> Ndị kansụl ndị a ejirila Australian na New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) dochie anya na 1991 na n'ikpeazụ Environment Protection and Heritage Council (EPHC) na afọ 2001.<ref name="EPHC">{{Cite web|title=ANZECC|url=http://www.ephc.gov.au/taxonomy/term/81|publisher=Environment Protection and Heritage Council|accessdate=21 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927155500/http://www.ephc.gov.au/taxonomy/term/81|archivedate=27 September 2011}}</ref> Na mba, ''Iwu Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Nchekwa Biodiversity 1999'' bụ iwu nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi maka Commonwealth nke Australia. Ọ na-emetụta ihe gbasara mba na mba ụwa gbasara ihe ọkụkụ, anụmanụ, obodo gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe nketa ọdịbendị.<ref name="EPBC 1">{{Cite web|title=Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/|publisher=Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref> O nwekwara ikike n'elu ọrụ ọ bụla Commonwealth na-eme, ma ọ bụ na-emetụta ya, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="EPBC 2">{{Cite web|title=About the EPBC Act|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/about/index.html|publisher=Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref> Iwu ahụ na-ekpuchi isi mpaghara asatọ:<ref name="EPBC 3">{{Cite web|title=Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) fact sheet|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/publications/epbc-act-fact-sheet.html|publisher=Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref> * Ebe Ihe Nketa Mba * Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa * Ala mmiri Ramsar * Ụdị anụmanụ na mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n"ihe ize ndụ * Ọrụ nuklia na omume * Ogige Mmiri Great Barrier Reef * Ụdị ndị na-agagharị agagharị * Ebe ndị dị n'oké osimiri Commonwealth E nwere ọtụtụ ala ndị akpọrọ Commonwealth na-echebe n'ihi mmekọrịta ya na ndị nwe obodo ọdịnala, dị ka Ogige Ntụrụndụ Kakadu, ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche dịka Ogige Ntụ nke Christmas Island, ma ọ bụ jikwaa ya n'ihi ọnọdụ steeti, dị ka ogige ntụrụndụ na Reserves nke Australia Alps.<ref name="CW parks">{{Cite web|title=Protected areas|url=http://australia.gov.au/topics/environment-and-natural-resources/environmental-protection/protected-areas|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|accessdate=21 September 2011|archivedate=27 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227110324/http://australia.gov.au/topics/environment-and-natural-resources/environmental-protection/protected-areas}}</ref> Na steeti, a na-ahapụ ọtụtụ nsogbu nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi n'aka steeti ma ọ bụ mpaghara.<ref name="council BG"/><ref name="EPBC 2"/> Steeti ọ bụla dị na Australia nwere iwu nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi nke ya na ụlọ ọrụ ndị kwekọrọ na ya. Ikike ha yiri ma na-ekpuchi mmetọ isi iyi, dị ka site na ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọrụ azụmahịa, iji ala / mmiri, na njikwa ihe mkpofu. Steeti na mpaghara na-achịkwa ọtụtụ ala echedoro na iwu iwu steeti na-emepụta ogo dị iche iche na nkọwa nke ebe echedoro dị ka ọzara, ala mba na ogige ntụrụndụ mmiri, oké ọhịa steeti, na ebe nchekwa.<ref name="CW parks"/> Steeti na-emepụta iwu iji belata ma nye nchebe n'ozuzu site na ikuku, mmiri, na mmetọ ụda. Na mpaghara, obodo ma ọ bụ kansụl mpaghara ọ bụla nwere ọrụ maka okwu ndị iwu steeti ma ọ bụ nke mba na-emetụtaghị. Nke a na-agụnye isi iyi na-abụghị isi, ma ọ bụ mmetọ mgbasa, dị ka mmetọ sediment site na ebe a na-ewu ụlọ. Australia nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ na UN 2010 Human Development Index na otu n'ime ụgwọ kachasị ala na GDP nke akụ na ụba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="HDI">{{Cite web|title=Human Development Index (HDI) - 2010 Rankings|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/Lets-Talk-HD-HDI_2010.pdf|publisher=Human Development Report Office; United Nations Development Programme|accessdate=24 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="AUS budget">{{Cite web|title=Overview of the Australian Government's Balance Sheet|url=http://www.budget.gov.au/2011-12/content/bp1/html/bp1_bst7-01.htm|work=Budget Strategy and Outlook 2011-12|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|accessdate=24 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406155019/http://budget.gov.au/2011%2D12/content/bp1/html/bp1_bst7-01.htm|archivedate=6 April 2015}}</ref> Enwere ike ịhụ nke a dị ka ọ na-abịa na ọnụ ahịa gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe Australia bụ onye ndu ụwa na mbupụ coal na mkpochapụ ụdị.<ref name="AUS coal">{{Cite web|title=The Australian Coal Industry - Coal Exports|url=http://www.australiancoal.com.au/the-australian-coal-industry_coal-exports.aspx|publisher=Australian Coal Association|accessdate=25 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002194553/http://www.australiancoal.com.au/the-australian-coal-industry_coal-exports.aspx|archivedate=2 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Jour extin">{{Cite journal|first=Jeff|author=Short|title=Mammal Decline and Recovery in Australia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_1994-05_75_2/page/288|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|year=1994|volume=75|issue=2|pages=288–297|doi=10.2307/1382547}}</ref><ref name="Extinction book">{{Cite book|author=Johnson|first=Chris|title=Australia's Mammal Extinctions|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Melbourne|isbn=0-521-84918-7|pages=vii}}</ref> A kpaliri ụfọdụ ikwupụta na ọ bụ ọrụ Australia ịtọ ihe nlereanya nke mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi maka ụwa ndị ọzọ ịgbaso.<ref name="Env lecture">{{Cite web|author=Murphy|first=Cameron|title=Australia as International Citizen - From past failure to future Distinction|url=http://lionelmurphy.anu.edu.au/22%20lecture%20by%20Cameron%20Murphy.doc|work=22nd Lionel Murphy Memorial Lecture|publisher=The Lionel Murphy Foundation|accessdate=26 September 2011|archive-date=28 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228102435/http://lionelmurphy.anu.edu.au/22%20lecture%20by%20Cameron%20Murphy.doc|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="AUS Greens">{{Cite web|title=Climate Change and Energy|url=http://greens.org.au/policies/climate-change-and-energy/climate-change-and-energy|publisher=The Australian Greens|accessdate=26 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916205616/http://greens.org.au/policies/climate-change-and-energy/climate-change-and-energy|archivedate=16 September 2011}}</ref> ==== New Zealand ==== Na mba, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na-aza ajụjụ maka iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na Ngalọ Ọrụ Nchekwa na na'ihe gbasara nchedo. Na mpaghara, kansụl mpaghara na-achịkwa iwu ma na'okwu gburugburu ebe obibi mpaghara. === Switzerland === {{excerpt|Environmental protection in Switzerland}}Nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi na [[Switzerland]] dabere na usoro a ga-eme megide okpomọkụ ụwa. Mmetọ na Switzerland bụ mmetọ nke ụgbọala na-akpata na mkpofu nke ndị njem nleta. === United States === [[Usòrò:YosemitePark2_amk.jpg|thumb|Ogige Ntụrụndụ Yosemite na [[California]], otu n'ime ebe ndị mbụ echedoro na United States]] Kemgbe afọ 1970, United Steeti Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) anọwo na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20000511022149/http://www.epa.gov/epahome/aboutepa.htm The United States Environmental Protection Agency.] Retrieved on (23 August 2008). "About Us (section)". U.S. EPA.</ref> Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EPA) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-achị onwe ya nke gọọmentị etiti United States na'ọrụ na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Steeti US niile nwere ngalaba nke ha na-ahụ maka nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi, nke nwere ike ịnye iwu siri ike karịa nke gọọmentị etiti.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130413000801/http://www.epa.gov/epahome/state.htm "State Environmental Agencies"]. [http://www.epa.gov United States Environmental Protection Agency]. Accessed May 2010.</ref> Na Jenụwarị afọ 2010, onye nchịkwa EPA Lisa P. Jackson bipụtara site na blọọgụ EPA ya "Ihe asaa dị mkpa maka ọdịnihu EPA", nke bụ (n'usoro edepụtara na mbụ): * Ime ihe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe * Imeziwanye ikuku * Ịhụ na nchekwa nke kemịkal * Ịsacha obodo [US] * Ichebe Mmiri America * Ịgbasawanye mkparịta ụka banyere gburugburu ebe obibi na ịrụ ọrụ maka ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu * Ịrụ ụlọ ọrụ siri ike na mmekọrịta agbụrụ Dị ka na afọ 2019, odoghi anya na ihe ndịa nọchiri anya ihe kacha mkpa dị ka Jackson si pou na ọnwa Febrụwarị afọ 2013, na ibe emelitibeghi interim. === India === Iwu nke India nwere ọtụtụ ndokwa na-egosi ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na nke steeti maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. E debere ọrụ steeti ahụ n'ihe gbasara nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi n"okpuru edemede iri anọ na asatọ A nke iwu anyị nke kwuru na "Steeti ga-agba mbọ ichebe ma melite gburugburu obodo na ichepụta ọhịa na anụ ọhịa nke mba ahụ". E meela ka nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi bụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa nke nwa amaala India ọ bụla n'okpuru Nkeji edemede iri ise na otu A (g) nke iwu nke na-ekwu "Ọ ga-abụ ọrụ nwa Amaala ọwụwa anyanwụ ọ ga na ọ na'imeziwanye gburugburu ụwa gụnyere ọhịa, ọdọ mmiri, osimiri, na anụ ọhịa na inwe ọmịiko maka ihe ndị dị ndụ". Nkeji edemede iri abụọ na otu nke iwu ahụ bụ ikike dị mkpa, nke na-ekwu na "Ọ dịghị onye a ga-anapụ ndụ ya ma ọ bụ nnwere onwe onwe nke onwe ya ọ gwụla ma dịka usoro iwu si dị". == N'akwụkwọ == E nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị nwere isiokwu nke nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi mana ụfọdụ abụwo isi na mmepe ya. Ọtụtụ ihe dị ka A Sand County Almanac nke Aldo Leopold, "Tragedy of the commons" nke Garrett Hardin, na Silent Spring nke Rachel Carson aghọwo ihe ochie n'ihi mmetụta ha na-eru nso.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Environmental Psychology: Principles and Practices|date=4 March 2019|publisher=Bankston Cotton|isbn=9781839474088|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuTEDwAAQBAJ&q=pieces+such+as+A+Sand+County+Almanac+by+Aldo+Leopold,+%22Tragedy+of+the+commons%22+by+Garrett+Hardin,+and+Silent+Spring+by+Rachel+Carson+have+become+classics+due+to+their+far+reaching+influences&pg=PA310}}</ref> Onye na-echekwa ihe na onye nrite Nobel Wangari Muta Maathai raara akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2010 Replenishing the Earth nye Green Belt Movement na mkpa osisi dị ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi. Isiokwu nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi dị na akụkọ ifo yana akwụkwọ ndị na-abụghị akụkọ ụgha. Akwụkwọ ndị dị ka ''Antarctica'' na Blockade nwere nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche ebe The ''Lorax'' aghọwo ihe atụ a ma ama maka nchọpụta gburugburu. "The Limits of Trooghaft" nke Desmond Stewart bụ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke na-enye nghọta banyere àgwà mmadụ n'ebe ụmụ anụmanụ nọ.<ref name="troog">{{Cite journal|author=Stewart|first=Desmond|title=The Limits of Trooghaft|journal=Encounter|date=February 1972|volume=38|issue=2|pages=3–7|url=http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/stewart01.htm|accessdate=24 September 2011}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ọzọ a na-akpọ The Martian Chronicles nke Ray Bradbury na'enyocha okwu ndị dị ka bọmbụ, agha, nchịkwa gọọmentị, na mmetụta ndị a nwere ike inwe na gburugburu ebe obibi. == Hụkwa ==    == Ndemsibia == <references responsive="0"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Environmental protection at Wikimedia Commons {{Environmentalism}}{{Social democracy}}{{Christian Democracy}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jird294gu4aj9nhcou73o11b085ss6j 0 26679 728113 722751 2026-09-26T06:38:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728113 wikitext text/x-wiki   otu mba nke ndị ọrụ na-egwuputa ihe (NUM) bụ otu ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ na-egwupụta aku, na South Africa. N'inwe ndị otu 300,000 {{As of|2014|lc=y}} na-erule afọ 2014, ọ bụ onye mmekọ kachasị ukwuu nke Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU). == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere otu ahụ na 1982 dị ka otu ndị ọrụ ojii na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe a na'ala, na mbido nke Council of Unions of South Africa. Onye ndú mbụ ya bụ Cyril Ramaphosa, onye ọ toro ngwa ngwa n'okpuru ya, na-enweta nkwenye nkwekọrịta site na Chamber of Mines na 1983.:<ref name="Pretorius">{{Cite book|title=A History of South Africa: From the Distant Past to the Present Day|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofsouthaf0000unse_g7y0|publisher=Protea Book House|author=Pretorius, Fransjohan|year=2014|location=Hatsfield, Pretoria|isbn=978-1-86919-908-1}}</ref> 51 NUM mere mkpọsa nke ọma na 1980s maka njedebe nke usoro ndoputa ọrụ, usoro nke mere ka a mata na ọrụ kacha akwụ ụgwọ bụ nke ekenyela ndị ọcha bụ otu n'ime ntọala ntọala Congress nke ndị otu azụmahịa South Africa na 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sweet Food and Allied Workers Union (SFAWU)|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/sweet-food-and-allied-workers-union-sfawu|work=South African History Online|accessdate=14 March 2021}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, ọ nabatara ndị Construction and Allied Workers' Union, ebe n'ọnwa 2019 a mara ọkwa na ọ ga-amịkọrọ ndị Liberated Metalworkers 'Union of South Africa n"oge na-adịghị anya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Size counts|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2001-01-12-size-counts/|accessdate=14 March 2021|work=Mail & Guardian|date=12 January 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Metalworkers’ union Limusa and miners’ union NUM to merge in bid by Cosatu to strengthen them|url=https://salabournews.co.za/52166-metalworkers-union-limusa-and-miners-union-num-to-merge-in-bid-by-cosatu-to-strengthen-them|accessdate=19 March 2021|work=The Star|date=3 September 2019}}</ref> NUM jikọtara ya na mba ụwa niile na njikọ kemịkalụ, ike, nke m na ndị otu ndị ọrụ izugbe. === Ọgbaghara 2007 === Na 4 Disemba 2007, otu ahụ gara abụbọ ọrụ iji mee mkpesa maka ọnọdụ ọrụ na ogbunigwe South Africa. Ọ bụ ịrị elu nke ọnwụ ndị ọrụ site na 2006 ruo 2007 n'agbanyeghị gọọmentị <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/11AF1913-30B2-42C7-8BFA-406CF0412E81.htm|title=South African miners out on strike|work=English.aljazeera.net|accessdate=10 August 2018}}</ref> === 2012 Wildcat strikes === [[Usòrò:COSATU_rally.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Akwụkwọ mpịakọta NUM na-akpọ maka nzukọ zuru oke na nso Matlosana.]] N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n"afọ 2012, ọtụtụ puku ndị otu NUM malitere usoro ọgbaghara na Lonmin's Marikana mines jikọtara ya na arịrịọ maka ịbawanye ụgwọ. N'ụbọchị na-esote, ndị isi NUM gbara ndị otu N UM na'ịgba arụkwaghịm égbè, bụ ndị na - na<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2012-10-12-marikana-prequel-num-and-the-murders-that-started-it-all|title=Marikana Prequel - NUM and the murders that started it all|date=12 October 2012|publisher=Daily Maverick}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://links.org.au/node/3002|title=South Africa: Marikana massacre – a turning point?|date=27 August 2012|publisher=Links}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/mining-crisis/num-shot-at-us-witness-1.1394465#.UG_HWWYhz_g|title=NUM shot at us - witness|date=2 October 2012|publisher=Independent Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-10-22-lonmin-caused-problem-at-marikana-say-police/|title=NUM: Lethal force ahead of Marikana shootings was justified|first=Kwanele|author=Sosibo|work=Mg.co.za|accessdate=10 August 2018|date=22 October 2012}}</ref> A na-ekwu na mgbasa ozi na ogbugbu nke ndị na'egwupụta ihe n'ime ala abụọ bụ isi ihe kpatara nkwụsịtụ ntụkwasị obi n"ime ndị ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2012-10-12-marikana-prequel-num-and-the-murders-that-started-it-all|title=Marikana prequel: NUM and the murders that started it all - Daily Maverick|first=Jared|author=Sacks|work=Dailymaverick.co.za|accessdate=10 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/business/opinion/marikana-20-years-in-the-making-1.1407448#.UIatcRLJX_j|title=Marikana 20 years in the making|date=21 October 2012|publisher=Business Report|accessdate=23 October 2012}}</ref> N'inyefe ya na Farlam Commission, NUM kwuru na ike igbu egbu n'ụbọchị a ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-10-22-lonmin-caused-problem-at-marikana-say-police|title=NUM: Lethal force ahead of Marikana shootings was justified|first=Kwanele|author=Sosibo|work=Mg.co.za|accessdate=10 August 2018|date=22 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/10/22/marikana-inquiry-updates-22-october-2012|title=TimesLIVE|work=Timeslive.co.za|accessdate=10 August 2018}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na n'etiti 12 na 14 Ọgọstụ ihe dị ka mmadụ itoolu (ọ dịkarịa ala ndị na'egwupụta ihe n"ọhịa, ndị uwe ojii abụọ na ndị nche nche abụọ) nwụrụ nʼógbè Marikana - ọ bụ ezie na e nwere akụkọ na - na ọ dị iche iche banyere onye gburu n'"oge ụbọchị ndị a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-10-22-miners-killed-like-possessed-vermin-says-lawyer/|title=Miners killed like possessed vermin|date=23 October 2012|publisher=Mail & Guardian|accessdate=23 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Tau">{{Cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/cops-killed-as-conflict-spirals-at-lonmin-1.1361862|title=Cops killed as conflict spirals at Lonmin|first=Poloko|author=Tau|work=Iol.co.za|date=14 August 2012|accessdate=19 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19245758|title=South African platinum mine union riots 'kill nine'|publisher=BBC News|date=13 August 2012|accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/10/23/marikana-inquiry-updates-23-october-2012|title=Marikana inquiry updates|date=23 October 2012|publisher=Times Live|accessdate=23 October 2012|archive-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203184508/http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/10/23/marikana-inquiry-updates-23-october-2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, ndị uwe ojii gbara otu ndị na-egwupụta akụ̀ ndị dị n"ime ala égbè, ha gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri atọ na anọ na Marikana, mmadụ narị asaa na iri asaa merụrụ ahụ ma jide mmadụ abụọ na ise na itoolu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/lonmin-massacre-a-timeline-1.1364646#.UC4vAKArKVI|title=Lonmin massacre: a timeline - IOL News|work=Iol.co.za|accessdate=10 August 2018}}</ref> Ndị na-egwupụta akụ̀ ndị dị n'ime ala na ndị na'ebe ahụ bu mma ma jụ arịrịọ maka iwepụ ngwá agha. Dị ka Congress of South African Trade Unions si kwuo, ndị uwe ojii bu ụzọ jiri gas na-agba mmiri, egbe mmiri wee jiri "mgbọ dị ndụ".<ref>{{Cite web|title=270 miners charged in co-workers' deaths|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/30/world/africa/south-africa-mine-violence/index.html?eref=edition|work=Edition.cnn.com|accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref> A na-akpọ ogbugbu ahụ ogbu mmadụ n'ime mgbasa ozi niile na ndị uwe ojii, Lonmin na NUM n"onwe ya ka a na'ebo ya ebubo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strike until NUM leaders step down, Malema tells SA's miners|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-09-11-malema-calls-for-frans-balenis-head/index.html?eref=edition|work=Ng.co.za|accessdate=10 August 2018|archivedate=2018-08-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810173429/http://mg.co.za/article/2012-09-11-malema-calls-for-frans-balenis-head/index.html?eref=edition}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SAPS blames Lonmin for Marikana strikers deaths|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2012/10/23/saps-blames-lonmin-for-marikana-strikers-deaths|publisher=Business Day|accessdate=2023-05-26|archivedate=2022-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207011249/http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2012/10/23/saps-blames-lonmin-for-marikana-strikers-deaths}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Finger pointing key at Marikana inquiry|url=http://www.iol.co.za/business/companies/finger-pointing-key-at-marikana-inquiry-1.1409069#.UIlb1hLJX_g|work=Iol.co.za|accessdate=10 August 2018}}</ref> Mkpughe banyere ahụ mere malite na nyocha agụmakwụkwọ [citation needed] wee soro akụkọ [[Greg Marinovich]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-08-30-the-murder-fields-of-marikana-the-cold-murder-fields-of-marikana|title=The murder fields of Marikana. The cold murder fields of Marikana.|date=8 September 2012|publisher=Daily Maverick|accessdate=25 October 2012}}</ref> gosipụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime igbu ọchụ ndị ahụ weere ọnọdụ na igwefoto ọtụtụ nkeji mgbe edere ụfọdụ igbu egbu na telivishọn. Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ''New York Times'' si kwuo, "Frans Baleni, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke National Union of Mineworkers, gbachitere ndị uwe ojii n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Kaya FM, ụlọ ọrụ redio" na-ekwu na "Ndị uweojii nwere ndidi, mana ndị a ji ngwá agha dị ize ndụ".<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/17/world/africa/south-african-police-fire-on-striking-miners.html?_r=1 Mine Strike Mayhem Stuns South Africa as Police Open Fire], Lydia Polgreen, ''The New York Times'', 16 August 2012</ref> Mgbatị ahụ bụ otu n'ime ihe kachasị njọ nke ndị ọchịchị South Africa kemgbe njedebe nke oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Afrika.<ref name="WashPo">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/south-african-police-open-fire-on-striking-mine-workers-several-injured/2012/08/16/c9c99e3c-e7ad-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html|title=South African police open fire as striking miners charge, killing and wounding workers|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=16 August 2012|accessdate=16 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817062827/http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/south-african-police-open-fire-on-striking-mine-workers-several-injured/2012/08/16/c9c99e3c-e7ad-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html|archive-date=17 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baleni na ndị ọrụ NUM ndị ọzọ ebuboola 'ike nke atọ' na ha na-akwado ọgụ Marikana.<ref>[http://dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2012-10-12-marikana-prequel-num-and-the-murders-that-started-it-all Marikana prequel: NUM and the murders that started it all], Jared Sacks, ''Daily Maverick'', 12 October 2012</ref><ref>[http://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-23-activists-decry-talk-of-third-force-at-marikan Activists decry talk of third force at Marikana], ''Mail & Guardian'', 24 August 2012</ref> == Enweghị nkwado == A na-ekwu na e nweela ọpụpụ site na NUM.<ref>[http://www.miningmx.com/page/opinion/columnists/1598486-Ramaphosa-can-t-stop-exodus-from-the-NUM#.UZTAbKIyZvI Ramaphosa can't stop exodus from the NUM], Jan de Lange, ''Mining MX'', 6 May 2013,</ref> Dị ka Justice Malala si kwuo, na-ede na ''The Guardian'', "NUM enwekwaghị ntụkwasị obi niile ma na ndị otu na'ime ya na ya. E nyere odeakwụkwọ ya a na-akwụ ụgwọ nke ọma, Baleni, mmụba ụgwọ ọrụ nke ihe karịrị 40% n'afọ gara aga na ngụkọta ụgwọ ọnwa ya karịrị R105 000 kwa ọnwa. Ndị isi NUM ajụla ịpụ n'ụgbọala ndị uwe ojii iji gwa ndị ọrụ okwu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/17/marikana-action-strike-poor-state-haves The Marikana action is a strike by the poor against the state and the haves], Justice Malala, ''The Guardian'', 17 August 2012</ref> Ndị ọzọ arụrịtakwara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu NUM na-arị elu ma, ugbu a, n'ihi ọgbaghara na North West, ndị òtù ya nwere ike ịnọ ihe dị ka 150,000.<ref>[http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-10-24-a-num-sized-headache-and-no-one-else-to-blame A NUM sized headache and no one else to blame], Mandy de Waal, ''The Daily Maverick'', 24 October 2012</ref> Ndị ọzọ toro nzukọ ahụ. Otu nchịkọta akụkọ na Business Day kwuru "NUM bụ ihe na-eche echiche, nke a na na'etiti ndị otu ebe a... Ọ na-enwe ekele ma na'anya na ụlọ ọrụ ndị siri ike. "<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120820231151/http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/editorials/2012/08/17/editorial-a-failure-of-our-society-on-many-levels A failure of our society on many levels], Editorial, ''Business Day'', 17 August 2012</ref> Òtù na-asọ mpi Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union (AMCU) amụbawo n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu kemgbe ịgba égbè Marikana ma ugbu a na'anọchite anya ihe karịrị 40% nke ndị ọrụ na Amplats<ref name="MiningMX">{{Cite news|title=Amcu seals place as top dog platinum union|url=http://www.miningmx.com/page/opinion/columnists/1539234-Amcu-seals-place-as-top-dog-platinum-union#.UZFY5EmjqVY|work=Miningmx.xom|accessdate=10 August 2018}}</ref> na 70% na Lonmin.<ref name="Destiny Man">{{Cite news|title=Amcu and NUM face off on issues|url=http://www.destinyman.com/article/amcu-and-num-face-off-on-issues-2013-05-13}}</ref> == Ịdu == === Ndị odeakwụkwọ ukwu === : 1982: Cyril Ramaphosa : 1991: Kgalema Motlanthe : 1998: [[Gwede Mantashe]] : 2006: Frans Baleni : 2015: [[David Sipunzi]] : 2022: [[William Mabapa]] === Ndị isi ala === : 1982: James Motlatsi : 2000: Senzeni Zokwana : 2014: [[Piet Matosa]] : 2018: [[Joseph Montisetse]] : 2022: [[Daniel Balepile]] == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|series=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ [http://www.num.org.za/ NUM]. [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0zhqc5fjpej63kbt4i6op867fs6cs2l 0 26746 728060 639100 2026-09-26T02:42:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728060 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Soilcontam.JPG|thumb|Mmetọ ala]]   Mmetọ àjà ala mmetọ ala, ma ọ bụ mmetọ mbara ala dị ka akụkụ nke '''mmebi ala''' na-esite na ọnụnọ nke kemịikalu xenobiotic (nke mmadụ mere) ma ọ bụ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ala. Ọ na-abụkarị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, kemịkalu ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ mkpofu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Chemicals ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ nke akpọrọ na bekee petroleum hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (dị ka naphthalene na benzo(a)pyrene), solvents, pesticides, lead, na ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ. Mmetọ na-emetụta ogo mmepụta ihe na ike nke kemikalu. Nchegbu banyere mmetọ ala na-esite n'ihe ize ndụ ahụike, site na mmetụ ihu na ihu na ala emetọ, anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na mmetọ, ma ọ bụ site na mmegọ nke abụọ nke mmiri dị n'ime na n'okpuru ala.<ref>''Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Human Health Evaluation Manual'', Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]], Washington D.C. 20450</ref> Map nke ebe ala emetọ na nhicha ndị na-esi na ya apụta bụ ọrụ na-eri oge ma dị oke ọnụ, ma chọọ nka na geology, hydrology, chemistry, modeling kọmputa, na GIS na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ekele maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke kemịkal ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=George|first=Rebecca|title=Treatment Methods for Contaminated Soils – Translating Science into Practice|url=http://ijear.org/vol4.1/rebecca.pdf|work=International Journal of Education and Applied Research|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archivedate=November 4, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104134629/http://ijear.org/vol4.1/rebecca.pdf}}</ref> Na ugwu Amerịka na Western Europe, a maara oke ala emetọ nke ọma, ebe ọtụtụ mba dị na mpaghara ndị a nwere usoro iwu iji chọpụta ma dozie nsogbu gburugburu [[Olile anyanwu Amerika|ebe]] obibi a. Mba ndị na-emepe emepe anaghị achịkwa nke ọma n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ n'ime ha enweela nnukwu mmepụta ihe. == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == Mmetọ ala nwere ike ịpụta site na ihe ndị a (ndepụta na-adịghị agwụ agwụ) : * Microplastics * [[Mmanu mmanu|Mmanụ na-awụfu]] * Mmanụ ala na ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị arọ * Mgbasa na mberede nwere ike ime n'oge ihe omume, wdg. * Mgbọrọ nke tankị nchekwa n'okpuru ala (gụnyere ọkpọkọ eji ebufe ihe dị n'ime) * [[Mmiri ozuzo acid]] * Ọrụ ugbo siri ike * Agrochemicals, dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ, ọgwụ ahịhịa na fatịlaịza * Petrochemicals * Ihe mberede ụlọ ọrụ * Ihe mkpofu okporo ụzọ * Ọrụ owuwu * Ihe osise ndị e sere n'èzí * Mmiri na-emetọ n'elu ala na-abanye n'ime ala * Mgbọ, kemịkal, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka agha * Ihichapụ ihe mkpofu ** Mmanụ na mmanụ a na-atụfu ** Ihe mkpofu nuklia ** Mgbasa nke ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ na ala ** Mmiri nsị ** Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na ebe a na-awụfu ihe n'ụzọ iwu na- ** Ọla coal ** Ihe mkpofu eletrọniki ** Nkume nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-egbu egbu na-emetọ ya. ** Pb merụrụ ya n'ihi anwụrụ ọkụ ụgbọ ala, Cd, na Zn nke taya mebiri. ** Mmetọ site n'ime ka ikuku na-emetọ ikuku sie ike site n'ịkpọ ihe ndị a na-emepụta n'ala ọkụ. kemikalu ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ nke akpọrọ ndịa; petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead, na ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ. Ọrụ ọ bụla nke na-eduga n'ụdị ndị ọzọ nke [[mmebi ala]] (idie mmiri; compaction, wdg) nwere ike ime ka mmetụta mmetọ ahụ ka njọ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè na mmezi ala ahụ na-aghọwanye ihe na-agwụ ike. [[Usòrò:Agbogbloshie,_Ghana_2019.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|263x263px|Nhazi ihe mkpofu E na Agbogbloshie, Ghana. Nchịkọta na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke ngwongwo arụpụtara na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ, na-apụtakarị na obodo ndị dị na ndịda ụwa ga-edozi ngwongwo. Karịsịa na-enweghị nchebe kwesịrị ekwesị, ọla dị arọ na mmetọ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ala, ma mepụta mmetọ mmiri na [[Mmetọ ikuku|mmetụ ikuku]].]] Ntinye nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ntụ coal eji eme ihe maka ebe obibi, azụmahịa, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, yana maka usoro mmepụta ihe dị ka ịgbaze ore, bụ isi iyi a na-ahụkarị nke mmetọ n'ógbè ndị mepụtara tupu ihe dị ka afọ 1960. Coal na-ejikọta lead na zinc n'oge ọ na-emepụta, yana ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ ruo n'ókè dị ala. Mgbe a na-ere coal ọkụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ọla ndị a na-etinye n'ime ntụ (ihe dị iche bụ mercury). Ọkụ coal na slag nwere ike ịnwe ihe zuru ezu iji ruo eruo dị ka "ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ", akọwapụtara na US dị ka ihe karịrị ise mg / L nke ihe a na-ewepụta site na iji usoro TCLP. Na mgbakwunye na ọta, ntụ coal na-enwekarị ọnụ ọgụgụ dịgasị iche iche ma dị ịrịba ama nke polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; dị ka, benzo(a)anthracene, benzoin(b)fluoranthene, benzoinink, benzon(a)pyrene, indeno(cd)pyrène, phenanthrene, anthracene, na ndị ọzọ). A maara PAHs ndị a dị ka ihe na-akpata ọrịa kansa n'ahụ mmadụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mma nke ha n'ime ala na-adịkarị gburugburu otú mg / kg. Enwere ike ịmata ntụ na ụrọ coal site na ọnụnọ nke mkpụrụ na-acha ọcha n'ime ala, ala na-acha ntụ ntụ, ma ọ bụ (ụrọ coal) bubble, mkpụrụ osisi vesicular pebble-sized grains. Mmiri nsị a gwọrọ agwọ, nke a maara na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka biosolids, aghọwo ihe arụmụka dị ka "mkpụrụ osisi". Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ihe na-esite na ọgwụgwọ nsị, ọ na-enwekarị mmetọ dị ka ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọgwụ ahụhụ, na ọla dị arọ karịa ala ndị ọzọ. Na European Union, ntụziaka Urban Waste Water Treatment na-enye ohere ka a na-awụfu nsị n'ala. A na-atụ anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ ga-eji okpukpu abụọ ruo tọn otu nde narị asatọ na ise nke ihe siri ike na afọ 2005. Nke a nwere ezigbo ọrụ ugbo n'ihi nitrogen dị elu na phosphate. N'afọ 1990/1991, a na-awụfu pasenti iri na atọ mmiri na pasenti efu pom iri na atọ nke ala; Otú ọ dị, a na-atụ anya na nke a ga-arị elu okpukpu iri na ise site na afọ 2005. Ndị na-akwado [onye?] na-ekwu na ọ dị mkpa ịchịkwa nke a ka microorganisms pathogenic ghara ịbanye n'ime mmiri na iji hụ na enweghị nchịkọta nke ọla dị arọ n'elu ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.08.004|title=Potential risk effect from elevated levels of soil heavy metals on human health in the Niger delta|journal=Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety|volume=85|pages=120–130|year=2012|author=Olawoyin|first=Richard|pmid=22921257}}</ref> === Ọgwụ ahụhụ na ọgwụ ahịhịa === A na-eji ọgwụ herbicides egbu ahịhịa, ọkachasị n'okporo ụzọ na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Ha yiri auxins ma ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere ike imebi site na nje bacteria ala. Otú ọ dị, otu ìgwè sitere na trinitrotoluene (2:4 D na 2:4:5 T) nwere dioxin na-adịghị ọcha, nke na-egbu egbu ma na-akpata ọnwụ ọbụna na obere. Ọgwụ ọzọ na-egbu ahịhịa bụ Paraquat. Ọ na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu mana ọ na-emebi ngwa ngwa n'ala n'ihi ọrụ nje bacteria ma ọ naghị egbu anụmanụ ala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paraquat poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001085.htm|accessdate=2022-04-01|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en|archivedate=2022-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401190255/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001085.htm}}</ref> A na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ eme ihe iji kpochapụ ihe oriri na ugbo nke na-emebi ihe ọkụkụ. Ụmụ ahụhụ na-emebi ọ bụghị naanị ihe ọkụkụ guzo ọtọ kamakwa ndị echekwara na n'ebe okpomọkụ a na-eche na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmepụta zuru ezu na-efu n'oge nchekwa nri. Dị ka ọ dị na fungicides, ọgwụ ahụhụ mbụ e ji mee ihe na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu bụ inorganic di ka. Paris Green na ihe ndị ọzọ nke arsenic. A na-ejikwa nicotine eme ihe kemgbe afọ 1690.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tomizawa|first=Motohiro|date=2005|title=Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: mechanisms of selective action|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed|journal=Annual Reviews|volume=45|pages=247–268|doi=10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930|pmid=15822177}}</ref> Ugbu a, e nwere ìgwè abụọ bụ isi nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na-egbu egbu. 1. Organochlorines gụnyere DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin na BHC. Ha dị ọnụ ala iji mepụta, dị ike ma na-anọgidesi ike. A na-eji DDT mee ihe n'ụzọ buru ibu site na afọ 1930s, na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke tọn nde asaa na abụọ eji mee ihe na afọ 1970. Mgbe ahụ, ojiji dara ka a na-ahụ mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi. A chọtara ya n'ụwa niile na azụ na nnụnụ ma chọta ya na snow na [[Antarctica|Antarctic]]. Ọ na-agbaze na mmiri ma na-agbaza nke ọma na ọbara. Ọ na-emetụta usoro akwara na endocrine ma na-eme ka mkpokoro àkwá nke nnụnụ ghara inwe calcium na-eme na ha na-agbaji ngwa ngwa. A na-eche na ọ bụ ya kpatara mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ na-eri anụ dị ka ospreys na falcons peregrine na afọ 1950s ha na-agbake ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DDT and Birds|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/DDT_and_Birds.html|accessdate=2022-04-04|work=web.stanford.edu}}</ref> Tinyere mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ site na eriri nri, a maara na ọ na-abanye site na membranes na-agafe agafe, yabụ azụ na-enweta ya site na gills ha. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwere obere mmiri, ọ na-anọkarị n'elu mmiri, yabụ ihe ndị dị ndụ bi n'ebe ahụ na-emetụta ya. DDT a chọtara na azụ nke mejupụtara akụkụ nke usoro nri mmadụ kpatara nchegbu, mana ọkwa a chọtara n'ime imeju, akụrụ na anụ ahụ ụbụrụ erughị otu ppm na abụba bụ iri ppm, nke dị n'okpuru ọkwa nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, a machibidoro DDT na UK na United Steeti iji kwụsị ịbawanye ya na usoro nri. Ndị na-emepụta US nọgidere na-ere DDT na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ndị na-enweghị ike ịzụta kemikalu ndị dị oke ọnụ na ndị na-enweghi iwu siri ike na-achịkwa ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OCSPP|date=2014-01-07|title=DDT - A Brief History and Status|url=https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/ddt-brief-history-and-status|accessdate=2022-06-17|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> 2. Organophosphates, dị ka parathion, methyl parathion na ihe dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ iri anọ ndị ọzọ dị na mba ahụ. Parathion bụ ihe na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, methyl-parathion dị obere ma a na-ewere Malathion dị ka ihe dị nchebe n'ozuzu ya n'ihi na ọ nwere obere nsị ma na-agbaji ngwa ngwa na imeju anụ na-enye nwa ara. Ìgwè a na-arụ ọrụ site na igbochi nnyefe akwara dị mma ka a na-egbochi cholinesterase imebi ihe na-ebufe acetylcholine, na-akpata mmegharị ahụ na-enweghị nchịkwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parathion Methyl - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/parathion-methyl|accessdate=2022-06-17|work=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> === Ndị agha === Ikpochapụ mgbọ, na enweghị nlekọta n'imepụta mgbọ nke sitere na ngwa ngwa nke mmepụta, nwere ike imerụ ala ruo ogologo oge. E nwere obere ihe akaebe e bipụtara banyere ụdị mmetọ a n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ihe mgbochi nke gọọmentị nke ọtụtụ mba tinyere na mbipụta nke ihe metụtara agha. Otú ọ dị, gas mustard echekwara n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] emetọla ụfọdụ ebe ruo afọ iri ise na nnwale nke Anthrax dị ka ngwá agha nwere ike imerụ agwaetiti Gruinard dum.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/sixty-secret-mustard-gas-sites-uncovered-1335343.html – Six Mustard gas sites uncovered – The Independent]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1457035.stm Britain's Anthrax Island – BBC]</ref> == Ahụike mmadụ == === Ụzọ ndị mmadụ si ekpughe ihe === Ala mmetọ ma ọ bụ nke mbara emetọ emeto na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ n'onwe ya site na mmetụ aka na ala ma ọ bụ site na iku ume nke mmetọ ala nke na-agbaze; enwere ike ibute egwu site na mmegide nke mmetụ ala n'ime mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke a na-eji eme ihe mmadụ, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe ndị dị anya site na isi iyi ọ bụla doro anya nke mmetorita n'elu ala. Mmanụ ndị na-egbu egbu nwekwara ike ịga n'ihu n'usoro nri site na osisi ndị bi n'ala nwere nnukwu ọla dị arọ. Nke a na-akpata mmepe nke ọrịa metụtara mmetọ. Ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe ngosi bụ ihe mberede, ihe ngosi nwere ike ime site na:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb4894en|title=Global assessment of soil pollution: Report|date=2021-06-04|publisher=FAO and UNEP|isbn=978-92-5-134469-9|language=en|chapter=Chapter 4: Environmental, health and socio-economic impacts of soil|doi=10.4060/cb4894en}}</ref> * Iri uzuzu ma ọ bụ ala n'onwe ya * Iri nri ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nri a na-akụ n'ala emetọ ma ọ bụ na nri na-emetụta ihe na-emetọ emetọ * Mmetụta akpụkpọ ahụ na uzuzu ma ọ bụ ala * Mmiri si n'ala * Ịekuru uzuzu mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ n'ala ma ọ bụ ebe ikuku na-efe Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ nnyocha na-eme atụmatụ na pasenti iri itoolu nke ikpughe bụ site na iri nri na-emetọ emetọ.<ref name=":0"/> === Nsonaazụ ya === Mmetụta ahụike sitere na mmetọ ala dịgasị iche iche dabere na ụdị mmetọ, ụzọ mwakpo, na adịghị ike nke ndị a na-ahụ. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-atụ aro na ọgwụ ahụhụ na ọla dị arọ n'ime ala nwere ike imerụ ahụike obi, gụnyere ọzịza na mgbanwe na elekere dị n'ime ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=European Society of Cardiology|date=7 July 2022|title=Now cardiovascular researchers are worried about soil pollution|url=https://yakhte.com/2022/07/11/now-cardiovascular-researchers-are-worried-about-soil-pollution/|work=Yakhte.com}}</ref> Mmetụta na-adịghị ala ala na chromium, ọtụrụ, na ọla ndị ọzọ, mmanụ, solvents, na ọtụtụ ọgwụ ahụhụ na herbicide nwere ike ibute ọrịa cancer, nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ọmụmụ, ma ọ bụ nwere ike ịkpalite ọnọdụ ahụike ndị ọzọ na-adịghị elu. Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma ọ bụ nke mmadụ mepụtara nke ihe ndị na-apụta n'okike, dị ka nitrate na ammonia jikọtara ya na nsị anụ ụlọ site na ọrụ ugbo, achọpụtakwala dị ka ihe ize ndụ ahụike n'ala na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/water/owrcCatalog.nsf/065ca07e299b464685256ce50075c11a/383316fae0e9065285256cfd0048e1d2!OpenDocument |title=yosemite.epa.gov |access-date=2023-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701183219/https://yosemite.epa.gov/water/owrcCatalog.nsf/065ca07e299b464685256ce50075c11a/383316fae0e9065285256cfd0048e1d2!OpenDocument |archive-date=2016-07-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A maara na ikpughe benzene na-adịghị ala ala na oke zuru oke nwere njikọ na oke leukemia. A maara Mercury na cyclodienes ka ha na-akpata ihe dị elu nke mmebi akụrụ na ụfọdụ ọrịa ndị a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. PCBs na cyclodienes nwere njikọ na nsị imeju. Organophosphates na carbonates nwere ike ịkpata usoro mmeghachi omume na-eduga na mgbochi neuromuscular. Ọtụtụ solvents chlorinated na-akpata mgbanwe imeju, mgbanwe akụrụ, na ịda mbà nke usoro akwara etiti. E nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta ahụike ndị ọzọ dị ka isi ọwụwa, agbọ onunu, ike ọgwụgwụ, iwe anya na akpụkpọ ahụ maka ihe ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu na kemịkal ndị ọzọ. Na dosages zuru oke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mmetọ ala nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ site na ikpughe site na mmetụ aka, iku ume ma ọ bụ iri ihe mmetọ na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke mmeto site na ala. Gọọmentị Scotland enyewo ụlọ ọrụ Institute of Occupational Medicine ọrụ ka ha nyochaa usoro iji nyochaa ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike mmadụ site na ala emetọ. Ebumnuche zuru oke nke ọrụ a bụ ịrụ ọrụ nduzi nke kwesịrị [[Iba|ịba]] uru nye ndị isi obodo Scotland n'ịtụle ma saịtị na-anọchite anya nnukwu ohere nke nnukwu mmerụ ahụ (SPOSH) na ahụike mmadụ. A na-atụ anya na mmepụta nke ọrụ ahụ ga-abụ akwụkwọ dị mkpirikpi na-enye nduzi dị elu na nyocha ihe ize ndụ ahụike na-ezo aka na nduzi na usoro ndị e bipụtara ugbu a nke a chọpụtara dị ka ndị dị mkpa ma na-enyere aka. Ọrụ ahụ ga-enyocha etu e si mepụta ntuziaka iwu maka ikpebi nnabata nke ihe ize ndụ na ahụike mmadụ ma tụọ aro ụzọ iji nyochaa ihe mejupụtara ihe ize ndụ a na-anabataghị na-agbaso ụkpụrụ maka SPOSH dịka akọwapụtara na iwu na Ntuziaka Iwu Scotland. == Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Sanitation_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Mmiri na ihe mkpofu na-emetọ mpaghara a na-eme ka gburugburu ebe obibi ghara ịdị ọcha]] Ọ bụghị na mberede, mmetọ ala nwere ike inwe nnukwu ihe na-emerụ ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>Michael Hogan, Leda Patmore, Gary Latshaw and Harry Seidman ''[[Computer model|Computer modelng]] of pesticide transport in soil for five instrumented watersheds'', prepared for the U.S. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] Southeast Water laboratory, Athens, Ga. by ESL Inc., Sunnyvale, California (1973)</ref> Enwere mgbanwe kemịkalụ ala siri ike nke nwere ike ịpụta site na ọnụnọ nke ọtụtụ kemịkal dị ize ndụ ọbụna na obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị mmetọ. Mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike igosi na mgbanwe nke metabolism nke microorganisms na [[Arthropod|arthropods]] bi na gburugburu ala enyere. Nsonaazụ ya nwere ike ịbụ mkpochapụ nke ụfọdụ n'ime usoro nri bụ isi, nke n'aka nke ya nwere ike inwe nnukwu nsonaazụ maka anụ na-eri anụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ndị na-eri. Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na mmetụta kemikalu na ụdị ndụ dị ala dị obere, ọkwa pyramid dị ala nke usoro nri nwere ike iri kemịkal ndị ọzọ, nke na-abụkarị ihe na-elekwasị anya maka ọkwa ọ bụla na-eri nri. A maara ọtụtụ n'ime mmetụta ndị a nke ọma ugbu a, dị ka njupụta nke ihe DDT na-adịgide adịgide maka ndị na-azụ nnụnụ, na-eduga n'ike ọgwụgwụ nke mkpokoro àkwá, mmụba ọnwụ ụmụ ọkụkọ na njedebe nke ụdị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jayaraj|first=Ravindran|date=December 2016|title=Organochlorine pesticides, their toxic effects on living organisms and their fate in the environment|journal=Interdisciplinary Toxicology|volume=9|issue=3–4|pages=90–100|doi=10.1515/intox-2016-0012|issn=1337-6853|pmid=28652852}}</ref> Mmetụta na-eme na ala ugbo nke nwere ụdị mmetọ ala ụfọdụ. Ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na-agbanwekarị metabolism nke osisi, na-akpatakarị mbelata nke ihe ọkụkụ. Nke a nwere mmetụta nke abụọ na nchekwa ala, ebe ọ bụ na ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị ike enweghị ike ichebe ala ụwa pụọ na mbuze. Ụfọdụ n'ime kemikalu ndị a na-emetọ ihe nwere ogologo oge ọkara ndụ na n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, a na-emepụta kemikalu sitere na mbibi nke mmetọ ala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The chemical nature and properties of soil contaminants|url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb4894en/online/src/html/chapter-02-2.html|accessdate=2022-07-10|year=2021|doi=10.4060/cb4894en|isbn=978-92-5-134469-9|language=en}}</ref> === Mmetụta ndị nwere ike ime site na mmetọ na ọrụ ala === Mmetụta dị arọ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetọ ala nwere ike imetụta ọrụ, ihe mejupụtara ụdị na ọtụtụ nke akpọrọ microorganisms nke ala, si otú ahụ na-eyi ọrụ ala egwu dị ka cycling nke carbon na nitrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rijk|first=Ingrid J. C.|date=April 2020|title=Carbon and nitrogen cycling in a lead polluted grassland evaluated using stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and microbial, plant and soil parameters|journal=Plant and Soil|language=en|volume=449|issue=1–2|pages=249–266|doi=10.1007/s11104-020-04467-7|issn=0032-079X}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mmetọ ala nwekwara ike ịghọ obere bioavailable site n'oge, na microorganisms na ecosystems nwere ike ime mgbanwe na ọnọdụ gbanwere. Ihe onwunwe ala dị ka pH, ihe dị n'ime ala na ọdịdị dị ezigbo mkpa ma gbanwee njem, bioavailability na nsị nke mmetọ n'ala emetọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/801654870|title=Heavy metals in soils|date=2012|publisher=Springer|others=B. J. Alloway|isbn=978-94-007-4470-7|edition=3rd|location=Dordrecht|oclc=801654870}}</ref> Otu ihe mmetọ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egbu egbu n'otu ala mana ọ dịghị emerụ ahụ n'ala ọzọ. Nke a na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị nyocha na usoro ihe ize ndụ nke ala. == Nhọrọ nhicha == Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na-enyocha nhicha ma ọ bụ mgbazi gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ndị na-eji nyocha nke kemikalu ala ma na-etinye ụdị kọmputa (GIS na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi) maka nyochaa njem na ọdịnihu nke kemịl ala.<ref>S.K. Gupta, C.T. Kincaid, P.R. Mayer, C.A. Newbill and C.R. Cole, "A multidimensional finite element code for the analysis of coupled fluid, energy and solute transport", [[Battelle Memorial Institute|Battelle]] Pacific Northwest Laboratory PNL-2939, EPA contract 68-03-3116 (1982)</ref> E mepụtara teknụzụ dị iche iche maka idozi ala na ala na-emetọ mmanụ. E nwere ọtụtụ atụmatụ isi maka idozi:<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Agarwal|first=A.|year=2015|title=Remediation technologies for oil-contaminated sediments|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=101|issue=2|pages=483–490|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.010|pmid=26414316}}</ref> * Gwuo ala ma buru ya gaa n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa site na ụzọ dị njikere maka mmekọrịta mmadụ ma ọ bụ nke dị nro. Usoro a na-emetụtakwa ịdọrọ apịtị nwere nsí. * Mmiri nke ala n'ebe emetọ (nke nwere ihe ize ndụ nke ịmepụta [[mmetọ ikuku]]) * Mgbanwe okpomọkụ site na iwebata okpomọkụ iji bulie okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru ala nke ọma iji mee ka mmetọ kemịkal na-apụ n'ime ala maka iwepụta ikuku. Nkà na ụzụ gụnyere ISTD, ọkụ eletrik (ERH), na ET-DSP. * Bioremediation, nke na-agụnye mgbari nke ụfọdụ kemịkalụ. Usoro eji eme ihe na bioremediation gụnyere ọrụ ugbo ala, biostimulation na bioaugmentating soil biota na microflora dị na ahịa. * Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ma ọ bụ ikuku ala na usoro eletromechanical na-arụ ọrụ, na-ewepụ ihe na-emetọ ihe site na ihe a na-ewepụta. * Njide nke mmetọ ala (dị ka site na ikpuchi ma ọ bụ paving n'ebe). * Phytoremediation, ma ọ bụ iji osisi (dị ka willow) wepụta ọla dị arọ. * Mycoremediation, ma ọ bụ iji fungus mee ka ihe na-emetọ ihe ma na-akwakọta ọla dị arọ. * Mgbanwe nke mmanụ na-emetọ site na microbubbles ikuku na-emebi onwe ya.<ref>A. Agarwal, Y. Zhou, Y. Liu (2016) Remediation of oil contaminated sand with self-collapsing air microbubbles. Environmental Science and Pollution Research DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7601-5</ref> * Mmiri na-agbapụta n'elu mmiri * Interfacial solar evaporation iji wepụta ion metal dị arọ site na ala mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wu|first=Pan|date=2021-09-05|title=Interfacial solar evaporation driven lead removal from a contaminated soil|journal=EcoMat|volume=3|issue=5|doi=10.1002/eom2.12140|issn=2567-3173}}</ref> == Site na mba == Ụkpụrụ mba dị iche iche maka njupụta nke ụfọdụ mmetọ gụnyere ndị akpọrọ United States EPA Region itoolu Preliminary Remediation Goals (U.S. PRGs), US EPA Region 3 Risk Based Concentrations (U.s. EPA RBCs) na National Environment Protection Council of [[Ostraliya|Australia]] Guideline on Investigation Levels in Soil and Groundwater. === [[China|People's Republic of China]] === Uto dị ukwuu na nke na-aga n'ihu nke [[China|People's Republic of China]] kemgbe afọ 1970 emeela ka ọnụahịa ala ahụ dị na mmụba nke mmetọ ala. Ministri nke Ecology na Environment kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe iyi egwu nye gburugburu ebe obibi, nchekwa nri na ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide. Dabere na nnwale sayensị, nde otu narị na iri ise mu (otu nde narị skwer kilomita) nke ala a na-akọ ugbo na China emetọla, na-eji mmiri emetọ emetọ eme ihe iji gbaa mmiri ọzọ iri atọ na abụọ pom ise nde mu (nde abụọ na otu narị isii na iri ase skwer kilomita) na nde mu abụọ ọzọ (otu nde narị atọ Skwer kilomita) kpuchiri ma ọ bụ mebie ya site na ihe mkpofu siri ike. N'ozuzu, mpaghara ahụ bụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ala a na-akọ ugbo na China, ọ dịkwa n'ógbè ndị mepere emepe. A na-eme atụmatụ na nde tọn iri na abụọ nke ọka na-emetọ site na ọla dị arọ kwa afọ, na-akpata mfu nke ijeri yuan iri abụọ ($ 2.57 ijeri USD).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/724-Facing-up-to-invisible-pollution- |title=Facing up to "invisible pollution" |accessdate=2023-05-29 |archivedate=2019-06-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626093321/https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/724-Facing-up-to-invisible-pollution- }}</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na pasenti iri na itoolu nke ala ugbo emetọla nke nwere ọla dị arọ na metalloids. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọla ndị a dị arọ n'ime ala amụbaala nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhao|first=Fang-Jie|date=2015-01-20|title=Soil Contamination in China: Current Status and Mitigation Strategies|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es5047099|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|language=en|volume=49|issue=2|pages=750–759|doi=10.1021/es5047099|pmid=25514502|issn=0013-936X}}</ref> === Njikọ Europe === Dabere na data natara site na mba ndị otu, na European Union ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ebe ndị a na-eme atụmatụ na ha nwere ike imerụ ahụ karịrị nde abụọ pom ise na ebe ndị a chọpụtara na ha emetụla ihe dị ka puku narị ato iri anọ na abụọ.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|author=Panagos|first=Panos|date=2013|title=Contaminated Sites in Europe: Review of the Current Situation Based on Data Collected through a European Network|journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health|language=en|volume=2013|pages=158764|doi=10.1155/2013/158764|pmid=23843802|issn=1687-9805}}</ref> Ihe mkpofu obodo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-enye aka na mmetọ ala (pasenti iri atọ na asatọ), na-esote ụlọ ọrụ mmepe / azụmahịa (pasenti iri ato na anọ ). Mmanụ ala na ọla dị arọ bụ isi ihe na-emetọ ihe na-enye aka na pasenti iri isii na mmetọ ala. N'ihe gbasara mmefu ego, a na-eme atụmatụ na njikwa nke ebe ndị emetọ ga-efu ihe dị ka ijeri Euro isii (€) kwa afọ.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> === [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] === Ntuziaka n'ozuzu nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] bụ Ala Guideline Values nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Nri na Mmekọrịta Ime Obodo (DEFRA) na Ngalaba Na'Oké Ala bipụtara. Ndị a bụ ụkpụrụ nyocha nke na-egosi ọkwa dị ala nke ihe. N'elu nke a, enweghị ike ịnwe mmesi obi ike n'ihe gbasara nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke mmerụ ahụ mmadụ. A na-enweta ihe ndị a site na iji Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment Model (CLEA UK). A na-enye ụfọdụ ntinye ntinye dị ka Health Criteria Values, afọ na ojiji ala na CLEA UK iji nweta mmepụta nwere ike [citation needed]. Ntuziaka site na ndị akpọrọ Inter Departmental Committee for the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land (ICRCL) ka DEFRA wepụrụ, maka iji ya dị ka akwụkwọ na-enye iwu iji chọpụta mkpa ọ dị imezi ma ọ bụ nyocha ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.contaminatedland.co.uk/std-guid/icrcl-l.htm|title=www.ContaminatedLAND.co.uk - ICRCL 59/83 Trigger Concentrations|accessdate=2016-05-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009165821/http://www.contaminatedland.co.uk/std-guid/icrcl-l.htm|archivedate=2016-10-09}}</ref> Ihe nlereanya CLEA nke DEFRA na Environment Agency (EA) bipụtara n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2002 setịpụrụ usoro maka nyocha kwesịrị ekwesị nke ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike mmadụ site na ala emetọ, dị ka akụkụ IIA nke Iwu Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi 1990 chọrọ. Dị ka akụkụ nke usoro a, e mepụtara ụkpụrụ nduzi ala (SGVs) ugbu a maka mmetọ iri iji mee ihe dị ka "ụkpụrụ ntinye aka".<ref>{{Cite web|title=What are "Soil Guideline Values" and which should I use?|url=https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/soil-horizons/soil-horizons-articles/soil-guideline-values/|accessdate=2022-07-10|work=Manaaki Whenua|language=en-US}}</ref> A gaghị ele ụkpụrụ ndị a anya dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ mana ụkpụrụ ndị dị n'elu nke a ga-atụle nyocha zuru ezu; lee ụkpụrụ Dutch. E mepụtara usoro atọ nke CLEA SGVs maka iji ala eme ihe atọ dị iche iche, ya bụ, * ebe obibi (na-enweghị osisi) * nkewa * azụmahịa / ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe Ebumnuche ya bụ na SGVs ga-anọchi ụkpụrụ ICRCL mbụ. CLEA SGVs na-emetụta ịtụle ihe ize ndụ na-adịghị ala ala (ogologo oge) na ahụike mmadụ ma ọ naghị emetụta nchebe nke ndị ọrụ ala n'oge owuwu, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịnata dịka mmiri n'okpuru ala, ụlọ, osisi ma ọ bụ usoro okike ndị ọzọ. CLEA SGVs anaghị arụ ọrụ kpọmkwem na saịtị kpuchiri kpamkpam na ihe siri ike, ebe ọ bụ na enweghị ụzọ mmeghe kpọmkwem na ala emetọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LCRM: Stage 1 risk assessment|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/land-contamination-risk-management-lcrm/lcrm-stage-1-risk-assessment|accessdate=2022-07-10|work=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e bipụtara iri mbụ n'ime iri ise na ise na-emetọ SGVs, maka ihe ndị a: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, inorganic mercury, nickel, selenium ethyl benzene, phenol na toluene. E mepụtara atụmatụ SGVs maka benzene, naphthalene na xylene mana mbipụta ha na-echere. E bipụtara data toxicological (Tox) maka nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a nakwa maka benzo[a]pyrene, benzene, dioxins, furans na PCBs dị ka dioxin, naphthalene, vinyl chloride, 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane na 1,1,1,2 tetrachloethane, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, tetrachlene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethene, trichloroene na xylene. SGVs maka ethyl benzene, phenol na toluene na-adabere na ihe dị n'ime ala (SOM) (nke enwere ike ịgbakọ site na ngụkọta carbon (TOC) ọdịnaya). Dị ka ihuenyo mbụ, a na-ewere SGVs maka 1% SOM dị ka kwesịrị ekwesị. [citation needed] === [[Kánada|Canada]] === Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2021, e nwere ngụkọta nke ebe nde abụọ narị ise na ebe ndị e metọrọ emetọ na [[Kánada|Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=contenu|first=English name of the content author / Nom en anglais de l'auteur du|date=1994-01-01|title=English title / Titre en anglais|url=https://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/fcsi-rscf/cen-eng.aspx?dataset=prov&sort=name|accessdate=2021-02-19|work=www.tbs-sct.gc.ca}}</ref> Otu ebe a na-emetọ emetọ dị nso na ebe a na'ebe a na-agbaze nickel-copper na Sudbury, Ontario. Nnyocha na-enyocha mmetọ ígwè dị arọ n'akụkụ ebe a na-agbaze ihe na-ekpughe na a chọtara ọkwa dị elu nke nickel na ọla kọpa n'ime ala; uru dị elu dị ka nde ise otu narị na anọ ppm,Ni, na nde abụọ narị asatọ iri itoolu na abụọ ppm Cu n'ime kilomita otu pom otu nke ebe a na na-agbapụta ihe. A chọpụtakwara ọla ndị ọzọ n'ime ala; ọla ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere ígwè, cobalt, na ọlaọcha. Ọzọkwa, mgbe a na-enyocha ahịhịa dị iche iche gbara ebe a na-agbaze ihe, o doro anya na ha metụtakwara ya; nsonaazụ na-egosi na osisi ndị ahụ nwere nickel, ọla kọpa na aluminum n'ihi mmetọ ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hutchinson|first=T. C.|date=1974|title=Heavy-metal Pollution in the Sudbury Mining and Smelting Region of Canada, I. Soil and Vegetation Contamination by Nickel, Copper, and Other Metals|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environmental-conservation/article/abs/heavymetal-pollution-in-the-sudbury-mining-and-smelting-region-of-canada-i-soil-and-vegetation-contamination-by-nickel-copper-and-other-metals/F2AB075780381015B120FC8D63DCE353|journal=Environmental Conservation|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=123–132|doi=10.1017/S0376892900004240|issn=1469-4387}}</ref> === [[Ndia|India]] === N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2009, mbipụta nke nsị uranium na Punjab dọtara mgbasa ozi. A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ntụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na-efe efe kpatara ya, nke a kọrọ na ọ na-eduga na nkwarụ ọmụmụ siri ike n'ime ụmụaka na mpaghara Faridkot na Bhatinda nke Punjab. Akụkọ akụkọ kwuru na ọkwa uranium karịrị okpukpu iri isii karịa oke nchekwa.<ref name="fa">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Uranium-deforms-kids-in-Faridkot/articleshow/4347313.cms|title=Uranium deforms kids in Faridkot|date=2 April 2009|work=The Times of India|first=Priya|author=Yadav}}</ref><ref name="bc">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7979022.stm|title=Punjab disability 'uranium link'|date=2 April 2009|publisher=BBC News|first=Asit|author=Jolly}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, Gọọmentị India kwupụtara na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na Malwa belt nke Punjab nwere uranium metal nke dị 50% karịa ókè nke United Nations 'World Health Organization (WHO) setịpụrụ.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=85937 Uranium in Ground Water] Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India (2012)</ref> Nnyocha sayensị, dabere na ihe karịrị otu nde nlereanya site na ebe nnwale dị iche iche, enweghị ike ịchọpụta isi iyi na-efe efe na isi iyi ọ bụla sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị ka ebubo mbụ. Nnyocha ahụ kpughekwara na uranium dị n'ime mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke mpaghara Malwa abụghị okpukpu 60 nke oke WHO, mana naanị pasenti iri ise karịa oke ndị akpọrọ WHO na ebe atọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu a chọtara na nlereanya dị ala karịa ndị a chọtara n'ụzọ okike na mmiri ala nke a na-eji eme ihe ugbu a maka ebumnuche mmadụ n'ebe ndị ọzọ, dị ka [[Finland]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140228040735/http://dae.nic.in/writereaddata/lsus3346.pdf Atomic Energy Report – Malwa Punjab Uranium Q&A] Lok Sabha, Government of India (2012)</ref> A na-eme nnyocha iji chọpụta ihe okike ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ maka uranium. == Hụkwa ==   == Ndemsibia == <references responsive="0"></references> * Panagos, P., Van Liedekerke, M., Yigini, Y., Montanarella, L. (2013) [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jeph/2013/158764/ Ebe ndị] merụrụ ahụ na Europe: Nyocha nke Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a dabere na Data anakọtara site na European Network. Journal of Environmental and Public Health In Press. doi:10.1155/2013/158764 == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200812102235/http://www.eugris.info/ Portal maka njikwa ala na mmiri na Europe] Ntinye ozi onwe onye nke European Commission kwadoro maka isiokwu metụtara ala na mmiri, gụnyere ala emetọ, ala na njikwa mmiri. * [http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/library/themes/contamination/ European Soil Portal]: Mmetụta ala Na ọkwa EU, nsogbu nke ebe ndị emetọ (mmetọ mpaghara) na ala emetọ (mmetọ diffuse) ka: European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC) tụlere. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190626093321/https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/724-Facing-up-to-invisible-pollution- Isiokwu banyere mmetọ ala na China] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190407163616/http://www.hydrology.nl/iahpublications/70-arsenic-in-groundwater.html Arsenic na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala] Akwụkwọ banyere arsenic na ማይ dị n'ime ala site na IAH's Netherlands Chapter na Netherlands Hydrological Society 0bag1spzb3378itra7mys7jjozvmwfk 0 26950 728036 725273 2026-09-25T23:53:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728036 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Mechanical Lloyd | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Type | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[Public limited company]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">[[Ticker symbol|Traded as]]</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[Ghana Stock Exchange|GSE]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230925165815/https://gse.com.gh/listed-companies/ MLC] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Industry | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[Automotive industry]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Founded | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |August&nbsp;7, 1970<span class="noprint">&#x3B;&#x20;52 years ago</span><span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1970-08-07</span>)</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Headquarters | class="infobox-data adr" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |<div class="locality" style="display: inline;">Mechanical Lloyd,<br /><br /><br /><br /> No. 2 Adjuma Crescent,<br /><br /><br /><br /> Ring Road West,<br /><br /><br /><br /> South Industrial Area,<br /><br /><br /><br /> [[Accra]], [[Greater Accra Region|Greater Accra]], [[Ghana]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div> | class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |Charles Bartels Zwennes<br /><br /><br /><br /> [[Chairman]]<br /><br /><br /><br /> Terence Ronald Darko<br /><br /><br /><br /> [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Products | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[Automobiles]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Website | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20210921083021/http://mechanical-lloyd.com/ www.mechanical-lloyd.com] |} '''Mechanical Lloyd Company Limited''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị na Accra nke na-ere ụgbọala na ngwá ọrụ ugbo na ọrụ.<ref name="reuters">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-profile/MLC.GH|title=Mechanical Lloyd Company Ltd (MLC.GH)|publisher=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004734/https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-profile/MLC.GH|archive-date=5 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Edepụtara ha na ndepụta ngwaahịa nke Ghana Stock Exchange, GSE All-Share Index. Ewebara Mechanical Lloyd na 7 Ọgọst 1970 wee depụta ya na mgbanwe ngwaahịa na 10 Mee 1994..<ref name="gse">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gse.com.gh/listedir/detail.asp?symbol=MLC|title=Mechanical Lloyd Company Limited|publisher=Ghana Stock Exchange|accessdate=25 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328105120/http://www.gse.com.gh/listedir/detail.asp?symbol=MLC|archivedate=28 March 2008}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ngalaba ahịa ụgbọ ala atọ, na-ekpuchi ụgbọala Ford, BMW, na Massey Ferguson, na ngalaba ọrụ nke anọ.<ref name="reuters"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210921083021/http://mechanical-lloyd.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Mechanical Lloyd] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917113248/http://www.bmw-ghana.com/bmw_gh/en/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ BMW-Ghana] * [http://www.alacrastore.com/company-snapshot/Mechanical_LLoyd_Company_Ltd-3813587 Mechanical Lloyd na Alacrastore] 7c63yhtfxnj27nxw7cm2iozxqmgs9yw 0 27432 727929 722087 2026-09-25T13:24:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Chief '''Sunday Adeniyi Adegeye''' MFR (amụrụ na 22 Septemba 1946), nke a maara dịka '''Eze Sunny Adé''', bụ onye na-agụ egwu jùjú na Naijiria, onye na-ede egwu na [[Tribal chief|onye]] na-akpọ ọtụtụ ngwá egwu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/king-sunny-ade-juju-legend-launches-radio-station-photos/h111tme|title=King Sunny Ade: Juju legend launches radio station|publisher=Pulse News|accessdate=3 November 2019|archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316100912/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/king-sunny-ade-juju-legend-launches-radio-station-photos/h111tme|url-status=dead}}</ref> A na-ewere ya ka otu n'ime ndị egwu egwu pop mbụ nke Afrịka iji nweta ihe ịga nke ọma n'ụwa niile, a na-akpọkwa ya otu n'etiti ndị egwu kachasị emetụta oge niile. Sunny Adé guzobere òtù nkwado nke ya na 1967, nke a mechara mara dị ka African Beats.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-23|title=Remembering Sunny Ade's feats as he clocks 74 {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/music/416427-remembering-sunny-ades-feats-as-he-clocks-74.html|accessdate=2022-03-14|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mgbe o nwetasịrị ihe ịga nke ọma mba na Naịjirịa n'oge afọ 1970 ma guzobe akara nke onwe ya, Sunny Adé bịanyere aka na Island Records na 1982 wee nweta ihe ịga nke mbụ na mba ụwa na albums Juju Music (1982) na Synchro System (1983); nke ikpeazụ mere ka ọ nweta nhọpụta Grammy, nke mbụ maka onye na-ese ihe na [[Naijiria|Naịjaria]]. Abọm ya nke afọ 1998 bụ ''Odu'' nwetakwara nhọpụta Grammy. Sunny Adé na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onyeisi oche nke Musical Copyright Society of Nigeria. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Sunny Adé na [[Osogbo]] n'ezinụlọ eze Naijiria si Ondo na Akure, si otú a mee ka ọ bụrụ Omoba nke [[Ndi Yoruba|ndị Yoruba]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Virginia Gorlinski|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/5566/King-Sunny-Ade|title=King Sunny Adé (Nigerian musician) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia|publisher=Britannica.com|date=1 September 1946|accessdate=3 April 2012}}</ref> Nna ya bụ onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na chọọchị, ebe nne ya, Maria Adegeye (née Adesida), bụ onye na'azụ ahịa. Dị ka onye so n'ezinụlọ Adesida, ndị ikwu nne ya gụnyere nna ya Oba Adesida I (onye chịrị Akure ruo afọ 60) ma mesịa gụnye nwa nwanne ya na nwa nwanne Adé, Oba Adebiyi Adegboye Adesida Afunbiowo nke Abụọ, onye jere ozi dị ka eze [[Akure]]. == ToỌrụ == Sunny Adé hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ grammar na Ondo City n'okpuru nkwupụta nke ịga [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]]. Ọ bụ ya mere na Lagos ka ọrụ egwu ya malitere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tosin|first=Ogunleye|date=2023-02-14|title=Top 10 Nigerian Musicians With The Highest Number Of Grammy Nominations|url=https://www.insideoau.com/2023/02/14/top-10-nigerian-musicians-with-the-highest-number-of-grammy-nominations/|accessdate=2023-02-17|work=Inside OAU Media|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-02-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214121955/https://www.insideoau.com/2023/02/14/top-10-nigerian-musicians-with-the-highest-number-of-grammy-nominations/}}</ref> Ụda egwu Sunny Adé agbanweela site na mmalite. Ọrụ ya malitere na Moses Olaiya's Federal Rhythm Dandies, otu egwu dị elu. Ọ hapụrụ iji guzobe otu egwu ọhụrụ, The Green Spots, n'afọ 1967. Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, n'ihi ihe dị iche iche sitere na mgbanwe na egwu ya na nchegbu azụmahịa, [[African Beats|ndị]] otu Sunny Adé gbanwere aha ya ọtụtụ ugboro, nke mbụ na African Beats na Golden Mercury. Eze Sunny Ade nwere mmetụta sie n'aka onye ọsụ ụzọ Juju Tunde Nightingale ma gbaziri ihe ejiji site na ụdị juju ya 'So wa mbe'. O guzobere King Sunny Ade Foundation, otu nzukọ nke gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ nka, ụlọ ndekọ ọkaibe, na ụlọ maka ndị na-eto eto na-eti egwu. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi nleta na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]], Ile-Ife na onye natara Order of the Federal Republic. Ọ bụ [[Ndị Naijiria|onye Naijiria]] mbụ a họpụtara maka Grammys<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tosin|first=Ogunleye|date=2023-02-14|title=Top 10 Nigerian Musicians With The Highest Number Of Grammy Nominations|url=https://www.insideoau.com/2023/02/14/top-10-nigerian-musicians-with-the-highest-number-of-grammy-nominations/|accessdate=2023-02-17|work=Inside OAU Media|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-02-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214121955/https://www.insideoau.com/2023/02/14/top-10-nigerian-musicians-with-the-highest-number-of-grammy-nominations/}}</ref> == Egwuregwu n'elu ikpo okwu == Mgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri nke ihe ịga nke ọma na obodo ya [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] gasịrị, Sunny Adé natara otuto dị ukwuu na Europe na North America na 1982.<ref name="Robbins">{{Cite book|title=The New Trouser Press Record Guide|edition=3rd|editor=Robbins|author=Sheridan, David|year=1989|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Collier/Macmillan]]|location=New York|isbn=0-02-036370-2|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780020363705/page/4}}</ref><ref name="RSEncyc">{{Cite book|title=The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll|editor=George-Warren|year=2001|publisher=Rolling Stone Press|location=New York|isbn=9780743220552|pages=6–7|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/king-sunny-ade/biography|accessdate=23 November 2013}}</ref> Ntọhapụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke Juju Music na njem ya na-eso ya bụ "ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ndị nkatọ (ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ndị na-azụ ahịa) nabatara n'ebe niile".<ref name="Robbins" /> A kọwara Sunny Adé na ''The New York Times'' dị ka "otu n'ime ndị isi egwu dị egwu n'ụwa", na Record dị ka "mpu ikuku dị ọcha, ịma jijiji dị mma anyị ga-enwe maka oge ụfọdụ na-abịa" na Trouser Press dị ka "onye n'ime ''ihe'' egwu kachasị mma na nke dị mkpa n'ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa".<ref>{{Cite news|title=MUSIC: King Sunny Ade and his band, from Nigeria|author=Pareles, Jon|authorlink=Jon Pareles|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 May 1987|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE5D61530F936A25756C0A961948260|accessdate=23 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cohn|first=Stuart|title=King Sunny's Healing Juju|journal=Record|date=June 1983|volume=2|issue=8}}</ref><ref name="Robbins" /> Ihe ngosi nke Sunny Adé gosipụtara site na egwu kachasị elu, nke gosipụtara site n'ikike ya nke guitar, na ịgba egwu nke ọma. Egwuregwu ndị a na-eme na-adịkarị ogologo karịa awa abụọ ma ọ bụ obere nke ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka kọntaktị na North America na Europe. Abọm ya ọzọ, Syncro System (1983), nwere ihe ịga nke ọma, mere ka a họpụta ya na Grammy Award mbụ ya n'ụdị egwu agbụrụ / ọdịnala, ya mere na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye mbụ Naijiria họpụtara na Grammy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=King Sunny Ade - first Nigerian Grammy Award nominee|url=http://records.com.ng/2017/king-sunny-ade-first-nigerian-grammy-award-nominee/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117072944/http://records.com.ng/2017/king-sunny-ade-first-nigerian-grammy-award-nominee/|archivedate=17 January 2017|work=Records Nigeria|accessdate=16 January 2017}}</ref> N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2017, Eze Sunny Ade kwupụtara na ọ ga-alaghachi n'ọkwa na London n'akụkụ onye na-asọmpi ya Ebenezer Obey maka nlọghachi egwu nke isiokwu ya bụ A Night 2 Remember with the Legends<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_FZokbdo2c|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206034450/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_FZokbdo2c&gl=US&hl=en|archivedate=2020-12-06|title=King Sunny Ade coming to London for A Night 2 Remember with the Legends|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, minista ozi nke Naijiria bụ Lai Mohammed họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya maka mkpọsa "Change Begins With Me".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://looknaija.blogspot.com/2017/03/king-sunny-ade-appointed-change-begins-with-me.html|title=Breaking News Today In Nigeria &#124; Look Naija Blog: King Sunny Ade Appointed As Change Begins With Me Ambassador|work=Looknaija.blogspot.com|accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref> == Njikọ nke ụda == Egwú Sunny Adé bụ, n'etiti ngwá egwú ndị ọzọ, drum na-ekwu okwu - ngwá egwú sitere na mgbọrọgwụ Yoruba ya, guitar na ngwa ya pụrụ iche na egwu jùjú.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/columnists/pressclips/2009/pressclips-25-july-2009.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822123231/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/columnists/pressclips/2009/pressclips-25-july-2009.htm|title='My dad, Juju music star Ayinde Bakare, was murdered, his corpse dumped at Bonny Camp' BY MIKE AWOYINFA ::: Pressclips Column :::|archivedate=22 August 2009}}</ref> Egwú ya dị n'ọdịnala ochie nke ịbụ abụ abụ ("ewi" na Yoruba) na N'ihi ya, egwu Sunny Adé bụ ihe ndekọ nke ọdịnala ndị ya maka ndị ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu. Sunny Adé webatara guitar pedal steel na egwu pop nke Naijiria. O webatara ojiji nke synthesizers, clarinet, vibraphone, tenor guitar n'ime egwu jùjú dị ka dub na wah-wah guitar licks. Sunny Adé kwuru na o jiri ngwá egwú ndị a mee ihe ọ bụghị dị ka mgbalị imepụta ihe ọhụrụ, kama dị ka ihe na-anọchi anya ngwá egwú jùjú ọdịnala nke siri ike ịchọta na / ma ọ bụ na-abaghị uru maka njem. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, agbakwunyere guitar ígwè pedal na repertoire ya dị ka ụda yiri violin Africa.<ref name="1988int">[http://www.furious.com/perfect/kingsunnyade.html King Sunny Adé interview] {{webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090704034105/http://www.furious.com/perfect/kingsunnyade.html |date=2009-07-04 }} by Jason Gross from Perfect Sound Forever site (June 1998)</ref> The pedal steel guitar, for instance, was added to his repertoire as a sound-alike for an [[African violin]].<ref name="1988int"/> Sunny Adé na ndị otu ya mepụtara ụda ya pụrụ iche na [https://web.archive.org/web/20230611154126/https://instrumentalstv.com/king-sunny-ade-ja-fun-mi-instrumental-african-juju-beat/ ngwá ọrụ] ya nke ọ na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka abụ mmeghe n'oge mmemme. A na-eji ụbọ akwara eletrik eme ụda ahụ nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka akụkụ a na-akụ akụ na ịgbà na-ekwu okwu nke na-ada ka abụ ndị Gris na-asụ asịrị. == Ihe ndekọ Agwaetiti == Mgbe ọnwụ [[Bob Marley]] gasịrị, Island Records malitere ịchọ onye ọzọ na-ese ihe n'ụwa nke atọ iji tinye na nkwekọrịta ya, ebe Arista Records ka bịanyere aka na [[Fela Kuti]]. Onye na-emepụta Martin Meissonnier mere ka Chris Blackwell mara King Sunny Adé, nke dugara na ntọhapụ nke Juju Music na 1982. Robert Palmer na-azọrọ na ọ dọtara uche Eze Sunny Adé n'àgwàetiti ahụ, ihe ọmụma ya sitere na ndụ ya na Malta na 60s na-ege ntị na African Radio na Armed Forces Radio.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert Palmer interview 1985 - Swimming against the current|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfI3YFKRjos|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018210745/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfI3YFKRjos|archivedate=2015-10-18|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=21 November 2015}}</ref> Sunny Adé nwetara ọtụtụ ndị na-eso ya na abọm a ma n'oge na-adịghị anya a kpọrọ ya "Bob Marley nke Afrịka". Sunny Adé ekwuola na ọjụjụ ya ịhapụ Island ka ọ tinye aka n'ihe ndị o dere ma mee ka egwu ya bụrụ nke Europe na nke America bụ ihe mere Island ji kpebie ile anya n'ebe ọzọ. == Mmekọrịta == Sunny Ade esorowo ndị isi na-ese ihe dịka Manu Dibango (''Wakafrika'') na Stevie Wonder (onye na-akpọ harmonica na Aura), yana ndị na-ese egwu Naijiria dị ka [[Wasiu Alabi Pasuma]] na Bola Abimbola. Oge dị mkpirikpi nke Sunny Adé na Island Records meghere ọnụ ụzọ maka ndị egwu egwu ụwa ndị ọzọ dị ka Senegalese Youssou N'Dour, Mali's Salif Keita na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. == Ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị == === Nlọghachi 1987 === N'afọ 1987, Sunny Adé laghachiri n'ihe ngosi mba ụwa mgbe Rykodisc wepụtara ndekọ nke egwu egwu ọ mere na [[Seattle]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shanachie.com/|title=Shanachie Entertainment|work=Shanachie.com|accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya, o were onye njikwa America, Andrew Frankel, n'ọrụ, onye kwurịtara nkwekọrịta ndekọ atọ ọzọ na akara ndekọ Mesa (nkewa nke Paradise Group) na America. Otu n'ime abọm ndị a bụ ''Odu'' nke 1988, nchịkọta nke egwu ọdịnala Yoruba, nke a họpụtara ya maka Grammy Award nke abụọ wee si otú a mee ka ọ bụrụ onye Afrịka mbụ a họpụtara ugboro abụọ maka Grammy. Ewezuga ịbụ onye egwu mba ụwa, Sunny Adé bụkwa onye a ma ama n'obodo ya Naijiria, na-elekọta ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, na-emepụta otu na-enweghị uru a na-akpọ King Sunny Ade Foundation, ma na-arụ ọrụ na Musical Copyright Society of Nigeria. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, [[Hip hop music|egwu hip hop]] yiri ka ọ na-ejide mgbasa ozi elektrọnik na Naijiria na nnukwu ikuku. Ka o sina dị, mmepụta egwu Sunny Adé anọgidewo na-akpali nnukwu ọgbọ nke ndị egwu Naijiria ndị ọzọ, ndị kwenyere na nnukwu egwu egwu nke Sunny Adée na onye nwụrụ anwụ [[Fela Kuti]] maara maka ya.<ref>[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/7245.ctl Juju: A Social History and Ethnography of an African Popular Music] by Christopher Alan Waterman (Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology)</ref> Onye na-agụ egwú [[Lagbaja]] bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ egwu nke egwu Sunny Adé kpaliri. N'afọ 2008, a nabatara onyinye ya na egwu ụwa; ka e nyere ya onyinye maka onyinye ya pụtara ìhè na egwu ụwa na International Reggae na World Music Awards nke emere na Apollo Theater na Harlem, New York. === Nlaghachi 2009 === Na mbido njem ọzọ nke United States na Canada, Sunny Adé, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka '''Onye isi oche''' na mba ya, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ na-eleta egwu na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]] na Ile-Ife.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2009/07/12/musical_ambassador_king_sunny_ade_at_mfa_wednesday/|work=The Boston Globe|title=From pioneer to ambassador|first=Siddhartha|author=Mitter|date=12 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102308/http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2009/07/12/musical_ambassador_king_sunny_ade_at_mfa_wednesday/|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=11 June 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị nke otu afọ ahụ, a kpọbatara Eze Sunny Adé n'ime Afrop Hall of Fame, na Brooklyn African Festival na United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://propagandapress.org/2009/07/13/king-sunny-ade-induction-into-afropop-hall-of-fame-july-18-2009/|title=King Sunny Adé induction into Afropop Hall of Fame - July 18 2009|date=28 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728202448/http://propagandapress.org/2009/07/13/king-sunny-ade-induction-into-afropop-hall-of-fame-july-18-2009/|accessdate=12 August 2021|archivedate=28 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/arts/article02//indexn3_html?pdate=150709&ptitle=Afropop%20honours%20King%20Sunny%20Ade&cpdate=293008|title=Archived copy|work=www.ngrguardiannews.com|accessdate=17 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220083152/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/arts/article02//indexn3_html?pdate=150709&ptitle=Afropop%20honours%20King%20Sunny%20Ade&cpdate=293008|archivedate=20 December 2016}}</ref> Ọ raara onyinye ahụ nye [[Michael Jackson]]. == Ọrụ Hollywood == N'afọ 1980, Sunny Adé rụrụ ọrụ ụfọdụ na Hollywood. E gosipụtara egwu ya na ihe nkiri 1983 Breathless, nke Richard Gere na-eme, na ihe nkiri 1986 One More Saturday Night, ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ihe nkiri Robert Altman nke 1987 O.C. na Stiggs. Ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri [[Nollywood]] ole na ole na mbido afọ 2000. == Onyinye == Sunny Adé enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye n'oge ọrụ ya. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2016 ọ ghọrọ onye natara onyinye AFRIMA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsbreak.ng/2016/10/african-stars-to-honour-king-sunny-ade-others-at-afrima/|title=African Stars To Honour King Sunny Ade, Others At AFRIMA|date=20 October 2016|work=Newsbreak.ng|accessdate=10 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029071049/http://www.newsbreak.ng/2016/10/african-stars-to-honour-king-sunny-ade-others-at-afrima/|archivedate=29 October 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2016, a kpọbatara ya n'ụlọ nzukọ Hard Rock Cafe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pulse.ng/events/king-sunny-ade-music-legend-gets-inducted-into-hard-rock-hall-of-fame-id5835721.html|title=Music legend gets inducted into Hard Rock hall of fame|author=Akan|first=Joey|date=1 December 2016|work=Pulse.ng|accessdate=2 December 2016|archivedate=1 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201190812/http://pulse.ng/events/king-sunny-ade-music-legend-gets-inducted-into-hard-rock-hall-of-fame-id5835721.html}}</ref> A nabatara ya na Headies Hall of Fame na The Headies 2020 na Febụwarị 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newswirengr.com/2020/12/04/nominations-list-for-the-14th-headies-award-is-out-check-out-the-complete-nominations-list/|title=King Sunny Ade to be inducted into the Headies Hall of Fame|work=newswirengr.com|date=4 December 2020|accessdate=11 June 2023|archivedate=5 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205121216/https://newswirengr.com/2020/12/04/nominations-list-for-the-14th-headies-award-is-out-check-out-the-complete-nominations-list/}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Afọ |- |''Enweghị ume'' |Eze Sunny Adé (egwú) |1983 |- |''O.C. na Stiggs'' |Eze Sunny Adé (egwú na ọdịdị) |1985 (E mere ya na 1983) |- |''Otu abalị ọzọ na Satọdee'' |Eze Sunny Adé (egwú) |1986 |- |''Iri ise'' |Eze Sunny Adé (egwú na ọdịdị) |2015 |} == Nkọwapụta ==   == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ooq8v3zzy74t4y8siy3kc46xljqlldz 0 27577 728084 116326 2026-09-26T04:42:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Muriel Turner 01.JPG|thumb|Muriel Turner]]   Muriel Winifred Turner, Baroness Turner nke Camden (née Price; 18 Septemba 1927 - 26 February 2018) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye isi otu ndị ọrụ Britain. == Ọrụ == N'agbata 1970 na 1987 Turner bụ onye enyemaka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ASTMS (mgbe emechara nrụpụta, sayensị na ego, Amicus na ugbu a Unite the Union). Site na 1981 ruo 1987 ọ bụ onye otu TUC General Council<ref name="atoz">[https://maryhoneyballmep.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/house-of-lords-women.pdf ''Women in Power: A-Z of Female Members of The House of Lords'']. Retrieved 1 March 2018</ref> E kere ya dị ka Life Peer na 29 Mee 1985 na-ewere aha Baroness Turner nke Camden, nke Camden na Greater London. O nwere mmasị pụrụ iche na ọdịmma ọha na eze na nsogbu ezumike nká, site na 1987 ruo Ọktoba 1996 ọ bụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Front Bench na Ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ na-emegide.<ref name="atoz"/><ref name="parliament1">{{Cite web|author=The Committee Office, House of Commons|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmstnprv/030ii/sp01153.htm|title=House of Commons - Standards and Privileges - First Report|work=Publications.parliament.uk|accessdate=2016-09-10}}</ref> Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke House of Lords n'etiti afọ 2002 na 2008.<ref name="atoz" /><ref name="independent1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/biography/baroness-muriel-turner|title=Baroness Muriel Turner|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=2016-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622075942/http://www.independent.co.uk/biography/baroness-muriel-turner|archive-date=2013-06-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Equal Opportunities Commission 1982-88; Occupational Pensions Board 1977-93; Council Member, Occupational Pension Advisory Service, 1989-2007; na onyeisi oche, Personal Investment Authority Ombudsman Council 1994-97. Ọ bụ onye otu British Parliamentary Committee for Iran Freedom.<ref name="independent1"/> Ọnụnọ ya na Ụlọ ahụ kwụsịrị na 13 June 2017. Ọ nwụrụ ọnwa asatọ ka e mesịrị, ọ dị afọ 90. == Ndụ onwe onye == N'afọ 1955, Muriel Price lụrụ Reginald Thomas Frederick Turner, MC, DFC.<ref name="WW 2018">{{Cite web|title=Turner of Camden|work=[[Who's Who 2018]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.38197|date=1 December 2017}}</ref> Ha enweghị ụmụ ọ bụla mana alụmdi na nwunye ahụ wetara ụmụ abụọ.<ref name="Guardian obit">{{Cite news|author=Langdon|first=Julia|title=Lady Turner of Camden obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/mar/21/lady-turner-of-camden-obituary|accessdate=26 March 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 March 2018|language=en}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ tupu ya, ọ nwụrụ na 1995.<ref name="WW 2018" /> Ọ bụkwa osote onye isi oche nke Humanists UK na onye mmekọ nsọpụrụ nke National Secular Society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.humanism.org.uk/about/people/distinguished-supporters|title=Distinguished supporters of Humanism Richard Norman and Colin Blakemore support H4BW » British Humanist Association|work=Humanism.org.uk|date=2011-04-26|accessdate=2016-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.secularism.org.uk/baronessturnerofcamden.html|title=National Secular Society - Baroness Turner of Camden|work=Secularism.org.uk|accessdate=2016-09-10}}</ref> Na 15 Septemba 2010, Turner, ya na mmadụ 54 ndị ọzọ, bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi e bipụtara na ''The Guardian'', na-ekwupụta mmegide ha megide nleta steeti [[Pope Benedict XVI|Pope Benedict nke Iri na Isii]] na UK.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/15/harsh-judgments-on-pope-religion|title=Letters: Harsh judgments on the pope and religion|work=The Guardian|accessdate=16 September 2010|date=15 September 2010}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> 8scfmrul4r5jyhe7no2nb7hd9n9alxm 0 27958 727949 141033 2026-09-25T15:25:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Lalao Ravalomanana|image=Lalao Ravalomanana.jpg|caption=Ravalomanana in 2017|office=54th [[Mayor of Antananarivo]]|term_start=7 October 2015|term_end=16 January 2020|predecessor=Olga Rasmimanana <br> {{small|(Acting)}}|successor=Naina Andriantsitohaina|office2=[[First Lady of Madagascar]]|term_label2=In role|term_start2=May 6, 2002|term_end2=March 17, 2009|predecessor2=[[Céline Ratsiraka]]|successor2=[[Mialy Rajoelina]]|president2=[[Marc Ravalomanana]]|birth_name=Lalao Harivelo Rakotonirainy|birth_date=May {{Birth year and age|1953}}|birth_place=[[Antananarivo]]|death_date=|death_place=|party=[[Tiako I Madagasikara|I Love Madagascar]]|otherparty=|spouse=[[Marc Ravalomanana]] (1974-Present)|children=Four|alma_mater=|profession=|residence=|nationality={{Flagicon|Madagascar}} Malagasy}}{{Databox}} '''Neny Lalao Rakotonirainy Ravalomanana''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1953) bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Madagascar. Mgbe di ya, Marc Ravalomanana, bụụrụ onye isi ala nke Madagascar site n'afo 2002 ruo afọ 2009, ọ bụ nwunye onye isi ala nke Madagascar. Aha Ravalomanana n'aza mgbe amụrụ ya bụ '''Lalao Harivelo Rakotonirainy''' na Antananarivo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Madagascar : Lalao Ravalomanana, au nom de Marc|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/JA2728p021_01.xml0/|accessdate=14 June 2013|work=Jeune Afrique}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Marc Ravalomanana n'afo1974 na emume e mere na Imerikasinina.<ref name="madagate">{{Cite news|title=Madagascar First ladies : De Justine à Voahangy, en passant par les deux Thérèse|url=http://www.madagate.org/reportages/manifestation/3911-madagascar-first-ladies-de-justine-a-voahangy-en-passant-par-les-deux-therese.html|work=Madagate.com|date=2014-02-14|accessdate=2017-10-15}}</ref> Di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ anọ: Josoa, Tojo, Sarah, na Maika.<ref name="madagate" /> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2013, Lalao Ravalomanana weputara onwe ya ịzọ ọkwa onye isi ala na ntuli aka emere n'afọ 2013, ntuli aka nke enyere di ya iwu ya azọkwala ọkwa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite news|title=LALAO RAVALOMANANA, Née RAKOTONIRAINY - " Moi présidente, lui gèrera Tiko "|url=http://www.lexpressmada.com/lalao-ravalomanana-nee-rakotonirainy-madagascar/44028--moi-presidente-lui-gerera-tiko-.html|accessdate=14 June 2013|work=L' express de Madagascar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Wife of Madagascar's ousted president makes leadership bid|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/us-madagascar-election-idUSBRE93O0W420130425|accessdate=14 June 2013|date=25 April 2013|work=Reuters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180844/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/us-madagascar-election-idUSBRE93O0W420130425|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="reuters">{{Cite news|first=Alain|author=Iloniaina|title=Wife of Madagascar's ousted president makes leadership bid|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-madagascar-election/wife-of-madagascars-ousted-president-makes-leadership-bid-idUSBRE93O0W420130425|work=[[Reuters]]|date=2013-04-25|accessdate=2017-10-15}}</ref> [[South Africa|Egbochikwara Ravalomanana ịzọ ọkwa a maka na ọnọrubeghi ọnwa isii na Madagascar tupu oge ntuli aka eruo, kemgbe ya na di ya si mba South Africa, ebe ha gbara ọsọ ga zoo onwe ha]] lọta. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Top Presidential Candidates Barred From Election in Madagascar|date=18 August 2013|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/19/world/africa/top-presidential-candidates-barred-from-election-in-madagascar.html?_r=0|author=Polgreen|first=Lydia|work=The New York Times|accessdate=23 September 2013}}</ref> Ravalomanana emezie ya ka ọ pụta ìhè na ọ na akwado onye dọkịnta bụrụkwa onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aha ya bu Jean Louis Robinson si na Antananarivo.<ref name="visionary">{{Cite news|title=Mouvance Ravalomanana to Support Visionary Presidential Candidate|date=13 September 2013|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mouvance-ravalomanana-to-support-visionary-presidential-candidate-223599541.html|accessdate=23 September 2013}}</ref> Site n'ọnwa Octoba afọ 2015 ruo Jenụwarị afọ 2020 Lalao Ravalomanana jere ozi dị ka onye isi obodo Antananarivo. == Hụkwa == * Usoro iheomume nke Antananarivo == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] feqpq7td18aoae7yvau003qxvtfljvr 0 28036 727947 722165 2026-09-25T15:23:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727947 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Laila St. Matthew-Daniel (amụrụ na Febụwarị 14, 1953 na Lagos, [[Naijiria|Naijira]]) bụ onye isi nchịkwa, onye na-enye ọzụzụ, ọkà okwu, onye edemede, onye na'ihe gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na onye edemede.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://insidewatchafrica.org/cognitive-distortions-and-stress-laila-st-matthew-daniel/|title=Cognitive Distortions and Stress – Laila St. Matthew-Daniel|work=Inside Watch Africa|date=April 16, 2014|accessdate=July 16, 2016|archive-date=April 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425175037/http://insidewatchafrica.org/cognitive-distortions-and-stress-laila-st-matthew-daniel/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/156293-nigerian-women-protest-boko-haram-killings.html|title=Nigerian women protest Boko Haram killings|work=[[Premium Times]]|author=Ibekwe|first=Nicholas|date=March 6, 2014|accessdate=July 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.guardian.ng/opinion/columnists/matthew-daniel-punishers-enslavers-and-slave-mentality/|title=Matthew-Daniel: Punishers, enslavers and slave mentality|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian News]]|author=Laila St. Matthew-Daniel|date=March 9, 2015|accessdate=July 16, 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke ACTS Generation GBV, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke na-alụso ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na mmetọ ụmụaka ọgụ na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newtelegraphonline.com/st-matthew-daniel-queens-college-told-us-osifala-accused-sex-abuse-5-times/|title=St Matthew Daniel: Queens College Told Us Osifala Has Been Accused Of Sex Abuse 5 Times|work=New Telegraph|author=Ogbuokiri|first=Paul|date=April 10, 2014|accessdate=July 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917002453/http://newtelegraphonline.com/st-matthew-daniel-queens-college-told-us-osifala-accused-sex-abuse-5-times/|archive-date=September 17, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ haziri ngagharị iwe dị iche iche maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na nwa agbọghọ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ogbugbu Buni Yadi nke Febụwarị 2014 na akụkụ nke ndị na-amalite ngagharị iwe mbụ megide ịtọrọ ụmụ akwụkwọ Chibok site na òtù Boko Haram.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/05/bring-back-girls-campaign-went-viral-matthew-daniel/|title=How 'Bring Back Our Girls' campaign went viral— Matthew Daniel|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard News]]|author=Ajumobi|first=Funmi|date=May 11, 2014|accessdate=July 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/04/chibok-girls-mystery-two-years-smell-global-conspiracy-silence-laila-st-matthew-daniels/|title=Chibok Girls' mystery two years after: I smell a global conspiracy of silence — Laila St Matthew Daniels|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard News]]|author=Ajumobi|first=Funmi|date=April 20, 2016|accessdate=July 16, 2016}}</ref> Ọ haziri nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe na ogbako dị iche iche iji nye ụmụ nwanyị ike n'ihe gbasara njide onwe onye, mmata onwe onye, na mmelite onwe onye. == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mkf9el6eit57tyovq46ytnk10mghcaa 0 28072 728096 115309 2026-09-26T05:22:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728096 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Whitecliffs_Sheep.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Atụrụ n'elu ebe a na-azụ anụ]] '''Ịgụ atụrụ''' bụ mmega ahụ nke uche nke a na-eji n'ọdịbendị ụfọdụ n'ime ụmụ gị aka ọbá dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka mmadụ hie ụra. N'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ahụ, onye na-eme ya na-ahụ usoro na-adịghị agwụ agwụ nke atụrụ ọcha na-awụli elu na mgbidi, ka ọ na-agụ ha ka ha na-eme otú ahụ. Echiche ahụ, ma eleghị anya, bụ ime ka ike gwụ mmadụ mgbe ị na-eji ihe dị mfe, na-ekwughachi [[wiktionary:repetitive|ugboro ugboro]], na-eme ka mmadụ dị ndụ ebighị ebi n'ụwa ọhụrụ nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ ndị na-ehi ụra. Ọ bụ ezie na omume a bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu, a naghị ejikarị ya eme ihe dị ka ihe ngwọta maka ehighị ụra nke ọma, ihe nkiri, ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị, na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ na-ezo aka na ya, nke mere na ọ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'echiche ụra nke ọdịbendị a ma ama. Okwu ahụ bụ "ụmụ [[Asụsụ Bekee|atụrụ]] na-agụ" abanyewo n'asụsụ ndị ogbi ozi ọma ahụ n'ebe nile site n'ime ndị kasị dị ndụ ebighị ebi n'ụwa ọhụrụ nke dị n'ala nke dị ndụ ebighị ebi n'ụwa ọhụrụ Bekee dị ka okwu idiomatic maka ehighị ụra nke ọma. Atụrụ n'onwe ha abụrụla ihe jikọrọ ya na ụra, ma ọ bụ enweghị ya. == Ịdị irè == Ịdị irè nke usoro ahụ nwere ike ịdabere na ike uche achọrọ. Nnyocha nke ndị nchọpụta na Mahadum Oxford mere, ọ bụ ezie ọrụ ugbo nke dị n'ala ahụ n'ebe nile site na ụdị nke dị ka Azụmaahịa ka mma na ụdị na olu na ọ naghị etinye anụ ụlọ dị ka ihe a na-ahụ anya, chọpụtara ọhụrụ banyere mmanụ aṅụ achịcha dị ndụ ebighị ebi nke dị ka Azụmaahịa ka Azụmaahịa na ndị na-eche "ụsọ osimiri ma ọ bụ nsụda mmiri" ka a manyere ha iji ike uche mee ihe, ma na-ehi ụra ngwa ngwa, karịa ndị a gwara ka ha "na-adọpụ uche, nchegbu na nchegbu".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/sci_tech/newsid_1780000/1780803.stm|title=Counting sheep keeps you up|date=24 January 2002}}</ref><ref>Harvey, Allison G., and Suzanna Payne. 2002. “The management of unwanted pre-sleep thoughts in insomnia: distraction with imagery versus general distraction.” Behaviour Research and Therapy. 40 (3): 267-277.</ref> Enwere ike inweta ụra site na ọtụtụ ọrụ ọ bụla dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-emefu ike uche. == Mmalite == Enwere ike ịbelata ọnụ nke dị ka onye ọ bụla n'ime anyị si nọrọ anyị nso n'ebe nile site n'ime ụmụ ndị ogbi ike ịchọta ''ihe'' mbụ na-ekwu maka ịgụta atụrụ dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ụra na Illustrations of Political Economy nke Harriet Martineau, site na 1832:<blockquote>"Ọ bụ ihe na-enweghị isi ịhụ otu atụrụ n'otu n'otu na-esote nke na-eme ihe nkiri, onye ọ bụla n'otu ya na-etinye ụkwụ ihu ya na oghere dị na mgbidi, na-ebuli ụkwụ azụ ya n'azụ ya, na-ele anya n'otu ntabi anya site n'elu ugwu, wee banye n'ime olulu mmiri kpọrọ mmadụ dị ndụ ebighị ebi n'ụwa ọhụrụ ezi ntụziaka oriri dị ndụ ebighị ebi n'ụwa olileanya nke dị nkụ, nke e ji ajị anụ kpuchie. Usoro ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ma ọ bụrụ na ubi ahụ nwere ike bụrụ ihe onwunwe nwoke ọzọ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ na-apụ kama ịbanye; mana ncheta nke ebe njem ahụ mere ka onye nwe ala ahụ hie ụra karịa otú unu niile ụmụ ndị ogbi na ụdị nke dị n'ala ahụ n'ebe nile site n'ime ndị kasị dị umeala Àgwà dị ùgwù n'anya dị ndụ ebighị ebi n'ụwa ugboro, mgbe ọ na-eme na njedebe nke usoro nke echiche nchegbu nke mere ka ọ teta. " (p. 355-356)</blockquote>Enwere ike ịchọta ọbụna ihe odide mbụ na ''Don Quixote'' nke Miguel dé Cervantes, site na 1605 (ma e wezụga Cervantes na-anọchi "ụmụ ndị ogbi na ụdị ewu" maka "ụmụ atụrụ nke dị n'ala ahụ n'ebe"): <blockquote>"Ka ofufe gị na-agụnye ewu ndị onye ọkụ azụ na-agafe , n'ihi na ọ bụrụ na mmadụ echefu nke dị ka, akụkọ ahụ ga-agwụ, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ikwu okwu ọzọ banyere ya. " </blockquote>O yikarịrị ka Cervantes gbanwere akụkọ banyere ịhụnanya dị ndụ ebighị ebi nke dị ka Azụmaahịa ka onye ọ bụla n'ime ụmụ ndị ogbi ewu site na akụkọ banyere ịgụọ atụrụ na mmalite narị afọ nke iri na abụọ nke akwụkwọ Spanish Disciplina clericalis. Akụkụ The King and his Story-telller (nkebi nke 12) na-eji echiche nke ịgụta atụrụ n'ụzọ na-atọ ọchị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.purplemotes.net/2013/09/01/origin-counting-sheep-fall-asleep/|title=ancient origin of counting sheep to fall asleep – purple motes}}</ref> Disciplina clericalis na-adabere n'ihe odide sitere n'ụwa Alakụba. Ịgụ atụrụ bụ ma eleghị anya omume a ma ama n'ụwa Alakụba tupu mmalite narị afọ nke iri na abụọ. Ọtụtụ ndị edemede na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu kwuru na a na-eji ịgụta atụrụ iji nyere aka n'ụra; oge nke 1860s-70s yiri ka ọ bụ mgbe ọ ghọrọ okwu a na-ahụkarị, dịka ọmụmaatụ dị ka onye na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ ndị ogbi na na Sabine Baring-Gould's Through flood and flame (1868): "Ọ tụgharịrị dị ka Azụmaahịa na ụdị ihu ya na mgbidi na-agwụ ike, ma gbalịa, ''site'' n'ịgụta dị ka ndị atụrụ na-agafe oghere ahụ n'ebe nile site n'ime, iji mechie anya ya".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZhJAQAAMAAJ&q=%22counting+sheep%22+sleep&pg=PA28|title=The Pedagogue of Widow's Gulch: Or, The Adventures of a Pioneer School Teacher in a Secluded Vale in California, where Married Men Could Not Live, and where Widows Did Not Die|first=John Albert|author=Clippinger|date=December 19, 1876|publisher=R. Young}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aEBAAAAQAAJ&q=%22counting+sheep%22+sleep&pg=PA169|title=Una, Or, The Early Marriage: A Domestic Tale|first=Harriette|author=Bowra|date=December 19, 1872|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUf-qGx1vAwC&q=%22counting+sheep%22+sleep&pg=PA103|title=The Monthly Packet of Evening Readings for Members of the English Church|date=December 19, 1877|publisher=John and Charles Mozley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9cBAAAAQAAJ&q=%22counting+sheep%22+sleep&pg=PA51|title=Through flood and flame [by S.B. Gould].|first=Sabine Baring|author=Gould|date=December 19, 1868}}</ref> Macfarlane, Alexander William dere banyere usoro ahụ na ''Insomnia'' and Its Therapeutics (1891).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9MRAAAAYAAJ&q=%22counting+sheep%22+sleep&pg=RA2-PA69|title=Insomnia and Its Therapeutics|first=Alexander William|author=Macfarlane|date=December 19, 1891|publisher=William Wood}}</ref> == N'omenala a ma ama == Serta, [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|onye America]] na-emepụta matarasị dị ka Azụmaahịa na ụdị nke dị ka, na-eji ihe odide atụrụ na-eme ihe nkiri na mkpọsa nri mgbasa ozi esighi na ozi ya "Counting Sheep", nke ọ malitere na 2000. Ọ bụ Aardman Animations mepụtara mgbasa ozi na ihe odide ahụ. Na Goodnight Mr. Bean, nke iri na atọ nke usoro telivishọn Mr. Beana, onye isi nwere nsogbu ihi ụra. Mgbe usoro ndị ọzọ dara, ọ na-ese foto nke ìgwè atụrụ wee malite ịgụta ha, nke mbụ na mkpịsị aka ya wee, mgbe ọ tụfuru ọnụ ọgụgụ ugboro ole na ole, site n'enyemaka nke onye na-agbakọ. Mgbe ọ hụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ atụrụ (ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị nanị site n'ime ka ọrụ nkụzi na ọmụmụ Ihe Anyị mụtara n'aka dị ka ndị ogbi na ime ihe eziokwu) na ngosipụta nke kalịnda, ọ na-ehi ụra ozugbo. Na ''Shaun the Sheep Championsheeps'', usoro 2012 nke egwuregwu animated shorts, a na-ezo aka na "ụmụ atụrụ na-agụta ọnụ" na ihe omume akpọrọ "Steeplechase". N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi, Shaun na atụrụ ibe ya na-ekere òkè na ihe omume steeplechase. Bitzer nkịtị ọ bụla n'ime anyị si nọrọ na nche megide dị ka Azụmaahịa ka mma na, onye bụ onye na-ekpe ikpe, na atụrụ ndị ọzọ na anụ ụlọ, ndị bụ ndị na-ekiri, niile na-ehi ụra na-ekiri Shaun na atụrụ ndị ahụ ọzọ na-agba ọsọ gburugburu ụzọ ma na-awụli elu n'elu ihe mgbochi.<ref name="Championsheeps">{{Cite web|title=Episodes from Shaun the Sheep Championsheeps – broadcast in 2012|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01kq33s/episodes/2012|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823055727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01kq33s/episodes/2012|archive-date=23 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aha akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị dị otú ahụ n'ebe nile Philip K. Dick, Do ''Androids'' Dream of Electric Sheep?, na-ezo aka na okwu a. == Hụkwa == * Yan Tan Tethera * Atụrụ ojii == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> *  P Martin (2005) na-agụ atụrụ: sayensị na ihe ụtọ nke atụrụ na nrọ, St.Martin's Griffin * [http://www.online-literature.com/view.php/don_quixote/24?term=how%20many%20goats Don Quixote nke Miguel de Cervantes dere: Isi nke XX] [[Òtù:Ura]] [[Òtù:Atụrụ na omenala ewu ewu]] [[Òtù:Ntụgharị uche]] q0i12muo70q70o5vwtxsz18a7xda3kq 0 28076 728067 697849 2026-09-26T02:50:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Hammock_nap_on_patio.jpg|thumb|Nwoke na-ehi ụra n'ime hammock, n'ogige dị na Costa Rica]] Ihi ụra bụ oge ụra dị mkpirikpi, nke a na-ewere n'oge ehihie dị ka ihe na-agbakwunye n'oge '''ụra''' abalị. A na-ejikarị ụra eme ìhè nke ụwa họrọ ndị Enyi gị nọ n'ọrụ njegharị ná ndị na ụdị àlà úkwú dị ndụ ebighị dị ka ndị mmadụ n'ihe dị ka Azụmaahịa ka onye ọ dị ka nzaghachi maka ụra n'oge ụra. Ihi ụra bụ ụdị ụra biphasic ma ọ bụ polyphasic, ebe okwu ikpeazụ na-agụnye ogologo oge ụra na mgbakwunye na otu oge. Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị anọwo na-enyocha uru nke ihi ụra, gụnyere ụra nkeji iri atọ yana oge ụra nke awa 1-2. A nwalere arụmọrụ n'ọtụtụ usoro ọgụgụ isi.<ref name="pmid10607214">{{Cite journal|title=Alertness management: strategic naps in operational settings|journal=Journal of Sleep Research|volume=4|issue=S2|pages=62–66|date=December 1995|pmid=10607214|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00229.x}}</ref> == Uru == Sara Mednick mere nnyocha na-anwale mmetụta nke ụra, caffeine, na placebo. Nsonaazụ dị ndụ ebighị ya gosiri na ụra eme ìhè nke dị n'ala ahụ malite na nke 60-90 nkeji dị irè karịa caffeine na ncheta na nghọta.<ref name="pmid18554731">{{Cite journal|title=Comparing the benefits of caffeine, naps and placebo on verbal, motor and perceptual memory|journal=Behavioural Brain Research|volume=193|issue=1|pages=79–86|date=November 2008|pmid=18554731|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2008.04.028}}</ref> === Ike ụra === Nri ike, nke a makwaara dị ka Nri nke 2 bụ ụra dị mkpirikpi nke nkeji 20 ma ọ bụ obere nke na-akwụsị dị ka ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere n'oge ochie nakwa n'oge kwesịrị dị ndụ ebighị ebi n'ụwa ọhụrụ ezi ntụziaka tupu ụra dị omimi, nke e bu n'obi ime ka Nri ahụ dịghachi ndụ ngwa ngwa. Ebumnuche nke ụra ike bụ iji bulie uru nke ụra karịa oge. A na-eji ya eme ihe iji gbakwunye ụra nkịtị, ọkachasị mgbe onye na-ehi ụra nwere nsogbu ihi ụra. Otú ọ dị, ka ụkọ ụra na-abawanye ụba, otú ahụ ka ụra na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1987-07-01|title=Temporal Placement of a Nap for Alertness: Contributions of Circadian Phase and Prior Wakefulness|journal=Sleep|doi=10.1093/sleep/10.4.313|issn=1550-9109}}</ref> === Ịrahụ ụra maka nsogbụ ụra === E gosipụtara na enwere ike ime ka ụra ehihie (EDS) dịkwuo mma site na idina ụra na narcolepsy.<ref name="Takahashi_2003">{{Cite journal|title=The role of prescribed napping in sleep medicine|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=7|issue=3|pages=227–35|date=June 2003|pmid=12927122|doi=10.1053/smrv.2002.0241}}</ref> Ewezuga narcolepsy, egosighi na ụra bara ụrụ dị ka ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere n'oge ndị gara maka EDS na nsogbu ụra ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Takahashi_2003" /> === Ịmụta Ihe na Ncheta === Nnyocha na-atụ aro na ụra dị mkpirikpi, nke a na-ahụkarị mgbe a gụsịrị akwụkwọ na-enye uru kachasị maka mmụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Naps in school can enhance the duration of declarative memories learned by adolescents|journal=Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience|volume=8|pages=103|date=2014-06-03|pmid=24917794|doi=10.3389/fnsys.2014.00103}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=The Relationship Between Midday Napping And Neurocognitive Function in Early Adolescents|journal=Behavioral Sleep Medicine|volume=17|issue=5|pages=537–551|date=February 2018|pmid=29388804|doi=10.1080/15402002.2018.1425868}}</ref> Uru nke ịdọ aka ná ntị anaghị egosi mgbanwe ọ bụla dabere ná ndị na ụdị àlà nke ụwa họrọ ndị Enyi na ụdị nke dị ka Azụmaahịa na ụdị oge ụra maka ịlụso mmiri ehihie ọgụ, ọbụlagodi maka ụra dị mkpirikpi dị ka nkeji iri.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-lunch nap as a worksite intervention to promote alertness on the job|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ergonomics_2004-07-15_47_9/page/1003|journal=Ergonomics|volume=47|issue=9|pages=1003–1013|date=July 2004|pmid=15204275|doi=10.1080/00140130410001686320}}</ref> Napping na-eme ka ndị okenye na-eto eto na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma dị ka ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere n'oge ochie ọbá Akwụkwọ Anyị mụtara n'aka ndị na ụdị àlà úkwú dị ndụ ebighị dị n'ala nwee nchebe n'oge ihe ngosi nke ehihie, nke na-emetụta arụmọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Brief naps during post-lunch rest: effects on alertness, performance, and autonomic balance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-applied-physiology_1998-07_78_2/page/93|journal=European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology|volume=78|issue=2|pages=93–98|date=July 1998|pmid=9694306|doi=10.1007/s004210050392}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri na ụma na-ehi ụra mgbe niile n'ehihie na-egosi ụra ka mma n'abalị. N'ime ụmụaka ndị na-eto eto, ihi ụra na-eme ka ụra na-ehi ụra ọbụna mgbe ọ na-emeziwanye ncheta.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The recuperative value of brief and ultra-brief naps on alertness and cognitive performance|journal=Journal of Sleep Research|volume=11|issue=3|pages=213–218|date=September 2002|pmid=12220317|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00299.x}}</ref> Maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'afọ ndụ niile, ihi ụra n'oge ụbọchị ụlọ akwụkwọ gosipụtara uru na oge mmeghachi omume na icheta ncheta nkwupụta nke ozi ọhụrụ ezi ntụziaka oriri nri, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ụra na-anọgide dị ndụ isi dị ndụ na ụra nwayọ, ya bụ, ihe na-erughị otu awa n'ogologo.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A daytime nap containing solely non-REM sleep enhances declarative but not procedural memory|journal=Neurobiology of Learning and Memory|volume=86|issue=2|pages=241–247|date=September 2006|pmid=16647282|doi=10.1016/j.nlm.2006.03.005}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> === Ịdọ Aka ná Ụzọ na Ike ọgwụgwụ === Okirikiri circadian na-arụ ọrụ na ịrị elu nke mkpa maka ụra ehihie: ụra na-arị elu n'etiti ehihie, ya mere oge kachasị mma maka ụra bụ n'ehihie (Stampi, 1992; Bertisch dị ka e depụtara na Bilodeau, 2021). A na-atụ aro ụra 20-30-nkeji màkà ihe nọr na ímé nwanne nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmasị na ímé nwanne anyị si nọrọ ndị okenye, ebe ụmụaka na ndị agadi nwere ike ịchọ ụra ogologo oge.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2009-11-01|title=Napping May Not Be Such a No-No - Harvard Health Publications|url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/napping-may-not-be-such-a-no-no|accessdate=2023-02-18|work=Harvard Health|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chan_1989">{{Cite journal|title=Sleep-wake patterns and subjective sleep quality of day and night workers: interaction between napping and main sleep episodes|journal=Sleep|volume=12|issue=5|pages=439–448|date=October 1989|pmid=2799217|doi=10.1093/sleep/12.5.439}}</ref> Nnyocha, n'aka nke ọzọ, egosiwo na uru nke ihi ụra na-adabere na mmalite ụra na oge ụra karịa oge na ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Role of Napping for Learning across the Lifespan|journal=Current Sleep Medicine Reports|volume=6|issue=4|pages=290–297|date=December 2020|pmid=33816064|doi=10.1007/s40675-020-00193-9}}</ref> == Mmetụta ọjọọ == === Inertness ụra === Ọnọdụ ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ ndị nke iwe, enweghị nghọta na mgbagwoju anya nke a na-ahụ mgbe ị na-eteta n'ụra bụ nke a maara dị ka ụra inertia.<ref>{{Cite book|date=1990|chapter=Are you awake? Cognitive performance and reverie during the hypnopompic state.|title=Sleep and Cognition.|location=Washington, DC|publisher=American Psychological Society|pages=159–175|doi=10.1037/10499-012|isbn=1-55798-083-7}}</ref> Ọnọdụ a na-ebelata ọsọ nke ọrụ ọgụgụ isi mana ọ nweghị mmetụta na izi ezi nke arụmọrụ ọrụ.<ref name="Takahashi_2003"/> Mmetụta nke ụra inertia anaghị adịte aka karịa minit 30 na enweghị ụra tupu.<ref name="pmid12531174">{{Cite journal|title=Sleep inertia|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=4|issue=4|pages=341–353|date=August 2000|pmid=12531174|doi=10.1053/smrv.2000.0098}}</ref> === Ihe ize ndụ ahụike nwere ike ịdị === Nnyocha meta nke afọ ndị mmadụ na ímé ihe nọr na mkpóró ndị ogbi ozi ọma ahụ n'ebe nile 2016 gosiri na ụra karịrị otu awa nwere ike ijikọta ya na ohere dị ukwuu maka ọrịa obi, ọrịa shuga, ọrịa metabolic ma ọ bụ ọnwụ.<ref name="Yamada">{{Cite journal|title=J-curve relation between daytime nap duration and type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome: A dose-response meta-analysis|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|pages=38075|date=December 2016|pmid=27909305|doi=10.1038/srep38075}}</ref> Enweghị mmetụta nke ihi ụra ruo ihe ruru nkeji iri anọ kwa ụbọchị, mana mmụba dị egwu nke ọrịa mere n'oge ụra dị ogologo.<ref name="Yamada" /> Ịhụ ndị ọzọ na ụdị nke dị ka ụra nkịtị bụkwa ihe na-egosi mmebi nke akwara dịka Ọrịa na ndị agadi, dịka mbelata nke ọrụ ụbụrụ na-akpata ụra karịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Exploring the nap paradox: are mid-day sleep bouts a friend or foe?|journal=Sleep Medicine|volume=37|pages=88–97|date=September 2017|pmid=28899546|doi=10.1016/j.sleep.2017.01.019}}</ref> === Banyere nsogbu ihi ụra === Màkà ihe nọr na ímé idiopathic hypersomnia, ndị ọrịa na-enwekarị ụra inertia ma ghara ịtọgbọ mgbe ha risịrị ụra.<ref name="pmid9554226">{{Cite journal|title=Narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnolence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinics-in-chest-medicine_1998-03_19_1/page/169|journal=Clinics in Chest Medicine|volume=19|issue=1|pages=169–81|date=March 1998|pmid=9554226|doi=10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70440-8}}</ref> == Omume kachasị mma == Ogologo oge ụra na ímé ihe ọ bụla n'ime anyị si mee oge na mgbe mmadụ na-ehi ụra na-emetụta ụra na ụra latency: mmadụ nwere ike irite ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere n'oge ochie nakwa uru karịa n'ihe gbasara isi abụọ ahụ mgbe ha na-e ụra nke ọma n'ehihie. Dabere na nyocha, ogo mmadụ na-enwe ụra dị iche iche n'oge dị iche iche nke ụra. N'ihi na ụra inertia nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ịmụrụ anya site na Slow Wave Sleep, o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-eme mgbe mmadụ na-ehi ụra na ímé nwanne anyị si nọrọ na nche megide dị ndụ isi dị ka onye isi ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Benefits of napping in healthy adults: impact of nap length, time of day, age, and experience with napping|journal=Journal of Sleep Research|volume=18|issue=2|pages=272–281|date=June 2009|pmid=19645971|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00718.x}}</ref> Innertia ụra adịghị ike mgbe ụra dị mkpirikpi gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-28|title=Napping Behavior in Adolescents: Consensus, Dissents, and Recommendations|journal=Sleep and Vigilance|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=189–196|doi=10.1007/s41782-021-00155-3|issn=2510-2265}}</ref> Oge ụra dị mkpụmkpụ mgbe a na-ehi ụra n'etiti 3pm - 5pm ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụra a na-ewe n'etiti 7pm - 9pm.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=How to interpret the results of a sleep study|journal=Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives|volume=4|issue=5|pages=24983|date=January 2014|pmid=25432643|doi=10.3402/jchimp.v4.24983}}</ref> Dị ka ndị mmadụ dị ndụ ebighị ebi n'ụwa ka The Sleep Foundation, Psychology Today na Harvard Health Publishing si kwuo, ndị a bụ omume kachasị mma maka ihi ụra:<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 June 2010|title=Ultimate Napping: A How-To Guide|work=Psychology Today|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/minding-the-body/201006/ultimate-napping-how-guide|accessdate=2023-02-18|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chan_1989"/> * Ịmepụta ebe dị mma maka ihi ụra. * Ịghọta mkpa anụ ahụ * Ịtọ ihe mkpu iji gbochie mmetụta ọjọọ nke ụra inertia na ụra latency == Hụkwa == * ''Siesta'' == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/naps/|title=How to nap|work=Sunday Ideas section|publisher=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=14 June 2008|accessdate=16 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702143737/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/naps/|archive-date=2 July 2008|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/27/napping-guide-health-wellbeing|title=Napping: the expert's guide|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 January 2009|accessdate=16 June 2009}} {{SleepSeries2}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Ihi ụra]] a60k80gzxepia662nka9785rczdlhed 0 28448 727912 515244 2026-09-25T12:16:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Katharina Kohse-Höinghaus''' (amụrụ na 18 Disemba 1951) bụ onye Germani na-emepụta kemịkal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.leopoldina.org/mitglieder/mitgliederverzeichnis/member/1294/|title=Mitgliederverzeichnis|work=www.leopoldina.org|language=de|accessdate=2018-12-15}}</ref> Kohse-Höinghaus gụrụ Chemistry na Mahadum Ruhr Bochum site na afo 1970 ruo na afo 1975.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ doctorate ya na Mahadum Ruhr Bochum na 1978 na ebe obibi ya na Machịum Stuttgart na 1992.<ref name=":0" /> Kemgbe afọ 1994, ọ bụ prọfesọ maka kemịkalụ anụ ahụ na Mahadum Bielefeld.<ref name=":0" /> O guzobere otu n'ime ụlọ nyocha mbụ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Institut nke na ahụ maka combushon n'etiti afọ 2012 na 2016. == Nchoputa == Nnyocha ya na-elekwasị anya na nchọpụta ọkụ site na iji laser spectroscopy na mass spectrometry, ntinye nke ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ site na gas-phase, na nyocha nke usoro na-emeghachi omume.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leopoldina.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Mitglieder/CV_Kohse-Hoeinghaus_Katharina_EN.pdf|title=CV Kohse-Höinghaus|work=www.leopoldina.org|accessdate=2018-12-15}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na mbanye na otu == Ọ natara onyinye na ndị otu ndị a: * Order of Merit nke Federal Republic of Germany na 2007<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nwzonline.de/oldenburg/bildung/bundespraesident-ehrt-oldenburgerin_a_5,1,643206006.html|title=AUSZEICHNUNG BERLIN/OLDENBURG: Bundespräsident ehrt Oldenburgerin|author=Nordwest-Zeitung|work=www.nwzonline.de|language=de|accessdate=2018-12-15}}</ref> * Onye otu Academy of Sciences Leopoldina kemgbe 2008<ref name=":0"/> * Onye otu German Council of Science and Humanities kemgbe afọ 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiobielefeld.de/nachrichten/archiv-lokales/detailansicht/kohse-hoeinghaus-im-wissenschaftsrat.html|title=Kohse-Höinghaus im Wissenschaftsrat|work=www.radiobielefeld.de|language=de|accessdate=2018-12-15|archivedate=2018-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031558/https://www.radiobielefeld.de/nachrichten/archiv-lokales/detailansicht/kohse-hoeinghaus-im-wissenschaftsrat.html}}</ref> * Onye otu acatech kemgbe 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acatech.de/Person/katharina-kohse-hoeinghaus-universitaet-bielefeld/|title=Katharina Kohse-Höinghaus Universität Bielefeld|work=acatech|language=de-DE|accessdate=2018-12-15|archivedate=2018-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031547/https://www.acatech.de/Person/katharina-kohse-hoeinghaus-universitaet-bielefeld/}}</ref> * Onye otu Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities kemgbe 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adw-goe.de/mitglieder/personendetails/person/katharina-kohse-hoeinghaus/|title=Prof. Dr. Katharina Kohse-Höinghaus: Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (AdW)|work=adw-goe.de|accessdate=2018-12-15}}</ref> * Onye otu North Rhine-Westphalian Academy of Sciences, Humanities and the Arts kemgbe 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awk.nrw.de/akademie/klassen/naturmedizin/ordentliche-mitglieder/kohse-hoeinghaus-katharina.html|title=AWK: Kohse-Höinghaus, Katharina|work=www.awk.nrw.de|accessdate=2018-12-15|archivedate=2018-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031152/http://www.awk.nrw.de/akademie/klassen/naturmedizin/ordentliche-mitglieder/kohse-hoeinghaus-katharina.html}}</ref> * Onye otu na ahụ maka ngalaba sayensị na irope kemgbe 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurasc.org/members/members.asp?Cognome=k|title=European Academy of Sciences – List of Members|work=www.eurasc.org|accessdate=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031415/http://www.eurasc.org/members/members.asp?Cognome=k|archive-date=2018-12-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Fellow nke The Combustion Institute kemgbe 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.combustioninstitute.org/resources/awards/fellows-of-the-combustion-institute/|publisher=The Combustion Institute|title=Fellows of The Combustion Institute|accessdate=2022-09-19|archivedate=2023-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608051502/https://www.combustioninstitute.org/resources/awards/fellows-of-the-combustion-institute/}}</ref> * Ihe ncheta Walther Nernst site na Deutsche Bunsen-Gesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie na 2020<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-06-11|title=GDCh Awards 2020/DBG Awards 2020|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/anie.202005849|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|volume=59|issue=28|language=en|pages=11189–11190|doi=10.1002/anie.202005849|pmid=32529688|issn=1433-7851}}</ref> * Onye otu Chinese Academy of Sciences kemgbe 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.combustioninstitute.org/news/former-ci-president-elected-to-cas/|title=Former CI President Elected to CAS|accessdate=2022-01-18|archivedate=2022-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118175817/https://www.combustioninstitute.org/news/former-ci-president-elected-to-cas/}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8u6urdabrjhuln5bbgi8kxhgghmrhze 0 28783 727959 722205 2026-09-25T16:14:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Leila Deen''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1979) bụ onye Britain na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, onye na-eme mkpọsa maka nsogbu mgbanwe ihu igwe, ịda ogbenye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmiri. Ọ bụ onye nduzi mmemme na SumOfUs na Washington, DC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Author Page|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/author/leila-deen/|work=openDemocracy|accessdate=2020-05-01}}</ref> N'oge gara aga, ọ duziri mkpọsa Greenpeace UK megide fracking<ref name="rising"/> ma bụrụ onye nduzi ọrụ na Greenpeace USA ruo 2019.<ref name="usa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/bios/leila-deen/|title=Leila Deen|work=Greenpeace USA|accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụbu onye nkwado na World Development Movement na Plane Stupid. A maara ya nke ọma maka ịwụsa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ mgbe ahụ Onye Odeakwụkwọ Azụmaahịa Lord Mandelson na Machị 2009 na mkpesa megide ndọtị nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu Heathrow, nke e jidere ma dọọ ya aka ná ntị. == Mgbalị == Deen abụwo onye na-eme ngagharị iwe kemgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma.<ref name="rising"/> Deen bụ onye a ma ama n'òtù na-emegide ụgbọelu Plane Stupid na onye na-eme mkpọsa maka World Development Movement, na-elekwasị anya na mmiri, ego, na mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>Vicky Cann and Tim Jones, Edited by Leila Deen [https://web.archive.org/web/20081010032651/http://www.wdm.org.uk/resources/reports/water/downthedrainreport26112006.pdf Down the drain: How aid for water sector reform could be better spent] World Development Movement, November 2006</ref><ref name="rising" /> Deen mere isi akụkọ n'afọ 2005 dị ka akụkụ nke ngagharị iwe na nzukọ G8 na Edinburgh mgbe ya na ndị ọzọ na-eme ngagharị iwe rịgooro otu crane.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/southern_counties/4651989.stm G8 protesters climb 150ft crane] ''BBC News'', 5 July 2005</ref> E hotara ya ka ọ na-ekwu "Ihe mkpofu nke nkwụsị ụgwọ na mmụba enyemaka... ka na-ejikọta ya na ọnọdụ na-emebi emebi, nke na-emegide Make Poverty History". N'adịghị ka ihe o mere n'onwe ya, na 2008 Kingsnorth Climate Camp, a kọrọ na Deen "na-achọsi ike na WDM anaghị akwado usoro mkpesa iwu na-akwadoghị". Ọ kpọrọ Terminal 5 nke Heathrow "ụlọ ahịa dị ebube" ma kpọọ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-emegide ụgbọ elu "ndị na-eduhie eduhie".<ref>Jacobs, Catherine: [http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/Terminal-5-Branded-Glorified-Shopping-Mall/Article/200803213649526?lpos=UK_News_Article_Related_Content_Region_2&lid=ARTICLE_13649526_Terminal_5_Branded_Glorified_Shopping_Mall New Terminal Branded An 'Ugly Icon']. ''Sky News'', 14 March 2008</ref><ref>Davis, Anna: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606045254/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23648151-demonstrators-bear-down-on-westminster-in-fight-against-heathrow-expansion.do Demonstrators bear down on Westminster in fight against Heathrow expansion] ''Evening Standard'', 20 February 2009</ref> N'afọ 2007, ọ sonyeere ogige udo nke Brian Haw na Parliament Square megide SOCPA na Agha Iraq.<ref>Allen, Nick: [https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601102&sid=aRGmzyCJowBA&refer=uk U.K.'s Brown Faces Anti-War Protests as Exclusion Zone Lifted] Bloomberg, 28 June 2007</ref> Dị ka onye otu Plane Stupid, o yi uwe dị ka onye na-akwado ọchịchị, na-arapara onwe ya n'ọnụ ụzọ nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Njem, ma na-afụ opi ikuku iji kwụsị okwu Geoff Hoon.<ref name="bingham">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/4948244/Mandelson-custard-attack-Peter-Mandelson-covered-in-custard-by-protester-Leila-Deen.html|title=Mandelson custard attack: Peter Mandelson covered in custard by protester Leila Deen|first=John|author=Bingham|work=The Telegraph|date=6 March 2009|accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye ikpeazụ na Sheila McKechnie Awards na 2006 maka mkpọsa maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smk.org.uk/economic-justice-2006/|title=Economic Justice 2006 {{!}} Sheila McKechnie Foundation Awards|date=2006|accessdate=4 October 2015|archivedate=9 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109225853/http://www.smk.org.uk/economic-justice-2006/}}</ref> Na Greenpeace UK site na 2010 ruo 2013 ọ bụ onye mgbasa ozi ike, na-eduga mmegide ha na imebi, na-agba ọsọ "Olee otu igwe ojii gị si dị ọcha" megide iji ike ọkụ site na ụlọ ọrụ ịntanetị na mkpọsa megide Arctic na ogbugba mmanụ miri emi nke Shell, Gazprom na ụlọ ọrụ ike ndị ọzọ, gụnyere n'ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace MV Esperanza.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23956276|title=Viewpoints: Do we have to choose between cheap or clean energy?|work=BBC News|date=5 September 2013|accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.itv.com/news/granada/update/2012-12-13/greenpeace-fracking-dream-is-dangerous-fantasy/|title=Greenpeace: "Fracking dream is dangerous fantasy"|work=Granada|publisher=ITN|date=13 December 2012|accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-24853877|title='Frack Master' Chris Faulkner takes on Greenpeace|work=BBC News|date=7 November 2013|accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prweek.com/article/1208208/anti-fracking-pressure-mounts-greenpeace-plans-spectacular-activity|author=Farey-Jones|first=Daniel|title=Anti-fracking pressure mounts as Greenpeace plans 'spectacular' activity|work=PR Week|date=21 August 2013|accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/leila-deen/apple-clean-energy-greenpeace_b_1455924.html|author=Deen|first=Leila|title=Clean Energy: If Apple Can't Afford to Think Different, No One Can|work=Huffington Post|date=26 April 2012|accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.macworld.co.uk/news/apple/greenpeace-protesters-target-apples-ireland-hq-3352148/|title=Greenpeace protesters target Apple's Ireland HQ|author=Camm-Jones|first=Ben|work=Macworld|date=18 April 2012|accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="rising">{{Cite news|url=http://www.womenrisingradio.com/2014/03/06/women-rising-radio-xxiv-greenpeace-activists/|first=Lynn|author=Feinerman|title=Women Rising Radio XXIV: Greenpeace Activists|work=Women Rising Radio|date=6 March 2014|accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/story/801183/greenpeace-in-stand-off-over-arctic-oil-drill|title=Greenpeace In Stand-Off Over Arctic Oil Drill|author=Stallard|first=Katie|work=Sky News|date=24 August 2010|accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2010/09/24/greenpeace-forced-to-end-anti-drilling-protest-by-court-order|title=Greenpeace forced to end anti-drilling protest by court order|work=Shetland Times|date=24 September 2010|accessdate=4 October 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305182417/http://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2010/09/24/greenpeace-forced-to-end-anti-drilling-protest-by-court-order|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prweek.com/article/1027144/voluntary-sector-be-braver-urges-greenpeace|title=Voluntary Sector: 'Be braver' urges Greenpeace|author=Cartmell|first=Matt|work=PR Week|date=10 September 2010|accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/10174144/Greenpeace-justifies-scaling-the-Shard-over-Arctic-oil-drilling.html|title=Greenpeace justifies scaling the Shard over Arctic oil drilling|work=The Telegraph|date=11 July 2013|accessdate=4 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715025957/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/10174144/Greenpeace-justifies-scaling-the-Shard-over-Arctic-oil-drilling.html|archive-date=15 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2013, ọ ghọrọ osote onye nduzi mkpọsa na Greenpeace USA.<ref name="usa"/><ref name="LinkedIn">{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pub/leila-deen/b8/5a8/a98|title=Leila Deen|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref> Site na Febụwarị 2019, ọ bụ onye nduzi mmemme na SumOfUs.<ref name="LinkedIn" /> === Ihe mere Lord Mandelson ===   Na 6 Maachị 2009 Deen gakwuuru onye ode akwụkwọ azụmahịa Lord Mandelson n'èzí nzụkọ Carbon dị ala na atụmatụ carbon nke gọọmentị na Royal Society wee tụba otu iko akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'ihu, maka mkpesa maka nkwado ya maka ụzọ ụgbọ elu nke atọ na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Heathrow. Deen bi n'akụkụ ụzọ ụgbọ elu Heathrow na London, ma na mbụ rụrụ ụka na mgbasawanye ọdụ ụgbọ elu ekwekọghị na ịkwụsị mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>Cleland, Gary: [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1570122/Third-Heathrow-runway-to-get-go-ahead.html Third Heathrow runway to get go-ahead] ''Daily Telegraph'', 24 November 2007</ref> E hotara ya ka ọ na-ekwu "naanị ihe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ banyere Peter Mandelson bụ slime na-agafe n'akwara ya".<ref>Hines, Nico: [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article5856186.ece Protester throws green custard in the face of Lord Mandelson and walks away] ''The Times'', 6 March 2009</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/mar/06/leila-deen-mandelson-green Profile: Leila Deen] ''The Guardian'', 6 March 2009</ref> Plane Stupid kwuru na omume ahụ bụ iji mee mkpesa na nzukọ ugboro ugboro n'etiti Roland Rudd na Mandelson nke BAA na ndị minista ndị ọzọ tupu nkwado nke Labour maka ụzọ nke atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planestupid.com/blogs/2009/03/2/peter-mandelson-yachtgate-20|title=Peter Mandelson: Yachtgate 2.0|publisher=Plane Stupid|accessdate=6 March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305090226/http://www.planestupid.com/blogs/2009/03/2/peter-mandelson-yachtgate-20|archivedate=5 March 2009}}</ref> Lord Mandelson zara na "Ọ bụ ezie na m dị njikere iburu òkè m ziri ezi nke mgbanwe ndụ ndụ n'ubu m, ọ na-esiri m ike ịnwe ya n'ihu m", John Prescott kwuru na "Ihe na-adịghị anabata bụ ụzọ. Nwanyị ahụ jere sị na ọ bụ ikike ya na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ekwesịrị ijide ya."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/mar/06/mandelson-green-slime-protest|title=Police to investigate green custard attack on Mandelson|date=6 March 2009}}</ref> Lord Mandelson kwuru na "O juru m anya na ọ nwere ike ịpụ n'ejighị ya". E jidere Deen na 8 Machị maka ihe ahụ merenụ, a dọrọ ya aka ná ntị na 9 Eprel maka ịkpata "mmegbu, egwu ma ọ bụ nsogbu".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7931185.stm Arrest in Mandelson custard probe] BBC News, 8 March 2009</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7991907.stm|title=Mandelson custard woman cautioned|date=9 April 2009|work=BBC News|accessdate=15 April 2009}}</ref> == Ọrụ nta akụkọ == Deen chọrọ ịbụ onye nta akụkọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma.<ref name="rising"/> Deen edeela maka New Statesman banyere nzukọ G8 nke afọ 2007, maka Red ''Pepper'' banyere ngagharị iwe megide agha nke afọ 2003 na RAF Fairford<ref>Deen, Leila: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925034504/http://www.redpepper.org.uk/natarch/x-fairford.html Flowers For Fairford] ''Red Pepper'', 22 April 2003 (in the [[Internet Archive]])</ref> na maka The Independent.<ref>[http://www.newstatesman.com/writers/leila_deen Leila Deen's blog] ''New Statesman'' June 2007</ref><ref>Deen, Leila: [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/44-die-in-iranian-plane-crash-near-airport-569572.html 44 die in Iranian plane crash near airport.] ''The Independent'', 11 February 2004</ref> Na Guardian n'ihu ngagharị iwe G-20, Deen kwuru na mmegharị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ siri ike ka ọ na-adabere na netwọk, nke e wuru site na ime achịcha na ime ihe ike kama ime ihe ike na ịlụso ndị uwe ojii ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/30/g20-protests-climate-camp|title=G20: The cake and bunting revolution|author=Deen|first=Leila|date=31 March 2009|work=The Guardian|accessdate=15 April 2009}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Deen gara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Brighton. Ọ bụ ọkara onye Ijipt, a makwaara ya dị ka Leila Aly-el-Deen.<ref name="bingham"/> Nne ya Sheila bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na onye otu Greenpeace. Leila gụrụ ọmụmụ mmepe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Leeds, ebe ọ tụụrụ vootu maka mmachibido iwu akwụkwọ akụkọ The Sun na ụlọ ahịa dị na Students' Union iji mee mkpesa maka mkpuchi ya banyere nsogbu ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.<ref>Michael Pennock and Polly Curtis: [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/feb/14/highereducation.uk5 Sun elipsed by Leeds students] ''The Guardian'', 14 February 2003</ref> O mechara nweta nzere masta na Mahadum Sussex . Maka ụbọchị ọmụmụ nne ya nke afọ iri isii, ha ji ụgbọ okporo ígwè gaa Morocco na nwanne ya nwanyị Emma ebe Leila agaghị ekwe ka ha felie.<ref>Nico Hines, David Brown: [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article5858873.ece Profile: Leila Deen – the professional activist who attacked Mandelson] ''Times Online'', 6 March 2009</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/4183613.print/|title=Mandelson slime woman's mum "proud" of daughter|work=The Argus|date=7 March 2009|first=Richard|author=Gurner|accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Omume na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na United Kingdom * Ịkpọ anụ == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/mar/06/leila-deen-mandelson-green Profaịlụ nke Leila Deen] * [http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid1488655367?bctid=14954670001 Vidio sitere na Telegraph nke Leila Deen na-awụnye nri na Lord Mandelson, ma na-agba ya ajụjụ ọnụ] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] e57qplycfe1cwhv50hne062mefgrq9z 0 28832 728137 540832 2026-09-26T08:55:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728137 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ngalaba Ọhịa Kerala''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanye iwu maka steeti Kerala, India. Ihe karịrị 75% nke ala Kerala jupụtara n'oké ọhịa ruo na narị afọ nke 18. Ngalaba ahụ na-etinye aka na nchedo na nchekwa nke osisi na anụmanụ na [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] ha. Ọ na-echekwa 10,336 km2 (3,991 mi) nke oké ọhịa na-emepụta 29.101% nke ngụkọta mpaghara steeti ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Public Relations Department|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/power_main.htm|work=prd.kerala.gov.in|accessdate=2023-08-14|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114418/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/power_main.htm}}</ref> Isi ụlọ ọrụ nke ngalaba ahụ dị na Vazhuthacaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Ọ na-enwekwa Forest Central Library, nke na-emeghe maka ọha na eze. == Ọdịdị nke nzukọ == Ngalaba Kerala Forest na Wildlife Department bụ onye isi oche nke onye isi nchekwa nke ọhịa, bụ onye ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ na-enyere aka, gụnyere Chief Conservator of Forests (CCF), Conservator of Forests (CF), na osote Conservator of Forests (DCF). Ngalaba ahụ nwere ikike ndị ọrụ karịrị ndị ọrụ 11,000, gụnyere ndị ọrụ ọhịa, ndị nche, ndị nche na ndị ọrụ nkwado ndị ọzọ. A haziri ngalaba a ka ọ bụrụ okirikiri ise, nke ọ bụla onye isi nchekwa oke ọhịa na-eduzi ya. A na-ekekwa okirikiri ndị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ nkewa na oke, nke ọ bụla n'aka onye ọrụ ngalaba na-ahụ maka oke ọhịa na onye na-ahụ maka mpaghara, n'otu n'otu. === Ọchịchị === * Onye isi na-elekọta ọhịa na Onye isi ndị agha ọhịa (PCCF & HoFF) * Onye isi na-elekọta ọhịa (PCCF) * Onye isi nchịkwa nke Ọhịa (APCCF) * Chief Conservator of Forests (CCF) * Onye Na-elekọta Ọhịa (CF) * Onye osote onye na-elekọta ọhịa (DCF) * Onye na-enyere onye na-elekọta ọhịa aka (ACF) * Onye isi ọhịa Range (RFO) * Onye isi oche nke Range Forest * Onye isi ọhịa (SFO) * Onye Ọrụ Ọhịa (BFO) * Onye Nlekọta / Onye Nlekọta Ọhịa == Ọrụ == * Nchekwa dị iche iche * Nchebe ọhịa * Nchịkwa anụ ọhịa na nyocha * Mmepe ọhịa * Ọhịa ọha na eze * Nlezianya na nyocha nke ọhịa * Mmepe gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdịmma agbụrụ * Atụmatụ na nyocha * Nweghachi na mgbatị osisi pụrụ iche * Mmepe nke ndị mmadụ == Hụkwa == * Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha na Mmụta Ọhịa nke India * Van Vigyan Kendra - Ogige Sayensị Ọhịa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230914033118/https://forest.kerala.gov.in/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060118031516/http://www.kerala.gov.in/ Gọọmentị nke Kerala] * [http://moef.nic.in/index.php Ministry of Environment and Forests, Gọọmentị nke India] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230724185013/https://minister-forest.kerala.gov.in/ Minista na-ahụ maka ọhịa na anụ ọhịa na Kerala] * [http://www.kfri.res.in/ Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa Kerala] 63nf8dbylejo1zz331b4tfh8eq339k5 0 28856 728160 117767 2026-09-26T10:37:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728160 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ostraliya|Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[China]], Cuba, Fiji, [[Japan]], Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, [[New Zealand]], Solomon Islands na Tonga nabatara '''nkwupụta Ambo''' na Nzukọ Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke Tarawa na 10 Nọvemba 2010. Nkwupụta ahụ na-akpọ oku ka e mee ihe ngwa ngwa iji dozie ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. Nkwupụta Ambo, nke akpọrọ aha obodo dị na Kiribati ebe ndị omeiwu na-anọdụ, e mere atụmatụ ka ọ bụrụ nkwekọrịta na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro n'etiti mba ndị ga-egosi na nnukwu nnọkọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba ụwa, COP16 na Cancun, Mexico. [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] na [[Kánada|Canada]], ndị gakwara nzukọ ahụ, họọrọ ịghara ịbụ akụkụ nke nkwupụta ahụ site n'iwere ọnọdụ onye na-ekiri. Ebumnuche nke nnọkọ ahụ bụ ịkwado atụmatụ nke Onye isi ala nke Kiribati, Anote Tong, iji nwee nzukọ ndụmọdụ n'etiti steeti ndị na-adịghị ike na ndị mmekọ ha na-ele anya ịmepụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka mkparịta ụka ọtụtụ òtù n'okpuru nkwado nke United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Nzukọ ahụ bụ ihe omume nọchiri anya Climate Vulnerable Forum nke mbụ e mere na Nọvemba 2009 na Maldives, mgbe mba iri na otu nwere nsogbu ihu igwe bịanyere aka na '''nkwupụta''' Bandos Island na-ekwe nkwa igosi idu ndú omume ma malite ime ka akụ na ụba ha dị mma site na itinye aka n'onwe ha iji nweta nnọpụiche carbon. Dabere na nkuzi ndị a mụtara na usoro COP, TCCC tụrụ aro usoro mkparịta ụka zuru oke, na-emetụta ndị mmekọ dị mkpa n'etiti mba ndị mepere emepe na ndị na-emepe emepe. Ebumnuche ikpeazụ nke TCCC bụ iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ na ike nke usoro mmejọ dị iche iche n'etiti ndị otu na usoro COP, nyochaa akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta n'etiti òtù ahụ ma si otú ahụ kwado onyinye Kiribati na ndị ọzọ na COP16 nke a ga-eme na Cancun, [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], site na 29 Nọvemba ruo 10 Disemba 2010. == Hụkwa == * Nzukọ Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke Tarawa * Nzukọ Na-adịghị Ahụ Ike == Ihe odide ==  Ford Liz Aaron Packard 16 Nọvemba 2010 ogbako mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Kiribati kpọrọ oku maka ego ngwa ngwa na ime ihe. The Guardian London eweghachiri 10 Disemba 2010 == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101117011055/http://www.climate.gov.ki/pdf/AMBO_DECLARATION.pdf Ihe odide nkwupụta Ambo] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120202030155/http://www.climate.gov.ki/tarawa_climate_change_conference.html Gọọmentị nke Kiribati Portal Mgbanwe ihu igwe] * [http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/pacbeat/stories/201011/s3063214.htm Redio Australia - Pacific Beat - Nzukọ ihu igwe nke Kiribati na-agwụ na ọkwa dị elu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110810044833/http://australianetworknews.com/stories/201011/3063868.htm Radio Australia Network News - Mkparịta ụka mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Kiribati na-agwụ na nkwupụta Ambo] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101120160557/http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/capress/101110/world/as_kiribati_climate_change Associated Press - Obere agwaetiti chọrọ ntọhapụ ngwa ngwa nke ego iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe] ljas90ju1yoj1i71aat48fluyho8z40 0 28917 728049 205537 2026-09-26T01:30:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Infobox person|name=Michelle Collins|image=Michelle Collins.jpg|caption=Collins in 2006|birth_name=Michelle Danielle Collins|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=y|1962|05|28}}|birth_place=[[Metropolitan Borough of Hackney|Hackney]], London, England|occupation={{Hlist|Actress|model|television presenter}}|years_active=1984–present|television=''[[EastEnders]]'' (1988–1998, 2023–present) <br> ''[[Coronation Street]]'' (2011–2014)|spouse={{marriage|Mike Davidson|August 2022}}|children=Maia-Rose Collins}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Michelle Danielle Collins''' (amụrụ na 28 Mee 1962) bụ onye England naeme ihe nkiri. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dị ka Cindy Beale na BBC soap opera EastEnders, ọ pụtakwara dị ka Stella Price na ITV's Coronation Street. Ọrụ TV ndị ọzọ a ma ama ya gụnyere ihe nkiri BBC Real Women (1998-1999), ''Sunburn'' (1999-2000) na Two Thousand Acres of Sky (2001-2003). == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Collins na 28 Mee 1962 na Hackney South East Hospital na Hackney, nebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[London]], nne Welsh, Mary, na nna nke Bekee na Flemish.<ref name="page9thisisme" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC One – Coming Home, Series 4, Michelle Collins|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00p1ghs|publisher=BBC|accessdate=22 December 2014}}</ref> Nna nna ya Flemish bụ onye [[Belgium]] si Antwerp ma kwaga UK na 1915 mgbe ọ dị afọ ise.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lambert|first=Victoria|title=Michelle Collins: 'I signed up to be an actress, not a celebrity'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/michelle-collins-i-signed-up-to-be-an-actress-not-a-celebrity/|work=The Telegraph|date=10 October 2016|accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref> Ya, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye Vicki, bụ ndị nne ha zụlitere na Highbury, London.<ref name="page9thisisme">{{Cite book|author=Collins|first=Michelle|title=This Is Me|publisher=Michael O'Mara Books|year=2014|isbn=978-1782432326}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Life after Cindy|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/showbiz-and-lifestyle/television-in-wales/2009/07/17/wm-interview-life-after-cindy-91466-24176847|work=WalesOnline|accessdate=22 December 2014}}</ref> Mgbe Collins dị afọ iri na anọ, nne ya laghachiri na mahadum iji nweta akara ugo mmụta iwu.<ref name="mirror">{{Cite news|title=Exclusive Michelle Collins on Her Looks, The Toyboy, Pole-Dancing, Yoga.. And Why She Stopped Watching X Factor|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/exclusive-michelle-collins-on-her-looks-the-toyboy-1650768|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=9 March 2008|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> Nafọ ndị 1970, Collins bụ onye otu ndị ntorobịa Woodcraft Folk, ma soro otu ahụ gaa [[Romania]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lam|first=Sophie|title=My Life in Travel: Michelle Collins|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/my-life-in-travel-michelle-collins-796139.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=15 March 2008|accessdate=17 September 2018}}</ref> Collins zụrụ na Royal Court Activists na Cockpit Youth Theatre site na afọ 14, na Kingsway Princeton College, ebe ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri na O / A-level.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Charalambous|first=Anthi|title=How We Met: Michelle Collins & Aldo Zilli|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/how-we-met-michelle-collins--aldo-zilli-1098597.html|work=The Independent|date=6 June 1999|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mmalite === Mgbe ule ya gasịrị, Collins nwetara ọrụ na Mikhail Bulgakov's The Crimson Island, nke Lou Stein duziri, na Gate Theatre. Ọrụ ya gbanwere ntụziaka mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na vidiyo 1978 maka egwu Squeeze "Cool For Cats". Ìgwè ahụ nọrọ ọnwa iri na asatọ naeme njem na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/theatre-and-stage/interview-michelle-collins-on-a-thoroughly-modern-career-1457354|title=Interview: Michelle Collins on a thoroughly modern career &#124; The Scotsman}}</ref> Mgbe òtù ahụ kewara na 1982, ọ laghachiri nime ihe nkiri ma site nenyemaka nke enyi ya, onye naeme ihe nkiri na Britain bụ Tim Roth, ọ nwetara òkè na egwu egwu ya na Gary Hutton na Gary Shail.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/lifestyle/winter-in-the-city/15114043.michelle-collins-i-love-acting-but-i-need-more/|title=Michelle Collins: I love acting, but I need more|date=23 February 2017|work=Glasgow Times}}</ref> Oge mbụ Collins pụtara na TV bụ Gary Oldman na ihe nkiri BBC Morgan's Boy . Ihe ngosi TV ndị ọzọ gụnyere: usoro abụọ nke sitcom Running Wild, ebe ọ naeme Ray Brooks nwa nwanyị; akụkụ na ihe nkiri ITV The Bill; mmepụta Screen Two ''Lucky Sunil'', nke Michael Caton Jones duziri na egwuregwu BBC Pressures. O mechara pụta na ihe nkiri atọ: Personal Services, Empire State na Stephen Poliakoff's Hidden City . Collins pụtara notu ihe omume nke BBC's ''Bergerac'' (usoro 4) na 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/tv/eastenders-actress-michelle-collins-life-27180091|title=Michelle Collins' life from forgotten Corrie role to husband 22 years younger|first=Angie|author=Quinn|date=22 June 2023|work=MyLondon}}</ref> === ''Ndị EastEnders'' === Mgbe ọ naese ihe nkiri BBC Pressures na 1988, onye naemepụta EastEnders bụ Julia Smith hụrụ Collins, onye gwara ya ka ọ nyochaa maka ọrụ Cindy Beale, onye gaapụta na ihe omume 11 nke ncha ahụ. Omume aghụghọ, nke naenweghị uche nke àgwà ya bụ ihe naewu ewu n'etiti ndị naekiri ya nihi ya, a gbatịkwuru nkwekọrịta ya ma onye ahụ ghọrọ onye isi ọjọọ na usoro ahụ. Cindy bụ nwunye naekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi nke onye EastEnders siri ike Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt), netiti 1988 na 1998. Noge ezumike site na EastEnders, o mere ihe nkiri Real Women maka BBC, ya na Pauline Quirke na Frances Barber. Nabalị iri na anọ nọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014, Collins weghachiri ọrụ Cindy maka obere oge maka Children in Need.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2014/nov/07/why-its-time-to-stop-bringing-old-eastenders-characters-back|title=Why it's time to stop bringing old EastEnders characters back|author=Liz Cookman|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=7 November 2014|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> Na Mee 2023, a mara ọkwa na Collins gaalaghachi na ncha mgbe afọ 25 gasịrị, nakụkụ Woodyatt, si otú a kpọlite onye ahụ nọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EastEnders spoilers: Cindy Beale returns from the dead in massive shocking twist|url=https://metro.co.uk/2023/05/19/eastenders-spoilers-cindy-beale-returns-from-the-dead-with-ian-18815039|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|accessdate=19 May 2023|date=19 May 2023}}</ref> Collins laghachiri nọrụ ahụ kpamkpam na June 2023, ebe a kpughere na Cindy anwụghị noge ọ naamụ nwa, mana ọ banyere na mmemme nchedo ndị akaebe ma were njirimara nke 'Rose Knight', nwunye George Knight (Colin Salmon) na nne Gina (Francesca Henry) na Anna (Molly Rainford).<ref>{{Cite web|title=EastEnders: Michelle Collins returns as Cindy Beale after 25 years|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-65986136.amp|work=[[BBC]]|accessdate=22 June 2023|date=21 June 2023}}</ref> === Mgbe EastEnders gasịrị === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị EastEnders na 1998, ọrụ ya hụrụ usoro ihe nkiri. Ndị a gụnyere: usoro abụọ nke Real Women (BBC One); usoro abụọ nke ''Sunburn'' (BBC One), nke Collins bụrụ abụ isiokwu (nke bụ nke 28 na UK Singles Chart na 1999); Daylight Robbery (ITV); The Sleeper (BBC ''One''): usoro atọ nke Two Thousand Acres of Sky (BBC One).<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{Cite book|first=David|author=Roberts|year=2006|title=British Hit Singles & Albums|edition=19th|publisher=Guinness World Records Limited|location=London, UK|isbn=1-904994-10-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/drama/sky/meetthecast/abby.shtml|title=BBC Drama – Two Thousand Acres of Sky – Michelle Collins|publisher=BBC|accessdate=13 February 2013}}</ref> Nafọ 2003, Collins mere Sarah Barton na Single.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/nov/03/broadcasting.ITV|date=3 November 2003|first=Claire|author=Cousens|work=[[The Guardian]]|title=ITV drama hopes dashed|accessdate=15 April 2021}}</ref> Nafọ 2003, Collins mere ihe nkiri BBC Sea of Souls wee gaa nihu naeme ihe nkiri maka Granada / Cha''nne''l 4 nke a naakpọ The Illustrated Mum, nke kọrọ akụkọ banyere ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ naanagide omume a naapụghị ịkọwapụta akọwa nke nne ha dara mbà nobi, onye aṅụrụma. Ihe nkiri ahụ, nke Jacqueline Wilson dere, dabeere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụaka nke otu aha ahụ. E gosipụtara ya na Krismas 2003 wee merie Emmy Award na BAFTA abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_illustrated_mum|title=The Illustrated Mum - Rotten Tomatoes|work=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> N'afọ 2004, ọ pụtara n'otu ihe omume nke ''French na Saunders'' ma soro onye naeme ihe nkiri EastEnders Martin Kemp mee ihe nkiri ITV Can't Buy Me Love .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/cant_buy_me_love_2004|title=Can't Buy Me Love - Rotten Tomatoes|work=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, Collins pụtara na ihe nkiri ITV The Last Detective na ihe nkiri BBC The Family Man, nakụkụ Daniela Denby-Ashe, ''nke'' gosipụtara na Machị 2006. Ọ pụtara na egwu egwu West End Daddy Cool, ma mgbe ọ naarụ ọrụ nabalị, ''ọ gbara'' usoro maka ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi Broken nke Vicki Psarias dere ma duzie, nke gara n'ihu merie ọtụtụ onyinye mba ụwa. O gosiputara na ihe nkiri Don't Stop Dreaming, nke e weputara na 2007. Ọ hapụrụ Daddy Cool na Jenụwarị 2007 iji gbaa Doctor Who "42".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2007/01/31/40436.shtml|title=Collins cast|accessdate=31 January 2007|work=BBC Doctor Who website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203155745/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2007/01/31/40436.shtml|archive-date=3 February 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nụbọchị nke abụọ nọnwa Julaị nafọ 2007, a mara ọkwa na a họpụtara Collins ka ọ bụrụ Karina Faith na usoro ihe nkiri ITV ọhụrụ, Rock Rivals, nke Shed Productions mepụtara.<ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/a63747/michelle-collins-lands-rock-rivals-role.html "Michelle Collins lands 'Rock Rivals' role"], ''Digital Spy''. Retrieved 22 December 2014.</ref> Nafọ 2009, Collins sonyere na mmemme BBC Wales Coming Home banyere akụkọ ezinụlọ ya na Welsh. Nabalị iri abụọ na otu nọnwa Mee afọ 2009, a nụrụ na Collins anwalewo ka ọ bụrụ onye naeme ihe nkiri na US Desperate Housewives, mana ọ sonyeere ndị naeme ya.<ref>[http://www.digitalspy.com/ustv/a165144/eastenders-star-auditions-for-housewives.html "EastEnders" Star Auditions for "Housewives"], ''Digital Spy'', 14 July 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.whatsontv.co.uk/us-series/desperate-housewives-2009/news/michelle-collins-has-desperate-housewives-audition/6387 "Michelle Collins Has 'Desperate Housewives' Audition"], ''What's on TV'', 14 July 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.digitalspy.com/ustv/a168319/michelle-collins-would-do-soap-again.html Michelle Collins "Would Do Soap Again"], ''Digital Spy'', 30 July 2009.</ref> Nọnwa Juun afọ 2010, a mara ọkwa na Collins gaapụta dị ka nne onye ọrịa na Casualty.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff|url=http://www.holby.tv/michelle-collins-to-guest-star|title=Michelle Collins to Guest Star|publisher=Holby.tv|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref> Nafọ 2010, ọ mekwara ihe nkiri na ''Romeo'' & Juliet na Octagon Theatre, Bolton, naegwu Nọọsụ. Site na 7 Eprel ruo 7 Mee 2011, Collins gosipụtara dị ka Sheila Grundy, nwunye nke atọ ''nke'' Fred Dibnah, na The Demolition Man na Octagon Theatre, Bolton.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2011/apr/11/the-demolition-man-review|title=The Demolition Man – review|first=Alfred|author=Hickling|date=11 April 2011}}</ref> === ''Okporo ámá Coronation'' === <div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:246px; ; background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" id="186" style=""> "I am honoured to be joining the cast of ''Coronation Street''. The show has been part of my life since I was a child, so to become a part of it is extremely exciting." </blockquote> </div>Nọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2011, e biputere asịrị na Digital Spy na Collins nọ na mkparịta ụka iji sonye na ncha EastEnders bụ Coronation Street, mgbe a naekwu na ya na onye naemepụta ncha na ezigbo enyi ya bụ Phil Collinson zutere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s3/coronation-street/news/a299605/michelle-collins-for-coronation-street.html|title=Michelle Collins for 'Coronation Street'?|work=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Colin|author=Daniels|date=23 January 2011|accessdate=22 December 2014}}</ref> Mgbe ọnwa atọ gachara, e gosipụtara na Collins sonyeere ndị naeme ihe nkiri dị ka Stella Price, onye nwe ụlọ ọhụrụ nke Rovers Return pub, naeti Lisa Maxwell maka ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13099147|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Michelle Collins joins Coronation Street|date=15 April 2011}}</ref> Ihe omume mbụ ya gosipụtara na 16 June 2011 wee nweta akara nke nde 8.4.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s3/coronation-street/news/a325436/michelle-collinss-coronation-street-debut-nabs-84m.html|title=Michelle Collins's 'Coronation Street' debut nabs 8.4m|work=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Andrew|author=Laughlin|date=17 June 2011|accessdate=22 December 2014}}</ref> A mara ọkwa ya na 22 Ọgọstụ 2013 Collins kpebiri ịhapụ Coronation Street.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-23792788|title=Michelle Collins to leave Coronation Street|work=[[BBC News]]|date=22 August 2013|accessdate=23 January 2020}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2014, Collins kwuru na ọ "naenweghị obi ụtọ" nihi enweghị oge ihuenyo maka ya na àgwà ya. Collins mere ihe nkiri ikpeazụ ya na 19 Febụwarị 2014, wee pụta ikpeazụ ya dị ka Stella na 2 Eprel 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2014/04/02/bye-bye-stella-michelle-collins-waves-goodbye-to-coronation-street-and-opens-up-on-life-after-the-cobbles-4686660/|title=T'rah Stella! Michelle Collins waves goodbye to Coronation Street and opens up on life after the cobbles|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|author=Michelle Collins|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> === Mgbe Coronation Street gasịrị === Kemgbe ọ hapụrụ Coronation Street, Collins enweela ọrụ ''ndị'' ọbịa dị iche iche na ihe nkiri telivishọn: Casualty dị ka Samantha Kellman (2014), Death in Paradise dị ka Annette Burgess (2015), na Midsomer Murders dị ka Nadine Campbell (2016). N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2019 Collins pụtara na Casualty dị ka Lorna Rowle/Hammond .<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC Richard Osman's House of Games: Michelle Collins' 22 year age gap with younger boyfriend who she was introduced to by her niece|url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/celebs/bbc-richard-osmans-house-games-21890841|work=My London|accessdate=22 June 2023|date=18 October 2021}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, Collins sonyere na usoro ihe omume ITV ''Bear Grylls'': Mission Survive .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a788111/bear-grylls-mission-survive-michelle-collins-left-hanging-terrifying-video/|title=Michelle Collins is left hanging on Mission Survive|date=24 March 2016|work=Digital Spy}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Collins nwere nwa nwanyị site na onye bụbu enyi Fabrizio Tassalini, Maia Rose (amụrụ na 29 Septemba 1996).<ref>{{Cite book|title=This Is Me|publisher=Michael O'Mara Books|author=Michelle Collins|year=2014|isbn=978-1782432326}}</ref> Nafọ 2014, Collins kpughere na nafọ 1998 - naenwe nchegbu maka njedebe nke mmekọrịta ya na Tassalini na mmetụta nrụgide ọrụ - ọ nwara igbu onwe ya mgbe ọ naese ihe nkiri ''Sunburn'' na Saịprọs. Ọ ṅụrụ ọgwụ ụra gabigara ókè mana o mechara teta ma gwa ya ka ọ kpọga ya nụlọ ọgwụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/michelle-collins-tells-suicide-bid-3300746|title=Michelle Collins tells of suicide bid: I took pills and decided no one would miss me|date=30 March 2014|author=Doug Wight|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> Mgbe ha kewara, Collins na Tassalini nwere mmekọrịta enyi na enyi, onye bi nso, ha zụlitere nwa ha nwanyị ọnụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2014.<ref name="mirror"/> Nọnwa Eprel afọ 2022, Collins kwupụtara na ya na onye ya na ya nọrọ afọ iri, Mike Davidson, kwere nkwa ọlụlụ. Ha lụrụ nọnwa Ọgọstụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ok.co.uk/celebrity-news/eastenders-michelle-collins-wedding-exclusive-27728091|title=Michelle Collins' wedding pics from rule-breaking reception to barefoot dancing|first=Gemma|author=McCartney|date=15 August 2022|work=OK! Magazine}}</ref> Nọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2014, Collins bụ otu nime mmadụ 200 bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara ''The Guardian'' naemegide nnwere onwe Scotland na mbido ntuli aka nke Septemba na okwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/aug/07/celebrities-open-letter-scotland-independence-full-text|title=Celebrities' open letter to Scotland – full text and list of signatories|work=The Guardian|date=7 August 2014|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref> Collins naetinye aka na ọrụ ebere. Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Oxfam ma gaa Brazil, South Africa na Armenia, naakwalite mkpa maka ikike agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/where_we_work/armenia/health/collins.htm|title=Countries we work in &#124; Oxfam GB|publisher=Oxfam.org.uk|accessdate=13 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223142434/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/where_we_work/armenia/health/collins.htm|archivedate=23 February 2007}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya Ambitious about Autism na onye nkwado maka Alexandra Wylie Tower Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/page/who_we_are/aaa_people/ambassadors.cfm|title=Ambassadors|publisher=Ambitious about Autism|accessdate=13 February 2013|archivedate=14 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014051043/http://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/page/who_we_are/aaa_people/ambassadors.cfm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awtf.org/patrons.html|title=Patrons|work=Alexandra Wylie Tower Foundation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818014456/http://www.awtf.org/patrons.html|archivedate=18 August 2013}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Role !Note(s) |- | rowspan="3" |1987 |''Empire State'' |Emma | |- |''Personal Services'' |June | |- |''Hidden City'' |Applicant at Hairdressing Salon | |- |1993 |''Shattered Family'' |Julie | |- |1996 |''Darkman III: Die Darkman Die'' |Nurse | |- |2000 |''The Sleeper'' |Diana Wakeham | |- |2001 |''Lloyd &amp;amp; Hill'' |DI Judy Hill | |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''The Night We Called It a Day'' |Mrs. Appleby | |- |''The Illustrated Mum'' |Marigold Westward | |- |2004 |''Bubblegum'' |Jenny |Short film |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''Don't Stop Dreaming'' |Jessica | |- |''Broken'' |Janet | rowspan="5" |Short film |- | rowspan="2" |2008 |''Play'' |Mother |- |''Getting Out'' |Chelle |- |2013 |''Shades'' |The Actress |- |2017 |''Black Road'' |Maggie Laine |- |2021 |''Rise of the Footsoldier: Origins'' |Mandy Williams | |- |2022 |''The Long Walk'' |Suzanne James |Short film |- |2023 |''My House'' |Sarah | |} === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Role !Note(s) |- | rowspan="2" |1984 |''Scene'' |Ria |Episode: "Good Neighbours" |- |''Morgan's Boy'' |Carol |Episode: #1.1 |- | rowspan="2" |1985 |''Marjorie and Men'' |Debbie |2 episodes |- |''Bergerac'' |Trace |Episode: "Chrissie" |- | rowspan="2" |1986 |''The Bill'' |Sharon Brand |Episode: "Loan Shark" |- |''Gems'' |Pru Murphy |10 episodes |- |1987–1989 |''Running Wild'' |Stephanie Wild |All 13 episodes |- |1987 |''Full House'' |Abby |Episode: "The First Day of School" |- |1988 |''Screen Two'' |Daisy |Episode: "Lucky Sunil" |- |1988–1990,<br /><br /> 1992–1998,<br /><br /> 2023–present |''EastEnders'' |Cindy Beale |Series regular |- | rowspan="2" |1999–2000 |''Sunburn'' |Nicki Matthews |Main role; 14 episodes |- |''Daylight Robbery'' |Kathy Lawrence |Main role |- |2001–2003 |''Two Thousand Acres of Sky'' |Abby Wallace |Main role |- |2002 |''Ella and the Mothers'' |Gina |Main role |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''The Illustrated Mum'' |Marigold Westward |Main role |- |''Lloyd &amp;amp; Hill'' |DI Judy Hill |TV film |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |''French and Saunders'' |Regan Lear |Episode #6.4 |- |''Sea of Souls'' |Katie Quinn |2 episodes |- |2005 |''The Last Detective'' |Maureen Fallon |Episode: "Willesden Confidential" |- |2006 |''The Family Man'' |Gillian |TV film |- |2007 |''Doctor Who'' |Kath McDonnell |Episode: "42" |- |2008 |''Rock Rivals'' |Karina Faith |8 episodes |- |2009 |''Hotel Babylon'' |Karen |Episode: #4.8 |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |''Agatha Christie's Marple'' |Treadwell |Episode: “The Secret of Chimneys” |- |''Casualty'' |Camille Lewis |4 episodes |- |2011–2014 |''Coronation Street'' |Stella Price |Series regular; 447 episodes |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Casualty'' |Samantha Kellman |3 episodes |- |''Children in Need'' |Cindy Beale |''EastEnders'' special |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Death in Paradise'' |Annette Burgess |Episode: “She Was Murdered Twice” |- |''Suntrap'' |Coco |Episode: “Casino” |- |2016 |''Midsomer Murders'' |Nadine Campbell |Episode: “The Incident at Cooper Hill” |- |2018 |''The Dumping Ground'' |Fiona Johnson |4 episodes |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Queens of Mystery'' |Electra Bliss |2 episodes "Death by Vinyl" |- |''Casualty'' |Lorna Rowle |Episode: #34.8 |} === Mpụta ndị ọbịa === * Celebrity Stars in Their Eyes (9 Ọktoba 1999) - Onye naasọmpi, dị ka Chrissie Hynde * The Paul O'Grady Show (1 Disemba 2004, 30 Machị 2006, 25 Nọvemba 2009) - Onye ọbịa * All Star Family Fortunes (13 Septemba 2008) - Onye na-asọ mpi * ''Dị ka a hụrụ ya na TV'' (30 Julaị 2009) - Onye ọbịa * ''Gịnị ka'' Kids Maara? (31 Jenụwarị 2010) - Onye isi ndị otu ndị ọbịa * Ndị inyom nwere onwe ha (2010) - Onye nnọchiteanya * ''Ihe ngosi Alan Titchmarsh'' (26 Ọktoba 2010) - Onye ọbịa * ''Ònye chọrọ ịbụ onye ọgaranya?'' (Ọgọst 2011) - Onye na-asọ mpi na William Roache * ''Ka anyị'' na Gino & Mel laa nri ehihie (30 August 2011, 16 July 2014) - Onye ọbịa * Celebrity Juice (13 Ọktoba 2011) - Onye nnọchiteanya * ''The Chase'': Celebrity Special (5 Nọvemba 2011) - Onye naasọmpi * Paddy's 2011 Show and Telly (29 December 2011) - Onye naasọ mpi na Melanie Sykes * ''12 Ọzọ'' (7 June 2012) - Onye ọbịa * ''Gosipụta m Telly'' (26, 29 Nọvemba 3, 5, 9, 12, 19 Disemba 2013) - Panellist * Catchphrase: Christmas Special (29 December 2013) - Onye naasọmpi * ''Ngwụsị izu'' (26 Eprel 2014) - Onye ọbịa * Saturday Kitchen (3 May 2014) - Onye ọbịa * ''N'ụtụtụ a'' (10 Julaị 2015) - Onye ọbịa * ''Enweghị isi'' (28 Disemba 2019) - Onye naasọmpi * ''Njikọ Kasị Ike'' (30 Disemba 2021) - Onye naasọmpi * Garraway's Good Stuff (19 June 2022) - Onye ọbịa == Ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Role !Note(s) |- |1990–1991 |''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' |Snow White |Oxford Apollo |- |1991–1992 |''Aladdin'' |The Princess |Oxford Apollo |- |1994–1995 |''Jack and the Beanstalk'' |Jack |Hackney Empire |- |1996–1997 |''Dick Whittington'' |Alice Fitzwarren |Orchard Theatre, Dartford |- |2004 |''Rattle of a Simple Man'' |Cyreene |Harold Pinter Theatre |- |2004–2005 |''The Play What I Wrote'' |Various |UK Tour |- |2006–2007 |''Daddy Cool'' |Ma Baker |Shaftesbury Theatre |- |2008–2009 |''Cinderella'' |Wicked Stepmother |Bristol Hippodrome |- |2010 |''Calendar Girls'' |Cora |Phoenix Theatre; Various |- |2011 |''Romeo and Juliet'' |Nurse |Octagon Theatre, Bolton |- |2011 |''The Demolition Man'' |Sheila Grundy |Octagon Theatre, Bolton |- |2014 |''The Glass Supper'' |Wendy |Hampstead Theatre, London |- |2016 |''Chitty Chitty Bang Bang'' |Baroness Bombhurst |UK Tour |- |2016–2017 |''Aladdin'' |The Genie |Aylesbury Waterside |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''A Dark Night in Dalston'' |Gina |Park Theatre, London |- |''Thoroughly Modern Millie'' |Mrs. Meers |UK Tour |- |2017–2018 |''Cinderella'' |Wicked Stepmother |Orchard Theatre, Dartford |- |2018–2019 |''Jack and the Beanstalk'' |Fairy Nuff |Crewe Lyceum |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''My Dad’s Gap Year'' |Cath |Park Theatre, London |- |''How Love is Spelt'' |Marion |Southwark Playhouse |- |2019–2020 |''Sleeping Beauty'' |Carabosse |Wyvern Theatre, Swindon |- |2020 |''The Birthday Party'' |Meg |UK Tour |- |2021 |''Safe Sex'' |Marion |The Turbine Theatre, London |- |2021–2022 |''Sleeping Beauty'' |Nightshade |Poole Lighthouse Theatre |- |2022 |''Cluedo'' |Miss Scarlett |UK Tour |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara == * {{Cite book|title=This Is Me|publisher=Michael O'Mara|author=Michelle Collins|year=2014|isbn=978-1782432326}} * {{IMDb name|name=Michelle Collins}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bcm2nvygx6iv5kpc94uohw7s7attbsu 0 29346 728123 199671 2026-09-26T07:06:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728123 wikitext text/x-wiki nnukwu azụ Agha bụ usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn nke America kwa izu nke gosipụtara na Nọvemba 7, 2008, na ọwa cable Anụmanụ Planet. Ihe omume ahụ naagbaso [[Paul Watson]], onye guzobere [[Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa|Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]], ka ya na ndị ọrụ ya nọ nụgbọ mmiri ha dị iche iche naanwa igbochi ndị Japan ịchụ nta whale nụsọ oké osimiri Antarctica.<ref name="about the series">{{Cite web|title=Whale Wars: About the Series|publisher=Animal Planet|url=http://animal.discovery.com/tv/whale-wars/about/|accessdate=November 4, 2008}}</ref> Oge nke anọ mechiri August 12, 2011.<ref name="eps">{{Cite web|url=http://animal.discovery.com/tv/whale-wars/episode|title=Whale Wars: Episode Guide|publisher=[[Animal Planet]]|accessdate=August 6, 2011}}</ref><ref name="futon">{{Cite web|url=http://thefutoncritic.com/showatch/whale-wars/listings|title=Shows A-Z — whale wars on animal planet|work=thefutoncritic.com|accessdate=August 14, 2011}}</ref> Otu spin-off akpọrọ Whale Wars: Viking Shores gosipụtara Sea Shepherd naanwa ịkwụsị Whaling na Faroe Islands. Oge a naagbasa nafọ 2012.<ref name="veps">{{Cite web|url=http://animal.discovery.com/tv/whale-wars-viking-shores/episode-guide.html|title=Whale Wars: Viking Shores: Episode Guide|publisher=[[Animal Planet]]|accessdate=May 5, 2012}}</ref> E gosipụtakwara na 2012 bụ ihe omume abụọ pụrụ iche, "Operation Bluefin" na "Seal Wars". Oge nke isii nwere ihe omume pụrụ iche nke awa abụọ akpọrọ "Whale Wars: A Commander Rises", nke a gosipụtara na Disemba 13, 2013. Ọ naegosi ndị Sea Shepherds ọzọ naanwa ịkwụsị igbu whale nke Japan na Southern Ocean na Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary noge oge igbu whale 2013.<ref name="Whale Wars: A Commander Rises">{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2013/12/12/whale-wars-to-begin-next-mission-without-longtime-captain/|title=Whale Wars: A Commander Rises|publisher=NYP Holdings, Inc.|date=December 12, 2013|accessdate=December 13, 2013|author=Morabito, Andrea}}</ref> == Nchịkọta usoro == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col" style="padding: 0px 8px" |Oge ! colspan="2" scope="col" style="padding: 0px 8px" |Ihe omume ! colspan="2" scope="col" style="padding: 0px 80px" |Ụbọchị ikuku mbụ |- ! scope="col" |Ngụkọta ! scope="col" |Ihe pụrụ iche ! scope="col" |Oge izizi ! scope="col" |Oge ikpeazụ |- | scope="row" style="background-color: #689CCF; width:10px;" | |[[<includeonly>List of Whale Wars episodes</includeonly>#Season 1 (2008)|1]] |7 | {{N/a}} |{{Start date|2008|11|7}} |December 19, 2008 (2008-12-19) |- | scope="row" style="background-color: #CC99FF; width:10px;" | |[[<includeonly>List of Whale Wars episodes</includeonly>#Season 2 (2009)|2]] |11 | {{N/a}} |{{Start date|2009|6|5}} |August 21, 2009 (2009-08-21) |- | scope="row" style="background-color: #66B032; width:10px;" | |[[<includeonly>List of Whale Wars episodes</includeonly>#Season 3 (2010)|3]] |14 |1<ref name="futon"/> |{{Start date|2010|6|4}} |August 27, 2010 (2010-08-27) |- | scope="row" style="background-color: #FFD700; width:10px;" | |[[<includeonly>List of Whale Wars episodes</includeonly>#Season 4 (2011)|4]] |12 |2<ref name="futon" /> |{{Start date|2011|6|3}} |August 12, 2011 (2011-08-12) |- | scope="row" style="background-color: #999999; width:10px;" | |[[<includeonly>List of Whale Wars episodes</includeonly>#Viking Shores (2012)|Ụsọ Oké Osimiri Viking]]<ref group="lower-alpha">Spin-off series</ref> |5 | {{N/a}} |{{Start date|2012|4|27}} |May 18, 2012 (2012-05-18) |- | scope="row" style="background-color: #FF8876; width:10px;" | |[[<includeonly>List of Whale Wars episodes</includeonly>#Season 5 (2012)|5]] |8 | {{N/a}} |{{Start date|2012|6|1}} |July 20, 2012 (2012-07-20) |- | scope="row" style="background-color: #7700D2; width:10px;" | |[[<includeonly>List of Whale Wars episodes</includeonly>#Season 6 (2013)|6]] |1<ref group="lower-alpha">Season consisted of a single two-hour episode</ref> | {{N/a}} | colspan="2" |{{Start date|2013|12|13}} |- | scope="row" style="background-color:#3030FF; width:10px;" | |[[<includeonly>List of Whale Wars episodes</includeonly>#Season 7 (2015)|7]] |3 | {{N/a}} | colspan="2" |{{Start date|2015|1|2}} |- | scope="row" style="background-color:#B60000; width:10px;" | |[[<includeonly>List of Whale Wars episodes</includeonly>#Other episodes|Ihe omume ndị ọzọ]] |2 | {{N/a}} | {{N/a}} | {{N/a}} |} ; Ihe edeturu {{Reflist}} == Ihe omume == === Oge 1 (2008) === Oge nke 1 nwere ihe omume 7 ma gosipụta site na Nọvemba 7, 2008, ruo Disemba 19, 2008. Ọtụtụ nime ihe ndị e gosipụtara noge a mere netiti Nọvemba 2007 na Febụwarị 2008. Oge nke Mbụ dị ugbu a na DVD.<ref name="buy the DVD">{{Cite web|title=Whale Wars DVD Set|publisher=Discovery Channel Store|url=http://shopping.discovery.com/product-74891.html|accessdate=June 7, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221215852/http://shopping.discovery.com/product-74891.html|archivedate=February 21, 2009}}</ref> Oge mbụ nke Whale Wars bụ mmemme a naelekarị anya maka Animal Planet, naejide ihe karịrị otu nde ndị naekiri maka oge ikpeazụ ya. N'etiti ndị okenye dị afọ 25-54, usoro ahụ nwetara ọkwa kachasị elu na akụkọ mere eme nke Animal Planet.<ref name="multichannel">{{Cite news|title=Animal Planet Show Has Whale Of A Season|author=Reynolds|first=Mike|date=December 23, 2008|publisher=Multichannel News|url=http://www.multichannel.com/article/CA6624856.html|accessdate=June 7, 2009}}</ref> Oge izizi nwetakwara onyinye Television Academy Honors. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences mepụtara Television Academy Honors na 2008 iji mata "Television with a Conscience" - ihe ndị a rụzuru na mmemme nke naeweta nsogbu ndị naechegbu ọha mmadụ anyị n'ụzọ na-adọrọ mmasị, mmetụta uche na nghọta.<ref name="emmy">{{Cite web|title=The Television Academy Honors|publisher=Academy of Television Arts & Sciences|url=http://cdn.emmys.tv/awards/tvacadhonors.php|accessdate=June 7, 2009|archivedate=July 7, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707003729/http://cdn.emmys.tv/awards/tvacadhonors.php}}</ref>{{Episode table|background=#689CCF|overall=|season=|title=|airdate=|prodcode=|prodcodeR=<ref name=futon />|episodes={{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 1 |EpisodeNumber2 = 1 |Title = Needle in a Haystack |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|11|7}} |ProdCode = 101 |ShortSummary = [[Paul Watson]] is allegedly shot by the Japanese whaling crew during a confrontation between the whaling [[factory ship]] ''[[Nisshin Maru]]'' and the [[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]] vessel [[MY Steve Irwin|MY ''Steve Irwin'']]. The episode then flashes back to the maiden launching and departure of the vessel from home port three months earlier. |LineColor = 689CCF }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 2 |EpisodeNumber2 = 2 |Title = Nothing's Ideal |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|11|14}} |ProdCode = 102 |ShortSummary = After weeks of searching, the Sea Shepherds finally spot a Japanese whaling ship, the harpoon ship ''[[Yūshin Maru No. 2]]''. Watson devises a dangerous plan for two of his crew members to board the vessel and deliver a letter telling them to stop the killing of whales. He hopes to create an international incident, but his plan sparks a safety debate that divides the crew. Two volunteers enlist for the mission – Ben "Pottsy" Potts and Giles Lane – and the crew braces for the worst as the men jump over the railing of the enemy ship. They are immediately tied up by the Japanese whalers, and the ''Yūshin Maru No. 2'' speeds away with the two Shepherds still aboard. |LineColor = 689CCF }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 3 |EpisodeNumber2 = 3 |Title = International Incidents R Us |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|11|21}} |ProdCode = 103 |ShortSummary = Without negotiation and confrontation with the ''Steve Irwin'', the ''Yūshin Maru No. 2'' agreed to transfer Pottsy and Giles to a government ship that would then meet with the ''Steve Irwin'' at a rendezvous point to return the two members. 1st Mate Peter Brown decides to launch an attack on the ''Yūshin Maru No. 2'' at dusk. Four crew-members are sent on the [[zodiac boat|Zodiac]] [[inflatable boat]] ''Delta'' to carry out the risky mission. After losing radio contact with them, reconnaissance helicopter pilot Chris Aultman, who was sent too late to survey the situation, reports that they are heading in the wrong direction and must return as night falls. The lone ''Delta'' was feared to be forever lost out in the middle of the dark, frigid, vast [[Antarctic Ocean]]. Fortunately, contact was finally made with the ''Delta'', which eventually returns to the ''Steve Irwin'' over two hours later and behind schedule to retrieve Pottsy and Giles. |LineColor = 689CCF }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 4 |EpisodeNumber2 = 4 |Title = We Are Hooligans |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|11|28}} |ProdCode = 104 |ShortSummary = Giles Lane and Ben Potts safely return to the ''Steve Irwin''. The crew then discovers that an unknown ship, allegedly spying for the Japanese whaling fleet, has been following them, and decides to perform a reconnaissance mission from behind a [[tabletop iceberg]] for any military personnel aboard, and temporarily drives it away after seeing no sign of illegal military activity. The crew later plans to ambush the mystery ship, soon identified as the ''Fukuyoshi Maru No. 68'', to prevent information about the ''Steve Irwin''{{'}}s whereabouts from being given to the rest of the whaling fleet. They plan to do this by boarding the vessel and sabotaging its communication equipment, shutting off any communication with anyone. Before the mission, a hydraulic crane used to launch the motor rafts somehow got damaged, jeopardizing the [[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]]'s mission. |LineColor = 689CCF }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 5 |EpisodeNumber2 = 5 |Title = Doors Slamming and Things Breaking |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|12|5}} |ProdCode = 105 |ShortSummary = The ''Steve Irwin'' experiences several technical difficulties, including a damaged engine, hydraulic crane, and helicopter. Running on only one engine, the ship must return to port at [[Melbourne, Australia]] to make repairs while the whaling continues. Some crew-members decide to party and leave the operation. Upon arrival, they were warmly greeted and cheered by the citizens, and by the police. Pottsy and Giles become instant celebrities on homecoming. After recruiting new members, the crew travels without its reconnaissance helicopter and returns to the [[Southern Ocean]] only to find that the suspicious ship is still following them. |LineColor = 689CCF }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 6 |EpisodeNumber2 = 6 |Title = Ladies First |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|12|12}} |ProdCode = 106 |ShortSummary = After noticing that the suspicious ship ''Fukuyoshi Maru No. 68'' has found and followed the ''Steve Irwin'' again, but the Sea Shepherd crew successfully hides in a field of icebergs and the ''Fukuyoshi Maru No. 68'' passes by and loses their trail. The ''Steve Irwin'' detects one of the ''Yūshin Maru'' harpoon ships on radar and Watson unsuccessfully attempts to send four female crew members to board the vessel to deliver a warrant. This leads to a man's injured thumb and a woman's injured pelvis (Incidents not related). At dusk, the entire ship experiences a [[power outage]], leaving it drifting through an iceberg field without operating engines. |LineColor = 689CCF }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 7 |EpisodeNumber2 = 7 |Title = Boiling Point |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|12|19}} |ProdCode = 107 |ShortSummary = After power was restored to part of the ship, the ''Steve Irwin'' finally finds, follows, and comes face to face two times with the Japanese whaling factory ship ''Nisshin Maru'', which Watson considers the "most evil" vessel in international waters. A pod of whales swims between the two "warring" ships, which eventually engage in a ship-to-ship "battle." The captain of the ''Nisshin Maru'' warned on a recorded message sent multiple times through a horn that "If you dare board this vessel, you will be taken into custody." Recruited Sea Shepherds are the first to strike, throwing stink bombs with [[butyric acid]] onto the decks of the ''Nisshin Maru'', which dwarfed the ''Steve Irwin'' in size, while its crew watches and films the ''Steve Irwin''. The Japanese whalers claim that three of their crew-members were injured by the stink bombs. When the two ships meet the second time, the ''Steve Irwin'' crew strikes first again while the ''Nisshin Maru'' crew, in return, threatens to use tear gas grenades and throws flash bombs. Watson fishes a metallic fragment from his vest and claims to have been shot. As Watson concluded that the second leg of the mission was successful, the Sea Shepherds claimed that they have saved about 500 whales. The ''Steve Irwin'' returns to Melbourne again before running out of fuel. |LineColor = 689CCF }}}} === Oge nke Abụọ (2009) === Oge nke abụọ nke Whale Wars malitere na Animal Planet na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na June 5, 2009, na [[Kánada|Canada]] na June 10, 2009, na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] na October 6, 2009. E dekọrọ oge ahụ n'etiti Disemba 2008 na Febụwarị 2009.{{Episode table|background=#cc99ff|overall=|season=|title=|airdate=|prodcode=|prodcodeR=<ref name=futon />|episodes={{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 8 |EpisodeNumber2 = 1 |Title = The Sound of Ice |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|6|5}} |ProdCode = 201 |ShortSummary = The series starts with a dramatic encounter with the Japanese Whaling fleet. The episode then flashes back to the maiden launching and departure of the vessel from home port two months earlier. Paul Watson and the Sea Shepherds head back down to Antarctica for what promises to be their most intense [[anti-whaling]] campaign yet. However, no sooner does the ship leave port than the ship's Gyro breaks and they hit a massive storm the size of Australia. |LineColor = CC99FF }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 9 |EpisodeNumber2 = 2 |Title = The Flexibility of Steel |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|6|12}} |ProdCode = 202 |ShortSummary = A huge weather system moves in and the ''Steve Irwin'' is forced to take shelter behind a large iceberg. By morning, they are surrounded by ice so thick they can no longer move. The ice begins to push against the aging ship's fragile hull, denting it inwards. |LineColor = CC99FF }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 10 |EpisodeNumber2 = 3 |Title = As Bad as Our Bark |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|6|19}} |ProdCode = 203 |ShortSummary = The Sea Shepherd gather intelligence on the fleet's location, they realize that they are low on fuel. As they weigh whether or not to head back to port, they come across the entire Japanese fleet searching for one of their crew-members that has either fallen overboard or committed suicide by jumping overboard. |LineColor = CC99FF }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 11 |EpisodeNumber2 = 4 |Title = Yum Yum, Eat Crow |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|6|26}} |ProdCode = 204 |ShortSummary = The Sea Shepherds have come across the entire Japanese fleet searching for one of their crew-members that fell overboard. Paul orders his crew to stand down, and they agonize over being so close to their target, yet unable to attack. |LineColor = CC99FF }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 12 |EpisodeNumber2 = 5 |Title = The Unintimidatables |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|7|10}} |ProdCode = 205 |ShortSummary = The ''Steve Irwin'' is quarantined in Hobart and the crew anxiously waits to find out if they have been exposed to Anthrax. Finally they get the all clear and 1st mate Peter Brown wastes no time leaving the ship after having quit the campaign. |LineColor = CC99FF }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 13 |EpisodeNumber2 = 6 |Title = With a Hook |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|7|17}} |ProdCode = 206 |ShortSummary = Surrounded by the Japanese whaling fleet, the Sea Shepherds ready themselves for their biggest day of battle to date on the campaign. Helicopter pilot Chris flies up and confirms the crew's fears&nbsp;— all of the whaling vessels are equipped with [[LRAD]]s. Additionally the ''Nisshin Maru'' has covered itself in netting, making the deployment of the butyric acid nearly impossible. The Gemini tries to deploy a prop-fouler, but after several attempts, the harpoon ship manages to take fouling line out of the water. The LRAD device is seen, but not turned on. |LineColor = CC99FF }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 14 |EpisodeNumber2 = 7 |Title = The Desire to Fling Things |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|7|24}} |ProdCode = 207 |ShortSummary = Watson is in pursuit of the ''Nisshin Maru'' when all three Japanese harpoon ships suddenly appear on out of the fog. The Sea Shepherds are completely outnumbered. |LineColor = CC99FF }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 15 |EpisodeNumber2 = 8 |Title = Bait and Switch |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|7|31}} |ProdCode = 208 |ShortSummary = As the Sea Shepherds prepare for their fourth straight day of engagement with the Japanese whaling fleet, Andy and Simon argue with Dan over the best strategy for attack. |LineColor = CC99FF }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 16 |EpisodeNumber2 = 9 |Title = The Crazy Ivan |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|8|7}} |ProdCode = 209 |ShortSummary = Low on fuel, the small boats head toward the ''Steve Irwin'', but in order to get them on board safely, Paul must employ a dangerous military strategy, "The Crazy Ivan," circling at a high speed to try and create calm water for the little boats to return. |LineColor = CC99FF }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 17 |EpisodeNumber2 = 10 |Title = The Stuff of Nightmares |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|8|14}} |ProdCode = 210 |ShortSummary = The Sea Shepherds shock turns to fury when the Japanese fleet hauls in a killed whale for processing. Paul Watson instructs the crew to prepare for battle, but Japanese water cannons disorient the Sea Shepherds, causing them to miss the throw. Another Japanese whaling ship transfers another dead whale later. But afterwards the ''[[Yūshin Maru No. 3]]'' harpoons and kills a whale in front of the Sea Shepherd crew. |LineColor = CC99FF }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 18 |EpisodeNumber2 = 11 |Title = Overlooking a Forlorn Shore |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|8|21}} |ProdCode = 211 |ShortSummary = Season Finale.The Sea Shepherds continue to attempt to disrupt the whaling fleet's operations. When the ''Yūshin Maru No. 3'' tries to transfer a dead whale to the ''Nisshin Maru'', Captain Watson intercedes by attempting to block the whale transfer with the ''Steve Irwin''. The ''[[Yūshin Maru]]'' moves in, attempting to prevent Watson from blocking the transfer, but the two ships collide; both sides blame each other for causing the collision. |LineColor = CC99FF }}}}Na mbido mkpọsa 2009-10, Marjorie Kaplan, onye isi oche na onye isi njikwa nke Animal Planet, kwuru na nkwupụta akụkọ: "Ihe ndị gbara igbu whale gburugburu noké osimiri ndịda dị mkpa ma dị mgbagwoju anya. Ịdị ukwuu nke ihe ndị a mara mma na ogologo nke ndị Sea Shepherds gaaga iji gbochie igbu whale emeela ka Whale Wars siri ike ma dị mkpa. " O kwukwara na Japan ajụla arịrịọ maka ime ihe nkiri na ụgbọ mmiri ha.<ref name="LA Times 2009-12-8">{{Cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/outposts/2009/12/new-whale-wars-season-has-officially-begun.html|title=New 'Whale Wars' season begins as Sea Shepherd seeks Japanese fleet|author=Thomas|first=Pete|date=December 8, 2009|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=December 8, 2009}}</ref> Animal Planet wepụtara "ihe ngosi dị mkpirikpi" nke oge ọhụrụ ahụ na Mee 18, 2010. Ihe ngosi ahụ naegosi ojiji nke laser dazzlers na projectile launchers site na Sea Shepherd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHpEFKgNoTc|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828012924/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHpEFKgNoTc|archivedate=2010-08-28|title=Whale Wars: Season 3 Sneak Peek|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=June 5, 2010}}</ref>{{Episode table|background=#66B032|overall=|season=|title=|airdate=|prodcode=|prodcodeR=<ref name=futon />|episodes={{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 19 |EpisodeNumber2 = 1 |Title = Surrounded By Spies |RTitle = <ref name=eps /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|6|4}} |ProdCode = 301 |ShortSummary = The third season opens with Captain Paul Watson leading three ships from different ports on a campaign against whaling in the Antarctic. However, both the [[MY Ady Gil|MY ''Ady Gil'']] and the [[MY Bob Barker|MY ''Bob Barker'']] experience setbacks, preventing them from joining the ''Steve Irwin''. One of the Japanese whaling ships, the {{MV|Shōnan Maru 2}}, soon follows the ''Steve Irwin'' in order to alert the whaling fleet. Watson and the Sea Shepherds take evasive action. |LineColor = 66B032 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 20 |EpisodeNumber2 = 2 |Title = Crossing Danger |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|6|11}} |ProdCode = 302 |ShortSummary = The ''Shōnan Maru 2'' continues to closely follow the ''Steve Irwin''. The Sea Shepherds force the Japanese ship to back off so they can safely stow the helicopter. Meanwhile the crew of the ''Bob Barker'' successfully repair their broken main engines and get underway to rendezvous with the ''Steve Irwin''. The ''Ady Gil'' suffers the loss of two crew members and brings in two more former ''[[Earthrace]]'' members along with a new radar. Back in Antarctic waters, the ''Steve Irwin'' steers into an ice pack in a failed attempt to lose the ''Shōnan Maru 2'' tailing them. |LineColor = 66B032 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 21 |EpisodeNumber2 = 3 |Title = From Hell's Heart |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|6|18}} |ProdCode = 303 |ShortSummary = Unable to lose the tail of the ''Shōnan Maru 2'', the ''Steve Irwin'' heads north to meet up with the ''Ady Gil''. Once at the meeting point, Pete Bethune boards the ''Steve Irwin'' and plans are made to stop the ''Shōnan Maru 2'' with the help of the ''Ady Gil'', to allow the ''Steve Irwin'' to escape. The ''Bob Barker'' meanwhile tries to make up time by sailing straight through a huge storm, taking on damage on the way and endangering the whole mission. |LineColor = 66B032 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 22 |EpisodeNumber2 = 4 |Title = Stealth Attack |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|6|25}} |ProdCode = 304 |ShortSummary = The ''Ady Gil'' tries to stop the ''Shōnan Maru 2'' from tailing the ''Steve Irwin'', but is unsuccessful. Captain Watson therefore decides to head for [[Hobart]] to replenish supplies and lose its tail, as the whaling vessel is not allowed in Australian waters. The ''Bob Barker'' receives a tip from an antarctic cruise ship about the whereabouts of the whaling fleet. They head for the coordinates and find a harpoon ship and later the ''Nisshin Maru''. They call the ''Ady Gil'' for help. |LineColor = 66B032 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 23 |EpisodeNumber2 = 5 |Title = The Thrill of the Chase |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|7|9}} |ProdCode = 305 |ShortSummary = The ''Ady Gil'' engages the ''Nisshin Maru'' in order to help the slower ''Bob Barker'' catch up with the factory ship. But the ''Bob Barker'' can't keep up and launches one of its inflatables to slow down the ''Nisshin Maru''. Due to rough weather the inflatable can't gain ground and has to be picked up again, slowing the ''Bob Barker'' down further. Meanwhile four harpoon ships are approaching the ''Bob Barker'', trying to keep it away from the factory ship. Low on fuel, the ''Ady Gil'' makes one last attempt at prop fouling the ''Nisshin Maru'', this time with success. |LineColor = 66B032 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 24 |EpisodeNumber2 = 6 |Title = Sliced in Two |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|7|16}} |ProdCode = 306 |ShortSummary = Low on fuel, the ''Ady Gil'' sits dead in the water, with the trailing harpoon ships passing by closely. Then the ''Shōnan Maru 2'' aims directly for the ''Ady Gil'', slicing it in two. After some nerve-wracking time without communication, the crew of the ''Ady Gil'' sends out a [[Mayday]] call. The ''Bob Barker'' responds and launches an inflatable. All crew-members survive, but one person is injured. An attempt is made to tow the damaged ''Ady Gil'' to a nearby research base in [[Antarctica]]. As the boat takes on too much water, a decision is made to abandon the ''Ady Gil'', which was emptied of the fuel left on board. |LineColor = 66B032 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 25 |EpisodeNumber2 = 7 |Title = Revenge is Mine |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|7|23}} |ProdCode = 307 |ShortSummary = On the ''Bob Barker'', plans are made for Pete Bethune to board the still trailing ''Shōnan Maru 2'', the same ship that sank his ''Ady Gil''. On the ''Steve Irwin'', a serious malfunction of the helicopter occurs, an unsuccessful repair and test flight lead to the grounding of the aircraft. A breach in the fresh water tank of the ''Bob Barker'' causes a loss of 90% of the water, endangering the whole mission. To replenish their supplies, the crew picks up pieces from an iceberg. Finally Pete Bethune tries to board the ''Shōnan Maru 2'' with the help of one of the ''Bob Barker's'' inflatables. |LineColor = 66B032 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 26 |EpisodeNumber2 = 8 |Title = Ready to Snap |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|7|30}} |ProdCode = 308 |ShortSummary = Pete Bethune's attempt to board the ''Shōnan Maru 2'' is aborted. Some of the ''Ady Gil''{{'}}s crew on the ''Bob Barker'' want to go home, and later have an argument with Chuck. The ''Bob Barker''{{'}}s engineer discovers that they are critically low on engine oil. On the ''Steve Irwin'', a decision is made to go to port to fix the grounded helicopter, and a plan emerges to rendezvous with the ''Bob Barker'' to transfer water and engine oil and pick up the ''Ady Gil''{{'}}s crew to take back to port. The rendezvous is conducted in French waters so the ''Shōnan Maru 2'' cannot follow. During the rendezvous, a storm damages the small inflatable boats, one of which goes adrift. The next day, an attempt to recover the drifting boat almost succeeds but an unwise attempt to use its engine in shallow water ruins its propeller. With their resources dwindling, the two boats separate again, and the ''Bob Barker'' makes a decision to avoid the ''Shōnan Maru 2'' by steaming towards a storm. |LineColor = 66B032 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 27 |EpisodeNumber2 = 9 |Title = A Bloody Trail |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|8|6}} |ProdCode = 309 |ShortSummary = The ''Bob Barker'' spots the ''Nisshin Maru''. After a brief discussion of using the helicopter offensively, rather than defensively, Paul Watson is aware of at least three harpoon ships moving in on the ''Bob Barker'' as darkness falls upon the night and freezing rain frightens the crew. To kill time, one of the deckhands, Malcolm Holland, skydives out of a helicopter and glides back onto the deck with a perfect landing to a warm round of applause and cheers, especially from the captain and helicopter pilot. The cheerful atmosphere quickly fades as they close in on the ''Nisshin Maru'' and get outflanked by the four harpoon boats which encircle and trap the ''Bob Barker'' inside their perimeter. Once the harpoon boats has formed a circular ring around the ''Bob Barker'', the ''Nisshin Maru'' tries to make a fast break. With no other choice and time running out, the Sea Shepherds try to break the blockade. The plan does not go according to plans as the ''Bob Barker'' collides with one of the harpoon ships on its starboard side, ripping a hole in the steel hull. |LineColor = 66B032 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 28 |EpisodeNumber2 = 10 |Title = Zero Hour |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|8|13}} |ProdCode = 310 |ShortSummary = The deckhands rappel over the side of the ship to assess the damage from the collision and realize that there is a hole in the steel hull. The gash is above the waterline so there is no fear of the ship sinking but water is coming in as it splashes against the hull. Unable to stop for fear of losing the factory ship, and due to the wet conditions, a permanent patch cannot be welded on and a makeshift patch of raincoats and Styrofoam blocks are used to hold back most of the water. The collision appears to have shaken the Japanese as well as they hang back with their harpoon ships. This allows the ''Bob Barker'' to take up position blocking the slipway at the rear of the ''Nisshin Maru''. News reaches the ''Steve Irwin'' of the ''Barker''{{'}}s success, encouraging the crew. Attempting to catch the Barker and the Japanese fleet, Watson realizes that the Japanese are heading right for them. Less than a day later, the ''Steve Irwin'' spots the fleet and the Barker. Watson rendezvous with ''Barker'' and takes up the lead position behind the slipway while the Barker falls back to block the harpoon boats should they try to make a move. Now with two ships working in tandem, the Sea Shepherds have completely shut down the Japanese fleet's whaling operation. For the next four days, the factory ship is unable to process any whales nor are the harpoon ships able to shake the Sea Shepherds off the ''Nisshin Maru''. Watson then begins to plot their next move to harass the factory ship and its crew. |LineColor = 66B032 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 29 |EpisodeNumber2 = 11 |Title = Fire in the Sky |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|8|20}} |ProdCode = 311 |ShortSummary = As the ''Steve Irwin'' attacks the ''Nisshin Maru'' with its water cannon, the two ships nearly collide. In an all around engagement, the ''Steve Irwin's'' helicopter is about to launch, as one of the harpoon ships comes closer, threatening the delicate aircraft with its water cannon. The ''Bob Barker'' comes to help, covering the stern of the ''Steve Irwin''. On one of the inflatables, Pete Bethune decorates the side of the ''Nisshin Maru'' with the help of his [[spud gun]] and red paint. As the inflatable engages one of the harpoon ships, the whalers use backpack water cannons to keep them at distance. The ''Bob Barker'' starts trailing a heavy stern line, in order to prop foul the ''Nisshin Maru''. By cutting across their bow, they try to deploy the line just in time, but fail to stop the factory ship. |LineColor = 66B032 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 30 |EpisodeNumber2 = 12 |Title = Vendetta |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|8|27}} |ProdCode = 312 |ShortSummary = Pete Bethune uses photographs of the ''Shōnan Maru 2'' taken from the helicopter to plan his boarding attempt. In the meantime, the Japanese fleet steers into a storm hoping to lose the Sea Shepherds. Paul Watson defends a claim by the Japanese that the Sea Shepherds actions injured their crews with acid burns, and postulates that the Japanese crew actually sprays themselves when they use pepper spray to defend their ship. The ''Steve Irwin'' attempts to flood the ''Nisshin Maru''{{'}}s engine room by directing their water cannon into its exhaust funnel, but it doesn't work. They then use the small boats to cover the ''Nisshin Maru''{{'}}s slipway with butyric acid, it meets with more success. However, the ''Shōnan Maru 2'' leaps at the opportunity when one of the small boats' engines die, and it is rescued just in time. Pete Bethune demonstrates a well-thought-out plan to board the ''Shōnan Maru 2''. As the episode ends, the boarding attempt is put into motion. |LineColor = 66B032 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 31 |EpisodeNumber2 = 13 |Title = To the Ends of the Earth |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|8|27}} |ProdCode = 313 |ShortSummary = Pete Bethune's boarding of the ''Shōnan Maru 2'' commences; after several tense minutes of waiting, the Sea Shepherds receive words that he has succeeded despite the Japanese ship's defenses. At daylight, the helicopter is launched to document Bethune confronting of the ''Shōnan Maru''{{'}}s captain. He disappears into the bridge, and after the confrontation, no more is seen of him. The Sea Shepherds resume their pursuit of the factory ship, which makes a sudden course change, separating it from Bethune on the ''Shōnan Maru 2''. As the ''Shōnan Maru 2'' disappears, the Sea Shepherds call Bethune a hero because his custody will carry awareness of the whaling controversy long past the end of the whaling season, and a media frenzy erupts on Bethune's boarding and capture. As they pursue the ''Nisshin Maru'' into Antarctic pack ice, the ''Bob Barker''{{'}}s larger fuel capacity and better ice-worthiness puts it in the lead while the ''Steve Irwin'' falls back and eventually leaves for port when their fuel runs low. The Sea Shepherds learn that the whaling fleet is more than 500 whales short of their quota, the most successful season they have had to date. |LineColor = 66B032 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 32 |EpisodeNumber2 = 14 |Title = From Pirate to Prisoner |RTitle = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2010/08/31/animal-planet-has-record-setting-conquest-druing-season-finale-of-whale-wars-with-most-watched-regularly-airing-telecast-ever/20100831animalplanet01/ |title=Animal Planet has record-setting conquest druing <nowiki>[sic]</nowiki> season finale of "Whale Wars" with most-watched regularly airing telecast ever|publisher=The Futon Critic|date=August 31, 2010|accessdate=September 2, 2010}}</ref> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|9|6}} |ProdCode = 314 |ShortSummary = More details are released involving Pete Bethune's arrest. A full interview is conducted with Pete Bethune after his arrest in Japan. |LineColor = 66B032 }}}}{{Episode table|background=#FFD700|overall=|season=|title=|airdate=|prodcode=|prodcodeR=<ref name=futon />|episodes={{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 33 |EpisodeNumber2 = 0<!-- This episode is a special case. It is listed as episode "0" for consistency with the episode numbering used at http://animal.discovery.com/tv/whale-wars/episode, which does not include special episodes in the numbering sequence. This does not affect specials at the end of the season. --> |Title = Road To The Showdown |RTitle = <ref name=futon /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|6|3}} |ProdCode = 400 |ShortSummary = Recap of the first three seasons. |LineColor = FFD700 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 34 |EpisodeNumber2 = 1 |Title = Battle Cry |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|6|3}} |ProdCode = 401 |ShortSummary = The episode begins with the three Sea Shepherd ships regrouping. The crews of the ''Steve Irwin'' and the {{MY|Bob Barker}} cheer as their new vessel, the ''Gojira'' arrives in port. The fleet then departs and separates to search for the Japanese whaling fleet. After encountering heavy swells, the crew of the ''Bob Barker'' notice that their fuel tank is leaking, and work to fix it. The ''Bob Barker'' spots a ship on the horizon, revealed to be the ''[[Yūshin Maru]]''. The crew celebrates, having found the whaling fleet only days after setting sail. The ''Steve Irwin'' also spots another harpoon ship. |LineColor = FFD700 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 35 |EpisodeNumber2 = 2 |Title = No Escape |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|6|10}} |ProdCode = 402 |ShortSummary = The crew of the ''Gojira'' witness the breathtaking views and wildlife they are there to protect. The Sea Shepherd vessels combine forces to find the ''Nisshin Maru'' factory ship. A new helicopter donated by American game show host [[Bob Barker]] gets its first use. The ''Bob Barker'' and the ''Steve Irwin'' start to be followed by the harpoon ships. |LineColor = FFD700 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 36 |EpisodeNumber2 = 3 |Title = Ghosts in the Machine |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|6|17}} |ProdCode = 403 |ShortSummary = Still being tailed by the ''Yūshin Maru No. 2'', the ''Steve Irwin'' slows down to refuel the ''Gojira''. To do so the bigger ship trails a stern line to tow the ''Gojira'' during refueling, but the [[trimaran]] gets prop fouled in the process. A diver is able to untangle the propeller. On the second attempt, this time with a floating line, the refueling is successful. On the ''Bob Barker'', the ''Nisshin Maru'' is possibly seen on the radar, but they are too far away to follow. They call the ''Steve Irwin's'' helicopter to perform reconnaissance. After some battery problems they jump start the aircraft. The ''Steve Irwin'' orders the now refueled ''Gojira'' to engage the ''Yūshin Maru No. 2'', so they can escape. But the ''Gojira'' develops engine problems and is unable to keep up with the harpoon ship, which closes in again on the ''Steve Irwin''. After a search the helicopter pilot is unable to locate the ''Nisshin Maru'' and lands on the ''Bob Barker''. The pilot exchanges information with the crew and heads back for the ''Steve Irwin''. During flight both Sea Shepherd ships lose communication with the helicopter. |LineColor = FFD700 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 37 |EpisodeNumber2 = 4 |Title = The Devil's Icebox |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|6|24}} |ProdCode = 404 |ShortSummary = The ''Bob Barker'' tries to lose its tail by deploying both its small boats in an attempt to distract the Japanese ship to escape. The small boat crews set a tracking device on one of the ''Yūshin''s and the ''Bob Barker'' manages to escape the ship's radar range. However, as the small boats race to rendezvous with the ''Bob Barker'', one of the boats is found to be damaged and the boats must return to their original position to be picked up by the ''Bob Barker'', which is now five hours away. This leaves the small boat crews out in the Antarctic air for more than half a day total. The crew begins to develop signs of [[hypothermia]]. |LineColor = FFD700 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 38 |EpisodeNumber2 = 5 |Title = Tracking the Enemy |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|7|8}} |ProdCode = 405 |ShortSummary = The ''Bob Barker'' returns to the last known coordinates of the small boats, the boats are eventually recovered, with two of their crew suffering from hypothermia. The ''Gojira'' spots a refueling ship which they believe has been commissioned by the whaling fleet. The Sea Shepherd fleet regroups to follow the tracking device placed on one of the ''Yūshin''s, but the signal is eventually lost. The ''Bob Barker'' is once again being tailed by a whaling ship. The ''Gojira'' is forced to return to port due to mechanical problems. Watson orders his fleet to interfere with the [[Fuel oil#Bunker fuel|bunker ship]] ''[[Sun Laurel]]'' from resupplying of the Japanese whaling fleet. |LineColor = FFD700 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 39 |EpisodeNumber2 = 6 |Title = Race to Save Lives |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|7|15}} |ProdCode = 406 |ShortSummary = The [[New Zealand Navy]] contacts the ''Steve Irwin'' and asks the Sea Shepherds to respond to an emergency distress signal from a Norwegian sailboat with five crew members that have gone missing. The ''Steve Irwin'' sails to the ship’s last known position and launches its helicopter to aid their search. Despite their efforts, they are unable to find them. Ultimately, the New Zealand Navy calls off the search and the Sea Shepherds continue to search for the Japanese factory ship, the ''Nisshin Maru''. |LineColor = FFD700 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 40 |EpisodeNumber2 = 7 |Title = Enemy in Their Grasp |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|7|22}} |ProdCode = 407 |ShortSummary = The Sea Shepherd battles exhaustion to search for the whalers' factory ship, the ''Nisshin Maru''. The search is especially hard on helicopter pilot Chris Aultman, who spends a long time searching from the sky. After receiving an anonymous tip, the ''Steve Irwin'' locates the ''Nisshin Maru''. The ''Nisshin'' in an attempt to lose the Sea Shepherds sails directly into an ice field, forcing them to go around. After several hours, they lost the sight of the ''Nisshin Maru''. Running low on fuel, the ''Steve Irwin'' is forced to return to port. |LineColor = FFD700 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 41 |EpisodeNumber2 = 8 |Title = Battle Stations |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|7|29}} |ProdCode = 408 |ShortSummary = With its engines repaired, the ''Gojira'' returns to action. The ''Bob Barker'' again attempts to lose its tail. After a successful prop-fouling attempt, the ''Yūshin Maru 3'' is stopped but sends out a distress signal, forcing the Sea Shepherds to halt its escape. The ''Yūshin'' again chases the ''Bob Barker'', but yet another successful prop-fouling allows the ''Bob Barker'' to move beyond the whaler's radar range. Afterwards, the Sea Shepherd fleet continues to search for the Japanese factory ship and, after several days of search, the ''Gojira'' finally spots the ''Nisshin Maru''. |LineColor = FFD700 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 42 |EpisodeNumber2 = 9 |Title = The Giant Enemy |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|8|5}} |ProdCode = 409 |ShortSummary = The ''Gojira'' engages the ''Nisshin Maru'', hoping to slow them down so that the ''Bob Barker'' can catch up. The ''Nisshin'' tries to escape by heading straight toward an ice field. Just before they manage to escape, the ''Bob Barker'' finally arrives to take the lead in following the whaling fleet. The Sea Shepherds are surprised to see the ''Yūshin Maru 3'' arriving to the area as well. The ''Steve Irwin'' leaves port after refueling and is set to rendezvous with the rest of the Sea Shepherds. |LineColor = FFD700 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 43 |EpisodeNumber2 = 10 |Title = Delivering the Final Blow |RTitle = <ref name=eps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|8|12}} |ProdCode = 410 |ShortSummary = The ''Nisshin Maru'', continues to sail east away from their designated whaling ground, hoping to run the ''Bob Barker'' out of fuel. The ''Steve Irwin'' and the ''Gojira'' race to rejoin the action but will not get there in time. Recognizing that the whalers are circumnavigating around [[Antarctica]] through [[Chile]]an water, the Sea Shepherds contact Chile authorities, who promise to seize the ''Nisshin Maru'' if the ship enters their water. The whaling fleet is forced to U-turn and heads back toward the whaling ground. The Sea Shepherds later receive unofficial words that Japan has suspended whaling, but the ''Nisshin Maru''{{'}}s course suggests otherwise. After the ''Bob Barker'' tails the ship for several days, Japan officially abandons the season’s whaling campaign as the ''Nisshin Maru'' heads north back toward Japan. |LineColor = FFD700 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 44 |EpisodeNumber2 = 11 |Title = War Stories |RTitle = <ref name=futon/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|8|12}} |ProdCode = 411 |ShortSummary = A one-hour interview show with Paul Watson and other crew members, looking back at the events that took place during Operation No Compromise. The show was hosted by journalist [[Lisa Ling]]. |LineColor = FFD700 }}}} === Ụsọ mmiri Viking (2012) === Oge isii nke spin-off malitere na Animal Planet na Eprel 27, 2012.{{Episode table|background=#999999|overall=|season=|title=|airdate=|prodcode=|prodcodeR=<ref name=vsfuton>{{cite web|url=http://thefutoncritic.com/showatch/whale-wars-viking-shores/listings|title=Shows A-Z — whale wars: viking shores on animal planet|work=thefutoncritic.com|accessdate=August 15, 2014}}</ref>|episodes={{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 45 |EpisodeNumber2 = 1 |Title = Bad Blood |RTitle = <ref name=veps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|4|27}} |ProdCode = 102 |ShortSummary = The {{MV|Brigitte Bardot}} heads for the [[Faroe Islands]] alone trying to stop whale hunting. The {{MY|Steve Irwin}} is detained in [[Scotland]] for damaging properties of a fishing company in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] while attempting to free [[Atlantic bluefin tuna]] (detailed in the "Operation Bluefin" special episode below). The Sea Shepherds are not welcome in the Faroes due to past encounters. The crew of the ''Brigitte Bardot'' speaks to the Faroese about whaling but are warned not to interfere with whale hunting. Meanwhile, the Sea Shepherds try to smuggle acoustic devices which would be placed underwater along the coast to dispel whales from swimming toward the Faroes, but their attempt is discovered and the devices confiscated. |LineColor = 999999 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 46 |EpisodeNumber2 = 2 |Title = Battle Cry |RTitle = <ref name=veps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|5|4}} |ProdCode = 103 |ShortSummary = The ''Brigitte Bardot'' and a covert land team continue to patrol the shores of the Faroe Islands for signs of whale hunting. At one location, the crew discovers what they thought are fresh whale bones scattering on the sea bed, which would indicate that whaling has already begun. Meanwhile, the ''Steve Irwin'' cannot leave Scotland until a bond is paid, forcing [[Paul Watson]] to embark on a [[fundraising]] campaign. Eventually, the bond is paid and the ship is allowed to leave. The Sea Shepherds receive news that there is an arrest warrant for Watson, but Watson decides to head for the Faroes anyway. Upon arrival, however, Watson is not arrested. |LineColor = 999999 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 47 |EpisodeNumber2 = 3 |Title = Into the Fire |RTitle = <ref name=veps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|5|11}} |ProdCode = 104 |ShortSummary = Acting on a tip that a hunt is underway in [[Vestmanna]], both the Sea Shepherd ships and the land team rush to the site to try and intervene, only to find the cove empty and the town deserted. It is then learned that the residents of the town have traveled to the capital city to partake in the annual festival of [[Ólavsøka]]. Paul Watson has the land team head to the festival with graphic images of slaughtered [[pilot whale]]s on their van; they are eventually forced to leave the festival by local authorities. Later on the ''Brigitte Bardot'' docks in [[Tórshavn]] harbor where they are harassed by locals throughout the night, culminating in one resident attempting to cast off the ship's [[mooring (watercraft)|mooring lines]] the following morning. |LineColor = 999999 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 48 |EpisodeNumber2 = 4 |Title = Friends and Enemies |RTitle = <ref name=veps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|5|18}} |ProdCode = 105 |ShortSummary = The crew of the ''Brigitte Bardot'' contacts police and the local who was tampering with the mooring lines leaves after receiving a warning. The Sea Shepherd vessels and the land team continue to patrol the shores for signs of whales. A helicopter and an [[ultralight trike|ultralight aircraft]] are launched from the ''Steve Irwin'' to aid the search. However, the Sea Shepherds are forced to ground the ultralight after receiving words that such aircraft are illegal. The land team discovers a large number of boats gathering at one location. Realizing that this could be a sign that whaling is about to take place, the Sea Shepherds send all their assets there to investigate. |LineColor = 999999 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 49 |EpisodeNumber2 = 5 |Title = Collision Course |RTitle = <ref name=veps/> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|5|18}} |ProdCode = 106 |ShortSummary = The Sea Shepherds discover that the boats are simply gathering for a [[Rowing (sport)|row boat race]], not for a whale hunt. The Sea Shepherds are continuing their patrols of the Faroe Islands when they receive word that the Japanese whaling fleet which they had been opposing for years is preparing to return to the [[Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary]] to resume operations. The news forces the Sea Shepherds to conclude their operations in the Faroe Islands in order to redeploy to [[Antarctica]]. On the final day of operations in the Faroes, the Sea Shepherds find a large pod of pilot whales and successfully drive them away from the islands. While no major whale hunts occurred during the Sea Shepherds' visit, it is revealed that one took place a week after the departure of Sea Shepherd with over 100 pilot whales being killed. |LineColor = 999999 }}}} === Oge nke 5 (2012) === {{Episode table|background=#FF8876|overall=|season=|title=|airdate=|prodcode=|prodcodeR=<ref name=futon />|episodes={{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 50 |EpisodeNumber2 = 1 |Title = Setting the Trap |RTitle = |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|6|1}} |ProdCode = 501 |ShortSummary = The Sea Shepherds are shocked to learn that the Japanese whaling fleet is preparing to leave Japan and return to the Southern Ocean to resume whaling. They also learn that the whalers have appropriated approximately $30 million in relief funds intended for the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]] to augment their security measures, though the full extent of these new security measures are unknown. The Sea Shepherds scramble to intercept the whalers, planning to intercept them south of [[Indonesia]] before they can reach the whaling grounds. The short notice also results in Sea Shepherds' helicopter pilot Chris Aultman being unavailable for the campaign, leaving an inexperienced replacement pilot to fill in for him. The ''Brigitte Bardot'' detects multiple targets on its radar and the helicopter confirms it to be the whaling fleet, including their primary target; the ''Nisshin Maru''. |LineColor = FF8876 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 51 |EpisodeNumber2 = 2 |Title = Games of Chance |RTitle = |OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2012|6|8}} |ProdCode = 502 |ShortSummary = After discovering the ''Nisshin Maru'', the ''Steve Irwin'' and the ''Brigitte Bardot'' prepare to converge on it. However, when the helicopter goes to find it, it has already disappeared. However, the helicopter suddenly finds another ship, which turns out to be the remodeled security ship ''Shōnan Maru 2''. It is not long before the ''Steve Irwin'' realizes they are being followed by this ship. Later, when the ''Brigitte Bardot'' begins running out of fuel, Captain Watson has to make the tough decision to send the ''Bob Barker'' north from the Antarctic whaling grounds to refuel it. As the two ships attempt to rendezvous they both end up in a large storm where a rogue wave hits the ''Brigitte Bardot'', cracking its port-side pontoon and seriously threatening its buoyancy. |LineColor = FF8876 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 52 |EpisodeNumber2 = 3 |Title = Dead in the Water |RTitle = |OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2012|6|15}} |ProdCode = 503 |ShortSummary = The ''Brigitte Bardot'' is slammed by a rogue wave, and water is entering the vessel through a crack in the pontoon. The terrified crew issues a distress call to the rest of the Sea Shepherd fleet, but help is more than 20 hours away. Fighting swells and brutal cold, the crew attempts to hold the pontoon in place with rope and straps. After waiting through the night, some crewmembers are finally rescued by the ''Bob Barker''. With the ''Shōnan Maru 2'' and ''Steve Irwin'' closing in on ''Brigitte Bardot''{{'}}s position, the ''Bob Barker'' must head south immediately to avoid being spotted by the ''Shonan''. |LineColor = FF8876 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 53 |EpisodeNumber2 = 4 |Title = Into the Belly of the Beast |RTitle = |OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2012|6|22}} |ProdCode = 504 |ShortSummary = With the Japanese fleet's security vessel looming on the horizon, the captain of the badly damaged ''Brigitte Bardot'' orders his crew to evacuate the boat and transfer to the ''Steve Irwin'' which is escorting them back to Australia. Meanwhile in Antarctica, the ''Bob Barker'' crosses paths with the ''Yūshin Maru No. 3'' and deploys the small boat teams to disable the harpoon ship so they can escape, though the plan fails when the ''Bob Barker'' suffers engine troubles and has to stop to make hasty repairs, allowing the ''Yūshin'' to catch up to them. To compound this, one of the small boats suffers damage to its radar and GPS systems when hit by a high-pressure water cannon on the ''Yūshin Maru No. 3'' and is forced to return to the ''Bob Barker''. |LineColor = FF8876 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 54 |EpisodeNumber2 = 5 |Title = Crossing the Line |RTitle = |OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2012|6|29}} |ProdCode = 505 |ShortSummary = As the Sea Shepherds attempt to transfer non-essential crew from the stricken ''Brigitte Bardot'' to the ''Steve Irwin'', the whalers' security ship, the ''Shōnan Maru 2'' closes on the two vessels. Afraid the ship might attempt to interfere with the transfer process, the Sea Shepherds warn the ''Shōnan'' to keep her distance. Once the transfer is complete, the Sea Shepherd ships continue to Australia, and watch as the ''Shōnan Maru 2'' crosses into Australian territorial waters, despite the fact that Australian law forbids whaling ships from entering their waters. The Sea Shepherds then launch the small boats to engage the ''Shōnan Maru 2'', but they are unsuccessful in stopping the security ship. After reaching [[Fremantle]], Paul Watson devises a plan to have volunteers board the ''Shōnan'', hoping to create an international incident which would allow the ''Steve Irwin'' to lose the security ship and rejoin the ''Bob Barker'' in Antarctica in the hunt for the whalers' factory ship. He gets three volunteers from Australian activist group Forest Rescue, and they begin the operation to board the security ship under cover of darkness. Despite one of the small boats suffering an engine failure en route to the ''Shōnan Maru 2'', all three volunteers manage to successfully board the ship. |LineColor = FF8876 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 55 |EpisodeNumber2 = 6 |Title = Never Say Die |RTitle = |OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2012|7|06}} |ProdCode = 506 |ShortSummary = With three people on board the ''Shōnan Maru 2'', the Sea Shepherds hope to delay the ship long enough to escape. The plan fails when the ''Shōnan'' continues to follow them and they realize the Australian customs ship ''[[ACV Ocean Protector|Ocean Protector]]'' would pick up the activists at sea. The Sea Shepherds then send small boats to attach prop foulers, but fail. They are attacked by [[stun grenade|flashbang]]s, forcing them to retreat back to the ''Steve Irwin''. Another ship is identified on ''Steve Irwin''{{'}}s radar, they think it is the ''Ocean Protector'' but it turns out to be the ''Yūshin Maru No. 2''. The ''Yūshin'' temporarily follows the ''Steve Irwin'' while the ''Shōnan'' drops off the activists. At night, the small boats engage the ''Yūshin''. They are able to deploy prop foulers but are dismayed to see the Japanese retrieving the prop foulers with hooks and tying them to the ship. The Sea Shepherds try to cut the lines but are violently attacked. Two small boat crew members are injured, one in the face and one in the arm. The Sea Shepherds realize that the Japanese are much more prepared this year to deal with their techniques. Meanwhile, the ''Bob Barker'' manages to escape from the ''Yūshin Maru No. 3'' by passing through Australia's [[Macquarie Island]]. |LineColor = FF8876 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 56 |EpisodeNumber2 = 7 |Title = Counterstrike |RTitle = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/whale-wars-2012/episode-7-season-5/counterstrike/295841|title=Episode Detail: Counterstrike|work=Whale Wars Episodes|publisher=[[TV Guide]]|accessdate=July 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001637/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/whale-wars-2012/episode-7-season-5/counterstrike/295841|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2012|7|13}} |ProdCode = 507 |ShortSummary = The injured crew members on the small boats return to the ''Steve Irwin'' after which they see the doctor. Meanwhile, the ''Bob Barker'' begins searching for the ''Nisshin Maru''. They notice a dot on the radar. Believed that it is a harpoon vessel judging from the speed, they cautiously approach the target hoping it would lead them to the whaling fleet. The plan fails when the ship turns out to be a fishing boat. A helicopter is sent to aid the search. The Sea Shepherds are worried when they lose contact with the helicopter on its return flight. After 25 tense minutes, they are able to reestablish communication with the pilot. The crew on the ''Steve Irwin'' have a meeting to rethink their strategy. Paul Watson decides to send all 3 small boats and a [[jet ski]] to engage the ''Yūshin Maru No. 2''. The jet ski is used as a distraction while the small boats deploy prop foulers. After most prop foulers fail to work, they deploy the last prop fouler made out of [[Kevlar]]. It works, and the ''Yūshin'' is dead in the water. |LineColor = FF8876 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 57 |EpisodeNumber2 = 8 |Title = Target Acquired |RTitle = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/whale-wars-2012/episode-8-season-5/target-acquired/295841|title=Episode Detail: Target Acquired|work=Whale Wars Episodes|publisher=[[TV Guide]]|accessdate=July 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720202528/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/whale-wars-2012/episode-8-season-5/target-acquired/295841|archive-date=July 20, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> |OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2012|7|20}} |ProdCode = 508 |ShortSummary = After disabling the ''Yūshin Maru No. 2'', the ''Steve Irwin'' begins searching for the ''Nisshin Maru''. As they head south, however, they encounter the ''Yūshin Maru No. 3''. At the same time, Paul Watson realizes that the ''Steve Irwin'' only has enough fuel left to return to port. Before departing, he orders the small boats to engage the ''Yūshin Maru No. 3'' with prop foulers. The plan fails when the Japanese lift them up out of the water before they could entangle the propeller. Meanwhile, the ''Bob Barker'' heads for the only patch of calm sea in Antarctica, where they find the ''Nisshin Maru''. Both the ''Yūshin Maru No. 2'' and ''No. 3'' also arrive as night falls. Both ships, each towing a prop fouling rope, box the ''Bob Barker'' in to slow it down as the ''Nisshin Maru'' escapes the ''Bob Barker''{{'}} radar range. The ''Bob Barker'' continues to follow the whaling fleet as it leaves for Japan. This year the Japanese kill over 260 whales. Watson also announces that the Sea Shepherds plan to purchase another vessel for next year's campaign. |LineColor = FF8876 }}}} === Oge nke 6 (2013) === Oge nke isii nwere otu awa abụọ pụrụ iche nke malitere na Disemba 13, 2013, na 9 pm EST. {{Episode table|background=#7700D2|overall=|season=|title=|airdate=|prodcode=|prodcodeR=<ref name=futon />|episodes={{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 58 |EpisodeNumber2 = 1 |Title = A Commander Rises |RTitle = |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|12|13}} |ProdCode = 600-120 |ShortSummary = The Sea Shepherds face a difficult 2013 campaign with the ''Brigitte Bardot'' and their helicopter unavailable. The fleet introduces a new ship, the ''Sam Simon''. Former captain of the ''Steve Irwin'', Paul Watson, is forced to step down due to an injunction preventing him from coming within 500 yards of Japanese whaling fleet. All four of the fleet's main ships feature a new captain, with Watson serving as an observer. The ''Steve Irwin'' remains to coordinate the operation. The ''Bob Barker'' is sent to search for the whaling fleet and finally locates the ''Nisshin Maru'' near the western edge of the whaling ground. However, they sit helplessly as the Japanese successfully kill and load a whale onto the factory ship. The ''Sam Simon'' is sent to search for the tanker ship ''[[Sun Laurel]]'' and finally locates it along with 2 Japanese whaling ships. They attempt to block the refueling, but fail when the rookie captain pulls away, not willing to risk his crew. After hunting, the ''Nisshin Maru'' turns east. Realizing that the factory ship is trying to also refuel, the Sea Shepherds send all their ships to interfere. 30 hours later, the ships prepare for the showdown. The 500-tons ''Bob Barker'' blocks the 5000-tons ''Nisshin Maru'' by parking right next to the ''Sun Laurel''. The Japanese warns the ''Bob Barker'' to move but captain Peter Hammarstedt refuses to comply. The ''Nisshin Maru'' then pushes the ''Bob Barker'' with their [[bow (ship)|bow]], damaging the ship and causing it to [[Angle of list|list]] dangerously. After a standoff, the ''Nisshin Maru'' backs away while the ''Sun Laurel'' abandons the operation. Days later, the whaling fleet leaves for Japan with only 103 kills. |LineColor = #7700D2 }}}} === Oge nke 7 (2015) === {{Episode table|background=#3030ff|overall=|season=|title=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 59 |EpisodeNumber2 = 1 |Title = The Devil's Den |RTitle = |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|1|2}} |ShortSummary = <!-- BE SURE TO READ THE FOLLOWING: Do not add episode summaries that you have copied from other websites or documents unless there is a clear statement on the website, or in the document that it is permissible to do so. Without such a statement, copying content is a breach of copyright and will be reverted. To avoid breaching copyright, content must be substantially different to content that you have obtained elsewhere; changing a few words is rarely "sufficiently" different. --> The Sea Shepherds kickoff their 10th anti-whaling campaign in the Antarctic (Operation Relentless). As the long range icebreaker Bob Barker gets underway, Captain Peter Hammarstedt knows that the Japanese whalers most likely will be more aggressive than ever (he reflects on last year's campaign, Operation Zero Tolerance, when on February 20th, 2013, the ''Nisshin Maru'' rammed the Bob Barker and nearly capsized it while attempting to refuel from its tanker ship, the ''[[Sun Laurel]]''). But this year, the Sea Shepherds are going on this campaign without their founder, Captain Paul Watson (who's back on land in an undisclosed location). So leading this campaign will be Captain Peter Hammarstedt, while Captain Sid Chakravarty commands the ''Steve Irwin'', and commanding the ''Sam Simon'' is an American, Adam Meyerson. The ''Steve Irwin'' and ''Bob Barker'' will be patroling in the Ross Sea (Captain Peter is taking a gamble that the whalers will only be in this area and avoid Australia-Antarctic territorial waters because at the same time the campaign is going on, the International Court of Justice is reviewing an action against the Japanese whalers by the Australian government, challenging the claim that the whalers are doing scientific research), while the ''Sam Simon'' during this campaign will remain in a holding pattern 400 miles due north of Ross Sea acting as a refueling vessel. Three days into the whaling season, the ''Steve Irwin'{{'s}} new helicopter nicknamed "Sea Wasp", spots the factory ship ''Nisshin Maru'' and one of the three ''Yushin Maru'' harpoon ships. Unfortunately, the ''Nisshin''{{'s}} flensing deck is covered in red and has three minke whales on its deck, meaning four whales are dead. The ''Bob Barker'' is only 30 miles away and immediately heads for the factory ship as the helicopter heads back to the ''Steve Irwin''. But in his rush, Captain Peter pushes the ''Barker''{{'s}} aging engine beyond its limits, and is forced to stop down as the ''Nisshin Maru'' gets away. Meanwhile, the ''Irwin'' encounters the security ship ''Shonan Maru No.2'' (the same ship that rammed the speedboat ''Ady Gil'' four years earlier). The small boats ''Delta'' and ''Humber'' engage the ''Shonan'' by first trying to plug the water cooling vents, but that does not work, so they drop prop fouler lines and stop the ''Shonan'', allowing the ''Irwin'' to escape. |LineColor = #3030ff }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 60 |EpisodeNumber2 = 2 |Title = Fight to the Death |RTitle = |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|1|2}} |ShortSummary = <!-- BE SURE TO READ THE FOLLOWING: Do not add episode summaries that you have copied from other websites or documents unless there is a clear statement on the website, or in the document that it is permissible to do so. Without such a statement, copying content is a breach of copyright and will be reverted. To avoid breaching copyright, content must be substantially different to content that you have obtained elsewhere; changing a few words is rarely "sufficiently" different. --> The Steve Irwin manages to escape from the whalers security ship, Shonan Maru No.2, but soon the Shonan tracks the Irwin down and tails it again. Meanwhile, the Sam Simon lies in wait 400 miles due north of the entrance to the Ross Sea. Its primary job to function as a refueling vessel, so unless the Irwin or Barker need to be refueled, the Simon stays where it is. To the southeast, the Bob Barker sits dead in the water after Captain Peter Hammarstedt pushed the engine too hard. Suddenly, a ship appears on the Barker's radar making 15 knots. The bridge crew debates that if this ship is a harpoon ship, it should go faster. But the Nisshin Maru's top speed is about 15 knots, so Captain Peter thinks the Nisshin is coming towards him. The engine is operational again, but Peter orders that they sit and wait in the fog. All of a sudden, the Yushin Maru No.3 appears and starts to tail the Barker. Peter calls Captain Sid Chakravarty on the Irwin and tells him to send the helicopter ("Sea Wasp") out. The Sea Wasp spots the Nisshin and the other two Yushins. Soon the Barker catches up with the Nisshin, and soon the Irwin joins them. By February 1st, 2014, the Sea Shepherds have been tailing the Nisshin for one full week. Suddenly, all three harpoon ships get behind the Sea Shepherds, looking like they're getting ready to launch an attack to get them off the Nisshin's tail. Captain Peter states that the Yushins attacking the Sea Shepherds in bad weather is something that he and his comrades have not prepared for. He orders one of the Barker's boats, the Gemini, into the water to cut the steel cables the Yushins are towing. After several failed attempts to cut the cables, the Gemini's crew decides to back off because the weather is too rough. Captain Peter tries to hail the Gemini on the radio, but the boat crew refuses to answer him. The Nisshin soon slips out of both visual and radar range. Suddenly, the Yushin Maru No.3 closes in on the Barker's starboard side and collides with it. |LineColor = #3030ff }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 61 |EpisodeNumber2 = 3 |Title = The Darkest hour |RTitle = |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|1|2}} |ShortSummary = <!-- BE SURE TO READ THE FOLLOWING: Do not add episode summaries that you have copied from other websites or documents unless there is a clear statement on the website, or in the document that it is permissible to do so. Without such a statement, copying content is a breach of copyright and will be reverted. To avoid breaching copyright, content must be substantially different to content that you have obtained elsewhere; changing a few words is rarely "sufficiently" different. --> The Yushin Maru No.3 has just collided with the Bob Barker (for the second time in almost exactly four years, the first time being during Operation Waltzing Matilda on February 6th, 2010). Crew rush below check the damage, which they find is just badly bent steel ribs, but no water entering the hull. As the Steve Irwin and Bob Barker race towards the Nisshin Maru's last known coordinates, the Sea Shepherds send video of the collision to the media. From his undisclosed location, Captain Paul Watson watches what happened on his laptop. He admits that the whalers more becoming more aggressive because they see that their days are numbered and also worried about the case brought against them in the International Court of Justice. Back in the Antarctic, the Nisshin Maru run into a storm to hide from the Sea Shepherds. Captain Peter calls Captain Sid to send the helicopter out, which does find the factory ship turning due east. The Bob Barker turns to intercept and soon finds the Nisshin within three hours. The harpoon ships are also there, but they don't turn to defend their mothership. Instead, the whalers wait until nightfall to engage the Barker. Both small boats (Gemini and Hunter) are lowered into the water and engage two of the harpoon ships (Yushin Maru and Yushin Maru No.3). They first try to cut the steel cables the Yushins are towing to prop foul the Barker, but don't succeed. So they drop prop foulers of their own to buy time. Soon the Nisshin slips away off the Barker's radar and Peter calls for the boats to return to the ship. As Operation Relentless comes to a close, the Sea Shepherds head back to port. On March 31st, 2014, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that the Japan's Antarctic whale research program (JARPA II) was not for scientific research and that their operations are illegal. After ten years of fighting, the Sea Shepherds celebrate their greatest victory to date. The whalers this season only killed 271 whales, falling 784 short of their total quota of 1,035. Captain Paul Watson was happy with the ICJ's decision and learned that Japan said it would abide by the ruling. But Paul is convinced that the Japanese whalers want their revenge and will do everything they can to keep going down to Antarctica to kill whales. He made clear if the whalers ever return, Sea Shepherd will be there to stop them. The following year (2014-2015), Japan sent two of its whaling ships on a non-lethal survey in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary. Sea Shepherd admitted the whalers were planning ahead to return to killing whales. The whalers released a new program called NEWREP-A, which calls for the killing of 333 minke whales (no more fin whales or humpback whales will be killed) every year for the next 12 years (until 2027-2028). In 2015-2016, as Sea Shepherd conducted other campaigns around the world, the whalers did return and killed 333 minke whales (103 male and 230 female, 90% of the females were pregnant). Sea Shepherd announced the construction of a brand-new interceptor vessel they named Ocean Warrior due to be completed by September 2016. Most likely it will be sent to the Antarctic to confront the Japanese whaling fleet for the 2016-2017 whaling season. No announcements have been made if the Steve Irwin, Bob Barker, Brigitte Bardot, or Sam Simon will return to battle the whalers. |LineColor = #3030ff }}}} === Ihe omume ndị ọzọ === E nwere ihe omume abụọ pụrụ iche nke e gosipụtara na 2012 naegosi ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke Sea Shepherd.{{Episode table|caption=Other episodes|background=#b60000|overall=|title=|airdate=|prodcode=|episodes={{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = S1 |Title = Operation Bluefin |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|4|21}} |ProdCode = 101<ref name=vsfuton /> |ShortSummary = The Sea Shepherds attempt to save [[bluefin tuna]] from poachers when the [[International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas]] (ICCAT) fails to act. First, they approach a fishing boat legally registered on the bluefin tuna catch register with its nets empty. They next encounter a group of fishing boats with multiple cages. The Sea Shepherds launch their small boats to attempt to cut the nets but are attacked by the fisherman; one of the fishing boats is prop fouled, but is quickly freed. The ICCAT sends a jet and orders the Sea Shepherds to cease. After the tuna fishing season ends, the Sea Shepherds spot a fishing boat towing a net full of tuna. Realizing such operation is illegal, they try to cut the nets but are met with threats of being stabbed. The ''Steve Irwin'' crashes straight into the nets, attaches grappling hooks and reverses, so as to rip the nets open; meanwhile, divers from the small boats cut the nets from below. The fishing boat rams the ''Steve Irwin'' with little effect. The operation is a success, as they free over 800 tuna. It is revealed that the fishing company has sued the Sea Shepherds for damaging its property. |LineColor = b60000 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = S2 |Title = Seal Wars |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|6|8}} |ProdCode = <span style="color: gray;"><small>N/A</small></span> |ShortSummary = The Sea Shepherds face threats of violence as they attempt to document the brutal clubbing of seals along [[Namibia]]'s [[Skeleton Coast]]. The mission is a success, as they are able to film the dead bodies of seals being unloaded from a truck that came from the seal clubbing beach. The security of the Sea Shepherds is constantly under threat, however, as valuable equipment is stolen and suspicious people are seen at their headquarters; fearing for crew safety, they are eventually forced to flee. |LineColor = b60000 }}}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lnel1jucu20zx8gpouv0egkh6k6cmu6 0 29449 727969 708395 2026-09-25T17:09:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727969 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Oslomarka.png|áká_èkpè|thumb| Map nke Oslomarka]] [[Usòrò:Evensetermyra.jpg|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama nke ụzọ ndị na-agafe n'elu ugwu na Evensetermyra]] [[Usòrò:Hadelandsveien.jpg|thumb|Okporo ụzọ Hadeland ochie gafere Lillomarka]] '''Lillomarka''' bụ mpaghara dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Oslo, Norway. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Oslomarka ma na-eje ozi dị ka ebe ntụrụndụ a ma ama. Lillomarka nwere ókèala Maridalen na Nordmarka n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, Nittedal na [[Gjelleråsen]] n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, mpaghara Bjerke na Grorud n'ebe ndịda na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Gjøvik na Movatn n'ebe ugwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://snl.no/Lillomarka|title=Lillomarka|publisher=Store norske leksikon|author=Knut Are Tvedt|accessdate=September 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skiforeningen.no/marka/showarea.cgi?id=5|title=Lillomarka og Gjelleråsen|publisher=skiforeningen|accessdate=September 15, 2016}}</ref> == Aha ahụ == Akụkụ nke mbụ bụ aha ugbo ''Lillo'' (lee Storo), akụkụ ikpeazụ bụ ụdị ''akara'' f 'ala osisi, ọhịa'. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Lillomarka nwere ebe ochie Gothalfske na-egwupụta ọla kọpa, ọdọ mmiri Alnsjø (otu n'ime isi iyi mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke Oslo), na ọdọ mmiri Breisjø. A na-eji ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri dị na Lillomarka eme ihe maka owuwe ihe ubi ice; mmiri ice dị na Årvoll na Vesletjern (Lilletjern) na Ammerud bụ isi iyi ice maka ndị Oslo. A na-eji Vesletjern eme ihe ruo n'afọ 1945, ebe a na-ewepụta ice site na ice-dam na Årvoll ruo n'oge 1967-68. Taa, Vesletjern bụ ọdọ mmiri ọha na eze maka igwu mmiri.<ref name="oslo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120412030825/http://www.bymiljoetaten.oslo.kommune.no/friluft_marka_byen_og_oyene/marka/lillomarka_a_til_a/ Lillomarka A til Å], City of Oslo website.</ref> N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Lillomarka aghọwo ebe a ma ama maka ịchụso n'èzí na ntụrụndụ anụ ahụ. Ụlọ egwuregwu dị na Linderudkollen bụ ebe a na-ewu ewu maka ọzụzụ ski jumping.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php/Lillomarka|title=Lillomarka|publisher=Lokalhistoriewiki|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archivedate=October 3, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003081633/http://lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php/Lillomarka}}</ref> [Linderud Mines ma ọ bụ] Linderud gruver na Lillomarka nwere akụrụngwa okporo ụzọ e wuru na 1880.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aftenposten.no/osloby/i/mBRw0O/reagerer-sterkt-paa-at-kulturminne-i-lillomarka-er-overkjoert|title=Reagerer sterkt på at kulturminne i Lillomarka er overkjørt}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Lillomarka_ridesti_skilt.jpg|thumb|Ụgbọ okporo ígwè na Lillomarka]] == Ịchụso n'èzí na Lillomarka == Ebe Lillomarka dị na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ma bụrụ ebe a ma ama maka ịchụso ndị bi gburugburu ọhịa a. Association for the Promotion of Skiing (Skiforeningen) na-ewere Lillomarka dị ka ezigbo ụzọ ọzọ karịa Nordmarka, karịsịa n'oge oyi. Oké ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri ndị dabara adaba maka njem ezumike. A na-ekwe ka a na-egbu azụ n'oké ọhịa niile na ọdọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri niile ma e wezụga maka ọdọ mmiri ọṅụṅụ Alunsjø na Breidsjø. Ma njem na ụzọ bridle na-agafe n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.skiforeningen.no/markadb/showarea.cgi?id=5 |title=The Association for the Promotion of Skiing's presentation of Lillomarka in the forest database |accessdate=2023-08-18 |archivedate=2007-09-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223517/http://www.skiforeningen.no/markadb/showarea.cgi?id=5 }}</ref> [[Usòrò:Lilloseter.jpg|thumb|Lilloseter]] === Ụlọ ndị dị na Lillomarka === Lillomarka nwere ụlọ egwuregwu anọ na-emeghe ihe ka ukwuu n'afọ: Lilloseter, Linderudkollen, Sinober na Trollvannstua.<ref name="oslo"/> Norwegian Trekking Association na-arụ ọrụ Fjellvang Lodge na Lillomarka, nke ndị otu nwere ike ịgbazite maka abalị. Tụkwasị na nke a, nke dị n'ebe ugwu nke Kjulstern na ndịda nke Sinober, bụ ụlọ obibi Sørskogen nke onwe. Na Steinbruvann, klọb egwuregwu Grorud nwere klọb na ụlọ ịgba ọsọ. === Igwu mmiri === N'etiti Ammerud na Grorud bụ Lake Steinbruvann, ebe a ma ama na-egwu mmiri. E guzobere mmiri ahụ mgbe Steinbruvann bụ ebe a na-echekwa mmiri ọṅụṅụ (1936-1971) ma mechie onwe ya maka igwu mmiri. Na Ammerud bụ Ọdọ Mmiri Vesletjern na nso Grefsenkollen bụ ọdọ mmiri Trollvann, na-adịghị anya site na Trollvann lodge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://snl.no/Grefsenkollen|title=Grefsenkollen|publisher=Store norske leksikon|author=Knut Are Tvedt|accessdate=September 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://snl.no/Ammerud|title=Ammerud|publisher=Store norske leksikon|accessdate=September 15, 2016}}</ref> === Maka agụmakwụkwọ === Ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na-eji Lillomarka maka njem dị mkpirikpi na ogologo oge na okike ma n'oge okpomọkụ ma n'ebe oyi. Ọmụmụ egwuregwu na kọleji sekọndrị dị elu nke Bjerke na-eji ọhịa ahụ maka ọzụzụ ọnọdụ (ịga ije, ịgba ọsọ na ịgba ọsọ), ọmụmụ ntụziaka na ọmụmụ ihe ndị na-eme n'èzí. Kọleji ndị agha dị na Linderud emeela ma na-edebe ụzọ ịgba ọsọ na ịgba ọsọ dị mma. Ha edeela ụzọ na 1 na 5 kilomita ọ bụla. [[Usòrò:Olehoiland.JPG|thumb|Ọgba Ole Høiland na Lillomarka]] === Ịkwọ Ụgbọelu === Lill-O-Dilten bụ usoro ntụziaka maka ndị na-aga ije, nke Lillomarka Orienteering Team guzobere. Lillodilten nwere ọtụtụ post nke ihe isi ike dịgasị iche iche na-emeghe n'oge ọnwa isii na-ekpo ọkụ n'afọ. A na-akpọ ụzọ kachasị mfe Mini-O-dilten na post dị nso na Grorud na Ammerud. Map ndị siri ike karị nwere post ndị dị anya na ụfọdụ n'ebe ugwu n'ime ọhịa.<ref>[http://www.lillomarka.no/lillodilten/ Lillodilten] at Lillomarka Orienteringslag website.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lillomarka.no/tur-orientering/lill-o-dilten/|title=Lill-O-Dilten|publisher=lillomarka|accessdate=September 15, 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 1830, onye ohi na onye ohi, Ole Høiland (1797-1848), nwere ebe zoro na Lillomarka.<ref name="oslo"/> Norwegian Trekking Association (DNT) na-ahazi njem mgbe niile gaa n'ọgba Ole Høiland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://snl.no/Ole_Pedersen_H%C3%B8iland|title=Ole Pedersen Høiland|publisher=Store norske leksikon|accessdate=September 15, 2016}}</ref> === Ihe ndị ọ na-achụ n'oge oyi === N'oge oyi, Lillomarka nwere nhọrọ dị mma nke ụzọ ski kwadebere, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-enwu ọkụ. Obodo Oslo na-elekọta ọtụtụ ụzọ dị na Lillomarka. == Ihe ngosi == == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Ebe ndị ọzọ e si nweta ya == * Revil, Bjørn (2008) ''Markaguiden'' (Gyldendal) == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120428063732/http://www.friluftsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/skog_mark/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ngalaba ntụrụndụ nke obodo Oslo na oké ọhịa Oslo] * [http://www.lillomarkasvenner.no Ndị enyi nke ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Lillomarka] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 13vjn3rsm75t8vpa82mh5pl15u4bxq4 0 29567 728121 689719 2026-09-26T06:59:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Million Tree Initiative naezo aka na [[Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi|ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]] naaga nihu nke ọtụtụ obodo naetinye aka notu notu, naezube ịbawanye ọhịa obodo ukwu site na ịkụ otu '''nde''' osisi. [[New York City|Obodo]] ndị a maara na ha naetinye aka ugbu a na atụmatụ a bụ: [[Los Angeles]], Denver, New York City, Shanghai, London, Ontario, na Amherst, New York. Otu ebumnuche a naekerịta netiti obodo ndị a naekere òkè bụ, dịka nkwupụta ebumnuche ha si dị, mbelata nke carbon dioxide na ikuku iji belata mmetụta nke okpomọkụ ụwa. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na Mee 2006, Onye isi obodo Antonio Villaraigosa mere Million Trees LA otu nime nkwa mkpọsa ya. Ọrụ Los Angeles naenweta ego site na ngwakọta ego gọọmentị etiti na ego obodo, ọrụ ebere, na onyinye ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ otu nime ndị mmeri iri anọ site na mmadụ 200 a họpụtara iji nweta onyinye gburugburu ebe obibi nke United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) na 2009.<ref>EPA. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130325060347/http://www.epa.gov/region09/awards/09/index.html 2009 Environmental Awards] Retrieved September 27, 2011.</ref> The Mile High Million, atụmatụ nke onye isi obodo John Hickenlooper malitere, bụ mmemme yiri nke ahụ na Denver, Colorado. Hickenlooper mara ọkwa nke a na 2006 State of the City Address. Nabalị iri abụọ na abụọ nọnwa Eprel nafọ 2007, onye isi obodo Michael Bloomberg kpughere ebumnuche nke ịkụ otu nde osisi site nafọ 2017 dị ka akụkụ nke PlaNYC, atụmatụ e mere maka nkwado nke New York City.<ref>The City of New York (April 22, 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070626134717/http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2007a%2Fpr119-07.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1 MAYOR BLOOMBERG PRESENTS PLANYC: A GREENER, GREATER NEW YORK] Retrieved February 28, 2011.</ref> Notu afọ ahụ, China malitere mmemme ịkụ osisi nke ya maka Shanghai, na otu ebumnuche maka otu nde osisi. Usoro ihe omume nke ọtụtụ nde osisi malitere na London na 2011. == Uru ==   == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://whatcommilliontrees.org/ Whatcom Million Trees Project - Bellingham, Washington, USA] * [http://www.milliontreesla.org/ Ọtụtụ nde osisi LA] * [http://milehighmillion.org/ Ọtụtụ nde osisi Denver] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080623063935/http://www.milliontreesnyc.org/html/home/home.shtml Ọtụtụ nde osisi NYC] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190425103341/http://www.mtpchina.org/ Ọtụtụ nde osisi Shanghai] * [http://www.milliontrees.ca/ Ọtụtụ nde osisi - London, Ontario] * [http://ytds.org/ Osisi Otu Nde - Pune, India] {{Forestry}} ie28pjzv5sg0zqsoayromdlr5rcpkaq 0 29583 728086 722690 2026-09-26T04:58:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728086 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin|display title=none}} {{Infobox ship image|Ship image=Earthrace-2.jpg|Ship caption=}} {{Infobox ship career|Ship name=*'''''Earthrace''''' (2006–2009) *'''''Ady Gil''''' (2009–2010)|Ship owner=|Ship registry=[[Auckland]], {{flag|New Zealand|civil}}|Ship builder=Calibre Boats|Ship laid down=January 2005|Ship launched=22 February 2006|Ship fate=Sank on 7 January 2010 at 17:20 UTC after collision with {{MV|Shōnan Maru 2}} at {{coord|64|01|50|S|143|05|23|E|region:AQ_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline,title}}}} {{Infobox ship characteristics|Ship type=[[Trimaran]]|Ship displacement=13 ton|Ship length={{convert|78|ft|m|abbr=on}}|Ship beam={{convert|23|ft|m|abbr=on}}|Ship draught={{convert|4|ft|m|abbr=on}}|Ship propulsion=*2 × 400&nbsp;kW (540&nbsp;hp) Cummins Mercruiser *Gearboxes: ZF 305A (single speed)|Ship speed=Claimed Top Speed: {{Convert|32|kn|km/h|1}}<ref name=MNZREPORT>{{cite web |url=http://www.maritimenz.govt.nz/AdyGil/Investigation-report-Ady-Gil-Shonan-Maru-Hi-rez.pdf |title=Investigation report Ady Gil and Shonan Maru No. 2 |publisher=MaritimeNZ.govt.nz |access-date=18 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128093609/http://www.maritimenz.govt.nz/AdyGil/Investigation-report-Ady-Gil-Shonan-Maru-Hi-rez.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2010 |accessdate=19 August 2023 |archivedate=19 August 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819062954/http://www.maritimenz.govt.nz/AdyGil/Investigation-report-Ady-Gil-Shonan-Maru-Hi-rez.pdf }}</ref>|Ship range={{Convert|12,000|nmi|km|0}} from {{Convert|12000|l|impgal|0}} of fuel capacity|Ship complement=4–8}} |} {{Databox}} MY '''''Ady Gil''''' (nke bụbu Earthrace) bụ trimarans dị mita 24 nke naagbaji mmiri nke e mepụtara dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ iji mebie ihe ndekọ ụwa maka ịgagharị gburugburu ụwa na ụgbọ mmiri. Nịbụ nke mmanụ biodiesel kwadoro, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwekwara ike ịgba ọsọ na mmanụ diesel.<ref name="Future_things">{{Cite web|url=http://thefutureofthings.com/pod/1258/earthrace-setting-a-new-world-record.html|title=Earthrace: Setting a new world record|author=Noa Rotkop|publisher=The Future of Things|date=10 September 2008|accessdate=11 January 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205080020/http://thefutureofthings.com/pod/1258/earthrace-setting-a-new-world-record.html|archivedate=5 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="Popular Mechanics 2007-06">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.popularmechanics.co.za/content/outside/singlepage.asp?fid=871&pno=1|title=Earthrace!|date=June 2007|journal=[[Popular Mechanics]]|accessdate=6 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="pop-sci-dec-2006-pg18">{{Cite journal|author=Seiff|first=Abby|title=Fast Fueled|journal=[[Popular Science]]|volume=269|issue=6|year=2006}}</ref> Ọ naeji ihe ndị ọzọ naahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmanụ akwụkwọ nri, ihe ndị mejupụtara hemp, na ihe ndị naadịghị egbu egbu, ma nwee atụmatụ ndị dị ka nzacha mmiri.<ref name="Future_things" /> Mgbalị mbụ e mere na ndekọ njem gburugburu ụwa na 2007 enweghị isi. Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ zutere nsogbu igwe nọtụtụ oge wee kụọ ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ nke Guatemala, gbuo otu nime ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke ọzọ. Ọ bụ ezie na e mechara tọhapụ ndị ọrụ nke Earthrace nibu ọrụ ọ bụla, igbu oge ahụ mere ka a maliteghachi mgbalị ndekọ ahụ, ebe nsogbu ndị ọzọ mechara mebie ya. Nafọ 2008, njem nke abụọ gosipụtara ihe ịga nke ọma - ọ bụ ezie na ọzọ, a ghaghị imeri ọtụtụ nsogbu teknụzụ tupu e nweta ndekọ ahụ, na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ mechara laghachi Sagunto, Spain mgbe ụbọchị 61 gasịrị na 27 June 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uimpowerboating.com/Records1.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814144327/https://www.uimpowerboating.com/Records1.aspx|archivedate=14 August 2017|title=Union internationale motonautique}}</ref> Na ngwụcha afọ 2009, a mara ọkwa na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, nke a naetezi oji ma naakpọ ''Ady Gil'', gaekere òkè na ọrụ mgbochi igbu whale nokpuru nduzi nke [[Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa|Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]]. Noge ọrụ na Southern Ocean, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na ụgbọ mmiri nkwado nke ndị Japan MV Shōnan Maru 2 zutere na 6 Jenụwarị 2010, naakpata mfu nke ụta ''Ady Gil'' ma merụọ otu onye ọrụ ahụ.<ref name="f1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,582115,00.html|title=Whale Wars: Boat Sinking After Antarctic Clash|date=6 January 2010|work=[[Fox News]]|publisher=[[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]]|accessdate=6 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026043926/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,582115,00.html|archive-date=26 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="f2">{{Cite news|first=Rohan|author=Sullivan|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/AP/story/1411346.html|title=Boat sinking after whaling clash in Antarctica|date=6 January 2010|work=[[Miami Herald]]|publisher=[[Miami Herald]]|accessdate=6 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="f3">{{Cite news|first=Kelly|author=Burgess|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/outposts/2010/01/sea-shepherd-vessel-ady-gil-has-bow-sheared-off-after-being-struck-by-japanese-whaling-vessel.html|title=Sea Shepherd vessel Ady Gil has bow sheared off after being struck by Japanese whaling ship|date=6 January 2010|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=6 January 2010}}</ref> Akụkụ nke ọ bụla boro ibe ya ụta maka ịkpata mgbagwoju anya ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị malitekwara nyocha banyere ihe ahụ merenụ.<ref name="RESTRAINT">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10618810|title=Govt calls for restraint after ocean clash|author=Fitzgerald, Julie|date=7 January 2010|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|accessdate=27 October 2011|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725003046/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10618810|url-status=dead}}</ref> E wepụrụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ''Ady Gil'' nụgbọ mmiri ahụ mebiri emebi ma hapụ ọrụ nnapụta ahụ, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ wee mikpuo n'echi ya.<ref name="NOTSUNK">news.com.au, 8 January 2010, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160116021254/http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/ady-gil-abandoned-and-leaking-oil-japan/story-e6frfku0-1225817467945 Ady Gil abandoned and leaking oil]</ref><ref name="STILLABANDONED">Herald Sun, 8 January 2010, [http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/govt-cant-guarantee-legal-action-against-japanese-whaling/story-e6frf7jx-1225817484238 Govt can't guarantee legal action against Japanese whaling]</ref><ref name="SUNK">ABC News, 8 January 2010, [https://web.archive.org/web/20101129192402/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/01/08/2787921.htm Ady Gil sinks after whaling skirmish]</ref> == Nhazi == Ọ bụ LOMOcean Design (nke bụbu Craig Loomes Design Group Ltd.) mepụtara [[Calibre Boats|ụgbọ mmiri]] ahụ ma bụrụ nke Calibre Boats wuru na Auckland, [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seabreeze.com.au/News/Power+Boats/Earthrace-around-the-world-in-60-days_2162526.aspx|title='Earthrace' - around the world in 60 days &#124; Seabreeze|work=seabreeze.com.au|accessdate=11 April 2023}}</ref> Nhazi trimaran naagbaji ebili mmiri nyere ohere maka ọsọ na nkwụsi ike ka mma. Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike ịbanye nime mmiri, nwee ike ịkpụpụ ebili mmiri dị mita 15 (49 ft) ma gaa 7 m (23 ) nokpuru mmiri.<ref name="Future_things"/> Ihe mejupụtara mkpuchi ahụ bụ eriri carbon na kevlar na-enweghị nsị na-adịghị egbu egbu.<ref name="Popular Mechanics 2007-06"/> Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike 540 horsepower Cummins Mercruiser engines nke naagba ọsọ na abụba anụmanụ na mmanụ akwụkwọ nri biodiesel.<ref name="pop-sci-dec-2006-pg18"/> Enwere ike ịgba ya na diesel, biodiesel ma ọ bụ ngwakọta.<ref>In general, diesel engines will run on a wide variety of oils—Otto Diesel demonstrated the first one running on peanut oil at a World's Fair—and typically any engine that will run on biodiesel will also run on petroleum-based diesel. </ref> Iji mee ka ọ jụọ oyi ma nye injin ahụ ikuku dị ọcha, a naetinye ihe naabanye nime ya na nku abụọ dị egwu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.northernadvocate.co.nz/local/news/silver-butterfly-spreads-its-wings/3682101/|accessdate=6 January 2010|title=Silver butterfly spreads its wings|author=Powley|first=Kathryn|date=27 April 2006|work=[[The Northern Advocate]]|publisher=[[APN News & Media]]}}</ref> A naetinye propellers abụọ nke ''Ady Gil'' nokpuru isi ahụ, ebe a naetinye ndị naakwọ ụgbọ nime pontons. Nhazi a nyere ezigbo ntụgharị na ọsọ, mana enwere ike ịnyagharị na ọsọ dị nokpuru 12 knots. Nagbanyeghị imewe ya dị ka "ụgbọ mmiri gburugburu ebe obibi", Sir David MacKay gbakọrọ na ọ nwere ike dị ukwuu karịa onye njem ọ bụla karịa jet-ski ma ọ bụ <nowiki><i id="mwYQ">QE2</i></nowiki>.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mackay|first=David|authorlink=David J. C. MacKay|title=Sustainable Energy – without the hot air|location=Cambridge|publisher=UIT|year=2009|isbn=978-0-9544529-3-3|pages=128, 130|url=http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/withouthotair/c20/page_128.shtml}}</ref> Ndị naakwado ego $ 2.5 nde naefu bụ ndị naakwado ya, naanị ihe okomoko dị n'ime ya bụ ụlọ mposi $ 10,000.<ref name="NZ Herald 2006-04-08">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/personalities/news/article.cfm?c_id=72&objectid=10376534&pnum=0|title=Mad sailor Peter Bethune not a nutcase|author=Hewitson|first=Michele|date=8 April 2006|work=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=26 July 2010|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707115429/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/personalities/news/article.cfm?c_id=72&objectid=10376534&pnum=0|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbe a jụrụ ya, "Naenwe mwute maka ọnụ ahịa ya niile?" onye isi ụgbọ mmiri [[Pete Bethune]] zara, "Ee e ... Ị maara, enwere m ụgbọ mmiri kachasị mma n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Erik|author=Lacitis|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003176794_weirdboat05m.html|title=Strange watercraft visits Seattle|work=The Seattle Times|date=5 August 2006|accessdate=26 July 2010}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Earthrace_in_Hamburg.jpg|thumb|Dị ka Earthrace na Hamburg, Germany 2007.]] == Mgbalị ndị e mere ka ha dekọọ == Ebumnuche Earthrace bụ igosi teknụzụ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ mebiri ihe ndekọ ụwa maka ịgagharị gburugburu ụwa na ụgbọ mmiri nwere njin.<ref name="pop-sci-dec-2006-pg18"/> O setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ n'ime ụbọchị 60 awa 23 na nkeji 49. Nke a meriri ihe ndekọ nke ụbọchị 74, awa 20, nkeji 58 nke Cable na Wireless Adventurer (noge ahụ Ocean 7 Adventurer), na 1998, site na ụbọchị 13 awa 21 na nkeji 9.<ref name="Darby">{{Cite news|title=Avatar pilot turns sights in whalers|url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/whale-watch/avatar-pilot-turns-sights-in-whalers-20101123-184xw.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=23 November 2010|first=Andrew|author=Darby}}</ref> Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ọ bụrụ na njem ahụ gbara ya gburugburu dị ngwa karịa oge esemokwu nke ụgbọ mmiri US Navy USS <nowiki><i id="mwgA">Triton</i></nowiki> nke nwere ike nuklia setịpụrụ noge Operation Sandblast.<ref name="Posiedon15">{{Cite book|title=Confronting Poseidon: Around the World Against the Odds|author=Tully|first=Clive|year=2002|publisher=Offshore Publishing|location=Portsmouth, England|isbn=978-0-9544093-0-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LP2pMgsEGd4C&q=Guinness+%22USS+Triton%22&pg=PA15|accessdate=2010-05-21}}</ref> Oge Earthrace guzobere emeghị ka ihe ndekọ zuru oke nke 103-ft sailing trimaran ''Groupama 3'' nke Franck Cammas ji 48d 7h 44' 52" ma ọ bụ ihe ndekọ ọhụrụ nke 2012 nke ''Banque Populaire V'' setịpụrụ, trimaran 131-ft nke Loïck Peyron ji 45d 13h 42' 53".<ref name="Popular Mechanics 2007-06"/> === 2007 === Mgbalị ahụ hapụrụ [[Barbados]] na 10 Machị 2007 mana ọ zutere nnukwu igbu oge gụnyere nsogbu na propellers na nsogbu ndị ọzọ.<ref name="NZ Herald 2007-06-03">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/environment/news/article.cfm?c_id=39&objectid=10443330|title=Earthrace highlights green cause|author=Griffin|first=Peter|date=3 June 2007|work=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=28 March 2010|archive-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409090123/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/environment/news/article.cfm?c_id=39&objectid=10443330|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nsogbu na injin na Palau kpatara igbu oge ụbọchị 8 nihi ịdị anya. Nabalị 19 Machị 2007, mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 22 (14 mi) nụsọ oké osimiri site na Guatemala, Earthrace zutere ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ dị nógbè ahụ. Enweghị ndị ọrụ Earthrace merụrụ ahụ, mana a chọtabeghị otu nime ndị ọrụ atọ si nụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ.<ref name="Collision">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10429738|accessdate=6 January 2010|title=Earthrace chief in court over tragedy|work=[[New Zealand Herald]]|publisher=[[APN News & Media]]|date=20 March 2007|archive-date=29 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092008/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10429738|url-status=dead}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ndị ọrụ ahụ nibu ọrụ ọ bụla mgbe nyocha ụbọchị 10 nke e jidere ha. Ogologo oge ahụ gbochiri Earthrace imecha njem gburugburu noge ndekọ, mana nihi na Earthrace were oge mmalite mgbe ọ hapụrụ San Diego, ndị otu ahụ kpebiri "ịmaliteghachi" na akara mmalite / njedebe ọhụrụ a. Ha hapụrụ San Diego na 7 Eprel 2007 ma chọọ ịlaghachi na 21 June iji mebie ndekọ ahụ.<ref name="Earthrace 9 May press release" /> Otú ọ dị, a hapụrụ mgbalị ahụ na 31 Mee 2007 mgbe a chọpụtara oghere n'ime ụgbọ ahụ obere oge ka ọ hapụsịrị Málaga, [[Spain]]. Mmanụ ala sitere nọtụtụ ndị naeweta ihe ma sitere na ihe ọkụkụ ego dị iche iche. Bethune naachọghị ịlaghachi na diesel nkịtị otu ugboro nihi enweghị nnweta.<ref name="NZ Herald 2007-06-03"/> [[Usòrò:203SFEC_LONDON-20070917.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Earthrace na Osimiri Thames, London.]] [[Usòrò:EARTHRACE_Cockpit_wheel.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Cockpit nke Earthrace.]] [[Usòrò:EARTHRACE_Skipper's_seat.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nlegharị anya nke oche ndị isi ụgbọ mmiri.]] [[Usòrò:EARTHRACE_bunkroom.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ebe ezumike nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nwere [[Àkwà mkpuchi|àkwà]] asatọ.]] === 2008 === Mgbe a rụzigharịrị ya na Vulkan Shipyard na Port of Sagunto, mgbalị nke abụọ na ndekọ ahụ malitere na 14:35 (CET) na 27 Eprel 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/4497145a7693.html|accessdate=6 January 2010|title=Biofuelled boat ready to resume challenge|work=[[stuff.co.nz]]|publisher=[[Fairfax New Zealand]]|date=26 April 2008|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624030802/http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/4497145a7693.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mby.com/auto/newsdesk/20080316104952mbynews.html|accessdate=6 January 2010|title=Earthrace will be at British Motor Show|work=Motor Boat & Yachting|publisher=[[IPC Media]]|date=16 April 2008|archive-date=21 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521175236/http://www.mby.com/auto/newsdesk/20080316104952mbynews.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nụgbọ ahụ bụ Rob Drewett (onye naese foto), Adam Carlson (onye na'ụgbọ mmiri), Mark Russel (onye injinia) na Bethune (onye isi ụgbọ mmiri / onye nwe ya). [ihe odide dị mkpa] Ụzọ maka mgbalị nke abụọ nke ụwa na oge a tụrụ anya maka ụkwụ ọ bụla dị ka ndị a:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110723105233/http://www.earthrace.net/index.php?section=33 Boat Crew: Pete Bethune – Skipper] (from the 'Earthrace.net' website.</ref> * Sagunto (Spain) - Azores: ụbọchị 3 * Azores - Puerto Rico: ụbọchị 3 * Puerto Rico - Panama: ụbọchị 3 * Panama - Manzanillo (Mexico): ụbọchị 3 * Manzanillo - San Diego: ụbọchị 3. * San Diego - Hawaii: ụbọchị 5 * Hawaii - Majuro (Marshall Islands): ụbọchị 5 * Majuro - Koror (Palau): ụbọchị 5 * Koror - Singapore: ụbọchị 5 * Singapore - Kochi (India): ụbọchị 5 * Kochi - Salalah (Oman): ụbọchị 4 * Salalah - Suez Canal (Ijipt): ụbọchị 4 * Suez Canal - Sagunto: ụbọchị 4 Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwere nsogbu na onye naakwọ ụgbọ mmiri ụbọchị abụọ mgbe ọ hapụsịrị, mgbe ahụ na 30 Eprel, a kwụsịrị mgbapụta nke injin ụgbọ mmiri. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na oge furu efu, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ rutere Azores obere oge tupu oge eruo maka mgbalị ndekọ ụwa na nsogbu teknụzụ niile doro anya na edozi. Ụzọ abụọ sochirinụ gara nenweghị nnukwu nsogbu ọ bụla na ndị ọrụ ahụ jisiri ike gafee nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri na Panama Canal. Nụbọchị nke 22 ihe dị ka ọkara ụzọ ha naaga Hawaii, nnukwu ịma jijiji mere ka ha kwụsị ma mgbe Bethune gara nokpuru ụgbọ mmiri nọchịchịrị na ọkụ iji nyochaa, ọ chọpụtara na ụfọdụ ụgbụ naịlọn ejikọrọ n'otu ihe nkwado ma wepụ ya. Noge naadịghị anya mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Palau nụbọchị nke 34, Earthrace kụrụ ihe mkpofu mmiri nke naakpụ akpụ abụọ site na propeller ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri wee gbanye oghere ụgbọala ahụ. Nke a mere ka a laghachi Palau iji nyochaa mmebi ahụ ma wepụ ihe nkwado ahụ. Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gara nihu na Singapore n'otu injin, ebe a naeme atụmatụ iji mepụta oghere ọhụrụ ma nweta propeller ọzọ. Ozugbo ọ nọ na Singapore, e welitere Earthrace site na mmiri nime sling ma rụzie ya nakụkụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri n'oge ndekọ. Nụbọchị nke iri anọ na asatọ, ndị ọrụ ahụ naata ahụhụ site na okpomọkụ na oke iru mmiri ma ha niile nwere nsogbu site na okpo ọkụ. Noge a, ha zutere ihu igwe mmiri ozuzo na ọsọ ha belatara nke ukwuu nihi ebili mmiri ugwu. [[Red Sea|Oké osimiri]] ahụ gara nihu ruo Oman na karịa tupu ọ banye n'Oké Osimiri Uhie. Noge a, transponder ụgbọ mmiri ahụ mebiri emebi na onye naeso ụgbọ mmiri kwụsịrị ịrụ ọrụ. Nụbọchị nke 56, naaga Port Suez, mgbapụta elevator ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, naegbochi ọsọ ha ruo 16 knots. Nke a chọrọ awa atọ nke mmezi iji gbanwee ya. Na Fraịde, 27 June 2008, Earthrace setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ ụwa ọhụrụ maka ''ịgba'' gburugburu ụwa, mgbe ọ gafere akara njedebe na 14:24 CET na Sagunto, Spain.<ref name="Popular Mechanics 2007-06"/> == Nkwado na Sea Shepherd Conservation Society == [[Usòrò:Ady_Gil_2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Dị ka ''Ady Gil'', kwụsịrị maka nrụzi na Hobart, Tasmania na ngwụcha afọ 2009, na ọrụ ọhụrụ naacha oji naeme ka 'nhazi nzuzo', nke naakwado ihe naagbasa radar pụrụ iche.<ref name="Transformation">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ecorazzi.com/2009/08/28/exclusive-the-earthrace-begins-a-sea-shepherd-transformation/|title=Exclusive: The Earthrace Begins A Sea Shepherd Transformation|author=d'Estries|first=Michael|date=28 August 2009|accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref>]] [[Usòrò:Ady_Gil_1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|N'azụ ''Ady Gil''.]] === Ntinye aka na 'Waltzing Matilda' ===   A mara ọkwa na Earthrace ga-eso Sea Shepherd na ọrụ ya na 2009-10 (nke a na-akpọ 'Waltzing Matilda') megide igbu whale nke Japan na Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary. Bethune kwuru na e mere nkwekọrịta na Sea Shepherd maka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ iji nweta ọrụ nkwado.<ref name="The Age 2009-06-29">{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/06/29/2611001.htm|title=Futuristic boat to join whale protest|date=29 June 2009|work=The Age|accessdate=30 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904071429/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/06/29/2611001.htm|archive-date=4 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sea Shepherd kwuru na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ bụ naanị otu nime ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ngwa ngwa iji soro ụgbọ mmiri niile nke ụgbọ mmiri ndị Japan naegbu whale.<ref name="FUNDRAISER">{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/10/local/la-me-whale-boat10-2010jan10|title=Fundraiser aims to replace Ady Gil anti-whaling trimaran|author=Sahagun|first=Louis|work=Los Angeles Times|date=10 January 2010|accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> Nabalị iri na asaa nọnwa Ọktoba nafọ 2009, e nyere ndị mgbasa ozi Earthrace ọrụ ọhụrụ naacha oji, a gụgharịrị ya ''Ady Gil'', site na aha onye isi na-akwado ya (onye na-ahụ maka ọkụ na Hollywood nke nyere $ 1 nde na otu ahụ).<ref name="DOWNED">{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article6982236.ece|title=Ady Gil downed by Japanese whalers|date=10 January 2010|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|accessdate=2010-01-10|first=Peter|author=Millar|archive-date=2011-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629141039/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article6982236.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọrụ ọhụrụ na ọdịdị ọdịnihu nke ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nonwe ya naemekarị ka e jiri ya tụnyere ụgbọ ala Batman na ọrụ nzuzo na mgbasa ozi.<ref name="PIONEER">{{Cite news|title=Whaling Protesters Pioneer Non-lethal Warfare|work=Wired|date=2010-01-15|url=https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2010/01/whaling-protesters-pioneer-non-lethal-warfare/|accessdate=2010-01-16|first=David|author=Hambling}}</ref><ref name="STREET FIGHT">{{Cite news|title=Street Fight on the High Seas|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2010-01-12|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2010/01/sea-shepherd.html|accessdate=2010-01-16}}</ref> A gbakwunyere 4-8 layers nke Kevlar iji chebe hull megide ice na ọkpụrụkpụ dabere na ọnọdụ, na mpaghara niile dị nokpuru mmiri naenweta ihe ndị ọzọ laminations nke kevlar yana mpaghara ụfọdụ nelu mmiri.<ref name="Transformation">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ecorazzi.com/2009/08/28/exclusive-the-earthrace-begins-a-sea-shepherd-transformation/|title=Exclusive: The Earthrace Begins A Sea Shepherd Transformation|author=d'Estries|first=Michael|date=28 August 2009|accessdate=15 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111074015/http://www.ecorazzi.com/2009/08/28/exclusive-the-earthrace-begins-a-sea-shepherd-transformation/|archive-date=11 January 2010|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFd'Estries2009">d'Estries, Michael (28 August 2009). </cite></ref> Iji belata profaịlụ radar ya maka ụgbọ mmiri ndị Japan, e ji ágbá mee ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbasaa akara radar na radar sara mbara nke nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ikuku radar efu.<ref name="Transformation" /> Nagbanyeghị na a naakpọ ya ụgbọ mmiri zoro ezo, ''Ady Gil'' enweghị akụkụ na curvature nke ọdịdị e mere iji mee ka radar pụọ na onye nazipụ ya kama ịlaghachi na ha.<ref name="How stealth works">{{Cite web|url=http://www.howstuffworks.com/question69.htm|title=How does stealth technology work?|accessdate=16 January 2010|date=April 2000}}</ref> Mmelite eletrọniki ndị ọzọ gụnyere kamera FLIR, nkwukọrịta Satellite Iridium yana ọtụtụ ọkà okwu nke e bu nuche maka ebumnuche nkwukọrịta. Bethune kwuru na o bu nobi ịkpọ egwu dịka ''Tangaroa'' site naka onye egwu New Zealand bụ Tiki Taane nye ndị naegbu whale, "ụdị egwu naeto eto banyere Chi nke Oké Osimiri nke naelekọta anyị".<ref name="Transformation" /><ref name="wail for whales">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/wail-for-whales-stealth-boat-to-blast-japanese-20091130-k18l.html|title=Wail for whales: stealth boat to blast Japanese|date=29 June 2009|work=The Age|accessdate=30 November 2009|first=Andrew|author=Darby}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ Sea Shepherd kwuru tupu njem ahụ na ''Ady Gil'' agaghị eji ya dị ka ụgbọ agha dịka ''Steve Irwin''.<ref name="SECRET">{{Cite web|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Earthrace-the-new-weapon-against-whaling/tabid/423/articleID/125767/cat/64/Default.aspx|title=Earthrace: the new weapon against whaling|date=16 October 2009|work=New Zealand TV3|accessdate=21 October 2009}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, onye isi Sea Shepherd Paul Watson, Onye isi oche nke Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, mechara kwuo nọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2009 na na ọsọ kachasị elu nke 50 knots, a gaeji ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbochie ụgbọ mmiri harpoon ma gbochie ha ịlụ ọgụ, naenye Sea Shepherd ohere "ịgbalị kachasị elu na nke ime ihe ike ruo ugbu a iji gbochie igbu anụ na Southern Ocean".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-091020-1.html|title=Sea Shepherd Unveils the Ady Gil|date=20 October 2009|accessdate=11 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023033620/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-091020-1.html|archivedate=23 October 2009}}</ref> === Mkpakọrịta na ''Shōnan Maru 2'' na ịgbahapụ === Nime ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ihe mberede ahụ, ''Ady Gil'' naetinye aka na ụgbọ mmiri ndị Japan naegbu whale noge ha naachụ nta.<ref name="Perfect Storm">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/whale-war-whips-up-a-perfect-storm-20100108-lyyr.html|title=Whale war whips up a perfect storm|author=Darby|first=Andrew|date=9 January 2010|publisher=The Age|accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ naadọkpụ ụdọ na mgbalị imebi propellers nke ụgbọ mmiri ndị Japan ma jiri egbe poteto gbaa capsules nke butyric acid naesi ísì ọjọọ nke naemetọ anụ whale ndị naegbu whale naenweta site na ịchụ nta ha.<ref name="PIONEER"/><ref name="Perfect Storm" /> N'abalị isii nọnwa Jenụwarị nafọ 2010, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ zutere ụgbọ mmiri ndị Japan bụ ''Shōnan Maru 2'', nke naarụ ọrụ na nchekwa na nkwado maka ndị naegbu whale.<ref name="f2"/> Otu onye ọrụ ''Ady Gil'', onye naese foto na New Zealand, nwere ọgịrịga isii gbajiri agbaji.<ref name="RESTRAINT"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/environment/conservation/japanese-ship-destroys-whale-protest-boat--ady-gil-20100106-ltp4.html|title=Japanese ship destroys whale protest boat Ady Gil|first=Andrew|author=Darby|date=6 January 2010|work=The Age|accessdate=11 April 2023}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri atọ, ''Shōnan Maru 2'', ''Ady Gil'', na MY Bob Barker, ụgbọ mmiri naakwado Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, weere ihe nkiri nke ihe ahụ merenụ, ma Institute of Cetacean Research na Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ewepụtala vidiyo nke ihe ahụ.<ref>[http://www.icrwhale.org/eng/100106SS2.wmv Ady Gil collides with the Shōnan Maru No. 2] (from the [[Institute of Cetacean Research]] website. 2010-01-06. </ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rar9zxH1kts Ady Gil Being Rammed, View From Bob Barker] ([[YouTube]] video taken from the ''Bob Barker'' showing collision. </ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfGM-LzGKjc Footage from the Ady Gil, right before its ramming by the Shōnan Maru No. 2] ([[YouTube]] video taken from the ''Ady Gil'' showing collision. </ref> Akụkụ nke ọ bụla naata ibe ya ụta maka ihe ahụ merenụ, naekwu na onye isi ụgbọ mmiri nke ọzọ mehiere noge ihe dị ize ndụ.<ref name="RESTRAINT"/> Bethune ekwuola na ya kwenyere na onye isi ụgbọ mmiri ndị Japan mehiere mgbe ọ naanwa ịpị ụta nke ''Ady Gil''. Na nkwupụta nke Sea Shepherd Conservation Society wepụtara, Chuck Swift, onye hụrụ ihe ahụ merenụ site na ụgbọ mmiri ya, ''Bob Barker'', kwuru na ụgbọ mmiri abụọ ahụ kwụ otu ebe nime mmiri mgbe ''Shōnan Maru 2'' " malitere wee kpachara anya banye na ''Ady Gil''". Paul Watson kwuru na mbụ na ''Ady Gil'' fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsie ike na mmiri mgbe ''Shōnan Maru 2'' gbanwere ụzọ na mberede wee kpachara anya banye na ya.<ref name="Perfect Storm"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jan/10/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-whales|author=John Vidal|title=Paul Watson: Sea Shepherd's stern 'warrior' defies Japanese whalers|publisher=The Observer|date=10 January 2010}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Watson mechara kwuo na "Ọ bụ naanị ihe dị mkpa ka mmadụ kirie vidiyo ahụ iji hụ na Bethune jiri nlezianya kwụsịrị ụgbọ mmiri ya n'ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri naegbu whale ma bepụ ya netiti".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2013/01/16/whale-wars-star-captain-paul-watson-ady-gil-lawsuit/|title='Whale Wars' Star -- I Didn't Sink That Boat}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ naahụ maka nyocha Cetacean na Japan naekwu na ọ bụ Sea Shepherd, bụ ndị ha naekwu ka ha naanwa ijikọta onye ndu ha na propeller ha site na iji ahịrị naagafe ụta ha ugboro ugboro.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/environment/whale-watch/japanese-ship-destroys-whale-protest-boat--ady-gil-20100106-ltp4.html|title=Japanese ship destroys whale protest boat Ady Gil|author=Darby|first=Andrew|date=6 January 2010|work=The Age|accessdate=11 February 2010}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ nke Japan kwuru na ''Shōnan Maru 2'' ejirila egbe mmiri gbochie ''Ady Gil'', mana ụgbọ mmiri ahụ naegbochi igbu whale mere ihe dịka ibelata ọsọ na mberede, naakpata mgbagwoju anya.<ref name="Japan Times 2010-01-06">{{Cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100106x2.html|title=Sea Shepherd boat crippled when struck by whaler|date=6 January 2010|work=The Japan Times|accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref> Echiche dị na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dịgasị iche iche. Ụfọdụ naata ''Ady Gil'' ụta maka ịnye ike iji kpachara anya mee ka onwe ya banye nụzọ onye naegbu whale, ụfọdụ naebo ''Shōnan Maru 2'' ebubo na ọ kpachara ike ịpị ụgbọ mmiri kwụ otu ebe - ebe akụkụ abụọ ahụ dabere nechiche ha karịsịa na ihe nkiri vidio a tọhapụrụ.<ref name="APPEARS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/new-footage-from-ady-gil-before-high-seas-smash-appears-to-back-sea-shepherd-claims/story-e6frf7jo-1225818006595|title=New footage from Ady Gil before high-seas smash appears to back Sea Shepherd claims|publisher=HeraldSun|date=11 January 2010|accessdate=11 January 2010}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ naata ụta nụzọ ziri ezi.<ref name="Perfect Storm" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/environment/news/article.cfm?c_id=39&objectid=10619393|title=Hardline warrior in war to save the whale|publisher=The New Zealand Herald|date=11 January 2010}}</ref> Nnyocha nke Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) mere banyere mgbagwoju anya ahụ enweghị nkwubi okwu ma ghara ịta ụta maka mgbagwoju ahụ. AMSA enweghị ike ịchọpụta nkwupụta nke Sea Shepherd, ebe gọọmentị Japan jụrụ isonye na nyocha ahụ naekwu na ozi ọ bụla o nwere nwere nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka nyocha nke ndị isi ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/inquiry-into-ady-gil-crash-inconclusive-20100508-ukx4.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|first=Michelle|author=Draper|title=Inquiry into Ady Gil crash inconclusive|date=8 May 2010}}</ref> Ndị ọchịchị New Zealand chọpụtara na ndị otu abụọ ahụ kpatara esemokwu ahụ. Nnyocha nke Maritime New Zealand chọpụtara na Shonan Maru No. 2 kwesịrị ịhapụ ''Ady Gil'' nokpuru iwu mba ụwa, ma nwee ohere zuru oke izere ịkụ ya. Ọ chọpụtakwara na ''Ady Gil'' emeghị ihe ọ bụla, onye naakwọ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ahụghị ụgbọ mmiri ndị Japan ka ọ naagbadata ruo mgbe sekọnd ole na ole tupu ọ kụọ.<ref name="smh.com.au">{{Cite news|author=Darby|first=Andrew|title=Ady Gil and whalers both at fault for collision: inquiry|url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/whale-watch/ady-gil--and-whalers-both-at-fault-for-collision-inquiry-20101118-17y8u.html|accessdate=18 November 2010|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=18 November 2010}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ chọpụtara mkpọmkpọ ebe nke Ady Gil ma wepụta ihe nkiri vidio nke a kọrọ na ọ naagbapụta mmanụ diesel nime Southern Ocean.<ref>[http://www.icrwhale.org/eng/100108SS.wmv Video footage] icrwhale.org</ref> Ọ nwetaghachiri ọtụtụ nnukwu akụ naese nelu mmiri nakụkụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, naarụ ụka na ndị a gosipụtara na Sea Shepherd dị njikere iji usoro ha tinye ndụ mmadụ nihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WILL">{{Cite news|title=Whaling Bombshell: Ady Gil Armed With Deadly Arrows; Sea Shepherd 'Willfully Polluting' Antarctic|url=http://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=30846971521|work=Underwatertimes|date=8 January 2010|accessdate=24 July 2010}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ nke Ady Gil naekwu na a gaeji akụ ahụ gbaa whales nwụrụ anwụ, naegbu anụ ahụ ha ma naeme ka whale ghara ịba uru nye ndị naegbu whale na nkwupụta maka nke a ka e mere noge ihe nkiri maka otu ihe omume nke Whale Wars. Ihe nchoputa nke akụ ahụ mechara bụrụ nke Sea Shepherd iji kwado nchụpụ Bethune na nzukọ Sea Shepherd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jun/08/sea-shepherd-expels-peter-bethune|work=The Guardian|title=Sea Shepherd expels Peter Bethune over weapons|date=8 June 2010}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwere nnukwu mmebi, a dọbara ''Ady Gil'' gaa na French Dumont dUrville Station na Antarctica.<ref name="NOTSUNK"/><ref name="STILLABANDONED"/> Ọ bụ ezie na a kọrọ na ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị mma maka mgbalị nzọpụta ahụ, a kọrọ na usoro ịdọrọ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ mere ka ọ naenweta mmiri ọzọ. Sea Shepherd kwuru na e wepụrụ mmanụ na mmanụ niile nụgbọ mmiri ahụ naagagharị agagharị, naetinye ndị ọrụ ya nihe ize ndụ.<ref name="APPEARS"/><ref name="CLAIMS">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/whalers-now-claim-ady-gil-was-armed/story-e6frg6nf-1225817485505|title=Whalers now claim Ady Gil was armed|work=The Australian|date=9 January 2010|accessdate=24 July 2010|first=Debbie|author=Guest}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, isi mmalite ndị Japan mechara nye foto ndị a naekwu na ha naegosi na ihe ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ naagbapụta mmanụ diesel nime Southern Ocean.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/ady-gil-wreckage-leaking-oil-in-antarctica-japan-complains-20100108-lyty.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|title=Ady Gil wreckage leaking oil in Antarctica: Japan complains|date=8 January 2010}}</ref> Bethune biputere akwụkwọ ozi na Facebook ya na 6 Ọktoba 2010, nke o kwuru na mgbe ya na ''Shōnan Maru 2'' kụrisịrị, Watson gwara ya ka ọ kpachara anya kpuo ''Ady Gil'' maka ebumnuche PR.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Bethune-quits-Sea-Shepherd-over-lies/tabid/1160/articleID/180068/Default.aspx|author=Speedy|first=Juliet|title=Bethune quits Sea Shepherd over lies|publisher=[[3 News]]|date=6 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Scotsman">{{Cite web|url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/news/Boss-of-Sea-Shepherd-39told.6571035.jp|title=Boss of Sea Shepherd 'told me to scuttle clash ship'|publisher=The Scotsman|first=Ray|author=Lilley|date=8 October 2010}}</ref> Na 7 Jenụwarị 2013, onye nwe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbara Watson akwụkwọ na Los Angeles County maka $ 5 nde. Gil naekwu na ụgbọ mmiri ndị Japan naegbu whale kụrụ ụgbọ mmiri ya nafọ 2010 ma mebie imi ya mana enwere ike idozi mmebi ahụ. Dị ka Gil si kwuo, Watson hụrụ ihe mberede ahụ dị ka ohere iji gbanwee ihe omume ahụ ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu mgbasa ozi na onye naeme ego maka nzukọ ya ya mere kama ịdọrọ ụgbọ mmiri gaa nọdụ ụgbọ mmiri maka nrụzi, o nyere iwu na nzuzo ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ mikpuo "nokpuru mkpuchi nke ọchịchịrị" ma boo ndị Japan ụta. Gil naekwu na Watson maara na ịta ndị naegbu whale ụta maka mbibi nke ụgbọ mmiri ya gaeme ka ọ nwee ọmịiko maka ebumnuche ya ma kpata iwe megide ndị naachụ whale naakpali ndị ọzọ inye onyinye nye nzukọ ya naemegide igbu whale.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2013/01/08/whale-wars-star-sued-for-5-million-by-ady-gil-ship-owner-report-says/|work=Fox News|title='Whale Wars' star sued for $5 million by Ady Gil ship owner, report says|date=8 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409170117/http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2013/01/08/whale-wars-star-sued-for-5-million-by-ady-gil-ship-owner-report-says/|archive-date=9 April 2016|access-date=19 August 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bethune kpọgakwara Sea Shepherd gaa nụlọ ikpe ikpe maka ego fọdụrụ ya na $ 500,000.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Destries|first=Michael|title=Pete Bethune: 'Sea Shepherd Treated Me Like a Used Condom'|url=http://www.ecorazzi.com/2012/07/30/pete-bethune-sea-shepherd-treated-me-like-a-used-condom/|work=Ecorazzi|accessdate=19 December 2015|archivedate=22 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222074158/http://www.ecorazzi.com/2012/07/30/pete-bethune-sea-shepherd-treated-me-like-a-used-condom/}}</ref> Ady Gil na Vince Dundee tinyere mkpesa dabere na Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act megide Sea Shepherd na Paul Watson na 6 August 2014 na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Los Angeles banyere ịrịọ maka onyinye maka dochie anya ụgbọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.courthousenews.com/2014/08/08/70217.htm|work=Courthouse News|title=More Trouble for Sea Shepherd Society|date=8 August 2014|accessdate=21 September 2014}}</ref> Nọnwa Septemba nafọ 2015, onye naeme mkpebi kpebiri na Sea Shepherd kpachaara anya na nụzọ naezighị ezi tụbara MV Ady Gil, naezube iji nweta uru na mgbasa ozi nke mmiri ahụ gaeweta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecorazzi.com/2015/09/25/judge-rules-sea-shepherd-wrongfully-sank-whale-wars-vessel/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927120810/http://www.ecorazzi.com/2015/09/25/judge-rules-sea-shepherd-wrongfully-sank-whale-wars-vessel/|archivedate=27 September 2015|title=Judge Rules Sea Shepherd Wrongfully Sank Crippled 'Whale Wars' Vessel {{!}} Ecorazzi}}</ref> Sea Shepherd lụrụ ọgụ ka e gbochie ọha na eze ikpe na onyinye ahụ, mana o mechara ghara ịga nke ọma. Na Jenụwarị 2016, ọ nabatara mkpebi nke onye nnọchiteanya, nke ozugbo emechara gaahụ ka a gaeme ka ihe nrite nke nnọchiteanya pụta ìhè.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.law360.com/articles/744447/whale-wars-star-nonprofit-agree-to-end-ship-dispute|title='Whale Wars' Star, Nonprofit Agree to End Ship Dispute - Law360}}</ref> E nyere Maazị Gil na Earthrace Ltd US $ 500,000 na nkwụghachi ụgwọ tinyere ọmụrụ nwa 3.25% na ego ahụ site na 8 Jenụwarị 2010 ruo 15 Septemba 2015, ụbọchị nke iwu onye omebe iwu. === Mkpọrọ na njide Bethune === [[Pete Bethune|Bethune]] banyere na ''Shōnan Maru 2'' na 15 Febụwarị 2010, naazọrọ na ọ naeduzi njide nwa amaala nke onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri ya maka ihe o kwuru bụ ịnwa igbu ya na ndị ọrụ ya, yana iwepụta $ 3 nde maka ụgbọ mmiri ya furu efu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/whale-watch/tokyos-angry-reception-for-antiwhaling-activist-20100312-q46s.html|author=john Powell|title=Tokyo's angry reception for anti-whaling activist|publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=13 March 2010}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ jidere ya ma kpọga ya Japan, ebe ndị naeche nche nụsọ oké osimiri nke Japan jidere ya na 12 Machị maka ebubo nke ịbanye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.watoday.com.au/environment/whale-watch/japan-arrests-sea-shepherd-captain-20100312-q2qw.html|author=Shino Yuasa|title=Japan arrests Sea Shepherd captain|publisher=[[WA Today]]|date=12 March 2010|accessdate=12 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VpAXYNErHk|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422143237/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VpAXYNErHk&gl=US&hl=en|archivedate=2020-04-22|title=Sea Shepherd activist faces jail in Japan|publisher=Lateline|date=13 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/13/world/asia/13whale.html|author=Martin Fackler and Mark McDonald|title=Japanese Coast Guard Arrests Anti-Whaling Skipper|work=The New York Times|date=12 March 2010}}</ref> Nụbọchị nke abụọ nọnwa Eprel afọ 2010, e boro Bethune ebubo ise; ịbanye n'ime ụlọ, mwakpo, inwe mma nụzọ iwu naakwadoghị, mbibi nke ihe onwunwe na igbochi azụmahịa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/03/world/asia/03japan.html|author=Mark McDonald|title=Japan Indicts Anti-Whaling Activist|work=The New York Times|date=2 April 2010}}</ref> E jidere ya nenweghị ụgwọ nụlọ mkpọrọ kachasị nchebe ruo ọnwa ise. Nọnwa Julaị afọ 2010, a mara Bethune ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ abụọ, mana a kwụsịtụrụ ya afọ ise ma chụghachi ya na New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/07/10/2949999.htm |title=Deported whaling protester back in New Zealand |access-date=2023-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214172104/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/07/10/2949999.htm |archive-date=2011-02-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> O yikwara ka a chụpụrụ Bethune na Sea Shepherd nihi na ọ naeweta ụta na ụta nụgbọ ahụ na ebumnuche nke imebi anụ whale maka iji ya eme ihe; Otú ọ dị, Watson mechara kwuo na nke a bụ usoro iwu kwadoro nakụkụ Sea Shepherd mgbe ikpe Bethune.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jun/08/sea-shepherd-expels-peter-bethune|title=Sea Shepherd expels Peter Bethune over weapons|date=8 June 2010|accessdate=11 April 2023|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="tools & tactics">{{Cite web|title=Tools and Tactics of Whale Wars|url=http://animal.discovery.com/videos/whale-wars-tools-tactics/|accessdate=2010-07-13|publisher=Animal Planet}}</ref><ref name="smh strategy">{{Cite news|title=Bethune welcome to rejoin Sea Shepherd: Watson|url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/whale-watch/bethune-welcome-to-rejoin-sea-shepherd-watson-20100708-101m5.html|accessdate=2010-07-13|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|date=2010-07-08}}</ref> === Ihe a ga-eji dochie ya === E mere atụmatụ na ego ''Ady Gil'' furu efu dị ihe dị ka $ 1.5 nde. A kọrọ na onye nyere onyinye nyere $ 1 nde maka iwu ''Ady Gil 2''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Sea-Shepherd-captain-devastated-by-sinking/tabid/423/articleID/136574/Default.aspx|title=Sea Shepherd captain 'devastated' by sinking|author=Joliff|first=Emma|publisher=3news|date=8 January 2010|accessdate=8 January 2010}}</ref> Sea Shepherd kama nwetara Ocean 7 Adventurer (nke bụ ụgbọ mmiri nke nwere ndekọ agbụrụ ruo mgbe Ady Gil meriri ya) iji dochie ''Ady Gil'' maka mkpọsa ya na 2011 megide igbu whale ndị Japan na Antarctic ma nye ya aha MV <nowiki><i id="mwAdw">Gojira</i></nowiki> (Godzilla), mgbe e mesịrị, MV Brigitte Bardot.<ref name="smh.com.au"/><ref name="Darby"/> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke njem gburugburu == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6hmmrfh2fhqyj7vtnodrzlgrzqrtvzs 0 29604 728087 722691 2026-09-26T05:00:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728087 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:MY Steve Irwin-Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.jpg|thumb|]] '''MV''' '''''Steve Irwin''''' bụ ụgbọ mmiri dị mita 59 (194 ) nke [[Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa|Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]], a naejikwa ya mee ihe na mkpọsa ha megide igbu whale na ọrụ ịkụ azụ iwu naakwadoghị. E wuru ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na 1975 ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ụgbọ mmiri nchebe nke Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency, FPV Westra, ruo afọ 28. Sea Shepherd kpọrọ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ '''MV''' Robert Hunter na mbụ naha onye Canada '''''Robert Hunter''''', onye guzobere [[Greenpeace]], mana a gbanwere aha ya iji sọpụrụ ''onye na-ahụ'' maka agụ iyi Steve Irwin, onye nwụrụ ihe karịrị otu afọ tupu mgbe ahụ, na Disemba 5, 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news/media_071205_1.html|title=Sea Shepherd Renames Its Whale Defending Ship the Steve Irwin|publisher=Sea Shepherd|date=December 5, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105103720/http://www.seashepherd.org/news/media_071205_1.html|archivedate=January 5, 2008}}</ref> Irwin tụlere isonyere ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na njem gaa [[Antarctica]] obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya, nwunye ya di ya bụ Terri kwadoro mgbanwe aha ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,21598,22874137-948,00.html |title=Sea Shepherd honours Steve Irwin Perth Now, December 5, 2007 |accessdate=August 19, 2023 |archivedate=May 25, 2012 |archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20120525132340/www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,21598,22874137-948,00.html }}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na ndị ọrụ ya, na mbọ ha naagba maka nchekwa, bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi Animal Planet Whale Wars. MV Steve Irwin nọ ugbu a na Thales Marine na City of Newcastle, New South Wales, [[Ostraliya|Australia]] ma ugbu a ọ bụ onye nwe Ship4Good naabụghị maka uru. == Ndebanye aha == Na Jenụwarị 2007, e wepụrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na British Ship Register mgbe [[Japan|ndị Japan]] rịọrọ arịrịọ.<ref name="theage">[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/britain-to-deregister-antiwhaler-after-japan-pipes-up/2007/01/29/1169919275322.html Britain to deregister anti-whaler after Japan pipes up], [[The Age]], January 30, 2007</ref> E debanyere aha ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na [[Netherlands]] site na Ọktoba 8, 2007.<ref name="newyorker">[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/11/05/071105fa_fact_khatchadourian?currentPage=all Neptune’s Navy], [[The New Yorker]], November 5, 2007</ref> == Ọrụ == E debere FPV Westra dị njikere maka mkpofu na 2003 mgbe Sea Shepherd zụrụ ya na Nọvemba 2006 ma nye ya aha ''Robert Hunter''. === 2007 === Nọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2007, ''Robert Hunter'' sonyeere ''Farley Mowat'' iji gbochie ụgbọ mmiri naegbu whale nke Japan ''Nisshin Maru'' ịchụ nta nihe omume Sea Shepherd a naakpọ Operation Leviathan. Ndị Sea Shepherd tụbara karama butyric acid naesi ísì ọjọọ nelu ụlọ nke ''Nisshin Maru''. Ndị Japan naekwu na mmadụ atọ nime ndị naegbu whale merụrụ ahụ na mwakpo ahụ. Robert Hunter na ''Farley Mowat'' gbochiri ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri naegbu whale, ''Robert Hunter'' na ''Kaiko Maru'' zutere ibe ha. Otu onye ọrụ Japan boro nzukọ Sea Shepherd ebubo na ha naakpa àgwà "dị ka ndị ohi ụgbọ mmiri". ''Robert Hunter'' nwere oghere dị mita atọ nime ụgbọ ahụ n'elu mmiri nazụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306015245/http://en.ce.cn/World/Asia-Pacific/200702/15/t20070215_10442215.shtml Japanese whaler, anti-whaling ship collide], China Economic Net, February 15, 2007</ref> ''Steve Irwin'' esonyewokwa na "Operation Migaloo" (nke akpọrọ aha Migaloo, albino humpback [[Megaptera novaeangliae|whale]]) nke malitere na Nọvemba 2007, mgbe arụchara ya na Launceston na nkwụsịtụ dị mkpirikpi na Melbourne, a haziri ya ka ọ gaa [[Southern Ocean|Antarctic]] na Disemba 1, 2007. === 2008 === Na Jenụwarị 15, 2008, mgbe ha tụbara ngwugwu butyric acid n'elu ụlọ ma gbalịa ijide propeller ụgbọ mmiri na-achụ nta, ndị otu Sea Shepherd abụọ banyere nụgbọ mmiri ndị Japan ''Yūshin Maru'' No. 2.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200801170099.html|title=Japan to release whaling activists|work=[[International Herald Tribune|IHT]]/[[TV Asahi|Asahi]]|date=January 17, 2008}}</ref> Paul Watson kwuru na ọ bụ ebumnuche ya ịmepụta ihe omume mba ụwa site na ịbanye na njide a tụrụ anya ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/editorial-080221-1.html|title=Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=Sea Shepherd|date=February 21, 2008|accessdate=July 22, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525121018/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/editorial-080221-1.html|archivedate=May 25, 2011}}</ref> Ha mechara kwuo na ebumnuche ha bụ inye onye isi ụgbọ mmiri akwụkwọ mkpesa. Benjamin Potts, onye naesi nri dị afọ 28 si Sydney, Australia, na Giles Lane, onye injinia dị afọ 35 si Leeds, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], bụ ndị ọrụ ''Yūshin Maru'' No. 2 jidere. [[Usòrò:MY_Steve_Irwin-Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society-bow.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|''Steve Irwin'' na [[London]] Docklands, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]] 2011]] Sea Shepherd kwuru na a tọọrọ ha abụọ ma kee ha nosisi radar ruo ọtụtụ awa na eriri na eriri zip. Otú ọ dị, Potts na Lane mechara kwuo na e kere ha naanị nkeji iri na ise nakụkụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na nkeji ole na ole na redio tupu e were ha nokpuru ụgbọ mmiri. Glenn Inwood, onye naekwuchitere ndị naegbu whale site na Institute of Cetacean Research (ICR), kwuru na a naejide ndị naeme ngagharị iwe nọfịs a naemeghe, mana a naeche ha nche.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100122032716/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/16/2139273.htm Sea Shepherd demands activists' release] [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]], January 16, 2008, accessed January 16, 2008</ref> Na nkwupụta ọzọ, ha kwuru na ihe omume nke ịbanye nụgbọala ha bụ iwu naakwadoghị nakwa na a naejide ndị ikom ahụ ka ha naechere mkpebi maka ọdịnihu ha.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7189580.stm|work=BBC News|title=Japanese detain whaling activists|date=January 15, 2008|accessdate=May 19, 2010}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 16, ICR wepụtara nkwupụta naazọrọ na ndị naeme ngagharị iwe tụbara ite acid nụgbọ mmiri ahụ ma gbalịa imebi ihe onwunwe. Ha gọnahụkwara nkwupụta na a wakporo ndị ikom ahụ ma kee ha nosisi ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. [[Hideki Moronuki]] gara nihu kwuo na "ICR (Institute of Cetacean Research) dị njikere ịtọhapụ ndị Conservationists abụọ ahụ ma ọ bụrụhaala na enwere ike ịchekwa nchebe zuru oke maka ụgbọ nyocha anyị. Sea Shepherd bụ òtù naeme ihe ike. " Nakwụkwọ ozi e zigara ''Steve Irwin'', ICR kwuru na akụkụ nke ọnọdụ nnyefe ahụ gụnyere na Sea Shepherd "ekwesịghị ime ihe ike ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri vidio / foto megide anyị".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090226151449/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23063842-5001021,00.html Whalers won't release hostages] [[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|Daily Telegraph]], February 17, 2008, accessed January 17, 2008</ref> Acid a naekwu maka ya bụ, dị ka Sea Shepherd si kwuo, butyric acid, nke e ji mee ihe ọ bụghị imebi ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nonwe ya kama iji mee ka ebe ọrụ ahụ ghara ịrụ ọrụ n'ihi ihe ọjọọ na ísì naadịte aka. Na Jenụwarị 17, ụgbọ mmiri mbubata nke Australia MV Oceanic Viking malitere nkwadebe iji nyefee ndị ikom abụọ nọ nụgbọ mmiri naegbu whale.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090226161133/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,25197,23064648-601,00.html Australian ship Oceanic Viking may end Japanese whaling hostage drama] [[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|Daily Telegraph]], January 17, 2008, accessed January 17, 2008</ref> Nụtụtụ Jenụwarị 18, e zigara ndị ikom abụọ ahụ na MV Oceanic Viking.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120711085151/http://news.theage.com.au/antiwhaling-pair-return-to-sea-shepherd/20080118-1mnk.html Anti-Whaling pair return to Sea Shepherd]</ref> Mgbe ndị uwe ojii Australian Federal nyochara ya, ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla e mere megide ndị naechekwa ihe. Akụkụ abụọ ahụ boro ibe ha ebubo iyi ọha egwu noge ihe ahụ mere. ICR kpọrọ mwakpo butyric acid na ''Yūshin Maru'' No. 2 " mwakpo obi ọjọọ nke ndị naeyi ọha egwu" ma kpọọ Gọọmentị Australia ka ha jide ''Steve Irwin''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/whale-watch/protesters-turn-on-each-other-in-sea-hunt-for-whalers/2008/01/19/1200620274594.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|title=Protesters turn on each other in sea hunt for whalers|date=January 20, 2008}}</ref> Naka nke ọzọ, ''Steve Irwin'' 1st Officer Peter Brown kwuru na "Institute of Cetacean Research na-eme ihe dị ka òtù ndị naeyi ọha egwu [.Nebe a, ha na-ejide ndị mmadụ ma naachọ ihe. Iwu anyị bụ na anyị anaghị emeghachi omume na arịrịọ ndị na-eyi ọha egwu. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news/media_080116_2.html|title=Japanese Whalers Make Demands for Return of Hostages|publisher=Sea Shepherd News|date=January 16, 2008|accessdate=February 5, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218203215/http://seashepherd.org/news/media_080116_2.html|archivedate=February 18, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080409/NEWS/804090347|title=Cape man fights whalers|publisher=CapeCodOnline.com|accessdate=July 22, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708115351/http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20080409%2FNEWS%2F804090347|archivedate=July 8, 2011}}</ref> Mgbe esemokwu nke March 3 netiti ndị Sea Shepherd nọ nụgbọ mmiri ''Steve Irwin'' na ndị naegbu whale na Japan, gọọmentị Dutch kwupụtara na ọ naenyocha ihe merenụ ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ naaga nokpuru ọkọlọtọ Dutch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.minbuza.nl/en/News/Newsflashes/2008/03/The_Netherlands_investigates_anti_whaling_campaign|title=The Netherlands investigates anti-whaling campaign|date=March 5, 2008|accessdate=December 9, 2009}}</ref> === 2009 === Na Febụwarị 6, ''Steve Irwin'' zutere ụgbọ mmiri Yūshin Maru No. 2 (Japanese: 第2勇新丸) ma mesịa soro ụgbọ mmiri ''Yúshin Maru'' No.1 3 (Japanese) mgbe ha naegbu whale na Southern Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icrwhale.org/pdf/090206-3Release.pdf|title=MEDIA|accessdate=July 22, 2011}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ naahụ maka nyocha Cetacean na Japan kwuru na MY ''Steve Irwin'' kpachapụrụ anya tụgharịa nakụkụ azụ nke ụgbọ mmiri ''Yūshin Maru'' No. 3 iji merie ya. Ihe nkiri vidio nke ihe ahụ mere ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wepụta ya naegosi ihe ahụ merenụ. Onye naarụ ọrụ Steve Irwin bụ Paul Watson gọnahụrụ ihe ahụ, naekwu na "A kụrụ ha, ụgbọ mmiri abụọ kụrụ - ''Yushin Maru 3'' na ''Steve Irwin'' mgbe ha gbara egbe n'ihu anyị iji nyefee whale".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/07/2485138.htm|title=Garrett urges calm as whaling conflict escalates&nbsp;– ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)|work=Abc.net.au|date=February 7, 2009|accessdate=July 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127065254/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/07/2485138.htm|archive-date=January 27, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nafọ sochirinụ, a kwụsịrị ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na Brisbane ka a naarụzi ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ma nwee ike ime mgbanwe ndị ọzọ. Nime mmezigharị ndị a bụ ntinye nke egbe mmiri nke ''Steve Irwin'' maka iji mee ihe na mkpọsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/spaceship-boosts-antiwhaling-force-against-japans-might-20090626-cyi4.html|title='Spaceship' boosts anti-whaling force against Japan's might|work=Brisbanetimes.com.au|date=June 26, 2009|accessdate=July 22, 2011}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị atọ gasịrị, otu ụgbọelu a naenyo enyo na ọ bụ ndị Japan chọtara ụgbọelu ''Steve Irwin'' naaga Southern Ocean ma nye iwu ka MV Shōnan Maru 2 nyochaa ngagharị nke ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. Oké ebili mmiri gbochiri Delta iru ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, na, mgbe ọ bịarutere, e ji LRAD nke Japan mee ihe megide helikọpta nke mere ka ọ kwụsị.<ref>Whale Wars, Season 3, Episode 1: "Surrounded by Spies"</ref> Nime izu abụọ sochirinụ, ''Shōnan Maru 2'' nọgidere naele ''Steve Irwin'' anya, nagbanyeghị mbọ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ naagba iji tụfuo ọdụ. Nikpeazụ, ''Steve Irwin'' laghachiri Australia, ebe ''Shōnan Maru'' enweghị ike ịchụ ya n'ihi oké ifufe, na mgbakwunye na nsogbu iwu. === 2010 === Na Jenụwarị 2010, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gara nihu naachụ nta maka ụgbọ mmiri ndị Japan. Mgbe ọnwụ nke MY Ady Gil na mgbagwoju anya na Shonan Maru No.2, ''Steve Irwin'' zutere MY Bob Barker, nke ya na ya gbanwere mmanụ, ihe, na ndị ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/editorial-100208-1.html|title=Countering Japan's Ministry of Truth|publisher=Sea Shepherd|date=February 8, 2010|accessdate=July 22, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414113932/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/editorial-100208-1.html|archivedate=April 14, 2010}}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ laghachiri Fremantle iji weghachite ya, naapụ na Jenụwarị 30.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-100202-1.html|title=Steve Irwin Rejoins Pursuit of Illegal Whalers|publisher=Sea Shepherd|date=February 2, 2010|accessdate=July 22, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026212734/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-100202-1.html|archivedate=October 26, 2010}}</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ''Bob Barker'' achọtawo ụgbọ mmiri ụlọ ọrụ, ''Nisshin Maru'', ma naeso ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. Na Febụwarị 8, ''Steve Irwin'' sonyeere ''Bob Barker'' na ịchụso ''Nisshin Maru''. Ozugbo ụgbọ mmiri abụọ Sea Shepherd jikọtara, ''Steve Irwin'' guzoro nazụ ''Nisshin Maru'' iji gbochie ụgbọ mmiri ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma jiri egbe mmiri mee ihe. Na Febụwarị 15, [[Pete Bethune]] hapụrụ ''Steve Irwin'' na jet ski, naabanye na ''Shōnan Maru 2''. E mechara jide ya ma mesịa jide ya site naka ndị na-eche nche nụsọ oké osimiri nke Japan maka ịbanye nime obodo.<ref name="CNN">{{Cite news|title=Japan indicts anti-whaling activist|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/04/02/japan.activist.indicted/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=April 3, 2010|accessdate=April 3, 2010}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite news|title=Japan charges New Zealand whaling activist Pete Bethune|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8600458.stm|publisher=BBC|date=April 3, 2010|accessdate=April 3, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Japanese Coast Guard Arrests Anti-Whaling Skipper|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/13/world/asia/13whale.html|work=The New York Times|date=March 12, 2010|accessdate=March 12, 2010|first=Martin|author=Fackler}}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri abụọ ahụ nọgidere nazụ onye naegbu whale ruo mgbe a manyere ''Steve Irwin'' ịlaghachi Australia na Febụwarị 18, wee rute Hobart na Machị 6. === 2011 === Na ngwụcha ọnwa Febụwarị nafọ 2011, noge Operation No Compromise, ndị Royal New Zealand Navy kpọtụrụ ''Steve Irwin'' ka ọ sonye na ọchụchọ ''Berserk'', ụgbọ mmiri nyocha polar nke onye nchọpụta a ma ama bụ Jarle Andhøy, nke kpaliri transponder mberede ya na nso McMurdo Sound noge oké ifufe. E mechara kwụsị ọchụchọ ahụ mgbe ''Steve Irwin'' chọtara ụgbọ mmiri ndụ efu, nke e mesịrị kwado na ọ sitere na ''Berserk''. A naeche na mmadụ atọ nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ anwụọla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/4709377/Three-die-in-Viking-yacht-off-Antarctica|title=Three die in 'Viking' yacht off Antarctica|date=February 26, 2011}}</ref> ''Steve Irwin'' malitere ịgagharị na mmiri nke [[Libya]] na June 2011 na mgbalị ịhụ ụgbọ mmiri naenweghị ikike naegbu azụ na bluefin tuna ma bepụ ụgbụ ha. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkụ azụ zutere ya iji mee ka ọ ghara ịrụ ọrụ, nke ọ zaghachiri site na mmiri na bọmbụ naesi ísì.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Melvin|first=Don|title=Eco-group's founder uses 'aggressive nonviolence'|url=http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2011/06/13/activists_search_for_tuna_boats_with_helicopter/|accessdate=July 6, 2011|work=[[Boston Globe]]|date=June 13, 2011|quote=He hoped to find boats whose names were not on the ICCAT list at all, making them clearly illegal. Those he would confront, sending in divers to cut the nets and free the tuna.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/Environmentalists-tuna-fishers-battle-at-sea-1418436.php|title=Environmentalists, tuna fishers battle at sea|author=Melvin|first=Don|date=June 11, 2011|work=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]|accessdate=July 6, 2011|quote=The fishermen also attempted to lay a rope in front of the activists' boat, the Steve Irwin—owned by the U.S.-based Sea Shepherd Conservation Society—hoping to disable it. Environmentalists responded with fire hoses and stink bombs.}}</ref> Nabalị iri na ise nọnwa Julaị nafọ 2011, Gọọmentị Britain jidere ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nihi ikpe ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ Malta naechere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/2011/07/19/emergency-sos-from-captain-paul-watson-save-our-ship-1263|title=Emergency SOS from Captain Paul Watson: Save Our Ship!|publisher=[[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]]|date=July 19, 2011|accessdate=July 22, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120013043/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/2011/07/19/emergency-sos-from-captain-paul-watson-save-our-ship-1263|archivedate=January 20, 2012}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nụbọchị nke abụọ nọnwa Ọgọstụ nafọ 2011 mgbe edeputara ụgwọ £ 520,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110821/local/would-sea-shepherd-reimburse-donations-if-they-lose-case-fish-fish-asks.381232|title=Would Sea Shepherd reimburse donations if they lose case, Fish & Fish asks|work=timesofmalta.com|date=August 21, 2011|accessdate=September 10, 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2011|9}} , ụgbọ mmiri ahụ kwụsịrị na South Quay nke West India Dock, London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yellowad.co.uk/news.cfm?id=32432&headline=Sea%20Shepherds%20cruise%20in%20to%20West%20India%20Quay|title=Sea Shepherds cruise in to West India Quay|work=yellowad.co.uk|date=September 1, 2011|accessdate=September 10, 2011|archivedate=March 19, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319192235/http://www.yellowad.co.uk/news.cfm?id=32432&headline=Sea%20Shepherds%20cruise%20in%20to%20West%20India%20Quay}}</ref> Nọnwa Disemba, ''Steve Irwin'' sonyeere ''Bob Barker'' na ''Brigitte Bardot'' nịchọta na ịchụso ụgbọ mmiri ndị Japan naegbu whale, nke gafere nụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ Australia, nụzọ naaga Southern Ocean maka ọrụ igbu whale. Otu ụgbọelu naenyocha ụgbọelu nke ''Steve Irwin'' wepụtara chọtara ụgbọ mmiri naegbu whale ihe dị ka kilomita 500 site nụsọ oké osimiri ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Australia na Disemba 24. Mgbe ọ chụchara ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ruo ụbọchị anọ, ''Steve Irwin'' gaapụ ma duru Brigitte Bardot laghachi Fremantle, mgbe ebili mmiri mebiri ''Brigitte Bardut''.<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/sea-shepherd-anti-whaling-ship-badly-damaged-by-rogue-wave-in-southern-ocean/story-e6frg6nf-1226232416751 TheAustralian.com ''Sea Shepherd anti-whaling ship damaged by rogue wave in Southern Ocean'']&nbsp;– Lanai Vasek from ''The Australian'', 30 December 2011 11:13AM</ref> === 2012 === [[Usòrò:Steve_Irwin_at_Williamstown_August_2016.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Steve Irwin'' nke Sea Shepherd na Williamstown, Australia, August 2016]] Na Jenụwarị 5, ''Steve Irwin'' rutere nọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Fremantle naeso ''Brigitte Bardot'' mebiri emebi site na Southern Ocean, nke ụgbọ mmiri Japan nahụ maka igbu whale ''Shōnan Maru 2'' naenyocha.<ref>[http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/steve-irwin-to-head-back-to-southern-ocean-20120106-1pnx4.html The Sydney Morning Herald&nbsp;– ''Steve Irwin to head back to Southern Ocean''] January 6, 2012&nbsp;– 7:34PM</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ nọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ''Steve Irwin'' mebiri iwu nke onye isi ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Fremantle ka ọ belata ọkọlọtọ Jolly Roger ya mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na Fremantle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-01-06/sea-shepherd-refuses-to-take-down-flag/3761522?section=wa|title=Sea Shepherd refuses to take down pirate-like flag|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|date=January 6, 2012|accessdate=January 6, 2012}}</ref> Mgbe ha hapụsịrị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, otu ìgwè sitere nòtù naahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi "Forest Rescue Australia" bịarutere ma banye nụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị nụgbọ mmiri nchebe ''Shōnan Maru 2'', naarịgo nelu spikes na waya agụba na mmiri mba ụwa<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/whale-watch/japan-urged-to-hand-back-whaling-activists-20120109-1prbd.html|title=Japan urged to hand back whaling activists|date=January 9, 2012|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=February 5, 2012|publisher=Fairfax Media|quote=The three Australian men, who the Japanese whalers claim illegally boarded the whaling security vessel ''Shonan Maru 2'' in darkness off the coast of Western Australia state on Sunday, were subject to Japanese laws because they had been detained on the high seas; however, the men were never charged because while in violation of International maritime law, Australian conservation law protected the men. Australia's Attorney-General [[Nicola Roxon]] said on Monday.}}</ref> nụsọ oké osimiri nke Bunbury, Western Australia na enyemaka nke obere ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri sitere na ''Steve Irwin''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/australia-japan-whaling-idUSL3E8C90YH20120109|title=UPDATE 1-Australia urges release of whaling activists on Japan ship|first=Rob|author=Taylor|work=Reuters|date=January 8, 2012<!-- 10:23pm EST -->|accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/australia-japan-whaling-idUSB32896820120108|title=Activists board Japanese whaling vessel-Sea Shepherd|date=January 7, 2012<!-- 9:18pm EST -->|work=Reuters}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Japan kwetara ịtọhapụ ndị naeme ngagharị iwe, Praịm Minista Australia Julia Gillard katọrọ omume ahụ dị ka "ihe a naanabataghị" ma dọọ aka ná ntị na ndị ọzọ naeme mkpesa yiri nke ahụ ga-abụ "a gaebo ebubo ma maa ha ikpe".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/whale-watch/gillard-slams-whaling-activists-as-japanese-agree-to-release-20120110-1ps7v.html|title=Gillard slams whaling activists as Japanese agree to release|first=Tim|author=Lester|date=January 10, 2012|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|publisher=Fairfax Media|accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref> === 2013 === Na Febụwarị 20, onye guzobere [[Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa|Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]] bụ Paul Watson kwuru na ụgbọ mmiri ndị Japan naegbu whale bụ ''Nisshin Maru'' kụrụ ''Steve Irwin'', MY Sam Simon na ''Bob Barker'' ọtụtụ ugboro nọgụ na Southern Ocean, n'ebe ugwu nke Casey Research Station nke Australia na Antarctica.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Sea-Shepherd-claims-victory-in-Southern-Ocean-after-collisions/tabid/417/articleID/287594/Default.aspx|work=3 News NZ|first=Kim|author=Choe|title=Sea Shepherd claims victory over whalers|date=February 21, 2013|accessdate=February 20, 2013|archive-date=September 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926081649/http://www.3news.co.nz/Sea-Shepherd-claims-victory-in-Southern-Ocean-after-collisions/tabid/417/articleID/287594/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> === 2018 === Na Disemba 2, 2018 Sea Shepherd kwupụtara na a gaahapụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, wepụ ya ma megharịa ya na China, na MY Ocean Warrior gaewere ọnọdụ ya dị ka ụgbọ mmiri nke ụgbọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>[https://maritime-executive.com/article/sea-shepherd-to-retire-flagship-m-y-steve-Irwin Sea Shepherd to Retire Flagship M/Y Steve Irwin]. </ref><ref>[https://safety4sea.com/sea-shepherd-to-scrap-m-y-steve-irwin/ Sea Shepherd to scrap M/Y Steve Irwin]. </ref> Nịgbaso akụkọ banyere ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike ịtọgbọ, Kerrie Goodall, onye guzobere Ship4Good Philanthropic Organization, zọpụtara ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, naeduga nke ọma na mkpọsa "Zọpụta Steve". E kwụsịrị ụgbọ mmiri ''Steve Irwin'' na Williamstown, Victoria, naatụle ojiji na ọnọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nọdịnihu. 'Steve' bụ ụgbọ mmiri akụkọ ihe mere eme site na Australian Maritime Museum. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e nwere ebe ngosi nka Sea Shepherd, ụlọ mmanya, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, njem ụgbọ mmiri, ngwụsị izu na ihe omume kwa ọnwa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.starweekly.com.au/news/sea-shepherds-steve-irwin-ship-saved-from-scrapheap|title=Star Weekly &#124; Sea Shepherd's Steve Irwin ship saved from scrapheap - Star Weekly|accessdate=June 7, 2019|archivedate=June 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607012345/https://www.starweekly.com.au/news/sea-shepherds-steve-irwin-ship-saved-from-scrapheap/}}</ref> === 2022 === Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nọ na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Newcastle ruo nwa oge maka nrụzi ma naeme atụmatụ ịga nebe ugwu Brisbane.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-07-10/sea-shepherd-my-steve-irwin-finds-temporary-retirement-home/101200986|title=Kerrie bought this iconic anti-whaling ship for $10. She and 'the Admiral' have big plans|work=ABC News|date=July 10, 2022}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndị agha mmiri Neptune, ndepụta nke [[Ụgbọ Mmiri Neptune|ụgbọ mmiri]] ndị Sea Shepherd naarụ ọrụ == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7rqip1iss150x4z2voh3sgg5wm2du7l 0 29665 728162 517028 2026-09-26T10:41:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728162 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nkwurịta okwu maka Mmepe''' ('''C4D''') bụ ụdị nkwurịta okwu dị iche iche nke kwesịrị ime na ọha mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na mmepe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na-adịgide adịgide ga-eme. Ụzọ maka nkwurịta okwu maka mmepe (C4D) amalitela kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. N'ịbụ nke e mepụtara mgbe [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] gasịrị dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka mgbasa nke echiche, atụmatụ nzikọrịta ozi bụ isi na-ebufe ozi site n'aka onye na-ezigara onye nata ya. Nke a na-agụnye mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi buru ibu, ịzụ ahịa ọha mmadụ, mgbasa ozi nke ihe ndị e biri ebi, na 'agụmakwụkwọ-ntụrụndụ'. Kemgbe ahụ, C4D agbasawanyela iji tinye nzikọrịta ozi n'etiti mmadụ: nzikọrịta ozi ihu na ihu nke nwere ike ịbụ otu na otu ma ọ bụ n'obere otu. Nke a bịara n'akụkụ mkpali izugbe maka ụzọ ntinye aka maka mmepe na nnochite anya olu sitere na ndịda. Nkwenye bụ na ọ bụ ezie na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na-enye ohere ịmụta echiche ọhụrụ, netwọk mmekọrịta na-akwado ngbanwe site na ihe ọmụma gaa n'ihu na-eme ihe. N'ihi ya, a na-ahụta nzikọrịta ozi maka mmepe ka ụzọ isi welie olu, kwado nsonye bara uru, na ịkwalite mgbanwe ọha mmadụ. 2006 World Congress on Communication for Development kọwara C4D dị ka 'usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dabere na mkparịta ụka site na iji ọtụtụ ngwa na ụzọ. Ọ bụkwa maka ịchọ mgbanwe n'ọkwa dị iche iche gụnyere ige ntị, iwulite ntụkwasị obi, ịkekọrịta ihe ọmụma na nka, iwu ụlọ, arụmụka na mmụta maka mgbanwe na-adịgide adịgide na bara uru'. Ụzọ ụzọ abụọ dị otú ahụ, ụzọ kwụ ọtọ maka nzikọrịta ozi gụnyere ịge ntị ọha, nrụrịta ụka, nkwurịta okwu na ndụmọdụ ndị otu, redio na vidiyo na-ekere òkè, ụlọ ihe nkiri nke obodo na ịkọ akụkọ, na nnọkọ weebụ. Ọ na-agụnye ịnweta na mgbanwe nke ozi, mkparịta ụka, ịmepụta ihe ọmụma na ohere ịnweta ihe ọmụma, nkwurịta okwu mmepe, nkwurịta okwu usoro, nkwurịta okwu na-ekere òkè, omenala nkwupụta, mgbasa ozi, ozi na nkwukọrịta akụrụngwa na teknụzụ. C4D ghọtara na usoro nkwurịta okwu na-egosipụtakarị mmekọrịta ike ma na-ezube idozi nke a site n'ime ka ikike ndị mmadụ nwee ike ịghọta, kwurịta okwu ma sonye na mkpebi nke na-emetụta ndụ ha. Mmasị na-arịwanye elu na ngalaba a dugara na World Congress mbụ na Communication for Development nke [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] ComDev Team, The World Bank na The Communication initiative haziri na Rome, Italy, n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2006. A na-ewu '''nkwurịta okwu maka mmepe''' gburugburu axis anọ: [[Usòrò:C4D-base4.pdf|thumb|Akụkụ anọ nke nkwurịta okwu maka mmepe]] # '''Com4Prom''': Nkwurịta okwu maka nkwalite na-akwalite enyemaka mmepe na mba ndị na-enye onyinye iji kwado otu esi emefu ego enyemaka mmepe. # '''Com4Imple''': Nkwurịta okwu maka mmejuputa na-eme ka mmejuputara enyemaka mmepe na mba ndị na-emepe emepe site n'ịkọwa mmemme mmepe nye ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ. # '''Com4Power''': Nkwurịta okwu maka Empowerment na-enye ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ ike ịkọ akụkọ banyere mmejuputa enyemaka mmepe ha na-enweta site na mba ndị na-enye onyinye. # '''Com4Coord''': Nkwurịta okwu maka Nhazi na-enye ohere ka ndị na-enye onyinye ha ha hazie ọrụ ha n'ụwa niile site na usoro ngwaọrụ na iwu nhazi. == Com4Prom: Ịkwalite enyemaka mmepe na mba ndị na-enye onyinye == [[Usòrò:C4D-infoVScomm.pdf|thumb|Otu esi adọta ndị na-ege ntị ka ha mụta banyere enyemaka mmepe site na iji akụkọ dị mma na akụkọ ihe ịga nke ọma]] Ịkwalite imekọ ihe ọnụ maka mmepe na mba ndị na-enye onyinye na-ezube ịkọwa ihe mere na otu esi emefu ego mmemme enyemaka na mba ndị mepere emepe na ndị na-apụta. Nkwurịta okwu ahụ na-elekwasị anya na ndị na-ege ntị abụọ: ọha na eze n'ozuzu na-echegbu onwe ha maka akụkụ zuru oke nke mmepe na ndị na'ọhịa na-echetara akụkụ teknụzụ. Ndị na-ahụ maka nkwurịta okwu na-ahụ anya n'ịkwalite akụkụ zuru oke nke enyemaka mmepe n'etiti ụmụ amaala mba ndị na-enye onyinye na-eche na Com 4 Prom chọrọ usoro "dị egwu" iji ruo ndị na-ege ntị ka ndị nta akụkọ na ndị na-emepụta ihe nkiri mepụta. Akụkọ na-elekwasị anya n'ihe ndị "na-adịghị mma", na-akpụzi ozi dị ka ọdachi. N'aka nke ọzọ, ihe ngosi, ọbụlagodi na ọ na-adọrọ mmasị ma na-agbapụ na ụkpụrụ kachasị elu, na-abụkarị "na-agwụ ike" site n'aka ndị na-agbasa ozi ma si otú a na-akwagharị ya n'oge mgbede nke ụbọchị izu ma ọ bụ mmalite nke ngwụsị izu na oghere TV. Ya mere, akụkọ na-emepụta onyinyo na-adịghị mma nke enyemaka mmepe, nke sitere na esemokwu na ọdachi ebe ọ bụ naanị ndị na-ekiri TV ole na ole kwenyesiri ike na ha maara ihe isiokwu ahụ bụ na-ahụ ihe ndekọ. Ka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-ele ozi gbasara enyemaka mmepe, ka ha na-eche na ọ dịghị ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ime afọ: ọnọdụ ahụ bụ ọdachi, ọ nweghị ọganihu a na-eme. A na-akpali ụmụ amaala inwe obi nkoropụ ma kwụsị ịrụ ọrụ. Enweghị mmasị na itinye aka a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe belata ego ọha na eze na mmepe ma na-eweta obere nkwado ụmụ amaala na NGO. Iji belata njikọ na-efu efu n'etiti ndị na-enye onyinye na eziokwu n'ọhịa, Com4Prom na-elekwasị anya na nkwurịta okwu dị mma, na-egosi ihe ịga nke ọma na nsonaazụ doro anya na iji usoro na-aga n'ihu na nke na-eme ka ndị na-ege ntị bụrụ ụmụ amaala na-ekere òkè na ndị na-azụ ahịa na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Ụmụ amaala na-ekere òkè na-akwado ọrụ mmekorita na mba ndị na-emepe emepe ma na-ewepụta onwe ha na ọrụ NGO. Ha na-agba gọọmentị ume itinye mmefu ego 0.7% maka mmepe ma rịọ ha ka ha kwado, tinye n'ọrụ ma kwanyere nkwekọrịta mba ụwa ùgwù site na òtù dị iche iche. Ndị na-azụ ahịa na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-eche banyere ụkpụrụ omume na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, na-akwado azụmahịa ziri ezi. Ha na-akpali ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ka ha tinye n'ọrụ ma gbasaa mmemme ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze ha. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [https://www.fao.org/3/ai143e/ai143e00.pdf Nzukọ] Ụwa na nkwurịta okwu maka mmepe - Ihe mmụta, ihe ịma aka, na ụzọ na-aga n'ihu (2007) * Panos [[London]], N'etiti mgbanwe: Ọrụ nkwurịta okwu na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide (2007) * Panos London, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060828/http://panos.org.uk/?lid296 Ikpe maka nkwurịta okwu na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide] (2007) * June Lennie, Na-enyocha Nkwurịta Okwu maka Mmepe [https://books.google.com/books?id=QuS3wnglemsC&dq=evaluating+communication+for+development&pg=PR3] (2013) == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142734/http://www.fao.org/oek/communication-for-development/en/ FAO ComDev] * [https://twitter.com/FAOcomdev/ FAO ComDev na twitter] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241110174421/https://www.panos.org.uk/ Panos London] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241129033817/https://www.comminit.com/ Usoro Nkwurịta Okwu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130222032137/http://www.unicef.org/cbsc/index.html UNICEF C4D] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140904171217/http://c4dnetwork.ning.com/ C4D Network] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110101043331/http://www.csdinitiative.org/ Nkwurịta okwu maka Sustainable Development Initiative (CSDI)] * [http://www.cecosda.org Center for Communication and Sustainable Development for All (CECOSDA)] {{South-South}} 0btk552f463ijog9x2uop1nn5xxj921 0 29720 728118 722758 2026-09-26T06:50:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728118 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Conservation International | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" |[[File:CIlogo.svg|200x200px|Source: Conservation International, Owner: Conservation InternationalOriginal Designer: Chermayeff & Geismar]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Founded | class="infobox-data note" |1987<span class="noprint">&#x3B;&#x20;36&nbsp;years ago</span><span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1987</span>)</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Founder | class="infobox-data" |Lewis Bee and [[Peter Seligmann]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Focus | class="infobox-data" |climate change, marine conservation, sustainable development, conservation science, conservation finance |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Location | class="infobox-data label" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Arlington, Virginia, [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Ndị isi</div> | class="infobox-data" |<div class="plainlist"> * M. Sanjayan, Ph.D. (CEO) * Sebastian Troeng, Ph.D. (Onye isi oche nke Conservation Partnerships) * Daniela Raik, Ph.D. (Executive Vice President Field Programs) * Peter Seligmann (Onye isi oche nke Board) * Wes Bush (Onye isi oche Kọmitii) * Harrison Ford (onye osote oche) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Ego a na-enweta </div> | class="infobox-data" |Ụgwọ ọrụ 2020: $ 163 nde<ref name="2018 financial report"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="188">[https://www.conservation.org/about/annual-report "2020 Annual Report"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="189">Conservation International<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="190"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-17</span></span>.</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Ndị ọrụ </div> | class="infobox-data" |1,000 na mba 28 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.conservation.org www.conservation.org]</span> |} Conservation International ('''CI''') bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru nke America nke nwere isi na Crystal City, Arlington, Virginia.<ref name="aboutus">{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.conservation.org/about|accessdate=2021-08-24|publisher=Conservation International|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806010330/https://www.conservation.org/about|archivedate=2019-08-06}}</ref> Ọrụ CI lekwasịrị anya na sayensị, amụma na mmekorita ya na azụmaahịa, gọọmentị na obodo. Nzukọ a na-ewe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ 1,000 ma soro ihe karịrị ndị mmekọ 2,000 na mba 29 na-arụ ọrụ. CI enyerela aka ịkwado mpaghara 1,200 echekwara na ntinye aka na mba 77, na-echebe ihe karịrị nde 6 square kilomita (2.3 nde square kilomita) nke ala na oke osimiri. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere Conservation International na 1987 na ebumnuche nke ichebe okike maka abamuru nke ndị mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-seligmann/disconnection-from-nature_b_1435769.html|title=Huffington Post post by Peter Seligmann|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=19 April 2012}}</ref> N'afọ 1989, CI raara onwe ya nye ichebe ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche, n'ikpeazụ chọpụta ebe dị ichelekana dị otú ahụ 36 gburugburu ụwa ma nye aka na nchebe ha. Ihe nlereanya nke ichebe ebe ọkụ ghọrọ ụzọ dị mkpa maka òtù iji rụọ ọrụ nchekwa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Roach, John|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/02/0202_050202_hotspots.html|title=Conservationists Name Nine New "Biodiversity Hotspots"|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=2012-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406005733/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/02/0202_050202_hotspots.html|archive-date=2005-04-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na Julaị 1, 2017, Peter Seligmann ahụmahụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke CI ma kwupụta otu ndị isi ọhụrụ nke ndị isi CI m. A na-aju onye ọrịa mgbaàmà na-ahụ maka nchekwa M. Sanjayan dị ka onye isi ọrụ. Sebastian Troeng bụ osote onye isi oche nke nchekwa, na Daniela Raik bụ osote Oga oche nke mmemme mpaghara. Peter Seligmann ka bụ Louis oche nke bọọdụ ahụ. === Uto na mgbanwe nke ọrụ === Ndị isi nke ahụ ahụ tolitere ikwere na ilekọta anya na nchekwa nke ụdị dị iche iche ezughi iji chebe okike na ndị dabere na ya. CI mezi ọrụ ya na 2008 iji le Konto anya na njikọ dị n'etiti mmadụ na usoro okike. ahụ ahụ, anụ ahụ agbasawo ọrụ ya na ilekọta anya na nchekwa mmiri mmiri; nrọ; ego nchekwa; na Bill ya na ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ na ụmụ amaala na obodo. Na FY2020, mmefu nke CI ruru ihe karịrị US $ 154 nde.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Annual Report|url=https://www.conservation.org/about/annual-report|accessdate=2021-08-24|publisher=Conservation International|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806010330/https://www.conservation.org/about/annual-report|archivedate=2019-08-06}}</ref> CI na-enweta ọkwa dị elu site n'aka òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ebere, yana ọkwa A site na Charity Watch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.charitywatch.org/ratings-and-metrics/conservation-international-foundation/246|title=Conservation International|publisher=Charity Watch|accessdate=2015-09-12}}</ref> Charity Navigator nyere CI akara 100% maka ịza ajụjụ na nghọta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Conservation International|url=http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=3562#.VvAPMRg7Tsx|accessdate=2021-08-24|publisher=Charity Navigator|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804080018/http://www.charitynavigator.org:80/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=3562|archivedate=2007-08-04}}</ref> == Ụzọ e si echekwa ihe == Ntọala nke ọrụ CI bụ "sayensị, mmekorita na ngosipụta ubi". Òtù ahụ nwere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị ọrụ iwu na ndị ọzọ na-echekwa ihe n'ala n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba 30. Ọ na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ọtụtụ puku ndị mmekọ mpaghara.<ref name="2014annualreport">{{Cite web|url=http://www.conservation.org/publications/documents/CI_FY14_AnnualReport.pdf|title=Conservation International Annual Report 2014|publisher=Conservation International|accessdate=2016-03-21|archivedate=2016-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006014252/http://www.conservation.org/publications/documents/CI_FY14_AnnualReport.pdf}}</ref> CI na-elekwasị anya na atụmatụ anọ: ichebe okike maka ihu igwe; nchekwa oké osimiri n'ogo; ịkwalite mmepe akụ na ụba dabere na okike; na ihe ọhụrụ na sayensị na ego.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conservation.org/about|title=About Conservation International|work=www.conservation.org|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-04}}</ref> CI na-arụkọ ọrụ na ọrụ, mahadum, NGO na ngalaba onwe onye na-egosi nkeghachi ihe ịga nke ọma ya n'ụzọ ka ukwuu. Site n'igosi etu nchekwa nwere ike isi ọrụ ọrụ n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ niile, CI na-ezube ime ka kre nke okike bụ ihe dị mkpa na ngwa na-arụ gburugburu ụwa. ọmụmaatụ, site ndị na-eso ụzọ ya na ụzọ na obodo dị n'Ụwa oké osimiri, CI ,abụla aka ichebe ihe, square kilomita 5 (13 nde square kilomita) nke mpaghara osimiri ma na-emeziwanye njikwa azụ na-adịgide adịgide na iweghachi. mangroves, nke na-Brịbarị nke ugwu ihu igwe. Blue Nature Alliance, zuru ụwa ọnụ nke CI na ndị mmekọ akụkọ na 2020, na-ezube ichebe nde square kilomita 18 ọzọ (7 nde square mile) nke mpaghara oke osimiri. ika ahụ anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ike ụka United Nations okwu ndị dị ka iwu ihu igwe na ụdị dị iche iche, na ndị na-achị chọkọrọ ya nọ na ihe na ogbako mba ụwa. N'otu akwụkwọ, mgbasa ozi nke Conservation International so n'ime ndị mgbasa ozi akọwa nchekwa ọlụ na US, na n'ihu mahadum ihu elu na NGO ndị ọzọ. Ruo ugbu a, Conservation International Conservation International ihe mgbaàmà 1,100, isiokwu ndị na-alụ ụgbọ achọpụtara, ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ ndị dị ka Science, Nature, na Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Conservation International na-arụkọ ọrụ na ụfọdụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ma ama n'ụwa iji Belarus ha na gburugburu ebe obibi ma kwado nkwado nke okike. CI na-arụkọ ọrụ na Starbucks, Walmart, P&G na Apple, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2020, CI ?bụrụ sababi na Mastercard na World Resources Institute (WRI) iji kwado Priceless Planet Coalition na amụ ya iweghachi 100 nde osisi n'oké dị oke egwu gburugburu ụwa. == Nkatọ == A katọrọ CI maka njikọ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka BP, Cargill, Chevron, Monsanto na Shell.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220730065941/http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_analysis/877241/conservation_international_agreed_to_greenwash_arms_company.html Conservation International 'agreed to greenwash arms company'].</ref><ref>[http://www.thenation.com/article/wrong-kind-green The Wrong Kind of Green]. </ref> CI agbachitere ọrụ ya na ngalaba onwe, na-ekwu na mgbanwe chọrọ ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwere nnukwu mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-seligmann/conservation-international-lockheed-martin_b_863876.html|title=Partnerships for the Planet: Why We Must Engage Corporations|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> Akụkọ 2008 na The Nation kwuru na nzukọ ahụ dọtara $ 6 nde maka nchekwa mmiri na Papua New Guinea, mana na ejiri ego ahụ mee ihe maka "ihe karịrị ọfịs mara mma na njem klas mbụ".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dowie|first=Mark|title=Wrong Path to Conservation in Papua New Guinea {{!}} The Nation|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/wrong-path-conservation-papua-new-guinea/|accessdate=4 September 2018|publisher=The Nation|archive-date=5 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205071816/http://www.thenation.com/article/wrong-path-conservation-papua-new-guinea|url-status=dead}}</ref> CI ekwuola na ọrụ ya na Papua New Guinea, na-azọrọ na ha enyewo aka na nchọpụta sayensị ọhụrụ na nguzobe ebe nchekwa ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.conservation.org/projects/Pages/community-driven-conservation-papua-new-guinea.aspx|title=Community-Driven Conservation in Papua New Guinea|accessdate=2023-08-19|archivedate=2018-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904153906/https://www.conservation.org/projects/Pages/community-driven-conservation-papua-new-guinea.aspx}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 2016, CI anaghịzi arụ ọrụ na Papua New Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Papua New Guinea, protection of nature hinges on local support|url=https://www.conservation.org/blog/in-papua-new-guinea-protection-of-nature-hinges-on-local-support|accessdate=2021-08-24|work=www.conservation.org|archivedate=2021-08-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824212308/https://www.conservation.org/blog/in-papua-new-guinea-protection-of-nature-hinges-on-local-support}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, otu ndị nta akụkọ si Don't Panic TV lekwasịrị Conservation International anya bụ ndị mere ka ụlọ ọrụ America bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọrụ ebere ahụ nwere ike "ịkwalite ndụ ndụ ha". Nhọrọ ndị mmadụ anya Conservation International (CI) depụtara inye aka na mbọ PR nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ịbụ onye otu ihe iji kaadị, na nchịkọta nkwado ebe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ike ike ego iji njikwa ijikọta ya na ọrụ nchekwa. Conservation International enyemaka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ aka "ihe nkedo dị n'ihe ize ndụ". Ihe nkiri na-egosi onye ọrụ Conservation International na-atụ aro ngwaahịa na-eri anụ na North Africa dị ka ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe nkedo maka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. CI na-ekwu na edezi ihe ndị a na-ahụ nke ọma iji ihe ndị ga-eme ka CI dị mma, mgbe ha na-eji ndị ọzọ nke vidiyo ahụ na-azụ ihe gbara ya gburugburu iji see foto na- eso ezi na nke na-agha ezu nke ọrụ CI na ngalaba onwe. N'ọnọ Mee na June afọ 2013, Survival International kọrọ na a na-eyi otu ụdị Bushman dị na Botswana egwu pụpụ ha n'ala nna ha iji jide ụzọ anụ anụ a maara dị ka Western Kgalagadi Conservation Corridor. Onye ọrịa anya Botswana gọnahụrụ nke a. Mgbasa ozi nke Mee site na CI kwuru, "N'adịghị ka ndị ndu ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Conservation International (CI) element aka na mme usoro nchekwa na Botswana 2011," ma kwuo na CI na-akwado San Bushmen na ikike ha mgbe niile. == Ịdu == === Ndị isi === * Onye isi oche: Maazị Sanjayan, Ph.D.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior Staff|url=https://www.conservation.org/about/senior-staff|accessdate=2021-08-24|work=www.conservation.org}}</ref> * Onye isi oche nke Conservation Partnerships: Sebastian Troeng, Ph.D.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior Staff|url=https://www.conservation.org/about/senior-staff|accessdate=2021-08-24|work=www.conservation.org}}</ref> * Onye isi oche nke Field Programs: Daniela Raik, Ph.D.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior Staff|url=https://www.conservation.org/about/senior-staff|accessdate=2021-08-24|work=www.conservation.org}}</ref> * Onye isi oche nke Board: Peter Seligmann<ref>{{Cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=https://www.conservation.org/about/board-of-directors|accessdate=2021-08-24|work=www.conservation.org}}</ref> * Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Nchịkwa: Wesley G. Bush<ref>{{Cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=https://www.conservation.org/about/board-of-directors|accessdate=2021-08-24|work=www.conservation.org}}</ref> * Onye isi oche: Harrison Ford<ref>{{Cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=https://www.conservation.org/about/board-of-directors|accessdate=2021-08-24|work=www.conservation.org}}</ref> * Emeritus: ** Adam Albright ** Edward Norton<ref>{{Cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=https://www.conservation.org/about/board-of-directors|accessdate=2021-08-24|work=www.conservation.org}}</ref> ** Ray R. Thurston === Kansụl Ndị Nchịkwa === * Onye isi oche: Katie Vogelheim * Onye isi oche: Daniel A. Shaw * Ndị otu: ** Lisa Anderson ** Sarah E. Johnson ** Nancy Morgan Ritter ** Jeff Rosenthal == Akwụkwọ == * Paint It Wild: Paint & See Activity Book (Discover The Rainforest, Vol. 1) (1991), mmeghe nke Mike Roberts na Russell Mittermeier, nke Gad Meiron na Randall Stone dere, nke Donna Reynolds na Tim Racer sere * Sticker Safari: Sticker And Activity Book (Discover The Rainforest, Vol. 2) (1991), mmeghe nke Mike Roberts na Russell Mittermeier, nke Gad Meiron na Randall Stone dere, nke Donna Reynolds na Tim Racer sere * Wonders In The Wild: Activity Book (Discover The Rainforest, Vol. 3) (1991), mmeghe nke Mike Roberts na Russell Mittermeier, nke Gad Meiron na Randall Stone dere, nke Donna Reynolds na Tim Racer sere * Ronald McDonald na Jewel nke Alaeze Amazon: Storybook (Discover The Rainforest, Vol. 4) (1991), mmeghe nke Mike Roberts na Russell Mittermeier, nke Gad Meiron na Randall Stone dere, nke Donna Reynolds na Tim Racer sere == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} * Conservation International - Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161006014312/http://symposium2006.conservation.org/ Nzukọ Mba Nile nke 2006 Madagascar] * N'ịgbagha Ọgwụgwụ Oké Osimiri, A Conservation International duziri Agenda for Action na nchekwa oké osimiri * Charity Navigator Nnyocha site n'aka [http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm/bay/search.summary/orgid/3562.htm onye] isi na-ahụ maka ọrụ ebere n'onwe ya na America * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpiSXsHdNr4 Vidio Youtube] Al Gore na-akọwa mkpa ọ dị ime ihe na mgbanwe ihu igwe * Deep Sea Conservation Coalition - [http://www.savethehighseas.org/ Njikọ] nke 60+ òtù mba ụwa na-arụ ọrụ maka nchekwa dị iche iche na oké osimiri. * Reserva Ecologica Pachijal - Mgbalị Nchekwa na Cloudforest nke Mindo-Ecuador {{Conservation organisations}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] p52dlqu1ziubg5oapsuvg8fwa1f8ehe 0 29727 728141 725983 2026-09-26T09:05:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728141 wikitext text/x-wiki   Non-Timber Forest Products - Exchange Program (NTFP-EP) bụ egwuregwu nke òtù ndị na-eso ndị na òtù ndị obodo na Ndịda Ọwụwa iwu Eshia na Ndịda Eshia nke na- ojiji nke mgbanwe na-ahụ osisi (NTFPs) maka nchekwa nchekwa na dị ka isi iyi nke ndụ maka obodo ndị dị n'oké ike. Netwọk ahụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na Philippines na ụlọ ọrụ mba na Cambodia, [[Ndia|India]], Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, na Vietnam. Ọrụ NTFP-EP na-anya na nchekwa obodo, ikike na ngwaahịa, ụzọ ndụ na-adịgide, nri na ụmụ amaala, iwusi ike ike, nha nhata nwoke na-egosi, na inye ndị ọrịa ike. LED ahụ na-eduzi ọrụ ozi na ihe ndị, ike, na ọrụ Nkwado na ndị mmekọ ihe na ndị na-akwado ya dị ka nke ọrụ ya na-ewulite ikike. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == NTFP-EP ahụ n'ụzọ na- anya isi na 1998 dị ka otu ndị na-agụ n'iji na-arụ ọrụ na India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, na Vietnam. Na September 2003, e debara aha otu ahụ na Securities and Exchange Commission dị ka otu na- Nche uru nke dị na Quezon City, Philippines. Onye Dutch ethnobiologist Johannes Henricus de Beer jere ozi dị ka onye isi ụmụaka mbụ nke NTFP-EP site na 1998 ruo 2010. N'afọ ndị mbụ ya, a na-akpọ mpaghara mpaghara ahụ Non-Timber Forest Products Exchange Program maka South na Southeast [[Asia]]. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-akpọbu ụlọ ọrụ mba NTFP-EP Philippines Non-Timber Forest Products Task Force. E mechara mee ka aha ndị ahụ dị format ma hazie ha ka ha bụrụ ndị a na-akpọ ugbu a n'afọ 2012. Taa, nzukọ ahụ eguzobewo ụlọ ọrụ mba zuru oke na Quezon City, Bogor, na Phnom Penh na obere ụlọ ọrụ mba na Kotagiri, Miri, na Ho Chi Minh City.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-04-08|title=NTFP-EP|url=https://www.weadapt.org/organisation/ntfp-ep|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=weADAPT|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe omume == === Ógbè === Kemgbe afọ 2007, NTFP-EP anabatala ''Madhu'' Duniya, nzukọ mba ụwa gbasara mmanụ aṅụ ọhịa na ụdị aṅụ Eshia nke a na-eme kwa afọ anọ na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mayuga|first=Jonathan L.|date=2019-10-14|title=PHL to host international conference on bees {{!}} Jonathan L. Mayuga|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/10/14/phl-to-host-international-conference-on-bees/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=BusinessMirror|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-24|title=Why Asian honey is 'medicinal honey'|url=https://www.rappler.com/science/life-health/245664-why-asian-honey-is-medicinal-honey/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=RAPPLER|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo]] jikọtara aka na NTFP-EP iji nyochaa ọrụ NTFPs na ihe ntecha na ngwaahịa mara mma. E bipụtara nsonaazụ nke mmekorita a n'akwụkwọ Naturally Beautiful na 2020.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Naturally beautiful: Cosmetic and beauty products from forests|url=https://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/CA8590EN/|accessdate=2023-03-22|year=2020|doi=10.4060/ca8590en|isbn=978-92-5-132398-4}}</ref> NTFP-EP bipụtara akwụkwọ Wild Tastes in Asia na 2019, na-akọwapụta ihe atụ dị iche iche nke nri ọhịa nke ụmụ amaala na obodo ndị dị n'Eshia na-eri.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gupta|first=Felix Padel & Malvika|date=2020-11-21|title=Illustrative and illuminating: Review of Wild Tastes in Asia by Madhu Ramnath and Ramon Razal|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/illustrative-and-illuminating-review-of-wild-tastes-in-asia-by-madhu-ramnath-and-ramon-razal/article33149714.ece|accessdate=2023-03-22}}</ref> N'ime ọrụ nke afọ 2019, ndị isi ndị isi ASEAN na-ahụ maka hagaajin nyere NTFP-EP ọrụ ọrụ na usoro maka owuwe ihe ubi na ijikwa NTFPs na mpaghara ahụ. N'abụ iri abụọ na otu n'ọnọ Ọktoba n'afọ 2020, ndị Minista ASEAN na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-anabata ozi ndị eze ahụ. N'afọ 2021, NTFP-EP haziri ụbọchị ise nke Forest Harvest Community-based NTFP Enterprises Forum, nke lekwasịrị anya na ụlọ ọrụ obodo na-emepụta ma na-ere ngwaahịa ọdịnala na nke ụmụ amaala.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-27|title=Forest harvest forum to shed light on sustainable community enterprises, traditional products|url=https://asiapacificfarmersforum.net/cbne-forum-forest-harvest-forum-to-shed-light-on-sustainable-community-enterprises-traditional-products/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=APFP / FO4A / ARISE|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322104252/https://asiapacificfarmersforum.net/cbne-forum-forest-harvest-forum-to-shed-light-on-sustainable-community-enterprises-traditional-products/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sitte|first=Jonas|title=CBNE Forum|url=https://ifsa.net/cbne-2021/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=IFSA|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, [[Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ịrụ Aka n'Ọhịa Eshia|Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ịrụ Aka n'Ọhịa]] nke Eshia bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta afọ ise na NTFP-EP iji duzie mmemme ya na njikwa ọkụ ọhịa, nchekwa akụ na ụba, na ịkwalite ihe oriri mpaghara n'ime mba ndị otu ASEAN.<ref>{{Cite web|author=AFoCO-EML|date=2022-06-01|title=Launch of AFoCO-AKCF Project at XV World Forestry Congress|url=https://afocosec.org/newsroom/news/launch-of-afoco-akcf-project-at-xv-world-forestry-congress/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=AFoCO|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323071157/https://afocosec.org/newsroom/news/launch-of-afoco-akcf-project-at-xv-world-forestry-congress/}}</ref> Na Mee 5, 2022, NTFP-EP, na mmekorita ya na Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) na Asian Farmers Association for Sustainable Rural Development (AFA), haziri ihe omume gọọmentị maka XV World Forestry Congress na Seoul, South Korea, nke akpọrọ "Communities Speak: Indigenous People" Local Actions and Initiatives are Vital to Implement the Paris Agreement and the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230926224105/https://aippnet.org/human-rights-based-approach-key-addressing-global-biodiversity-climate-crisesa-hybrid-indigenous-peoples-initiatives-actions-contex/ Ihe omume] ngwakọta ahụ nyere ohere maka ndị sonyere iji mụta ma chee echiche banyere onyinye dị oke mkpa nke ndị obodo na-enye maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na ihe ndị dị iche iche zuru ụwa ọnụ. ==== Pastọ Rice Obere Onyinye Ego ==== N'afọ 2016, NTFP-EP guzobere Pastor Rice Smalls Grants Fund, ụlọ ọrụ microgrants nke na-akwado atụmatụ obodo ndị inyom na-eduzi na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 2020|title=Embedding gender justice in climate action|url=https://www.bothends.org/uploaded_files/document/Embedding_gender_justice_in_environmental_action_we.pdf|work=BothENDS}}</ref> A gụrụ ego ahụ aha iji cheta Delbert Arthur Rice, onye ozi ala ọzọ America na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke jere ozi dị ka onye otu NTFP-EP.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=May 13, 2014|title=Environmentalist Pastor Delbert Rice passes away|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/360860/environmentalist-pastor-delbert-rice-passes-away/story/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=GMA News Online|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-02-11|title=Remembering Pastor Delbert Rice|url=https://ntfp.org/2009/02/remembering-pastor-delbert-rice/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=NTFP-EP|language=en-US}}</ref> === Mba === N'afọ 2014, [[Ebe Akụrụngwa Ụwa Nile Maka Okike|WWF]] jikọtara aka na NTFP-EP Cambodia iji mepụta ọrụ ndụ ọzọ maka obodo ndị dị n'oké ọhịa na mpaghara Kratié na Stung Treng.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WWF partners with NTFP-EP to ensure project design will improve community livelihoods|url=https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?228093/WWF-partners-with-NTFP-EP-to-ensure-project-design-will-improve-community-livelihoods|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=wwf.panda.org|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, National Commission for Culture and the Arts na NTFP-EP Philippines jikọrọ aka guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ọdịnala dị ndụ na mpaghara Benguet iji nyere aka chekwaa omenala ọdịnala na mpaghara ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Geminiano|first=Pamela Mariz|date=September 10, 2018|title=NCCA, Benguet confirm 198 graduates of Schools Living Tradition|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1047473|work=Philippine News Agency}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, onye na-eweta ihe nchọgharị Ecosia jikọtara aka na NTFP-EP Philippines iji kụọ mkpụrụ osisi ala na enyemaka nke ndị mmekọ ya bụ ụmụ amaala na obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-13|title=Your trees in the Philippines|url=https://blog.ecosia.org/philippines/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=The Ecosia Blog|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Jose|first=Christian San|date=2021-04-01|title=Ecosia, the search engine that plants trees, is now repopulating Philippine forests|url=https://nolisoli.ph/95893/ecosia-tree-planting-philippines/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=NOLISOLI|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323080515/https://nolisoli.ph/95893/ecosia-tree-planting-philippines/}}</ref> A kụrụ mkpụrụ osisi 55,000 n'ugwu Sierra Madre nke Luzon, ugwu etiti nke agwaetiti Panay, na ugwu Kimangkil-Kalanawan-Sumagaya-Pamalihi na Mindanao.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Cabico|first=Gaea Katreena|title=Indigenous communities lead forest restoration powered by web searches|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/04/22/2092712/indigenous-communities-lead-forest-restoration-powered-web-searches|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=Philstar.com}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, NTFP-EP Indonesia wepụtara asambodo usoro nkwa ya maka rattan a na-ewepụta nke ọma, na asambodo mbụ ya nyere ụlọ ọrụ Dutch Van der Sar Import.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Label for sustainable rattan launched {{!}} IUCN NL|url=https://www.iucn.nl/en/news/label-for-sustainable-rattan-launched/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=IUCN Netherlands|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Havermans|first=Onno|date=2022-05-10|title=Rotan is terug, nu zelfs met een keurmerk, maar is uw stoel daarmee duurzaam?|url=https://www.trouw.nl/duurzaamheid-economie/rotan-is-terug-nu-zelfs-met-een-keurmerk-maar-is-uw-stoel-daarmee-duurzaam~b4552801/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Trouw|language=nl-NL}}</ref> Ọzọkwa na 2022, NTFP-EP Cambodia nyere aka guzobe ọtụtụ ebe njem gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara Kratié na Stung Treng site na ego sitere na ọrụ USAID Greening Prey Lang.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-14|title=NTFP-EP Cambodia supports ecotourism communities in Stung Treng, Kratie - Khmer Times|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501150767/ntfp-ep-cambodia-supports-ecotourism-communities-in-stung-treng-kratie/|accessdate=2023-03-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Raksmey|first=Hong|title=Ministry promoting eco-tourism to award winning communities|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/ministry-promoting-eco-tourism-award-winning-communities|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=www.phnompenhpost.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Asia office website * [http://ntfp.org.kh/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ụlọ ọrụ Cambodia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003230713/https://www.ntfp-indonesia.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ụlọ ọrụ Indonesia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230405104622/https://ntfp.org.in/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ụlọ ọrụ India] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230923013145/https://vn.ntfp.org/en/home/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ụlọ ọrụ Vietnam] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] in5d0nx1j9jcfhoibzxfsc7lobkvyar 0 30002 728097 196411 2026-09-26T05:22:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728097 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] " Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm " bụ egwu Canada rock band Crash Test Dummies, nke onye ọbẹ abụ Brad Roberts dere. Arista na BMG weputara ya n'October 1993 dị ka onye ndu otu otu site na ọba egwu nke abụọ ha, Chineke Shuffled His Feet (  1993).Egwu ahụ nlebanya dị oke egwu mgbe ewepụtara ya, n'agbanyeghị na nlegharị anya azụ azụ adịla njọ.Egwu ahụ ruru anọ na US Billboard Hot 100 wee tochie chaatị mba Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Lithuania  , Norway, Sweden.N'ime obodo Canada nke otu ahụ, ọ kwụsịrị na nọmba 14 na eserese RPM 100 Hit Tracks.  Ọ bụ Dale Heslip duziri vidiyo egwu a na-eso ya. == Ọdịnaya == . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kELcwHKl2MY|title=Crash Test Dummies - "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm"|author=KINK Radio|date=June 4, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529022940/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kELcwHKl2MY|archivedate=May 29, 2016}}</ref>Nke ọ bla n'ime format atọ ahụ na-mịka ikewapụ na ike nke ụdị dị iche, nke abụọ n'ime ha nwere ihe anụ ahụ.  N'amaokwu nke mbụ, otu nwoke ahụ n'ihe ụgbọ ala ma hapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ruo oge;  mgbe ọ la mfe na klas, ntutu isi ya agbanweela agba site na oji gaa na-acha ọcha.  N'amaokwu nke abụọ, nwa ,dị strao uwe n'ihu ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ n'ihi akara mkpuchi na-ekpuchi ahụ ya.  Nwa nke atɔ bụ nwa nwoke ndị nne na nna ya ikike ka ọ lọta akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ;  n'oge a na-eje ozi na ọrịa ha, ha 'na-ama jijiji' n'ofe ala.  N'oge a na-arụ ọrụ ndụ nke 2010 maka ụlọ ọrụ redio Dutch Kink FM, Roberts na- nna uche na " Pentikọstal " n'oge agụ nke atọ, na-atụ aro na nke a bụ agha nke ụka. . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.songfacts.com/blog/interviews/brad-roberts-of-crash-test-dummies|title=Brad Roberts of Crash Test Dummies: Songwriter Interviews|author=Prato|first=Greg|date=October 5, 2018|work=Songfacts|accessdate=January 28, 2021}}</ref>Ọtụtụ n'ime egwu a gbadoro ụkwụ na ụfọdụ Roberts nke nwata.  Dị ka ihe atụ, ọ nọ n'ihe ụgbọ ala ole na ole mgbe ọ bụ nwata, bụ nke ihe ike nke mbụ;  o nwere akara ngosi na ala azụ azụ ya nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye na-emegbu mmadụ mgbe ọ bụ nwata, na-akpali ike nke abụọ;  ma ọ mata otu nwa ẹnya nke gara akwụkwọ-nsọ ​​Pentikọstal, ebe a maara ndị otu na-asụrụ dị iche iche, na- nke nta atɔ.  O echiche nke ntutu isi nwata na-esi na oji ndị ọcha na-ahụ site na ndị na-eso ụzọ ihe a - Canities subit - na-eme ndị iro ozi dị egwu, nwoke nke nwanyị nke nta ka ọ ga-enye Niagara.  Falls, na nnukwu nwanne nna ya bụ onye ngosi.  na Japan na Agha nke egwu ma nụ ka ndị agha Japan na-eti mkpu na bekee gbajiri agbaji. . Ụdị ọzọ a na-eme mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri nọchiri nke atọ n'amaokwu otu nwa nwoke nne ya tụfuru tonsils ya mgbe a gwọchara tonsillectomy, si otú a na-an-eme ya ọkụ nke iweta ha igosi.  na dabi === Nnabata dị mkpa === . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/37th-annual-grammy-awards-1994|title=1994 Grammy Awards|publisher=[[Grammy Award]]s|accessdate=April 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214053230/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/37th-annual-grammy-awards-1994|archive-date=February 14, 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>Larry Flick sitere na Billboard hụ egwu a "egwu egwu/rock jewel na-mihu".  Ọ gbakwụnyere na "ọ na-alụ ndị olu ụwa nke nwere nhazi ederede nke na ihe isi. Nyere ikpe ziri ezi (na nkọwa dị nro), nke a ga-etolite n'oge na-adịghị anya n'ofe osisi.  ọ kwesịrị ịbụ."  [1] Dave Sholin sitere na Gavin Report kwuru, "Ọ bụrụ na ndị ụzọ ọzọ na obodo, ị nwere ike ime ka nke a na-ada ụgbọ na ikuku."  [2] Robert Hilburn si Los Angeles Times dere, sị, "Akụkọ mbọ olu a na-ekwubiga okwu ókè na-eme ka nke a dị ka ihe ọhụrụ, ma ọ bụ ọrụ mbụ na-eduhie eduhie ụzọ ụzọ na-esikarị ata  mpempe makaba n'ahụ."  [3] N'okwu ndị chaatị UK ya kwa izu, James Masterton kwara ọchịchị, sị, "Egwu a na-ahụ ahụkebe nwere ike ejide maka aha aha abụ ogologo ka ọ ghara ịzọ ụkwụ na aha."  [4] Caitlin Moran sitere na Melody Maker kwubiri, "Ọ dị nro, dị ka, yana ọkara agbajiri, dị ka Nick Cave . Ọ na-eku ume ma na-asụ ude na ukwe ịnwụ maka na eriri guitar nke na-ada ada  obi."  [5] Akwụkwọ Pan-European Music & Media kwuru, "Ọ na-ewe otu ihe dị egwu iji gwuo ọzọ, ya mere Dummy Brad Roberts na " Talking Head " Harrison na-eme ezigbo ụzọ. Ballad a na-aghọgbu ACE ruo  mgbe ị gere egwu egwu."  [6] Terry Staunton si NME kwuputara egwu a dị ka "ezigbo ihe na-adịghị mma, onye na-egwu egwu site na Americana dị egwu nke John Irving ma ọ bụ Garrison Keillor ".  Ọ gbakwụnyere, "Crash Test Dummies nke Canada na-enye ode maka mmejọ nke ndụ, na-agbaziri egwu egwu ma ọ bụ abụọ site n'ịkpọ dị iche nke REM yana Tom chere obi ụtọ ụfọdụ. [. . . ] Nke a dị  nnọọ mma n'ezie."  [7] Alex Kadis si Smash Hits toro ya dị ka "ihe osise mara mma n'ezie".  [8] nchịkọta akụkọ ọzọ, Mark Frith, nyere ya otu n'ime ise.  [9] Troy J. Augusto sitere n'ụdị dị iche iche echiche ya dị ka "egwu egwu na-Ị anya ya ma na-eweda ala."  [10] Egwu ahụ nhọpụta maka onyogho Grammy maka Best Pop Performance site na Duo or Group with Vocal, nke ọ tụfuru n'aka " M Swear " nke All-4-One. N'agbanyeghi na oganihu nke oma mgbe eweputara ya, "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" ka etinyere ya na listi egwu ojoo . Egwu a bụ nọmba 15 na VH1's ''50 Kasị egwu egwu jọgburu onwe ya'', nke ''Rolling Stone'' kpọrọ aha dị ka "abụ nke iri na ise na-ewe iwe", wee bụrụ ọkwa na ọnụọgụ 31 na ndepụta ''Blender'' nke "Egwu 50 Kachasị njọ mgbe ọ bụla". <ref>[http://www.blender.com/lists/61412/the50worstsongseverwatchlistenandcringe.html?p=4 The 50 Worst Songs Ever! ]</ref> ''Huffington Post'' Canada họọrọ egwu a na nọmba 29 na ndepụta ya nke "Egwu Canada kacha njọ 50 Ever". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/07/28/50-worst-canadian-songs_n_5575538.html|title=50 Worst Canadian Songs Ever (Sorry, Because We're Polite)|work=[[HuffPost|The Huffington Post]]|date=July 28, 2014|accessdate=December 10, 2019}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị iche, VH1 aha ya bụ "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" dị ka ihe ịtụnanya 31st kasị ukwuu otu kụrụ n'ime 1990s na 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://toponehitwonders.com/1990s/vh1s-40-greatest-one-hit-wonders-of-the-90s/|title=VH1's 40 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the '90s -|work=toponehitwonders.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115212034/http://toponehitwonders.com/1990s/vh1s-40-greatest-one-hit-wonders-of-the-90s/|archivedate=November 15, 2016}}</ref> == Arụmọrụ eserese == N'èzí obodo ha bụ Canada, otu ahụ ghọrọ egwu kachasị mma nke otu ahụ, ruru nọmba anọ na United States na nọmba abụọ na United Kingdom - otu kachasị egwu na mba abụọ ahụ. Ọ bịakwara nọmba nke mbụ na Chart Rock Modern na United States na na Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Norway, na Sweden. Ọ bụ ezie na Crash Test Dummies nwere ndị otu isii ruru ndị Canada kacha elu 10, "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" abụghị otu n'ime ha, kama ọ kwụsịrị na nọmba 14. # Nke mbụ gosipụtara nwa ewu aha ya bụ "Whitey" # Nke abụọ gbara "Blotchy" megide "Bratty Kids", bụ ndị Heslip chere na ha dịrị ndụ n'aha aha ha; Ekpuchi akara Blotchy na ogologo okpu ọ na-eyi n'oge niile, ebe "Bratty Kids" na-eyi okpu mgbada ma na-ebu ugogbe anya na-ebuli elu. # Nke atọ nwere, dị ka a na-elekwasị anya, a "Nwa na-adịghị achọ" Aha otutu ndi a ka ekpughere na nkeji nke ''vidiyo Pop-Up'' . </link> Otu nkeji nkeji kpughekwara na Brad Roberts kpebiri ịkwatu, kama ịbụ abụ n'ezie, nkwụsị nke "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" n'ihi na humming nkwụsị ahụ na-ada ụda ọzọ gbara arụkwaghịm nye ya nakwa na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-ede akwụkwọ maka ya. # "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" - 3:53 # “Lee ka M guzoro n’ihu m.”— 3:07 # "Abụ Superman" (nke sitere na mmemme redio ọha na United States ''Mountain Stage'' ) {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Weekly charts=== {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+Weekly chart performance for "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" !Chart (1993–1994) !Peak<br/>position |- {{single chart|Australia|1|artist=Crash Test Dummies|song=Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm|rowheader=true|refname="aus"}} |- {{single chart|Austria|3|artist=Crash Test Dummies|song=Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Flanders|1|artist=Crash Test Dummies|song=Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Canadatopsingles|14|chartid=2326|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Canadaadultcontemporary|10|chartid=2335|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row"|Denmark ([[IFPI Danmark|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite magazine|date=July 9, 1994|title=Hits of the World: Denmark (IFPI/Nielsen Marketing Research) 07/09/94|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|volume=106|issue=28|page=43|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> |1 |- !scope="row"|Europe ([[European Hot 100 Singles|Eurochart Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1994/MM-1994-06-25.pdf|title=Eurochart Hot 100 Singles|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|volume=11|issue=26|page=23|date=June 25, 1994|access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref> |3 |- !scope="row"|Europe (European AC Radio)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1994/MM-1994-07-16.pdf|title=Adult Contemporary Europe Top 25|work=[[Music & Media]]|date=July 16, 1994|page=26|access-date=May 28, 2023}}</ref> |9 |- !scope="row"|Finland ([[The Official Finnish Charts|Suomen virallinen lista]])<ref name = "Finland">{{cite book |url=https://musiikkiarkisto.fi/oa/_tiedostot/julkaisut/sisaltaa-hitin.pdf#page=53|first=Timo |last=Pennanen |year=2021 |title=Sisältää hitin - 2. laitos Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla 1.1.1960–30.6.2021 |section=Crash Test Dummies|page=53|publisher=Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava |location=Helsinki|access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref> |17 |- {{single chart|France|5|artist=Crash Test Dummies|song=Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Germany|1|artist=Crash Test Dummies|song=Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm|songid=2795|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row"|Iceland ([[Íslenski listinn|Íslenski Listinn Topp 40]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timarit.is/page/2625753#page/n1/mode/2up|title=Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (28.04.1994 – 04.05.1994)|newspaper=[[Dagblaðið Vísir]]|language=is|page=20|date=April 28, 1994|access-date=March 13, 2018}}</ref> |1 |- {{single chart|Ireland2|3|song=Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm|rowheader=true|access-date=October 27, 2018}} |- !scope="row"|Lithuania ([[M-1 (Lithuanian radio station)|M-1]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m-1.fm/top40/?topid=1264|title=M-1 TOP 40|publisher=M-1.fm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164016/http://m-1.fm/top40/?topid=1264|date=June 12, 1994|archive-date=April 2, 2015|access-date=March 27, 2022}} See ''LW'' column.</ref> |1 |- {{single chart|Dutch40|4|year=1994|week=22|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Dutch100|4|artist=Crash Test Dummies|song=Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|New Zealand|4|artist=Crash Test Dummies|song=Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Norway|1|artist=Crash Test Dummies|song=Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Scotland|3|date=19940423|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Sweden|1|artist=Crash Test Dummies|song=Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Switzerland|7|artist=Crash Test Dummies|song=Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|UK|2|date=19940430|rowheader=true|access-date=October 27, 2018}} |- {{single chart|Billboardhot100|4|artist=Crash Test Dummies|rowheader=true|access-date=December 16, 2018}} |- {{single chart|Billboardalternativesongs|1|artist=Crash Test Dummies|rowheader=true|access-date=December 16, 2018}} |- {{single chart|Billboardmainstreamrock|25|artist=Crash Test Dummies|rowheader=true|access-date=December 16, 2018}} |- {{single chart|Billboardpopsongs|6|artist=Crash Test Dummies|rowheader=true|access-date=December 16, 2018}} |} {{col-2}} ===Year-end charts=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+1993 year-end chart performance for "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" !Chart (1993) !Position |- !scope="row"|Canada Adult Contemporary (''RPM'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2334&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2334.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2334|title=The RPM Top 100 A\C Tracks of 1993|magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]]|access-date=July 17, 2018|archive-date=April 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401034206/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2334&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2334.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2334|url-status=dead}}</ref> |90 |} {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+1994 year-end chart performance for "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" !Chart (1994) !Position |- !scope="row"|Australia (ARIA)<ref name="ausye">{{cite web|url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/1994/singles-chart|title=ARIA Top 50 Singles for 1994|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]|access-date=October 27, 2018}}</ref> |14 |- !scope="row"|Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/year.asp?cat=s&id=1994|title=Jahreshitparade Singles 1994|language=de|access-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref> |11 |- !scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1994|title=Jaaroverzichten 1994|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|language=nl|access-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref> |10 |- !scope="row"|Canada Top Singles (''RPM'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2687&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2687.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2687|title=RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1994|magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]]|access-date=July 17, 2018|archive-date=March 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331211933/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2687&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2687.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2687|url-status=dead}}</ref> |85 |- !scope="row"|Canada Adult Contemporary (''RPM'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.7995&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.7995.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.7995|title=RPM Top 100 AC Tracks of 1994|magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]]|access-date=July 17, 2018|archive-date=April 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401032951/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.7995&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.7995.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.7995|url-status=dead}}</ref> |76 |- !scope="row"|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1994/MM-1994-12-24.pdf#page=24|title=1994 in Review – Sales Charts|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|volume=11|issue=52|page=24|date=December 24, 1994|access-date=May 1, 2022}}</ref> |14 |- !scope="row"|France (SNEP)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-lannee/top-singles-annee/?annee=1994|title=Tops de L'année {{!}} Top Singles 1994|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]]|language=fr|access-date=July 17, 2020}}</ref> |32 |- !scope="row"|Germany (Official German Charts)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1994|title=Top 100 Singles – Jahrescharts 1994|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment]]|language=de|access-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref> |13 |- !scope="row"|Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timarit.is/page/2723094#page/n15/mode/2up|title=Árslistinn 1994|newspaper=[[DV (newspaper)|Dagblaðið Vísir]]|language=is|page=16|date=January 2, 1995|access-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref> |4 |- !scope="row"|Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)<ref name="Dutch">{{cite web|url=http://www.top40.nl/pdf/Top%20100/top%20100%20-%201994.pdf|title=Single top 100 over 1994|publisher=Top40|language=nl|access-date=April 17, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206111019/http://top40.nl/pdf/Top%20100/top%20100%20-%201994.pdf|archive-date=December 6, 2011|accessdate=September 8, 2023|archivedate=December 6, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206111019/http://top40.nl/pdf/Top%20100/top%20100%20-%201994.pdf}}</ref> |29 |- !scope="row"|Netherlands (Single Top 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1994&cat=s|title=Jaaroverzichten – Single 1994|publisher=[[MegaCharts]]|language=nl|access-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref> |52 |- !scope="row"|New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/index_chart?chart=3883|title=End of Year Charts 1994|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|access-date=March 31, 2019|accessdate=September 8, 2023|archivedate=February 17, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217032121/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/index_chart?chart=3883}}</ref> |12 |- !scope="row"|Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=1994&dspp=1|title=Årslista Singlar, 1994|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref> |18 |- !scope="row"|Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swisscharts.com/charts/jahreshitparade/1994|title=Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1994|language=de|access-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref> |19 |- !scope="row"|UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1995/Music-Week-1995-01-14.pdf#page=9|title=Top 100 Singles 1994|magazine=[[Music Week]]|page=9|date=January 14, 1995|access-date=May 1, 2022}}</ref> |48 |- !scope="row"|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite web|url=http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1994|title=Billboard Top 100 – 1994|access-date=August 27, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301121519/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1994|archive-date=March 1, 2009|accessdate=September 8, 2023|archivedate=March 1, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301121519/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1994}}</ref> |35 |} {{col-end}}{{Certification Table Top|caption=Certifications and sales for "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=1994|certyear=1994|certref=<ref name="ausye"/>}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Germany|artist=Crash Test Dummies|title=Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm|type=single|award=Gold|relyear=1994|certyear=1994}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|artist=Crash Test Dummies|title=Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=1994|certyear=1994|id=3627}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Norway|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=1994|certyear=1994|nosales=true}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|artist=Crash Test Dummies|title=Mmm Mmm Mmm|type=single|award=Gold|relyear=2004|certyear=2022|id=18494-593-1|access-date=November 10, 2022}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|artist=Crash Test Dummies|title=Mmm Mmm Mmm|type=single|award=Gold|relyear=1993|certyear=1994|salesamount=700,000|salesref=<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA57|title=Best-Selling Records of 1994|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=January 21, 1995|access-date=May 5, 2015|page=57|issn=0006-2510|volume=107|number=3}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Bottom|streaming=true}}{{Reflist}} 06rlk448r1azscuv1a7nme65gsori04 0 30003 727991 196388 2026-09-25T19:15:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727991 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] " MMMBop" bụ egwu nke American pop rock band Hanson dere ma mee. E wepụtara ya n'April 15, 1997, dị ka onye na-edu ndú site na album studio mbụ ha zuru oke, Middle of Nowhere (1997). A họpụtara abụ ahụ maka abụọ.  Grammys na 40th Annual Grammy Awards na ọ bụ otu egwuregwu kacha aga nke ọma ruo taa. "MMMBop" bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma n'ụwa nile, [1] ruru nọmba nke mbụ na mba 12 opekata mpe, gụnyere Australia, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, United States.  Kingdom na United States. A abụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ otu kacha mma n'afọ na The Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics poll, ebe ọ na-emekwa ọhụrụ aka ndị nkatọ sitere na mgbasa ozi dị ka Rolling Stone, Spin, na VH1, bụrụ nọmba 20  na VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of 90s", yana nọmba 98 na "100 Kasị Mma Abụ nke Afọ 25 gara aga" VH1. == ndabere na mejupụtara == Egwu ahụ egwuregwu na mbụ na 1996 album nọọ onwe ya bụ MMMBop nwere oge, mana arụrụ ya dị ka egwu egwu sitere n'aka ndị na-ahụ Dust Brothers .  Nke a ụdị ụdị.  jụrụ ọnụ Ọgọst 2004 na Songfacts, Zac Hanson akwụkwọ nke abụ ahụ:   . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0206241|title=MMMBop|author=Taylor|first=Hanson|work=Musicnotes.com|date=January 13, 2020|accessdate=May 26, 2021}}</ref>MMMBop" ka ider na nke ya na igodo nke A isi . [1] == Nnabata dị mkpa == Larry Flick sitere na Billboard dere, sị, "Mgba ọsọ nke omume ndị na-abụ na redio na-emewanye na anụ nke confection pop a na-ekpuchi swiit. iche n'echiche ihe Jackson 5 nwere ike ike ka ya na nkwado  nke egwu egwu na-ahụ mama na gita faux grunge, ị ga-enwekwa doro anya ebe Hanson si n'anya.  akụkọ, ma ị na-eme ka ọ gbapụ."  [1] Onye isi sitere na Scottish Daily Record kwuru, sị, "Ha dị ihe dị ka ọkara afọ nke Spice Girls, mana Hanson nwere ike ịbụ abụ, ngwá ọrụ nke aka ha na ijikọta otu onye ma ọ bụ nna.  haa."  [2] Sara Scribner sitere na Los Angeles Times lere ya anya dị ka "nwa bebi nwere obi ụtọ nke pop na ike isi."  [3] Akwụkwọ ndị Britain Music Week nyere abụ anọ n'ime ise, na-ekwu na "nlebara anya mgbasa ozi dị elu maka isiokwu atọ a Tulsa, ndị dị afọ 11, 14 na 16. Na nke a mara mma, egwu pop.  na-egosi bụ mbụ mpụta mbụ iji nweta ego na መሳ ahụ. <ref>Sinclair, David (May 31, 1997). "The week's top pop releases; Records". ''[[The Times]]''.</ref>Chuck Eddy nke Rolling Stone chere na ọ "na-arapara n'bụrụ gị dị ka Trident na kapeeti shag gị."  Ọka, "Ewubere na ngbanwe nke ntụgharị nke nkiri obi nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ngwa agha nke bubblegum rock nke ntụgharị-nke-'70s, eg ahụ bụ ihe a na-arị-ihe dị ka ọ na-adịghị ize ndụ.  Nko ya na-eme gburugburu Jackson 5 dị ka dị ka Osmonds na-emebu, mana ma egwu egwu ya na-emetụta ịta nri (ihe afụ ọkacha ngwaọrụ Ohio Express '" Chewy Chewy ") bụ onye ọ lla ga-eche.  "  [1] Ian Hyland sitere na Sunday Mirror abụ abụ ahụ n'ime iri, na-ekwu, sị, "Ụmụnna ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma si America ndị na-ada ụgbọ ka Sheryl Crow na helium . Ị ga-  ahụ nke a n'anya na mbụ, mana n'ime izu ole na ole, ị ga- egbochi TV mgbe ọ bla ihu ọchị ha ọchị." [2] David Sinclair si The Times kwubiri, "Ọ dịghị 1 na America na British  redio nile dị ka ihe ọkụ ọkụ, ọ na-ada dị ka gilt-eded ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ{{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * '''US and Australian CD and cassette single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=MMMBop|others=[[Hanson (band)|Hanson]]|year=1997|type=US CD single liner notes|publisher=[[Mercury Records]]|id=314 574 260-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=MMMBop|others=Hanson|year=1997|type=Australian CD single liner notes|publisher=Mercury Records|id=574 500-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=MMMBop|others=Hanson|year=1997|type=US cassette single sleeve|publisher=Mercury Records|id=314 574 261-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=MMMBop|others=Hanson|year=1997|type=Australian cassette single sleeve|publisher=Mercury Records|id=574 500-4}}</ref> # "MMMBop" (radio version) – 3:50 # "MMMBop" ([[Dust Brothers]] mix) – 4:29 * '''US 7-inch single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=MMMBop|others=Hanson|year=1997|type=US 7-inch single vinyl disc|publisher=Mercury Records|id=314 574 260-7}}</ref> :A. "MMMBop" – 4:27 :B. "[[Where's the Love]]" {{small|([[Mark Hudson (musician)|Mark Hudson]], Sander Salover)}} – 4:12 * '''US 12-inch single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=MMMBop|others=Hanson|year=1997|type=US 12-inch single vinyl disc|publisher=Mercury Records|id=314 574 261-1}}</ref> :A1. "MMMBop" ([[Berman Brothers (producers)|Berman Brothers]] club mix) – 5:14 :A2. "MMMBop" (Berman Brothers club instrumental) – 5:14 :B1. "MMMBop" (soulful club mix) – 5:27 :B2. "MMMBop" (Berman Brothers radio mix) – 3:17 :B3. "MMMBop" – 4:27 {{col-2}} * '''UK CD single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=MMMBop|others=Hanson|year=1997|type=UK CD single liner notes|publisher=Mercury Records|id=574 499-2}}</ref> # "MMMBop" (single version) – 3:50 # "MMMBop" (album version) – 4:27 # "MMMBop" (Dust Brothers mix) – 4:29 # "MMMBop" ([[Hex Hector|Hex]] mix) – 3:25 * '''UK cassette single and European CD single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=MMMBop|others=Hanson|year=1997|type=UK cassette single sleeve|publisher=Mercury Records|id=574 498-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=MMMBop|others=Hanson|year=1997|type=European CD single liner notes|publisher=Mercury Records|id=574 498-2}}</ref> # "MMMBop" (single version) – 3:50 # "MMMBop" (album version) – 4:27 * '''Japanese CD single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=MMMBop|others=Hanson|year=1997|type=Japanese CD single liner notes|publisher=Mercury Records|id=PHCR-8405}}</ref> # "MMMBop" (single version) – 3:59 # "MMMBop" (album version) – 4:27 # "MMMBop" (Dust Brothers mix) – 4:29 # "MMMBop" (dub mix) – 4:20 {{col-end}}{{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Weekly charts=== {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" !Chart (1997–1998) !Peak<br/>position |- {{single chart|Australia|1|artist=Hanson|song=MmmBop|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Austria|1|artist=Hanson|song=MmmBop|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Flanders|1|artist=Hanson|song=MmmBop|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Wallonia|4|artist=Hanson|song=MmmBop|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Canadatopsingles|1|chartid=3267|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 3, 2018}} |- {{single chart|Canadaadultcontemporary|5|chartid=3232|rowheader=true|accessdate=July 15, 2019}} |- !scope="row"|Denmark ([[IFPI Danmark|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Top National Sellers|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|volume=14|issue=24|page=17|date=June 14, 1997}}</ref> |1 |- !scope="row"|Europe ([[European Hot 100 Singles|European Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Eurochart Hot 100 Singles|magazine=Music & Media|volume=14|issue=24|page=15|date=June 14, 1997}}</ref> |1 |- {{single chart|Finland|4|artist=Hanson|song=MmmBop|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|France|4|artist=Hanson|song=MmmBop|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Germany|1|artist=Hanson|song=MmmBop|songid=3461|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row"|Hungary ([[Mahasz]])<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Top National Sellers|magazine=Music & Media|volume=14|issue=29|page=14|date=July 19, 1997}} ''See'' LW ''column''.</ref> |1 |- !scope="row"|Iceland ([[Íslenski listinn|Íslenski Listinn Topp 40]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timarit.is/page/2954851#page/n1/mode/2up|title=Íslenski Listinn NR. 222 Vikuna 22.5. '97 – 28.5. '97|newspaper=Dagblaðið Vísir|language=is|page=16|date=May 23, 1997|access-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> |8 |- {{single chart|Ireland2|1|song=MmmBop|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row"|Italy (''[[Musica e dischi]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Hits of the World – Italy|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|volume=109|issue=38|page=46|date=September 20, 1997}}</ref> |19 |- {{single chart|Dutch40|2|artist=Hanson|song=MmmBop|year=1997|week=24|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Dutch100|2|artist=Hanson|song=MmmBop|rowheader=true|accessdate=July 15, 2019}} |- {{single chart|New Zealand|1|artist=Hanson|song=MmmBop|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Norway|2|artist=Hanson|song=MmmBop|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row"|Poland (''[[Music & Media]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Major Market Airplay – Week 23/1997|magazine=Music & Media|volume=14|issue=23|page=27|date=June 7, 1997}}</ref> |6 |- {{single chart|Scotland|1|date=19970601|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row"|Spain ([[Productores de Música de España|AFYVE]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Salaverri|first=Fernando|title=Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002|edition=1st|date=September 2005|publisher=Fundación Autor-SGAE|location=Spain|isbn=84-8048-639-2}}</ref> |3 |- {{single chart|Sweden|1|artist=Hanson|song=MmmBop|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Switzerland|1|artist=Hanson|song=MmmBop|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|UK|1|date=19970601|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Billboardhot100|1|artist=Hanson|rowheader=true|accessdate=July 15, 2019}} |- {{single chart|Billboardadultcontemporary|21|artist=Hanson|rowheader=true|accessdate=July 15, 2019}} |- {{single chart|Billboardadultpopsongs|5|artist=Hanson|rowheader=true|accessdate=July 15, 2019}} |- {{single chart|Billboarddancesales|23|artist=Hanson|rowheader=true|accessdate=July 6, 2021}} |- {{single chart|Billboardpopsongs|1|artist=Hanson|rowheader=true|accessdate=July 15, 2019}} |- {{single chart|Billboardrhythmic|13|artist=Hanson|rowheader=true|accessdate=July 15, 2019}} |} {{col-2}} ===Year-end charts=== {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" !Chart (1997) !Position |- !scope="row"|Australia (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/1997/singles-chart|title=ARIA Top 100 Singles for 1997|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]|access-date=January 25, 2021}}</ref> |5 |- !scope="row"|Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/year.asp?cat=s&id=1997|title=Jahreshitparade Singles 1997|language=de|access-date=July 15, 2019}}</ref> |7 |- !scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1997|title=Jaaroverzichten 1997|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|language=nl|access-date=July 15, 2019}}</ref> |11 |- !scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=1997|title=Rapports annuels 1997|publisher=Ultratop|language=fr|access-date=July 15, 2019}}</ref> |14 |- !scope="row"|Canada Top Singles (''RPM'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.3416&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.3416.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.3416|title=RPM '97 Year End Top 100 Hit Tracks|magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]]|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301182824/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.3416&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.3416.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.3416|url-status=dead}}</ref> |4 |- !scope="row"|Canada Adult Contemporary (''RPM'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.7905&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.7905.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.7905|title=RPM '97 Year End Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks|magazine=RPM|publisher=Library and Archives Canada|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=June 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614005348/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.7905&URLjpg=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fobj%2F028020%2Ff4%2Fnlc008388.7905.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.7905|url-status=dead}}</ref> |39 |- !scope="row"|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)<ref>{{cite magazine|title=1997 Year-End Sales Charts: Eurochart Hot 100 Singles 1997|magazine=Music & Media|volume=14|issue=52|page=7|date=December 27, 1997}}</ref> |10 |- !scope="row"|France (SNEP)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-lannee/top-singles-annee/?annee=1997|title=Tops de L'année {{!}} Top Singles 1997|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]]|language=fr|access-date=January 25, 2021}}</ref> |12 |- !scope="row"|Germany (Official German Charts)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1997|title=Top 100 Single – Jahrescharts 1997|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment]]|language=de|access-date=July 15, 2015}}</ref> |16 |- !scope="row"|Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timarit.is/page/2963913?iabr=on#page/n15/mode/2up/|title=Árslistinn 1997 – Íslenski Listinn – 100 Vinsælustu Lögin|newspaper=Dagblaðið Vísir|language=is|page=25|date=January 2, 1998|access-date=February 16, 2020}}</ref> |76 |- !scope="row"|Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1997|title=Top 100–Jaaroverzicht van 1997|publisher=[[Dutch Top 40]]|access-date=March 6, 2020}}</ref> |18 |- !scope="row"|Netherlands (Single Top 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1997&cat=s|title=Jaaroverzichten – Single 1997|publisher=[[Dutch Charts|MegaCharts]]|language=nl|access-date=July 15, 2019}}</ref> |18 |- !scope="row"|New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/index_chart?chart=3886|title=End of Year Charts 1997|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|access-date=July 15, 2019|accessdate=September 8, 2023|archivedate=June 22, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622173134/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/index_chart?chart=3886}}</ref> |4 |- !scope="row"|Romania ([[Romanian Top 100]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rt100.ro/topul-anului-1997.html|title=Romanian Top 100 Singles Airplay – Top of the Year 1997|publisher=[[Romanian Top 100]]|language=ro|access-date=May 4, 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050122082314/http://www.rt100.ro/topul-anului-1997.html|archive-date=January 22, 2005}}</ref> |31 |- !scope="row"|Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=1997&dspp=1|title=Årslista Singlar, 1997|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=March 5, 2020}}</ref> |6 |- !scope="row"|Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swisscharts.com/charts/jahreshitparade/1997|title=Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1997|language=de|access-date=July 15, 2019}}</ref> |10 |- !scope="row"|UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Top 100 Singles 1997|magazine=[[Music Week]]|page=27|date=January 17, 1998}}</ref> |11 |- !scope="row"|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite web|url=http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1997|title=Billboard Top 100 – 1997|access-date=August 28, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611194337/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1997|archive-date=June 11, 2009|accessdate=September 8, 2023|archivedate=June 11, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611194337/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1997}}</ref> |12 |} ===Decade-end charts=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" !Chart (1990–1999) !Position |- !scope="row"|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9w0EAAAAMBAJ|title=Hot 100 Singles of the '90s|magazine=Billboard|volume=111|issue=52|page=YE-20|date=December 25, 1999|access-date=July 6, 2021}}</ref> |57 |} {{col-end}} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Mpaghara ! scope="col" | Ụbọchị ! scope="col" | Usoro(s) ! scope="col" | Akara (s) ! scope="col" | Ref(s). |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | United States | Ọnwa Atọ 24, 1997 | Redio 40 kacha elu | rowspan="5" | Mercury | align="center" | |- | Eprel 15, 1997 | | align="center" | |- ! scope="row" | United Kingdom | Ọnwa Ise 26, 1997 | | align="center" | |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | Japan | Ọnwa Isii 4, 1997 | Obere-CD | align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/124996/products/188043/1/|title=キラメキ☆MMM Bop {{!}} ハンソン|publisher=[[Oricon]]|language=ja|accessdate=August 31, 2023}}</ref> |- | Ọnwa Isii 20, 1997 | CD | align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/124996/products/187014/1/|title=キラメキ☆MMM Bop {{!}} ハンソン|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|accessdate=August 31, 2023}}</ref> |} Afọ iri abụọ ka ndekọ mbụ nke "MMMBop" gasịrị, ihe dị ka ụdị mkpuchi 93,000 nke onye nta akụkọ MTV bụ Patrick Hosken gụrụ na March 2016, dị ka a na-anọchi anya na [[YouTube]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2797524/hanson-mmmbop-anniversary-cover-version/|work=MTV News|title=Hanson Have Never Heard a Good Cover of 'MMMBop' – But Here's Who They Think Could Nail It|author=Hosken|first=Patrick|date=March 22, 2016|accessdate=February 16, 2021|archivedate=November 15, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115235439/http://www.mtv.com/news/2797524/hanson-mmmbop-anniversary-cover-version/}}</ref> Ndị Hanson gwara Rebecca Milzoff na ''Vulture'' na ha anụbeghị ụdị mkpuchi ọ bụla dị mma, n'ihi na "Ndị mmadụ enweghị ike ịbụ abụ nke ọma. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ha na-ejikọta ya na-ezighị ezi, "dị ka Isaac Hanson si kwuo. <ref name="Vulture2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/03/hanson-on-20-years-of-mmmbop.html|date=March 22, 2016|author=Milzoff|first=Rebecca|title=Hanson on the 20th Birthday of 'MMMBop'|work=Vulture.com|accessdate=February 16, 2021}}</ref> Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, Postmodern Jukebox dekọrọ mkpuchi n'ụdị 1950s na ndị nwoke anọ na-abụ abụ swinging doo-wop ; <ref name="Vulture2016" /> na-ebuli 1.5&nbsp;nde nlele na YouTube n'ime afọ mbụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.avclub.com/hanson-s-middle-of-nowhere-turns-20-this-weekend-1798261980|title=Hanson's ''Middle Of Nowhere'' turns 20 this weekend|author=Purdom|first=Clayton|date=May 5, 2017|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|accessdate=February 16, 2021|archivedate=September 18, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918151627/https://news.avclub.com/hanson-s-middle-of-nowhere-turns-20-this-weekend-1798261980}}</ref> Na Julaị 2019, onye ọrụ gọọmentị Hanson Twitter kesara vidiyo site na akpa egwu egwu, otu ndị na-ahụ maka keyboard Jack Conte hiwere. Ụdị akpa egwu bụ Lucy Schwartz n'ihu n'ihu na ụda olu, na Adam Neely kpuchiri bass eletrik. Na 2023, ndị egwu bekee Busted weputara ụdị mkpuchi nke egwu ahụ, yana mmekorita ya na Hanson. Ụdị ọhụrụ ahụ, "MMMBop 2.0", ewepụtara dị ka otu n'ụwa nile na Mee 26, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/mmmbop-2-0/1687458065?i=1687458069|title=Busted & Hanson - MMMBop 2.0|work=Apple Music|date=May 26, 2023|accessdate=May 27, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://virginradio.co.uk/music/107898/busted-hanson-new-version-mmmbop|title=Busted and Hanson team up for new version of 90s classic MMMBop|work=Virgin Radio|date=May 23, 2023|accessdate=May 27, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://retropopmagazine.com/busted-team-up-with-hanson-on-new-version-of-90s-classic-mmmbop/|title=Busted team up with Hanson on new version of '90s classic MMMBop|work=Retro Pop Magazine|date=May 26, 2023|accessdate=May 27, 2023}}</ref> Ọ gbagoro na nọmba 10 na Chart Sales Singles UK . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-sales-chart/20230602/7509/|title=Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|date=June 2, 2023|accessdate=June 2, 2023}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} 5ca126fg501c0u3m7mu9kjwnewthlz3 0 30025 728184 139624 2026-09-26T11:54:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  N' ọnwa Jun afọ 2020, ụgbọ ala nwa nwanne Erakat bụ Ahmed zutere ebe ndị agha na-enyocha na West Bank dị nso na Abu Dis, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị agha Israel gbara ya égbè ma gbuo ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-06-23/israeli-troops-kill-palestinian-who-attempted-car-ramming-in-west-bank-police|title=Palestinian Driver Shot Dead After Alleged Car-Ramming on Israeli Police|work=US News|date=June 23, 2020}}</ref> Ndị uwe ojii ahụ kwadoro omume ha dị ka iji chebe onwe ha, na-ekwu na Ahmed nwara ịba ụgbọala ya n' ime ha, mana Noura agbaghaala na nke a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2020/6/24/noura_erakat|title=Palestinian Scholar Noura Erakat: Israeli Forces Killed My Cousin on His Sister's Wedding Day|work=[[Democracy Now!]]}}</ref> Forensic Architecture na Al-Haq malitere nyocha banyere ogbugbu Ahmed site na iji 3D modeling, fieldwork, geolocation, synchronization, OSINT, na nyocha onyinyo, wee kwubie na mmetụ ụgbọ ala ahụ na ebe nyocha ahụ bụ ihe mberede, na ịgba égbè Israel bụ igbu ọchụ na-enweghị ikpe na iji ike na-egbu egbu eme ihe n' ụzọ gabigara ókè, nakwa na ndị agha Israel agọnahụrụ Ahmed nlekọta ahụike ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-extrajudicial-execution-of-ahmad-erekat/|title=The Extrajudicial Execution of Ahmed Erakat}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Noura Erakat at New America Foundation event.jpg|alt= Noura Erakat at New America Foundation event.jpg|thumb]] === Akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ === * ''[http://tadweenpublishing.com/blogs/news/9500099-new-book-aborted-state-the-un-initiative-and-new-palestinian-junctures Ọchịchị A Na-ewepụ Egwu? Ihe Omume UN na Nzukọ Ndị Ọhụrụ nke Palestine]'' Ya na Mouin Rabbani dezigharịrị, 2013. * Ikpe ziri ezi maka ụfọdụ: Iwu na Ajụjụ nke Palestine. * "[https://ssrn.com/abstract=2402251 Ndị] gbara ọsọ ndụ na Palestine na Nnupụisi Siria: Imejupụta oghere nchebe n' oge ndị ọzọ a manyere ịkwaga ebe ọzọ". Oxford Journal of International Refugee Law, Forthcoming. * "Ọbịbịa Ọhụrụ n 'oge Obama: Mmetụta nke igbu ọchụ a na-achọ n' Iwu Nchebe Onwe Onye". Arizona Law Review, Forthcoming. * "[https://ssrn.com/abstract=2218572 US v]. Red Cross: Customary International Humanitarian Law & Universal Jurisdiction. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 41 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 225 (Winter 2013). * "Ọ bụghị ihe na-ezighi ezi, ọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị: Ịtọpụ mgbochi Gaza n'etiti Iwu Mba Nile na Nzaghachi UN. " UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law, Mpịakọta nke 11, Nke 37, 2011-2012. * "[https://ssrn.com/abstract=2218807 Operation Cast Lead]: The Elusive Quest for Self-Defense in International Law". 36 Rutgers L. Rec. 164 (2009). * "Ịkwado esemokwu Arab-Israeli: The Politicization of U.S. Federal Courtrooms" 2 Berkeley Journal of Middle Eastern & Islamic Law 27 (2009). * "U.S. kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịkwado Israel, ma ọ bụ hapụ ndị ọzọ ka ha zụọ udo". [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * "Ọrụ Israel abụghị maka nchekwa: Echiche na-emegide". USA Taa, July 31, 2014. * "[http://www.thenation.com/article/180783/five-israeli-talking-points-gaza-debunked Ebe] Ikwu Israel ise na Gaza - A kpughere ya". The Nation, July 25, 2014. * "Ihe ike na-eme n'ụlọ ikpe: BDS na Movement to Resist Erasure". ''Los Angeles'' Review of Books, March 16, 2014. * Egwu kachasị njọ nke Israel bụ nke ime obodo, ọ bụghị Hamas ma ọ bụ Iran, ka onye bụbu praịm minista Ehud Barak CBC kwuru, June 5, 2018 * To The Point: "A New Shot at Peace Talks: Ọ ga-adị iche n'oge a?" [Ihe e dere n' ala ala peeji] * N' èzí Beijing: "Palestine na-achọ ka ọ bụrụ steeti na UN". China Radio International, November 21, 2012. * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20231013153621/https://www.gazaincontext.com/film.html Gaza] in context".", gazaincontext.com, July 2016. * "Ịgba aghara n' usoro na ụkpụrụ nke agha n'akụkụ abụọ nke esemokwu Middle East". PBS NewsHour, July 24, 2014. * "Gaza Debate: Dị ka ndị Palestine na-anwụ n' elu 100, Ònye ga-ata ụta maka ime ihe ike na-arịwanye elu? [http://www.democracynow.org/2014/7/11/gaza_debate_as_palestinian_deaths_top Gịnị ka a pụrụ ime?]." Democracy Now!, July 11, 2014. * Na Chris Hayes: "Obama mechiri njem mbụ ọ gara Israel dị ka onye isi ala". [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Up na Chris Hayes: "Ihe kpatara ime ihe ike na Israel na Gaza". MSNBC, November 17, 2012. * "Iwu dị n' akụkụ ndị a: Mkparịta ụka. WNET (PBS Iri na Atọ) {{Reflist}}  * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141017152315/http://ncc.gmu.edu/ncc-connect/october-2014/faculty-highlight Akụkọ ndụ] - Mahadum George Mason * Noura Erakat on Twitter {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1sdrwzmphc0p97ts8wt88g7pv2wqwbz 0 30281 728066 142444 2026-09-26T02:47:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Birthgasm bụ orgasm nwanyị nke na-eme n'oge [[Ọmụmụ nwa|ịmụ nwa]]. Mgbe ụfọdụ ana akpọ kwa ya"ọmụmụ nwa nke orgasmic".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unassistedchildbirth.com/your-sensual-self/orgasmic-childbirth/|title=Orgasmic Childbirth — Unassisted Childbirth|publisher=Unassistedchildbirth.com|date=|accessdate=2022-08-04}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eji mkpali mmekọahụ iji belata mgbanaka, kama anesthesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/01/05/foxsexpert-orgasms-during-childbirth-it-happens.html|title=FOXSexpert: Orgasms During Childbirth? It Happens|publisher=Fox News|date=2009-01-05|accessdate=2015-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911161737/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/01/05/foxsexpert-orgasms-during-childbirth-it-happens.html|archive-date=2018-09-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ihe karịrị iri na asatọ pasent nke ndị na-amụ nwa nke Postel chọpụtara (2013) kwuru na ọ ga-ekwe omume ịmụ nwa na-atọ ụtọ, na 69% kwuru na ha ahụla ụdị ikpe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mayberry|first=Lorel|title='Birthgasm': A Literary Review of Orgasm as an Alternative Mode of Pain Relief in Childbirth|journal=Journal of Holistic Nursing|date=16 November 2015|pmid=26578553|doi=10.1177/0898010115614205|volume=34|issue=4|pages=331–342}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Postel|first=T.|title=Childbirth Climax: The Revealing of Obstetrical Orgasm|journal=Sexologies|date=October 2013|volume=22|issue=4|pages=e89–e92|doi=10.1016/j.sexol.2013.03.011}}</ref> == Ndensibịa == {{Reflist}} 18gq6hlvt3b88trvhrpf93ab6gd1pny 0 30389 728028 722458 2026-09-25T23:10:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728028 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite journal|title=[[Andreas Kaplan]]: A school is "a building that has four walls…with tomorrow inside": Toward the reinvention of the business school|doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.010|journal=Business Horizons}}</ref>A Master of Business Administration ( MBA; nakwa Master in Business Administration ) bụ akara ule postgraduate lekwasịrị anya na ịzụ ahịa .  [1] Isi ihe kpatara na mmemme MBA na-ekpuchi dị iche iche nke azụmahịa dị ka iche ego, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndịre n'akpa, mmadụ, n ihi okwu, azụmahịa, iwu azụmahịa, njikwa, ahia, ahia,  ego, ụgbọala, njikwa, echekwa, njikwa, ọkọnọ .  -chain management, na njikwa ọrụ n'ụzọ dị mkpa na nyọcha njikwa na n'ụzọ.  Ọ nkiri na United States na-ekiri awụ nke 20 mgbe obodo mepere emepe na ụlọ ọrụ njikwa ngosi . Ụfọdụ mmemme gụ usoro mkpaka na nleba anya maka ịga n'ihu n'ihe n'otu mpaghara, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ego, ego, akara aha, na ụzọ ndị, mana MBA ezubere ka ọ mmemme n'ozuzu ya.  achọ MBA na United States na-achọrọ imecha ihe dị ka kredit iri a anọ na iri isii (iri isii na iri አምስት na ibu iri na ise ), dị elu ụfọdụ kredit iri atọ (iri atọ na isii ruo iri a anọ na ise na onye isi anọ na ise.  ) na-achọ maka ogo na-ekpuchi ụfọdụ.  nke otu ihe dị ka Master of Economics, Master of Finance, Master of Accountancy, Master of Science in Marketing and Master of Science in Management . akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mbụ na United States bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Wharton nke Mahadum Pennsylvania hiwere na 1881 site na onyinye sitere n'aka Joseph Wharton .  [4] Na 1900, Tuck School of Business ntọala ntọala na Dartmouth College [1] na-enye akara ule izizi mbụ na ngwaọrụ, Master of Science in Commerce, onye bu ụzọ MBA. Otu "Executive MBA", ma ọ bụ EMBA, bụ mmemme nzere yiri mmemme MBA nke ahaziri ahazi maka ma lekwasịrị anya maka ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na ndị isi njikwa bụ ndị nọbu n'ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Article Sources|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/executive-mba.asp|title=Executive MBA (EMBA) Definition|publisher=Investopedia.com|date=2021-05-21|accessdate=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == . <ref name="Stabile2007">{{Cite book|author=Donald Stabile|title=Economics, Competition and Academia: An Intellectual History of Sophism Versus Virtue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQNI7BUvYs4C&pg=PA101|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84720-716-6|pages=101–}}</ref>akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mbụ na United States bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Wharton nke Mahadum Pennsylvania hiwere na 1881 site na onyinye sitere n'aka Joseph Wharton .  [4] Na 1900, Tuck School of Business ntọala ntọala na Dartmouth College [1] na-enye akara ule izizi mbụ na ngwaọrụ, Master of Science in Commerce, onye bu ụzọ MBA akwụkwọ mbụ na United States bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Wharton nke Mahadum Pennsylvania hiwere na 1881 site na onyinye sitere n'aka Joseph Wharton .  [4] Na 1900, Tuck School of Business ntọala ntọala na Dartmouth College [1] na-enye akara ule izizi mbụ na ngwaọrụ, Master of Science in Commerce, onye bu ụzọ MBA. Ihe ịrịba ama ndị ọzọ gụnyere: * 1930: Usoro nchịkwa mbụ na nchịkwa nchịkwa maka ndị isi na ndị isi nwere ahụmahụ na-arụ ọrụ ( Sloan Fellows Program na [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]] Institute of Technology ). <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Sloan Legacy|url=http://www.london.edu/newsandevents/news/2009/11/The_Sloan_Legacy_1046.html|journal=London.edu|archive-date=2014-10-19|access-date=2023-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019001326/http://www.london.edu/newsandevents/news/2009/11/The_Sloan_Legacy_1046.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=MIT's contributions to business and economics|url=http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/economics/|work=boston.com|date=15 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141917/http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/economics/|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=25 September 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1943: Mmemme MBA mbụ (EMBA) maka ndị ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ na Mahadum Chicago Booth School of Business . [ nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ ] Chicago bụkwa ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmaahịa mbụ iji guzobe ogige na-adịgide adịgide na kọntinent atọ na Chicago (USA), Barcelona (Europe), na Singapore (Asia). Ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ achụmnta ego taa na-enye MBA ndị isi ha akụkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. Kemgbe e hiwere mmemme ahụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ akwagala ụlọ akwụkwọ ya ma dabere ugbu a na Chicago, [[London]] na Hong Kong. * 1946: MBA mbụ lekwasịrị anya na njikwa ụwa na Thunderbird School of Global Management . <ref>[https://thunderbird.asu.edu/global-impact/vision-history Our Vision and History | Thunderbird School of Global Management]. Thunderbird.asu.edu. Retrieved on 1 February 2018.</ref> [ na-abụghị isi isi achọrọ ] * 1950: MBA mbụ na mpụga United States, na Canada ( Ivey Business School na The University of Western Ontario ), sochiri Mahadum Pretoria na South Africa na 1951. * 1953: MBA mbụ enyere na ụlọ akwụkwọ Asia na Institutelọ Ọrụ Ọha na Ọha na Ọha na Azụmaahịa India na Calcutta. <ref>{{Cite web|date=September 24, 2017|first=Somdatta|author=Basu|title=Country's oldest B-school, IISWBM, to become a university|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/countrys-oldest-b-school-iiswbm-to-become-a-univ/articleshow/60812042.cms|accessdate=2021-04-29|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> * 1957: MBA mbụ enyere na ụlọ akwụkwọ Europe ( INSEAD ). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.f1gmat.com/business-school-profiles/insead-mba|title=Insead MBA|work=www.f1gmat.com}}</ref> * 1963: Mmemme MBA mbụ enyere na ụwa na-asụ Spanish site na ESAN - Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Gụsịrị Akwụkwọ na Perú (South America), n'okpuru nduzi nke Stanford Graduate School of Business, United States. Ndị USAID - United States Agency for International Development kwadoro, na arịrịọ nke onye isi ala mbụ John F. Kennedy, nke na-ahazi ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa bụ isi na United States iji mụọ na nyochaa ohere nke ịmepụta ọrụ nchịkwa nchịkwa na Latin America. Ya mere, na July 25, 1963, la Escuela de Administración de Negocios para Graduados- ESAN tọrọ ntọala, n'ime usoro nke nkwekọrịta n'etiti gọọmenti Peru na United States na-enye Master's mmemme na Business Administration maka mmasị na-arịọ arịrịọ si n'akụkụ nile. Latin America. <ref>{{Cite book|title=An academic adventure : the founding of ESAN|url=https://archive.org/details/academicadventur0000unse_a1y5|author=Coleman|first=Alan|location=ESAN Cendoc|year=2006}}</ref> * 1963: MBA izizi nyere na Korea site na Korea University Business School (KUBS). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kubs.korea.ac.kr/en|title=Korea University Business School|work=kubs.korea.ac.kr|accessdate=20 June 2016|archivedate=3 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803172855/http://kubs.korea.ac.kr/en}}</ref> [ na-abụghị isi isi achọrọ ] * 1986: Mmemme MBA mbụ chọrọ ka nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla nwee kọmpụta laptop na klas na Roy E. Crummer Graduate School of Business na Rollins College (Florida). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Roe|first=William|title=Innovation In Business Education: Developing A High Quality Online MBA|journal=American Journal of Business Education|date=2015|volume=8|issue=2|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1057572.pdf|accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref> Malite na afọ agụmakwụkwọ 1992–1993, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Azụmahịa Columbia chọrọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ niile na-abata zụta kọmpụta laptọọpụ nwere sọftụwia ọkọlọtọ, na-aghọ ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmaahịa mbụ mere ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19920918-01.2.4&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------|title=Columbia Daily Spectator 18 September 1992 — Columbia Spectator|work=spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu|accessdate=25 September 2023|archivedate=10 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910031421/http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19920918-01.2.4&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Ray|title=Providing Universal Student Access to Technology: A Summary of Alternative Models|journal=Proceedings 31st Annual Small College Computing Symposium|date=16 April 1998|url=http://www.micsymposium.org/mics_1998/proceedings.pdf|accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref> * 1994: Mmemme MBA izizi n'ịntanetị na Mahadum Athabasca (Canada). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Athabasca University|url=http://www.athabascau.ca/aboutau/history.php}}</ref> [ Ihe na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ ] Mahadum zuru ụwa ọnụ na mba ndị mepere emepe na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe anabatala nzere MBA. <ref>McIntyre, John R. and Ilan Alon, eds. (2005), ''Business and Management Education in Transitioning and Developing Countries: A Handbook'', Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.</ref> * Associations to Advance Collegiate School of Business (AACSB), * Council nzere ntozu maka ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa na mmemme (ACBSP), na * Mgbakọ mba ụwa maka agụmakwụkwọ azụmahịa kọleji (IACBE). <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Kyle E.|author=Brink|title=A Comparison of AACSB, ACBSP, and IACBE Accredited U.S. Business Programs: An Institutional Resource Perspective|journal=Business Education & Accreditation|volume=4|issue=2|pages=1–15|date=2012}}</ref> Otu ndị a niile na-enyekwa ụlọ akwụkwọ na-abụghị US ikike. Ndị ACBSP na IACBE bụ ndị otu Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) nabatara n'onwe ha na United States. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chea.org/programmatic-accrediting-organizations|title=CHEA Directory of Programmatic Accrediting Organizations}} Retrieved 23 July 2018</ref> Mmemme MBA nwere ọpụrụiche maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-achụso ọrụ na njikwa ahụike tozuru oke maka nzere site na Commission na nzere nzere nlekọta ahụike ahụike (CAHME). Enwere ike ịnata mmemme MBA US na ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ. Ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ụlọ ọrụ ikike n'ozuzu gụnyere: * Middle States Association nke kọleji na ụlọ akwụkwọ (MSA), * Ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji nke New England (NEASC), * Kọmishọna mmụta dị elu (HLC), * Kọmịshọna nzere mmụta mmụta anya (DEAC), * Northwest Commission na kọleji na mahadum (NWCCU), * Ndị otu South nke kọleji na ụlọ akwụkwọ (SACS), na * Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Koenig|first=Ann|title=Higher Education Accreditation in the United States|publisher=EAIE Conference|date=18 September 2004|url=http://www.eaie.org/pdf/torino/205.pdf|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061102102633/http://www.eaie.org/pdf/torino/205.pdf|archivedate=2 November 2006}}</ref> === Obodo ndị ọzọ === == Mmemme == Mmemme MBA oge niile na-emekarị ihe karịrị afọ agụmakwụkwọ abụọ (ya bụ ihe dị ka ọnwa 18 nke oge oge). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Northern Hemisphere, ha na-amalitekarị n'ọgwụgwụ August ma ọ bụ mmalite Septemba nke afọ otu ma na-aga n'ihu ruo May ma ọ bụ June nke afọ abụọ, na-enwe ezumike okpomọkụ nke ọnwa atọ ma ọ bụ anọ n'etiti afọ otu na abụọ. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eji ezi uche abanye na ahụmahụ ọrụ mbụ nke ụwa ma na-amụ ihe n'ime ụbọchị izu ka ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum ndị ọzọ. Ụdị oge zuru oke, ngwa ngwa, nwa oge, ma ọ bụ modular MBA chọrọ kredit 60 (awa klaasị 600) nke ọrụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Mmemme MBA accelerated bụ mgbanwe nke mmemme afọ abụọ. Ha na-agụnye ibu nkuzi dị elu yana klaasị siri ike na usoro nyocha ma na-agbakọkarị n'ime otu afọ. Ha na-enwekarị obere oge n'oge mmemme yana n'etiti semesters. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enweghị ezumike ọnwa atọ ruo ọnwa anọ, na n'etiti semesters enwere ike ịnwe ezumike ụbọchị asaa ruo iri karịa ezumike izu atọ ruo ise. Mmemme emelitere na-enwekarị ọnụ ala karịa mmemme afọ abụọ oge niile. Mmemme MBA nwa oge na-ejide klaasị na mgbede ụbọchị izu mgbe awa ọrụ nkịtị gasịrị, ma ọ bụ na ngwụsị izu. Mmemme nwa oge na-adịkarị afọ atọ ma ọ bụ karịa. Ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na mmemme ndị a na-enwekarị ndị ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ, bụ ndị na-ebu obere obere ihe ọmụmụ ruo ogologo oge ruo mgbe emezuola ihe achọrọ ngụsị akwụkwọ. N'uhuruchi (ngbanwe nke abụọ) Mmemme MBA bụ mmemme oge niile na-ejide klaasị na mgbede ụbọchị izu, mgbe awa ọrụ nkịtị gasịrị, ma ọ bụ na ngwụsị izu maka afọ abụọ. Studentsmụ akwụkwọ nọ na mmemme ndị a na-enwekarị ndị ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ, ndị na-enweghị ike ịhapụ ọrụ ha ịchụso MBA ngbanwe oge niile. A na-enye ọtụtụ mmemme mgbanwe nke abụọ na mahadum dị na India. Mmemme MBA (EMBA) Executive (nke oge) emepụtara iji gboo mkpa agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị njikwa na ndị isi, na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere inweta MBA (ma ọ bụ akara ugo mmụta ọzọ metụtara azụmahịa) n'ime afọ abụọ ma ọ bụ obere ka ha na-arụ ọrụ oge niile. Ndị sonyere na-abịa site na ụdị ọ bụla na nha nke nzukọ - uru, enweghị uru, gọọmentị - na-anọchite anya ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche. Ụmụ akwụkwọ EMBA na-enwekarị ahụmịhe ọrụ dị elu, mgbe mgbe afọ 10 ma ọ bụ karịa, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ akwụkwọ MBA ndị ọzọ. Na nzaghachi nye ọnụ ọgụgụ na-abawanye ụba nke mmemme EMBA, e hibere Council Executive MBA na 1981 iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ ndị isi. Mmemme MBA mmụta anya na -ejide klaasị na-anọghị n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ. Enwere ike ịnye mmemme ndị a n'ụdị dị iche iche: nkuzi akwụkwọ ozi site na ozi nzipu ozi ma ọ bụ email, vidiyo mgbasa ozi na-abụghị mmekọrịta, vidiyo edekọburu, teleconference ndụ ma ọ bụ vidiyo vidiyo, nkuzi kọmputa na-anọghị n'ịntanetị ma ọ bụ n'ịntanetị. Ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-enye mmemme ndị a. Mmemme mmụta agwakọtara jikọtara mmụta dị anya na nkuzi ihu na ihu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=de l'Etraz, Paris|title=What Can an Online Program Do for You?|url=http://www.aacsb.edu/publications/Archives/NovDec10/34-39%20F-Online%20Program.pdf|date=1 November 2009|publisher=BizEd Magazine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924040945/http://www.aacsb.edu/publications/Archives/NovDec10/34-39%20F-Online%20Program.pdf|archivedate=24 September 2014}}</ref> Mmemme ndị a na-elekwasịkarị anya ndị ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ bụ ndị na-enweghị ike ịga mmemme nwa oge ọdịnala. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Karen Hebert-Maccaro|title=Blended MBA Programs: An Optimized Form of Learning|url=http://www.wpi.edu/academics/business/info/learning/images/pedagogy.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127165803/http://www.wpi.edu/academics/business/info/learning/images/pedagogy.pdf|archivedate=2012-01-27|date=8 September 2011|publisher=Worcester Polytechnic Institute}}</ref> Mmemme ogo abụọ MBA jikọtara MBA na ndị ọzọ (dị ka MS, MA, MEng, ma ọ bụ JD, wdg) iji mee ka ụmụ akwụkwọ belata ọnụ ahịa (mmemme abụọ na-adịkarị ọnụ ala karịa ịchụso ogo abụọ iche), chekwaa oge na agụmakwụkwọ na hazie nkuzi mmụta azụmaahịa ka mkpa ha dị. A na-enwetakarị nke a site n'ikwe ka usoro ọmụmụ nke otu mmemme gụọ dị ka ndị ahọpụtara na nke ọzọ. Ụfọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa na-enye mmemme nke ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike nweta ma nzere bachelọ na nchịkwa azụmahịa yana MBA n'ime afọ ise. Obere-MBA bụ okwu nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na ndị na-erite uru na-eji kọwaa usoro ọzụzụ lekwasịrị anya na ntọala azụmahịa. N'oge gara aga, a na-enye mmemme Obere-MBA dị ka usoro ọmụmụ na-enweghị kredit nke chọrọ ihe na-erughị awa 100 nke mkpokọta mmụta. Agbanyeghị, n'ihi nkatọ nke asambodo ndị a, ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ atụgharịala mmemme ha ugbu a iji nye nkuzi maka kredit zuru oke ka e wee tinye ha na nzere MBA ọdịnala zuru oke. Nke a bụ iji nye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere ịchọpụta ọrụ nkuzi metụtara azụmahịa maka ebumnuche ọrụ ma ka na-enye ohere ịmecha mmemme nzere MBA zuru oke na oge ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ahọpụtara ime ya. == Usoro nnabata == Ule nnabata nchịkwa nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ (GMAT) bụ ule nnabata a na-ejikarị maka nnabata na mmemme MBA. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmemme MBA niile na-anabatakwa ule nyocha nke Graduate Record (GRE) iji mezuo ule nnabata ọ bụla ha nwere ike ịnwe. Ụfọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ anaghị atụba akara ule mbata dị ka ihe ndị ọzọ, ụfọdụ mmemme anaghị achọ akara ule mbata maka nnabata. Iji nweta klaasị dị iche iche, ụlọ akwụkwọ achụmnta ego na-atụlekwa ebumnuche nwoke na nwanyị na oke ụmụ akwụkwọ mpaghara na mba ụwa. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ụfọdụ ogo MBA anaghị achọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ nweta akara ugo mmụta mahadum na ha ga-anabata ahụmịhe njikwa dị ukwuu n'ọnọdụ akara ugo mmụta mahadum. Na UK, ọmụmaatụ, a Higher National Diploma (HND) ma ọ bụ ọbụna Higher National Asambodo (HNC) na-anabata na ụfọdụ mmemme. Ndị na-achọ MBA na-achọsi ike na-eji ọrụ ndụmọdụ nnabata MBA mee ihe iji kwalite ohere nnabata ha. Ha na-ahụkarị na US, yana ihe ruru otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị na-achọ akwụkwọ na-eji ọrụ ndị a na 2016, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Murray|first=Seb|date=2017-10-18|title=Are MBA admissions consultants worth their fees?|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/02bece04-aa79-11e7-ab66-21cc87a2edde|accessdate=2023-08-05}}</ref> n'agbanyeghị na ha na-enweta ewu ewu n'ebe ndị ọzọ, gụnyere India <ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-28|title=Handholding the hopefuls|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/handholding-the-hopefuls-15464-2010-10-28|accessdate=2023-08-05|work=Business Today|language=en|first=Anusha|author=Subramanian}}</ref> na Canada. Ndị na-ahụ maka ndụmọdụ nwere ike ịnye nkuzi bụ isi gụnyere enyemaka na nhọrọ mmemme, ajụjụ ọnụ ọchị, na ịgụgharị edemede, n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ ga-enye ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka ide edemede sitere na ọkọ. Ọtụtụ kọmitii nnabata ụlọ akwụkwọ achụmnta ego na-ewute ojiji nke ọrụ ndụmọdụ, na ngwa nwere ike imerụ ahụ site n'ile anya dị ka e dere ya na onye ndụmọdụ, dị ka site n'inwe ọkwa dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere okwu onye nyocha ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ihe pụrụ iche. Ụfọdụ na-ekwupụtakwa nchegbu na ha na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ dị elu nke ọrụ ahụ uru na-ezighị ezi. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Silverman|first=Rachel Emma|title=Looking for an Edge: M.B.A. applicants are turning to pricey consultants to help them navigate the daunting admissions process|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2729708834/|accessdate=August 5, 2023|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=October 6, 2011|page=B5|language=en|id={{ProQuest|2729708834}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Lawrence|first=Diana|title=Consultants provide a boost: But recruiters fear divide between hopefuls who can afford service and those who can't|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038106119|accessdate=August 5, 2023|work=[[Toronto Star]]|date=September 6, 2012|page=M.4.|language=en|id={{ProQuest|1038106119}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title="It's Almost Like…Admitting An Impostor"|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-06-03/its-almost-like-dmitting-an-impostor|author=Porter|first=Jane|date=June 4, 2007|accessdate=2023-08-05}}</ref> N'ozuzu, a na-ahazi mmemme MBA gburugburu usoro ọmụmụ - usoro ọmụmụ bụ isi <ref name="MFT-MBA Test Description">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/mft_mba_flyer.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705102904/http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/mft_mba_flyer.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-05|title=MFT-MBA Test Description|publisher=Educational Testing Service|accessdate=20 July 2014}}</ref> - yana usoro ọmụmụ nke (nwere ike) na-enye ohere maka isiokwu ọpụrụiche ma ọ bụ itinye uche. Ya mere, n'ime afọ mbụ nke mmemme (ma ọ bụ akụkụ), ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweta ma ihe ọmụma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọrụ nchịkwa na nkà nyocha nke achọrọ maka ndị a, ebe n'afọ nke abụọ (akụkụ), ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agbaso usoro ọmụmụ, nke nwere ike ịgụta ọkachamara. (Enwere ike itinye isiokwu na ụkpụrụ azụmahịa na ọkwa izugbe ma ọ bụ ọkachamara. ) Mgbe afọ mbụ gasịrị, ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na-achọ ọrụ oge niile. Ngosipụta a na-ejedebe na ọrụ nkuzi na atụmatụ azụmaahịa, mmemme mmemme . Akwụkwọ edemede ma ọ bụ nnukwu oru ngo na-abụkarị ihe achọrọ nrịgo ka emechara ọrụ nkuzi. Ọtụtụ mmemme MBA na-ejedebe na nyocha ọpụpụ zuru oke; hụ okpuru. Emebere mmemme ka ụmụ akwụkwọ wee nweta nghọta na tiori na omume otu. Ọmụmụ ihe gụnyere nkuzi, ọmụmụ ihe, na ọrụ otu; Ngwakọta ahụ n'agbanyeghị, ga-adịgasị iche site n'ụlọ akwụkwọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ronaldyeaple/2012/07/09/is-the-mba-case-method-passe/|title=Is the MBA Case Method Passé?|first=Ronald|author=Yeaple|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> na n'ụdị . A na-ekpuchi usoro ihe ọmụmụ na klas site na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ, ma na-akwado ya site na usoro ikpe, na-etinye nwa akwụkwọ ahụ n'ọrụ nke onye na-eme mkpebi. Yiri ọnọdụ azụmahịa ụwa n'ezie, ikpe gụnyere ma mgbochi yana ozi ezughị ezu. Mmụta bara uru (imikpu ubi) na-agụnyekarị ọrụ ndụmọdụ na ezigbo ndị ahịa, a na-emekarị ya na otu (ma ọ bụ "syndicates"). <ref>{{Cite web|title=MBA Consulting Projects|url=https://www.darden.virginia.edu/mba/academics/experiential-learning/consulting/|work=Darden School of Business UVA|accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref> Ihe ndị bara uru (yana ihe ọmụmụ ihe) na-agụnyekarị ndị na-arụ ọrụ na mpụga -mgbe ụfọdụ ndị isi azụmahịa-na-akwado nkuzi sitere na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ. (Lee Business school § Ọmụmụ ikpe na § Ụzọ ndị ọzọ ; na, n'ozuzu, Business education § Postgraduate agụmakwụkwọ . ) {| class="wikitable floatright" width="400" | colspan="3" |Nhazi usoro MBA |- | rowspan="4" | Isi |- | Nyocha | Akaụntụ, akụnụba maka njikwa, omume nhazi, nyocha ọnụọgụ ( nyocha arụmọrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ azụmahịa ). |- | Na-arụ ọrụ | Njikwa ego, njikwa akụ mmadụ, njikwa ahịa, njikwa ọrụ . |- | Ụkpụrụ omume | Ụkpụrụ azụmahịa, ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ọchịchị ụlọ ọrụ . |- | Ndị ahọpụtara | colspan="2" | Nhọrọ sara mbara nke a na-ahụkarị gụnyere: ịzụ ahịa, azụmahịa mba ụwa, usoro ozi njikwa, iwu azụmahịa, nyocha ahịa, nhazi nhazi, mkparita uka, ego mba ụwa, njikwa oru ngo, ijikwa enweghị uru na itinye ego ụlọ . Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-enye ọtụtụ nhọrọ nhọrọ ndị ọzọ nke ọdịdị pụrụiche karịa. |- | rowspan="2" | Nkume nkume | Atụmatụ | Usoro njikwa na njikwa azụmaahịa . |- | Nyocha | Usoro nyocha na akwụkwọ edemede / isi oru ngo . |} A na-ekpuchikarị nkà nyocha nke achọrọ maka njikwa na mbụ. Usoro akwụkwọ ndekọ ego nwere ike na-emeso akaụntụ ego na njikwa iche iche ma ọ bụ n'otu usoro ngwakọ. Ego ndekọ ego na-emekọ tumadi na nkọwa (na nkwadebe) nke ego nkwupụta mgbe management aza ajụjụ tumadi na analysis nke esịtidem results. The Economics N'ezie na-ekpuchi njikwa akụnụba, a teknuzu N'ezie na tumadi na-elekwasị anya ngwaahịa ọnụahịa dị ka mmetụta microeconomic tiori, na aggregate-ma ọ bụ macroeconomics, nke na-emeso isiokwu dị ka ụlọ akụ usoro, ego ọkọnọ, na onu oriri. A na-ejikọta nyocha na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka "Mkpebi njikwa" ma ọ bụ " Mkpebi nke ọnụọgụ "; Enwere ike jikọta omume nhazi na njikwa ọrụ mmadụ n'otu aka ahụ. N'ọtụtụ mmemme, ndị na-achọ akwụkwọ nwere nzụlite kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike ịwepụ na usoro nyocha dị iche iche. N'ihe gbasara ọmụmụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ, ụfọdụ mmemme na-emeso usoro ọmụmụ ebe a n'akụkụ abụọ: usoro nke mbụ na-enye nkọwa, ebe nke abụọ na-elegharị isiokwu ahụ anya na omimi (ikekwe dị ka ọkachamara); N'aka nke ọzọ, nke mbụ na-eleba anya obere oge, nsogbu aghụghọ, ebe nke abụọ na-ekwu maka ogologo oge, nsogbu usoro (dịka, "Financial Management I" nwere ike kpuchie njikwa ego na-arụ ọrụ, ebe akụkụ II na-ekpuchi mkpebi ntinye ego ego ). A na-etinyewanye usoro mmụta sistemụ / teknụzụ ozi dị ka usoro isi arụ ọrụ kama ịbụ nhọrọ. A na-enyekarị ọzụzụ gbasara ụkpụrụ omume na ọrụ nkuzi na ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ọchịchị ụlọ ọrụ. Rịba ama na nkuzi ebe a, ọ bụ ezie na teknụzụ dị na ọdịnaya bụ, n'ikpeazụ, gbadoro ụkwụ na njikwa ụlọ ọrụ. (Dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro nkuzi ego bụ isi nwere ike ikpuchi teknụzụ nke nleba anya ngwa ego na n'ịkwalite isi ego, mana ọ na-elekwasị anya na ego njikwa na njikwa ego . ) Usoro nkuzi dabere na teknụzụ, ọ bụrụ na enyere ya, ga-esite na ọkachamara. Mmemme nwekwara ike na-agụnye (coursework dabeere) ọzụzụ na nkà mkpa na agadi ọkwa nke management: soft skills, dị ka (n'ozuzu) ndu na mkparita uka; nkà siri ike, dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ na njikwa ọrụ; ikike iche echiche dị ka ihe ọhụrụ na imepụta ihe. Ọzụzụ na mpaghara dị ka multiculturalism na ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na-agụnye n'otu aka ahụ. Nleta ụlọ ọrụ (gụnyere njem mba ofesi), yana nkuzi ndị ọbịa ma ọ bụ nzukọ ọmụmụ nwere ndị isi na ndị njikwa nwere ike ịgụnye. Ndị a, na isiokwu ndị bụ isi, na-enye ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ obosara, ebe ọmụmụ ihe pụrụ iche na-enye omimi. Ọtụtụ mmemme MBA na-ejedebe na nyocha ọpụpụ zuru oke . Ule ahaziri ahazi nke mba a maara dị ka Major Field Test for MBAs (MFT-MBA) ka etinyere ya na mmemme MBA nke ihe karịrị mahadum US 300. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/acdg_mba.pdf|title=2013 Major Field Test Comparative Data Guide: Major Field Test for Master of Business Administration (MBA)|publisher=Educational Testing Service|accessdate=20 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122194137/http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/acdg_mba.pdf|archivedate=22 January 2014}}</ref> MFT-MBA bu n'obi itule nka, ihe omuma, na ikike iche echiche n'ime ngalaba nke ọkọlọtọ MBA. <ref name="MFT-MBA Test Description"/> Ọ bụ ọrụ nnwale agụmakwụkwọ na-elekọta ya. Nhọrọ ọzọ ama ama maka ule ọpụpụ zuru oke bụ Nleba Ọkachamara Component Comprehensive maka MBA (CPC COMP Exam for MBAs) nke Peregrine Academic Services nwere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peregrineacademics.com/media.ashx/exam-summary-business-compgraduatefinal29oct2014.pdf|title=Business Administration CPC-Based COMP Exam Summary: Masters Level|publisher=Peregrine Academic Services|accessdate=22 November 2016|archivedate=2 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002244/https://www.peregrineacademics.com/media.ashx/exam-summary-business-compgraduatefinal29oct2014.pdf}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmemme na-ahọrọ ijikwa ule ime ụlọ nke onwe ha karịa ule ahaziri ahazi. [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] maho53totb7zbvzc1f389nvm16j0sx1 0 30479 728182 706623 2026-09-26T11:53:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728182 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles> <references responsive="1"></references> [[Usòrò:Nostradamus by Cesar.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke Michel de Nostredame (Nostradamus), French Renaissance Medicine & Astrologer, nke nwa ya nwoke bụ César de Nostredame (1553-1630 sere?)]] '''Michel de Nostredame''' (December 1503 - Julaị 1566 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Happy birthday, Nostradamus: He knew we'd say that|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2004-01-09-0401090246-story.html|accessdate=2023-03-26|work=Chicago Tribune|date=9 January 2004}}</ref> ), nke a na-akpọkarị Latịn dị ka '''Nostradamus''', [lower-alpha 1] bụ onye France [[Astrology|na-agụ kpakpando]], onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, dọkịta na onye ọhụ ụzọ a ma ama, onye kacha mara amara maka akwụkwọ ya ''Les Prophéties'' (nke e bipụtara na ya). 1555), mkpokọta 942 poetic quatrains [lower-alpha 2] boro ebubo na-ebu amụma ihe ga-eme n'ọdịnihu. Ezinụlọ nna Nostradamus bụ ndị Juu na mbụ, mana ha ghọrọ Ndị Kraịst Katọlik otu ọgbọ tupu amụọ Nostradamus. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Avignon, mana a manyere ya ịhapụ mgbe ihe karịrị otu afọ gachara mgbe mahadum ahụ mechiri n'ihi ntiwapụ nke ihe otiti ahụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka apothecary ruo ọtụtụ afọ tupu ọ banye na Mahadum nke Montpellier, na-enwe olileanya inweta nzere doctorate, mana ọ fọrọ nke nta ka a chụpụ ya ozugbo mgbe a chọpụtara ọrụ ya dị ka apothicary (azụmahịa aka nke iwu mahadum machibidoro). Ọ lụrụ di na mbụ na 1531, mana nwunye ya na ụmụ ya abụọ nwụrụ na 1534 n'oge ntiwapụ ọzọ. Ya na ndị dọkịta lụrụ ọgụ megide ihe otiti ahụ tupu ya alụọ Anne Ponsarde, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ isii. O dere almanac maka afọ 1550 ma, n'ihi ihe ịga nke ọma ya, gaa n'ihu na-ede ha maka afọ ndị na-abịa n'ihu ka ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka [[Astrology|onye na-agụ kpakpando]] maka ndị ahịa dị iche iche bara ọgaranya. Catherine de 'Medici ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị na-akwado ya. Les Prophéties ya, nke e bipụtara na 1555, dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na akụkọ ihe mere eme na akwụkwọ edemede, ma na mbụ nweta nnabata dị iche iche. Ọ na-arịa ọrịa gout siri ike na njedebe nke ndụ ya, nke mesịrị ghọọ ọzịza. Ọ nwụrụ na 1 ma ọ bụ 2 Julaị 1566. Ọtụtụ ndị edemede a ma ama akọghachila akụkọ ifo apọkrịfa banyere ndụ ya. N'ime afọ ole na ole kemgbe e bipụtara Les Prophéties ya, Nostradamus adọtawo ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado ya, bụ ndị, tinyere ụfọdụ n'ime ndị nta akụkọ a ma ama, na-eto ya na o buru amụma n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'ọtụtụ ihe omume ụwa dị mkpa. [1] [2] Isi mmalite agụmakwụkwọ na-ajụ echiche ahụ na Nostradamus nwere ezigbo ikike ''amụma'' ọ bụla na-enweghị isi ma na-ekwu na ihe ọ bụla ha nwere ike iji mee ihe na-ezighị ezi. == Ndụ ya == === Oge ọ bụ nwata === [[Usòrò:Nostradamus_birthplace.jpg|thumb|Ebe a mụrụ Nostradamus, Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, nke e sere foto na 1997]] [[Usòrò:Nostradamus-plaque.gif|thumb|Ihe ncheta obodo na ebe a mụrụ Nostradamus na St-Rémy, France, na-akọwa ya dị ka 'onye na-agụ kpakpando' ma na-enye ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya dị ka 14 Disemba 1503 (Kalenda Julian)]] A mụrụ Nostradamus na 14 ma ọ bụ 21 Disemba 1503 na Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Provence, France, [1] ebe a na-azọrọ na ọ ka dị, ma mee Michel baptizim. [2] Ọ bụ otu n'ime ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ itoolu nke notary Jaume (ma ọ bụ Jacques) de Nostredame na Reynière, nwa nwa nke Pierre de Saint-Rémie onye rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta na Saint-rémy. [1] Ezinụlọ Jaume bụ [[Jew|ndị Juu]], mana nna ya, Cresquas, onye a tọghatara n'akụkụ 140, Christian, onye Christian, bụ onye Christian, onye a gbanwere n'akụkụ ya, "Ness, ". Ụmụnne Michel a ma ama gụnyere Delphine, Jean (ihe dị ka 1507-1577), Pierre, Hector, Louis, Bertrand, Jean nke Abụọ (amụrụ 1522) na Antoine (amụrụ 1523). [1] [2]<ref name="ref4">De Chavigny, J. A.: ''La première face du Janus françois'' (Lyon, 1594)</ref>A maghị ihe ọzọ banyere nwata ya, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịnala na-adịgide adịgide na nna nna ya bụ Jean de St. Rémy [1] kụziiri ya - ọdịnala nke dị ntakịrị mebiri site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na nke ikpeazụ na-apụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme.  mgbe 1504 gasịrị mgbe nwatakịrị ahụ dị nanị otu afọ. === Afọ ndị ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ === Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, [1] Nostradamus banyere Mahadum Avignon iji mụọ maka baccalaureate ya. Mgbe ihe karịrị otu afọ gasịrị (mgbe ọ ga-amụ ihe ndị na-adịghị mkpa nke ụtọ asụsụ, rhetoric na arụmụka karịa ''quadrivium'' nke geometry, arithmetic, egwu, na astronomy / astrology), a manyere ya ịhapụ Avignon mgbe mahadum ahụ mechiri ọnụ ụzọ ya n'oge ntiwapụ nke ihe otiti ahụ. Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Avignon, Nostradamus, site na akụkọ nke ya, gara n'ime ime obodo ruo afọ asatọ site na 1521 na-eme nchọpụta ọgwụ mkpá akwụkwọ. N'afọ 1529, mgbe afọ ole na ole dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ, ọ banyere na Mahadum Montpellier iji mụọ maka nzere doctorate na ọgwụ. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ, Guillaume Rondelet, chụpụrụ ya mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ bụ ''onye'' na-ere ọgwụ, "azụmahịa aka" nke iwu mahadum machibidoro iwu, ma na-ebo ndị dọkịta ebubo ụgha. [1] Akwụkwọ nchụpụ ahụ, BIU Montpellier, Register S 2 folio 87, ka dị na ngalaba ahụ. [2] Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ ya na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ga-akpọ ya "Dọkịta". Mgbe a chụpụrụ ya, Nostradamus gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ, ikekwe ka ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ, ma bụrụ onye a ma ama maka ịmepụta "pill rose" nke a na-ekwu na ọ na-echebe megide ihe otiti ahụ.<ref name="ref6">Nostradamus, Michel, ''Traite des fardemens et des confitures'', 1555, 1556, 1557</ref> === Alụmdi na nwunye na ọrụ ọgwụgwọ === [[Usòrò:Nostradamuss_house_at_Salon-de-Provence.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ Nostradamus na Salon-de-Provence, dị ka e wughachiri ya mgbe ala ọma jijiji nke 1909 gasịrị na Provence]] N'afọ 1531, Jules-César Scaliger, onye ọkà mmụta Renaissance, kpọrọ Nostradamus ka ọ bịa Agen. [1] N'ebe ahụ, ọ lụrụ nwanyị aha ya na-amaghị aha ya (ma eleghị anya Henriette d'Encausse), onye ya na ya mụrụ ụmụ abụọ. [2] N'afọ 1534 nwunye ya na ụmụ ya nwụrụ, ikekwe site na ihe otiti ahụ. Mgbe ha nwụsịrị, ọ gara n'ihu na-eme njem, na-agafe France na ikekwe Ịtali. Mgbe ọ lọghachiri na 1545, o nyeere onye dibịa afa a ma ama bụ Louis Serre aka n'ọgụ ọ na-alụ megide nnukwu ọrịa na-efe efe na Marseille, wee gbookwa ọrịa ndị ọzọ n'onwe ya na Salon-de-Provence na n'isi obodo mpaghara, Aix-en- Provence . N'ikpeazụ, na 1547, ọ gara biri na Salon-de-Provence n'ụlọ dị taa, ebe ọ lụrụ otu nwanyị di ya nwụrụ bara ọgaranya aha ya bụ Anne Ponsarde, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ isii - ụmụ nwanyị atọ na ụmụ nwoke atọ. [22] N'agbata 1556 na 1567 ya na nwunye ya nwetara òkè nke otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri na atọ na nnukwu ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, nke Adam de Craponne haziri, iji mepụta Canal de Craponne iji mee ka mmiri na Salon-de-Provence na-enweghị mmiri na mmiri Desert dị nso. la Crau si osimiri Durance . [23] === Ime Anwansi === Mgbe ọ gachara nleta ọzọ n'Ịtali, Nostradamus malitere ịhapụ ọgwụ na "ọchịchịrị". N'ịgbaso usoro a ma ama, o dere almanac maka 1550, maka oge mbụ na-ebipụta. Ịkpọ aha ya na Latịn ka ọ bụrụ Nostradamus. Ihe ịga nke ọma nke almanac ahụ gbara ya ume nke ukwuu nke na o kpebiri ide otu ma ọ bụ karịa kwa afọ. N'ozuzu, a maara na ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala amụma 6,338, [1] [2] yana ma ọ dị ala kalenda iri na otu kwa afọ, ha niile na-amalite na 1 Jenụwarị ma ọ bụghị, dịka a na-eche mgbe ụfọdụ, na Machị. Ọ bụ n'ihi nzaghachi nye almanacs na ndị a ma ama na ndị ọzọ a ma ama si n'ebe dị anya malitere ịrịọ maka horoscopes na ndụmọdụ "mmụọ" n'aka ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-atụ anya na ndị ahịa ya ga-enye chaatị ọmụmụ nke ndị a ga-adabere na ya, kama ịgbakọ ha n'onwe ya dị ka onye na-agụ kpakpando ga-eme. Mgbe a manyere ya ịnwale nke a n'onwe ya na ndabere nke tebụl ndị e bipụtara n'oge ahụ, ọ na-emekarị njehie ma ghara idozi ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ebe ma ọ bụ oge ọmụmụ ndị ahịa ya. Ọ maliteziri ọrụ ya nke ide akwụkwọ otu puku na-abụkarị French quatrains, bụ́ nke mejupụtara amụma ndị na-enwebeghị ụbọchị nke ọ kacha mara amara taa.  N'ịbụ onye na-eche na ọ gaghị enwe ike imegide mmegide n'ihi okpukpe,[29] ọ chepụtara usoro iji mebie ihe ọ pụtara site n'iji "Virgilianised" syntax, egwuregwu okwu na ngwakọta nke asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị ka Greek, Italian, Latin na Provencal.[30]  Maka teknuzu ebumnuche jikọtara ya na mbipụta ha na nkeji atọ (onye bipụtara nkeji nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ yiri ka ọ chọghị ịmalite ya n'etiti "Century," ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nke amaokwu 100), nkeji iri ise na asatọ ikpeazụ.  “Narị afọ” nke asaa anwụbeghị na mbipụta ọ bụla dị adị. [[Usòrò:Nostradamus_CI_1.jpg|thumb|Narị Afọ nke Mbụ, Quatrain 1 na mbipụta 1555 Lyon Bonhomme]] Ndị quatrains, bụ́ ndị e bipụtara n’akwụkwọ a kpọrọ Les Prophéties (Amụma Ndị Amụma), nwetara mmeghachi omume dịgasị iche iche mgbe e bipụtara ha.  Ụfọdụ ndị chere na Nostradamus bụ onye na-ejere ihe ọjọọ, onye adịgboroja, ma ọ bụ onye ara, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a ma ama chere na ọ dị iche.  Catherine de' Medici, nwunye Eze Henry nke Abụọ nke France, bụ otu n'ime ihe kacha amasị Nostradamus.  Mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ya maka 1555, bụ́ ndị na-egosi na a na-eyi ndị ezinụlọ eze egwu egwu a na-akpọghị aha, ọ kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa Paris ka ọ kọwaara ha ha nakwa ka o wepụtaara ụmụ ya ihe mmụta horoscopes.  N'oge ahụ, ọ na-atụ egwu na a ga-ebipụ ya isi, [31] ma n'oge ọnwụ ya na 1566, Queen Catherine emewo ya Onye Ndụmọdụ na Dọkịta-Nri nye nwa ya nwoke, nwa okorobịa bụ Eze Charles IX nke France. Akụkọ ụfọdụ banyere ndụ Nostradamus na-ekwu na ọ na-atụ egwu na Inquisition ga-akpagbu ya maka ịjụ okwukwe, mana ọ bụghị amụma ma ọ bụ [[Astrology|ịgụ kpakpando]] dara na oghere a, ọ gaara anọ n'ihe ize ndụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na o mere anwansi iji kwado ha. N'afọ 1538, ya na Chọọchị dị na Agen nwere esemokwu mgbe onye Inquisitor gara ebe ahụ na-achọ echiche na-emegide Katọlik.<ref name="Wilson2014">{{Cite book|author=Wilson|first=Ian|title=Nostradamus: The Man Behind the Prophecies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqvcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT62|date=1 April 2014|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1-4668-6737-6|pages=62 ff}}</ref> Mkpọrọ ya dị mkpirikpi na Marignane na ngwụcha afọ 1561 bụ naanị n'ihi na o mebiri iwu eze na nso nso a site n'ibipụta akwụkwọ almanac ya nke afọ 1562 na-enweghị ikike nke bishọp. [[Usòrò:Nostradamus_epitaph.jpg|thumb|Ili Nostradamus dị ugbu a na Collégiale Saint-Laurent na Salon-de-Provence na ndịda France, ebe a kpọgara ozu ya gbasasịrị mgbe 1789 gasịrị]] [[Usòrò:140609-Salon-Nostradamus.jpg|thumb|Ihe oyiyi Nostradamus na Salon-de-Provence]] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1566, ọrịa Nostradamus, nke na-egbu ya ihe mgbu ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma mee ka ọ sie ike ịgagharị, ghọrọ ọzịza. Na ngwụcha ọnwa Juun, ọ kpọrọ onye ọka iwu ya ka o dee akwụkwọ ikike dị ukwuu nke na-enyefe ihe onwunwe ya na okpueze 3,444 (ihe dị ka US $ 300,000 taa), na-ewepu ụgwọ ole na ole, nye nwunye ya ka ọ na-echere alụmdi na nwunye ya ọzọ, na ntụkwasị obi maka ụmụ ya nwoke ka ha na-echetara ụbọchị ọmụmụ ha nke iri abụọ na ise na ụmụ ya nwanyị ka ha na ụmụ ya na-echera alụmdi na eze. Nke a sochiri codicil dị mkpirikpi. [1] N'uhuruchi nke 1 Julaị, a na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ gwara odeakwụkwọ ya Jean de Chavigny, "Ị gaghị ahụ m dị ndụ na ọwụwa anyanwụ". N'ụtụtụ echi ya, a kọrọ na a hụrụ ya nwụrụ anwụ, dina n'ala n'akụkụ àkwà ya na bench (Presage 141 [nke mbụ 152] maka Nọvemba 1567, dị ka Chavigny dezigharịrị ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị iji kwekọọ n'ihe merenụ). [1] [2] E liri ya na ụlọ ekpere Franciscan dị na Salon (akụkụ ya ugbu a sonyere na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ La Brocherie) ''mana'' e liri ya ọzọ n'oge French Revolution na Collégiale Saint-Laurent, ''ebe'' ili ya ka dị ruo taa. == Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Nostradamus_prophecies.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nchịkọta nke nsụgharị Bekee nke Garencières nke 1672 nke ''Amụma'', nke dị na P.I. Nixon Medical History Library nke Mahadum Texas Health Science Center na San Antonio]] N'ime Amụma Nostradamus chịkọtara nchịkọta ya nke nnukwu amụma amụma dị ogologo oge.  E bipụtara nkeji nke mbụ na 1555 ma nwee quatrains 353.  A kọrọ na e bipụtara mbipụta nke atọ, nke nwere narị quatrains ọhụrụ narị atọ, na 1558, ma ugbu a ọ dị ndụ dị ka nanị akụkụ nke mbipụta omnibus bụ́ nke e bipụtara mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1568. Nsụgharị a nwere otu quatrains na-agụghị akwụkwọ na 941, bụ́ ndị chịkọtara gaa n'ụdị itoolu.  100 na otu n'ime 42, nke a na-akpọ "Centuries". N'iburu usoro obibi akwụkwọ n'oge ahụ (nke gụnyere ụdị nhazi sitere na akwụkwọ edemede), ọ nweghị mbipụta abụọ tụgharịrị bụrụ otu, ọ dịkwa ụkọ ịchọta ọbụna mbipụta abụọ bụ otu.  N'ezie, ọ nweghị akwụkwọ ikike iche na-dị ka a ga-abụ "ndị na-emebi koodu" nwere ike ime-na ma ọ bụ ederede ma ọ bụ akara edemede nke mbipụta ọ bụla bụ ndị Nostradamus si malite.[6] Ndị Almanac, nke kacha ewu ewu n'ime ọrụ ya,[37] ka ebipụtara kwa afọ site na 1550 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.  Ọ na-ebipụta ugboro abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ n'ime otu afọ, nke isiokwu ya bụ Almanachs (amụma zuru ezu), Prognostications ma ọ bụ Presages (amụma n'ozuzu ya). Nostradamus abụghị naanị onye na-agba afa, kama ọ bụ ọkachamara na-agwọ ọrịa.  A maara na o dere opekata mpe akwụkwọ abụọ gbasara sayensị ahụike.  Otu bụ nsụgharị n'efu (ma ọ bụ karịa nkọwa) nke The Protreptic of Galen ( Paraphrase de C. GALIEN, sus l'Exhortation de Menodote aux estudes des bonnes Artz, mesmement Medicine), na n'ihe a na-akpọ Traité des fardemens (  n'ụzọ bụ́ isi akwụkwọ nri ọgwụ nke nwere, ọzọkwa, ihe ndị a gbaziri karịsịa site n'aka ndị ọzọ), o tinyere nkọwa nke ụzọ o si agwọ ọrịa ahụ, gụnyere ịgbasa ọbara, nke o doro anya na ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha rụrụ ọrụ.[1]  Otu akwụkwọ ahụ na-akọwakwa nkwadebe nke ihe ịchọ mma. Ihe odide a na-akpọkarị Orus Apollo dịkwa n'ọbá akwụkwọ gọọmentị Lyon, ebe a na-echekwa ihe karịrị akwụkwọ mbụ 2,000 metụtara Nostradamus n'okpuru ọchịchị Michel Chomarat.  Ọ bụ nsụgharị a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ọrụ Grik oge ochie na hieroglyphs ndị Ijipt gbadoro ụkwụ na nsụgharị Latin ndị e mesịrị, ha niile na-enwe mwute na ha amaghị ezi ihe odide [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ijipt oge ochie]] pụtara, nke a na-akọwapụtaghị nke ọma ruo mgbe Champollion na narị afọ nke 19.[39] Kemgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ọ bụ naanị amụma ndị ahụ ka na-ewu ewu, ma na nke a, ha adịwo n'ụzọ pụrụ iche.  Ihe karịrị mbipụta narị abụọ n'ime ha apụtawo n'oge ahụ, yana ihe karịrị 2,000 nkọwa.  Nnọgidesi ike ha n'ọdịbendị a ma ama yiri ka ọ bụ otu akụkụ n'ihi na enweghị isi na enweghị mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịhota ha na nhọrọ ma emechaa ihe omume ọ bụla dị egwu wee chegharịa na ha bụ "hits"[40]. == Mmalite nke ndi Amụma == [[Usòrò:Dr._Garencières,_the_Translator_of_Nostradamus_(Robert_Chambers,_p.12,_1832)_-_Copy.jpg|thumb|Theophilus de Garencières, onye ntụgharị Bekee mbụ nke ''Amụma''<ref name="Chambers">{{Cite book|author=Chambers|first=Robert|title=The Book of Days: A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in Connection with the Calendar, Including Anecdote, Biography, & History, Curiosities of Literature and Oddities of Human Life and Character, Volume 2|year=1832|publisher=W. & R. Chambers Limited|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0UJAAAAIAAJ&q=Robert+Chambers+1832}}</ref>]] Nostradamus kwuru na ọ dabere n'amụma ya e bipụtara na ịgụ kpakpando nke ikpe - ikpe kpakpando 'ikpe', ma ọ bụ ntule, nke 'ịdị mma' (ma si otú ahụ nwere ike) nke ihe omume dị ka ọmụmụ, agbamakwụkwọ, okpueze wdg.—ma ndị ọkachamara na-agụ kpakpando katọrọ nke ukwuu.  ụbọchị dị ka Laurens Videl[42] maka enweghị ike na maka iche na "horoscopy comparative" (ntụnyere nhazi nke mbara ala n'ọdịnihu na ndị na-eso ihe omume gara aga mara) nwere ike ịkọ ihe ga-eme n'ọdịnihu.[43] Nnyocha na-egosi na ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ amụma ya kọwara nchịkọta nke amụma ọgwụgwụ ụwa oge ochie (nke bụ́ ndị dabeere na Bible), bụ́ ndị e ji ntụnyere ihe ndị mere eme na akụkọ ihe mere eme na akụkọ ihe mere eme gbakwunyere, ma mesịa kọwaa ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu n'akụkụ akụkụ nke amụma ndị ahụ.  enyemaka nke horoscopy comparative.  N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ amụma ndị metụtara ndị oge ochie dị ka Sulla, Gaius Marius, Nero, na ndị ọzọ, yana nkọwa ya banyere "agha dị n'ígwé ojii" na "frogs na-ada site na mbara igwe" [44].  Astrology n'onwe ya ka a kpọtụrụ aha nanị ugboro abụọ na mmalite nke Nostradamus na ugboro 41 na narị afọ n'onwe ha, ma ọtụtụ ugboro n'akwụkwọ ozi nraranye ya nye Eze Henry nke Abụọ.  Na narị afọ nke isii ikpeazụ ya, ọ na-awakpo ndị na-agụ kpakpando kpọmkwem. Akụkọ ihe mere eme ya gụnyere akụkụ ndị a na-ahụkarị site na Livy, Suetonius' The Twelve Caesars, Plutarch na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme oge ochie ndị ọzọ, yana site na ndị na-ede akụkọ ihe mere anya dị ka Geoffrey nke Villehardouin na Jean Froissart. A na-ewere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide ya nke ịgụ kpakpando n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okwu n'okwu site na Livre de l'estat et mutations des temps nke 1549-50 nke Richard Roussat. Otu n'ime isi akwụkwọ amụma ya bụ ihe doro anya na Mirabilis Liber nke 1522, nke nwere ọtụtụ amụma sitere n'aka Pseudo-Methodius, Tiburtine Sibyl, Joachim nke Fiore, Savonarola na ndị ọzọ (Mmalite ya nwere nkwubi okwu 24 nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ, naanị abụọ n'usoro.  nke Savonarola na-eji).  Akwụkwọ a enweela nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma na 1520s, mgbe ọ gafere ọkara mbipụta iri na abụọ, mana ọ kwadoghị mmetụta ya, ikekwe n'ihi ederede Latin ya kachasị (agwakọtara ya na Greek oge ochie na French ọgbara ọhụrụ na Provençal), [1] Gothic script.  na ọtụtụ ndebiri ndebiri.  Nostradamus bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ kọgharịrị amụma ndị a n'asụsụ French, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere e ji kweta na ọ bụ ya.  Echiche nke ọgbara ọhụrụ nke plagiarism emetụtaghị na narị afọ nke 16;  Ndị ode akwụkwọ na-edegharịkarị ma na-edegharị akụkụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na-enweghị nkwenye, ọkachasị site na oge ochie.  Nnyocha ọhụrụ e mere na-egosi na ọ pụrụ n'ezie iji akwụkwọ nsọ mee ihe maka nke a—na-ahọpụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ amụma n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla ma na-ewere ihe ọ na-egosi na ibe ọ bụla ọ dabara na ya.[7] A nwetara ihe ndị ọzọ site na De honesta disciplina nke 1504 site Petrus Crinitus, [46] nke gụnyere ihe ndị sitere na Michael Psellos's De daemonibus, na De Mysteriis Aegyptiorum (Banyere ihe omimi nke Ijipt), akwụkwọ na anwansi ndị Kaldia na Asiria nke Iamblichus dere,  onye Neo-Platonist nke narị afọ nke anọ.  Ebipụtala nsụgharị Latin nke abụọ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na Lyon, a kọwakwara ihe ndị sitere na ha abụọ (n'okwu nke abụọ ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'ụzọ nkịtị) n'amaokwu abụọ mbụ ya, nke mbụ n'ime ha na-agbakwunyere n'isiokwu a.  Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na Nostradamus kwuru na 1555 na ya agbawo ọrụ mgbaasị nile n’ọ́bá akwụkwọ ya, ọ dịghị onye pụrụ ikwu kpọmkwem akwụkwọ ndị e bibiri n’ọkụ a. Naanị na narị afọ nke 17 ka ndị mmadụ malitere ịhụ na ọ dabeere na mbụ, karịsịa n'akwụkwọ akụkọ oge ochie.[lower-alpha 4] Ndabere Nostradamus n’ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme pụtara n’eziokwu na ọ jụrụ n’ụzọ doro anya aha “onye amụma” (ya bụ, onye nwere ike ibu amụma nke ya) n’ọtụtụ oge:[47]. <references responsive="1"></references> <references responsive="1"></references>   [[Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images]]   [[Usòrò:Npix4.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nkọwa sitere na peeji nke mbụ nke 1555 (Albi) mbipụta nke Nostradamus's Les Prophéties]] N'iburu n'uche na akwụkwọ edemede a, o yighị ka Nostradamus jiri ụzọ ọ bụla banye n'ọnọdụ ọhụụ, ma e wezụga ntụgharị uche, ntụgharị uche na incubation. [1] Nanị nkọwa ya banyere usoro a dị na 'akwụkwọ ozi 41' nke akwụkwọ ozi Latin ya. [2] Akụkọ a ma ama na ọ nwara usoro oge ochie nke ile ọkụ, ile mmiri anya ma ọ bụ ha abụọ n'otu oge dabere na ọgụgụ na-enweghị isi nke amaokwu abụọ mbụ ya, nke na-eji naanị mgbalị ya tụnyere nke oracles Delphic na Branchidic. A na-emegharị nke mbụ n'ime ndị a na ala nke isiokwu a ma enwere ike ịhụ nke abụọ site na ileta ebe nrụọrụ weebụ facsimile dị mkpa (lee External Links). N'ime nraranye ya nye Eze Henry nke Abụọ, Nostradamus kọwara "ịnapụ mkpụrụ obi m, uche na obi m n'enweghị nchegbu, nchegbu na obi erughị ala site na ịdị jụụ na obi iru ala", mana okwu "tripod ọla nchara" nke emume Delphic na-ebute okwu "dị ka ọ dị" (jiri, ọzọ, External References to the original texts). == Nkọwa == === Ihe dị n'ime ihe nkiri ahụ === Ọtụtụ n'ime quatrains na-ekwu maka ọdachi, dị ka ihe otiti, ala ọma jijiji, agha, idei mmiri, mwakpo, igbu ọchụ, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, na agha - niile na-enweghị ụbọchị ma dabere na ihe ngosi nke Mirabilis Liber. Ụfọdụ quatrains na-ekpuchi ọdachi ndị a n'ozuzu; ndị ọzọ na-emetụta otu onye ma ọ bụ obere ìgwè mmadụ. Ụfọdụ na-ekpuchi otu obodo, ndị ọzọ ọtụtụ obodo na ọtụtụ mba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.secret-vault.com/nostradamus/locations.html|title=Locations identified by Nostradamus Prophecies|work=The Secret Vault – Locations identified by Nostradamus Prophecies|accessdate=11 September 2019}}</ref> Otu isi, isiokwu dị n'okpuru bụ mwakpo na-abịanụ na Europe site n'aka ndị agha Alakụba si n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda nke onye na-emegide Kraịst a tụrụ anya ya na-eduzi, na-egosipụta kpọmkwem mwakpo ndị Ottoman na-eme n'oge ahụ na ndị Saracen mbụ, yana atụmanya ndị gara aga nke Mirabilis Liber. [1] A na-egosi ihe ndị a niile n'ihe gbasara njedebe ụwa - ọ bụ ezie na a ekwughị aha ya - nkwenye nke mere ọtụtụ nchịkọta nke amụma oge ọgwụgwụ ndị ahụ, gụnyere echiche ndị a na-echefu. [2] Ndị anyị dere tupu oge niile.<ref>Nostradamus, M., ''Les Propheties'', 1568 omnibus edition</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/nos/|title=Nostradamus|work=Internet Sacred Text Archive|year=2010}}</ref> === Nkwupụta ndị a ma ama === {{Clear}}Ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado Nostradamus kwenyere na amụma ya bụ eziokwu.[57]  N'ihi ọdịdị nke nkọwa ndị a, ọ dịghị mmadụ abụọ n'ime ha kwenyere kpamkpam n'ihe Nostradamus buru n'amụma, ma ọ bụ maka oge gara aga ma ọ bụ n'ọdịnihu.[57]  Ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado ya kwenyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na o buru amụma banyere Great Fire nke [[London]], Mgbanwe nke French, ịrị elu nke Napoleon na nke Adolf Hitler, [58][lower-alpha 5] agha ụwa abụọ, na mbibi nuklia nke Hiroshima na  Nagasaki.[57][28]  Ndị ode akwụkwọ a ma ama na-ekwukarị na o buru amụma ihe ọ bụla nnukwu ihe mere n'oge akwụkwọ ha bipụtara, dị ka Apollo Moon rutere na 1969, ọdachi Space Shuttle Challenger na 1986, ọnwụ Diana, Princess of Wales na 1997.  , na mwakpo Septemba 11 wakporo World Trade Center na 2001.[28][1]  Akụkụ 'oriri a na ebugharị' yiri ka ọ bụ njirimara nke ụdị.<ref name="chal">{{Cite web|url=http://www.maar.us/first_century_nostradamus.html|title=CI, Q81|work=Maar.us|accessdate=20 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924052134/http://www.maar.us/first_century_nostradamus.html|archivedate=24 September 2008}}</ref> Ikekwe nke mbụ n'ime akwụkwọ ndị a na-ewu ewu na Bekee bụ Henry C. Roberts' The Complete Prophecies of Nostradamus nke 1947, nke e bipụtara ma ọ dịkarịa ala ugboro asaa n'ime afọ iri anọ sochirinụ, nke nwere ma transcriptions na nsụgharị, na nkọwa dị mkpirikpi. Nke a sochiri na 1961 (nke e bipụtara na 1982) site na ''Nostradamus na Amụma Ya'' nke Edgar Leoni. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Erika Cheetham's The Prophecies of Nostradamus, na-etinye mbipụta nke mbipụta 1568 nke e bipụtara, dezigharịa ma bipụta ya ugboro ugboro site na 1973 gaa n'ihu, n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka The Final Prophecies nke Nostradamus. ''Nke'' a bụ ihe ndabere maka ihe ngosi The Man Who Saw Tomorrow ma ha abụọ kwuru n'ezie na mwakpo zuru oke n'ọdịnihu na New York (site na ngwá agha nuklia), ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị kpọmkwem na World Trade Center ma ọ bụ na ụbọchị ọ bụla.<ref>See, for example, Cheetham, Erika, ''The Final Prophecies of Nostradamus'', Futura, 1990, p. 373</ref> E bipụtara nsụgharị abụọ nke Nostradamus: historien et prophète nke Jean-Charles de Fontbrune na 1980, John Hogue ebipụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara Nostradamus site na 1987, gụnyere ''Nostradamus na'' Millennium: Predictions of the Future, ''Nostradamus''. The Complete Prophecies (1999) na ''Nostradamus'', A Life and Myth (2003). N'afọ 1992, otu onye na-akọwa ihe nke kwuru na ya nwere ike ịkpọtụrụ Nostradamus n'okpuru ọgwụgwọ mere ka ọ "kọwaa" amaokwu nke ya X.6 (amụma kpọmkwem banyere idei mmiri na ndịda France gburugburu obodo Nîmes na ndị mmadụ na-agbaba na colosseum ya, ma ọ bụ Colosseum, ụlọ egwuregwu Rom a maara ugbu a dị ka Arènes) dị ka amụma nke ''mwakpo a'' na-enweghị ụbọchị na Pentagon, n'agbanyeghị nkwupụta doro anya nke onye ọhụụ ahụ nyere Eze Henri nke Abụọ na amụma ya bụ Europe, North Africa na akụkụ nke Asia Minor. Ewezuga Roberts, akwụkwọ ndị a na ọtụtụ ndị na-eṅomi ha na-ewu ewu fọrọ nke nta ka ha bụrụ otu, ọ bụghị naanị maka ike amụma Nostradamus kamakwa n'ichepụta akụkụ ndị na-adọrọ mmasị nke akụkọ ndụ ya a sị na ọ bụ: na ọ bụ nwa agbụrụ [[Israel]] nke Issachar; ndị nna nna ya, ndị ha abụọ bụ ndị dọkịta n'ụlọ ikpe nke Ezigbo Eze René nke Provence; ọ gara Mahadum Montpellier na 1525 iji nweta akara mbụ ya; mgbe ọ laghachiri ebe ahụike n'ọdịnihu, ọ kwadoro ya na ngalaba ahụike, ọ kwadokwara ya, ọ kwadogha, ọ kwadebere ya dị iche iche; ọ kwadoro usoro ọgwụ ya dị iche; ọ ga-eme ihe ịga nke Vk, ọ kwadob. A na-eto ya maka ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ n'ụzọ gara nke ọma na Aix-en-Provence na ebe ndị ọzọ; ọ na-etinye aka na mkpu, na-eji enyo anwansi ma ọ bụ efere mmiri; odeakwụkwọ ya Chavigny sonyeere ya na Ista 1554; ebe o bipụtara akụkụ mbụ nke Amụma ya, Queen Catherine de 'Medici kpọrọ ya na Paris na 1556 iji kwurịta amụma ya na quatrain I.35 na di ya ga-egbu ya na duel; ọ bụ kpọmkwem ka ọ hụrụ na mmalite nke mgbanwe ahụ ka ọ ga-egbu nwa ya dị ka ọ gafere n'oge ọ bụ onye ''amụma'' nke French Revolution; ọ hụrụ na-abụ onye eze ukwu ọ nwụrụ na mmalite. Pepys dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya a ma ama akụkọ ifo na, tupu ọnwụ ya, Nostradamus mere ka ndị obodo ahụ ṅụọ iyi na a gaghị emetụta ili ya; mana na afọ 60 ka e mesịrị, a chọtara ihe nchara n'obi ya na-ekwu n'ụzọ ziri ezi ụbọchị na oge mgbe a ga-emeghe ili ya ma kọọrọ ndị na-egwupụta ozu ya ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/1667/02/03/|title=Sunday 3 February 1666/67|work=The Diary of Samuel Pepys|date=3 February 2010|accessdate=11 September 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2000, Li Hongzhi kwuru na amụma 1999 na X.72 bụ amụma nke mkpagbu Falun Gong nke China nke malitere na July 1999, na-eduga n'inwe mmasị dị ukwuu na Nostradamus n'etiti ndị òtù Falun Gong.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Manderson|first=Lenore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH_hg_zZQtEC&pg=PA44|title=Flows of Faith: Religious Reach and Community in Asia and the Pacific|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2012|isbn=978-9400729322}}</ref> === Nkwupụta nke ndị ọkà mmụta === Site na 1980s gaa n'ihu, mmeghachi omume agụmakwụkwọ malitere, ọkachasị na France. Mbipụta na 1983 nke akwụkwọ ozi onwe onye nke Nostradamus [1] na, n'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, nke mbipụta mbụ nke 1555 na 1557 nke Chomarat na Benazra chọpụtara, tinyere nchọpụta nke ọtụtụ ihe ncheta mbụ [2] [3] kpughere na ọtụtụ ihe a na-azọrọ banyere Nostradamus adabaghị na eziokwu ndị edere. Ndị ọkà mmụta [1] [2] [3] [4] kpughere na ọ dịghị otu n'ime nkwupụta ndị edepụtara na ihe akaebe ọ bụla a maara n'oge a kwadoro. O doro anya na ọtụtụ n'ime ha dabeere na asịrị na-enweghị isi nke ndị na-akọwa ihe mgbe e mesịrị, dị ka Jaubert (1656), Guynaud (1693) na Bareste (1840); na nghọtahie nke oge a nke ederede French nke narị afọ nke iri na isii; ma ọ bụ na ihe e mepụtara. Ọbụna aro a na-ekwukarị na quatrain I.35 buru amụma banyere ọnwụ Eze Henry nke Abụọ n'ezie apụtaghị na mbipụta na nke mbụ ya ruo 1614, afọ 55 mgbe ihe omume ahụ gasịrị. Ndị na-enwe obi abụọ dị ka James Randi na-atụ aro na aha ya dị ka onye amụma bụ nke ndị na-akwado ya n'oge a na-eme ka okwu ya kwekọọ na ihe omume ndị merela ma ọ bụ ndị dị nso nke na ọ gaghị ekwe omume, usoro a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ "retroactive clairvoyance" (postdiction). Enweghị Nostradamus quatrain a maara na a kọwara ya dị ka ịkọ ihe omume a kapịrị ọnụ tupu ya emee, ma e wezụga n'ụzọ na-edoghị anya, okwu n'ozuzu nke nwere ike itinye aka na ọtụtụ ihe omume ndị ọzọ. [1] Nke a na-emetụta ọbụna quatrains nwere ụbọchị ụfọdụ, dị ka III.77, nke na-ebu amụma "na 1727, n'ọnwa Ọktoba, ndị Ijipt ga-ejide eze Peasia" - amụma nke, dị ka ọ dị ka ọ bụ mgbe ọ dị mkpa n'etiti ihe omume ndị Ottoman na afọ a makwaara n'etiti alaeze ukwu ahụ.<ref>See, for example, Cheetham, Erika, ''The Final Prophecies of Nostradamus'', Futura, 1990, pp.&nbsp;208–209.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxKs-NHRgUoC&q=nostradamus+1727+ottoman+empire&pg=PA146|title=Nostradamus and Prophecies of the Next Millennium|isbn=978-8171820146|year=2001|author=Sharma|first=A. K.|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P)}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, amụma Nostradamus a ma ama "1999" na X.72 (lee Nostradamus na omenala a ma ama) akọwaghị ihe omume ọ bụla ndị na-akọwa ihe nwere ike ịchọpụta ma ọ bụ tupu ma ọ bụ kemgbe, ma e wezụga site n'ịgbanwe okwu iji kwekọọ n'ọtụtụ ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ha na-eme dị ka "hits". [1] Ọzọkwa, ọ dịghị quatrain na-atụ aro, dị ka akwụkwọ na fim na mmalite nke ụwa a na-ekwu ugbu a na-akpọ Mayan, na-ekwu na-ekwu, na nrite ga-agbatị na December 375 kwuru na 2012 .<ref>Nostradamus (1555), Preface</ref><ref>Roussat, R., ''Livre de l'etat et mutations des temps'', Lyon, 1550, p. 95; Brinette, B, ''Richard Roussat: Livre de l'etat et mutations des temps, introduction et traductions, 1550'' (undated dossier)</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nsụgharị Bekee niile nke quatrains nke Nostradamus bụ nke dị oke njọ: ha yiri ka ha na-egosipụta obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe ọmụma nke narị afọ nke iri na isii, ha na-enwekarị ọchịchọ, ma na-akpachara anya gbanwee ha mgbe ụfọdụ iji mee ka ha kwekọọ na ihe omume ọ bụla onye nsụgharị ahụ kwenyere na ha kwesịrị izo aka (ma ọ bụ vice versa). [1] [2] Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha dabeere na mbipụta mbụ: Roberts dabeere n'ihe odide ya na nke 1672, Cheetham na Hogue na mbipụta nke 1568. Ọbụna Leoni kwetara na peeji nke 115 na ọ hụtụbeghị mbipụta mbụ, na peeji ndị gara aga, o gosipụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndekọ ndụ ya enweghị isi. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime nyocha na nkatọ a ka ọtụtụ ndị na-akọwa asụsụ Bekee maara na mbụ, site na ụbọchị mgbe ha na-ede na, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, asụsụ e ji dee ya. [1] Hogue nọ n'ọnọdụ iji ya mee ihe, mana ọ bụ naanị na 2003 ka ọ kwetara na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe akụkọ ndụ ya mbụ bụ n'ezie apọkrịfa. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ụfọdụ n'ime isi mmalite ndị e depụtara na nso nso a (Lemesurier, Gruber, Wilson) anọwo na-akatọkarị banyere mgbalị ndị ọzọ nke ụfọdụ ndị edemede a na-amaghị nke ọma na ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi Ịntanetị iji wepụta ihe zoro ezo site na ederede, ma ọ bụ site na enyemaka nke anagrams, koodu ọnụọgụ, eserese ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ. A na-achọta ebubo ọzọ na njikọ ya na mgbasa ozi ndị Nazi. A kọrọ na Goebbels kwuru na ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ Nostradamus bụ ihe atụ nke Reich nke Atọ. A na-ekwu na emere nke a iji mee ka ọ dị ka ọchịchị mmeri 1,000 nke ndị Germany nke a tụrụ anya ya n'okpuru Nazism bụ nke Nostradamus buru amụma. Karịsịa, a gbakwunyere ahịrị na-ezo aka na "ndị na-eguzo n'okpuru akara nke obe gbagọrọ agbagọ" dị ka ihe na-ezochi ndị Germany guzo n'oge ọkọlọtọ Nazi na swastika ya. A kọrọ na Goebbels tinyere akara ahụ n'ime mpịakọta mbụ nke ọrụ Nostradamus, mpịakọ ndị a kụrụ n'ọbá akwụkwọ gafee Europe ndị Nazi weghaara ka akara ahụ wee yie ihe a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi. == N'omenala a ma ama == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> Amụma ndị Nostradamus kwughachiri ma gbasaa bụ ndị a ma ama na narị afọ nke 20 na nke 21. Na mgbakwunye na ịbụ isiokwu nke ọtụtụ narị akwụkwọ (ma akụkọ ifo ma akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo), e gosipụtara ndụ Nostradamus n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na vidiyo, ndụ ya na ihe odide ya na-aga n'ihu ịbụ isiokwu nke mmasị mgbasa ozi. == Hụkwa zie == <references responsive="1"></references> * Alchemy * Ndepụta nke ndị na-agụ kpakpando * Ihe Omimi * Roger Frontenac * Obi abụọ sayensị {{Refbegin|40em}} * Nostradamus, Michel::''Orus Apollo'', 1545 (?), unpublished ms; ''Almanachs'', ''Presages'' and ''Pronostications'', 1550–1567; ''Ein Erschrecklich und Wunderbarlich Zeychen...'', [[Nuremberg]], 1554; ''Les Propheties'', Lyon, 1555, 1557, 1568; ''Traite des fardemens et des confitures'', 1555, 1556, 1557; ''Paraphrase de C. Galen sus l'exhortation de Menodote'', 1557; ''Lettre de Maistre Michel Nostradamus, de Salon de Craux en Provence, A la Royne mere du Roy'', 1566 * Chantal Liaroutzos, "Les prophéties de Nostradamus : suivez la Guide", in ''Réforme, Humanisme et Renaissance'', 23 (1986), Lyon, entirely available on [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhren_0181-6799_1986_num_23_1_1536 Persée] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124143121/https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhren_0181-6799_1986_num_23_1_1536|date=24 November 2022}}. (Revealed that toponymic enfilades in the ''Prophecies'', and in particular that in the famous Varennes quatrain, were certainly borrowed from the ''Guide des Chemins de France'', by [[Charles Estienne]].) * {{Cite book|author=Benazra|first=Robert|title=Répertoire chronologique nostradamique: 1545–1989|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLcQAQAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Éd. la Grande conjonction|isbn=978-2-85707-418-2}} * {{Cite book|author=Brind'Amour|first=Pierre|title=Nostradamus astrophile: les astres et l'astrologie dans la vie et l'œuvre de Nostradamus|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eww9AQAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa|isbn=978-2-252-02896-4}} (This book revealed Nostradamus' borrowings from the ''De honesta disciplina'', by [[Petrus Crinitus]].) * {{Cite book|author=Brind'Amour|first=Pierre|title=Les premières centuries, ou, Prophéties: (édition Macé Bonhomme de 1555)|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tnvT_ekX0SAC|year=1996|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=978-2-600-00138-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Chevignard|first=Bernard|title=Présages de Nostradamus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnh-AAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Seuil|isbn=978-2-02-035960-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Chomarat|first=Michel|title=Bibliographie Nostradamus: XVIe-XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mInAQAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Koerner|isbn=978-3-87320-123-1}} * {{Cite book|author=Clébert|first=Jean-Paul|title=Prophéties de Nostradamus: les centuries : texte intégral (1550–1568)|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ1fcgAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Relié|isbn=978-2-914916-35-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Dupèbe|first=Jean|title=Lettres inédites|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oapnfeA3y-IC|year=1983|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=978-2-600-03107-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Gruber|first=Elmar R.|title=Nostradamus: Sein Leben, sein Werk und die wahre Bedeutung seiner Prophezeiungen|language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPQ6NAAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Scherz Verlag GmbH|isbn=978-3-502-15280-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Lemesurier|first=Peter|title=The Nostradamus Encyclopedia: The Definitive Reference Guide to the Work and World of Nostradamus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baY1HAAACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-19994-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Lemesurier|first=Peter|title=The Unknown Nostradamus: The Essential Biography for His 500th Birthday|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-88LPQAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=John Hunt Publishing|isbn=978-1-903816-48-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Lemesurier|first=Peter|title=Nostradamus: The Illustrated Prophecies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-88LPQAACAAJ|year=2003b|publisher=John Hunt Publishing|isbn=978-1-903816-48-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Lemesurier|first=Peter|title=Nostradamus, Bibliomancer: The Man, the Myth, the Truth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OHRRwAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Career PressInc|isbn=978-1-60163-132-9}} * {{Cite book|author=Leoni|first=Edgar|title=Nostradamus and his prophecies|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1961}} * {{Cite book|author=Leroy|first=Edgar|title=Nostradamus: Ses origines, sa vie, son oeuvre|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FVqAQAACAAJ|year=1993|origyear=1972|publisher=Jeanne Laffitte|isbn=978-2-86276-231-9}} * {{Cite book|author=Meissner|first=Hans-Otto|title=Magda Goebbels: A Biography|year=1980|publisher=London: Sidgwick & Jackson|isbn=0283986352}} * {{Cite book|author=Prévost|first=Roger|title=Nostradamus, le mythe et la réalité: un historien au temps des astrologues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IA3JQwAACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=le Grand livre du mois|isbn=978-2-7028-3581-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Randi|first=James|authorlink=James Randi|title=The mask of Nostradamus|url=https://archive.org/details/maskofnostradamu00jame|year=1990|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-0-684-19056-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Rollet|first=Pierre|title=Interprétation des hiéroglyphes de Horapollo|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Xr4tgAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=M. Petit}} * {{Cite book|author=Watts|first=P.M.|title=Prophecy and Discovery: On the Spiritual Origins of Christopher Columbus' 'Enterprise of the Indies|year=1985|publisher=[[American Historical Review]]}} * {{Cite book|author=Wilson|first=Ian|title=Nostradamus: The Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqvuNAAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Orion Books Limited|isbn=978-0-7528-4279-0}} {{Refend}} == Ihe edeturu == {{Refbegin|40em}} * Nostradamus, Michel::''Orus Apollo'', 1545 (?), unpublished ms; ''Almanachs'', ''Presages'' and ''Pronostications'', 1550–1567; ''Ein Erschrecklich und Wunderbarlich Zeychen...'', [[Nuremberg]], 1554; ''Les Propheties'', Lyon, 1555, 1557, 1568; ''Traite des fardemens et des confitures'', 1555, 1556, 1557; ''Paraphrase de C. Galen sus l'exhortation de Menodote'', 1557; ''Lettre de Maistre Michel Nostradamus, de Salon de Craux en Provence, A la Royne mere du Roy'', 1566 * Chantal Liaroutzos, "Les prophéties de Nostradamus : suivez la Guide", in ''Réforme, Humanisme et Renaissance'', 23 (1986), Lyon, entirely available on [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhren_0181-6799_1986_num_23_1_1536 Persée] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124143121/https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhren_0181-6799_1986_num_23_1_1536|date=24 November 2022}}. (Revealed that toponymic enfilades in the ''Prophecies'', and in particular that in the famous Varennes quatrain, were certainly borrowed from the ''Guide des Chemins de France'', by [[Charles Estienne]].) * {{Cite book|author=Benazra|first=Robert|title=Répertoire chronologique nostradamique: 1545–1989|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLcQAQAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Éd. la Grande conjonction|isbn=978-2-85707-418-2}} * {{Cite book|author=Brind'Amour|first=Pierre|title=Nostradamus astrophile: les astres et l'astrologie dans la vie et l'œuvre de Nostradamus|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eww9AQAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa|isbn=978-2-252-02896-4}} (This book revealed Nostradamus' borrowings from the ''De honesta disciplina'', by [[Petrus Crinitus]].) * {{Cite book|author=Brind'Amour|first=Pierre|title=Les premières centuries, ou, Prophéties: (édition Macé Bonhomme de 1555)|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tnvT_ekX0SAC|year=1996|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=978-2-600-00138-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Chevignard|first=Bernard|title=Présages de Nostradamus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnh-AAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Seuil|isbn=978-2-02-035960-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Chomarat|first=Michel|title=Bibliographie Nostradamus: XVIe-XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mInAQAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Koerner|isbn=978-3-87320-123-1}} * {{Cite book|author=Clébert|first=Jean-Paul|title=Prophéties de Nostradamus: les centuries : texte intégral (1550–1568)|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ1fcgAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Relié|isbn=978-2-914916-35-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Dupèbe|first=Jean|title=Lettres inédites|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oapnfeA3y-IC|year=1983|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=978-2-600-03107-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Gruber|first=Elmar R.|title=Nostradamus: Sein Leben, sein Werk und die wahre Bedeutung seiner Prophezeiungen|language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPQ6NAAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Scherz Verlag GmbH|isbn=978-3-502-15280-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Lemesurier|first=Peter|title=The Nostradamus Encyclopedia: The Definitive Reference Guide to the Work and World of Nostradamus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baY1HAAACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-19994-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Lemesurier|first=Peter|title=The Unknown Nostradamus: The Essential Biography for His 500th Birthday|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-88LPQAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=John Hunt Publishing|isbn=978-1-903816-48-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Lemesurier|first=Peter|title=Nostradamus: The Illustrated Prophecies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-88LPQAACAAJ|year=2003b|publisher=John Hunt Publishing|isbn=978-1-903816-48-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Lemesurier|first=Peter|title=Nostradamus, Bibliomancer: The Man, the Myth, the Truth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OHRRwAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Career PressInc|isbn=978-1-60163-132-9}} * {{Cite book|author=Leoni|first=Edgar|title=Nostradamus and his prophecies|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1961}} * {{Cite book|author=Leroy|first=Edgar|title=Nostradamus: Ses origines, sa vie, son oeuvre|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FVqAQAACAAJ|year=1993|origyear=1972|publisher=Jeanne Laffitte|isbn=978-2-86276-231-9}} * {{Cite book|author=Meissner|first=Hans-Otto|title=Magda Goebbels: A Biography|year=1980|publisher=London: Sidgwick & Jackson|isbn=0283986352}} * {{Cite book|author=Prévost|first=Roger|title=Nostradamus, le mythe et la réalité: un historien au temps des astrologues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IA3JQwAACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=le Grand livre du mois|isbn=978-2-7028-3581-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Randi|first=James|authorlink=James Randi|title=The mask of Nostradamus|url=https://archive.org/details/maskofnostradamu00jame|year=1990|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-0-684-19056-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Rollet|first=Pierre|title=Interprétation des hiéroglyphes de Horapollo|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Xr4tgAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=M. Petit}} * {{Cite book|author=Watts|first=P.M.|title=Prophecy and Discovery: On the Spiritual Origins of Christopher Columbus' 'Enterprise of the Indies|year=1985|publisher=[[American Historical Review]]}} * {{Cite book|author=Wilson|first=Ian|title=Nostradamus: The Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqvuNAAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Orion Books Limited|isbn=978-0-7528-4279-0}} {{Refend}} == Edensibia == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Refbegin|40em}} * Nostradamus, Michel::''Orus Apollo'', 1545 (?), unpublished ms; ''Almanachs'', ''Presages'' and ''Pronostications'', 1550–1567; ''Ein Erschrecklich und Wunderbarlich Zeychen...'', [[Nuremberg]], 1554; ''Les Propheties'', Lyon, 1555, 1557, 1568; ''Traite des fardemens et des confitures'', 1555, 1556, 1557; ''Paraphrase de C. Galen sus l'exhortation de Menodote'', 1557; ''Lettre de Maistre Michel Nostradamus, de Salon de Craux en Provence, A la Royne mere du Roy'', 1566 * Chantal Liaroutzos, "Les prophéties de Nostradamus : suivez la Guide", in ''Réforme, Humanisme et Renaissance'', 23 (1986), Lyon, entirely available on [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhren_0181-6799_1986_num_23_1_1536 Persée] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124143121/https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhren_0181-6799_1986_num_23_1_1536|date=24 November 2022}}. (Revealed that toponymic enfilades in the ''Prophecies'', and in particular that in the famous Varennes quatrain, were certainly borrowed from the ''Guide des Chemins de France'', by [[Charles Estienne]].) * {{Cite book|author=Benazra|first=Robert|title=Répertoire chronologique nostradamique: 1545–1989|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLcQAQAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Éd. la Grande conjonction|isbn=978-2-85707-418-2}} * {{Cite book|author=Brind'Amour|first=Pierre|title=Nostradamus astrophile: les astres et l'astrologie dans la vie et l'œuvre de Nostradamus|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eww9AQAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa|isbn=978-2-252-02896-4}} (This book revealed Nostradamus' borrowings from the ''De honesta disciplina'', by [[Petrus Crinitus]].) * {{Cite book|author=Brind'Amour|first=Pierre|title=Les premières centuries, ou, Prophéties: (édition Macé Bonhomme de 1555)|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tnvT_ekX0SAC|year=1996|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=978-2-600-00138-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Chevignard|first=Bernard|title=Présages de Nostradamus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnh-AAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Seuil|isbn=978-2-02-035960-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Chomarat|first=Michel|title=Bibliographie Nostradamus: XVIe-XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mInAQAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Koerner|isbn=978-3-87320-123-1}} * {{Cite book|author=Clébert|first=Jean-Paul|title=Prophéties de Nostradamus: les centuries : texte intégral (1550–1568)|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ1fcgAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Relié|isbn=978-2-914916-35-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Dupèbe|first=Jean|title=Lettres inédites|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oapnfeA3y-IC|year=1983|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=978-2-600-03107-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Gruber|first=Elmar R.|title=Nostradamus: Sein Leben, sein Werk und die wahre Bedeutung seiner Prophezeiungen|language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPQ6NAAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Scherz Verlag GmbH|isbn=978-3-502-15280-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Lemesurier|first=Peter|title=The Nostradamus Encyclopedia: The Definitive Reference Guide to the Work and World of Nostradamus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baY1HAAACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-19994-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Lemesurier|first=Peter|title=The Unknown Nostradamus: The Essential Biography for His 500th Birthday|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-88LPQAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=John Hunt Publishing|isbn=978-1-903816-48-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Lemesurier|first=Peter|title=Nostradamus: The Illustrated Prophecies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-88LPQAACAAJ|year=2003b|publisher=John Hunt Publishing|isbn=978-1-903816-48-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Lemesurier|first=Peter|title=Nostradamus, Bibliomancer: The Man, the Myth, the Truth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OHRRwAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Career PressInc|isbn=978-1-60163-132-9}} * {{Cite book|author=Leoni|first=Edgar|title=Nostradamus and his prophecies|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1961}} * {{Cite book|author=Leroy|first=Edgar|title=Nostradamus: Ses origines, sa vie, son oeuvre|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FVqAQAACAAJ|year=1993|origyear=1972|publisher=Jeanne Laffitte|isbn=978-2-86276-231-9}} * {{Cite book|author=Meissner|first=Hans-Otto|title=Magda Goebbels: A Biography|year=1980|publisher=London: Sidgwick & Jackson|isbn=0283986352}} * {{Cite book|author=Prévost|first=Roger|title=Nostradamus, le mythe et la réalité: un historien au temps des astrologues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IA3JQwAACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=le Grand livre du mois|isbn=978-2-7028-3581-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Randi|first=James|authorlink=James Randi|title=The mask of Nostradamus|url=https://archive.org/details/maskofnostradamu00jame|year=1990|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-0-684-19056-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Rollet|first=Pierre|title=Interprétation des hiéroglyphes de Horapollo|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Xr4tgAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=M. Petit}} * {{Cite book|author=Watts|first=P.M.|title=Prophecy and Discovery: On the Spiritual Origins of Christopher Columbus' 'Enterprise of the Indies|year=1985|publisher=[[American Historical Review]]}} * {{Cite book|author=Wilson|first=Ian|title=Nostradamus: The Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqvuNAAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Orion Books Limited|isbn=978-0-7528-4279-0}} {{Refend}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === {{Refbegin|40em}} * Nostradamus, Michel::''Orus Apollo'', 1545 (?), unpublished ms; ''Almanachs'', ''Presages'' and ''Pronostications'', 1550–1567; ''Ein Erschrecklich und Wunderbarlich Zeychen...'', [[Nuremberg]], 1554; ''Les Propheties'', Lyon, 1555, 1557, 1568; ''Traite des fardemens et des confitures'', 1555, 1556, 1557; ''Paraphrase de C. Galen sus l'exhortation de Menodote'', 1557; ''Lettre de Maistre Michel Nostradamus, de Salon de Craux en Provence, A la Royne mere du Roy'', 1566 * Chantal Liaroutzos, "Les prophéties de Nostradamus : suivez la Guide", in ''Réforme, Humanisme et Renaissance'', 23 (1986), Lyon, entirely available on [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhren_0181-6799_1986_num_23_1_1536 Persée] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124143121/https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhren_0181-6799_1986_num_23_1_1536|date=24 November 2022}}. (Revealed that toponymic enfilades in the ''Prophecies'', and in particular that in the famous Varennes quatrain, were certainly borrowed from the ''Guide des Chemins de France'', by [[Charles Estienne]].) * {{Cite book|author=Benazra|first=Robert|title=Répertoire chronologique nostradamique: 1545–1989|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLcQAQAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Éd. la Grande conjonction|isbn=978-2-85707-418-2}} * {{Cite book|author=Brind'Amour|first=Pierre|title=Nostradamus astrophile: les astres et l'astrologie dans la vie et l'œuvre de Nostradamus|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eww9AQAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa|isbn=978-2-252-02896-4}} (This book revealed Nostradamus' borrowings from the ''De honesta disciplina'', by [[Petrus Crinitus]].) * {{Cite book|author=Brind'Amour|first=Pierre|title=Les premières centuries, ou, Prophéties: (édition Macé Bonhomme de 1555)|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tnvT_ekX0SAC|year=1996|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=978-2-600-00138-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Chevignard|first=Bernard|title=Présages de Nostradamus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnh-AAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Seuil|isbn=978-2-02-035960-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Chomarat|first=Michel|title=Bibliographie Nostradamus: XVIe-XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mInAQAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Koerner|isbn=978-3-87320-123-1}} * {{Cite book|author=Clébert|first=Jean-Paul|title=Prophéties de Nostradamus: les centuries : texte intégral (1550–1568)|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ1fcgAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Relié|isbn=978-2-914916-35-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Dupèbe|first=Jean|title=Lettres inédites|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oapnfeA3y-IC|year=1983|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=978-2-600-03107-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Gruber|first=Elmar R.|title=Nostradamus: Sein Leben, sein Werk und die wahre Bedeutung seiner Prophezeiungen|language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPQ6NAAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Scherz Verlag GmbH|isbn=978-3-502-15280-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Lemesurier|first=Peter|title=The Nostradamus Encyclopedia: The Definitive Reference Guide to the Work and World of Nostradamus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baY1HAAACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-19994-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Lemesurier|first=Peter|title=The Unknown Nostradamus: The Essential Biography for His 500th Birthday|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-88LPQAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=John Hunt Publishing|isbn=978-1-903816-48-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Lemesurier|first=Peter|title=Nostradamus: The Illustrated Prophecies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-88LPQAACAAJ|year=2003b|publisher=John Hunt Publishing|isbn=978-1-903816-48-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Lemesurier|first=Peter|title=Nostradamus, Bibliomancer: The Man, the Myth, the Truth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OHRRwAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Career PressInc|isbn=978-1-60163-132-9}} * {{Cite book|author=Leoni|first=Edgar|title=Nostradamus and his prophecies|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1961}} * {{Cite book|author=Leroy|first=Edgar|title=Nostradamus: Ses origines, sa vie, son oeuvre|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FVqAQAACAAJ|year=1993|origyear=1972|publisher=Jeanne Laffitte|isbn=978-2-86276-231-9}} * {{Cite book|author=Meissner|first=Hans-Otto|title=Magda Goebbels: A Biography|year=1980|publisher=London: Sidgwick & Jackson|isbn=0283986352}} * {{Cite book|author=Prévost|first=Roger|title=Nostradamus, le mythe et la réalité: un historien au temps des astrologues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IA3JQwAACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=le Grand livre du mois|isbn=978-2-7028-3581-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Randi|first=James|authorlink=James Randi|title=The mask of Nostradamus|url=https://archive.org/details/maskofnostradamu00jame|year=1990|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-0-684-19056-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Rollet|first=Pierre|title=Interprétation des hiéroglyphes de Horapollo|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Xr4tgAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=M. Petit}} * {{Cite book|author=Watts|first=P.M.|title=Prophecy and Discovery: On the Spiritual Origins of Christopher Columbus' 'Enterprise of the Indies|year=1985|publisher=[[American Historical Review]]}} * {{Cite book|author=Wilson|first=Ian|title=Nostradamus: The Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqvuNAAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Orion Books Limited|isbn=978-0-7528-4279-0}} {{Refend}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Gerson|first=Stéphane|year=2012|title=Nostradamus: How an Obscure Renaissance Astrologer Became the Modern Prophet of Doom|url=https://archive.org/details/nostradamushowob0000gers_z5g0|location=New York|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-31261368-6|oclc=823711679}} * {{Cite book|author=Huchon|first=Mireille|year=2021|edition=French|title=Nostradamus|publisher=Gallimard|isbn=978-2-07013801-2}} * {{Cite book|author=Laver|first=James|authorlink=James Laver|year=1942|title=Nostradamus, or The Future Foretold|publisher=Collins}} * {{Cite book|author=Mcmann|first=Lee|year=2018|title=Nostradamus, The Man Who Saw Through Time|publisher=A & D Publishing|isbn=978-1-51543771-0|oclc=103357083}} * {{Cite book|author=Smoley|first=Richard|year=2010|title=The essential Nostradamus: Literal translation, Historical commentary, and Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialnostrad0000smol_r9z5|location=New York|publisher=Tarcher/Penguin|isbn=978-1-58542794-9|oclc=441177954}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231023110248/https://www.holybooks.com/the-complete-works-of-nostradamus-pdf/ Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Nostradamus] (Holybooks.com, PDF e-akwụkwọ) *   * Nostradamus.org (2021 archive) * Works by Nostradamus at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) {{Nostradamus}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dauzssyjv687dmfsdiyru34jiz66l29 0 31690 728128 142869 2026-09-26T07:28:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Usòrò:Eldridge_Cleaver_1968.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|243x243px|Eldridge Cleaver, onye bụbu onye isi egwuregwu nke Black Panther Party, na onye Mormon convert Eldridge cleaver Black Panther Park]] Kemgbe ntọala nke okpukpe Mormon, ndị isi ojii abụwo ndị otu, agbanyeghị na chọọchị ahụ tinyere ihe mgbochi na mbọ ndị isi ojii na-agba. Tupu afọ 1978, ndị otu ojii dị obere. [citation needed] Ọ toro kemgbe ahụ, na 1997, e nwere ihe dịka ndị isi ojii 500,000 nke ụka (ihe dịka 5% nke ndị otu niile), ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'Africa, Brazil na Caribbean. __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ [ ihe odide dị mkpa ] Africa Brazil Caribbean<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031005173051/http://adherents.com/Na/Na_218.html#1062Adherents.com] quoting ''Deseret News 1999-2000 Church Almanac''. Deseret News: Salt Lake City, UT (1998); pg. 119.</ref> Ndị otu ojii anọgidewo na-eto nke ukwuu, ọkachasị na West Africa, ebe e wuru ụlọ nsọ abụọ. Ụlọ nsọ ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2018, e mere atụmatụ na pasent 6 nke ndị otu ahụ bụ ndị isi ojii n'ụwa niile.<ref name="McCombs2018">{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/06/01/mormons-grapple-with-race-40-years-after-ending-black-ban.html|title=Mormons grapple with race decades after ban on black leaders|author=Brady McCombs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141706/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/06/01/mormons-grapple-with-race-40-years-after-ending-black-ban.html|archive-date=2018-06-12|access-date=2023-10-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na United States, ihe dịka 1% nke ndị otu bụ ndị isi ojii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/religious-denomination/church-of-jesus-christ-of-latter-day-saints/|title=Religious Landscape Study}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/compare/racial-and-ethnic-composition/by/region/among/religious-tradition/mormon/|title=Religious Landscape Study}}</ref> == Ndị Black Mormon n'Okpukpe nke Mormon == Ọrụ mbụ nke ụka ahụ bụ ime ka onye ọ bụla gbanwee, n'agbanyeghị agbụrụ ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ohu.<ref name="BushDialogue">{{Cite book|url=https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V08N01_13.pdf|title=Mormonism's Negro Doctrine: An Historical Overview|author=Lester E. Bush, Jr|publisher=Dialogue 8|year=1973}}</ref> Mgbe chọọchị ahụ kwagara isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na steeti ohu nke Missouri, ha malitere ịgbanwe iwu ya. N'afọ 1833, chọọchị ahụ kwụsịrị ịnabata ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'efu n'ime Chọọchị ahụ n'ihi ihe ndị a na-amaghị. : 13 N'afọ 1835, iwu chọọchị kwuru na a gaghị akụziri ndị ohu ozioma na-enweghị nkwenye nna ha ukwu, n'afọ sochirinụ, a gbasaa ya ka ọ ghara ikwusa ozi ọma nye ndị ohu ruo mgbe a tọghatara ndị nwe ha. : 14 Ụfọdụ ndị isi ojii sonyeere chọọchị ahụ tupu mmachibido iwu ahụ, dị ka Joseph T. Ball, Peter Kerr, na Walker Lewis, na ndị ọzọ na ndị nna ha ukwu, gụnyere Elijah Abel na William McCary. : __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ 13 __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ : __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ 14 __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ Joseph T. Ball Peter Kerr Walker Lewis Elijah Abel William McCary<ref name="BushDialogue" /><ref name="BushDialogue" /> == Ndị Black Mormon na United States == Tupu afọ 1978, mmadụ ole na ole ndị isi ojii sonyeere ụka ahụ nọgidere na-abụ ndị otu.<ref>{{Cite news|work=The Washington Post|date=February 17, 2012|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/mindful-of-history-mormon-church-reaches-out-to-minorities/2012/02/13/gIQAZKJrKR_story.html|first=Hamil R.|author=Harris|title=Mindful of history, Mormon Church reaches out to minorities|quote=a period of more than 120 years during which black men were essentially barred from the priesthood and few Americans of color were active in the faith.|accessdate=February 29, 2012}}</ref> Ndị mere ya, na-enwekarị ịkpa ókè. Onyeozi Chọọchị LDS Mark E. Petersen kọwara ezinụlọ ojii nke gbalịrị isonyere Chọọchị lDS: "[ụfọdụ ndị ọcha nọ na chọọchị] gakwuuru Onye isi oche nke alaka, wee kwuo na ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ [ndị ojii] ga-apụ, ma ọ bụ ha niile ga-apụ. Mark E. Petersen Onye isi alaka ahụ kpebiri na [ezinụlọ ojii] enweghị ike ịbịa nzukọ ụka. "<ref name="Petersen1954">Race Problems;— As They Affect The Church, Convention of Teachers of Religion on the College Level, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, August 27, 1954</ref> Ịkpa ókè sikwa n'aka ndị isi ụka. N'okpuru Heber J. Grant, Onye isi oche mbụ zigara akwụkwọ ozi na onye isi ala Ezra Taft Benson na Washington D.C. na-adụ ọdụ na ọ bụrụ na "a bịakwutere ụmụ nwanyị ojii Mormon abụọ" ha ga-enwe obi ụtọ ịnọdụ n'azụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ka ha ghara ịkpasu ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị ọcha mere mkpesa maka ịnọdụ n" nso ha na Relief Society iwe. : 43 Ezra Taft Benson Relief Society: __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ 43<ref name="BushDialogue"/>  === Wynetta Willis Martin === N'afọ 1970, Wynetta Willis Martin nwetara ọdịiche nke ịbụ onye Africa America mbụ nke ngalaba na Mahadum Brigham Young (BYU) na otu n'ime ndị isi ojii abụọ mbụ nke Mormon Tabernacle Choir. Brigham Young University Mormon Tabernacle Choir<ref>{{Cite news|title=White LDS choir gets touch of color|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/8888327/|work=Arizona Republic|date=22 February 1970}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Fletcher Stack|first=Peggy|title=Black Mormon pioneers — a rich but forgotten legacy of faith|url=http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=58198497&itype=CMSID|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|date=22 July 2014}}</ref> Ọ nabatara ya dị ka ọrụ onwe ya iji gosipụta ụwa na e nwere n'ezie ndị Mormon Africa-America nakwa na ndị Mormon abụghị ndị na-akpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọ gara njem na ndị ukwe ruo afọ abụọ tupu ọ nabata nhọpụta ya na ngalaba na BYU. E were ya n'ọrụ na ọzụzụ nke ndị nọọsụ ma gbalịa inyere ha aka ịmatakwu ọdịbendị.<ref>Martin, 1972."</ref> Banyere iwu mgbochi agbụrụ, o kwuru, sị: "Ihe abụọ a: baptizim na Mmụọ Nsọ bụ naanị ihe achọrọ, megidere nkwenkwe a ma ama, maka ịbanye n'Alaeze Eluigwe na ịnọnyere Chineke ruo mgbe ebighi ebi ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ kwesịrị ekwesị. Ihe abụọ a: baptizim na Mmụọ Nsọ bụ naanị ihe achọrọ, megidere nkwenye a ma ama, maka ịbanye n'Alaeze Eluigwe na ịnọnyere Chineke ruo mgbe ebighi ebi ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ kwesịrị. Ya mere, ọgbụgba ndụ ndị ụkọchukwu nke ụlọ nsọ nke a na-ekweghị ka anyị dị n'oge a abụghị ihe dị oke mkpa dị ka nkwenkwe a ma ama si kwuo. "Ya mere, ọgbụgba ndụ ndị ụkọchukwu nke ụlọ nsọ nke a na-ekweghị ka anyị mee n'oge a abụghị ihe dị oké mkpa dị ka nkwenkwe a ma ama si kwuo<ref>Martin 1972: 56, emphasis her own.</ref> === Joseph Freeman, Jr. === Joseph Freeman, Jr. bụ onye Africa America mbụ natara ọkwa ụkọchukwu Melchizedek mgbe mkpughe nke afọ 1978 gasịrị. Joseph Freeman, Jr. Melekisedek bụ ndị ụkọchukwu<ref name="SLT">''[[Salt Lake Tribune]]'', 1978-06-24.</ref> Freeman bụkwa onye isi ojii mbụ natara iwu ụlọ ụka. Iwu ụlọ nsọ<ref name="Time">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070228160608/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C948228%2C00.html "Mormonism Enters a New Era"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 1978-08-07.</ref> Na June 23, 1978, onyeozi Thomas S. Monson mechiri Freeman na nwunye ya na ụmụ ise na Salt Lake Temple. Onyeozi ụlọ nsọ Salt Lake Thomas S. Monson<ref name="SLT" /><ref name="Time" /> == Ndị Black Mormon na South Africa == Chọọchị ahụ malitere ịtọghata ndị ọcha na-asụ Bekee na 1853, mana ndị isi ojii South Africa ole na ole sonyeere Chọọchị LDS tupu 1978. Dunn, onye bụ nwa nke nna Scotland na nne Zulu, ekwere na ọ bụ onye isi ojii Africa mbụ a tọghatara n'Africa na 1905, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọgideghị na-arụsi ọrụ ike ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="LDSnews">{{Cite web|title=Country information: South Africa|url=https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2010-02-01/country-information-south-africa-34984|work=[[Church News]]|publisher=LDS Church News|accessdate=24 May 2017|date=February 2010}}</ref> Onye ọzọ a tọghatara n'oge mbụ nke ndị Afrịka bụ William Paul Daniels, onye sonyeere Chọọchị LDS na 1915 mgbe ọ na-eleta ndị ikwu ya na Utah. Ọ zutere Joseph F. Smith ọtụtụ oge tupu ọ laghachi South Africa. Joseph F. Smith<ref>LDS Church Almanac, 2010 Edition, p. 576</ref> N'afọ 1930, Chọọchị LDS guzobere usoro ọmụmụ iji nyere ndị ikom aka ịchọta usoro ọmụmụ ha na mba Europe iji chọpụta iru eru ha maka ịbụ ndị ụkọchukwu, na nkwado ikpeazụ maka ịnata ndị ụkọcha nke onye isi ala nyere.<ref name="Monson" /> Evan P. Wright jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke South Africa Mission 1948-1953. Wright kwupụtara onye isi oche mbụ ugboro ugboro ihe isi ike n'ịtọlite ụka n'ógbè ahụ nke mmachibido iwu chọọchị niile na-eme ka ndị ikom ojii si n'Afrịka bụrụ ndị ụkọchukwu kpatara. Nke a bụ nsogbu karịsịa n'ihi na ndị isi ọchịchị gara aga chọrọ ọbụna ndị ikom yiri ndị ọcha ka ha gosipụta enweghị ndị nna nna ojii Africa tupu a họpụta ha na ndekọ anaghị adịkarị ma ọ bụ na-ezughị ezu. E nyere ndị ozi ala ọzọ abụọ ọrụ ịrụ ọrụ na nyocha usoro ọmụmụ maka ebumnuche nke iguzobe ndị mmadụ ruru eru maka ịbụ ndị ụkọchukwu.<ref name="Wright">{{Cite book|author=Wright|first=Evan P.|title=A History of the South African Mission|date=1977}}</ref> David O. McKay bụ onye isi mbụ gara South Africa na 1954, n'oge ọ gara ozi ahụ, ọ gbanwere iwu iji kwe ka ndị isi ozi ahụ kwado ka a họpụta ndị ikom na-enweghị nyocha usoro ọmụmụ ọ bụla n'ọnọdụ ebe "enweghị ihe akaebe nke inwe ọbara Negro ya n'akwara ya". David O. MacKay<ref name="Encyclopedia">H. Dean Garrett, "South Africa", in Arnold K. Garr, Donald Q. Cannon and Richard O. Cowan, ed., ''Encyclopedia of Latter Day Saint History'', (Salt Lake City:Deseret Book, 2000), p. 1160-1161</ref><ref name="Prince">{{Cite book|author=Prince|first=Gregory A.|title=David O. McKay and the rise of modern Mormonism|date=2005|publisher=University of Utah Press|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|isbn=0-87480-822-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UBXLIkLEQwC}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * 1978 Mkpughe Banyere Ịbụ Onye Nchụàjà * Ndị isi ojii na okpukpe Mormon * Ndị isi ojii na okpukpe Mormon * Ndị isi ojii na ozizi ndị Mormon * Joseph Freeman (onye Mormon) * Ìgwè Jenesis * Okpukpe Mormon na Ndị bi n'Agwaetiti Pacific * Okpukpe Mormon na ịgba ohu == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ihe odide == '''Ebe ndị bụ isi e si nweta ya'''   g2tq3n2dmqke543mu0ezbvw3tc5e585 0 31815 728091 208612 2026-09-26T05:14:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Enner Remberto Valencia Lastra (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1989) bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke [[Ecuador]] nke na-agba ọsọ maka Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Internacional ma bụrụkwa onye isi ndị otu mba Ecuador. Enner Remberto Valencia Lastra onye na-agba bọọlụ Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Internacional ndị isi otu mba Ecuador<ref name="fifa">{{Cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/players/player=373400/profile-detail.html|title=Enner Valencia at FIFA.com|accessdate=21 June 2014|publisher=FIFA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621032614/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/players/player=373400/profile-detail.html|archive-date=21 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ gbara bọọlụ maka Emelec na Ecuador, ebe ọ meriri na 2013 Ecuadorian Serie A ma nye ya Copa Sudamericana Golden Boot na 2013. Emelec 2013 Ecuadorian Serie A Copa Sudamericana Valencia gbakwara Pachuca bọọlụ na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], e nyere ya Liga MX Golden Boot na asọmpi Clausura nke afọ 2014. Pachuca Liga MX 2014 Clausura Ọ sonyeere klọb bekee West Ham United maka atụmatụ £ 12 nde na July 2014. West Ham United N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2016, Valencia gbazinyere Everton maka oge ahụ, tupu e ree ya na klọb Mexico Tigres UANL n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2017. Everton Tigres UANL Na Tigres, ọ meriri asọmpi Liga MX nke 2017 Apertura na 2019 Clausura, wee bụrụ onye nke abụọ na 2019 CONCACAF Champions League, merie Golden Boot nke asọmpi ikpeazụ. 2017 Mmeghe 2019 Njedebe 2019 CONCACAF Champions League N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020, Valencia bịanyere aka na Fenerbahçe na [[Turkéy|Turkey]] wee merie iko Turkey na oge ikpeazụ ya tupu ọ banye na klọb Brazil Internacional n'etiti afọ 2023. Na mba ụwa, Valencia enwetala ihe karịrị 70 caps maka Ecuador kemgbe mmalite ya na 2012. Ọ nọchitere anya mba ahụ na FIFA World Cup na 2014 na 2022, na Copa América na 2015, 2016, 2019 na 2021. FIFA World Cup 2014 2022 America Cup 2015 2016 2019 2021 A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu Ecuador kachasị mma n'oge niile, Valencia bụ onye na-agba goolu kachasị elu n'oge Ecuador na goolu 40, ma nwee ihe ndekọ maka ọtụtụ goolu a gbara na World Cup maka ndị otu mba ya, na isii. Onye kacha gbaa goolu n'oge niile == Ọrụ klọb == === Emelec === Valencia bịara Guayaquil iji kpee Emelec ikpe na 2008 site na usoro ndị ntorobịa nke Caribe Junior, otu otu otu ebe onye Ecuador Antonio Valencia gbara bọọlụ n'afọ ndị mbụ ya. Guayaquil Emelec Antonio Valencia<ref name="telebio">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/ecuador/10732580/World-Cup-2014-Other-Valencia-Enner-Valencia-looks-to-make-breakthrough-moment-for-Ecuador-in-Brazil.html|title=World Cup 2014: Other Valencia – Enner Valencia – looks to make breakthrough moment for Ecuador in Brazil|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=30 March 2014|accessdate=28 December 2014|first=Xoel|author=Cardenas}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, a kpọfere ya na Emelec.<ref name="telebio" /> Site na 2008 ruo mmalite 2010 ọ nataghị ohere ọ bụla na otu mbụ, mana site na mbata nke onye nkuzi Argentina Jorge Sampaoli, Valencia malitere ịnata ohere egwuregwu. Jorge Sampaoli<ref name="telebio" /> Emelec bụ ndị na-esote ndị mmeri LDU Quito, na-efunahụ 2-1 na ngụkọta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sportstats.com/soccer/ecuador/serie-a-2010/emelec-ldu-quito-xpo0quco/|title=Emelec – LDU Quito (Soccer Serie A 2010)|publisher=sportstats.com|accessdate=28 December 2014|archivedate=19 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919005552/http://www.sportstats.com/soccer/ecuador/serie-a-2010/emelec-ldu-quito-xpo0quco/}}</ref> Valencia gbara goolu itoolu n'egwuregwu iri atọ n'afọ 2011.<ref name="Soccerway">{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/enner-remberto-valencia-lastra/113400/|title=Enner Valencia at Soccerway|work=Soccerway|accessdate=28 December 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2012, ọ gbara goolu ise n'egwuregwu ise dị iche iche megide El Nacional, LDU Loja, Técnico Universitario, na ugboro abụọ megide Manta n'egwú ụlọ na nke n'èzí, merie anọ n'ime egwuregwu ise ahụ, naanị na-adọta LDU Loya. National LDU Loja Técnico Universitario Manta<ref name="Soccerway" /> Nke a mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ 13 ọ gbara n'egwuregwu league iri anọ ọ gbara, oge kachasị mma ya, mana maka oge nke atọ n'usoro, ndị otu ahụ bụ ndị nke abụọ na ndị mmeri league na ndị na-asọmpi Barcelona SC. Barcelona SC<ref name="Soccerway" /> N'abalị asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2013, Valencia gbara bọọlụ mbụ ya na Sport Huancayo nke Peruvian, na 4-0 2013 Copa Sudamericana nke mbụ. hat-trick Sport Huancayo 2013 Copa Sudamericana<ref name="Soccerway"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espndeportes.com/futbol/cronica?id=372813|title=Emelec barrió a Sport Huancayo y sigue adelante|date=4 August 2013|work=ESPN Deportes|accessdate=28 December 2014|language=es}}</ref> Ọ gwụchara oge ahụ dị ka onye mmeri league na Emelec, nke mbụ nke klọb ahụ kemgbe afọ 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/ecuachamp.html|title=Ecuador – List of Champions|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=28 December 2014}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup[lower-alpha 1] ! colspan="2" |League cup[lower-alpha 2] ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="5" |Emelec |2010<ref name="Soccerway"/> | rowspan="4" |Ecuadorian Serie A |25 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11[lower-alpha 3] |1 | colspan="2" |— |36 |2 |- |2011<ref name="Soccerway" /> |30 |9 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5[lower-alpha 4] |0 | colspan="2" |— |35 |9 |- |2012<ref name="Soccerway" /> |40 |13 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14[lower-alpha 5] |0 | colspan="2" |— |54 |13 |- |2013<ref name="Soccerway" /> |35 |4 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11[lower-alpha 6] |5 | colspan="2" |— |46 |9 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !130 !27 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !41 !6 ! colspan="2" |— !171 !33 |- |Pachuca |2014<ref name="Soccerway" /> |Liga MX |23 |18[lower-alpha 7] |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |25 |18 |- | rowspan="4" |West Ham United |{{Érèkọbalà|[[2014–15 West Ham United F.C. season|2014–15]]<ref name="Soccerbase"/>}} | rowspan="3" |Premier League |32 |4 |4 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |37 |5 |- |2015–16 |19 |4 |4 |0 |0 |0 |1[lower-alpha 8] |1 | colspan="2" |— |24 |5 |- |2016–17 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4[lower-alpha 8] |0 | colspan="2" |— |7 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !54 !8 !8 !1 !1 !0 !5 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !68 !10 |- |Everton (loan) |2016–17 |Premier League |21 |3 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |23 |3 |- | rowspan="4" |Tigres UANL |2017–18 | rowspan="3" |Liga MX |37 |15 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3[lower-alpha 9] |2 |1[lower-alpha 10] |0 |42 |17 |- |2018–19 |31 |5 |6 |3 | colspan="2" |— |8[lower-alpha 9] |7 | colspan="2" |— |45 |15 |- |2019–20 |27 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4[lower-alpha 11] |1 | colspan="2" |— |31 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !95 !21 !7 !3 ! colspan="2" |— !15 !10 !1 !0 !118 !34 |- | rowspan="4" |Fenerbahçe |2020–21 | rowspan="3" |Süper Lig |34 |12 |1 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |35 |13 |- |2021–22 |25 |7 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— |6[lower-alpha 12] |5 | colspan="2" |— |33 |13 |- |2022–23 |31 |29[lower-alpha 13] |5 |1 | colspan="2" |— |12[lower-alpha 14] |3 | colspan="2" |— |48 |33 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !90 !48 !8 !3 ! colspan="2" |— !18 !8 ! colspan="2" |— !116 !59 |- |Internacional |2023 |Série A |9 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5[lower-alpha 15] |4 | colspan="2" |— |14 |4 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !422 !125 !26 !7 !2 !0 !82 !28 !1 !0 !530 !167 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="12" |Ecuador |2012 |1 |0 |- |2013 |6 |1 |- |2014 |10 |10 |- |2015 |5 |2 |- |2016 |12 |6 |- |2017 |7 |2 |- |2018 |5 |6 |- |2019 |8 |4 |- |2020 |2 |0 |- |2021 |11 |3 |- |2022 |10 |4 |- |2023 |2 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !79 !40 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+List of international goals scored by Enner Valencia ! scope="col" |No. ! scope="col" |Date ! scope="col" |Venue ! scope="col" |Cap ! scope="col" |Opponent ! scope="col" |Score ! scope="col" |Result ! scope="col" |Competition |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |1 |19 November 2013 |BBVA Compass Stadium, Houston, United States | align="center" |7 |{{fb|HON|1949}} | align="center" |2–2 | align="center" |2–2 |Friendly |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |2 |5 March 2014 |The Den, London, England | align="center" |8 |{{fb|AUS}} | align="center" |3–3 | align="center" |4–3 |Friendly |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |3 |31 May 2014 |AT&amp;amp;T Stadium, Arlington, United States | align="center" |9 |{{fb|MEX}} | align="center" |1–3 | align="center" |1–3 |Friendly |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |4 |4 June 2014 |Sun Life Stadium, Miami, United States | align="center" |10 |{{fb|ENG}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–2 |Friendly |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |5 |15 June 2014 |Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha, Brasília, Brazil | align="center" |11 |{{fb|SUI}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–2 |2014 FIFA World Cup |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |6 | rowspan="2" |20 June 2014 | rowspan="2" |Arena da Baixada, Curitiba, Brazil | rowspan="2" align="center" |12 | rowspan="2" |{{fb|HON|1949}} | align="center" |1–1 | rowspan="2" align="center" |2–1 | rowspan="2" |2014 FIFA World Cup |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |7 | align="center" |2–1 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |8 |6 September 2014 |Lockhart Stadium, Fort Lauderdale, United States | align="center" |14 |{{fb|BOL}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |4–0 |Friendly |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |9 |10 October 2014 |Rentschler Field, East Hartford, United States | align="center" |16 |{{fb|USA}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |Friendly |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |10 | rowspan="2" |14 October 2014 | rowspan="2" |Red Bull Arena, Harrison, United States | rowspan="2" align="center" |17 | rowspan="2" |{{fb|SLV}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |5–1 | rowspan="2" |Friendly |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |11 | align="center" |4–1 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |12 |15 June 2015 |Estadio Elías Figueroa Brander, Valparaíso, Chile | align="center" |21 |{{fb|BOL}} | align="center" |1–3 | align="center" |2–3 |2015 Copa América |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |13 |19 June 2015 |Estadio El Teniente, Rancagua, Chile | align="center" |22 |{{fb|MEX}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2015 Copa América |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |14 |24 March 2016 |Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa, Quito, Ecuador | align="center" |23 |{{fb|PAR}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–2 |2018 FIFA World Cup qualification |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |15 |8 June 2016 |University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, United States | align="center" |27 |{{fb|PER}} | align="center" |1–2 | align="center" |2–2 |Copa América Centenario |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |16 |12 June 2016 |MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, United States | align="center" |28 |{{fb|HAI}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |4–0 |Copa América Centenario |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |17 | rowspan="2" |11 October 2016 | rowspan="2" |Estadio Hernando Siles, La Paz, Bolivia | rowspan="2" align="center" |33 | rowspan="2" |{{fb|BOL}} | align="center" |1–2 | rowspan="2" align="center" |2–2 | rowspan="2" |2018 FIFA World Cup qualification |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |18 | align="center" |2–2 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |19 |15 November 2016 |Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa, Quito, Ecuador | align="center" |34 |{{fb|VEN}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |3–0 |2018 FIFA World Cup qualification |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |20 |13 June 2017 |Red Bull Arena, Harrison, United States | align="center" |38 |{{fb|SLV}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |3–0 |Friendly |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |21 |5 September 2017 |Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa, Quito, Ecuador | align="center" |40 |{{fb|PER}} | align="center" |1–2 | align="center" |1–2 |2018 FIFA World Cup qualification |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |22 |7 September 2018 |Red Bull Arena, Harrison, United States | align="center" |42 |{{fb|JAM}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Friendly |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |23 |11 September 2018 |Toyota Park, Bridgeview, United States | align="center" |43 |{{fb|GUA}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Friendly |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |24 | rowspan="2" |12 October 2018 | rowspan="2" |Jassim bin Hamad Stadium, Doha, Qatar | rowspan="2" align="center" |44 | rowspan="2" |{{fb|QAT}} | align="center" |1–2 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–4 | rowspan="2" |Friendly |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |25 | align="center" |2–4 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |26 |15 November 2018 |National Stadium of Peru, Lima, Peru | align="center" |45 |{{fb|PER}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Friendly |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |27 |20 November 2018 |Estadio Rommel Fernández, Panama City, Panama | align="center" |46 |{{fb|PAN}} | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |2–1 |Friendly |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |28 |1 June 2019 |Hard Rock Stadium, Miami, United States | align="center" |47 |{{fb|VEN}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |Friendly |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |29 |21 June 2019 |Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova, Salvador, Brazil | align="center" |50 |{{fb|CHI}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–2 |2019 Copa América |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |30 | rowspan="2" |14 November 2019 | rowspan="2" |Estadio Reales Tamarindos, Portoviejo, Ecuador | rowspan="2" align="center" |53 | rowspan="2" |{{fb|TRI}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="2" |Friendly |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |31 | align="center" |3–0 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |32 | rowspan="2" |7 October 2021 | rowspan="2" |Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo, Guayaquil, Ecuador | rowspan="2" align="center" |65 | rowspan="2" |{{fb|BOL}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="2" |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |33 | align="center" |3–0 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |34 |10 October 2021 |Estadio Olímpico de la UCV, Caracas, Venezuela | align="center" |66 |{{fb|VEN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–2 |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |35 |29 March 2022 |Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo, Guayaquil, Ecuador | align="center" |70 |{{fb|ARG}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |36 | rowspan="2" |20 November 2022 | rowspan="2" |Al Bayt Stadium, Al Khor, Qatar | rowspan="2" align="center" |75 | rowspan="2" |{{fb|QAT}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" |2022 FIFA World Cup |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |37 | align="center" |2–0 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |38 |25 November 2022 |Khalifa International Stadium, Al Rayyan, Qatar | align="center" |76 |{{fb|NED}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |2022 FIFA World Cup |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |39 |17 June 2023 |Red Bull Arena, Harrison, United States | align="center" |78 |{{fb|BOL}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Friendly |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |40 |20 June 2023 |Subaru Park, Chester, United States | align="center" |79 |{{fb|CRC}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–1 |Friendly |} '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Onye egwuregwu kacha mma nke Ecuador Serie A: 2013 [aha achọrọ] Onye egwuregwu nke Ecuador Serie a 2013 __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ [ ihe e dere n'ala ala] * Onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ na Copa Sudamericana 2013 __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ [ ihe e dere n'ala ala] * Onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ na Liga MX Onye kacha gbaa goolu na Liga M X __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ [ ihe e dere n'ala ala] * Liga MX Best XI: Apertura 2017 [citation needed] Apertura 2017. __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ [ ihe e dere n'ala ala] * CONCACAF Champions League Golden Boot: 2019 CONCAC AF Champions League 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.concacafchampionsleague.com/en/top-goal-scorer|title=Top goalscorers 2019|publisher=CONCAFAF Champions League|date=1 May 2019|accessdate=2 May 2019|archivedate=2 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502153325/https://www.concacafchampionsleague.com/en/top-goal-scorer}}</ref> * CONCACAF Champions League Team nke asọmpi ahụ: 2019 * Onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ na Süper Lig: 2022-23 Onye kacha gbaa * Ndị otu Süper Lig nke Oge: 2022-23 Ndị otu Süpar Lig nke Oge 2022-23<ref>{{Cite web|title=2023 Marka Futbol’dan Gezeroğlu ve Emiroğlu’na Anlamlı Ödül!|url=https://yenisokegazetesi.com/haber/15330131/2023-marka-futboldan-gezeroglu-ve-emirogluna-anlamli-odul|accessdate=2023-09-22|work=YeniSöke Gazetesi|language=tr}}</ref> * Ndepụta nke ndị na-agba goolu bọọlụ ụmụ nwoke kachasị elu na mba == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6iei476nbqja5elzae3baxw9h2sm5i5 0 32390 728120 722764 2026-09-26T06:54:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728120 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mpempe akwukwo bụ ọrụ ndenye aha kwa nkeji iri na ise na-enye uwe ime ụmụ nwoke, sọks, ihe mposi na mkpa ndị ọzọ. <ref name="newyorktimes">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/technology/personaltech/10CLOTHES.html|title=The Man, the Mouse and the Wardrobe|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Manjoo|first=Farhad|date=June 9, 2010}}</ref>Ndị na-azụ ahịa mepụtara ngwugwu ha na ihe ndị a na-enye gụnyere uwe ndị ọkpọ, uwe elu, sọks, ngwaahịa ịkpụ afụ ọnụ, na condoms, a na enyekwa ngwugwu ahụ n'onwe ya kwa ọnwa atọ. <ref name="huffingtonpost">{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/danny-wong/innovations-in-e-commerce_b_652576.html|title=Innovations in E-Commerce: The Subscription Business Model|work=Huffington Post|author=Wong|first=Danny|date=July 20, 2010}}</ref>A kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ.<ref name="manpacks">{{Cite web|url=https://manpacks4.wixsite.com/manpacks|title=Manpacks|date=August 22, 2018}}</ref> == Ntọala == Ken Johnson na Andrew Draper malitere ịrụ ọrụ na echiche maka Manpacks na Disemba 2009 wee guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Jenụwarị 2010. <ref name="maxim">{{Cite news|url=http://www.maxim.com/gadgets/manpacks-post-sniff-test-america|title=Manpacks, For a post-sniff test America|work=Maxim|author=Odegard|first=Dave|accessdate=2012-11-14|archive-date=2012-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028041205/http://www.maxim.com/gadgets/manpacks-post-sniff-test-america|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Vora, Shivani">{{Cite news|url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/20101001/would-you-buy-underwear-by-subscription.html|title=Would You Buy Underwear By Subscription?|work=Inc.|author=Vora|first=Shivani|date=October 1, 2010}}</ref>mpempe akwukwo malitere dị ka ọrụ nnwale n'akụkụ, mana ọchịchọ mụbara. N'oge na-adịghị anya, njikwa ndị ahịa na nhazi nke iwu ghọrọ ọrụ oge niile. <ref name="ideamensch">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ideamensch.com/ken-johnson/|title=Ken Johnson – Co-founder and CEO of Manpacks.com|publisher=Idea Mensch|author=mario|date=February 3, 2011}}</ref>Mgbe a malitere ya, saịtị ahụ nyere naanị uwe ime na sọks.<ref name="bostonglobe">{{Cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2010/06/netflix_for_undies_and_more_at.html|title=Netflix for undies, and more, at Monday's Web Innovators Group|work=The Boston Globe|author=Kirsner|first=Scott|date=June 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205400/http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2010/06/netflix_for_undies_and_more_at.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|access-date=October 26, 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mpempe akwukwo bụ ọrụ ecommerce mbụ nke America na-enye ihe ndị dị mkpa maka ụmụ nwoke. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.businessinsider.com/2012-04-18/tech/31356422_1_meituan-china-market-cosmetics|title=Subscribe For A Full Box Of Surprise|work=Business Insider|author=Chiang|first=Ben|date=April 18, 2012|accessdate=November 14, 2012|archive-date=June 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621085255/http://articles.businessinsider.com/2012-04-18/tech/31356422_1_meituan-china-market-cosmetics|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.practicalecommerce.com/articles/2955-Innovators-3-Unusual-Ecommerce-Models|title=Innovators: 3 Unusual Ecommerce Models|publisher=PracticalEcommerce.com|date=August 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2012/04/09/inside-manpacks-the-hot-essentials-subscription-service-for-dudes/|title=InsideManpacks, the hot essentials subscription service for dudes|publisher=The Next Web|author=Wilhelm|first=Alex|date=April 9, 2012}}</ref>Ọtmụtụ saịtị emeela ma ṅomie ụdị azụmahịa Manpacks. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://grattisfaction.com/2012/03/thoughts-on-subcom-subscription-ecommerce/|title=Thoughts on #Subcom (Subscription eCommerce)|publisher=Grattisfaction.com|author=Gratt|first=Matt|date=March 28, 2012|accessdate=October 26, 2023|archivedate=December 1, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201155220/http://grattisfaction.com/2012/03/thoughts-on-subcom-subscription-ecommerce}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reneewarren.com/life-of-the-subscription-model/|title=Life of the Subscription Model|publisher=ReneeWarren.com|author=Warren|first=Renee|date=March 30, 2012|accessdate=October 26, 2023|archivedate=April 23, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423004418/http://reneewarren.com/life-of-the-subscription-model/}}</ref>N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe a malitere ya, a nabatara Manpacks n'ime mmemme ngwa ngwa nke Betaspring. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.betaspring.com/portfolio/manpacks|title=BetaspringProfile: Manpacks|publisher=Betaspring.com|accessdate=2023-10-26|archivedate=2012-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028190800/http://www.betaspring.com/portfolio/manpacks}}</ref>Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'otu oge nwere ihe karịrị ndị debanyere aha mmadu 10,000.<ref name="tampatribune">{{Cite news|url=http://www2.tbo.com/news/business/2012/apr/08/bznewso1-for-males-who-avoid-malls-ar-389339/|title=For males who avoid malls|work=The Tampa Tribune|author=Mullins|first=Richard|date=April 8, 2012}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Nkwado na-akpaghị aka na-ebuga ndị mmadụ ihe ndị dị mkpa dị ka sọks, uwe ime, agụba, na ihe ndị dị n'ime ụlọ kwa ọnwa atọ ma ọ bụ mgbe achọrọ. <ref name="mixergy">{{Cite web|url=http://mixergy.com/manpacks-ken-johnson-interview/|title=HowHacker News Helped Manpacks Take Off – with Ken Johnson|publisher=Mixergy|date=November 1, 2010}}</ref>Ọnwa atọ mgbe o nyechara iwu, Mpempe akwukwo ga-eziga ndị ahịa ozi ịntanetị na-echetara ndị ahịa. <ref name="aboutfaq" />Ndị ahịa Mpempe akwukwo bụ ndị na-azụ ahịa maka ndị ikom nọ na ndụ ha, ndị ikom na adịghị achọ ịzụ ahịa, na ndị umengwụ.<ref name="newyorktimes"/><ref name="maxim"/> == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == ez07x8uy37zltdpsgi66gtr3mpx2we2 0 32509 728054 706494 2026-09-26T01:55:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728054 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Usòrò:Mimi Levin Lieber 1991.jpg|thumb|Mimi Levin Lieber]] '''Mimi Levin Lieber''' (March 22, 1928 - October 16, 2021), a mụrụ Miriam Leah Levin, bụ onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke mepụtara usoro ọhụrụ na nyocha àgwà ndị ahịa. Dị ka onye otu New York State Board of Regents, ọ ghọrọ onye dị mkpa n'ịkpụzi iwu agụmakwụkwọ elementrị na New York. <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Risen|first=Clay|date=2021-10-29|title=Mimi Levin Lieber, 93, Dies; Her Focus Groups Shaped Postwar Marketing|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/29/business/mimi-levin-lieber-dead.html|accessdate=2021-12-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Nadler|first=Jerrold|date=October 26, 2021|title=Congressional Record|url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/volume-167/issue-188/extensions-of-remarks-section/article/E1149-2|accessdate=November 20, 2022|work=Congress.gov}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Hagerty|first=James R.|date=2021-11-04|title=Sociologist Pioneered Focus Groups for Marketers|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/sociologist-pioneered-focus-groups-for-marketers-11636046765|accessdate=2021-12-16}}</ref>Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ọkachamara mbụ ya lekwasịrị anya n'ụdị nyocha akụ na ụba. <ref>{{Cite web|title=What We Do {{!}} Literacy Inc. {{!}} United States|url=https://www.lincnyc.org/what|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=LINC|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Cunningham|first=Bill|date=2016-05-13|title=Evening Hours {{!}} The Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Spring Gala and More|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/04/24/fashion/20160515-bill-cunningham-evening-hours.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/04/24/fashion/20160515-bill-cunningham-evening-hours.html|accessdate=2021-10-21}}</ref>Nnyocha na usoro ajụjụ ọnụ nke Lieber na ndị ọgbọ ya mepụtara nyere aka tọọ ntọala maka ngwá ọrụ ahịa nke oge a, dị ka ìgwè ndị na-elekwasị anya na nyocha echiche. Ka oge na-aga, Lieber tụgharịrị mgbalị ya n'ịkwado ịgụ na ide nke ụmụaka, karịsịa na ntọala ya nke Literacy Inc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Board Of Directors {{!}} Literacy Inc. {{!}} United States|url=https://www.lincnyc.org/board|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=LINC|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Mimi Levin Lieber|url=https://encore.org/purpose-prize/mimi-levin-lieber/|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=encore.org|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=jaytennier|title=Mimi Levin Lieber|url=https://www.pointsoflight.org/awards/mimi-levin-lieber/|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=Points of Light|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Lieber na [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]], nwa nwanyị nke Rhoda (Katzin) na Theodore Levin, Onye ọka ikpe distrikti nke United States District Court maka Eastern District nke Michigan. <ref name="fjc.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/levin-theodore|title=Levin, Theodore - Federal Judicial Center|work=www.fjc.gov}}</ref><ref name="6circuit">{{Cite web|title=History of the Sixth Circuit: Theodore Levin 1897-1970|publisher=Sixth US Circuit Court of Appeals|accessdate=October 10, 2021|url=http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/lib_hist/Courts/district%20court/MI/EDMI/judges/levin/tl-bio.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228043759/http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/lib_hist/Courts/district%20court/MI/EDMI/judges/levin/tl-bio.html|archivedate=December 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Detroit, The Historical Society|url=https://federalcourthistoricaledmi.org/detroit/|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=The Historical Society|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022030641/https://federalcourthistoricaledmi.org/detroit/}}</ref>Ezinụlọ ahụ biri na LaSalle Boulevard na Detroit, mpaghara ndị Juu ebe nna ya, tupu ọ bụrụ onye ọka ikpe, rụrụ ọrụ n'onwe ya dị ka onye ọka iwu. Nna ya nyeere ndị Juu si mba ọzọ aka ịbanye na ịbụ nwa amaala mgbe Iwu Migration nke 1924 mere ka ihe mgbochi ịbanye na United States dịkwuo ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sklar|first=Robert|title=Remembering Carl Levin: A 'Moral and Ethical Compass' — Detroit Jewish News|url=https://thejewishnews.com/2021/08/12/remembering-carl-levin-a-moral-and-ethical-compass/|accessdate=2021-10-27|work=|date=12 August 2021|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027021758/https://thejewishnews.com/2021/08/12/remembering-carl-levin-a-moral-and-ethical-compass/|archive-date=2021-10-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Central High School na Detroit na 1945, wee nweta BA ya na 1948 na MA na 1951, ha abụọ sitere na Mahadum Chicago. Akwụkwọ edemede ya, "Women in Local Community Activities: A Participation Study", lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ obodo na mmepe obodo. <ref name=":3"/>Ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ya na ndị mmadụ gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na South Side Chicago maka edemede a dị ka ihe mkpali maka ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị. O nwetakwara asambodo nkuzi site na Laboratory School na Mahadum Chicago n'oge a.<ref name=":1"/> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ ọkachamara Lieber dakọtara na mmetụta na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụ nwanyị, ma dị ka ndị na-azụ ahịa ma dị ka ọkachamara mgbasa ozi. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-egosikarị ịrị elu a n'ụzọ sara mbara na ihe ngosi dị ka Mad Men, nyocha ndị ahịa pụrụ iche dị ka nke ya, anaghị egosikarị ya maka nyocha ya, obosara, na mmetụta ọ nwere na ọdịbendị n'ozuzu ya. Ya na ndị ya na ha dịkọrọ ndụ nyere aka dị mkpa na mgbasa ozi na omenala ahịa ma nyere aka mepụta usoro a nabatara n'ozuzu n'ime echiche ọha na eze na nyocha ndị ahịa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Featherstone|first=Liza|title=Divining Desire: Focus Groups and the Culture of Consultation|url=https://archive.org/details/diviningdesirefo0000feat|publisher=OR Books|year=2017|isbn=978-1944869489|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diviningdesirefo0000feat/page/98 98]|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHM: A Brief History of Women in Advertising and What to do Now|url=https://www.digitas.com/en-us/news/insights/whm-womens-past-present-and-future-in-advertising|accessdate=2021-10-27|work=www.digitas.com|language=en-us|archivedate=2021-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027024459/https://www.digitas.com/en-us/news/insights/whm-womens-past-present-and-future-in-advertising}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka Dancer Fitzgerald Sample sitere na ojiji Lieber na ọmụmụ Àkwá (U&As) iji gbasaa mgbasa ozi na 1960s na 70s, dị ka mkpọsa pantyhose L'eggs, nke Lieber rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa. <ref name=":4"/><ref name=":1"/>Mgbalị ndị a iji ghọta ndị na-azụ ahịa na ọrụ ha n'ime ngalaba ahịa a na-elekwasị anya, bụ ihe ọhụrụ n'oge ahụ. Lieber nwetara ahụmịhe dị ka onye na-eme nchọpụta sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka Columbia University Bureau of Applied Social Research na mbido afọ 1950. Ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ a na London maka Dr. Mark Abrams, onye ọzọ dị mkpa na nyocha àgwà, na Research Services Ltd. na London Press Exchange site na 1953 ruo 1955.<ref name=":3"/> Na ngwụcha afọ 1950, na Tatham-Laird (nke bụzi akụkụ nke Havas Creative) na Chicago, ọ malitere iso ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-arụkọ ọrụ, na-adabere na ahụmịhe ya gara aga na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-09-15|title=Tatham-Laird|url=https://adage.com/article/adage-encyclopedia/tatham-laird/98897|accessdate=2021-10-27|work=Ad Age|language=en}}</ref>Ọ hapụrụ n'afọ 1959, mgbe ọ natara agụmakwụkwọ na-eme nchọpụta na Harvard Graduate School of Education. N'afọ 1960, o guzobere Lieber Attitude Research, otu ndị na-azụ ahịa na ndị na-eme nchọpụta na New York. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere ndị ahịa nyocha echiche dị ka Citibank, Bristol-Meyers, Clairol, Hanes, Procter &amp;amp; Gamble, na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ruo 1987, mgbe Temple, Barker & Sloane (nke bụzi akụkụ nke Oliver Wyman) nwetara ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Federal Trade Commission|date=|title=FTC Complaint: Sterling Drug, Inc. et al|url=https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/commission_decision_volumes/volume-102/ftc_volume_decision_102_july_-_december_1983pages_395-533.pdf|work=ftc.gov}}</ref> == Ọrụ ọha na eze na nkwado maka ịgụ na ide == Mgbe ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe omume obodo New York na 1970s, gụnyere dị ka onye otu New York's Community Planning Board 7, Lieber mụbara ọrụ ọha na eze ya na mbọ enyemaka n'ụdị dị iche iche mgbe ọ resịrị ụlọ ọrụ ya. N'ịbụ onye na-eje ozi na New York State Board of Regents site na 1981 ruo 1996, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ime nzukọ ahụ iji mee ka mgbanwe ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị dị na New York Steeti. N'oge ọ nọ na Board of Regents, Lieber haziri ndị ọrụ iji melite ego ụlọ akwụkwọ na omume nchịkwa, nyere aka weghachite ego na mpaghara ndị na-enweghị ọrụ, na ịtụgharị atụmatụ ngwụcha ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff|date=January 18, 1988|title=She's Ready to Enroll in City Schools 101|work=New York Newsday|url=https://newsday.newspapers.com/|accessdate=December 20, 2021}}</ref> N'afọ 1996, mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na Board of Regents, o guzobere ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na-enweghị uru, [https://www.lincnyc.org Literacy Inc. (LINC)] na New York City iji kwalite ịgụ na ide n'oge ọ bụ nwata. Nzukọ ahụ kọwara Lieber dị ka onye "guzobe Literacy Inc. dị ka usoro iji jikọta ihe onwunwe obodo na mpaghara obodo, ka ọ na-ejikọta ihe onyonyo ndị a na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ dị elu. " N'otu aka ahụ, LINC "na-akwadebe ụmụaka nwere nkà agụmakwụkwọ bụ isi dị mkpa maka ihe ịga nke ọma site n'inye ndị nne na nna ike na ịkwalite obodo. "Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu bọọdụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike ruo mgbe ọ gafere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Programs {{!}} Literacy Inc. {{!}} United States|url=https://www.lincnyc.org/programs|accessdate=2021-12-30|work=LINC|language=en}}</ref> N'ịmepụta Literacy Inc, Lieber jiri nkwado iwu agụmakwụkwọ nwata, ọrụ ebere, na iji ihe onwunwe obodo mepụta mmemme ndị mmekọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, nke mbụ na New York City, ma mesịa na obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'obodo ukwu. A na-eto ya na ọ bụ ya bụ onye na-ebute ụzọ n'ihe nlereanya "Reading Everywhere" nke, tinyere atụmatụ ndị yiri ya site n'aka ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ, agbanweela n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama ọnọdụ nke itinye aka onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ ọha.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":0"/> == Ezinụlọ == Lieber lụrụ onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ Charles D. Lieber na Detroit na 1960. Ọ ghọrọ onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ Hebrew Publishing Company na 1980. Ha nọgidere na-alụ di na nwunye ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2016. Di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ anọ, gụnyere Janno Lieber onye a họpụtara dịka onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority na 2021. Ezinụlọ Lieber na-etinye aka na ọrụ ọha na eze na mpaghara, steeti, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba. Nna ya, Theodore Levin, bụ onye ọka ikpe mpaghara United States nke Ụlọikpe Mpaghara United States maka Eastern District nke Michigan. Nwanne ya nwoke Charles Levin jere ozi dị ka onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Michigan site na 1973 ruo 1996. Nwanne nwoke ọzọ, Joseph Levin, bụ onye na-azọ oche na United States House of Representatives na 1974. N'afọ 1987, a họpụtara nwanne nwoke nke atọ, Daniel Levin, na The Habitat Company nke ọ na-achịkwa ka ha bụrụ ndị na-anabata mmemme mmepe ụlọ nke Chicago Housing Authority Scattered Site site na Ụlọikpe Mpaghara US na Chicago. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hogan|first=James|date=September 1, 1966|title=Scattered-Site Housing: Characteristics and Consequences|url=https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/scattered_site_housing.pdf|accessdate=December 29, 2021|work=U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development}}</ref>Nwa nwanne nna ya, Carl Levin, bụ onye United States Senator si Michigan site na 1979 ruo 2015, na nwa nwanne nna ya ọzọ, Sander Levin, bụkwa onye nnọchi anya United States maka Michigan's 12th District site na 1983 ruo 2019. Nwa Sander Andy Levin bụ onye nnọchi anya United States maka mpaghara nke 9 nke Michigan kemgbe 2019. Nwa nwanne nne ọzọ, Stephen Levin, nọchitere anya District nke 33 na New York City Council site na 2010 ruo 2021.Nwanne nna ya, David Croll, onye isi obodo Windsor, Ontario, bụ onye omeiwu ndị Juu mbụ na Canada. Nwanne nwanyị Helene White bụ Onye ọka ikpe sekit nke United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit kemgbe 2008 na nwanne nwanyị ọzọ, Fay Hartog-Levin, bụ onye nnọchi anya US na Netherlands site na 2009 ruo 2011. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1h4go4zh3941c2vctoykowt3rxazlw2 0 32584 727999 705217 2026-09-25T19:38:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727999 wikitext text/x-wiki <references group="" responsive="1"></references> Maestra bụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke nkeji iri atọ na atọ nke Catherine Murphy duziri, banyere ụmụ nwanyị nkuzi kachasị nta nke 1961 Cuban Literacy Campaign. N'afọ 1961, Cuba bu n'uche ikpochapụ amaghị akwụkwọ n'ime otu afọ. O zigara ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 250,000 gafee agwaetiti ahụ iji kụzie ịgụ na ide ihe n'ime ime obodo maka otu afọ. 100,000 n'ime ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo ahụ erubeghị afọ 18 ma ihe karịrị ọkara n'ime ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 2004, Murphy chọpụtara na ọ maara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Havana bụ ndị wepụtara onwe ha maka ọrụ ahụ; ha nọ n'afọ iri isii. Murphy ga-alaghachi na United States, mana tupu o mee nke a, o kpebiri idekọ ajụjụ ọnụ atọ ya na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke Literacy Campaign. Site na 2004 ruo 2010, Murphy gara n'ihu na-agbaso akụkọ nke ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke Literacy Campaign na ezinụlọ ndị kwadoro ha, n'ikpeazụ na-emepụta ma na-eduzi Maestra ma guzobe The Literacy Project.<ref name="Guide">[http://vanderbilt.edu/clas/curriculum-resources/resource.php?id=44 ''Maestra Vanderbilt Curriculum Guide''], Center for Latin American Studies, Vanderbilt University</ref> Onye edemede Pulitzer Prize-winning Alice Walker na-akọ ihe nkiri ahụ n'asụsụ Bekee ma gosipụta ajụjụ ọnụ asụsụ Spanish (nke nwere ndepụta okwu Bekee) na ụmụ nwanyị itoolu kụziri na Campaign. <ref name="WMM">[http://www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/pages/c863.shtml ''MAESTRA'']|Women Make Movies</ref>Maestra na-enye ajụjụ ọnụ na Norma Guillard, otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Cuban mbụ na-akpọ onwe ya onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, na Diana Balboa, otu n"ime ndị mbụ na-emeghe na ndị otu LGBT nke Cuba na onye na-akwado ikike nwoke na nwanyị. Ha abụọ dị afọ iri na ise n'oge mkpọsa ahụ.<ref name="PressKit">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20230519234846/http://www.maestrathefilm.org/index.php?mnu=6&lg=ing Press Kit]." | Maestra Official Website.</ref> == Ndị a nabatara == Maestra malitere na United States na Eprel 2011 na ngosipụta abụọ na San Francisco, CA. Ihe nkiri ahụ enwetala ihe nrite ndị a:<ref name="WMM"/> * Black Maria Film Festival, onye mmeri Director's Choice Award * Emume ihe nkiri Ojai, Aha Nsọpụrụ Maestra egosila na mmemme ihe nkiri ndị a: * Ndị Ọrụ Jikọọ! Emume ihe nkiri, New York City, NY, USA, May 2014 * Emume ihe nkiri ndị ọrụ, San Diego, CA, USA, 2014<ref name="WFF">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061330/http://brianmyers.info/mayday/2014/03/07/maestra/ Maestra]." Workers Film Festival. 2014.</ref> * Sarasota Film Festival, Sarasota, FL, USA, Eprel 2014<ref name="SFF">"[http://prod5.agileticketing.net/websales/pages/info.aspx?evtinfo=21968~e8df1855-1d30-40e1-8284-23972b047cf9& MAESTRA]". Sarasota Film Festival. 2014.</ref> * New Hampshire Film Festival, Portsmouth, NH, USA, 2013<ref name="NHFF">"[https://www.nhfilmfestival.com/film/maestra/ Maestra]." New Hampshire Film Festival. 2013.</ref> * Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2013 * Louisville's International Festival of Film, Louisville, KY, USA, 2013 * New York African Diaspora International Film Festival, New York City, NY, USA, 2013<ref name="NYADIFF">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20210830183624/http://www.welcometoharlemcalendar.com/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=5414 Maestra]." New York African Diaspora International Film Festival. Fall 2013.</ref> * Emume Ihe nkiri Mmiri Ozuzo, London, UK, 2012<ref name="Raindance">"[http://www.raindance.org/site/index.php?id=602,9179,0,0,1,0 Maestra]." Raindance Film Festival. 2012.</ref> * LA Femme International Film Festival, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2012.<ref name="LABeat">Lynch, Tina. "[http://thelosangelesbeat.com/2012/10/maestra-at-the-la-femme-film-festival-oct-13th-a-documentary-film-by-director-catherine-murphy-gives-us-more-than-a-cuban-history-lesson/ Maestra at the LA Femme Film Festival]." ''The Los Angeles Beat''. 6 October 2012.</ref> * Legacy Media Institute International Film Festival, Petersburg, VA, USA dị ka akụkụ nke Traveling Caribbean Showcase, 2013<ref name="LMI">"[http://legacymediainstituteinterna2013.sched.org/event/3b67a9e96ea350570a2a677e4d59582d#.U5CyQS9Kgz9 Maestra]." ''Schedule.'' Legacy Media Institute International Film Festival. 2013.</ref> * Emume ihe nkiri Traverse City, Traverse City (MI, USA), 2012<ref name="TCFF">"[http://secure.traversecityfilmfest.org/websales/pages/info.aspx?evtinfo=37253~4d61cd53-466a-4a38-9b0c-5dd9c77930d9& Maestra]." Traverse City Film Festival. 2012.</ref> == Nbudata == Maestra na-ekesa site na Women Make Movies, otu na-enweghị uru nke e guzobere na 1971 iji dozie nnọchiteanya na nnọchiteanya ụgha nke ụmụ nwanyị na mgbasa ozi nke na-eme ka mmepụta, nkwalite, nkesa, na ngosi nke ihe nkiri onwe onye site na ụmụ nwanyị na banyere ha.<ref name="WMM"/><ref name="WMMAbout">[http://www.wmm.com/about/general_info.shtml ''General Info'']|About|Women Make Movies</ref> == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị * {{IMDb title|2163004}} * [http://www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/pages/c863.shtml ''Onye nkụzi''] na Women Make Movies * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231028125530/http://festivaldecineglobal.org/2013-en/conversation-catherine-murphy Ajụjụ ọnụ] ya na onye nduzi Catherine Murphy site na Festival de Cine Global * Maestra (nke 8 nkeji) naYouTube dmscodlu0osqxwgq0n96g96rrjkzb5e 0 32693 728027 135683 2026-09-25T23:05:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=María Amelia López Soliño|image=|caption=|birth_date={{Birth date|1911|12|23|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Corcubión]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], Spain|death_date={{Death date and age|2009|05|20|1911|12|23|df=yes}}|death_place=[[Pontevedra]], Galicia, Spain|other_names=|known_for=Blogging, named best Spanish language blog, in 2008 by [[Deutsche Welle]]|occupation=Pensioner|nationality=[[Spanish people|Spanish]]}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''María Amelia López Soliño''' (23 Disemba 1911, Corcubión, Na Coruña [[Galisa|Galicia, Spain]] - 20 Mee 2009, Pontevedra, Galicia, España) bụ nwanyị na-ede blọgụ kacha ochie n'oge ọnwụ ya na 20 Mee 2009 mgbe ọ dị afọ 97, na blọọgụ ahụ na-adọta nde mmadụ 1.7 . Ọ nọwo na-ede blọgụ ihe karịrị afọ abụọ. E guzobere blọọgụ ahụ maka ya dị ka onyinye sitere n'aka nwa nwa ya, Daniel, iji mee emume ncheta ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 95. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obits-in-brief-1691759.html|title=Obituary for María Amelia López Soliño|date=28 May 2009|work=The Independent|accessdate=1 June 2009}}</ref>Ọ natara nleta site n'aka Praịm Minista Spain [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] ma nweta onyinye site n'ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi German Deutsche Welle maka blọọgụ asụsụ Spanish kacha mma na 2008. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ López Soliño na 23 Disemba 1911 na obere obodo Corcubión na Costa da Morte. Nna ya, onye ọrụ mbubata, ekweghị ka ọ gụọ akwụkwọ. Mgbe Agha Obodo Spain gasịrị, ọ lụrụ onye nkuzi ma zụlite otu nwa nwoke. O nyere aka zụlite ụmụ ụmụ ya abụọ mgbe nwunye nwa ya nwụsịrị. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe di ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo oge.<ref name="elmundo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/suplementos/magazine/2008/435/1201530636.html|title=Amelia, la abuela que arrasa en la Red|publisher=El Mundo|date=28 January 2008|accessdate=3 June 2009|author=Pita|first=Elena}}</ref> == Ịchụ blọgụ == O mechara banye n'ụlọ ndị agadi, mana mgbe afọ asatọ gachara, ya na nwa nwa ya biri na nso Pontevedra. N'ụbọchị ọ gbara afọ iri itoolu na ise, nwa nwa ya guzobere ebe nrụọrụ weebụ maka ya iji mee ka uche ya dị njikere ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya. <ref name="elmundo"/>Blogs ya gụnyere mkparịta ụka, ncheta, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndụmọdụ, na isiokwu sitere na Agha Obodo Spain, iri afọ nke ọchịchị aka ike nke General Francisco Franco na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke oge a, gụnyere nkewa nke Basque na ọchịchọ nuklia nke Iran, na ihe ọ dị ka ịka nká.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2007/09/10/95_year_old_spanish_blogger_gaining_fame|title=95-year-old Spanish blogger gaining fame|date=10 September 2007|publisher=The Boston Globe|accessdate=1 June 2009|author=Burnett|first=Victoria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518152229/http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2007/09/10/95_year_old_spanish_blogger_gaining_fame/|archive-date=18 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bbc-obit"> {{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8062760.stm|title=Spain's blogger granny dies at 97|publisher=BBC News|date=22 May 2009|accessdate=1 June 2009|author=Kingstone|first=Steve}}</ref> López Soliño nwere nkwenkwe ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kemgbe ọ bụ nwata, mana nna ya machibidoro ya isonye na otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ego ọ bụla, ọkachasị n'ihi ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Spain n'oge Agha Obodo Spain, n'oge ahụ (na 1936), ezinụlọ ya nyere aka zọpụta ndụ nwa nke onye isi ndị Republican (na-emegide Fascist); nwa ahụ mechara bụrụ otu n'ime kọntaktị ya mgbe niile. <ref name="elmundo"/>A manyere ya ịgwa nwa nwa ya ihe ọ na-etinye n'ihi ọrịa anya. Aha ya dị ka onye na-ede blọgụ mere ka Praịm Minista Spain gaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSTRE54L2CH20090522|title=Web fans mourn death of Spain's blogging granny|publisher=www.reuters.com|date=22 May 2009|accessdate=1 June 2009}}</ref> ''"Nwa nwa m nyere m blọọgụ a mgbe m dị afọ 95 na Disemba 23, 2006 na ndụ m gbanwere ... [Na] Disemba 23, 2006, nwa nwa m nyere mụ onyinye, blọọgụ ahụ mgbe m dị waggaa 95 ... na ndụ m agbanweela ... ugbu a, enwere m ike ikwurịta okwu ma soro ụwa na-emekọrịta ihe ... [Site] kemgbe ụbọchị ahụ enwere m nnukwu nleta 1,570,784 site n'aka ndị blọọgụ si na kọntinent 5 bụ ndị na-eto afọ ndụ m ... [W] m na Ị na Ịntanetị, m na-echefu ike ikwurita uche gị.''<ref name="bbc-obit"/> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2007, blọọgụ ya nwetara ihe nrite maka Best Spanish Language Blog na mmemme BOBS nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi German Deutsche Welle haziri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adn.es/tecnologia/20071115/NWS-3333-Amelia-Maria-BOBs-bloguera-espanol.html|title=Tecnología - María Amelia, la abuela bloguera, gana el premio BOBs al mejor blog en español|publisher=ADN.es|date=15 November 2007|accessdate=1 June 2009|author=Mariño|first=Henrique|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113135307/http://www.adn.es/tecnologia/20071115/NWS-3333-Amelia-Maria-BOBs-bloguera-espanol.html|archivedate=13 January 2009}}</ref> == Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị == Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ezinụlọ ya hapụrụ post ikpeazụ, na-ekele ndị na-agụ ya maka nkwado ha. : ''"[E nwere] ụbọchị 880 mgbe blọọgụ ya mere ya obi ụtọ ... nkwado ọ chọrọ iji nwee obi ụtọ n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya ... [Mgbe ahụ, mmadụ hapụrụ mgbe afọ 97, na-ebi ndụ na ọṅụ site na mmalite ruo na njedebe, anyị enweghị ike inwe mwute n'ebe ọ bụla ị nọ, nne nne, ị ga-agụ ihe ndị a ... ha niile n'enweghị obi abụọ. Ọ ga-achị ụfọdụ ọchị, ga-amụta ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike iwe na 'asụsụ' a kapịrị ọnụ eji eme ihe na ụfọdụ ... mana ọ ga-enwe obi ụtọ ịgụ ha niile. "'' == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/05/22/spain.world.oldest.blogger/ Akụkọ ọnwụ nke CNN] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120214171248/http://www.congoo.com/news/2009May22/Spain-blogger-granny-dies Nkwupụta ọnwụ CONGOO] ofbo5m07cj7ne3janbqbe6eufm1ka62 0 32720 727986 580366 2026-09-25T18:45:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727986 wikitext text/x-wiki <references group="" responsive="0"></references>{{Databox}} '''Louisa Lula Greene Richards''' (April 8, 1849 - September 9, 1944) bụ onye na-ede uri ma bụrụ nwanyị mbụ na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ na Utah Territory. <ref name="mormonlit"/>E bipụtara ọrụ Richards n'okpuru aha dị iche iche, gụnyere '''Louisa L. Greene''', '''Louise L. Green''', '''Lula Green''', na '''Lula G. Richards'''. Ọ bụ onye otu Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Louisa Lula Greene na [[Iowa]]" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kanesville, Iowa">Kanesville, Iowa, nke Evan M. Greene (nwa John P. Greene) na Susan Kent. <ref name="mormonlit"/>Lula bụ nwa nke asatọ n'ime ụmụ iri na atọ ha. <ref name="BYU studies"/>A mụrụ ya n'oge ntiwapụ nke ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgba. N'oge ndụ ya niile, ọ bụ onye otu Chọọchị LDS. <ref name="mormonlit" />Nne nne ya abụọ bụ ụmụnne nwanyị nke onye isi oche Chọọchị LDS Brigham Young. Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Kanesville na 1846. <ref name="BYU studies" />N'afọ 1852, ha kwagara Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, mgbe Young hapụrụ Kanesville. <ref name="mormonlit" />Greened mechara biri na Provo, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Grantsville na 1859, ha kwagara ọzọ na Smithfield na 1864.<ref name="BYU studies" /> Greene malitere ide uri mgbe ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ ma enwere ihe akaebe na o dere uri mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ. <ref name="BYU studies">{{Cite journal|author=Bennion|first=Sherilyn C.|title=Lula Greene Richards: Utah's First Woman Editor|journal=BYU Studies|date=1981|volume=21|issue=2|url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/content/lula-greene-richards-utahs-first-woman-editor|accessdate=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921133806/https://byustudies.byu.edu/content/lula-greene-richards-utahs-first-woman-editor|archive-date=21 September 2016|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBennion1981">Bennion, Sherilyn C. (1981). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160921133806/https://byustudies.byu.edu/content/lula-greene-richards-utahs-first-woman-editor "Lula Greene Richards: Utah's First Woman Editor"]. ''BYU Studies''. '''21''' (2): 1&#x2013;14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref>Site na 1868 ruo 1869, Greene gara ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye na Salt Lake City. <ref name="BYU studies" />Mgbe Greene dị afọ iri na asatọ, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị malitere obere ụlọ akwụkwọ na Cache County, Utah; Otú ọ dị, Greene enweghị ndidi n'ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ ya nọ ma ọ nweghị ọzụzụ. N'afọ 1869, ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Deseret na Salt Lake City.<ref name="mormonlit"/><ref name="BYU studies" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1869, Greene bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Smithfield Sunday School Gazette'', obere akwụkwọ akụkọ e nyere ndị gara LDS Church Sunday School na Smithfield maka mbipụta isii site n'October ruo November. <ref name="BYU studies"/>Otú ọ dị, na 1871, a chọrọ ka ọ laghachi Smithfield n'ihi ọrịa ezinụlọ. N'enweghị ego ọ chọrọ maka njem ahụ, Greene zigara ''Salt Lake Daily Herald'' uri ma gwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ Edward L. Sloan ka ọ zụta ya maka $ 7.50, nke bụ ego ọ chọrọ iji laghachi n'ụlọ. Sloan kwetara, e bipụtakwara uri ya "Tired Out" n'ihu akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Daily Herald''.<ref name="BYU studies" /> N'oge na-adịghị anya, Sloan kpọtụrụ Greene na 1872 wee jụọ ya ma ọ ga-enwe mmasị ịbụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ maka ụmụ nwanyị Latter-day Saint a na-akpọ Woman's Exponent. Greene kwurịtara na onye isi oche nke Relief Society Eliza R. Snow, mgbe ọ natasịrị ngọzi ya na nkwado nke Brigham Young, Greene nabatara onyinye Sloan. <ref name="mormonlit">{{Cite web|title=Lula Greene Richards|work=Mormon Literature Database|publisher=[[Brigham Young University]]|url=http://mormonlit.lib.byu.edu/lit_author.php?a_id=3462|accessdate=2009-12-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://mormonlit.lib.byu.edu/lit_author.php?a_id=3462 "Lula Greene Richards"]. ''Mormon Literature Database''. [[Mahadum Brigham Young|Brigham Young University]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-07</span></span>.</cite></ref>N'afọ 1872, Women's Exponent malitere ibipụta na Salt Lake City na Greene dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ. E bipụtara aha ya dị ka "L. L. Greene" na mbipụta mbụ, mana n'ihi akwụkwọ ozi o degaara onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke chere na ọ bụ nwoke, ọ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ "Louise L. Greène" na mbipute ndị sochirinụ. Greene dezigharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ruo mgbe Emmeline B. Wells nọchiri ya na 1877, onye dezigharị ya ruo mgbe a kwụsịrị Women's Exponent na 1914. Greene rịọrọ ka ọ hapụ ọnọdụ ya n'ebe ahụ n'ihi ibu ọrụ n'ụlọ na ezinụlọ ya. <ref name="BYU studies"/>Otú ọ dị, ọ gara n'ihu na-enye aka na Exponent na akwụkwọ ụka ndị ọzọ.<ref name="deseret news">{{Cite news|title=Louisa Lula Greene Richards|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19770723&id=R8dSAAAAIBAJ&pg=4500,5774539&hl=en|accessdate=31 May 2016|date=23 Jul 1977}}</ref> N'afọ 1873, Greene lụrụ Levi Willard Richards, nwa Levi Richards na nwa nwanne onye isi ụka Willard Richard. Levi jere ozi n'ọtụtụ ọkwa na Chọọchị LDS, gụnyere dịka onye otu ụlọ ọrụ Sunday School na dịka onyeisi ndị bishọp. <ref name="BYU studies"/>Lula na Levi nwere ụmụ asaa, anọ n'ime ha biri ndụ ruo mgbe ha toro. Otu n'ime ụmụ ha bụ onye na-ese ihe Lee Greene Richards.<ref name="encyclopedia">[[Andrew Jenson]]. ''[[Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia]]'', vol. 3, p. 703.</ref><ref name="BYU studies" /> N'afọ 1883, Louisa Richards ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na Juvenile Instructor, akwụkwọ akụkọ LDS nke George Q. Cannon dezigharịrị. O dere ma dezie kọlụm "Our Little Folks" ruo 1907, mgbe a kwụsịrị ya. <ref name="BYU studies"/>Richards dere uri, uri ya pụtara na Woman's Exponent, Juvenile Instructor, Improvement Era, Young Woman's Journal, Children's Friend, na Relief Society Magazine.<ref name="deseret news"/><ref name="improvement era">{{Cite journal|author=Richards|first=L. Lula Greene|title=Father and Son|journal=Improvement Era|date=November 1921|volume=25|issue=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GwwAQAAMAAJ&q=lula+greene+richards+&pg=PA286|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="young woman's journal">{{Cite journal|author=Richards|first=L. Lula Greene|title=Mother and Daughter|journal=Young Woman's Journal|year=1922|volume=33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kI5GAQAAMAAJ&q=lula+greene+richards+&pg=PA250|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="children's friend">{{Cite journal|author=Richards|first=L. Lula Greene Richards|title=New Year's Records|journal=The Children's Friend|date=1912|volume=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mNIRAAAAYAAJ&q=lula+greene+richards+in+children%27s+friend&pg=PA645|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="RS magazine">{{Cite journal|author=Richards|first=L. Lula Greene|title=A Sure Defense|journal=The Relief Society Magazine|date=January 1916|volume=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFoXAAAAYAAJ&q=lula+greene+richards+in+relief+society+magazine&pg=PA546|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref> == Ndụ e mesịrị == Di ya, Levi, lụrụ nwunye dị iche iche, Persis Louisa Young, onye bụ nwa nwanne Greene. Ha lụrụ na ncheta nke iri na otu nke agbamakwụkwọ Lula na Levi. Persis nọrọ n'ụlọ Richards ma nyere aka n'ọrụ ụlọ. Levi nwụrụ na 1914.<ref name="mormonlit"/> Richards nọgidere na-abụ onye otu LDS Church. O nyere aka na Young Ladies' Mutual Improvement Association na Relief Society. Chọọchị ahụ kpọkwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu General Board of the Primary, ọkwá o nwere ruo afọ iri abụọ na ise. <ref name="RS history" />Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Salt Lake Temple site na nraranye ya na 1893 ruo 1934. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Richards nwụrụ na Septemba 9, 1944, na Salt Lake City.<ref name="mormonlit"/><ref name="RS history">{{Cite web|title=Louisa Lula Greene Richards|url=https://www.churchhistorianspress.org/the-first-fifty-years-of-relief-society/people/louisa-lula-greene-richards?letter=R#11|work=The First Fifty Years of Relief Society|publisher=The Church Historian's Press|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == === Abụ uri === {{Div col}} *{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Howe|editor1-first=Susan Elizabeth|editor2-last=Bench|editor2-first=Sheree Maxwell|title=An Apology|encyclopedia=Discoveries: Two Centuries of Poems by Mormon Women|year=1890|publication-date=2004|publisher=Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History/Association for Mormon Letters|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|oclc=55622597}} *{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Howe|editor1-first=Susan Elizabeth|editor2-last=Bench|editor2-first=Sheree Maxwell|title=On My Fourteenth Birthday|encyclopedia=Discoveries: Two Centuries of Poems by Mormon Women|year=1890|publication-date=2004|publisher=Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History/Association for Mormon Letters|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|oclc=55622597|url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/YWJ/id/9201/rec/1}} *{{Cite journal|title=Our Work and Our Wealth|journal=The Children's Friend|date=January 1902|volume=1|issue=1}} *{{Cite journal|title=Our Baby|journal=The Children's Friend|date=February 1902|volume=1|issue=2|pages=57–58}} *{{Cite journal|title=Our Hero Washington|journal=The Children's Friend|date=February 1902|volume=1|issue=2}} *{{Cite journal|title=Angel Guides|journal=The Children's Friend|date=June 1902|volume=1|issue=6|pages=192–193}} *{{Cite journal|title=Thou Shalt Not Take the Name of the Lord Thy God in Vain|journal=The Children's Friend|date=July 1902|volume=1|issue=7|pages=245–247}} *{{Cite journal|title=Sacrifice|journal=The Children's Friend|date=September 1902|volume=1|issue=9|pages=308–309}} <ref name="mormonlit" /> *{{Cite book|title=Branches That Run Over the Wall: A Book of Mormon Poem and Other Writings|date=1904|publisher=The Magazine Printing Company|location=Salt Lake City|url=https://archive.org/details/branchesthatruno00rich|oclc=682471839}} *{{Cite journal|title=The Bridegroom Cometh|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=July 1915|volume=2|issue=7|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag02reli#page/310/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=To My Mother|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=July 1916|volume=3|issue=7|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag03reli#page/n407/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=My Friend|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=March 1916|volume=3|issue=3|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag03reli#page/148/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=A Sure Defense: Prayer and Love|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=October 1916|volume=3|issue=10|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag03reli#page/546/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=Similitude|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=December 1916|volume=3|issue=12|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag03reli#page/n745/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=Alice|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=March 1917|volume=4|issue=3|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag04reli#page/136/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=A Bouquet and a Sentiment|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=September 1917|volume=4|issue=9|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag04reli#page/n547/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=To President Joseph F. Smith, His Family and All Mourners|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=March 1918|volume=5|issue=3|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag05reli#page/n139/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=A Lament: For a Tree that was Ruthlessly Spoiled by an Unknown Hand|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=June 1918|volume=5|issue=6|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag05reli#page/n343/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=A Christmas Sonnet|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=December 1918|volume=5|issue=12|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag05reli#page/690/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=The Blessedness of Pure Young Love: To the Bridegroom and Bride|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=February 1919|volume=6|issue=2|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag06reli#page/90/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=The Records of the Dead|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=September 1919|volume=6|issue=9|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag06reli#page/n547/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=Our God and Friend|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=November 1919|volume=6|issue=11|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag06reli#page/n683/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=Promoted|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=February 1920|volume=7|issue=2|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag07reli#page/88/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=We Mothers of Men|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=May 1920|volume=7|issue=5|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag07reli#page/n271/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=Don't Let the Baby Forget Me|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=August 1921|volume=8|issue=11|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag08reli#page/639/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=A Little Child at the Christmas Tide|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=December 1921|volume=8|issue=12|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag08reli#page/n751/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=Mutual Appreciation|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=October 1922|volume=9|issue=10|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag09reli#page/n599/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=Treasured Works|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=April 1923|volume=10|issue=4|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag10reli#page/n195/mode/2up/}} *{{Cite journal|title=Aunt Lydia Ann and Aunt Susan A, Wells: Their Testimonies|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=July 1923|volume=10|issue=7|pages=319–320|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag10reli#page/n387/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=Eliza S. Neslin|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=February 1925|volume=12|issue=2|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag12reli#page/62/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=Mother's Answer|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=May 1925|volume=12|issue=5|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag12reli#page/248/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=Beatitudes|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=September 1925|volume=12|issue=9|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag12reli#page/474/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=To President Heber J. Grant on his Seventieth Birthday, Monday, November 22, 1926|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=January 1927|volume=14|issue=1|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag14reli#page/n9/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=Mary|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=April 1927|volume=14|issue=4|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag14reli#page/176/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=To Dr. Ellis R. Shipp on her Eightieth Birthday|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=May 1927|volume=14|issue=5|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag14reli#page/n315/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=A Treasured Volume|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=September 1927|volume=14|issue=9|pages=433–434|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag14reli#page/432/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=Retrospect|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=April 1929|volume=16|issue=4|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag16reli#page/186/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=Emily|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=October 1929|volume=16|issue=10|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag16reli#page/526/mode/2up}} *{{Cite journal|title=Greetings and Praise|journal=Relief Society Magazine|date=January 1930|volume=17|issue=1|url=https://archive.org/stream/reliefsocietymag17reli#page/n9/mode/2up}} *{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Canon|editor1-first=Annie Wells|title=Apostrophe|encyclopedia=Our legacy: Relief Society centennial anthology of verse by Latter-day Saint women, 1835-1942|year=1941|publisher=General Board of Relief Society|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|oclc=4262352}} *{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Canon|editor1-first=Annie Wells|title=The Sego Lily|encyclopedia=Our legacy: Relief Society centennial anthology of verse by Latter-day Saint women, 1835-1942|year=1941|publisher=General Board of Relief Society|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|oclc=4262352}} *{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Canon|editor1-first=Annie Wells|title=Thank God|encyclopedia=Our legacy: Relief Society centennial anthology of verse by Latter-day Saint women, 1835-1942|year=1941|publisher=General Board of Relief Society|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|oclc=4262352}} {{Div col end}} === Akụkọ ifo ===   == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Lula Greene RichardsnaEbe nchekwa data MLCA * [https://books.google.com/books?id=UsAUAAAAYAAJ&dq=lula+greene+richards&pg=PA98-IA2 Isiokwu e dere banyere Louisa L. Greene Richards na The Young Woman's Journal''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Nwa agbọghọ ahụ''] * Abụ Richards nke pụtara na Relief Society Magazine 670elxhhwquk2q6a50o7wrjiuop5uby 0 32962 728167 698729 2026-09-26T10:54:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728167 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Air_pollution_sensor_at_Birmingham_New_Street_train_station.jpg|thumb|Ihe mmetụta carbon dioxide na nitrogen dioxide na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Birmingham New Street]] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jha|first=Ravindra Kumar|title=Non-Dispersive Infrared Gas Sensing Technology: A Review|journal=IEEE Sensors Journal|date=23 November 2021|volume=22|issue=1|pages=6–15|doi=10.1109/JSEN.2021.3130034|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9624946|accessdate=29 March 2022}}</ref> na-atụle carbon monoxide () na carbon dioxide (CO2) site na infrared na-adịghị agbasa agbasa (NDIR) na-amịkọrọ ìhè dabere na Iwu Beer-Lambert. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fine|first=George|title=Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor Gas Sensors in Environmental Monitoring|journal=Sensors|date=2010|volume=10|issue=6|pages=5469–5502|doi=10.3390/s100605469|pmid=22219672}}</ref> pụkwara ịlele CO site na iji ihe mmetụta gel electrochemical na ihe nchọpụta semiconductor metal-oxide (MOS). [1] === Ozone === <ref>{{Cite web|title=How We Measure Ozone|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/air/howwemeasure-ozone.htm|work=National Park Service|publisher=US Department of the Interior|accessdate=30 March 2022}}</ref> na-atụle ozone (O3) site n'ịhụ oke ìhè nke ikuku ikuku na-amị. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ozone na-amịkwu ìhè dịka iwu Beer-Lambert si dị. === Ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri na-efe efe (VOCs) === A na-atụle ndị a site na iji gas chromatography na flame ionization (GC-FID). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Srivastava|first=Anjali|editor=Mazzeo|title=Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management|date=2011|publisher=InTech Open|location=Rijeka, Croatia|isbn=978-9533073170|pages=137–148|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoqfDwAAQBAJ|accessdate=30 March 2022|chapter=7: Monitoring and reporting VOCs in ambient air}}</ref> === Hydrocarbon === <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris|first=Robert|title=Flame lonization Hydrocarbon Analyzer|journal=Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association|date=1961|volume=11|issue=10|pages=467–489|doi=10.1080/00022470.1961.10468025}}</ref><ref name="alberta">{{Cite book|title=Hydrocarbons (THC, CH4 and NMHC)|date=16 December 2015|publisher=Alberta Government|location=Alberta, Canada|isbn=9781460118047|url=https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/eb5b08a6-1787-4be5-97ae-244fee85e0ba/resource/491dd95b-a1c8-4b96-8755-3def57bce0b7/download/hydrocarbons-dec16-2015.pdf|accessdate=7 April 2022}}</ref> ike ịlele Hydrocarbon site na gas chromatography na flame ionization detectors. A na-egosipụta ha mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ọnụọgụ dị iche iche nke methane (CH4), NMHC (hydrocarbons na-abụghị methane), na THC (ngụkọta hydrocarbon) (ebe THC bụ ngụkọta nke CH4 na NMHC). <ref name="alberta" /> === Ammoniya === <ref>{{Cite book|author=Baumgardner|first=Ralph|title=Optimized Chemiluminescence System for Measuring Atmospheric Ammonia: EPA-600 2-79-028|date=February 1979|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency|location=Research Triangle Park, NC|url=https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/91017TIY.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1976+Thru+1980&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C76thru80%5CTxt%5C00000025%5C91017TIY.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL|accessdate=30 March 2022}}</ref> ike ịlele Ammoniya (NH3) site na ụzọ dị iche iche gụnyere chemiluminescence. == Ihe ndị e ji atụ ihe ndị e kere eke == [[Usòrò:Lobaria_pulmonaria_010108c.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Lichens dị ka Lobaria pulmonaria na-emetụta mmetọ ikuku.]] A pụkwara inyocha mmetọ ikuku n'ụzọ dị mma site n'ịhụ mmetụta nke ikuku mmetọ na osisi ndị na-eto eto dị ka lichens na mosses (ihe atụ nke Biomonitoring).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conti|first=M|title=Biological monitoring: lichens as bioindicators of air pollution assessment - a review|journal=Environ Pollut|date=2001|volume=114|issue=3|pages=471–92|doi=10.1016/s0269-7491(00)00224-4|pmid=11584645|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11584645/|accessdate=30 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Impacts of air pollution on Lichens and Bryophytes (mosses and liverworts)|url=http://www.apis.ac.uk/impacts-air-pollution-lichens-and-bryophytes-mosses-and-liverworts|work=Air Pollution Information System|publisher=Centre for Ecology and Hydrology|accessdate=30 March 2022|archivedate=27 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327161536/http://www.apis.ac.uk/impacts-air-pollution-lichens-and-bryophytes-mosses-and-liverworts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ndlovu|first=Ntombizikhona Beaulah|title=Mosses and lichens come to the rescue in battle against air pollution|url=https://theconversation.com/mosses-and-lichens-come-to-the-rescue-in-battle-against-air-pollution-44470|work=The Conversation|accessdate=27 March 2022|date=10 July 2015}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ọrụ s<ref>{{Cite web|title=StrawbAIRies|url=https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/projects/strawbairies/|work=University of Antwerp|accessdate=27 March 2022|archivedate=10 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410115528/https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/projects/strawbairies/}}</ref> ejirila osisi ndị a na-akụ n'ụzọ pụrụ iche dịka strawberries. == Ihe ndị a na-atụle ==   A na-egosipụtakarị ọnụọgụ nke mmetọ dị na ikuku dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ, nke a na-atụle n'akụkụ ọ bụla (na-abụkarị akụkụ ọ bụla na ijeri, ppb, ma ọ bụ akụkụ ọ bụla, ppm, nke a makwaara dị ka ọnụego ngwakọta), ma ọ bụ micrograms kwa cubic mita (μg / m3). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Unit Conversion|url=https://www.apis.ac.uk/unit-conversion|work=Air Pollution Information System (APIS)|publisher=UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology|accessdate=27 January 2023|archivedate=27 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127084927/https://www.apis.ac.uk/unit-conversion}}</ref> dịtụ mfe ịgbanwe otu n'ime nkeji ndị a n'ime nke ọzọ, na-eburu n'uche ịdị arọ dị iche iche nke gas dị iche iche na okpomọkụ na nrụgide ha. Ngalaba ndị a na-egosipụta oke mmetọ ikuku n'ihe gbasara oke ma ọ bụ oke nke mmetọ ahụ, a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe maka ịtụle mmetọ gas abụọ, dị ka nitrogen dioxide, na ihe siri ike (PM₁₀) na obere (PM_2.5). Nlele ọzọ maka ụmụ irighiri ihe, ọnụọgụ ụmụ irighari, na-egosipụta nkenke n'ihe gbasara ''ọnụ ọgụgụ'' ụmụ irighri kwa ikuku kama, nke nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ bara uru iji nyochaa mmerụ ahụike nke ụmụ irigheri ihe na-egbu egbu (PM_0.1, ihe na-erughị 0.1 μm n'obosara).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Whitty|first=Christopher|title=Chief Medical Officer's Annual Report 2022: Air pollution|date=8 December 2022|publisher=UK Government, Department of Health and Social Care|location=London|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1124738/chief-medical-officers-annual-report-air-pollution-dec-2022.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2023|ref=whitty}}</ref><ref name="OhlweinKappelerKutlar Joss2019">{{Cite journal|author=Ohlwein|first=Simone|title=Health effects of ultrafine particles: a systematic literature review update of epidemiological evidence|journal=International Journal of Public Health|date=21 February 2019|volume=64|issue=4|pages=547–559|issn=1661-8556|doi=10.1007/s00038-019-01202-7|pmid=30790006}}</ref> <ref name="aqeg-pmuk">{{Cite book|author=Air Quality Expert Group|title=Particulate Matter in the United Kingdom|date=2005|publisher=Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|location=London|isbn=0855211431|url=https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/library/assets/documents/reports/aqeg/Particulate_Matter_in_The_UK_2005.pdf|accessdate=30 June 2023|chapter=5: Methods for monitoring particulate concentrations}}</ref> ike iji ngwá ọrụ <ref name="cpc-manch">{{Cite web|title=Condensation particle counters|url=http://www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/instruments/aerosol/cpc/|work=Center for Atmospheric Science|publisher=University of Manchester|accessdate=29 June 2023}}</ref> ka condensation particle counters tụọ ọnụọgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe. A na-agbakọ ụkpụrụ nke ikuku n'obodo (AQI) site na ijikọta ma ọ bụ jiri ọnụ ọgụgụ nke "ikuku" nke mmetọ ikuku nkịtị (nke a na-ahụkarị ozone, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, na ma nke dị mma na nke siri ike) iji mepụta otu ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mfe nghọta (ma na-enwekarị akara). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Technical Assistance Document for the Reporting of Daily Air Quality – the Air Quality Index (AQI): EPA 454/B-18-007|url=https://www.airnow.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/aqi-technical-assistance-document-sept2018.pdf|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards|accessdate=26 January 2023|archivedate=10 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910025454/https://www.airnow.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/aqi-technical-assistance-document-sept2018.pdf}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Standard_deposit_gauge.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Ihe na-atụle mbu nke a na-eji atụle mmetọ ikuku. Foto sitere na The Smoke Problem of Great Cities nke Shaw na Owens, 1925.]] A tụrụ mmetọ ikuku nke mbụ, na Britain, na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. N'afọ 1852, onye na-emepụta kemịkalụ na Scotland bụ [[Robert Angus Smith]] chọpụtara (ma kpọọ aha) [[Mmiri ozuzo acid]] mgbe ọ chịkọtara mmiri ozuzo nke nwere nnukwu sulphur site na ọkụ coal. Dabere na usoro iheomume nke mmetọ ikuku nke [[David Fowler (onye na-ahụ maka ahụike)|David Fowler]] na ndị ọrụ ibe ya, Smith bụ "onye ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ nwara multisite, nyocha mmetọ nke kemịkalụ nke ikuku mmetọ". <ref name="fowler">{{Cite journal|author=Fowler|first=David|title=A chronology of global air quality|journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A|date=30 October 2020|volume=378|issue=2183|doi=10.1098/rsta.2019.0314|pmid=32981430}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFowlerBrimblecombeBurrowsHeal2020">[[David Fowler (onye na-ahụ maka ahụike)|Fowler, David]]; Brimblecombe, Peter; Burrows, John; Heal, Mathew; Grennfelt, Peringe; et&nbsp;al. (30 October 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536029 "A chronology of global air quality"]. ''Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A''. '''378''' (2183). [[Bibcode (ihe njirimara)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020RSPTA.37890314F 2020RSPTA.37890314F]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rsta.2019.0314|10.1098/rsta.2019.0314]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536029 7536029]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32981430 32981430].</cite></ref> Na mbido narị afọ nke 20, onye dọkịta Irish na onye injinia gburugburu ebe obibi John Switzer Owens na Kọmitii maka nyocha nke mmetọ ikuku, nke ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ ya, gara n'ihu n'ịtụle na nlekota nke mmetụ ikuku site na iji netwọk nke ihe nyocha. <ref name="fuller4">{{Cite news|author=Fuller|first=Gary|title=Pollutionwatch: how lessons from 1920s were forgotten for 50 years|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/aug/13/pollutionwatch-how-lessons-from-1920s-were-forgotten-for-50-years|accessdate=17 January 2022|work=The Guardian|date=13 August 2020}}</ref> mepụtara ọtụtụ ụzọ ọhụrụ iji tụọ mmetọ. Na Disemba 1952, Nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ nke London kpatara ọnwụ nke mmadụ 12,000. <ref name="EHP_112_1">{{Cite journal|author=Bell, M.L.|date=2004|title=A Retrospective Assessment of Mortality from the London Smog Episode of 1952: The Role of Influenza and Pollution|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_2004-01_112_1/page/n61|journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives|Environ Health Perspect]]|volume=112|issue=1; January|pages=6–8|doi=10.1289/ehp.6539|pmid=14698923}}</ref> Ihe omume <ref name="gorney">{{Cite news|author=Gorney|first=Cynthia|title=Decades ago, this pollution disaster exposed the perils of dirty air|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/decades-ago-donora-smog-disaster-exposed-perils-dirty-air|accessdate=28 March 2022|work=National Geographic|date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302180358/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/decades-ago-donora-smog-disaster-exposed-perils-dirty-air|archive-date=2 March 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>, na ndị yiri ya dị ka ọdachi anwụrụ ọkụ Donora nke 1948 na United States, [1] ghọrọ otu n'ime nnukwu mgbanwe na akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ha wetara echiche dị egwu na nchịkwa mmetọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Clean Air Act after 50 years|journal=Weather|date=2006-11-01|issn=1477-8696|pages=311–314|volume=61|issue=11|doi=10.1256/wea.127.06|language=en|first=Peter|author=Brimblecombe}}</ref> UK, nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ nke London na-eduga kpọmkwem na Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha, nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu karịa ka ọ bu n'obi na mbụ. Ihe omume ọdachi <ref name="fowler"/> ka nke a mere ka a tụọ ma chịkwaa mmetọ nke ọma. == Hụkwa == * [[Akara Ngosi ikuku|Nkọwa nke ịdị mma nke ikuku]] * [[Nlekota gburugburu ebe obibi|Nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi]] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-189sp Science & Tech Spotlight: Air Quality Sensors] [[Òtù:Wiki activate SDG]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] a1czshv99iykxrao7z6n8rxfr4ypwkb 0 32971 728164 176543 2026-09-26T10:44:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728164 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:The Art of Shaving (28908888673).jpg|thumb|Nkà nke ịkpụ afụ ọnụ]] The Art of Shaving bụ azụmahịa na-ere ahịa na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] nke ịkpụ afụ ọnụ na ihe ndị na-elekọta akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọ bụ Eric Malka na Myriam Zaoui guzobere ụlọ ahịa mbụ ahụ na Manhattan na 1996. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/05/business/05pursuits.html|title=The Kind of Shave You Can't Get at Home|author=Harry Hunt III|accessdate=2011-04-24|work=The New York Times|date=2005-11-05}}</ref> Ụlọ ahịa ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma ma mepee ụlọ ahịa nke abụọ na Madison Avenue. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theartofshaving.com/taos6/history.php|title=The Art of Shaving - History|accessdate=2008-12-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802155645/http://www.theartofshaving.com/taos6/history.php <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=2008-08-02}}</ref> ahụ mepụtara usoro nke ngwaahịa afụ ọnụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ toro inwe ụlọ ahịa na United States, Canada, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, na Russia. Procter &amp;amp; Gamble zụrụ The Art of Shaving na 2009.<ref name="reut_P&Gb">{{Cite web|title=P&G buys high-end brand The Art of Shaving|work=Reuters|date=2009-06-03|accessdate=2018-08-16|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/procter-idUSN036942020090603}}</ref><ref name="nyti_Arto">{{Cite web|title=Art of Shaving Promoted as a Brotherhood Brand|author=Newman|first=Andrew Adam|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 November 2010|accessdate=2018-08-16|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/18/business/media/18adco.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2020/01/30/exclusive-p-g-to-close-most-art-of-shaving-stores.html|title=Exclusive P&G to close most Art of Shaving stores|author=Barrett J. Brunsman}}</ref> mara ọkwa na Jenụwarị 2020 na ụlọ ọrụ nne na nna Procter & Gamble mere atụmatụ imechi ụlọ ahịa "ọtụtụ" n'ihi mbelata nke okporo ụzọ na ịgbanwe omume ịzụ ahịa ndị ahịa [1] The Art of Shaving na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na ụlọ ahịa 2 na United States (New York na Florida) na ụlọ ahịa 6 n'ụwa niile (n'èzí US). <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/fashion/articles/2008/03/27/looking_good_dude_head_to_toe/|title=Looking good, dude, head to toe|author=Laban|first=Linda|date=2008-03-27|publisher=Boston Globe|accessdate=2008-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204151430/http://boston.com/lifestyle/fashion/articles/2008/03/27/looking_good_dude_head_to_toe/|archive-date=2009-02-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ndi ulo Oru ga abanye na partnership ha na ndi razor company Gillette with some. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị nscrugjds93zcdf3nhg9ze8xd780l2s 0 33203 728047 142758 2026-09-26T01:21:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;" |<div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Michael Umale Adikwu</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |Onye isi oche nke Mahadum AbujaMahadum nke Abuja |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender" |Nkọwa nke onwe |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline">Michael Umale Adikwu</div><br /><span style="display:none"> </span> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1963-04-19</span>)</span> 19 Eprel 1963 (afọ 60) <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (Ọ dị afọ 60) &nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Alma mater]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * [[University of Nigeria|Mahadum nke Naijiria, Nsukka]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọrụ | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><div class="hlist"> * Nkà mmụta * onye edemede </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọrụ | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right; font-size: 95%" |<div></div> |} '''Michael Umale Adikwu''' (amụrụ na 19 Eprel 1963) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet a Distinguished Benue Son, Professor Michael Adikwu|url=http://www.idomadiva.com.ng/2015/09/meet-distinguished-benue-son-professor.html|author=Ochagla|first=Linda|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref> bụ onye agụmakwụkwọ Naijiria, onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ na onye bụbu osote onye isi nke Mahadum Abuja . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor Michael Umale Adikwu|url=https://www.idomaland.org/icon/professor-michael-umale-adikwu|work=Idoma Land|accessdate=25 April 2018|language=en}}</ref> họpụtara ya na 30 June 2014. [1] == Mmụta == Adikwu gara St. Paul's Primary School, Utonkon, site na 1970 ruo 1975 na Federal Government College, Jos, site na 1976 ruo 1981. Mgbe <ref>{{Cite web|title=Profile of Vice Chancellor – University of Abuja|url=https://web.uniabuja.edu.ng/faculty/profile-ofvice-chancellor/|work=web.uniabuja.edu.ng|accessdate=10 April 2018|archivedate=10 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410183313/http://web.uniabuja.edu.ng/faculty/profile-ofvice-chancellor/}}</ref> gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Federal Government College, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta ọgwụ na Mahadum Naịjirịa, Nsukka, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Profile of Vice Chancellor – University of Abuja|url=https://web.uniabuja.edu.ng/faculty/profile-ofvice-chancellor/|work=web.uniabuja.edu.ng|accessdate=25 April 2018|archivedate=11 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411114458/https://web.uniabuja.edu.ng/faculty/profile-ofvice-chancellor/}}</ref> na 1986 ma mesịa nweta nzere masta ya na 1989 na nzere doctorate ya na 1994 n'otu mahadum ahụ. <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|title=Professor Michael Umale Adikwu|url=http://idomaland.org/icon/professor-michael-umale-adikwu|publisher=Idoma Land|accessdate=11 April 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411111503/https://www.idomaland.org/icon/professor-michael-umale-adikwu|archive-date=11 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Adikwu rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ na Health Services Management Board na Benue malite na 1988. Ọ malitere dị ka onye nkuzi nke abụọ na Mahadum Naịjirịa, Nsukka na 1990. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ngalaba site na 1995 ruo 1998 na 2002-2004 ma kpọọ ya Prọfesọ nke Pharmaceutics na 1998. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka osote onye isi nke Mahadum Abuja kemgbe afọ 2014. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Manchester ma dee ihe karịrị 170 akwụkwọ akụkọ. <ref name="bio"/> Adikwu enwetala ọtụtụ agụmakwụkwọ n'oge ọrụ ya, gụnyere Associate of the Third World Academy of Sciences na Trieste na Ịtali (2008) na Global Technological Entertainment and Development (TED) Conference Travel Fellowship, Arusha Tanzania, na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ADIKWU, Prof Michael Umale|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/adikwu-professor-michael-umale/|author=Babah|first=Chinedu|date=4 August 2017|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref> O nwere Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation Fellowship na Germany site na 1999 ruo 2000; Matsumae International Foundation Felloyship, Japan n'afọ 2002; Federal Scholarship for Best 20 Students, University of Nigeria, Nsukka n'afọ 1982-1986; Federal Scholarships for Best 3 Students, Federal Government College, Jos. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == Adikwu enwetala enyemaka nyocha site <ref name="bio"/> Royal Society of Chemistry nke Great Britain, Third World Academy of Sciences, International Foundation for Science na Sweden, Raw Materials Research and Development Council na Abuja, na National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development na Abuja. Ọ natara onyinye nke Nigerian Academy of Science's Outstanding Scholar in Science na 2006 na May and Baker Professional Service Award na Pharmacy na 2009. N'afọ 2009, a kpọrọ ya Fellow nke Nigerian Academy of Science . <ref name="bio"/> Adikwu nwere ike ikwurịta okwu na Bekee, French na German. Prọfesọ Adikwu lụrụ Victoria nke a gọziri site na ụmụ isii. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}   [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] d9bpeuubtkoj7ksrsl82zizlgxqirqc 0 33329 727971 623715 2026-09-25T17:18:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Lindon Victor''' (amụrụ na 28 Febụwarị 1993) bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu na Grenada nke na-asọ mpi na decathlon. Ọ bụ onye nwetara ọla nchara n'ụwa n'afọ 2023 Ụwa onye mmeri Commonwealth Games ugboro abụọ (2018-2022). == Ọrụ == <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://grenadasports.gd/lindon-victor-smashes-records-qualifies-rio-olympic-games/|title=Lindon Victor smashes records, qualifies for Rio Olympic Games|work=GrenadaSports|date=13 May 2016|accessdate=5 September 2016|archivedate=14 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514093532/http://grenadasports.gd/lindon-victor-smashes-records-qualifies-rio-olympic-games/}}</ref>'afọ 2016, o nwetara akara 8446 na itoolu kachasị mma na Southeastern Conference Championship decathlon, na-emebi ma ndekọ SEC na Grenadian National Record, nke ikpeazụ nke nwanne ya nwoke, Kurt Felix, setịpụrụ na 2015 IAAF World Championships. kpọrọ Victor 2016 SEC Field Athlete of the Year. [1] Victor ruru eru maka <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spiceislesportsreview.wordpress.com/2016/05/14/another-grenadian-athlete-goes-in-the-record-books/|title=Another Grenadian Athlete goes in the record books.|date=May 14, 2016}}</ref> ma nọchite anya Grenada na 2016 Summer Olympics na [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], na decathlon. O weputara nke iri na isii na akara nke 7998. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/News/2016/08/2016-08-21-Rio-2016-Closing-Ceremony-Flag-Bearers.pdf#_ga=1.198809007.1697268270.1470857283|title=Rio closing ceremony flag bearers|publisher=stillmed.olympic.org|date=2016|accessdate=2020-05-05|archivedate=2016-08-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822094245/https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/News/2016/08/2016-08-21-Rio-2016-Closing-Ceremony-Flag-Bearers.pdf#_ga=1.198809007.1697268270.1470857283}}</ref> onye na-eburu ọkọlọtọ maka Grenada maka mmechi egwuregwu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theeagle.com/sports/college/aggiesports/aggie-decathlete-ready-to-compete-at-olympics/article_0f82c906-5ac0-11e6-be47-8f1c708b0d69.html|title=Aggie decathlete ready to compete at Olympics|first=RICHARD|author=CROOME|work=The Eagle|access-date=2023-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103214639/https://theeagle.com/sports/college/aggiesports/aggie-decathlete-ready-to-compete-at-olympics/article_0f82c906-5ac0-11e6-be47-8f1c708b0d69.html|archive-date=2023-11-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>'otu afọ ahụ, a na-ekwu na ọ bụ onye nke abụọ kacha mma na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke decathlon. Lindon malitere oge 2017 ya na ihe omume ime ụlọ. Ọ meziwanyere arụmọrụ ya kachasị mma na (n'ime) 60 mita sprint, High Jump, Shot Put, Pole Vault na 1000 Meter run. O setịpụkwara ihe kachasị mma n'ime ụlọ Heptathlon na akara zuru ezu nke 5976, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/49567_3023707.html|title=TFRRS &#124; NCAA Division I Indoor Track & Field Championships Track & Field Meet Results|work=www.tfrrs.org}}</ref> nke a bụ ihe ihere 10 nke ndekọ mba nke Kurt Felix. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://12thman.com/news/2017/3/29/track-and-field-lindon-victor-scores-first-day-collegiate-best-4-516-points-in-texas-relays-decathlon.aspx|title=Lindon Victor scores first day collegiate best 4,516 points in Texas Relays decathlon|work=Texas A&M Athletics - Home of the 12th Man}}</ref>'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2017, Lindon setịpụrụ akara kachasị elu n'ụbọchị mbụ nke kọleji na decathlon na ngụkọta nke akara 4,516 na Texas Relays decathlon. N'ụbọchị na-esote, Victor ji akara 8472 mechie. Nke <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ustfccca.org/2017/03/featured/texas-ams-lindon-victor-breaks-collegiate-decathlon-record|title=Texas A&M’s Lindon Victor Breaks Collegiate Decathlon Record ::: USTFCCCA}}</ref> abụghị naanị National na OECS Record ọzọ maka Victor kamakwa ọ bụkwa Collegiate Outdoor Decathlon Record ọhụrụ, na-ehichapụ akara ochie nke 8465 nke Trey Hardee setịpụrụ na 2006.Na Mee 11-12 Lindon kwuru maka ịgbachitere aha ya nke SEC Champions Decathlon ma ọ bụghị naanị na ọ gara nke ọma na ịgbachitere kamakwa ọ ka mma National Record na Pole Vault. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kbtx.com/content/sports/Lindon-Victor-breaks-his-collegiate-record-to-defend-SEC-decathlon-title-422151834.html|title=Lindon Victor breaks his collegiate record to defend SEC decathlon title|first=TAMU Sports Information Department/Shawn|author=Price|work=www.kbtx.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ustfccca.org/2017/05/featured/he-did-it-again-lindon-victor-betters-collegiate-decathlon-record|title=He Did It Again! Lindon Victor Betters Collegiate Decathlon Record ::: USTFCCCA}}</ref> nwekwara ike imeziwanye na ndekọ Collegiate ya na akara ọhụrụ nke 8539 . [1] [2] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://12thman.com/news/2017/5/31/track-and-field-sec-outdoor-honors-for-lindon-victor-jaevin-reed-and-coach-pat-henry.aspx?path=track|title=SEC Outdoor honors for Lindon Victor, Jaevin Reed and Coach Pat Henry|work=Texas A&M Athletics - Home of the 12th Man}}</ref> mechara kpọọ ya onye na-eme egwuregwu SEC Men's Field nke afọ maka afọ nke abụọ n'usoro. Na ngwụcha afọ 2017, Lindon so na ndị ikpeazụ atọ a họpụtara maka Bowerman Award nke afọ ahụ nke bụ ihe nrite track na field kwa afọ nke bụ ihe kacha elu e nyere nwa akwụkwọ-onye na-eme egwuregwu kachasị mma n'afọ ahụ na track na field nke kọleji America. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kbtx.com/content/sports/Bowerman-mens-award-goes-to-Tennessees-Christian-Coleman-over-Aggie-pair-464535013.html|title=Bowerman men’s award goes to Tennessee’s Christian Coleman over Aggie pair|work=www.kbtx.com}}</ref> mechara merie onye American Sprinter Christian Coleman. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ustfccca.org/2017/12/featured/christian-coleman-wins-the-bowerman-in-2017|title=Christian Coleman Wins The Bowerman In 2017 ::: The Bowerman: The Nation's Top Award for Collegiate Track & Field Athletes}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ustfccca.org/2017/12/featured/the-bowerman-whats-at-stake-in-2017|title=The Bowerman: What’s At Stake In 2017 ::: The Bowerman: The Nation's Top Award for Collegiate Track & Field Athletes}}</ref> Victor <ref>[https://www.sportsmole.co.uk/athletics/grenada/gold-coast-2018-commonwealth-games/result/result-lindon-victor-wins-decathlon-gold_323142.html Result: Grenada's Lindon Victor wins decathlon gold ] Sports Mole news. April 10, 2018</ref> na-asọmpi na asọmpi mba ụwa nke abụọ ya kemgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Texas A&amp;amp;M, ebe o setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ kọleji oge niile na akara 8,539 ma bụrụ onye mmeri NCAA Division 1 decathlon ugboro abụọ - Victor meriri decathlon iji nweta ihe nrite ọla edo maka Grenada na-enweta akara 8,303. <ref>[http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-04-10/commonwealthgames/Gold-Coast-2018-Lindon-Victor-wins-Damian-Warner-s-title-defense-ends-in-pole-vault-6736187885 Gold Coast 2018: Lindon Victor wins, Damian Warner's title defense ends in pole vault] [[The Malta Independent]] April 10, 2018</ref> N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Eprel, n'oge mmemme nke ise nke Texas A&M Athletics' Building Champions Awards nke emere na Hall of Champions na Kyle Field. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebarnaclenews.com/lindon-victor-grenadas-most-recent-golden-boy/|title=Lindon Victor: Grenada’s Most Recent Golden Boy|date=May 4, 2018|accessdate=November 3, 2023|archivedate=November 3, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103214636/https://thebarnaclenews.com/lindon-victor-grenadas-most-recent-golden-boy/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theeagle.com/sports/college/aggiesports/senior-tori-vidales-wins-distinguished-letterman-award-at-building-champions-awards/article_a39c7354-4d07-11e8-a3af-d7ed2ca51390.html|title=Senior Tori Vidales wins Distinguished Letterman Award at Building Champions Awards|first=Eagle Staff|author=Report|work=The Eagle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://12thman.com/news/2018/4/30/vidales-takes-home-distinguished-lettermans-award-at-2018-bcas.aspx|title=Vidales Takes Home Distinguished Letterman's Award at 2018 BCAs|work=Texas A&M Athletics - Home of the 12th Man}}</ref> nyere Lindon onye na-eme egwuregwu nke Afọ nsọpụrụ (nwoke). {| class="wikitable" !Ihe omume !Nsonaazụ !Ebe a na-anọ !Ụbọchị |- ! colspan="4" |N'èzí |- |100 mita |'''10.56 sekọnd''' (ikuku: +1.1 m/s) <small> (Ifufe: +1.1 m/s) &nbsp;</small> |[[Götzi]], [[Austria]] |25 Mee 2019 |- |Ịwụli elu ogologo |7.55 m (ikuku: +1.0 m/s) <small> (Ifufe: +1.0 m/s) &nbsp;</small> |[[Budapest|Budapest, Hungary]] |25 Ọgọst 2023 |- |Ọkụ |'''16.52 m''' |[[Austin, Texas]] |29 Machị 2017 |- |Ịwụli elu |'''2.09 m''' |[[Austin, Texas]] |29 Machị 2017 |- |400 mita |'''48.05 sekọnd''' |[[Budapest|Budapest, Hungary]] |25 Ọgọst 2023 |- |Ihe mgbochi 110m |'''14.45 sekọnd''' (ikuku: +1.8 m/s) <small> (Ifufe: +1.8 m/s) &nbsp;</small> |[[Columbia, South Carolina]] |12 Mee 2017 |- |Ịtụfu diski |'''55.87 mita''' |[[Azusa, California]] |18 Eprel 2019 |- |Ogwe osisi |'''4.92 m''' '''NR''' |[[Chula Vista, California]] |25 Eprel 2021 |- |Ịtụba ube |'''71.56 mita''' |[[Tokyo, Japan]] |5 Ọgọst 2021 |- |1500m |'''4:39.67 nkeji''' |[[Budapest|Budapest, Hungary]] |26 Ọgọst 2023 |- style="background:lightgrey;" |Egwuregwu Decathlon |'''8756 pts''' '''NR''' |[[Budapest|Budapest, Hungary]] |26 Ọgọst 2023 |- ! colspan="4" |N'ime ụlọ |- |Mita 60 |'''6.94 sekọnd''' |[[Nashville, TN]] |24 Febụwarị 2017 |- |Ịwụli elu ogologo |'''7.38 mita''' |[[Ụlọ Ọrụ Kọleji, TX]] |17 Febụwarị 2018 |- |Ọkụ |'''16.55 m''' |[[Ụlọ Ọrụ Kọleji, TX]] |10 Machị 2017 |- |Ịwụli elu |'''2.07 mita''' |[[Ụlọ Ọrụ Kọleji, TX]] |10 Machị 2017 |- |Ihe mgbochi 60m |'''8.24 sekọnd''' |[[Fayetteville, AR]] |26 Febụwarị 2016 |- |Ogwe osisi |'''4.76 m''' |[[Ụlọ Ọrụ Kọleji, TX]] |11 Machị 2017 |- |Otu puku mita |'''2:51.14 nkeji''' |[[Ụlọ Ọrụ Kọleji, TX]] |11 Machị 2017 |- style="background:lightgrey;" |Heptathlon |'''5976 pts''' |[[Ụlọ Ọrụ Kọleji, TX]] |11 Machị 2017 |} {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan=6|Representing {{GRN}} |- |rowspan=2|2009 |rowspan=2|[[2009 CARIFTA Games|CARIFTA Games]] |rowspan=2|[[Vieux Fort, Saint Lucia]] | style="background:#c96;"|3rd |Shot put |13.90&nbsp;m |- | style="background:silver;"|2nd |Discus throw |45.27 m |- |rowspan=2|2010 |[[2010 CARIFTA Games|CARIFTA Games]] |[[George Town, Cayman Islands]] | style="background:#c96;"|3rd |Heptathlon |4234&nbsp;pts |- |[[2010 Summer Youth Olympics|Summer Youth Olympics]] |[[Singapore]] |13th |Javelin throw |51.61&nbsp;m |- |2011 |[[2011 CARIFTA Games|CARIFTA Games]] |[[Montego Bay, Jamaica|Montego Bay]], [[Jamaica]] | style="background:#c96;"|3rd |Heptathlon |4544&nbsp;pts |- |2012 |[[2012 CARIFTA Games|CARIFTA Games]] |[[Hamilton, Bermuda]] | style="background:gold;"|1st |Heptathlon |4572&nbsp;pts |- |2014 |[[2014 NACAC Under-23 Championships in Athletics|NACAC Under-23 Championships]] |[[British Columbia, Canada]] |6th |Javelin throw |[[2014 NACAC Under-23 Championships in Athletics – Results#Javelin throw|65.28&nbsp;m]] |- |2015 |[[Athletics at the 2015 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]] |[[Toronto, Canada]] |7th |Decathlon |[[Athletics at the 2015 Pan American Games – Men's decathlon|7453 pts]] |- |rowspan=4|2016 |rowspan=3|[[OECS Track and Field Championships|OECS Track & Field Championships]] |rowspan=3|[[Tortola]], [[British Virgin Islands]] |10th |Long jump |6.51&nbsp;m<ref name=OECS /> |- | style="background:#c96;"|3rd |Shot put |14.73&nbsp;m<ref name=OECS>{{cite web|url=http://bvi.milesplit.com/meets/242954/results/457689/raw#.V6ukUvkwjIU|title=OECS Championships – Complete Results|publisher=MileSplit BVI|date=4 July 2016|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> |- | style="background:silver;"|2nd |Discus throw |48.50&nbsp;m<ref name=OECS /> |- |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] |16th |Decathlon |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's decathlon|7998 pts]]&nbsp;pts |- |2017 |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[London]], [[United Kingdom]] | – |Decathlon |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Men's decathlon|DNF]]<ref>[https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/iaaf-world-championships-london-2017-5151/results/men/decathlon/1500-metres/points#resultheader 2017 World Championships in Athletics – Men's decathlon results] [[IAAF]]</ref> |- |rowspan=2|2018 |[[2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]] |[[Birmingham, United Kingdom|Birmingham]], [[United Kingdom]] |DNF |Heptathlon |[[2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon|DNF]] |- |[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] |[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Australia]] | style="background:gold;"| 1st |Decathlon |[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's decathlon|8303 pts]]<ref>[http://grenadabroadcast.com/grenadas-lindon-victor-wins-decathlon-gold-commonwealth-games/ GRENADA’S LINDON VICTOR WINS DECATHLON GOLD AT COMMONWEALTH GAMES] Grenada broadcast. April 10, 2018</ref> |- |rowspan=2|2019 |[[2019 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]] |[[Lima]], [[Peru]] | style="background:silver;"| 2nd |Decathlon |[[Athletics at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's decathlon|8240 pts]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.santabarbaratc.com/sbtc-news/victor-earns-silver-medal-at-pan-american-games|title=Victor Earns Silver Medal at Pan American Games|date=7 August 2019|website=www.santabarbaratc.com/|publisher=Saint Barbara Track Club|access-date=4 May 2020|accessdate=3 November 2023|archivedate=23 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923183250/https://www.santabarbaratc.com/sbtc-news/victor-earns-silver-medal-at-pan-american-games}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/pan-am-games-decathlon-damian-warner-1.5239369|title=Warner defends title, LePage grabs bronze in Pan Am decathlon|last=Strong|first=Gregory|date=7 August 2019|website=www.cbc.ca/|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> |- |[[2019 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] |[[Doha, Qatar]] | – |Decathlon |[[2019 World Athletics Championships – Men's decathlon|DNF]] |- |2021 |[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Tokyo, Japan]] |7th |Decathlon |[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's decathlon|8414 pts]] |- |rowspan=3|2022 |[[2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]] |[[Belgrade, Serbia]] | – |Heptathlon |[[2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon|DNF]] |- |[[2022 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] |[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene, United States]] |5th |Decathlon |[[2022 World Athletics Championships – Men's decathlon|8474 pts]] |- |[[Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] |[[Birmingham]], [[England]] | style="background:gold;"| 1st |Decathlon |[[Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's decathlon|8233 pts]] |- |2023 |[[2023 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] |[[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] | style="background:#c96;"|3rd |Decathlon |[[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's decathlon|8756 pts]] |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] o5znijwvy74vs9ch32fr0c6r5ltexfn 0 33373 728045 515586 2026-09-26T01:15:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Michael Olaitan Oyeneye''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1993) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ. == Ọrụ klọb == === Veria === Michael Olaitan malitere ọrụ ya na otu ndị ntorobịa nke Mighty Jets na Njikọ Premier League nke Naịjirịa ma na Febụwarị 2011 ọ kwagara Veria, ndị na-egwu na Njikụ Football n'oge ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sports.in.gr/football/bethniki/article/?aid=1231197227|date=23 May 2012|publisher=[[In.gr]]|language=Greek|accessdate=23 August 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130217153340/http://sports.in.gr/football/bethniki/article/?aid=1231197227|archivedate=17 February 2013}}</ref> bụ onye otu mbụ na-eme mgbe niile na otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu kachasị mma nke klọb ahụ [1] n'oge Veria nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'afọ 2011-12, mgbe ha meriri nkwalite na Greek Superleague dị ka ndị na-esote na 2011-12 Football League . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mikriliga.com/portal/arthro.php?id=11007|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130128161323/http://www.mikriliga.com/portal/arthro.php?id=11007|archivedate=28 January 2013|publisher=MikriLiga.gr|language=Greek|accessdate=23 August 2012}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2012, a họpụtara Olaitan maka "Talent of the Year" na Football League . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flnews.gr/themata/item/13736-%CE%BF%CE%B9-%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-football-league.html|title=The best of Football League|date=27 December 2012|publisher=FLnews|language=Greek|accessdate=27 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230051046/http://www.flnews.gr/themata/item/13736-%CE%BF%CE%B9-%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-football-league.html|archivedate=30 December 2012}}</ref> === Olympiacos === Olaitan bịanyere aka na Olympiacos n'efu, mgbe ọ hapụsịrị otu mbụ ya Veria n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.olympiacos.org/en/node/23128|date=30 April 2013|publisher=Olympiacos.org|language=Greek}}</ref> N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2014, onye nnọchi anya Michael Olaitan kwuru na onye na-agba ọsọ Olympiakos, onye dara n'oge asọmpi Athens na Panathinaikos, anaghị enwe nsogbu ọ bụla. A kpọgara onye Naijiria ahụ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu n'ụlọ ọgwụ maka nyocha mgbe ọ tụfuru uche ya n'oge na-adịghị anya n'etiti ọkara mbụ nke mmeri 3-0 nke onye ndú Super League. "Enwere m obi ụtọ ịgwa onye ọ bụla na mgbe nyocha mbụ gasịrị, ọ nweghị ihe ịrịba ama nke ọnọdụ ahụike siri ike, "ka onye nnọchi anya Olaitan Paschalis Tountouris kwuru n'echi ya."Ihe yiri ka ọ mere bụ na Michael nwere obere ọrịa myocarditis. Dị ka ihe nchebe ọ ga-anọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ maka ụbọchị ole na ole na-esote iji mee nyocha ọzọ. " Myocarditis bụ ọzịza nke uru ahụ obi nke ọrịa na-akpatakarị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/sport/football/michael-olaitans-condition-not-serious-after-nigerian-striker-collapses-at-greek-derby|title=Michael Olaitan’s condition not serious after Nigerian striker collapses at Greek Derby|date=3 March 2014|publisher=www.thenational.ae|access-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304003752/http://www.thenational.ae/sport/football/michael-olaitans-condition-not-serious-after-nigerian-striker-collapses-at-greek-derby|archive-date=4 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọsịrị n'ụlọ ọgwụ, Olaitan malitere ọzụzụ n'onwe ya. Ndị dọkịta kwuru na ọ ga-ewe ọtụtụ ọnwa tupu onye bụbu kpakpando Naịjirịa U20 enwee ike igwu egwu ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://africanfootball.com/news/425550/Olaitan-begins-personal-training|title=Olaitan begins personal training|date=23 April 2014|publisher=africanfootball.com}}</ref> ihe ahụ mere, Olaitan nwere ezigbo oge mbụ na ndị mmeri [[Greece|Gris]] bụ Olympiakos na 16 pụtara na goolu asatọ mgbe ọ kwagara dị ka onye nnọchi anya n'efu site na klọb ọzọ nke Gris bụ Veria. ==== Ịgbazinye Ergotelis ==== Olaitan wusiri Ergotelis ike maka ọkara nke abụọ nke oge 2014-15, na mgbazinye site na Olympiacos. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Olympiakos/ston-ergotelh-o-olaitan.3274045.html|title=Στον Εργοτέλη ο Ολαϊτάν|date=29 January 2015|publisher=www.sport24.gr|accessdate=4 November 2023|archivedate=2 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202193012/http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Olympiakos/ston-ergotelh-o-olaitan.3274045.html}}</ref> na-arịa ọrịa myocarditis siri ike, mana ọ jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ laghachi na mmega ahụ dị mma laghachi igwu egwu na 21 Jenụwarị 2015 na egwuregwu na-aga n'ihu megide Tyrnavos 2005 F.C. maka Greek Cup. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sdna.gr/gr/podosfairo/superleague/olympiacos/arthro/9124/olaitan-is-back/|title=Olaitan is back!|date=20 January 2015|publisher=www.sdna.gr}}</ref> Olaitan gbara otu ugboro n'ime egwuregwu iri na abụọ na ngalaba kachasị elu nke Gris. ==== Ịgbazinye Twente ==== Na 30 Julaị 2015, Olaitan bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ na FC Twente na mgbazinye site na Olympiakos. "Mgbe mụ na ezinụlọ m kwurịtara okwu, amaara m ịhọrọ FC Twente. Dutch football suit me" ka ọ kọwaara ebe nrụọrụ weebụ klọb ahụ. "M sooro Michael ruo afọ anọ, n'ihi na echere m na ọ bụ nnukwu onye na-agba ọsọ", ka onye nduzi teknụzụ Ted van Leeuwen kwuru. "Ọ bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche, onye na-adọ aka ná ntị nke ukwuu ma dị jụụ. Achọrọ m na ọ bụ ihe pụrụ iche na anyị jisiri ike weta onye ọkpụkpọ a nwere nkà na Enschede. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka dị naanị afọ 22, ọ nwere ahụmịhe dị mkpa na àgwà ya dabara nke ọma n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ anyị. Ọrụ ya chọrọ obere mkpa. " <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vi.nl/nieuws/fc-twente-huurt-spits-olaitan-van-olympiakos-piraeus.htm|title=FC Twente huurt spits Olaitan van Olympiakos Piraeus|date=30 July 2015|publisher=www.vi.nl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/diethnes-podosfairo/sthn-tvente-o-olaitan.3597018.html|title=Στην Τβέντε ο Ολαϊτάν|date=30 July 2015|publisher=www.sport24.gr|accessdate=4 November 2023|archivedate=19 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234038/http://www.sport24.gr/football/diethnes-podosfairo/sthn-tvente-o-olaitan.3597018.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvenschedefm.nl/michael-olaitan-nieuwe-spits-fc-twente/nieuws/item?215741|title=Michael Olaitan nieuwe spits FC Twente|date=30 July 2015|publisher=www.tvenschedefm.nl}}</ref> ==== Ịgbazinye Kortrijk ==== Klọb Belgian KV Kortrijk kwupụtara mbinye aka nke onye Naijiria na-agba ọsọ nke Olympiakos na mgbazinye ruo na ngwụcha oge. Onye <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sdna.gr/news-english/article/159532/olympiakos-lend-olaitan-kortrijk|title=Olympiakos lend Olaitan to Kortrijk|date=21 January 2016|publisher=www.sdna.gr}}</ref>-agba ọsọ dị afọ iri abụọ na atọ nọrọ ọnwa isii mbụ nke afọ 2015-16 na FC Twente, mana o nweghị goolu ọ bụla n'egwuregwu iri na asatọ. === Panionios === N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2016, onye na-agba ọsọ na Naijiria ga-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ ya na Panionios. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Panionios/epishmo-paikths-toy-paniwnioy-o-olaitan.4179989.html|title=Επίσημο: Παίκτης του Πανιωνίου ο Ολαϊτάν|date=20 July 2016|publisher=www.sport24.gr|accessdate=4 November 2023|archivedate=6 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706202055/https://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Panionios/epishmo-paikths-toy-paniwnioy-o-olaitan.4179989.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Olympiakos/luthhke-to-symvolaio-toy-olaitan.4179828.html|title=Λύθηκε το συμβόλαιο του Ολαϊτάν|date=20 July 2016|publisher=www.sport24.gr|accessdate=4 November 2023|archivedate=28 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928044217/https://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Olympiakos/luthhke-to-symvolaio-toy-olaitan.4179828.html}}</ref>-agba ọsọ dị afọ iri abụọ na atọ, onye a tọhapụrụ taa site na Olympiakos, abịanye aka na nkwekọrịta 1 + 1 afọ na klọb ndị Gris, dịka a mara ọkwa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=VAVEL.com|date=2021-07-02|title=Michael Olaitan joins Greek side Panionios F.C.|url=https://www.vavel.com/en/nigeria/2016/07/22/672335-michael-olaitan-joins-greek-side-panionios-f-c.html|accessdate=2022-03-04|work=VAVEL|language=en}}</ref> 3 Febụwarị 2017, naanị ọnwa isii ka ọ mara ọkwa ya, ndị isi klọb ahụ kpebiri ịtọhapụ ya, ebe ọ na-anọghị na atụmatụ mbụ nke onye njikwa Vladan Milojevic. === Samtredia === N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2017, ndị mmeri Georgia bụ Samtredia bịanyere aka na onye na-agba ọsọ Naijiria dị ka onye nweere onwe ya, na nkwekọrịta otu afọ. Onye <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enisports.com/former-nigeria-u20-international-olaitan-joins-georgias-samtredia/|title=Former Nigeria U20 international Olaitan joins Georgia’s Samtredia|date=23 August 2017|publisher=www.enisports.com|accessdate=4 November 2023|archivedate=5 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605113534/http://www.enisports.com/former-nigeria-u20-international-olaitan-joins-georgias-samtredia/}}</ref> onye ntorobịa mba Naijiria bụ Panionios na Febụwarị 2017. === Luftëtari Gjirokastër === <ref>[https://www.alphanews.live/sports/i-agia-napa-anakoinose-tin-apoktisi-toy-maikl-olaitan Η Αγία Νάπα ανακοίνωσε την απόκτηση του Μάικλ Ολαϊτάν], alphanews.live, 14 June 2019</ref> 14 June 2019 a kwadoro, na Olaitan sonyeere Ayia Napa FC site na ngalaba nke abụọ nke Saịprọs. Otú <ref>[https://www.kerkida.net/articles/a-katigoria/eidiseis/887529-etoimazei-2o-mpam-me-ton-olaitan ΕΤΟΙΜΑΖΕΙ 2ο ΜΠΑΜ με τον Olaitan], kerkida.net, 30 June 2019</ref> dị, ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị, a kọrọ na klọb [[Albania]] Luftëtari Gjirokastër FC nyere onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ 50,000 euro ma enwere mkparịta ụka na-aga n'ihu. <ref>[https://www.twenteinsite.nl/olaitan-maakt-overstap-naar-albanese-eredivisionist.html FC TWENTE NIEUWSOlaitan maakt overstap naar Albanese eredivisionist], twenteinsite.nl, 9 July 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.facebook.com/141722505866853/photos/a.1122070894498671/2308547712517644/?type=3&theater Michael Olaitan eshte goditja e pare e Luftetarit ne merkato...], facebook.com, 26 June 2019</ref> mechara sonye na klọb Superliga nke Albania. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Na June 4, 2013 Olaitan mere nke mbụ ya na ndị otu mba Naijiria U20, megide Brazil U20. Egwuregwu ahụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.festival-foot-espoirs.com/festival-foot-espoirs/match-festival-foot.php?&match=16|title=The best of Football League|date=4 June 2013|publisher=Festival Foot Espoirs|accessdate=4 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701010402/http://www.festival-foot-espoirs.com/festival-foot-espoirs/match-festival-foot.php?&match=16|archivedate=1 July 2013}}</ref> draw (1-1) mechie. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2bcaxdbw2csq2q0savf1hzur9uboa35 0 33792 727911 623480 2026-09-25T12:14:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727911 wikitext text/x-wiki <references group="" responsive="0"></references>{{Databox}} <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalholloway.ac.uk/aboutus/newsandevents/news/2017-articles/kate-cooper-announced-as-new-head-of-history.aspx|title=Kate Cooper announced as new Head of History - Royal Holloway, University of London|work=www.royalholloway.ac.uk|accessdate=2017-10-20}}</ref>'''Kate Cooper''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1960) bụ Prọfesọ nke [[Ákíkó mbu|Akụkọ ihe mere eme]] na onye bụbu onye isi nke Ngalaba Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Royal Holloway, Mahadum nke London, ọrụ a họpụtara ya na Septemba 2017 wee kwụsị na 2019. <ref name=":3" /> bụbu Prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme oge ochie na Onye isi nke Ngalaba nke Classics na akụkọ ihe mere anya oge ochie na Mahadum Manchester, ebe ọ kụziri site na 1995. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk/search~S7/?searchtype=a&searcharg=Cooper&searchscope=7&sortdropdown=-&SORT=D&extended=0&SUBMIT=Search&searchlimits=&searchorigarg=aCooper%2C+K|title=Senate House Libraries /Classical|work=Catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk|accessdate=2017-02-23|archivedate=2019-06-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620182212/https://catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk/search~S7/?searchtype=a&searcharg=Cooper&searchscope=7&sortdropdown=-&SORT=D&extended=0&SUBMIT=Search&searchlimits=&searchorigarg=aCooper%2C%20K}}</ref> mụrụ Cooper na 1960 na [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.georginacapel.com/our-author/kate-cooper/|title=Kate Cooper - Georgina Capel Associates ltd|work=Georginacapel.com|accessdate=2017-02-23|archivedate=2017-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202052737/http://www.georginacapel.com/our-author/kate-cooper/}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://inkwellmanagement.com/client/kate-cooper|title=Kate Cooper &#124; InkWell Management Literary Agency|work=Inkwellmanagement.com|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=help.copac@jisc.ac.uk|url=http://copac.jisc.ac.uk/search?author=Cooper%2C%20Kate&rn=24|title=Item 24 for 'Author: Cooper, Kate' &#124; Copac|work=Copac.jisc.ac.uk|accessdate=2017-02-23|archivedate=2019-12-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213161635/http://copac.jisc.ac.uk/search?author=Cooper%2C%20Kate&rn=24}}</ref> O nwetara BA na English Literature na Mahadum Wesleyan na 1982, na M.T.S. na Scripture and Interpretation na Mahadum Harvard na 1986. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=2&ti=1,2&Search_Arg=cooper,%20kate&Search_Code=NAME_&CNT=50&PID=Dwc4kh-uNcRK71WX6TZBw6rXsKh&SEQ=20171020083630&SID=2|title=WebVoyage Record View 1|work=catalog.princeton.edu|accessdate=2017-10-20}}</ref> nyere ya nzere doctorate ya maka edemede 'Concord and Martyrdom: Gender, Community, and the Uses of Christian Perfection in Late Antiquity' site na Ngalaba nke Ọmụmụ Okpukpe, Mahadum Princeton, na 1992. Onye nlekọta <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://manchester.academia.edu/KateCooper/CurriculumVitae|title=Kate Cooper {{!}} The University of Manchester - Academia.edu|work=manchester.academia.edu|accessdate=2017-10-20}}</ref> bụ Peter Brown. <ref name=":2" /> maara ya ma na-ebipụta ya n'okpuru aha Kate Cooper . [1] == Ọrụ == Cooper nwere Leverhulme Trust Major Research Fellowship (2012-15) maka ọrụ na 'The Early Christian Martyr Acts: A New Approach to Ancient Heroes of Resistance'. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/grant-winners/418757.article|title=Grant winners &#124; Times Higher Education (THE)|publisher=Times Higher Education|date=2017-02-09|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/kate-cooper(8d006dc4-285f-41b1-a422-d2d2af123d0f).html|title=Prof Kate Cooper &#124; the University of Manchester|accessdate=2023-11-05|archivedate=2022-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813151409/https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/kate-cooper(8d006dc4-285f-41b1-a422-d2d2af123d0f).html}}</ref> nchoputa <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alc.manchester.ac.uk/classics-and-ancient-history/research/centres/late-antiquity/|title=Department of Classics, Ancient History, Archaeology and Egyptology - the University of Manchester}}</ref> bu ihe omuma omenala, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ihe omuma okpukpe nke ndi Rom, na-elekwasị anya karịsịa na Christianization nke ndi Rom a ma ama, na ndụ kwa ụbọchị na ezinụlọ Rom, okpukpe na okike, njirimara mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze, na ọdịda nke Alaeze Ukwu Rom. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/08/arts/winners-of-rome-prize.html|title=Winners of Rome Prize|date=8 April 1990|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gtr.rcuk.ac.uk/project/50B053A9-75BB-4A8C-9427-F11A0F54A744|title=Constantine's Dream: Belonging, Deviance and the Problem of Violence in Early Christianity|work=Gtr.rcuk.ac.uk|accessdate=2017-02-23|archivedate=2017-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202021526/http://gtr.rcuk.ac.uk/project/50B053A9-75BB-4A8C-9427-F11A0F54A744}}</ref> ihe nrite ndị ọzọ dị mkpa ọ nwere gụnyere Research Councils UK Fellowship iji nyochaa ọrụ ime ihe ike na mmalite nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst n'ime narị afọ tupu na mgbe ọchịchị Constantine Onye Ukwu gasịrị, na-ajụ ihe dị iche banyere ụzọ Ndị Kraịst si eme ihe ike, na ọrụ ime ihe nkiri na ịmepụta njirimara na ókèala n'etiti obodo (2009-12); [1] na Rome Prize (1990-1). [2] Ọ bụ Summer Fellow na Dumbarton Oaks na 1998. Ọrụ <ref>{{Cite web|date=14 September 2020|title=Fellows and Visiting Scholars in Byzantine Studies|url=https://www.doaks.org/research/library-archives/research/byzantine/fellows|accessdate=5 November 2023|archivedate=28 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128031131/https://www.doaks.org/research/library-archives/research/byzantine/fellows}}</ref> bụ "The Roman Cult of Eastern Martyrs, 400-700". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kateantiquity.com/martyrs/|title=Martyrs|work=Kateantiquity.com|accessdate=2017-02-23|archivedate=2017-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202145722/https://kateantiquity.com/martyrs/}}</ref> bụ onye na-enye onyinye mgbe niile na mgbasa ozi na US na UK, na blọọgụ banyere ọrụ ya. == Nkwado nkatọ nke ọrụ == A kọwawo ọrụ ya dị ka 'nnukwu', 'bara uru', na 'ihe ịrịba ama'. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Perry|first=Matthew J.|date=October 2008|title=Review of: The Fall of the Roman Household|url=http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2008/2008-10-04.html|journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review|issn=1055-7660}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2013/08/band-angels-kate-cooper-witty-flawed-brilliant-and-forgotten-women-integral-early-ch|title=Band of Angels by Kate Cooper: The witty, flawed, brilliant and forgotten women integral to early Christianity|work=www.newstatesman.com|accessdate=2017-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2013/08/band-angels-kate-cooper-witty-flawed-brilliant-and-forgotten-women-integral-early-ch|title=Band of Angels by Kate Cooper: The witty, flawed, brilliant and forgotten women integral to early Christianity|work=www.newstatesman.com|accessdate=2017-01-25}}</ref> tụlere Band of Angels na New Statesman, nke kwuru, sị: "A na-akọwa akwụkwọ ya site n'ịdị njọ nke ndị ọkà mmụta na ụzọ ọ na-ejikọta onwe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụlọ ọrụ. N'izere ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị, ọ na-egwu ahụmahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị dịgasị iche iche, na-ahapụ ha ka ha kwuo maka onwe ha. "N'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, ọ na'ọrụ ahụ kọwara dị ka "ụdị akụkọ ihe mere eme kachasị mma". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/historybookreviews/10259692/Band-of-Angels-the-Forgotten-World-of-Early-Christian-Women-by-Kate-Cooper-review.html|title=Band of Angels: the Forgotten World of Early Christian Women by Kate Cooper, review|work=Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=2017-01-25}}</ref> weere echiche dị mgbagwoju anya na nyocha na The Daily Telegraph, nke chọpụtara na "Cooper edeela ọrụ a na-agụ nke ọma ma dị mkpa nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okpukpe. Ọ na-eyi agụmakwụkwọ ya doro anya nke ọma, mana ederede ahụ jupụtara na echiche onwe onye, nke na-eche n'echiche na nke mmetụta uche. Site na mmalite, na ncheta ya banyere nwata ya na nne na-amaghị nwoke na Council of Chalcedon na-ekwu na-eche na ya, ọ na-ahapụ m ezigbo nsogbu nke ọma n'akụkọ ihe mere eme a. * Kate Cooper na [[Conrad Leyser]], Making Early Medieval Societies: Conflict and Belonging in the Latin West, 300-1200 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016) * Kate Cooper na Julia Hillner (ed.), Religion, dynasty, na nkwado na mmalite Ndị Kraịst Rome, 300-900, c.2007   * Kate Cooper na [[Conrad Leyser]], Making Early Medieval Societies: Conflict and Belonging in the Latin West, 300-1200 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016) * Kate Cooper na Julia Hillner (ed.), Religion, dynasty, na nkwado na mmalite Ndị Kraịst Rome, 300-900, c.2007   === Mgbasa ozi === * Cunk On Earth - Nkebi nke 2, onye a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ. Netflix, wepụtara na Febụwarị 2023 * Na Oge Anyị, BBC Radio Four, na mmalite nke ndị Kraịst nwụrụ n'ihi okwukwe ha, gosipụtara na 28 Eprel 2022. Mụ na Candida Moss na James Corke-Webster <ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time, Early Christian Martyrdom|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0016ptt|accessdate=2022-04-23|work=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Na Oge Anyị, BBC Radio Four, na Augustine na The Confessions, gosipụtara na 15 Machị 2018. Mụ na Morwenna Ludlow na Martin Palmer * <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/shows/finding-jesus|title=FInding Jesus: Faith, fact and forgery - CNN.com|work=Edition.cnn.com|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref>: Finding Jesus 2 (ihe omume ihe omuma isii; airs Easter 2017); onye a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ (ihe omume niile) [1] * BBC ONE: The Big Questions: Onye ọbịa a ma ama (17 Mee 2015, "Chineke bụ Nsogbu?") * BBC ONE: The Big Questions: Featured Guest (8 March 2015, "Ọ dị mkpa ime nke ọma karịa ime Chineke?") * <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zttpn39|title=BBC iWonder - Why didn't Christianity die out in the 1st Century?|work=Bbc.co.uk|date=1970-01-01|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref> iwonder: Gịnị mere na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst anwụghị na narị afọ nke mbụ? [1] * CNN: Finding Jesus (ihe omume ihe omuma isii; Ista 2015); onye a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ (ihe omume banyere Mary Magdalene, The Apostle James, The Empress Helena) na onye ndụmọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme (ihe omume na Empress Helena, nke emere Ista 2015). * <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/videos/prostitute-or-disciple/|title=Prostitute or Disciple? - National Geographic Channel|work=Channel.nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=2017-02-23|archivedate=2014-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901102316/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/videos/prostitute-or-disciple/}}</ref> Geographic Channel: The Jesus Mysteries (nke a na-egosi na 19, 20 & 21 Eprel 2014) [1] * <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2014/feb/11/female-bishops-biblical-christianity-church|title=Female bishops: be wary of crude interpretations of biblical Christianity &#124; Kate Cooper &#124; Opinion|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref> Guardian (11 Febụwarị 2014) [1] * Onye isi Christian Radio: Maria Rodriguez-Ha abụọ na-agba Kate Cooper ajụjụ ọnụ, Woman to Woman (31 Disemba 2013) * TRUNEWS Radio: Rick Wiles na-agba Kate Cooper ajụjụ ọnụ (13 Septemba 2013) * A chụpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Chọọchị? Ajụjụ ọnụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://faithinfeminism.com/women-airbrushed-from-church-history/|title=Have women been airbrushed from Church history?|publisher=Faith In Feminism|date=2013-10-04|accessdate=2017-02-23|archivedate=2017-07-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701071133/http://faithinfeminism.com/women-airbrushed-from-church-history/}}</ref> Kate Cooper" (4 Ọktoba 2013) [1] * BBC Radio <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03b2g2j|title=The Ideas that Make Us: Love|publisher=BBC Radio 4}}</ref>: "The Ideas that Make Us: Love" (Bettany Hughes interview with Kate Cooper, Wednesday, 18 September 2013) [1] * BBC Radio <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01f4srn|title=BBC Radio 4 - Sunday, "Every generation within Christianity has had female leaders" - Kate Cooper from Manchester University talks about her new book|work=Bbc.co.uk|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref>: "Ọgbọ ọ bụla n'ime Iso Ụzọ Kraịst nwere ndị ndú nwanyị" - Kate Cooper si Mahadum Manchester na-ekwu maka akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ya (Ihe nkiri nke William Crawley na-agba Kate Cooper ajụjụ ọnụ na Sunday, 11 August 2013) [1] * Nnyocha: Ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst Mbụ 'A na-ewepụ' Site n'Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme, Profile nke Katie Collins maka wired.co.uk (9 August 2013) * <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=10506|title='Christians airbrushed women out of history' &#124; The University of Manchester|work=Manchester.ac.uk|date=2013-08-09|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref>'Ndị Kraịst wepụrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme", University of Manchester Press Release for Band of Angels: The Forgotten World of Early Christian Women (9 August 2013) [1] * RTÉ 1 (Ireland): Taa na Pat Kenny. Pat Kenny Ajụjụ ọnụ na Kate Cooper, (30 Julaị 2013) * NewsTalk (Ireland): Moncrieff. Sean Moncrieff Ajụjụ ọnụ Kate Cooper, (30 Julaị 2013, na nkeji 34) * A Different Kind of Family Debate (isiokwu nke Kate), The Huffington Post (29 June 2013) * BBC Radio <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b01snjpp/In_Our_Time_Queen_Zenobia|title=BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time, Queen Zenobia|work=Bbc.co.uk|date=2013-05-30|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref>: In Our Time: ihe omume: Queen Zenobia (nke Melvin Bragg kwadoro, ya na Kate Cooper, Edith Hall, Richard Stoneman, 30 Mee 2013) [1] * A Week in December Revisited, isiokwu nke Kate Cooper, The Huffington Post (26 Eprel 2013) * <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/jesus-rise-to-power/videos/the-great-persecution|title=The Great Persecution - Jesus: Rise to Power Video - National Geographic Channel|work=Channel.nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=2017-02-23|archivedate=2013-03-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329143605/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/jesus-rise-to-power/videos/the-great-persecution/}}</ref> Geographic Channel: Jesus: The Rise to Power (Ihe nkiri nke ajụjụ ọnụ na Kate Cooper na Great Persecution, gosipụtara na 28 Machị 2013 [US] na 1 Eprel 2013 [UK]) [1] * <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p016qd9z|title=BBC One - The Mystery of Mary Magdalene, The Mystery of Mary Magdalene|work=Bbc.co.uk|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref> One: The Mystery of Mary Magdalene (Melvin Bragg gosipụtara mmemme na-egosi ajụjụ ọnụ na Kate Cooper, gosipụtara na 29 Machị 2013) [1] * <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/0/19572634|title=BBC Religion & Ethics - Roman business-women sponsored early Christians|work=Bbc.co.uk|date=2012-09-12|accessdate=2017-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221041130/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/0/19572634|archive-date=2012-12-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Abụọ: Divine Women (Ihe nkiri nke Bettany Hughes na-agba Kate Cooper ajụjụ ọnụ, 'Ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Oge Mbido nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst'; nke emere na 11 Eprel 2012) [1] * Ihe nkiri trailer maka BBC Two'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01g8dd2|title=BBC Two - Divine Women, When God was a Girl|work=Bbc.co.uk|date=2012-05-29|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref> Divine Women, nke gosipụtara Kate Cooper na New Testament Women (E gosipụtara na 11 Eprel 2012) [1] * BBC Radio <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rjyzr|title=BBC Radio 4 Extra - Banishing Eve|work=Bbc.co.uk|date=2016-06-03|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref>: 'Banishing Eve', E gosipụtara na 21 na 28 Machị 2010 [1] == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke Fellows nke American Academy na Rome 1991-2010 == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:1960 births]] t6hby3xchhvwb55monm2h8s501n61gy 0 33980 728105 138310 2026-09-26T06:02:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Usòrò:Nancy_Sorkin_Rabinowitz.jpg|thumb|Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz na-ekwu okwu dị mkpa na Women's Classical Committee Annual General Meeting, 2018, nke emere na Institute of Classical Studies, Mahadum London]] '''Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz''' bụ onye ọkà mmụta oge ochie, ọkachamara na akwụkwọ edemede Gris oge ochie na intersectional femism. == Ọrụ == Sorkin Rabinowitz gụsịrị akwụkwọ na City College nke New York ma nata Ph.D. ya na Mahadum Chicago maka thesis 'From force to persuasion: dragon battle imagery in Aeschylus' Oresteia' (1976). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/102922|title=Holdings: From force to persuasion :|work=catalog.lib.uchicago.edu|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212630/https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/102922|archive-date=2018-03-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rabinowitz sonyeere ngalaba nke Hamilton College na 1974, ebe ọ bụ Margaret Bundy Scott Prọfesọ nke Comparative Literature. Ọ bụ ọkachamara na ọdachi ndị Gris oge ochie, echiche ụmụ nwanyị, na akwụkwọ nke oge a. Sorkin Rabinowitz bụ onye otu Society for Classical Studies, Women's Classical Caucus, na nke [[Lambda Classical Caucus]] (nke bụbu Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Caucus nke APA). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://classicalstudies.org/scs-news/write-classics-and-social-justice-scs-2017|title=Launch of the new Affiliated Group Classics and Social Justice at the SCS 2017}}</ref> nyere aka guzobe SCS Affiliated Group Classics and Social Justice, nke ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka kọmitii ọrụ ụlọ mkpọrọ. Site <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hamilton.edu/academics/our-faculty/directory/faculty-detail/nancy-sorkin-rabinowitz|title=Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz|author=|first=|date=|work=www.hamilton.edu|publisher=Hamilton College|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref> 1995 ruo 2005, ọ bụ onye nduzi nke Kirkland Project maka ọmụmụ nke Gender, Society, na Culture, na Hamilton College. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1994/94.01.15.html|title=Bryn Mawr Classical Review 94.01.15|author=Simon|first=Goldhill|date=|work=bmcr.brynmawr.edu|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref>'afọ 1993, ya na [[Amy Richlin]] jikọrọ aka dezie otu n'ime mpịakọta mbụ nke tụlere mkpa ọ dị imeghe ngalaba nke Classics maka ojiji nke Feminist Theory . [1] Ebe ọ bụ na ya na Medea Project rụkọtara ọrụ na mbụ: Theatre for Incarcerated Women / HIV Circle, nke na-eji nka na agụmakwụkwọ dị ka ụdị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culturalodyssey.org/medea/aboutus/index.html|title=The Medea Project|author=|first=|date=|work=culturalodyssey.org|publisher=|accessdate=23 January 2017|archivedate=13 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113103354/http://www.culturalodyssey.org/medea/aboutus/index.html}}</ref> ọ na-enye aka ugbu a na Hamilton Oneida Prison Education (HOPE) na Hamilton College, nke ebumnuche ya bụ iwebata ederede oge ochie na ihe nkiri karịa nkuzi klas ma ọ bụ omenala elitist. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://classicsconfidential.co.uk/2013/10/16/teaching-greek-tragedy-in-prisons-with-nancy-rabinowitz-2/|title=Teaching Greek Tragedy in Prisons, with Nancy Rabinowitz|author=|first=|date=16 October 2013|work=classicsconfidential.co.uk|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isu.edu/english/scholarships--awards/teaching-literature-book-award/teaching-literature-book-award-winners/|title=Winners|author=Teaching Literature Book Award|first=Department of English and Philosophy|accessdate=April 20, 2017|archivedate=August 3, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803211801/https://www.isu.edu/english/scholarships--awards/teaching-literature-book-award/teaching-literature-book-award-winners/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ohiostatepress.org/books/Book%20Pages/Rabinowitz%20McHardy%20Difficult.html|title=From Abortion to Pederasty: Addressing Difficult Topics in the Classics Classroom|author=Ohio State University Press|accessdate=April 20, 2017|archivedate=August 3, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803173344/https://ohiostatepress.org/books/Book%20Pages/Rabinowitz%20McHardy%20Difficult.html}}</ref> edepụtara, From Abortion to Pederasty: Addressing Difficult Topics in the Classics Classroom, nke ya na Fiona McHardy dezigharịrị, meriri Onyinye Akwụkwọ Ozizi na 2015. == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * ''Anxiety Veiled: Euripides and the Traffic in Women''. Ithaca, NY: Cornell, 1993. {{ISBN|0801428459}} (hbk.), {{ISBN|0801480914}} (pbk.). * ''Women on the Edge: Four Plays by Euripides''. Translator and editor, Euripides' Alcestis. New York: Routledge, 1999. {{ISBN|0415907748}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0415907748|0415907748]]. * ''Greek Tragedy''. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. {{ISBN|1405121602}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1405121602|1405121602]] (hbk.). '''Mpịakọta ndị edepụtara edezi''' * ''Feminist Theory and the Classics'' (co-editor with Amy Richlin). New York; London: Routledge, 1993. {{ISBN|0415906458}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0415906458|0415906458]](hbk.), {{ISBN|0415906466}} (pbk.). * ''Among Women: From the Homosocial to the Homoerotic in the Ancient World'' (co-editor with Lisa Auanger). Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. Paperback edition, 2009. {{ISBN|0292771134}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0292771134|0292771134]]. * ''Vision and Viewing in Ancient Greece'' (co-editor with Sue Blundell and Douglas Cairns). Special issue of Helios 40.1 and 2 (2013). * ''From Abortion to Pederasty: Addressing Difficult Topics in the Classics Classroom'' (co-editor with Fiona McHardy). Columbus Ohio State University Press, 2014. {{ISBN|0814293654}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0814293654|0814293654]]. * ''Sex in Antiquity: Exploring Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World'' (co-editor with Mark Masterson and James Robson). London; New York, NY: Routledge, 2015. {{ISBN|0415519411}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0415519411|0415519411]]. == Ihe odide == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] m80pmu3qqvinw2207utrilxfxnjx04o 0 34147 728116 135355 2026-09-26T06:44:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728116 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Bar_of_carbolic_soap.jpg|thumb|Ogwe ncha carbolic, na-egosi ụcha uhie nke na-enye ncha aha ọzọ, ncha uhie]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142724/cresylic-acid|title=Cresylic acid &#124; chemical compound}}</ref><ref>W. H. Simmons and H. A. Appleton, ''The Handbook of Soap Manufacture'', Echo Library, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cugdqp4_KL4C&pg=PA104 p. 104]. {{Cite web|url=http://www.allwords.com/word-carbolic+soap.html|title=Definition of carbolic soap|publisher=Allwords.com|date=2007-03-29|accessdate=2010-08-19}}</ref> Ncha carbolic nke ana akpo kwa ncha mmemme bu ncha antiseptic nwere carbolic acid(phenol) maobu/na cresylic acid(cresol) ha na abuo bu phenols ka enwetere na coal tar maobu petroleum sources. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'afọ 1834, onye Germany na-emepụta kemịkalụ bụ Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge chọpụtara phenol, nke a makwaara dị ka carbolic acid, nke o nwetara n'ụdị na-adịghị ọcha site na tar coal. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 1865, Dr. Joseph Lister tinyere otu iberibe lint nke a na-etinye na carbolic acid solution na ọnyá nke nwa okorobịa dị afọ iri na otu na Glasgow Royal Infirmary, onye nwere mgbawa mgbe wiil ụgbọ ala gafere ụkwụ ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lister|first=Joseph|title=On the Effects of the Antiseptic System of Treatment Upon the Salubrity of a Surgical Hospital|url=https://www.jameslindlibrary.org/wp-data/uploads/2014/08/Lister_J_1870-pt1.pdf|journal=The Lancet|date=1 January 1870|volume=95|issue=2418|pages=4–6|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)31273-X}} [[iarchive:b30570529/mode/2up|Also Here]]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lister|first=Joseph|title=On the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery|journal=The Lancet|date=21 September 1867|volume=90|issue=2299|pages=353–356|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(02)51827-4|pmid=20744875}}</ref> ụbọchị anọ gasịrị, ọ rụzigharịrị pad ahụ wee chọpụta na ọ nweghị ọrịa ọ bụla malitere, mgbe izu isii gachara, ọ tụrụ ya n'anya ịchọpụta na ọkpụkpụ nwata ahụ agbakọtawo, na-enweghị ihe ize ndụ nke nsị. Otu <ref>{{Cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=1893|title=Royal Commission for the Chicago Exhibition, 1893: Official Catalogue of the British Section|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UBdFKdmrNTEC&q=Calvert|location=London|publisher=William Clowes and Sons|pages=lxxiv, 216, 486}}</ref>'ime ndị mbụ na-emepụta ncha carbolic bụ F. C. Calvert na Company of Manchester, England, nke e guzobere na 1859 ma weghara ya na Unilever na 1965. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/cp60291/f-c-calvert-and-company|title=F C Calvert and Company, 1859–1965|author=<!--Not stated-->|work=Science Museum Group collection|publisher=Science Museum Group|accessdate=10 June 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bowman & Blewett|title=Carbolic Acid Soaps|url=http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101216221|location=New York|publisher=C. C. Shelley, steam book and job printer|date=1870|quote=License for manufacturing these compounds has been granted to JAMES BUCHAN & CO., of New York, who have the exclusive right to manufacture Carbolic and Cresylic Soaps in the United States.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611041025/https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101216221-bk|archive-date=2021-06-11|access-date=2023-11-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> United States, James Buchan na Company nwere ikikere maka imepụta ncha carbolic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifebuoy.com/about-us/history-of-health/|title=Lifebuoy - A History of Health|accessdate=2014-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006155150/http://www.lifebuoy.com/about-us/history-of-health/|archivedate=2014-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lifebuoy.co.uk/about-us/lifebuoy-history.html|title=Lifebuoy through the Years|accessdate=2021-06-10}} Lifebuoy through the Years, lifebuoy.co.uk</ref>'afọ 1894, William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme, webatara ụdị ncha carbolic Lifebuoy n'ahịa. [1] [2] == Ihe ndị e ji mara ya == Otu n'ime ihe ndị pụrụ iche nke ncha a bụ ụcha ya na-acha pinki na ọbara ọbara, nke a na-agbakwunye na ncha ahụ iji kọwaa ya dị ka ncha carbolic. A na-ewere mgbakwunye nke agba uhie dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na mgbe mbụ e webatara ncha carbolic n'ihu ọha ọ bụ naanị ncha na-egbu nje dịnụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ATSDR - Medical Management Guidelines (MMGs): Phenol|url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mmg/mmg.asp?id=144&tid=27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304132048/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mhmi/mmg115.html|archivedate=4 March 2010|work=www.atsdr.cdc.gov|accessdate=2018-09-02}} [https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/substances/ToxSubstance.aspx?toxid=27 Also Here]</ref> na-eji carbolic acid eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ndị na-azụ ahịa ma nwee ike ịbụ ihe na-akpasu akpụkpọ ahụ iwe. == Ojiji == <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/OCHA-64CGLW?OpenDocument|title=ReliefWeb ť Document ť West Africa Appeal No. 01.02/2001 Programme Update No. 2|publisher=Reliefweb.int|date=|accessdate=2010-08-19}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.verc.org/image1.jsp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120130142/http://www.verc.org/image1.jsp|archivedate=20 November 2008|title=Village Education Resource Center|publisher=VERC|date=|accessdate=2010-08-19}}</ref> ka na-ekesa ya na ndị ọdachi dakwasịrị maka ịdị ọcha site na Red Cross na òtù enyemaka ndị ọzọ. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 5rt7kt9cee0hdmo21xu1pa0e1p2q7m8 0 34336 728094 135911 2026-09-26T05:20:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}NationWide Radio 90FM bụ ụlọ ọrụ redio Jamaica na Kingston ugboro 90.3 na-agbasa ozi na obodo Kingston niile..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Radio Nationwide 90FM 90.7 FM / Kingston Jamaica - listen online live|url=https://radiovolna.net/en/9282-nationwide-90fm.html|accessdate=2020-06-28|work=RadioVolna.net|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628075033/https://radiovolna.net/en/9282-nationwide-90fm.html|archive-date=2020-06-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ na-enye nkwalite mgbasa ozi niile na egwuregwu, mmemme ntụrụndụ na ihe dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nationwide 90FM - Live Online Radio|url=https://liveonlineradio.net/nationwide-90fm|accessdate=2020-06-28|work=www.liveonlineradio.net|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nationwide90FM|url=https://streema.com/radios/NationWide_Radio|accessdate=2020-06-28|work=Streema}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Listen to Nationwide 90FM on TuneIn|url=https://tunein.com/radio/Nationwide-90FM-s96597/|accessdate=2020-06-28|work=TuneIn|language=en-us}}</ref> Ndị otu Nationwide News Network Team hiwere ụlọ ọrụ redio a ma mara ya nke ọma, ziri ezi na nguzozi na akụkọ akụkọ nke WatchDog Editorial Board bipụtara..<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://nationwideradiojm.com/about-us/|accessdate=2020-06-28|work=Nationwide 90FM|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7OmVRmhmdMC&pg=RA4-PA34|title=State Magazine|date=2014|publisher=U.S. Department of State|language=en}}</ref> 90FM na-egosipụtakwa ihe ngosi ntụrụndụ na-agbasa ozi ọ bụghị naanị na Jamaica kamakwa na-anụ n'ịntanetị n'elu agwaetiti na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United Steeti]]. == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} ae2fvocjxdqsqdp80qkwzhcggj3yr4x 0 34908 728041 145290 2026-09-26T00:30:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728041 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Galileo_Thermometer_closeup.jpg|thumb|Galileo thermometer]] ''''''Ngwá ọrụ ihu igwe'''''' (ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ ihu igwe), gụnyere '''Ihe mmetụta ihu igwe''' (ihe mmetụta ihu igwe), bụ ngwá ọrụ eji achọta ọnọdụ ikuku n'otu oge. Sayensị ọ bụla nwere usoro nke ya pụrụ iche nke ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nyocha. Meteorology, Otú ọ dị, bụ sayensị nke na-ejighị ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nyocha ma na-adabere na nyocha na ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ. Na sayensị, nchọpụta, ma ọ bụ ihe ''a na-ahụ anya'', bụ echiche na-enweghị atụ nke enwere ike ịlele na nke enwere ike iwere data. Mmiri ozuzo bụ otu n'ime ọnụọgụ mbụ a tụrụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ihe abụọ ọzọ a tụrụ nke ọma metụtara ihu igwe bụ ifufe na iru mmiri. E mere ọtụtụ mgbalị tupu narị afọ nke iri na ise iji wuo ngwá ọrụ zuru oke iji tụọ mgbanwe ikuku. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ngwa ndị e ji atụ ihe nlegharị anya ihu igwe n'etiti narị afọ nke 20 bụ igwe mmiri ozuzo, anemometer, na hygrometer. Narị afọ nke 17 hụrụ mmepe nke barometer na temometa Galileo ebe narị afọ nke 18 hụrụ mmepe nke temometa na akpịrịkpa Fahrenheit na Celsius. Narị afọ nke 20 mepụtara ngwaọrụ ọhụụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, dị ka radar ihu igwe, satịlaịtị ihu igwe na ndị na-ahụ maka ikuku, nke na-enye nlele kacha mma ma mpaghara ma n'ụwa niile. Ngwa ihe nlere anya na-anakọta data site na ihe omume ihu igwe dị anya site na ngwa ma na-echekwa data ebe akụrụngwa dị ma na-ebufekarị data n'oge akọwapụtara na etiti data etiti. N'afọ 1441, nwa Eze Sejong, Prince Munjong, mepụtara ihe mbụ a na-ahụ maka mmiri ozuzo. E zigara ndị a n'oge niile Joseon Dynasty nke South Korea dị ka ngwá ọrụ gọọmentị iji nyochaa ụtụ isi ala dabere na ihe ubi onye ọrụ ugbo nwere ike inweta. <ref name="Jacobson">{{Cite book|author=Jacobson|first=Mark Z.|title=Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling|edition=2nd|date=June 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-54865-6|pages=828}}</ref>'afọ 1450, Leone Battista Alberti mepụtara ''Annemometer'' na-agbagharị agbagharị, a makwaara ya dị ka anemometer mbụ. N'afọ 1607, Galileo Galili rụrụ thermoscope. N'afọ 1643, Evangelista Torricelli mepụtara mercury barometer. <ref name="Jacobson" /> N'afọ 1662, Sir Christopher Wren mepụtara ihe na-arụ ọrụ, nke na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị n'otu, nke na'ime bọket mmiri ozuzo. <ref>Grigull, U., Fahrenheit, a Pioneer of Exact Thermometry. Heat Transfer, 1966, The Proceedings of the 8th International Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, 1966, Vol. 1.</ref>'afọ 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit mepụtara ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya maka ịlele okpomọkụ na ụdị thermometer mercury. <ref>Beckman, Olof, [http://www.astro.uu.se/history/celsius_scale.html History of the Celsius temperature scale.], ''translated'', Anders Celsius (Elementa,84:4,2001); ''English''</ref>'afọ 1742, [[Celsius]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius, onye Sweden na-enyocha mbara igwe, tụrụ aro akara okpomọkụ 'centigrade', onye bu ụzọ na akara Celsius ugbu a. N'afọ 1783, Horace-Bénédict de Saussure gosipụtara hygrometer ntutu mbụ. <ref>Bill Giles O.B.E. (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20050427010340/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/understanding/beaufort_scale.shtml Beaufort Scale.] [[BBC]]. Retrieved on 2009-05-12.</ref>'afọ 1806, Francis Beaufort webatara usoro ya maka ịhazi ọsọ ifufe. Nbudata nke Eprel 1960 nke satellite ihu igwe mbụ gara nke ọma, TIROS-1, gosipụtara mmalite nke oge ebe ozi ihu igwe dị n'ụwa niile. A na-ejikwa nke a tụọ okpomọkụ nke ikuku gbara ya gburugburu. == Ụdị == [[Usòrò:Modern_Aneroid_Barometer.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Aneroid barometer nke oge a nke afọ 2020]] Thermometer na-atụle okpomọkụ ikuku, ma ọ bụ ike kinetic nke molecules n'ime ikuku. Barometer na-atụle nrụgide ikuku, ma ọ bụ nrụgide nke ịdị arọ nke ikuku ụwa n'elu otu ebe. Anemometer na-atụle ọsọ ifufe na ebe ifufe na-esi na ya na-efe n'ebe a na-etinye ya. A hygrometer na-atụle iru mmiri dị n'otu ebe, nke a nwere ike iji gbakọọ Ebe igirigi. Radiosondes na-atụle ọtụtụ n'ime ọnụọgụ ndị a, ma e wezụga ifufe, nke a na-ekpebi site na iji antenna ma ọ bụ Theodolite nyochaa mgbaàmà radiosonde. N'ịgbakwunye radiosondes, World Meteorological Organization (WMO) na-ahazi netwọk nke nchịkọta ụgbọ elu, nke na-ejikwa ngwá ọrụ ndị a kọọ ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ebe ha. Rocket na-ada ụda ma ọ bụ rocketsonde, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ rocket nyocha, bụ rocket na-ebu ngwá ọrụ e mere iji tụọ ma mee nnwale sayensị n'oge ọ na-efe n'okpuru mbara igwe. pyranometer bụ ụdị actinometer nke a na-eji atụ radiance anyanwụ na mbara ala ma bụrụ ihe mmetụta nke e mere iji tụọ radiation flux density (na watts kwa square mita) site na mpaghara ọhụụ nke ogo 180. ceilometer bụ ngwaọrụ nke na-eji laser ma ọ bụ isi iyi ìhè ọzọ iji chọpụta ịdị elu nke igwe ojii. A pụkwara iji Cekilometers tụọ oke aerosol n'ime ikuku. Ndị na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na-eji balloon elu ụlọ iji chọpụta ịdị elu nke ala igwe ojii n'elu ala n'oge ehihie. Ụkpụrụ dị n'azụ balloon n'uko bụ balloon nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ịrị elu amara (otú ọ na-esi arị elu) na ikpebi ogologo oge balloon na-ebili ruo mgbe ọ ga-apụ n'anya n'ígwé ojii. Ọnụego oge mgbago mgbago na-ewepụta elu ụlọ. Disdrometer bụ ngwa eji atụ nkesa nha nha nha na ọsọ nke hydrometer na-ada. A na-eji nlele mmiri ozuzo tụọ oke mmiri ozuzo nke na-ada n'oge ọ bụla na mbara ala ụwa. Mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ, dị ka a na-eji ya eme ihe na meteorology, bụ echiche nke ịnakọta data sitere na ihe omume ihu igwe dịpụrụ adịpụrụ ma mepụta ozi ihu igwe. Ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla na-ahụ ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ na-anakọta data gbasara ikuku site na ebe dịpụrụ adịpụrụ ma, na-echekwa data ebe ngwá ọrụ ahụ dị. Ụdị mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ kachasị bụ Radar, Lidar, na Satellite (nakwa photogrammetry). Isi ihe eji radar eme bụ ịnakọta ozi gbasara mkpuchi na njirimara nke mmiri ozuzo na ifufe. A na-ejikarị Satellite eme ihe iji chọpụta igwe ojii kpuchie, yana ifufe. <'''A''' class="mw-'''RD''' cx-link" data-linkid="99" href="./'''SO'''" id="mwVg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="SODAR">ỌDAR (SOnic Detection And Ranging) bụ ngwá ọrụ ihu igwe dị ka otu ụdị nke ikuku, nke na-atụle mgbasa nke ebili mmiri site na ikuku ikuku. A na-eji usoro Sodar atụ ọsọ ifufe n'ebe dị iche iche n'elu ala, na usoro thermodynamic nke ala ikuku. Radar lidar abụghị ihe na-agafe agafe n'ihi na ha abụọ na-eji radieshon electromagnetic eme ihe iji mee ka otu akụkụ nke ikuku dị ọcha. Satellite ihu igwe yana satellites ndị na-ahụ ụwa na-agba ụwa gburugburu n'ebe dị iche iche aghọwo ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka ịmụ ihe dịgasị iche iche site na ọkụ ọhịa ruo El Niño. == Ebe ihu igwe na-anọ == Ụlọ ọrụ [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]] bụ ụlọ ọrụ nwere ngwá ọrụ na akụrụngwa iji mee nyocha nke ọnọdụ ikuku iji nye ozi iji mee amụma ihu igwe na iji mụọ ihu igwe na ihu igwe. Ntụle ndị a nụrụ gụnyere okpomọkụ, nrụgide barometric, iru mmiri, ọsọ ikuku, ntụzịaka ifufe, na oke mmiri ozuzo. A na-ewere nha ikuku n'enweghị ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ dị ka o kwere mee, ebe a na-echekwa nha okpomọkụ na iru mmiri pụọ na radieshon anyanwụ kpọmkwem, ma ọ bụ mkpuchi. A na-ewere nleba anya n'aka opekata mpe otu ugboro kwa ụbọchị, ebe a na-elele nlele akpaaka opekata mpe otu elekere. == Nnyocha ihu igwe n'elu ala == [[Usòrò:Mildura_Airport_Weatherstation.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ ihu igwe na Mildura Airport, Victoria, Australia.]] Nleba anya ihu igwe dị n'elu bụ data bụ isi nke ejiri maka nchekwa yana ihe kpatara ihu igwe iji tụọ amụma ihu igwe na inye ịdọ aka ná ntị n'ụwa niile.  atụmatụ ngwakọ na-eji ndị na-ekiri ihu igwe na-abawanye ọdụ ihu igwe na-akpaghị aka.  The ICAO na-akọwa International Standard Atmosphere, nke bụ ihe nlereanya nke ọkọlọtọ mgbanwe nke nrụgide, okpomọkụ, njupụta, na viscosity na elu na mbara ikuku nke Ụwa, na-eji iji belata a ọdụ ụgbọ ka nrụgide larịị oké osimiri.Enwere ike izipu ihe ndị a hụrụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu n'ụwa niile site na iji koodu METAR. Ụlọ ọrụ ihu igwe nke onwe <ref name="WU">Weather Underground. [http://www.wunderground.com/weatherstation/index.asp Personal Weather Station.] Retrieved on 2008-03-09.</ref> na-ahụ ihe n'onwe ha nwere ike izipu data ha na United States mesonet site na iji Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP), ma ọ bụ mba ụwa site na saịtị Weather Underground Internet. na-eji nkezi afọ iri atọ nke nchọpụta ihu igwe nke ebe iji chọpụta ihu igwe nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. == Hụkwa == * Mesomeric * Balọndụ ihu igwe * Netwọk sensọ wireless {{Reflist|2}}{{Authority control}} rykvykkztnpxuhexannq9w3pagxyiez 0 34934 728004 587923 2026-09-25T20:02:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728004 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Mahzarin Rustum Banaji''' FBA (amụrụ n'afọ 1956) <ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=9 May 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> bụ onye American psychologist nke sitere na India na Mahadum Harvard, nke a maara maka ọrụ ya na-eme ka echiche nke ajọ mbunobi pụta ìhè gbasara agbụrụ, okike, mmekọahụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == A mụrụ ya ma zụlite ya na Secunderabad n'ezinụlọ Parsi, ebe ọ gara St. Ann's High School. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Nizam College, na nzere MA ya na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ na Mahadum Osmania dị na Hyderabad. N'afọ 1986, Banaji nwetara Ph.D. na Mahadum Ohio State ma bụrụ onye NIH postdoctoral fellow na Mahadim Washington. .<ref name="AAAS" /> Na 2016, Association for Psychological Sciences kpọrọ Banaji otu n'ime William James Fellows, ihe nrite enyere ndị nyere aka pụtara ìhè na akparamaagwa sayensị. A họpụtara ya na National Aw<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fellows A-Z|url=http://www.aapss.org/academy-fellows/fellows-a-z|work=American Academy of Political and Social Science|accessdate=30 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205082130/http://www.aapss.org/academy-fellows/fellows-a-z|archivedate=5 December 2014}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britac.ac.uk/news/british-academy-fellowship-reaches-1000-42-new-uk-fellows-are-welcomed|title=British Academy Fellowship reaches 1,000 as 42 new UK Fellows are welcomed|date=16 Jul 2015}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/May-1-2018-NAS-Election.html|title=May 1 2018 NAS Election|work=www.nasonline.org|access-date=2023-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501225028/http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/May-1-2018-NAS-Election.html|archive-date=2018-05-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta dị ugbu a == [[Usòrò:Mahzarin_Banaji_2010.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mahzarin Banaji na Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics na 2010]] Banaji bụ onye otu American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Psychological Association (Divisions 1, 3, 8 na 9), na Association for Psychological Science. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke APS, na Board of Scientific Affairs nke APA, na na Executive Committee nke Society of Experimental Social Psychology. Banaji bụ onye isi oche nke Association for Psychological Science <ref>{{Cite web|title=Past Presidents|url=http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/about/past-presidents|work=Association for Psychological Science|accessdate=30 August 2014}}</ref> na 2010-2011. Ọ bụ prọfesọ mpụga na Santa Fe Institute, ebe ọ na-enye aka na mmemme gbasara omume na mkpebi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahzarin Banaji|url=https://www.santafe.edu/people/profile/mahzarin-banaji|work=Santa Fe Institute|accessdate=12 December 2022}}</ref> Banaji jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Psychological Review na ''Journal of Experimental Social Psychology'' ma soro dezie Essays in Social Psychology maka Psychology Press. Ọ na-eje ozi na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke Oxford University Press na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmekọrịta mmadụ. Ọ jere ozi ma ọ bụ na-eje ozi na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, n'etiti ha Psychological Science, Psychological Review, Perspectives on Psychological Science (Akparamàgwà na ụbụrụ), Social Cognition, ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', na Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, na Third Millennium Foundation, n'etiti òtù ndị ọzọ, kwadoro nyocha ya. Banaji bụ onye nduzi nke ọmụmụ ihe na Yale ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi nkuzi na onyeisi oche nke ngalaba nke nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ na Harvard. == Nsọpụrụ na onyinye == N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ natara onyinye Golden Goose nke US Congress, a nabatara ya dị ka onye otu na National Academy of Sciences, aha ya bụ onye otu pụrụ iche nke Psi Chi, International Honor Society in Psychology, natara onyinye mmetụta sayensị site na Society of Experimental Social Psychology, Distinguished Cognitive Scientist Award site na Mahadum California, Distinguical Theological The Empirical Contributions to Basic Research in Psychology Award site na American American American American Psychological Association, The Social Psychology Fel, The American Intinguished Society for Distinguished Scholarly Achievement and Ongo Scientific Society for Social Research, Social Science Science Science Incresponding Society for the Social Science Science. N'etiti onyinye ya ndị ọzọ, ọ natara Yale's Lex Hixon Prize for Teaching Excellence, a James McKeen Cattell Fund Award, the Morton Deutsch Award for Social Justice, and fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. N'afọ 1999, ọrụ ya na R. Bhaskar nwetara Gordon Allport Prize for Intergroup Relations . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gordon Allport Intergroup Relations Prize Winners|url=http://www.spssi.org/_data/n_0001/resources/pending/Allport%20Winners.pdf|work=The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues|accessdate=30 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105059/http://www.spssi.org/_data/n_0001/resources/pending/Allport%20Winners.pdf|archivedate=24 September 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/about/awards/scientific-contributions.aspx|title=APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions|publisher=APA|accessdate=11 December 2017}}</ref> ọrụ <ref name="Diener Award">{{Cite web|title=The Carol and Ed Diener Award in Social Psychology|url=http://www.spsp.org/?page=DienerAwardSP|work=Society for Personality and Social Psychology|accessdate=30 August 2014}}</ref> natara site na Presidential Citation site na American Psychological Association na 2007, Diener Award for Outstanding Contributions to Social Psychology na 2008, [1] na APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology site na American psychological Association na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-07|title=Mahzarin Banaji|url=https://www.aapss.org/fellow/mahzarin-banaji/|accessdate=2023-03-08|work=AAPSS|language=en-US}}</ref> mgbakwunye, a họpụtara ya dị ka Herbert Simon Fellow nke [https://www.aapss.org/ American Academy of Political and Social Science] na 2009. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2017/april/whitman-commencement-speaker.html|title=Meg Whitman Named Commencement Speaker - News - Carnegie Mellon University|author=University|first=Carnegie Mellon|date=2017-04-13|accessdate=2018-09-21|language=en}}</ref>Mahadum Carnegie Mellon nyekwara ya nzere doctorate n'afọ 2017. Ba<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldengooseaward.org/awardees/implicit-bias|title=2018: Implicit Bias, Explicit Science|work=The Golden Goose Award|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-13|archivedate=30 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930025007/https://www.goldengooseaward.org/awardees/implicit-bias}}</ref> na Anthony Greenwald na Brian Nosek bụ ndị American Association for the Advancement of Science nyere onyinye Golden Goose nke afọ 2018 maka ọrụ ha na ajọ mbunobi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amphilsoc.org/blog/american-philosophical-society-welcomes-new-members-2020|title=The American Philosophical Society Welcomes New Members for 2020}}</ref>'afọ 2020, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye American Philosophical Society. == Akwụkwọ ndị bụ isi == * Banaji, Mahzarin R. & Crowder, Robert G (September 1989), "The bankruptcy of everyday memory research" (PDF), American Psychologist, 44 (9): 1185-1193, doi:10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1185 A seminal article on two primary research methods (experimental and ecological) and issues with each.  * Banaji, M.R. & Crowder, R.G (1991), "Ụfọdụ echiche kwa ụbọchị banyere usoro dị mma" (PDF), American Psychologist, 46 (1): 78-79, doi:10.1037/0003-066X.46.1.78. Nzaghachi nye ụfọdụ nkọwa banyere isiokwu ha, na mgbalị ha ime ka ụfọdụ n'ime isi ihe ha doo anya.  * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya: Àgwà, ùgwù onwe onye, na echiche. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Echiche dị n'otu nke àgwà ndị na-apụtaghị ìhè, echiche, ùgwù onwe onye, na echiche onwe onye. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nhọrọ na-apụtaghị ìhè n'etiti ndị dọkịta na amụma ya banyere mkpebi thrombolysis maka ndị ọrịa ojii na ndị ọcha. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22, 1231-1238. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Blindspot: ajọ mbunobi zoro ezo nke ndị ezi mmadụ''. Delacorte Press,   == Hụkwa ==   * Nkọwa a na-apụghị ịhụ anya * Omume a na-apụghị ịhụ anya == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~banaji/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ agụmakwụkwọ Mahzarin Banaji] * [https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Harvard nke Implicit Project] * [http://www.projectimplicit.net/ Ọrụ a na-apụtaghị ìhè] * Ụzọ Ohere Gaa Harvard na The Harvard Crimson * "Lee No Bias" na Washington Postakwụkwọ akụkọ Washington Post * "The Implicit Prejudice" na Scientific AmericanNdị sayensị America * Nzukọ nke 7 nke Beyond Belief == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == *   *   *   *   *   *   [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dbgz5hpp1nysv9l8hjorli6f8773h7v 0 35227 728163 193830 2026-09-26T10:43:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728163 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Astrology|Nkà mmụta kpakpando]] nwere ọtụtụ usoro nkwenye nke na ekwu na enwere mmekọrịta n'etiti ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe na ihe omume ma ọ bụ nkọwa nke àgwà n'ụwa mmadụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ajụla ịgụ kpakpando dịka enweghị ike ịkọwapụta maka ịkọwa eluigwe na ala. Nnyocha sayensị ahụbeghị ihe akaebe iji kwado ụlọ ọ bụ mmetụta a na ekwu na ọ dị na omenala ịgụ kpakpando. Ebe ịgụ kp emeela amụma ndị a na agbagha agbagha, a gbaghaara ya.:: 424  Ọ bụ Shawn Carlson duziri ule a ma ama ma gụnye kọmitii ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na kọmitii nke ndị na agụ kpakpando. O dugara na nkwubi okwu na ịgụ kpakpando ọmụmụ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa ohere. Onye -agụ kpakpando na onye na ahụ maka akparamàgwà mmadụ bụ Michel Gauquelin kwuru na ya achọtawo nkwado ọnụ ọgụgụ maka "Mmetụta Mars" na ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke ndị na eme egwuregwu, mana enweghị ike imegharị ya na nyocha ndị ọzọ.: 213-214 Ndị na ahazi nyocha ndị ọzọ kwuru na Gauquelin gbalịrị imetụta ụkpụrụ itinye ha maka nyocha ahụ site n'inye aro ka ewepụ ndị mmadụ ụfọdụ. Geoffrey Dean atụwo aro na akụkọ banyere oge ọmụmụ site n'aka ndị nne na nna (tupu afọ 1950) nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta doro anya. Nkà mmụta kpakpando egosighi ịdị irè na ọmụmụ ihe a na achịkwa ma ọ nweghị nkwado sayensị, :: 85  ma si otú a na ewere ya dị ka pseudoscience. :: 1350  Enweghị usoro a tụrụ aro maka ime ihe nke ọnọdụ na mmegharị nke kpakpando na mbara ala nwere ike imetụta ndị mmadụ na ihe omume ndị dị n'ụwa n'ụzọ ndị na agụ kpakpando si kwuo na ha na eme nke ahụ anaghị emegide akụkụ ndị a ghọtara nke ọma, nke bụ isi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|physics]].: 249  Nnyoch sayensị nke oge a banyere ịgụ kpakpando na elekwasị anya n'ịmepụta njikọ dị n'etiti omenala ịgụ kpakpantị na mmetụta nke ọmụmụ oge n'ime ụmụ mmadụ. == Mmalite == Ihe ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọkachamara na agụ kpakpando na-adabere n'ịrụ ule mmadụ dabere na ịgụ kpakpando ma na ebu amụma dị mkpa banyere ọdịnihu onye na akwụ ụgwọ.:: 83  Ndị ka nwere okwukwe na ịgụ kpakpando ka a na akọwa dị ka ndị na eme ya "n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na enweghị ihe ndabere sayensị doro anya maka nkwenkwe ha, na n'ezie na e nwere ihe akaebe siri ike na emegide ya". Onye na ahụ maka ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe Neil deGrasse Tyson kwuru banyere nkwenye ndị na agụ kpakpando, na ekwu na "akụkụ nke ịmara otu esi eche echiche bụ ịmara otú iwu okike si kpụzie ụwa gbara anyị gburugburu. Na enweghị ihe ọmụma ahụ, na enweghị ikike iche echiche ahụ, ị nwere ike ịghọ onye ndị na achọ iji gị mee ihe n'ụzọ dị mfe". na-ahụ nkwenye na aga n'ihu na ịgụ kpakpando n'agbanyeghị enweghị ntụkwasị obi ya dị ka ngosipụta nke ọgụgụ isi sayensị dị ala, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ka na ekwere na ya n'agbanyeghị na ha bụ ndị ọkà [[Ịgụ na ide nke sayensị|mmụta sayensị]]. == Mmekọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme na nkà mmụta mbara igwe ==   N'oge [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]] Golden Age, a na akwụ ụgwọ maka mbara igwe ka e wee gbakọọ akụkụ nke mbara igwe, dị ka nhụsianya nke mbara igwe nke anyanwụ, nke achọrọ maka ụdị Ptolemaic ka ọ bụrụ nke ziri ezi na nkenke. Ndị nọ n'ọkwa ọchịchị, dị ka Fatimid Caliphate vizier na 1120, nyere ego ka e wuo ebe a na ekiri ihe, ka e wee nwee ike ikwu amụma gbasara ịgụ kpakpando, bụ́ nke na akpali site n'ezi ozi mbara ala. Ebe ọ bụ na e wuru ebe a na ekiri ihe iji nyere aka n'ịme amụma gbasara ịgụ kpakpando, ole na ole n'ime ihe ndị a mere ogologo oge n'ihi mmachibido iwu megide ịgụ kpakpando n'ime Islam, ọtụtụ n'ime ha kwaturu n'oge ma ọ bụ obere oge ka e wuchara ya. Nkwupụta doro anya nke ịgụ kpakpando n'ọrụ nke ịgụ kpakpi malitere na 1679, na mbipụta kwa afọ La Connoissance des temps . :: 220  N'adịghị ka West, na Iran, ịjụ heliocentrism gara n'ihu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi egwu na nke a ga emebi nkwenye zuru ebe niile na ịgụ kpakpando na cosmology nke Islam na Iran.:: 10  E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ, Falak al-sa'ada nke Ictizad al-Saltana, nke e mere iji mebie nkwenye a na ịgụ kpakpando na "ihe ọmụmụ mbara igwe ochie" na Iran na 1861. ịgụ kpakpando, o kwuru na ndị na agụ kpakpando dị iche iche enweghị ike ịkọ otu amụma ahụ banyere ihe na eme mgbe njikọ gasịrị ma kọwaa àgwà ndị na ede kpakpando nyere mbara ala dị ka ihe na ekwesịghị ekwesị.: 17–18  == Nkà ihe ọmụma nke sayensị == [[Usòrò:Karl_Popper.jpg|thumb|Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Karl Popper tụrụ aro falsifiability dị ka echiche ndị na eme ka sayensị dị iche na nke na abụghị sayensị, na eji ịgụ kpakpando dị ka ihe atụ nke echiche nke na emetụtaghị falsification n'oge nnwale.]] Nkà mmụta kpakpando enye ihe atụ dị mkpa nke pseudoscience ebe ọ bụ na a nwalere ya ugboro ugboro ma daa ule niile.: 62  === Ihe adịgboroja === A na ejikarị ọdịiche dị na sayensị na ndị na abụghị sayensị site na njirimara nke falsifiability. Ọ bụ onye ọkà ihe ọmụma sayensị bụ Karl Popper bu ụzọ chepụta ụkpụrụ ahụ. Nye Popper, sayensị anaghị adabere na induction; kama nke ahụ, nyocha sayensị bụ mgbalị iji mebie echiche ndị dị ugbu a site na ule ọhụrụ. bụrụ na otu ule adaa, mgbe ahụ, a na agbagha echiche ahụ.: 10  Ya mere, ule ọ bụla nke echiche sayensị ga amachibido nsonaazụ ụfọdụ na agbagọ echiche ahụ, ma na atụ anya nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ kwekọrọ na echiche ahụ. 'iji ụkpụrụ a nke falsifiability, ịgụ kpakpando bụ pseudoscience. Nkà mmụta kpakpando ihe atụ kachasị ewu ewu nke Popper nke pseudoscience.:: 7  Popper weere ịgụ kpakpando dị ka "ihe na abụghị eziokwu" n'ihi na "ọ na arịọ maka nyocha na nnwale", mana "n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ anaghị eru ụkpụrụ sayensị".: 44  N'adịghị ka nkuzi sayensị, ịgụ kpakpando anaghị emeghachi omume na ụgha site na nnwale. ka Prọfesọ nke neurology Terence Hines si kwuo, nke a bụ akara nke pseudoscience.: 206  N'ụzọ dị iche na Popper, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Thomas Kuhn rụrụ ụka na ọ bụghị enweghị ụgha na eme ka ịgụ kpakpando bụrụ nke na abụghị nke sayensị, kama na usoro na echiche nke ịgụ kpakpando bụ ihe na adịghị ike. Nye Kuhn, ọ bụ ezie na ndị na agụ kpakpando nwere, n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, buru amụma na "nke dara nke ọma", nke a n'onwe ya adịghị eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na abụghị nke sayensị, ma ọ bụ mgbalị ndị na agụ kpakpando emeghị iji kọwaa ọdịda ahụ site n'ikwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịmepụta horoscope dị nnọọ ukwuu. siri ike (site na subsuming, mgbe eziokwu, a ọzọ izugbe horoscope na eduga a dị iche iche amụma). <nowiki>Kama: 8 ="#mwt108" class="reference nowrap" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"8"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwpw" typeof="mw:Transclusion">: 8  ahụ, n'anya Kuhn, ịgụ kpakpando abụghị sayensị n'ihi na ọ na adịkarị ka Ọgwụ oge ochie; ha gbasoro usoro iwu na ntuziaka maka mpaghara yiri ka ọ dị mkpa nke nwere adịghị ike a maara, mana ha emeghị nnyocha n'ihi ya, ngalaba ndị ahụ enweghị ike ime nnyocha, [1]: 8 na ya mere, "Ha enweghị ihe mgbagwoju anya iji dozie ya mere enweghị sayensị iji mee ihe. " [1]: 8 :: 401 </nowiki> === Ọganihu, omume na ịdị n'otu === Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma bụ Paul Thagard kwenyere na a pụghị iwere ịgụ kpakpando dị ka ihe na ezighị ezi n'echiche a ruo mgbe ejiri onye nọchiri ya dochie ya. 'ihe banyere ịkọ ọdịnihu, nkà mmụta uche bụ ihe ọzọ.:: 228  Nye Thagard, ihe ọzọ a na atụle nkewa nke sayensị site na pseudoscience bụ na ọnọdụ nke nka ga aga n'ihu nakwa na ndị na eme nchọpụta ga anwa iji tụnyere echiche dị ugbu a na ihe ndị ọzọ, ọ bụghịkwa "ịhọrọ n'ịtụle nkwenye na nkwenye".: 227–228  na akọwa ọganihu ebe a dị ka ịkọwa ihe ọhụrụ na idozi nsogbu ndị dị ugbu a, mana ịgụ kpakpando enwebeghị ọganihu n'ihi na ọ gbanwere obere ihe n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 2000.:: 228  :: 549  Na Thagard, ndị na agụ kpakpando na eme ka a ga asị na ha na etinye aka na sayensị nkịtị na ekwere na ntọala nke ịgụ kpakpando guzosiri ike n'agbanyeghị "ọtụtụ nsogbu ndị a na edozighị", na ihu nke echiche ndị ọzọ ka mma (Psychology). 'ihi ihe ndị a, Thagard lere ịgụ kpakpando anya dị ka pseudoscience. : 228 : 228  Thagard, ekwesighi iwere ịgụ kpakpando dị ka pseudoscience na ọdịda nke Gauquelin ịchọta njikọ ọ bụla n'etiti ihe ịrịba ama dị iche iche nke ịgụ kpakpantụ na ọrụ mmadụ, ejima anaghị egosi njikọ a tụrụ anya ya site n'inwe otu ihe ịrịbaanya ahụ na ọmụmụ ejima, enweghị nkwekọrịta banyere mkpa mbara ala ndị a chọpụtara kemgbe oge Ptolemy na nnukwu ọdachi na ekpochapụ ndị mmadụ na ihe ịrịba ihe dị iche iche n'otu oge ahụ.: 226-227 Kama nke ahụ, ọdịiche ya nke sayensị chọrọ ihe atọ dị iche iche: "echiche, obodo [na] akụkọ ihe mere eme". Ọ bụ ezie na nkwenye na falsifiability lekwasịrị anya n'echiche ahụ, ọrụ Kuhn lekwasịrị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme, mana a ga-atụle ndị na agụ kpakpando. Ma ha ma ọ bụ na ha: : 226-227: 226–227  * na elekwasị anya n'iji ụzọ ha si atụnyere ndị ọzọ. * nwee usoro na agbanwe agbanwe. * gbalịa imebi echiche ha site na nnwale. 'ụzọ a, ezi ụgha kama ịgbanwe echiche iji zere ụgha na eme naanị mgbe a tụpụtara echiche ọzọ.: 228  === Enweghị ezi uche === Maka onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Ed W. James, ịgụ kpakpando bụ ihe na enweghị isi ọ bụghị n'ihi ọtụtụ nsogbu na usoro na ụgha n'ihi nnwale, kama n'ihi na nyocha nke akwụkwọ ịgụ kpakpantụ na egosi na ọ na ejupụta na ezi uche na arụmụka na adịghị mma.: 34    === Ọdịiche nke Quinean === Site web nke ihe ọmụma nke Quinean, enwere dichotomy ebe mmadụ ga ajụ ịgụ kpakpando ma ọ bụ nabata ịgụ kpakpantị mana jụ usoro sayensị niile e guzobere nke na ekwekọghị na ịgụ kpakpandị.: 24  == Ule nke ịgụ kpakpando == Ndị agụ kpakpando na ezere ime amụma a pụrụ ịnwapụta, kama ịdabere na nkwupụta ndị na edoghị anya nke na eme ka ha gbalịa izere ụgha.: 48-49 N'ime ọtụtụ narị afọ nke nnwale, amụma nke ịgụ kpakpando adịtụbeghị nke ziri ezi karịa nke a tụrụ anya ya na mberede. Otu ụzọ eji eme nnwale ịgụ kpakpando n'ụzọ dị ukwuu bụ site na nnwale ìsì. Mgbe nwalere amụma ụfọdụ sitere n'aka ndị na agụ kpakpando na usoro nnwale siri ike na ule Carlson, amụma ndị ahụ adịgboroja. Nnyoch niile a na achịkwa egosighi mmetụta ọ bụla.: 24  === Mmetụta Mars ===   [[Usòrò:Mars_effect12.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nchọpụta mbụ nke Mmetụta Mars, na egosi ugboro ole Ọnọdụ ehihie nke Mars dị na chaatị ọmụmụ (N = 570) nke "ndị na eme egwuregwu ama ama" (akara siri ike na acha ọbara ọbara) ma e jiri ya tụnyere nsonaazụ a tụrụ anya ya [mgbe Michel Gauquelin <nowiki>1955]</nowiki> ]] 'afọ 1955, onye na agụ kpakpando na onye na ahụ maka akparamàgwà mmadụ Michel Gauquelin kwuru na ọ bụ ezie na ọ chọtabeghị ihe akaebe iji kwado ihe ngosi ndị dị ka akara zodiacal na Akụkụ mbara ala na ịgụ kpakpando, ọ chọtara njikọ dị mma n'etiti ọnọdụ ụbọchị nke ụfọdụ mbara ala na ihe ịga nke ọma na ọrụ (dị ka ndị dọkịta, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị na eme egwuregwu, ndị na'ime akwụkwọ, wdg), nke ịgụ kpakpantị na ejikọta ya na mbara ala ndị ahụ. Ihe ma ama nke nchọpụta Gauquelin dabeere na ọnọdụ Mars na chaatị ọmụmụ nke ndị na eme egwuregwu na aga nke ọma ma bụrụ ndị a maara dị ka "Mars effect". [1]:: 213  Nnyocha nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị asaa nke [[France]] mere gbalịrị imepụtaghachi nkwupụta ahụ, mana ọ nweghị ihe akaebe ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ.: 213-214 Ha kwuru na mmetụta ahụ sitere na ajọ mbunobi nke Gauquelin, na ebo ya ebubo na ọ na anwa ime ka ha gbakwunye ma ọ bụ hichapụ aha ha na ọmụmụ ha. Geoffrey Dean atụwo aro na mmetụta ahụ nwere ike ibute site na akụkọ onwe onye nke ụbọchị ọmụmụ site n'aka ndị nne na nna karịa nsogbu ọ bụla na nyocha nke Gauquelin. Atụmatụ ahụ bụ na obere akụkụ nke ndị nne na nna nwere ike ịgbanwe oge ọmụmụ iji kwekọọ na chaatị kpakpando ka mma maka ọrụ metụtara ya. E wepụtara ìgwè ihe atụ ahụ n'oge nkwenye na ịgụ kpakpando bụ ihe a na ahụkarị. Gauquelin achọtaghị mmetụta Mars na ndị ọzọ na adịbeghị anya, ebe onye nọọsụ ma ọ bụ dọkịta dekọrọ ozi ọmụmụ. Ọ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a na achọghị site na ịgụ kpakpando dịkwa ala, na egosi ihe akaebe ndị ọzọ na ndị nne na nna na ahọrọ ụbọchị na oge iji kwekọọ na nkwenkwe ha.: 116  === Nnyocha Carlson === Ndị na agụ kpakpando iri abụọ na asatọ mere nnwale a ma ama ugbu a nke Shawn Carlson na ejikọta ihe karịrị 100 chaatị ọmụmụ na profaịlụ nke uche nke [[California]] Psychological Inventory (CPI) mepụtara site na iji ụzọ abụọ kpuru ìsì. Otu ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị na agụ kpakpando kwetara na usoro nnwale e ji mee ihe na ọmụmụ Carlson tupu nnwale ahụ. Ndị agụ kpakpando, ndị National Council for Geocosmic Research họpụtara, rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ndụmọdụ na agụnye kpakpando. [1]:: 117  :: 420  Ha họrọkwara 26 n'ime ndị na agụ kpakpando 28 maka ule ahụ, abụọ ndị ọzọ bụ ndị na ede kpakpando nwere mmasị bụ ndị wepụtara onwe ha mgbe e mesịrị.:: 420  Ndị na agụ kpakpando si Europe na United States.:: 117  Ndị na agụ kpakpando nyere aka dee echiche dị mkpa nke ịgụ kpakpando ọmụmụ ka a nwalee ya.:: 419  E bipụtara na Nature na 1985, nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na amụma ndị dabeere na ịgụ kpakpando ọmụmụ abụghị ihe dị mma karịa ohere, nakwa na nnwale ahụ "na agbagha echiche nke ịgụ kpakpantị". [1] === Dean na Kelly === Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye bụbu onye na agụ kpakpando Geoffrey Dean na onye na ahụ maka akparamàgwà mmadụ Ivan Kelly mere nnwale sayensị buru ibu, nke gụnyere ihe karịrị otu narị ọgụgụ isi, omume, anụ ahụ na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ, mana ha ahụghị nkwado maka ịgụ kpakpando. Ule ọzọ metụtara ndị agụ kpakpando nwere obi ike 45, nwere nkezi nke afọ 10 na ihe nnwale 160 (site na ihe nnweta mbụ nke ihe nnwale 1198) bụ ndị kwadoro njirimara ụfọdụ na Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ruo n'ókè.:: 191  Ndị na agụ kpakpando rụrụ ọrụ dị njọ karịa naanị na adabere na mkpebi ndị mmadụ n'afọ ndụ ha, na nke dị njọ karịa ndị na achịkwa mmadụ 45 na ejighị chaatị ọmụmụ mee ihe.[lower-alpha 3]: 191  === Ule ndị ọzọ === E mere Nnyocha meta, na ejikọta ọmụmụ 40 nke nwere ndị na agụ kpakpando 700 na ihe karịrị 1,000 chaatị ọmụmụ. Iri n'ime ule ahụ, nke nwere ngụkọta nke mmadụ 300 sonyere, gụnyere ndị na agụ kpakpando na ahọrọ nkọwa chaatị ziri ezi site na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na abụghị nkọwa chaatụ ziri ezi (na abụkarị atọ ruo ise ndị ọzọ). Mgbe ewepụrụ ụbọchị ihe ndị ọzọ doro anya, ọ nweghị nsonaazụ dị ịrịba ama a hụrụ iji gosipụta na e nwere chaatị ọ bụla.: 190  N'ime nnyocha iri, ndị sonyere họọrọ horoscopes nke ha chere na ọ bụ nkọwa ziri ezi, otu n'ime ha bụ azịza "ezi". , nsonaazụ ya adịghị mma karịa ohere.: 66–67  Onye na ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze bụ David Voas nyochara data ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ihe karịrị nde mmadụ iri abụọ na England na Wales iji hụ ma akara kpakpando kwekọrọ na ndokwa alụmdi na nwunye. &nbsp;Enweghị mmetụta bụla a hụrụ.: 67  == Ihe mgbochi ndị e chepụtara echepụta == N'èzí ule sayensị ịgụ kpakpando adaala, aro maka ịgụ kpakpantị na eche ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ ihu n'ihi ọtụtụ ntụpọ na ịgụ kpakpandị :: 62  :: 24  gụnyere enweghị nkwekọrịta, enweghị ikike ịkọwa mbara ala ndị na efu efu, enweghị njikọ nke zodiac na ìgwè kpakpando na ịgụ kpakpando nke ọdịda anyanwụ, na enweghị usoro ọ bụla ezi uche dị na ya. Ntọala nke ịgụ kpakpando ;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span>-ekwekọghị n'ọtụtụ eziokwu sitere na nkuzi sayensị. : 24  === Enweghị nkwekọrịta === Ị izi ezi nke ịgụ kpakpando nwere ike isi ike n'ihi na enweghị nkwekọrịta n'etiti ndị na agụ kpakpando banyere ihe ịgụ kpakpantị bụ ma ọ bụ ihe ọ nwere ike ịkọ.:: 83  Dean na Kelly dere nyocha 25, nke chọpụtara na a na atụle ogo nkwekọrịta n'etiti amụma ndị na agụ kpakpando dị ka 0.1 dị ala.[lower-alpha 4]: A na akwụ ọtụtụ ndị na agụ kpakpando : 66  iji buo amụma ọdịnihu ma ọ bụ kọwaa àgwà na ndụ mmadụ, mana ọtụtụ horoscopes na eme naanị nkwupụta ndị na edoghị anya nke nwere ike imetụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ọ bụla. : 83 : 83  Georges Charpak na Henri Broch kwuru na ha kwuru na ha sitere na ịgụ kpakpando n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ n'akwụkwọ ha bụ Debunked! ''A tọhapụrụ ya! ESP, Telekinesis, na Pseudoscience ndị ọzọ''. Ha kwuru na ndị na agụ kpakpando nwere naanị obere ihe ọmụma banyere ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe nakwa na ha anaghị echebara ihe ndị bụ isi dị ka precession nke equinoxes echiche. Ha kwuru maka ihe atụ nke Elizabeth Teissier onye kwuru na "anyanwụ na agwụ n'otu ebe n'eluigwe n'otu ụbọchị kwa afọ" dị ka ihe ndabere maka nkwupụta na mmadụ abụọ nwere otu ụbọchị ọmụmụ mana ọtụtụ afọ ga anọ n'okpuru otu mmetụta mbara ala. Charpak na Broch kwuru na "e nwere ọdịiche nke ihe dị ka puku kilomita iri abụọ na abụọ n'etiti ebe ụwa dị na ụbọchị ọ bụla a kapịrị ọnụ n'ime afọ abụọ sochirinụ" nakwa na ha ekwesịghị ịnọ n'okpuru otu mmetụta ahụ dịka ịgụ kpakpando si kwuo. 'ime afọ 40 a ga enwe ọdịiche karịrị kilomita 780,000.: 6–7  === Enweghị ntọala anụ ahụ === Edward W. James, kwuru na itinye ihe dị mkpa na kpakpando ahụ na mbara igwe nke anyanwụ nọ na ya na ọdịda anyanwụ mere na ndabere nke ihe ndị mmadụ ya bụ, na ndị na agụ kpakpando achọghị ịmụrụ anya n'oge, na kpọmkwem oge nke ehihie siri ike ịmata. , okike nke zodiac na nkwụsị site na ìgwè kpakpando bụ n'ihi na anyanwụ anọghị na ìgwè kpakbando ọ bụla maka otu oge ahụ.:: 25  Njikọ a site na ìgwè kpakpando dugara na nsogbu na precession nke na ekewa akara zodiac site na ìgwè ìgwè kpakpantị ha nwere njikọ.:: 26  Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma nke sayensị, Massimo Pigliucci na ekwu maka mmegharị ahụ, kwuru "Ọ dị mma, akara ole ka m kwesịrị ile anya mgbe m meghere akwụkwọ Sunday m, enwere m ihe ijuanya?" [1]:: 64  Zodiac nke okpom enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na kpakpando, ọ bụrụhaala na enweghi nkwupụta na ìgwè kpakpando n'onwe ha dị na akara metụtara ya, ndị na agụ kpakpando na-ezere echiche ahụ na precession yiri ka ọ na ebugharị ìgwè kpakpịta n'ihi na ha anaghị ezo aka na ha. Charpak na Broch, na ekwu maka nke a, zoro aka na ịgụ kpakpando dabere na zodiac nke okpomọkụ dị ka "... igbe ndị na enweghị ihe ọ bụla jikọrọ ha na ihe ọ bụla ma ghara ịdị n'otu ma ọ bụ nkwekọrịta ọ bụla na kpakpando. " Nanị iji zodiac nke ebe okpomọkụ ekwekọghị na ntụaka ndị ahụ mere, site n'otu ndị na agụ kpakpando, na Age of Aquarius, nke dabere na mgbe oge okpomọkụ na abanye na kpakpant nke Aquarius. === Enweghị ike ịkọ ọdịnihu === [[Usòrò:Pluto_and_its_satellites_(2005)_without_labels.jpg|thumb|E gosipụtara na foto ahụ bụ Pluto na satellites ya. A na azọrọ na ịgụ kpakpando na arụ ọrụ tupu nchọpụta nke Neptune, Uranus na Pluto ma tinye ha ugbu a na okwu ahụ na ''ad hoc''.]] Ụfọdụ ndị na agụ kpakpando na ekwu na a ghaghị iburu ọnọdụ nke mbara ala niile n'uche, mana ndị na ede kpakpando enweghị ike ịkọ ọdịnihu nke Neptune dabere na njehie na horoscopes. nke ahụ, e buru amụma Neptune site na iji Iwu Newton nke ikike ndọda zuru ụwa ọnụ. na etinye Uranus, Neptune na Pluto n'ime okwu ịgụ kpakpando na eme na ''ad hoc''. Banyere mwepụ nke Pluto ka ọ bụrụ obere mbara ala, Philip Zarka nke Paris Observatory na Meudon, France jụrụ otú ndị na agụ kpakpando ga esi zaghachi: <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> === Enweghị usoro === Ojiji nke ihe osise adabere n'echiche nke macrocosm na microcosm, "dị ka n'elu n'okpuru" iji kpebie ihe ọ pụtara dịka ihe atụ Edward W. James nke "Mars n'elu bụ ọbara ọbara, yabụ Mars n'okpuru pụtara ọbara na agha", bụ ihe na ezighị ezi.: 26  Ọtụtụ ndị agụ kpakpando na ekwu na ịgụ kpakpando bụ sayensị. bụrụ na mmadụ ga anwa ịkọwa ya na sayensị, enwere naanị ike anọ (n'ụzọ omenala), na egbochi nhọrọ nke usoro okike nwere ike.:: 65  Ụfọdụ ndị na agụ kpakpando atụwo aro Ihe ndị na akpata ya dịka [[electromagnetism]] na ikike ndọda. [2] Ike nke ike ndị na ada na anya.:: 65  Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị jụrụ usoro ndị a a tụrụ aro dị ka ihe na ekwesịghị ekwesị ebe ọ bụ na, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ike ndọta, mgbe a tụrụ ya site n'ụwa, nke mbara ala buru ibu ma dị anya dị ka Jupiter dị obere karịa nke ngwaọrụ ụlọ nkịtị mepụtara. [2] Onye enyocha mbara igwe bụ Phil Plait kwuru na n'ihe gbasara ịdị ukwuu, Anyanwụ bụ naanị ihe nwere ihe electromagnetic, mana ịgụ kpakpando anaghị adabere na Anyanwụ naanị.:: 65  <ref name="Plait">{{Cite web|author=Plait|first=Phil|title=Astrology|url=http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/astrology.html|publisher=[[Bad Astronomy]]|accessdate=13 March 2014}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na agụ kpakpando nwere ike ịnwa ịtụ aro ike nke ise, nke a na ekwekọghị na ihe ndị na eme na [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|physics]] na njikọta nke electromagnetism na ike na adịghị ike n'ime ike eletrik. bụrụ na onye na agụ kpakpando siri ọnwụ na ọ gaghị ekwekọ na nghọta na ihe akaebe nke physics ugbu a, nke ahụ ga abụ nkwupụta pụrụ iche.:: 65  Ọ ga abụkwa ihe na ekwekọghị na ike ndị ọzọ nke na ada na anya.:: 65  Ọ bụrụ na anya adịghị mkpa, mgbe ahụ, n'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya, a ga eburu ihe niile dị na mbara igwe n'uche.: 66  Carl Jung gbalịrị ịkpọtụrụ synchronicity, nkwupụta na ihe omume abụọ nwere ụdị njikọ ụfọdụ, iji kọwaa enweghị nsonaazụ dị ịrịba ama na ịgụ kpakpando site na otu ọmụmụ ọ duziri. Otú dị, a na ewere synchronicity n'onwe ya dị ka nke a na anaghị anwale ma ọ bụ nke a na'agbagha. A katọrọ nnyocha ahụ nke ukwuu maka nnwale ya na abụghị nke mberede na ojiji ya nke ọnụ ọgụgụ yana enweghị nkwekọrịta na ịgụ kpakpando.[lower-alpha 5] {{rp|553}}E gosikwara na nkwenye nkwenye bụ ihe gbasara mmụọ nke na enye aka na nkwenye na ịgụ kpakpando. Nkwenye nhụsianya bụ ụdị echiche nhụsianya. Site n'akwụkwọ, ndị na-agụ kpakpando na echetakarị amụma ndị ahụ ghọrọ eziokwu ma ghara icheta ndị ghọrọ ụgha. ọzọ, nke dị iche, nke nkwenye na arụkwa ọrụ, ebe ndị kwere ekwe na enwekarị ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ozi ndị na egosipụta ikike pụrụ iche na ndị na adịghị.: 180–181  'ihi ya, e nwere ụdị abụọ dị iche iche nke nkwenye na amụ banyere nkwenye kpakpando.: 180–181  Mmetụta Barnum bụ omume maka onye ọ bụla inye ọkwa ziri ezi dị elu na nkọwa nke àgwà ha nke a na eche na ọ bụ maka ha kpọmkwem, mana, n'ezie, ọ bụ ihe na edoghị anya na n'ozuzu iji tinye aka na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ. bụrụ na a rịọ maka ozi ndị ọzọ maka amụma, ndị mmadụ na anabata nsonaazụ.: 344  N'afọ 1949, Bertram Forer mere nnwale mmadụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na klas ya. :: 344  E nyere nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla nyocha nke onye ọ bụla mana n'ezie ụmụ akwụkwọ niile nwetara otu nyocha ahụ. A natara nkọwa nke àgwà site n'akwụkwọ gbasara ịgụ kpakpando. Mgbe gwara ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha kwuo okwu banyere izi ezi nke ule ahụ, ihe karịrị 40% nyere ya akara kachasị elu nke 5 n'ime 5, na nkezi nke ọkwa bụ 4.2 .: 134, 135 A na emegharị nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ.: 382  nke mmetụta Barnum / Forer lekwasịrị anya karịsịa na ọkwa nke nnabata nke horoscopes adịgboroja na profaịlụ ndị na agụ kpakpando adịgborojo.:: 382  Ndị na anata nyocha àgwà ndị a na enwekarị ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti nkọwa mmadụ na ndị a na'adịghị ahụkebe.:: 383  N'ime nnyocha nke Paul Rogers na Janice Soule (2009), nke kwekọrọ na nyocha gara aga na okwu ahụ, achọpụtara na ndị kwenyere na ịgụ kpakpando nwere ike inye ntụkwasị obi karịa profaịlụ Barnum karịa ndị na enwe obi abụọ.: 393  Site na usoro a maara dị ka self-attribution, egosila na ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na ndị mmadụ nwere ihe ọmụma nke ịgụ kpakpando na akọwa àgwà ha n'ihe gbasara àgwà ndị kwekọrọ na akara anyanwụ ha. Mmetụta ahụ na abawanye mgbe ndị mmadụ maara na a na eji nkọwa nke àgwà ahụ ekwurịta banyere ịgụ kpakpando. Ndị amaghị ịgụ kpakpando enweghị ọchịchọ dị otú ahụ. == Sociology == 'afọ 1953, onye na ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze bụ Theodor W. Adorno mere nnyocha nke kọlụm ịgụ kpakpando nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Los Angeles dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ nke nyochara omenala ọha na eze n'etiti ndị isi obodo.:: 326  Adorno kwenyere na ịgụ kpakpando a ma ama, dị ka ngwaọrụ, na eduga na nkwupụta ndị na agba ume ikwekọ - nakwa na ndị na agụ kpakpando na emegide nkwekọrịta na nkwupụta na akụda mmụọ ịrụ ọrụ na ọrụ wdg nwere ike ịhapụ ọrụ ha.:: 327  Adorno kwubiri na ịgụ kpakpando bụ ngosipụta dị ukwuu nke enweghị ọgụgụ isi, ebe ịja mma na ịkọwapụta ihe na edoghị anya mere ka ndị mmadụ kwere na onye dere kọlụm ahụ gwara ha okwu ozugbo. jiri okwu opium nke ndị mmadụ, nke Karl Marx, mee ihe, site n'ikwu, "Occultism bụ metaphysic nke dopes. ": 329  Nkwekọrịta ụgha ebe a na etinye echiche ụgha, nke a na anabataghị ma ọ bụ nke na abụghị eziokwu n'akụkụ nke ezi uche dị na ya na akụkọ mgbasa ozi na ngosipụta TV ma n'ihi ya, nguzozi ụgha na egosi "e nwere akụkụ abụọ hà nhata na akụkọ mgbe o doro anya na ọ dịghị". N'oge Wonders of the Solar System, mmemme TV nke BBC, onye ọkà n'ihe ọmụmụ physics bụ Brian Cox kwuru, sị: "N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na ịgụ kpakpando bụ ihe mkpofu, Jupiter nwere ike ịnwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na mbara ala anyị n'ezie. Ọ bụkwa site na ike... ike ndọda. " Nke a na ewe iwe ndị kwere na ịgụ kpakpu bụ ndị mere mkpesa na ọ nweghị onye na agụ kpakpando iji nye echiche ọzọ. 'ịgbaso mkpesa nke ndị na agụ kpakpando, Cox nyere BBC nkwupụta na esonụ: "Ana m arịọ mgbaghara nye ndị na ahụ maka ịgụ kpakpando maka ịghara ime ka onwe m doo anya. "E kwesịrị ikwu na oge ọhụrụ a na emebi ihe owuwu nke mmepeanya anyị. " N'ihe omume Stargazing Live, Cox gara n'ihu kwuo site n'ikwu nke nguzozi na BBC, ịgụ kpakpant bụ ihe nzuzu. " N'otu nchịkọta akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ ahụike BMJ, onye nchịkọta akụkọ Trevor Jackson kwuru na egosi ebe nguzozi ụgha nwere ike ime. Nnyocha ntuli aka egosiwo na nkwenye na ịgụ kpakpando dị elu na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ karịa ka a ga atụ anya ya. 'afọ 2012, na ntuli aka 42% nke ndị America kwuru na ha chere na ịgụ kpakpando bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ sayensị.: 7/25 Nkwenye a belatara na agụmakwụkwọ na emetụta ọkwa nke ihe ọmụma sayensị.: 345  Ụfọdụ n'ime ọkwa nkwenye a kọrọ bụ n'ihi mgbagwoju anya nke ịgụ kpakpando na ịgụ kpakpantị (ọmụmụ sayensị nke ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe). Ịdị nso nke okwu abụọ ahụ dịgasị iche dabere asụsụ.: 344, 346 Nkọwa doro anya nke ịgụ kpakpando dị ka "mmetụta nzuzo nke kpakpando, mbara ala wdg. na ihe omume mmadụ" enweghị mmetụta na nyocha ọha na eze ma ịgụ kpakpant bụ sayensị ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị na nyocha Eurobarometer nke afọ 1992. Nke nwere ike ịbụ n'otu akụkụ n'ihi njikọ doro anya n'etiti ọha na eze, nke okwu ọ bụla na agwụ na "-ology" na ngalaba ziri ezi nke ihe ọmụma.:: 346  Na Eurobarometers 224 na 225 mere na 2004, e ji ntuli aka nkewa mee ihe iji kewapụ mgbagwoju anya banyere okwu. ọkara nke ntuli aka, e ji okwu "agụ kpakpando" mee ihe, ebe na nke ọzọ e ji okwu ahụ bụ "horoscope".:: 349  Nkwenye na ịgụ kpakpando bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ sayensị bụ 76%, mana nkwenye na horoscopes bụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dịkarịrị akụkụ sayensụ bụ 43%. , nkwenye na ịgụ kpakpando bụ nke sayensị bụ 26% ebe nke horoscopes bụ 7% .:: 352  Nke a yiri ka ọ na egosi na ọkwa dị elu nke nkwado nyocha maka ịgụ kpakpando na EU bụ n'ezie n'ihi mgbagwoju anya banyere okwu.: 362  == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ndị a na-akpọ pseudoscience * Okpukpe na sayensị == Ihe edeturu == == Njikọ mpụga == * - nke na-atụle njehie ịrịgo na ọdịda na usoro dị iche iche nke ịgụ kpakpando{{Cite web|author=Merrifield|first=Michael|title=Right Ascension & Declination|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/declination.htm|work=Sixty Symbols|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]|access-date=2023-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705172751/http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/declination.htm|archive-date=2020-07-05|url-status=dead}} * Ihe ndekọ nke ọmụmụ ndị dabeere na ihe akaebe{{Cite web|url=http://www.astrology-and-science.com/|title=Astrology and science|author=Smit|first=Rudolf H.}} * Nnyocha obi abụọ nke ịgụ kpakpando maka ndị mbido{{Cite web|url=https://astrosociety.org/file_download/inline/849760a8-4adc-495f-8981-d537f047a7db|title=An Astronomer Looks at Astrology|author=Fraknoi|first=Andrew}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 14dzviiq1bbof1yhyeig6xcl2zjdgbh 0 35981 728039 700773 2026-09-26T00:27:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728039 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ndị Nwoke Na-enwe Obi Ụtọ: Ezigbo Ndị Yoruba |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<div class="infobox-caption">Ihe ngosi nke ihe nkiri</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Nke onye nduzi | class="infobox-data" |[[Toka Mcbaror]]<ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="187">[https://nlist.ng/title/merry-men-real-yoruba-demons-1310/credits/ "merry men: the real yoruba demons"].</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ihe nkiri site na | class="infobox-data" |Anthony Kehinde Joseph |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Akụkọ site na | class="infobox-data" |[[AY Makun]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Mepụtara site na | class="infobox-data" |Darlington Abuda Patrick Ovoke Odjegba<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri | class="infobox-data" |[[Ramsey Nouah]] [[AY Makun]] [[Jim Iyke]] [[Damilola Adegbite]] [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]] [[Iretiola Doyle]] [[Falz]] [[Jide Kosoko]] [[Rosaline Meurer]] [[Nancy Isime]]<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Akụkọ sitere na ya | class="infobox-data" |Ramsey Nouah |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ihe nkiri | class="infobox-data" |Rapha Bola |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edere site na | class="infobox-data" |Patrick Ovoke Odjegba Isaace Benjamin Gem Owas<br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Egwú site na | class="infobox-data" |Kolade Morakinyo |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Corporate World Entertainment Gush Media FilmOne<br /><br /></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Nke e kesara site na | class="infobox-data" |FilmOne nkesa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ụbọchị a tọhapụrụ ya</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * 28 Septemba 2018 <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2018-09-28</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Oge ịgba ọsọ</div> | class="infobox-data" |106 nkeji |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |Naịjirịa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Asụsụ | class="infobox-data" |Bekee Yoruba [[Pidgin Naịjirịa|Pidgin]]<br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ | class="infobox-data" |Nde <ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://books.filmhouseng.com/books/jahx/#p=18 "Nigeria Box Office Year Book, 2019"]. </cite></ref>.6 [1] |} '''''Merry Men: Ezigbo ndị mmụọ ọjọọ Yoruba''''' bụ [[:en:Action_comedy_film|ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri]] Naijiria nke 2018 nke Anthony Kehinde Joseph dere, nke Darlington Abuda mebere wee duzie ya bụ [[Toka McBaror|Toka Mcbaror]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Merry Men: More than Just a Movie Premiere|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/09/29/merry-men-more-than-just-a-movie-premiere/?amp|accessdate=2024-02-11|archivedate=2021-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004150908/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/09/29/merry-men-more-than-just-a-movie-premiere/?amp}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/life/film/merry-men-the-real-yoruba-demons-is-showing-in-these-cinemas/amp/|title="Merry Men: The Real Yoruba Demons" Is Showing In These Cinemas|author=Agbo|first=Njideka|accessdate=2024-02-11|archivedate=2022-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814032539/https://guardian.ng/life/film/merry-men-the-real-yoruba-demons-is-showing-in-these-cinemas/amp/}}</ref> Ọ na-eme [[:en:Ensemble_cast|ihe nkedo ensemble]], nke gụnyere: [[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Atọ Makun|AY Makun]], [[Jim Iyke]], [[Damilola Adegbite]], [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]], [[Iretiola Doyle]], [[Falz]], [[Jide Kosoko]], [[Rosaline Meurer]] na [[Nancy Isime]] . == Atụmatụ == A na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ na [[Abuja]]. Ndị ikom anọ bara ọgaranya (Ndị ikom nwere obi ụtọ) na-adọta ụmụ nwanyị dị ike, na-enweta nkwekọrịta site n'aka ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-ezu ohi n'aka Ndị ọgaranya, na-enye ndị ogbenye ma soro ụmụ nwanyị kachasị mma n'obodo ahụ nwee mmekọahụ. Ha na-eche nnukwu ihe ịma aka ha ihu mgbe ha na-emegide onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama na onye nrụrụ aka nke na-eme atụmatụ ịkwatu obodo iji wuo ụlọ ahịa. Ndị ikom anọ ahụ ^[1]-eme atụmatụ ịzọpụta ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Merry Men: The Real Yoruba Demons is a brilliant mix of powerful casting and relatable humour|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/merry-men-the-real-yoruba-demons-is-a-brilliant-mix-of-powerful-casting-and-relatable/ws87l3n|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=2018-10-02|accessdate=2024-02-11|language=en|author=Ayomide O. Tayo|archivedate=2023-12-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210173527/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/merry-men-the-real-yoruba-demons-is-a-brilliant-mix-of-powerful-casting-and-relatable/ws87l3n}}</ref> == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * [[Ramsey Nouah]] dị ka Ayo Alesinloye * [[Atọ Makun|Ayo Makun]] dị ka Amaju Abioritsegbemi * [[Jim Iyke]] dị ka Naz Okigbo * [[Falz|Folarin "Falz" Falana]] dị ka Remi Martins * [[Damilola Adegbite]] dị ka Dera Chukwu * [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]] dị ka Chief Alesinloye * [[Rosaline Meurer]] dị ka Kemi Alesinloye * [[Iretiola Doyle|Ireti Doyle]] dị ka Dame Maduka * [[Nancy Isime]] dị ka Sophie * [[Lilian Esoro]] dị ka Oriakụ Anyanwu * [[Jide Kosoko]] dị ka Chief Omole * [[Osas Ighodaro]] dị ka Chidinma (onye na-ede blọgụ) * Francis Duru dị ka Inspector Jack * [[Ali Nuhu]] dị ka Onye isi Ọrụ Ndị Ahịa * [[Faithia Williams|Faithia Balogun]] dị ka Mama Abdul * Samuel Ajibola dị ka Abdul * Segun Arinze dị ka ndị ọrụ IT nke ụlọ akụ == Ihe Ndị sochiri ya == N'afọ 2019, Ayo Makun kwupụtara na a ga-enwe ihe nkiri ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/regina-daniels-set-to-star-in-the-sequel-of-merry-men/kkgny95|title=sequel of the Nollywood movie, 'Merry Men' is set to welcome some new faces like Regina Daniels and Williams Uchemba.}}</ref> E mechara wepụta Merry Men 2 na 20 Disemba 2019. == Nnakwere == Dị ka Nollyrated si kwuo, atụmatụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka nkata nke na-agbapụta n'ebe niile ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ njikọ siri ike na akụkọ ahụ. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị edemede ahụ adịghị mkpa maka akụkọ ahụ n'ozuzu. Nke a abụghị ihe ọ bụla megide nkà nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, mana ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-ese onyinyo ahụ agbakwunyere ihe ọ bụla na akụkọ ahụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Merry Men: The Real Yoruba Demons (2018) Movie Review – Great Cast; Not So Great Delivery|url=https://nollyrated.com/merry-men-the-real-yoruba-demons-2018-movie-review/|work=Nollyrated|publisher=Omonikee Adeoti|accessdate=2024-02-11|archivedate=2023-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927213317/https://nollyrated.com/merry-men-the-real-yoruba-demons-2018-movie-review/}}</ref> Dị ka Nollywood Reinvented si kwuo, ihe kachasị mma gbasara ihe nkiri a bụ àgwà foto. Ihe osise ndị ahụ dị mma, ihe ndị ahụ dị oké ọnụ ahịa, a na-ere ihe nkiri ahụ; mana ihe omume ahụ bụ ihe ọchị, ahịrị ndị ahụ na-ada, mmetụta niile adịghịkwa. Ihe fọrọ nke nta <ref>{{Cite web|title=MERRY MEN: THE REAL YORUBA DEMONS|url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/09/merry-men.html|work=Nollywood Reinvented}}</ref> ọ bụrụ 2hr debacle jupụtara na cameos na-enweghị isi na itinye egwu oriri iji bulie ọnọdụ, mana ọ fọrọ nke nta nta ka ọ dị n'otu ebe a iji mee ka ihe nkiri ahụ gaa n'ihu. Dị ka bbfc si kwuo, ime ihe ike dị nro gụnyere nwoke na-ejide olu ndị ikom ndị ọzọ, na ebe a na-agba nwoke égbè, na obere anya nke ụfọdụ nkọwa ọbara ọbara <ref>{{Cite web|title=Merry Men: The Real Yoruba Demons|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/merry-men-the-real-yoruba-demons-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtodg2mdc3|work=bbfc|access-date=2024-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723010504/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/merry-men-the-real-yoruba-demons-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtodg2mdc3|archive-date=2022-07-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hụkwa == [[:en:List_of_Nigerian_films_of_2018|Ndepụta ihe nkiri Naijiria nke 2018]] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|9837502|Merry Men: The Real Yoruba Demons}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OspStJSEtG4 Ụgbọala na-adọkpụnaYouTube] 7c3cfbsxafaovs2mrf0lsuuw0dumzt9 0 36125 728090 624390 2026-09-26T05:14:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}{{Databox}} . In Contempt bụ ihe ngosi telivishọn na BET nke Terri Kopp mepụtara na Erica Ash. BET nyere iwu ka ihe omume 10 gaa n'ihu. Usoro a na-enyocha ikpe na-ezighị ezi na usoro iwu America. Usoro malitere na Eprel 10, 2018. [1] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/09/in-contempt-canceled-by-bet-after-one-season-1202744946/|title='In Contempt' Canceled by BET After One Season|author=Petski|first=Denise|work=Deadline Hollywood|date=September 25, 2019|accessdate=September 25, 2019}}</ref> Septemba 2019, BET kagburu usoro ahụ mgbe otu oge gachara. == Atụmatụ == Usoro ahụ dị n'ụwa na-aga ngwa ngwa nke ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka iwu na New York City ma soro Gwen Sullivan (Erica Ash), onye ọka iwu nwere echiche nke mmasị ya maka ọrụ ya na ndị ahịa ya na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye na-agbachitere ọha na eze kachasị nwee nkà na mpaghara ya. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * Erica Ash dị ka '''Gwendolyn "Gwen" Sullivan''', onye na-agbachitere ọha <ref name="THR 1">{{Cite web|author=Goldberg|first=Lesley|title=Erica Ash to Star in Straight-to-Series BET Legal Drama 'In Contempt' (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/erica-ash-star-straight-series-bet-legal-drama-contempt-1049712|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=12 April 2018|date=19 October 2017}}</ref> * <ref name="grio">{{Cite news|url=https://thegrio.com/2018/04/10/exclusive-erica-ash-on-her-in-contempt-role-and-tackling-the-flawed-legal-system/|title=Erica Ash on her 'In Contempt' role and tackling the flawed legal system|first=Cortney|author=Wills|date=April 10, 2018|publisher=[[The Grio]]}}</ref>Richard Lawson dị ka '''Earl Sullivan''', nna Gwen, onye ọka ikpe lara ezumike nká [1] * Christian Keyes dị ka '''Charles Theodore "Charlie" Riggs''', onye ọka iwu nwere ego bụ onye isi Gwen na ndị enyi nwere uru <ref name="THR 1" /> * Megan Hutchings dị ka '''Tracy Campbell''', onye na-agbachitere ọha na eze na onye ya na Gwen bi <ref name="THR 1" /> * Mouna Traoré dị ka '''Vanessa Winters''', onye ọka iwu ọhụrụ na-amụta ihe ọ pụtara ịkpọte <ref name="THR 1" /> * Tobias Truvillion dị ka '''Bennett Thompson''', onye Gwen nwere mmasị na nzuzo ogologo oge na onye bụbu prọfesọ iwu <ref name="THR 1" /> * Daniel Kash dị ka '''Tom Delgado''', onye isi Gwen <ref name="THR 1" /> * Ronnie Rowe Jr. dị ka E.'''E.J. Dashay''', onye enyemaka onye ọka iwu distrikti na onye ọkachamara Gwen <ref name="THR 1" /> === Ịlọghachi === * Richard Lawson dị ka '''Earl Sullivan''', nna Gwen, onye ọka ikpe lara ezumike nká <ref name="grio"/> * Jonathan Langdon dị ka '''Jim Johnson''', onye ọrụ ụlọ ikpe * Rob Stewart dị ka Judge Dotson'''Ọkàikpe Dotson''' * Joy Tanner dị ka '''Audrey Dotson''', nwunye Judge Dotson * Shawn Lawrence dị ka Judge Adler'''Ọkàikpe Adler''' * Genelle Williams dị ka '''Alison Bontemps''', onye Bennett kwere nkwa ọlụlụ == Ihe omume == {{Episode table|background=#A4A4A4|overall=|title=|director=|writer=|airdate=|viewers=|country=U.S.|episodes={{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 1 |Title = Welcome to Hell |DirectedBy = [[Farhad Mann]] |WrittenBy = Terri Kopp |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|4|10}} |Viewers = 0.540<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-10-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412133128/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-10-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 12, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.10.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=April 11, 2018|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=April 11, 2018|accessdate=February 13, 2024|archivedate=April 12, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412133128/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-10-2018.html}}</ref> |ShortSummary = A female defense attorney defends a client accused of attempted rape after the attorney was handcuffed in court for brawling. One of the group's male attorneys supervises a rookie female associate. A court judge, the married lover of a female defense attorney, denies bail to her client. This causes frustration to grow for her. |LineColor = A4A4A4 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 2 |Title = Combat by Agreement |DirectedBy = Farhad Mann |WrittenBy = Laurence Andries |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|4|17}} |Viewers = 0.468<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-17-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053434/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-17-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 19, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.17.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=April 18, 2018|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=April 18, 2018|accessdate=February 13, 2024|archivedate=April 19, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053434/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-17-2018.html}}</ref> |ShortSummary =After a fatal gang bus shooting, Gwen must defend a 14 year old, while also reconnecting with her former law professor and secret crush, Bennett. Vanessa, under Charlie's wing, goes through public defender boot camp. |LineColor = A4A4A4 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 3 |Title = Confessions |DirectedBy = Sudz Sutherland |WrittenBy = Terri Kopp & Evangeline Ordaz & Deb Swisher |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|4|24}} |Viewers = 0.466<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-24-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426080338/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-24-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 26, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.24.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=April 25, 2018|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=April 25, 2018|accessdate=February 13, 2024|archivedate=April 26, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426080338/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-24-2018.html}}</ref> |ShortSummary =Gwen and Tracy defend a client who confessed to murdering his mother. Bennett and Gwen have a romantic dinner until a surprise guest arrives. |LineColor = A4A4A4 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 4 |Title = The Rules of Engagement |DirectedBy = Sudz Sutherland |WrittenBy = [[David Feige]] |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|5|1}} |Viewers = 0.397<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-1-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503041814/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-1-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 3, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.1.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=May 2, 2018|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=May 2, 2018|accessdate=February 13, 2024|archivedate=May 3, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503041814/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-1-2018.html}}</ref> |ShortSummary =In the aftermath of finding out that Bennett is engaged, Gwen defends a Frotteurist. Charlie wins an unwinnable stash and cash drug case but gets arrested. |LineColor = A4A4A4 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 5 |Title = Necessary Force |DirectedBy = Jill Carter |WrittenBy = Maisha Closson |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|5|8}} |Viewers = 0.488<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-8-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510050924/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-8-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 10, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.8.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=May 9, 2018|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=May 9, 2018|accessdate=February 13, 2024|archivedate=May 10, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510050924/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-8-2018.html}}</ref> |ShortSummary =Gwen and Tracy struggle to deal with events from their past when they defend a mother accused of child abuse. Charlie deals with the aftermath of his unfair arrest. |LineColor = A4A4A4 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 6 |Title = Banned |DirectedBy = Jill Carter |WrittenBy = Evangeline Ordaz |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|5|15}} |Viewers = 0.360<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-15-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152805/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-15-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 17, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.15.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=May 16, 2018|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=May 16, 2018|accessdate=February 13, 2024|archivedate=May 17, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152805/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-15-2018.html}}</ref> |ShortSummary =Gwen uses an extra-judicial strategy to outwit an overzealous judge. Bennett invites Gwen to his wedding shower, where she discovers Bennett's true feelings about her. |LineColor = A4A4A4 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 7 |Title = Stop and Frisk |DirectedBy = Farhad Mann |WrittenBy = Deb Swisher |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|5|22}} |Viewers = 0.468<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-22-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524082231/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-22-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 24, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.22.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=May 23, 2018|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=May 23, 2018|accessdate=February 13, 2024|archivedate=June 15, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615004555/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-22-2018.html}}</ref> |ShortSummary =Still fiery from his own run-in with racial profiling, Charlie and Vanessa try a stop and frisk case. Bennett takes Gwen on a get away to determine the next steps in their relationship. |LineColor = A4A4A4 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 8 |Title = Burned Out |DirectedBy = Farhad Mann |WrittenBy = Terri Kopp & Aaron Carew |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|5|29}} |Viewers = 0.472<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-29-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604070723/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-29-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 4, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.29.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=May 30, 2018|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=May 30, 2018|accessdate=February 13, 2024|archivedate=November 19, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119040843/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-29-2018.html}}</ref> |ShortSummary =Gwen's commitment is put to the test when she defends a man accused of setting his girlfriend on fire. Meanwhile, Bennett learns to cope with Gwen's work-first mentality when she moves into his condo. |LineColor = A4A4A4 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 9 |Title = BLM, Part One |DirectedBy = Sudz Sutherland |WrittenBy = Laurence Andries |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|6|5}} |Viewers = 0.501<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-5-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610031101/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-5-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 10, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.5.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=June 6, 2018|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=June 6, 2018|accessdate=February 13, 2024|archivedate=June 10, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610031101/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-5-2018.html}}</ref> |ShortSummary =In a case that closely mirrors Eric Garner's, Gwen, Charlie and Tracy defend a young Black man who, in the course of being arrested, inadvertently kills a cop. |LineColor = A4A4A4 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 10 |Title = BLM, Part Two |DirectedBy = Sudz Sutherland |WrittenBy = Terri Kopp |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|6|12}} |Viewers = 0.539<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-12-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234618/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-12-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 13, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.12.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=June 13, 2018|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=June 13, 2018|accessdate=February 13, 2024|archivedate=June 13, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234618/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-12-2018.html}}</ref> |ShortSummary =Gwen's defense of a young Black man who killed a police officer in self-defense continues, and she is forced to come up with an unorthodox theory in order to win. |LineColor = A4A4A4 }}}} == Mmepụta == Ọ bụ Terri Kopp dere In Contempt <ref name="houston">{{Cite news|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/entertainment/tv/article/Erica-Ash-makes-solid-argument-for-BET-legal-12819429.php|title=Erica Ash makes solid argument for BET legal drama 'In Contempt'|first=Rick|author=Bentley|date=April 9, 2018|work=[[The Houston Chronicle]]}}</ref> ma mepụta ya na Canada. <ref name="THR 1"/> Na Septemba 25, 2019, BET kagburu usoro ahụ mgbe otu oge gasịrị. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210728110504/https://www.bet.com/shows/in-contempt.html Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * N'ileghara anyanaIMDb h013rwoxh3m0rhpygj9fvn7bw3yvjpn 0 36391 728079 722645 2026-09-26T03:47:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Databox}}'''''Moolaadé''''' ("nchebe anwansi") bụ ihe nkiri 2004 nke onye edemede na onye nduzi Senegalese bụ Ousmane Sembène. Ọ na-ekwu maka ịkpụpụ akụkụ ahụ nwanyị, ihe a na-emekarị n'ọtụtụ mba Afrịka, site na [[Egypt|Ijipt]] ruo [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Ihe nkiri ahụ bụ ihe ụlọ ọrụ si n'ọtụtụ mba Ndị na-asụ French: Senegal, France, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Morocco, na Tunisia. E sere ya na obodo nta dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Djerrisso, [[Burkina Faso]]. Ihe nkiri ahụ na-arụ ụka n'ụzọ siri ike megide omume ahụ, na-egosi nwanyị obodo, Collé, onye na-eji moolaadé (nchebe anwansi) echebe nwa ya nwanyị na otu ìgwè ụmụ agbọghọ. Ndị obodo ahụ na-emegide ya bụ ndị kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa ka e gbuo akụkụ ahụ nwanyị, nke ha na-akpọ "purification". Nke a bụ ihe nkiri ikpeazụ Sembène mere tupu ya anwụọ n'afọ 2007. == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == Nye ndị si n'èzí, omume a maara dị ka "ịkpụ akụkụ ahụ nwanyị" na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ. Ndị na-awa ahụ na-ewepụ akụkụ ma ọ bụ akụkụ ahụ nwanyị niile. Dị ka omenala si dị, a na-eji mpempe ígwè ma ọ bụ mma bepụ ya, wee jiri agịga ma ọ bụ ogwu dụkọta ya azụ. Enweghị ọgwụ na-akụnwụ ahụ n'oge usoro ahụ dum, ọgwụ na-egbu nje anaghị ezuru oke. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/roger-eberts-great-movies/|title=CELEBRATING ROGER EBERT'S GREAT MOVIES|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=November 30, 2020}}</ref> -ahụ maka ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị Dr Rosemary Mburu nke Kenya na-eme atụmatụ na ihe ruru 15% nke ụmụ agbọghọ e biri úgwù na-anwụ n'ihi oke ọbara ma ọ bụ ọrịa nke ọnyá ahụ. == Atụmatụ == A na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ n'obodo Bambara mara mma na [[Burkina Faso]] nke nwere ọtụtụ ahịhịa ahịhịrị, na ụlọ alakụba e ji ụrọ mee nke yiri nnukwu ahịhịhịa. Obodo nt<ref name="wguc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irenees.net/en/fiches/documentation/fiche-documentation-579.html|work=archive.is|title=Moolaadé|accessdate=11 November 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121124092949/http://www.irenees.net/en/fiches/documentation/fiche-documentation-579.html|archivedate=24 November 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''archive.is''. Archived from the original on 24 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([[:Category: CS1 maint: bot: ọnọdụ URL mbụ amaghị|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown]]</ref> a bụ ihe nnọchianya nke Africa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, oge capsule nke n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ anaghị emetụta mmetụta nke ụwa dị n'èzí na 'nke oge a'. Collé bụ nke abụọ n'ime ndị nwunye atọ di ya, ọ bụkwa onye di ya hụrụ n'anya, nwoke dị jụụ ma dị jụụ karịa ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nọ n'obodo ahụ. Nwa ya nwanyị, Amasatou, agbaala akwụkwọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwetabeghị akụkụ ahụ nwanyị, nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka alụmdi na nwunye na ọdịnala obodo. Collé na-emegide omume a, nke mere ka ndị okenye nọ n'obodo ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị nakwa ụmụ nwoke, lelee nwa ya nwanyị anya. Amasatou n'onwe ya na-arịọ ka e gbupụ akụkụ ahụ ya iji hụ na ọ bụ ya na-anọ n'etiti ọha na eze na nnabata alụmdi na nwunye, mana Collé ka na-enweghị mmetụta. Ụmụ agbọghọ anọ na-atụ egwu ma gbapụ na ememe nke omume ahụ bịakwutere ya, Collé na-ese akara ihe atụ, eriri mara mma ''Moolaadé'', "nchebe anwansi," gafee ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke ụlọ ezinụlọ ahụ. ''Moolaadé'' na-egbochi ndị okenye nwanyị na-eme omume ahụ, na ndị na-achọ ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ, ịbanye n'ụlọ ahụ. Na mbido, nwunye mbụ ahụ yiri ka ọ na-emegide atụmatụ Collé iji chebe ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ka oge na-aga, ha na-adịkwu nso ma ọ na-agwa Collé na ọ na-emegide ịkpụ akụkụ ahụ nwanyị. Ọ na-atụ egwu ime ka a mara ya, mana ọ na-enyere ya aka mgbe niile, na-enweghị ọkwa onye ọ bụla. Ka ọ na-eche arịrịọ nwa ya nwanyị ka a bi ya úgwù ihu, Collé na-akọwa na ọ chọghị ka nwa ya nwanyị kwụsị n'otu ụzọ ahụ ọ gara. Ihe mbụ kpatara ya bụ na ọ nwere ọtụtụ nsonaazụ a na-amaghị ama, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike igbu mmadụ. Otu ihe kpatara ya ka ukwuu bụ na Collé nwere afọ ime abụọ na-enweghị isi tupu Amasatou, nke kpatara ya nnukwu ihe mgbu anụ ahụ na mmetụta uche ma bụrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnwụ. N'ime flashback, e nwere ihe nkiri nke ya na di ya na-enwe mmekọahụ nke na-akpata ihe mgbu ya n'ụzọ doro anya. Ọ na-ehi ụra, ebe ọ na-enweghị ike ime ya n'ihi na mmekọahụ na-ewetara ya ihe mgbu na-enweghị ngwụcha karịa obi ụtọ. Ọ na-anọgide na-ata mkpịsị aka mgbaaka ya, ihe nnọchianya nke alụmdi na nwunye ya, ọ naghịkwa anwa ikwu otu okwu ọbụlagodi mgbe mkpịsị ụkwụ ya na-agba ọbara. N'isi ụtụtụ, ọ ka na-amụ anya ịsa ahụ ya, yana ọbara ya n'elu akwa. Ka Collé na-anọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ndị tetara iji guzogide nchịkwa nna ochie, onye nwa ya nwanyị bụ Ibrahima, nwa okorobịa bara ọgaranya ma nwee obi ụtọ nke bi na France, laghachiri n'obodo ahụ, ma na-anọchi anya ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na mba ọzọ nke laghachiri ụlọ ma na-edebe omenala obodo ya. Ọ na-ahụ olili ozu nke ụmụntakịrị nwanyị abụọ, bụ ndị mmiri riri onwe ha n'olulu mmiri iji zere nkwarụ nke akụkụ ahụ ha. Ndị ikwu ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ na-eru uju, mana ihe omume ahụ emeghị ka ndị obodo ahụ jụọ ọdịnala ahụ. Ibrahima na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ ma na-echegbu onwe ya maka nke a; ka ọ dị ugbu a, nna Ibrahima chọrọ ka ọ hapụ nkwa ọlụlụ ya na Amasatou, ma lụọ nwa nwanne ya nwoke dị afọ iri na otu, onye e gbuolala akụkụ ahụ nwanyị. Ibrahima jụrụ ime nke a, na-amata omume dị otú ahụ dị ka mmetọ ụmụaka, ma gaa n'ụlọ Amasatou n'agbanyeghị ihe ndị obodo ahụ na-ekwu. Ọ kwadoro ya dị ka onye ọ chọrọ ịlụ, n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ya "na-adịghị ọcha" dịka ọdịnala obodo si dị. Ihe ntụrụndụ ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka na-eme kwa ụbọchị na redio nke na-eziga egwu na akụkọ nke ụwa, nke ndị okenye nwoke na-ewere dị ka ihe na-adịghị arụpụta ihe na ihe dị ize ndụ. Ndị okenye na-eche na Ciré Bathiliy, di Collé, enweghị ike ịchịkwa nwunye ya, ya mere ndị okenye siri ọnwụ na o ji ụtarị akpụkpọ anụ tie ya ihe n'ihu obodo ahụ iji gosi na ọ ka na-achịkwa ya. Ndị okenye chọrọ ka o kwuo okwu iji kwụsị moolaade, ka ha wee nwee ike iwere ụmụ agbọghọ anọ ahụ n'aka nchebe ya. Di ya na-eti ya ihe, mana ọ na-atachi obi ma jụ inye ndị na-emekpa ya ahụ afọ ojuju nke inye ya. Ìgwè ndị ikom na ndị inyom na-emegide ibe ha na-eti ya mkpu ka ọ kagbuo ma ọ bụ kwụsie ike, mana ọ dịghị nwanyị na-etinye aka. Mgbe ọ na-achọ ịda, onye ahịa na-apụ ma kwụsị ịpịa ya ụtarị. Ndị mmadụ nọ n'obodo ahụ na-akpọ onye ahịa na-eme omume enyi nwanyị Mercenaire. Ọ bụ onye agha gara aga nke ghọrọ onye ahịa na-eme njem mgbe a chụpụrụ ya n'ọrụ agha mgbe ọ boro ndị ka ya elu ebubo nrụrụ aka. Mgbe ya na Ibrahima na-akparịta ụka, ọ na-ebo ya, nna ya, na nwanne nna ya ebubo na ha na-emetụta ụmụaka ma na mberede anaghịzi echegbu onwe ya maka ego ọ nwere ike inweta n'aka nwa okorobịa ahụ bara ọgaranya. Ọ na-eweta ihe mkpofu plastik niile n'obodo ahụ; ihe mkpofu ahụ na-egbuke egbuke ma nwee obi ike ka ejiji mara mma ndị mmadụ na-eyi n'Africa. Ọ na-ere ngwaahịa ya na ọnụahịa dị elu. <ref name="wguc"/> mechara chụpụ ya n'obodo ahụ ma, mgbe a na-ahụ ya, e gburu ya. N'oge a na-eti ya ihe, otu n'ime nne ụmụ agbọghọ anọ ahụ zuru nwa ya nwanyị n'ụlọ Collé ma zipụ ya ka ọ bepụ akụkụ ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na obere nwa agbọghọ ahụ na-eti mkpu ma na-anwa iguzogide. Nwa agbọghọ ahụ nwụrụ n'ihi ịkpụ ya ma nne ya na-akwa ụta maka nkwado ya n'oge gara aga. Ndị nne ndị ọzọ niile hụrụ ọdachi ahụ na-eme ma si otú a gbanwee obi ha wee malite imegide igbu akụkụ ahụ. Nke a mere ka Collé kagbuo nchebe ahụ ma weghachite ụmụaka ahụ na nne na nna ha. Onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri Roger Ebert bụ nnukwu onye na-akwado ihe nkiri ahụ, na-akpọ ya otu n'ime iri kachasị elu n'afọ ahụ, ma mesịa gbakwunye ya na ndepụta ya nke nnukwu ihe nkiri.Site n'echiche ụmụ nwoke, redio nwere mmetụta ọjọọ n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi na ọ na-akụziri ha ihe ndị si n'ụwa ọzọ, dị ka echiche nke ịha nhata ma ọ bụ otu esi ewepụ ya esighị mkpa. Ya mere, ndị okenye kpebiri ịgba redio ndị ha weghaara n'oge gara aga ọkụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a ga-ere redio niile ọkụ, ụmụ nwanyị obodo ahụ na-ezo ụfọdụ. Ụmụ nwanyị ahụ dị n'otu n'ihi ihe mgbu nke ọkpụkpụ ahụ kpatara. Ha niile na-eru uju, a na-akpọte ha niile, mgbe ndị okenye laghachiri, a na'eti mkpu, "A gaghịzi ebi akụkụ ahụ". Collé na-achọ ka ụmụ nwanyị nyefee mma ha, nke ọ na-eburu ndị okenye, na-ekwupụta na ịkpụ akụkụ ahụ bụ ihe gara aga. Mgbe ngosipụta ya gasịrị, Ibrahima guzogidere nna ya, na-ekwu na ọ gaghị ege ya ntị, n'agbanyeghị egwu ya ịgọnahụ ya (nke bụ ihe nzuzu ịhụ otú Ibrahima si bụrụ onye na-elekọta ezinụlọ ahụ) mara ọkwa na ọ ga-alụ Amasatou n'ihi na ọ dị mpako maka ya. Ọgwụgwụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ bụ anwụrụ ọkụ nke redio na-ere ọkụ, nke na-ekwu okwu ma na-egbochi okwu. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * [[Fatoumata Coulibaly]] dị ka Collé Gallo Ardo Sy, nwunye nke abụọ na-echebe ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ pụọ na ịkpụ akụkụ ahụ nwanyị. * [[Hélène Diarra|Maimouna Hélène Diarra]] dị ka Hadjatou * Salimata Traoré dị ka Amasatou * Dominique Zeïda dị ka onye na-akwụ ụgwọ * Mah Compaoré dị ka Doyenne des Exciseuses * Aminata Dao dị ka Alima Bâ * Stéphanie Nikiema dị ka Mah * Mamissa Sanogo dị ka Oumy * Rasmane Ouedraogo dị ka Ciré Bathily * Ousmane Konaté dị ka Amath Bathily * Bakaramoto Sanogo dị ka Abdou * Modibo Sangaré dị ka Balla Bathily * Joseph Traoré dị ka Dugutigi * Théophile Sowié dị ka Ibrahima (dị ka Moussa Théophili Sowié) * Balla Habib Dembélé dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ nsọ (dị ka Habib Dambélé) * Gustave Sorgho dị ka Bakary * Cheick Oumar Maiga dị ka Kémo Tiékura * Sory Ibrahima Koïta dị ka Kémo Ansumana (dị ka Ibrahima Sory Koita) * Aly Sanon dị ka Konaté * Moussa Sanogo dị ka Konaté fils * Naky Sy Savane dị ka Sanata (dị ka Naki Sy Savane) * Marie Yameogo dị ka Exciseuse (dị ka Marie Augustine Yameogo) * Mabintou Baro dị ka onye na-akwụ ụtụ isi * Tata Konaté dị ka onye na-akwụ ụtụ isi * Fatoumata Sanogo dị ka onye na-akwụ ụtụ isi * Madjara Konaté dị ka onye na-akwụ ụtụ isi * Fatoumata Konaté dị ka onye na-akwụ ụtụ isi * Fatoumata Sanou dị ka Nafissatou * Mariama Souabo dị ka Jaatu * Lala Drabo dị ka Saaiba * Georgette Paré dị ka Niassi * Assita Soura dị ka Seymabou * Alimatou Traoré dị ka Binetou * Edith Nana Kaboré dị ka Ibatou * Maminata Sanogo dị ka Coumba * Sanata Sanogo dị ka Eze Nwanyị Nne * Mafirma Sanogo dị ka iri ise == Nnakwere == === Ndị nkatọ === Ihe nkiri a nwetara nyocha dị mma n'ozuzu ya. <ref name="metacritic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/moolaade/critic-reviews|title=Critic Reviews for Moolaadé|work=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref> Metacritic ọ nwere akara ihe nkiri 91 n'ime 100 dabere na ndị nkatọ 26, nke 24 dị mma na 2 agwakọta. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Moolaadé (2004)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/moolaade|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> Rotten Tomatoes, 99% nke ndị nkatọ 74 nyere ihe nkiri ahụ nyocha dị mma, na nkezi akara nke 8.5/10. Roger Ebert nke Chicago Sun-Times kpọrọ <ref name="Ebert Daring">{{Cite web|author=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|title=Daring audiences rewarded with greatness|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/moolaade-2004|work=[[RogerEbert.com]]|accessdate=13 April 2020|date=2 December 2004}}</ref> "maka m ihe nkiri kachasị mma na Cannes 2004, akụkọ na-eme ka ọ dị ngwa na ndụ. Ọ na-eme nkwupụta dị ike ma n'otu oge ahụ nwee ọchị, ịma mma na ịma mma anya dị ịtụnanya". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A28305-2004Dec2.html|work=The Washington Post|first=Desson|author=Thomson|title='Moolaade': Acts of Courage|date=3 December 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/pages/movies/index.html/2004/10/13/movies/13mool.html?oref=login|title=Heroism and Defiance in an African Village|work=The New York Times|first=Manohla|author=Dargis|accessdate=11 February 2017|archive-date=1 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901214243/http://movies.nytimes.com/pages/movies/index.html/2004/10/13/movies/13mool.html?oref=login|url-status=dead}}</ref> Stevens nke <nowiki><i id="mwaQ">The New York Times</i></nowiki> chọpụtara na "Ịhapụ ''''Moolaade'''' ga-abụ ịhapụ ohere iji hụ ikike ịnakwere, kwado, ịgbanwe ụwa nke ihe nkiri mmadụ na nke kachasị mma. " [1] Desson Thomson nke <nowiki><i id="mwbg">Washington Post</i></nowiki> kwuru "Moolaade, n'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị nkenke, bụ ihe nkiri iji mee ka mkpụrụ obi maa jijiji. " <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2004/nov/19/entertainment/et-Moolade19|title=Horror in a pastoral setting|date=19 November 2004|work=Los Angeles Times|first=Steven|author=Zeitchik}}</ref> Thomas nke ''Los Angeles Times'' kwuru, "E nwere mmetụta bara ụba nke izu oke nke ndụ na ''Moolaadé'' nke na ọ na-akwado akụkụ ndị ahụ bụ n'ezie na nke na-agbawa obi". [1] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasobserver.com/issues/2005-01-13/film/film2.html|title=Dallasobserver.com &#124; in the Cut &#124; 2005-01-13|work=www.dallasobserver.com|accessdate=12 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050126100751/https://www.dallasobserver.com/issues/2005-01-13/film/film2.html|archivedate=26 January 2005}}</ref> Levine nke Dallas Observer kwuru "Ọ dịghị mfe ịmepụta akụkọ omume ọma. Ọ bụ ya mere Moolaade, ihe nkiri ọhụrụ sitere n'aka onye edemede na onye nduzi Senegalese dị afọ 81 bụ Ousmane Sembene, ji nwee mmetụta dị ka ihe ịga nke ọma pụrụ iche. Kirk Honeycutt nke The Hollywood Reporter nyere nyocha <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/reviews/review_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000512299|title=Moolaade|date=16 May 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050513114955/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/reviews/review_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000512299|archive-date=13 May 2005|access-date=18 February 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> mgbagwoju anya ma kwupụta na "Dị ka ihe nkiri ihe nkiri ahụ na-ejikarị egosi akụkụ abụọ nke arụmụka mmekọrịta ọha na eze a dị mkpa n'Africa". Phil Hall nke Film Threat nyere naanị <ref name="filmthreat">{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmthreat.com/reviews/6537/|title=Reviews - Film Threat - Part 6537|work=filmthreat.com|accessdate=11 November 2017|archivedate=12 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112021520/http://filmthreat.com/reviews/6537/}}</ref>/100 wee chọta ihe nkiri ahụ "Na-eme ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume n'iwere ezigbo ọdachi mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri anvil nke ga-eme ka ndidi nke ndị na-ege ntị nwere ọmịiko ghara inwe". === Ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ === ''Moolaadé'' nwetara $ 11,982 na ngwụsị izu mbụ ya. <ref name="boxofficemojo">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekly&id=moolaade.htm|title=Moolaade (2004) - Weekly Box Office Results|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref>'ime izu iri anọ na otu, ngụkọta nke ụlọ bụ $ 215,646, $ 218,907 mba ọzọ. == Ndị a nabatara == Onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri Roger Ebert bụ nnukwu onye na-akwado ihe nkiri ahụ, na-akpọ ya otu n'ime iri kachasị elu n'afọ ahụ, ma mesịa gbakwunye ya na ndepụta ya nke nnukwu ihe nkiri. N'afọ 2016, a họpụtara ihe nkiri ahụ n'etiti ihe nkiri 100 kachasị ukwuu kemgbe afọ 2000 na nyocha ndị nkatọ mba ụwa site na ndị nkatọ 177 gburugburu ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films|title=The 21st Century's 100 greatest films|date=18 April 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nrite !Ụdị !Onye mmeri / Onye a họpụtara !Nsonaazụ |- | rowspan="8" |2004 | rowspan="2" |Emume ihe nkiri nke Cannes |Ihe Nrite Otu Anya ||{{Won}} |- |Ihe nrite nke Ndịikpe Jikọrọ Aka | |Nkwupụta pụrụ iche<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4198684/year/2004.html|title=Festival de Cannes: Moolaadé|accessdate=2 December 2009|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite European Film Awards |Ihe nrite Screen International |Ousmane Sembène|{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Emume ihe nkiri mba ụwa nke Marrakech |Onyinye Ndịikpe Pụrụ Iche |Ousmane Sembène|{{Won}} |- |Kpakpando Ọlaedo |Ousmane Sembène|{{Nom}} |- |Ihe nrite National Society of Film Critics |Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma nke Asụsụ Mba Ọzọ ||{{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |Ihe nrite ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Society, USA |Ihe nrite maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ||{{Nom}} |- |Ihe nrite maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ ||{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |Emume ihe nkiri mba ụwa nke Cinemanila |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |[[Fatoumata Coulibaly]]|{{Won}} |- |Ihe nrite Foto |Ihe nkiri pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ nke mba ọzọ ||{{Nom}} |- |Emume ihe nkiri Pan-African |Ihe nrite ndị ọka ikpe |Ousmane Sembène|{{Won}} |} == Hụkwa == * Ihe nkiri nke Senegal == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/2004-05-15/2004-05-15-393759 Ajụjụ ọnụ na Ousmane Sembène na akwụkwọ akụkọ l'Humanité, 15 Mee 2004.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215703/http://www.africultures.com/index.asp?menu=affiche_article&no=3425 Ajụjụ ọnụ] ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Fatoumata Coulibaly]], na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Africultures. * [http://www.africultures.com/index.asp?menu=revue_affiche_article&no=6655 Onye nkatọ nke Moolade na Africultures.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110531203620/http://www.univie.ac.at/ecco/stichproben/Nr11_Rezensionen.pdf Ousmane Sembène: Mooladé (Film Review)] Stichproben: Wiener Zeitschrift für kritische Afrikaforschung/ Vienna Journal of African Studies, 2006. == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|0416991}} * MoolaadénaTomato rere ure * MoolaadénaIhe Ndị Na-egosi Ihe Ndị Dị Oké Mkpa * MoolaadénaAllMovie [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] op6g10xns09o0kwygek1olka8nohevb 0 37045 728134 656005 2026-09-26T08:37:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Neil Sandilands|image=|caption=|birth_name=Neil Joseph William Sandilands|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1975|5|1}}|birth_place=[[Randfontein]], South Africa|occupation=Actor, director, screenwriter, producer, film editor, [[cinematographer]]|years_active=1991–present|website=[http://www.neilsandilands.com/ neilsandilands.com]}} '''Neil Joseph William Sandilands''' (amụrụ na 1 Mee 1975) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri na South Africa, nke a maara maka ọrụ na ihe nkiri na telivishọn yana maka mgbanwe ya na ime ihe nkiri. N'afọ 2016, ọ na-arụ ọrụ ugboro ugboro na Sundance TV's ''Hap na Leonard'' dị ka Paco na The CW's The ''100'' dị ka Titus. N'afọ 2017, ọ sonyeere ndị isi na-eme ihe nkiri nke usoro CW The ''Flash'', na-egwu Clifford DeVoe / The Thinker. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Children's & Family Emmy Awards: Disney Dominates Nominations|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/childrens-family-emmy-awards-nominations-2023-1235635652/|accessdate=7 November 2023|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Tyler|author=Coates}}</ref> rụkwara ọrụ General Abbott na usoro Netflix Sweet Tooth, nke o nwetara onyinye Children's and Family Emmy Award maka nhọpụta na-akwado arụmọrụ dị ịrịba ama. == Ọrụ == Sandilands malitere ọrụ ya na South Africa, ala nna ya, na-eme ihe dị iche iche, ọkachasị na usoro telivishọn 7de Laan dị ka Bart Kruger malite na 2000. Ọ hapụrụ ihe ngosi ahụ mgbe afọ asaa gasịrị wee kwaga [[Los Angeles]] na 2007. N'''Ụlọ'' 2010, e gosipụtara Sandilands n'otu ihe omume nke usoro ihe nkiri America a ma ama House, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ laghachiri South Africa iji mee ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Afrikaans a ma ama, gụnyere ihe nkiri mmeri ''Die Ballade van Robbie de Wee'' . Sandilands malitekwara ọrụ mmepụta tupu ọ laghachi Hollywood na 2014. <ref name="House">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/bart-from-7de-laan-lands-two-roles-in-united-states-series/|title=Bart from 7de Laan lands two roles in United States series|work=The South African|author=Haden|first=Alexis|date=2 March 2016|accessdate=26 February 2024|archivedate=28 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628102101/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/bart-from-7de-laan-lands-two-roles-in-united-states-series/}}</ref>"Aghaghị m ịlaghachi na ọzụzụ ndị ọzọ dị ka iduzi na mmepụta ma mgbe ụfọdụ wuo mgbidi maka ndị agbata obi m ma ọ bụ ihe omume ndị ọzọ a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta akọwa iji gbochie anụ ọhịa wolf, " Sandilands kwuru banyere njem ya laghachi na United States. <ref name="Life">{{Cite web|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/neil-sandilands-in-hollywood-020316|title=South African actor lands roles in two US series|work=Brand South Aftrica|author=Anderson|first=CD|date=2 March 2016|accessdate=26 February 2024|archivedate=20 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520055856/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/neil-sandilands-in-hollywood-020316}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, Sandilands nwetara onye ọbịa na usoro FX The Americans . N'afọ sochirinụ na 2016, ọ na-arụ ọrụ ugboro ugboro dị ka Titus na CW's The ''100'' na dị ka Paco na SundanceTV's ''Hap na Leonard''. N'afọ 2017, Sandilands nwere ọrụ ọbịa na usoro CBS ''NCIS'' nke na-agba ọsọ ogologo oge ma sonye na ndị isi na-eme ihe nkiri CW superhero The ''Flash'' dị ka Clifford DeVoe / The Thinker .   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Grobar|first=Matt|date=25 October 2022|title='Kingdom Of The Planet Of The Apes' Adds Five|url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/kingdom-of-the-planet-of-the-apes-adds-five-1235154551/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025185507/https://deadline.com/2022/10/kingdom-of-the-planet-of-the-apes-adds-five-1235154551/|archivedate=25 October 2022|accessdate=25 October 2022|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, a tụbara Sandilands na ihe nkiri Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes, nke Wes Ball ga-eduzi maka 20th Century Studios. == Ndụ onwe onye == Sandilands <ref name="Life"/>-asụ Bekee na asụsụ ala ya, Afrikaans. == Ihe nkiri == === Ime ihe nkiri === ==== Ihe nkiri ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2004 |''[[Proteus (ihe nkiri nke afọ 2003)|Proteus]]'' |Rijkhaart Jacobz |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2004/07/30/movies/film-in-review-proteus.html|title=FILM IN REVIEW; 'Proteus'|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Kehr|first=Dave|date=30 July 2004}}</ref><ref name="TVG">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/neil-sandilands/credits/167743/|title=Neil Sandilands|work=[[TVGuide]]|accessdate=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128082624/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/neil-sandilands/credits/167743/|archive-date=28 November 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2010 |''Jakhalsdans'' |Dawid onye na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ |<ref name="SACredits">{{Cite web|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/south-african-actors-join-the-flash-tv-series|title=South African actors join The Flash TV series|work=Brand South Aftrica|author=Anderson|first=CD|date=27 July 2017|accessdate=26 February 2024|archivedate=25 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725130730/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/south-african-actors-join-the-flash-tv-series}}</ref> bụkwa osote onye nduzi [1] |- |2011 |''Ọchịchịrị Dị N'azụ'' |Maazị Lemoy |Dị mkpirikpi |- |2012 |''Otu Anya Ikpeazụ'' |Frank McCintosh | |- | rowspan="6" |2013 |''Die Laaste Tango'' |Kaptein Etlinger | |- |''Lucy na Janie'' |Nna Lucy |Dị mkpirikpi |- |''Hoe Duur bụ De Suiker'' |Reinder Almersma | |- |''Musiek vir nwụrụ Agtergrond'' |Freddy | |- |''Die Ballade van Robbie de Wee'' |Len van Jaarsveld |<ref name="SACredits" /> |- |''Nwoke nọ n'okporo ụzọ kacha mma ịhapụ naanị ya'' | |Dị mkpirikpi |- |2015 |''Blackhat'' |Onye na-anya ụgbọ mmiri n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri | (nke a na-edeghị aha ya) |- |2018 |''Frank na Ava'' |Zinnemann | |- |2019 |''Ọdọ Mmiri Coyote'' |Dirk | |- |2019 |''Drone ahụ'' |Onye Mmebi Iwu | |- |2020 |''Akụkọ Ụwa'' |Wilhelm Leonberger | |- |2021 |''Ebe Marfa na-aga'' |Norman |DVD, Amazon, VUDU |- |2024 |''Alaeze nke Mbụ'' |Koro[<ref name="Empire">{{Cite web|author=Jolin|first=Dan|date=21 December 2023|title='Animal Kingdom'|url=https://members.empireonline.com/read/feb-24/animal-kingdom|accessdate=21 December 2022|work=[[Empire Magazine]]}}</ref>] |Mgbe e mepụtara ya |- |} ==== Telivishọn ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |1991 |''Meester'' |Bertus Conradie | |- |1992 |''Ihe ndị e ji akwọ ụgbọala'' |Dolf - 1950 | |- |1999 |''Obodo ndịda'' | | |- |2000–07 |''Laan nke asaa'' |Bart Kruger |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.huffingtonpost.co.za/2017/07/26/kim-engelbrecht-and-niel-sandilands-have-already-started-filming_a_23049159/|title=Kim Engelbrecht And Neil Sandilands Have Already Started Filming For 'The Flash' And We Can't Wait|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|author=Mambana|first=Duenna|date=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="SACredits"/> |- |2004 |''Onye na-eme ihe ike'' |Jan Pieter | |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |''Orion'' |Zatopek Van Heerden | |- |''Jozi-H'' |Onye na-ebu ọgwụ ọjọọ na 2006 |Ihe omume: "Crush" |- |2008 |''Ememe nke Ndị A Na-akpọghị'' |Daantjie van Wyk |Ihe omume: "A Map Reddens" |- |2010 |''Ụlọ'' |Captain Vanderhoof |Ihe omume: "A Pox on Our House"<ref name="TVG"/><ref name="House"/> |- |2011 |''Ntọrọ na Nnapụta'' |Sam |Ihe omume: "Ndị nnapụta nnapụta" |- |2013 |''Ọrịa na-egbu egbu'' |Onye sayensị |Ihe omume: "Ụdị 05: Ọdịnihu" |- |2015 |''Ndị America'' |Eugene Venter |Ihe omume <ref name="Credits" /> (oge 3) [1] |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |''100'' |Titus |<ref name="Credits" /> omume isii; Ọrụ a na-eme ugboro ugboro (oge 3) [1] |- |''Hap na Leonard'' |Paco |<ref name="Credits" /> ihe omume; Ọrụ a na-eme ugboro ugboro (oge 1) [1] |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Salamander'' |Jack Wang |<ref name="TVG" /> <ref name="Credits">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/03/larenz-tate-star-salamander-drama-pilot-neil-sandilands-cast-1202040434/|title=Larenz Tate To Topline ABC Drama Pilot 'Salamander', Neil Sandilands Also Cast|work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|author=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=9 March 2017}}</ref>-anya ụgbọelu na-enweghị ikuku [1] [2] |- |''NCIS'' |Hendric Kruger |Ihe omume: "Willoughby"<ref name="TVG" /> |- |2017–18 |''Flash'' |Clifford DeVoe / Onye na-eche echiche |Ndị isi <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/935530/The-Flash-season-4-cast-actors-DC-Comics-CW-Arrowverse-Grant-Gustin-Candice-Patton|title=The Flash season 4 cast: Who is in the cast of The Flash?|work=[[Daily Express|Express]]|author=Debnath|first=Neela|date=22 March 2018}}</ref>-eme ihe nkiri (oge 4) [1] |- |2021 |''DAM'' |Bernoldus |Ndị bụ isi |- |2021 |''Ezé Dị Nri'' |General Abbot |Ihe omume iri na abụọ |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2015 |''Metal Gear Solid V: Ihe mgbu Phantom'' |Ndị agha / Ndị ọzọ |Ọrụ olu |- |} === Ọrụ ndị ọzọ === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2010 |''Jakhalsdans'' |Onye na-enyere onye nduzi aka |Ihe nkiri, onye na-eme ihe nkiri |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |''Oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na George'' |Onye nchịkọta akụkọ |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- |''Onye Ala Ọzọ n'Ogige Ntụrụndụ'' |Onye nduzi foto |Ihe nkiri |- |2012 |''Ngwọta: Ntuziaka maka Post Traumatic Growth'' |Onye edemede akụkọ, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, foto ndị ọzọ |Ihe nkiri |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Team Wheaties: Imeri Ihe ịma aka anụ ahụ'' |Onye nduzi, onye nchịkọta akụkọ |Vidio dị mkpirikpi |- |''Uto'' |Onye nduzi, onye edemede, onye isi mmepụta, onye mmepụta, nchịkọta akụkọ, onye nchịkọta ụda |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Mass nke ahụ'' |Onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye na-ese ihe, onye nchịkọta ụda na onye na-emepụta |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- |''Nrọ Chiiz Goat'' |Onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Ịfụ ụfụfụ / Ịlụ ọgụ'' |Onye nduzi, onye nchịkọta akụkọ |Ihe nkiri telivishọn |- |''Ịhụ Jenny'' |Onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye nchịkọta ụda |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- |2017 |''Oké Mmiri na-asọsi ike'' |Onye isi mmepụta, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye nchịkọta ụda |Ihe nkiri |- |} == Edensibia == nkiri ole na ole gụnyere: Blood and Oil, Mary and Martha, ''Iron Will'', Finding Lenny na Journey is the Destination. <ref name="tvsa">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=17776|title=Katleho Ramaphakela|publisher=tvsa|accessdate=13 November 2020}}</ref> bụkwa onye edemede na-{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} * Neil Sandilandsdiski naDiscogs * Neil Sandilandsna TVSA [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cu8mmuvfgdsro5vny6m5hjq2r0fr1h1 0 37784 728098 495959 2026-09-26T05:24:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2018/3/8/wakaliwood-the-cinematic-dream-of-a-uganda-slum/|title=Wakaliwood: The cinematic dream of a Uganda slum|publisher=Aljazeera|accessdate=25 October 2020}}</ref>'''Isaac Godfrey Geoffrey Nabwana''', onye a maara nke ọma dị ka '''Nabwana I.G.G.''', bụ Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri na [[Uganda|Ugandan]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4254419/|title=Nabwana I.G.G - IMDb|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=31 July 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/movies/isaac-nabwana-uganda-alan-hofmanis-1.30780302|title=How one LIer became Ugandan filmmaker's passionate advocate|publisher=newsday|accessdate=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028210004/https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/movies/isaac-nabwana-uganda-alan-hofmanis-1.30780302|archive-date=28 October 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>, onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Wakaliwood, bụ onye a maara nke ọma maka ime ihe ike na-enweghị isi na fim ya. Nabwana malitere inweta aha mgbe ọ bulitechara ihe nkiri ya bụ Who Killed Captain Alex? na YouTube na 2010 ma mesịa bụrụ ihe nkiri n'ezie na 2015. Ihe nkiri ahụ enwetala ọnọdụ ofufe ma na Jenụwarị 2023, ọ na-anọdụ na 9.1+ nde mmadụ na YouTube. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Nabwana na Uganda n'oge ọchịchị [[Idi Amin]] na 1973. N'oge Agha Ugandan Bush, a kọrọ na ya na nwanne ya nwoke bụ ndị Helikọpta na-awakpo. Nke a kpaliri ihe nkiri helikọpta na Who Killed Captain Alex?. == Ọrụ == Ebe ọ bụ na ọ nọtụbeghị na ụlọ ihe nkiri, ọ dabere na nkọwa ụmụnne ya na ndị enyi ya banyere ihe nkiri ndị a ka wepụtara na ihe nkiri. Ọ gara maka ọmụmụ ihe na mmezi kọmputa, mana a manyere ya ịhapụ mgbe ọnwa mbụ gasịrị n'ihi enweghị ego. Ya mere, ọ malitere ịmụta ime ihe nkiri na akụkụ ya n'ụzọ mmụta onwe onye na ahụmịhe nnwale na njehie nke ya na igwefoto na ngwá ọrụ nhazi. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 32, ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri dị ka ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4254419/bio|title=Nabwana I.G.G - Biography|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=31 July 2021}}</ref>'afọ 2005, Nabwana guzobere Ramon Film Productions: aha ahụ sitere n'aka nne nne ya, Rachel na Monica, nke e mesịrị mara dị ka Wakaliwood . <ref>{{Cite news|title=The New Wave of Ultra-Violent Ugandan DIY Action Cinema - VICE|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/the-new-wave-of-ultra-violent-ugandan-diy-action-cinema-955|accessdate=25 February 2017|work=Vice|date=29 April 2015|language=en-us}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=McPheeters|first=Sam|title=A Ugandan Filmmaker's Quest to Conquer the Planet with Low-Budget Action Movies - VICE|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/the-best-of-the-best-movies-0000601-v22n3|accessdate=2 August 2018|work=Vice|date=3 March 2015|language=en-us}}</ref> Mmepụta ihe nkiri ya dabeere n'ụlọ ya ebe ọ malitere imepụta na ịgba vidio egwu kemgbe afọ 2009. Ramon Production etinyela ihe karịrị ihe nkiri iri anọ na anọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe nkiri ndị a ma ama nke Ramon Productions mepụtara bụ Who Killed Captain Alex?''[[Ònye gburu Captain Alex?]]'', Bad Black, na ''Tebaatusasula''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02lqqtx|title=Uganda's Slum Tarantino|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/wakaliwood-cinematic-dream-uganda-slum-180305080922395.html|title=Wakaliwood: The cinematic dream of a Ugandan slum|author=Schiraro, Stefano|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=8 March 2018|accessdate=5 August 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/13/wakaliwood-inside-ugandas-action-movie-studio|title=Inside Wakaliwood: Kampala's action movie studio|author=Noy, Frédéric|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 July 2018|accessdate=5 August 2018}}</ref> maara ihe nkiri Who Killed Captain Alex dị ka ihe nkiri mbụ na-eme ihe nkiri na fim Ugandan. Mgbe ọ tọhapụrụ ''[[Ònye gburu Captain Alex?]]'' na 2010, ọ ghọrọ ngwa ngwa a ma ama na mba ụwa. Ihe nkiri ahụ dọtara ndị na-akwado ya site na gburugburu ụwa. N'inwe ihe karịrị nde mmadụ asatọ na [[YouTube]], ọ bụ ihe nkiri Nabwana kachasị ewu ewu ma mee ka ọ bụrụ onye ama ama. Alan Hofmanis, onye nduzi mmemme ihe nkiri nke bi na New York City, hụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ wee bụrụ onye a maara dị ka onye na-akwado ya; o mechara gaa Uganda, zute Nabwana ma rịọ ka o mepụta ihe ngosi na Ramon Film Productions. Hofmanis akwagala Uganda iji nyere aka kwalite ihe nkiri Wakaliwood n'ụwa niile ma bụrụzi onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Wakaliwood. E nyekwara ya ọrụ dị mkpa na ihe nkiri Nabwana nke 2016 Bad Black ma kpọọ ya "onye mbụ na-eme ihe nkiri Mzungu Ugandan". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2394087/?ref_=ttmd_md_nm|title=Wakaliwood: The Documentary (2012)|work=IMDb}}</ref> Dị ka [[IMDb]] si kwuo, Nabwana enwetala ihe nrite 6 site na mmemme ihe nkiri dị iche iche. == Ụdị ihe nkiri na isiokwu ya == Nabwana na-ese ihe nkiri ya na Luganda, asụsụ nke Baganda, agbụrụ kachasị ukwuu na Uganda. A maara Nabwana maka omume ya na ime ihe ike ya na ihe ọchị na fim ya. Ọ na-ewere ihe omume na fim ya gaa n'ụzọ ọhụrụ nke na-agụnye ọgụ égbè na Kung-fu na nkà ọgụ. Tụkwasị <ref>{{Cite news|author=Venema|first=Vibeke|date=2015-05-13|title=Uganda's Tarantino and his $200 action movies|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32531558}}</ref> nke a, ihe nkiri Nabwana gosipụtara 'Video Joker' (ma ọ bụ VJ maka mkpirikpi), onye ga-asụgharị mkparịta ụka ma tinye njakịrị na nkọwa nke ha na ihe nkiri ahụ. Àgwà ndị a apụtala na fim niile nke Nabwana. == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ụdị !Ihe mgbochi. !Ihe edeturu |- |2008 |''Ekisa Butwa'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | |Ihe nkiri mbụ |- |2010 |''Valentine: Ụbọchị Setan'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | | |- |2010 |''Tebaatusasula'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | |Ihe nkiri furu efu |- |2010 |''[[Ònye gburu Captain Alex?]]'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mkefilm.org/oriental-theatre/events/who-killed-captain-alex|title=WHO KILLED CAPTAIN ALEX?|publisher=mkefilm|accessdate=25 October 2020|archivedate=28 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028205904/https://mkefilm.org/oriental-theatre/events/who-killed-captain-alex}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BymeLkZ7GqM|title=Who Killed Captain Alex? YouTube trailer|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEoGrbKAyKE|title=Who Killed Captain Alex?|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7G9SyheoRQo|title=Who Killed Captain Alex? Director's Commentary|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=28 July 2021}}</ref> |Ihe nkiri ọganihu |- |2011 |''Nlaghachi nke Uncle Benon'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | | |- |2011 |''Ìgwè Nnapụta'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | | |- |2012 |''Bukunja Tekunja Mitti: Ndị Na-eri Mmadụ'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | | |- |2012 |''Ọcha ojii'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | | |- |2014 |''Ụwa Nzuzu'' |Onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe, onye na -eme ihe nkiri, onye edemede, onye na |Ihe nkiri | |Ọrụ mbụ a na-eme ihe nkiri |- |2015 |''Ịbọ ọ́bọ̀'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | | |- |2016 |''Ọnyà Ivory: Akanawuusu'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | | |- |2016 |''Otu Soja: Agubiri the Gateman'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | | |- |2016 |''Nde Dollar Kid'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | | |- |2016 |''Kapitano'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | | |- |2016 |''Mwakpo a wakporo Nyege Nyege Island'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UhBGqh15B4I|title=Attack on Nyege Nyege Island|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=28 July 2021}}</ref> | |- |2016 |''Ọjọ Ọcha'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sa5kPuDtosQ|title=Bad Black|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MHmzj086ww&t=1s|title=Bad Black Director's Commentary|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=28 July 2021}}</ref> | |- |2020 |''Eluigwe ga-ere ọkụ'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Vidio Egwú |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heaven Shall Burn|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWukd9fsRro|accessdate=28 July 2021|publisher=YouTube}}</ref> | |- |2021 |''Otu Oge Na Uganda'' |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | | |- |TBD |''Ọrụ Kakongoliro! Ihe Ndị Ugandan Na-azụ Mmetụta'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | | |- |TBD |''E riri ya na ndụ na Uganda'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | | |- |TBD |''Onye na-achụ nta Ebola'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | | |- |TBD |''Onye gburu Captain Alex 2'' |Onye nduzi, onye mmepụta, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri | | |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] agtwoohey5q06o31uetk2fe29mhpdj4 0 38057 727989 153198 2026-09-25T19:04:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727989 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Léandre-Alain Baker''' bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nduzi ihe nkiri si Central African Republic . == Ọrụ == Baker na Bangui na Central African Republic . Ọ bụ nwa amaala nke Republic of the Congo ma bi na Paris ugbu a. Ọ bụ onye edemede, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nduzi ihe nkiri.Ya na onye edemede Emmanuel Dongala na-arụkọ ọrụ, ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na Théâtre de l'Éclair na Brazzaville. Ọ duziri ihe nkiri dị ike na ogologo oge, na ihe nkiri ahụ nke ndị edemede Sony Lab'ou Tansi na Tchicaya U Tam'si.Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri, ọ na-eme ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri TV. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lesfrancophonies.com/maison-des-auteurs/baker-leandre|title=Léandre-Alain BAKER|work=Les Francophonies|accessdate=23 March 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130127181947/http://www.lesfrancophonies.com/maison-des-auteurs/baker-leandre|archivedate=27 January 2013}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Baker bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na egwuregwu. N'afọ 1993, ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi. O weputara ihe nkiri izizi ya, ihe ngosi Diogène à Brazzaville, ihe osise nke onye edemede Congo Sony Labou Tansi.Afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, o sochiri nke a na foto nke onye edemede Tchicaya U Tam'si.Ihe nkiri ya dị mkpirikpi Les ''Oranges nke Belleville'' banyere nwoke kpuru ìsì bụ otu n'ime ihe nkiri iri na ise sitere n'aka ndị nduzi iri na ise dị iche iche jikọtara na ihe nkiri Paris, la métisse de 2005. N'afọ 2006, a na-agbasa egwuregwu ya Les jours se traînent, les nuits aussi (Ụbọchị na-aga n'ihu, abalị na redio Czech.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radio.cz/fr/rubrique/faits/leandre-alain-baker-ce-qui-minteresse-cest-la-rencontre-de-lautre|title=Léandre Alain Baker : " Ce qui m'intéresse, c'est la rencontre de l'autre "|date=7 March 2006|author=Magdalena Segertová|publisher=Český rozhlas|accessdate=23 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031170252/http://www.radio.cz/fr/rubrique/faits/leandre-alain-baker-ce-qui-minteresse-cest-la-rencontre-de-lautre|archive-date=31 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>'ikwu okwu banyere egwuregwu ahụ, o kwuru na "ọ bụghị ngagharị iwe ma ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ike, kama ọ bụ akụkọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke, ahụhụ ha, ihe isi ike ha na-aga n'ihu na ndụ". Ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo mbụ ya bụ ''Ramata'' (2007), ihe nkiri nke onye nlereanya Katoucha Niane na-arụ ọrụ.Ọ na-akọ banyere otu nwanyị Senegalese, onye dị afọ 50, na-achọpụta ihe ụtọ nke anụ ahụ n'aka obere onye omekome dị afọ 25 karịa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinema.nouvelobs.com/personnalites/18833-leandre-alain-baker/biographie|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130104111029/http://cinema.nouvelobs.com/personnalites/18833-leandre-alain-baker/biographie|archivedate=4 January 2013|title=Léandre Alain Baker|work=CineObs|accessdate=23 March 2012}}</ref> tọhapụrụ ''Ramata'' na France n'afọ 2011. si n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Abasse Ndione wepụta ihe nkiri ahụ.Baker kwuru na ọ na-ala azụ na mbụ n'ịhọrọ Katoucha dị ka onye ndu n'ihi aha ya na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ bụghị onye na-eme ihe nkiri, mana o mechara kweta na ọ ziri ezi maka ọrụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/06/leandre-alain-baker-talks-about-his.html|date=4 June 2011|work=African Women in Cinema|title=Léandre-Alain Baker talks about his film Ramata interpreted by Katoucha|accessdate=23 March 2012}}</ref> kwuru banyere ihe nkiri ahụ "N'ụzọ bụ isi, ọ bụ akụkọ banyere metamorphosis nke nwanyị, mmekọrịta ya na ụwa, na eluigwe na ala gbara ya gburugburu". == Edensibia == na Paris ugbu a. Ọ bụ onye edemede, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nduzi ihe nkiri.Ya na onyena Paris ugbu a. Ọ bụ onye edemede, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nduzi ihe nkiri.Ya na onye{{authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:1960 births]] kd53l31w1pijvo8w1dlwoxdeb2ictr4 0 38304 728092 197939 2026-09-26T05:17:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <ref>{{Cite web|author=Krishnamurthy|first=Sarala|date=2023-01-31|title=New film Under the Hanging Tree examines how Namibia’s genocide lives on today|url=http://theconversation.com/new-film-under-the-hanging-tree-examines-how-namibias-genocide-lives-on-today-198797|accessdate=2024-03-02|work=The Conversation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-01|title=Under The Hanging Tree - Joburg Film Festival|url=https://joburgfilmfestival.co.za/movie/under-the-hanging-tree/|accessdate=2024-03-02|archivedate=2024-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302210359/https://joburgfilmfestival.co.za/movie/under-the-hanging-tree/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=February 6, 2023|title=Under the Hanging Tree Examines how Namibia’s Genocide Lives on Today - Africa.com|url=https://www.africa.com/under-the-hanging-tree-examines-how-namibias-genocide-lives-on-today/|accessdate=2024-03-02|work=www.africa.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302164810/https://www.africa.com/under-the-hanging-tree-examines-how-namibias-genocide-lives-on-today/|archive-date=2024-03-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'okpuru osisi Hanging bụ ihe nkiri Namibia 2023 duziri ma dee ya site n'aka onye na-ese ihe nkiri Perivi Katjavivi .  Ihe nkiri a na-egosi isiokwu nke mkpagbu ihe mere eme, na nchụpụ omenala, na ndabere nke Namibia na-achị n'oge gara aga. . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Under the Hanging Tree {{!}} Antidote Sales|url=https://antidote-sales.biz/catalogue/under-hanging-tree|accessdate=2024-03-02|work=antidote-sales.biz}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a na-esote Christina, onye uwe ojii raara onwe ya nye, ka ọ na-egosi ogbugbu e gburu n'otu ugbo dị iche iche.  Ka ọ na-egosi okwu ahụ, ọ na- LED ọ bụghị nanị eziokwu dị n'azụ mpụ ahụ ihe mere eme nke ihe ya.  Ihe nketa jọgburu onwe ya nke ịchịisi na mgbu ahụ obi nri nke mere ná epeepe ncheta afọ nke 20 dị arọ n'ubu Christina bjv73o65v09ni8ya6i3v61n724n1iws 0 38379 728048 154514 2026-09-26T01:25:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|}} {{Databox}}'''Michel-Ange Nzojibwami''' <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171205205052/http://www.wellandtribune.ca/2008/01/29/eastern-promises-and-away-from-her-grab-major-genie-nods-bloody-russian-mob-drama-squares-off-against-poignant-alzheimers-flick "Eastern Promises and Away From Her grab major Genie nods; Bloody Russian mob drama squares off against poignant Alzheimer's flick"]. ''Welland Tribune'', January 29, 2008.</ref>bụ onye omere na onye ntụzi ihe. [1] A mara ya nke ọma na ụwa maka mmepụta ya dị ka Colonel Théoneste Bagosora na fim Shake Hands With the Devil, nke o ikike nhọpụta onyunyo Genie maka onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma na 28th Genie Awards na 2008. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi Tubiyage, ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Burundian, <ref name="fmr">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171202093752/http://www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/en/FMRpdfs/FMR16/fmr16.3.pdf "Burundians use innovative ways to protect the displaced"]. ''[[Forced Migration Review]]'', January 2003.</ref> na osote onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Burundian COPRODAC. == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! Ihe ndetu |- | 2007 | ''[[Shake Hands with the Devil (ihe nkiri 2007)|Soro ekwensu kụnye aka]]'' | Colonel Bagosora | |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|2948503}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4cdrf5kn96a9k6ysdayfki4bcf8qg6j 0 38807 728026 707549 2026-09-25T23:00:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mary Wimbush''' (19 Maachị 1924 – 31 Ọktoba 2005) bụ onye omere Bekee nke ọrụ ya ruru afọ iri isii. Na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ofe [[Film|ihe nkiri]], telivishọn, ihe nkiri na redio, a họpụtara ya maka onyinye BAFTA maka onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma maka ihe nkiri 1969 ''Oh!'' ''Lee Agha mara mma'' . Ihe nzere onyonyo ya gụnyere ''Poldark'' (1975 – 77), ''Jeeves na Wooster'' (1990 – 92), na ''Century Falls'' (1993). Ọ gbara Julia Pargetter na opera ncha na-ewu ewu nke BBC Radio 4 ''The Archers'' site na 1992 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Wimbush na 19 Maachị 1924 na Kenton, Middlesex (taa na North-West London ). Nna ya bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ na nne ya zụrụ azụ na RADA, mana ọ naghị arụ ọrụ egwuregwu, n'agbanyeghị na ezinụlọ ahụ nwere mmasị na-ekere òkè na ihe nkiri amateur. Ha kwagara Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, mgbe Mary dị afọ anọ. <ref name="telegraph-obit">{{Cite web|title=Mary Wimbush|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1501999/Mary-Wimbush.html|accessdate=10 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910154608/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1501999/Mary-Wimbush.html|archivedate=10 September 2018|date=2 November 2005}}</ref> Wimbush gụrụ akwụkwọ na Berkhamsted School for Girls, na na St Agnes & St Michael's Convent, ụlọ akwụkwọ Anglican na East Grinstead . Ọ zụrụ azụ na Central School of Speech and Drama, tupu ọ banye n'ụlọ ọrụ Amersham repertory . <ref name="telegraph-obit"/> == Ọrụ == O buru ụzọ mee ihe na redio maka BBC n'afọ 1945, emesịa na-ahọrọ onye mgbasa ozi ka ọ na-enye ya ohere ilekọta nwa ya nwoke, ọ gara n'ihu na-abụ onye mgbasa ozi nke ọ kacha arụsi ọrụ ike n'oge ọrụ ya niile. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ narị usoro, usoro ihe nkiri na egwuregwu, gụnyere mmepụta [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] dị iche iche; ''Oriakụ Dale's Diary'', ''Gọvanọ Consort'' (akụkụ nke Peter Tinniswood dere karịsịa maka ya), ''Ihe omimi nke Edwin Drood'' na ''Ọnụ Horse'' . Maka mmepụta abụọ nke ikpeazụ ọ meriri Best Actress na 1991 Sony Awards, redio kwekọrọ na [[Academy Awards|Oscars]] . Na 2004 ọ gbara Eurycleia na BBC Radio 4's acclaimed dramatization of ''The Odyssey'' . Na ''The Archers'' na 1951 agwa ya Jane Maxwell bụ ihe ịsụ ngọngọ na ntinye aka nke Phil Archer na nwunye ya (nke mbụ) Grace. N'afọ 1965, ọ gbara onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ Elsie Catcher, ma bụrụ onye na-eme ihe omume mgbe niile ruo afọ abụọ ruo mgbe agwa ahụ lara ezumike nká. Na 1969 ọ laghachiri nwa oge dị ka Lady Isabel Lander na o mechara laghachi na 1992 dị ka Julia Pargetter. N'afọ 1993, ọ rụkọrọ ọrụ na serial fantasy ụmụaka gbara ọchịchịrị ''bụ Century Falls'', ọrụ mbụ sitere n'aka onye edemede edemede Russell T. Davies . O nwekwara ngosi ndị ọbịa na ngosipụta nke mmemme dị iche iche n'oge ọrụ ya, site na ''Z-Cars'' na ''All Creatures Great and Small'' (na ihe omume "A Dog's Life") na 1970s ruo ''Midsomer Murders'', ''Heartbeat'' and ''Doctors'' in 2000s. Ngosipụta ikpeazụ ya dị na akụkụ abụọ nke BBC One Medical drama ''Casualty'' na Septemba 2004. <ref name="imdb">{{IMDb name|0934451}}</ref> Dị ka ọ dị na telivishọn na ihe nkiri, ọ naghị arụsi ọrụ ike na ụlọ ihe nkiri ruo mgbe e mesịrị n'ọrụ ya. Ọrụ ndị a ma ama gụnyere Miss Mackay na ''Prime of Miss Jean Brodie'' na Royal Exchange Theatre na Manchester (1971) na Rebecca Nurse na Arthur Miller 's ''The Crucible'' . Ọdịdị ikpeazụ ya bịara mgbe ọ dị afọ 78, na ''Song of the Western Men'' na Minerva Theatre, Chichester . </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ọnwụ == Mary Wimbush nwụrụ na mgbede nke 31 October 2005, na igbe akwụkwọ ozi igbe nke BBC Birmingham, obere oge ka ọ rụchara ọrụ na nnọkọ ndekọ maka ''The Archers'' . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-1853540,00.html|title=Mary Wimbush obituary|work=[[The Times]]|date=2 November 2005|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref> E liri Wimbush na Berkhamsted n'akụkụ ili ndị mụrụ ya na Rectory Lane Cemetery. E likwara nwanne nwanyị nke okenye Mary, Joanna, ebe ahụ na 2013. <ref name="rlcp">{{Cite web|title=Remarkable Women|url=https://www.stpetersberkhamstedfriends.org.uk/wp-content/uploads//2018/02/booklet-remarkable-women.pdf|work=The Rectory Lane Cemetery Project|publisher=Friends of St Peter's Great Berkhamsted|accessdate=10 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910155457/https://www.stpetersberkhamstedfriends.org.uk/wp-content/uploads//2018/02/booklet-remarkable-women.pdf|archivedate=10 September 2018|pages=29–30|date=2018}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Wimbush nwere otu nwa nwoke (site na alụmdi na nwunye 1946 ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Howard Marion-Crawford ), na ụmụ ụmụ abụọ. <ref name="imdb">{{IMDb name|0934451}}</ref> Site na 1960 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1963, ọ nọ na mmekọrịta ya na onye na-ede uri Louis MacNeice, na-eme ihe n'ọtụtụ egwuregwu redio ya. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Stallworthy|first=Jon|title=Louis MacNeice|url=https://archive.org/details/louismacneice0000stal_m0c3|publisher=Faber|year=1995|isbn=0-571-16019-0|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/louismacneice0000stal_m0c3/page/444 444]–7}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! Ihe ndetu |- | 1969 | ''Oh!'' ''Lee Agha mara mma'' | Mary Emma Smith | |- | 1970 | ''Iberibe Ụjọ'' | 'Bunface' | |- | 1972 | ''Vampire Circus'' | Elvira | |} == Edensibia == <references /> == Isi mmalite == * {{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/4396376.stm|title=Archers star Wimbush dies at 81|work=[[BBC News]]|date=1 November 2005|accessdate=3 June 2009}} * {{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/archers/backstage/mary_wimbush_80.shtml|title=Mary Wimbush at 80|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=3 June 2009|date=26 March 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630191254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/archers/backstage/mary_wimbush_80.shtml|archive-date=30 June 2008|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|author=Smethurst|first=William|title=The Archers: The First Thirty Years|publisher=Eyre Methuen/New English Library|year=1980|isbn=978-0-450-05220-0}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0934451}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] q15apszq60iele3l8tiwa787ehkseep 0 38865 727968 580874 2026-09-25T16:48:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727968 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Kehinde Lijadu''' (22 Ọktoba 1948 - 9 Nọvemba 2019) na '''Taiwo Lijadu''' (amụrụ 22 Ọktoba 1948) bụ ụmụnne nwanyị ejima si [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] bụ ndị mere dị ka '''ndị nwanyị Lijadu''' site n'etiti 1960s ruo 1980s. <ref name="twsV17">{{Cite news|author=Dada Aladelokun|title=This man won laurel for Nigeria but lost 'everything' to a mysterious fire; now, he seeks manna from heaven|publisher=The Nation (Nigeria)|quote=I performed alongside great minds like ... Lijadu Sisters and Ginger Baker.|date=29 August 2009|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/16228/1/This-man-won-laurel-for-Nigeria-but-lost-everything-to-a-mysterious-fire-now-he-seeks-manna-from-heaven/Page1.html|accessdate=22 June 2011}}</ref> Ha nwetara ihe ịga nke ọma na Nigeria, ma nweekwa ihe ịga nke ọma karịa na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] . <ref name="twsV19">{{Cite news|author=Adeshina Oyetayo|title=From the studio to the stage: A thorny transition|publisher=Punch on the web (Nigeria)|quote=In the 70s through the 80s, Nigerian music producers were stars in their own right ... Lemmy Jackson, who is credited with the early successes of ... Lijadu Sisters.|date=29 April 2011|url=http://punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art201104290341639|accessdate=22 June 2011}}</ref> Akọwapụtara dị ka ụdị West African nke Pointer Sisters bụ ndị gwakọtara ụda Afrobeat na jazz na disco, ha lara ezumike nka na egwu egwu na ngwụcha afọ 1980, na-emegharịgharị ma na-eme ihe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'oge 2010 ruo mgbe Kehinde nwụrụ na 2019. <ref name="twsV11">{{Cite news|author=Jon Pareles|title=Review/Music; Rock and Reggae By Twin Sisters From Nigeria|work=The New York Times|date=24 June 1988|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/24/arts/review-music-rock-and-reggae-by-twin-sisters-from-nigeria.html|accessdate=22 June 2011}}</ref> Ha bụ ụmụ nwanne onye oti egwu Naịjirịa ama ama [[Fela Kuti|bụ Fela Kuti]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.felaonbroadway.com/2011/10/the-lijadu-sisters/|title=The Lijadu Sisters {{!}} Fela! On Broadway|author=aderog|language=en-US|accessdate=10 March 2019|archivedate=14 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114040233/http://www.felaonbroadway.com/2011/10/the-lijadu-sisters/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ụmụ ejima a tolitere n'obodo Naijiria nke [[Ibadan]], ndị omenkà dị iche iche gụnyere Aretha Franklin, [[Victor Olaiya]] na [[Miriam Makeba]] kpaliri egwu egwu . Ha nwetara ntụzịaka sitere n'aka onye na-emepụta egwu Lemmy Jackson bụ onye e kwuru na ọ nyere ha aka na ọganihu mbụ ha. <ref name="twsV19"/> Egwu ha bụ ngwakọta nke Jazz, Afrobeat, Reggae na Waka . Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha na-abụ abụ n’asụsụ Bekee na oge ndị ọzọ n’asụsụ Africa. <ref name="twsV11"/> Otu n'ime egwu mbụ ha bụ enyemaka sitere n'aka onye ọkpụkpọ jazz saxophone Orlando Julius haziri. Ha wepụtara album mbụ ha ''bụ Iya Mi Jowo'' na 1969 ka ha nwetachara nkwekọrịta ndekọ na Decca Records . Ha na Biddy Wright nwụrụ anwụ rụkọrọ ọrụ na ọba ''egwu'' nke atọ ha (1976). American rapper Nas sampled "Life's Gone Down Low", egwu dị na ''egwu egwu'', dị ka "Life's Gone Low" na Mixtape 2006 ya na-enyeghị onye duo ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Hutchinson|first=Kate|date=2019-11-12|title=The Lijadu Sisters: the Nigerian twins who fought the elite with funk|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/nov/12/lijadu-sisters-kehinde-taiwo-lijadu-nigeria-pop-music|accessdate=2023-05-08}}</ref> Ụmụnne nwanyị Lijadu dekọtara ''Sunshine'' na 1978 na ''Horizon Unlimited'' na 1979. Ụmụnne nwanyị ndị a bụ nnukwu kpakpando na Nigeria n'ime 1970s na 1980s. <ref name="twsV19"/> N'ime afọ ndị a, ha batara na America na Europe wee nweta ihe ịga nke ọma. Ha jiri egwu egwu Ginger Baker mere ''nnu'' na egwuregwu Olympic nke Munich 1972 na Munich na World Music Festival. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times'' kọrọ na ụmụnna nwanyị ahụ bụ “ndị mmụọ nweere onwe ha na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị” bụ ndị na-agwakọta “ụmụnne nwanyị ịgba egwu na ịchụ nwoke na nwanyị” na mmemme ha nke gosipụtara ozi dị mma dị ka abamuru nke ịlaghachi n'ụlọ. <ref name="twsV11"/> Nọmba reggae ha ''Reincarnation'' siri ọnwụ na ọ bụrụ na ịlọ ụwa bụ eziokwu, na ha ga-achọ ka alọghachi ọzọ n'ime ụlọ ebe ha tolitere. <ref name="twsV11" /> Ụfọdụ n'ime egwu ha bụ isiokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name="twsV12">{{Cite news|author=Peter Watrous|title=Sounds Around Town|work=The New York Times|quote=King Sunny Ade and the Lijadu Sisters... the riveting Lijadu sisters, who sing political songs in ethereal harmonies...|date=10 June 1988|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/10/arts/sounds-around-town-440488.html|accessdate=22 June 2011}}</ref> A kọwara nkwekọ ha dị ka "ethereal". <ref name="twsV12" /> N'afọ 1984 , Shanachie Records wepụtara ''Nsogbu Ugboro abụọ'' na US nke bụ mkpokọta ihe ha dekọrọ na mbụ site na ọba ha ''Horizon Unlimited'' and ''Danger'' . Egwu ha bụ "Orere Elejigbo" tinyere na CD abụọ akpọrọ ''Nigeria 70'', ''Africa 100'', wee tinye ya na listi egwu ''Roots & Wings'' na 1997. <ref name="twsV13">{{Cite news|title=Roots & Wings Playlist May–August 1997 – No. 189 – May 11, 1997|publisher=cbc.ca|quote=LIJADU SISTERS "ORERE ELEGJIGBO" ALBUM: Holding Up Half the Sky – Voices of African Women – COMP: Lijadu Sisters – LABEL: Shanachie ...|date=May 1997|url=http://www.cbc.ca/rootsandwings/97may_aug.html|accessdate=22 June 2011}}</ref> N'ime 1980s, ụmụnna nwanyị ahụ kwagara Brooklyn, New York. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-12|title=The Lijadu Sisters: the Nigerian twins who fought the elite with funk|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/nov/12/lijadu-sisters-kehinde-taiwo-lijadu-nigeria-pop-music|accessdate=2022-03-10|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Ha mere n'ebe dị iche iche gụnyere Wetland klọb Manhattan dị ala yana na Harlem na [[King Sunny Adé]] 's African Beats dị ka ndị na-akwado ha. Ha na ndị otu Philly Gumbo sitere na Philadelphia mere. <ref name="twsV11"/> E gosipụtara ha na akwụkwọ egwu ''Konkombé'' site n'aka onye nduzi Bekee Jeremy Marre, na egwu ha gosipụtara na nkeji Naijiria nke usoro egwu ụwa nke 14 nke isiokwu ya bụ ''Beats of the Heart'' nke na-agbasa na PBS n'oge njedebe 1980. Na 1 Eprel 2014, ha pụtara ndụ na ụtụ kpakpando niile, Atomic! Bomb Band, maka reclusive Nigerian musician [[William Onyeabor]] na Barbican Center na London. Ha bụrụ abụ nke ha gụnyere "Danger", yana inye nkwado na ụda olu na ihe William Onyeabor. Ha jikwa Atọmk eme ihe! Bọmbụ Band na ''ihe ngosi abalị a na-egosi Jimmy Fallon'' na ụbọchị nlegharị anya na New York, San Francisco na Los Angeles na Mee 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stereogum.com/1678946/watch-david-byrne-the-atomic-bomb-band-cover-william-onyeabor-on-fallon/video/|title=Watch David Byrne & The Atomic Bomb Band Cover William Onyeabor On Fallon|author=DeVille|first=Chris|date=11 May 2017|work=Stereogum|accessdate=11 May 2017}}</ref> Na 9 Nọvemba 2019, Kehinde nwere ọrịa strok wee nwụọ n'otu ụbọchị ahụ, mgbe ọ dị afọ 71. <ref>[https://www.okayafrica.com/kehinde-lijadu-of-the-nigerian-duo-lijadu-sisters-has-died// Kehinde Lijadu, One Half of the Legendary Lijadu Sisters Has Passed Away]</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/18/arts/music/kehinde-lijadu-dead.html|date=2019-11-18|accessdate=2020-06-20|title=Kehinde Lijadu, 71, Outspoken Nigerian Songwriter, is Dead|work=The New York Times|author=Pareles|first=Jon}}</ref> == Nyocha == * Onye nkatọ egwu ''New York Times'' Jon Pareles kọwara egwu ha dị ka "ọdịda ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka na ndị Pointer Sisters" na ngwakọta nke Nigerian Afro-beat, reggae, South Africa pop nwere ihe disco na " Memphis soul ". <ref name="twsV11"/> Onye nkatọ Peter Watrous kọwara ụda ụmụnna ndị ahụ dị ka "na-agba ọsọ". <ref name="twsV12"/> * Onye nyocha Myles Boisen na ''akwụkwọ ntuziaka All Music'' dere na ha bụ "ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe na egwu egwu Africa" ma gbakwụnye na ha bụ "ụmụnne nwanyị ejima a tọhapụrụ bụ ndị na-ekerịta ìhè na nkwekọ dị nro ma na-enye ndị agha nkwado dị nkọ, na-emepụta ihe." == Ihe ngosi == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ '''Ụmụnne nwanyị Lijadu''' ! '''Aha''' ! '''Afọ''' ! '''Labelụ''' ! '''Ụdị''' ! '''Band''' ! '''Ihe ndetu''' |- | align="left" | ''Iya Mi Jowo / Jikele – Maweni'' | 1969 | Decca | album | Ụmụnne nwanyị Lijadu | <small>aha pụtara "Nne, biko"</small> |- | align="left" | ''Ihe egwu'' | 1976 | Decca, Afrodisia | album (LP) | Ụmụnne nwanyị Lijadu | <small>Ade Jolaoso (bass), Johny Shittu (keyboards), Biddy Wright (guitar, saxophone, drum)</small> |- | align="left" | ''Nne Africa'' | 1977 | Afrodisia, Deca | album (LP) | Ụmụnne nwanyị Lijadu | |- | align="left" | ''Anwụ anwụ'' | 1978 | Afrodisia | album (LP) | Ụmụnne nwanyị Lijadu | <small>Biddy Wright (onye na-emepụta ihe, ngwa dị iche iche), Candido Obajimi (drum), Gboyega Adelaja (keyboards), Jerry Ihejeto (bass)</small> |- | align="left" | ''Horizon Unlimited'' | 1979 | Afrodisia | album (LP) | Ụmụnne nwanyị Lijadu | <small>nsụgharị abụọ dị; second source says 1983 release <ref name="twsV15">{{cite magazine |title= The Lijadu Sisters |magazine= Billboard.com |quote= 1984 Double Trouble; 1983 Horizons Unlimited (albums) |year= 1984 |url= https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-lijadu-sisters/3787#/artist/the-lijadu-sisters/discography/albums/3787 |accessdate= 22 June 2011 |archive-date= 11 November 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121111074551/http://www.billboard.com/artist/the-lijadu-sisters/3787#/artist/the-lijadu-sisters/discography/albums/3787 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Musicians: Friday Jumbo on cleffs and ekwe, Buttley Moore, Nelly Uchendu on drums.</small> |- | align="left" | ''Nsogbu okpukpu abụọ'' | 1984 | | album | Ụmụnne nwanyị Lijadu | |- | align="left" | "Orere Eligjigbo" | 1997 | Shanachie | otu | Ụmụnne nwanyị Lijadu | <ref name="twsV13"/> <ref name="twsV16">{{Cite news|author=Nils jacobson|title=Various Artists: Nigeria 70: The Definitive Story of Funky Lagos (2001)|publisher=all about jazz|quote=Lijadu Sisters, "Orere Elejigbo";|date=14 September 2002|url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=10486|accessdate=22 June 2011}}</ref> |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website – official site * The Lijadu Sisters on Bandcamp * The Lijadu Sisters on Facebook * The Lijadu Sisters on Instagram [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bn76sq9w3yi6kxeimb003cxmh5au4xh 0 38880 727979 154681 2026-09-25T17:58:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|website=}} Lola Ogunnaike (amuru ya na September 13, 1975) bu onye nta-ozi ihe nlere nke America.  Onye bụbu onye edemede maka The New York Times , Ogunnaike mole na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede mgbasa ozi na-iyiyi na onye na-elekọta Couch Surfing usoro, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị mmadụ na- ọnwụ == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Lola ajụjụ na Virginia nye nne na nna Naijiria .  [1] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na JEB Stuart High School na Fairfax, Virginia.  Akwụkwọ nzere bachelọ nke Arts na akwụkwọ Bekee na Mahadum Virginia yana Master of Fine Arts na akwụkwọ ndị sitere na Mahadum New York . == Ọrụ == <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-19|title=So What Do You Do, Lola Ogunnaike, Freelance Journalist and TV Personality?|url=https://www.mediabistro.com/interviews/so-what-do-you-do-lola-ogunnaike-freelance-journalist-and-tv-personality/|accessdate=2020-12-16|work=Mediabistro|language=en-US}}</ref>Akụkọ ọrụ ya na nta akụkọ na 1999 na-ekpuchi mkpọsa na omenala pop.  Ọkụ onye nta ndị iro maka The New York Times, na-eke anya na ndị a ma dị ka Jennifer Lopez, Ozwald Boateng, Oprah Winfrey na ịde Sting maka ngalaba "Arts and Leisure" akwụkwọ. . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BN8iAQAAMAAJ&q=lola+ogunnaike+at+new+york+times|title=Who's Who in Black New York City: The Inaugural Edition|author=Inc. Real Times Media|publisher=Who's Who Publishing Company (Northwestern University)|isbn=978-1-933-8795-50|year=2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YN9jC2_7UHYC&dq=lola+ogunnaike+at+the+new+york+times&pg=PA1641|title=Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans|author=Ronald H. Bayor|date=22 July 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO, 2011|isbn=9780313357879}}</ref>Ogunnaike bụ onye edemede maka Vibe, na-enye aka na ike egwu kwa ụnwapụta na-abịa.  Ebipụtakwala ọrụ ya na Rolling Stone, New York, Glamour, Details, naịlọn, New York Observer, na V. O sokwara na gbaa Michelle Obama ọnụ ọgụgụ na njem na South Africa .  [1] Ogunnaike mechara ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede ahụhụ na New York Daily News, ebe ọ kpuchiri ndị na-agbawa agbawa na ndị a ma ama na spy maka "Ugbu a," ngalaba akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ ndị, na maka  Rush na Molloy kọlụm Ọ bụ onye bụbu onye na-ede na-eme na CNN's American.  Morning, ebe ọ ọrụ site na 2007 ruo 2009 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Ann Powers|url=https://archive.org/details/bestmusicwriting00carr|title=Best Music Writing|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-306-8192-54|quote=lola ogunnaike at CNN.}}</ref> Ogunnaike pụtala dị ka ndị ọbịa na CNN, MSNBC, MTV, VH1, na NBC's Taa .  [1] Ede pụta ya na Mee 2007 ka Ebony 's '150 Kachasịsị ndị ojii na America.  Ugbu a ọ bụ onye ọbịa nke Arise Entertainment 360 == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ Deen Solebo, onye njikwa azụmaahịa na Elektron Petroleum Energy & Mining. Ha nwere otu nwa nwoke. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/23/its-a-boy-lola-ogunnaike-shares-a-picture-of-her-bundle-of-joy-elias-oluwadairo-solebo/|title=It's a Boy! Lola Ogunnaike Shares a Picture of Her Bundle of Joy, Elias OluwaDairo Solebo|publisher=Bella Naija|date=December 23, 2014|accessdate=September 15, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bet.com/shows/106-and-park/news/lola-ogunnaike-speaks-on-young-africa.html|work=BET|title=Lola Ogunnaike Speaks on Young Africa: Nigerian-American journalist will travel to Africa with first lady Michelle Obama and host a BET special.|accessdate=September 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121003349/http://www.bet.com/shows/106-and-park/news/lola-ogunnaike-speaks-on-young-africa.html|archive-date=November 21, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hapbd2upnfz2uenemtykmxij8lnd5h6 0 38893 728002 722335 2026-09-25T19:41:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728002 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Margaret Grace Denig''' (amuru Septemba 21, 1983) bu onye omekorita America. A maara ya maka ịkpọ Shannon Rutherford na usoro telivishọn ABC ''Lost'' (2004 – 2006; 2010), Kim Mills na ''Taken'' trilogy (2008 – 2014), Irina na <nowiki><i id="mwFA">The Twilight Saga</i></nowiki> (2011 – 2012), na Althea Szewczyk-Przygocki na. ''Na-atụ egwu ndị nwụrụ anwụ na-eje ije'' (2018-2021). Grace nwetara nhọpụta onye na-eto eto na-eto eto na 2002 site na ngosipụta ya nke onye gburu afọ 15 bụ Martha Moxley na ihe nkiri telivishọn ''Murder na Greenwich'' . N'afọ 2004, a tụbara ya dị ka Shannon Rutherford na usoro telivishọn ''Lost'', nke ọ bụ onye isi ihe nkiri maka oge abụọ mbụ, na-emeri Award Actors Guild Award na-ekerịta na nkedo ensemble . N'ịhapụ usoro ahụ, Grace nwere mmasị ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na fim. Ọ pụtara na ''Jane Austen Book Club'' (2007), na megidere Liam Neeson dị ka Kim Mills na ''Taken'' na 2008. Ọ kwughachiri ọrụ Kim na ''Taken 2'' (2012) na ''Taken 3'' (2014). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ndu, Alice, na ''Malice na Wonderland'', ihe ngosi ọgbara ọhụrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Lewis Carroll ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' . Grace kwughachiri ọrụ Shannon na akụkụ abụọ ọzọ nke ''Lost'', gụnyere usoro ikpeazụ . Na 2013, ọ pụtara na oge nke isii nke ''Californication'' . O gosiputara Faith, otu na ihe ngosi nka na kpakpando, onye na-ejide anya Hank Moody, nke David Duchovny na-egwu. Ọ sonyeere ndị nkedo nke usoro egwu ''egwu ndị na-eje ije'' na 2018 dị ka onye nta akụkọ aha ya bụ Althea. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Margaret Grace Denig na Worthington, Ohio, nye Valinn ( ''née'' Everett) na Fred Denig, onye na-azụ ahịa ọla ezinụlọ. <ref name="usa">{{Cite web|title=She's not lost in a fog|work=[[USA Today]]|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-10-18-maggie-grace-side_x.htm|first=William|author=Keck|date=October 18, 2005|accessdate=January 8, 2009}}</ref> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Ndị Kraịst nke Worthington site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara ruo ọkwa itoolu wee gaa obere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Thomas Worthington, <ref name="city">{{Cite news|first=Caroline|author=Graham|title=Finding Grace|work=CityScene|date=November–December 2005}}</ref> ebe ọ malitere ime egwuregwu ụlọ akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri obodo, <ref name="lat">{{Cite web|title=The island life seems to suit her just fine|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-sep-11-ca-grace11-story.html|author=King|first=Susan|date=September 11, 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195037/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/sep/11/entertainment/ca-grace11|archivedate=May 11, 2011|accessdate=January 18, 2022}}</ref> gụnyere 2000 Gallery Players mmepụta nke ''The Crucible'', na mpaghara ndị Juu. Ebe etiti . <ref>{{Cite news|first=Kristen M.|author=Foley|title=Lost Girl|work=C: The Columbus Magazine|date=February 2005}}</ref> <ref name="interview">{{Cite news|first=Mark|author=Sells|title=Maggie Grace|url=http://www.thereeldeal.co/interviews/maggie_grace.html|work=The Reel Deal|date=January 2009|accessdate=July 12, 2013|archive-date=March 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330180430/http://www.thereeldeal.co/interviews/maggie_grace.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, Grace bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ukwuu na onye na-akọwa onwe ya " [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] nerd" <ref name="Shakespeare">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-maggie-grace-20150108-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|author=King|first=Susan|title='Shakespeare nerd' Maggie Grace has been 'Taken' by the action genre|date=January 8, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112175627/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-maggie-grace-20150108-story.html|archivedate=January 12, 2015|accessdate=April 2, 2016}}</ref> na-agwa ''Los Angeles Times'' na mgbe ọ dị afọ 13, ọ "nọ na Jane Austen n'ezie, dị ka otú ụfọdụ ụmụaka si abanye ''Star Trek'' " . <ref name="Shakespeare" /> == Ọrụ == Grace nwetara onye nnọchi anya n'ime otu izu ịkwaga [[Los Angeles]] wee debanye aha na klas ime ihe. <ref name="interview"/> Ọ rutere ọrụ mbụ ya na ''ọnụ ụlọ Rachel'', usoro ihe nkiri vidiyo nke 2001 webụ banyere ihe dị n'ime ime ụlọ nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na ụma nke onye na-emepụta ''Dawson's Creek bụ'' Paul Stupin mepụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Stupin Gets Raw In 'Room' With An Internet View|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4866247-1.html|first=Chris|author=Marlowe|date=September 10, 2001|accessdate=January 8, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204005400/http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4866247-1.html|archivedate=December 4, 2007}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na-esote bụ na usoro telivishọn ''Septuplets'' 2002, bụ nke a kagburu tupu ihe omume mbụ agbasa. <ref name="usa"/> Ọrụ ya na-agbaji bụ na ihe nkiri telivishọn 2002 ''Murder na Greenwich'', dabere na akụkọ eziokwu nke igbu ọchụ Martha Moxley dị afọ 15. A họpụtara ya maka onyinye nturu ugo na-eto eto maka ihe ngosi ya nke Moxley na arụmọrụ kacha mma na ihe nkiri TV, Miniseries ma ọ bụ Pụrụ Iche - Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-eto eto, mana Clara Bryant furu efu maka ''nkwupụta Tru'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=24th Annual Young Artist Awards Nominations|publisher=[[Young Artist Awards]]|url=http://youngartistawards.org/noms24.htm|first=Eric|author=Goldman|date=March 29, 2003|accessdate=January 8, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110180321/http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms24.htm|archivedate=January 10, 2016}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu na-egosipụta na obere ọrụ na usoro telivishọn ''CSI: Miami'', ''The Lyon's Den'', ''Ọrụ ebube'', ''Dị ka Ezinụlọ'', ''Cold Case'' and ''Law &amp;amp; Order: Special Victims Unit'', na ihe nkiri ''Twelve Mile Road'' na ''Creature Unknown'' . [[Usòrò:Maggie_Grace_2,_2012.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Grace na ihe ngosi New York nke ''agaghị alaghachi azụ'' na Septemba 2012]] N'etiti 2004, onye nnọchi anya Grace zigara ya edemede maka ihe omume pilot nke ''Lost'' ; E nyere ya ọrụ Shannon Rutherford mgbe ọ nwesịrị nyocha nke ọma. <ref name="usa"/> A họpụtara ya na 2005 maka onyinye Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Breakout Performance - Nwanyị maka ọrụ ya na ''Lost'', mana furu efu n'aka ''ndị nwunye nwunye'' ' Ev Longoria . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fox.com/tca2005/nominees.htm|title=The Teen Choice Awards – Nominees|year=2005|accessdate=March 6, 2008|publisher=[[20th Century Fox]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205192001/http://www.fox.com/tca2005/nominees.htm|archivedate=February 5, 2008}}</ref> O biri na Hawaii n'oge ịse foto nke oge mbụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ, wee bịanye aka na kpakpando megidere Tom Welling na ''The Fog'', ihe nkiri 2005 na-emeghachi ihe nkiri egwu egwu 1980 nke otu aha ahụ, dịka agwa nke Jamie Lee Curtis mere. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Set Visit: The Fog|publisher=IGN|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/10/05/set-visit-the-fog|first=Jeff|author=Otto|date=October 4, 2005|accessdate=January 18, 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ihe nkiri ''Lost'' kwesịrị ka akwụsị tupu ''Fog'' amalite, mmepụta ahụ dabara n'ihi njedebe oge nke ''Lost'' ' <ref name="lat"/> na Grace na-efe n'etiti ihe abụọ ahụ, n'àgwàetiti Hawaii nke Oahu na Bowen Island na British Columbia. . <ref name="teen">{{Cite web|title=Maggie Grace: "Lost" in The Fog|publisher=TeenHollywood.com|url=http://www.teenhollywood.com/d.asp?r=108825&c=1038&p=1|first=Lynn|author=Barker|date=October 12, 2005|accessdate=January 8, 2009|archivedate=April 15, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415131114/http://www.teenhollywood.com/2005/10/12/maggie-grace-lost-in-the-fog}}</ref> Mgbe ' ya na #27 na ndepụta ''Maxim'' Hot 100 nke 2005, <ref>{{Cite web|title=MAXIM MAGAZINE Unveils Their "Hot 100" for 2005; Eva Longoria Crowned #1 This Year|publisher=[[Business Wire]]|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_May_10/ai_n13679947|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120526012941/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_May_10/ai_n13679947|archivedate=May 26, 2012|date=May 10, 2005|accessdate=January 8, 2009}}</ref> ọ laghachiri maka oge nke abụọ ' ''Lost'' . Egburu agwa ya na ihe omume nke asatọ nke oge, " Mgbakọ ", mgbe ndị edemede usoro ahụ malitere iche na "ụzọ akụkọ [nwere] oke". Onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri Carlton Cuse kwuru na ọpụpụ Grace na ihe nkiri ahụ bụ "ụdị mmeri" ebe ọ na-agụsi ya agụụ ike ịbanye ọrụ oge niile na ihe nkiri. <ref>{{Cite news|first=Shawna|author=Malcom|title=Has ''Lost'' Seen the Last of Shannon?|work=[[TV Guide]]|date=November 29, 2005}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị usoro ihe omume ahụ, ọ sonyeere ndị isi egwuregwu ''Lost'' ndị ọzọ nke oge 2 onstage na 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards ebe ''Lost'' meriri ihe nrite maka arụmọrụ pụtara ìhè site n'aka ndị otu na usoro ihe nkiri. <ref>{{Cite web|title='Lost's' killed-off actors get to share in glory|work=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]|url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/31/features/story03.html|first=Eric|author=Goldman|date=January 31, 2006|accessdate=January 18, 2022}}</ref> ''Ụdị dị iche iche'' kọrọ na May 2005 na Grace nọ na mkparịta ụka iji kpọọ X-Men character Kitty Pryde na 2006 ihe nkiri ''X-Men: The Last Stand'', <ref>{{Cite web|title=Grammer, Grace in X3|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/05/18/grammer-grace-in-x3|work=IGN|date=May 18, 2005|accessdate=January 18, 2022}}</ref> ma na July, a kọrọ na a na-eme ihe ngosi maka nnọchi ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maggie Grace quits 'X-Men 3'|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a22343/maggie-grace-quits-x-men-3/|first=Daniel|author=Saney|date=July 6, 2005|accessdate=January 18, 2022}}</ref> Ọrụ ahụ mechara gaa Elliot Page, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: The New Kitty Pryde|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/07/27/exclusive-the-new-kitty-pryde|work=IGN|date=July 27, 2005|accessdate=January 18, 2022}}</ref> na Grace mechara kpughee na ọ dịtụbeghị mgbe a kpọtụrụ ya banyere ọrụ ahụ ma ọ tụrụ ya n'anya ịgụ na ọ bụ maka akụkụ a na-ekwu. <ref>{{Cite news|first=Tim|author=Russo|title=Freaks & Cliques|work=[[Premiere (magazine)|Premiere]]|date=May 2006}}</ref> Ọrụ ọzọ nke Grace bụ na ihe nkiri 2007 nọọrọ onwe ya ''Suburban Girl'', n'akụkụ Sarah Michelle Gellar na Alec Baldwin . <ref name="variety">{{Cite web|title=Maggie Grace|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url=https://variety.com/2007/scene/markets-festivals/maggie-grace-2-1117959818/|first=Stacy|author=Dodd|date=February 19, 2007|accessdate=January 18, 2022}}</ref> Na 2007, ọ gbara egwu na ''Jane Austen Book Club'', dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Karen Joy Fowler nke otu aha ahụ . Ọ bụ onye na-akwado Jane Austen ma gụọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Fowler mgbe ewepụtara ya na 2004. Mgbe e nyere ya edemede nke ihe nkiri ahụ, ọ zutere onye nduzi Robin Swicord, onye ọ na-ekwu na ọ " na-apụ apụ", ma nye ya ọrụ Allegra, onye na-ahụ maka nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị dị afọ 20. <ref name="soon">{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: Actress Maggie Grace|publisher=ComingSoon.net|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/features/38029-exclusive-actress-maggie-grace|first=Edward|author=Douglas|date=October 4, 2007|accessdate=January 18, 2022}}</ref> Mgbe emechara ihe nkiri nke ''Jane Austen Book Club'', Grace laghachiri na Hawaii obere oge ka ọ gbaa ebe ọbịa na ihe omume ''Lost'' season 3 " Exposé ". <ref name="soon"/> O mere ihe nkiri na 2008 thriller film ''Taken'' with Liam Neeson, bụ onye nọ n'elu ndepụta ụmụ nwoke na-eme ihe nkiri Grace chọrọ ịrụ ọrụ na nke o dere nanị ọnwa abụọ tupu e mee ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE: Maggie Grace Dishes on Being Taken|publisher=MovieWeb.com|url=https://movieweb.com/exclusive-maggie-grace-dishes-on-being-taken/|first=Brian|author=Gallagher|date=May 8, 2009|accessdate=January 18, 2022}}</ref> Ọ gbara ụzọ na Simon Fellows' 2009 ''Malice in Wonderland'', mmegharị ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Lewis Carroll 's ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maggie Grace|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/maggie-grace-3-1117990506/|first=Byron|author=Perry|date=August 13, 2008|accessdate=January 18, 2022}}</ref> Na 2010, Grace gbara egwu na ihe nkiri ''Flying Lessons'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/distribution/new-films-acquires-flying-lessons-saving-grace-b-jones/5013938.article|title=New Films acquires Flying Lessons, Saving Grace B Jones|publisher=ScreenDaily|date=May 21, 2010|first=Jeremy|author=Kay|accessdate=January 18, 2022}}</ref> wee pụta n'ihu Tom Cruise na Cameron Diaz na ihe nkiri James Mangold ''Knight na Day'', <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maggie Grace Joins Tom Cruise and Cameron Diaz in James Mangold's WICHITA|work=Collider|url=https://collider.com/maggie-grace-joins-tom-cruise-and-cameron-diaz-in-james-mangolds-wichita/6603/|first=Nicole|author=Pedersen|date=August 27, 2009|accessdate=January 11, 2011|archivedate=May 10, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510103002/http://collider.com/maggie-grace-joins-tom-cruise-and-cameron-diaz-in-james-mangolds-wichita/6603/}}</ref> yana na ''ngwa ngwa'', ya na Dwayne Johnson . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118013491.html?categoryid=13&cs=1|first=Tatiana|author=Siegel|date=January 7, 2010|title=Actresses circle 'Faster'|work=Variety|accessdate=February 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128211732/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118013491.html?categoryId=13&cs=1|archive-date=January 28, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Usoro ọrụ n'aka Grace gbochiri ya ịlọghachi dị ka Shannon na " LA X ", oge izizi maka oge ''nke'' isii na nke ikpeazụ, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/159015/on_first_day_of_lost-mas_sawyer_kissing|title=On the First Day of Lost-mas: Sawyer Is Kissing Who?! Maggie Grace Is Where?|publisher=[[E! Online]]|first=Kristin|author=Dos Santos|date=February 14, 2010|accessdate=December 21, 2009}}</ref> mana ọ laghachiri maka mmecha usoro ikpeazụ " Ọgwụgwụ ". Na Septemba 2010, e kpughere na a họọrọ Grace ka ọ kpọọ Irina na ''Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn Part 1'' na ''2'' . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ew.com/article/2010/09/27/maggie-grace-breaking-dawn-irina/|title=Maggie Grace to play villain Irina in 'Breaking Dawn'|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|first=Nicole|author=Sperling|date=September 27, 2010|accessdate=January 8, 2022}}</ref> Na December 2012, a mara ọkwa na Grace ga-eme ya Broadway mpụta mbụ na ''picnic'' . Egwuregwu ahụ mepere maka nlegharị anya na Disemba 14, na-agba na Ụlọ ihe nkiri ụgbọ elu America. Sebastian Stan na Grace na-emekọ ihe na egwuregwu mmeri Pulitzer. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://broadwaytour.net/picnic-starring-maggie-grace-sebastian-stan-opens-january-13|title='Picnic' Starring Maggie Grace, Sebastian Stan Opens January 13|date=December 14, 2012|work=Broadway Tour|accessdate=January 8, 2013|archivedate=September 20, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920172513/http://broadwaytour.net/picnic-starring-maggie-grace-sebastian-stan-opens-january-13}}</ref> O mekwara ka ọ pụta ìhè nke mbụ dị ka kpakpando ọbịa na Showtime Series ''Californication'' na Jenụwarị 2013, nke ọ na-egwu otu egwuregwu na [[wiktionary:muse#Etymology_1|ihe ngosi]] na ụwa rock and roll yana mmasị onwe onye nke Hank Moody, na-egosi David Duchovny . Na 2018, o sonyeere ndị nkedo egwu ''egwu ndị na-eje ije'' dị ka Althea, onye nta akụkọ. === Ọrụ ndị ọzọ === Grace anọwo na mkpuchi nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ejiji mba ụwa, gụnyere ''Saturday Night, Femme Fatales, Vanidades, 7x7'' na ''Organic Spa Magazine'' ; ''Glow'' Canada na ''Viva ;'' ''CosmoGirl nke UK;'' ''Caras'' nke Brazil; ''Njem 7'' nke France ; ''Solitaire'' nke Singapore na ''Mma Cosmopolitan nke Russia.'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1192254/publicity/|title=Maggie Grace|work=IMDb|accessdate=2019-03-15}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Mgbe ha ka na-arụ ọrụ na ''Lost,'' Grace na Ian Somerhalder nakweere nwamba na-efe efe aha ya bụ Roo nke ha hụrụ na "na-anwụ n'ụzọ nkịtị" n'ime ọhịa na set. O kwuru na pusi ugbu a bụ "onye njem njem" ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lost in love: TV show's stars hit it off in Hawaii|publisher=[[iVillage]]|url=http://www.ivillage.co.uk/newspol/celeb/cfeat/articles/0,,528719_703424,00.html|date=October 18, 2006|accessdate=January 8, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202193930/http://www.ivillage.co.uk/newspol/celeb/cfeat/articles/0%2C%2C528719_703424%2C00.html|archivedate=December 2, 2008}}</ref> Na February 2017, Grace kwere Brent Bushnell, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://futureofstorytelling.org/speaker/brent-bushnell|title=Brent Bushnell - CEO & Roustabout, Two Bit Circus|work=futureofstorytelling.org|accessdate=2019-08-16|archivedate=2022-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024153349/https://futureofstorytelling.org/speaker/brent-bushnell}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://people.com/celebrity/maggie-grace-engaged/|title=Lost Actress Maggie Grace Is Engaged to Boyfriend Brent Bushnell|first=Alexia|author=Fernandez|work=People|date=February 7, 2017|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref> Ha lụrụ na Mee 28, 2017. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.brides.com/story/lost-star-maggie-grace-is-married|title=Lost Star Maggie Grace Is Married! Here's What We Know About Her California Wedding|first=Jamie|author=Cuccinelli|work=[[Brides (magazine)|Brides]]|date=May 30, 2017|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref> A mụrụ nwa mbụ di na nwunye ahụ, nwa nwoke, na 2020. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://people.com/parents/maggie-grace-brent-bushnell-welcome-first-child-son/|title=Lost Alum Maggie Grace and Husband Brent Bushnell Welcome a Son: '2020 Is a Wild Time'|first=Jen|author=Juneau|work=[[Brides (magazine)|Brides]]|date=October 27, 2020|accessdate=October 27, 2020}}</ref> Grace na-ekwukarị nne ya dị ka isi mmalite ya. Mgbe a jụrụ ya banyere ezigbo enyi ya, o kwuru na ya na nne ya dị ka ụmụnne nwanyị nakwa na ọ "nwere ihu ọma inwe nne mara mma nke ukwuu." <ref name="cosmo">{{Cite news|first=Dan|author=Cleeve|title=Maggie Grace|work=[[CosmoGirl]]|date=March 2006}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-akpọ onwe ya Anglophile ; mgbe ọ degara onye otu ndị otu pensụl na mpaghara ọdọ mmiri site na afọ asatọ, ma nwee mmasị na ọtụtụ ndị na-ede uri Bekee, gụnyere [[William Shakespeare]] ; ọ gara England na mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title='Anglophile' Maggie Grace|publisher=Monsters and Critics|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/news/article_1429342.php/Anglophile_Maggie_Grace|date=September 8, 2008|accessdate=January 8, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512002828/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/news/article_1429342.php/Anglophile_Maggie_Grace|archivedate=May 12, 2011}}</ref> Ọ na-akpọ onwe ya onye nzuzu, na-ekwu na ọ na-eme njem na ụkwụ m mgbe niile, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maggie Grace's clumsy leg|publisher=FemaleFirst|url=https://www.femalefirst.co.uk/celebrity/Maggie+Grace-7872.html|date=December 28, 2005|accessdate=January 18, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210201158/http://www.askmen.com/celebs/entertainment-news/maggie-grace/maggie-grace-clumsy-leg.html|archivedate=December 10, 2008}}</ref> na otu n'ime ndị ọlụlụ mbụ ya na-akpọ ya "Maggie Graceless" na-egwu egwu. <ref name="ok">{{Cite news|first=Ryan|author=Smith|title=Bold prints for fall|work=[[OK!]]|date=October 1, 2007}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |2002 |''Shop Club'' | | |- |2004 |''Creature Unknown'' |Amanda | |- |2005 | data-sort-value="Fog, The" |''The Fog'' |Elizabeth Williams | |- | rowspan="2" |2007 | data-sort-value="Jane Austen Book Club, The" |''The Jane Austen Book Club'' |Allegra | |- |''Suburban Girl'' |Chloe | |- |2008 |''Taken'' |Kim Mills | |- |2009 |''Malice in Wonderland'' |Alice | |- | rowspan="4" |2010 | data-sort-value="Experiment, The" |''The Experiment'' |Bay | |- |''Faster'' |Lily | |- |''Flying Lessons'' |Sophie Conway | |- |''Knight and Day'' |April Havens | |- |2011 | data-sort-value="Twilight Sage: Breaking Dawn – Part 1, The" |''The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1'' |Irina | |- | rowspan="4" |2012 |''Decoding Annie Parker'' |Sarah | |- |''Lockout'' |Emilie Warnock | |- |''Taken 2'' |Kim Mills | |- | data-sort-value="Twilight Sage: Breaking Dawn – Part 2, The" |''The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2'' |Irina | |- | rowspan="3" |2014 |''About Alex'' |Siri | |- |''Taken 3'' |Kim Mills | |- |''We'll Never Have Paris'' |Kelsey | |- |2015 |''Unity'' |Narrator |Documentary |- | rowspan="2" |2016 | data-sort-value="Choice, The" |''The Choice'' |Stephanie Parker | |- |''Showing Roots'' |Violet | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Aftermath'' |Christina | |- | data-sort-value="Scent of Rain and Lightning, The" |''The Scent of Rain and Lightning'' |Laurie | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 | data-sort-value="Hurricane Heist, The" |''The Hurricane Heist'' |Casey Corbyn | |- |''Supercon'' |Allison | |- |2020 |''Love, Weddings &amp;amp; Other Disasters'' |Jessie | |- |2023 | data-sort-value="Secret Art of Human Flight, The" |''The Secret Art of Human Flight'' |Wendy | |} === Igwe onyonyo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Murder in Greenwich'' |Martha Moxley |Television film |- |''Septuplets'' |Hope Wilde |Unknown episodes |- | rowspan="4" |2003 |''CSI: Miami'' |Amy Gorman |Episode: "Spring Break" |- | data-sort-value="Lyon's Den, The" |''The Lyon's Den'' |Haley Dugan |Episode: "Beach House" |- |''Miracles'' |Hannah Cottrell |Episode: "Mother's Daughter" |- |''Twelve Mile Road'' |Dulcie Landis |Television film |- | rowspan="4" |2004 |''Cold Case'' |Renee |Episode: "Volunteers" |- |''Law &amp;amp; Order: Special Victims Unit'' |Jessie Dawning |Episode: "Obscene" |- |''Like Family'' |Mary |Episode: "My Two Moms" |- |''Oliver Beene'' |Elke |Recurring |- |2004–2006; 2010 |''Lost'' |Shannon Rutherford |Main role (seasons 1–2); special guest (seasons 3, 6); |- | rowspan="4" |2013 |''Californication'' |Faith |Recurring role (season 6) |- | data-sort-value="Following, The" |''The Following'' |Sarah Fuller |Episode: "Pilot" |- |''Susanna'' |Susanna |Main role (season 1) |- |''When Calls the Heart'' |Aunt Elizabeth |Television film<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/12/16/hallmark-channel-original-series-when-calls-the-heart-to-premiere-january-11th/222857/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217025840/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/12/16/hallmark-channel-original-series-when-calls-the-heart-to-premiere-january-11th/222857/|archivedate=December 17, 2013|title=Hallmark Channel Original Series 'When Calls the Heart' to Premiere January 11th|publisher=Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com|accessdate=June 18, 2014}}</ref> |- |2015 |''Masters of Sex'' |Christine Wesh |Episode: "Three's a Crowd" |- |2018–2021 |''Fear the Walking Dead'' |Althea Szewczyk-Przygocki |Main role (seasons 4–6); guest (season 7) |- |2019 | data-sort-value="Althea Tapes, The" |''The Althea Tapes'' |Althea Szewczyk-Przygocki |Main role |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} * Maggie Grace on Instagram [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fqxfbdr2r83dxwnh6spgfq7tpvg7h0b 0 38904 728024 655918 2026-09-25T22:54:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728024 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Mary Getui''' MBS (amụrụ 1959) bụ ọkà mmụta okpukpe Kenya na prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ okpukpe na Mahadum Katọlik nke Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa . <ref>{{Cite web|author=EWTN|title=Need for Consistent Dialogue among African Women Emphasized at Nairobi Conference|url=https://www.aciafrica.org/news/2937/need-for-consistent-dialogue-among-african-women-emphasized-at-nairobi-conference|accessdate=28 July 2022|work=ACI Africa|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye ntọala nke Circle of Concerned African Women Theology . N'afọ 2009, a kpọrọ Getui aha Moran nke ube ọkụ . A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke National Aids Control Council nke Kenya n'otu afọ ahụ. == Akụkọ ndụ == N'ajụjụ ọnụ banyere ọrụ ya, Getui kwuru na a mụrụ ya na Thika, Kenya, na nna ya bụ onye uwe ojii. O kwuru na ya gara akwụkwọ na Kisii mgbe ọ bụ nwata, wee gaa St Mary's Nyabururu Girls High School na Loreto Convent Limuru Girls High School. Getui kwukwara na ya nwere mmasị ịghọ onye nkụzi malite n'oge ọ bụ nwata. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Getui|first=Mary|title=My dream is to see a HIV-free Kenya|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/eve-woman/article/2000053785/my-dream-is-to-see-a-hiv-free-kenya|accessdate=28 July 2022|work=The Standard|publisher=The Saturday Standard|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGetui">Getui, Mary. [https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/eve-woman/article/2000053785/my-dream-is-to-see-a-hiv-free-kenya "My dream is to see a HIV-free Kenya"]. ''The Standard''. The Saturday Standard<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Getui gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Nairobi na BA na Education na 1983. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Faculty Members – Catholic University of Eastern Africa|date=15 September 2020|url=https://www.cuea.edu/?page_id=7034|accessdate=28 July 2022|language=en-US|archivedate=2 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302145247/https://www.cuea.edu/?page_id=7034}}</ref> O wee kụzie ihe afọ abụọ na Upper Hill Secondary School, ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi na Kenya, ebe ọ kuziri okpukperechi. <ref name=":4"/> Getui maliteziri nkuzi na ngalaba ọmụmụ okpukperechi na mahadum Kenyatta . Ekele maka agụmakwụkwọ mmepe ndị ọrụ Mahadum Kenyatta, ọ nwere ike mechaa nzere masters of arts na ọmụmụ okpukpe sitere na Mahadum Nairobi na 1987. Ọ gara n'ihu na-aga n'ihu n'agụmakwụkwọ ya mgbe ọ na-akụzi, wee nweta PhD na Education Religious site na Mahadum Kenyatta na 1994. <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":0" /> Ọ ghọrọ Prọfesọ Associate, na 1996, bụ onye isi oche nke ngalaba mmụta okpukpe ha na Mahadum Kenyatta. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Fiedler|first=NyaGondwe|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007846412|title=History of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians 1989-2007.|date=2017|publisher=Mzuni Press|isbn=978-99960-45-23-3|pages=67|oclc=1007846412}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFiedler2017">Fiedler, NyaGondwe (2017). [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007846412 ''History of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians 1989-2007'']. Mzuni Press. p.&nbsp;67. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-99960-45-23-3|<bdi>978-99960-45-23-3</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe nchọpụta)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007846412 1007846412].</cite></ref> Na 1999, mgbe ọ na-eje ozi dị ka oche, ọ chịkọtara ndị otu atụmatụ maka ọgbakọ seminarị nke African Association for Study of Religion (AASR); ọgbakọ ahụ, nke mbụ ndị AASR mere n’Afrịka, bụ ngalaba ọmụmụ okpukperechi na Mahadum Kenyatta nabatara ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hoehler-Fatton|first=Cynthia|date=2000|title=The African Association for the Study of Religions (AASR) Conference, Nairobi, Kenya July 27-30, 1999|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23551198|journal=Method & Theory in the Study of Religion|volume=12|issue=1|pages=422–425|doi=10.1163/157006800X00274}}</ref> O mesịrị ghọọ prọfesọ na Mahadum Katọlik nke Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa, bụ́ ebe ọ na-akụzi Ọmụmụ okpukpe. <ref name=":0" /> Getui sonyeere Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians (EATWOT) ma bụrụ onye otu EATWOT Women's Commission. <ref>Fiedler, ''A History of the Circle'', p. 67.</ref> Na 1996, a họpụtara ya onye nhazi mpaghara mpaghara Afrịka maka ETWOT. <ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 1996|title=Third World Theologians Appeal to Pope, Elect Women Executives|url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1996/12/20/third-world-theologians-appeal-to-pope-elect-women-executives&post_id=8622|accessdate=28 July 2022|work=UCA News|language=en|archivedate=28 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728144921/https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1996/12/20/third-world-theologians-appeal-to-pope-elect-women-executives&post_id=8622}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime agụmakwụkwọ ya gbadoro ụkwụ n'ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na nkà mmụta okpukpe Ndị Kraịst na mmụta mmụta okpukpe. Edemede ya banyere agụmakwụkwọ nkà mmụta okpukpe na Ụka Seventh-day Adventist ka etinyere na ''Handbook of Theological Education in Africa'', nke Isabel Apawo Phiri na Dietrich Werner deziri na nke Kansụl Ụwa nke Ụka bipụtara . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Apawo Phiri|first=Isabel|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/94195|title=Handbook of Theological Education in Africa|date=2013|publisher=Augsburg Fortress Publishers|isbn=978-1-5064-7589-9}}</ref> Site na nhọpụta onye isi ala, Getui ghọrọ onye isi oche nke National Aids Control Council of Kenya na June 2009. <ref name=":4"/> E hiwere kansụl a na 1999, mgbe onye isi ala n'oge ahụ Daniel arap Moi kwupụtara ọrịa nje HIV / AIDS ka ọ bụrụ ọdachi mba. N'ịkọwa na ahaghị oke nwoke na nwanyị nyere aka na mgbasa nke nje a, na-emetụtakwa ndị bu nje HIV/Aids na-adịghị mma, Kansụl ahụ mere ka isi ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị bụrụ ihe kacha mkpa n'ọrụ ya, malite na mmalite 2000s. <ref>{{Cite news|author=National AIDS Control Council|date=November 2002|title=Mainstreaming Gender into the Kenya National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan (2000-2005)|pages=iv|url=http://www.policyproject.com/pubs/countryreports/Kenya_NACC_Gender.pdf|accessdate=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731130146/http://www.policyproject.com/pubs/countryreports/Kenya_NACC_Gender.pdf|archive-date=31 July 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Circle of Concerned African Women Theology === Na 1989, Getui bụ akụkụ nke obere atụmatụ atụmatụ ụmụ nwanyị Africa nwere ogo na okpukperechi ma ọ bụ nkà mmụta okpukpe, nke [[Mercy Oduyoye]] duziri, bụ onye haziri ọgbakọ kọntinent mbụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị Africa na [[Ghana]] na 1989. Na nnọkọ a, e hiwere Circle of Concerned African Women Theology (The Circle) iji kwado mmepe mmụta mmụta mmụta ụmụ nwanyị Africa na-aga n'ihu. <ref name=":1"/> Circle nwere ma mpaghara mpaghara na mpaghara mpaghara, nke na-ezukọ mgbe niile ma na-etinye aka na mkparịta ụka, nyocha na mbipụta. Getui sonyeere okirikiri East Africa na-anọchite anya Kenya, [[Uganda]] na [[Tanzania]] mgbe e hiwere ya ka ọgbakọ 1989 gachara, ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike na gburugburu Mahadum Kenyatta dị na mpaghara, bụrụ onye nhazi na 1992. E mechara hazigharịa mpaghara ahụ ma guzobe okirikiri Kenya dịka isiakwụkwọ dị iche. <ref name=":2">Fiedler, ''A History of the Circle'', p. 63.</ref> Getui rụrụ nnukwu ọrụ n'ịhazi ọgbakọ abụọ maka Circle, na 1994 na 1996. N'afọ 1994, o nyere aka hazie ọgbakọ Zonal South na East Africa nke e mere na Nairobi. Na 1996, e nwere ọgbakọ kọntinent nke Circle na Nairobi, Getui bụkwa onye isi oche kọmitii nhazi mpaghara. <ref name=":2">Fiedler, ''A History of the Circle'', p. 63.</ref> Ya na [[Grace Wamue]], o deziri akwụkwọ mpịakọta nke Circle bipụtara, nke isiokwu ya bụ ''ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị: Echiche nke ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị Kenya'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hinga|first=Teresia M.|date=2002|title=African Feminist Theologies, the Global Village, and the Imperative of Solidarity across Borders: The Case of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25002427|journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion|volume=18|issue=1|pages=81|issn=8755-4178}}</ref> Na 2002, o deziri ya na [[Hazel Ayanga]], akwụkwọ aha ya bụ ''Conflicts in Africa: A Women Response'', nke Kenya Chapter nke Circle bipụtara. <ref name=":3">Fiedler, ''A History of the Circle'', p. 63-64.</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Getui bụ onye otu ụka Adventist nke ụbọchị asaa . <ref name=":3">Fiedler, ''A History of the Circle'', p. 63-64.</ref> Ọ lụọla nwaanyị, mụtakwa ụmụ atọ. <ref name=":4"/> == Ihe nrite na nnabata == Na 2009, Getui mere Moran nke ube ọkụ; nke a bụ otu n'ime ihe nrite kacha elu nke Kenya, nke onye isi ala nyere ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu maka nkwanye ugwu maka ọrụ ọha. <ref>{{Cite news|date=11 December 2009|title=Award of Orders, Decorations and Medals Jamhuri Day, 12th of December 2009|pages=3572|work=The Kenya Gazette|url=https://gazettes.africa/archive/ke/2009/ke-government-gazette-dated-2009-12-11-no-104.pdf|accessdate=30 July 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=30 December 2021|title=Kenyan Presidential Awards, Orders and Medals - Medals from Kenya|url=https://www.identifymedals.com/article/kenyan-presidential-awards-orders-and-medals/|accessdate=30 July 2022|language=en-US|archivedate=31 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731230529/https://www.identifymedals.com/article/kenyan-presidential-awards-orders-and-medals/}}</ref> Mahadum DePaul nyere Getui nzere nzere bachelọ na 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Social Justice Champions to be Honored in Kenya|url=https://wdat.is.depaul.edu/newsroom/year_2012/2529.html|accessdate=30 July 2022|work=wdat.is.depaul.edu}}</ref> == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == === Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ === * Ya na Grace Wamue ''.'' ''Ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị: Ntụgharị uche sitere n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị Kenya (1996)''  * ''Ụzọ nkà mmụta okpukpe na akụkụ nke ofufe n'Iso Ụzọ Kraịst nke Africa'' (1998)  * Mụ na Peter Kanyandago. ''Site na Ime ihe ike ruo Udo: Ihe ịma aka maka Iso Ụzọ Kraịst nke Africa'' (1999)  * Mụ na AH de Jong. ''Agbụrụ: Ngọzi ma ọ bụ nkọcha'' (1999)  * na Knut Holter; Victor Zinkuratire. ''Ịsụgharị Agba Ochie n’Africa'' (1999)  * Mụ na Emmanuel A. Obeng. ''Theology of Reconstruction: Exploratory Essays'' . (1999)  * Mụ na Samuel Tinyiko Maluleke na Justin S Ukpong. ''Ịsụgharị Agba Ọhụrụ n’Africa'' . (2001)  * Ya na Hazel Ayanga. ''Esemokwu dị n'Africa: Nzaghachi nwanyị (2002)''  * Mụ na Matthew M. Theuri. ''Achọ maka ndụ bara ụba n'Africa'' . (2002)  * Mụ na Wasye' Musyoni. ''Imeri Ime Ihe Ike: Nzaghachi dabere na okwukwe'' (2003) * Ya na JK Mugambi. ''Okpukpe dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa n'okpuru ijikọ ụwa ọnụ'' (2004)  * ''Nduzi di nma n'alụmdi na nwunye na ezi-na-ụlọ.'' (2008)  * Mụ na Luiz Carlos Susin na Beatrice W. Churu. ''Ime Mmụọ Maka Ụwa Ọzọ Pụrụ Ime'' . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789966724441|9789966724441]] == Edensibia == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] glwbh6exc76mpqxns1qeovbdzy3b93w 0 39769 727974 159238 2026-09-25T17:24:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Lisa Durden''' bụ onye na-akọwa mgbasa ozi na onye na-emepụta ihe. A mụrụ Durden ma zụlite ya na Newark, New Jersey ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Seton Hall na nzere na akwụkwọ akụkọ.<ref name="roll-22sep2015">{{Cite web|author=Barnes|first=Mo|title=Lisa Durden is brilliantly outspoken and ready to take on Elisabeth Hasselback, Bill O'Reilly|url=http://rollingout.com/2015/09/22/lisa-durden-remains-brilliant-black-outspoken-todays-social-issues/|work=Rolling Out|accessdate=June 27, 2017|date=September 22, 2015}}</ref> O nyela nkọwa ''na Aha faịlụ Kelly'' na mmemme telivishọn ndị ọzọ na isiokwu ndị gụnyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, Ndụ Ndị Oji Dị Mkpa, <ref name="tvg-10nov2015">{{Cite web|author=Raftery|first=Liz|title=Watch Fox News Guests Get Into a Shouting Match Over Racism at University of Missouri|url=http://www.tvguide.com/news/university-of-missouri-president-fox-news-megyn-kelly/|work=[[TV Guide]]|accessdate=June 27, 2017|date=November 10, 2015}}</ref> na omenala ndị ama ama.<ref name="bos-18jul2016">{{Cite web|title=Lisa Durden Vs Kevin Jackson On Police Shootings "Lisa's Explaining Nonsense…Blacks Are Being Taught To Be Ignorant Racists!" [Video]|url=https://bossip.com/1334533/lisa-durden-vs-kevin-jackson-on-police-shootings-lisas-explaining-nonsense-blacks-are-being-taught-to-be-ignorant-racist-video/|work=[[Bossip]]|accessdate=June 27, 2017|date=July 18, 2016|archivedate=December 9, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152432/https://bossip.com/1334533/lisa-durden-vs-kevin-jackson-on-police-shootings-lisas-explaining-nonsense-blacks-are-being-taught-to-be-ignorant-racist-video/}}</ref><ref name="fox-11jul2016">{{Cite news|title=Former Civil Rights Leader: Where Was BLM When 9yo Was Shot in CA?|url=http://insider.foxnews.com/2016/07/11/kelly-file-panel-debate-racial-issues-gets-heated|accessdate=June 27, 2017|work=[[Fox News]]|date=July 11, 2016}}</ref><ref name="fox-12jun2015">{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Blanche|title=Kim Kardashian's backside being used to promote world news stories|url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2015/06/12/kim-kardashian-backside-being-used-to-promote-world-news-stories.html|accessdate=June 27, 2017|work=Fox News|date=June 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152233/http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2015/06/12/kim-kardashian-backside-being-used-to-promote-world-news-stories.html|archive-date=December 9, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Durden kwadoro ihe ngosi okwu, Nke Lisa Durden Gosi, nke a na-egosi na Newark na Manhattan ọha na eze. <ref name="roll-22sep2015"/><ref name="ncc-19dec2014">{{Cite news|author=Tingle|first=Sophia|title=NCC Tackles Topic Of Homelessness On Lisa Durden Show|url=http://www.newcommunity.org/2014/12/ncc-tackles-topic-of-homelessness-on-lisa-durden-show/|work=[[New Community Corporation]]|accessdate=June 27, 2017|date=December 19, 2014}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri Brick City, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Junkies nri mkpụrụ obi, nke meriri 2012 Grand Jury Prize nke akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma na Amerikan Ememme ihe nkiri ojii. <ref name="nj-30nov2011">{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Eunice|title=Newark used as backdrop for short film on dementia|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/11/newark_used_as_backdrop_for_sh.html|accessdate=June 27, 2017|work=NJ.com|date=November 30, 2011}}</ref><ref name="abff-2012-winners">{{Cite web|title=2012 Film and Talent Competition Winners|url=http://www.abff.com/archives/history-of-winners/2012-winners/|work=[[American Black Film Festival]]|accessdate=June 26, 2017|archivedate=June 14, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614042011/http://www.abff.com/archives/history-of-winners/2012-winners/}}</ref> Na June 6, 2017, Durden pụtara na Akụkọ Fox n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Tucker Carlson, na-atụle isi Ndụ Ndị Oji Dị Mkpanke nwere ihe omume Memorial Day maka ndị isi ojii. Durden gbachitere omume nke isi, na-ekwu "Boo-hoo-hoo... Unu ndị ọcha na-ewe iwe n'ihi na ị pụghị iji kaadị 'ihe ùgwù ọcha' gị mee ka a kpọọ gị ka ha bịa ememme ncheta Ndụ Ndị Oji Dị Mkpa. " Carlson zaghachiri site n'ịkpọ Durden "onye iro na onye na-ekewapụ onwe ya na onye ara".<ref name="wapo-26jun2017">{{Cite news|author=Schmidt|first=Samantha|title=Professor fired after defending blacks-only event to Fox News. 'I was publicly lynched,' she says.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/06/26/professor-fired-after-defending-blacks-only-event-on-fox-news-i-was-publicly-lynched-she-says/|accessdate=June 29, 2017|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 26, 2017}}</ref> Ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị, a kwụsịtụrụ Durden n'ọkwa ya dị ka osote prọfesọ na Essex County College na Newark. Izu abụọ ka e mesịrị, a chụrụ ya n'ọrụ.[1] Durden kọwara ahụmịhe ahụ dị ka "e gburu ya n'ihu ọha". [1] Onye isi oche kọleji Anthony Munroe kwuru na ịchụpụ ahụ bụ nzaghachi maka nchegbu na egwu nke ụmụ akwụkwọ, ngalaba, na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-achọ ka ha kwuo na telivishọn.<ref name="nj-24jun2017">{{Cite news|author=Mazzola|first=Jessica|title=College defends firing professor after Fox News appearance|url=http://www.nj.com/essex/index.ssf/2017/06/college_defends_firing_professor_after_fox_news_ap.html|work=NJ.com|accessdate=June 27, 2017|date=June 24, 2017}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, Ntọala maka ikike na nkwupụta onwe onye gbara kọleji akwụkwọ maka ndekọ banyere mkpesa ndị a, wee chọpụta na kọleji ahụ natara naanị otu mkpesa tupu achụpụ Durden.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jilani|first=Zaid|date=2018-01-26|title=New Jersey College Suspended a Professor After Being "Inundated" With Complaints Over Her Fox News Debate. Here's What Really Happened.|url=https://theintercept.com/2018/01/26/fox-news-black-lives-matter-essex-county-college/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=The Intercept|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, Durden bụ onye na agba ọsọ Seth Kaper-Dale, onye na-azọ ọkwa Gọvanọ New Jersey na tiketi Green Party. <ref name="philly-26jul2017">{{Cite news|author=Madej|first=Patricia|title=Professor, fired for Fox News segment, enters N.J. gubernatorial race|url=http://www.phillyvoice.com/professor-fired-for-fox-news-segment-enters-nj-gubernatorial-race/|accessdate=July 26, 2017|work=Philly Voice|date=July 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name="usnews-26jul2017">{{Cite news|title=Democrat Hoping to Succeed Gov. Christie Picks Running Mate|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-jersey/articles/2017-07-26/democratic-running-to-replace-christie-picks-running-mate|accessdate=July 26, 2017|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|date=July 26, 2017}}</ref>Kaper-Dale na Durdan nwetara 0.47% nke votu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=2017 Gubernatorial General Election - New Jersey|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state2.php?year=2017&fips=34&f=0&off=5&elect=0|work=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections}}</ref>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị * Lisa DurdennaIMDb  [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pbnnm2ch3fvehi25oc1pfnkvzkogds1 0 39875 728115 156941 2026-09-26T06:44:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Naza Alakija|birth_name=Nazanin Jafarian|occupation=Activist, model|website={{official website|nazaalakija.com}}}} {{Databox}}'''Naza Alakija''' (amụrụ Nazanin Jafarian) bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ na ihe nlereanya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iranian Activist Naza Alakija Pays Tribute to Mahsa Amini With Short Film ‘Rise’|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/iranian-activist-naza-alakija-mahsa-amini-short-film-rise-tehran-morality-police-1235558784/|work=Variety|accessdate=24 March 2023|date=20 March 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Step inside a Nigerian oil billionaire's son's incredibly lavish £5 million wedding|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/step-inside-a-nigerian-oil-billionaire-s-son-s-incredibly-lavish-ps5-million-wedding-at-a-british-palace-a7789906.html|work=The Independent|accessdate=24 March 2023|language=en|date=14 June 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, Alakija hiwere otu akpọ ''SAGE Innovation Center.'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Nazanin Alakija|url=https://womenmovingmillions.org/stories/meet-nazanin-alakija/|work=Women Moving Millions|accessdate=28 December 2022|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Naza Alakija: I want to make sure that women and girls are given priority in the midst of these crises|url=https://marieclairearabia.com/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9/naza-alakija-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B5-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3|work=marieclairearabia.com|accessdate=28 December 2022}}</ref> Alakija na-akwadokwa ọrụ na-arụ ụgbọ ala ọba akwụkwọ ekwentị na Afghanistan. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mobile Libraries in Afghanistan|url=https://www.nazaalakija.com/all-projects/mobile-libraries-in-afghanistan|accessdate=2023-11-21|work=Naza Alakija|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121202639/https://www.nazaalakija.com/all-projects/mobile-libraries-in-afghanistan|archive-date=2023-11-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Alakija na Tehran, Iran .<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">Ezinụlọ</span>]]'' &#x5D; &#x5B;</sup> United Kingdom mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu.  N'afọ 2017, Naza lụrụ Folarin Alakija, nwa nwoke onye ijeri mmanụ ala Naijiria bụ Folorunso Alakija. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Step inside a Nigerian oil billionaire's son's incredibly lavish £5 million wedding at a British palace|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/nigerian-billionaire-sons-5-million-wedding-blenheim-palace-2017-6|work=Business Insider|accessdate=24 March 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The OTT wedding that cost over $8 million|url=https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/news/expensive-wedding-costs-over-8-million-35935846.html|work=Yahoo Life|accessdate=24 March 2023|language=en-AU}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke 2022 ''Overheated'' bụ Maggie Baird na Naza Alakija mepụtara, n'okpuru onye isi Yassa Khan. <ref>{{Cite web|author=VILLAMIL|first=VALENTINA|title='Overheated': el nuevo documental sobre cambio climático protagonizado por Billie Eilish|url=https://es.rollingstone.com/overheated-el-nuevo-documental-sobre-cambio-climatico-protagonizado-por-billie-eilish/|work=Rolling Stone en Español|accessdate=28 December 2022|language=es|date=10 June 2022}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7dwkqagg6f0tvnlt227faz7xdx6b91f 0 40035 728000 580577 2026-09-25T19:38:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mafuta Ngusu''' (amụrụ ya na 23 Febụwarị 1989) bụ nwanyị na-atu bọọlụ si obodo Democratic Republic of Congo, na-anọchite anya otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke Energie BBC ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAFUTA CHRISTELLE NGUSU at the FIBA Women's AfroBasket 2023|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2023/player/MAFUTA-CHRISTELLE-NGUSU|accessdate=2024-03-26|work=FIBA.basketball|language=en}}</ref> Mafuta Ngusu bụ nwa afọ Lubumbashi, Katanga, nke mba [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Christelle NGUSU MAFUTA|url=https://play.fiba3x3.com/players/75cd6670-5596-4195-a1fd-4d1747bea6fc|accessdate=2024-03-26|work=play.fiba3x3.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dem.Rep. of Congo {{!}} 2017 FIBA Women's Afrobasket : FIBA Women's Afrobasket {{!}} ARCHIVE.FIBA.COM|url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/8124/tid/391/_/2017_FIBA_Women_s_Afrobasket_FIBA_Women_s_Afrobasket_/index.html|accessdate=2024-03-27|work=archive.fiba.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027041930/https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/8124/tid/391/_/2017_FIBA_Women_s_Afrobasket_FIBA_Women_s_Afrobasket_/index.html|archive-date=2021-10-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba ụwa == === Asọmpi 2023 === FIBA Women's AfroBasket 2023 Egwuregwu aturu (MJ):Points abuo Kwa Egwuregwu (PPM): 4.5 Rebounds Kwa Egwuregwu:otu Assist Kwa Egwuregwu === Asọmpi 2017 === Egwuregwu Afrobasket ụmụ nwanyị FIBA (MJ):Points asaa Kwa Egwuregwu (PPM): 4.1 Rebounds Kwa Egwuregwu: 3.3 Assists Kwa Egwuregwu === Asọmpi 2009 === FIBA Africa Championship for Women Matches Played (MJ): Points abuo Per Match (PPM):Rebounds abuo Per Match (RPM): otu Assist Per Match (PDM): 0 Overall Evaluation (EVAL): -1<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=MAFUTA CHRISTELLE NGUSU - Player Profile|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/fr/player/283107/MAFUTA-CHRISTELLE-NGUSU|accessdate=2024-03-27|work=FIBA.basketball|language=fr}}</ref> === Nkezi n'ozuzu === Ihe Ntinye na Egwuregwu Ọ bụla (PPM): 3.5 Rebounds Kwa Egwuregwu (RPM): 1.8 Assists Kwa Egwuregwu: 0.3 Nnyocha Nchịkọta (EVAL): 1.7<ref name=":0" />{{Cite web|title=MAFUTA CHRISTELLE NGUSU - Player Profile|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/fr/player/283107/MAFUTA-CHRISTELLE-NGUSU|accessdate=2024-03-27|work=FIBA.basketball|language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.fiba.basketball/fr/player/283107/MAFUTA-CHRISTELLE-NGUSU "MAFUTA CHRISTELLE NGUSU - Player Profile"]. ''FIBA.basketball'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-27</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s3neyz08tvuviwfjc10ovj628ukb7eo 0 40910 728148 158505 2026-09-26T09:44:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Nitya Seva''' bụ otu nke dabeere na Bensheim nke na-achọ inye aka na mpaghara ndị na-adịghị mma nke ọha mmadụ maka nkwalite ego ha na-elekọta mmadụ na n'akụkụ mmata ahụike, mgbanwe omenala na nkwado n'oge ọgba aghara. Claus D. von der Fink hibere ya na 13 June 1998 na [[Jémanị|Germany]] . == Nitya Seva Society == Na Nọvemba 1999, Claus D. na Asha von der Fink guzobere '''Nitya Seva Society''' na Bhopal ( [[Ndia|India]] ). Ndị otu na-arụ ọrụ maka okporo ámá ndị nọ ná mkpa, slum na ụmụaka n'elu ikpo okwu. Ụmụaka ndị a, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-enweghị ndị ikwu, dị n'agbata afọ 3 na 18. Society ugbu a na-arụ ụlọ anọ na Bhopal (ụlọ ụmụaka na Bhopal - Chandbarh kemgbe 2000, ụlọ ụmụaka na Bhopal - Pipalner kemgbe 2004, After Care Center kemgbe 2014 na Hostel Girls kemgbe Disemba 2020) yana ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị 200 dum. na-enye * ebe ihi ụra nke ọma * akụrụngwa maka ịsacha na ịsa ahụ * nkwado ahụike mgbe niile * uwe kwesịrị ekwesị * nri ọkụ na-edozi ahụ * akụrụngwa maka agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na ọzụzụ aka ọrụ * ohere maka ndụ bara uru n'ime otu na itinye aka na mmemme obodo, na ịzụlite uche mepere emepe na nkwanye ùgwù maka omenala na okpukpe dị iche iche. Claus D. von der Fink asọpụrụla na 2004 na Bundesverdienstkreuz / Federal Cross of Merit nke Federal Republic of Germany na na 2015 na Bergsträßer Bürgerpreis (nrite uru ndụ oge niile) maka ntinye aka ya na India. == Edensibia == <references /> * https://web.archive.org/web/20160314100013/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/from-the-cold-comfort-of-railway-platforms-to-a-sense-of-home/211125 == Njikọ mpụga == mmemme obodo, na ịzụlite uche mepere emepe n'akụkụ mmata ahụike, mgbanwe omenala na * [http://www.nityaseva.privat.t-online.de/ Nitya Seva - ibe mbụ] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_WEcYmijVw Nitya Seva - Trailer] * [[rheinneckar:Nitya Seva e.V.|Nitya Seva eV]] (Rhein-Neckar-Wiki) nn4oz4li1uncr9vde7l9hzw9st4p1uz 0 40922 728132 594202 2026-09-26T08:29:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728132 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Volunteers for Rural India''' ( '''VRI''' ) bụ obere ọrụ ebere UK edebanyere aha (ọrụ ebere nke 285872, nke a na-akpọbu IVCS) <ref>[http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithoutPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=285872&SubsidiaryNumber=0 Charity Commission entry for the registered charity VRI, formerly known as IVCS] Accessed 11 October 2017</ref> nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwalite ego maka ọrụ mmepe ime obodo na [[Ndia|India]], na mbụ iji kwalite mmata mmepe ime obodo na India. site n'inyere ndị mmadụ aka inweta mmepe nke mgbọrọgwụ site na itinye aka ozugbo. <ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/volunteering-virtually/article4119190.ece "Volunteering virtually"] ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 2015-09-05.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240406211234/http://www.vri-online.org.uk/ VRI website] Accessed June 2010</ref> Ọ bụghị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke okpukpe. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere VRI ihe karịrị afọ 30. Emebere ya na Mee 1981 ka IVCS (Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo India maka ọrụ obodo) iji gbaa ndị na-eto eto si West ume ka ha nweta ime obodo India. N'afọ 2015 ọ kwụsịrị ime atụmatụ afọ ofufo. == Ebumnuche nke ọrụ ebere == Iji nweta ego iji kwadoo obere ọrụ enyemaka onwe onye na India, n'ebumnobi inye onyinye maka mmepe mmadụ na-adigide. Karịsịa, VRI na-akwado ọrụ mmepe ime obodo n'ime obodo Amarpurkashi na Uttar Pradesh, ugwu India. == Ihe oru ngo == * VRI kwadoro obodo nta ka ọ malite ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke ya. Ọ bụ ndị obodo n'onwe ha malitere ọrụ a, bụ ndị na-eche na ọ nweghị ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụ ha na ọ ga-aga n'ihu na-akwado ụlọ akwụkwọ a ruo mgbe ọ ga-enweta ego onwe ya. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240406211234/http://www.vri-online.org.uk/apk/jafar-pur-junior-high-school.php VRI website - article about jafar pur high school] Accessed October 2017</ref> * VRI na-agba ogige anya maka nlekọta cataract <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240406211234/http://www.vri-online.org.uk/apk/health-rural-india.php VRI website - article about health care fund] Accessed October 2017</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|1}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240406211234/http://www.vri-online.org.uk/index.php Webụsaịtị VRI] d1tbbg4incwjil945hj9pg51b9l5xsm 0 40950 728151 158576 2026-09-26T09:58:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728151 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Development nke Pakistan''' (ADP) bụ òtù na-abaghị uru nke na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite ndụ ndị ogbenye, ndị na-eleghara anya na ndị na-enweghị isi nke Pakistan site n'inye nkwado maka ọrụ mmepe mmekọrịta na akụrụngwa, gburugburu ebe obibi, ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ, nha anya nwoke na nwanyị, ọrụ. na ikike nri. ADP bụ isi na Boston, Massachusetts ma nwee isi mpaghara na [[California]] na Washington DC. Amara ADP dị ka 501 (c) anaghị akwụ ụgwọ site na Ọrụ Internal Revenue Service . == Nzaghachi maka ala ọma jijiji na Northern Pakistan na October 2005 == Mgbe ala ọmajiji nke October 8, 2005 gasịrị na Northern Pakistan, ADP welitere ego maka enyemaka ozugbo na mmepe ogologo oge. Dịka weebụsaịtị ya si kwuo, ADP welitere ihe karịrị $400,000 maka enyemaka ala ọma jijiji n'ihe na-erughị ọnwa abụọ. == Ihe oru ngo == Nzukọ ahụ arụwo ọrụ na akụrụngwa ịwa ahụ nke Cataract na ụlọ ọgwụ Layton Rehmatulla Benevolent Trust (LRBT) [http://www.lrbt.org.pk/] na Mansehra . Ọrụ a dị ugbu a na ọnọdụ nlekota mmejuputa iwu. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100220180231/http://www.developpakistan.org/Default.aspx?tabid=277] Ọrụ nke abụọ metụtara ego maka ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na [[Kharo Chan]], Mpaghara Thatta nke Sindh . Emebere oru ngo a site na otu ndi otu Action for Humanitarian Development (AHD). [http://www.fundsforngos.org/ngo-profile/action-for-humanitarian-development] == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240422225957/https://developpakistan.org/ Webụsaịtị ADP] othn1nzin4b3etvhnuvgwg4ir779sit 0 41119 728152 162332 2026-09-26T10:05:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728152 wikitext text/x-wiki Confraternity of the sacrament gọziri ọọọ ( CBS ), bụ Ṅaa Confraternity of the Sacrament a gọziri ọọọ nke nị ọu na ọo nke Christisto, bụ ọọọ ọou na-efe ọlị n'ime conglomerate Anglịkan nke raara onwe ya nye nịsọọstoọ ezi ọḍui. n'ime Eucharist.  Ọ na-ọọọ to kwalite Mass dị ka isi ịnhọ Sunday na ọọ, confession oge nile, na ngwa ngwa Eucharist .  Một nke ọọọ ọhọọ bị Adoremus na aeternum sanctissimum sacramentum, ma ọ bị n'lại Bekee, "Ka mọi na-ọnọn Sacrament Kasị Ngọzi ruo mgbe ồiều ebi". Ụka Anglican  Dị ka ọ dị ugbu a, e hiwere ya na February 26, 1867, site na obodo abụọ: Society of the blessed Sacrament, nke hiwere na 1860, na Confraternity of the Ngózi Sacrament, nke Thomas Thellusson Carter n'oge Oxford Movement na England hiwere na 1862.  A mara ủ otu dị ka ủ ố ố ố ố ở . == Ọrụ nke ndị mmekọ == Nnuru a ɛwɔ sacrament no mfa nkrataa a wɔde di dwuma a wɔde di dwuma wɔ Yesu ne Eucharist no mu.  Ha na-ekpe keper maka ibe ha na Mass na n'ihu Sacrament a góziri sukuri ma na-eji Sacrament nke Dozi. == Nhazi == Njikọ ahụ bụ. ្ន្ន្ន្ន្ន្ន្រ្ - Bekee (and previous) CBS and American CBS - nke គ៉ននក្រ n'aka onye isi ala na- yana onye odekuyasa ukwu na onye isi ego na-ọọọ ya.  Na mgbakwunye, enwere ngalaba CBS na Canada na Australia.  Bekee CBS na-arụ ọrụ site na Sweden, Wales na Channel Islands.  Enweghị nhazi oge ugbu a, enwere mmegharị na CBS na eto eto na akụkụ nke Africa. === Mpaghara === N'ime mpaghara CBS kwụụrụ onwe ya, enwere ike ịnwe ọkwa nhazi ọzọ a maara dị ka "mpaghara". E kewara CBS Bekee na mpaghara iri abụọ na atọ. Otu "onye ka elu mpaghara" na-edu otu mpaghara, onye nwere ike ịhọpụta "odeakwụkwọ mpaghara", ma bụrụ nchịkọta nke ngalaba niile dị n'ime otu mpaghara. === Wards === A maara mpaghara mpaghara CBS dị ka "ward". Ndị otu ọgbakọ ahụ na-ezukọ ọnụ na ngalaba mpaghara maka ekpere, ofufe na nkwado ibe ha n'okpuru nduzi nke onye ụkọchukwu dịka "ward ka elu", nke onye odeakwụkwọ ward na-enyere aka. Ngalaba ọ bụla na-ekpebi mmemme mmemme nke afọ nke ya na onye isi ward nwere ikike ịnabata ndị mmekọ ọhụrụ (n'agbanyeghị na ọ ga-agarịrị onye isi mpaghara ma ọ bụ onye isi ala tupu ya anabata onye otu ụkọchukwu ọhụrụ). Ọtụtụ ward na-ejikọta na parish ime obodo, n'agbanyeghị na nke a adịghị mkpa dịka akwụkwọ iwu siri dị, nke chọrọ naanị otu onye ụkọchukwu (dị ka ward ka elu) ka ọ kpọkọta ndị mmekọ ndị ọzọ n'akụkụ onwe ya iji guzobe ward. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ ndị nchụ-aja eguzobela ward nke anaghị ejikọta na ụka parish ọ bụla. Ọmụmaatụ na CBS Bekee gụnyere: * Ward nke Obi Dị Nsọ, nke jikọtara na Diocese Lincoln na-enwe nzukọ otu ugboro n'afọ; * Ward nke St Cuthman - jikọtara ya na Deanery nke Storrington na inwe nzukọ n'oge deanery ahụ; * Ward nke Ọbara dị oke ọnụ ahịa - nke etinyere na Deanery nke Horsham ma na-enwe nzukọ n'oge deanery ahụ; * Ward nke St Mary na St Nicolas - jikọtara na kọleji Lancing yana maka ọdịmma nke ndị otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ ndị nke CBS; * Ward nke St Brigid - ngalaba mpaghara buru ibu, na-ejikọ ndị otu CBS gbasasịrị na Sweden niile. == Ego == Bekee CBS eritela uru site and many requests mmesaphi aka kontrol ego nke wee wulitekwa agwu spogeo ego.  Ndị nwere onyinye nke ụgbọ mmiri na ndị ụkọchukwu na-eme ememe Mmụọ Nsọ na Sacrament nke Sacrament a gọziri agọzi na parish nke parish nwere nkwado nke nnukwu ọrụ na ọgbakọ, gụnyere ọgbakọ Caister maka afọ. <ref name="ct-cbs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2012/29-june/news/uk/ordinariate-pays-back-1-million-to-anglican-charity|title=Ordinariate pays back £1 million to Anglican charity|author=Thornton|first=Ed|date=29 June 2012|publisher=The Church Times|accessdate=24 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225044823/https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2012/29-june/news/uk/ordinariate-pays-back-1-million-to-anglican-charity|archivedate=2019-02-25}}</ref>Ná mmalite nke July 2011, esemokwu bilitere mgbe mbụ o kwuru, wee kwai na Times, [1] and the confraternity nyere nri nke £ 1 nde nye Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham, si ũe a tŻfuo onwe ya ihe. yangein mekului.  Bank of.  Christopher Pearson, onye isi oche nke confraternity, said (site n'aka Ruth Gledhill ) [1] na Times dị ka na-ekwu na mới gủa nke nke nême, na-ewere mộtsọ sạbụ iwu, na ama ama ọu dakaẹ na ihe tịi ebere nke nke confraternity , think about it.  Nke Pearson kwuru,  [2] Ndị ọzọ arụrịta ụka, gụnyere Paul Williamson onye kọwara onyinye ahụ dị ka "ihe ihere" ma kpesara Archbishọp nke Westminster na Charity Commission.  [3] Na June 2012, Charity Commission maka England na Wales kwuru na "ego ahụ dị oke oke" n'ihi na nyocha ahụ kpebiri na ihe nrite ahụ abaghị uru, na ọtụtụ ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ CBS anaghị achịkwa ihe nrite ahụ bảng  ordinariate, nke arreta na "many n'ime mủ tạn tại [nwere] tại (ego) nke onwe na ọnọ ọu".  Kộmịshonā ṭṭṭṭa na onyīne a bṭh nke "nồmị mma" na "ọnịịị lới".  [4] [5] Kọmishọna kwuru na ọ maghị ihe ọ ga-eme n'ọdịnihu, mgbe ọ sịrị: "Enwere agwu obi syo ma Confraternity ke ike inye ordinariate onyunyo (pwalagodi na mmachi) nke um The Ordinariate ប្រ្រ ike ក្រ៚ 'Ṅaa  [5] [6] N'oge na-ghoin anya ka e bipuštachara nchụacha Charity Commission, onye isi-ọchịagha (Christopher Pearson), odebukusa ukwu na onye na-écheh ego nke CBS, ủ bụ ủ otu n'otu n'otu. .  Onyinye ego £1 nde zuru ezu ka កាកាកេ ក្រ្រេ, yana ọmự nwa. Ndị otu Confraternity bụ usoro okpukpe Anglican nke Ụka England tọrọ ntọala (na 1869).  Sacrament gọziri agọzi  Ogbe nke nkwughachi nye Jisos na sacrament di ngozi (CRJBS). Bishọp Roger Jupp na-elekọta mba United Kingdom ugbu a.  [1] Onye isi-ukwu nke gaola America bụ Bishop Dan Martins.  Reverend Canon Brian Freeland bụ onye Canada. == Ndị otu ama ama == * John Bauerschmidt * Ụlọ ọrụ CPA Burnett * Thomas Thellusson Carter * Loren N. Gavitt * Charles Chapman Grafton * Reginald Mallett, Onye Kasị Elu nke Alaka America, 1946-1965 * Dan Martins * James W. Montgomery * Robert Alfred John Suckling * Grieg Taber * Granville M. Williams SSJE == Hụkwa ==   * Anglo-Katọlik * Ndị otu Katọlik nke Ụka England * Guild of All Souls * Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Ụlọ Nsọ * Society of King Charles the Martyr * Society of Mary (Anglịkan) * Society of the Holy Cross == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.confraternity.org.uk/ Confraternity nke Sacrament gọziri agọzi UK] * [http://home.sandiego.edu/~baber/CBS/ Confraternity nke Sacrament A gọziri agọzi US] na [http://confraternityusa.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060526221637/http://stpeters.org.au/other/cbs.shtml Njikọ nke Sacrament A gọziri agọzi - Mpaghara Ọstrelia] * Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme [http://anglicanhistory.org/cbs/ nke Confraternity nke Sacrament gọziri agọzi] sitere na Project Canterbury * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191121161201/http://www.forwardinfaithlincs.org.uk/cbs.html Njikọ nke Sacrament Lincoln] * [http://confraternity.blogg.se/ The Swedish CBS Blog - Confraternity nke Sacrament a gọziri agọzi na Sweden] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240414144449/http://societies.anglican.org/eucharistic/ Ndị ụkọchukwu Anglican Eucharist League] [[Òtù:Aha]] qi6otzp75qds2fvbk65391rc8rq72j1 0 41145 728083 163780 2026-09-26T04:40:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Munzihirwa Center, Kinshasa''', [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]], na-akpọrọ ụmụaka n'okporo ámá, na-echekwa ma na-akụziri ha ihe, ma tinyezie ha na ezinụlọ kwesịrị ekwesị. <ref>''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Jesuits'', edited by [[Thomas Worcester]] (Cambridge University Press, 2017).</ref> Ọ bụ Society of Jesus tọrọ ntọala ya na 1995 wee kpọọ aha Bishọp Jesuit Christophe Munzihirwa Mwene Ngabo onye e gburu maka ịchebe ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ site na mgbukpọ ndị Rwandan . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Kemgbe ntọala ya site na Central African Province nke Society of Jesus na Nzuzi Bibaki n'August 1995, Munzihirwa Center (CMM) napụtara ihe dị ka 100 ụmụaka n'okporo ámá kwa afọ. A na-enye ha ebe obibi nwa oge na klaasị dabara na ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ ha, site na praịmarị site na nhọrọ ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmaahịa dị iche iche (gụnyere ịkwa nka, akwa na ịgbado ọkụ, na nka). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.congo-autrement.com/blog/kinshasa-centre-mgr-munzihirwa-pour-la-reinsertion-des-enfants-en-situation-de-rue-appeles-les-shegues.html|title=Kinshasa centre Mgr Munzihirwa pour la réinsertion des enfants en situation de rue|work=www.congo-autrement.com|language=fr|accessdate=2017-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211074907/http://www.congo-autrement.com/blog/kinshasa-centre-mgr-munzihirwa-pour-la-reinsertion-des-enfants-en-situation-de-rue-appeles-les-shegues.html|archive-date=2017-02-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aghọtala ebe a dị ka ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ site n'iwu minista. <ref>NPOA by Ministerial Decree No.264/CAB/MIN/3&GS/10 January 2003</ref> N'afọ 2014, Ụlọ Ọrụ ahụ bụ isiokwu nke nyocha nyocha nke Kansụl Pontifical nke Vatican maka nlekọta pastọ nke ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ na ndị njem njem. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pcmigrants.org/pom-120%20Suppl/turkson%20fr.htm|title=People on the Move n. 120|publisher=Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People|accessdate=2017-02-07|archivedate=2017-02-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080917/http://www.pcmigrants.org/pom-120%20Suppl/turkson%20fr.htm}}</ref> Ọ ewepụtala ihe ọmụmụ gbasara ọdịmma ụmụaka n'Africa, <ref>Keith Muloongo, Roger Kibasomba and Jemima Njeri Kariri, ''The Many Faces of Human Security'' (Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, 2005), pp. 163-167.</ref> <ref>Jacqueline Bukaka Buntangu, "Les enfants du dehors: Étude de l’attraction de la rue et des représentations de la famille et de la rue chez les enfants des rues à Kinshasa (RDC)", unpublished doctoral thesis, Louvain-la-Neuve, 2013.</ref> na na 2012 ọ bụ isiokwu nke akụkọ eserese nke onye na-agụ akụkọ French na-atọ ọchị Frank Meynet, nke a na-akpọ Hippolyte. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Les enfants de Kinshasa d'Hippolyte|author=Stephane Waffo|date=26 Mar 2012|url=https://www.toukimontreal.com/2012/03/26/les-enfants-de-kinshasa-dhippolyte/|publisher=Touki Montréal}}</ref> == Mmemme == CMM nwere dị ka ebumnobi ya ime ka ụmụaka na ezinụlọ ha dị ndụ ma ọ bụ ndị toro eto, ma ọ bụ ndị ezinụlọ ọbịa biri. O nwere ndị nkuzi mmadụ iri na otu ya. Ọ na-akwado nkuzi nke ụmụaka 50 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche dị n'obodo ahụ na ịmụ ọrụ na ịzụ ahịa maka ndị na-eto eto 25, ebe ha na-enwe mmekọrịta ezinụlọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ebe mmụta. Ụmụaka na-anọgide na-debanye aha na agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ mmemme ọzụzụ ọrụ mgbe etinyere ha n'ime ezinụlọ. <ref name=":0"/> CMM na-aga n'ihu na-enye ọtụtụ ụmụaka ndị na-enweghị ike itinye n'ime ezinụlọ. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta saịtị Jesuit == Edensibia == iri na otu ya. Ọ na-akwado nkuzi nke ụmụaka 50 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche dị n'obodo ahụ na ịmụ ọrụ na ịzụ ahịa maka ndị na-eto{{Reflist|2}} msb87ca3ffn0cttybm20ubj6omr2tgw 0 41417 728175 722935 2026-09-26T11:23:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728175 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Big Issue seller - Covent Garden 4.jpg|thumb|Big Issue seller - Covent Garden 4.jpg]]   The Big Issue bụ akwụkwọ okporo ụzọ nke John Bird na Gordon Roddick ntọala ntọala na September 1991 ma bipụta ya na kọntinent anọ.  Nnukwu nsogbu bụ otu n'ime azụmahịa mba na eze UK na-adịkwa na-enye ndị na-eche ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke nri ebe obibi, eze irite ego ziri ezi, si otú a  na-enyere ha akaghachighachi n'ime ọha mmadụ.  Ọ bụ akwụkwọ okporo ụzọ kacha ekesa n'ụwa niile. <ref name="review">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rrj.ca/issue/2002/summer/373/|year=2002|accessdate=12 February 2009|author=Brown|first=Ann M.|title=Small Papers, Big Issues|work=[[Ryerson Review of Journalism]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911030448/http://www.rrj.ca/issue/2002/summer/373/|archivedate=11 September 2007}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'ịbụ onye sitere n'ike ike nsụzọ Street News, akwụkwọ ozi nke ndị na-ahụ ebe obibi na-ere na New York City, The Big Issue ntọala na 1991 site n'aka John Bird na Gordon Roddick (di nke The  Body Shop entrepreneur Anita Roddick ) dị ka nzaghachi na ọnụ na-azụ elu nke ndị na-abụghị ebe obibi.  London.  [1] [2] ndị egwu ahụ ahụ nyere ihe ruru $50,000 na isi ngosi.  [3] A na-akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ahụ na mbụ nke ọnwa mana na June 1993, nnukwu na-aga kwa izu.  Mwepụta ahụ gara n'ihu na-agbasawanye na ike mba e hiwere na Scotland na Wales, yana mpaghara maka Northern England na South West England .  A na-ahụkwa ike ndị ọzọ n'ebe asaa ná mba ọzọ <ref name="The Economist">{{Cite news|date=7 January 2012|title=The Big Issue Magazine: Help the Homeless|work=[[The Economist]]|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21542406|accessdate=30 January 2012}}</ref>Na 1995, The Big Issue Foundation ntọala ntọala nkwado nkwado na ndị na-ere aha metụtara okwu ndị dị ka ụlọ,, ego onwe onye na riri ahụ.  N'agbata afọ 2007 na 2011, mgbasa ozi nke Big Issue ụmụaka site na 167,000 ruo ihe na-akpa 125,000.  Asọmpi n'etiti ndị na-ere akara mụbara n'oge a.  Site na Julaị 2011, ụdịla mpaghara dị iche iche n'otu akwụkwọ ozi UK.  [1] Na Jenụwarị 2012, ewe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, na-anya na mgbasa ozi na-egosi ịhụnanya.  Agbakwunyere ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ọhụrụ, ndị egwuregwu egwuregwu Premier League Joey Barton, Rachel Johnson, Mike Shinoda nke Linkin Park [2] na Samira Ahmed .  A gbakwunyekwara ọnụ aha ahịa <ref>{{Cite news|title=Revamped Big Issue hits the streets|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-16574823|work=BBC News|date=16 January 2012|accessdate=30 January 2012}}</ref> == Ethos == Ndị ọrụ Big Issue Ltd na-akwụkwọ akụkọ a.  Ndị ọrụ ahụ bụ azụmahịa na-ejide onwe ya nke na-ebute ego site na ire magazin na ego mgbasa ozi.  N'ihe gbasara ego, The Big Issue bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ.  The Big Issue Foundation bụ ogwe aka ọrụ ebere nke otu a debanyere aha .  Ọ na-achọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ site n'ịgbaso ihe na-akpata ihe ebe obibi. == Ọrụ mba ofesi == Enwere ''nnukwu'' ọrụ itolu nke otu aha na mba ndị ọzọ. * ''[[Nnukwu Nsogbu (Australia)|Isi Okwu Australia]]'' (site na June 1996) <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150522085337/http://www.thebigissue.org.au/about-the-big-issue/about/ About - The Big Issue] ''www.thebigissue.org.au'' accessed 22 May 2015.</ref> * ''Nnukwu Okwu France'' (site na Ọktoba 1993): Na France, otu ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ aha ya bụ Big Issue France mepụtara site na nkwado sitere na John Bird magazin megide mwepu akpọrọ ''La Rue'' . * ''Isi Okwu Japan'' (site na Nọvemba 2003) <ref>[http://www.bigissue.jp/english/ "What is the Big Issue Japan?"] ''www.bigissue.jp'' accessed 22 May 2015.</ref> * ''Isi okwu Kenya'' (site na 2007) * ''Isi Okwu Korea'' (site na Julaị 2010) <ref>[http://bigissuekr.tistory.com The Big Issue Korea] ''bigissuekr.tistory.com'' accessed 22 May 2015</ref> * ''Nnukwu nsogbu Malawi'' (site na 2009) * ''Isi okwu Namibia'' <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150205222939/http://www.bigissuenamibia.org/ The Big Issue Namibia] ''www.bigissuenamibia.org'' accessed 22 May 2015.</ref> <ref>Soul Beat Africa [https://web.archive.org/web/20250126081318/http://www.comminit.com/africa/node/126975 "Big Issue - Namibia"], 17 August 2004.</ref> * ''Nnukwu okwu Republic of Ireland'' <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250712025530/http://www.irelandsbigissue.com/ Ireland's Big Issue] ''www.irelandsbigissue.com'' accessed 22 May 2015.</ref> * ''Nnukwu nsogbu South Africa'' (site na Disemba 1996) <ref>[http://depts.washington.edu/stnews/bigissuesa.html Big Issue, South Africa] ''depts.washington.edu'' accessed 22 May 2015.</ref> * ''Isi Okwu Taiwan'' (site na Eprel 2010) <ref>[http://www.bigissue.tw THE BIG ISSUE 大誌雜誌] ''www.bigissue.tw'' accessed 22 May 2015.</ref> * ''Nnukwu nsogbu Zambia'' (site na 2007) <ref>[https://launchingvisions.wordpress.com The Big Issue Zambia] ''launchingvisions.wordpress.com'' accessed May 22, 2015.</ref> == Nkatọ ==   <ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|author=Boukhari|first=Sophie|title=The press takes to the street|url=http://www.unesco.org/courier/1999_02/uk/connex/txt1.htm|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|work=[[The UNESCO Courier]]|date=15 May 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220220110/http://www.unesco.org/courier/1999_02/uk/connex/txt1.htm|archivedate=20 February 2008}}</ref>Nnukwu nsogbu abụrụla ebe ọtụtụ esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ n'okporo ámá, ọkachasị n'ihi ụdị azụmaahịa ya.[1][2]  Ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ n'okporo ámá, karịsịa na United States, akatọwo ya maka ịbụ "ịzụ ahịa" gabigara ókè na inwe atụmatụ mara mma.  Dị ka ndị nkatọ a si kwuo, akwụkwọ akụkọ n'okporo ámá kwesịrị ilekwasị anya n'ikpuchi okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha mmadụ na-emetụta ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi, kama iṅomi akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ isi iji nweta uru.[3][4]  Ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ ụfọdụ dị nta, dị ka Ime mgbanwe na Santa Monica, California, kwuru na ọ dị ha egwu mgbe nnukwu mbipụta malitere ibipụta na mpaghara ha.[3][4]  Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ akatọkwala The Big Issue maka mmepụta ọkachamara ya na oke oke nke ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na-ede na imepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ.[1]  Ndị ọzọ, Otú ọ dị, ekwuola na The Big Issue na-eji usoro azụmahịa na-aga nke ọma na-emepụta uru iji rite uru na ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi, na onye nchoputa ya bụ John Bird ekwuola na ọ "nwere ike ịbụ ma uru ma n'ụzọ ziri ezi". == Ihe nrite == * Ọktoba 2004 - Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta nke Honor Award UN Habitat <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=490&cid=2909|title=. World Habitat Day 2006 &#124; Previous Scroll Winners|publisher=Un-Habitat.|date=26 March 2013|accessdate=2 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220918/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=490&cid=2909|archivedate=4 October 2013}}</ref> * Ọktoba 2008 - Ernst &amp;amp; Young Social Entrepreneur nke afọ onyinye <ref name="Ernst & Young 2009-12-02">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EoY_-_2008_award_recipients/$FILE/EY_EOY_2008_award_recipients.pdf|title=Ernst & Young Entrepreneur 2008 award recipients|date=2 December 2009|publisher=[[Ernst & Young]]|accessdate=21 October 2014|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041001/http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EoY_-_2008_award_recipients/$FILE/EY_EOY_2008_award_recipients.pdf}}</ref> <ref name="Ernst & Young 2008-10-07">{{Cite news|date=7 October 2008|title=Richard Harpin, CEO of Homeserve Plc, is Ernst & Young 'UK Overall Entrepreneur Of The Year 2008'|url=http://www.ey.com/UK/en/Newsroom/News-releases/EOY---08-10-07---R-Harpin-UK-EOY-2008|publisher=[[Ernst & Young]]|accessdate=21 October 2014|archive-date=23 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223234233/http://www.ey.com/UK/en/Newsroom/News-releases/EOY---08-10-07---R-Harpin-UK-EOY-2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Enweghị ebe obibi na United Kingdom * International Network of Street Papers * Lucy Johnston == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|title=The Big Issue and other street papers: a response to homelessness|year=1999|journal=Environment and Urbanization|first=Sinead|author=Hanks|volume=9|issue=1|doi=10.1177/095624789700900112|pages=149&ndash;158}} * {{Cite book|author=Swithinbank|first=Tessa|title=Coming Up from the Streets: The Story of The Big Issue|publisher=[[Earthscan]]|year=2001|pages=21–33|isbn=1-85383-544-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ha1dO1WD88AC&pg=PA21|accessdate=11 March 2009}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.bigissue.com/ Saịtị gọọmentị] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTc2Cq6f2BQ&mode=related&search= "Ndị ọchụnta ego ụkpụrụ omume" John Bird nchoputa nke ''The Big Issue'', na-ekwu banyere mmalite ndụ ya na njem ọchụnta ego.] ; Saịtị mpaghara * [http://www.bigissue.kr/ 이슈코리아] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070816015950/http://www.bigissueinthenorth.com/ Northern England] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070824162630/http://www.bigissuescotland.com/ Scotland] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020523031259/http://www.bigissuesouthwest.co.uk/ South West England] * [http://www.bigissue.com.tw/ 大誌雜誌中文版] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060715052929/http://www.bigissuecymru.co.uk/ Wales] {{Street newspapers}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] 9y6ezjsvj9jyml8ue8y9jn9tg18vica 0 41606 728166 196427 2026-09-26T10:54:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Nlekọta ndị Juu''' bụ ọrụ ebere Britain, na-arụ ọrụ na [[London]] na South East England, na-enye ọrụ nkwado ahụike na nlekọta ahụike maka ndị [[Jew|Juu]] . <ref name="aboutus">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishcare.org/about-us|title=About Us|publisher=Jewish Care|accessdate=20 March 2018}}</ref> Ọrụ ebere ahụ na-arụ ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ 70 na-agụnye ụlọ nlekọta, ebe ndị obodo, ebe obibi onwe ha na ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka otu nkwado, otu ndị nlekọta ezinụlọ na eriri enyemaka ekwentị. <ref name="aboutus"/> Òtù ahụ na-elekọta ihe karịrị mmadụ 10,000 kwa izu, na-ekwu na ha na-arụ ọrụ na nkwenye na ndị Juu kwesịrị ịnweta ọrụ ọkachamara nke e mere iji gboo mkpa ha. Nlekọta ndị Juu na-ekwu na nke a na-egosipụta na nlekọta ọ na-enye nke na-amata ọdịnala, nkwenye na omenala, nke ndị Juu na-ekekarị. A na-eme mmemme ndị Juu, gụnyere ụbọchị izu ike kwa izu, n'ụlọ nlekọta ndị Juu, obodo ndị nwere onwe ha na etiti obodo. A na-enye nlekọta na ọrụ na-enweghị nyocha nke ọkwa ma ọ bụ ọdịdị nke ememe okpukperechi nke onye. Ọrụ ebere ahụ nwere ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ 1,200 mejupụtara mba iri asaa na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 3,000. <ref name="aboutus"/> == Ọrụ == '''Nlekọta ndị Juu na-enye ọrụ maka:''' * Ndị agadi * Ndị mmadụ na-elekọta ndị ọzọ * Ndị mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa dementia * Ndị nwere nkwarụ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nke mmetụta, gụnyere ndị ahụ na-adịghị ahụ anya * Ndị lanarịrị Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ * Ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike uche * Ndị na-eto eto * Ndị na-eche ọgwụgwụ nke ndụ ihu Ndị ọrụ ebere ahụ nwekwara ahịrị enyemaka raara onwe ya nye na-enye nkwado, ozi, ndụmọdụ na ntinye akwụkwọ maka ahụike na nlekọta ọha. == Board of Trustees == * '''Onye isi oche:''' Jonathan Zenios * '''Ndị isi oche:''' Gayle Klein, Arnold Wagner OBE * '''Ndị nlekọta:''' Michael Brodtman, Adam Dawson, Simon Friend, Harold Gittelmon, Leah Hurst, Jonathan Rose, Dr Jonathan Shapiro, Marcus Sperber, Amy Woolf, Stephanie Cooper * '''Onye isi oche:''' Daniel Carmel-Brown * '''Onye isi ndu:''' Lord Levy * '''Onye isi ala:''' Steven Lewis * '''Ndị isi nsọpụrụ:''' Dame Gail Ronson DBE, Stephen Zimmerman == Nkwuta okwu == Onye isi ala, Rt Hon Rishi Sunak MP, kwuru, sị: "Nke a bụ nri abalị mbụ m nke ndị Juu dị ka Prime Minister na mgbe m nụrụ ọtụtụ ihe banyere nzukọ a dị ịtụnanya, enwere m obi ụtọ na mụ na gị nọ na nlekọta ndị Juu n'ihi na gị Omenala ije ozi na-anọchi anya ọ bụghị naanị ihe kacha mma n'obodo ndị Juu anyị, kama nke kacha mma na Britain.” Tony Blair, mgbe ọ bụ Prime Minister nke Britain, kwuru banyere ọrụ ebere ahụ: "Nlekọta ndị Juu abụghị naanị ụkpụrụ ndị Juu n'omume; ọ bụ n'ezie ihe kachasị mma nke ụkpụrụ Britain n'omume. Ị nwere ike ịdị mpako n'ezie maka ọrụ ị na-arụ. ." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page9466.asp|title=Speech to Jewish Care|author=Tony Blair|publisher=10 Downing Street|date=15 May 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808093827/http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page9466.asp|archivedate=8 August 2007}}</ref> Onye bụbu Chancellor Sajid Javid toro òtù ndị na-emekọ ihe ọnụ dị ka nlekọta ndị Juu ma kwuo "Otu ihe na-eme ka ndị Juu dị iche bụ otú unu si elekọta ibe ha n'ọtụtụ ụzọ.. Ọ nwere ike ịkụziri ọtụtụ obodo ndị ọzọ ihe ha nwere ike imere ibe ha" . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/sajid-javid-helps-jewish-care-raise-more-than-70000-with-50p-auction/|title=Sajid Javid helps Jewish Care raise more than £70,000 with 50p auction|date=9 February 2020|work=Jewish News|accessdate=9 February 2020}}</ref> Nlekọta ndị Juu bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ebere UK 100 kachasị na-ahọpụta site na mmefu kwa afọ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Emebere ọrụ ebere ahụ na 1990 site na njikọta nke: * Board nke ọdịmma ndị Juu * Ndị isi ndị Juu Kemgbe ahụ, ndị ọrụ ebere itoolu ejikọtawo na ya, gụnyere: * Ụlọ ndị Juu na ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Tottenham * Nri maka ndị ogbenye Juu (esi nri ofe ) * Ụlọ ọrụ British Tay-Sachs Foundation * Clore Manor (Ndị enyi nke Ụlọ Ọgwụ Juu London) * Ụlọ dị mma nke Hyman * Klọb na ebe obibi Stepney Juu ( B'nai B'rith ) * Ụlọ Sinclair - Redbridge ndị ntorobịa Juu na ebe obodo Ndị nlekọta Juu na-arụ ọrụ na: * Otto Schiff Housing Association * JAMI (Ndị otu ndị Juu Maka Ọrịa Uche) Ndị nlekọta ndị Juu, nke tọrọ ntọala na London na 1859, bụ otu n'ime ndị ọrụ ebere kacha ochie nke nlekọta ndị Juu si na ya pụta. Gail Ronson sonyere n'ịhazi emume ncheta afọ 125 nke nlekọta ndị Juu, na 1983, nke Prince Charles na Princess Diana gara. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/the-simon-round-interview/28690/interview-gail-ronson|title=Interview: Gail Ronson|author=Round|first=Simon|date=25 February 2010|work=The Jewish Chronicle online|accessdate=27 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504175514/http://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/the-simon-round-interview/28690/interview-gail-ronson|archive-date=4 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website *   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240528163951/https://www.southampton.ac.uk/archives/cataloguedatabases/webguidemss173.page Archives of Jewish Care (MS 173)]. University of Southampton [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lf1vlu441cq83kaebrbqzk8gn2tt6fx 0 41813 728093 707058 2026-09-26T05:18:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728093 wikitext text/x-wiki Bottom Bottom, nke a dị ka Buttermilk Bottoms ma ọ bụ Black Bottom, bụ agbata obi ndị America na America dị na etiti Atlanta, gbadoro ụkwụ na mpaghara ebe Atlanta Civic Center dị ugbu a na Old Fourth Ward .  A na-ewere ya dị ka ebe mkpọkọ, nke nwere okporo amá ndị na-ahụ mma na nri ọkụ * mkpọda nke ọwa mmiri dị na mpaghara ahụ, nke mere ka mmiri a kwadoro na-esi ísì mmiri ara ehi. * Ndị bi na-enweghị ike ị nweta mmiri ara ehi "ụtọ", ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi ọhụrụ, kama ịṅụ mmiri ara ehi, nke ochie, bụ nke azụlitere iji gbakwunye ndụ ogologo ndụ na ndụ ndụ na ngwaahịa ahụ n'oge tupu oge refrigeration nke oge a. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ọtụtụ n'ime Buttermilk Bottom mebiri na 1960 iji mee ka ụzọ maka mmepụta obodo, asị ebe ebu Atlanta (wuru 1967), ugbu a Boisfeuillet Jones Atlanta Civic Center .  Mgbe e bibichara mmiri mmiri ara ehi mmiri ara ehi, e me Messia mpaghara baputizim Bedford Pine .  Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ala ahụ tọgbọrọ chakoo ruo etiti 1980 mgbe arụ ọrụ ọhụrụ, nke na- ọrụ ego na-akpata n'ala ahụ.  [1] A na-eji ụfọdụ ala ahụ mee nke Renaissance nke taa na Central Park == Hụkwa == == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Mitcham|first=Bob|title=Justice from Buttermilk Bottom|url=https://archive.org/details/justicefrombutte0000mitc|publisher=[International Legal Press|year=2005|isbn=0-9762049-0-8}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100609172009/http://nmaahc.si.edu/memory/view/138 Smithsonian National Museum of African-American History and Culture], nwetara Mee 16, 2010 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130814210041/http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/MapsTest/id/49/rec/29 Ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ nke Atlanta map nke Buttermilk Bottoms-North Avenue Mmegharị Mpaghara, 1965] * [http://vahinews.blogspot.com/p/buttermilk-bottom.html Echiche ikuku nke mmiri ara ehi mmiri ara ehi, 1949] * Onyonyo nke Buttermilk Bottom, 1959, sitere na magazin Life : [http://www.gstatic.com/hostedimg/792b29d9fca4c3ff_landing], [http://www.gstatic.com/hostedimg/a451b2129daa47bb_landing], [http://www.gstatic.com/hostedimg/a334e94b7ea270a2_landing] * [http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/search/collection/ajc/searchterm/huff!buttermilk%20bottoms/field/all!all/mode/all!all/conn/and!and/order/nosort/ad/asc Onyonyo nke Buttermilk Bottom sitere na 1960, ''Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' foto Archive] na Georgia State University mkpokọta dijitalụ * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/vieilles_annonces/2038771575/ "Njem nke mmiri ara ehi mmiri ara ehi", 1956] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250818135159/http://www.atlantatimemachine.com/downtown/buttermilk_bottom_45.htm "Buttermilk Bottom" soul/funk song mp3] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711045149/http://www.frostillustrated.com/full.php?sid=21 Frost Illustrated], enwetara na Mee 16, 2010 [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] bvetifznvnhy2cvd4o740qo3bnkmdvu 0 41847 728165 181384 2026-09-26T10:51:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Atụmatụ '''Labeling Water Efficiency Labeling and Standard (WELS)''' bụ mmemme nchekwa mmiri ime nke obodo Australia . [1] Ebumnobi ya bụ ibelata agụụ mmiri mmiri ọñụñụ site n'ịgwa ndị na-azụazụ maka ụmụ mma mmiri n'ebe a na-ere ere. == Ngwaahịa kpuchie == Atụmatụ WELS na-edobe ike mmiri maka ngwaahịa ndị a na-ere na Australia: * Mgbatị na ịsa ahụ * Ụlọ mposi na urinal * Ndị na-asa efere na igwe ịsa akwa * Ndị na-ahụ maka mmiri A Aha ịdebanye aha akara ndị a maka aha Australia ma tinye ya na ozi ọrụ ha mmiri mgbe a na-enye ha ere. == Ihe akara WELS == [[Usòrò:Wesl5star.jpg|thumb| Akara ọkwa mmiri WELS]] Enwere akụkụ atọ na akara: # Ngosipụta kpakpando dị n'elu na-egosi arụmọrụ mmiri nke ngwaahịa ahụ. Ka kpakpando na-abawanye, ka mmiri na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. # Ọnụego oriri mmiri dị n'etiti na-egosi oke mmiri eji. # Aha ụlọ ọrụ na akara ikike WELS dị na ala. Ụlọ ọrụ a na-ahụ maka ịdenye ngwaahịa a. == Hụkwa == * Ịrụ ọrụ mmiri * [[Akara njirimara ike|akara akara ike]] == Edensibia == Ebumnobi ya bụ ibelata agụụ mmiri mmiri ọñụñụ{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://watermark.abcb.gov.au/plumbers/what-watermark Atụmatụ asambodo WaterMark] * [https://www.yourhome.gov.au/getting-started/welcome Ụlọ gị] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240502144348/https://www.waterrating.gov.au/choose Atụmatụ WELS] * WELS [https://web.archive.org/web/20240123023740/https://www.waterrating.gov.au/choose/compare#check-our-database-2 nchekwa data ngwaahịa] olie2f5r45k498a79e2k09d9345dqn0 0 42002 728082 722666 2026-09-26T04:21:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728082 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Compton's_Transgender_Cultural_District_20190728.jpg|thumb| Ihe ụzọ na-agụ "Compton's Transgender Cultural District" na-ama nke okporo ụzọ Eddy na Mason na Tenderloin.  A na-eji agba na-agbara, pink na ọcha na-ese okporo osisi ndị dị n'azụ .]] mgbaàmà Transgender, nke a na-akpọbu Compton's Transgender Cultural District, bụ mpaghara transgender izizi ama n'ụzọ iwu n'ụwa.  Akpọrọ aha mgbe izizi izizi nke transgender na ndị na-eso ụzọ na-esolite ntolite United States, Compton's Cafeteria riot nke 1966, mpaghara ahụ okpukpe ihe isii na ndị na-eme egwuregwu Tenderloin, San Francisco, wee gbara Market Street ka ngosipụta abụọ nke Sixth Street.  Ọ bụ Honey Mahogany, Janetta Johnson, na Aria Sa'id akwụkwọ ya<ref name="sfweek-6feb2019">{{Cite news|author=Sawyer|first=Nuala|title=The First Transgender District in the Nation Gets a New Director|url=http://www.sfweekly.com/news/the-first-transgender-district-in-the-nation-gets-a-new-director/|accessdate=June 21, 2019|work=[[SF Weekly]]|date=February 6, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="forbes-26feb2019">{{Cite news|author=Tovar|first=Virgie|title=First Ever Transgender Cultural District Co-Founded By #XLBossLady Aria Sa'id|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/virgietovar/2019/02/26/first-ever-transgender-cultural-district-co-founded-by-xlbosslady-aria-said/|accessdate=June 21, 2019|work=[[Forbes]]|date=February 26, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="npr-28jan2019">{{Cite news|author=Veltman|first=Chloe|title=San Francisco's Storied Transgender Community Now Has An Official Home|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/01/28/687733897/san-franciscos-storied-transgender-community-now-has-an-official-home|accessdate=June 21, 2019|work=[[NPR]]|date=January 28, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="guardian-21jun2019">{{Cite news|author=Levin|first=Sam|title=Compton's Cafeteria riot: a historic act of trans resistance, three years before Stonewall|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/jun/21/stonewall-san-francisco-riot-tenderloin-neighborhood-trans-women|accessdate=June 21, 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=June 21, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="sfexam-26jun2019">{{Cite news|author=Rodriguez|first=Joe Fitzgerald|title=SF posts new street signs and trans Pride flags across Compton's Transgender Cultural District|url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/the-city/sf-posts-new-street-signs-and-trans-pride-flags-across-comptons-transgender-cultural-district/|accessdate=June 26, 2019|work=[[San Francisco Examiner]]|date=June 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626174537/https://www.sfexaminer.com/the-city/sf-posts-new-street-signs-and-trans-pride-flags-across-comptons-transgender-cultural-district/|archive-date=June 26, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="cnn-23may2019">{{Cite news|title=America's first transgender cultural district|url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2019/05/23/san-francisco-tenderloin-transgender-community-pride-digi-prod.cnn|accessdate=July 19, 2019|work=[[CNN]]|date=May 23, 2019}}</ref> Honey Mahogany jere ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa mbụ nke Transgender District, Aria Sa'id sochiri ya. N'August 2023, Breonna McCree na Carlo Gomez Arteaga weghaara ọrụ dịka ndị isi ngalaba. <ref name="bar-30aug2023">{{Cite news|author=Ferrannini|first=John|title=New trans district EDs excited to build community power|url=https://www.ebar.com/story.php?ch=News&sc=News&id=327971|accessdate=August 30, 2023|work=[[Bay Area Reporter]]|date=August 30, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="out-20nov2019">{{Cite news|author=Willis|first=Raquel|title=How We Can End the Violence Against Trans Women of Color|url=https://www.out.com/print/2019/11/20/how-we-can-end-violence-against-trans-women-color|accessdate=November 22, 2019|work=[[Out (magazine)|Out]]|date=November 20, 2019}}</ref>Ndị otu San Francisco Board of Supervisors hibere mpaghara omenala site na iwu na 2017. N'afọ Julaị afọ 2019, bọọdụ ahụ ekenyela $300,000 na ego iji kwado mpaghara.  [1] mpaghara akwadoro maka 2020 ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ nke ga-enye ọrụ maka ndị trans mpaghara Na Machị 2020, mpaghara ahụ kwupụtara mgbanwe aha ka ọ bụrụ naanị Mpaghara Transgender. Onye isi nchịkwa Aria Sa'id kọwara na ha achọghị "ịga n'ihu na-asọpụrụ [Gene Compton] na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ya", n'ihi na "ọ bụ nnukwu ihe kpatara eji nwụde ndị eze nwanyị, ndị queer na trans folks". <ref name="bar-20mar2020">{{Cite news|author=Ferrannini|first=John|title=Online Extra: SF transgender district drops cafeteria owner's name|url=https://www.ebar.com/news/latest_news//289682/online_extra:_sf_transgender_district_drops_cafeteria_owners_name|accessdate=March 20, 2020|work=[[Bay Area Reporter]]|date=March 20, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="bar-21apr2022">{{Cite news|author=Bajko|first=Matthew|title=Political Notes: Panel switches supervisorial home for SF transgender district|url=https://www.ebar.com/news/latest_news//314908|accessdate=May 26, 2022|work=[[Bay Area Reporter]]|date=April 21, 2022}}</ref>N'April 2022, San Francisco Redistricting Task Force nakweere ma mpaghara ọhụrụ nke bufere ọtụtụ mpaghara Transgender site na District 6 ruo District 5, kpasuo ụfọdụ ndị otu obodo iwe. <ref name="kron-29apr2022">{{Cite news|author=Ferrannini|first=John|title=Task force OKs final controversial map of SF districts|url=https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/task-force-oks-final-controversial-map-of-sf-districts/|accessdate=May 26, 2022|work=[[KRON-TV]]|date=April 29, 2022|archive-date=May 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527004518/https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/task-force-oks-final-controversial-map-of-sf-districts/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na Mee 2022, mpaghara ahụ mara ọkwa na ha ga- ranar na mmemme nganga nke Obodo na Ógbè San Francisco na-akwado.  Mkpebi a bụ nzaghachi nye onye isi obodo London Breed na- ranar na nganga nganga 2022, na-eso asị San Francisco Pride machibido ndị uwe ojii ime njem n'uwe.  [1] N'elu ọkọlọtọ nke obodo nta na ogbako ndị nta akụkọ na June 2, Mayor Breed mara ɔkwa na Nganga erutela ... ya na ndị uwe ojii, na ọ ga-agakwa ọzọ na-ahụ ahụ.  Onye isi mpaghara Transgender Aria Sa'id gara n'ịkwalite ọkọlọtọ mgbe ọ matachara ọhụrụ ọhụrụ ahụ . <ref name="bar-2jun2022">{{Cite news|author=Burkett|first=Eric|title=After SF Pride, police reach compromise, Mayor Breed, gay supe Dorsey to march in parade|url=https://www.ebar.com/index.php?id=316123|accessdate=June 2, 2022|work=[[Bay Area Reporter]]|date=June 2, 2022}}</ref> Na June 2022, Board of Supervisors tozuru oke iji wepụta njikọ nke okporo ụzọ Turk na Taylor dị na mpaghara ahụ ka ọ bụrụ akara ngosi akụkọ ihe mere eme. <ref name="bar-7jun2022">{{Cite news|author=Burkett|first=Eric|title=SF supervisors unanimously vote to support historic intersection in Trans district|url=https://www.ebar.com/index.php?id=316260|accessdate=June 8, 2022|work=[[Bay Area Reporter]]|date=June 7, 2022}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] brws2pivwau891qwylejmwx4zwn6ppe 0 42171 728159 722918 2026-09-26T10:31:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  Nike '''Advent Conspiracy''' bụ òtù mba ụwa nke ebumnobi ya ekwuru bụ ime ka ekeresimesi pụta ìhè n'oge oge Ndị Kraịst nke biakwa obibia, bụ́ nke na-ebute ya ozugbo. Emepụtara ya na 2006 dị ka nkatọ nke echiche nke ịzụ ahịa gburugburu ezumike. Ngagharị ahụ na-akwado ọrụ nkwado obodo n'ọnọdụ inye onyinye. == ndabere == Ndị pastọ Greg Holder, Chris Seay na Rick McKinley hibere ọgbakọ a na 2006 na mbọ iji kwado itinye obere ego n'onyinye na kama itinye ya na ọdịmma obodo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Advent Conspiracy|url=https://www2.cbn.com/article/pro-life/advent-conspiracy|accessdate=2023-08-28|work=CBN|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Christmas outfits for women|url=https://www.fashionxyz.in/2023/12/christmas-outfits-for-women-find-your.html|accessdate=16 December 2023|archive-date=30 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230070929/https://www.fashionxyz.in/2023/12/christmas-outfits-for-women-find-your.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'afọ mbụ ha, Advent Conspiracy na [[Mmiri Dị Ndụ nke Mba Nile|Living Water International]] jikọtara ọnụ iji wuo olulu mmiri dị elu na Nicaragua na olulu mmiri 13 na Liberia. Ọbịbịa Conspiracy ije nwere puku kwuru puku ụka na otu. Advent Conspiracy anaghị anabata onyinye kama ọ na-agba ụka ọ bụla, nzukọ, ezinụlọ na onye ọ bụla ume inye ego ha ozugbo. N’ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2018, Wonderland Publishing bipụtara ụdị nke ''Advent Conspiracy'' emelitere na nke edegharịrị. [ chọrọ mmelite ] == Hụkwa ==   == Edensibia == Conspiracy anaghị anabata onyinye kama ọ na-agba ụka ọ bụla, nzukọ, ezinụlọ na onye ọ{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * {{Cite news|url=http://www.christianpost.com/article/20091202/advent-conspiracy/index.html|title=Advent Conspiracy: Can Christmas Still Change the World?|author=Earley|first=Mark|date=December 2, 2009|work=The Christian Post|accessdate=December 26, 2009}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.adventconspiracy.org/|title=Advent Conspiracy|accessdate=December 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102053551/http://www.adventconspiracy.org/|archivedate=January 2, 2010}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.water.cc/|title=Advent Conspiracy|publisher=Living Water International|accessdate=December 26, 2009}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2009/12/18/advent-conspiracy-seeks-bring-meaning-christmas/|title='Advent Conspiracy' Seeks to Bring Back Meaning of Christmas|author=Green|first=Lauren|publisher=FOXNews.com|date=December 18, 2009|access-date=April 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206063419/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2009/12/18/advent-conspiracy-seeks-bring-meaning-christmas/|archive-date=February 6, 2015|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/keithlevy/2011/12/20/the-christmas-conspiracy-spending-less-giving-more/|title=The Christmas Conspiracy: Spending Less = Giving More|author=Levy|first=Keith|work=Forbes|date=December 20, 2009}} bd00u208corxkzkv9npa53xxkf5mw7n 0 42196 728070 540766 2026-09-26T02:57:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Ọnụego mmiri ọñụụ nke akwadoro kwa ụbọchị maka mmadụ dịgasị iche. <ref name="WHO2004">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/nutrientschap3.pdf|title=Water Requirements, Impinging Factors, & Recommended Intakes|author=Ann C. Grandjean|date=August 2004|publisher=World Health Organization|pages=25–34|chapter=3}} This 2004 article focuses on the USA context and uses data collected from the US military.</ref> Ọ dabere na ọrụ, afọ, [[Health|ahụike]], na gburugburu ebe obibi. Na United States, oriri zuru oke maka mkpokọta mmiri, dabere na nri etiti, bụ 4.0 litres (141 imp fl oz; 135 US fl oz) kwa ụbọchị maka ụmụ nwoke karịrị 18, na 3.0 litres (106 imp fl oz; 101 US fl oz) kwa ụbọchị maka ụmụ nwanyị karịrị afọ 18; ọ na-ewere ihe dịka 80% site na ihe ọṅụṅụ na 20% site na nri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=US daily reference intake values|url=http://iom.edu/Reports/2004/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium-Sodium-Chloride-and-Sulfate.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006174858/http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium-Sodium-Chloride-and-Sulfate.aspx|archivedate=6 October 2011|accessdate=5 December 2011|publisher=Iom.edu}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa nri nke Europe na-atụ aro 2.0 litres (70 imp fl oz; 68 US fl oz) nke ngụkọta mmiri kwa ụbọchị maka ụmụ nwanyị na 2.5 litres (88 imp fl oz; 85 US fl oz) kwa ụbọchị maka ụmụ nwoke. <ref name="efsa">{{Cite journal|author=EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies|year=2010|title=Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for water|journal=EFSA Journal|volume=8|issue=3|doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1459}}</ref> Ndụmọdụ nkịtị ka ị drinkụ iko 8 ( 1,900 ml ma ọ bụ 64 US fl oz ) nke mmiri nkịtị kwa ụbọchị abụghị sayensị; akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ bụ ntụzịaka ka mma maka mmiri ole ị ga-aṅụ karịa ka ọ bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ, nke edobere. Ndị America dị afọ 21 gbagowe, na nkezi, na-aṅụ 1,043 ml (36.7 imp fl oz; 35.3 US fl oz) nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ kwa ụbọchị, na 95% na-aṅụ ihe na-erughị 2,958 ml (104.1 imp fl oz; 100.0 US fl oz) [nke gịnị?] kwa ụbọchị. <ref name="EPA2011">{{Cite book|url=http://www.epa.gov/ncea/efh/pdfs/efh-complete.pdf|title=Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition|date=September 2011|publisher=National Center for Environmental Assessment|accessdate=24 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093656/http://www.epa.gov/ncea/efh/pdfs/efh-complete.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mmega ahụ na mkpughe okpomọkụ na-ebute mfu nke mmiri ya mere nwere ike ịkpata akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na ịṅụ mmiri ka ukwuu. <ref name="iom">{{Cite web|date=11 February 2004|title=Report Sets Dietary Intake Levels for Water, Salt, and Potassium To Maintain Health and Reduce Chronic Disease Risk|url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10925|accessdate=13 September 2017|publisher=US Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board|archivedate=13 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913232146/http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10925}}</ref> Ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ nwere ike ịchọ 6.0 litres (211 imp fl oz; 203 US fl oz) mmiri, ma ọ bụ karịa, kwa ụbọchị. <ref name="iom" /> Ego ole ka mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ na-enye aka na iri nri nke ịnweta mineral amabeghị. Ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe na-abanyekarị na mmiri dị n'elu na mmiri dị n'ime ala site na mmiri [[Mmiri nke oké ifufe|mmiri ozuzo]] na-esi na ala. Ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-agbakwụnyekwa ụfọdụ mineral, dị ka calcium, zinc, manganese, phosphate, fluoride, na ogige sodium . Mmiri na-emepụta site na biochemical metabolism nke nri na-enye akụkụ dị mkpa nke mmiri a na-achọ kwa ụbọchị maka ụfọdụ [[Arthropod|arthropods]] na anụ ọhịa ọzara, mana ọ na-enye nanị ntakịrị ntakịrị nke ihe oriri mmadụ dị mkpa. Enwere ihe ndị na-achọpụta ihe na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ niile; ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-emetụta metabolism, dị ka sodium, potassium, na chloride, bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na obere ntakịrị na ọtụtụ mmiri. Ihe ndị ọzọ, dị ka fluoride, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bara uru na ntinye uche dị ala, nwere ike ịkpata eze na nsogbu ndị ọzọ na ọkwa dị elu. == Edensibia == ntakịrị ntakịrị nke ihe oriri mmadụ dị mkpa. Enwere ihe ndị na-achọpụta ihe na ihe fọrọ nke nta emepụta ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe non-binaryemepụta [[Ngwakọta inorganic|ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe]] na-abanyekarị{{Reflist}} 4axa6hqoz3cz3nqymt0qsbs38c6zbjv 0 42210 728042 162041 2026-09-26T00:43:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mgbanwe ọnụahịa gburugburu ebe obibi''' ( '''EPR''' ) ma ọ bụ '''Ecological fiscal reform''' ( '''EFR''' ) bụ amụma gbasara mmefu ego nke ịhazigharị ọnụ ahịa ahịa iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ụgwọ na uru gburugburu ebe obibi; A na-arụzu nke a site n'iji ụdị ụtụ isi ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ntinye aka iji kpalie ma ọ bụ mebie omume nwere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Thompson|first=David|title=The Power of Prices and the Failure of Markets|work=The Edmonton Sustainability Papers|publisher=City of Edmonton|date=May 2010|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/Discussion_Paper_17_Power_of_Prices_and_Failure_of_Markets.pdf|accessdate=3 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510132151/http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/Discussion_Paper_17_Power_of_Prices_and_Failure_of_Markets.pdf|archivedate=10 May 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Beauregard-Tellier|first=Frédéric|date=17 March 2006|title=Ecological Fiscal Reform|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/researchpublications/prb0595-e.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103043411/http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/researchpublications/prb0595-e.html|archivedate=3 January 2015|accessdate=3 January 2015|publisher=Parliament of Canada}}</ref> Mpụga (ụdị ọdịda ahịa ) dị ebe ọnụ ahịa ahịa na-ewepụ ụgwọ gburugburu ebe obibi na/ma ọ bụ uru. N'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ, ezi uche (mmasị onwe) mkpebi akụ na ụba nwere ike ịkpata mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, yana mgbagha akụ na ụba na adịghị arụ ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Mankiw|first=Gregory N.|title=Principles of Economics|publisher=South-Western Cengage Learning|edition=6th|date=2012|location=Mason|pages=[https://archive.org/details/principleseconom00mank_831/page/n229 196]|isbn=9780538453059|url=https://archive.org/details/principleseconom00mank_831}}</ref> Ndozigharị ọnụahịa gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịbụ nnukwu akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ lekwasịrị anya karịa (dịka ọmụmaatụ kpọmkwem na mpaghara (dị ka ike ọkụ eletrik ma ọ bụ Ngwuputa ) ma ọ bụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi (dị ka [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|mgbanwe ihu igwe]] ). Ngwa dabere na ahịa "ma ọ bụ" ngwa akụ na ụba maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi" bụ ihe atụ nke mgbanwe ọnụahịa gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere mgbanwe ụtụ isi akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ( ecotaxation ), ikike mmetọ nwere ike ịzụ ahịa, ma ọ bụ inye aka nke ahịa maka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref>{{Cite book|author=OECD|url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/taxation/taxing-energy-use-2015_9789264232334-en|title=Taxing Energy Use 2015: OECD and Selected Partner Economies|date=2015-06-25|publisher=OECD|isbn=978-92-64-23232-7|series=Taxing Energy Use|language=en|doi=10.1787/9789264232334-en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241015025823/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/taxation/taxing-energy-use-2015_9789264232334-en|archive-date=2024-10-15|access-date=2024-04-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ecotax * Ndekọ gburugburu ebe obibi * [[Akụ na ụba gburugburu ebe obibi]] * Ụlọ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi * [[Ego gburugburu ebe obibi]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.rprogress.org/ Na-akọwapụta ọganihu] * [http://sustainableprosperity.ca/ Ọganihu Na-adịgide adịgide] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015110451/http://foes.de/en/ Green Budget Germany] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071023232338/http://www2.oecd.org/ecoinst/queries/index.htm Ebe nchekwa data OECD/EEA dị na ngwa ejiri maka amụma gburugburu ebe obibi na njikwa akụrụngwa eke] Archived </link> b01h5nej2kmgx2xbl5wj7i31er5ohkv 0 42809 727935 162047 2026-09-25T13:55:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727935 wikitext text/x-wiki Lead Me Home bụ ihe nkiri obere akwụkwọ America nke 2021 emere maka Netflix wee duzie ya Pedro Kos na Jon Shenk .  [1] A akara ya maka isiokwu dị akwụkwọ akwụkwọ kacha mma na 94th Academy Awards == Nchịkọta == .Ihe nkiri a sochiri ọtụtụ ndị na-atụgharị ebe obibi bi n'okporo ụzọ nke West Coast nke United States <ref>{{Cite web|title='Lead Me Home' Netflix Review: Stream It Or Skip It?|url=https://decider.com/2021/12/11/lead-me-home-netflix-review/|accessdate=2021-12-15|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Morfoot|first=Addie|date=2021-12-02|title=Netflix Scoops Up ‘Three Songs for Benazir’ for Doc Shorts Slate (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2021/awards/news/three-songs-for-benazir-netflix-short-doc-1235123560/|accessdate=2021-12-15|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntọhapụ na nnabata == E wepụtara ihe nkiri a na Nọvemba 30, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|author=M|first=Jeffrey|date=2021-11-29|title=Netflix doc ‘Lead Me Home’ gets to the heart of homelessness in SF and other cities|url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/entertainment/netflix-doc-lead-me-home-gets-to-the-heart-of-homelessness-in-sf-and-other-cities/|accessdate=2021-12-15|work=The San Francisco Examiner|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203030106/https://www.sfexaminer.com/entertainment/netflix-doc-lead-me-home-gets-to-the-heart-of-homelessness-in-sf-and-other-cities/|archive-date=2021-12-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na Kamar aggregator Rotten Tomato, ihe nkiri ahụ na-ejide ọkwa Nkwado 100% dabere na nchacha 5.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lead Me Home - Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lead_me_home|accessdate=February 9, 2022|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|tt15339848}} * Lead Me Home on Netflix [[Òtù:Aha]] 3noj915l7ex33x7m6b029qz2ruh5h6r 0 42904 728119 726223 2026-09-26T06:52:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728119 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} {| class="infobox" |+ class="infobox-title" id="4" style="font-size: 125%;" |nchịkwa mba ụwa nke United States ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" | Nyocha ụlọ ọrụ ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Haziri | class="infobox-data" | Ọnwa Isii 30, 1955 |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ụlọ ọrụ bu ụzọ | class="infobox-data" | |} Nkè i'''nternational Cooperation Administration''' ( '''ICA''' ) bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị United States na-arụ ọrụ site na June 30, 1955, ruo Septemba 4, 1961, na-ahụ maka enyemaka mba ọzọ na mmemme 'nchekwa na-abụghị ndị agha'. Ọ bụ onye bu ụzọ nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Mmepe Mba Nile nke United States ugbu a. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:February_1959_-_NARA_-_2844441_(page_1).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|276x276px| ''The Shield'', akwụkwọ maka ndị ọrụ ICA]] Ndị nnọchi anya ngalaba ikike ikike 85 nke United States hibere nchịkwa mmekọrịta mba ụwa (ICA), site na June 30, 1955, dabere na EO 10610, Mee 9, 1955. Onye bu ya ụzọ bụ Nchịkwa Ọrụ Ofesi (FOA) tọrọ ntọala na 1953. Otu abụọ a chịkọtara ọrụ enyemaka mba ofesi ma duzie mmemme nchekwa na-abụghị ndị agha maka United States. Na Septemba 4, 1961, a kagburu ICA site na iwu nke Congress (75 Stat. 446) ma nyefee ọrụ niile na US Agency for International Development . <ref>{{Cite web|title=National Archives - Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs [OIAA]|date=15 August 2016|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/229.html#229.6.3|publisher=US National Archives}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=National Archives - Records of U.S. Foreign Assistance Agencies, 1948-1961|date=15 August 2016|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/469.html|publisher=US National Archives}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=USAID History|url=http://www.usaid.gov/about_usaid/usaidhist.html|publisher=U.S. Agency for International Development|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009131110/http://www.usaid.gov/about_usaid/usaidhist.html|archivedate=October 9, 2011}}</ref> ICA nwere ọtụtụ ngalaba ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara haziri. Ha gụnyere Institute of Inter-American Affairs. == Ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme sitere na Ọfịs nke Ọzụzụ Ndị sonyere, gụnyere ndị metụtara nhazi nke ọzụzụ mba atọ na Europe (1951-61) ka dị, dị ka ozi US na NATO na European Regional Organisation (USRO) na-akọ banyere ọzụzụ mba atọ na Europe (1956–60). Ihe atụ nke akụkọ ihe nkiri na-adị ndụ gụnyere "Akụkọ nye ndị America na nkwado nka nka" (1955), na-egosi enyemaka US na Afghanistan, Ecuador, Ethiopia, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Libya, Paraguay, Sudan, na Thailand, na "Ike maka Udo "(1955), na-akọwa mmemme enyemaka ndị agha US na imekọ ihe ọnụ na North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Treaty Organisation na mba Rio Pact . == Edensibia == Ndị sonyere, gụnyere ndị metụtara nhazi nke ọzụzụ mba atọ na Europe (1951-61) ka dị, dị ka ozi US na NATO na European Regional{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250508172652/https://dec.usaid.gov/dec/search/SearchResults_ClearCriteria.aspx?q=KERvY3VtZW50cy5JbnN0aXR1dGlvbl9vcl9VU0FJRF9CdXJlYXVfQXV0aG9yOigiSW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBDb29wZXJhdGlvbiBBZG1pbmlzdHJhdGlvbiAoSUNBKSIpKSBPUiAoRG9jdW1lbnRzLkluc3RpdHV0aW9uX29yX1VTQUlEX1Nwb25zb3I6KCJJbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsIENvb3BlcmF0aW9uIEFkbWluaXN0cmF0aW9uIChJQ0EpIikp Akwụkwọ ndị ICA, USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse dere ma ọ bụ kwadoo ya] (USAID/DEC) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250508102526/https://dec.usaid.gov/dec/search/SearchResults_ClearCriteria.aspx?q=KERvY3VtZW50cy5JbnN0aXR1dGlvbl9vcl9VU0FJRF9CdXJlYXVfQXV0aG9yOigiaW5zdGl0dXRlIG9mIGludGVyLWFtZXJpY2FuIGFmZmFpcnMiKSkgT1IgKERvY3VtZW50cy5JbnN0aXR1dGlvbl9vcl9VU0FJRF9TcG9uc29yOigiaW5zdGl0dXRlIG9mIGludGVyLWFtZXJpY2FuIGFmZmFpcnMiKSk%3d Akwụkwọ ndị Institute of Inter-American Affairs dere ma ọ bụ kwadoro ya] dị na USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse (USAID/DEC) qiaspz4nn2rj3w87ul0xdrvc3w70hgc 0 42941 728112 177909 2026-09-26T06:28:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728112 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:National Highway System.jpg|thumb|National Highway System.]] National Highway System ( NHS ) bụ ụzọ nke okporo ụzọ awara n'ime United States, ndị Interstate Highway System na okporo ụzọ ndị ọzọ na-eje ozi ụgbọ elu, ụgbọ mmiri, ọdụ ndị agha, ụgbọ okporo ụzọ ma  ọ bụ gwongworo, ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ụzọ, ụgbọ okporo ụzọ, ụgbọ okporo ụzọ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ.  .  N'ozuzu, ọ bụ usoro okporo ụzọ kasị ukwuu n'ụwa A na-agba ndị steeti n'otu n'otu ume ka ha le na-ahụ anya na ego isi etiti maka imeziwanye ndị na nchekwa nke ike a.  Ndị Ngalaba njem nke United States (USDOT) okporo ụzọ okporo ụzọ ndị dị n'ime usoro ahụ na nkwado nke steeti, ndị isi obodo, na ndị otu obodo mepere emepe (MPO) yana ndị United States Congress na 1995. == Iwu == Intermodal Surface Transport Efficiency Act (ISTEA) na 1991 akara ụfọdụ isi ụzọ dị ka Interstate Highway Sistemụ, ime.  [1] [2] Iwu ahụ nyere usoro iji nyere National Intermodal Transportation System nke "nwere ụdị ụgbọ njem niile n'otu n'otu, nke ọnụ, mgbasa njem nke ihe, iji ebe oriri ike na mmetọ ikuku mgbe ọ na  , ike akụ na-ahụ na nna ahụ.Seemfo mma na azụmahịa mba ụwa Iwu Nhazi ụzọ okporo ụzọ nke 1995 ( Pub. L. , 109 Stat. 568, COMPS-1425 ) bụ iwu United States of Congress nke Onye isi ala Bill Clinton nyere aka na ya na Nọvemba 28, 1995. Iwu ahụ nwere ihe yiri ya.  160,955 miles (259,032 km) nke okporo ụzọ, na-akpọ Interstate Highway System, dị ka NHS E qayb egosipụta usoro ahụ, omume ahụ nke ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, ndị iweghachi akwụkwọ $ 5.4 na ego na ngalaba okporo ụzọ steeti, na-enye Congress ikike ọrụ ụzọ okporo ụzọ ụzọ, kagbuo njikwa oke ọsọ etiti, ma na-eduga etiti  steeti steeti ego okporo ụzọ ụzọ isi akara dị adị ma ọ bụ akara ọhụrụ nwe metrik <ref name="fhwaref">{{Cite web|author=Federal Highway Administration|authorlink=Federal Highway Administration|url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/faq.htm#question17|title=Interstate FAQ: Why don't you put metric speed and distance signs on the Interstate System?|work=Celebrating the Eisenhower Interstate Highway System|accessdate=August 23, 2008|publisher=Federal Highway Administration}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|first=Phyllis|author=Schienberg|url=http://epw.senate.gov/105th/scheinbe.htm|title=Statement of Phyllis Schienberg, Prospects for Innovation Through Research, Intelligent Transportation Systems, State Infrastructure Banks, and Design-Build Contracting|date=March 6, 1997|publisher=US Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works|accessdate=July 9, 2012}}</ref>Iwu a mmemme mmemme pilot nke ụlọ akụ steeti.  Ahọpụtara steeti iri n'afọ 1996 maka usoro ọhụrụ a nke inye ego n'ụzọ.  akụ akụ ndị a ga-agbazinye ego dị ka ụlọ akụ mgbe niile, na-enweta ego sitere na isi etiti ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe, a ga- dawokwa ha site n'ụzọ dị ka ụtụ isi okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụtụ isi  .  Na 1997, steeti 28 ọzọ nọmba ka ha so na mmemme ahụ.  Ohio bụ izizi jiri ụlọ akụ steeti steeti iwu okporo ụzọ.  Uru nke usoro a bụ amịcha ọrụ ngwa;  iwu na ikike ikike ọrụ mkpa bụ nsogbu ike ime [[Usòrò:Strategic_Highway_Network.gif|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Maapụ Strategic Highway Network, otu akụkụ nke NHS]] [[Usòrò:FHWA_2015_flow_map_freight.jpg|thumb| Map nke nkezi okporo ụzọ gwongworo ibu na NHS na 2015]] <ref>{{Cite web|first=Stefan|author=Natzke|url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/|title=What is the National Highway System?|work=National Highway System|publisher=Federal Highway Administration|date=September 29, 2017|accessdate=January 29, 2019}}</ref>Dị ka Federal Highway Administration si kwuo, 160,000-mile (260,000 km) Usoro ụzọ okporo ụzọ okporo ụzọ dị mkpa maka ire United States, nchekwa, na-echekwa, site na otu ma ọ bụ akụkụ okporo ụzọ ndị a (  ụzọ iche nwere ike ịbụ nke ihe nkiri otu akụkụ): * Interstate Highway System : Usoro okporo ụzọ Interstate dum (nke a makwaara dị ka Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highway) gụnyere na NHS, mana na-ejigide njirimara ya dị iche iche n'ime NHS. * Arterial ndị ọzọ isi: okporo ụzọ dị n'ime ime obodo na obodo mepere emepe nke na-enye ohere n'etiti ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ elu, ọdụ ụgbọ elu, ebe njem ọha, ma ọ bụ ebe njem n'etiti ndị ọzọ. (Ụlọ ọrụ enwetara gụnyere 207&nbsp;ọdụ ụgbọ elu, 198&nbsp;ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, 190&nbsp;ọdụ ụgbọ oloko ma ọ bụ gwongworo, 67&nbsp;Ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Amtrak, 58&nbsp;ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri yana 82&nbsp;ọdụ ụgbọ ala intercity, 307&nbsp;ọdụ ụgbọ njem ọha, 37&nbsp;ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, na 20&nbsp;Ọnụ ụzọ ndị njem nwere ọtụtụ ebumnuche.) <ref name="Commitment">{{Cite journal|first=Rodney E.|author=Slater|url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/96spring/p96sp2.cfm|title=The National Highway System: A Commitment to America's Future|journal=Public Roads|date=Spring 1996|volume=59|issue=4|issn=0033-3735|accessdate=July 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216112008/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/96spring/p96sp2.cfm|archive-date=December 16, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Strategic Highway Network (STRAHNET): Netwọk niile nke okporo ụzọ awara awara nke dị mkpa na amụma nchekwa atụmatụ nke United States na nke na-enye ohere nchekwa, ịga n'ihu, na ikike mberede maka ebumnuche nchekwa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Federal Highway Administration|date=November 7, 2014|title=Chapter 18: Strategic Highway Network (STRAHNET)|work=Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges, and Transit: 2004 Conditions and Performance|publisher=Federal Highway Administration|url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/2004cpr/chap18.cfm|accessdate=August 27, 2015}}</ref> * Isi Strategic Highway Network Connectors: Ụzọ awara awara na-enye ohere n'etiti nnukwu nrụnye ndị agha na ụzọ ndị bụ akụkụ nke STRAHNET. * Njikọ Intermodal: Ụzọ ndị na-enye ohere n'etiti nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ intermodal na mpaghara anọ ndị ọzọ mebere NHS. <ref>{{Cite web|first=Stefan|author=Natzke|url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/intermodal_connectors/|title=Intermodal Connectors|work=National Highway System|publisher=Federal Highway Administration|date=April 6, 2018|accessdate=January 29, 2019}}</ref> Usoro a gụnyere 4% nke okporo ụzọ mba ahụ, mana ọ na-ebu karịa 40% nke okporo ụzọ okporo ụzọ niile, 75% nke okporo ụzọ gwongworo dị arọ, na 90% nke njem nlegharị anya. <ref name="Commitment"/> Obodo obodo niile nwere ihe karịrị 50,000 na ihe dịka 90% nke ndị America bi n'ime 5 miles (8.0 km) nke netwọk, <ref name="Commitment" /> nke kacha ogologo n'ụwa. <ref>{{Cite news|first=Wendell|author=Cox|date=January 22, 2011|url=http://www.newgeography.com/content/002003-china-expressway-system-exceed-us-interstates|title=China Expressway System to Exceed US Interstates|work=New Geography|accessdate=July 9, 2012}}</ref> == Hụkwa == *  U.S. Roads portal == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|National Highway System (United States)|National Highway System}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130913064752/http://www.tea.army.mil/DODProg/HND/Systems.htm Nkọwa STRAHNET] na US Military's Transportation Engineering Agency * Weingroff, Richard F. " [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528171930/http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/backbone.cfm Ọkpụkpụ azụ: Creation nke National Highway System] " * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11537/ Usoro okporo ụzọ mba nke emere na 1913] * [http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/nhs_maps/ Maapụ steeti site na steeti nke National Highway System] nke Federal Highway Administration [[Òtù:Aha]] sp9d6k0rrm4o4d4gc1vqu7kf3tf6prk 0 43295 728133 164600 2026-09-26T08:33:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Na United States, Mmemme Ntugharị Ndụ na-ezokarị aka na mmemme na mbọ iji kuziere ndị ntorobịa na-enweghị ebe obibi nka nwere onwe ha ma nyere ha aka ịtụgharị ruo n'ịbụ okenye. Gọọmenti United States na-akwado mmemme inye ego iji kwado mbọ ndị dị otú ahụ. Ndị TLP na-abụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ Nkwado, ma ọ bụ site na ntụnye aka, iji nyere ndị ọrịa aka ike nkà ndụ dị mkpa iji akwụkwọ onwe na ibi ndụ nke onwe ha.  Ụdị ndị ọrụ: nkà ndị ndụ, play ego na ibu ọrụ, nri nri, na nkà ụmụ;  njikọ, njikọ GED, Nkwado mmecha ụlọ akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ, na ikike ọrụ;  nhọrọ ọrụ na-ahụ dị ka onye ọrụ, isi ide na nka ọnụ;  ire ma ọ bụ ike iji ọgwụ eme ihe;  otu ma ọ bụ onye onye;  na-achọ, ire anụ ahụ oge niile na-achọ.  [1] ndị otu ndị nne na-enye otu ọrụ dị ka TLP ndị ọzọ, ma na-azụ bixisay ụmụ na aha amụma.. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120720120308/http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/fysb/content/youthdivision/programs/mghfactsheet.htm Fact Sheet: Maternity Group Homes Program], Retrieved March 31, 2008</ref> Ndị omeiwu United States buru ụzọ nye ikike inye ego maka mmemme ibi ndụ mgbanwe site na 1988 Mmezigharị na Iwu Ndị Ntorobịa Na-agbapụ na enweghị ebe obibi. Enyerela mmemme ahụ ego site na [https://web.archive.org/web/20090118091857/http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/fysb/content/aboutfysb/RHYComp.pdf Iwu Nchekwa ụmụaka na-efunarị nke 2003] . FYSB na-akwado ya ugbu a n'okpuru iwu Reconnecting Youth Youth Act nke 2008 (Iwu Ọha 110–378). <ref name="acf.hhs.gov">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120909034702/http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/fysb/content/youthdivision/programs/tlpfactsheet.htm Fact Sheet: Transitional Living Program for Older Homeless Youth], Retrieved September, 2010</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ntorobịa gbara ọsọ * Ngalaba Ahụike na Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ United States * Ihe mgbanaka mgbanaka mba == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == nkà ịzụ ụmụ; ohere agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere nkwadebe GED, nkwado mmecha ụlọ akwụkwọ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120720120308/http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/fysb/content/youthdivision/programs/mghfactsheet.htm Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ezinụlọ na ndị ntorobịa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080416172458/http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/fysb/content/youthdivision/programs/locate.htm Chọta mmemme TLP] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120909034702/http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/fysb/content/youthdivision/programs/tlpfactsheet.htm Akwụkwọ akụkọ: Mmemme ibi ndụ mgbanwe maka ndị ntorobịa enweghị ebe obibi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120720120308/http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/fysb/content/youthdivision/programs/mghfactsheet.htm Mpempe akwụkwọ akụkọ: Mmemme ụlọ otu ndị nne] mzuxj2uiepk4f7rhvwbpthuvv5em4lp 0 43370 728149 162728 2026-09-26T09:52:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}National Coalition for Veterans Veterans (NCHV) - otu American 501(c)(3) ngwá ọrụ nke otu ndị isi iri na asaa na-achị bụ ụlọ ọrụ na ịzụ maka ụfọdụ ndị na-enye ọrụ dabere na obodo yana mpaghara, mpaghara na etiti. ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-enye ụlọ na nkwado, nri, ọrụ, edemede, ọrụ na akwụkwọ, iwu iwu na- ikpe ikpe maka ndị agha na- mama ebe obibi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nchv.org/page.cfm?id=101|title=NCHV, About Us: "Who is NCHV?"|publisher=|accessdate=1 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107000623/http://www.nchv.org/page.cfm?id=101|archivedate=7 January 2010}}</ref> NCHV na-ejekwa ozi dị ka njikọ n'etiti ndị na-ahụ maka nlekọta, US Congress na ụlọ ọrụ ngalaba isi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nchv.org/docs/nchv%20organization%20factsheet.pdf|title=NCHV Fact Sheet, "A Voice Respected by Congress"|publisher=|accessdate=1 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107004304/http://www.nchv.org/docs/nchv%20organization%20factsheet.pdf|archivedate=7 January 2010}}</ref> N'okpuru onyinye aka nka nke Ngalaba-ahụ Maka Ọrụ US nyere, NCHV na-enye ntụzịaka na ozi mkpakọ mmemme, na-ego nye ndị niile na-enye ndị na-ahụ maka ndị agha agha na- Mgbanwe.ebe obibi. == Atụmatụ VA iji kwụsị enweghị ebe obibi ndị agha ochie n'ime afọ ise == Na Nov. 3, 2009, na "VA National Summit Ịkwụsị ebe obibi n'etiti ndị agha agha agha," mgbe ahụ- Secretary of Veterans Affairs Eric Shinseki ማሪ zuru oke nke ngalaba ya iji ndụ ebe obibi n'etiti agha agha, na-ekwu: Na nkwubi okwu nzuko ahụ, NCHV bipụtara nkọwa zuru ezu nke adreesị Shinseki na atụmatụ afọ ise a tụrụ aro, nke akpọrọ [https://web.archive.org/web/20100106215803/http://www.nchv.org/news_article.cfm?id=632 "VA Summit Frames Plan to End Veteran Homelessness."] Na August 5, 2011, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ na United States kwupụtara onyinye 23 na-agbakọta $5,436,148 iji nye ndị agha agha na-enweghị ebe obibi ọzụzụ maka inyere ha aka ime nke ọma n'ọrụ ndị nkịtị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/vets/VETS20111184.htm|title="VETS News Release,"08/05/2011|publisher=|accessdate=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510081729/https://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/vets/VETS20111184.htm|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ na ọzụzụ nke ngalaba na-enye onyinye a site na Mmemme Mweghachite Veterans Veterans enweghị ebe obibi. Enyemaka ndị a mara ọkwa na Ọgọst 2011, bụ nke mbụ n'ime afọ anọ enwere ike inye onyinye kwa afọ dabere na arụmọrụ na-eju afọ yana ntinye aka nke ọgbakọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/us-labor-department-announces-more-54-million-job-training-grants-to-benefit-homeless-vetera|title=US Labor Department announces more than $5.4 million in job training grants to benefit homeless veterans|author=U.S. Department of Labor|work=The [[National Law Review]]|date=August 9, 2011}}</ref> == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist|35em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.nchv.org Njikọ mba maka ibe obibi ndị agha agha enweghị ebe obibi] anzor09thj0w8798hbcf07o95ohpteh 0 43499 728035 706026 2026-09-25T23:52:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} McElderry Park bụ agbata obi dị na mgbago ugwu nke mpaghara ndịda egwuregwu nke Obodo Baltimore .  Akara oke ya bụ East Fayette Street, East Monument Street, Lindwood Avenue na Patterson Park Avenue.  Ndịda nke McElderry Park bụ agbata obi Patterson Park;  Ugwu Butchers dị na ndịda echiche.  Ellwood Park dị n'ụka ihie, yana akwụkwọ ụlọ ọgwụ Johns Hopkins n'ebe ahụ egosipụta.  N'ebe ugwu ya bụ agbata obi Madison-East End . [[Usòrò:Amazing Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church, 2424 McElderry Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 (40594069863).jpg|thumb|Amazing Grace Evangelical Lutheran church ]] N'ime afọ 1980, McElderry Park tara site na ụgbọ elu ọcha na ndị nwe ụlọ na-arụ ọrụ gbahapụrụ ya.  Mmechi nke ụlọ ọha dị nso juputara ndị agbata obi na ndị bi na ngalaba 8 n'iche ahịrị na ụlọ, yana mpụ okporo ụzọ ụzọ, yana ọgwụ ọgwụ na-akwadoghị .  N'ime 1990s niile, mpaghara ahụ mgbasa mpụ echere na East Baltimore ochie.  A na-eme egwuregwu iji ihe, ụlọ ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na ihe eji eme ihe dị ka akwụkwọ. Akọọgụ 2000 kwuru na isiokwu 34.3 nke ngalaba McElderry Park nwere ego n'okpuru oke ego ogbenye.  N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ ndị isi ojii,agbata obi nwere nnukwu ndị ọcha na ndị Hispanic . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ogige ahụ aha ya site na akara McElderry, ndị bụ ndị akara bara ịrịba ama na Baltimore na-achọ ncheta afọ nke 19. Onye mbata Irish Thomas McElderry (1758 – 1810) rutere Baltimore na 1793 wee guzobe onwe ya ngwa ngwa — wuo ụgbọ mmiri nke ọma  bu aha ya, iso Market Square, ma nyere aka nwe ụlọ ọrụ mmirika Baltimore. <ref name="clan">{{Cite news|date=7 Aug 1906|title=McElderry Clan A Large One|language=en|work=The Baltimore Sun|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/371523845/|accessdate=2020-08-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nyarc-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=01NYARC&afterPDS=true&docId=01NYARC_III.b11696813|title=Thomas McElderry (1758-1810).|work=New York Art Resources Consortium|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> <ref name="Scharf">{{Cite book|author=Scharf|first=J. Thomas|title=The chronicles of Baltimore: being a complete history of "Baltimore town" and Baltimore city from the earliest period to the present time|url=https://archive.org/details/afk4022.0001.001.umich.edu|publisher=Turnbull Bros.|year=1874|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/afk4022.0001.001.umich.edu/page/295 295]–296}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://livebaltimore.com/neighborhoods/mcelderry-park/#.XNbMldQrKt8|title=Mcelderry Park|publisher=Live Baltimore|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/NR_PDFs/NR-1491.pdf|title=East Monument Historic District|publisher=National Register of Historic Places|accessdate=2019-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127015309/https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/NR_PDFs/NR-1491.pdf|archive-date=2017-01-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>McElderry Park dị kpamkpam n'ime oke nke East Monument Historic District .  N'ihi ihe mere eme, McElderry na agbataobi dị nso nke Middle East bụ isi obodo ndị mbata Czech na Baltimore.  A na-akpọkarị mpaghara a "Little Bohemia" ma ọ bụ "Swampoolle". == Jimmy Carter na-agbazinye aka == <ref name="Jimmy Carter">{{Cite news|author=Liz F. Kay|date=October 6, 2010|title=A presidential assist in Baltimore and Annapolis|work=The Baltimore Sun|page=1}}</ref>Onye isi ala nke 38 gara aga Jimmy Carter [jere 1977-1981], nyere ndị ọrụ afọ 300 aka na Ọktoba 5, 2010 na ọrụ "Habitat for Humanity" na McElderry Park.  Ọrụ izu ụka a we ụlọ ụlọ ndị nwere ikike na ngozi 2400 nke Jefferson Street. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.habitat.org/lc/cwp/2010/carter_oct5.aspx|title=Carters witness—and assist—revitalization in Annapolis, Baltimore|publisher=Habitat for Humanity|author=Susan Dunn-Lisuzzo|accessdate=June 11, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171607/http://www.habitat.org/lc/cwp/2010/carter_oct5.aspx|archivedate=July 14, 2014}}</ref> "Habitat for Humanity of the Chesapeake" na-arụkọ ọrụ na Monument-McElderry-Fayette Revitalization Plan Board kemgbe 2006 na atụmatụ ogologo oge iji weghachi akụkụ ndị mebiri emebi nke McElderry Park. Mgbe ha malitere ọrụ na 2007, ọ bụ nanị ụlọ abụọ n'ime 43 dị na 2400 block nke Jefferson Street ka e ji. Onye isi oche nke Board Plan tụrụ anya na ọ ga-enwe 32 n'ime ụlọ ndị nwe ya na njedebe nke 2010. <ref name="Jimmy Carter"/> == Ihe ịtụnanya Port Street Sacred Commons == "Amazing Port Street Sacred Commons" bụ ụlọ ekpere ekpere, ubi ubi na-emeghe, na ubi ahịhịa dị n'azụ Amazing Grace Lutheran Church (nke tọrọ ntọala/merged 1996 site na ọtụtụ ụka Lutheran mbụ), nke dị na 2424 McElderry Street. Oghere ndị Commons na-eji ugbu a bụ ụlọ ndị gbahapụrụ agbahapụ, ndị dara ada. Ụka zụtara ma mepụta ya dị ka oghere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nwere onyinye sitere na TKF Foundation. Ndị Commons na-emeghe ọha na eze, nke okpukpere chi niile, dịka onyinye a chọrọ. A na-ekesa ihe ndị sitere n'ubi ahụ site n'ụlọ nri nke ụka, "Center for Grace-full Living". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/16/garden/16garden.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1|title=Public Spaces Meant to Heal|author=Anne Raver|date=October 15, 2008|accessdate=2010-10-07|work=New York Times}}</ref> == Ọrụ ọha == === Ụlọ akwụkwọ === * Tench Tilghman Elementary na Middle School (Pre-K ruo 8), nke dị na 600 North Patterson Park Avenue, ndebanye aha: 360. * William Paca Elementary School (Pre-K ruo 5), nke dị na 200 North Lakewood Avenue, ndebanye aha: 624. === Ọbá akwụkwọ efu Enoch Pratt === === Ogige ntụrụndụ === * Patterson Park, otu n'ime obodo kasị na kasị ochie "green oasises" n'etiti Eastern Avenue na ndịda, Patterson Park Avenue na ọdịda anyanwụ, Ellwood Street n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na East Baltimore Street na East Pratt Street n'ebe ugwu. === Ụgbọ njem === Ụzọ 35 (MTA Maryland) na-enye ọrụ ụgbọ ala n'etiti Downtown Baltimore na White Marsh, na-ekiri n'ụdị East Monument Street na East Madison Street.  Ụzọ 40 Quickbus na- echere na East Fayette Street na Linwood Avenue n'ụdị ụzọ ada n'etiti Woodlawn na ọrụ na- na Essex n' el- ite mmalite nke Baltimore County .  Ụzọ 13 na-agafe agbataobi n'ekiri Milton Avenue, McElderry Street na Lindwood Avenue.  Ụzọ 20 na Ụzọ 23 na-enye ọrụ ụgbọ ala crosstown n'ekiri East Fayette Street. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta mpaghara Baltimore == Ntụaka == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060929181405/http://www.hud.gov/local/md/news/2000-08-04.cfm HUD na-enyere McElderry Park aka iweghachi ala ndị efu] * [http://www.hebac.org/uploaded_files/0000/0003/fallfinalmmf--complete_screen_version.pdf Atụmatụ Mpaghara Ncheta-McElderry-Fayette, Septemba 2006] </link>< [[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]] /link> * [http://www.hebac.org/ Akụkọ ihe mere eme East Baltimore Community Action Coalition, Inc.] </link>< [[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]] /link> * [http://www.baltimorecity.gov/Residents/Neighborhoods.aspx?did=14 Maapụ Mpaghara Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ], Portal agbataobi Obodo Baltimore mfb4o314sboxvgzbp3r2eyd3i07buv2 0 43566 728081 177295 2026-09-26T04:18:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:DUMBARTON H.D. PIKESVILLE, BALTIMORE COUNTY, MD.jpg|thumb|DUMBARTON H.D. PIKESVILLE, BALTIMORE COUNTY, MD.jpg]] <ref name="mht_ihp">{{Cite web|url=https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/NR_PDFs/NR-1500.pdf|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Dumbarton Historic District|date=May 2009|accessdate=2016-03-01|author=Dean R. Wagner and Stefan Goodwin|publisher=Maryland Historical Trust|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406101539/https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/NR_PDFs/NR-1500.pdf|archive-date=2016-04-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>Dumbarton Historic District bụ mpaghara ihe mere eme nke mba na Pikesville, Baltimore County, Maryland, United States .  obere mkpara nwere okporo ụzọ ụzọ curvilinear, ọtụtụ nza nwere mmesapụ aka, na nhazi ala okike na- jimkarị ike imewe nke ya na Frederick Law Olmsted .  Atụmatụ ndị a mara nke seminal nke ụlọ ọrụ Roland Park Company.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mbụ bi na mpaghara nkewa ahụ bụ ndị Juu a ma ama na ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ihe, ndị ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na German . Tinyere na National Register of Historic Places na 2009 == Hụkwa == * Akụkọ banyere ndị Juu na Baltimore * Akụkọ banyere ndị Germany na Baltimore == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Dumbarton Historic District at Maryland Historical Trust 6m1c9o6il8r2otky6zssqnvc3y095s5 0 44320 727932 725436 2026-09-25T13:37:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=|name=Kofi Awoonor|honorific-suffix=|image=KofiAwoonor.jpg|imagesize=150px|smallimage=<!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.-->|alt=|caption=|order=8th [[Ghana]]|office=Permanent Representative to the United Nations|term_start=1990|term_end=1994|president=[[Jerry Rawlings]]|predecessor=[[James Victor Gbeho]]|successor=George Lamptey|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1935|03|13}}|birth_place=[[Wheta]], [[Gold Coast (British Colony)|Gold Coast]], [[Ghana]]|death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|09|21|1935|03|13}}|death_place=[[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]|restingplace=|restingplacecoordinates=|birthname=George Kofi Nyidevu Awoonor-Williams|nationality=Ghanaian|party=|otherparty=<!--For additional political affiliations-->|spouse=|partner=<!--For those with a domestic partner and not married-->|relations=[[Nii Parkes]] (nephew)|children=|residence=|alma_mater={{Plainlist| *[[University of Ghana]] *[[University of London]] *[[State University of New York]] }}|occupation=Poet, author, academic and diplomat|profession=|cabinet=|committees=|portfolio=|signature=|signature_alt=|website=|footnotes=}} '''Kofi Awoonor''' (onye amụrụ '''George Kofi Nyidevu Awoonor-Williams'''; 13 Machị 1935 - 21 Septemba 2013) bụ [[Ghana|Onye Ghana]] na-ede uri, onye edemede na onye nnọchi anya mba ọzọ. Ọrụ ya jikọtara ọdịnala uri nke ndị obodo ya bụ Ewe na ihe nnọchianya nke oge a na nke okpukpe iji gosipụta Afrịka n'oge decolonization. Ọ malitere ide ihe n'okpuru aha '''George Awoonor-Williams''', <ref>Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy & Virginia Coulon (eds), ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983, p. 355.</ref> ma bipụta ya dị ka '''Kofi Nyidevu Awoonor''' . Ọ kụziri akwụkwọ Africa na Mahadum Ghana . Prọfesọ Awoonor so na ndị e gburu na Mwakpo nke Septemba 2013 na [[Kenya]]_shopping_mall)" id="mwFA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Westgate (Kenyan shopping mall)">Ụlọ ahịa Westgate na Nairobi, Kenya, ebe ọ bụ onye sonyere na Storymoja Hay Festival.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Awoonor dies in Al-Shabab attack in Kenyan Mall|url=http://www.citifmonline.com/index.php?id=1.1540045|publisher=citifmonline.com|date=22 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="telegraph">{{Cite news|title=Nairobi shopping mall attacks: Kofi Awoonor, Ghanaian poet, killed in Westgate Attack|author=Alice Vincent|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/kenya/10326144/Nairobi-shopping-mall-attacks-Kofi-Awoonor-Ghanaian-poet-killed-in-Westgate-Attack.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=22 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923130321/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/kenya/10326144/Nairobi-shopping-mall-attacks-Kofi-Awoonor-Ghanaian-poet-killed-in-Westgate-Attack.html|archive-date=23 September 2013|access-date=11 May 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Somalia's al-Shabab claims Nairobi Westgate Kenya attack|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24191606|publisher=BBC News|date=22 September 2013|accessdate=22 September 2013}}</ref> A mụrụ George Kofi Nyidevu Awoonor-Williams na Wheta, <ref name="BBC">{{Cite news|date=2013-09-23|title=Kofi Awoonor: Remembering a Ghanaian poet|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24213762|accessdate=2023-12-15}}</ref> na mpaghara Volta nke Gold Coast, Ghana nke oge a. Ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ iri n'ezinụlọ ahụ.<ref>Jocelyn Edwards, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/25/kofi-awoonor-death-_n_3991296.html "Ghana Mourns Kofi Awoonor Death"], ''Huff Post Books'', 25 September 2013.</ref> Ọ bụ nwa nna nke ezinụlọ Awoonor-Williams nke Sierra Leone Creole. Nne nne ya bụ onye na-agụ egwú Ewe dirge . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Foundation|first=Poetry|date=2023-03-03|title=Kofi Awoonor|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/kofi-awoonor|accessdate=2023-03-03|work=Poetry Foundation|language=en}}</ref> == Mmụta == Ọ gara Achimota School wee gaa Mahadum nke Ghana, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1960. Mgbe ọ nọ na mahadum, o dere akwụkwọ uri mbụ ya, Rediscovery, nke e bipụtara na 1964. Dị ka ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ, Rediscovery gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na uri Afrịka. Ọrụ mbụ ya sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke abụ na amaokwu nke ndị obodo ya bụ Ewe, ma mesịa bipụta nsụgharị nke ọrụ nke ndị na-agụ egwú Ewe atọ (Guardians of the Sacred Word: Ewe Poetry, 1973). <ref name="telegraph"/> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum College London, nweta nzere masta na 1970. Ọ nwetara Ph.D. ya na SUNY na Stony Brook, na New York na 1972. <ref name=":0"/> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1960, Awoonor rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchọpụta maka Institute for African Studies ma malite isonye na mkpọsa Pan-Africa nke Kwame Nkrumah. A họpụtara ya na Ghana Film Corporation. O nyere aka guzobe Ghana Playhouse, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na Wole Soyinka's The Lion and the Jewel . <ref name="BBC"/> N'afọ ndị 1960, ọ dezigharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Okyeame'' ma bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Transition Magazine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/23/kofi-awoonor|title=Kofi Awoonor obituary|first=Lyn|author=Innes|work=The Guardian|date=23 September 2013}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ n'England, o dere ọtụtụ egwuregwu redio maka BBC, ma malite iji aha Kofi Awoonor <ref>[[Siga Fatima Jagne]], Pushpa Naidu Parekh (eds), [https://books.google.com/books?id=3iibMu0Qjs8C&dq=kofi+awoonor+williams&pg=PA53 "Kofi Awoonor (1935–)"], in ''Postcolonial African Writers: A Bio-bibliographical Critical Sourcebook'', Routledge, 1998, p. 53.</ref> Ọ nọrọ na mbido afọ 1970 na United States, na-amụ ma na-akụzi na Mahadum Stony Brook (nke a na-akpọ SUNY na Stony Brook) ebe ọ nwetara Ph.D. ya na 1972. <ref>Deon J. Hampton, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200728150616/https://www.newsday.com/news/world/kofi-awoonor-killed-in-kenya-mall-attack-was-stony-brook-professor-1.6120113#! "Kofi Awoonor killed in Kenya mall attack, was Stony Brook professor"], ''Long Island Newsday'', 22 September 2013.</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na United States, o dere This Earth, My Brother na Night of My Blood, akwụkwọ abụọ ahụ bipụtara na 1971. Awoonor laghachiri Ghana na 1975 dị ka onye isi ngalaba Bekee na Mahadum Cape Coast. N'ime ọnwa ole na ole, e jidere ya maka inyere onye agha a na-ebo ebubo ịnwa ịkwatu ọchịchị ndị agha aka ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ n'ebughị ụzọ kpee ya ikpe. E wepụrụ ikpe ya n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1976. <ref name="Who What When">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/whowrotewhatwhen0000unse/mode/2up|title=Who Wrote What When?|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1999|isbn=0-684-85822-3|location=London|pages=41}}</ref> The House by the Sea (1978) bụ maka oge ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Awoonor|first=Kofi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDKsAAAAIAAJ|title=The House by the Sea|date=1978|publisher=Greenfield Review Press|isbn=978-0-912678-33-7|language=en}}</ref> Awoonor bụ onye nnọchi anya Ghana na Brazil site na 1984 ruo 1988, tupu ọ bụrụ onye nnọchianya na Cuba. Site na 1990 ruo 1994, Awoonor bụ onye nnọchi anya Ghana na United Nations, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/ghana/past_ambassadors.html|title=Permanent Mission of Ghana to the United Nations – Past Ambassadors|accessdate=28 April 2010|publisher=United Nations|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510190850/http://www.un.int/ghana/past_ambassadors.html|archivedate=10 May 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-26|title=Ghana {{!}} General Assembly|url=https://gadebate.un.org/en/68/ghana|accessdate=2023-12-15|work=gadebate.un.org|language=en|archivedate=2023-12-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215004525/https://gadebate.un.org/en/68/ghana}}</ref> ebe ọ bụ onye isi kọmitii na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. <ref name="Uni KN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nu.ac.za/cca/images/tow/TOW2004/Kofi.htm|title=Kofi Awoonor|accessdate=9 September 2007|publisher=University of KwaZulu-Natal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104125546/http://www.nu.ac.za/cca/images/tow/TOW2004/Kofi.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=4 November 2007}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Council of State, bụ isi ndị ndụmọdụ nke onye isi ala Ghana, na-eje ozi n'ọkwa ahụ site na 2009 ruo Jenụwarị 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior Ghanaian citizen, Awoonor killed in Kenya gun attack|author=Emmanuel K. Dogbevi|url=http://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2013/09/22/senior-ghanaian-citizen-awoonor-killed-in-kenya-gun-attack/|work=Ghana Business News|publisher=GBN|date=22 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="BBC"/> ''Abụ mbụ nke Awoonor na-agbazinye site na ọdịnala ọnụ Ewe. N'akwụkwọ ya dị oke mkpa Guardians of the Sacred Word and Ewe Poetry in translation (1974). The breast of the Earth a study of the History, Culture and literature of the Sahara bụ ọrụ ọzọ nke nkatọ edemede (1975)(1975).''<ref name=":0"/> == Ọnwụ == Na 21 Septemba 2013, Awoonor so na ndị nwụrụ na mwakpo na Ụlọ ahịa Westgate na Nairobi. Ọ nọ na Kenya dị ka onye sonyere na Storymoja Hay Festival, emume ụbọchị anọ nke ide, iche echiche na ịkọ akụkọ, ebe ọ ga-eme n'uhuruchi ọnwụ ya. Nwa nwanne ya nwoke [[Nii Parkes]], onye na-aga otu emume edemede ahụ, edeela banyere izute ya na nke mbụ ya n'ụbọchị ahụ.<ref name="NiiParkes">Nii Parkes, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/sep/28/kofi-awoonor-nii-parkes-hero "My hero: Kofi Awoonor by Nii Parkes"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 28 September 2013.</ref> Gọọmentị Ghana kwadoro ọnwụ Awoonor n'echi ya. A gbagbukwara nwa ya nwoke Afetsi Awoonor, onye so ya, mana e mechara kpọpụ ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ.<ref name="telegraph"/> E si na Nairobi bugara ozu Awoonor na Accra, Ghana, na 25 Septemba 2013. <ref>[http://petchary.wordpress.com/tag/kofi-anyidoho/ Kofi Anyidoho, "African Postman: Death of a Poet"], Petchary's Blog, 18 September 2013.</ref> .A kpọrọ ozu ya ọkụ ma lie ya n'otu ebe n'obodo ya dị na Wheta na mpaghara Volta. Ọ dịghịkwa ebe ákwá ma ọ bụ iru uju na olili ozu ya niile dịka uche ya si dị tupu ọnwụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Awoonor cremated|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2013/october-4th/prof-awoonor-cremated.php|work=Daily Graphic|date=4 October 2013|accessdate=4 February 2014|archivedate=19 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819110217/https://www.myjoyonline.com/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Abụ uri === * ''Nchọpụta ọzọ na uri ndị ọzọ'' (Mbari Publications, 1964) <ref name="Republika">{{Cite journal|date=December 1978|title=Biografski dodaci|url=http://dhk.hr/casopis-republika/|language=sh|journal=Republika: Časopis za kulturu i društvena pitanja (Izbor iz novije afričke književnosti)|volume=XXXIV|issue=12|pages=1424–1427|archive-date=2020-10-15|access-date=2024-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015143052/http://dhk.hr/casopis-republika/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Night of My Blood (Doubleday, 1971) - uri na-enyocha mgbọrọgwụ Awoonor, na mmetụta nke ọchịchị mba ọzọ na Africa [1]<ref name="Who What When"/><ref name="Republika" /> * Ride Me, Memory (1973) <ref name=":0"/> * Ụlọ dị n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri (Greenfield Review Press, 1978) * Ruo ụtụtụ mgbe: Abụ ndị a họọrọ, 1963-85 (Greenfield Review Press, 1987) * ''Nkwa nke Olileanya: Abụ ọhụrụ na ahọpụtara, 1964-2013'' (Amalion / University of Nebraska Press, 2014) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201309/113682.php|title=Kofi Awoonor's new book The Promise of Hope: New and selected poems|accessdate=27 September 2013|publisher=Joy Online|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926203404/http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201309/113682.php|archivedate=26 September 2013}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * This Earth, My Brother (Doubleday, 1971) - cross n'etiti akwụkwọ akụkọ na uri<ref name="Who What When"/><ref name="Republika"/> * Ọ na-abịa Voyager n'ikpeazụ: Akụkọ nke Ịlaghachi Africa (Africa World Press, 1992) Iku ume nke ụwa. Nyocha nke Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme, Omenala na Akwụkwọ nke Africa South nke Sahara (Anchor Press, 1975 Ghana Revolution background account from the personal perspective (1984) Ghana. Akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na Pre-European ruo n'oge a * === Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ ma ọ bụ onye ntụgharị === * Ozi: Abụ sitere na Ghana (1971). Eds. Kofi Awoonor & G. Adali-Mortty. * ''Ndị na-eche Okwu Dị Nsọ: Ewe Poetry'' (1974). Trans. Kofi Awoonor === Poems === * Katidral * Nnụnụ na-akpa ákwà * N'ofe ụtụtụ ọhụrụ * Ịkpọ oku * Na gallows otu ugboro * Akwa ákwá * Ọ bụrụ na ọnwụ enweghị m anya mmiri * Abụ nke iru uju * Mbụ okirikiri * Ọnwụ e buru amụma24 == Ịghọta ma kọwaa ọrụ ya == A na-ekwu na Awoonor dere ọtụtụ uri ya dị ka a ga-asị na ọ na-eche ọnwụ nke ya.Mana ọ bụ onye edemede pụrụ iche na nke pụrụ iche, onye na-agba mbọ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ike, iji weta ndị nna nna ya na ọdịbendị ya n'ime uri ya, mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna na-agbaziri okwu site na olumba Ewe.Ịbụ onye siri ike ma na-anụ ọkụ n'obi nke okpukpe ọdịnala pụtara na ọ bụ ụdị ihe ncheta. Karịsịa maka onye gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma, ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe.Mmụta ahụ, ọ bụghị naanị na ọ bụ ihe atụ dị ka onye, kamakwa na ọdịbendị dum na-ata ahụhụ entropy, nwere ike ịpụta site na uri ya n'ụzọ ga-egosi na mbụ na ọ na-ede banyere njedebe ọnwụ ya.E wezụga mkpesa onwe onye na ọdịbendị, Awoonor jikwa akọ katọọ ihe ọ ga-ewere dị ka mmetụta dị njọ nke mmetụta ọdịda anyanwụ (okpukpe, nzukọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nkà ihe ọmụma akụ na ụba) na akụkọ ihe mere eme na akụ na ụba nke ndị Afrịka n'ozuzu. Ọ ga-akatọ ọmarịcha obi ụtọ na-enweghị isi nke ndị Afrịka n'onwe ha nabatara ihe ndị dị otú ahụ, ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ mepụta ihe ọ ga-ewere dị ka mmebi onwe onye nke gafere ọdịdị ọdịbendị. Ọ na-ewu ihe odide ya iji lee ihe ndị a anya site na anya nke ọdịbendị Ewe nke ya. == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Robert Fraser, West African Poetry: A Critical History, Cambridge University Press (1986),   * Kwame Anthony Appiah na Henry Louis Gates (ed), ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience'', Basic Civitas Books (1999), - p. 153. &nbsp; * Lauret E. Savoy, Eldridge M. Moores na Judith E. Moores (ed), ''Bedrock: Ndị edemede na ihe ịtụnanya nke Geology,'' (Trinity University Press, 2006). == Nrụtụaka == Hans m Zell Carol bundy & Virginia coupon eds {{Reflist}} Kofi Awoonor == Njikọ ndị dị n'èzí == * [http://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2013/09/22/senior-ghanaian-citizen-awoonor-killed-in-kenya-gun-attack Akụkọ banyere ọnwụ Kofi Awoonor], 22 Septemba 2013. * [http://theconversation.com/terror-in-kenya-literature-and-laughs-turn-into-pain-and-loss-18501 Paula Kahumbu nke Mahadum Princeton na onye nduzi nke Story Moja Hay Festival na-akọ oge ya na Awoonor na mgbede Fraịdee tupu ọnwụ ya] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071104125546/http://www.nu.ac.za/cca/images/tow/TOW2004/Kofi.htm Nkọwa akụkọ ndụ], Mahadum nke KwaZulu-Natal. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061231125000/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/literari/2006/jun/18/literari-18-06-2006-001.htm Ajụjụ ọnụ], akwụkwọ akụkọ Sun (Nigeria), June 18, 2006. * [https://www.scribd.com/doc/24563558/Songs-of-Sorrow Abụ: Abụ nke iru uju nke Kofi Awoonor dere] * Francis Kwarteng, "A Tribute to Prof. Kofi Awoonor", ''VibeGhana'', 23 Septemba 2013. {{s-start}} {{S-dip}} {{s-bef|before=[[James Victor Gbeho]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Permanent Representative to the United Nations|years=1990–1994}} {{s-aft|after=George Lamptey}} {{s-end}} nzua545p0929h7rshvxr1sl7swbyse1 0 44370 727950 708465 2026-09-25T15:25:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727950 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lalla Assia Essaydi''' ({{lang-ar|للا السيدي}}; born 1956) bu onye na ese foto amara maka ịse foto na steeji onke ụmụ nwanyị Arab na ǹkà di ugbua ọhụrụ ọhụrụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Boston == nmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Essaydi na Marrakech, [[Morocco]] n'afọ otu puku narị itoolu iri ise na isii. Ọ hapụrụ ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Paris mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii. Ọ lụrụ di mgbe ọ laghachiri Moroko wee kwaga [[Saudi Arabia]] ebe ọ mụrụ ụmụ abụọ ma gbaa alụkwaghịm. Essaydi laghachiri Paris na mbido afọ otu puku narị itoolu na iri itoolu iji gaa École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=DeNeen|title=Challenging the fantasies of the harem|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/exhibits/lalla-essaydi-revisions,1222308.html|work=Washington Post|date=May 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155455/http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/exhibits/lalla-essaydi-revisions,1222308.html|archive-date=April 2, 2015|access-date=May 12, 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ kwagara Boston na otu puku narị itoolu iri itoolu na isii wee nweta BFA ya na Mahadum Tufts na 1999 na MFA ya na eserese na foto site na uloakwukwo nke ngosi nka nke eserese na afo puku abụọ na atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lalla Essaydi|url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/feminist_art_base/gallery/lalla_essaydi.php|work=brooklynmuseum.org|publisher=Brooklyn Museum|accessdate=21 February 2015|archivedate=23 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623005409/http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/feminist_art_base/gallery/lalla_essaydi.php}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'ịbụ onye ahụmahụ ya na-etolite na Morocco na Saudi Arabia metụtara, Essaydi na-enyocha ụzọ e si ede okike na ike na ahụ ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na oghere ha bi. O kwuru na ọrụ ya bụ akụkọ ndụ onwe onye <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2012|title=Lalla Essaydi on Boston's art scene|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2012/05/19/lalla-essaydi-boston-art-scene/sB70S18GJaAF9bfcFK44qI/story.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726003500/https://www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2012/05/19/lalla-essaydi-boston-art-scene/sB70S18GJaAF9bfcFK44qI/story.html|archivedate=26 July 2012|accessdate=9 March 2015|work=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> nakwa na ọdịiche ọ hụrụ na ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na Unaited steeti na Moroko, n'ihe gbasara nnwere onwe na njirimara, kpaliri ya. <ref name="Nassar2012">{{Cite web|url=http://www.berkshirefinearts.com/05-31-2012_lalla-essaydi-recipient-of-smfa-2012-medal-award.htm|title=Lalla Essaydi SMFA 2012 Award Recipient Dispels Orientalists Western Prejudices|work=Berkshire Fine Arts|date=31 May 2012|accessdate=9 March 2015|author=Nassar, Nelida}}</ref> Ọ na-enyocha echiche dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere nsogbu nke diaspora, njirimara, na ebe a tụrụ anya ya site na ụlọ ọrụ ya na Boston.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Art in the Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryarti0000unse_i3y2|editor=Monem|publisher=Black Dog Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-906155-56-8|location=London|series=Artworld|pages=[https://archive.org/details/contemporaryarti0000unse_i3y2/page/78 78]}}</ref> Mmụọ maka ọtụtụ ọrụ ya sitere na nwata ya, n'ebe a na-ahụ anya ebe e zigara ya, dị ka nwa agbọghọ, mgbe ọ nupụrụ isi. Ọ gbapụrụ n'èzí oghere omume a na-ekwe ka ọ bụrụ, dịka omenala Morokan si kọwaa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Waterhouse|first=Ray|date=2009|title=Lalla Essaydi: An Interview|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/422813/summary|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|language=en|volume=24|issue=1|pages=144–149|doi=10.1215/10757163-24-1-144|issn=2152-7792}}</ref> Essaydi kwuru na oghere ndị ọ bi na ya dị ka nwatakịrị ga-enye ọrụ ya nsogbu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=DeNeen|date=2012-05-05|title=Artist Lalla Essaydi challenges stereotypes of women in Islamic cultures|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/artist-lalla-essaydi-challenges-stereotypes-of-women-in-islamic-cultures/2012/05/03/gIQA04oY1T_story.html|accessdate=2021-05-05}}</ref> Ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ọrụ ya (gụnyere Ogbe na-agbakọta) jikọtara henna, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe ịchọ mma aka na ụkwụ nke ndị na-alụ nwanyị ọhụrụ, na kalligraphi Arabik, omume nwoke.<ref name="Errazzouki2012" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-eji henna tinye kalligraphi n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ya, okwu ndị ahụ enweghị ike ịghọta na mgbalị ịjụ ikike na ihe ọ pụtara.[1]<ref name="Errazzouki2012">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/5569/artistic-depictions-of-arab-women_an-interview-wit|title=Artistic Depictions of Arab Women: An Interview with Artist Lalla Essaydi|work=Jadaliyya|date=16 May 2012|accessdate=9 March 2015|author=Errazzouki, Samia}}</ref> A na-anọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị ndị e gosipụtara na ihe ngosi foto ya, Les Femmes du Maroc, dị ka ihe ịchọ mma ma bụrụ ndị nkà nke henna.<ref name="Essaydi 2005 26–29">{{Cite book|title=Converging Territories|author=Essaydi|first=Lalla|publisher=PowerHouse Books|year=2005|isbn=9781576872567|location=New York|pages=26–29}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị otú a, Essaydi na-etinye isiokwu ya n'ụzọ na-egosipụta echiche ọha na eze banyere ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị a kara aka maka ịma mma. Otú ọ dị, Henna bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ukwuu, karịsịa maka ụmụ nwanyị Moroko. Ọ bụ njikọ na ememe ezinụlọ nke nwa agbọghọ na-eru n'oge uto ma na-agbanwe ghọọ nwanyị tozuru etozu. Ojiji nke henna n'ọrụ ya na-emepụta ọnọdụ dị jụụ nke ụmụ nwanyị "na-ekwu okwu" na ibe ha site na àgwà nke ịbụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ usoro ihe osise ebe ụmụ nwanyị a na-akụda mmụọ ịrụ ọrụ n'èzí ụlọ na-achọta ọrụ bara uru n'itinye ihe yiri egbugbu.[1] E wezụga ịmepụta ihe ndị dị ike na-agba gburugburu nka nke henna, Essaydi gụnyere nkọwa nke ihe ọdịnala Morokan, gụnyere akwa akwa na-achọ ahụ ụmụ nwanyị mma, mosaic, tiles, na ihe owuwu alakuba.<ref name="Rocca 2014">{{Cite journal|title=In Search of Beauty in Space: Interview with Lalla Essaydi|author=Rocca|first=Anna|journal=Dalhousie French Studies|volume=103|date=Fall 2014|issue=Women from the Maghreb: Looking Back and Moving Forward|pages=119–127|language=en}}</ref> === ''Ógbè Ndị Na-agbakọta'' === Malite na mbido afọ puku abụọ, usoro foto nke Essaydi bụ mgbakọ ogbe na-ejide ụmụ nwanyị yi uwe ọcha, kpuchie ya na kalligraphi Arabik nke e ji henna dee, nke dị n'ime oghere ụlọ ọdịnala Morokan. Dị ka a na-akụziri ụmụ nwoke calligraphy nke Islam, Essaydi, onye na-akụzikwara onwe ya calligrapher, gosipụtara ederede a na isiokwu ya iji nabata ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị nke ihe nketa ọdịbendị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Art Through Time: A Global View|url=https://www.learner.org/series/art-through-time-a-global-view/conflict-and-resistance/converging-territories-30/|accessdate=24 May 2023|work=Annenberg Learner}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ndị e gosipụtara bụ ụdị dị iche iche nke nguzogide, na-enye ụmụ nwanyị e gosipụtara ohere ịsị na oghere ndị ahụ bụ nke ha ma degharịa akụkọ nke ahụmịhe ha. Usoro nke Essaydi na-etinye n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-agụnye ọtụtụ awa nke iji aka na-ese ihe osise henna na ihe ndị ọ na-ese na gburugburu ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Essayai|first=Lalla A.|date=March 1, 2013|title=Disrupting the Odalisque|url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/blog/once-over/disrupting-odalisque-exchange-between-emily-johnson-lalla-essaydi|journal=[[World Literature Today]]|pages=62–67}}</ref> Ihe oyiyi ndị a na-enweta na "Mbakọ Ogbe" bụ nkatọ nke usoro ndị nna ochie mgbe ha na-eme emume ike na ntachi obi nke ụmụ nwanyị Arab.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lalla Essaydi: Converging Territories, January 6 - February 25, 2006|url=https://www.jacksonfineart.com/exhibitions/128-lalla-essaydi-converging-territories/|accessdate=2023-05-24|work=Jackson Fine Art|language=en}}</ref> E gosipụtara Ogbe ni na-agbakọta na New Britain Ebe ngosi nka, nka Amerika, Joel Soroka Galari, == Ihe ngoari == E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Nationaaris Eve ngosi nka Colombus<ref>{{Cite web|author=Cheers|first=Imani M.|date=May 9, 2012|title=Q&A: Lalla Essaydi Challenges Muslim, Gender Stereotypes at Museum of African Art|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/art/revisions/|publisher=PBS NewsHour}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lalla Essaydi Revisions: Introduction|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/revisions/index.html|accessdate=2023-05-31|work=National Museum of African Art}}</ref> N'afọ puku abụọlariri ise, Ebe ngosi nka Sariiego guzobere ihe ngosi ahụ, Lalla Essaydi: eserese foto . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Chute, James|date=1 July 2015|title=Making eye contact|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2015/jul/01/san-diego-museum-of-art-lalla-essaydi/|work=The San Diego Union Tribune|accessdate=3 February 2016|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200055/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2015/jul/01/san-diego-museum-of-art-lalla-essaydi/}}</ref> E gosipụtara ọrụ Essaydi na ngosi puku abụọ na iri asaa, ntụgharị, na National Museum of Women in the Arts, na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=July 25, 2017|title=Returning the Gaze: Lalla Essaydi|url=https://nmwa.org/blog/nmwa-exhibitions/returning-the-gaze-lalla-essaydi/|accessdate=March 25, 2023|work=National Museum of Women in the Arts}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == A na-anọchite anya ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta, gụnyere institut nka nke Chikago; <ref>{{Cite web|date=1956|title=Lalla Assia Essaydi|url=https://www.artic.edu/artists/102392/lalla-assia-essaydi|accessdate=2023-05-31|work=The Art Institute of Chicago|language=en}}</ref> Ebe ngosi nka mba ise; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sammlung Südwestasien und Nordafrika|url=https://www.museum-fuenf-kontinente.de/forschung/sammlung-s%C3%BCdwestasien-und-nordafrika/|accessdate=2023-05-31|work=Museum Fünf Kontinente|language=de}}</ref> Ebe ngosi nka San Diego; Ebe ngosi nka eserese Cornell, <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Alfond Collection of Contemporary Art at Rollins College|url=http://www.rollins.edu/cornell-fine-arts-museum/collection/alfond-collection.html|accessdate=March 9, 2015|archivedate=March 18, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318162315/http://www.rollins.edu/cornell-fine-arts-museum/collection/alfond-collection.html}}</ref> Winter Park, Ebe ngosi nka Florida Fries na Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Ebe ngosi nka eserese, Boston; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Converging Territories #29|url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/469927/converging-territories-29|work=MFA Boston}}</ref> Mba ébé ngosi nka nke ụmụ nwanyị nọ na nka; [3] na Williams Koleji ebe ngosi nka nke n == Onyinye == A kpọrọ ya aha dị ka # 18 na Charchub's "Ndị elu iri abụo dị ugbua etiti ọwụwa anyanwụ ndị na ese ihe afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ ruo puku abụọ na iri anọ".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ehsani|first=Ehsan|title=Middle Eastern Titans: Top 20 Contemporary Middle Eastern Artists in 2012-2014|url=http://www.charchub.com/titans/|work=Charchub|accessdate=7 February 2015|archivedate=31 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531041958/http://www.charchub.com/titans}}</ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na iri abụo, ọ natara ihe nrite nrite site na Ụlọ akwụkwọ ngosi nka ne eserese, na Boston.<ref name="Nassar2012"/> == Ebe mụ si dee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Authority control (arts)}}njikọta ikike [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5nmuvhe6ls94goz15s31wph24e525h5 0 44716 728104 168812 2026-09-26T05:53:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728104 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Nambaryn_Enkhbayar_2004_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Nambaryn Enkhbayar n'afọ 2004]] [[Usòrò:Bush_Enkhbayar_MCA.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Nambaryn Enkhbayar na Onye isi ala US George W. Bush na-abịanye aka na Nkwekọrịta MCC n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2007.]] Nambaryn Enkhbayar (Mongolian: Наmbaryn Эnhbayar; amuru 1 June 1958) bu onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Mongolian. Ọ jere ozi dị ka Prime Minister nke Mongolia site na 2000 ruo 2004, dị ka onyeisi oche nke State Great Khural site n'afọ 2004 ruo 2005, na dị ka President nke Mongolia site 2005 ruo 2009. Ọ bụ onye mbụ jisiri ike niile nke atọ kacha elu n'ọkwa na ọchịchị Mongolian. Ọ bụ onye isi oche Mongolian People's Party site na 1997 ruo 2005 na onye isi Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party site na 2010 ruo 2021. Ọkpara ya, Batshugar Enkhbayar bụ onye otu State Great Khural sitere na Mongolian People's Party. N'ihi nrụrụ aka nrụrụ aka ya a na-ewere ya dị ka nna nna nke nrụrụ aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Mongolian site na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze..<ref>{{Cite web|author=Edwards|first=Terrence|title="Авлигын загалмайлсан эцэг" Монголын улс төрд эргэн ирэх гэж байна|url=https://www.assa.mn/a/20002|work=assa.mn|publisher=Business New Europe|accessdate=13 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ганц Н.Энхбаяр авлигын загалмайлсан эцэг биш!|url=https://news.mn/r/2240485/|work=news.mn|publisher=Г. Хорол|accessdate=21 December 2019}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Nambaryn Enkhbayar na 1 June 1958 na Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'afọ 1975, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na akwụkwọ na asụsụ site na Maxim Gorky Literature Institute na Moscow, Russia n'afọ 1980. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na asụsụ Bekee na Mahadum Leeds na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] na 1985-1986.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mongol.undesten.mn/wiki/show/name/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%80+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD|title=Enkhbayar, Nambaryn|publisher=Undestnii tsahim ov akademi(National Digital Heritage Academy) (in Mongolian)|accessdate=30 June 2013|archivedate=6 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706211938/http://mongol.undesten.mn/wiki/show/name/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%80+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/participants/nambaryn-enkhbayar|title=Nambaryn Enkhbayar, President of Mongolia|publisher=[[Columbia University]] World Leaders Forum|date=24 October 2007|accessdate=22 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221164624/http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/participants/nambaryn-enkhbayar|archivedate=21 December 2012}}</ref> Dị ka nwa okorobịa, ọ sụgharịrị ọrụ nke onye Mongolian na-ede uri Mend-Ooyo Gombojav n'asụsụ Bekee.<ref>Morrow, Peter. ''My Mongolia'', p. 299</ref> Enkhbayar ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke Association of Mongolian Writers na 1990. Ọ lụrụ Onongiin Tsolmon kemgbe 1987 ma ha nwere ụmụ anọ.<ref name="Notable">{{Cite web|title=Nambaryn Enkhbayar|url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2007-Co-Lh/Enkhbayar-Nambaryn.html|accessdate=30 June 2013|publisher=notablebiographies.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2007-Co-Lh/Enkhbayar-Nambaryn.html "Nambaryn Enkhbayar"]. notablebiographies.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ iwu == N'afọ 1992, dịka onye otu Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) a họpụtara Enkhbayar ka ọ bụrụ onye otu State Great Khural (Mongolian Parliament). Mongolia vootu iji chekwaa onye bụbu MPRP nke ndị Kọmunist n'oge mbụ ọ banyere na ntuli aka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, a họpụtakwara Enkhbayar ka ọ bụrụ Minista Ọdịbendị nke mba ahụ. Ọ nọ n'ọkwa ahụ ruo n'afọ 1996, mgbe ndị Democratic Party chụpụrụ MPRP na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu n'afọ ahụ. N'afọ 1996, Enkhbayar ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke MPRP ma duzie otu ndị mmegide MPRP na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu. N'afọ 1997, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi oche nke MPRP.<ref name="lenta">{{Cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/lib/14189978/|title=Nambaryn Enkhbayar, former President of Mongolia|publisher=lenta.ru (in Russian)|accessdate=30 June 2013}}</ref> == Praịm Minista == N'afọ 1999, otu n'ime ihe ọjọọ zud ya dakwasịrị mba ahụ, mgbe ụkọ mmiri ozuzo n'oge okpomọkụ na ihu igwe oyi kpatara oke ụkọ nri na ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ puku anụ ụlọ. Gọọmentị meghachiri omume nke ọma na ọdachi ahụ ma MPRP nwetara nkwado a na-atụghị anya ya site na ọdachi ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fex.ennonline.net/20/famine.aspx|author=Siurua and Swift|first=H. and J.|title=Famine Avoided Despite Drought and 'Zud' in Mongolia|publisher=ENN|year=2002|accessdate=30 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223917/http://fex.ennonline.net/20/famine.aspx|archivedate=2 December 2013}}</ref> N'afọ 2000, MPRP meriri 72 n'ime oche 76 na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2219_00.htm|title=Parliamentary Chamber: Ulsyn Ikh Khural. Elections held in 2000|publisher=ipu.org|accessdate=30 June 2013}}</ref> Site na MPRP na-achịkwa ndị omeiwu, Enkhbayar ghọrọ praịm minista mba ahụ. Ọ malitere nnukwu ọrụ Millennium Road iji jikọta ókèala Mongolia site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name="Notable"/> N'oge Enkhbayar dị ka praịm minista, o nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'iwepụ ụgwọ Mongolia ji onye bụbu Soviet Union; nke a bụ oge mbụ kemgbe afọ 1920 na Mongolia akwụghị ụgwọ onye agbata obi ya dị n'ebe ugwu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mongolia: A Guide to Economic and Political Developments|author=Jeffries|first=Ian|pages=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcgQ9nX0H3gC&q=debt+forgiveness+mongolia+russia&pg=PA66|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|accessdate=30 June 2013|isbn=9780203962039}}</ref> Ụgwọ ahụ bụ arụmụka n'ihi na Mongolia bụ onye na-eweta ihe onwunwe na Soviet Union na-eme ka ihe onwunwa ahụ bụrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'efu maka USSR mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mongolia in the Twentieth Century: Landlocked Cosmopolitan|author=Kotkin and Elleman|first=Stephen and Bruce A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPMUm0idWw8C&q=mongolia+raw+material+supply+to+soviet+union&pg=PA282|publisher=M.E.Sharpe Inc.|year=1999|accessdate=30 June 2013|isbn=9780765605351}}</ref> Ikpughe mba ụwa nke nnukwu akụ na ụba nke Mongolia mere ka akụ na ụba nwee 10% ezigbo uto GDP na 2004. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mongolia Country Report|url=http://www.gfmag.com/gdp-data-country-reports/218-mongolia-gdp-country-report.html#axzz1tFHOdQQ4|publisher=Global Finance|accessdate=30 June 2013|archivedate=27 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327084036/http://www.gfmag.com/gdp-data-country-reports/218-mongolia-gdp-country-report.html#axzz1tFHOdQQ4}}</ref> == Onye isi oche nke ụlọ omebe iwu == N'afọ 2004, MPRP meriri Motherland Democratic Coalition - njikọ nke Democratic Party na Motherland Party. N'ihi nsonaazụ ntuli aka ebe ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla n'ime njikọ aka na MPRP ghọrọ ihe ka ukwuu iji jide gọọmentị, e guzobere nnukwu njikọ aka gọọmentị ma Enkhbayar ghọrọ Onye isi oche nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu ma jee ozi na ọkwa a na 2004-2005.<ref name="Notable"/> O meriri na Ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2005 wee bụrụ onye isi ala Mongolia. Ọ nabatara Onye isi ala US George W. Bush bụ onye gara nleta na Mongolia. Ọ bụ nleta mbụ nke onye isi ala US na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200511/21/eng20051121_222937.html|title=US President Bush visits Mongolia|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|date=21 November 2005|accessdate=30 June 2013}}</ref> Mongolia natara enyemaka US $ 285 nde site na United States 'Millennium Challenge Compact (MCC) nke Onye isi ala United States George W. Bush bịanyere aka na Enkhbayar na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bush and President Enkhbayar of Mongolia Sign the Millennium Challenge Corporation Compact|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071022-3.html|publisher=whitehouse.gov|date=22 October 2007|accessdate=30 June 2013}}</ref> Na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke Mongolia nke afọ 2009, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj nke Democratic Party meriri onye isi ala Enkhbayar. Elbegdorj meriri 51.21% nke ngụkọta vootu ebe Enkhbayar nwetara 47.41% . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mongolia Profile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15460528|publisher=BBC|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=5 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Enkhbayar, Roland-Holst, Sugiyarto|first=Shagdar, David and Guntur|url=http://are.berkeley.edu/~dwrh/Docs/WP_Mongolia_Resources100920.pdf|title=Mongolia's investment priorities from a national development perspective|publisher=berkeley.edu|date=September 2010|pages=9|accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị otú a, Enkhbayar ghọrọ onye isi ala Mongolia mbụ a na-emeri ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Enkhbayar, Nambaryn|url=http://pronounce.voanews.com/modal.phrasedetail.php?id=2696|publisher=voanews.com|accessdate=30 June 2013}}</ref> == Ntọala ọhụrụ nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'afọ 2010, Enkhbayar guzobere otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma kpọọ ya Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. Òtù ahụ natara nkwado iji aha mbụ nke Mongolian People's Party site n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mongolia na 26 June 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.supremecourt.mn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=825:2011-10-19-04-03-19&catid=36:2010-11-17-01-56-38&Itemid=64 |title=Supreme Court of Mongolia |accessdate=2024-05-17 |archivedate=2021-11-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128124735/http://www.supremecourt.mn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=825:2011-10-19-04-03-19&catid=36:2010-11-17-01-56-38&Itemid=64 }}</ref> Enkhbayar ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke pati ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-mongolia.com/mongolia/tag/n-enkhbayar-chairman-of-new-mprp/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212659/http://www.business-mongolia.com/mongolia/tag/n-enkhbayar-chairman-of-new-mprp/|archivedate=4 October 2013|publisher=Business-Mongolia.com|accessdate=30 June 2013|title=Former MPRP is reborn and former President named chairman|date=2 February 2011}}</ref> == A mara ya ikpe maka nrụrụ aka == Ndị Independent Authority Against Corruption (IAAC) jidere Enkhbayar n'isi ụtụtụ nke 13 Eprel 2012. IAAC kwuru na ha jidere Enkhbayar maka ịjụ ajụjụ n'okwu gbasara iri ngo nke metụtara nnwere onwe iwu na-akwadoghị nke ụlọ nkwari akụ gọọmentị n'ihi na ọ bịaghị maka ajụjụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/04/13/mongolian-ex-president-seized-over-corruption/#ixzz2XfaafeG6|publisher=Foxnews.com|accessdate=30 June 2013|title=Mongolian ex-president seized over corruption|date=13 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416050035/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/04/13/mongolian-ex-president-seized-over-corruption/#ixzz2XfaafeG6|archive-date=16 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ihe karịrị otu puku ndị otu Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party na ndị na-akwado Enkhbayar sonyere na ngagharị iwe a haziri nke Mongolian People-s Revolutionary party na-achọ ka a tọhapụ Enkhbayir n'otu ụbọchị e jidere ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tang|first=Danlu|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-04/13/c_131525633.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208195910/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-04/13/c_131525633.htm|archivedate=8 December 2013|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|accessdate=30 June 2013|title=Mongolian party stages protest against former president's arrest|date=13 April 2012}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2012, Enkhbayar kwupụtara ọgbaghara agụụ na-achọ ka a tọhapụ ya.<ref name="infomongolia" /> Ọ belatara ihe dị ka kilogram 12 n'ime ụbọchị 16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.24tsag.mn/content/11703.shtml|publisher=24tsag.mn (in Mongolian)|accessdate=30 June 2013|title=N.Enkhbayar lost 16 kg in 12 days|date=15 May 2012}}</ref> Amnesty International wepụtara nkwupụta na-achọ ka ndị ọchịchị Mongolia kwanyere ikike mmadụ nke Enkhbayar ùgwù kwekọrọ na ụkpụrụ mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.mn/en/aim-news/amnesty-international-public-statement|publisher=Amnesty International Mongolia|accessdate=30 June 2013|title=Mongolian authorities must respect the human rights of former Mongolian president following his arrest|archivedate=12 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612202744/http://www.amnesty.mn/en/aim-news/amnesty-international-public-statement}}</ref> Odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations Ban Ki-moon kpọrọ Onye isi ala Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj na ekwentị na-ekwupụta nchegbu maka ahụike Enkhbayar.[2] A tọhapụrụ Enkhbayar na mgbapụta na 14 Mee 2012. [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] Senator Dianne Feinstein kwupụtara US Senate obi ụtọ ya maka ntọhapụ Enkhbayar na mgbapụta ma kwuo "N'ihi ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ọ bụla, usoro kwesịrị ekwesị na ọchịchị iwu dị mkpa. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ContentRecord_id=c5da8450-7c23-4002-844f-03e7dae8146c|publisher=feinstein.senate.gov|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=14 May 2012|author=Feinstein|first=Dianne|title=Feinstein Statement on Former Mongolian President Enkhbayar|archivedate=13 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113005206/http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ContentRecord_id=c5da8450-7c23-4002-844f-03e7dae8146c}}</ref> Na 8 June 2012, General Elections Committee (GEC) jụrụ idebanye aha Enkhbayar dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa maka ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke afọ 2012 na ndepụta nke MPRP edepụtara dị ka onye mbụ. O kwuru na akwụkwọ gọọmentị zitere site n'Ọfịs Prosecutor na Ụlọikpe Mpaghara Sukhbaatar nke Ulaanbaatar chọrọ ka a jụ arịrịọ Enkhbayar ka ọ na-echere ikpe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/06/08/mongolia-ex-president-nixed-from-upcoming-election|publisher=foxnews.com|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=8 June 2012|title=Mongolia ex-president nixed from upcoming election}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Enkhbayar na ndị ọka iwu ya na-ekwu na onye isi ala nọ n'ọkwa, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, onye malitere ọrụ na 2009, mepụtara ikpe nrụrụ aka iji gbochie ya ịzọ ọkwa na ntuli aka na-abịanụ. Ha na-ekwu na ụlọ ikpe ahụ nyere ha oge ezughi oke iji nyochaa ihe akaebe ndị ọkàiwu na nkwupụta ndị akaebe. Ọjụjụ ndị isi ntuli aka jụrụ Enkhbayar na 6 June, ha na-ekwu, na-emebi ikike iwu ya ka a ghara iwere ya dị ka onye aka ya dị ọcha ruo mgbe a chọpụtara na ikpe mara ya. Dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ikpe na-enweghị onwe ya na US si kwuo, ebubo ise e boro Enkhbayar yiri ka ọ karịrị akarị na enweghị ihe akaebe. Otu na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-eji ngwá ọrụ TV nke e bu n'obi maka ebe obibi ndị mọnk Buddha. Onye ọzọ na-ebo ebubo na o zigara akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya asatọ na South Korea n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/27/mongolia-new-wealth-rising-corruption|accessdate=22 November 2015|date=27 June 2012|title=Mongolia's new wealth and rising corruption is tearing the nation apart|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref> N'abalị abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2012, mgbe ikpe ikpe ụbọchị atọ gasịrị, ụlọ ikpe Sukhbaatar mara Enkhbayar ikpe nrụrụ aka ma maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ asaa, atọ n'ime ha ka a gbaghara ma nye ya afọ anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma kwụọ ya ihe karịrị ijeri MNT 1.7 maka iji ihe onwunwe steeti na ike gọọmentị mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19107293|publisher=BBC|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=3 August 2012|title=Mongolia ex-leader Nambar Enkhbayar jailed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infomongolia.com/ct/ci/4674|publisher=infomongolia.com|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=3 August 2012|title=Former President of Mongolia N.Enkhbayar is sentenced to 4 years of imprisonment}}</ref> Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mongolia - ụlọ ikpe kachasị elu na Mongolia belatara ikpe Enkhbayar ruo afọ abụọ na ọkara n'enweghị ụgwọ.<ref name="news.mn">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news.mn/content/143291.shtml|title=Enkhbayar's request to be freed from conviction returned|publisher=news.mn (in Mongolian)|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=7 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515200614/http://www.news.mn/content/143291.shtml|archivedate=15 May 2013}}</ref> Na 1 Ọgọst 2013, Onye isi ala Mongolia Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj nyere iwu ịgbaghara Enkhbayar wee hapụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ndị ọzọ ga-amalite n'ụbọchị iwu ahụ..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.president.mn/mongolian/node/3487|publisher=Office of the President of Mongolia|accessdate=1 August 2013|title=N.Enkhbayar pardoned (in Mongolian)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=J.|first=Erkhes|url=http://www.news.mn/content/152555.shtml|publisher=news.mn|accessdate=1 August 2013|title=N.Enkhbayar released from rest of his jail term(in Mongolian)|archivedate=4 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804090029/http://www.news.mn/content/152555.shtml}}</ref> == Egwuregwu == Enkhbayar rịgoro elu ugwu kachasị elu na Mongolia, Khüiten Peak, ya na ndị na-agba ugwu nke Mongolian Mountaineering Federation na Nepal Mountaineering Association na 23 June 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Karki|first=Niraj|url=http://ecs.com.np/feature_detail.php?f_id=500|publisher=ECS Nepal|date=October 2011|accessdate=30 June 2013|title=From Mt. Everest to Mt. Khuiten|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306165548/http://www.ecs.com.np/feature_detail.php?f_id=500|archivedate=6 March 2012}}</ref> == Okpukpe == Enkhbayar bụ onye na-eso ụzọ Okpukpe Buddha nke Tibet. Ọ sụgharịrị ọtụtụ ederede Buddha n'asụsụ Mongolian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=9,6649,0,0,1,0|publisher=buddhistchannel.tv|date=17 June 2008|accessdate=30 June 2013|title=Mongolian President Enkhbayar's Spiritual Outlook}}</ref> == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 66ylvgsdt2f7tmqly1g0rt9jvj21gjs 0 44739 727908 697543 2026-09-25T12:03:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727908 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Dr. Karen Nelson.jpg|thumb|Dr. Karen Nelson.jpg]] '''Karen Nelson''' bụ [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|Onye Amerika]] microbiologist a mụrụ [[Jamaikạ|Ndị Jamaika]] (na-ahụ maka nyocha microbiome mmadụ) onye bụbu onye isi oche nke J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI). <ref name="NASBLS">''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160221193227/http://dels.nas.edu/global/bls/Board-Members Board Members]'' Board on Life Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, retrieved March 27, 2015</ref> Na Julaị 6, 2021 ọ sonyeere Thermo Fisher Scientific dị ka Onye isi ọrụ sayensị . == Agụmakwụkwọ == Nelson gụrụ akara ugo mmụta na Mahadum nke Ọdida Anyanwu Indies wee nweta Ph.D. na Mahadum Cornell . <ref name="ASM">''[http://www.asm.org/?id=2128 J. Craig Venter Institute, Director (Rockville, MD Campus)]'' American Society for Microbiology, retrieved March 27, 2015</ref> == Ọrụ na nyocha == Nelson bụ ọkachamara a ma ama na microbial genomics na metagenomics, yana itinye aka na ahụike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PNAS Member Editor Details|url=https://nrc88.nas.edu/pnas_search/memberDetails.aspx?ctID=20013261|accessdate=2021-02-20|work=nrc88.nas.edu}}</ref> A maara ya maka nyocha ya na ''Thermotoga maritima'' na Institute nke nyocha Genome (TIGR) nke dugara na mbipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nje ahụ, nke gosipụtara ịdị adị nke nnyefe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe okike. <ref>"[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v399/n6734/abs/399323a0.html Evidence for lateral gene transfer between Archaea and Bacteria from genome sequence of Thermotoga maritima]" Nature 399</ref><ref>''[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/karen-e-nelson-phd-named-director-of-j-craig-venter-institute-rockville-md-campus-78679342.html Karen E. Nelson, Ph.D., Named Director of J. Craig Venter Institute Rockville, MD Campus]'' PR Newswire, retrieved December 2, 2014</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160421102221/http://archives.microbeworld.org/scientists/all_profiles/interview4.aspx Karen Nelson - Spelling Out Microbial Genes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421102221/http://archives.microbeworld.org/scientists/all_profiles/interview4.aspx|date=2016-04-21}}'' Microbe World, retrieved March 27, 2015</ref> A makwaara Nelson maka ọrụ ya na nyocha microbiome mmadụ na nyocha ya ugbu a na-elekwasị anya na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microbiome nke mmadụ na ọrịa dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gevers|first=Dirk|date=2012-08-14|title=The Human Microbiome Project: A Community Resource for the Healthy Human Microbiome|journal=PLOS Biology|language=en|volume=10|issue=8|pages=e1001377|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001377|issn=1545-7885|pmid=22904687}}</ref> Ọkachamara ya sara mbara gụnyere mpaghara nke microbial ecology, microbial genomics, microbial physiology na metagenomics, nke mere ka ndị otu ya bipụta nyocha microbiome mbụ nke mmadụ na 2006. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Metagenomic Analysis of the Human Distal Gut Microbiome|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-06-02_312_5778/page/1355|journal=Science|date=2006-06-02|issn=0036-8075|pmid=16741115|pages=1355–1359|volume=312|issue=5778|doi=10.1126/science.1124234|language=en|first=Steven R.|author=Gill}}</ref> A họpụtara Nelson ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke [https://www.jcvi.org/ JCVI] n'afọ 2012 mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke Rockville Campus kemgbe afọ 2010. <ref>''[https://archive.today/20141201112405/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=46433041&privcapId=30997001 Executive Profile Karen E. Nelson Ph.D.]'' Bloomberg Businessweek, retrieved December 1, 2014</ref> Tupu a họpụta ya dịka onye isi ala, o nwere ọtụtụ ọkwa ndị ọzọ na Institute, gụnyere onye nduzi nke JCVI's Ụlọ akwụkwọ Rockville, na onye nduzi Human Microbiology na Metagenomics na Ngalaba Ọgwụ Genomic nke mmadụ na JCVI.<ref name="ASM"/> O dere ma ọ bụ soro dee ihe karịrị akwụkwọ narị abuo ndị ọgbọ nyochara, dezie akwụkwọ atọ, ma bụrụkwa onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Microbial Ecology na PNAS Nexus a mara ọkwa ọhụrụ.<ref name="NRC">''[http://nas-sites.org/biodefense/committe/committee-biographies/ Committee Biographies]'' National Research Council, retrieved March 27, 2015</ref> Scientific American kpọrọ Nelson dị ka otu n'ime "ìhè ndị na-eduga" na biotechnology na 2015 "The Worldview 100." <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Worldview 100 : worldVIEW|url=http://www.saworldview.com/worldview-100/the-worldview-100/|work=www.saworldview.com|accessdate=2016-02-12|archivedate=2015-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703095805/http://www.saworldview.com/worldview-100/the-worldview-100/}}</ref> == Mbadamba na akụkụ == * Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ, ''PNAS Nexus''<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Academy of Sciences launches New Open Access Journal, PNAS Nexus, in Partnership with Oxford University Press; Karen Nelson to Serve as Inaugural Editor-in-Chief|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/pnas-nexus-2021.html|work=National Academy of Sciences|accessdate=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611041953/http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/pnas-nexus-2021.html|archive-date=11 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ, Microbial Ecology <ref name="NRC" /> * Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ, Ọganihu dị na Microbial Ecology [2]<ref name="NRC" /> * Onye otu Editorial Board, ''BMC Genomics'' [2]<ref name="NRC" /> * Onye otu Editorial Board, Giga Science [2]<ref name="NRC" /> * Onye otu Editorial Board, ''Central European Journal nke Biology'' [2]<ref name="NRC" /> * Onye otu Board, Board on Life Sciences, National Academy of Sciences <ref name="NASBLS"/> * Onye otu, Kọmitii Na-adịgide adịgide na Nkwado maka mmemme DoD iji Lụso Egwu Biological ọgụ, National Research Council [2]<ref name="NRC"/> == Òtù ndị ọkachamara == * American Society for Microbiology == Nsọpụrụ na onyinye == * Helmholtz International Fellow Award<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pioneering achievements in sequencing bacterial genomes: Karen Nelson receives Helmholtz International Fellow Award – Helmholtz Zentrum München – Helmholtz Zentrum München|url=https://www.helmholtz-muenchen.de/en/news/latest-news/press-information-news/article/31325/index.html|work=www.helmholtz-muenchen.de|accessdate=2016-02-12|first=Helmholtz Zentrum|author=München}}</ref> * Fellow, American Society for Microbiology <ref name="NRC"/> * ARCS Sayensị nke Afọ (2017) <ref>{{Cite web|title=2017 ARCS Scientist of the Year Dinner &#124; San Diego|url=https://san-diego.arcsfoundation.org/events/upcoming-events/2017-scientist-year-dinner|work=ARCS Foundation|accessdate=3 May 2017}}</ref> * Onye a họpụtara, National Academy of Sciences (2017) <ref>{{Cite web|title=May 2, 2017: NAS Members and Foreign Associates Elected|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/may-2-2017-NAS-Election.html|work=National Academy of Science|accessdate=3 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503160816/http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/may-2-2017-NAS-Election.html|archive-date=3 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ebe m si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f26i3syuxc6jfuxzfudawp0fw5z4vqs 0 44758 728046 166743 2026-09-26T01:15:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728046 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael R. Harrison(amuru ya na may5,1943, na Portland, Oregon). Oruru Ka onye isi na Pediatric surgery n'ulogeu umuaka no na mahadum nke California, San Francisco (UCSF) nke mgbe afo iri abuo, ebe obu uzo ruo ebe ana agwo ndi mmadu na U.S. Ana akpo ya nna fetal surgery. Obu onye nzuki nke surgery nakwa pediatric nakwa onye ndozi gara aga nke UCSF fetal Treatment Center.''' == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Harrison gụsịrị akwụkwọ cum laude na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]] na magna cum laude site na Harvard Medical School. Na mbụ, ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịghọ onye na-agwọ ọrịa dịka nna ya mana kama ọ gụsịrị ọzụzụ ịwa ahụ ya na Massachusetts General Hospital dị na Boston. Mgbe ọ nọ na Boston, ọ nyeere dọkịta na-awa ahụ ụmụaka W. Hardy Hendren, MD aka ka ọ na-edozi n'enweghị ntụpọ ọkpụkpụ a mụrụ n'afọ. N'ụzọ dị mwute, usoro ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na nwatakịrị ahụ nwụrụ. Harrison gara n'ihu gwa Hendren "O doro anya na nwata ahụ nwụrụ ọ bụghị n'ihi na o nwere nsogbu ahụike a [nke oghere dị na diaphragm], kama n'ihi nde akpa ume ya enweghị ohere itolite - naanị ụzọ ọ ga-esi zọpụta nwata ahụ bụ idozi nsogbu ahụ tupu a mụọ ya, ọ tụrụ Hendren n'anya nke ukwuu na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ daa dịka Harrison si kwuo n'ihi "ịghara iche n'ụzọ ahụ". N'ike mmụọ nsọ ya, Harrison gara n" N'ihu mezue ịwa ahụike ụmụaka na Children'ụlọ ọgwụ Los Angeles. Ọ bụ onye nwere asambodo na Surgery, Pediatric Surgery, na Critical Care. Na Jenụwarị 1978, Harrison nabatara ọkwa ngalaba na UCSF. Harrison bụ onye a ma ama maka ọrụ ya na ịwa ahụ nwa e bu n'afọ na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke itinye aka n'afọ. N'afọ 1980, ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na-eme nchọpụta mepụtara usoro maka ịwa ahụ n'ime nwa site na iji ihe nlereanya anụmanụ. Mgbe ahụ na 1981, Harrison mere ịwa ahụ mbụ na-emeghe nwa e bu n'afọ iji dozie ihe mgbochi nke na-adịghị ize ndụ. N'ime afọ 1980 na 90, Harrison na ndị mmekọ ya nọgidere na-azụlite ma na-emeziwanye usoro ntinye aka nwa ọhụrụ iji gwọọ ọtụtụ nkwarụ ọmụmụ na ime ya na ụzọ ndị na-adịchaghị njọ dị ka fetendo na ịwa ahụ na-eduzi foto nwa ọhụrụ. N'ime afọ 1980, Harrison na ndị na-ahụ maka ịmụ nwa, ndị na-akụnwụ ahụ, ndị na'ahụ maka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ndị na na-ahụ Maka sonograph, ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ sambu na ịwa ahụ, ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ụmụ ọhụrụ, ndị nọọsụ, na ndị na'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ omume iji tọọ ntọala maka ihe ga-abụ UCSF Fetal Treatment Center. Otu n'ime ihe ndị dị ịrịba ama n'oge a bụ na mbido afọ 1980 mgbe ọ nụrụ akụkọ banyere ihe mberede ahụike na-adịghị ahụkebe na Beirut International Airport. Dọkịta na-ahụ maka ịmụ nwa a ma ama bụ Dr. Fahim Dagher emeela ịwa ahụ na-emeghe nwa n'ahụ onye ọrịa n'ọnọdụ mberede. N'ịbụ onye akụkọ ahụ mere obi ụtọ, ọ gakwuuru Dr. Dagher maka mmekorita na nyocha ọzọ nke mechara rụchaa ịwa ahụ mbụ a na-emeghe nwa ọhụrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi maka Fetal Treatment Center ruo n'afọ 2008. Ọ na-aga n'ihu na-ekerịta ike okike ya ugbu a dị ka onye nduzi emeritus. Hanmin Lee bụ onye nduzi nke Fetal Treatment Center ugbu a. === UCSF Pediatric Device Consortium === N'afọ 2009, Harrison natara onyinye Pediatric Device Consortia Grant Award site na US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Office of Orphan Products Development.[https://web.archive.org/web/20091012003553/http://www.fda.gov/ForIndustry/DevelopingProductsforRareDiseasesConditions/WhomtoContactaboutOrphanProductDevelopment/ucm184125.htm] UCSF Pediatric Device Consortium ga-ejikọ otu dị iche iche nke ndị dọkịta, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị injinia, na ndị nnọchi anya ụlọ ọrụ ngwaọrụ iji mee ka usoro mmepe nke ngwaọrụ ụmụaka dị mfe. Dị ka onye isi nchọpụta na onye nduzi nke UCSF Pediatric Device Consortium, ebumnuche Harrison bụ ime ka PDC bụrụ ebe a na-eme ihe n'ụzọ doro anya. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hjrym3l2xyc2jkqsr85h8rnv25wczdy 0 45272 727956 704684 2026-09-25T16:01:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|website={{URL|www.findingtheuniverse.com}}}} '''Laurence Norah''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1980) bụ onye Britain / Seychelles na-ese foto na onye na-ede blọgụ.<ref name="TRT World">{{Cite web|author=Hasan|first=Saad|title=Travel bloggers: Nonstop holidays or a "bohemian" business?|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/travel-bloggers-nonstop-holidays-or-a-bohemian-business-339825|work=TRT World|accessdate=10 December 2017|date=21 April 2017|archivedate=5 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905234514/http://www.trtworld.com/magazine/travel-bloggers-nonstop-holidays-or-a-bohemian-business-339825}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHasanTaha2017">Hasan, Saad; Taha, Mohamed (21 April 2017). . ''TRT World''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == <ref name="TRT World"/> A mụrụ Laurence Norah na 1980 site na nne Britain na nna Seychellois. Nne na nna Norah rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ọ nọrọ oge ọ bụ nwata na-ebi n'ebe dị iche iche na UK na Seychelles. Na 2009, ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ya dị ka onye injinia sọftụwia wee ree ọtụtụ ihe ndị a wee gaa njem gburugburu Australia otu afọ na Land Cruiser.[1] Na 2010, ọ malitere blog njem ya, Ịchọta Eluigwe na Ala. N'afọ 2014, ọ zutere nwunye ya ugbu a Jessica Norah na nnọkọ blọọgụ njem na Ịtali.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mezzolani|first=Ruth|title=A true love story ... Made in Marche!|url=https://www.destinazionemarche.it/una-vera-storia-damore-made-in-marche/|work=Destinazione Marche|accessdate=10 December 2017|archivedate=5 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905223049/http://www.destinazionemarche.it/una-vera-storia-damore-made-in-marche/}}</ref> Ha abụọ lụrụ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2015 n'ụgbọ mmiri Queen Mary 2 na njem gafere Atlantic, n'etiti United States (obodo ya) na UK. <ref name="Brides">{{Cite web|author=Tigar|first=Lindsay|title=7 elopement stories that go beyond the courthouse|url=https://www.brides.com/story/elopement-stories-that-go-beyond-the-courthouse|work=Brides|accessdate=2024-05-24|archivedate=2024-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524011403/https://www.brides.com/story/elopement-stories-that-go-beyond-the-courthouse}}</ref> Norah na nwunye ya bi ugbu a na nso Edinburgh, Scotland.<ref name="Irish Independent">{{Cite news|author=Donnelly|first=Ellie|title=A lot of work goes behind that one Instagram photo' – 'Finding the Universe' blogging couple share their top tips|url=https://www.independent.ie/business/small-business/your-stories/a-lot-of-work-goes-behind-that-one-instagram-photo-finding-the-universe-blogging-couple-share-their-top-tips-36202569.html|accessdate=10 December 2017|date=7 October 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDonnelly2017">Donnelly, Ellie (7 October 2017). [https://www.independent.ie/business/small-business/your-stories/a-lot-of-work-goes-behind-that-one-instagram-photo-finding-the-universe-blogging-couple-share-their-top-tips-36202569.html "A lot of work goes behind that one Instagram photo' – 'Finding the Universe' blogging couple share their top tips"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == === Foto === Foto njem Norah apụtala n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gụnyere National Geographic, ''BBC'', Fox News, na Brides. <ref name="BBC news">{{Cite news|title=Tourism body reveals its top pictures on social media|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-37870995|accessdate=9 December 2017|publisher=BBC News|date=4 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Nat Geo">{{Cite web|title=Photo of the Day|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-day/2016/8/santa-cruz-arch/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816225605/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-day/2016/8/santa-cruz-arch/|archivedate=16 August 2016|work=National Geographic|accessdate=9 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="FOX news">{{Cite news|author=Gifford|first=Erin|title=7 sweet rides for the ultimate summer road trip|url=http://www.foxnews.com/travel/2016/06/24/7-sweet-rides-for-ultimate-summer-road-trip.html|accessdate=9 December 2017|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225202636/http://www.foxnews.com/travel/2016/06/24/7-sweet-rides-for-ultimate-summer-road-trip.html|archive-date=25 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="USA TODAY">{{Cite web|title=Top Travel Photography Bloggers Exposed in New Readers' Choice Poll|url=http://www.10best.com/awards/new-media-awards/best-travel-photography-bloggers/|work=USA Today|accessdate=9 December 2017|archivedate=22 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222151544/http://www.10best.com/awards/new-media-awards/best-travel-photography-bloggers/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''USA Today''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=SATW Bill Muster Photo Competition|url=https://portal.satw.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=4301|work=SATW|accessdate=24 March 2019}}</ref> <ref name="USA TODAY"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifteenth Annual Weblog Awards – Best Photography of a Weblog|url=http://2015.bloggi.es/#photography|work=The Weblog Awards|accessdate=10 December 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=SXSWorld March 2015 – Music flipbook magazine|date=March 2015|publisher=South by Southwest}}</ref>Norah emeriela ihe nrite maka foto ya, gụnyere Bronze n'ụdị nke SATW Bill Muster Photo Competition na 2019, na-akpọ ya dị ka onye nke asatọ kacha mma Foto Blogger na ntuli aka n'ịntanetị nke 2014 USA Taa, wee merie Bloggy maka foto kacha mma na weblog. na 2015.[1][2][3] Ọ bụ ọkachamara na njem njem na foto odida obodo, mana ọ gbakwara ogbako njem na mmemme dịka South site Southwest music festival. === Ịchụ blọgụ === NNorah malitere njem njem ya na blọgụ foto, Ịchọta Eluigwe na Ala, na 2010. Taa, ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ma Ịchọta Eluigwe na Ala na Independent Travel Cats (otu di na nwunye njem blọgụ tọrọ ntọala nwunye ya na 2013) na nwunye ya Jessica. O nwere nnukwu mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na-eso, ọkachasị na Instagram na Facebook ebe Ichọta Eluigwe na Ala Facebook fan page nwere ihe karịrị otu nde ndị na-eso ụzọ..<ref name="Irish Independent"/><ref name="TRT World"/> Laurence Norah jere ozi dị ka onye otu ndị otu Professional Travel Blogging Association (PTBA) ruo afọ 4, na-eje ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru site na 2015 ruo 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PTBA Board Members|url=http://travelbloggersassociation.com/ptba-board-members/|work=Professional Travel Bloggers Association|accessdate=9 December 2017|archivedate=11 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311201023/http://travelbloggersassociation.com/ptba-board-members/}}</ref> === Ọdịdị === Norah bụ ọkà okwu na mmemme njem na nzukọ banyere ịde blọgụ njem na foto njem, ma kwuo okwu na nzukọ ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=TBEX Speaker Laurence Norah|url=http://tbexcon.com/2017-europe/speakers/laurence-norah/|work=TBEX Events|publisher=TBEX|accessdate=9 December 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=TravelCon 2018 Schedule|url=https://travelcon.org/schedule/|work=TravelCon|publisher=TBEX|accessdate=17 October 2018|archivedate=30 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830132224/https://travelcon.org/schedule/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Inside ATM 2014|url=https://issuu.com/ltmpublications/docs/webready_atm2|publisher=Arabian Travel Market|accessdate=9 December 2017|archivedate=21 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521203611/http://issuu.com/ltmpublications/docs/webready_atm2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Much-awaited tourism event: Travel Blogger Destination Italy|url=https://www.eturbonews.com/76024/much-awaited-tourism-event-travel-blogger-destination-italy|work=eturbonews|accessdate=9 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=INFLOW Travel Summit'17 Istanbul & Antalya|url=https://inflownetwork.com/inflow-istanbul17/|work=INFLOW Network|accessdate=1 June 2021}}</ref> Laurence na nwunye ya apụtakwala na vidiyo ịntanetị, na TV, redio, na pọdkastị, gụnyere ihe omume nke House Hunters International, mgbasa ozi vidiyo n'ịntanetị, na ihe ngosi redio maka 98.8 Castle FM. <ref>{{Cite web|title=On the Road to Edinburgh, Scotland – Season 100, Episode 3|url=http://www.hgtv.com/shows/house-hunters-international/episodes/on-the-road-to-edinburgh-scotland|work=House Hunters International Episodes|publisher=HGTV|accessdate=9 December 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vanguard: Travel Blogger Laurence Norah with VEO 2|url=https://vimeo.com/225575776|publisher=Vanguard USA|accessdate=9 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Christensen|first=Chris|title=Travel to the Dordogne Region of France â€" Episode 522|url=http://europe.amateurtraveler.com/travel-to-the-dordogne-region-of-france-episode-522/|work=Amateur Traveler|accessdate=9 December 2017}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.findingtheuniverse.com Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ onwe onye - Ịchọta Eluigwe na Ala Travel Blog] * [https://independenttravelcats.com Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ onwe onye - Independent Travel Cats Travel Blog] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jz6p80r4it1hwikiwwzfykq1cujso0i 0 45513 727977 204342 2026-09-25T17:43:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Liu Wei''' ( Chinese ; amuru October 7, 1987, na Beijing ) bu onye pianist nwere nkwarụ nke China si Beijing onye meriri usoro izizi nke n'oge 23 site na iji mkpịsị ụkwụ ya kpọ piano. == Ihe mberede ahụ == Ogwe aka ya tụfuru Liu Wei mgbe ọ dị afọ 10 ka o metụrụ waya nwere nnukwu voltaji n'oge egwuregwu nzuzo na ịchọ . <ref name="youtube1">Subtitles of his [//www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVYMBOQxte8 video profile] (YouTube)</ref> Ọ nwetaghachiri onwe ya mgbe ụbọchị 45 nke ọnọdụ dị egwu gasịrị. <ref name="youtube1" /> Nne na nna ya gwara ya na ọ ga-amụta ka e si eri nri naanị ya, ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ dịghị onye nwere ike ilekọta ya mgbe ha mere agadi. <ref name="youtube1" /> Nne ya nọgidere na-agwa ya na ya adịghị iche ná ndị ọzọ. <ref name="youtube1" /> N'ụlọ ọgwụ, ọ zutere onye na-ese ihe na-enweghị ogwe aka, nke kpaliri ya ịmụta iji ụkwụ ya dee, ịsa ezé na iri nri. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> N'oge ahụ, ọ rọrọ nrọ ịghọ onye egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọl]] . <ref name="chinadaily">{{Cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2010-10/12/content_11397696.htm|title=Liu Wei proves China's got talent|work=[[China Daily]]}}</ref> Liu Jingshen, onye osote onye isi oche nke otu ndị nwere nkwarụ na Beijing, gbara ya ume ka o jiri ụkwụ na-arụ ọrụ kwa ụbọchị wee malite igwu mmiri ka afọ abụọ gachara. <ref name="chinadaily" /> Ọ meriri ihe nrite ọla edo abụọ na otu ọlaọcha na asọmpi igwu mmiri nke mba maka ndị nkwarụ na 2002. <ref name="chinadaily" /> Ọ mụtara ka esi eme ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme kwa ụbọchị dị ka ịgagharị n'ịntanetị, iri nri, iyi uwe na ịsa ezé ya. <ref name="huffington">{{Cite news|date=August 27, 2010|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/27/chinese-musician-with-no-_n_696914.html|title=Liu Wei, Armless Pianist, Plays With His Toes, Wows Audience|work=[[The Huffington Post]]}}</ref> Ọ na-ewere onwe ya dị ka onye nwere ọganihu karịa ndị na-enweghị ihe oriri, na-agbagha echiche nke ndị kwenyere na ya enweghị obi ụtọ. <ref name="huffington" /> == Ịghọ onye egwu egwu == Ọ malitere ịkpọ piano mgbe ọ dị afọ 18 <ref name="abc2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/10/11/3035110.htm|title=Armless pianist takes China's Talent title|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|date=October 11, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013111705/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/10/11/3035110.htm|archive-date=October 13, 2010|access-date=May 27, 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> ma ọ bụ 19 <ref name="abc1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/08/20/2988239.htm|title=Armless piano player wins hearts in China|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|date=August 20, 2010|accessdate=June 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204112329/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/08/20/2988239.htm|archive-date=February 4, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> (isi mmalite dị iche iche) iji gbasoo nrọ nwata ya ịbụ onye na-egwu egwu. <ref name="abc1" /> Onye nkụzi mbụ ya kwụsịrị n'ihi na o chere na ọ gaghị ekwe omume mmadụ iji mkpịsị ụkwụ ya egwuri egwu. <ref name="abc1" /> Otú ọ dị, Liu, bụ onye na-amụ nkà mmụta egwu, nọgidere na-akụziri onwe ya na nzuzo ka e si egwu egwu, <ref name="abc1" /> n'agbanyeghị ọnya na abrasion, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240527030618/http://mymotivationaldiary.blogspot.com/2010/08/armless-pianist-liu-wei-you-either-die.html Armless Pianist Liu Wei: "You either die or live life splendidly"] (My Motivational Diary)</ref> na-emekarị awa asaa n'ụbọchị. <ref name="chinadaily2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-11/19/content_11576540.htm|title=Armless Chinese pianist scales new heights|work=China Daily|date=November 19, 2010|accessdate=June 6, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.whatsonningbo.com/news-481-beijing-born-armless-pianist-liu-wei-to-show-unusual-skill-on-world-tour.html|title=Beijing-born armless pianist Liu Wei to show unusual skill on world|publisher=What's on Ningbo|date=November 20, 2010|accessdate=June 6, 2011}}</ref> Dị ka o kwuru, abụ ndị o nwere ike ịkpọ nwere oke n'ihi ogologo mkpịsị ụkwụ ya na ọ nweghị ike ịkpọ ụfọdụ iberibe ọ hụrụ n'anya n'ihi na ọ nweghị ike iru gafee octave. <ref name="abc1" /> Ka o sina dị, o bu n'obi ịghọ ezigbo onye pianist nke na ndị mmadụ agaghị achọpụta na ogwe aka ya adịghị. <ref name="huffington"/> == Ọdịdị na ihe ngosi talent == N'ọhụụ mbụ ya, Liu nwetara nkwanye ugwu site n'aka ndị na-ege ntị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere akwa ákwá maka ihe nkiri "Mariage D'amour" nke Richard Clayderman mere na August 8, 2010. <ref name="huffington"/> Semifinal mere na Septemba 12, <ref name="chinadaily2"/> wee kpọọ "Ị mara mma" <ref name="chinadaily"/> na Shanghai Stadium <ref name="chinadaily" /> na ikpeazụ na October 10, tinyere egwu ya. Otu ndị juri nke China's Got Talent, Shanghai stand-up comedian Zhou Libo, onye na-abụ abụ Taiwan Annie Yi na onye na-ede pop pop Gao Xiaosong, ha niile toro ọrụ Liu. <ref name="chinadaily" /> Dị ka ihe nrite maka ihe nrite ya, onye na-abụ abụ Taiwan [[Jolin Tsai]] kpọrọ Liu ka ọ bụrụ onye ọbịa na-eme njem nlegharị anya nke onwe m na Shanghai, nke ga-enye ya ohere ịme na Las Vegas ọnwa atọ. <ref name="abc2"/> Na mgbakwunye, o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-enweta nkwekọrịta na Fremantle Media na Sony Music Entertainment, <ref name="chinadaily"/> na njem ya ga-agụnye [[Hong Kong]], Paris, Vienna na Taipei . <ref name="chinadaily2"/> N'afọ 2010, ọ meriri Guinness World Record nke na-ede akwụkwọ ozi kachasị na nkeji 1, na-eji ụkwụ: 251 mkpụrụedemede. <ref>{{Cite web|url=//www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCR2qsLEHVg|title=China's Got Talent 2010 Winner Liu Wei on Guinness World Records Italian Show|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=October 13, 2010|accessdate=June 5, 2011}}</ref> == Nkwuta okwu == (Isi mmalite <ref>[//www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1Qut0Nrsiw Description of his achievement] (YouTube)</ref> ) * ''"Nye m, enwere ihe atọ a na-apụghị ịgbaghara na ndụ - ikuku, mmiri na egwu."'' * ''"Enwere m naanị ụzọ abụọ na ndụ m - ma ọ bụ ịnwụ ngwa ngwa o kwere mee, ma ọ bụ ibi ndụ mara mma dịka m nwere ike."'' * ''"Echeghị m na m dị iche na ndị ọzọ. A na-ejikarị onye ọ bụla na-eji aka ya eme ihe niile ka aka gị wee na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ọ dịghị iwu na-ekwu na ị pụghị iji ụkwụ gị mee ihe."'' * ''"Nwoke kwesịrị ịdị na-ahụ maka nrọ ya. Nrọ m bụ ịghọ onye egwu egwu."'' * ''"Amaara m na ọ bụrụ na achọrọ m ime ya karịa ndị ọzọ, m ga-etinyekwu mgbalị."'' * Na ndetu o dere na mpempe akwụkwọ dị na clip a, ọ na-ekwu, sị: ''"Gaa n'ihu, ọ dịkarịa ala enwere m otu ụzọ zuru oke."'' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://chinasgottalent.org/armless-piano-player-liu-wei.html/ Vidiyo nke Liu Wei na China's Got Talent ikpeazụ] </link>< [[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]] /link> * [//www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8A2dN0P7XM Vidiyo nke arụmọrụ mbụ ya] (YouTube) * [//www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfR0H8Yt0V4 Ihe dị nso n'ịkpọ piano] (YouTube) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110616113733/http://www.liquida.com/liu-wei/ Ozi, foto, na vidiyo ndị ọzọ ahọpụtara] (Liquida) [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fmvu7kp4ie9kozortp7npro0ehwg48u 0 45817 727983 168555 2026-09-25T18:18:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727983 wikitext text/x-wiki Louise D. Clement-Hoff (June 4, 1926 – Jan 31, 2020) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye nkuzi nke America bụ ndị na ike, pastel na ịse ọnụọgụ na ndụ .<ref>{{Cite web|title=We Speak: Black Artists in Philadelphia, 1920s-1970s|url=https://issuu.com/woodmereartmuseum/docs/wam_we-speak-catalogue_/16|accessdate=2020-07-18|work=Issuu|date=19 January 2016|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Louise Darling Clement-Hoff [1] John George na Eva Adele Ulett na Philadelphia wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ William Penn .  Oxia nzere bachelọ nke Fine Arts na Philadelphia College of Art (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Mahadum Arts ) wee gaa n'ihu n'iji ihe nka ya na Tyler School of Art of Temple University, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts na Barnes  Ntọala.. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Cook|first=Bonnie L.|date=7 February 2020|title=Louise D. Clement-Hoff, artist and teacher at Fleisher Art Memorial, dies at 93|url=https://www.inquirer.com/obituaries/louise-clement-hoff-artist-teacher-fleisher-art-memorial-long-career-died-20200207.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-07-17|work=Inquirer.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=Ayana|title=Louise D. Clement-Hoff, 93, artist and educator|url=https://www.phillytrib.com/obituaries/louise-d-clement-hoff-93-artist-and-educator/article_37170d01-cc0e-5e1c-870f-e9cba92798b5.html|accessdate=2020-07-17|work=The Philadelphia Tribune|date=7 February 2020|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719202036/https://www.phillytrib.com/obituaries/louise-d-clement-hoff-93-artist-and-educator/article_37170d01-cc0e-5e1c-870f-e9cba92798b5.html|archive-date=2020-07-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ụkọ nkuzi nke Clement-Hoff 18 afọ nke ihe omume ike na Woodmere Art Museum, nri, ike ndụ na ike na Hussian School of Art ;  na ihe ụmụaka afọ 64 nke nsogbu, ihe ọkpụkpụ na ike na Fleisher Art Memorial, niile na Philadelphia.  Ọ kuziri ndị nne na nna ụmụ akwụkwọ debanyere aha na Fleisher's Saturday Young Artists Programme [1] na Mahadum West Chester [2] na Chester County, Pennsylvania, main akwụkwọ . Clement-Hoff bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe.  [1] Ọtụtụ ụlọ ihe mgbe ochie na veranda songs ya na Ndagwurugwu Delaware n'oge ndụ ya, ọrụ ya na mkpokọta nka na New York City, Philadelphia, Washington, DC na San Francisco .  Na 1998, Mahadum West Chester's McKinney Gallery ihe ngosi ngosi anya ya.  [2] [3] The Atlantic City Art Centre ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ya na nri, pastel na ụzọ na 2000 <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1988, a nọchiri anya ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi nke akara na ọbá akwụkwọ efu nke Philadelphia na-egosi The Pride, the Prejudice, "nke ihe ọhụrụ ihe ngosi nke ndị ojii na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche n'ime afọ 300 gara aga.  Ihe ngosi ahụ egwu Howard N. Watson, Dox Thrash, Samuel J. Brown Jr., Varnette Honeywood, Cal Massey na Barbara Bullock == Nkwenye mgbe a nwụsịrị == Ọrụ Clement-Hoff pụtakwara n'akwụkwọ Daphne Landis nke 2003 ''na-ekwu maka onwe ha: The Artists of Southeast Pennsylvania'' nke kọwara ya dị ka igosi mmasị n'ihe "dị ndụ zuru oke". Na emume nke onye isi obodo Philadelphia bụ Michael Nutter duziri, Fleisher Art Memorial jirila Clement-Hoff ka ọ nwetara 2015 Founder's Award iji kwado nkwado ya na-adịgide na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-17|title=Louise Clement-Hoff Receives 26th Founder's Award|url=https://fleisher.org/louise-clement-hoff-receives-26th-founders-award/|accessdate=2020-07-17|work=Fleisher Art Memorial|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Obituary for Louise Darling Clement-Hoff|url=https://www.debaptiste.com/obituary/louise-clement-huff?lud=1E3F5B23A18F2AFDBF39BDD493E6DC5A|work=DeBaptiste Funeral Homes}}</ref> Ụbọchị Clement-Hoff na ihe ngosi 2015 Anyị na-ekwu: Black Artists na Philadelphia, 1920s-1970s na Woodmere Art Museum .<ref name="Woodmere Art Museum">{{Cite web|title=We Speak: Black Artists in Philadelphia, 1920s-1970s|url=https://woodmereartmuseum.org/experience/exhibitions/we-speak-black-artists-in-philadelphia-1920s-1970s-95|work=Woodmere Art Museum|accessdate=2 July 2022|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} lysnyfmhj0fj99ekxpz17zmk1m69s4w 0 46074 727951 722167 2026-09-25T15:28:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727951 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Lalya Gaye''' (amụrụ 1978) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gaye, Lalya, 1978-|url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2013096142.html|work=The Library of Congress}}</ref> bụ onye na-ese mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na onye mmebe mmekọrịta nke ọrụ mbụ ya nwere mmetụta na ngalaba mgbasa ozi mpaghara . Ugbu a dabere na Newcastle n'elu Tyne, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]], ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye nduzi nke International na interdisciplinary digital art omume Attaya Projects. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Lalya Gaye|url=http://www.digitalmedialabs.org/artist/lalya-gaye/|accessdate=6 March 2016|publisher=Digital Media Labs|date=16 September 2015}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Lalya Gaye na Geneva, [[Switzerland]] na 1978, nwa nwanyị [[Senegal|Senegalese]] - nna [[Mali|Malian]] na nne [[Sweden]] (ma ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa ), na nke ọdụdụ n'ime ụmụaka 8 n'akụkụ nna ya. Nna ya bụ onye ọrụ otu ndị ahịa Abdou Salam Gaye - onye isi na African Trade Union Movement <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://actrav-courses.itcilo.org/en/a152791/a152791-presentations/african-workers-in-the-development-of-the-ilo/|title=Reflections of the Pan-African Trade Unions in the Development of the International Labour Organization, Contribution to the ILO History Project|pages=14, 49|accessdate=6 March 2016|date=25 March 2009|author=Kailembo|first=Andrew M.|archive-date=27 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127224248/http://actrav-courses.itcilo.org/en/a152791/a152791-presentations/african-workers-in-the-development-of-the-ilo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> - na nne ya bụ onye na-akwado ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na nwanyị . A zụrụ ya nke ọma dị ka onye ịgba egwu n'oge ntorobịa ya ma na-eme DJ kemgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị ka onye na-ese mgbasa ozi dijitalụ, Lalya nwekwara nzụlite na injinia, physics na imewe mmekọrịta, yana ahụmahụ dị ukwuu na mmekorita nke interdisciplinary, nkuzi na nkuzi bara uru, yana njikwa ọrụ. Ọ nwetara nzere B.Sc. na Physics na Mahadum Geneva, [[Switzerland]] na 1999, yana M.Sc. Eng. na Electroacoustics na Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) na [[Stockholm|Stockholm, Sweden]] na 2002. O buru ụzọ malite ọrụ nyocha nka na imewe n'otu nyocha nyocha Future Applications Lab, Viktoria Institute, na Gothenburg, na Gothenburg, Sweden - ụlọ nyocha nyocha na mmekọrịta mmekọrịta, Kọmputa Ubiquitous, Mobile Technology na mmekọrịta mmadụ na kọmputa . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Institutional Profile: Viktoria Institute|url=http://dl.acm.org/inst_page.cfm?id=60021506&CFID=759170043&CFTOKEN=3562518|work=ACM Digital Library|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|accessdate=6 March 2016}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Gothenburg, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na PhD na Applied Information Technology na Mahadum Gothenburg, kụziri na Interaction Design program na Chalmers University of Technology, bụ onye guzobere òtù Swedish art otu Dånk! Mkpokọta na ndị nweere onwe ha maka otu gụnyere Medialab-Prado . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Locative Audio: Sound and Mobility in Urban Space|url=http://medialab-prado.es/article/audio_locativo_sonido_y_movilidad_en_el_espacio_urbano|accessdate=6 March 2016|work=Inclusive-net II - Digital Network and Physical Space|publisher=MediaLab Prado|date=4 March 2008|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307042053/http://medialab-prado.es/article/audio_locativo_sonido_y_movilidad_en_el_espacio_urbano|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe onye na-eme nchọpụta na Ụlọ nyocha Ngwa Ọdịnihu (2002-2006), Lalya bụ onye na-ebute ụzọ na nka mgbasa ozi mpaghara na nyocha egwu mmekọrịta . Ọrụ ndị a ma ama gụnyere ọrụ nka mgbasa ozi ọsụ ụzọ mpaghara Sonic City, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sonic City @ Future Applications Lab|url=http://redback.sics.se/fal/projects/soniccity/|work=Sonic City|publisher=Future Applications Lab|accessdate=6 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310225423/http://redback.sics.se/fal/projects/soniccity/|archivedate=10 March 2016}}</ref> Tejp, na Foto Context. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Picture This! @ Future Applications Lab|url=http://redback.sics.se/fal/projects/photo/|work=Picture This!|publisher=Future Applications Lab|accessdate=6 March 2016|date=October 2016|archivedate=10 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310225724/http://redback.sics.se/fal/projects/photo/}}</ref> Ọ nọkwa na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ọhịa dị ka onye otu kọmitii na-eduzi usoro ihe omume nkuzi egwu egwu nke International Mobile Mobile <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nime.org/proceedings/2006/nime2006_022.pdf|title=Mobile music technology: report on an emerging community|date=25 March 2009|author=Gaye|first=Lalya}}</ref> (otu n'ime mmemme nka mgbasa ozi na mpaghara nke oge ahụ), dịka onye so na mmemme 'metareviewer' (ederede) kọmitii nke ọgbakọ NIME 2006, ogbako na-eduga na ntụgharị egwu ọzọ, yana site na ngalaba na-agba ọsọ dorkbot -gbg, ngalaba Gothenburg nke mmegharị dorkbot mba ụwa. Mgbe ọ nọ na Culture Lab (2010-2012), nchọpụta ya lekwasịrị anya n'ichepụta maka ihe okike nke teknụzụ dijitalụ maka nsonye mmadụ na ọrụ obodo, wee mee ka ogbako ego AHRC kwadoro, ihe ngosi dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ na akwụkwọ dịka onye nchịkọta akụkọ. gbasara Obodo ejikọrọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=United We Act: A scoping study and a symposium on connected communities|journal=Proceedings of the Connected Communities Symposium 12–14 September 2011|date=2012|url=http://dm.ncl.ac.uk/benjones/files/2012/06/cc_book_download3.pdf|accessdate=6 March 2016|archive-date=27 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127224146/http://dm.ncl.ac.uk/benjones/files/2012/06/cc_book_download3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lalya Gaye egosila, kụzie ihe ma mee ihe na mba ụwa. Ọrụ ya - yana ọrụ nke omume nka mgbasa ozi dijitalụ mepụtara Attaya Projects - egosipụtala na ogbako NIME, Dokufest, Ulster Bank Belfast International Arts Festival, DLI Museum &amp;amp; Art Gallery, Brass International Festival na Northern Design Festival n'etiti ebe ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ ya enwetawo onyinye sitere n'aka ndị ọzọ AHRC na Arts Council England, bụ nke e nyere ya site na ememe mba ụwa dị ka Festival of Light (Lyon), ma nwetakwa mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi buru ibu kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. E gosipụtara Attaya Projects na 2014 na 2015 na akwụkwọ ndekọ aha Hannah nke "ndị mmadụ na-eme ihe dị ukwuu na North England" dị ka otu n'ime omume okike kacha mma na North England. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilson|first=Andrew|title=Attaya Projects|url=http://hannahfestival.com/2014-attaya-projects-lalya-gaye-newcastle.html|work=Hannah Directory|accessdate=6 March 2016|date=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307062727/http://hannahfestival.com/2014-attaya-projects-lalya-gaye-newcastle.html|archivedate=7 March 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilson|first=Andrew|title=Lalya Gaye, Attaya Projects|url=http://hannahfestival.com/lalya-gaye-attaya-projects.html|work=Hannah Directory 2015-2016|accessdate=6 March 2016|date=2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121090205/http://hannahfestival.com/lalya-gaye-attaya-projects.html|archivedate=21 January 2016}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị ama ama == === Obodo Sonic === ''Sonic City'' (2002-2004) bụ ọrụ nka mgbasa ozi mpaghara nke nyochara mmekọrịta mkpanaka na teknụzụ wearable maka imepụta egwu na ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Ọrụ ahụ bụ Lalya Gaye (mgbe ọ nọ na Viktoria Institute) na Ramia Mazé (mgbe ọ nọ na Interactive Institute ), tinyere onye na-ese ihe na-eyi egwu Margot Jacobs (nakwa The Interactive Institute ) yana onye na-ese ụda Daniel Skoglund sitere na 8Tunnel2. N'ịtụgharị gburugburu obodo ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngosi egwu dijitalụ ka ị na-aga na ya, Sonic City bụ otu n'ime ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ nke mpaghara egwu mkpanaka ma nyere aka na guzobe ya. Ebipụtala ọrụ ahụ nke ọma na nke ọma na agụmakwụkwọ, nata ọtụtụ nlebara anya na ihe ngosi mgbasa ozi ọhụrụ, ma nweta mgbasa ozi buru ibu na mkpuchi blọgụ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Lyd i Byn|date=2003|work=Harddisken, Danmarks Radio}}</ref> <ref name="Receiver 09, Vodafone">{{Cite news|url=http://www.receiver.vodafone.com/09/articles/indexcenter03.html|accessdate=6 March 2016|title=Walking through Sound|date=2004|author=Toop|first=David|work=Receiver 09, Vodafone|archive-date=16 February 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040216193852/http://www.receiver.vodafone.com/09/articles/indexcenter03.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/it_telekom/allmant/article237593.ece|title=Staden som instrument|date=2004|author=Ryberg|first=Jonas|work=Ny Teknik}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2005/224/1109957208.html|title=Transforma el ruido de tu barrio en una sinfonía|date=2005|author=Jiménez De Luis|first=Angel|work=El Mundo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://we-make-money-not-art.com/interview_with_2/|title=Interview with Lalya Gaye|date=2006|author=Debatty|first=Régine|work=We Make Money Not Art}}</ref> N'ime ebe ndị ọzọ, e gosipụtara Sonic City na ọmụmaatụ NIME na [[Cybersonica]], ma wedara emume EU IST 2004 na The Hague dịka ọmụmaatụ nyocha European ọhụrụ. E gosipụtara ya na mbipụta pụrụ iche nke Leonardo Electronic Almanac na mgbasa ozi mpaghara, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gaye|first=Lalya|title=Performing Sonic City: Situated Creativity In Mobile Music Making|journal=Leonardo Electronic Almanac|volume=14|issue=3|url=http://leoalmanac.org/journal/vol_14/lea_v14_n03-04/lgaye.asp|accessdate=6 March 2016|issn=1071-4391}}</ref> ma tụlere ya n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ <ref>{{Cite book|author=Steffen|first=Alex|title=Worldchanging : a user's guide for the 21st century|publisher=Abrams|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=0810930951|url=https://archive.org/details/worldchanginguse00stef}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Galloway|first=Anne|title=A Brief History of the Future of Urban Computing and Locative Media|date=2008|publisher=Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Carleton University|location=Ottawa, Ontario|pages=224–9|url=http://www.purselipsquarejaw.org/dissertation/galloway_phd_full.pdf|accessdate=6 March 2016|format=PhD thesis}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=LaBelle|first=Brandon|title=Acoustic Territories: Sound Culture and Everyday Life|url=https://archive.org/details/acousticterritor0000labe|date=1 June 2010|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-1441161369|pages=[https://archive.org/details/acousticterritor0000labe/page/100 100]–2, 249n.17|edition=Paperback}}</ref> na akwụkwọ ndị na-eduga gbasara ụda, nkà na ụzụ na oghere obodo dị ka "kpochapụwo" <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.leoalmanac.org/l-a-re-play-volume-21-no-1/|title=Sound Cartographies and Navigation Art: In Search of the Sublime|date=2016|author=Fedorova|first=Ksenia|accessdate=6 March 2016|work=L.A. Re.Play: Mobile Network Culture in Placemaking}}</ref> n'ihe gbasara teknụzụ dijitalụ na ụda okike na-akọwapụta oghere ọha. * ''Yellooooow Splitch*'' (2008): Yellow Splitch bụ ọkụ nlegharị anya na nrụnye ụda site na resp architecture. mkpokọta nka Metipolis na Dånk! Mkpokọta, nke Ememme nke ọkụ (Lyon) nyere ya nke mbụ 2008. Mbubata mbụ ya nwere iko 5000 pụtara ìhè nke kpọgidere n'elu oghere gbara ọchịchịrị n'etiti Lyon, France . Ndị a jupụtara na ngwọta fluorescent nke na-egbuke egbuke n'abalị na-ejikọta ya na ụda ụda na ohere nke ụda ụda na-emepụta. Emegharịrị echichi ahụ na August 2009 maka Flow Festival na [[Helsinki|Helsinki, Finland]] na na Nọvemba 2011 maka ememme ọkụ Julstaden na Gothenburg, Sweden, na nzukọ Luci (Lighting Urban Community International). Ọ bụ nrụnye nka nke mbụ dabere na ọkụ nke jiri ọkụ UV na-akpa ike ma ọ bụ “ojii” ọkụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.linternaute.com/sortir/evenement/photo/fete-des-lumieres-de-lyon/5-000-yellooooow-splitch.shtml/|title=5 000 Yellooooow Splitch*|accessdate=6 March 2016|date=2008|author=Mairie|first=de Lyon|work=L'Internaute}}</ref> * ''Arbre à Palabre'' (2009): Nrụnye nrụnye n'okporo ụzọ 3D nwa oge raara nye obodo ndị kwabatara obodo na Providence, RI, USA. Site n'ịtụle ọdịnala juru ebe niile nke ogwe osisi ọcha na-ese, ibe ahụ “kọbara” nkọwa dị mfe nke ndụ ndị mba ọzọ kwa ụbọchị - nke mba ndị si mba ọzọ kwabatara na-ekekọrịta - n'ime eziokwu ha ugbu a. Ejiri igwe mee ma gbasasịa dị ka a ga-asị na ọ na-enwekarị nnyonye anya redio, ọ na-egosipụta ụdị njem ahụ gbagidere ma gbatịa. Ejiri igwe ntụgharị ọdịyo tụgharịrị n'usoro ọla ya ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu okwu n'okporo ámá nke na-ama jijiji na ụda egwu ndị mba ọzọ, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka njikọ ọdịyo na mpaghara ụda dị anya. Nke a mpempe - nke mbụ nke usoro isiokwu nke 'diaspora' na 'ụlọ' ghọtara dị ka akụkụ nke Lalya si artist residency na Rhode Island School of Design, na mmekorita ya na The Steel Yard na nkwado nke obodo agbata obi mkpakọrịta. Na 2012, ibe a nyere Lalya Gaye ihe ngosi na Stigmart / 10 Annual Review of Contemporary Arts dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe n'oge 10 na-ekwe nkwa n'okpuru afọ 34. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Sigmart 10|date=2012|edition=2012 issue|url=https://issuu.com/stigmart10press/docs/stigmart12/11?e=6477836/2656193|accessdate=6 March 2016|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307043724/https://issuu.com/stigmart10press/docs/stigmart12/11?e=6477836/2656193|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Cycles of Brass'' (2014): A na-ahụ anya na ụda nrụnye jikọrọ aka-emepụta na Swedish artists Alexander Berman na Filip Strebeyko, nke abụọ bras ngwá kwụsịtụrụ na iche iche transperent mmiri tankị na-ekpughere megidere mgbanwe kemịkal mmeghachi omume; otu na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ere ure, ma na-eweghachi nke ọzọ nke nta nke nta n'ime ọnwa atọ. A na-atụgharị usoro ndị a ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngosi ụda ọla na-adịghị ahụkebe nke na-agbanwe n'otu oge na ngwa na-eji ihe mmetụta na teknụzụ nhazi ụda. Ọ bụ Brass:Pitch, mmemme nka mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na Durham Brass International Festival, nyere ọrụ nrụnye a, yana ndị Arts Council England na Kọmitii Onyinye Enyemaka Swedish Arts kwadoro. A na-ele ya anya na DLI Art Gallery na Durham, UK, maka ọnwa 3, n'oge nke mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbanwe, ma anya na nke ụda. E gosikwara ya na blọgụ a ma ama gbasara teknụzụ dijitalụ okike, Ngwa okike <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.creativeapplications.net/news/cycles-of-brass-by-attaya-projects/|accessdate=6 March 2016|title=Cycles of Brass by Attaya Projects|date=2014|author=Visnjic|first=Filip|work=Creative Applications}}</ref> * ''Oh My Home - Echefuru & Chọta'' (2015): Nrụnye oghere ọha, usoro ọmụmụ ihe na ihe ngosi nke ndị na-ese ihe Saadia Hussain na Ixone Ormaetxe na-eme njem na Europe n'etiti 2015 na 2017. Ibe a na-eleba anya n'echiche nke "ụlọ" site n'ụzọ sara mbara: anụ ụlọ, ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ na ndị na-asọrịta mpi, dị ka akụkụ nke ahụmahụ Europe, site na iji ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke "akpa mbata" na-arụ ọrụ na-eweghara oghere ọha. Ibe a bụ akụkụ nke EU's Creative Europe Corners. <ref name="corners">{{Cite web|title=Lalya Gaye|url=http://www.cornersofeurope.org/art/artists/lalya-gaye/|work=Corners|publisher=Corners of Europe|accessdate=6 March 2016|archivedate=7 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307044808/http://www.cornersofeurope.org/art/artists/lalya-gaye/}}</ref> E gosipụtara ya na mmemme Dokufest nke Kosovo, Ulster Bank Belfast International Arts Festival, yana egosipụtara na Swedish, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ur.se/Produkter/190200-Artityd-En-resa-med-Saadia-Hussain|title=En resa med Saadia Hussain|date=2015|accessdate=6 March 2016|work=Artityd, UR}}</ref> Kosovar na Northern Irish media <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nvtv.co.uk/shows/collapse-the-box-corners-showcase-at-the-ulster-bank-belfast-international-arts-festival-2015/|accessdate=6 March 2016|title=Collapse the Box: Corners Showcase at the Ulster Bank Belfast International Arts Festival 2015|date=2015|work=NVTV}}</ref> (ihe onyonyo mba na ndị nta akụkọ mpaghara). <ref name="corners" /> == Ọrụ ndị ọzọ == N'akụkụ omume nka ya, Lalya bụ ugbu a onye otu ụmụ nwanyị North East England DJ mkpokọta Montoya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=http://www.hellomontoya.com/about/|work=Montoya|accessdate=6 March 2016|archivedate=28 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128050345/http://www.hellomontoya.com/about/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi oche na bọọdụ nke [[Artists' Union England|Artists'Union England]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Executive Committee|url=http://www.artistsunionengland.org.uk/exec/|work=Artists' Union England|accessdate=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310113233/http://www.artistsunionengland.org.uk/exec/|archive-date=10 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> - otu mbụ na naanị otu na-anọchite anya ndị na-ese ihe na England. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2jog9j2zomlipplcp5yysfwxmo960w2 0 46207 727924 696438 2026-09-25T13:03:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|}} Khadija Mohammadou Saye (30 Julaị 1992 – 14 June 2017), dị ka Ya-Haddy Sisi Saye, [1] bụ onye na-ese foto Gambian -British.  [2] [3] Foto ya ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ Gambian-British ma ihe ya na Pavilion Diaspora na Venice Biennale na 2017. Saye nwụrụ n'ọkụ Grenfell Tower . == Ndụ na ọrụ == A egwuregwu Saye na London wee gaa na mbụ Sion Manning Roman Catholic Girls'slọ akwụkwọ na North Kensington .  [1] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, ọ akara akwụkwọ na Rugby School na Rugby, England.  [2] Mgbe e ihu, ọ gara Mahadum maka Creative Arts na Farnham wee pịa akara ugo ike foto.  [3] [4] Ya na nne ya, Mary Ajaoi Augustus Mendy, bi na 20th floor nke Grenfell Tower na North Kensington.  [5] [2] Onye na-ese ihe Nicola Green na-eduzi ya wee bụrụ enyi na di Green, Tottenham MP David Lammy . <ref name="bjp-smyth">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjp-online.com/2017/06/obituary-khadija-saye-grenfell-tower/|date=20 June 2017|accessdate=21 June 2017|first=Diane|author=Smyth|title=Obituary: Khadija Saye, fast-rising artist killed tragically young in Grenfell Tower}}</ref> <ref name="HP_Lammy">{{Cite news|author=Sommers|first=Jack|title=David Lammy Fights Back Tears Describing Khadija Saye, Who Died In Grenfell Tower Fire|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/grenfell-tower-fire-david-lammy_uk_594421b3e4b0f15cd5bb23d5|accessdate=19 June 2017|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=16 June 2017}}</ref> Foto Saye ndụra Gambian -British.  [1] Usoro foto ya nke isiokwu ya bụ Ebe obibi: na oghere a anyị na-eku ume, dabere na omume ime Gambian, [2] iku na Pavilion Diaspora na 57th Venice Biennale site na May ruo November 2017. [3]  [4] [5] Saye so na ihe nkiri BBC TV, Venice Biennale: Sink or Swim, nke akwadoro maka mgbasa ozi na 17 June.  Ihe omume a "na-esote otu ndị na-ese ihe dị iche iche ka ha na-etinye ma na-akwado nkwado Pavilion Diaspora mbụ na Venetian palazzo n'oge Venice Biennale <ref name="bbc2">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20170616232028/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08w298s Venice Biennale: Sink or Swim]" [[BBC Two]]. Accessed 29 June 2017</ref> Saye bụ onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na onye nkụzi, o wepụtara onwe ya na Aza iji kụziere ma nye ndị Alakụba na-eto eto ike. <ref>{{Cite web|title=One year on from Grenfell – we celebrate the real Khadija Saye|url=http://jawaab.org.uk/one-year-on-from-grenfell-we-celebrate-the-real-khadija-saye/|work=Jawaab|accessdate=3 July 2020|archivedate=15 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815011027/http://jawaab.org.uk/one-year-on-from-grenfell-we-celebrate-the-real-khadija-saye/}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na PEER dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ohere Creative site na 2015 ruo 2016. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Movahedi|first=Sanaz|title=Among the victims, my kind, funny friend Khadija Saye, and her mum|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jun/17/khadija-saye-grenfell-tower-artist-venice-biennale|accessdate=3 July 2020|work=The Guardian|date=17 June 2017}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Ma Saye na nne ya nwụrụ n'ọkụ Grenfell Tower na 14 June 2017. <ref name="Guardian_profile">{{Cite news|author=Topping|first=Alexandra|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jun/17/khadija-saye-artist-was-on-cusp-of-recognition-when-she-died-in-grenfell|title=Khadija Saye: artist on cusp of recognition when she died in Grenfell|accessdate=19 June 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=17 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/grenfell-tower-fire-victims-khadija-saye-24-year-old-artist-latest-update-a7793321.html|title=Grenfell Tower fire: 24-year-old artist Khadija Saye named as victim|author=Woodcock|first=Andrew|date=17 June 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=21 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/26/five-year-old-grenfell-fire-victim-died-hand-slipped-neighbours/|title=Five-year-old Grenfell fire victim died after his hand slipped from his neighbour's grasp as they tried to escape|date=26 June 2017|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> == Ihe nketa == [[Usòrò:Khadija_Saye_exhibition_at_the_British_Library,_September_2021_02.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Saye's N'ime oghere a anyị na-eku ume n'ọbá akwụkwọ Britain, September 2021]] Ihe omume TV BBC na Venice Biennale nke gụnyere Saye ka yigharịrị mgbe ọkụ ahụ gasịrị <ref>{{Cite news|first=Patrick|author=Grafton-Green|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/bbc-pulls-documentary-featuring-grenfell-tower-fire-victim-a3567346.html|title=BBC pulls documentary featuring Grenfell Tower fire victim|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=17 June 2017|accessdate=17 June 2017}}</ref> ma bufee ya na Septemba 2017. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Tate Britain mara ọkwa na ọ ga- akara silkscreen nke otu n'ime mmalite sitere na usoro Dwellings, Sothiou (2017), na ngalaba ngalaba. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/20/arts/design/tate-britain-memorial-khadija-saye-grenfell-tower-fire-victim.html|title=Art of a Grenfell Tower Fire Victim Is Shown by the Tate|author=Sulcas|first=Roslyn|date=20 June 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=21 June 2017}}</ref> Ọrụ ya bụ nke ihe ngosi mmeghe nke Kettle's Yard na Cambridge na 10 February 2018. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Mark|title=Works by artist who died in Grenfell fire to be shown at Cambridge gallery|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/dec/04/khadija-saye-artist-grenfell-fire-kettles-yard-cambridge-gallery|accessdate=5 December 2017|work=The Guardian|date=4 December 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2018 ka agbachara ọrụ Saye na Christie's dị ka nke Mgbasa Ozi Mgbasa Ozi na Oge Ọdịnihu.  Nak Bejjen, otu n'ime tintypes sitere na ụzọ ebe obibi: na oghere a, a na-ere anyị ume maka £ 43,750. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Brady|first=Anna|date=20 September 2019|title=Grenfell victim Khadija Saye's salvaged images to be sold for charity at Victoria Miro|url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/grenfel-victim-khadija-saye-s-salvaged-images-to-be-sold-for-charity-in-her-honour-at-victoria-miro|accessdate=2020-07-09|work=www.theartnewspaper.com|archivedate=2020-07-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709212147/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/grenfel-victim-khadija-saye-s-salvaged-images-to-be-sold-for-charity-in-her-honour-at-victoria-miro}}</ref> N'etiti 2 Ọktoba na 2 Nọvemba 2019 Pọtụfoliyo nke akara silkscreen , ịse n'ime oghere a anyị na-eku ume ka e so na Victoria Miro Gallery .  Nke a bụ nke Rock My Soul, ihe ngosi nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ojii nke onye omenkà Isaac Julien chepụtara. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Brady|first=Anna|title=Grenfell victim Khadija Saye's salvaged images to be sold for charity at Victoria Miro|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/grenfell-victim-khadija-saye-s-salvaged-images-to-be-sold-for-charity-in-her-honour-at-victoria-miro|accessdate=30 January 2020|work=The Art Newspaper|date=20 September 2019}}</ref> Na 2019, London Transport Museum weputara mmemme mmemme foto n'aha Saye. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/news/15072019-photography-fellowship-in-memory-khadija-saye|title=Photography fellowship launched in memory of Khadija Saye {{!}} Museums Association|work=www.museumsassociation.org|accessdate=2020-02-13}}</ref> Edobela egwu nkuzi itinye na PEER n'aha Saye maka ndị na-eto eto BAME na-ese ihe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Khadija Saye 1992-2017|url=https://www.peeruk.org/khadijasaye|work=PEER|accessdate=3 July 2020|archivedate=26 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926182159/http://www.peeruk.org/khadijasaye}}</ref> Na Julaị 2020 ewepụtara Khadija Saye Arts na IntoUniversity .  Ihe omume a na-eleba anya n'okwu metụtara BAME na ụlọ ọrụ ihe site n'ihi anya akwụkwọ na ihe ndị na-adịghị na ndị na-eto eto sitere na obodo ndị nwere nsogbu.  Ọ na-enye Nkwado na ụmụaka iji nyere ndị na-eto eto aka inyocha Arts.  Mwepụta nke Khadija Saye Arts dabara na m ike nke ume sị ahụ anya, akara buru ibu usoro Saye na oghere a ka anyị na-eku ume ume n'ofe facade nke 236 Westbourne Grove na West London.  Nke a bụ nke mbụ n'ime ihe ngwọrọ na-agba ọsọ na mbara igwe, ihe niile na-achọ akara ahaghị n'etiti nsogbu na eze na ikpe na-achọ ezi.. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Edmonds|first=Lizzie|date=2020-07-07|title=Khadija Saye artworks on display in outdoor Notting Hill exhibition|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/arts/khadija-saye-exhibition-outdoor-notting-hill-a4490781.html|accessdate=2020-07-10|work=Evening Standard|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Shaw|first=Anny|title='Tender, gentle and creative soul': outdoor exhibition in west London pays tribute to artist Khadija Saye who died in Grenfell fire|url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/tender-gentle-and-creative-soul-tribute-exhibition-to-artist-khadija-saye-who-died-in-the-grenfell-fire-opens-in-london|accessdate=2020-07-10|work=www.theartnewspaper.com|date=7 July 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Arts|first=Lanre Bakare|date=2020-07-07|title=Art project launched in honour of Grenfell artist Khadija Saye|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/jul/07/art-project-launched-in-honour-of-grenfell-artist-khadija-saye|accessdate=2020-07-10}}</ref> N'etiti 23 Ọktoba 2020 na 1 Ọgọst 2021 Saye's tin-type, Peitaw, bụ ihe ngozi n'ọbá akwụkwọ Britain dị ka nke ihe ngosi Azụmahịa Emecha nwere: Ọgụ maka ikike ụmụ akwụkwọ .  [1] N'otu oge ahụ ma ka na-egosi bụ Pọtụfoliyo Saye nke akara silkscreen, N'ime oghere a anyị na-eku ume, n'ime oghere ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke ọba akwụkwọ Britain (3 December 2020 - 7 Ọktoba  2021). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Khadija Saye – In this space we breathe|url=https://www.bl.uk/events/khadija-saye|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=The British Library|archivedate=2021-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425071953/https://www.bl.uk/events/khadija-saye}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == * ''Anya nghọta'', Ụlọ ahịa nnukwu ụlọ ahịa, London, 2014 * Pavilion Diaspora, Venice Biennale, Palazzo Pisani S Marina, Venice, Italy, 2017 * Tate Modern, London, 2017 * ''Ihe omume'', Kettle's Yard, Cambridge, 2018 * ''n'ime oghere a anyị na-eku ume'', British Library, London, 2020/21 * ''Azụmahịa Emechabeghị: Ọgụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị'', ọba akwụkwọ Britain, London, 2020/21 == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6qVcm_e0CY BBC Three programme about Saye including an interview] (video) {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7c5zo94evb3fpnzipvlptuc6g9wzcru 0 46217 727955 578292 2026-09-25T16:01:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727955 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lauren Haynes''' bụ onye ndụ America bụ onye isi eziokwu nka nke oge a na Nasher Museum of Art na Mahadum Duke.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duke University’s Nasher Museum Makes a Major Curatorial Hire with Lauren Haynes|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/lauren-haynes-nasher-museum-1234586397/|work=ARTnews.com|date=2021-03-11|accessdate=2025-08-13|language=en-US|author=Alex Greenberger}}</ref> Na mbụ, ọ bụ onye nduzi nkeahụ nka na onye na-na- maka nkà nke oge a na ''Crystal Bridges Museum'' of American Art and the Momentary in Arkansas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lauren Haynes - CCL Class of 2018|url=https://www.curatorialleadership.org/participants/ccl-program/lauren-haynes/|work=Center for Curatorial Leadership|accessdate=2025-08-13|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Trust for Governors Island Names Lauren Haynes Head Curator and Vice President for Arts and Culture|url=https://www.govisland.com/blog/the-trust-for-governors-island-names-lauren-haynes-head-curator-and-vice-president-for-arts-and-culture|work=Governors Island (en-US)|accessdate=2025-08-13|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A egwuregwu Haynes na Tennessee, ma kwaga na Bronx, [[New York City|New York]] City mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ iri na abụọ. Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Oberlin College, ebe ọfịa nzere bachelọ na ihe mere eme nka. Na Oberlin, onye ọrụ na Allen Memorial Art Museum, nke onye America na-akọ ihe mere eme bụ Sharon Patton duziri ya. Haynes chetara ịhụ Patton - aṅụ Africa-American na ọkà ojiji n'ihe mere eme nka nke Africa-American - dị ka ihe mkpali nye ya ka ọ gaa klas nka wee mechaa mgbanwe ihe mere eme eme.. <ref name="Hightower 2020"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lauren Haynes Named Head Curator of Governors Island|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/lauren-haynes-named-head-curator-governors-island-551413/|work=Artforum|date=2024-03-26|accessdate=2025-08-13|language=en-US|author=News Desk}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, Haynes nwere ọrụ ikike nwa oge wee na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba iwu nke ụlọ ọrụ tupu ya enweta onyinye onyinye onye ngalaba na [[Brooklyn, Baltimore|Brooklyn]] Museum. N'ihe na- otu afọ n'ime ọrụ ya na ndị dike ihe ngosi nka Brooklyn, e nyere ya ọrụ na Studio Museum na Harlem. Ọ sonyeere ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Studio na 2006, ebe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ awụ iri na-amalite dị ka onye na-emepụta curatorial na emesịa dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mkpokọta ihe ngosi nka na-adịgide adịgide.  Ọ chị ụgbọ ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ma na Studio Museum na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị na New York City, ngosi ihe ngosi na ọrụ Romare Bearden na Carrie Mae Weems na Studio Museum. A kọrọ na ọrụ ya na mmemme onye na-ese ihe n'ama ebe ngwere nwere " manche ọrụ ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị gara n'ihu na-enwe ike dị ukwuu n'  ụwa nile." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Robinson|first=Shantay|title=As Flux Project's first visiting curator, Lauren Haynes speaks candidly about the challenges of curation|journal=ArtsATL|date=June 22, 2017|url=https://www.artsatl.org/flux-projects-visiting-curator-lauren-haynes-speaks-candidly-challenges-curation/|accessdate=March 14, 2021}}</ref> Na 2016, Haynes ekiri onye na-ahụ maka nka nke oge a na Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi nka na oge oge.  Ihe ngosi ndị o mebere na Crystal Bridges egwu The Beyond: Georgia O ' Keeffe and Contemporary Art (2018), Crystals in Art: Ancient to Today (2019), yana ngalaba lekwasịrị anya nke 2019 Armory Show.  Ọ hazikwara ihe mbụ nke mmetụta obi nke mba: Art in the Age of Black Power (2018) na United States wee duru ndị otu curatorial na State of the Art (2020). Dị ka nke 2020, a na-hazi ka ya na onye na-ahụ maka onwe ya Teka Selman na-akwado mmeghe nke Tennessee Triennial for Contemporaryqs<ref name="Selvin 2019">{{cite magazine|last1=Selvin|first1=Claire|title=Tennessee Triennial for Contemporary Art Names Curators for Inaugural Edition|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/tennessee-triennial-curators-lauren-haynes-teka-selman-12785/|access-date=February 28, 2020|magazine=[[ARTnews]]|date=June 13, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Hightower 2020">{{Cite news|author=Hightower|first=Lara Jo|title=Lauren Haynes: Determined to diversify|url=https://www.nwaonline.com/news/2020/mar/01/lauren-haynes-determined-to-diversify-2/|work=[[Northwest Arkansas Democrat-Gazette]]|accessdate=March 14, 2021|date=March 1, 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHightower2020">Hightower, Lara Jo (March 1, 2020). [https://www.nwaonline.com/news/2020/mar/01/lauren-haynes-determined-to-diversify-2/ "Lauren Haynes: Determined to diversify"]. ''[[Northwest Arkansas Democrat-Gazette]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2020, ikiri Haynes onye ntụzi nri nka na onye na-ahụ maka nka nke oge a na Crystal Bridges and the Momentary. Na 2021, ihe ngosi nke Patsy R. na Raymond D. Nasher Senior Curator of Contemporary Art na Nasher Museum of Art na Mahadum Duke. <ref name="The Pilot 2021">{{Cite news|title=Lauren Haynes Named Senior Curator at Nasher Museum|url=https://www.thepilot.com/news/features/lauren-haynes-named-senior-curator-at-nasher-museum/article_e97900ec-8853-11eb-a7e8-3b8e82c0d59e.html|accessdate=March 22, 2021|work=[[The Pilot (North Carolina newspaper)|The Pilot]]|date=March 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320123029/https://www.thepilot.com/news/features/lauren-haynes-named-senior-curator-at-nasher-museum/article_e97900ec-8853-11eb-a7e8-3b8e82c0d59e.html|archive-date=March 20, 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ihe omume ndị ọzọ == Na 2018, Haynes bụ onye otu ndị juri nchọpụta [[Rodney McMillian]] maka ọmụmụ Suzanne Deal Booth Art Prize. <ref>Sarah Douglas and Claire Selvin (3 May 2018), [https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/new-suzanne-deal-booth-flag-foundation-prize-comes-200000-placing-among-largest-cash-purses-art-awards-worldwide-10261/ New Suzanne Deal Booth/FLAG Art Foundation Prize Comes With $200,000, Placing It Among the Largest Cash Purses for Art Awards Worldwide] ''[[ARTnews]]''.</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pvji3xgsy36slptkt7flz3ygfrqxaxx 0 46252 728050 725967 2026-09-26T01:34:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728050 wikitext text/x-wiki   <ref>{{Cite web|title=Michelle Jacques|url=https://www.studiomagazine.ca/articles/2021/5/inquiries-michelle-jacques|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=Studio Magazine|language=en-CA}}</ref>Michelle Jacques ( Prof. 1965) bụ onye na-ahụ maka Canada na onye nkuzi mara maka nka ya na ijikọta nka ihe metụtara eme na nke ugbu a, yana maka ozi ya nke ndị nka mpaghara.  Site na Ontario, mmalite na Toronto nye nne na nna sitere na Caribbean, bụ ndị kwagara Canada na 1960, ọ dabere na Saskatoon, Saskatchewan ugbu a. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Remai Modern names Head of Exhibitions & Collections/Chief Curator|url=https://remaimodern.org/press/media-releases/remai-modern-names-head-of-exhibitions-collectionschief-curator|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=Remai Modern|language=en|archivedate=2022-06-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609032735/https://www.remaimodern.org/press/media-releases/remai-modern-names-head-of-exhibitions-collectionschief-curator}}</ref> <ref name="gallerieswest.ca">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-22|title=Michelle Jacques Appointed Remai Modern Chief Curator|url=https://www.gallerieswest.ca/api/content/f121499a-4473-11eb-a0f4-1244d5f7c7c6/|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=Galleries West|language=en-ca}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.gallerieswest.ca/api/content/f121499a-4473-11eb-a0f4-1244d5f7c7c6/ "Michelle Jacques Appointed Remai Modern Chief Curator"]. ''Galleries West''. 2020-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Jacques akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Queen na Kingston, Ontario, ebe ọihe BA na ihe mere eme nka na akparamaagwa na Mahadum York, ebe ọ ama MA [1] ya == Ọrụ == Jacques ọrụ na Art Gallery nke Ontario ọtụtụ afọ, na-ejide ɔkwan asistant Curator of Contemporary Art na Acting Curator of Canadian Art.  Ọ bụ onye isi mmemme na Center for Art Tapes na Halifax, Nova Scotia site na 2002 ruo 2004. [1] N'afọ 2012, a set ya aha ya dị ka onye isi nke Art Gallery of Greater Victoria (AGGV).  [1] Akpọrọ Jacques onye isi ihe ngosi & mkpokọta/Onye isi Curator na Remai Modern na Saskatoon na 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Remai Modern names Head of Exhibitions & Collections/Chief Curator|url=https://remaimodern.org/press/media-releases/remai-modern-names-head-of-exhibitions-collectionschief-curator|accessdate=27 January 2021|work=Remai Modern|language=en|archivedate=26 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126011806/https://remaimodern.org/press/media-releases/remai-modern-names-head-of-exhibitions-collectionschief-curator}}</ref> Na AGGV, ọ na-egosi ihe ngosi nke ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a akpọ Carol Sawyer, Rodney Sayers na Emily Luce, Gwen MacGregor, na Hiraki Sawa, n'etiti ndị ọzọ;  na chị ụgbọ ihe ngosi nlegharị anya nke ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe Canada Anna Banana na Jock Macdonald .  Na ihe ngosi 2019 Ihe Na-ahụ Agbanwe, ọ chọpụtara ọrụ Emily Carr n'ịkpọ ndị Canada dịkọrọ ndụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Unformable Things: Emily Carr and Some Canadian Modernists|url=https://aggv.ca/exhibits/unformable-things/|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=Art Gallery of Greater Victoria}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-01|title=Unformable Things: The Curator's Tour|url=https://emagazine.aggv.ca/unformable-things-the-curators-tour/|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=AGGV magazine|language=en-CA}}</ref> Jacques mkpaworo isiokwu ide na curatorial na ụlọ ọrụ Mahadum NSCAD, Mahadum Toronto Mississauga, na Mahadum OCAD <ref name="cbc">{{Cite web|title=Michelle Jacques|url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/michelle-jacques-1.4722471|work=CBC Arts|accessdate=6 February 2020}}</ref> Ọ na-ejekwa ozi na bọọdụ nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ anya nkiri Vtape, Feminist Art Gallery na Mercer Union .  [1] Na 2019, a mgbaàmà ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche mbụ, nsonye na mgbasa ozi, nke Association of Art Museum Curators, otu ihe na New York na-akwado ma na- ike ọrụ curatorial gburugburu ụwa. <ref name="gallerieswest.ca"/> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Association of Art Museum Curators: Membership Committee|url=https://www.artcurators.org/page/Mbrcomm|accessdate=March 15, 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-egosi na ihe nkiri mkpirisi ihe ngosi John Greyson International Dawn Chorus Day <ref>Sarah Jae Leiber, [https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/INTERNATIONAL-DAWN-CHORUS-DAY-Premieres-April-29-20210329 "International Dawn Chorus Day Premieres April 29"]. ''[[Broadway World]]'', March 29, 2021.</ref> == Edemede dị egwu na nke curatorial == Dị ka ndọtị nke omume curatorial ya, Jacques edepụtala ma dekọọ ọtụtụ akwụkwọ katalọgụ ngosi.  O bipụtakwala edemede, njirimara na ọnụ ọgụgụ na magazin.  Nke a play ije ozi dị ka onye isi oche, onye edemede, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ na Fuse Magazine ;  na ebe aka na Chatelaine, Canadian Art, na Public Journal, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. <ref name="gw">{{Cite news|title=Michelle Jacques Named Chief Curator at the AGGV|url=https://www.gallerieswest.ca/news/michelle-jacques-named-chief-curator-at-the-aggv/|accessdate=6 February 2020|work=Galleries West|date=22 August 2012|language=en-ca}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lee|first=Yaniya|title=Expanding Access: An Interview with Michelle Jacques|url=https://canadianart.ca/interviews/expanding-access-an-interview-with-michelle-jacques/|accessdate=2022-03-16|work=Canadian Art|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=May 11, 2015|title=Ask the expert: How do I start an art collection?|url=https://www.chatelaine.com/home-decor/ask-the-expert-how-do-i-start-an-art-collection/|accessdate=March 16, 2022|work=Chatelaine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Plant Stories are Love Stories Too: Moss + Curation|url=http://www.publicjournal.ca/public-64-beyond-unsettling/|accessdate=2022-03-16|work=www.publicjournal.ca}}</ref> == Asọmpi nka nwere ikike == Jacques anọọla dị ka onye ọka iwu n'ọtụtụ asọmpi nka. Ihe atụ na nso nso a gụnyere: * Onyinye foto nke Scotiabank, 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominators|url=http://www.scotiabankphotoaward.com/content/scotiabank/photoaward/en/scotiabank-photography-award/nominators.html|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=www.scotiabankphotoaward.com|language=en}}</ref> * Ihe nrite nka nka nke nnu nnu, 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://2021.saltspringartprize.ca/about/|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=The Salt Spring National Art Prize|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125171422/https://2021.saltspringartprize.ca/about/}}</ref> * Ihe onyinye Hnatyshyn Foundation maka ndị nka na ndị na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri Canada, 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Hnatyshyn Foundation Announces $75,000 in Awards for Canadian Visual Artists and Curators|url=https://www.rjhf.com/news/releases/2019/Press%20release%20visual%20arts%202019.pdf|accessdate=March 15, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Announcing the Recipients of the 2019 Awards for Canadian Visual Artists and Curators|url=https://akimbo.ca/listings/announcing-the-recipients-of-the-2019-awards-for-canadian-visual-artists-and-curators/|accessdate=2022-03-16|work=Akimbo|language=en-US}}</ref> * Nrite Middlebrook maka ndị na-eto eto Canada Curators, 2019 <ref name="mb">{{Cite web|title=Jury – Middlebrook Prize for Young Canadian Curators|url=https://middlebrookprize.ca/about/jury/|accessdate=6 February 2020|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206001930/https://middlebrookprize.ca/about/jury/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 MPfYCC Call for Submissions – Middlebrook Prize for Young Canadian Curators|url=https://middlebrookprize.ca/2019-mpfycc-call-for-submissions/|accessdate=2022-03-15|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119071103/https://middlebrookprize.ca/2019-mpfycc-call-for-submissions/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * AIMIA | AGO Photography Prize, 2011 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Aimia AGO Photography Prize 2011|url=https://ago.ca/aimia-ago-photography-prize/2011|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=Art Gallery of Ontario|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == * 2022 Ihe nrite Hnatyshyn Foundation maka ndị nka na ndị na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri Canada <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hajra Waheed Wins $25,000 Award from Hnatyshyn Foundation October 26, 2022 6:27 PM|url=https://www.gallerieswest.ca/news/hajra-waheed-wins-25-000-award-from-hnatyshyn-foundation|work=www.gallerieswest.ca|publisher=Galleries West Magazine, Oct 2022|accessdate=27 October 2022}}</ref> * Na Maachị 2024 ka e nyere Jacques ihe nrite Gọvanọ General na Visual na Media Arts . <ref>https://www.gallerieswest.ca/news/winners-of-governor-general%E2%80%99s-awards-in-visual-and-media-arts-name/</ref> Ndị Canada Council for Arts kwuru n'oge a na-enye Gọvanọ General Award "Ntụnye aka Jack na ubi bụ ihe na-emepụta ihe na nke pụrụ iche kpamkpam. Site na ntinye aka na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, ọgụgụ isi, ọhụụ, amamihe, na karịa ihe niile dị mma na mmesapụ aka nke mmụọ, ọ bụ ya ihe nlere anya na-akpali akpali, onye ndụmọdụ, na onye na-eche echiche nke usoro kachasị elu, ọ na-eche echiche zuru ụwa ọnụ, n'ụzọ dị iche iche, na ọtụtụ ọzụzụ, na-agbanye mgbe niile na mpaghara na nke dị ugbu a na ogologo echiche nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.ggarts.ca/michelle-jacques |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531230811/https://en.ggarts.ca/michelle-jacques |archive-date=2024-05-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6697nv4dm5xghn0d6hrm8dbxcjyurxw 0 46724 728131 177033 2026-09-26T08:18:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728131 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DJ Premier and Guru.jpg|thumb|Ndị òtù ọjọọ]]Gang Starr bụ onye American hip hop duo, nke aga Houston - egosi onye na-ahụ ihe DJ Premier na Boston, Massachusetts rapper Guru .  [1] N'ozuzu isi ha, ha na Brooklyn, New York.  Gang Starr nọ n'ogo ya site na 1989 ruo 2003, a na-ewerekwa dị ka otu n'ime duos kacha mma MC na-ahụ ihe na ihe mere eme hip hop.  [2] [3] <nowiki></link></nowiki>achọpụtara ] [ ịbụ otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ jazz rap .  [3] Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe egwu ha kacha ewu ewu ewu "Mkpegharị Mass ", "Take It Personal", "Moment of Truth", "Full Clip" na "N'elu igwe ojii". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 15 Gang Starr Songs|url=http://hiphopgoldenage.com/list/top-15-gang-starr-songs/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213031844/http://hiphopgoldenage.com/list/top-15-gang-starr-songs/|archivedate=2019-02-13|accessdate=2019-02-27|work=Hip Hop Golden Age}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ahịrị ahịrị izizi & nke abụọ === Ndị otu Gang Starr mbụ ntọala na Morehouse College site na ndị enyi atọ si Boston, Massachusetts : Guru (nke a na-akpọ MC Keithy E.) bụ onye zubere ịbụ onye na-agụ-abụ / onye na-agụbụ, Big Shug  dị ka onye isi MC na DJ Suave D (Shug's).  nwanne nwanne Dana) ka DJ ha.  Mgbe ụfọdụ Shug See, Suave D sere otu ahụ, na-ahapụ Guru ka ọ banye ọrụ nke MC Damo D-Ski na DJ 1, 2 B-Down (nke a dị ka Mike Dee) [1] na ndị na-  Dị ihe dị iche iche, dị ka Donald D, JV Johnson ma ọ bụ Eze 45 na-enyere aka.  Ihe mbụ mbụ bụ na 1986 ebe ha mere ngosi dị iche iche.  [2] Na 1987 na 1988, Gang Starr atọ atọ 12 vinyl singles na Wild Pitch Records. === Nkewa na mmekorita ya na DJ Premier === [[Usòrò:Gangstarr-09.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Gang Starr na-eme ihe na Hamburg na 1999]] Na 1989, otu ahụ kewara nke ugboro abụọ na ikike otu onye dị ịga ịga n'ihu n'aha bụ Guru.  O-amaama na Houston, Texas nwa afọ DJ Premier (nke a na-akpọ Waxmaster C) bụ onye zitere ya teepu ihe, nke Guru masịrị ya.  Ọka DJ Premier ka ọነቅ Gang Starr, soro ya kwa Brooklyn na n'otu afụ ahụ, ha egosi otu mbụ ha "Okwu m Na-egosi" ngosi album No More Mr. Nice Guy (1989).  [1] Na 1990, ndị otu a bịanyere aka na akara Chrysalis site n'aka onye isi A&R Duff Marlowe, onye bụbu onye nkatọ egwu DJ na Los Angeles Times .  Labellụ ahụ nyere Guru na Premier ikike nka nka na-akparaghị ókè nke yanasa akara akara n'ụwa niile, ikpo okwu ndị otu ahụ jiri bụrụ otu n'ime omume hip hop kacha emetụta n'ime awụ iri ahụ.  N'oge ọrụ ha Gang Starr nyere aka ịsụ ụzọ New York City hardcore n'ime hip hop .  The Gang Starr katalọgụ, Ụzọ Nzọụkwụ na Arena (1991), Daily Operation (1992), Hard to Earn (1994) na Moment of Truth (1998) bụ ndị a na-ahụta nke ọma n'etiti ndị na-egwu rap na  ndị na-akatọ ala.  E egwu egwu ha "Jazz Thing" na njem na ihe nkiri Spike Lee Mo' Better Blues .  [1] Gang Starr nyere egwu, "Agha", maka egwu nke ihe nkiri 2002 8 Mile . Mgbe ọtụtụ ọba na njegharị gasịrị, na njedebe 2002 DJ Premier hapụrụ Europe ịlaghachi na United States. Ọzọkwa Guru chere ihu na ọ ga-aga n'ihu naanị ya wee tinye aka na njegharị Europe na 2003–04 ya na DJ ọzọ. Na 2006, Guru gosiri n'ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ na Gang Starr eruola njedebe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allhiphop.com/features/?ID=1426|title=Guru & Solar: Group Therapy|author=Paine|work=AllHipHop.com|date=2006-06-13|accessdate=2010-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613001247/http://www.allhiphop.com/features/?ID=1426|archivedate=2006-06-13}}</ref> === Ọnwụ Guru === Na February 2010, Guru nwere nkụchi obi, banye na coma, wee malite na 19, 2010. DJ Solar, onye na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge nke Guru, kwuru na Guru akwụkwọ ịghara ịga n'ihu nsogbu na nke myeloma nke e.  mere na 2000. [1] Guru ọchị ka ya na DJ Premier daa afọ asaa tupu ọnwụ ya ma ọ ma ọ bụ "ọ ngo ka DJ ochie m enwee ihe ọ bel ya na aha m, oyiyi, ihe omume, ụtụ isi, wdg.  "  [2] Enwere ntule na ọ bụghị Guru dere leta ahụ, kama ọ bụ Solar dere ya.  [3] Ezinpụtara Guru na ndị ya na ha dịkpọro ndụ deed a gbasara izi ezi nke ezi ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/gang-starr/50781|title=Gang Starr rapper Guru's family question 'death bed letter' &#124; News|publisher=Nme.Com|accessdate=2010-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510192514/http://www.nme.com/news/gang-starr/50781|archivedate=2010-05-10}}</ref> === Post Guru === N'oge na-adịghị mgbe DJ Premier kwuru na e nwere a "posthumous Gang Starr CD/DVD oru ngo na-arụ ọrụ," na o yikarịrị ka a tọhapụrụ na 2014, ma ọ dịghị ihe e wepụtara. DJ Premier kwadoro na njedebe 2015 na ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Gang Starr biopic na nkwado nke nwanne Guru, Patricia Elam. Na 2019, DJ Premier weputara otu n'okpuru aha Gang Starr nke isiokwu ya bụ "Family and Loyalty" featuring J. Cole, ga-esochi ya na album ọhụrụ Otu n'ime Kasị Mma, nke ewepụtara na Nọvemba 1 n'  afụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2019/09/gang-starr-family-and-loyalty-feat-j-cole|title=Gang Starr Shares "Family and Loyalty" With J. Cole|work=Complex|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927083652/https://www.complex.com/music/2019/09/gang-starr-family-and-loyalty-feat-j-cole|archivedate=2019-09-27}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/gang-starr-announce-stacked-new-album-with-bad-name-new-song.1984876.html|title=Gang Starr Announce Stacked New Album With "Bad Name"|work=HotNewHipHop|author=Findlay|first=Mitch|date=October 17, 2019|access-date=June 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018020707/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/gang-starr-announce-stacked-new-album-with-bad-name-new-song.1984876.html|archive-date=October 18, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ihe nketa == Gang Starr Foundation bụ mkpokọta arụ nke ndị dị iche iche na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na otu ahụ, site na akara Guru na-emebi emebi ogbugbu a ọrịa, ọrụ DJ Premier ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ njikwa nke Gang Starr nọchitere anya ya ya.  , saịtị Ukwu Management.  Ndị otu ntọala ahụ Big Shug, Afu-Ra, Jeru the Damaja, Krumbsnatcha, Bumpy Knuckles, na Otu Ndị Ozi . Aha ihe omume nke oge mbụ nke usoro Netflix Luke Cage, dabere na agwa Marvel Comics, bụ aha Gang Starr.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsarama.com/30249-sdcc-2016-marvel-netflix-s-luke-cage-panel.html|title=SDCC 2016: Marvel & Netflix's LUKE CAGE Panel|work=Newsarama|accessdate=2019-08-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822151817/https://www.newsarama.com/30249-sdcc-2016-marvel-netflix-s-luke-cage-panel.html|archivedate=2019-08-22}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ==   ; Albums Studio * ''Enweghịzị Mazị Nice Guy'' (1989) * ''Nzọụkwụ na Arena'' (1991) * ''Ọrụ kwa ụbọchị'' (1992) * ''O siri ike ịkpata'' (1994) * ''Oge nke Eziokwu'' (1998) * ''Onye nwe'' (2003) * ''Otu n'ime Kachasị Mma'' (2019) ; Ndekọ mkpokọta * ''Ihe nkiri zuru ezu: Afọ iri nke Gang Starr'' (1999) * ''Mkpesa Mass: Kachasị mma nke Gang Starr'' (2006) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050806014050/http://www.yearroundrecords.com/ Ihe ndekọ afọ gburugburu] DJ Premier saịtị akara * [http://www.jazz.com/jazz-blog/2008/8/27/jazz-and-hip-hop-two "Jazz na Hip-Hop"] nke Jared Pauley dere, ( [https://web.archive.org/web/20151021131326/http://www.jazz.com/ Jazz.com] ) 1zr45b75cb4omsdj87wf3m1nwg6j12a 0 46856 727982 170391 2026-09-25T18:16:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727982 wikitext text/x-wiki Louise Bagnall bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri Irish na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụzi ihe okike na Cartoon Saloon na Kilkenny. == Ọrụ == Bagnall dere ma duzie 2019 Oscar-nominated [1] [2] Late Afternoon .  [3] Bagnall si Dublin, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na National Film School na Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology na-enweta akara ugo ojiji na Animation.  [4] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye mmebe agwa na oscar-nominated The Breadwinner . Ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ dị isi animated Louise duziri ala Cúl An Tí, Loose Ends na Donkey. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240604184539/http://lateafternoonfilm.com/team/ Louis Bagnall] Team - Late Afternoon, www.lateafternoonfilm.com</ref> == Hụkwa == * Tomm Moore * Nora Twomey * Cinema nke Ireland == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] q57c8120t9hgvvx1wekjoymldo46xqh 0 46888 727965 213443 2026-09-25T16:32:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727965 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Leonardo Drew''' bụ onye na-ese ihe n'oge a dabere na Brooklyn, New York . Ọ na-emepụta ihe ọkpụkpụ sitere na ihe ndị sitere n'okike na site na usoro nke oxidation, ọkụ, na ire ere, Drew na-agbanwe ihe ndị a n'ime nnukwu ihe ọkpụkpụ nke na-akatọ ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ọha na eze na ọdịdị cyclical nke ịdị adị. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Leonardo Drew na Tallahassee, Florida, ma a zụlitere ya na oru ngo nke Bridgeport, Connecticut, bụ ebe [[Ebe mkpofu ahịhịa|mkpofu obodo]] ahụ nwere echiche ọ bụla nke ụlọ ya. N'oge ọ bụ nwata, Drew na-ahụkarị onwe ya n'ebe ahụ na-egwupụta akụ site na ịmepụta ọrụ sitere na ihe ndị a tụfuru atụfu, na-enye ha ihe ọhụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/2000-03/26/004r-032600-idx.html|title=A Trash Course In Sculpture|work=Washingtonpost.com|date=2010-10-30|accessdate=2014-10-21}}</ref> In ''Existed'', "Uzuzu na Uzuzu nke Allen S. Weiss", Drew kwuru, sị, "Echetara m ya niile, oké osimiri, oge okpomọkụ na-esi ísì, ọkụ dị n'okpuru ala nke a na-apụghị imenyụ ... na ka oge na-aga, abịara m ghọta ebe a. dị ka 'ọnụ Chineke'…mmalite na ọgwụgwụ… na mmalite ọzọ [sic]… Ọ bụ ezie na anaghị m eji ihe achọtara n'ọrụ m (a na-emepụta ihe m na studio) ihe fọdụrụ site na nyocha mbụ m bụ nkwughachi nke evolushọn…ndụ, ọnwụ, mmụgharị.” == Ọrụ == Leonardo malitere ọrụ nka mgbe ọ dị obere, na-egosipụta ọrụ ya n'ihu ọha na nke mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 13. Ọrụ mbụ ya n'ịse ihe dọtara uche nke talent scouts si DC Comics, Marvel Comics na Heavy Metal magazin . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2010/10/30/leonardo_drews_view_of_lifes_decay/|title=Viewing Life's Decay|work=Washingtonpost.com|date=2000-03-26|accessdate=2014-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045925/http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2010/10/30/leonardo_drews_view_of_lifes_decay/|archive-date=2015-09-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbe ewebatachara ya na abstraction site na mmeghari nke ọrụ site n'aka ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Jackson Pollock na ịnata mmụọ sitere na ọrụ dabere na ọrụ nke ndị America na ndị na-ese ihe na Europe mgbe agha gasịrị, Drew kpebiri ilekwasị anya na ọzụzụ nka nke ọma ya wee tinye onwe ya n'inyocha echiche nke ya. abstraction. Ọ gara n'ihu ịga Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Nhazi nke Parsons na New York, wee nata BFA ya site na Cooper Union na 1985. Ọrụ ya bụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ nnukwu mkpokọta ọha, gụnyere Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY; The Tate, United Kingdom; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Solomon R. Guggenheim, NY; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO; Hirshhorn Museum na Ogige Ọkpụkpụ, Ụlọ ọrụ Smithsonian, Washington, DC; Fogg Art Museum, Mahadum Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Bentonville, AR; na Pérez Art Museum Miami na Miami, FL. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|author=On View Sep 18, 2010 - Jan 09, 2011|url=http://www.decordova.org/art/exhibition/existed-leonardo-drew|title=Existed: Leonardo Drew|publisher=deCordova|date=|accessdate=2014-01-30|archivedate=November 3, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103004235/http://www.decordova.org/art/exhibition/existed-leonardo-drew}}</ref> Ọ na-arụkọkwa ọrụ na Merce Cunningham Dance Company, na mmepụta nke isiokwu ya bụ 'Ground Level Overlay,' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsobserver.com/2012/10/04/on-view-emotionally-charged-abstraction-by-leonardo-drew/|title=On View: Emotionally Charged Abstraction by Leonardo Drew|publisher=Arts Observer|date=5 October 2012|accessdate=2014-04-30}}</ref> ma soro na ọtụtụ ebe obibi ndị na-ese ihe gụnyere ndị nọ na Artpace, San Antonio na The Studio Museum of Harlem na [[New York City]], n'etiti ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.studiomuseum.org/event-calendar/event/the-artist-s-voice-leonardo-drew-2012-04-12|title=The Artist's Voice: Leonardo Drew &#124; The Studio Museum in Harlem|publisher=Studiomuseum.org|date=2012-04-12|accessdate=2014-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508053534/http://www.studiomuseum.org/event-calendar/event/the-artist-s-voice-leonardo-drew-2012-04-12|archivedate=2016-05-08}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi solo ahọpụtara == * 2021: Osisi ọkụ Contemporary Art Gallery, Toronto, Canada. * 2020: ''Leonardo Drew: Ime Chaos Legible'', North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, NC * 2019: Obodo dị na Grass, [https://www.madisonsquarepark.org/mad-sq-art/leonardo-drew-city-in-the-grass Madison Square Park Conservancy], New York, NY. * [[Galerie Lelong|Galerie Lelong & Co.]], New York, NY * Osisi Pearl Lam, Hong Kong, China * 2016: ''Leonardo Drew: Eleven Etchings'', Crown Point Press, San Francisco, CA * Sikkema Jenkins & Co., New York, NY * 2015: Pearl Lam gallery, Hong Kong, China * 2013: ''Ọrụ ahọpụtara'', Savannah College of Art and Design Museum, GA; Canzani Center Gallery na Columbus College of Art and Design, Ohio; VIGO Gallery, London, UK. * 2012: Sikkema Jenkins & Co., New York, NY * [[Pace Prints|Pace Mbipụta]], New York, NY * 2011: Anthony Meier Fine Arts, San Francisco, CA * VIGO Gallery, London, UK * Galleria Napolinobilissima, Naples, Italy * 2010: ''Ọrụ Ohere: Leonardo Drew'', Artpace, San Antonio, TX * 2009: ''Dị: Leonardo Drew'', Blaffer Gallery, Art Museum nke Mahadum Houston, TX: Mee 16- Ọgọst 15, 2009; Weatherspoon Art Museum, Greensboro, NC: Feb. 6 - Mee 9, 2010; DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park, Lincoln, MA: Septemba 18, 2010 - Jenụwarị 9, 2011 * 2007: Sikkema Jenkins & Co., New York, NY * 2006: Palazzo Delle Papesse, Centro Arte Contemporanea, Siena, Italy * Brent Sikkema, New York, NY * Ụlọ ihe nkiri Fabric, Philadelphia, PA * 2001: Mary Boone Gallery, New York, NY * Ụlọ akwụkwọ Royal Hibernian, Dublin, Ireland * 2000: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Bronx, Bronx, NY * Madison Art Center, Madison, WI * 1998: Mary Boone Gallery, New York, NY * 1997: Samuel P. Harn Museum of Art, Mahadum Florida, Gainesville, FL * 1996: Mahadum dị na Buffalo Art Gallery, Center for Arts, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY; Mary Boone Gallery, New York, NY * 1995: Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego, CA * Pace Roberts Foundation for Contemporary Art, San Antonio, TX * ''Ground Level Overlay'', Merce Cunningham Dance Company Collaboration, New York, NY * 1994: San Francisco Art Institute, Walter/Mc Bean Gallery, San Francisco, CA * Herbert F. Johnson Museum, Mahadum Cornell, Ithaca, NY * 1992: The Thread Waxing Space, New York, NY == Ntụaka == mmụọ sitere na ọrụ dabere na ọrụ nke ndị America na ndị na-ese ihe na Europe mgbe agha gasịrị, Drew kpebiri ilekwasị anya na ọzụzụ nka nke ọma ya wee tinye onwe ya{{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * ''N'ime ụlọ ihe nkiri Artist'', Princeton Architectural Press, 2015. (  ) == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search?department=21&q=leonardo+drew Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140223221341/http://www2.corcoran.org/30americans/artists/leonardo-drew Corcoran Gallery of Art] Archived 2014-02-23 at the Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130910104034/http://www.artslant.com/global/artists/show/2772-leonardo-drew ArtSlant] Archived 2013-09-10 at the Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190917161735/http://www.fabricworkshopandmuseum.org/Artists/ArtistDetail.aspx?ArtistId=81bc1ed4-24fd-40e0-8eee-93e68ba5c0c8 The Fabric Workshop and Museum] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8q2cypoc4wzagjd249xuqqka3his7ud 0 46994 727930 170625 2026-09-25T13:30:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727930 wikitext text/x-wiki   Kirsten Lepore bụ onye ihe nkiri America, mara amara maka ihe nkiri ihe nkiri mkpirisi ihe nkiri dị ka "Sweet Dreams", "Bottle", na "Move Mountain".  Site na 2014 ruo 2015, ọ bụ ọrụ na ihe omume nke American cartoon series Adventure Time nke isiokwu ya bụ " Jubies nri ", na-eje ozi dị ka onye edemede, onye na-ese-as ozi na onye akwụkwọ.  Ihe omume ahụ mechara mechara na Jenụwarị 14, 2016 ka ọ bụrụ otuto dị egwu. <ref name="latimes2">{{Cite web|author=Lloyd|first=Robert|date=January 14, 2016|title=Kirsten Lepore Brings a Real Third Dimension to 'Adventure Time'|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-adventure-time-kirsten-lepore-interview-20160114-column.html|accessdate=January 16, 2016|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> <ref name="avclub">{{Cite web|author=Sava|first=Oliver|date=January 14, 2016|title=''Adventure Time''{{'}}s stop motion Episode Praises the Healing Power of Art and Nature|url=http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/adventure-times-stop-motion-episode-praises-healin-230788|accessdate=February 5, 2016|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|publisher=[[The Onion]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128110042/http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/adventure-times-stop-motion-episode-praises-healin-230788|archive-date=January 28, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Flores|first=Terry|date=February 4, 2017|title='Zootopia' Wins Top Prize at Annie Awards (Winners List)|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/annie-awards-2017-zootopia-winners-list-1201978375/|accessdate=February 5, 2017|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Akụre Lepore na South Brunswick, New Jersey.  [1] Najụjụ ọnụ ya na AV Club, Lepore igwe na, mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ masịrị ya na usoro ihe nkiri nke ma Disney na Jim Henson Company na-eji.  [2] Lepore gara South Brunswick High School, [1] ebe ọ na-egosi ọkụ n'obi isiokwu nka, na mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọta nzere bachelọ nke Fine Arts na Maryland Institute College of Art, ebe ọ ike "ihe  ngosi".  Tesis ya na-agụsị akwụkwọ bụ obere ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke ihuenyo "Nrọ dị ụtọ".  [2] [3] Mgbe ọ na-esote akwụkwọ, ọ na-etinye akwụkwọ na ụlọ ọrụ studio ma nwee onwe ya n'ụdị, ma ọ "anụghị azụ site na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ọrụ na-ama onwe yaree na-  usoro."  [3] Ọ la n'iche n'iche nne na nna ya wee tinye ihe ọrụ na mgbasa ozi na obere ọrụ ihe.  N'ime oge a ná ndụ ya, ọ dị ka oghe nkà na ẹzú zuru ezu.  [2] N'ihi ya, ọ gara CalArts, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 2012 na Master of Fine Arts na ihe ngosi.  [2] [4] Tesis ya akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, obere ihe nkiri nkiri "Move Mountain", dọtara uche nke Adventure Time showrunner Adam Muto, na Lepore mechara bụrụ ọbịa-animated ihe nkiri ahụ " Jubies ego ". <ref name="avclubprodinfo">{{Cite web|author=Sava|first=Oliver|title=''Adventure Time''{{'}}s Kirsten Lepore on the Joys and Pains of Stop Motion Animation|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/adventure-times-kirsten-lepore-joys-and-pains-stop-230556|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|publisher=[[The Onion]]|accessdate=January 15, 2016|date=January 14, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="latimes">{{Cite web|author=Lloyd|first=Robert|title=Kirsten Lepore Brings a Real Third Dimension to 'Adventure Time'|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-adventure-time-kirsten-lepore-interview-20160114-column.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=January 16, 2016|date=January 14, 2016}}</ref> == Ekele == Lepore emeriela ihe nrite dị iche iche, ihe nrite Student Annie, South site Southwest jury special jury award for animation, yana onyunyo Annecy + maka ihe nkiri kacha mma. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Info // Contact|url=http://www.kirstenlepore.com/Info-Contact|publisher=KirstenLepore.com|accessdate=February 5, 2016}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Lepore alụrụla onye na-ese ihe nkiri na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Daniel Kwan 2016, ha nwere otu nwa nwoke.. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ito|first=Robert|date=June 14, 2016|title='Swiss Army Man,' the Strangest Movie Shown at Sundance?|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/movies/daniel-kwan-and-daniel-scheinert-make-swiss-army-man.html|accessdate=May 17, 2022}}</ref> == Filmografii ahọpụtara == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;width:100%;" ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" | Aha ! scope="col" | Nkọwa ! scope="col" | Ọrụ |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2007 | "Akụkọ sitere na North America" | Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | Onye nduzi, animator |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2008 | "Ezigbo ụra" | Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi, akụkọ BFA | Onye edemede, onye nduzi |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2011 | "Kọọlụ" | Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | Onye edemede, onye nduzi |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2013 | "Bugharịa ugwu" | Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi, MFA tesis | Onye edemede, onye nduzi |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2014–15 | " Jubies ọjọọ " | ''Oge njem ihe omume'' | Onye edemede, onye na-ese akụkọ akụkọ, onye nduzi |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2016 | "Hi onye ọbịa" | Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | Onye edemede, onye ntụzi, animator |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2018 | "Ọ bụ Party m" | Ihe omume ''Summer Camp Island'' | Onye edemede, onye na-ese akụkọ akụkọ |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2021 | <nowiki><i id="mwfw">Marcel the Shell nwere akpụkpọ ụkwụ On</i></nowiki> | Ihe nkiri | Onye isi ihe nkiri |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2022 | ''Ihe niile n'ebe niile n'otu oge'' | Ihe nkiri | Onye na-ese ihe na-ahụ anya <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kuperinsky, Amy|url=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2022/08/meet-njs-kirsten-lepore-the-animation-whiz-behind-marvels-i-am-groot-and-marcel-the-shell.html|title=Meet N.J.'s Kirsten Lepore, the animation whiz behind Marvel's ''I Am Groot'' and ''Marcel the Shell''|publisher=[[NJ.com]]|date=August 10, 2022|accessdate=September 10, 2022|quote=Lepore, a writer, director and animator who grew up in South Brunswick, also had a hand in A24′s biggest grossing movie to date{{em dash}}the kaleidoscopic adventure ''Everything Everywhere All At Once,'' which opened wide in April. ... In 2009, the alum of South Brunswick High School, who grew up drawing, making small sculptures and filming her sisters in experiments with the family camcorder, moved to the West Coast.}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2022 - dị ugbu a | ''Abụ m Groot'' | Usoro ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | Onye edemede, onye nduzi, onye nrụpụta ọrụ <ref>{{Cite web|author=Paige|first=Rachel|date=November 12, 2021|title=Disney+ Day 2021: New Look at 'I Am Groot'|url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/i-am-groot-new-look-disney-plus|accessdate=November 12, 2021|work=[[Marvel Entertainment]]|language=en}}</ref> |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|3338081}} * Kirsten Lepore on Vimeo [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] t3fg73w18nf2l5lrtr82tf4w0c4q7ix 0 47076 728109 689714 2026-09-26T06:20:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Natalie Lauren Sims''' (amuru June 25, 1984), nke a makwaara ya na aha ogbo ya '''Natalie Lauren''' na aha ogbo mbu '''Suzy Rock''', bu onye egwu, onye na-ede uri, onye mmebe eserese, onye na-ese ihe, onye ode akwukwo, na onye isi egwu sitere na Tulsa, Oklahoma . Dị ka a solo artist ọ rụrụ n'ime Christian hip hop na R&amp;amp;B genres, na-ewepụtara a studio album, asatọ singles, three extended plays, a mixtape, and a live extended play as well as being featured on many songs from other artists. Ọ bụkwa onye otu High Society Collective - yana Sho Baraka, Swoope, na JR - nke wepụtara album studio, ''Circa MMXI: The Collective,'' na 2012. Ọ wepụtara album studio izizi ya, ''Handle with Care'', na 2020 site na Rostrum Records . E wepụtara otu ise maka ọba ahụ: "Tụgharịa uche" na 2019, yana "Ihe Ihe", "Naanị kuku", "Back to Love", na "Bra Off" na 2020. E wepụtara EP dị ndụ nke otu aha na 2024. Dị ka onye na-ede abụ, kredit Sims gụnyere ndị otu Iggy Azalea " Ọrụ ", " gbanwee ndụ gị ", na " Bounce ", na " Aga m ahụ gị " site na Lecrae na-egosi Tori Kelly . Ya na enyi ya KB edeela ma rụọ ọrụ nke ukwuu, onye ya na ya mekọrịtakwara dị ka onye isi A&amp;amp;R . Ihe ndị ọzọ na-ede egwú na-agụnye ihe odide maka Lecrae, Chris Brown, Sho Baraka, Christon Gray, Da' TRUTH, Tedashii, Casey J, Keke Palmer, Sean Curran, na Jackie Hill Perry, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Sims' visual art and graphic design credits gụnyere albums nke Deitrick Haddon, Juanita Bynum, na Casey J. Eserela ihe osise ya na Art Genesis na [[Los Angeles]] na Christie's na [[London]] . == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ọmụmụ–2009 === A mụrụ Natalie Lauren Sims na Tulsa, Oklahoma n'oge 1984, wee zụlite ebe ahụ dị ka ada Charles Sims, Jr. <ref name="BDAY">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/msnatalielauren/status/84780716520517632|title=Happy Birthday to me|author=Natalie Lauren (@msnatalielauren)|publisher=Twitter|accessdate=March 1, 2016|date=June 25, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="Age">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/msnatalielauren/status/480504045439029248|title=4 days to 30 & life has no Chill.... Jeju for the night|author=Natalie Lauren (@msnatalielauren)|publisher=Twitter|accessdate=March 1, 2016|date=June 21, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="Father">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/msnatalielauren/status/214373226149707776|title=The very fact that I woke up 2day, called my daddy who is alive & clean is evidence of God's redemptive Power! Love me some Charles Sims Jr!|author=Natalie Lauren (@msnatalielauren)|publisher=Twitter|accessdate=March 1, 2016|date=June 17, 2012}}</ref> Ọ malitere ide egwu hip hop, mgbe ọ dị afọ 11, mgbe ọ ghọrọ Onye Kraịst. mgbe ọ dị afọ 14. <ref name="Interview One">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt9gHwX-UP8|title=DFW116KB's NYE2013 Interview: Suzy Rock|author=Marshall, Christopher|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=March 1, 2016|date=January 15, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Interview Two">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHSySPJX8bs|title=Suzy Rock – My 1st experience with Christian hip hop...|author=Sketchthej|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=March 1, 2016|date=March 26, 2013}}</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ hip-hop na 2002. <ref name="About">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/msnatalielauren/info?tab=page_info|title=About|author=Natalie Lauren (@msnatalielauren)|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=March 1, 2016|date=July 8, 2002}}</ref> Sims si na Tampa kwaga Atlanta, Georgia na 2007. N'afọ 2009, ọ zutere Iggy Azalea - onye ka na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru aha ọmụmụ ya, Amethyst Kelly - yana ndị na-emepụta [[FKi 1st|FKi]] na Jon Jon Traxx na-ekekọrịta ohere studio abụọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rapzilla.com/rz/features/10024-christian-songwriter-natalie-lauren-maneuvers-working-for-iggy-azalea-lecrae|title=Christian songwriter Natalie Lauren maneuvers working for Iggy Azalea, Lecrae|author=Daniels|first=David|date=February 4, 2015|work=[[Rapzilla]]|accessdate=March 2, 2016}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, Sims na Azalea mechara kwụsị imetụ aka mgbe Azalea kwagara Los Angeles na 2010. <ref name=":0" /> Na 2009, Sims, n'okpuru moniker Suzy Rock, wepụtara mixtape nke isiokwu ya bụ ''So Gịnị'' . <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/rapzilla/sets/suzy-rock-so-what|title=Suzy Rock – So What|author=Rapzilla|date=June 24, 2009|publisher=SoundCloud|accessdate=November 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Suzy Rock – "Reel Em In" "So What" "I'll Go ft Deitrick Haddon"|url=http://jamthehype.com/suzy-rock-qreel-em-inq-qso-whatq-qill-go-ft-detrick-haddonq/|work=Jam the Hype|accessdate=December 1, 2016|date=September 4, 2009|archivedate=December 2, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202034904/http://jamthehype.com/suzy-rock-qreel-em-inq-qso-whatq-qill-go-ft-detrick-haddonq/}}</ref> O gosikwara na egwu "Runaway Train" nke Rachel dere, site na album ''Nothing W/O You'' . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reverbnation.com/rachelmmusic/song/2119892-runaway-train-ft-suzy-rock|title=Runaway Train Ft. Suzy Rock {{!}} Rachel|author=eMinor|work=ReverbNation|accessdate=June 12, 2016}}</ref> === 2010–11 === Na 2010, Sims jikọrọ aka na Lecrae album ''Rehab'', na-egosi na abụ "Elu", na-egosikwa Sho Baraka, na-edekọ ma nye nkwado nkwado na abụ "Killa." <ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rapzilla.com/rz/music/2406-lecrae-qhighq-feat-sho-baraka-a-suzy-rock|title=Lecrae "High" feat. Sho Baraka & Suzy Rock|author=Rood|first=Philip|date=September 2, 2010|work=Rapzilla|accessdate=November 15, 2016}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/natalie-sims-mn0002455647|title=Natalie Sims – Credits|work=[[AllMusic]]|publisher=[[All Media Guide]]|accessdate=November 15, 2016}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, o mere mkpuchi ahụ na Deitrick Haddon 's soundtrack album ''Happy & Cursed'' ''- Voices of Unity'', nke gụnyere egwu ya "Ya mere gịnị". <ref name=":2" /> <ref name="blessed and cursed">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/blessed-cursed-mw0001988872|title=Blessed & Cursed – Voices of Unity|work=[[AllMusic]]|publisher=[[All Media Guide]]|accessdate=November 15, 2016}}</ref> Sims nyekwara ntụzịaka nka maka ọba Juanita Bynum ''More Passion'' na ihe okike maka ''ekele'' nke Myron Williams. <ref name=":2" /> Na 2011, Sims dere maka ma nye aka na ''Blacklight'' site na Tedashii na ''The Good Life'' (2012) nke Trip Lee, <ref name=":2" /> ma gosipụta na egwu "Fantasy" site na album ikpeazụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rapzilla.com/rz/news/38-backstage/4294-trip-lee-the-good-life-tracklisting|title=Trip Lee 'The Good Life' Tracklisting|author=Solis|first=Steven|date=March 8, 2012|work=Rapzilla|accessdate=November 15, 2016}}</ref> O gosikwara na otu <nowiki>''</nowiki>Ndewo<nowiki>''</nowiki> sitere na KB's na-abia album ''Weight &amp;amp; Glory'' (2012), <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rapzilla.com/rz/music/3758-kb-qhelloq-featuring-suzy-rock|title=KB "Hello" feat. Suzy Rock|date=October 28, 2011|work=Rapzilla|accessdate=November 15, 2016}}</ref> album nke o nyekwaara ufodu ide egwu. <ref name="weight and glory">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/weight-glory-mw0002381352|title=Weight & Glory – KB|work=[[AllMusic]]|publisher=[[All Media Guide]]|accessdate=November 15, 2016}}</ref> Egwu "Church Clap", nke na-egosi Lecrae, sitere na ''Weight & Glory'' bụ nke enwetara ọla edo na 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sarachik|first=Justin|date=2023-11-09|title=KB & Lecrae Earn Gold Record for 'Church Clap' Song|url=https://rapzilla.com/2023-11-kb-lecrae-earn-gold-record-church-clap-song/|accessdate=2024-04-07|work=[[Rapzilla]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O gosikwara na egwu abụọ nke [[Derek Minor|Pro]], "Gbatara" sitere na ''PSA Vol.'' ''2'' na "Ṅụọ ihe ọṅụṅụ si iko ya" site na ''ịnwụ na-adị ndụ'', <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://rapzilla.com/rz/music/freemp3s/2961-pro-psa-vol2|title=PRo 'PSA' vol.2|date=March 8, 2011|work=[[Rapzilla]]|accessdate=June 9, 2016}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Remy|first=Logan|title=Review – PRo 'Dying To Live'|url=http://www.rapzilla.com/rz/features/45-review/3504-review-pro-dying-to-live|work=[[Rapzilla]]|accessdate=June 9, 2016|date=August 20, 2011}}</ref> abụ "Survivor" nke Da' TRUTH sitere na album ya ''bụ The Whole Truth'', <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Da' T.R.U.T.H. 'The Whole Truth' Tracklisting|url=http://www.rapzilla.com/rz/news/38-backstage/3431-da-truth-the-whole-truth-tracklisting|work=[[Rapzilla]]|accessdate=June 8, 2016|date=August 4, 2011}}</ref> "Agha Agha" nke Lecrae sitere na album ya ''Rehab: The Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè ,'' <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/rehab-the-overdose/id862828658|title=Rehab: The Overdose by Lecrae on Apple Music|date=2011|work=iTunes|accessdate=December 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829025221/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/rehab-the-overdose/id862828658|archive-date=August 29, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> na egwu Canon "Poppin Off" sitere na album ''Blind World.'' <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rapzilla.com/rz/music/freemp3s/3695-canon-blind-world|title=Canon 'Blind World'|date=October 4, 2011|work=[[Rapzilla]]|accessdate=June 9, 2016}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, n'afọ ahụ Sims kwadoro òtù hip hop High Society, yana Sho Baraka, JR, na Swoope . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://rapzilla.com/rz/news/1-press/3883-syntax-offers-a-taste-of-high-society|title=Syntax Offers a Taste of High Society|date=December 13, 2011|work=Rapzilla|accessdate=November 21, 2016}}</ref> Otu ahụ wepụtara otu mbụ ya, "Otu Oge", na June 20, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rapzilla.com/rz/music/freemp3s/3264-high-society-one-moment|title=High Society "One Moment"|date=June 20, 2011|work=Rapzilla|accessdate=November 21, 2016}}</ref> na otu nke abụọ, "Ekwensu", na Ọktoba 31, 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/devil-feat.-sho-baraka-suzy/id475466642|title=Devil (feat. Sho Baraka, Suzy Rock, JR and Swoope) – Single by High Society Collective on Apple Music|work=iTunes|date=October 31, 2011|accessdate=November 21, 2016}}</ref> === 2012–13 === Na 2012, Sims weputara usoro egwu na nkuzi a na-akpọ ''Dirty Little Secrets'', <ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rapzilla.com/rz/music/4701-suzy-rock-dirty-little-secrets|title=Suzy Rock 'Dirty Little Secrets: Music & Teaching Series'|author=Solis|first=Steven|date=July 2, 2012|work=Rapzilla|accessdate=November 15, 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gospelbeat.com.br/gb/?p=14164|title=Suzy Rock lança novo single e a série "DIRTY LITTLE SECRETS" – Gospel Beat – Cultura Urbana & LifeStyle Cristão|author=DHVII|date=March 7, 2012|work=Gospel Beat|language=pt|accessdate=November 15, 2016}}</ref> na-egosi na Lecrae's mixtape ''Church Clothes'' ma nye aka na-ede abụ na album ya ''Gravity'', <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=http://rapzilla.com/rz/news/38-backstage/4497-lecrae-church-clothes-tracklisting-revealed|title=Lecrae 'Church Clothes' Tracklisting Revealed|author=Solis|first=Steven|date=May 8, 2012|work=Rapzilla|accessdate=December 2, 2016}}</ref> ma nye ihe osise eserese maka Deitrick. ụda Haddon sitere na ''Mkpụrụ Obi mara mma'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-beautiful-soul-mw0002320414|title=A Beautiful Soul – Deitrick Haddon,Voices of Unity|work=[[AllMusic]]|publisher=[[All Media Guide]]|accessdate=November 15, 2016}}</ref> High Society wepụtara ya mpụta mbụ album, ''Circa MMXI – The mkpokọta'', na January 17, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/circa-mmxi-the-collective/id493631559|title=Circa MMXI – The Collective by High Society Collective on Apple Music|work=iTunes|date=January 17, 2012|accessdate=November 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/CircaMMXI.asp|title=High Society Collective, "Circa MMXI – The Collective" Review|author=Weaver|first=Michael|date=February 3, 2012|work=Jesus Freak Hideout|accessdate=November 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rapzilla.com/rz/features/reviews/4031-review-high-society-circa-mmxi-the-collective|title=Review – High Society 'Circa MMXI: The Collective'|author=Smith|first=Nyon|date=January 12, 2012|work=Rapzilla|accessdate=November 21, 2016}}</ref> na nke atọ, na-abụghị album otu, "Young Again", na February 14. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/young-again-single/id502998012|title=Young Again – Single by High Society Collective on Apple Music|work=iTunes|date=February 14, 2012|accessdate=November 21, 2016}}</ref> Mgbe a na-ahazi ya na Tedashii na KB, Shawna Peezy, onye njikwa maka Iggy Azalea kpọtụụrụ Sims, na-arịọ ka ọ gbaga Wales iji nyere Azalea aka ide ''The New Classic'' (2014). Sims na mbụ na-ala azụ ịnara onyinye ahụ, n'ihi na ọ ga-egbutu njem nlegharị anya ya, wee nwee ahụ iru ala na ọdịnaya risqué nke Azalea wepụtara. <ref name=":0"/> Agbanyeghị, ọ natara oku sitere n'aka Sarah Stennett sitere na ndị otu njikwa na London Turn First Artists. Stennett kọwara na ụlọ ọrụ ya na-agbalị ịre ahịa ihe oyiyi Azalea. Sims ghọtara nke a na ọ pụtara ụzọ na-akpasu iwe na nke doro anya, na, na-atụ anya ka ọ bụrụ mmetụta dị mma na ọdịnaya Azalea, gbahapụrụ nkwụsị anọ ikpeazụ na njem ya wee fega Wales na December. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe obere oge ezumike na United States maka ekeresimesi gasịrị, Sims fegara London maka nnọkọ nke abụọ. O mechara dee banyere ahụmahụ ya na "Ọhụrụ site na nkewa na ịda mbà n'obi m nọrọ otu ọnwa na London na obere ụlọ ọrụ 10X10 ụbọchị ụfọdụ na-ede ma na-ede ma na-ede ihe… Iri cottage pie. Abụ mbụ anyị mechara bụ Ọrụ. N'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. ị masịrị ọdịnaya ahụ egwu ahụ gwara Iggy akụkọ eziokwu banyere ịchụ ọgụ na ịrụsi ọrụ ike dị ka onye na-ese ihe." <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://jamthehype.com/natalie-lauren-details-relationship-iggy-azalea/|title=Natalie Lauren Details Her Relationship With Iggy Azalea|date=October 21, 2014|work=Jam the Hype|accessdate=March 3, 2016|archivedate=July 14, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714231453/http://jamthehype.com/natalie-lauren-details-relationship-iggy-azalea/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wadeoradio.com/top-10-christian-hip-hop-stories-of-2014/|title=Top 10 Christian Hip Hop Stories of 2014 {{!}} Wade-O Radio|author=Sketch the Journalist|date=December 31, 2014|work=Wade-O Radio|accessdate=November 21, 2016|archivedate=December 2, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202034228/http://wadeoradio.com/top-10-christian-hip-hop-stories-of-2014/}}</ref> Sims nyere aka na egwu ise pụtara na album ahụ: " Ọrụ ", " Bounce ", " Change Your Life ", "Just Askin" na "New Bitch" - nke nwere aha ọrụ "New Chick". <ref name=":0"/> "Ọrụ" rere ihe karịrị otu nde n'ime US ma bụrụ nke a kwadoro platinum, <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> mgbe "Gbanwee Ndụ Gị" rere ihe karịrị 500,000 mbipụta ma bụrụ nke a kwadoro ọla edo. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Iggy+Azalea&ti=Change+Your+Life#search_section|title=Gold & Platinum – RIAA|work=[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]|accessdate=November 15, 2016}}</ref> Sims mechara kwupụta ịkwa ụta na ngwaahịa ikpeazụ nke oge ederede ya na Azalea, na-ekwu na "M mefuru ohere ịme egwu dị mkpa. Ọ bụghị na egwu ọ bụla, ma ole na ole. M furu efu nkeji atọ na 45 sekọnd na-enye aka na oke saturation. nke ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya, ịhụ ihe oyiyi na ọtụtụ ihe na-enweghị isi. " <ref name=":0" /> === 2014-2019 === [[Usòrò:NatalieLaurenSims2014PressPhoto.jpg|thumb| Sims na 2014]] === 2019 - dị ugbu a === Na 2019, ọ pụtara na egwu "Catch 22" nke Swoope na EP ''abụọ ya maka Otu.'' <ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=Catch 22 (feat. Natalie Lauren) by Swoope|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/catch-22-feat-natalie-lauren/1451772236?i=1451772242|accessdate=August 29, 2020|work=Apple Music|date=March 15, 2019|language=en-us}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, na June 25, ọ wepụtara otu "Meditate" site na album ya na-abịa ''Handle with Care'', site na Rostrum Records . Otu na-esote maka ọba ahụ, "Ihe Ihe", arụpụtara na Jenụwarị 17, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|date=March 30, 2020|title=BMI Indie Spotlight: Natalie Lauren|url=https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/bmi-indie-spotlight-natalie-lauren|accessdate=August 29, 2020|work=[[Broadcast Music, Inc.|BMI]]|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka Lauren si kwuo, e dere abụ ahụ maka nne ya na onye ọ bụla "adịghị ahụ anya na ike gwụrụ." <ref>{{Cite web|date=January 17, 2020|title=Natalie Lauren Is Up To 'Something Something'|url=https://litandmore.com/natalie-lauren-is-up-to-something-something/|accessdate=August 29, 2020|work=Lit and More|language=en-US|archivedate=September 29, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929114140/https://litandmore.com/natalie-lauren-is-up-to-something-something/}}</ref> A gbara vidiyo egwu maka "Ihe ihe" n'obodo Sims nke Tulsa, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Angele|first=Emilie|date=March 4, 2020|title='Something, Something' From Natalie Lauren Is Out Now!|url=https://conversationsabouther.net/something-something-from-natalie-lauren-is-out-now-music-news/|accessdate=August 29, 2020|work=Conversations About Her|language=en-US}}</ref> wee wepụta ya na February 28, 2020. <ref name=":19">{{Cite web|author=Natalie Lauren|date=February 28, 2020|title=Something Something|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_Fxkr494bI&feature=emb_title|accessdate=August 28, 2020}}</ref> Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, Lauren dabere na Atlanta mana na mbido 2020 laghachiri Tulsa ilekọta nne na nna ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Watts, Jr.|first=James D.|date=July 5, 2020|title=Tulsa native's new album encourages all to handle life 'with Care'|url=https://tulsaworld.com/entertainment/tulsa-natives-new-album-encourages-all-to-handle-life-with-care/article_a888a067-4714-5e34-9307-2214ee789b01.html|accessdate=August 29, 2020|work=[[Tulsa World]]|language=en}}</ref> Na June 18, 2020, o kwuru na Facebook post: "Achọrọ m ka ndụ m bụrụ ọkpụkpọ òkù ịhụnanya nke na-amanye ndị ọzọ ịtụle na inyocha Chineke. Nke a bụ oghere dị nchebe iji bụrụ onwe gị na ọkwa niile, ọṅụ, nuances, ajụjụ., Mgbu, nnwere onwe nke na-abịa na ịbụ: Black, Christian, Doubtful, Broken, Creative, Woman, Bi / Queer, Ajụjụ, Independent, Artist, Undecided, Conflicting and still being like m. Nke a abụghị ohere niile azịza ma ọ bụ kpebie ma ọ bụ ohere inyocha onwe gị na onye kere gị site na nka, egwu na mkparịta ụka dị n'ime obodo a." <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lauren|first=Natalie|date=June 18, 2020|title=Natalie Lauren – There's a lot of new people around so I'd...|url=https://www.facebook.com/msnatalielauren/posts/4542816935732183|accessdate=September 2, 2020|work=Facebook|language=en}}</ref> E wepụtara otu nke atọ, "Just Breathe", na Mee 29, 2020. <ref name=":20">{{Cite web|title=Just Breathe – Single by Natalie Lauren|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/just-breathe-single/1512884072|accessdate=August 29, 2020|work=Apple Music|date=May 29, 2020|language=en-us|archivedate=December 16, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216223202/https://music.apple.com/us/album/just-breathe-single/1512884072}}</ref> "Back to Love" sochiri na Juneteenth (June 19), 2020. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web|author=Watts, Jr.|first=James D.|date=June 18, 2020|title=Tulsa recording artist Natalie Lauren to release new single on Juneteenth|url=https://tulsaworld.com/entertainment/tulsa-recording-artist-natalie-lauren-to-release-new-single-on-juneteenth/article_60d37c6d-bd22-5c9c-839f-6ab9810c8e3f.html|accessdate=August 29, 2020|work=[[Tulsa World]]|language=en}}</ref> Lauren kọwara echiche egwu dị ka "ụbọchị mbụ nke Black Summer ebe anyị nwere onwe anyị ka anyị nwee obi ụtọ na nchekwa ọzọ n'ụlọ nke ndị anyị. Egwu ahụ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme ma juputara na ememe na-atụgharị uche na agụụ." <ref name=":22" /> Na Julaị 1, 2020, ewepụtara otu nke ise na ọba ahụ, akpọrọ "Bra Off". Isi okwu nke abụ ahụ, dị ka Lauren si kwuo, na-ekwusi ike na ụmụ nwanyị ekwesịghị ịbụ ndị na-edo onwe ha n'okpuru mmekọahụ, mkparị, mwakpo, na mmekọahụ mgbe ha na-adịghị eyi bra . Ọ na-akpọkwa ụmụ nwanyị ka ha nwee afọ ojuju n'emeghị "ime" na "dị naanị ihe efu dị ka ụmụ nwanyị." <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ceres|first=Celeste Daniella|date=July 7, 2020|title=Natalie Lauren's "Bra Off" invites Black women to embrace their natural selves|url=https://earmilk.com/2020/07/07/natalie-laurens-bra-off-invites-black-women-to-embrace-their-natural-selves/|accessdate=August 29, 2020|work=EARMILK|language=en-US}}</ref> E wepụtara ''Handle with Care'' na Julaị 17, 2020, site na Rostrum Records. <ref name=":24">{{Cite web|title=Handle With Care by Natalie Lauren|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/handle-with-care/1519949404|accessdate=August 29, 2020|work=Apple Music|date=July 17, 2020|language=en-us|archivedate=November 1, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101132703/https://music.apple.com/us/album/handle-with-care/1519949404}}</ref> Sims kwuru banyere album ahụ: "E nwere ọtụtụ obodo m bụ akụkụ nke na ịhụnanya. Obodo ojii, ndị na-eso Jizọs, obodo LGBTQ niile na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu na ndụ m, achọrọ m ka egwu m bụrụ nkwado na ịhụnanya. ha niile site na nka." <ref name=":110">{{Cite web|author=Ceres|first=Celeste Daniella|date=July 23, 2020|title=Natalie Lauren speaks on creating art for Black people and the power of being present on 'Handle With Care' [Interview]|url=https://earmilk.com/2020/07/23/natalie-lauren-speaks-on-creating-art-for-black-people-and-the-power-of-being-present-on-handle-with-care-interview/|accessdate=August 30, 2020|work=EARMILK|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Septemba 16, 2022, o kwuputara njikọ aka ya na Chelsea Tyler Hall. <ref>{{Cite web|date=September 16, 2022|title=Natalie Lauren on Instagram: "here's to a soft life with you @chelseytylerhall. i love you. #engaged @larisastingaphotography thank you a million! #proposal"|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cikrbzsued2/|accessdate=2022-11-13|language=en}}</ref> Ihe osise Lauren "Pink Dream" bụ Mashonda Tifrere họpụtara dị ka otu n'ime ihe osise iri na ise e depụtara maka ''Notes to Self'', nke egosiri na Christie's na London site na Machị 28, 2023 ruo Eprel 14, 2023, <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 3, 2023|title=Tulsa Artist Natalie Lauren Embodies Female Sovereignty in London Exhibition 'Note to Self'|url=https://www.ebony.com/tulsa-artist-natalie-lauren-note-to-self-exhibition/|accessdate=2024-04-07|work=[[Ebony (magazine)|EBONY]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Osborne|first=Deon|date=2023-03-31|title=Tulsa artist takes dreams to Christie's in London|url=http://theblackwallsttimes.com/2023/03/31/tulsa-artist-takes-black-girl-magic-to-christies-in-london/|accessdate=2024-04-07|work=[[Black Wall Street Times]]|language=en-US}}</ref> wee gosipụta ya na Tulsa's 2023. Ememme Juneteenth . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Freed|first=Blayklee|date=2023-08-31|title=Beyond what is: Natalie Lauren’s work makes room for duality|url=https://www.tulsapeople.com/city-desk/beyond-what-is-natalie-lauren-s-work-makes-room-for-duality/article_986bccca-469c-11ee-b760-6f1607504737.html|accessdate=2024-04-07|work=TulsaPeople Magazine|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ Lauren agba agba wee tinye ya na Tifrere's Art Jenesis "100 Days of Summer" ngosi na [[Los Angeles]] site na Julaị 26, 2023 ruo Ọgọst 5, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tarver|first=Keisha M.|date=July 27, 2023|title=Mashonda Tifrere Debuts "Art Genesis: 100 Days of Summer" Exhibition - Hype Off Life magazine|url=https://hypeofflife.com/blog/mashonda-tifrere-100-days-of-summer|accessdate=2024-04-07|work=Hype Off Life|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407195420/https://hypeofflife.com/blog/mashonda-tifrere-100-days-of-summer}}</ref> Na Maachị 22, 2024, Lauren wepụtara ụdị EP dị ndụ nke ''Handle with Care'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Handle With Care (Live) - EP|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/handle-with-care-live-ep/1736146676|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=April 6, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406151912/https://music.apple.com/us/album/handle-with-care-live-ep/1736146676}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Natalie Lauren|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Natalie-Lauren/2FA630C6DE71724F|accessdate=April 7, 2024|work=Mutual Art}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ==   == Ekele ndị ọzọ == == Ntụaka == ", " Bounce ", " Change Your Life ", "Just Askin" na "New Bitch" - nke nwere aha ọrụ "New Chick". "Ọrụ" rere ihe karịrị otu nde n'ime US ma bụrụ nke a kwadoro platinum, mgbe "Gbanwee Ndụ Gị" rere ihe karịrị 500,000 mbipụta ma bụrụ nke a", " [[Bounce (abụ Iggy Azalea)|Bounce]] ", " [[Gbanwee ndụ gị (abụ Iggy Azalea)|Change Your Life]] ", "Just Askin" na "New Bitch" - nke nwere aha ọrụ "New Chick". <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rapzilla.com/rz/features/10024-christian-songwriter-natalie-lauren-maneuvers-working-for-iggy-azalea-lecrae|title=Christian songwriter Natalie Lauren maneuvers working for Iggy Azalea, Lecrae|author=Daniels|first=David|date=February 4, 2015|work=[[Rapzilla]]|accessdate=March 2, 2016}}</ref> "Ọrụ" rere ihe karịrị otu nde n'ime US ma bụrụ [[Asambodo RIAA|nke a kwadoro platinum]], <ref name=":02" /> <ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=http://jamthehype.com/natalie-lauren-details-relationship-iggy-azalea/|title=Natalie Lauren Details Her Relationship With Iggy Azalea|date=October 21, 2014|work=Jam the Hype|accessdate=March 3, 2016|archivedate=July 14, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714231453/http://jamthehype.com/natalie-lauren-details-relationship-iggy-azalea/}}</ref> mgbe "Gbanwee Ndụ Gị" rere ihe karịrị 500,000 mbipụta ma bụrụ nke a{{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Articles with hCards]] [[Òtù:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Òtù:Articles with short description]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gpnu4qr20xigknytv5n1ifow12aw0fw 0 47104 727936 422566 2026-09-25T13:55:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Anthony Henderson''' (amuru June 17, 1973), mara amara dika '''Krayzie Bone''', bu onye America rapper, onye ọbụ abụ, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye ọchụnta ego. Ọ bụ onye otu rap Bone Thugs-n-Harmony . == Solo ọrụ == Mgbe o nwetasịrị ihe ịga nke ọma na Ọkpụkpụ Thugs-n-Harmony, Krayzie Bone dekọtara mpụta mbụ ya, ''Thug Mentality 1999'', na 1999. E wepụtara album ahụ dị ka diski diski abụọ, na-egosipụta nnukwu nhọrọ nke ndị ọbịa, gụnyere Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, Mo Thugs, Mariah Carey, ThugLine, The Marley Brothers, Big Pun, Fat Joe, Cuban Link, Gangsta Boo, E-40, 8 Bọọlụ &amp;amp; MJG, Kurupt, Naughty Site Nature na Snoop Dogg . Romeo Antonio bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ ọtụtụ ihe mepụtara album a ma ndị RIAA kwadoro platinum. Na 2001, Krayzie wepụtara ''Thug On Da Line'', nke natara n'ozuzu nti reviews site music nkatọ wee gaa gold. Na 2005 Krayzie Bone gosipụtara na egwu " Ridin " nke Chamillionaire . Enyere "Ridin"" Kachasị Mma Rap Performance site na Duo ma ọ bụ Otu" na 49th Annual Grammy Awards. A họpụtara ya maka Best Rap Song. Ọ ghọrọ nọmba nke mbụ na Disemba na Piczo Chart ọnwa 3 ka ahapụchara ya n'anụ ahụ. Egwu a tokwagoro na Billboard Hot 100 wee gbagote na nọmba 2 na UK Singles Chart mgbe ewepụtara ya ebe ahụ. Egwu a họọrọ #3 na "Egwu 100 Kachasị Mma <nowiki>nke</nowiki> 2006" ''Rolling Stone'' na #91 na "100 Kachasị Egwu Hip Hop" nke VH1. Ọ bụ ụdaolu kachasị mma na-ere na 2006, yana ahịa nde 3.2, nke RIAA kwadoro dị ka onye na-ese ihe multi-platinum Mastertone mbụ na akụkọ ntolite. Enyekwara ya vidiyo Rap kacha mma ikpeazụ na MTV Video Music Awards, nke enyere na 2006. N'oge ogbako ogbako nke April 2014, Krayzie Bone kwupụtara na a ga-ewepụta nkeji mbụ nke ''Chasing the Devil'' trilogy album July 22, 2014 site na RBC Records . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2014/04/krayzie-bones-new-album-release-date/|title=Krayzie Bone's New Album Release Date|work=XXL|date=18 April 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.28375/title.krayzie-bone-announces-chasing-the-devil-release-date|title=Krayzie Bone Announces "Chasing The Devil" Release Date|author=HipHopDX|date=17 April 2014|work=HipHopDX|accessdate=5 June 2024|archivedate=2 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102202606/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.28375/title.krayzie-bone-announces-chasing-the-devil-release-date}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, eweghachitere ya wee wepụta ya na Nọvemba 20, 2015. == Ọrụ azụmahịa == E wezụga egwu, Krayzie Bone abanyela na ụwa azụmahịa. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Mo Thugs Family, mkpokọta Cleveland -based rap na Hip-Hop egwu. Ọ kewapụrụ na otu ahụ na 1999 wee mepụta ThugLine Records, ma ọ bụ TL. O nyeferela onye otu Bone Thugs ibe ya bụ Wish Bone dị ka onye isi ala na onye isi oche ya. Ndị otu a ejikọtala ugbu a ma na-aga n'ihu na njem n'ozuzu ya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allhiphop.com/2013/06/30/the-ahh-qa-krayzie-bone/|title=AllHipHop » The AHH Q&A: Krayzie Bone|work=AllHipHop|date=30 June 2013|author=Stephens|first=Toni}}</ref> N'ọtụtụ vidiyo, enwere ike ịhụ ya ka o yi agbụ nke na-ekwu TL. Na 2010 a gbanwere aha ThugLine Records ka ọ bụrụ Life Entertainment. Iji nwetakwuo ndị na-ese ihe ma chọpụta talent kachasị mma maka akara ngosi ahụ, Emebere Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-emeri dị ka ọwa ịntanetị iji nyere ndị na-ese egwu na-abịa na-abanye n'ime ụlọ ọrụ egwu. Dị ka akụkụ nke ọchụnta ego ya, Krayzie Bone wepụtara uwe na ngwa ngwa aha ya bụ "TL Apparel" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thelife.bigcartel.com/|title=The Life|work=bigcartel.com}}</ref> nke bụ njikọ aka na egwu ya. Ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado ya na-akwado ahịrị uwe ya ka ha na-esonyere ya na nnukwu oghere nke ụlọ ahịa na Los Angeles. Na 2018 Krayzie Bone bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta iji kesaa ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dijitalụ ya "Krayzie Bone Media" na The Digital Soapbox Network. Ihe ngosi mbụ ya bụ "Ndozi ngwa ngwa"-The Afterhours bụ ọrụ mbụ ya na netwọk. N'afọ 2019, ọ malitere pọdkastị izu nzuzo #TruthTalks nke nwetagoro nnukwu ntanetị n'ịntanetị. == Ndụ onwe onye == Henderson si na ọgbọ nke anọ nke ezinụlọ Ndịàmà Jehova, na dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ adịghị eme ememe Krismas. O kwenyere na ọtụtụ ndị rapper na-amaghị ama na-agbaso atụmatụ nke Illuminati . <ref>{{Cite web|title="I Know There's a Devil": Bone Thugs-N-Harmony's Krayzie Bone Finds Religion|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/rmj4n8/krayzie-bone-interview-2016|date=February 3, 2016|accessdate=September 12, 2019|publisher=[[Vice Media]]|first=Jimmy|author=Ness}}</ref> === Okwu ahụike === Na Septemba 24, 2023, a nabatara Krayzie Bone n'ụlọọgwụ dị na [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], mgbe ọ gbasasịrị ọbara n'ụra ya, ihe e mechara kwuo na ọ bụ sarcoidosis . Ndị dọkịta enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na ịwa ahụ mberede. Na Septemba 26, a gbadara ya n'ihi nnukwu akwara na-agbapụta ngụgụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-25|title=Bone Thugs-N-Harmony rapper Krayzie Bone hospitalized in 'life-threatening' condition|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2023/09/25/krayzie-bone-hospitalized/|accessdate=2023-09-26|work=New York Daily News|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-25|title=Rapper Krayzie Bone reportedly hospitalized in Los Angeles|url=https://ktla.com/entertainment/rapper-krayzie-bone-reportedly-hospitalized-in-los-angeles/|accessdate=2023-09-26|work=KTLA|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925233624/https://ktla.com/entertainment/rapper-krayzie-bone-reportedly-hospitalized-in-los-angeles/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-25|title=Krayzie Bone of Bone Thugs-N-Harmony is hospitalized, manager confirms|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2023-09-25/krayzie-bone-hospitalized-bone-thugs-n-harmony|accessdate=2023-09-26|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, n'October 3, o kwupụtara na ya agbakeela n'ọrịa ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-04|title=Krayzie Bone Shares Health Update After Being Hospitalized|url=https://consequence.net/2023/10/krayzie-bone-health-update/|accessdate=2023-10-07|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ==   === Naanị albums === * ''Echiche Thug 1999'' (1999) * ''Thug na Line'' (2001) * ''Gemini: Ezi vs. Ọjọọ'' (2005) * ''Ịchụ Ekwensu: Ọnwụnwa'' (2015) * ''Akụkọ mgbe ebighị ebi'' (2017) * ''E.1999: The LeathaFace Project'' (2017) * ''Ọ nweghị ihe fọdụrụ iji gosi'' (2019) * ''Ndozi ngwa ngwa: Ọkwa 2'' (2019) * ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo'' (2021) * ''Krayzie Melodies: Melodious, Vol.'' ''1'' (2022) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/krayzie-melodies-melodious-vol-1/1618552852|title=Krayzie Bone - Krayzie Melodies: Melodious, Vol. 1|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=April 22, 2022|archivedate=April 22, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422040346/https://music.apple.com/us/album/krayzie-melodies-melodious-vol-1/1618552852}}</ref> * ''Ngwa ngwa ngwa : Ọkwa 3 : Ọkwa Elu'' (2023) === Ndekọ ọnụ === * ''Thug Brothers 2'' <small>ya na Young Noble</small> (2017) * ''Waves ọhụrụ'' <small>nwere ọkpụkpụ Bizzy</small> (2017) * ''Thug Brothers 3'' <small>ya na Young Noble</small> (2017) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thug-brothers-3/id1268203850|title=Thug Brothers 3 by Krayzie Bone of Bone Thugs-n-Harmony & Young Noble of The Outlawz on Apple Music|publisher=iTunes|access-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128020907/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thug-brothers-3/id1268203850|archive-date=2017-11-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == === Grammy Award === * 1997: "Arụmọrụ Rap kacha mma site na Duo ma ọ bụ otu" ( Tha Crossroads ) <small>(ya na ọkpụkpụ Thugs-n-Harmony)</small> * 2007: "Arụmọrụ Rap kacha mma site na Duo ma ọ bụ otu" ( Ridin' ) <small>(ya na Chamillionaire)</small> == Ntụaka == Chart ọnwa 3 ka ahapụchara ya n'anụ ahụ. Egwu a tokwagoro na Billboard Hot 100 wee gbagote na nọmba 2 na UK Singles Chart mgbe ewepụtara ya ebe ahụ. Egwu a họọrọ #3 na "Egwu 100 Kachasị Mma nke 2006" Rolling Stone na #91 na{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gzcxy4mmyjily3vtxscjxrfwvreg7y5 0 47132 727928 170844 2026-09-25T13:22:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727928 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Kimora Lee Simmons</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Kimora_Lee_in_Kouture_(1)_(cropped).jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Simmons in 2009</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline">Kimora Lee Perkins</div><br /><br /><span style="display:none"> </span><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1975-05-04</span>) </span>May 4, 1975<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;49)</span><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[St. Louis]], Missouri, U.S.</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Other&nbsp;names | class="infobox-data nickname" |Kimora Lee Leissner |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma&nbsp;mater | class="infobox-data" |[[University of Hartford]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Occupations | class="infobox-data role" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="hlist"> * Model * businesswoman * fashion designer * television personality </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Years&nbsp;active | class="infobox-data" |1988–present |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Spouses | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * <templatestyles src="Template:Marriage/styles.css" /> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Russell Simmons</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px">&#x200B;</div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">&#x200B;</div>&#x28;<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;married</nowiki&gt;">m.</abbr>&nbsp;1998&#x3B;&#x20;<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;divorced</nowiki&gt;">div.</abbr>&nbsp;2009&#x29;&#x200B;</div> * <templatestyles src="Template:Marriage/styles.css" /> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Tim Leissner<br /><br /></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px">&#x200B;</div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">&#x200B;</div>&#x28;<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;married</nowiki&gt;">m.</abbr>&nbsp;2014&#x29;&#x200B;</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Partner(s) | class="infobox-data" |Djimon Hounsou <br /><br />(2007–2012) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Children | class="infobox-data" |5 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Modeling information''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Height | class="infobox-data" |183&nbsp;cm (6&nbsp;ft 0&nbsp;in)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hair color | class="infobox-data" |Black<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Eye color | class="infobox-data" |Brown<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> |- style="display:none" | colspan="2" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Website | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://babyphat.com babyphat.com]</span> |} {{Databox}}'''Kimora Lee Simmons''' (née '''Perkins''' ; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kimora Lee Leissner Biography|url=http://www.biography.com/people/kimora-lee-simmons-504534|publisher=biography.com|accessdate=December 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527093621/http://www.biography.com/people/kimora-lee-simmons-504534|archivedate=May 27, 2015}}</ref> Mee 4, 1975 ) bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego America, onye mmebe ejiji, agwa telivishọn na ụdị ejiji mbụ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, ọ bịanyere aka na Chanel, ebe ọ ghọrọ ihe nlereanya. Simmons agawo n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ elu maka ụlọ ejiji dị ka Fendi na Valentino wee pụta na mkpuchi nke Vogue na Elle . Ọ malitere akara ụdị ndụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ''Baby Phat'' na 1999. Na 2007, ọ tinyere ezinụlọ ya banye na telivishọn n'ezie, na-eme ihe nkiri na ''Kimora: Life in the Fab Lane'' . == Ndụ mbido == Kimora Lee Perkins mụrụ na St. Louis . <ref name="People20060331">[[Stephen M. Silverman]] with Tiffany McGee (March 31, 2006) [https://web.archive.org/web/20180919121021/https://people.com/people/article/0,,1178541,00.html Russell, Kimora Lee Simmons Split] ''People''. Accessed December 20, 2007.</ref> N'ịbụ onye tolitere na mpaghara ugwu St. Louis nke Florissant, Missouri, Simmons bụ ndị a na-achọkarị iji ike emegbu mmadụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nishime|first=Leilani|date=2017-04-20|title=Camp Kimora|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038075.003.0006|journal=University of Illinois Press|volume=1|doi=10.5406/illinois/9780252038075.003.0006}}</ref> N'ihi ịdị elu ya (5'10" site na afọ iri) na agbụrụ dị iche iche (ọ bụ African-American n'akụkụ nna ya na Japanese-Korean na nne ya), Simmons gbalịsiri ike ịchọta obi ike ma nwee mmetụta, n'okwu nke ya, "dị iche. . " <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kimora Lee Simmons Teaches Tolerance - With Lessons From Mom|url=https://people.com/parents/kimora-lee-simmons-teaches-tolerance-with-lessons-from-mom/|accessdate=2022-10-06|work=Peoplemag|language=en}}</ref> N'ịgbalị ịkwalite ntụkwasị obi Kimora, nne Kimora debara aha ya na klas ime ihe ngosi mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, Simmons gara ihe omume ọchụchọ ihe nlereanya na Kansas City, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Put Some Respeck On Her Name!: Kimora Lee Simmons Started Her Modeling Career At 13 And Became The Blueprint For The Modern Day Influencer|url=https://www.bet.com/article/9848ip/kimora-lee-simmons-started-her-modeling-career-at-13|accessdate=2022-10-06|work=BET|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006030508/https://www.bet.com/article/9848ip/kimora-lee-simmons-started-her-modeling-career-at-13|archive-date=2022-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> ebe onye nhazi ihe omume ahụ, Marie-Christine Kollock, onye nnọchiteanya sitere na ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe ngosi nke Paris, Glamour, chọtara ya. Kollock zigaziri Simmons na Paris, ebe ọ ga-enweta ihu ọma n'oge na-adịghị anya n'aka ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ejiji wee malite ọrụ ịwe ihe n'ike. Simmons bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Lutheran North High School na St. Louis, Missouri. Na 2017, Simmons laghachiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, na 2018, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Arts in Business and Entrepreneurial Affairs na Mahadum Hartford's Barney School of Business na Hartford, Connecticut . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vibe.com/features/vixen/kimora-lee-simmons-graduateds-from-university-of-hartford-587301/|title=Kimora Lee Simmons Obtains Degree from University of Hartford|date=May 23, 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Nlereanya === Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, Simmons nwetara nkwekọrịta ihe ngosi pụrụ iche na Chanel wee malite ịrụ ọrụ n'okpuru nduzi nke onye nrụpụta Chanel mgbe ahụ, onye nwụrụ anwụ Karl Lagerfeld . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-06|title=We Have a Lot to Learn from Kimora Lee Simmons|url=https://coveteur.com/kimora-lee-simmons|accessdate=2022-10-06|work=Coveteur: Inside Closets, Fashion, Beauty, Health, and Travel|language=en}}</ref> Mmekọrịta onye ndụmọdụ Lagerfeld na Simmons mere n'oge akụkọ ejiji mgbe ụdị agbụrụ dị iche iche dị ka Simmons bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mgbasa ozi ejiji dị elu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fashion's Long Road to Inclusivity|url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/fashions-long-road-to-inclusivity/|accessdate=2022-10-06|work=The Business of Fashion|date=October 7, 2019|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka Simmons na-echeta: "Karl họọrọ itinye ihe nrịbama agbụrụ na ụzọ ụgbọ elu Paris n'ihu onye ọ bụla. Site na ihe atụ ya, amụtara m ka m guzoro ogologo na-ekwu ọdịnihu m - ịrọ nrọ karịa ka m chere na ọ ga-ekwe omume ma nye iwu nrọ m n'ime. eziokwu." <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-19|title=12 Fashion People on Karl Lagerfeld's Enduring, Complicated Legacy|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/karl-lagerfeld-legacy-prabal-gurung-kimora-lee-simmons|accessdate=2022-10-06|work=Teen Vogue|language=en-US}}</ref> N'akụkụ ụmụ ya nwanyị, Simmons arụwo nnukwu ọrụ enyemaka enyemaka iji kwado ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na nsogbu ndị inyom na ụmụaka na-agbanarị ime ihe ike, mkpagbu na ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na obodo ha. Dị ka onye isi nnochite anya zuru ụwa ọnụ maka enyemaka ahụike chiri anya The Unmentionables, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-04|title=Kimora Lee Simmons Joins Intimate Health Nonprofit The Unmentionables as Lead Global Ambassador|url=https://colormagazine.com/kimora-lee-simmons-joins-intimate-health-nonprofit-unmentionables-lead-global-ambassador/|accessdate=2022-10-05|work=Color Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Simmons enyela aka n'ịkwanye ego nkesa ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nwanyị nwere ike iji ya na ihe enyemaka nye obodo ndị inyom na-akwaga mba ọzọ na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-abanye Europe site na Gris. <ref>{{Cite web|author=wp360mag|date=2018-06-20|title=Kimora Lee Simmons Joins The Unmentionables to Aid Refugees in Greece|url=https://www.the360mag.com/kimora-lee-simmons-joins-the-unmentionables-to-aid-refugees-in-greece-2/|accessdate=2022-10-05|work=360 MAGAZINE {{!}} ART + MUSIC + DESIGN + FASHION + AUTO + TRAVEL + FOOD + HEALTH + TECH|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2017, Simmons na ezinụlọ ya gara Texas na The Unmentionables iji nyere aka na enyemaka enyemaka na-esochi mbibi nke Hurrican Harvey . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blakinger|first=Keri|date=2017-09-10|title=Kimora Lee Simmons to hand out Hurricane Harvey aid in Houston|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/article/Kimora-Lee-Simmons-to-hand-out-Hurricane-Harvey-12186499.php|accessdate=2022-10-05|work=Houston Chronicle|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2018, Simmons nyefere adreesị na Global Innovation Coalition for Change (GICC), na mmekorita ya na UN Women iji kwalite mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ buru ibu ma kwalite ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na ihe ọhụrụ, teknụzụ, na azụmaahịa. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye nrụpụta ụwa maka mgbanwe <ref>{{Cite web|author=Harlem {{!}}|first=Africa in|title=Kimora Lee Simmons Archives|url=https://africainharlem.nyc/en/tag/kimora-lee-simmons/|accessdate=2022-10-05|work=African Immigrants, African American New Yorkers in Harlem and Beyond|language=en}}</ref> dị ka onye na-akwado ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị n'ebe ọrụ. Na Septemba 2018, Simmons so UN Women na GICC rụkọrọ ọrụ iji nyere aka malite ụkpụrụ okike okike ha na She Innovates oku ka eme. <ref>{{Cite web|author=LADYGUNN|date=2020-05-25|title=LADYGUNN – IN BED WITH KIMORA LEE SIMMONS|url=https://www.ladygunn.com/cover-story/in-bed-with-kimora-lee-simons/|accessdate=2022-10-05|work=LADYGUNN|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Simmons na Baby Phat jikọtara ya na Smile Train na mkpọsa #AllSmilesAreBeautiful iji chepụta na imepụta ụdị mmachi niile bụ t-shirt mara mma, yana ego niile enwetara na-aga na mmemme Smile Train na-akwado ahụike uche maka ụmụaka nwere ọnụ ọnụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Smile Train Joins Baby Phat® in LA to Celebrate World Smile Day®|url=https://www.smiletrain.org/2021/10/07/smile-train-joins-baby-phatr-la-celebrate-world-smile-dayr|accessdate=2022-10-05|work=www.smiletrain.org|language=en}}</ref> Na February 2008, Mattel wepụtara Kimora Lee Simmons Barbie Doll. Yi uwe faux chinchilla nke ogologo ala yana akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu na-acha odo odo na-ekpo ọkụ, obere sket na elu peplum, nwa bebi ahụ ka emere n'okpuru nduzi Simmons iji gosipụta njirimara ika ọ zụlitere n'ọtụtụ mbọ ndụ ya. Simmons apụtala n'ọtụtụ ọrụ na telivishọn na ihe nkiri gụnyere ''Ụlọ ahịa Mma, Brown Sugar ,'' na ''Waist Deep .'' Ọ pụtakwara na vidiyo egwu maka Ginuwine, Usher (" Nice and Slow "), na Rich Gang (" Tap Out "). Simmons abụrụla ndị otu ihe ngosi okwu sydicated nke Sony Television ''Life &amp;amp; Style .'' == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" | Aha ! scope="col" | Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Ihe ndetu |- | 1993 | ''Maka ịhụnanya ma ọ bụ ego'' | Nlereanya | Aha ọzọ: ''The Concierge'' |- | 1999 | ''The Big Tease'' | Ụdị ntutu Dick Miyaki | |- | 2002 | ''Brown Sugar'' | Onwe ya | |- | 2005 | ''Ụlọ ahịa Mma'' | Denise | |- | 2005 | ''Mweghachi'' | Onye nta akụkọ nwanyi #1 | |- | 2006 | ''N'úkwù miri emi'' | Fencing House Lady |} === Igwe onyonyo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" | Aha ! scope="col" | Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Ihe ndetu |- | 2001 | ''Maka ihunanya gi'' | Shamira | Ihe omume 1 |- | 2003 | ''Ihe Nlereanya Na-esote America'' | Onye ikpe | Onye ikpe okirikiri 1 |- | 2007-2011 | ''Kimora: Ndụ na Fab Lane'' | Onwe ya | |- | 2013 | ''Kimora: Ụlọ Fab'' | Onwe ya | |} === Egwuregwu vidiyo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" | Aha ! scope="col" | Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Ihe ndetu |- | 2004 | ''Def Jam: Lụọ ọgụ maka NY'' | Onwe ya | |- | 2006 | ''Def Jam ọgụ maka NY: The Takeover'' | Onwe ya | |} === Mpụta vidiyo egwu === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="row" |Afọ ! scope="row" | Aha ! scope="row" | Ndị omenkà izizi ! scope="row" | Onye isi |- | 1998 | " Ọ dị mma &amp;amp; nwayọ " | Usher | Hype Williams |- | 2003 | " Gbanwee uwe " | Jay-Z <small>(feat. Pharrell )</small> | Chris Robinson |- | 2003 | " N'ime jeans ndị ahụ " | Ginuwine | Cleetis Mac |} == Ntụaka == otu. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, Simmons gara ihe omume ọchụchọ ihe nlereanya na Kansas City, ebe onye nhazi ihe omume ahụ, Marie-Christine Kollock, onye nnọchiteanya sitere na ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe ngosi nke Paris, Glamour, chọtara ya. Kollock zigaziri Simmons na Paris, ebe ọ ga-enweta ihu ọma n'oge na-adịghị anya{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6v93adzq3kirttgo3yhiwxzwy0bsozu 0 47171 728012 515479 2026-09-25T21:00:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Marcy Harriell''' bụ onye omere America, onye na-agụ egwú na onye edemede. A maara ya nke ọma maka ngosipụta ya na Broadway, na-egwu egwu na Tony Award na-emeri egwu egwu ''na Heights'' na ''Rent'', yana onye ọbịa nke usoro ejiji ''Re: Ejiji'' na TN Marketing's Craftsy . == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gbasịrị egwu dị ka Maria na 1996 National tour of ''West Side Story'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/1996/legit/reviews/west-side-story-4-1200444347/|title=West Side Story|first=Alan|author=Rich|date=25 January 1996|work=Variety.com|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> Harriell mere Broadway mpụta mbụ na Eprel 4, 1997 (mgbe naanị ụbọchị 4 gachara) dị ka Mimi na ihe nrite [[Ihe nrite Pulitzer|Pulitzer]] na-emeri egwu, ''Rent'', na-emegide Adam Pascal. . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/rent-rubin-vega-moves-out-harriell-moves-in-com-69935|title=Rent: Rubin-Vega Moves Out, Harriell Moves In|first=David|author=Lefkowitz|date=1 April 1997|work=Playbill.com|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu na-egwu egwu na Broadway musical ''Lennon'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/marcy-harriell-82907|title=Marcy Harriell – Broadway Cast & Staff - IBDB|work=IBDb.com|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> na-egosi egwu nke mbụ [[The Beatles|Beatle]], John Lennon ; Don Scardino dere ma duzie ya. Na Nọvemba 11, 2008, ọ sonyeere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke 2008 Tony Award na-emeri egwu ''na The Heights'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/new-girl-in-the-heights-harriell-will-step-into-vanessas-high-heels-com-154952|title=New Girl In the Heights: Harriell Will Step Into Vanessa's High Heels|first=Kenneth|author=Jones|date=6 November 2008|work=Playbill.com|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> na-egosi dị ka Vanessa, na-emegide Lin-Manuel Miranda . Na telivishọn, Harriell abụrụla usoro mgbe niile na NBC 's ''Ed'', Nọọsụ HBO ''Jackie'' na ụlọ ikpe CBS dramedy ''Queens Supreme'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/marcy-harriell-1117890340/|title=Marcy Harriell|first=Denise|author=Martin|date=4 August 2003|work=Variety.com|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Broadways-Marcy-Harriell-to-Recur-on-Showtimes-NURSE-JACKIE-20121008|title=Broadway's Marcy Harriell to Recur on Showtime's NURSE JACKIE|work=BroadwayWorld.com|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụrụla kpakpando ọbịa na ọtụtụ mmemme telivishọn, gụnyere: ''NCIS'', ''Iwu &amp;amp; Order'', ''Elementary'', ''Royal Pains'', ''Mma &amp;amp; anụ ọhịa'', ''Gone'' na ''Search Party'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv.apple.com/au/person/marcy-harriell/umc.cpc.1754n85gkbnbwutxs28n5a9cy|title=Marcy Harriell &#124; Apple TV (AU)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/marcy_harriell|title=Marcy Harriell - Rotten Tomatoes|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> Na 2006, Harriell gbara akwụkwọ maka ihe nkiri Quentin Tarantino ''Death Proof'' (akụkụ akụkụ abụọ nke ''Grindhouse'' ). Mazị Tarantino nwere mmasị na njirimara Harriell "nwoke ndịda" nke na o degharịrị akụkụ ahụ kpọmkwem maka ya wee nyegharịa agwa ahụ Marcy. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1028528/trivia?item=tr4466010|title=Death Proof (2007) - IMDb|work=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Na Disemba 2013, Lin-Manuel Miranda weghaara Harriell ka o nyere ya aka ịdekọ ngosi nke egwu ya maka ihe nkiri eserese nke Disney animated, ''Moana'' . Mwepụta Harriell sitere na egwu "More" na "More (Reprise)" gụnyere na ụda ụda . <ref name="Quinn">{{Cite news|author=Quinn|first=Dave|title=How Lin-Manuel Miranda's Oscar-Nominated Moana Track Evolved into Disney's Most Unique Ballad|url=http://people.com/awards/lin-manuel-miranda-story-behind-writing-moana-how-far-ill-go/|accessdate=February 27, 2017|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|publisher=Time Inc.|date=February 24, 2017}}</ref> Harriell na-egwu nne Molly na ihe nkiri 2019 ''Ndị ikom na Black: International'' . N'afọ 2022, Mark Morris nwetara Harriell dị ka onye na-agụ egwu kpakpando na mpempe mgbede ya kachasị ọhụrụ "The Look of Love" dabere na kpochapụla Burt Bacharach, Hal David, Dionne Warwick kụrụ egwu. Premiering na ọwụwa anyanwụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri na John F. Kennedy Center for Performing Arts, The Washington Post kwuru ''"Nke a na-eme site luminous chanteuse Marcy Harriell … olu Harriell ruru ihe nkiri na-ejuputa ike… Harriell ranges masterfully si hushed intimacy to a desperate, oké iwe arịrịọ, na-eme ị na-enwe mmetụta mbibi nke mkpụrụ obi.”'' <ref>{{Cite news|title=Mark Morris's tribute to Burt Bacharach is what the world needs now|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/theater-dance/2022/10/27/mark-morris-dance-burt-bacharach/|accessdate=2023-07-17|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> N'ime ọtụtụ mmekọ egwu ya, Harriell na-enwekarị ọrụ ụtụ isi Loser's Lounge, nke Joe McGinty kere. Na The Losers, Harriell rụrụ na The Public Theater, City winery, Lincoln Center na Montclair Film Festival. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publictheater.org/productions/joes-pub/2020/j/the-losers-lounge-tribute-to-aretha-franklin---joes-pub-live-from-the-archives/|title=The Loser's Lounge Tribute to Aretha Franklin - Joe's Pub Live! From the Archives|accessdate=2024-06-06|archivedate=2022-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028135755/https://publictheater.org/productions/joes-pub/2020/j/the-losers-lounge-tribute-to-aretha-franklin---joes-pub-live-from-the-archives/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/losers-lounge/2019/city-winery-new-york-city-new-york-ny-439e1bef.html|title=Losers Lounge Setlist at City Winery New York City, New York|work=setlist.fm}}</ref> A maara Harriell nke ọma na obodo ịkwa akwa n'ịntanetị site na blọọgụ ya na-ewu ewu oonaballoona, ebe ọ na-egosi ụdị ejiji ya na uwe eji aka mee. Ọ bụ onye ọbịa nke ''Re: Ejiji'', ihe ngosi gbasara ịkwa akwa na ejiji na TN Marketing's Craftsy . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/digital/news/nbcuniversal-sells-bluprint-tn-marketing-1234695739/|title=NBCU Sells Bluprint Crafting Subscription-Streaming Service to Marketing Firm|date=July 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụrụla onye edemede ewepụtara maka ''eri'' akwụkwọ akụkọ na ''Mollie Makes'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.threadsmagazine.com/2019/02/21/wax-prints|title=Wax Prints|date=21 February 2019|work=Threadsmagazine.com|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> Na 2018, ọ bụ onye ọbịa na pọdkastị ịkwa akwa Canada ''Love To Sew'' ebe ọ na-ekwu maka ịzụlite ntụkwasị obi ya dị ka onye na-akwa akwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Episode 65: Sew Confident with Marcy Harriell|url=http://lovetosewpodcast.com/episodes/episode-65-sew-confident-with-marcy-harriell/|work=Love To Sew Podcast|accessdate=25 January 2020|date=30 October 2018}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ọkwa == Isi mmalite: Playbill <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/person/marcy-harriell-vault-0000064618|title=Marcy Harriell|work=Playbill}}</ref> IBDB <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/marcy-harriell-82907|title=Marcy Harriell – Broadway Cast & Staff - IBDB|work=www.ibdb.com}}</ref> Broadway World <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/people/Marcy-Harriell/|title=Marcy Harriell Theatre Credits, News, Bio and Photos|work=www.broadwayworld.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Year !Title !Role !Theater !Notes |- |1994-95 |''Blood Brothers'' |Linda |multiple |U.S. Tour |- |1995-96 |''West Side Story'' |Maria |multiple |U.S. Tour |- |1997-99 |''Rent'' |Mimi Márquez |Nederlander Theatre |Broadway |- |2001 |''Sorrows and Rejoicings'' |Rebecca |Second Stage Theater |Off-Broadway - Created Role |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Company'' |Marta |Kennedy Center |Stephen Sondheim Celebration |- |''A Sondheim Celebration'' |Marta |Lincoln Center |Outtakes from ''Company''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/sondheim-celebration-at-avery-fisher-hall-to-include-songs-from-follies-com-108895|title=Sondheim Celebration at Avery Fisher Hall To Include Songs from Follies|date=14 October 2002|work=Playbill}}</ref> |- |2003 |''Little Fish'' |Kathy |Second Stage Theater |Off-Broadway |- |2004 |''Lucky Duck'' |Serena |Old Globe Theatre |Created role |- |2005 |''Lennon'' |Elton John, etc. |Broadhurst Theatre |Broadway |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |''Getting Home'' |Jan |Second Stage Theater |Off-Broadway - Created role |- |''Kismet'' |Marsinah |Encores! |Off-Broadway |- |2008 |''Was'' |Angel |Lincoln Center |Off-Broadway |- |2008-11 |''In the Heights'' |Vanessa |Richard Rodgers Theatre |Broadway |- |2019 |''Promenade'' |Miss U |Encores! |Off-Broadway |- |2022 |''The Look of Love'' |Star Vocalist |Kennedy Center |World Tour |- |2023 |''The Untitled Unauthorized Hunter S. Thompson Musical'' |Sandy |La Jolla Playhouse |Regional |- |} == Ihe ngosi onyonyo == Isi mmalite: Nduzi TV <ref name="tvguide.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/marcy-harriell/credits/190495|title=Marcy Harriell - TV Guide|work=TVGuide.com|access-date=2024-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921061321/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/marcy-harriell/credits/190495|archive-date=2019-09-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> TV.com <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tv.com/people/marcy-harriell/|title=Marcy Harriell|first=|work=TV.com|accessdate=2024-06-06|archivedate=2020-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225211634/http://www.tv.com/people/marcy-harriell/}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! Ihe ndetu |- | 1997 | ''Iwu &amp;amp; Iwu'' | Josette Vega | Kpakpando ọbịa |- | 2002-03 | ''Queens Supreme'' | Carmen Hui | Usoro mgbe niile |- | 2003-04 | ''Ed'' | Jennifer Young | Usoro mgbe niile |- | 2007 | ''NCIS'' | Carly Marcano | Kpakpando ọbịa |- | 2009 | ''N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro ara'' | Paige | onye na-anya ụgbọelu na-enweghị ọrụ <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2009/scene/markets-festivals/nbc-passing-on-legally-mad-1118003483/|title=NBC passing on 'Legally Mad'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Michael|author=Schneider|date=2009-05-11|accessdate=2019-12-28}}</ref> |- | 2011 | ''Ihe mgbu Royal'' | Betty | Kpakpando ọbịa |- | 2013 | ''Nọọsụ Jackie'' | Marta | Usoro mgbe niile |- | rowspan="2" | 2015 | ''Elementary'' | Yolanda Massee | Kpakpando ọbịa |- | ''Mma &amp;amp; anụ ọhịa ahụ'' | ER onye nọọsụ | Kpakpando ọbịa |- | 2016 | Chọọ Party | Casey | Kpakpando ọbịa |- | 2017 | ''Apụọ'' | Karen Garcia | Kpakpando ọbịa |- | 2018-19 | ''Re: Ejiji'' | Onwe ya | Kpakpando/Ọbịa (Video nkuzi nkuzi kacha mma - 2019 Cynopsis Awards) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cynopsis.com/events/2019-short-form-video-festival/|title=2019 Short Form Video Festival|accessdate=2024-06-06|archivedate=2023-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610071758/https://www.cynopsis.com/events/2019-short-form-video-festival/}}</ref> |} == Ihe ngosi ihe nkiri == Isi mmalite: ''Ntuziaka TV'' <ref name="tvguide.com"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! Ihe ndetu |- | rowspan="2" | 2007 | ''Ihe akaebe ọnwụ'' | Marcy | |- | ''Ọkụ friza'' | Suzie | |- | 2012 | ''Kiss mbụ'' | Onye hụrụ n'anya | |- | 2015 | ''Ọkụ metụrụ ya aka'' | Elise | Spike Lee mepụtara |- | 2016 | ''Moana'' | Moana | Mwepụta nke ''More'' |- | 2019 | ''Ndị ikom na Black: International'' | Mama Molly | |- | 2022 | ''Burst The Silence'' | Chantelle | |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] aauh34voiphvgn17kjr38t8kohsy1k2 0 47257 728044 172814 2026-09-26T00:53:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728044 wikitext text/x-wiki Mia Brownell (amụrụ 1971) bụ onye na-ese ihe America nke onye nkatọ nka nka nka na Boston Globe bụ Cate McQuaid kọwara ọrụ ya dị ka “narị afọ 21st na ụdị narị afọ nke 17, ji usoro na-atọ ụtọ wepụrụ - mmanya mkpụrụ osisi postmodern nke lụrụ di na nwunye. mmasị nke taa na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe ndị na-ewuli elu nke ndụ site n'ịrata ihe osise ochie." <ref>{{Cite web|author=McQuaid, Cate|title=Still Lifes with a Modern Twist|work=Boston Globe|date=June 14, 2007|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2007/06/14/still_lifes_with_a_modern_twist/|accessdate=June 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224211/http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2007/06/14/still_lifes_with_a_modern_twist/|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Mia Brownell na 1971 na Chicago, Illinois, nye onye na-ese ihe, Nancy J. Schulson na onye na-ahụ maka biophysicist, William E. Brownell . Mia malitere ọzụzụ agụmakwụkwọ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe mgbe ọ dị afọ 14 na Baltimore School for Arts . Ọ gara ahadum Carnegie Mellon na Pittsburgh na Mahadum State nke New York, Buffalo . Ihe osise ya dị n'ọtụtụ nzuzo, ụlọ ọrụ, na mkpokọta nka ọha gụnyere National Academy of Sciences . N'afọ 2014, nyocha nke afọ 10 na-eme njem banyere ọrụ ya sonyeere ihe ngosi solo na New York City nke akpọrọ: "Ọ dị ụtọ, na-atọ ụtọ, na-asọ oyi: Ihe osise nke Mia Brownell 2003-2013" . Ihe ngosi a gara ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na New Jersey, Pennsylvania na Connecticut . Edere edemede katalọgụ ihe ngosi raara onwe ya nye banyere ọrụ ya site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta: Donald Kuspit, Carolyn Korsmeyer, Kenneth Bendiner, Hanneke Grootenboer, na Darra Goldstein . Brownell bụ Prọfesọ nke Art na Mahadum South Connecticut State na New Haven .  Onye nkatọ nka Donald Kuspit kwuru ihe nka nka Brownell na ihe ngosi 2010: “Emeziela ọkụ Brownell 'dị ugbu a' na demystified, n'ihi na pụtapụta ndụ ihe nketa ya na cellular ya na-enyere aka, mana ọ ka dị ike - ike  ọrụ ebube na- atụ - n'ihi na ọ na-aga n'ihu.  ọgụ, na ndidi- ®lị ezere, njikere nke ndụ ... Brownell si ahụ bụ ihe aru anya nwere nwere mgbe a na-ahụ si a nkà ike n'alụ, ya bụ, reductively ngwaọrụ na nkà mgba okwu: Ha  bụ alụ apụ, na-ekwekọ n'okike, ndị na-agụghị echiche echiche.  nke obere nwere na ekele maka ya" <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kuspit, Donald|authorlink=Donald Kuspit|title=The New Naturalism|work=[[Artnet]]|date=November 22, 2010|url=http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/kuspit/the-new-naturalism11-22-10.asp|accessdate=June 14, 2014}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.miabrownell.com Njikọ Weebụ Artist] * [http://www.cpnas.org/collections/mia-brownell.html National Academy of Sciences] * [http://hifructose.com/2010/08/24/mia-brownell-stomach-acid-dreams/ Akwụkwọ akụkọ Hi-Fructose] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025839/http://media.scgp.stonybrook.edu/video/video.php?f=20131106_2_qtp.mp4 Onye na-ese okwu na Simons Center maka geometry na physics] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 11dnopv69ocphuexkhe8fu0azrif5wh 0 47302 727964 639011 2026-09-25T16:30:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727964 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Leon Quincy Jackson''' (January 9, 1926, <ref name="AAA">{{Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203493120-41/leon-quincy-jackson-1926–1995-dreck-spurlock-wilson|title=African American Architects|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780203493120|editor=Wilson|edition=First|doi=10.4324/9780203493120|accessdate=17 May 2021}}</ref> ma ọ bụ 1927–July 21, 1995), <ref name="docomomo">{{Cite web|title=L. Quincy Jackson - Architect|url=https://www.docomomo-us.org/designer/l-quincy-jackson|accessdate=17 May 2021|work=Docomomo-us.org}}</ref> bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na prọfesọ America. A maara ya maka atụmatụ ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ ya. A na-eche na ọ bụ onye mbụ na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ojii na Oklahoma, n'agbanyeghị na ọ chere ịkpa ókè ma ọ nweghị ike ịga ule ikike steeti. Aha ụlọ ọrụ ya bụ '''L. Quincy Jackson & Associates''' . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YJUAAAAMAAJ|title=Directory, African American Architects|date=1995|publisher=Center for the Study of the Practice of Architecture, College of Design, Architecture, Art and Planning, [[University of Cincinnati]]|pages=57|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Leon Quincy Jackson na Jenụwarị 9 na 1926 ma ọ bụ 1927 na Wewoka, [[Oklahoma]] . <ref name="AAA"/> <ref name="docomomo"/> Nne ya Roxie Ann Jackson zụlitere ya, onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na nna nkuchi ya Lonnie Galimore, onye na-ere ọgwụ. <ref name="AAA" /> <ref>{{Cite news|date=1978-01-21|title=Roxie Gallimore|pages=23|work=[[The Daily Oklahoman]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/117191881/roxie-gallimore/|accessdate=2023-01-25}}</ref> Nne ya bụ Seminole ọkara ma nwee nnukwu ugbo nwere oke mmanụ yana ntakịrị mmanụ derrick na-arụ ọrụ. <ref name="AAA" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Wilberforce na Iowa State University . <ref name=":2" /> Jackson nwetara nzere BA na architecture (1950) site na Kansas State University ; wee nweta akara ugo mmụta MS (1954) na nhazi site na Mahadum Oklahoma (OU). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=July 7, 2016|title=Pagoda of Medicine|url=https://www.historicnashvilleinc.org/nashville-9/pagoda-of-medicine/|accessdate=2023-01-25|work=Historic Nashville, Inc.|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125012845/https://www.historicnashvilleinc.org/nashville-9/pagoda-of-medicine/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2022-02-09|title=Black History Month Feature: L. Quincy Jackson|url=https://gibbs.oucreate.com/architecture/black-history-month-feature-l-quincy-jackson/|accessdate=2023-01-25|work=Christopher C. Gibbs College of Architecture, [[University of Oklahoma]]|language=en|archivedate=2023-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125012846/https://gibbs.oucreate.com/architecture/black-history-month-feature-l-quincy-jackson/}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=1954-09-11|title=Receives Masters in Architecture|pages=1|work=[[The Black Dispatch]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/117191275/receives-masters-in-architecture/|accessdate=2023-01-25}}</ref> Jackson bụ nwa akwụkwọ Bruce Goff . <ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ ojii nke atọ nwetara nzere masta na nhazi n'aka OU. <ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1950, Jackson bụ onye mbụ [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|America-American]] na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ imepe ụlọ ọrụ na steeti Oklahoma. <ref name="docomomo"/> O nwere ihe mgbochi n'ịme ule ikikere steeti Oklahoma n'ihi agbụrụ ya. <ref name="docomomo" /> Tupu ọ nweta akara ugo mmụta nna ya ukwu, Jackson kuziri injinia ụlọ na Mahadum Prairie View A&amp;amp;M . <ref name=":2"/> Na 1954, Haile Selassie, Emperor nke Etiopia, gara Oklahoma State University–Stillwater na Stillwater, Oklahoma na Jackson gara mmemme ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|date=1954-06-26|title=They Touched The Hem of His Garment|pages=1|work=The Black Dispatch|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/117190934/they-touched-the-hem-of-his-garment/|accessdate=2023-01-25}}</ref> Na 1954, Jackson kwagara Nashville. <ref name=":1"/> Ọ kụziiri na Tennessee State University (TSU) site na 1954 ruo ?. <ref name=":1" /> Jackson guzobela mmemme injinịa ụkpụrụ ụlọ na TSU. <ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ mmetụta na ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Bob Wesley. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=August 23, 2013|title=Historical structure destroyed in early morning fire|url=https://kfor.com/news/historical-structure-destroyed-in-early-morning-fire/|work=KFOR|accessdate=June 7, 2024|archivedate=April 6, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406033336/https://kfor.com/news/historical-structure-destroyed-in-early-morning-fire/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elRFEAAAQBAJ|title=Lift Every Voice: A Celebration of Black Lives|date=2022-04-26|publisher=Hearst Home & Hearst Home Kids|isbn=978-1-950785-61-2|pages=99|language=en}}</ref> Site na 1966 ruo 1975, Jackson bụ onye otu American Institute of Architects (AIA). <ref>{{Cite web|title=L[eon] Quincy Jackson architect|url=https://www.archinform.net/arch/206836.htm|work=Archinform.net}}</ref> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Jackson nwụrụ na Julaị 21, 1995, ma e liri ya n'ebe e liri Greenwood dị na Nashville. <ref name=":0"/> Ọkụ ma ọ bụ kwatuo ụfọdụ ụlọ ya mana ndị ọzọ ka guzoro. <ref name=":0" /> Nwa ya nwoke, Leon Jackson (1969–2016) zụkwara ọzụzụ dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwalite egwu eletrọnịkị na Nashville, Tennessee . <ref name="NashvilleScene">{{Cite news|author=Maloney|first=Sean L|date=29 November 2016|title=Leon Jackson, 1969-2016: Local Electronic Music Community Remembers a Pioneer|publisher=Nashville Scene|url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/music/features/article/20845309/leon-jackson-19692016-nashvilles-electronic-music-community-remembers-a-pioneer|accessdate=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517123057/https://www.nashvillescene.com/music/features/article/20845309/leon-jackson-19692016-nashvilles-electronic-music-community-remembers-a-pioneer|archive-date=17 May 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ndepụta ụlọ == * Ụlọ Jackson, 2026 Northeast Grand Boulevard ( c. 1950s ), Edwards Heights Historic District, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; ụlọ mbụ ya <ref name=":2"/> * Pagoda of Medicine (1963), onye bụbu ogige ụlọ ọgwụ Riverside Adventist (ugbu a Churchka Seventh-Day Adventist Church), 707 Youngs Lane, Nashville, Tennessee; ugbu a ebibiri <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Meyer|first=Holly|title=Historic Nashville lists nine threatened properties|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/davidson%20/2015/09/22/historic-nashville-reveals-list-threatened-properties/72585062/|accessdate=2023-01-25|work=The Tennessean|language=en-US}}</ref> * First Baptist Church, Capitol Hill (1972 remodel), Nashville, Tennessee == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7npbpf65vvj6zunef1jqtcugvxobl9y 0 47387 728089 687069 2026-09-26T05:05:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728089 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Myles Loftin''' (amuru Jenụwarị 27, 1998) bụ onye na-ese foto na onye omenkà America dabere na Brooklyn, New York . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Loftin na Jenụwarị 27, 1998 na Accokeek, Maryland . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-11|title=Photographer of the Week #209: Myles Loftin|url=https://becapricious.com/photographer-of-the-week-209-myles-loftin/|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=Capricious|language=en-US}}</ref> Loftin tolitere na nwanne nwanyị nke obere J'adore, ma bụrụ onye Africa-American. Nne ya, Tammy McBride-Loftin, bụ onye njikwa ọrụ IT maka Defence Intelligence Agency . Nna ya, Patrick Loftin, bụ onye njikwa ahịa nke tolitere n'etiti Virginia na Washington DC <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cultured! Photographer Myles Loftin on business, leisure & his favourite DJs|url=https://www.gq.com.au/lifestyle/art-design/myles-loftin-interview/news-story/014587668406dc477148d43c991874d3}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-13|title=Myles Loftin|url=https://www.aint-bad.com/article/2021/08/13/myles-loftin/|accessdate=2022-08-12|work=AINT—BAD|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge Middle and High School Loftin malitere ịkekọrịta ọrụ foto ya na ntanetị mgbasa ozi dị ka Tumblr na Instagram, ma mesịa malite ịmepụta obodo na ndị na-esonụ online. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-11|title=Myles Loftin aspires to create a visual archive of his queer community|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/myles-loftin-aspires-to-create-a-visual-archive-of-his-queer-community|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=Vogue|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Berghe|first=Lex van den|title=Celebrating Pride Month with Three LGBTQ+ Photographers|url=https://blog.adobe.com/en/publish/2019/06/03/celebrating-pride-month-with-three-lgbtq-photographers|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=Adobe Blog}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Photographer Myles Loftin's Legacy is Built Around Positivity|url=https://www.reebok.com/us/blog/517524-photographer-myles-loftins-legacy-is-built-around-positivity}}</ref> Na 2016, Loftin kwagara [[New York City]] wee malite ịchụso akara mmụta na foto na Parsons School of Design . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Parsons First Year Student Featured in Milk Magazine, BET|url=https://parsons.edu/undergrad/milk-magazine-myles-loftin/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Day With a 19-Year-Old Phenom Photographer Myles Loftin|url=https://www.zappos.com/e/theones/myles-loftin|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=www.zappos.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pepper|first=Hena Sharma, CNN {{!}} Graphic design by Max|title=Creative Class of 2020: From New York to Tokyo, art students share what it's like to graduate during a pandemic|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/students-graduating-pandemic/index.html|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ nke nta nke undergrad ọ gara UK ịga n'ihu na agụm akwụkwọ ya na [[London]] College of Communication . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Myles Loftin - People {{!}} Exceptional ALIEN|url=https://exceptionalalien.com/people/myles-loftin|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=exceptionalalien.com|language=en-AU}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BFA ya na foto site na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ekebe Parsons. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Jane|first=Ella|date=2021-04-02|title=Photographer Myles Loftin on seeing his own identity reflected back through his images|url=https://www.russh.com/myles-loftin-interview/|accessdate=2022-08-12|work=RUSSH}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=In the life – BFA Photography Thesis Exhibition 2020|url=https://amt.parsons.edu/thesis/bfaphoto2020/in-the-life/|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=amt.parsons.edu}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Na 2017, Myles mepụtara ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke a maara dị ka HOODED. <ref>{{Cite web|title=22 Year Old Photog Phenom Myles Loftin Credits His Prince George County Upbringing And Supportive Parents For His Success|url=https://www.bet.com/article/tgsont/photog-phenom-myles-loftin-credits-upbringing-for-success|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=BET|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608205045/https://www.bet.com/article/tgsont/photog-phenom-myles-loftin-credits-upbringing-for-success|archive-date=2024-06-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=#GlitterBoys: Black masculinity reclaimed in new photo project|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/photographer-reclaims-black-masculinity-glitterboys-n758476|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> Ebumnobi nke ọrụ a bụ ime ka mmadụ na imebi ihe oyiyi obodo nke ndị ikom ojii yi uwe mkpuchi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Myles Loftin: ambitious & creative – YWYWMAGAZINE|url=https://www.ywywmagazine.com/2020/07/17/myles-loftin-ambitious-creative/|accessdate=2022-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Mee 2020, Myles jikọrọ aka na Luis Velo maka ihe ngosi mebere SYNTAX. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-31|title=Myles Loftin's Augmented Reality|url=http://officemagazine.net/myles-loftins-augmented-reality|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=Office Magazine|language=en}}</ref> Akpọrọ Loftin otu n'ime 2020's "30 Under 30" na udi nke "Art na Style" nke Forbes. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Myles Loftin|url=https://www.forbes.com/nft-profile/myles-loftin/|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wasilak|first=Sarah|date=2020-06-09|title=Myles Loftin|url=https://www.popsugar.com/node/47537248|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=POPSUGAR Fashion|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Editorial Staff|date=2021-04-08|title=HBO Max Presents The Genera+ion Un-Fashion Showcase|url=https://atodmagazine.com/2021/04/08/hbo-max-generation-pop-up-fidm/|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=atodmagazine.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004001800/https://atodmagazine.com/2021/04/08/hbo-max-generation-pop-up-fidm/}}</ref> N'ime 2020, o sonyekwara Giant Artists, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mmepụta na nka nka dabere na Los Angeles nke gosipụtara ihe osise ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dazed|date=2021-05-31|title=Vote for Myles Loftin on the #Dazed100|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/52903/1/myles-loftin-photographer-biography-dazed-100-2021-profile|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=Dazed|language=en|archivedate=2022-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815131436/https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/52903/1/myles-loftin-photographer-biography-dazed-100-2021-profile}}</ref> Na 2021, Aint – Bad, onye mbipụta nka nke oge a gosipụtara ọrụ ya. Ndị oji kpuchie ya. Loftin sere foto ndị oji ojii ma n'ebe ọha na eze ma na-akpachi anya na-arụ ọrụ kwa ụbọchị na-egosi ahụmịhe ndụ mkpokọta nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Loftin|first=Myles|date=2020-04-03|title=A celebration of black queer love in all its glorious forms|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/pke9bg/myles-loftin-photographer-black-queer-love|accessdate=2022-08-12|work=i-D|language=en|archivedate=2022-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812232914/https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/pke9bg/myles-loftin-photographer-black-queer-love}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-09|title=Myles Loftin 'True Beauties' Brings the House of LaBeija to Life|url=https://www.papermag.com/myles-loftin-true-beauties-2657471094.html?rebelltitem=14#rebelltitem14?rebelltitem=14|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=PAPER|language=en}}</ref> Egosiputala foto Loftin na New York, Los Angeles na Washington DC <ref>{{Cite web|title=Myles Loftin: A Snapshot of Identity {{!}} The Legacy of E. E. Salisbury|url=https://salisbury175.yale.edu/event/myles-loftin-snapshot-identity|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=salisbury175.yale.edu}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Myles na-akọwapụta dị ka nwoke na-akpa ọchị . Ọ bi ugbu a na Brooklyn, New York. <ref>{{Cite web|author=jha|first=Manish Kumar|date=2021-12-20|title=Changing People's Perspective Towards Black Queer population with his Photographs, Myles Loftin|url=https://vanitystardom.com/changing-peoples-perspective-towards-black-queer-population-with-his-photographs-myles-loftin/|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=VANITY STARDOM|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lasker|first=Alex|date=2020-06-08|title=Myles Loftin enacts social change with his stunning photos|url=https://www.intheknow.com/post/myles-loftin-enacts-social-change-with-his-stunning-photography/|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=In The Know|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005084210/https://www.intheknow.com/post/myles-loftin-enacts-social-change-with-his-stunning-photography/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Penny|first=Daniel|date=2022-03-17|title=Campbell Addy Up Close|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/17/style/campbell-addy-feeling-seen.html|accessdate=2022-08-15}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Goodinson|first=Elena|date=2020-11-04|title=Come together: images of unity at Photo Vogue festival 2020 – in pictures|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2020/nov/04/come-together-images-of-unity-at-photo-vogue-festival-2020-in-pictures|accessdate=2022-08-15}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bf7321xqdgp6oa6m0sgucxo1wzl8iww 0 47435 728022 708091 2026-09-25T22:30:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Martha Elaine Wash''' (amuru Disemba 28, 1953) <ref name="birth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/martha_elaine_wash_born_1953_5104953|title=The Birth of Martha Wash|publisher=[[California Birth Index]]|accessdate=December 10, 2019|quote=Martha Elaine Wash was born on December 28, 1953 in San Francisco County, California.}}</ref> bu onye America na-agụ egwu, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-emeputa ihe. Amara maka olu ya pụrụ iche ma dị ike, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Black|first=Sean|title=Favorable Forecast|url=http://aumag.org/wordpress/?p=3044|work=A&U Magazine|date=January 16, 2012}}</ref> Wash buru ụzọ nweta ama dị ka ọkara nke Tons O' Fun, yana Izora Armstead, ka ha na-abụ abụ nkwado maka onye na-agụ disco Sylvester gụnyere na mbinye aka ya kụrụ " Ị na-eme ka m nwee mmetụta. (Dike n'ezie) ". Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nkwekọrịta ndekọ nke onwe ha, ha wepụtara egwu atọ na-aga nke ọma n'ịzụ ahịa bụ nke ha niile ruru na ọnụọgụ abụọ na chaatị ịgba egwu. Akpọrọ aha duo ahụ The Weather Girls na 1982 ka ha wepụtachara otu onye na-ere ahịa kacha ere " It's Raining Men ", nke mere ka ha leba anya na nlebara anya pop. The Weather Girls weputara ọba ise ma gosi ya nke ukwuu na ọbaakwụkwọ Sylvester. Mgbe ọ gbasasịrị na 1988, Wash gbanwere n'ụlọ egwu dịka onye na-ese ihe na ọtụtụ egwu na-aga nke ọma. Ihe ịga nke ọma ya na chaatị ịgba egwu ''Billboard'' enwetala ya aha nsọpụrụ The Queen of Clubland, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eventbrite.com/event/3974983282|title=Disco Dance Diva MARTHA WASH – The Queen Of Clubland|publisher=Eventbrite.com|accessdate=November 3, 2016|archivedate=November 5, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105055853/https://www.eventbrite.com/event/3974983282}}</ref> na ngụkọta nke abụ iri na ise-otu na chaatị ahụ ruo taa. A na-ahụkwa Wash maka iwu na-akpalite na mbido 1990 nke mere ka kredit olu bụrụ iwu na CD na vidiyo egwu. Malite na njedebe-1980s, a na-eji ụda studio ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ egwu egwu na-aga nke ọma na-enweghị ikike ya ma ọ bụ otuto kwesịrị ekwesị. Ụdị egbugbere ọnụ na-ejikọta olu ya na vidiyo egwu na n'oge a na-eme ihe nkiri, na-ekpuchi onyinye Wash na-ezobe nha Wash dị ka nwanyị zuru oke. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zora.medium.com/when-plus-sized-black-women-in-music-were-invisible-bb443893840c|title=The Invisible History of Plus-Sized Black Women in Music|date=May 11, 2020}}</ref> N’ihi ya, a gọnarị ya otuto na ụgwọ eze maka ọtụtụ egwu o dekọrọ. Nke a gụnyere egwu platinum na-ere ọtụtụ " Gonna Make You Sweat (Onye ọ bụla na-agba egwu ugbu a) ". N'ikpeazụ, na ''Rolling Stone'', onye nkatọ egwu Jason Newman kọwara Martha Wash dị ka "Onye na-agụ egwú ama ama ama ama nke '90s". Na Disemba 2016, ''akwụkwọ akụkọ Billboard'' họọrọ ya dị ka onye 58th kacha eme egwuregwu ịgba egwu oge niile. == Ndụ mbido == Wash gara na McKinley Elementary wee gụchaa na San Francisco Polytechnic High School, ebe ọ bụrụ na-abụ abụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ukwe. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tony Bravo|date=June 21, 2022|title=Singer Martha Wash 'coming home' for San Francisco Pride|url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/music/singer-marsha-wash-coming-home-for-san-francisco-pride|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819140954/https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/music/singer-marsha-wash-coming-home-for-san-francisco-pride|archivedate=August 19, 2023|accessdate=2024-06-04|work=Datebook {{!}} San Francisco Arts & Entertainment Guide|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ndị ukwe ụlọ akwụkwọ na-eme njem na-eme njem na Europe ruo izu abụọ. <ref name="newtownbee">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190709000934/https://www.newtownbee.com/valentines-disco-party-at-playhouse-welcomes-weather-girl-martha-wash Valentine's Disco Party At Playhouse Welcomes 'Weather Girl' Martha Wash]. New Town Bee. Retrieved on January 28, 2019</ref> Wash pụtakwara na ọba anọ na ukwe ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref name="newtownbee" /> N’oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n’ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Wash sonyeere otu ozioma UGBU A (News of the World), nke gụnyekwara Izora Rhodes . <ref name="newtownbee" /> <ref name="aumag">[http://aumag.org/2012/01/16/martha-wash/ Martha Wash Cover Story]. America's AIDS Magazine. Retrieved on January 28, 2019</ref> Wash rụkwara ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ maka ụlọ ọgwụ UC. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Gamson|first=Joshua|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwIGcuy_xxMC&pg=PP1|title=The Fabulous Sylvester: The Legend, the Music, the Seventies in San Francisco|date=March 2005|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-8050-7250-1|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === 1976–1988: Ton Abụọ O' Fun na ụmụ nwanyị ihu igwe === {{Reflist}} Na February 1976, Wash gbara akwụkwọ dị ka onye na-abụ abụ ndabere n'ihu onye na-abụ abụ-abụ Sylvester na onye njikwa ya Brent Thomson. N'ịbụ onye nwere mmasị na ụda olu ya, Sylvester jụrụ ma ọ bụrụ na o nwere nnukwu enyi ojii ọzọ nke nwere ike ịbụ abụ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ kpọtara ya Izora Rhodes. N'agbanyeghị na ọ kpọrọ ha naanị "ụmụ agbọghọ", Wash na Rhodes hiwere otu egwu egwu akpọrọ Two Tons O' Fun (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya "Ton Abụọ"). [11] <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mighty Real: Sharon Davis Remembers Sylvester|author=Davis|first=Sharon|publisher=Bank House Books|location=New Romney|year=2015|isbn=978-0-9573058-9-2|pages=10–11}}</ref> Tons O 'Fun abụọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka ndị na-akwado Sylvester na album nke atọ akpọrọ ''Sylvester'', ewepụtara na 1977. Duo ahụ bụrụ abụ nkwado ndabere na mpaghara egwu egwu nke album "Down, Down, Down" na "Over and Over", nke depụtara na ọnụọgụ iri na asatọ na chaatị ''Billboard'' Dance. <ref name="sylvesterbillboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/sylvester Sylvester | Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ Daily Xtra ! , Wash kwuru na iso Sylvester rụkọọ ọrụ nyeere ya aka imezi ụdị ụda olu ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyxtra.com/divine-diva-meter-martha-wash-61884|title=Divine Diva Meter: Martha Wash|author=Iannacci|first=Elio|date=June 2, 2014|work=Xtra|accessdate=February 7, 2020}}</ref> Na 1978, Sylvester wepụtara ya nke anọ album ''Nzọụkwụ II'', bụ nke na-egosipụtakwa The Two Ton' ndabere vocals ofụri album. " Dance (Disco Heat) ", onye ndu album nke gosipụtara The Ton nke ọma, gbagoro na ọnụọgụ mbụ na chaatị ''Billboard'' Dance wee bụrụ ọnụọgụ mbụ ha-otu na chaatị ahụ. <ref name="sylvesterbillboard" /> Na 1979, Two Tons O' Fun bụrụ abụ na Sylvester's live album ''Living Proof'', gụnyere showstopping solos si ma Wash na Rhodes na egwu "Ị bụ Enyi m". Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, duo ahụ nwetara nkwekọrịta ndekọ nke onwe ha na Fantasy Records . Na Jenụwarị 24, 1980, duo weputara album mbụ ha nwere aha ya bụ ''Tọn Abụọ nke Fun'' . Album ahụ wepụtara egwu egwu abụọ kachasị elu ise: "Ụwa nwere ike ịdị ka eluigwe" na "Enwetara m mmetụta ahụ". <ref name="twotonsbillboard">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190202053344/https://www.billboard.com/music/two-tons-of-fun/chart-history/dance-club-play-songs Two Tons of Fun | Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> E wepụtara album ha nke abụọ ''Backatcha'' ka afọ ahụ gasịrị. Ndekọ ahụ wepụtara otu "M dabere na gị" nke ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ 72 na chaatị egwu. <ref name="twotonsbillboard" /> Na Septemba 1982, duo wepụtara otu ha " It's Raing Men ". Egwu ahụ ghọrọ nnukwu ihe egwu ha, na-arị elu na nọmba nke mbụ na chaatị Dance na nọmba 46 na chaatị ''Billboard's'' Hot 100. <ref name="weathergirlsbillboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/the-weather-girls The Weather Girls | Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> Ka ihe ịga nke ọma nke egwu ahụ gasịrị, Two Tons o' Fun gbanwere aha otu ha ka ọ bụrụ ụmụ agbọghọ Weather. Na Jenụwarị 22, 1983, ha wepụtara album ha nke atọ ''ịga nke ọma'' . <ref name="weathergirlsbillboard" /> E weputara egwu egwu akpọrọ "Ọganihu" nke album ahụ dị ka nke abụọ ma nọrọ na ọnụọgụ iri asatọ na itoolu na chaatị R&amp;amp;B . <ref name="weathergirlsbillboard" /> Na 1985, Weather Girls wepụtara ha nke anọ album ''Big Girls Don't Cry'' . N'afọ 1986, Wash wepụtara abụ solo, "Breakin' The Ice", na ụda ụda maka ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Paramount ''Gung Ho'' . Na 1988, the Weather Girls wepụtara onwe ha album nke anọ, Wash ikpeazụ album na duo. N'oge na-adịghị mgbe album ahụ gasịrị, Weather Girls kwụsịrị na Wash wee malite ọrụ naanị ya ma malitekwa ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-abụ abụ nnọkọ. N'ime ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ, o nyere ụda olu n'azụ na otu Aretha Franklin <nowiki>''</nowiki> Freeway of Love <nowiki>''</nowiki> maka ọba ya ''bụ onye Zoomin' onye?'' (1985). <ref>[https://www.khou.com/article/entertainment/events/martha-wash-to-headline-the-debut-of-bayou-city-after-dark/285-259157888 Martha Wash to headline the debut of Bayou City After Dark]. Khou 11. Retrieved on July 6, 2019</ref> === 1989–1991: Seduction, Black Box, na C+C Music Factory === N'afọ 1989, Wash dekọtara egwu " (Ị bụ Onye M naanị) Ezi Ịhụnanya " dị ka ngosi, nke David Cole mepụtara bụ onye ga-emecha mepụta ụlọ ọrụ egwu C + C. Cole mechara nye otu nwanyị Seduction egwu na-abịa mgbe ahụ. Egwu ahụ pụtara na album mbụ Seduction ''Ọ dịghị ihe na-enweghị ịhụnanya'', wepụtara na Septemba 1989, na-ejigide ụda olu Wash wee gbakwunye ụda olu Seduction na egwu ahụ. Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụ naanị otuto maka ụda olu ya na Cole megharịrị wee gbanwee ụda ụzọ Wash nke egwu ahụ iji mee ka a ghara ịmata olu ya na egwu ahụ. <ref name="nytimes">[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/06/arts/lawsuits-seek-truth-in-music-labeling.html Lawsuits Seek Truth in Music Labeling]. [[New York Times]]. Retrieved on January 28, 2019</ref> "(Ị bụ Onye M Na Naanị) Ezi Ịhụnanya" ewepụtara dị ka Seduction nke abụọ na July 1989. <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/youre-my-one-remix-mw0001081538 (You're My One and Only) True Love – Seduction]. All Music. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> Otu ahụ ghọrọ ihe ịga nke ọma a na-atụghị anya ya mgbe ọ ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ iri abụọ na atọ na chaatị <nowiki><i id="mwhA">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 na nọmba atọ na chaatị Dance . <ref>[https://www.billboard.com/music/seduction Seduction | Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> Wash ga-emecha gbaa akwụkwọ megide ndị na-emepụta ihe yana A&amp;amp;M Records maka iji olu ya na-akwadoghị. <ref name="latimes">{{Cite web|url=https://articles.latimes.com/print/1991-02-21/entertainment/ca-2111_1_syncing|title=Read Her Lips : R&B Singer Says Hot Dance Hit Is Lip-Synced – Los Angeles Times|work=articles.latimes.com|year=1991|accessdate=April 30, 2012}}</ref> Okwu ahụ ruru nkwubi okwu a na-anọghị n'ụlọ ikpe na Disemba 1990. <ref name="nytimes" /> N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1989, ndị otu egwu ụlọ Ịtali bụ Black Box wetara Wash na mbụ dị ka onye na-abụ oge iji gosi egwu ha na-abịa. Wash gosipụtara mkpokọta egwu isii maka otu ahụ. N'agbanyeghị na a na-ewere ya nke ọma maka ịmegharị egwu ndị ahụ, Black Box nọgidere na-eji ụda Wash na egwu egwu wee wepụta ha na album mbụ ha ''Dreamland'' . Na Disemba 1989, Black Box wepụtara nke abụọ ha " Amaghị m onye ọ bụla ọzọ ". <ref name="Top Pop Singles 1955-2008">{{Cite book|first=Joel|author=Whitburn|year=2009|title=Top Pop Singles 1955–2008|url=https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop0000unse|edition=12th|publisher=Record Research Inc.|location=Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin|isbn=978-0-89820-180-2}}</ref> Egwu a, nke gosipụtara ụda olu Wash, ghọrọ ihe egwu mba ụwa wee nweta ya n'ọkwa iri kacha elu nke ọtụtụ mba. <ref name="blackboxbillboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/black-box Black Box | Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> Ndị otu ahụ sochiri wepụta otu ọzọ " Onye ọ bụla ", na-egosipụtakwa Wash, nke ghọrọ ihe ịga nke ọma mba ụwa ọzọ. <ref name="blackboxbillboard" /> N'agbanyeghị onyinye Wash nyere na egwu ndị a, Black Box anabataghị Wash maka ụda olu ya kama jiri ụdị ejiji French Katrin Quinol mee ka ụda olu Wash na-egbu egbu n'oge vidiyo egwu, ihe ngosi telivishọn, na ihe ngosi egwu. Wash na mbụ mara maka asịrị ahụ wee kpee RCA Records na Black Box maka itinye ego azụmaahịa na Septemba 1990. <ref name="nytimes"/> RCA doziri okwu ahụ n'ụlọ ikpe na Disemba 1990, kwenye ịkwụ ụgwọ ego ego "bara nnukwu uru". <ref name="latimes"/> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bịanyekwara aka na ya na nkwekọrịta ịdekọ album asatọ ma kwụọ ụgwọ njem njem mba ya. <ref name="latimes" /> Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ ntọhapụ Black Box nwere ụda olu Wash ka ejiri kredit aka aka ya wepụtaghachi ya. Black Box gara n'ihu wepụta ndị otu na 1991 bụ nke hụrụ ntọhapụ nke mba iri kacha elu " Strike It Up ", <ref name="blackboxbillboard" /> " Fantasy " na "Mepee Anya Gị". Na Nọvemba 1990, ụlọ ọrụ egwu C + C wepụtara otu mpụta mbụ ha " Gonna Make You Sweat (Onye ọ bụla na-agba egwu Ugbu a) ", nke gosipụtara ụda olu Wash na-enweghị nzere na egwu egwu. Egwu ahụ ghọrọ egwu mba ụwa, na-arị elu na nke mbụ na ''Billboard's'' Hot 100, <ref name="ccmusicfactorybillboard">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190429090051/https://www.billboard.com/music/cc-music-factory C+C Music Factory | Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> wee na-ere ihe karịrị otu nde na United States. <ref>[https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=gonna+make+you+sweat#search_section "Gonna Make You Sweat" searchable database]. RIAA. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> Mgbe ha chọpụtachara na ndị otu ahụ na-eji onye na-abụ abụ Zelma Davis na-eme ihe ngosi na vidiyo egwu, Wash nwara ka ya na ndị na-emepụta C + C Music Factory kparịta ụka maka kredit aka aka na royalties nke mechara bụrụ nke ọma. Na mgbakwunye, egwu ahụ jiri akụkụ olu edeziri edezi nke Wash dekọrọ na June 1990 maka teepu ngosi enweghị njikọ. <ref name="latimes"/> Na December 11, 1991, Wash gbara akwụkwọ na Los Angeles Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu megide C + C Music Factory's Robert Clivilles na David Cole, na-ebo ndị na-emepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ ha, Sony Music Entertainment, na aghụghọ, nkwakọ na-aghọ aghụghọ na ntinye aka azụmahịa. <ref name="latimes" /> E mechara dozie okwu ahụ na 1994 na n'ihi nhazi ahụ, Sony rịọrọ MTV arịrịọ na-enweghị atụ ka ọ gbakwunye nkwupụta nke Wash maka ụda olu na Zelma Davis (onye na-egbu egbu egbugbere ọnụ Wash's Vocals na vidiyo egwu gọọmentị) maka "visualization". " gaa na vidiyo egwu "Gonna Make You Sweat". === 1992–1995: ''Martha Wash'' === A tọhapụrụ album mbụ ya akpọrọ ''Martha Wash'' na February 23, 1993. Album a kacha elu na nọmba 169 na Billboard 200, nọmba 42 na chaatị Album R&amp;amp;B, yana nọmba 8 na chaatị Albums Heatseekers . <ref name="marthawashbillboard"/> Otu ụzọ egwu album ahụ, " Carry On ", ewepụtara na Ọktoba 30, 1992, <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/carry-on-mw0000617857/ Carry On – Martha Wash | AllMusic]. All Music. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> ghọrọ otu egwu Wash nke ise-otu dị ka onye na-ese ihe na US. <ref name="marthawashbillboard" /> Nke abụọ bụ " Nye Ya Gị " rutekwara nọmba nke mbụ na chaatị ịgba egwu. <ref name="marthawashbillboard" /> Nke atọ album "Runaround" ruru top-iri na Dance chaatị, <ref name="marthawashbillboard" /> ma soso otu "So Whatcha Gonna Do" adaghị chaatị. "Ugbu a Ị Ga-apụ" ka ewepụtara dị ka otu nkwado. <ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Martha-Wash-Now-That-Youre-Gone/release/1492624 Martha Wash – Now That You're Gone]. Discogs. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> N'afọ 1994, ụlọ ọrụ egwu C + C, bụ onye ka ya na Wash kwekọrịtara na ikpe ya, rịọrọ Wash ka ọ sonyere otu ahụ wee dekọọ na ọba ha. N'August 9, 1994, otu ahụ wepụtara album ha nke abụọ ''Anything Goes!'' . Otu ihe nkiri album ahụ bụ "Ị Wanna Get Funky" gosipụtara mmekorita nke Wash, C + C Music Factory, Zelma Davis, na Trilogy . "You Wanna Get Funky" peaked na nọmba iri anọ na Hot 100 na nọmba nke mbụ na chaatị Dance. <ref name="ccmusicfactorybillboard"/> Wash gosikwara egwu ọzọ "Takin' Over" sitere na ọba ahụ. N'otu afọ ahụ, Wash dekọkwara ma wepụta mkpuchi nke Jean Knight 's " Mazi Big Stuff " maka ụda egwu egwu egwu egwuregwu American egwuregwu ihe nkiri ''D2: The Mighty Ducks'' . Na 1995, Wash malitere njem mba ụwa na ụlọ ọrụ egwu C+C. === 1996–1999: ''mkpokọta'' === Na 1997, American DJ na onye na-edekọ ihe ndekọ Todd Terry wepụtara album nke isii ya ''Njikere maka Ụbọchị Ọhụrụ'' . Otu onye ndu album ahụ " Nọgidenụ na-Jumpin " nke gosipụtara mmekorita nke Terry, Wash, na Jocelyn Brown, ka ewepụtara na June 24, 1996. <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/keep-on-jumpin-us-cd-mw0000648757 Keep on Jumpin' – Jocelyn Brown / Todd Terry/ Martha Wash | User Reviews | AllMusic]. All Music. Retrieved on February 3, 2019</ref> Egwu ahụ ruru na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbụ na chaatị Dance wee ruo n'elu-iri na chaatị Single UK . <ref name="marthawashbillboard"/> <ref name="marthawashukchart">[http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/28340/martha-wash/ Martha Wash UK Chart History]. Official Charts. Retrieved on February 3, 2019</ref> Na June 9, 1997, ha wepụtara otu nsonye " Ihe Na-aga" Na (Na Mkpụrụ Obi Gị) ". Egwu ahụ tolitere chaatị egwu egwu wee ruo na ọnụọgụ ise na chaatị ndị UK Singles. <ref name="marthawashbillboard" /> <ref name="marthawashukchart" /> Na mgbakwunye, abụ ahụ enwetakwara asambodo Silver-status na United Kingdom. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205223425/https://www.bpi.co.uk/brit-certified/ Note: search for "Todd Terry"]. BPI. Retrieved on February 3, 2019</ref> Na Jenụwarị 1998, Wash wepụtara album mkpokọta ''The Collection'', na ndekọ Logic. Onye ndu otu " Ọ na-ezobe ndị ikom ... The Sequel ", nke gosipụtara RuPaul, gbagoro na ọnụọgụ iri abụọ na abụọ na chaatị Dance. <ref name="marthawashbillboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/martha-wash Martha Wash | Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> Nke abụọ album "Catch the Light" ghọrọ Wash nke iri-otu egwu na chaatị Dance. <ref name="marthawashbillboard" /> Otu ikpeazụ nke album a "Bịa" ruru na ọnụọgụ anọ na chaatị egwu. <ref name="marthawashbillboard" /> A na-egosipụtakwa Wash na otu Todd Terry's "Njikere maka Ụbọchị Ọhụrụ", nke ruru ọnụọgụ iri abụọ na chaatị egwu. <ref name="marthawashbillboard" /> === 2000–2010: Mwepụta otu === N'afọ 2000, Wash weputara egwu abụọ "Gee nti ndị mmadụ" wee dekọọ ụdị nke "Ọ na-ezobe ndị ikom". N'afọ 2004, ọ wepụtara otu ozi oma "You welie m elu". A na-asa ihe na emume mmeghe nke OutGames na Montreal na Julaị 2006. Ọ mekwara n'ọtụtụ ihe omume Mgbasa Ozi Ndị ruuru mmadụ na US Na 2006, Wash pụtara dị ka ọbịa na GSN's ''Enwere m ihe nzuzo'', wee mee "Ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo Men" maka ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị. DJ Tony Moran 's compilation CD ''The Event'' featured one featuring Martha isiokwu " Nọgidenụ Your Body Working ". Ọ ruru No. 1 na chaatị ''Billboard 's'' Hot Dance Club Play maka izu na-agwụ na Disemba 22, 2007. Na 2007, nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke Pimpin' na Jonny McGovern, nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke-themed pọdkastị, raara ihe omume na-asachapụ na ọ manyere ha na ogologo ekwentị ajụjụ ọnụ. Na Maachị 2008, ọ rụrụ n'ụbọchị Big Gay Day na Brisbane, Australia. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Chicago Pride Parade na June 2008. N'August 2009, ọ rụrụ na emume mmeghe nke NAGAAA Gay Softball World Series. === 2011–2017: ''Ihe dị mma'' === N'October 1, 2012, ọ pụtara na Late Show na David Letterman, na-eme ememe ncheta afọ 30 nke ntọhapụ nke "It's Raing Men". E wepụtara album solo nke abụọ nke Wash ''Something Good'' na Jenụwarị 10, 2013, n'ụwa niile. Otu ụzọ ọkpụkpọ album ahụ bụ "Enwetara m Gị", ewepụtara na Eprel 1, 2011, nwetara nzaghachi dị mma site n'aka ndị nkatọ. <ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Martha-Wash-Ive-Got-You/release/3035860 Martha Wash – I've Got You]. Discogs. Retrieved on February 2, 2019</ref> Na March 2013, ọ bụ onye ọbịa pụrụ iche maka New York City Gay Men Chorus n'oge mmepụta mmiri ha "Big Gay Sing 6: Club Night Out". Nke abụọ otu "Ọ bụ Oge M" ka ewepụtara na Septemba 22, 2013. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190423221249/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/its-my-time-remixes-ep/714398745 It's My Time – Single by Martha Wash on Apple Music]. iTunes. Retrieved on February 2, 2019</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Wash mekwara ka ọ pụta ìhè na fim nkiri " 20 Feet from Stardom ". Na February 2014, Wash pụtara na egwu "Enwere m ike nweta Amen?" maka album RuPaul ''Amụrụ ọtọ'' . Na Maachị 2014, Wash weputara remix nke otu nke atọ "Agaghị m Adata", nke ruru na ọnụọgụ abụọ na chaatị Dance. <ref name="marthawashbillboard"/> N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2015, Wash na Tony Moran wepụtara " Ndị mmadụ efu ", nke rukwara nọmba nke mbụ na chaatị Dance Club Songs. <ref name="marthawashbillboard"/> Na 2015, Wash guzobere otu ndị na-egwu egwu disco Evelyn "Champagne" King na Linda Clifford kpọrọ First Ladies of Disco . Ndị otu ahụ wepụtara otu mpụta mbụ ha bụ "Gosi Ụfọdụ Ịhụnanya" na Maachị 2015, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190203201725/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/show-some-love-single/970614524 Show Some Love – Single by First Ladies of Disco on Apple Music]. iTunes. Retrieved on February 2, 2019</ref> nke ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ isii na chaatị Dance. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190424150011/https://www.billboard.com/music/first-ladies-of-disco First Ladies of Disco | Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on February 2, 2019</ref> Na Disemba 2015, Wash wepụtara otu "N2U", nke Showtek na Eva Shaw mepụtara na Spinnin' Records. Na November 2017, Wash na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na onye na-agụ egwú Turkish Serhat, na-ahapụ otu onye nwere ọtụtụ nsụgharị nke ntinye Eurovision 2016 ya ''Amaghị m'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.serhatofficial.com/video/serhat-feat-martha-wash-i-didnt-know/|title=Serhat feat. Martha Wash "I Didn't Know" {{!}} Serhat Official {{!}} Serhat Hacıpaşalıoğlu|language=tr-TR|accessdate=July 4, 2019|archivedate=July 4, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704072809/https://www.serhatofficial.com/video/serhat-feat-martha-wash-i-didnt-know/}}</ref> === 2018– dị ugbu a: ''Ịhụnanya & esemokwu'' === Na Maachị 2018, Wash malitere usoro webụsaịtị YouTube nke akpọrọ "Nkeji iri na Martha Wash". <ref>[https://www.pr.com/press-release/747788 Martha Wash Did What?!; 10 Minutes with Martha Wash Premieres Monday, March 26th]. Press Release. Retrieved on November 12, 2018</ref> <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkjXkM36lqfJ1wriwiGU5oA Martha Wash TV – YouTube Channel]. YouTube. Retrieved on November 12, 2018</ref> N'April 2018, Wash wepụtara otu "Bịa na Ìhè". <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/come-into-the-light-single/1363284018 Come into the Light – Single by Martha Wash on Apple Music]. iTunes. Retrieved on February 2, 2019</ref> E gosipụtara egwu a na ihe nkiri egwu "Wholly Broken" nke Wash na-arụ ọrụ nke nwanyị aha ya bụ "Rose". <ref name="wholleybrokenimdb">[[imdbtitle:6179872|Wholly Broken (TV Movie)]]. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved on February 2, 2019</ref> Na Septemba 2018, Wash sonyeere ndị nkedo nke WaistWatchers: The Musical. <ref name="abc7chicago">[https://abc7chicago.com/entertainment/waist-watchers-the-musical-hits-chicago/4244094/ 'Waist Watchers: The Musical' hits Chicago]. ABC 7 Chicago. Retrieved on February 2, 2019</ref> Na Machị 2019, First Ladies of Disco (nke Wash, Clifford na Norma Jean Wright mebere ugbu a) wepụtara otu ha nke abụọ "Akwụsịla m Ugbu a". <ref name="itunes.apple.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190409210939/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/dont-stop-me-now/1456391739 Don't Stop Me Now – Single by Martha Wash on Apple Music]. iTunes. Retrieved on August 18, 2019</ref> Na Ọgọst 10, 2019, Wash wepụtara otu "Dị ka Ọkụ". <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231129110454/https://music.apple.com/us/album/like-fire-single/1475604175 Like Fire – Single by First Ladies of Disco on Apple Music]. iTunes. Retrieved on March 25, 2019</ref> Egwu a rụrụ dị ka onye ndu otu sitere na album ya nke atọ ''Love & Conflict'' . <ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/martha-wash-new-song-never-enough-money-love-and-conflict-924643/ 1990s Dance Music Diva Martha Wash Previews New Album With ‘Never Enough Money’]. Rolling Stone. Retrieved on December 17, 2019</ref> E wepụtara ''ịhụnanya na esemokwu'' na Jenụwarị 6, 2020. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210305174405/https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/martha-wash-love-and-conflict-1.39418367 LI's Martha Wash releasing her first album since 2013]. Newsday. Retrieved on December 17, 2019</ref> <ref>[https://www.einpresswire.com/article/504510120/2x-grammy-nom-martha-wash-yes-the-same-one-from-it-s-raining-men-drops-new-album-love-conflict-jan-6-2020 2X Grammy Nom, Martha Wash, (yes, the same one from “It’s Raining Men”), drops new album, Love & Conflict, Jan 6, 2020]. Presswire. Retrieved on December 17, 2019</ref> == Ihe nketa == N'ihe dị ka afọ 2014, egwu ndị na-egosi olu Wash enwetala ọnụọgụ iri na ise nke otu egwu egwu egwu, na-etinye ya n'etiti ndị na-agụ egwú kachasị elu nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na US Dance Club Songs chart . Ọganihu ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-abụ abụ na-eduga n'ụdị egwu ụlọ ga-enweta aha nsọpụrụ ya Queen of Clubland. <ref name="npr">[https://www.npr.org/2011/07/21/138576102/queen-of-clubland-talks-talent-vs-looks Martha Wash: The Queen Of Clubland Looks Back]. NPR. Retrieved on January 28, 2019</ref> A na-akpọkwa ya The Voice. <ref name="npr" /> Na ''Rolling Stone'', onye nkatọ Jason Newman kọwara Martha Wash dị ka "Onye na-agụ egwú ama ama ama ama nke '90s". <ref name="rollingstone">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/martha-wash-most-famous-unknown-singer-of-the-90s-20140902|title=Martha Wash: The Most Famous Unknown Singer of the '90s Speaks Out|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|first=Jason|last=Newman|date=September 2, 2014|access-date=May 17, 2017|quote=...the now 60-year-old Wash.|archive-date=May 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516195040/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/martha-wash-most-famous-unknown-singer-of-the-90s-20140902|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọrụ Martha Wash emetụtala ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe gụnyere RuPaul, bụ onye kwuru na "[Wash] jikọtara olu ozioma n'ime egwu egwu na egwu egwu n'enweghị nsogbu. Olu ya na-agwa ma ụka na ntị pop ma wuo ya ka ọ ghara imebi bass. Ogwu egwu olu ya dị iche ma maa mma. Ọtụtụ ndị na-abụ abụ na-aga n'egwú egwu, ma ọ bụ ya. <ref name="rollingstone" /> RuPaul kwetara na egwu Wash "Gaa n'ihu" kasiri ya obi n'oge nne ya nwụrụ. <ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/rupaul-gets-choked-up-recalling-919294 RuPaul Gets Choked Up Recalling His Favorite 'Drag Race' Moment: "I Had to Hold Back My Emotions"]. Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved on January 28, 2019</ref> Otu ya na C + C Music Factory, "Gonna Make You Sweat (Onye ọ bụla Na-agba egwu Ugbu a)" gụnyere na VH1 kachasị elu "100 Greatest Dance Songs", mgbe " Ọ na-ezo "na-ahọrọ na nọmba iri atọ na ise. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2000/vh1dance.htm|title=Rock on the Net: VH1: 100 Greatest Dance Songs|work=www.rockonthenet.com}}</ref> === Albums === * 1993: ''Martha Wash'' * 2013: ''Ihe dị mma'' * 2020: ''Ịhụnanya & esemokwu'' == Njegharị == * Njem ihe akaebe dị ndụ <small>(ya na Sylvester na tọn abụọ o' Fun)</small> (1979) * Oge njem ndị nwoke na-ezo <small>(ya na ụmụ nwanyị Weather)</small> (1983) * Martha Wash Njem Ụwa (1992–1993) * Njem ụlọ ọrụ egwu C + C <small>(ya na ụlọ ọrụ egwu C + C na Trilogy )</small> (1995) * First Ladies of Disco Show <small>(ya na Linda Clifford, Evelyn "Champagne" King, Norma Jean Wright )</small> (2017-2019) * WaistWatchers: Egwu (2018) == Hụkwa == * Aha nickname dị egwu na egwu ewu ewu * Ndepụta ndị na-ese ihe ruru nke mbụ na United States * Ndepụta ndị na-ese ihe ruru nọmba nke mbụ na chaatị Dance US * Ndepụta ndị nka nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị na chaatị ịgba egwu US * Ndepụta nke ọnụọgụ-otu egwu egwu (United States) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Martha Wash at AllMusic * Martha Wash discography at Discogs * {{IMDb name|1456219|Martha Wash}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2c16roq4s96qykmjdwsvuyg8sovsgaq 0 47518 727966 246689 2026-09-25T16:43:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Alexis Marie Nucklos-Allen''' (amụrụ Ọktoba 2, 1967), <ref>[http://www.familytreenow.com/search/people/results?first=Alexis&middle=Marie&last=Nucklos&rid=0s0&smck=HU2CxdB-CirSpCQkbzNp2g Alexis Marie Nucklos - familytreenow.com]</ref> mara amara nke ọma site na aha ogbo ya '''Lexi Allen''', bụ onye ọbụ abụ ozioma nke America, onye na-emepụta ihe, [[Actor|onye na-eme ihe nkiri]], onye ọchị ọchị, ụdị onyonyo, na onye na-ede ihe nkiri . == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Alexis Marie Nucklos na Columbus, Ohio, ebe o tolitere na-abụ abụ na chọọchị nna nna ya. <ref name="bg90">[http://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6070&context=bg-news J.J. Thompson. ]</ref> Nucklos bụ ada dibịa Dr. Ruby Nucklos. Ọ gara wee gụchaa na Bowsher High School na Toledo . Nucklos mechara gaa Bowling Green State University, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na nkwukọrịta. <ref name="tblade">[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=20000122&id=EGhRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qAMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4742,2096869&hl=en "Lexi is back on the gospel scene with a new urban-edge album"], ''Toledo Blade'', January 22, 2000, pg. </ref> N'ime afọ ọhụrụ ya na mahadum, e nyere ya akara ugo mmụta nwaada Bronze. <ref name="bg86">[http://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5516&context=bg-news Jared O. Wadley. ]</ref> Na 1989, ọ ghọrọ onye otu Zeta Phi Beta . <ref>[http://psiepsilonzetas.wixsite.com/1974/lineage Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Incorporated, Psi Epsilon Chapter at Bowling Green State University, Chapter Lineage], psiepsilonzetas.wixsite.com; accessed March 22, 2018.</ref> == Ọrụ == Maka oge ọ bụrụ abụ ndabere maka, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, Gerald LeVert, Vanessa Bell Armstrong, na Fred Hammond . <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PA8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA47 "Lexi: ...And That's The Way It Is."] ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard Magazine]]: The International NewsWeekly of Music, Video and Home Entertainment'', Vol. </ref> Mgbe ahapụchara album mbụ ya ''Call Her Lexi'' (1990) <ref name="bg90"/> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-09-09|title=Lexi|url=http://www.dagospeltruth.com/lexi/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=Da Gospel Truth|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/album/call-her-lexi-mw0000314802 Call Her Lexi], AllMusic.com; accessed March 22, 2018.</ref> ọ hapụrụ egwu, kama ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi, tupu ọ maliteghachi ọrụ ịbụ abụ ya afọ iri ka e mesịrị. <ref name="tblade"/> <ref>[http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/2000/02/26/liv_284730.shtml Inspired, energized, singer, start on the comeback trail], chronicle.augusta.com; accessed March 22, 2018.</ref> Nucklos lụrụkwa onye na-emepụta egwu Michael Allen, onye nyere aka jikwaa ọrụ egwu ya. N'oge alụmdi na nwunye ha, Allen dọtara uche nke onye bụbu onye mmeri ịkụ ọkpọ Evander Holyfield, bụ onye debere akara ndekọ Real Deal Records . <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/821156/former-heavyweight-champion-evander-holyfield-founds-label/ |title=Former heavyweight champion Evander Holyfield founds label - MTV |accessdate=2024-06-09 |archivedate=2016-04-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410101600/http://www.mtv.com/news/821156/former-heavyweight-champion-evander-holyfield-founds-label/ }}</ref> Mgbe a bịanyere aka na akara Holyfield, Lexi wepụtara ''Lexi & Nke ahụ bụ Uzo Ọ Dị'' (2002), ''Otuto na Ndagwurugwu'' (2004) na ''Ihe Eluigwe na-anụ'' (2005). Ndekọ 2004 nwetara ya Stellar Gospel Music Award nhọpụta. <ref>[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120711005300/en/Malaco-Records-Release-Phenomenal-Album-Acclaimed-Artist Malaco Records to Release Phenomenal, the New Album from Acclaimed Artist & Beloved Talk Show Host Lexi], BusinessWire.com; accessed March 22, 2018.</ref> N'afọ 2006, Allen ghọrọ ihu ọha nke Okwu Network, ebe ọ na-enye mmemme oge niile "The Word Network Church with Lexi". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewordnetwork.org/about|title=About {{!}} The Word Network|accessdate=2016-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317102947/http://www.thewordnetwork.org/about|archivedate=2016-03-17}}</ref> Ọ kwadoro ''The Lexi Show'', nke The Word Network na-ebugharị, bụ nke ọ gbara ajụjụ ọnụ ndị ọbịa dị ka B.Slade (nke a na-akpọ Tonex), Carlton Pearson, Shirley Caesar, DeWayne Woods na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. <ref>[http://www.dagospeltruth.com/lexi-2 Profile], dagospeltruth.com; accessed March 22, 2018.</ref> Na 2010, ''ihe ngosi Lexi'' kwụsịrị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu afọ, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231121033003/http://higherrockmusic.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=583:the-word-networks-qthe-lexi-sjowq-comes-to-an-end&catid=42:christian&Itemid=94 The Word Network's "The Lexi Show" Comes To An End], higherrockmusic.com; accessed March 22, 2018.</ref> n'oge na-adịghị anya ka a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ nke Tonex kwuru n'ezoghị ọnụ banyere mmasị nwoke na nwanyị ya na echiche ya banyere mmekọahụ n'ozuzu ya. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thelightnc.hellobeautiful.com/7626901/lexi-out-of-word-network-did-she-go-to-far-with-tonex-interview |title=Lexi Out of Word Network: Did She Go To Far With Tonex Interview? |accessdate=2024-06-09 |archivedate=2016-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409060307/http://thelightnc.hellobeautiful.com/7626901/lexi-out-of-word-network-did-she-go-to-far-with-tonex-interview/ }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurweb.com/2010/11/lexi-out-of-word-network-because-of-controversial-tonex-interview |title=Lexi Out of Word Network Because of Controversial Tonex Interview? |accessdate=2024-06-09 |archivedate=2016-04-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408174547/http://www.eurweb.com/2010/11/lexi-out-of-word-network-because-of-controversial-tonex-interview/ }}</ref> Ihe ngosi ahụ laghachiri na 2011, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gospelpundit.com/2011/03/the-lexi-show-returns-to-the-word-network/|title=The Lexi Show Returns to The Word Network {{!}} GospelPundit.com|accessdate=2016-03-28|archivedate=2016-04-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408205140/http://www.gospelpundit.com/2011/03/the-lexi-show-returns-to-the-word-network/}}</ref> na mgbe e mesịrị ka afọ atọ gachara, na 2015. <ref>[http://pathmegazine.com/news/world-news/the-word-network-brings-back-the-lexi-show/ The Word Network Brings Back “The Lexi Show”], PathMEGAzine.com; accessed March 22, 2018.</ref> Emepụtara album ya 2012 ''Phenomenal'' ka o binyechara aka na otu egwu egwu Malaco. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ugospel.com/malaco-music-group-announces-the-signing-of-alexis-allen-professionally-known-as-lexi/ |title=Malaco Music Group Announces the Signing of Alexis Allen Professionally Known as Lexi {{!}} uGospel.com |accessdate=2024-06-09 |archivedate=2024-04-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416041329/https://ugospel.com/malaco-music-group-announces-the-signing-of-alexis-allen-professionally-known-as-lexi/ }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ugospel.com/malaco-records-announces-lexi-allens-upcoming-album-phenomenal/ |title=Malaco Records Announces Lexi Allen's Upcoming Album, "Phenomenal" {{!}} uGospel.com |accessdate=2024-06-09 |archivedate=2024-06-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618225704/https://ugospel.com/malaco-records-announces-lexi-allens-upcoming-album-phenomenal/ }}</ref> Ndị otu "Burn It All Down" na "Bide" sitere na ọba egwu a kụrụ chaatị Billboard Hot Gospel Songs, <ref>[https://ichoosegospel.wordpress.com/2013/02/04/new-single-from-lexi-abide/ New Single from Lexi - "Abide" | I Choose Gospel]</ref> na-arị elu na #20 na #14 n'otu n'otu. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160630204523/http://www.billboard.com/artist/307126/lexi/chart Lexi - Chart history], Billboard.com; accessed March 22, 2018.</ref> Allen na-apụta mgbe niile na <nowiki><i id="mwcQ">Yolanda Adams Morning Show</i></nowiki> na akụkụ "Inside Inspiration with Lexi". <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130210032128/http://theyolandaadamsmorningshow.com/tag/inside-inspiration-with-lexi/ Inside Inspiration with Lexi], The Yolanda Adams Morning Show via archive.org; accessed March 22, 2018.</ref> Na ọwa [[YouTube]] ya, o mepụtala vidiyo na-atọ ọchị na-ekwu maka isiokwu ndị dị ka omenala ụka, omenala ndị Africa na America, na ihe nkiri TV ama ama. <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/user/lexitelevision lexitelevision], YouTube.com; accessed March 22, 2018.</ref> <ref>[http://shine.forharriet.com/2015/01/mother-walkers-sanctified-straight-talk.html Mother Walker's Sanctified Straight Talk is Hilarious], shine.forharriet.com; accessed March 22, 2018.</ref> Ọ na-agbakwa ALX Hair, azụmahịa na-ere ntutu isi. == Ihe nkiri ==   * ''Churchka netwọkụ Okwu na Lexi'' (2006) * ''Ihe ngosi Lexi'' (2010–2011; 2015) * ''Churchy'' (2024-ugbu a) '''Ihe ngosi YouTube''' * ''Ndị na-amanye mmụọ nsọ'' (2012– dị ugbu a) * ''Ghetto Bewitched'' (2015- dị ugbu a) == Ntụaka == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Lexi at AllMusic [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gf6dzrfbkjwvrl9roiube53mlvl8tst 0 47631 727942 722141 2026-09-25T14:35:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Otu ihe nkiri '''LA Rebellion''', nke a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka " '''Los Angeles School of Black Filmmakers''' ", ma ọ bụ '''UCLA Rebellion''', na-ezo aka n'ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri [[Afrịka|Africa]] na [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị America America]] bụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na UCLA Film School na njedebe-1960. ruo ngwụcha-1980 wee mepụta sinima ojii nke na-enye ihe ọzọ na sinima Hollywood oge gboo . <ref>[https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/la-rebellion-movie-era/ Movie movements that defined cinema: L.A. Rebellion|Movies|Empire]</ref> <ref name="UCLA-LAR">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinema.ucla.edu/events/2011-10-07/la-rebellion-creating-new-black-cinema|title=L.A. Rebellion: Creating a New Black Cinema|publisher=UCLA School of Theater, Film & Television|accessdate=2011-10-02|quote=Beginning in the late 1960s, a number of promising African and African-American students entered the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television, recruited under a concerted initiative to be more responsive to various communities of color. From that first class through the late 1980s, and continuing well beyond their college days, these filmmakers came to represent the first sustained undertaking to forge an alternative black cinema practice in the United States. Along the way, they created fascinating, provocative and visionary films that have earned an impressive array of awards and accolades at festivals around the world, in addition to blazing new paths into the commercial market.|archivedate=2024-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518004903/https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/events/2011-10-07/la-rebellion-creating-new-black-cinema}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. Los Angeles, California: UCLA School of Theater, Film & Television<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-02</span></span>. <q>Beginning in the late 1960s, a number of promising African and African-American students entered the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television, recruited under a concerted initiative to be more responsive to various communities of color. From that first class through the late 1980s, and continuing well beyond their college days, these filmmakers came to represent the first sustained undertaking to forge an alternative black cinema practice in the United States. Along the way, they created fascinating, provocative and visionary films that have earned an impressive array of awards and accolades at festivals around the world, in addition to blazing new paths into the commercial market.</q></cite></ref> <ref name="Washington-Post">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/01/AR2007060100494.html|title=From L.A. Hotbed, Black Filmmakers' Creativity Flowered|first=Ann|author=Hornaday|date=2007-06-03|work=Washington Post|accessdate=2011-10-02|quote=In 1967, after studying electrical engineering at Los Angeles Community College, Burnett arrived at UCLA to study film. For the next 10 years, UCLA students would develop a fecund, cosmopolitan and politically engaged movement that came to be unofficially known as the Los Angeles School of Black Filmmakers.}}</ref> <ref name="FilmRef">{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Academy-Awards-Crime-Films/African-American-Cinema-THE-L-A-REBELLION.html|title=The L.A. Rebellion|publisher=Film Reference|accessdate=2011-10-02|quote=Armed with a knowledge of "traditional" film history now infused with an introduction to the Third Cinema movement and exposure to revolutionary films from Latin America and Africa, these filmmakers took advantage of their "outsider" positioning, reinvigorating the push for a politically driven cinema...}}</ref> <ref name="LAWeekly-6Oct2011">{{Cite news|title=L.A. Rebellion:Creating a New Black Cinema|first=John|author=Patterson|url=http://www.laweekly.com/2011-10-06/film-tv/l-a-rebellion-creating-a-new-black-cinema/|work=L.A. Weekly|date=2011-10-06|accessdate=2011-10-10|quote=This collection of the highlights of the legendary but only partially understood African-American film explosion at UCLA in the '70s and early '80s is a priceless work of excavation and restoration, and as an L.A.-specific filmic event it's unlikely to be surpassed in the near future.}}</ref> == ndabere == N'ọnwa Jun 1953, Ike Jones ghọrọ onye America mbụ n'Africa ga-agụsị akwụkwọ na UCLA Film School. <ref name="Jet-16Oct1952">{{Cite journal|date=October 16, 1952|title=Football Player To Pioneer In Hollywood Films|journal=Jet|volume=2|issue=25}}</ref> N'ime afọ 15 sochirinụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eme fim Africa-America ka dị ntakịrị. Otu n'ime ndị ahụ bụ Vantile Whitfield, onye tọrọ ntọala Performing Arts Society of Los Angeles na 1964 wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na UCLA na 1967. <ref name="Post-Obit">{{Cite news|title=Arts Administrator, Playwright Vantile Whitfield Dies|first=Yvonne|author=Shinhoster Lamb|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A29685-2005Jan22|work=Washington Post|date=2005-01-23|accessdate=2011-11-13|quote=He graduated with a bachelor's degree in theater and design from Howard University in 1957 and a master's degree in film production from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1967. In the years between colleges, he started community theaters.|archive-date=2019-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428160503/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A29685-2005Jan22/|url-status=bot: unknown}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFShinhoster_Lamb2005">Shinhoster Lamb, Yvonne (2005-01-23). . ''Washington Post''. Washington, DC. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20190428160503/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A29685-2005Jan22/ the original] on 2019-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-13</span></span>. <q>He graduated with a bachelor's degree in theater and design from Howard University in 1957 and a master's degree in film production from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1967. In the years between colleges, he started community theaters.</q></cite></ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị 1960s, n'etiti ọrụ nkwenye, ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii na-abawanye nwayọọ nwayọọ. N'ime ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ a nke ndị na-ese ihe bụ [[Charles Burnett]], nwa akwụkwọ injinia nke gara Los Angeles City College, na [[Haile Gerima]], onye na-ese ihe nkiri Etiopia nke si na Chicago kwaga n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. N'adịghị ka ndị bu ha ụzọ, ha jụrụ mgbakọ Hollywood ma ihe nkiri sitere na Latin America, Italian neorealism, ihe nkiri nkà Europe, na cinema Africa na-apụta na-emetụta ya. Ha so na ndị mbụ n'ime ihe a bịara mara dị ka "Los Angeles School of Black Filmmakers." <ref name="Washington-Post"/> <ref name="Images">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imagesjournal.com/issue05/features/black.htm|title=Black Independent Cinema and the Influence of Neo-Realism|first=Chris|author=Norton|work=Images: A Journal of Film and Popular Culture|accessdate=2011-10-02|quote=Most notable of these filmmakers were Charles Burnett, Billy Woodberry, Haile Gerima and Julie Dash. Drawing on their own experiences in the black community and varied political and social discourses of the time including black nationalism, the Civil Rights Movement, the Women's Movement, anti-war rhetoric and Marxist doctrine, these filmmakers sought an aesthetic and mode of representation and narration that spoke to the realities of black existence and the state of the black family under a hegemonic rule of white racism and subordination.}}</ref> Na nsonye nke Watts Riots na ụdị ọgba aghara ndị ọzọ, dị ka 1969 ịgbapụ na ogige UCLA metụtara Ron Karenga 's US Organisation, Burnett na ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nwere agba nyere aka kwalite mahadum ịmalite mmemme ọmụmụ agbụrụ . . <ref name="LAWeekly-6Oct2011"/> Elyseo J. Taylor, onye bụ naanị onye nkuzi ojii na UCLA Film School na mmalite 1970s, bụ onye nkuzi nwere mmetụta na mmemme ahụ. <ref name="LAR-Elyseo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinema.ucla.edu/events/2011-11-20/black-art-black-artists-1971-festival-mask-1982-varnettes-world-study-young-artist|title=Black Art, Black Artists (1971); Festival of Mask (1982); Varnette's World: A Study of a Young Artist (1979); Trumpetistically, Clora Bryant (1989)|publisher=UCLA Film & Television Archive|accessdate=2011-10-02|quote=As the only Black faculty member in UCLA's film school, Elyseo Taylor was an influential teacher and advocate for students of color.|archivedate=2024-07-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710113333/https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/events/2011-11-20/black-art-black-artists-1971-festival-mask-1982-varnettes-world-study-young-artist}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. UCLA Film & Television Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-02</span></span>. <q>As the only Black faculty member in UCLA's film school, Elyseo Taylor was an influential teacher and advocate for students of color.</q></cite></ref> [[Teshome Gabriel]], onye ọkà mmụta ihe nkiri na onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, malitere izi ihe na UCLA na 1974 wee ghọọ ma onye ọrụ ibe na onye ndụmọdụ nye ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe nkiri jikọtara ya na mmegharị ahụ. <ref name="Gabriel-Obit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tft.ucla.edu/news/obituary/738-teshome-gabriel_obit/|title=Cinema & Media Studies professor was an internationally recognized expert on Third World Cinema|date=2010-06-10|publisher=UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television|quote=As a faculty member and student at TFT in the 1970s and early 1980s, Gabriel was both a colleague of and a mentor to the African-American and African student filmmakers whose work came to define the Los Angeles School of Black Filmmakers, also known as the "L.A. Rebellion." The group included such soon-to-be-celebrated artists as Charles Burnett, Larry Clark, Julie Dash, Haile Gerima, Ben Caldwell, Billy Woodberry, Alile Sharon Larkin, Jacqueline Frazier, Jamaa Fanaka and Barbara McCullough. The UCLA Film & Television Archive is currently preparing a major film exhibition scheduled for 2011 which will explore this key artistic movement.|accessdate=2011-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708152324/http://www.tft.ucla.edu/news/obituary/738-teshome-gabriel_obit/|archivedate=2010-07-08}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. Los Angeles, California: UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television. 2010-06-10. Archived from on 2010-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-03</span></span>. <q>As a faculty member and student at TFT in the 1970s and early 1980s, Gabriel was both a colleague of and a mentor to the African-American and African student filmmakers whose work came to define the Los Angeles School of Black Filmmakers, also known as the "L.A. Rebellion." The group included such soon-to-be-celebrated artists as Charles Burnett, Larry Clark, Julie Dash, Haile Gerima, Ben Caldwell, Billy Woodberry, Alile Sharon Larkin, Jacqueline Frazier, Jamaa Fanaka and Barbara McCullough. The UCLA Film & Television Archive is currently preparing a major film exhibition scheduled for 2011 which will explore this key artistic movement.</q></cite></ref> == Nchọpụta mmegharị == Ọkà mmụta ihe nkiri [[Clyde Taylor|bụ́ Clyde Taylor]] chepụtara okwu a bụ “LA Rebellion” iji kọwaa ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinema.ucla.edu/blogs/archival-spaces/2011/10/28/what%E2%80%99s-name-la-rebellion|title=What's in a Name? L.A. Rebellion {{!}} UCLA Film & Television Archive|work=www.cinema.ucla.edu|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-06|archivedate=2017-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904115129/https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/blogs/archival-spaces/2011/10/28/what%e2%80%99s-name-la-rebellion}}</ref> N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1997, Doc Films, otu ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eme ihe nkiri nke dabeere na Mahadum Chicago, kwadoro otu n'ime ihe nkiri mbụ nke LA Rebellion. Jacqueline Stewart, onye prọfesọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na mahadum, nyere aka ịhazi usoro ihe omume ahụ. Usoro a gụnyere ọrụ [[Charles Burnett]], [[Haile Gerima]] na Julie Dash . <ref name="Doc-LAR">{{Cite web|url=http://blackfilm.uchicago.edu/campus_resources/doc_films.shtml|title=Doc Films|publisher=University of Chicago}}</ref> Na Fall 2011, UCLA Film and Television Archive mere ka a isi azụ azụ nke ihe nkiri ndị a isiokwu, "LA nnupụisi: Ịmepụta a New Black Cinema." Ndị Getty Foundation kwadoro usoro a dịka akụkụ nke ''Pacific Standard Time: Art na LA 1945-1980'' . <ref name="UCLA-LAR"/> <ref name="LAWeekly-6Oct2011"/> Tupu mmemme ahụ, ndị otu UCLA curatorial na-eduzi akụkọ banyere ọnụ, na-achọpụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị na-ese ihe nkiri iri ise, ndị ọtụtụ n'ime ha nọgidere bụrụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ. A na-achịkọta akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-echekwa ọtụtụ ihe nkiri tupu ha enyocha ya. E bipụtakwara katalọgụ, "L. A. Nnupụisi: Ịmepụta Cinema Black New (Los Angeles, 2011), bụ nke sonyeere mmemme nlegharị anya site n'ihe karịrị obodo iri na ise na North America na Europe. == Ndepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa nke mmegharị nnupụisi LA == === Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri === Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ese ihe nkiri edepụtara n'okpuru ebe a, ebe a maara nke ọma dị ka onye edemede / ndị nduzi, na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ na mmepụta ihe nkiri dị iche iche site na ọrụ mbụ ha.   === Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri === Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri pụtara na ihe nkiri LA Rebellion dị iche iche ma na-ejikọta ya na mmegharị ahụ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ:   === Ndị ọzọ === Ndị a akwadola ọrụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri LA Rebellion dị ka ndị ndụmọdụ na/ma ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta: * Clyde Taylor, onye nkatọ ihe nkiri, chepụtara nkebi ahịrịokwu ahụ "LA Rebellion" iji kọwaa mmegharị a * Elyseo J. Taylor, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nkuzi na UCLA <ref name="LAR-Elyseo"/> * Vantile Whitfield, onye mbụ African-American UCLA Film School gụsịrị akwụkwọ na onye guzobere Performing Arts Society of Los Angeles (PASLA) <ref name="Post-Obit"/> * [[Teshome Gabriel]], ọkà mmụta ihe nkiri na Prọfesọ na UCLA <ref name="Gabriel-Obit"/> * Ntongela Masilela, ọkà mmụta ihe nkiri * Jacqueline Najuma Stewart, ọkà mmụta ihe nkiri na Prọfesọ Prọfesọ na Mahadum Northwwest * Allyson Nadia Field, Prọfesọ Prọfesọ nke Cinema na Media Studies na African American Studies na UCLA * Jan-Christopher Horak, onye isi nke UCLA Film & Television Archive == Ndepụta ihe nkiri LA nnupụisi ama ama == Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta oge ihe nkiri dị mkpụmkpụ na ogologo ogologo sitere na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri LA Rebellion nke a na-ewerekarị dị ka seminal ma ọ bụ ama ama. * ''Ọtụtụ ndị enyi'' (1969) <ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0206284/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_29 Several Friends (1969) - IMDb]</ref> <ref>[https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/la-rebellion/films/several-friends Several Friends|UCLA Film & Television Archive]</ref> * ''Ezinụlọ Naanị Nne Na-azụma: Foto dị na Black'' (1976) * ''Emma Mae'' (1976) * ''Owuwe ihe ubi: afọ 3,000'' (1976) * ''Na-agafe'' (1977) * ''Onye na-egbu atụrụ'' (1978) <ref name="mubi.com">[https://mubi.com/notebook/posts/notebook-soundtrack-mix-11-l-a-rebellion-the-unity-resistance-love-mixtape Notebook Sountrack Mix #11: L.A. Rebellion —— The Unity, Resistance & Love Mixtape on MUBI]</ref> * ''Bush Mama'' (1979) <ref name="mubi.com" /> <ref>[https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/7818-american-neorealism-now American Neorealism Now|Current|The Criterion Collection]</ref> * ''Ụlọ mkpọrọ'' (1979) * ''Ememe mmiri #1: Ememe Ime Ọcha nke Obodo'' (1979) * ''Ụmụ Gị Alọghachikwute Gị'' (1979) * ''[[Ọkụ na Embers|Ashes na Embers]]'' (1982) <ref name="mubi.com" /> * ''Foto dị iche'' (1982) * ''Echiche efu'' (1982) <ref name="mubi.com" /> * ''Gọzie obere obi ha'' (1984) * ''Usoro'' (1989) * ''Iji iwe hie ụra'' (1990) <ref name="mubi.com" /> * ''Ụmụ nwanyị nke Uzuzu'' (1991) <ref name="mubi.com" /> * ''[[Sankofa (ihe nkiri)|Sankofa]]'' (1993) <ref name="mubi.com" /> * ''The Glass Shield'' (1994) * ''[[Adwa (film)|Adwa]]'' (1999) * ''Nkwụghachi'' (2000) == Mmetụta na ihe nketa == Akwụkwọ akụkọ, ''Mmụọ nke Nnupụisi: Black Cinema na UCLA,'' na-akọwa ajụjụ ọnụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe nkiri jikọtara ya na mmegharị ahụ. Zeinabu irene Davis na-eduzi ya, a na-enyocha ya dị ka ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na Saturday, October 8, 2011 dị ka akụkụ nke "LA Rebellion: Ịmepụta Cinema Black New." <ref name="UCLA-LAR"/> <ref name="Indiewire">{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/archives/preview_spirits_of_rebellion_-_a_documentary_film_about_the_l.a._rebellion_/|title=Preview: "Spirits of Rebellion" - A Documentary Film About The L.A. Rebellion Film Movement|publisher=Indiewire|accessdate=2011-10-02|archivedate=2013-01-26|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130126161925/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/archives/preview_spirits_of_rebellion_-_a_documentary_film_about_the_l.a._rebellion_/}}</ref> Ihe nkiri LA Rebellion nke ewebatala na ndekọ ihe nkiri nke mba : ''Killer of Sheep'' (1990), ''Daughters of the Dust'' (2004), ''[[Billy Woodberry|Gọzie obere obi ha]]'' (2013) na ''ịra ụra na iwe'' (2017). Nnupụisi LA gara n'ihu na-emetụta akụkụ nke egwu ojii nke oge a n'ofe obodo ahụ. Na 2009, onye na-ewu ewu na Brooklyn-amụrụ rapper na onye na-akwado Yasiin Bey, wepụtara otu album aha ya bụ, ''The Ecstatic'' . Foto mkpuchi album nke Ecstatic bụ onyonyo ka ewepụtara ozugbo site na ogbugba na Charles Burnett's ''Killer of Sheep'' mana ejiri nzacha odo odo kpuchie ya. Mos Def akpọwo ''Killer of Sheep'' dị ka otu n'ime ihe nkiri kachasị amasị ya na N'ajụjụ ọnụ Pitchfork . <ref>[https://pitchfork.com/news/34854-mos-def-returns-with-the-ecstatic/ Mos Def Returns With The Ecstatic|Pitchfork]</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ụlọ ihe nkiri Africa * Ịrụ arụrụala * Ụlọ ihe nkiri Cuban * Ochie kpochapụwo * Ụlọ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Europe * French New Wave * Ịtali neorealism * sinima Latin America * Hollywood ọhụrụ == Ntụaka == akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na UCLA na 1967. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị 1960s, n'etiti ọrụ nkwenye, ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii na-abawanye nwayọọ nwayọọ. N'imenkiri nke dabeere na Mahadum Chicago, kwadoro otu n'ime ihe nkiri mbụ nke LA Rebellion. Jacqueline Stewart, onye prọfesọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na mahadum, nyere aka ịhazi{{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcUmV-TaVGk Trailer nke ''mmụọ nke nnupụisi'' na YouTube] * [http://www.cinema.ucla.edu/la-rebellion Nnupụisi LA: Ịmepụta Cinema ojii ọhụrụ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240610074021/https://spiritsofrebellion.com/ ''Ndị mmụọ nke nnupụisi'' webụsaịtị gọọmentị] == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Ubi, Allyson Nadia; Horak, Jan-Christopher; Stewart, Jacqueline Najuma, ed. (2015). ''Nnupụisi LA:'' Ịmepụta Cinema ojii ọhụrụ. Oakland, California: Mahadum California Press. [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mfenw7m07vek37txo7y6h3ky4zqqyeu 0 47659 728088 515684 2026-09-26T05:03:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|website=}} {{Databox}}'''Mya Baker''' (aka Mya B.; amụrụ 1974) <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/new-york/bed-stuy/black-men-afraid-of-dark|title=Black Men Afraid of Dark|date=14 May 2012|work=Patch.com|accessdate=2 December 2017}}</ref> bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri America, onye na-ede uri, onye edemede, onye isi na onye nyocha. Amụrụ ma zụlite ya na [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], ma biri na nkuzi nwata na Brooklyn, New York . == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Baker ma zụlite na Chicago, Illinois site na nna na nne onye injinia ọkụ eletrik bụ ndị rụrụ ọrụ maka [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States|EPA]] . O tolitere gburugburu ezigbo nwoke na nwanyị ndị isi ojii, mana enwekwara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mgbe ọ na-etolite. O kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ, sị: "Echetara m nke ọma, mgbe m dị afọ 5, a chụpụrụ mụ na nne m na nwanne m nwoke n'otu mpaghara Chicago a na-akpọ Bridgeport mgbe anyị bụ nwata. Otu ìgwè ụmụ okorobịa nọ na-eche anyị ka anyị si na chọọchị a pụta, ha malitekwara chịwa anyị ụsụ na brik na-eti, sị, ‘Nigger laa! <ref name="auto"/> Baker gụrụ ihe nkiri na kọleji Columbia na Chicago, Illinois ma mesịa guzobe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta Shoot Films Not People. E gosila ihe nkiri ya n’ememme ihe nkiri. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara pụrụiche na Brooklyn, New York. <ref name="myeyesyourworld.com">{{Cite web|url=http://myeyesyourworld.com/mya-baker-shots-films-not-people/|title=Mya Baker - Shoots films not people|work=MY Eyes Your World|accessdate=2 December 2017|archivedate=1 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201232809/http://myeyesyourworld.com/mya-baker-shots-films-not-people/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newfilmmakersonline.com/memberPage.aspx?b=820|title=Mya Baker|work=Newfilmmakersonline.com|accessdate=2 December 2017|archivedate=1 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201233124/http://www.newfilmmakersonline.com/memberPage.aspx?b=820}}</ref> Baker kwuru na edemede na Patch.com na ọ na-emepụta ihe nkiri iji malite usoro ọgwụgwọ maka ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị ojii, yana maka ọha mmadụ. Abụọ n'ime ihe nkiri ya- ''egwu nke ọchịchịrị'' na ''ịgbachi nkịtị: N'ịchọ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị ojii na America'' - lekwasịrị anya n'imezi echiche nke ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị ojii. <ref name="auto"/> Baker kacha mara amara maka ''Silence: N'ịchọ Black Female Sexuality na America'' . Na <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">a</span>]]'' &#x5B;</sup> gbara ajụjụ ọnụ [[Nzingha Steward]] na Little X, ndị isi abụọ na ụlọ ọrụ vidiyo egwu ojii. N'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ, ha na-ekwurịta mmetụta nke ihe oyiyi 'video hoe' na ọha mmadụ. Ihe nkiri a na-eme njem n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme America na ịgba ohu nke na-ekpughe mmekọahụ zoro ezo n'etiti ndị Afrịka ohu na ndị nwe ohu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bherc.org/Film_Festivals/AAFMarketplace/Schedule/2004/FilmShowcase/maryPickfordTheaterEv4.html|title=..:: African American Film Marketplace & S.E. Manly Short Film Showcase ::..|work=Bherc.org|accessdate=2 December 2017|archivedate=5 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005220833/http://www.bherc.org/Film_Festivals/AAFMarketplace/Schedule/2004/FilmShowcase/maryPickfordTheaterEv4.html}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a na-akụziri ọha na eze maka esemokwu agbụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke ugbu a na ikpe na-ezighị ezi na America n'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwoke ojii. Baker na-ekerịta ahụmịhe ya, wee gbaa ụmụ nwoke ojii si n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ gbara ọgbọ atọ ajụjụ ọnụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/14/afraid-of-dark-trailer_n_4964027.html|title=WATCH: 'Afraid Of Dark' Documentary Trailer Explores Why Black Men Are Vilified|first=Jessica|author=Dickerson|date=14 March 2014|accessdate=2 December 2017|publisher=[[Huff Post]]}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * 1994 - ''Warrior Queens'' - akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ Baker dị mkpụmkpụ nke egosiri na Dusable Museum of African American History na Chicago. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nywift.org/printarticle.aspx?id=91|title=New York Women in Film and Television|work=nywift.org|accessdate=2 December 2017}}</ref> * 2004 - ''Silence: Na-achọ Black Female Mmekọahụ na America'' ; na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Nzingha Stewart, Dr. Hilda Hutcherson, Dr. Lliala Afrika, Little X, Prọfesọ Trisha Rose, Punany Poets, Rev. Jeremiah Wright . N'ime ihe nkiri a, ọ na-enyocha akụkọ ifo gbasara mmekọahụ n'oge gara aga na nke ugbu a gbasara ụmụ nwanyị ojii. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newfilmmakersonline.com/movie-download/7498,2506/Mya-Baker-Silence--In-Search-of-Black-Female-Sexuality-in-America|title=Silence: In Search of Black Female Sexuality in America|work=NewFilmmakers Online|accessdate=2 December 2017|archivedate=3 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153848/http://www.newfilmmakersonline.com/movie-download/7498,2506/Mya-Baker-Silence--In-Search-of-Black-Female-Sexuality-in-America}}</ref> Egosiri akụkụ nke ihe nkiri a na VH1's "Enweghị ike ịnweta ụbọchị", na 2006. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/cant-get-a-date/episode-2-season-1/mya-baker/279080/|title=Can't Get a Date|work=TVGuide.com|accessdate=2 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201233510/https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/cant-get-a-date/episode-2-season-1/mya-baker/279080/|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2010 - ''Maya Illusion'' bụ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi nke Angelo Boyke na Sophia Loren Kọfị; Mya Baker duziri yana Amy Werber duziri ya. Ihe nkiri a dị mkpirikpi bụ banyere otu nwa agbọghọ nwere ihu mara mma n'anya iji chọpụta ma emechaa na ihu mara mma nwere nje HIV. * 2014 ''na-atụ egwu ọchịchịrị'' . Ihe nkiri a na-eche echiche ọjọọ nke ndị nwoke ojii na ajụjụ ọnụ nke ndị rapper, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ekwu banyere ahụmahụ ha na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ikpe na-ezighị ezi. Na fim a bụ ajụjụ ọnụ Lou Myers, Malik Yoba, Sadat X, Sam Greenlee, Tom Burrell, Vondie Curtis Hall, Cornel West, Khalil G. [[Muhammad]], General Steele, [[Kenya]] K. Stevens, na Kevin Powell . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/03/16/female-filmmaker-fight-stereotypes-black-men-afraid-dark-doc/|title=Mya B. Explores Stereotypes of Black Men in 'Afraid of Dark' Film|author=Tracy|date=16 March 2014|work=Atlantablackstar.com|accessdate=2 December 2017}}</ref> <ref name="myeyesyourworld.com"/> == Nkwanye ugwu == * 2004 - Onyinye Telly maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Silence: Na-achọ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị ojii na America * 2006 - BET ikpeazụ na asọmpi Rap It-Up * 2018- Asọmpi egwu egwu Screencraft, Semifinalist * 2019 - Mmekọ ihe nleba anya ihuenyo, onye ikpeazụ * 2018 - Asọmpi Pipeline Screenplay Script, Semifinalist * 2020 - Filmmatic Horror Screenplay Awards (Oge 4), onye ikpeazụ == Ntụaka == America na ịgba ohu nke na-ekpughe mmekọahụ zoro ezo n'etiti ndị Afrịka ohu na ndị nwe ohu. Ihe nkiri a na-akụziri ọha na eze maka esemokwu agbụrụ na akụkọ {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wh48R2NVS_8 Na-atụ egwu Trailer ihe nkiri gbara ọchịchịrị] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-B-KXWWlBv8 Peter Gunz - "Ọbụ nna"] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bdg5vw47br2rztam3s5ihmhisu39coa 0 47779 727970 595722 2026-09-25T17:11:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727970 wikitext text/x-wiki   James Lincoln de la Mothe Borglum (Eprel 9, 1912 – Jenụarị 27, 1986) bụ onye ọkpụkpụ America, onye na-ese foto, ode akwụkwọ na injinia ;  a mara ya nke ọma maka ilekọta mmecha nke Ugwu Rushmore mgbe onye ndu ọrụ ahụ nwụsịrị, nna ya, Gutzon Borglum, na 1941. Otu n'ime ọrụ ya kacha mara amara, bust nke nna ya, na- na-enye na ndụ Lincoln Borglum Visitors.  Center na Ugwu Rushmore. <ref name="PBS" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/learn/historyculture/upload/Sculptor%20Gutzon%20Borglum%20A.pdf|title=Sculptor Gutzon Borglum|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=March 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223134525/http://www.nps.gov/moru/learn/historyculture/upload/Sculptor%20Gutzon%20Borglum%20A.pdf|archive-date=December 23, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == Akpọorọ aha onye isi ala nna ya kacha ike, Abraham Lincoln, ma isi ya n'etiti aha ya, Lincoln Borglum bụ nwa mbụ nke Gutzon Borglum na ozi nke abụọ, Mary Montgomery Williams (1874–1955).  N'oge ahụmahụ ya, Lincoln so nna ya gaa Black Hills nke South Dakota ma malite mgbe a na-achọta isiokwu maka Ugwu Rushmore.  Ọ bụ ebe ahụ o bu ụzọ mee ihe injinia na Mahadum Virginia, Lincoln Borglum mmụta ọrụ ọrụ na ihe ahụ na 1933 mgbe ọ dị afọ 21 dị ka ihe nrịbama akwụkwọ enweghị. Ọ kwagara ngwa ngwa n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ka mkpa. E tinyere ya n'akwụkwọ ndekọ ego na 1934, kwalite ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye na-ese ihe na 1937, ma kwalite ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nlekọta na 1938 na ụgwọ ọnwa nke $4,800 kwa afọ. <ref name="PBS">{{Cite web|title=People & Events: Lincoln Borglum (1912-1986)|publisher=PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rushmore/peopleevents/p_lborglum.html|accessdate=September 16, 2007|archivedate=August 9, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809154319/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rushmore/peopleevents/p_lborglum.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. PBS. Archived from on August 9, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/rushmore-lincoln-borglum/|title=Biography: Lincoln Borglum|work=American Experience Online|publisher=PBS|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref> Gutzon Borglum nke nta ka ọ mechaa isi 60-ụkwụ nke ndị isi anọ ( Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln na T. Roosevelt ) mgbe ọ nwụrụ [1] na Machị 6, 1941. Lincoln Borglum ga-ahapụ ọrụ dị egwu nke nna ya.  iji mee ka ọrụ ahụ gbadaa na-agụnye isi nke ndị isi na mgbasa n'ihi akara ego;  ọ hụrụ ihe ahụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ọnọdụ arụcha nke ọ ruru n'okpuru nna ya. <ref name="PBS"/> A họpụtara Borglum onye nlekọta mbụ nke Ugwu Rushmore National Memorial wee malite ọrụ na Ọktoba 1, 1941. Ọrụ na ihe ncheta ahụ kwụsịrị na October 31, 1941. Ọ jere ozi n'ọrụ ahụ ruo Mee 15, 1944. <ref name="PBS"/> Borglum gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Ugwu Rushmore.  O kere ọtụtụ ọrụ ndịrechi maka ụka dị na Texas, ụlọ ụlọ arụsị ama nke Nwanyị Nwanyị Loreto dị na Goliad .  O dekwara akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Ugwu Rushmore. <ref name="PBS"/> Borglum bụ onye otu Battle River Masonic Lodge No. 92 na Hermosa, South Dakota .  [1] Dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ikom na-arụ ọrụ na Rushmore oru ngo, Borglum akpa ume na-adịgide ndụ site na iku ume na granite uzuzu akwụkwọ na mgbawa.  Ọ nwụrụ na Corpus Christi, Texas, mgbe ọ dị afọ 73. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.masonrytoday.com/index.php?new_month=1&new_day=27&new_year=2016|title=James Lincoln de la Mothe Borglum Passes Away|work=Masonry Today|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref> == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == * ''Ugwu Nna M'' (1965) * ''Nrọ Borglum na-emechabeghị'' (nke ya na June Culp Zeitner dere, 1976) * ''Ugwu Rushmore: Akụkọ dị n'azụ ihe nkiri ahụ'' (1977) == Ntụaka == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == *   nse6uj1ou6cv5k2uxmiokj7jd79lkw1 0 47843 727943 515308 2026-09-25T14:38:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''L. Peter Callender''' bụ onye nduzi na onye na-eme ihe nkiri America. Kemgbe 2009, ọ bụ onye isi nka nka nke ụlọ ọrụ Shakespeare nke Africa-American . A zụrụ ya na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Juilliard . == Mmụta na mmetụta == A mụrụ Callender na Trinidad, West Indies. O tolitere na England na New York. A zụrụ Callender na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Juilliard, Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art na England, na Tadashi Suzuki Company nke Toga na [[Japan]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://cogentoak.wixsite.com/lpetercallender/biography|work=L Peter Callender|accessdate=11 January 2024|archivedate=11 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111162233/https://cogentoak.wixsite.com/lpetercallender/biography}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Callender eduzila ma mee ihe n'ọtụtụ nnukwu ọkwa na United States. Na 2018, ọ nọ n'etiti ''American Theatre'' 's "Ndị ọrụ ihe nkiri ị kwesịrị ịma". <ref>{{Cite web|title=6 Theatre Workers You Should Know|url=https://www.americantheatre.org/2018/02/01/6-theatre-workers-you-should-know-23/|work=American Theatre|date=February 2018|accessdate=1 February 2018}}</ref> === Ime ihe === Calllender rụrụ na Broadway na Off-Broadway. Ọ gbara Curio na ''abalị iri na abụọ'' na Shakespeare na Park (New York City), nke Harold Guskin duziri. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rich|first=Frank|date=1989-07-10|title=REview/Theater; Night of Stars, and Also Shakespeare|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/10/theater/review-theater-night-of-stars-and-also-shakespeare.html|accessdate=2024-02-28|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ nọ na ''Caucasian Chalk Circle'' na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Ọha, nke George C. Wolfe duziri. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rich|first=Frank|date=1990-12-03|title=Review/Theater; A Brecht Parable, Transplanted to the Tropics|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/03/theater/review-theater-a-brecht-parable-transplanted-to-the-tropics.html|accessdate=2024-02-28|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ gbara Roscoe na nkedo mbụ nke ''Black Eagles'' nke Leslie Lee (1991) na Manhattan Theater Club . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Eagles|url=http://www.iobdb.com/production/1122|work=Internet Off-Broadway Database|accessdate=29 February 2024}}</ref> Ọ nọ na ' Prelude to Kiss ''na Helen Hayes Theatre . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rich|first=Frank|date=1990-03-15|title=Review/Theater; 'Prelude to a Kiss,' a Fairy Tale Of Souls in Love and in Flight|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/15/theater/review-theater-prelude-to-a-kiss-a-fairy-tale-of-souls-in-love-and-in-flight.html|accessdate=2024-02-28|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref>'' Ọ bụ Associate Artist na [[California]] Shakespeare Theatre ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ. N'oge ahụ ọ rụrụ n'ọtụtụ egwuregwu Shakespearean, ọ natakwara ihe nrite maka ọrụ ya dị ka Polixenes, Orsino, Laertes na Siza. <ref>{{Cite web|title=L. Peter Callender|url=https://www.african-americanshakes.org/l-peter-callender/|work=African-American Shakespeare Company|accessdate=29 February 2024|archivedate=13 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213042936/https://www.african-americanshakes.org/l-peter-callender/}}</ref> Ọ nọ n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi nke Jonathan Moscone <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kruger|first=Charles|title=Review: Pygmalion at California Shakespeare Theater|url=https://theatrestorm.com/2014/08/09/review-pygmalion-at-california-shakespeare-theater/|work=Theatre Storm|date=9 August 2014|accessdate=29 February 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Veltman|first=Chloe|title=A Trump-Tinged 'Julius Caesar': What Now?|url=https://www.kqed.org/arts/13423008/a-trump-tinged-julius-caesar-what-now|work=KQED|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Hurwitt|first=Robert|title=What mortals these fools be|url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/theater-what-mortals-these-fools-be-2833276.php|work=Sfgate|accessdate=26 May 2002}}</ref> na Lisa Peterson duziri. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Hurwitt|first=Robert|title=Bohemia a nonstop rave in 'Winter's Tale' / Cal Shakespeare version is moving|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Bohemia-a-nonstop-rave-in-Winter-s-Tale-Cal-2769008.php|work=Sfgate|accessdate=16 September 2002}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=Chad|title=Odd 'All's Well' ends Cal Shakes season well|url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2004/09/21/odd-alls-well-ends-cal-shakes-season-well/|work=East Bay Times|date=21 September 2004|accessdate=21 September 2004}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Hurwitt|first=Sam|title=Jeffrey DeMunn finally ready to play Lear|url=https://www.sfgate.com/performance/article/jeffrey-demunn-finally-ready-to-play-lear-2540543.php|work=Sfgate|accessdate=13 September 2007}}</ref> Na American Conservatory Theatre, ọ nọ n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi. Ọ gbara Cleante na ''Tartuffe'', nke Charles Randolph-Wright duziri. Na Berkeley Repertory Theater, ọ nọ n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi, gụnyere ma ''The Oresteia'' <ref>{{Cite news|author=Hurwitt|first=Robert|title=Ambitious, Stark 'Agamemnon' / First part of ancient trilogy opens new Berkeley Rep theater|url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Ambitious-Stark-Agamemnon-First-part-of-2942104.php|work=Sfgate|accessdate=15 March 2001}}</ref> na ''Major Barbara'' . Ya na Tony Taccone na George C. Wolfe rụkọrọ ọrụ. Na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Marin, ọ nọ n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi gụnyere egwu Walter na ''Swimmers'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Swimmers|url=https://www.marintheatre.org/productions/swimmers#:~:text=The%20good%2Dnatured%20janitor%20Walter,more%20than%20occasionally%20look%20busy.|work=Marin Theatre Company|accessdate=11 January 2024}}</ref> na James na ''Circle Mirror Transformation'' . === Ụlọ ọrụ Shakespeare nke Africa-American === Na AASC, Callender eduzila ọtụtụ ihe ngosi. Na 2013, ọ na-eduzi mmepụta nke AASC kwa afọ nke ''Cinderella'' . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sabir|first=Wanda|title=African American Shakespeare Company's 'Cinderella' through Dec. 22 at AAACC in San Francisco|url=https://sfbayview.com/2013/12/african-american-shakespeare-companys-cinderella-through-dec-22-at-aaacc-in-san-francisco/|work=SF Bay View|date=18 December 2013|accessdate=18 December 2013}}</ref> Ọ eduzila egwuregwu ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke dị ugbu a dị ka ''A Raisin in the Sun'' (2012), ''Cat on a Hot Tin Roof'' (2013), <ref>{{Cite web|author=Trevenon|first=Stacy|title=A Sobering and Substantial Cat|url=https://stageandcinema.com/2013/01/27/cat-on-a-hot-tin-roof/|work=Stage and Cinema|date=27 January 2013|accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> ''Jitney'' (2017), ''A Streetcar Named Desire'' (2018), na ''Black Eagles'' (2019) . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Elinson|first=Elaine|title=Review: Tuskegee Airmen Take Flight Again in 'Black Eagles'|url=https://48hills.org/2019/03/review-black-eagles-african-american-shakespeare-company/|work=48 Hills|accessdate=20 March 2019}}</ref> Callender eduzila ọtụtụ egwuregwu Shakespeare, gụnyere ''abalị iri na abụọ'' (2011), ''Much Ado About Nothing'' (2014), ''The Winter's Tale'' (2017), <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Shakespeare Tale for Winter, Told in Summer|url=https://www.folger.edu/blogs/shakespeare-and-beyond/the-winters-tale-summer/|work=Folger Shakespeare Library|date=6 June 2017|accessdate=6 June 2017}}</ref> ''[[Macbeth]]'' (2019) na nsụgharị nke oge a nke Migdalia Cruz . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sokol|first=Robert|title=African-American Shakespeare Co. Sharpens Macbeth's Dagger|url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/culture/african-american-shakespeare-co-sharpens-macbeth-s-dagger/article_223c918e-5c40-5dde-b3c2-e0d6ab2902f7.html|work=San Francisco Examiner|date=17 July 2019|accessdate=17 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111162233/https://www.sfexaminer.com/culture/african-american-shakespeare-co-sharpens-macbeth-s-dagger/article_223c918e-5c40-5dde-b3c2-e0d6ab2902f7.html|archive-date=11 January 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> na ''Richard II'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hurwitt|first=Sam|title=African-American Shakes Hits Stage with Revamped 'Richard II'|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/04/13/african-american-shakes-hits-stage-with-revamped-richard-ii/|work=The Mercury News|date=13 April 2022|accessdate=13 April 2022}}</ref> Na AASC, o mekwara ihe. Ọ gbara ụzọ na ''Othello'' na mmepụta uwe ọgbara ọhụrụ (2019), <ref>{{Cite web|author=Schiffman|first=Jean|title=Lead Actors Light Up African-American Shakes' 'Othello'|url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/culture/lead-actors-light-up-african-american-shakes-othello/article_63a6a98e-e1d5-501e-8abf-0987d0a5eaa6.html|work=San Francisco Examiner|date=14 October 2019|accessdate=14 October 2019}}</ref> ''Richard III'', Antony na ''Antony na Cleopatra'' na Becker na ''Jitney'' . Na 2023, e slated na-egwu Willy Loman na mmepụta Black-Black of ''Death of a Salesman'' (nke Ted Lange duziri ), mana a kagburu mmepụta ahụ n'ụbọchị ọrụ mbụ ya mgbe onye na-eme ihe nkiri Richard D. May (onye na-egwu egwu). Uncle Ben) gburu. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Janiak|first=Lily|title=Bay Area Theater Company Cancels 'Death of a Salesman' After Key Actor Was Killed in S.F.|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/death-of-a-salesman-canceled-african-american-18465785.php|work=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=3 November 2023}}</ref> === Edemede egwuregwu === Na 2020, ọ rụrụ egwuregwu mbụ ya, ''Iche Courtesies'', na agụ na New Play Festival na American Stage na [[Flórídạ|Florida]]. <ref>{{Cite web|author=DeYoung|first=Bill|title=American Stage's New Play Festival: A Portal into the Creative Process|url=https://stpetecatalyst.com/american-stages-new-play-festival-a-portal-into-the-creative-process/|work=Catalyst|date=18 February 2020|accessdate=18 February 2020}}</ref> Ọ nwere mmepụta ehi mbụ ya na 2023 na San Jose Stage, nke Greg Homann duziri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rosky|first=Nicole|title=San Jose Stage Company Reschedules Strange Courtesies for Spring 2023|url=https://www.thestage.org/press/review-san-jose-stages-great-great-leap-gnwl6|work=The Stage|date=16 February 2022|accessdate=11 January 2024}}</ref> == Nkuzi == Callender bụkwa onye nkuzi nleta na Mahadum Stanford na-akụzi Acting Shakespeare na Fundamentals of Directing. <ref>{{Cite web|title=L. Peter Callender|url=https://www.altertheater.org/peter-callender|work=Alter Theater|accessdate=11 January 2024|archivedate=11 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111162233/https://www.altertheater.org/peter-callender}}</ref> Ọ kụzikwaara klas Master na Mahadum Emory . Na San Francisco School of Arts, ọ na-eduzi ''nri abalị na asatọ'' na ''Glengarry Glen Ross'' . == Ihe nrite == * Ihe nrite Tampa Bay Theater, Director pụtara ìhè, ''Joe Turner's Come and Gone'' (2017) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Theatre Tampa Bay|url=https://www.facebook.com/TheatreTampaBay/posts/pfbid0zcpGbUsRyjG6qbrRiVZBTpedpfsS923aH2Vt6sfhQiSqEkkJ6kZDrqXe4Hf2oZB9l|work=Facebook|accessdate=3 October 2017}}</ref> * Ihe nrite Tampa Bay Theater, Onye isi pụtara ìhè, ''Jitney'' (2016) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Warner|first=David|title=Theatre Tampa Bay Gala honors local pros and a bunch of talented kids|url=https://www.cltampa.com/arts/theatre-tampa-bay-award-winners-announced-at-gala-12177607|work=Creative Loafing Tampa Bay|accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref> * Ihe nrite Tampa Bay Theater, Onye isi pụtara ìhè, ''Ndị ọrụ Skeleton'' (2020) <ref>{{Cite web|author=DeYoung|first=Bill|title=Theatre Tampa Bay honors 2019-2020 season|url=https://stpetecatalyst.com/theatre-tampa-bay-honors-2019-2020-season/|work=St. Pete Catalyst|date=12 October 2020|accessdate=12 October 2020}}</ref> * Dean Goodman Award, Onye ndu ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè, ''Akụkọ Winter'', ''abalị iri na abụọ'', ''Julius Caesar'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Resume|url=https://cogentoak.wixsite.com/lpetercallender/resume|work=L Peter Callender|accessdate=29 February 2024|archivedate=29 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229005308/https://cogentoak.wixsite.com/lpetercallender/resume}}</ref> * San Francisco Bay Guardian GOLDIE Award, Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma, ''Joe Louis Blues'' (2000) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Proof|url=https://encorespotlight.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Proof-theatreworks-2015-encore.pdf|work=Encore Spotlight|accessdate=29 February 2024}}</ref> * Ihe nrite Circle Ndị nkatọ Bay Area, Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma, ''Miss Daisy na-akwọ ụgbọala'' (2011), <ref>{{Cite web|title=L. Peter Callender|url=https://www.abouttheartists.com/artists/288965-l-peter-callender|work=About the Arts|accessdate=28 February 2024}}</ref> ''Egwu ụwa'' * Ihe nrite Theater Bay Area (TBA), Onye isi ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè, ''Master Harold and the Boys'' (2016) <ref>{{Cite web|title=TBA Awards Celebrate 2016 Bay Area Theatre|url=https://www.americantheatre.org/2016/12/07/tba-awards-celebrate-2016-bay-area-theatre/|work=American Theatre|date=7 December 2016|accessdate=7 December 2016}}</ref> * Ihe nrite nturu ugo Theater Bay Area (TBA), Onye na-eme ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè, ''ndị na-egwu mmiri'' (2016) <ref>{{Cite web|title=TBA Awards Celebrate 2016 Bay Area Theatre|url=https://www.americantheatre.org/2016/12/07/tba-awards-celebrate-2016-bay-area-theatre/|work=American Theatre|date=7 December 2016|accessdate=7 December 2016}}</ref> * Helen Hayes Award (nhọpụta), Onye na-eme ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè, ''Oak na Ivy'', <ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Ink, Cabaret Lead 2000 Helen Hayes Award Winners|url=https://playbill.com/article/indian-ink-cabaret-lead-2000-helen-hayes-award-winners-com-89075|work=Playbill|accessdate=28 February 2024}}</ref> ''Playboy nke West Indies'' <ref>{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Joe|title=Arena Top Hayes Nominee|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/03/22/arena-top-hayes-nominee/25a370c0-be79-436a-9b9e-04109420fd2b/|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=29 February 2024}}</ref> == Ntụaka == Curio na abalị iri na abụọ na Shakespeare na Park (New York City), nke Harold Guskin duziri. Ọ nọ na Caucasian Chalk Circle na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Ọha, nke George C. Wolfe duziri.{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qpcjp9dhkt2yhjcjkziaa2843zs5km0 0 47857 728103 674422 2026-09-26T05:49:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=<!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] -->|caption=}} {{Databox}}'''Naima Ramos-Chapman''' bụ onye nduzi America, onye ode akwụkwọ na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ na-eduzi ihe nkiri abụọ dị mkpirikpi nke na-ekwu banyere ime ihe ike metụtara nwoke na nwanyị, ''Ọ dịghịkwa ihe mere'' na 2016, na ''Piu Piu'' na 2018. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> == Ndụ na ọrụ == A zụlitere Ramos-Chapman na Flatbush, Brooklyn. <ref name=":2" /> O sitere na Puerto Rican na nwa ojii. <ref name=":4" /> Ọ mụtara ịgba egwu site na nwata wee gaa Alvin Ailey School for Dance. Ramos-Chapman gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji Brooklyn . <ref name=":5" /> Ihe nkiri mbụ Ramos-Chapman dere ma duzie ya bụ 2016 mkpụmkpụ ''Ma Ọ dịghị Ihe mere'' . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturedmag.com/naima-ramos-chapman/|title=Filmmaker Naima Ramos-Chapman Subverts Expectations|date=2019-02-18|work=Cultured Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-25}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.culturedmag.com/naima-ramos-chapman/ "Filmmaker Naima Ramos-Chapman Subverts Expectations"]. ''Cultured Magazine''. 2019-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> O jiri Kickstarter rụọ ọrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ iji kwado ihe nkiri ahụ. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.essence.com/culture/naima-ramos-chapman-and-nothing-happened-filmmaker-kickstarter/|title=How Filmmaker Naima Ramos-Chapman Used Kickstarter to Fund Her Debut Short Film|work=Essence|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-25}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.essence.com/culture/naima-ramos-chapman-and-nothing-happened-filmmaker-kickstarter/ "How Filmmaker Naima Ramos-Chapman Used Kickstarter to Fund Her Debut Short Film"]. ''Essence''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ihe nkiri a, nke o mere na ya, sitere n'ọhụhụ ya kpatara mwakpo mmekọahụ. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://nylon.com/articles/naima-ramos-chapman-random-acts-flyness-interview|title=Naima Ramos-Chapman Wants Men To Take Responsibility For Themselves|date=2018-09-04|work=NYLON|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-25}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://nylon.com/articles/naima-ramos-chapman-random-acts-flyness-interview "Naima Ramos-Chapman Wants Men To Take Responsibility For Themselves"]. ''NYLON''. 2018-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> O kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ''Essence'', "Ọ bụghị naanị ihe otu onye na-adị ndụ - mwakpo mmekọahụ bụ ihe ezinụlọ dum, obodo, mba na-adị ndụ na ruo mgbe anyị ghọtara na anyị enweghị ike ihu ya n'ezie. Ọ bụ ya mere m ji mee ''ma ọ dịghị ihe mere'' . " <ref name=":5" /> Na 2018, Ramos-Chapman dere ma duzie ''Piu Piu'', "psycho surrealist" dị mkpirikpi nke malitere na 2018 [[Emume ihe nkiri BlackStar|BlackStar Film Festival]] . <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> ''Piu Piu'' dabere na ahụmịhe Ramos-Chapman onye ọbịbịa chụpụrụ ya n'ihu ọha. <ref name=":4" /> Ramos-Chapman bụ onye edemede, onye nduzi, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri maka HBO's ''Random Acts of Flyness'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/05/random-acts-of-flyness-naima-ramos-chapman-on-directing-writing-and-editing-for-hbo-1202145569/|title='Random Acts of Flyness': Naima Ramos-Chapman on Directing, Writing, and Editing for HBO|author=Travers|first=Ben|date=2019-05-30|work=IndieWire|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-25}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTravers2019">Travers, Ben (2019-05-30). [https://www.indiewire.com/2019/05/random-acts-of-flyness-naima-ramos-chapman-on-directing-writing-and-editing-for-hbo-1202145569/ "'Random Acts of Flyness': Naima Ramos-Chapman on Directing, Writing, and Editing for HBO"]. ''IndieWire''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ na-edezi ma na-arụ ọrụ mmepụta maka usoro. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecut.com/2018/10/they-seem-cool-filmmaker-naima-ramos-chapman.html|title=The Filmmaker With Empathy for Cersei Lannister|first=Diana|author=Tsui|date=2018-10-18|work=The Cut|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-25}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTsuiSpellings2018">Tsui, Diana; Spellings, Sarah (2018-10-18). [https://www.thecut.com/2018/10/they-seem-cool-filmmaker-naima-ramos-chapman.html "The Filmmaker With Empathy for Cersei Lannister"]. ''The Cut''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> Na Julaị 24, 2019, a mara ọkwa na Ramos-Chapman zubere iduzi usoro ihe ngosi a na-akpọ ''otu esi eme ịhụnanya nye nwanyị ojii (Onye nwere ike na-arụ ọrụ site na ụfọdụ Sh*t),'' onye isi nke Lena Waithe mepụtara ma Casallina dere ya. "Cathy" Kisakye. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/naima-ramos-chapman-to-direct-showtime-pilot-how-to-make-love-to-a-black-woman-1202652501/|title=Naima Ramos-Chapman To Direct Showtime Pilot 'How To Make Love To A Black Woman'|author=Petski|first=Denise|date=2019-07-24|work=Deadline|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-25}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPetski2019">Petski, Denise (2019-07-24). [https://deadline.com/2019/07/naima-ramos-chapman-to-direct-showtime-pilot-how-to-make-love-to-a-black-woman-1202652501/ "Naima Ramos-Chapman To Direct Showtime Pilot 'How To Make Love To A Black Woman'"]. ''Deadline''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> Na February 2020, a mara ọkwa na Showtime agaghịzi aga n'ihu na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu. <ref>{{Cite web|title='How To Make Love To A Black Woman' Comedy Anthology Pilot Not Going Forward At Showtime|url=https://deadline.com/2020/02/how-to-make-love-to-a-black-woman-comedy-anthology-pilot-not-going-forward-dead-showtime-1202868822/|author=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=2020-02-26|work=Deadline|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-22}}</ref> Na 2021, Ramos-Chapman ka akpọrọ onye otu ndị nka na United States (USA). <ref>{{Cite web|title=United States Artists » Naima Ramos-Chapman|url=https://www.unitedstatesartists.org/fellow/naima-ramos-chapman/|accessdate=2023-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ nọ na mmekọrịta ya na [[Terence Nance]], onye ọ zutere mgbe ọ na-agba ya ajụjụ maka Saint Heron, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Solange Knowles nwere. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Filmmaker With Empathy for Cersei Lannister Meet Naima Ramos-Chapman|date=18 October 2018|url=https://www.thecut.com/2018/10/they-seem-cool-filmmaker-naima-ramos-chapman.html|accessdate=2024-03-09|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntụaka == ''ike na-arụ ọrụ site na ụfọdụ Sh*t),'' onye isi nke [[Lena Waithe]] mepụtara ma Casallina dere ya. "Cathy" Kisakye. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/naima-ramos-chapman-to-direct-showtime-pilot-how-to-make-love-to-a-black-woman-1202652501/|title=Naima Ramos-Chapman To Direct Showtime Pilot 'How To Make Love To A Black Woman'|author=Petski|first=Denise|date=2019-07-24|work=Deadline|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-25}}</ref> Na February 2020,{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|5774032|Naima Ramos-Chapman}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240613184358/https://www.naimaramoschapman.com/ Official website] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cr952fxbe7nu5xy6t47vh22qivujnm7 0 47888 727915 195071 2026-09-25T12:28:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''William “Kedar” Massenburg''' (amụrụ 1963) bụ onye na-emepụta ihe ndekọ America na onye isi ndekọ aha, onye bụ onye isi oche Motown Records site na 1997 ruo 2004. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1434073/kedar-massenburg-exits-motown|title=Kedar Massenburg Exits Motown|publisher=Billboard|date=2004-07-07|accessdate=2017-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223054032/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1434073/kedar-massenburg-exits-motown|archive-date=2017-02-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> Massenburg kacha mara amara maka iweta [[Erykah Badu]] ka ama ama. <ref name="therealdeal1">{{Cite web|author=Fusfed|first=Adam|url=http://therealdeal.com/blog/2011/07/14/former-motown-president-kedar-massenburg-rents-at-avery-on-100-riverside-boulevard-represented-by-alon-chadad-of-blu-realty-group/|title=Former Motown prez rents at Avery on UWS|work=Therealdeal.com|date=2011-07-14|accessdate=2017-02-22}}</ref> O mere akara aha aha ya bụ " neo soul ." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.philly.com/2002-02-24/entertainment/25334381_1_neo-soul-motown-president-kedar-massenburg-hop|title=Archives|work=Articles.philly.com|date=|accessdate=2017-02-22|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001123/http://articles.philly.com/2002-02-24/entertainment/25334381_1_neo-soul-motown-president-kedar-massenburg-hop}}</ref> Massenburg bụ onye nchoputa, onye isi ala na onye isi oche nke Kedar Entertainment. <ref name="aol">{{Cite web|author=Black Voices|url=http://www.blackvoices.com/work-money/black-professionals/kedar-massenburg|title=Black News, Entertainment, Style and Culture - HuffPost Black Voices &#124; The Huffington Post|work=Blackvoices.com|date=|accessdate=2017-02-22}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == William "Kedar" Massenburg mụrụ na 1963. Massenburg bụ 1981 gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Erasmus Hall High School na Flatbush, Brooklyn, [[Nú Yọk|New York]] na 1986 gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Central State University na Wilberforce, Ohio . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.centralstatealumni.org/achhalloffame.asp|title=Central State University General Alumni Association: Honorees|accessdate=2014-01-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203122145/http://www.centralstatealumni.org/achhalloffame.asp|archivedate=2014-02-03}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe kọleji, Massenburg nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ n'ọkwa ahịa, gụnyere afọ abụọ dị ka onye njikwa mpaghara maka PepsiCo (onye na-eme Pepsi Cola ), na otu afọ na SmithKline Beecham Clinical Labs Pharmaceuticals. <ref name="blackenterprise">Black Enterprise, November 1994, p. 128</ref> === Erykah Badu === Na 1995, Kedar Entertainment bịanyere aka na otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe mbụ ya: [[Erykah Badu]] . Ọrụ Massenburg n'aha Badu mere ka ọ mara ọkwa na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ihe mbụ o mere bụ ịwepụ 1,000 mbipụta Badu's debut single, " On &amp;amp; On ", na 1996 Soul Train Music Awards . "Nwoke, mgbe m nụrụ ka ọ na-esi n'ụgbọala mmadụ na-aga n'okporo ámá n'abalị ahụ, amaara m na m nwere ihe." <ref>Atlanta Constitution, May 21, 1997, p. D9</ref> [[Erykah Badu|Badu]] chịkọtara ụzọ ọhụrụ Massenburg na-achọ. === Neo Soul === Massenburg chọrọ ịmalite ụdị nke kwetara mmetụta nke hip-hop na ụdị egwu ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ngwá electronic, ma ọ bụ nlọghachi na ụdị mbụ. <ref name="aol"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Dị ka onye toro eto, o biri na Upper West Side nke Manhattan <ref name="therealdeal1"/> na na Saddle River, New Jersey . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Schram|first=Jamie|url=https://nypost.com/2009/06/18/mogul-busted-in-cop-beat/|title=Mogul Busted In 'Cop Beat' &#124; New York Post|work=Nypost.com|date=2009-06-18|accessdate=2017-02-22}}</ref> Ọ nwere ụmụ 3 ugbu a: Kayla Massenburg, Eliana Massenburg na Elijah Massenburg == Ntụaka == ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ihe mbụ o mere bụ ịwepụ 1,000 mbipụta Badu's debut single, " On & On ", na 1996 Soul Train Music Awards .{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] j9eziisyqqwgsicqibjnl98dxphmvzo 0 48220 728080 722652 2026-09-26T03:52:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728080 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Morgan Colt, New Hope, Pennsylvania, c. 1920. By Clara E. Sipprell.jpg|thumb|Morgan Colt]]Morgan Colt (11 September 1876 - 12 June 1926) bụ onye America na-arụ ọrụ nchara, omenkà arịa ụlọ, onye na-ese ihe, na onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ.  [1] [2] O nyere aka iwu New Hope, Bucks County, Pennsylvania nke ndị na-ese ihe-akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na-eduga na mbara ala na United States n'oge mkpa nke ese nke 20-mana a mara ya nke ọma.  ọma dị ka onye omenkà akụkụ onye na-ese ihe, ihe na aka-arụ ọrụ ubi ubi na ire.  ihuenyo ọkụ.  [3] [4] [5] Ebibiri ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọrụ ya na ike ka ọ nwụsịrị <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Romano|first=Adrienne|title=Archives Exhibit Featuring Daniel Garber and Morgan Colt|url=https://learnmichener.org/uncategorized/archives-exhibit-featuring-daniel-garber-and-morgan-colt/|accessdate=2022-08-27|work=Learn with the Michener Art Museum|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Njikọ Morgan Colt na Summit, New Jersey.  [1] Nna ya bụ onye otu mpaghara na-ahụ egbe Colt.  [2] Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Architecture na Mahadum Columbia, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 1901. [1] [3] Mgbe ọ nọ na Columbia, ọ bụ onye otu Fraternity of Delta Psi ( St. Anthony Hall ).  [4]Ọkwara nka na Academie Julian na Paris yana onye na-ese ihe William Langson Lathrop na Bucks County, Pennsylvania. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=April 15, 1926|title=M. Colt, Architect, Dies|pages=24|work=Times-Union (Brooklyn, New York)|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108436328/obituary-for-morgan-colt/|accessdate=August 27, 2022}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Morgan Colt - Artist Biography|url=https://jimsoflambertville.com/artist-biography.php?artistId=322943&artist=Morgan%20Colt|accessdate=2022-08-28|work=Jim's of Lambertville}}</ref> == Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Residence_of_Mrs._G._E._Wood_(Jane),_New_Hope,_Pennsylvania_in_1923,_designed_by_Morgan_Colt.jpg|thumb| Ebe obibi Jane Wood na 1923]] [[Usòrò:Robert_F._Welsh_residence_in_New_Hope,_Pennsylvania_in_1923._Designed_by_Morgan_Colt.jpg|thumb| Ebe obibi Robert F. Welsh na 1923]] Colt tozuru oke dị ka onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ wee ọrụ ọrụ a na New York City .  [1] N'ihe dị ka afọ 1905, ọ pụtara ihe n' mmetụta ndị na-jiri osisi aka ejiri aka na ngwá ụlọ.  [2] Otu n'ime nri ya bụ White Oaks, c.  1900 obodo nke Jane Wood (Mrs. GE Wood), emesia Holmquist School for Girls (1925), na ugbu a Hotel du Village na Bucks County, Pennsylvania .  [3] [4] [5] Ọ rụkwara ụlọ na New Hope, Pennsylvania maka Robert W. Welsh.  [4] abụọ ahụ, yana ebe obibi nke ya na New Hope, ka e ịhụ na The Architectural Record na 1923. <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amYXAQAAIAAJ&q=%22morgan+colt%22|title=Architectural Record|publisher=Record and Guide|year=1923|language=en}}</ref> Na 1924, o haziri ụlọ maka John Folinsbee, akara ọnụ ụzọ, ọrụ ozi, na ọkụ.  [1] Ọ mekwara Episcopal Community Center na Wrightstown, Pennsylvania .  [2] mmetụta na nke ahụ, o chepụtara ebe mmetụtaàjà, ihe njide kandụl, na nkuzi maka St. Philips Chapel na River Road na New Hope mgbe 1921 nchebe. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book|author=Rivinus|first=William|url=https://soleburyhistory.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/STHS_PhillipsMill.pdf|title=Phillips Mill: Cradle for the Arts in Bucks County|date=April 2004|accessdate=August 27, 2022|archive-date=August 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828022222/https://soleburyhistory.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/STHS_PhillipsMill.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Obodo nta Bekee === [[Usòrò:Morgan_Colt_residence_at_the_Little_English_Village,_New_Hope,_Pennsylvania,_1923.jpg|thumb| Ebe obibi Colt na Little English Village na 1923]] William Morris na Arts and Crafts movement na England nwakwara Colt, wee malite na arịa ụlọ osisi na-amata site na usoro iji omenala.  [1] [2] N'ihe dị ka afọ 1912, ọ kwagara New Hope, Pennsylvania ebe ọ akwụkwọ iwu "Little English Village" nke nwere ụlọ nke ụdị ụlọ Bekee dị iche.  [3] [2] Ihe owuwu bụ isi bụ ebe obibi ya, bụbu ọba nke ọ tụụrụ ụlọ bụ́ Revival Tudor .  [4] Ọ nwere ihe ndị a kpụrụ akpụ na ibo ụzọ, windo enyo ndị e ji edu ndú na elu ụlọ.  [4] Otu onye nwewere kwuru, sị, "Pen ezị nke otu oge etoola, hapụ ma gbawaa n'ime otu n'ime ebe obibi mara mma nke nwere ike iche. ihe osise ndị a kpụrụ n'ime nkume..” <ref name=":6" /> Colt gbakwunyere ọnụ ụlọ ọnụ ụzọ nke aha na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnụọgụgụ Medieval na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụzọ dị n'ihu ihe ihe ya, ụlọ anụ ụlọ na-esote ya (mgbe e ekele Inn na Phillips Mill).  [1] [2] Ọ rụkwara ụlọ ihe nkiri Gothic Revival style nka ebe ọ na-ese ihe.  [2] Ejiri trusses osisi wuo ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ nke Abbey Bekee mebiri emebi nke Coly kwaturu wee buga na New Hope.  <nowiki></link></nowiki>N'ofe ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri, o ] [ ọrụ Gothic Revival iron forge ebe ọ nwere ngwá ụlọ.  [3] [4] Ọ rụkwara ụlọ ihe eji arụ osisi Tudor Revival brik ebe o mere arịa ụlọ na igbe nke nwere nsera ụdị Gothic.  [5] N'ofe ụlọ aha a na-arụ osisi, o wuru ụlọ Norman Revival nke ọ na-eji dị ka ụlọ ụmụaka ya.  [4] [2] Ogige ahụ egwu ụzọ e si eje brik na nke dara ada nke o haziri. <ref name=":8" /> Na 1919, ọ gbakwunyere ụlọ ndị ọzọ na Obodo nta Bekee nke ọ kpọrọ ụlọ ahịa Gothic; N’ebe ahụ, o gosiri ma ree ngwá ụlọ ya n’ubi, ihe ịchọ mma ígwè, ọla kọpa e ji ígwè rụọ, ọrụ akpụkpọ anụ, na igbe osisi a kpụrụ akpụ, ibo ụzọ, na arịa ndị e sere ese. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Biography of Morgan Colt|url=http://gratzgallery.com/inventory/index.php?page=out&id=239|accessdate=2022-08-28|work=Gratz Gallery}}</ref> <ref name=":6"/> Ọ na-erekwa ngwá ụlọ ọkụ ndị a na-eji eme ihe, ákwà mpịachi, ọkụ, na traịkị ígwè. <ref name=":6" /> Emere ihe niile na saịtị site n'aka Colt ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ ya. <ref name=":6" /> Ndị ọrụ ya bụkwa batik, ndị na-akpa ákwà, ndị na-ese foto, na ndị na-akpụ akpa. <ref name=":8"/> === Art === [[Usòrò:Morgan_Colt,_Butcher_Wagon,_1920.jpg|thumb| Colt's ''Butcher Wagon'' (1920)]] Na mgbakwunye na nka ọdịnala ya, Colt na-esekwa mmanụ, na-akwado echiche ụsọ osimiri nke Shinnecock, Long Island, na ọdịdị ala nke Bucks County n'ụdị echiche. <ref name=":5"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Morgan Colt - Biography|url=https://www.askart.com/artist/Morgan_Colt/83089/Morgan_Colt.aspx|accessdate=2022-08-27|work=Ask Art}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=April 14, 1926|title=Noted Artist Dies|pages=1|work=Intelligencer Journal (Lancaster, Pennsylvania)|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108435680/obituary-for-morgan-colt-aged-47/|accessdate=August 27, 2022}}</ref> <ref name=":6"/> Na 1916, Colt sonyeere William Langson Lathrop, Rae Sloan Bredin, Daniel Garber, Charles Rosen, na Robert Spencer iji guzobe The New Hope Group .  [1] [2] [3] O gosiputara ya na New Hope Group na 1916 na 1917 na Arlington Gallery na New York City, Carnegie Institute, Cincinnati Art Museum, Corcoran Gallery of Art, na Detroit Institute of Art. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":5"/> O gosikwara na Art Institute of Chicago, National Academy of Design, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, na Phillips Mill.  [1] N'oge ọnwụ ya, ọ na-akwado maka ihe ngosi ya na Architectural Society of New York. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":0"/> == Ihe nketa == Na mgbakwunye na eserese Colt, ihe atụ nke arịa ụlọ ya na igbe osisi dị na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na mkpokọta nzuzo. Otú ọ dị, mgbe Colt nwụsịrị, onye zụrụ ihe onwunwe ya mebiri ọtụtụ ihe osise ọ hụrụ n'ebe ahụ, na-aghọtaghị ihe ha bara. <ref name=":5"/> Dị ka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a si kwuo, nke a mere ka o siere ya ike ịhụ ihe osise ya taa na ịghọta otú ọrụ ya hàruru. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Morgan Colt|url=https://bucksco.michenerartmuseum.org/|accessdate=2022-08-28|work=Bucks County Artists Database|language=EN}}</ref> <ref name=":5" /> Ndị enyi Colt na ụlọ dị na New Hope bụ njikọ nke Phillips Mill Historic District, nke ọnụ na National Register of Historic Places na 1983. [1] [2] N'afọ 2020, Phillips Mill Foundation for the Arts kwuputara ewelitere $425,000  iji weghachi ebe obibi na ụlọ mbụ Colt. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=Angeleti|first=Gabriella|date=2020-07-21|title=Campaign seeks to restore the birthplace of Pennsylvania Impressionism|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2020/07/21/campaign-seeks-to-restore-the-birthplace-of-pennsylvania-impressionism|accessdate=2022-08-28|work=The Art Newspaper}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Na 1902, Colt ngosi Jane Boudinot Keith, ada onye obibi si Onteora, New York, na nwa Elias Boudinot, onye French Huguenot onye bụ Louis oche nke Continental Congress .  [1] [2] Ha icheghị nwa ọ alụlụ.  [3] Ha biri na mbụ na Flushing, Queens, New York ma na-aga aga Shinnecock, Long Island.  [4] [3] N'ihe dị ka 1912, ha kwagara New Hope, Pennsylvania, ihe Colt nwere ike ike oge ya na nka.  [4] Ọ ụgbọ mmiri mmiri, Deewaydin, na-eme emu ibi na ya na Ọwa Mmiri Delaware .  [5] Nke ahụ ikpeazụ mba nna.  [5] Ha kwagara n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ma agbara ndị, ọba nke debere ezi na ugbo Phillips Mill nke enyi ya, William Langson Lathrop, ma mama ya ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ na ụlọ ihe nkiri. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Bridget Wingert: Happy to Be Here -- An artists' colony as it was|url=https://buckscountyherald.com/stories/bridget-wingert-happy-to-be-here-an-artists-colony-as-it-was,5297|accessdate=2022-08-28|work=The Bucks County Herald|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828022222/https://buckscountyherald.com/stories/bridget-wingert-happy-to-be-here-an-artists-colony-as-it-was,5297|archive-date=2022-08-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=":6" /> Na 1912, o haziri Coryell's Ferry Chautauqua nso New Hope;  ihe omume na-ewe izu na-akpa kwa afụ ruo afọ iri.  [1] Ọ bụ onye otu Boston Art Club, New York Society of Craftsmen, New York Yacht Club, Philadelphia Art Alliance, na Salmagundi Club .  [2] Ọ ụdakwara ụdị ihe ngosi Shepherd German . <ref name=":8" /> Na 1926, Colt nwụrụ site na apoplexy na Art Colony na New Hope, Pennsylvania mgbe ọ dị afọ 49. [1] E liri ya na Paterson, New Jersey . <ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwa == Pennsylvania Impressionism == Ntụaka == '''Nkọwapụta''' .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Isi mmalite == {{Commons category|Morgan Colt}} * [https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Morgan-Colt/291E5E3D79CF7D46/Artworks Ihe osise nke Morgan Colt, Mutual Art] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rbbia8clm47ywqja667w2f3cwslwb58 0 48535 727934 722107 2026-09-25T13:49:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Korczak Ziolkowski''' ( Polish </link> ; Septemba 6, 1908 – Ọktoba 20, 1982) bụ onye omenkà na ọkpụ akpụ nke onye Poland-American mara maka imebe Ncheta Ịnyịnya Crazy . == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Ziolkowski na Septemba 6, 1908, na Boston nye nne na nna Poland . Nwa mgbei mgbe ọ dị otu afọ mgbe nne na nna ya (Anna na Józef) nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ mmiri, ọ tolitere n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, onye ọkpọ Irish zụlitere ya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/09/23/who-speaks-for-crazy-horse|title=Who Speaks for Crazy Horse?|last=Jarvis|first=Brooke|magazine=The New Yorker|date=2019-09-16|access-date=2019-10-11|language=en|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ natara ọzụzụ nkà ọ bụla, onyinye ya dị ka onye na-akpụ ihe malitere igosi mgbe ọ dị obere. Mgbe o tinyechara onwe ya site na Rindge Technical School, ọ ghọrọ onye na-amụ maka onye na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri Boston. <ref name="Korczak Ziolkowski">{{Cite journal|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811033731/http://reclaimingjournal/ Ziolkowski: Storyteller in Stone|last=Tully|first=Fred|date=Spring 2007|journal=Reclaiming Children and Youth|accessdate=November 22, 2021|volume=6|issue=1|pages=56–60|archive-date=August 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811033731/http://reclaimingjournal/</ref> Ọ malitere ịwa osisi, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ, ọ ghọọla onye na-arụ ngwá ụlọ nke ọma. Ihe osise marble mbụ ya, nke emere na 1932, kwanyere Onyeikpe Frederick Pickering Cabot ugwu, onye kpaliri ya mgbe ọ bụ nwata na-etolite na ógbè Boston siri ike. <ref name="Korczak Ziolkowski" /> N'afọ 1939, Gutzon Borglum goro Ziolkowski ka ọ bụrụ onye inyeaka na-akpụ akpụ na oru ngo Ugwu Rushmore ya. Dị ka [[Lincoln Borglum]] si kwuo, nwa Gutzon, ọ naghị enwe obi ụtọ, ebe ọ tụrụ anya na a ga-eme ya onye enyemaka mbụ. Kama, Lincoln bụ onye enyemaka mbụ, na mgbe Ziolkowski rụrụ ụka banyere iwu ya, Borglum chụrụ ya na telegram. Ọgụ aka n'etiti Lincoln na Ziolkowski ga-agbaji. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Shaff|first=Howard|title=Six Wars At A Time|date=1985|publisher=Permelia Publishing|location=Darien, Conn|isbn=0931170265}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ya nke Ignacy Jan Paderewski meriri ihe nrite mbụ na 1939 New York World's Fair.<ref name="Korczak Ziolkowski" /><ref name=":0"/> Chief Henry Standing Bear dere, sị, "Mụ na ndị isi ibe m ga-achọ ka ndị ọcha mara na onye na-acha uhie uhie nwekwara ndị dike."<ref name="Korczak Ziolkowski"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Great Plains Indians|author=Wishart|first=David|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=2007|isbn=9780803298620|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=646oX4hA8EkC&q=My+fellow+chiefs+and+I+would+like+the+white+man+to+know+the+red+man+has+great+heroes%2C+too&pg=PA52}}</ref> Na June 3, 1948, e mere mgbawa nke mbụ, ma nyekwa ụmụ amaala America ihe ncheta ahụ. <ref name=":0"/> Na 1950, Ziolkowski zutere Ruth Ross, 18 dị obere ya, bụ onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na ihe ncheta ahụ. Ọ ghọrọ nwunye nke abụọ Ziolkowski n'afọ ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> Ọrụ gara n'ihu jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ, ebe ọ bụ na ọ jụrụ ịnara onyinye gọọmenti. <ref name="archive">{{Cite news|title=Indiański wódz, polski rzeźbiarz i największy pomnik świata (Indian chief, Polish sculptor and world monument)|url=http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/prasa/indianski-wodz-polski-rzezbiarz-i-najwiekszy-pomnik-swiata/y2jvy|work=The Washington Post|date=2014-05-27|accessdate=2021-11-22|archive-date=2014-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530072347/http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/prasa/indianski-wodz-polski-rzezbiarz-i-najwiekszy-pomnik-swiata/y2jvy|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kama, dị ka o kwuru na 1961 ọbịa ngosi na TV show ''To Tell the Truth'', o welitere ego maka oru ngo site n'ịkwado iri asaa na ise cents ịbanye na ebe ọrụ ncheta. == Hụkwa == ka ọ bụrụ onye inyeaka na-akpụ akpụ na oru ngo Ugwu Rushmore ya. Dị ka Lincoln Borglum si kwuo, nwa Gutzon, ọ naghị enwe obi ụtọ,{{Commons category|Korczak Ziółkowski}} * Ndepụta nke ndị America Polish * Aleksandra Ziółkowska-Boehm - nwa nwanne ya == Isi mmalite == * Ziółkowska-Boehm, Aleksandra, ''Nie tylko Ameryka'' ( ''Ọ bụghị nanị America'' ), Warsaw, 1992;  . * Ziółkowska-Boehm, A., ''Mkpọrọgwụ bụ Polish'', Toronto, 2004;  * Ziółkowska-Boehm, A., ''Owarta rana Ameryki'' ( ''America's Open Wound'' ), Bielsko Biala, 2007;  * Ziółkowska-Boehm, A., ''Mepee Ọnya: Ihe Nketa Amerịka'', Akwụkwọ Nemsi, Pierpont, SD, 2009;  * Thomas Powers, ''Igbu nke Crazy Horse'', Alfred A.Knopf, 2010  * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131219160646/http://crazyhorsememorial.org/about-us/korczak-storyteller-in-stone/ ''Korczak – Onye na-akọ akụkọ na Nkume''], crazyhorsememorial.org == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} czuhyf41ptvwxto0ut6iie5d1t6q5zm 0 49019 727997 173976 2026-09-25T19:31:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Madeleine Mantock|image=Madeleine Mantock at Comic-Con 2018.jpg|imagesize=|caption=Mantock at [[San Diego Comic-Con]] in 2018|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|5|26}}|birth_place=[[Nottingham]], England, UK|birthname=|alma_mater=[[Arts Educational Schools, London]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|credits=Macy Vaughn in [[Charmed (2018 TV series)|Charmed]]|occupation=Actress|yearsactive=2010–present|website=}} {{Databox}}'''Madeleine Mantock''' (amụrụ 26 Mee 1990) bụ onye omere Britain. A maara ya maka ọrụ ya bụ isi ọrụ telivishọn na usoro ''n'ime Badlands'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amc.com/shows/into-the-badlands/cast-crew/veil|title=Veil|work=AMC|accessdate=10 November 2017|archivedate=22 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022012827/http://www.amc.com/shows/into-the-badlands/cast-crew/veil}}</ref> na mweghachi nke usoro ''The Tomorrow People'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ew.com/article/2013/11/06/the-tomorrow-people-madeleine-mantock-astrid-jedekiah/|title='The Tomorrow People': Madeleine Mantock on romance, Jedekiah's boss|date=6 November 2013|publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|first=Samantha|author=Highfill|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ otu n'ime isi ọrụ dị ka Macy Vaughn na reboot nke ''Charmed'' site na 2018 ruo 2021 na The CW . Ọ pụtara na <nowiki><i id="mwFw">The Long Song</i></nowiki> dị ka Miss Clara na ọrụ nkwado. == Ọrụ == Mantock na-arụ ọrụ na televishọn, na-agba egwu dị ka onye isi agwa Scarlett Conway na ''Casualty'', tupu ọ gụchaa ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri. <ref name="tvguide.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/madeleine-mantock/bio/555851/|title=Madeleine Mantock|work=TVGuide.com|accessdate=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225956/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/madeleine-mantock/bio/555851/|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ bụ akụkụ nke usoro ihe omume 36 site na 2011 ruo 2012. O wee pụta na ''Lee Nelson's Well Funny People'' na 2013, tupu ọ kwaga United States ka ọ bụrụ onye isi agwa, Astrid, na ''Ndị Echi'', nke a kagburu mgbe otu oge gasịrị. Ọ rụrụ obere ọrụ Julie na ihe nkiri ''Edge nke Echi'' . Na 2015 a tụbara ya n'ọrụ bụ isi, Veil, na AMC 's ''Into the Badlands'' . Omume ya maka ''Into the Badlands'' enwetawo nzaghachi dị mma. <ref name="blacknerdproblems.com">{{Cite web|url=http://blacknerdproblems.com/the-carcosa-interview-madeleine-mantock-talks-into-the-badlands/|title=The Carcosa Interview: Madeleine Mantock Talks Into the Badlands - Black Nerd Problems|work=blacknerdproblems.com|accessdate=10 November 2017|date=2015-12-18}}</ref> Mantock wee nwee òkè na ihe nkiri 2017 ''[[Breaking Brooklyn]]'', wee mee ihe nkiri ya bụ isi na ''Age Tupu Mma'' . Na Machị 2018, etinyere ya na onye ndu Macy Vaughn na usoro ihe nkiri fantasy The CW ''Charmed'', mweghachi nke usoro 1998 nke otu aha ahụ . Nrụgharị a gbadoro ụkwụ na ụmụnne nwanyị atọ nọ n'obodo kọleji bụ ndị chọpụtara na ha bụ ndị amoosu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvline.com/2018/03/05/madeleine-mantock-charmed-reboot-cast-sister/|title=Charmed: Madeleine Mantock Set as Third and Final Sister in CW Reboot|author=Roots|first=Kimberly|publisher=[[TVLine]]|date=March 5, 2018|accessdate=March 6, 2018}}</ref> Na Julaị 2021, Mantock mara ọkwa na ọ ga-apụ ''Charmed'' tupu ewepụta oge ngwụcha nke atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Swift|first=Andy|date=July 19, 2021|title=Charmed Shocker: Madeleine Mantock to Exit After 3 Seasons — Read Full Statement About 'Difficult Decision'|url=https://tvline.com/2021/07/19/charmed-madeleine-mantock-leaving-macy-vaughn-season-4/|accessdate=July 19, 2021|work=tvline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2023, Mantock mere Royal Shakespeare Company mpụta mbụ dị ka Agnes/ Anne Hathaway na mmepụta ha nke ''Hamnet'' (nke Sam Mendes 'Neal Street Productions mebere). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-27|title=RSC's Hamnet casting announced {{!}} West End Theatre|url=https://www.westendtheatre.com/158671/news/rscs-hamnet-casting-announced/|accessdate=2023-11-01|work=www.westendtheatre.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> Dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha ere ahịa Maggie O'Farrell, Hamnet na-emegharị Lolita Chakrabarti ( ''Life of Pi'' ) na Erica Whyman duziri ya. Mgbe agbachara ire ere na RSC, ''Hamnet'' bufere na West End, maka ịgba ọsọ na Garrick Theatre site na Septemba 30 2023 rue February 17 2024. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hall|first=Margaret|date=September 5, 2023|title=Royal Shakespeare Company Production of Hamnet Extends West End Run, Announces Cast|url=https://playbill.com/article/royal-shakespeare-company-production-of-hamnet-extends-west-end-run-announces-cast|accessdate=November 1, 2023|work=Playbill}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == Machị 2018, etinyere ya na onye ndu Macy Vaughn na usoro ihe nkiri fantasy The CW Charmed, mweghachi nke usoro 1998 nke otu aha ahụ . Nrụgharị a gbadoro ụkwụ na {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Ọrụ ! Ọrụ ! Ihe ndetu |- | 2011–12 | ''Ihe ọghọm'' | Scarlett Conway | Ọrụ mgbe niile |- | 2013 | ''Ndị mmadụ na-akpa ọchị Lee Nelson'' | Miss Summers | |- | 2013–14 | ''Ndị Echi'' | Astrid Finch | Isi ọrụ |- | 2014 | ''Ọnụ nke Echi'' | Julie | |- | 2015–17 | ''Banye na Badlands'' | Ihe mkpuchi | Isi ọrụ; oge 1–2 |- | 2016 | ''Kọmishọna Eziokwu'' | Laura | |- | 2017 | ''Na-agbaji Brooklyn'' | Okwukwe Bryant | |- | 2018 | ''Afọ Tupu Mma'' | Lorelei | |- | 2018-2021 | ''Ịmekwasị anwansị'' | Macy Vaughn | Isi ọrụ; oge 1–3 |- | 2018 | <nowiki><i id="mwpQ">Egwu Ogologo</i></nowiki> | Nwanyị Clara | |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} * Madeleine Mantock on X * Madeleine Mantock on Instagram [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9ylvhc5qanwtt6tqfusj0lky7oo7xra 0 49226 728018 195804 2026-09-25T22:09:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist|30em}} {{Databox}}'''Mark Sealy''' OBE (amụrụ 1960) bụ onye nlekọta Britain na onye ọkọ akụkọ ọdịnala nwere mmasị pụrụ iche na mmekọrịta foto na mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara na ikike mmadụ. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240618204435/https://www.rencontres-arles.com/en/commissaires/view/12/mark-sealy "Mark Sealy"], Commissaires. ''Arles''.</ref> <ref name="Ryerson">[https://web.archive.org/web/20161205071259/http://www.ryerson.ca/ric/exhibitions/HRHW.html/ "Human Rights Human Wrongs"], Ryerson Image Centre.</ref> Na 1991 ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke Autograph ABP, Association of Black Photographers, <ref>[http://autograph-abp.co.uk/who-we-are/ "Who We Are"], Autograph ABP.</ref> <ref>[http://www.africultures.com/php/?nav=personne&no=14457 Mark Sealy biography], Africultures.</ref> nke dabeere na 2007 na Rivington Place, bụ ebe e wuru ihe ngosi nka ụwa na Shoreditch, London. Ọ chịkọtala ọtụtụ nnukwu ihe ngosi mba ụwa ma bụrụkwa onye nkuzi. == Akụkọ ndụ == Amụrụ na 1960 na Hackney, London (nke nna sitere na [[Barbados]] na nne Bekee), <ref name="Knelman">Martin Knelman, [https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2013/01/25/human_rights_human_wrongs_at_ryerson_image_centre.html "Human Rights, Human Wrongs at Ryerson Image Centre"], ''[[Toronto Star]]'', 25 January 2013.</ref> wee zụlite na Newcastle, <ref>Tom Seymour, [http://www.bjp-online.com/2015/02/human-rights-human-wrongs/ "Human Rights Human Wrongs"], ''British Journal of Photography'', 18 February 2015.</ref> Mark Sealy gụrụ akwụkwọ na Goldsmiths, Mahadum London, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ rụrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ mba na Fleet Street. . <ref name="Donnell">[[Alison Donnell]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=VfdpdZ9DwH0C&q=%22mark+sealy%22&pg=PA117 "Mark Sealy"], ''Companion to Contemporary Black British Culture'', Routledge, 2002, p. 274.</ref> Dị ka onye isi nke Autograph ABP ( Association of Black Photographers ) kemgbe 1991, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka ịmalite na ịnye ọtụtụ ihe ngosi, ọrụ obibi na mbipụta, yana inye ndị na-ese foto na ndị na-ese ihe nkiri. <ref name="Ryerson"/> Ọrụ enyere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya (2013-14) bụ ''Mkparịta ụka a na-agwụbeghị'', site n'aka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-emeri [[John Akomfrah]], ihe nkiri na ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke omenala omenala Stuart Hall . <ref>[http://autograph-abp.co.uk/exhibitions/the-unfinished-conversation-london "John Akomfrah: The Unfinished Conversation"] at Autograph.</ref> Sealy abụrụla onye nkuzi ọbịa na Royal College of Art na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị na England na ná mba ọzọ, <ref>[http://beaconsfield.ltd.uk/projects/artandcompromise-sealy/ "Art & Compromise (III) — Mark Sealy: The Organ that Weeps"], Beaconsfield in collaboration with [[City & Guilds of London Art School]].</ref> wee sonye na ọtụtụ ọgbakọ mba na mba, gụnyere na "Ahụhụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na arụmụka Curatorial International nke 1980s. na 1990s" panel na ''Shades of Black'' ogbako, Duke University ( Durham, North Carolina ), na April 2001, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220704083057/http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=552&table=artists "Mark Sealy MBE"], Diaspora Artists.</ref> 2011 symposium na "post-racial imaginaries" ẹkenịmde na University of Westminster site journal ''darkmatter'', "Mweghachi oge ahụ: Legacies nke 1982 [[BLK Art Group|Blk Art Group]] " (nke Sonia Boyce na [[Keith Piper]] kwadoro) na 2012 na Wolverhampton Polytechnic, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240119153110/http://www.blkartgroup.info/DelegatePack.pdf "Reframing the Moment: Legacies of the 1982 Blk Art Group"] (Delegate Pack), 27 October 2012.</ref> ma na-ekpe ikpe ndị juri maka ihe nrite ndị a ma ama dị ka asọmpi Foto World Press . <ref name="Donnell"/> Na 2007, Royal Photographic Society nyere Sealy the Hood Medal maka ọrụ ịse foto. N’afọ 2019, e nyere ya onyinye nturu ugo maka ọrụ pụtara ìhè maka ịse foto (na nkwanye ugwu), Royal Photographic Society. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200928124947/https://rps.org/about/past-recipients/outstanding-service/ Outstanding Service award], Royal Photographic Society.</ref> A họpụtara Sealy [[Order of the British Empire|onye otu Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) na 2013 New Year Honors maka ọrụ ịse foto <ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/honours-list/9768920/New-Year-Honours-2013-full-list-of-recipients.html "New Year Honours 2013: full list of recipients"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 29 December 2012.</ref> na [[Order of the British Empire|Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) na 2022 New Year Honors maka ọrụ. na nka. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/new-years-honours-list-2022-full-who-mbe-obe-cbe-knight-dame-difference-explained-1378053|title=New Year's Honours list 2022 in full: Everyone who received an MBE, OBE, CBE, knighthood and damehood|work=i|first=David|author=Hughes|date=31 December 2021|accessdate=1 January 2022}}</ref> == Mbipụta == * ''Vanley Burke: Nleghachi azụ'' . London: Lawrence &amp;amp; Wishart, 1993. Sely deziri ya. Site na okwu mmalite nke Stuart Hall . * ''Dị Iche: Ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme: Ndị na-ese foto nke oge a na njirimara ojii'' . Phaidon, 2001. Mụ na Stuart Hall. Nyocha nke njirimara site na foto. * ''Rotimi Fani-Kayode & Alex Hirst – Foto'' . London: akwụkwọ akụkọ, 1996. Sealy deziri ya. * ''Ịkwado igwefoto: Foto n'oge agbụrụ'' . London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2019. . * ''Foto: agbụrụ, ikike na nnọchite anya'' . London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2022. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781913546335|9781913546335]] . == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}}ihe mere eme na arụmụka Curatorial International nke 1980s. na 1990s" panel na ''Shades of Black'' ogbako, [[Mahadum Duke|Duke University]] ( [[Durham, North Carolina]] ), na April 2001, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220704083057/http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=552&table=artists "Mark Sealy MBE"], Diaspora Artists.</ref> 2011 == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sEv9A1cjjg "Mgbe e mesịrị: gịnị kpatara ihe nnọchiteanya ji dị mkpa - Mark Sealy"], YouTube. * [https://vimeo.com/118799076 "Mark Sealy Interview: MMADỤ IKE MMADỤ"], Vimeo. Ajụjụ ọnụ nke Janice McLaren, onye isi mmụta na ọrụ na Ụlọ ihe nkiri foto. * [https://vimeo.com/113520247 "' Ọnọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịdị adị: na Stuart Hall na oge foto' Mark Sealy, OBE"] . Vimeo. [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gk6xmzujfx13rjtlmt1e4s47r1hr0ns 0 49505 728058 722582 2026-09-26T02:41:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728058 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Subdivision development.jpg|thumb|Mmepe ala]] '''Mmepe ala''' bụ mgbanwe nke ala n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dịka: * Mgbanwe ọdịdị ala site na ọnọdụ okike ma ọ bụ nke ọkara okike maka ebumnuche dị ka [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] ma ọ bụ ụlọ * Nkewa nke ala n'ime ọtụtụ, nke a na-ahụkarị maka ebumnuche nke iwu ụlọ * Mmepe ụlọ ma ọ bụ ịgbanwe ebumnuche ya, dịka ọmụmaatụ site n'ịgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe a na-ejighị mee ihe ka ọ bụrụ condominium. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Mmepe ala nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke malitere n'oge Neolithic n'ihe dị ka 8,000 BC. Site na mmalite nke mmepeanya, usoro mmepe ala akọwapụtara ọganihu nke mmelite na ala dabere na koodu na ụkpụrụ, ọkachasị ụlọ. == Akụkụ akụ na ụba ==  N'ọnọdụ akụ na ụba, a na-akpọsakwa mmepe ala mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ndozi ala ma ọ bụ ndozi ala.  Ọ na-ezo aka na ntinye ego na-eme ka ala ndị mmadụ na-eji ya eme ihe.  Maka ebumnuche ndekọ ego ọ na-ezo aka na ọrụ ọ bụla dị iche iche na-abawanye uru nke usoro ahụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị akwụ ụgwọ, mana ụfọdụ ndozi ala enweghị ike ibelata ọnụ ahịa n'ihi na enweghị ike ikpebi ndụ bara uru.  Ụlọ na njide [nkọwa dị mkpa] bụ ụdị mmepe abụọ a na-ahụkarị na nke kacha ochie. Ogologo, na ụdị ojiji ala na-emetụta [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] Anụ ọhịa ma si otú ahụ na-emetụtụrụ ụdị dị iche iche nke mpaghara na ụwa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Landscape ecology and wildlife habitat evaluation: critical information for ecological risk assessment, land-use management activities, and biodiversity enhancement|date=2004|publisher=ASTM International|others=Kapustka, Lawrence.|isbn=0-8031-3476-2|location=West Conshohocken, PA|oclc=55488045}}</ref> Mgbanwe mmadụ nke ala site na ahịhịa okike (dịka [[Ọzara]]) gaa n'iji ya eme ihe ọ bụla ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata mbibi ebe obibi, [[Mbibi ebe obibi|mmebi]], na nkwarụ, nke niile nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-ebibi ihe na ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Habitat loss: causes, impacts on biodiversity and reduction strategies|date=2014|publisher=Nova|others=Devore, Bronson.|isbn=978-1-63117-231-1|location=New York|oclc=867765925}}</ref> Mgbanwe ala bụ otu ihe kachasị akpata mkpochapụ nke ụdị ala.<ref name="Bierregaard">{{Cite book|editor=Bierregaard|year=2001|title=Lessons from Amazonia: The Ecology and Conservation of a Fragmented Forest|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-08483-8|url=https://archive.org/details/lessonsfromamazo0000unse}}</ref> Ihe atụ nke ntụgharị ala ịbụ isi ihe kpatara ọnọdụ dị egwu nke anụ na-eri anụ bụ mbelata ebe obibi maka nkịta ọhịa Africa, ''Lycaon pictus'' . Deforestation is also the reason for loss of a [[Habitat|natural habitat]], with large numbers of trees being cut down for residential and commercial use. Urban growth has become a problem for forests and agriculture, the expansion of structures prevents natural resources from producing in their environment.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ehrhardt-Martinez|first=Karen|date=Aug 16, 2003|title=Demographics, Democracy, Development, Disparity and Deforestation: A Crossnational Assessment of the Social Causes of Deforestation|url=http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/0/7/4/8/p107488_index.html|journal=American Sociological Association|archive-date=December 10, 2008|access-date=July 11, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210160729/http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/0/7/4/8/p107488_index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In order to prevent the loss of wildlife the forests must maintain a stable climate and the land must remain unaffected by development. {{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Furthermore, forests can be sustained by different forest management techniques such as reforestation and preservation. [[Ịrụghachi Ọhịa|Reforestation]] is a reactive approach designed to replant trees that were previously logged within the forest boundary in attempts to re-stabilize this ecosystem. Preservation on the other hand is a proactive idea that promotes the concept of leaving the forest as is, without using this area for its ecosystem goods and services. Both of these methods to mitigate deforestation are being used throughout the world.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} U.S. Forest Service na-ebu amụma na obodo ukwu na ala na-emepe emepe na U.S ga-agbasa site na pasent 41 n'afọ 2060. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/news/releases/forest-service-report-forecasts-natural-resource-management-trends-and-challenges-next|title=Forest Service report forecasts natural resource management trends and challenges for next 50 years {{!}} US Forest Service|work=www.fs.usda.gov|date=17 April 2013|accessdate=2020-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819100247/https://www.fs.usda.gov/news/releases/forest-service-report-forecasts-natural-resource-management-trends-and-challenges-next|archive-date=2020-08-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ndị a na-akpata mwepụ maka anụ ọhịa na obere ihe onwunwe maka gburugburu ebe obibi iji nọgide na-enwe nguzozi.<ref>National Conference of State Legislature."State Forest Carbon Incentives and Policies".Jocelyn Durkay and Jennifer Schultz..22 March 2016. Web.25 April 2015.http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/state-forest-carbon-incentives-and-policies.aspx</ref> == Ebenside == 3zn8xpsfsaol4j1ltsu2qzi27e3z307 0 49984 728071 541462 2026-09-26T02:57:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728071 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Clean_water_for_a_village_in_West_Lombok_(10686572086).jpg|thumb| Mmiri ọñụnụ nke a na-enye site na mgbata ( mmiri mgbata ).]] Mmiri ọṅụṅụ ma ọ bụ mmiri a na-aṅụ aṅụ bụ mmiri dị mma maka ọṅụṅụ, ma mgbe a na-aṅụ ya ozugbo n'ụdị mmiri mmiri ma i ji ya rie nri na-apụtaghị ìhè site na nkwadebe nri.  A na-enyekarị ya ma ọ bụghị mgbe niile site na ọkpọkọ, nke a na-akpọkwa ya mmiri mgbata.  Dịkarịa ala na mba ndị mepere emepe, mmiri pọmpụ na-agbaso ụkpụrụ ịdị mma nke mmiri ọñụñụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ naanị ntakịrị oke ka a na-aṅụ ma ọ bụ jiri ya na-akwadebe nri.  Ihe ndị ọzọ a na-ejikarị eme mmiri mgbata gụnyere ịsa ahụ, ụlọ mposi, na ịgba mmiri.  A pụkwara iji mmiri isi awọ mee ụlọ mposi ma ọ bụ ịgba mmiri.  Ojiji ya maka ogbugba mmiri n'ubi nwere ike jikọta ya na ihe egwu <ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Water Fact sheet N°391|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|accessdate=24 May 2015|date=July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605071028/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archivedate=5 June 2015}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ chọrọ iji nọgide na-enwe ezi ahụ ike dịgasị iche iche, ma dabere na ọkwa mgbatị ahụ, afọ, okwu metụtara ahụike, na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref name="WHO2004">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/nutrientschap3.pdf|title=Water Requirements, Impinging Factors, & Recommended Intakes|author=Ann C. Grandjean|date=August 2004|publisher=World Health Organization|pages=25–34|chapter=3}} This 2004 article focuses on the USA context and uses data collected from the US military.</ref> <ref name="EPA2011">{{Cite book|url=http://www.epa.gov/ncea/efh/pdfs/efh-complete.pdf|title=Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition|date=September 2011|publisher=National Center for Environmental Assessment|accessdate=24 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093656/http://www.epa.gov/ncea/efh/pdfs/efh-complete.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, ihe ruru lita iri na isii, Ọba US anọ mara abụọ otu ụbọchị nwere ike ịchọrọ. <ref name="WHO2004" /> N'ụwa niile, ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, pacenti iri asatọ na iteghete nke ndị mmadụ ịma mmiri site na isi iyi dabara adaba maka ị ñu añụ.  – a na-akpọ isi mmiri ka mma .  [1] Na Sub-Saharan Afrika, gburu gbúrù mmiri a na-aṅụ aṅụ sitere na pacenti iri anọ ruo pacenti iri asatọ 54nke ndị bi na ya.  Ihe ahụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ echiche mmadụ 4.2 n'ụwa niile nwere mmiri pọmpụ, ebe nri 2.4 ọzọ nwere olulu mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri.  [1] Òtù Ahụ Ike na-ewere na-ewere mmiri mmiri dị dị ka ihe ruuru mmadụ. Ihe dị ka ndị mmadụ otu ruo abụọ nri ezigbo mmiri ọñụñụ.  [1] mmiri nwere ike ibu ihe na-akpata ọrịa .  Ọtụtụ mmadụ na-anwụ site na mmiri na-adịghị mma ụfọdụ agha, mgbe ahụ- U. N. ike ukwu Ban Ki-moon kwuru na 2010. [2] Mba ndị na-emepe mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ọñụ na-adịghị ọcha na-emetụta nke ukwuu.. == Isi mmalite ==   [[Usòrò:E8661-Pattaya-water-vending-machines.jpg|thumb| Igwe na-ere ihe ọṅụṅụ mmiri na Thailand . A na-ere otu liter nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ (n'ime karama nke onye ahịa) maka 1 baht .]] [[Usòrò:Water_well_types_wiki.svg|thumb| Eserese nke ụdị olulu mmiri mmiri]] [[Usòrò:Water_system.pdf|thumb| Eserese dị mfe nke netwọk mmiri]] Mmiri a na- mmiri dị n'ihe mgbanwe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe niile mmadụ bi n'ụwa, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere ike ike ọnụ, ma ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka ọ na-ebunye ya.  Ebe a na-enweta ọgwụgwọ mmiri ọñụñụ ndị isi iyi, mpaghara hyporheic na aquifers ( mmiri dị n'ime ala ), site na owuwe ihe ubi mmiri ozuzo, mmiri dị n'elu (nke sitere na osimiri, iyi, glaciers ), ma ọ  bụ mmiri mmiri na-ewepụ Ka e wee rie isi mmirika ndị a n'ihe nsogbu, ha ga-anata, mmiri zuru oke ma akwụkwọ ikike mma mmiri ọ drinkụ drinkụ Ebe nnwale bụ igwe na-emepụta mmiri ikuku . <ref name="10.1038/s41586-021-03900-w">{{Cite journal|author=Lord|first=Jackson|date=October 2021|title=Global potential for harvesting drinking water from air using solar energy|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=598|issue=7882|pages=611–617|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03900-w|issn=1476-4687|pmid=34707305}}</ref> A na-ejikarị mmiri eme ihe dị ka isi iyi maka mmiri karama . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Schardt, David|date=2000|title=Water, Water Everywhere|url=http://www.cspinet.org/nah/water|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516005745/http://www.cspinet.org/nah/water|archivedate=16 May 2009|publisher=Center for Science in the Public Interest}}</ref> == Nkwanye == {{Reflist}} Ụzọ kachasị dị irè na nke dị mma iji bufee na ibuga mmiri ọṅụṅụ bụ site na ọkpọkọ. Plumbing nwere ike ịchọ nnukwu ego itinye ego. Ụfọdụ sistemu na-enwe nnukwu ụgwọ ọrụ. Ọnụ ego iji dochie mmiri na akụrụngwa na-emebi emebi nke mba ndị mepere emepe nwere ike ịdị ihe ruru ijeri $200 kwa afọ. Mwepu nke mmiri na-adịghị edozi na nke a na-edozi site na ọkpọkọ na-ebelata ohere ịnweta mmiri. Ọnụego mkpofu nke 50% abụghị ihe ọhụrụ na sistemụ mepere emepe. Mmiri mgbata, nke a na-ebute site na mmiri nke ụlọ na-ezo aka na mmiri ọkpọ n'iche ma ṅ ya na mgbata ma ọ bụ spigot. == Ọnụọgụ == === Ojiji maka ojiji ụlọ n'ozuzu === {{Natural resources}}Na United States, mmiri a na-ahụkarị maka onye ọ bụla, n'ụlọ, bụ 69.3 US gallons (262 L; 57.7 imp gal) mmiri kwa ụbọchị. <ref>Mayer, P.W.; DeOreo, W.B.; Opitz, E.M.; Kiefer, J.C.; Davis, W.Y.; Dziegielewski, B.; & Nelson, J.O., 1999. Residential End Uses of Water. AWWARF and AWWA, Denver.</ref> <ref>William B. DeOreo, Peter Mayer, Benedykt Dziegielewski, Jack Kiefer. 2016. Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2. Water Research Foundation. Denver, Colorado.</ref> N'ime nke a, naanị 1% nke mmiri nke ndị na-eweta mmiri ọha na-enye bụ maka ịṅụ mmanya na isi nri. Ihe eji eme ya gụnyere (n'usoro na-ebelata) ụlọ mposi, igwe ịsa ahụ, ịsa ahụ, bat, faucets, na ntapu. [[Usòrò:Total_Renewable_Water_Resources_Per_Capita_(2020).svg|thumb| Mkpokọta akụrụngwa mmiri mmeghari ohuru maka onye ọ bụla na 2020]] Dị ka nke 2015, ezinụlọ America na-eji nkezi nke galọn mmiri 300 kwa ụbọchị. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=21 September 2015|title=Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/drinking-water-regulations|accessdate=4 October 2021|work=www.epa.gov|language=en|archivedate=3 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003175513/https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/drinking-water-regulations}}</ref> === Ojiji maka ịṅụ mmanya ===   === Ụmụ anụmanụ === A na-enyocha ma kọwapụta akụkụ dị mma na ọnụọgụ nke mmiri ọñụñụ chọrọ maka [[Ikpa anumanu|anụ ụlọ]] . Otú ọ dị, nnyocha ole na ole ka e lekwasịrị anya na omume ịṅụ mmanya nke anụ ọhịa. == Ogo == [[Usòrò:Safe_drink_tap_water_map.png|thumb| Mba ebe mmiri mgbata dị mma ịṅụ (acha anụnụ anụnụ)]] {{Reflist}} Dị ka otu akụkọ sitere na UNICEF na UNESCO si kwuo, [[Finland]] nwere mmiri ọṅụṅụ kacha mma n'ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2003|title=WWDR1: Water for People – water for life|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001297/129726e.pdf|accessdate=21 September 2022|publisher=[[UNESCO]] and [[Berghahn Books]]|archivedate=16 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616003750/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001297/129726e.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=1 December 2021|title=The quality of water produced by Turku Region Water is rated the best in the world by Unesco|url=https://www.turku.fi/en/news/2021-12-01_quality-water-produced-turku-region-water-rated-best-world-unesco|accessdate=21 September 2022|publisher=City of Turku|archivedate=21 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921173945/https://www.turku.fi/en/news/2021-12-01_quality-water-produced-turku-region-water-rated-best-world-unesco}}</ref> Oke maka ịdị mma mmiri ọñụñụ na-adaba n'ụdị atọ: microbiological, chemical, physical. Usoro microbiological nje bacteria coliform, E. coli, na ụdị nje bacteria na-akpata kpọmkwem (dị ka ụgbụgbọ na-akpata Vibrio cholerae ), nje, na nje nje protozoan .  Na mbụ, a na- akụkọ mmetọ fecal na nke nje bacteria coliform, akara dị mma maka klas nke nje fecal na- ahụ.  Akọnọ nke fecal coliforms (dị ka E. Coli ) na-eje ozi dị ka ihe ime nke mmetọ site na nchekwa .  Ihe mmetọ ndị ọzọ asị protozoan oocyst dị ka Cryptosporidium sp.  , Giardia lamblia, Legionella, na nje virus (enteric).  [1] Ihe ndị na-akpata microbial pathogenic bụ ihe na-ebutekarị nje n'ihi ihe ize ndụ ihie ha ụzọ.. [[Usòrò:Stacked bar chart of the number of publications reporting data for each of the groundwater chemical parameters that present direct health risks.jpg|thumb| Ọmụmaatụ maka oke anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ tụrụ n'ihe nlele mmiri ọñụñụ na Kenya na Etiopia dịka akụkụ nke nyocha usoro nke akwụkwọ ebipụtara. ]] anụ anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ ala dị arọ, akwụkwọ organic traktị, mkpokọta ihe siri ike ịtụrụ, na turbidity .  ike kemịkalụ na-ebute ihe ize ndụ ndị na-egosi ala ala site n'ịkwalite ọla dị arọ n'agbanyeghị na ihe ụfọdụ dị ka nitrates/nitrites na arsenic nwere ike inwe ike inwe ike.  anụ anụ ahụ na-emetụta mma na uto nke mmiri mmiri ọñụụ ma nwee ike ime ka amụma nke microbial pathogens dị anya anya.. Ọgwụ na-egbu egbu bụkwa ihe nwere ike imerụ mmiri ọñụụ nke ụdị ''mmetọ kemịkalụ'' . Ihe na-egbu egbu nwere ike ịdị na mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ na obere mkpokọta, mana nsi nke kemịkalụ na oke ekpughere mmadụ bụ ihe a na-eji achọpụta ihe egwu ahụike akọwapụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking Water and Pesticides|url=http://npic.orst.edu/envir/dwater.html|date=16 September 2021|work=National Pesticide Information Center|publisher=Oregon State University|accessdate=6 January 2022|archivedate=16 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916161010/http://npic.orst.edu/envir/dwater.html}}</ref> Perfluorinated alkylated bekee (PFAS) bụ otu ajụjụ sịntetik mee ejiri ihe n'amerika akara akara, dị ka nkwakọ nri, akwa mmiri mmiri ihe mmiri mmiri, kapeeti na kichin.  A mara PFAS ka ọ na-na-anọ na gburugburu ebe a na-amarakarị ya dị ka ihe na-emetọ organic na-adịgide adịgide .  Achọpụtala kemịkalụ PFAS n'ibu, ma ụmụ ma anụmanụ, n'ụwa niile, yanaማር nri, mmirika, ikuku na ala.  [1] anụmanụ ule na PFAS na-egosi egosi na uto na ike, yana ike na-egosi, thyroid, usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ogụ na imeju.  [2] ihe nke 2022, , ለማንኛውም , ለማንኛውም , , , ምክpụtaghị , ekiri nke ọtụtụ nkeji PFAS.  Ndị ọkà mkpa na-eme egwuregwu iji oke na oke ike sitere na PFAS na ụmụaka.  [3] Achọpụtala PFAS n'ọtụtụ ebe na mmiri ọ drinkụ drinkụ n'ụwa niile yana ewepụtara, ma ọ bụ na-etolite, n'ọtụtụ mba. <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Sudarshan|author=Kurwadkar|title=''Per-'' and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution|date=22 October 2021|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=809|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151003|pmid=34695467}}</ref> === Ụkpụrụ ịdị mma nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ === {{Natural resources}}{{Reflist}}{{Natural resources}} {{excerpt|Drinking water quality in the United States|paragraphs=1-3}} {{excerpt|Drinking water quality standards|paragraphs=1-3}}{{excerpt|Drinking water quality in the United States|paragraphs=1-3}}  == Iwu == {{excerpt|Drinking water quality in the United States|paragraphs=1-3}} === European Union === Dịka ọmụmaatụ, EU na-esetịpụ iwu gbasara ịdịmma mmiri. ''Ntuziaka 2000/60/EC nke European nzuko omeiwu na nke Council nke 23 October 2000 guzobe a framework for Community edinam na ubi nke mmiri amụma'', mara dị ka mmiri framework ntụziaka, bụ isi ibe iwu na-achị mmiri. <ref name="waterframework">{{Cite journal|author=Maria|first=Kaika|date=April 2003|title=The Water Framework Directive: A New Directive for a Changing Social, Political and Economic European Framework|url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-water-framework-directive-a-new-directive-for-a-changing-social-political-and-economic-european-framework(1128bc36-393f-419b-be6e-c964582603af).html|journal=European Planning Studies|volume=11|issue=3|pages=299–316|doi=10.1080/09654310303640|accessdate=2020-08-31}}</ref> Ntuziaka mmiri ọṅụṅụ a metụtara kpọmkwem na mmiri ezubere maka oriri mmadụ. Obodo ọ bụla so na ya na-ahụ maka iguzobe usoro ndị uwe ojii chọrọ iji hụ na etinyere iwu a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK Iwu Ogo Mmiri na-edepụta ụkpụrụ kachasị maka ihe ndị na-emetụta ịdị mma yana ndị uweojii na-enyocha mmiri ọṅụṅụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmiri. === Japan === Iji kwalite ogo mmiri, Ministri Ahụike [[Japan]] degharịrị ụkpụrụ ịdị mma mmiri ya, nke etinyere n'April 2004. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: Water Supply in Japan|url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/policy/health/water_supply/4.html|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=www.mhlw.go.jp|archivedate=2021-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118004820/https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/policy/health/water_supply/4.html}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara mepụtara ụkpụrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ. <ref name=":2" /> Ha kpebikwara ụzọ isi jikwaa usoro mmiri dị elu. N'afọ 2008, a na-eduzi ụkpụrụ ndị ka mma iji melite ogo mmiri ma belata ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ mmiri. <ref name=":2" /> === New Zealand === === Singapore === Singapore bụ nnukwu onye na-ebubata mmiri site na [[Malaysia]] gbara agbata obi mana o meela nnukwu mbọ iji nwetaghachi mmiri ejiri mee ihe dị ka o kwere mee iji hụ na ndokwa zuru oke maka obodo obodo juru. A na-ere mmiri ha eweghachitere dị ka NEWater . Singapore kwalitere ụkpụrụ ịdị mma mmiri ya na 2019, na-esetịpụ ụkpụrụ kwekọrọ n'ụkpụrụ WHO tụrụ aro. Ngalaba na-ahụ maka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi nke gọọmentị Singapore na-eme nlekọta <ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Drinking Water Quality|url=https://www.pub.gov.sg/Documents/Singapore_Drinking_Water_Quality.pdf|accessdate=28 June 2022|publisher=Singapore National Water Agency|archivedate=18 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718210326/https://www.pub.gov.sg/Documents/Singapore_Drinking_Water_Quality.pdf}}</ref> === United Kingdom === N'usoro iwu mmiri nke [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] bụ nke ewepụrụ na ndị omeiwu Welsh na Scotland na Mgbakọ Northern Ireland . Na England na Wales enwere ndị ọrụ nchịkwa ụlọ ọrụ mmiri abụọ. * '''Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Mmiri''' (Ofwat) bụ onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba nke mpaghara mmiri; ọ na-echebe ọdịmma nke ndị na-azụ ahịa site n'ịkwalite asọmpi dị irè na ịhụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ iwu kwadoro. Ofwat nwere bọọdụ njikwa nke nwere onye isi oche, onye isi nchịkwa na ndị isi na ndị na-abụghị ndị isi. E nwere ndị ọrụ ihe dị ka 240. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Our duties|url=https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/about-us/our-duties/|accessdate=2020-10-23|work=About us|publisher=Ofwat (Water Services Regulation Authority)}}</ref> * '''Inspectorate Water Drinking''' (DWI) na-enye mmesi obi ike nke onwe na ụlọ ọrụ mmiri nkeonwe na-ebugara ndị na-azụ ahịa mmiri ọñụñụ dị ọcha. E hiwere DWI na 1990 ma mejupụta onye isi nyocha nke mmiri ọñụụ yana otu ihe dị ka mmadụ 40. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-15|title=What We Do|url=http://www.dwi.gov.uk/about/what-we-do/|work=About Us|publisher=Drinking Water Inspectorate|accessdate=2023-01-13|archivedate=2020-11-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125193410/http://www.dwi.gov.uk/about/what-we-do/}}</ref> A na-akọwa ụkpụrụ dị ugbu a nke ịdị mma mmiri na Statutory Instrument 2016 No. 614 Iwu Ịnye Mmiri (Ịdị Mma Mmiri) 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2016|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/614/contents|accessdate=2020-10-23|work=UK Statutory Instruments|publisher=National Archives, UK|archivedate=2020-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101191804/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/614/contents}}</ref> A kọwapụtara ọrụ na ọrụ nke ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na Iwu Mmepụta Mmiri 1991 (1991 c. 56) dị ka emezigharịrị site na Iwu Mmiri 2003 (2003 c. 37) na Iwu mmiri 2014 (2014 c. 21). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Industry Act 1991|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1991/56/contents|accessdate=2020-10-23|work=UK Public General Acts|publisher=National Archives, UK|archivedate=2020-11-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102112620/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1991/56/contents}}</ref> Na Scotland mma mmiri bụ ọrụ dịịrị onye na-ahụ maka ogo mmiri ọ drinkụ drinkụ nke onwe ya (DWQR). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-05|title=Water Quality Regulator says Scotland's tap water quality remains high|url=https://www.gov.scot/news/water-quality-regulator-says-scotlands-tap-water-quality-remains-high/#:~:text=Water%20Quality%20Regulator%20says%20Scotland's%20tap%20water%20quality%20remains%20high,-Published%3A%2005%20Aug&text=The%20Drinking%20Water%20Quality%20Regulator%20(DWQR)%20for%20Scotland's%20latest%20annual,water%20is%20high%20at%2099.90%25.|work=News|publisher=Scottish Government|accessdate=2023-01-13|archivedate=2023-01-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113114634/https://www.gov.scot/news/water-quality-regulator-says-scotlands-tap-water-quality-remains-high/#:~:text=Water%20Quality%20Regulator%20says%20Scotland's%20tap%20water%20quality%20remains%20high,-Published%3A%2005%20Aug&text=The%20Drinking%20Water%20Quality%20Regulator%20(DWQR)%20for%20Scotland's%20latest%20annual,water%20is%20high%20at%2099.90%25.}}</ref> === United States ===   == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na ịnweta mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ, ịdị mma na ọnụọgụ bụ ma ihe dị mkpa mana ọnụọgụ na-ebutekarị ụzọ. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ niile, ịdị mma mmiri bụ ihe ịma aka na-adịgide adịgide ma na-aga n'ihu. Ụfọdụ ọgbaghara ebutela nnukwu mgbanwe na ihe ọmụma, amụma, na usoro nhazi. Ndị na-eme mgbanwe nwere ike ịdị iche iche: ọrịa ọgbụgbọ ọgbụgbọ na-efe efe na 1850 na [[London]] mere ka John Snow nwetakwuo nghọta anyị banyere [[Ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri|ọrịa ndị na-ebute mmiri]] . Agbanyeghị, mgbanwe mgbanwe ịdị ọcha nke London bụ ihe mkpali ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ihe ndị mmadụ na-ebute ụzọ tupu sayensị anabata ya. <ref name=":03" /> == Hụkwa == * Ndụmọdụ mmiri esi mmiri * [[Ikike mmadụ nwere mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha]] * Ndepụta mba site na ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha * Ndepụta nke inye mmiri na ịdị ọcha site na mba * Mmiri nzacha * Mmiri fluoridation * Mmanya mmiri * Nchekwa mmiri == Ntụaka == == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water Akwụkwọ akụkọ WHO na mmiri ọṅụṅụ] * [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240045064 Ntuziaka WHO maka ịdị mma mmiri ọñụñụ (2022)] * [https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/ Mmiri ọñụnụ] - Ụlọ Ọrụ Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa US. Ozi izugbe, data na mbipụta. * [https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water Mmiri ala na mmiri ọṅụṅụ] - US Environmental Protection Agency. Ozi izugbe, ụkpụrụ na mbipụta nka. [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 28aa5i9ti2bcxjm0kf52obcbhni7sxk 0 50060 728034 181321 2026-09-25T23:51:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728034 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Waste_hierarchy_rect-en.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|354x354px| Ọchịchị mkpofu. Ịjụ, ibelata, ijigharị, imegharị ihe na compost na-enye ohere ibelata ihe mkpofu.]] Mbelata mkpọfu bụ usoro na omume ezubere ijibeta oke mkpọfu a na-ahụ.  Site n'ibelata ma ọ bụ ikpochapụ ụgbọ nke ihe mkpofu na-ahụ na nke na-adịgide adịgide, mbelata ihe mkpofu na-akwado mbọ iji kwalite mmadụ na-adigide .  [1] Mbelata mkpọfu ime ngagharị na usoro yana yana/ma ọ bụ iwu usoro oriri na-eme mgbanwe. <ref name="Davidson">{{Cite web|author=Davidson, G.|date=2011|title=Waste Management Practices: Literature Review|url=https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf|accessdate=2024-08-03|archivedate=2012-02-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201020208/https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf}}</ref> Ụzọ ụzọ mma na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na akụ na, yana ọnụ ọrụ bara uru iji jikwaa mkpofu mgbe mgbe bụ na ọ bụghị iji dozie ahụ na mbụ.  Ndị njikwa na-ahụ mbenata ihe mkpọfu dị ka ihe bụ isi na-arị anya maka ọtụtụ iwu mkpofu .  Ngwọta na mkpofu kwesịrị nrara ike nnukwu oge na ihe mmetụta;  ya mere, uru dị na mbelata ihe mkpofu nwere ike ịba ma ọ bụrụ na emee ya n'ụzọ dị irẹ, nchekwa na nke ga-adigide. Nlekọta mkpọfu omenala na-ahụ anya n'ịhazi mkpofu mgbe emechara ya, na-achị anya n'iji ya eme ihe, ime ihe ihe, na ntugharị n'efu na ike .  [1] Mbelata mkpofu mbụ iji ike ihe mkpofu n'oge mgbakọ.  Iji me nsogbu mbelata ihe mkpọfu nke ọma, onye njikwa ihe ihe mgbaàmà usoro, nyọcha nwa-n'ime ili (nyocha ihe ndị sitere na mmịpụta ha ruo mgbọrọgwụ ha n'ụwa) na pụta nke ihe mkpofu. Isi ebe ihe mkpofu na-adị iche site na mba ruo na mba .  Na UK, ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu na-anya site na iwu na mkpuchi ụlọ, na-esote Ngwuputa na mgbawa okwute, ụlọ ọrụ na azụmahịa.  [2] Ihe mkpofu n'ahụ bụ dị nta nke ihe mkpofu niile.  A na-akpa ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ na ihe achọrọ na agbụ ọkọnọ .  nkọwa, ụlọ ọrụ na-ejirị eme ihe nwere ike isi ọnwụ na e-eji nkwakọ ihe bupu ya n'ihi na ọ dabara mkpa ala.. == Uru == Mbelata ihe mkpofu nwere ike [[Nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi|ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi]] ma na-atụgharịkarị nwee uru akụ na ụba dị mma. Mbelata mkpofu nwere ike imeziwanye: <ref name="USEPA">.{{Cite web|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency (2012)|title=Waste-Hazardous Waste-Waste Minimisation|url=http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/wastemin/index.htm|access-date=2024-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428015718/http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/wastemin/index.htm|archive-date=2009-04-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Omume mmepụta nke ọma - mbelata ihe mkpofu nwere ike nweta ọtụtụ mmepụta ngwaahịa kwa nkeji ntinye nke akụrụngwa . * Nlaghachi akụ na ụba - iji ngwaahịa na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma pụtara mbelata ọnụ ahịa nke ịzụrụ ihe ọhụrụ, melite arụmọrụ ego nke ụlọ ọrụ. * Oyiyi ọha - profaịlụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke aha ya n'ozuzu ya na mbelata ihe mkpofu na-egosipụta mmegharị ahụ nke ọma na [[Nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi|nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi]] . * Ogo nke ngwaahịa emepụtara - ihe ọhụrụ na omume nkà na ụzụ nwere ike ibelata mmepụta ihe mkpofu ma melite ogo ntinye na usoro mmepụta. * Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi - ibelata ma ọ bụ ikpochapụ mmepụta ihe mkpofu na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe imezu ebumnuche nke ụkpụrụ, atumatu na ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi; a ga-ebelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe mkpofu. == Ụlọ ọrụ == N'ime ụlọ ọrụ, iji usoro mmepụta ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na ihe ndị ka mma n'ozuzu na-ebelata mmepụta ihe mkpofu. Ngwa nke usoro ibelata ihe mkpofu emela ka e mepụta ngwaahịa ọhụrụ na-aga nke ọma na-eji dochie anya ahịa. Mgbalị mbelata mkpofu na-achọkarị itinye ego, nke a na-akwụkarị ụgwọ site na nchekwa. Otú ọ dị, mbelata mkpofu n'otu akụkụ nke usoro mmepụta nwere ike ịmepụta mmepụta ihe mkpofu n'akụkụ ọzọ. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Nkwakọ mgbanwe a ada.  Ikpochapụ ya nwere ike arata mbelata isi iyi, na-belbe ihe mkpofu tupu emee ya site na nhazi ndekọ aha na omume.  Ojiji nke obere bụ isi ihe na-arụ ọrụ na nkwakọk na-adigide . == Usoro == * Ejigharịgharị ihe mkpofu : Enwere ike itinyeghachi ihe mkpofu ozugbo na mmalite nke ahịrị nrụpụta ka ha ghara ịghọ ihe efu. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emekarị nke a; dịka ọmụmaatụ, igwe mpempe akwụkwọ na-eweghachi akwụkwọ mpịakọta ọ bụla mebiri emebi na mmalite nke ahịrị mmepụta, na n'ichepụta ihe plastik, a na-eweghachi ihe ndị na-apụ apụ na ihe mkpofu na ngwaahịa ọhụrụ. * Nleba anya njikwa mma na usoro : Enwere ike ịme usoro iji hụ na edobere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị jụrụ oyi na opekempe. A na-enweta nke a site n'ịbawanye ugboro nyocha na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nyocha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịwụnye ngwa nleba anya na-aga n'ihu na-akpaghị aka nwere ike inye aka chọpụta nsogbu mmepụta ihe n'oge mmalite. * Mgbanwe mkpofu : Nke a bụ ebe ihe mkpofu nke otu usoro na-aghọ ihe akụrụngwa maka usoro nke abụọ. Mgbanwe mkpofu na-anọchi anya ụzọ ọzọ isi belata oke mkpofu mkpofu maka ihe mkpofu na-enweghị ike ikpochapụ. : Nke a na-agụnye ịnyefe ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-abata kpọmkwem ruo ebe a na-achịkọta ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee ihe n'usoro mmepụta ihe iji belata njikwa na iji mkpuchi mkpuchi ma ọ bụ mkpuchi (ihe atụ: ntinye akwụkwọ azụ ). : Nke a bụ usoro usoro dum nke na-achọ iwepụ ihe mkpofu na isi iyi na n'ebe niile na-agbada n'usoro ọkọnọ, n'ebumnobi na-emepụtaghị ihe efu. Ọ bụ nkà ihe ọmụma imewe nke na-emesi ike mgbochi mkpofu na-emegide njedebe nke njikwa mkpofu ọkpọkọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dickinson, J.|date=2001|title=The end of waste: Zero Waste by 2020.|url=http://www.zerowaste.co.nz/assets/Reports/TheEndofWaste.pdf|accessdate=2024-08-03|archivedate=2017-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030212428/http://www.zerowaste.co.nz/assets/Reports/TheEndofWaste.pdf}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na, n'ikwu okwu n'ụwa nile, ihe mkpofu dị otú ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị ntakịrị, enweghị ike igbochi ya (a ga-enwe njedebe ndụ ọbụna maka ngwaahịa na ihe eji emegharịgharị), ihe mgbaru ọsọ yiri ya bụ igbochi mmetọ. * Minimalism : Minimalism na-ezokarị aka n'echiche nke nka na egwu, n'agbanyeghị na ibi ndụ pere mpe nwere ike ime nnukwu mmetụta maka njikwa mkpofu na iwepụta ihe mkpofu efu, nwere ike belata ọmụmụ [[Ebe mkpofu ahịhịa|ihe mkpofu]] na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbe a na-ebelata oriri na-adịghị agwụ agwụ ka opekempe nke naanị oriri dị mkpa, a ga-ebelata mmepụta nke enweghị uche n'ihe achọrọ. Ibi ndụ pere mpe nwere ike imetụta ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe n'ụzọ site n'ibelata ihe mkpofu. Joshua Fields Millburn na Ryan Nicodemus duziri ma mepụta ihe nkiri a na-akpọ ''Minimalism: A Documentary'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theminimalists.com/films/|title=Films by The Minimalists|work=The Minimalists|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-09}}</ref> nke gosipụtara echiche nke ibi ndụ pere mpe na ụwa ọgbara ọhụrụ. === Nhazi ngwaahịa === Enwere ike ime mbelata mkpofu na ngwaọrụ maka ebu epụtara n'ụzọ dị mfe n'oge nhazi.  Mebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ eji na-ama ọ bụ mee ka ahụ dị mfe ike nwere ike ime ka ọ dị mfe idozi ma ọ bụ me ikike ya na njedebe ndụ bara uru. N'ụdị ụfọdụ, ọ ga-akacha mma ka ị ghara ibelata olu olu eji eme ihe, kama ibelata oke ma ọ bụ nsí nke ihe mkpofu emepụtara na njedebe nke ndụ, ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ahụ.  (Lee ngalaba Ogologo Ogologo ). ==== Na-adaba adaba eji eme ihe ==== N'ime akwụkwọ a,nkịtị na nkọwa emebere nke ọma iji amụ ha.  Nke a na-emetụta maka nkwakọ ngwaahịa, nke kwesịrị mkpagide naanị ka ọ dị mkpa iji Mata ha.  N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịla n'iyi ma ọ bụrụ na nri, nke riri ihe na ike na ike ya, mebiri emebi ma mebie ya n'ihi oke oke iji akwụkwọ, ọla, iko na plastik na  nkwakọ ya. ==== Ịdị ogologo ==== Ịkwalite ịdịte aka nke ngwaahịa, dị ka ịgbatị ndụ bara uru nke onye na-ehicha oghere ruo afọ 15 kama ịbụ afọ 12, nwere ike ibelata ihe mkpofu ma na-emekarị ka njikarịcha akụrụngwa dị mma. Ma n'ama ụfọdụ ọ na-enwe ike gburugburu ebe obibi .  Ọ bụrụ na igwe-adịte aka nke ukwuu, ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga-egbu oge iji ya na ike na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.  Ya mere, ịgbatị ndụ bara uru nke igwe meworo agadi nwe ike ike ibu dị arọ na gburugburu ebe obibi akụkụ ikpo ya, ịme ụdị àgwà ya ụdị ọhụrụ.  N'otu aka ahụ, ụgbọ ala ndị meworo agadi na-eri nri ọkụ ma na- ọtụtụ ikuku diẹ ndị ogbo ha nke oge a. N'ọnọdụ ezinụlọ, a na-ekpebikarị ikike nke ibelata site na ibi ndụ . Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike na-ele ya anya dị ka ihe efu ịzụrụ ngwaahịa ọhụrụ naanị iji soro usoro ejiji mgbe ngwaahịa ochie ka na-eji. Ndị okenye na-arụ ọrụ oge niile nwere obere oge n'efu, yabụ enwere ike ịzụta nri ndị dabara adaba nke na-achọ obere nkwadebe, ma ọ bụ na-ahọrọ akwa nhicha ma ọ bụrụ na enwere nwa n'ime ezinụlọ. Ọnụ ego mkpofu mmadụ na-emepụta bụ obere akụkụ nke ihe mkpofu niile ọha mmadụ na-emepụta, na mbelata mkpofu onwe onye nwere ike ime obere mmetụta na mkpokọta mkpofu. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, enwere ike itinye mmetụta na amụma n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ. Mmụba ndị ahịa mara mmetụta na ike nke ụfọdụ mkpebi ịzụrụ na-enye ohere ka ụlọ ọrụ na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu gbanwee mkpokọta [[Ojiji nke ihe onwunwe|oriri akụrụngwa]] . Ndị na-azụ ahịa nwere ike imetụta ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-ekesa site na ịzere ịzụrụ ngwaahịa na-enweghị eco-labelling, nke na-abụghị iwu ugbu a, ma ọ bụ ịhọrọ ngwaahịa na-ebelata ojiji nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa. Na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]], PullApart na-ejikọta ma nyocha ngwungwu gburugburu ebe obibi na [[Consumer|nke ndị ahịa]], n'ime usoro nhazi nhazigharị ihe mgbochi iji belata ihe mkpofu. N'ebe atụmatụ eji emegharị ihe dị, ndị na-azụ ahịa nwere ike ịdị njikere ma jiri ya mee ihe. == Ụlọ ọrụ ahụike == Ụlọ ọrụ [[Nlekọta ahụike ma ọ|nlekọta ahụike]] bụ nnukwu ndị na-emepụta ihe mkpofu. <ref name="WHO">{{Cite web|author=WHO|date=2011|title=Waste from Health Care facilities Fact Sheet No 253|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs253/en/}}</ref> Isi ebe a na-esi enweta ihe mkpofu ahụike bụ: ụlọ ọgwụ, ụlọ nyocha na ebe nyocha, ebe a na-edebe ozu na ebe a na-anwụ anwụ, ụlọ nyocha anụmanụ na ụlọ nyocha, ụlọ akụ ọbara na ọrụ nnakọta, na ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi. <ref name="WHO" /> Mbelata ihe mkpofu nwere ike inye ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ọtụtụ ohere iji obere akụrụngwa, na-emefusị ihe na-akpata obere ihe mkpofu. Ezi njikwa na njikwa njikwa n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na mbelata ihe mkpofu a na-emepụta kwa ụbọchị. === Omume === Enwere ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke omume na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma nke nwere ike ịkwado mbelata mkpofu na ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike na ụlọ nyocha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=WHO|date=2014|title=Waste minimization, recycling and reuse|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/medicalwaste/058to060.pdf}}</ref> '''Mbelata isi mmalite''' * Mbelata ịzụrụ ihe na-eme ka nhọrọ nke akụrụngwa na-adịchaghị njọ ma ọ bụ dị obere. * Ojiji nke anụ ahụ kama usoro nhicha kemịkalụ dị ka nsị uzuoku kama [[Chemical disinfection|ikpochapụ kemịkalụ]] . * Na-egbochi mmebi ngwaahịa na-enweghị isi na ọrụ nọọsụ na nhicha. '''Usoro nchịkwa na njikwa na ọkwa ụlọ ọgwụ''' * Ịzụta [[Dangerous goods|kemịkalụ dị ize ndụ]] . * Nleba anya na-eruba kemịkalụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike site na nnata dị ka akụrụngwa iji kpofuo dị ka [[ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ]] . * Nkewa nke ọma nke ihe mkpofu iji nyere aka belata ọnụọgụ na mkpofu dị ize ndụ. '''Njikwa ngwaahịa ngwaahịa kemịkalụ na ọgwụ''' * Ịtụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta ugboro ugboro karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu n'otu oge. * Iji ogbe kacha ochie nke ngwaahịa na-ebu ụzọ zere ụbọchị njedebe na mkpofu na-enweghị isi. * Iji ọdịnaya niile nke akpa nwere ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ. * Na-elele ụbọchị ngwụcha nke ngwaahịa niile n'oge nnyefe.  == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200112003120/http://prewaste.eu/ Weebụsaịtị EU tupu mkpofu, ibe obibi.] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] k20owf2e0lso8s0akid1v88o6ef7woo 0 50098 727962 180339 2026-09-25T16:25:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727962 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Leo Carlsson Anaheim Ducks.jpg|thumb|Leo Carlsson]]'''Leo Carlsson''' (amuru 26 Disemba 2004) bu ulo oru egwuregwu ice hockey nke Sweden maka Anaheim Ducks nke National Hockey League (NHL). Ndị Ducks debere ya nke abụọ na ntinye ntinye 2023 NHL . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kerney|first=Caleb|title=2023 Draft Eligible Leo Carlsson Is NHL Ready|date=13 November 2022|url=https://www.yardbarker.com/nhl/articles/2023_draft_eligible_leo_carlsson_is_nhl_ready/s1_16448_38116096|publisher=The Hockey Writers|accessdate=22 December 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Morreale|first=Mike|title=Dvorsky could be latest from Slovakia taken in first round of NHL Draft|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-draft-watch-dalibor-dvorsky-could-be-first-round-pick-from-slovakia/c-337433012|publisher=NHL|accessdate=14 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214235551/https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-draft-watch-dalibor-dvorsky-could-be-first-round-pick-from-slovakia/c-337433012|archive-date=14 December 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ egwuregwu == Carlsson na ndị otu obodo Färjestad BK na-egwuri egwu na ọkwa ntorobịa na mbụ tupu ya akwaga na ndị otu egwuregwu Hockey League (SHL), Örebro HK, maka oge 2020-21. N'ime oge 2021 – 22, Carlsson mere mpụta izizi ọkachamara ya na SHL dị ka onye dị afọ 17, biputere ihe mgbaru ọsọ atọ na enyemaka isii na egwuregwu 35 oge niile. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pope|first=Ben|title=Leo Carlsson emerging as fourth elite option for Blackhawks in 2023 NHL draft|date=26 December 2022|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/blackhawks/2022/12/26/23527088/blackhawks-2023-nhl-draft-options-leo-carlsson-connor-bedard-adam-fantilli-matvei-michkov|publisher=Chicago Sun Times|accessdate=30 December 2022}}</ref> N'afọ ya nke ntozu NHL, Carlsson mụbara ngwaahịa ya n'ịkpọ naanị ndị otu ndị isi na SHL na-egosi oke iwe n'ichebe ọrụ akara n'etiti Örebro HK maka oge 2022-23 . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ellis|first=Eteven|title=NHL Draft Prospect Roundup: Is Matvei Michkov the true No. 2 talent in the class?|url=https://www.dailyfaceoff.com/news/nhl-draft-prospect-roundup-is-matvei-michkov-the-true-no-2-talent-in-the-class|publisher=Daily Faceoff|accessdate=2 March 2023}}</ref> Bob McKenzie zoro aka na Carlsson dị ka atụmanya " acha anụnụ anụnụ " na ntinye ntinye NHL 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web|author=McKenzie|first=Bob|title='It's Bedard at No. 1 and a wide chasm to everyone else'|date=23 January 2023|url=https://www.tsn.ca/connor-bedard-locked-in-at-no-1-in-bob-mckenzie-s-mid-season-nhl-draft-ranking-1.1909910|publisher=TSN|accessdate=23 January 2023}}</ref> Na 28 June 2023, ndị Anaheim Ducks debere Carlsson nke abụọ n'usoro 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Elliott|first=Helene|title=Column: Ducks surprise by picking Leo Carlsson in NHL draft, but choice makes sense|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/hockey/story/2023-06-28/ducks-nhl-draft-leo-carlsson|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=14 October 2023|date=28 June 2013}}</ref> Ọ bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta afọ atọ, ntinye ọkwa na Ducks na 12 Julaị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ducks Sign Carlsson to Three-Year Entry-Level Contract|url=https://www.nhl.com/ducks/news/ducks-sign-carlsson-to-three-year-entry-level-contract/c-345318808|publisher=[[Anaheim Ducks]]|date=12 July 2023|accessdate=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714175128/https://www.nhl.com/ducks/news/ducks-sign-carlsson-to-three-year-entry-level-contract/c-345318808|archive-date=14 July 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na 10 Ọktọba, akpọrọ Carlsson ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ ndekọ abalị mmeghe Ducks maka oge 2023–24 ka ọ gachara ogige ọzụzụ otu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ducks Announce 2023-24 Season Opening Roster|url=https://www.nhl.com/ducks/news/ducks-announce-2023-24-season-opening-roster|work=NHL.com|accessdate=14 October 2023|date=10 October 2023}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ merụrụ ahụ n'oge omume na 6 October, na enweghị ike igwu egwu na Ducks' mbụ egwuregwu abụọ nke oge. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stanovich|first=Austin|title=Ducks Carlsson Expected Back After Opening Weekend|url=https://thehockeynews.com/nhl/anaheim-ducks/news/anaheim-ducks-leo-carlsson-expected-back-after-opening-weekend|work=The Hockey News|accessdate=14 October 2023|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=NHL Buzz: Carlsson set to make debut for Ducks|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-buzz-news-and-notes-october-18|work=NHL.com|accessdate=19 October 2023|date=19 October 2023}}</ref> Carlsson mere NHL mpụta mbụ ya na 19 Ọktọba, na-ebute goolu na mmeri Ducks' 3–2 megide Dallas Stars . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ducks loss highlighted by Leo Carlsson goal in debut|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/story?id=38700791|work=ESPN.com|accessdate=20 October 2023|date=19 October 2023}}</ref> Na 10 Nọvemba, na mmeri 6–3 na Philadelphia Flyers, Carlsson ghọrọ onye ọkpụkpọ kacha nta na akụkọ ntolite aha aha Ducks iji dekọọ okpu okpu, na afọ 18 na ụbọchị 319. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Greenspan|first=Dan|title=Carlsson gets 1st NHL hat trick in Ducks loss to Flyers|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/philadelphia-flyers-anaheim-ducks-game-recap-november-10|work=NHL.com|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=10 November 2023}}</ref> == Egwuregwu mba ụwa == Carlsson nọchitere anya otu ndị obere Sweden na asọmpi World Junior 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sveriges trupp till JVM 2023|url=https://www.nhl.com/sv/news/sveriges-jvm-trupp-2023-338493972|work=NHL.com|accessdate=14 October 2023|language=sv-SE|date=7 December 2022}}</ref> Na Mee 2023, a mara ọkwa na Carlsson ga-egwu maka ndị otu egwuregwu Sweden na 2023 IIHF World Championship . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tre Kronor spelar VM i Finland & Lettland, 12–28 maj|url=https://swehockey.se/toppnyheter/tre-kronor-spelar-vm-i-finland-lettland-12-28-maj/|publisher=Svenska Ishockeyförbundet|language=sv-SE|accessdate=15 May 2023}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Oge oge na egwuregwu egwuregwu === {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; width:60em;" ! colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ! colspan="5" |Regular season ! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ! colspan="5" |Playoffs |- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" !Season !Team !League !GP !G !A !Pts !PIM !GP !G !A !Pts !PIM |- |2020–21 |Örebro HK |J20 |19 |4 |5 |9 |12 |— |— |— |— |— |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" |2021–22 |Örebro HK |J20 |14 |10 |17 |27 |2 |4 |1 |7 |8 |2 |- |2021–22 |Örebro HK |SHL |35 |3 |6 |9 |4 |— |— |— |— |— |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" |2022–23 |Örebro HK |SHL |44 |10 |15 |25 |6 |13 |1 |8 |9 |4 |- |2023–24 |Anaheim Ducks |NHL |55 |12 |17 |29 |16 |— |— |— |— |— |- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! colspan="3" |SHL totals !79 !13 !21 !34 !10 !13 !1 !8 !9 !4 |- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! colspan="3" |NHL totals !55 !12 !17 !29 !16 !— !— !— !— !— |} === Mba ụwa === {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; width:40em;" !Afọ ! Otu ! Ihe omume ! Nsonaazụ ! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ! GP ! G ! A ! Pts ! PIM |- | 2021 | Sweden | HG18 |</img> | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" | 2022 | Sweden | U18 |</img> | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 |- | 2023 | Sweden | WJC | Nke anọ | 7 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2 |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" | 2023 | Sweden | WC | 6th | 8 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 0 |- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! colspan="4" | Ngụkọta nke obere ! 14 ! 6 ! 6 ! 12 ! 2 |- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! colspan="4" | Ngụkọta ndị okenye ! 8 ! 3 ! 2 ! 5 ! 0 |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database {{s-start}} {{s-ach}} {{succession box|before=[[Nathan Gaucher]]|title=[[List of Anaheim Ducks draft picks|Anaheim Ducks first round draft pick]]|years=[[2023 NHL Entry Draft|2023]]|after=[[Beckett Sennecke]]}} {{s-end}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] r5w7n6wjwer4iw2yklkexdnv8jwbfb1 0 51240 728010 588860 2026-09-25T20:56:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Marco Borriello''' ({{IPA|it|ˈmarko borˈrjɛllo}}; amuru 18 June 1982) bu [[Footbọl|onye okacha amara n’egwuregwu]] ndi Italy nke gbara egwu dika onye ọkpọ . N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Borriello na-egwuri egwu maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ịgba chaa chaa Ịtali, gụnyere Treviso, Testina, Milan, Empoli, Reggina, Sampdoria, Genoa, Roma, Juventus, Carpi, Atalanta, Cagliari na SPAL, yana English n'akụkụ West Ham United na Spanish n'akụkụ Ibiza. . Na ọkwa mba ụwa, ọ nọchitere anya ndị otu mba Italy wee soro na UEFA Euro 2008 . == Ọrụ klọb == === Ọrụ mmalite === Borriello gbagoro n'ọkwá nke Milan mana e zigara ya na Treviso na mbinye ego tupu ya enwee ohere igosi onwe ya na ndị otu mbụ. O meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ asatọ maka nchekwa Treviso na oge 2000–01. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2000/dicembre/10/Roma_prende_derby_vetta_Primi_ga_0_00121011398.shtml|title=La Roma si prende derby e vetta Primi sussulti di Juventus e Milan|date=10 December 2000|accessdate=27 January 2014|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it}}</ref> Mgbe njem ọzọ ca. Jenụwarị 2001, o mere mpụta mbụ ọkachamara ya maka Testina na 2000 – 01 Serie C2 ( nkewa nke anọ ), wee laghachi na Treviso na June 2001, site na Milan. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2001/giugno/26/Triestina_Berti_vuole_chiarezza_ga_0_0106265262.shtml|title=Triestina: Berti vuole chiarezza|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it|date=26 June 2001|accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref> Ihe mgbaru ọsọ 10 ya na egwuregwu 27 Serie C1 na Treviso mere ka Milan cheta ya na June 2002. === Milan === Borriello mere Serie A mbụ ya maka Milan na 21 Septemba 2002 megide Perugia mana o guzobeghị onwe ya wee nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ ole na ole sochirinụ na mbinye ego na klọb Serie A ndị ọzọ. Mgbe naanị egwuregwu egwuregwu atọ gasịrị maka Milan, a gbaziri ya na Empoli maka oge ndị ọzọ nke 2002 – 03 Serie A. Ọ laghachiri Milan maka oge 2003–04 dum, mana ọ na-egwuri egwu naanị n'egwuregwu otu anọ. Na oge 2004–05, ọ nọ na mbinye ego na Reggina . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11863/2304690/|title=Reggina loan Borriello|publisher=Sky Sports|date=9 July 2005|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref> Na oge 2005-06, ezigara ya ọzọ na mbinye ego, oge a na Sampdoria yana ndị otu Milan Samuele Dalla Bona na Ignazio Abate . Borriello hapụrụ Sampdoria na Jenụwarị 2006 maka oge mbinye ego ọnwa isii na Treviso ebe o meriri ọrụ ya kacha mma n'ime ihe mgbaru ọsọ Serie A ise. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11868/2365968/|title=Treviso loan Borriello|publisher=Sky Sports|date=3 February 2006|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Treviso chụpụrụ na Serie B n'oge ahụ. A na-echeta Borriello na ndị otu mbụ nke Milan n'oge okpomọkụ nke 2006 mgbe e rere Andriy Shevchenko na Chelsea na Marcio Amoroso kwụsịrị nkwekọrịta ya. Otú ọ dị, ọzọ, ọ ghọrọ nanị onye ọkpụkpọ nke anọ nke anọ, oge a n'azụ Filippo Inzaghi, Alberto Gilardino, na Ricardo Oliveira . Ọzọkwa, etinyere ọrụ ya obere oge n'ihe egwu mgbe na 21 Disemba 2006 gosipụtara na ọ nwalere ihe dị mma maka prednisolone na prednisone mgbe egwuregwu 11th nke 2006 – 07 Serie A megide AS Roma gbara na 11 November 2006. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/xArchive/Sport/Soccer/Milan-striker-fails-drug-test-20061221|title=Milan striker fails drug test}}</ref> Mgbe nkwenye nke nsonaazụ ule na Jenụwarị 2007, a kwụsịrị ya ruo 21 Maachị 2007. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/ucl/news/kind=1/newsid=493049.html|title=Borriello suspended after drug test|publisher=UEFA.com|date=22 December 2006|accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref> N'ihi nkwusioru ya, ewepụrụ ya na ndepụta ndị otu egwuregwu Champions League, yabụ enweghị ike isonye na egwuregwu ọ bụla na-eduga na mmeri Milan meriri Liverpool n'ikpeazụ. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230530093833/http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/ucl/2006/e/e_300099_pk.pdf (Page 13)</ref> === Genoa === Na 21 June 2007, e rere Borriello na Genoa na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta nke Milan, maka € 1.8&nbsp;nde. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tuttonapoli.net/?action=read&idnotizia=20782|title=Precious announces: "Borriello is a player of Genoa"|publisher=Tutto Napoli|language=it|date=22 June 2007|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref> Borriello nyeere Genoa ọhụrụ kwalitere aka inweta mmeri mbụ ha n'oge ahụ, na-ebute ụzọ okpu mbụ ya na-efu Udinese . Egwuregwu ahụ kwụsịrị 3–2, onye gbara bọọlụ gbara na penariti na nkeji iri asaa na isii. Na mberede, na nlọghachi azụ na 24 February 2008 na Udine, Borriello meriri okpu ọzọ na mmeri 5-3, na-erute ihe mgbaru ọsọ 15 n'ime usoro ahụ. Ọ kwụsịrị oge na 19, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye mgbaru ọsọ nke atọ kachasị elu na otu egwuregwu Juventus Alessandro Del Piero na David Trezeguet . === Lọghachi na Milan === [[Usòrò:Marco_Borriello,_Kieran_Gibbs_&_Ignazio_Abate_(4867545034).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|185x185px| Borriello (uwe elu 22) na Kieran Gibbs nke Arsenal gbara mgba.]] Na-esote ire nke onye ọkpọ Alberto Gilardino na Fiorentina, a kwadoro na 29 May 2008 na Borriello ga-alaghachi Milan dị ka onye nnọchiteanya ya. Nkwekọrịta ahụ gụnyere ịkwaga Davide Di Gennaro na Genoa n'okpuru nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta maka € 2.5&nbsp;nde, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Calciomercato/Primo_Piano/2008/05_Maggio/29/movimilan_2905.shtml|title=Il Milan tiene Abbiati e riscatta Borriello|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it|date=29 May 2008|accessdate=12 March 2011}}</ref> na mgbakwunye na €7.5&nbsp;ego nde. (Otú ọ dị, e wedara Di Gennaro ka ọ bụrụ € 1.25&nbsp;nde mgbe ọ laghachiri Milan otu afọ ka e mesịrị, nke mere nloghachi nke Borriello riri Milan € 8.75&nbsp;nde). === Mba ụwa === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mpụta na ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke otu mba na afọ <ref name="SW">{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/marco-borriello/3998/|title=M. Boriello|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=21 December 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://int.soccerway.com/players/marco-borriello/3998/ "M. Boriello"]. </cite></ref> ! Otu mba ! Afọ ! Ngwa ! Ebumnuche |- | rowspan="3" | Ịtali | 2008 | 3 | 0 |- | 2010 | 3 | 0 |- | 2011 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Mkpokọta ! 7 ! 0 |} == Nkwanye ugwu == '''Milan''' <ref name="SW"/> * Serie A : 2003–04 * UEFA Champions League : 2006–07 '''Juventus''' <ref name="SW" /> * Serie A: 2011–12 '''Onye''' * Onye kacha enye goolu Coppa Italia : 2016–17 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/italcuptops.html|title=Italy - Coppa Italia Top Scorers|author=Roberto Di Maggio|date=4 June 2015|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref> == Ntụaka == mgbaru ọsọ asatọ maka nchekwa Treviso na oge 2000–01. [1] Mgbe njem ọzọ ca. Jenụwarị 2001, o mere mpụta mbụ ọkachamaramgbaru ọsọ asatọ maka nchekwa Treviso na oge 2000–01. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2000/dicembre/10/Roma_prende_derby_vetta_Primi_ga_0_00121011398.shtml|title=La Roma si prende derby e vetta Primi sussulti di Juventus e Milan|date=10 December 2000|accessdate=27 January 2014|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it}}</ref> Mgbe njem ọzọ ca. Jenụwarị 2001, o mere mpụta mbụ ọkachamara{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Marco Borriello at Soccerbase * Marco Borriello at TuttoCalciatori.net (in Italian) [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] k4xfpxeagt0pg43h28r7mk6xphi15zr 0 51299 728011 722383 2026-09-25T20:58:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728011 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Marco Fossati 2019.jpg|thumb|Marco Fossati]] '''Marco Ezio Fossati''' (amụrụ 5 Ọktoba 1992) bụ onye [[Footbọl|egwuregwu bọọlụ]] ọkaibe Italy nke na-egwu egwu dị ka onye ọkpọ egwuregwu maka ọgbakọ Serie C AlbinoLeffe . == Ọrụ klọb == === Ọrụ mmalite === Amụrụ na Monza, na mpaghara obodo Milan, Fossati malitere ịgba bọọlụ mgbe ọ bụ nwata ya na ndị otu onye amateur Cimiano na 2001, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Saranno famosi|url=http://www.cimiano.it/sar_famosi.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818164934/http://www.cimiano.it/sar_famosi.php|4=thumb|5=Marco Fossati]]://www.cimiano.it/sar_famosi.php|archivedate=18 August 2012|work=cimiano.it|publisher=Polisportiva Dilettantistica Cimiano|accessdate=27 August 2012|language=it}}</ref> tupu ọ banye n'usoro ntorobịa AC Milan na mmalite nke oge 2002-03. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Esordienti Provinciali A 2003/2004|url=http://www.acmilan.com/MostraInfo.asp?id_info=18945|work=acmilan.com|publisher=[[A.C. Milan|Associazione Calcio Milan]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606090441/http://www.acmilan.com/MostraInfo.asp?id_info=18945|archivedate=6 June 2004|accessdate=12 July 2012|language=it}}</ref> Afọ ise ka e mesịrị, ọ hapụrụ obodo Internazionale, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Allievi Nazionali commence pre-season training|url=http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=26990&L=en|work=inter.it|publisher=[[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Football Club Internazionale Milano]]|date=3 August 2007|accessdate=19 September 2011|archive-date=13 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013060042/http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=26990&L=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> ebe ọ gara n'ihu nọrọ oge atọ, na-egwu egwu maka akụkụ ''Allievi'' (n'okpuru-17) na ''Primavera'' (n'okpuru-20), <ref>{{Cite web|title=Allievi A 2007/08|url=http://giovanili.inter.it/aas/squadra?stagione=2007/08&IDS=2&L=en|work=inter.it|publisher=[[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Football Club Internazionale Milano]]|accessdate=12 July 2012|archivedate=2 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402154927/http://giovanili.inter.it/aas/squadra?stagione=2007/08&IDS=2&L=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Allievi A 2008/09|url=http://giovanili.inter.it/aas/squadra?stagione=2008/09&IDS=2&L=en|work=inter.it|publisher=[[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Football Club Internazionale Milano]]|accessdate=12 July 2012|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192601/http://giovanili.inter.it/aas/squadra?stagione=2008/09&IDS=2&L=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Primavera 2009/10|url=http://giovanili.inter.it/aas/squadra?stagione=2009/10&IDS=1&L=en|work=inter.it|publisher=[[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Football Club Internazionale Milano]]|accessdate=12 July 2012|archivedate=2 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402154910/http://giovanili.inter.it/aas/squadra?stagione=2009/10&IDS=1&L=en}}</ref> dị ka nakwa ime ka ya na ndị otu mbụ pụta ìhè na egwuregwu enyi na enyi. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Friendly: Inter 0–0 Brasov|url=http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=28585&L=en|work=inter.it|publisher=[[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Football Club Internazionale Milano]]|date=7 February 2008|accessdate=12 July 2012|archive-date=11 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011162352/http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=28585&L=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Training match: Inter 3–3 Chiasso|url=http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=28631&L=en|work=inter.it|publisher=[[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Football Club Internazionale Milano]]|date=13 February 2008|accessdate=12 July 2012|archive-date=11 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011033455/http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=28631&L=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Friendly: Piacenza 2–1 Inter|url=http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=32370&L=en|work=inter.it|publisher=[[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Football Club Internazionale Milano]]|date=10 October 2009|accessdate=12 July 2012|archive-date=9 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009163654/http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=32370&L=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, na July 2010 Fossati e zigara Milan, tinyere Attila Filkor na Cristian Daminuţă, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Daminuta, Filkor, Fossati join AC Milan|url=http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=34141&L=en|work=inter.it|publisher=[[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Football Club Internazionale Milano]]|date=16 July 2010|accessdate=12 July 2012|archive-date=21 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721192757/http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=34141&L=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> maka ngụkọta ego nke €7.&nbsp;nde. Ọ nọrọ oge 2010 – 11 na-egwuri egwu maka akụkụ ''Primavera'' nke Milan (n'okpuru-20). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tutto Primavera|url=http://www.magliarossonera.it/stagincorso/1011/giov_programma.pdf|work=magliarossonera.it|accessdate=12 July 2012|language=it}}</ref> === Ọnụ ego mgbazinye (2011-2015) === Na mmalite nke oge 2011-12 Fossati ezigara ya na mbinye ego na Lega Pro Prima Divisione club Latina, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Ufficiale: Latina, dal Milan arriva Fossati|url=http://www.milannews.it/?action=read&idnotizia=60135|author=Pietro Mazzara|work=milannews.it|date=29 August 2011|accessdate=12 July 2012|language=it}}</ref> na-eme mpụta izizi ya maka klọb ahụ na 4 Septemba 2011, na eserese 1-1 megide Siracusa . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Prima Divisione girone B 1a giornata|url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2011/settembre/05/PRIMA_DIVISIONE_GIRONE_GIORNATA_ga_10_110905064.shtml|format=require login|work=[[La Gazzetta dello Sport]]|date=5 September 2011|accessdate=19 September 2011|language=it}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu nye goolu abụọ n'egwuregwu asọmpi iri abụọ na abụọ. Oge na-esote, Fossati sonyeere ndị otu Serie B Ascoli na oge mbinye ego ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Marco Ezio Fossati neo bianconero|url=http://www.ascolicalcio.net/altre_news.asp?id=7771|work=ascolicalcio.it|publisher=[[Ascoli Calcio 1898]]|date=12 July 2012|accessdate=12 July 2012|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112102450/http://www.ascolicalcio.net/altre_news.asp?id=7771|archive-date=12 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maka mgbasa ozi 2013-14 ọ kwagara Bari, ụlọ ọgbakọ Serie B ọzọ, ọzọ na nkwekọrịta mbinye ego. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Mercato, preso Fossati|url=http://www.asbari.it/societa/archivio-news/5384-mercato-preso-fossati.html|work=asbari.it|publisher=[[A.S. Bari|Associazione Sportiva Bari]]|date=25 July 2013|accessdate=25 July 2013|language=it}}</ref> === Cagliari === Na 24 June 2015, Fossati sonyeere Cagliari na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cagliaricalcio.com/news/ultimissime/13816/marco-fossati-al-cagliari|title=Marco Fossati al Cagliari|date=24 June 2015|accessdate=27 June 2017|publisher=Cagliari Calcio|language=it|archive-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023115701/https://www.cagliaricalcio.com/news/ultimissime/13816/marco-fossati-al-cagliari|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbe otu oge gasịrị ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ. === Verona === Na 8 June 2016, Verona bịanyere aka na Fossati na mbinye ego, yana ọrụ ịbanye. Dịka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta ahụ, onye mgbaru ọsọ Rafael kwagara n'akụkụ nke ọzọ na nkwekọrịta doro anya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hellasverona.it/2016/07/08/ufficiale_fossati_al_verona_rafael_al_cagliari|title=Ufficiale: Fossati al Verona, Rafael al Cagliari / VIDEO|date=8 July 2016|accessdate=27 June 2017|publisher=Hellas Verona F.C.|language=it|archive-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711092723/http://www.hellasverona.it/2016/07/08/ufficiale_fossati_al_verona_rafael_al_cagliari|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na 20 June 2017, Cagliari kwadoro ire Fossati na Verona kpamkpam. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cagliaricalcio.com/news/ultimissime/16301/le-cessioni-di-colombi-e-fossati|title=Colombi al Carpi e Fossati all'Hellas Verona|date=10 June 2017|accessdate=27 June 2017|publisher=Cagliari Calcio|language=it|archive-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720060242/http://www.cagliaricalcio.com/news/ultimissime/16301/le-cessioni-di-colombi-e-fossati|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Monza === Na 5 Jenụwarị 2019, ọ bịanyere aka na Monza nkwekọrịta otu afọ na ọkara. <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[A.C. Monza|Monza]]|url=http://www.monza1912.it/news-dettaglio.php?id=800|title=Fossati e Bearzotti rinforzano il centrocampo biancorosso!!|date=5 January 2019|language=it|accessdate=30 August 2024|archivedate=25 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125184456/http://www.monza1912.it/news-dettaglio.php?id=800}}</ref> === Hajduk Split === Na 11 February 2021, ezigara Fossati na mbinye ego ọnwa isii na ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ Croatian mbụ HNK Hajduk Split . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Marco Fossati in prestito all'Hajduk Spalato - Associazione Calcio Monza S.p.A.|url=https://www.monzacalcio.com/it/news/2317/|accessdate=2021-02-11|work=www.monzacalcio.com|language=it|archivedate=2021-02-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211152147/https://www.monzacalcio.com/it/news/2317/}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Hajduk Split kpamkpam na 31 Ọgọst. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Marco Fossati all'Hajduk Spalato - Associazione Calcio Monza S.p.A.|url=https://www.acmonza.com/it/news/2851/|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=www.acmonza.com|language=it}}</ref> === Ụlọ akwụkwọ University Cluj === Na 23 Septemba 2023, Fossati sonyeere ọgbakọ Romanian Liga I Universitatea Cluj . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcucluj.ro/stiri/marco-fossati-noul-juc-tor-al-universit-ii-crescut-de-inter-milano-i-ac-milan/|title=Marco Fossati, noul jucător al Universității crescut de Inter Milano și AC Milan|language=Romanian|work=www.fcucluj.ro|date=23 September 2023|accessdate=25 September 2023}}</ref> === Lọghachi na Ịtali === Na 23 Ọgọst 2024, Fossati bịanyere aka na AlbinoLeffe na Serie C. <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=AlbinoLeffe|url=https://www.albinoleffe.com/news/prima-squadra/14074-marco-ezio-fossati-e-un-nuovo-calciatore-dell-u-c-albinoleffe.html|title=Marco Ezio Fossati è un nuovo calciatore dell'U.C. AlbinoLeffe!|date=23 August 2024|accessdate=24 August 2024|language=it}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Fossati malitere ọrụ ntorobịa ya na mba ụwa n'ogige ọzụzụ maka ndị egwuregwu a mụrụ na 1992 na 1993. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.figc.it/Assets/contentresources_2/ContenutoGenerico/44.$plit/C_2_ContenutoGenerico_2678_upfDownload.pdf|title=CONVOCAZIONE "Torneo Giovani Speranze"|date=8 May 2007|accessdate=19 September 2011|work=FIGC|language=it}}</ref> Ọ gbara egwuregwu mbụ ya na asọmpi quadrangular Saarland . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.figc.it/it/204/19585/2008/09/News.shtml|title=Quattro novità nella squadra convocata per il quadrangolare "Saarland"|date=15 September 2008|accessdate=19 September 2011|work=FIGC|language=it}}</ref> Ọ gbara egwuregwu atọ niile na 2009 U-17 Euro ntozu, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/under17/history/season=2009/round=15211/match=302076/index.html|title=Uefa.com - UEFA European U-17 C'ship|accessdate=19 September 2011|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709223241/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/under17/history/season=2009/round=15211/match=302076/index.html|archivedate=9 July 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/under17/history/season=2009/round=15211/match=302102/index.html|title=Uefa.com - UEFA European U-17 C'ship|accessdate=19 September 2011|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120710035132/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/under17/history/season=2009/round=15211/match=302102/index.html|archivedate=10 July 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/under17/history/season=2009/round=15211/match=302127/index.html |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2024-08-30 |archivedate=2012-07-07 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120707232215/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/under17/history/season=2009/round=15211/match=302127/index.html }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> na egwuregwu atọ niile n'agba agba . Na ikpeazụ gburugburu ''Azzurrini'' furu efu na Germany na ọkara ikpeazụ, ma ka ruru eru maka 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup . Na World Junior Cup, ọ gbara egwuregwu ise niile. Mgbe a kpọchara ndị otu Italy U-19 na Septemba 2010, ọ nwetaghị oku ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.figc.it/it/204/25834/2010/09/News.shtml|title=Under 19: convocati ventidue Azzurrini per l'amichevole con la Serbia|date=17 September 2010|accessdate=19 September 2011|work=FIGC|language=it}}</ref> Fossati laghachiri na otu mba ụwa site na 2012 ruo 2013. == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{updated|15 March 2024}}<ref name=SW>{{Soccerway|ruben-salvador-perez-del-marmol/95853}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Latina (loan) |2011–12 |Lega Pro Prima Divisione |22 |3 |1{{efn|Appearances in [[Coppa Italia Lega Pro]]|name=Coppa Italia Lega Pro}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |1{{efn|Appearances in [[Serie C|Lega Pro Prima Divisione-Relegation play-offs]]|name=Lega Pro Prima Divisione}} |0 |24 |3 |- |Ascoli (loan) |2012–13 | rowspan="5" |Serie B |34 |4 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |36 |4 |- |Bari (loan) |2013–14 |23 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3{{efn|Appearances in [[Serie B|Serie B-Promotion play-offs]]|name=Serie B–Promotion play-offs}} |0 |27 |0 |- |Perugia (loan) |2014–15 |33 |3 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1{{efn|Appearances in [[Serie B|Serie B-Promotion play-offs]]|name=Serie B–Promotion play-offs}} |0 |36 |3 |- |Cagliari |2015–16 |36 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |37 |1 |- | rowspan="1" |Hellas Verona (loan) |2016–17 |37 |2 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |39 |3 |- | rowspan="2" |Hellas Verona |2017–18 |Serie A |17 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |19 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !54 !2 !4 !1 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !58 !3 |- | rowspan="4" |Monza |2018–19 | rowspan="2" |Serie C |13 |1 |3{{efn|Appearances in [[Coppa Italia Serie C]]|name=Coppa Italia Serie C}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |1{{efn|Appearances in [[Serie C|Serie C-Promotion play-offs]]|name=Serie C–Promotion play-offs}} |0 |17 |1 |- |2019–20 |22 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |24 |2 |- |2020–21 |Serie B |10 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |13 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !45 !3 !8 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !1 !0 !54 !3 |- |Hajduk Split (loan) |2020–21 | rowspan="3" |Prva HNL |13 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |15 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Hajduk Split |2021–22 |26 |1 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |30 |1 |- |2022–23 |27 |0 |4 |0 |2 |1 |0 |0 |33 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !66 !1 !10 !0 !2 !1 !0 !0 !78 !2 |- |Universitatea Cluj |2023–24 |Liga I |11 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- |AlbinoLeffe |2024–25 |Serie C |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !324 !17 !31 !2 !2 !1 !6 !0 !363 !20 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == Nkwanye ugwu == '''Cagliari''' * Serie B : 2015–16 '''Monza''' * Otu Serie C : 2019–20 * Coppa Italia Serie C gbara ọsọ: 2018–19 '''Hajduk Split''' * Iko Croatia : 2021–22, 2022–23 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hns-cff.hr/en/matches/52339406/rijeka-hajduk/|title=Rijeka - Hajduk 1:3|work=HNS-CFF|language=Croatian|date=26 May 2022|accessdate=27 May 2022}}</ref> * Ndị Croatian Super Cup meriri: 2022 * 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Championship Team of the Tournament <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/under17/history/season=2009/goldenplayer/index.html|title=Team of the tournament UEFA European Under-17 Championship|publisher=UEFA.com|accessdate=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427113154/http://www.uefa.com/under17/history/season=2009/goldenplayer/index.html|archive-date=27 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Marco Fossati – FIFA competition record (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120707224931/http://aic.football.it/scheda/23002/fossati-marco-ezio.htm Profile] at AIC.football.it (in Italian) * [http://www.figc.it/nazionali/DettaglioConvocato?codiceConvocato=3364&squadra=1 International Caps] at FIGC.com * Marco Fossati at Soccerway [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9rcx9pl44orjgxmyvoj7q5jl7v2oq80 0 51630 728007 722357 2026-09-25T20:28:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Mamata Banerjee|honorific_suffix=<!-- Please do not add honourifics, see [[MOS:HONOURIFICS]] -->|image=Official portrait of Mamata Banerjee.jpg|caption=Official portrait, 2015|alt=|signature=Mamata_Banerjee_Signature.png|office=8th [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]|term_start={{start date|2011|05|20|df=yes}}|governor={{Unbulleted list|[[M. K. Narayanan]]|[[D. Y. Patil]]|[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]|[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]|[[La. Ganesan]]|[[C. V. Ananda Bose]]}}|subterm='''Cabinet'''|suboffice={{ubl|[[Third Banerjee ministry|Banerjee ministry - III]]|[[Second Banerjee ministry|Banerjee ministry - II]]|[[First Banerjee ministry|Banerjee ministry - I]]}}|predecessor=[[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] <!-- --> {{Collapsed infobox section begin|Additional ministries}}|1blankname1=[[Third Banerjee ministry|Ministry and Departments]]|1namedata1=*[[Department of Home and Hill Affairs|Home & Hill Affairs]] *[[Department of Personnel & Administrative Reforms (West Bengal)|Personnel & Administrative Reforms]] *Finance & Excise *Planning *Statistics Program Implementation *[[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)|Health and Family Welfare]] *[[Ministry of Land & Land Reforms (West Bengal)|Land and Land Reforms]] *Refugee and Rehabilitation *[[Ministry of Information & Cultural Affairs (West Bengal)|Information & Cultural Affairs]] *[[Ministry of Minority Affairs & Madrassah Education (West Bengal)|Minority Affairs & Madrassah Education]]|term_start1={{start date|2011|05|20|df=yes}}|term_end1=|predecessor1=[[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}}|office2=[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]|constituency3=[[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]|term_start3={{start date|2011|11|16|df=yes}}|term_end3={{start date|2021|05|02|df=yes}}|predecessor3=[[Subrata Bakshi]]|majority3=54,213 {{small|(2011)}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 October 2021|title=Bhowanipore bypoll: Mamata Banerjee breaks her own record|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bhowanipore-bypoll-mamata-banerjee-breaks-her-own-record/cid/1833313|work=The Telegraph|access-date=4 October 2021|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003232305/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bhowanipore-bypoll-mamata-banerjee-breaks-her-own-record/cid/1833313|url-status=live}}</ref>|successor3=[[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]|constituency2=[[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]|term_start2={{start date|2021|10|03|df=yes}}|predecessor2=[[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]|majority2=58,835<ref name=Constituencywise>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/ConstituencywiseS25159.htm?ac=159|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003142939/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/ConstituencywiseS25159.htm?ac=159|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Roundwise>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/RoundwiseS25159.htm?ac=159|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003174241/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/RoundwiseS25159.htm?ac=159|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=partywise>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/partywiseresult-S25.htm?st=S25|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003174612/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/partywiseresult-S25.htm?st=S25|url-status=live}}</ref>|office4=[[All India Trinamool Congress|Chairperson of the All India Trinamool Congress]]|term_start4={{Start date|2001|df=yes}}|term_end4=|predecessor4=[[Ajit Kumar Panja]] {{Collapsed infobox section begin|Union Ministry offices |titlestyle = border:1px dashed purple;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed = yes | office5 = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]] | predecessor5 = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] | primeminister5 = [[Manmohan Singh]] | term_start5 = {{Start date|2009|05|22|df=yes}} | term_end5 = {{End date|2011|05|19|df=yes}} | successor5 = [[Dinesh Trivedi]] | office6 = | primeminister6 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] | predecessor6 = [[Ram Naik]] | successor6 = [[Nitish Kumar]] | term_start6 = {{start date|1999|10|13|df=yes}} | term_end6 = {{end date|2001|03|15|df=yes}} | office7 = [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal]] | primeminister7 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] | term_start7 = 9 January 2004 | term_end7 = 22 May 2004 | predecessor7 = [[Karia Munda]] | successor7 = [[Shibu Soren]] | office9 = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]] | term_start9 = 9 January 2004 | term_end9 = 22 May 2004 | primeminister9 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] | predecessor9 = [[Ramesh Bais]] ([[:Category:Union ministers of state of India with independent charge|''MOS (I/C)'']]) | successor9 = [[Shibu Soren]] | office10 = {{small|[[Union Council of Ministers#Ranking|Minister of State]] [[Ministry of Education (India)|for Human Resource Development]]}} | term10 = 1991–1993<ref name="wbcmo">{{cite web|title=Chief Minister's Office – Government of West Bengal|url=http://wbcmo.gov.in/profile.aspx|website=wbcmo.gov.in|access-date=24 September 2021|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610055638/http://wbcmo.gov.in/profile.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> | primeminister10 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] | minister10 = [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]] | subterm10=1991—1993 | suboffice10=Departments in-charge for:{{Bulleted list |{{small|[[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports#History|Youth Affairs and Sports]]}} |{{small|[[Ministry of Women and Child Development#History|Woman and Child Development]]}}}} | predecessor10 = [[Bhagey Gobardhan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=tcpd/cabinet_data|url=https://github.com/tcpd/cabinet_data/blob/master/TCPD_Indian_Cabinet_1990_2019.csv|work=GitHub|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925191212/https://github.com/tcpd/cabinet_data/blob/master/TCPD_Indian_Cabinet_1990_2019.csv|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sote103-('C) – Cabinet Secretariat|url=https://cabsec.nic.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_1574.pdf|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104102945/https://cabsec.nic.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_1574.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | successor10 ={{Unbulleted list| [[Mukul Wasnik]]<br />{{small|(Youth Affairs and Sports)}}|[[Basavarajeshwari]]<br />{{small|(Women and Child Development)}}}} | office11 = [[Minister without portfolio#India|Cabinet Minister (without portfolio)]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Vajpayee reinducts Mamata Banerjee as cabinet minister without portfolio|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glass-house/story/20030922-vajpayee-reinducts-mamata-banerjee-as-cabinet-minister-792033-2003-09-22|date=22 September 2003|work=India Today|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201194502/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glass-house/story/20030922-vajpayee-reinducts-mamata-banerjee-as-cabinet-minister-792033-2003-09-22|url-status=live}}</ref> | term_start11 = 8 September 2003 | term_end11 = 8 January 2004<ref name="wbcmo" /> | primeminister11 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] | predecessor11 =[[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]] | successor11 = [[Natwar Singh]] }} {{Collapsed infobox section end}}|office12=[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]|constituency12=[[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]], [[West Bengal]]|term_start12={{start date|1991||}}|term_end12={{end date|2011||}}|predecessor12=[[Biplab Dasgupta]]|successor12=[[Subrata Bakshi]]|constituency13=[[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]], [[West Bengal]]|term_start13={{start date|1984||}}|term_end13={{end date|1989||}}|predecessor13=[[Somnath Chatterjee]]|successor13=[[Malini Bhattacharya]]|party=[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br />(1998 {{endash}} present)|otherparty=[[Indian National Congress]] (1975 - 1998)|birth_name=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1955|01|5|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/bioprofilediedresigned.aspx?mpsno=39|title=Mamata Banerjee's Biodata in Lok Sabha's Document|website=loksabha.nic.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525094119/http://164.100.47.132/Lssnew/Members/bioprofilediedresigned.aspx?mpsno=39|archive-date=25 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2012 |title=Mamata Banerjee five years younger than official records |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mamata-banerjee-five-years-younger-than-official-records/articleshow/11641228.cms |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916221632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mamata-banerjee-five-years-younger-than-official-records/articleshow/11641228.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=15 November 2017|title=Mamata is 5 years younger than official age|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/Mamata-is-5-years-younger-than-official-age/article20388885.ece|website=Business Line|access-date=17 September 2021|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610055636/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/Mamata-is-5-years-younger-than-official-age/article20388885.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>|birth_place=[[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India (present-day [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India)|nationality=|spouse=|parents=|relations=[[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]] (nephew)|residence=30-B, Harish Chatterjee Street, [[Kolkata]]|alma_mater=[[University of Calcutta]]|website=|image_size=|signature_size=|width=250|footnotes={{Collapsible list |titlestyle = background-color:#56FF;text-align:center; |title = Position Held |bullets = on | 1970–80: General-Secretary, Mahila Congress (I), West Bengal | 1978–81: Secretary, District Congress Committee (Indira) [D.C.C. (I)], Calcutta South | 1984: General-Secretary, All India Youth Congress (I) | 1985–87:Member, Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes | 1987–88:Member, National Council, All India Youth Congress (I)Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Home AffairsMember, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Human Resource Development1988Member, Executive Committee, Congress Parliamentary Party [C.P.P. (I)] | 1989: Member, Executive Committee, Pradesh Congress Committee [P.C.C. (I)], West Bengal | 1990: President, Youth Congress, West Bengal | 1993–96: Member, Committee on Home Affairs | 1995–96:Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Home AffairsMember, Committee on Public Accounts | 1996–97:Member, Committee on Home AffairsMember, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Home Affairs | 1998–99: Chairman, Committee on Railways, Member of General Purposes CommitteeMember, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Home Affairs | 1999: Leader, All India Trinamool Congress Parliamentary Party, Lok SabhaMember, General Purposes Committee | 2001–2003: Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Industries | 8 September 2003 – 8 January 2004: Union Cabinet Minister (without any portfolio) | 2004: Member, Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law & Justice | 5 August 2006: Member, Committee on Home Affairs | 5 August 2007: Member, Committee on Home Affairs | 31 May 2009 – 19 July 2011: Leader, All India Trinamool Congress Parliamentary Party, Lok Sabha }}|nickname=''Didi'' ({{trans|elder sister}})|source=http://wbcmo.gov.in/profile.aspx|date=9 October 2011}} [[Faịlụ:Mamata Banerjee - Kolkata 2011-12-08 7531 (cropped).JPG|thumb|Mamata Banerjee ]]   Mamata Banerjee (   ; amuru 5 Jenụwarị 1955) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India nke na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nke asatọ na ugbu a onye isi ala steeti West Bengal nke India kemgbe 20 Mee 2011, nwanyị mbụ jichiri ọfịs. N'ịbụ onye jere ozi ọtụtụ oge dị ka Minista Minista Union, Mamata Banerjee ghọrọ onye isi nke West Bengal na nke mbụ na 2011. Ọ tọrọ ntọala All India Trinamool Congress (AITC ma ọ bụ TMC) na 1998 mgbe ọ kewapụrụ na National Congress na India, wee ghọọ. Onye isi oche ya nke abụọ mechara na 2001. A na-akpọkarị ya Didi (nke pụtara, nwanne nwanyị okenye na Bengali).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/mamata-banerjee-poem-narendra-modi-demonetisation-decision-abolision-of-500-and-1000-notes-4372074/|title=Mamata Banerjee's hard-hitting poem targets PM Modi's demonetisation decision, but fails to woo Netizens|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=7 October 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite news|author=Roy|first=Sandip|date=17 October 2014|title=The 1.8 crore question: Is Mamata Banerjee India's most underrated artist?|language=en-US|work=Firstpost|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-1-8-crore-question-is-mamata-banerjee-indias-most-underrated-artist-1759725.html|accessdate=7 October 2017}}</ref> Banerjee jerela ozi ugboro abụọ dị ka Minista nke okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko, nwanyị mbụ mere ya.[3] Ọ bụkwa nwanyị nke abụọ nke Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka Coal, na Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka mmepe akụrụngwa mmadụ, ihe ndị ntorobịa na egwuregwu, ụmụ nwanyị na mmepe ụmụaka n'ime ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị India.[4] Ọ bịara bụrụ onye a ma ama mgbe o megidere amụma inweta ala mbụ maka nrụpụta nke gọọmentị Kọmunist na-edu na West Bengal maka mpaghara akụ na ụba pụrụ iche n'ọnụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugbo na Singur.[5] N'afọ 2011, Banerjee wepụrụ mmeri dị ukwuu maka njikọ aka AITC na West Bengal, na-emeri 34 Communist Party of India (Marxist) na-edu ọchịchị Left Front, ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị Kọmunist na-edu ogologo oge n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13374646|title=India: Mamata Banerjee routs communists in West Bengal|work=BBC News|date=13 May 2011|accessdate=14 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Achin|first=Kurt|date=11 May 2011|title=India's West Bengal Set to End 34 Years of Communist Rule|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/indias-west-bengal-set-to-end-34-years-of-communist-rule-121723199/167457.html|accessdate=9 December 2021|work=VOA|archivedate=12 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112081256/https://www.voanews.com/a/indias-west-bengal-set-to-end-34-years-of-communist-rule-121723199/167457.html}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite news|author=Biswas|first=Soutik|date=15 April 2011|title=The woman taking on India's communists|work=[[BBC World News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13077902|accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye otu West Bengal Legislative Assembly sitere na Bhabanipur site na 2011 ruo 2021. Ọ gbara oche ọgbakọ Nandigram wee tuo ya na BJP Suvendu Adhikari na ntuli aka 2021 West Bengal Assembly, [9] n'agbanyeghị na otu ya meriri ọtụtụ oche. [10] Ọ bụ onye isi ala West Bengal nke atọ meriri ntuli aka site na mpaghara nke ya, mgbe Prafulla Chandra Sen na 1967 na Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee na 2011. Mamata gbara aka na nsonaazụ Nandigram Constituency na Calcutta High Court na okwu ahụ bụ ikpe ikpe.[11] O duuru ndị otu ya gaa na mmeri dị ukwuu na ntuli aka ọgbakọ 2021 West Bengal.[12][13][14] A họpụtara ya ka onye otu omebe iwu West Bengal ọzọ site na mpaghara Bhabanipur na ntuli aka ahụ.[15] Ọ bụ naanị nwanyị onye isi ala na-achị ugbu a na India ugbu a. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Banerjee na Calcutta (nke bụzi Kolkata), West Bengal, n'ezinụlọ Bengali Hindu Brahmin.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bag|first=Kheya|date=2011|title=Red Bengal's Rise and Fall|url=http://newleftreview.org/II/70/kheya-bag-red-bengal-s-rise-and-fall|accessdate=16 October 2012|journal=New Left Review|issue=70|pages=69–98}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jha|first=Ajit Kumar|date=11 May 2014|title=Political Eclipse of Once Formidable Brahmins|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Political-Eclipse-of-Once-Formidable-Brahmins/2014/05/11/article2217601.ece|accessdate=7 July 2016|archive-date=7 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507060512/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Political-Eclipse-of-Once-Formidable-Brahmins/2014/05/11/article2217601.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nne na nna ya bụ Promileswar Banerjee na Gayetri Devi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=25 January 2021|title=Mamata's 5 years younger|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-whod-have-known-mamatas-5-years-younger/20120125.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307151929/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-whod-have-known-mamatas-5-years-younger/20120125.htm|archivedate=7 March 2012|accessdate=29 February 2012|work=Rediff}}</ref> Nna Banerjee, Promileswar, nwụrụ n'ihi enweghị ọgwụgwọ, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa.<ref name="fire">{{Cite news|author=Abdi|first=S.N.M.|date=5 November 2012|title=A Fire-Dweller At The Kiln|work=Outlook India|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-fire-dweller-at-the-kiln/282724|accessdate=5 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116202427/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-fire-dweller-at-the-kiln/282724|archive-date=16 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na 1970, Banerjee gụchara ule ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị si Deshbandhu Sishu Sikshalay.[19] Ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na akụkọ ntolite site na kọleji Jogamaya Devi.[20][21] Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta nna ya ukwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Islam[22] na Mahadum Calcutta. Nke a sochiri akara mmụta mmụta sitere na Shri Shikshayatan College yana nzere iwu sitere na Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law College, Kolkata.<ref name="biodata">{{Cite web|title=Biographical Sketch, Member of Parliament, X Lok Sabha. BANERJEE, KUMARI MAMATA|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok10/mp52.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726145746/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok10/mp52.htm|archivedate=26 July 2010|work=parliamentofindia.nic.in}}</ref> Banerjee tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe ọ dị nanị afọ 15. Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na kọleji Jogamaya Devi, o guzobere Chhatra Parishad Unions, nku ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Congress (I) Party, na-emeri All India Democratic Students Organisation nke jikọtara ya na Socialist Unity Center. India (Ndị Kọmunist).[19] Ọ gara n'ihu na Congress (I) Party na West Bengal, na-eje ozi n'ọkwá dị iche iche n'ime pati ahụ na n'òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 May 2011|title=Trinamool Congress chief Mamata Banerjee biography|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/story/mamata-banerjee-biography-133631-2011-05-12|accessdate=15 May 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ, 1984-2011 == === Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Congress === [[Usòrò:Mamata_Banerjee_photographed_by_Viveka_Tirtha_(15772151282).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mamata Banerjee na Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centre for Human Excellence and Social Sciences, Rajarhat, New Town, Kolkata]] Banerjee malitere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na pati Congress dị ka nwa agbọghọ na 1970s. Na 1975 ọ dọtara uche na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi mgbe ọ gbara egwu n'ụgbọ ala onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Jayaprakash Narayan dị ka ngagharị iwe megide ya.[25] [26] [27] Ọ gbagoro ngwa ngwa n'ọkwa ndị otu Congress mpaghara wee bụrụ onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Mahila Congress (Indira), West Bengal, site na 1976 ruo 1980.[28]. Na ntuli aka izugbe nke 1984, Banerjee ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị omeiwu kacha nta na India mgbe ọ bụla, [29] meriri onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kọmunist Somnath Chatterjee, iji merie ndị omeiwu Jadavpur na West Bengal. Ọ ghọkwara onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ndị ntorobịa India na 1984. Ọ tụfuru oche ya n'aka Malini Bhattacharya nke Communist Party of India (Marxist) na ntuli aka izugbe nke 1989 na mgbochi Congress.[30] A họpụtara ya ọzọ na ntuli aka izugbe nke 1991, ebe ọ banyechara na mpaghara Calcutta South. Ọ jigidere oche Kolkata South na 1996, 1998, 1999, 2004 na 2009 ntuli aka izugbe.<ref name="IndiaToday">{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/trinamool-congress-chief-mamata-banerjee-a-profile/1/138015.html|title=Mamata, the street-fighting politician and Left nemesis|work=[[India Today]]|date=13 May 2011}}</ref> A họpụtara Banerjee ka ọ bụrụ Minista nke Union maka Mmepe nke Ndị Mmadụ, Ihe Ndị Ntorobịa na Egwuregwu, na Mmepe Ụmụ nwanyị na Ụmụaka na 1991 site n'aka praịm minista, P. V. Narasimha Rao. Dị ka minista egwuregwu, ọ mara ọkwa na ọ ga-agba arụkwaghịm ma mee mkpesa na nzukọ na Brigade Parade Ground na Kolkata, megide enweghị mmasị Gọọmentị na atụmatụ ya imeziwanye egwuregwu na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mamata mum on relations with BJP|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030107/nation.htm#1|date=6 January 2003|accessdate=2 December 2006}}</ref> A chụpụrụ ya n'ọfịs ya n'afọ 1993. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1996, o kwuru na Congress na-akpa àgwà dị ka onye isi nke CPI-M na West Bengal. O kwuru na ọ bụ naanị ya bụ olu nke ezi uche ma chọọ "Congress dị ọcha".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Trinamool Congress chief Mamata Banerjee biography|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mamata-banerjee-biography/1/137953.html|work=[[India Today]]|date=12 May 2011|accessdate=26 December 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1992, Banerjee kpọọrọ nwa agbọghọ nwere nsogbu Dipali Basak, onye CPI (M) cadre Souvagya Basak dinara n'ike, gaa n'ụlọ edemede nye onye isi minista Jyoti Basu n'oge ahụ mana ndị uwe ojii kpagburu ya tupu e jide ya ma tinye ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref name="millenniumpost 2012-07-21">{{Cite news|date=21 July 2012|title=Why Bengal can never forget 21 July|work=millenniumpost.in|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/why-bengal-can-never-forget-21-july-5597|accessdate=13 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Chaudhuri|first=Subhasish|date=23 March 2016|title='Political pawns' Didi forgot|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/39-political-pawns-39-didi-forgot/cid/1321396|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph)]]|accessdate=14 August 2024}}</ref> Ọ ṅụrụ iyi na ọ ga-abanye n'ụlọ ahụ ọzọ naanị dị ka onye isi minista.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/05/03/bengals-election-result-is-narendra-modis-personal-failure|title=Bengal's election result is Narendra Modi's personal failure|work=Newslaundry.com|date=3 May 2021|accessdate=12 July 2021|archivedate=5 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705224957/https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/05/03/bengals-election-result-is-narendra-modis-personal-failure}}</ref> Ndị otu ndị ntorobịa steeti nke Mamata Banerjee na-edu haziri ngagharị iwe n'ụlọ odee na Kolkata na 21 Julaị 1993 megide ọchịchị Kọmunist nke steeti ahụ. Ha rịọrọ ka e mee kaadị ID ndị ntuli aka ka ha bụrụ naanị akwụkwọ achọrọ maka ịtụ vootu, iji kwụsị "mgbasa sayensị sayensị" CPM. Ndị uwe ojii gbagburu mmadụ iri na atọ n'oge ngagharị iwe a ma merụọ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ahụ. N'ịzaghachi ihe merenụ onye isi ala West Bengal n'oge ahụ, Jyoti Basu, kwuru na "ndị uwe ojii emeela ezigbo ọrụ." N'oge ajụjụ 2014, Justice (lagoro ezumike nká) Sushanta Chatterjee, onye bụbu onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu Orissa, kọwara nzaghachi ndị uwe ojii dị ka "enweghị mgbagha na nke na-akwadoghị". "Komishọna a ekpebiela na ikpe ahụ dị njọ karịa ogbugbu Jallianwala Bagh," Justice Chatterjee kwuru. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/1993-kolkata-police-firing-worse-than-jalianwallah-bagh/article10963265.ece|title=Report on Kolkata firing may spark a fresh row|first=Suvojit|author=Bagchi|date=29 December 2014|work=The Hindu|accessdate=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/looking-back-at-july-21-1993/articleshow/8310909.cms|title=Looking back at July 21, 1993|work=The Times of India|date=14 May 2011|accessdate=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/what-happened-on-july-21-1993/|title=What had happened on July 21 1993 at Writers' building in West Bengal?|date=29 December 2014|accessdate=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/what-happened-on-july-21-1993/cid/1266400|title=What happened on July 21, 1993|work=Telegraph India|accessdate=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="millenniumpost 2012-07-21"/> === Ntọala Trinamool Congress === [[Usòrò:Mamata Banerjee at Bongaon Stadium in 2008 IMG 0276.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mamata Banerjee na-agwa ndị otu a họpụtara ahọpụta na ndị ọrụ pati na Bongaon Stadium mgbe ntuli aka panchayat nke West Bengal gasịrị.]] Na 1997, n'ihi ọdịiche dị na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye isi oche Kọmitii West Bengal Pradesh Congress mgbe ahụ Somendra Nath Mitra, Banerjee hapụrụ Congress Party na West Bengal wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere All India Trinamool Congress, yana Mukul Roy. 41] Ọ ghọrọ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ na-emegide ọchịchị Kọmunist ogologo oge na steeti ahụ. Na 11 Disemba 1998, o ji esemokwu jide otu onye otu Samajwadi Party MP, Daroga Prasad Saroj, site na olu akwa wee dọkpụrụ ya n'olulu mmiri nke Lok Sabha iji gbochie ya ime ngagharị iwe megide Iwu ndoputa ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite news|title=National Events in December 1998|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/revents/01/19980112.htm|work=The Hindu|accessdate=12 November 2007|archive-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424085700/http://www.hinduonnet.com/revents/01/19980112.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Minista ụgbọ okporo ígwè (nke mbụ), 1999-2000 ==== N'afọ 1999, ọ sonyeere gọọmentị BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) wee bụrụ Minista nke Ụgbọ okporo ígwè.<ref name="IndiaToday"/> N'afọ 2000, Banerjee gosipụtara Mmefu ego ụgbọ okporo ígwè mbụ ya. N'ime ya, o mezuru ọtụtụ n'ime nkwa ya na steeti West Bengal.<ref name="Tribune_new_2005">{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000226/main2.htm#4|title=New trains for West Bengal|work=The Tribune|date=26 February 2000|accessdate=12 November 2007}}</ref> O webatara ụgbọ okporo ígwè ọhụrụ New Delhi-Sealdah Rajdhani Express na ụgbọ okporo ígwè anọ na-ejikọ akụkụ dị iche iche nke West Bengal, ya bụ Howrah-Purulia Rupasi Bangla Express, Sealdah-New Jalpaiguri Padatik Express, Shalimar-Adra Aranyak Express, Sealadah-Ajmer Ananya Superfast Express, na Sealdah-Amritsar Akal Takht Superfast Express.<ref name="Tribune_new_2005" /> Ọ mụbakwara ugboro ole Pune-Howrah Azad Hind Express na-aga ma gbasaa ma ọ dịkarịa ala ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè atọ. Ọrụ na ọrụ Digha-Howrah Express mekwara ngwa ngwa n'oge obere oge ọ nọrọ.<ref name="rediff_railways_2005">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/2000/feb/25rail2.htm|title=Railways to focus on tourism, trans-Asian role, hardselling freight services|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=25 February 2000|accessdate=12 November 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050128115957/http://www.rediff.com/business/2000/feb/25rail2.htm|archivedate=28 January 2005}}</ref> O lekwasịrị anya n'ịzụlite njem nleta, na-enyere ngalaba Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Darjeeling Himalayan aka inweta ụgbọ okporo ígwè abụọ ọzọ ma na-atụ aro Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Limited. O kwukwara na India kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na Trans-Asian Railway nakwa na a ga-eweghachi njikọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè n'etiti Bangladesh na Nepal. N'ozuzu, o webatara ụgbọ oloko ọhụrụ 19 maka afọ mmefu ego 2000-2001.<ref name="rediff_railways_2005"/> N'afọ 2000, ya na Ajit Kumar Panja gbara arụkwaghịm iji mee mkpesa maka ịrị elu nke ọnụ ahịa mmanụ ala, wee wepụ arụkwaghịma ha n'enyeghị ihe ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1001001/index.htm|title=Petrol Ignites Mamata Resignation|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|date=1 October 2000|accessdate=24 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001009/nation.htm#1|title=Mamata's antics invite criticism|work=[[Tribune India]]|date=9 October 2000|accessdate=24 February 2012|author=Gupta, Subhrangshu}}</ref> ==== 2001 West Bengal ntuli aka ==== Na mbido afọ 2001, mgbe ''Tehelka'' kpughere Operation West End, Banerjee si na kọmitii NDA pụọ ma soro ndị Congress Party maka ntuli aka West Bengal nke afọ 2001, mee mkpesa megide ebubo nrụrụ aka nke ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ boro ndị minista dị elu nke gọọmentị. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Harding|first=Luke|date=21 March 2001|title=Sting on a shoestring|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,460371,00.html|accessdate=23 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211498|title=West Bengal: Elections 2001 Countdown|work=Outlook India|date=3 May 2001|accessdate=24 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207055623/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211498|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Minista na-ahụ maka coal na mines, Jenụwarị 2004 - Mee 2004 ==== [[Usòrò:Sushree_Mamata_Banerjee_assumes_the_charge_of_the_Minister_for_Coal_and_Mines_in_New_Delhi_on_January_9,_2004.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Banerjee na-ewere ọrụ nke Minista na-ahụ maka coal na mines na New Delhi na 9 Jenụwarị 2004]] Ọ laghachiri n'ọchịchị NDA na Septemba 2003 dị ka onye minista na-enweghị ọfịs ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 September 2003|title=Vajpayee reinducts Mamata Banerjee as cabinet minister without portfolio|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glass-house/story/20030922-vajpayee-reinducts-mamata-banerjee-as-cabinet-minister-792033-2003-09-22|accessdate=4 January 2021|work=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Ya na Mamata, onye ọrụ ibe ya Sudip Banerjee sonyekwara n'ozi Vajpayee.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sahay|first=Tara Shankar|title=Mamata back in Cabinet, cut to size|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08cab2.htm|accessdate=4 January 2021|work=Rediff|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2004, ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka Ministri nke Coal na Mines.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coal portfolio is good enough: Mamata|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08cab1.htm|accessdate=4 January 2021|work=Rediff|language=en|archivedate=1 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201134835/https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08cab1.htm}}</ref> N'oge obere oge ya dị ka minista na-ahụ maka coal na mines, gọọmentị ekweghị ka a ree Ụlọ ọrụ National Aluminium Company.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 January 2004|title=Mamata Tantrums Now Against Nalco Sale|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/mamata-tantrums-now-against-nalco-sale/97712/|accessdate=31 January 2021|work=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ nọ n'ọkwa Coal na Mines ruo 22 Mee 2004. ==== Nsogbu ntuli aka 2004-2006 ==== Na ntuli aka India nke afọ 2004 pati ya sonyeere Bharatiya Janata Party. Otú ọ dị, njikọ ahụ meriri ntuli aka ahụ ma ọ bụ naanị onye otu Trinamool Congress a họpụtara site na oche ndị omeiwu si West Bengal.<ref name="IndiaToday"/><ref>{{Cite news|date=14 May 2004|title=Why did the NDA lose West Bengal?|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/14mamata.htm|accessdate=28 December 2020|work=Rediff|language=en}}</ref> Banerjee nwetakwara nsogbu ọzọ n'afọ 2005 mgbe pati ya tụfuru ikike nke Kolkata Municipal Corporation na onye isi obodo nọ n'ọkwa Subrata Mukherjee hapụrụ pati ya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 May 2010|title=Subrata Mukherjee joins Trinamool|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/subrata-mukherjee-joins-trinamool/story-WKZAc5mqYelTwHS9AjowiM.html|accessdate=5 February 2021|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2006, e meriri Trinamool Congress na ntuli aka nke West Bengal, na-efunahụ ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị otu ya nọ ọdụ.N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2006, Banerjee tụbara akwụkwọ ịgba arụkwaghịm ya na osote onye isi oche Charanjit Singh Atwal na Lok Sabha. Ọ bụ onye isi oche Somnath Chatterjee jụrụ arịrịọ ya maka ịbanye n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị site n'aka Ndị Bangladesh na West Bengal n'ihi na ọ bụghị n'usoro kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ww.itimes.com/photo/mamata-banerjee-cartoons-512c4fa31fae4|title=Mamata Banerjee cartoons|work=itimes|accessdate=7 July 2016|date=26 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Trinamool Congress chief Mamata Banerjee biography|date=12 May 2011|work=India Today|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mamata-banerjee-biography/1/137953.html|accessdate=7 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Harihar|author=Swarup|title=Profile: The incorrigible Mamata|work=Tribune India|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061224/edit.htm#2|accessdate=7 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mamata Banerjee's unending tantrums|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/08/stories/2005080804081000.htm|date=8 August 2005|accessdate=2 December 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mamata casts shame at House Paper throw at Speaker|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050805/asp/frontpage/story_5077148.asp|date=4 August 2005|accessdate=2 December 2006|work=The Telegraph}}</ref> === Singur, Nandigram na òtù ndị ọzọ === N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2005, o mere ngagharị iwe megide nnweta ala siri ike na arụrụala e mere megide ndị ọrụ ugbo n'ógbè ahụ n'aha iwu mmepe ụlọ ọrụ nke gọọmentị Buddhaadeb Bhattacharjee na West Bengal. Benny Santoso, Onye isi oche nke Salim Group nke dị na Indonesia, kwere nkwa itinye ego buru ibu na West Bengal, Gọọmentị West Bengal nyekwara ya ala ugbo na Howrah, na-akpata ngagharị iwe. N'oge mmiri ozuzo, Banerjee na ndị ọzọ so na Trinamool Congress guzoro n'ihu Taj Hotel ebe Santoso rutere, ndị uwe ojii mechiri ya. Mgbe e mesịrị, ya na ndị na-akwado ya sooro ndị njem Santoso. A zere ngagharị iwe "ụgbọ ojii" a haziri mgbe gọọmentị mere ka Santoso rute awa atọ tupu oge eruo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Weather plays spoilsport for TMC|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct212005/national18114720051020.asp|date=21 October 2005|accessdate=2 December 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Missing on bandh day: its champions – Mamata stays indoors, Cong scarce|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061010/asp/bengal/story_6851157.asp|date=10 October 2006|accessdate=2 December 2006|work=The Telegraph}}</ref> ==== Mkpesa nke onye mgba ==== Ọtụtụ ndị na-agba mgba na-emeri ihe nrite nke Olympic na World Championships, gụnyere Sakshi Malik, Vinesh Phogat, Bajrang Punia na Sangeeta Phogat, anọwo na-eme ngagharị iwe na Delhi na-achọ ka ejide onye isi Wrestling Federation of India (WFI) na onye omeiwu BJP Brij Bhushan Singh maka ebubo na ọ na-enye ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agba ọsọ na obere nsogbu mmekọahụ. Mịnịsta Ukwu nke West Bengal bụ Mamata Banerjee gara n'okporo ámá Kolkata iji kwado ndị mgba na ngagharị iwe ha. "Ga-alụ ọgụ ruo mgbe ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe nwetara ikpe ziri ezi, "Onye isi minista kwuru. "M ga-arịọ ndị mgba ka ha gaa n'ihu na njem ha. Agha a bụ maka ndụ, maka nnwere onwe, maka ikpe ziri ezi".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Watch: Mamata Banerjee Holds March For Wrestlers, Then A Motorcycle Ride|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-mamata-banerjee-holds-march-for-protesting-wrestlers-then-a-motorcycle-ride-4086369|date=1 June 2023|work=[[NDTV]]|accessdate=1 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mamata Banerjee leads candlelight march in support of protesting wrestlers in Kolkata|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-leads-candle-march-in-support-of-protesting-wrestlers-in-kolkata-watch-101685623521084.html|date=1 June 2023|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=1 June 2023}}</ref> ==== Ngagharị iwe Singur ====   N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2006, a kwụsịrị Banerjee n'ike n'ụzọ ọ na-aga Singur maka nnọkọ megide ọrụ ụgbọ ala Tata Motors. Banerjee rutere nzukọ West Bengal wee mee ngagharị iwe n'ebe ahụ. Ọ gwara ndị nta akụkọ okwu na mgbakọ ahụ wee kwupụta mmechi awa iri na abụọ site na pati ya na Fraịdee.<ref name="Trinamool_violence">{{Cite news|title=Trinamool unleashes violence in West Bengal|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1856399%2C000900030001.htm|date=30 November 2006|accessdate=2 December 2006|archive-date=30 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015135/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1856399%2C000900030001.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbe ndị uwe ojii jidere ya na mbido ụbọchị ahụ "maka imebi iwu mgbochi" na nso Singur, o kwuru na nchịkwa ahụ mere "n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị" site n'igbochi ya ịbanye Singur ebe ndị Tata Motors tụrụ aro ịmepụta obere ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala. E jidere ya na Hooghly ma zighachi ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-trinamool-congress-legislators-go-on-the-rampage-in-house-1067047|title=Trinamool Congress legislators go on the rampage in House|first=Sumanta Ray|author=Chaudhuri|date=30 November 2006|work=DNA India|accessdate=13 June 2021}}</ref> Mgbe ihe omume a gasịrị, ndị MLA nke Trinamool Congress mere ngagharị iwe site na imebi oche na igwe okwu na imebi ụlọ omebe iwu nke West Bengal.<ref name="Trinamool_violence" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 December 2006|title=Heritage vandalised in Bengal House|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-02/india/27828165_1_bengal-house-assembly-building-benches|accessdate=2 December 2006|archive-date=3 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103201138/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-02/india/27828165_1_bengal-house-assembly-building-benches|url-status=dead}}</ref> A kpọrọ nnukwu ọgbaghara na 14 Disemba 2006. Ma n'ihe niile, ọ nweghị uru ọ bụla. N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Disemba, Banerjee malitere ọgbaghara agụụ ụbọchị iri abụọ na isii na Kolkata na-eme mkpesa maka nnweta ala ugbo nke gọọmentị. Onye isi ala nke oge ahụ bụ A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, onye nwere nchegbu banyere ahụike ya, gwara onye isi ala nke mgbe ahụ bụ Manmohan Singh okwu iji dozie nsogbu ahụ. Kalam rịọkwara Banerjee ka ọ wepụ ibu ọnụ ya dịka "ndụ dị oké ọnụ ahịa". E zigara akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka Manmohan Singh na Gopalkrishna Gandhi, Gọvanọ nke West Bengal n'oge ahụ, e wee nyefee ya Mamata ozugbo. Mgbe ọ natara akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, Mamata mechara gbuo ọnụ ya n'etiti abalị na 29 Disemba.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 December 2006|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mamata-ends-25-day-hunger-strike/story-s7gIzBR4FvivAKFuYozrLM.html|title=Mamata ends 25-day hunger strike|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=19 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=4 December 2020|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/farmers-agitation-mamata-reminds-people-of-her-26-day-hunger-strike-179907|title=Mamata Banerjee dials protesting farmers, assures TMC's support|work=The Tribune|accessdate=19 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=4 December 2020|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/national-news/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-reminds-people-of-her-26-day-hunger-strike-514753|title=West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee reminds people of her 26-day hunger strike|work=The Sentinel|accessdate=19 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=4 December 2020|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/mamata-banerjee-remembers-singur-hunger-strike-context-ongoing-farmers-protest-1502938968.html|title=Mamata Banerjee remembers Singur hunger strike in context of ongoing farmers protest|work=The Statesman|accessdate=19 June 2021}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu kwupụtara na nnweta nke ala 997 acres site na gọọmentị West Bengal's Left Front maka ụlọ ọrụ Tata Motors na Singur bụ iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Yrl5OkSielFvHttnG4AajM/CPM-govts-acquisition-of-land-for-Tata-Motors-in-Singur-ill.html?facet=amp|title=Singur case: Supreme Court declares land acquisition for Tata plant illegal|work=livemint.com|date=1 September 2016|language=en|accessdate=21 June 2021|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202640/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Yrl5OkSielFvHttnG4AajM/CPM-govts-acquisition-of-land-for-Tata-Motors-in-Singur-ill.html?facet=amp}}</ref> ==== Nandigram mkpesa ==== N'afọ , otu ndị uwe ojii na-ebu égbè wakporo ime obodo nke Nandigram na mpaghara Purba Medinipur na ebumnuche nke ịkwụsị ngagharị iwe megide atụmatụ gọọmentị West Bengal iji wepụ 10,000 acres (40 km2) nke ala maka mpaghara akụ na ụba pụrụ iche (SEZ) nke Salim Group nke Indonesia ga-emepe. Ọ dịkarịa ala, a gbagburu ndị obodo iri na anọ ma merụọ mmadụ iri asaa ọzọ ahụ. Nke a mere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ mee ngagharị iwe n'okporo ámá.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2007/11/30/nandigram-peoples-struggle-heroic-clark-1196438590.html|title=Nandigram people's struggle "heroic": Clark|work=One India|archive-date=2012-09-24|access-date=2024-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924214843/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/11/30/nandigram-peoples-struggle-heroic-clark-1196438590.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iacboston.org/india/1207-nandigram-says-no.html|title=Nandigram says 'No!' to Dow's chemical hub|work=International Action Center|author=Kirschbaum, Stevan|accessdate=14 February 2009|archive-date=6 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706032521/http://www.iacboston.org/india/1207-nandigram-says-no.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/246969.html|title=The Great Left Debate: Chomsky to Saddam, Iraq to Nandigram|date=5 December 2007|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Ndị isi CPI (M) na-ekwu na ha metọrọ ma dinaa ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ 300 n'ike n'oge mwakpo Nandigram.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sarkar|first=Arindam|title=Mamata promises to marry off raped girls of Nandigram|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/mamata-promises-to-marry-off-raped-girls-of-nandigram/story-umlmKryBUWdkP6re98mV2L.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=27 April 2019|date=26 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2007|title=CPI(M) leaders raped mother and daughters in Nandigram: CBI|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/cpim-leaders-raped-mother-and-daughters-in-nandigram-cbi-21735-2007-12-19|work=India Today|accessdate=30 November 2021|archivedate=29 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129203547/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/cpim-leaders-raped-mother-and-daughters-in-nandigram-cbi-21735-2007-12-19}}</ref> Banerjee degaara Praịm Minista India Manmohan Singh na Minista Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime nke Union Shivraj Patil akwụkwọ ozi iji kwụsị ihe ọ kpọrọ "ihe ike gọọmentị kwadoro" nke CPI (M) kwalitere na Nandigram.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sanhati.com/articles/446/|title=You are not what you were – Ashok Mitra after 14th November, 2007|author=Mitra, Ashok|date=15 November 2007|work=Sanhati|accessdate=4 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20061207/31650.htm|title='Go back Medha' posters in Kolkata|work=India eNews.com|date=7 December 2006|accessdate=23 February 2010|archive-date=11 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111170928/http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20061207/31650.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> A na-ekwere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya n'oge mmegharị ahụ bụ otu n'ime ihe kpatara mmeri ya na 2011. Akụkọ CBI banyere ihe ahụ merenụ kwadoro nguzo CPI (M) na Buddhadeb enyeghị ndị uwe ojii iwu ka ha malite ịgba égbè. Ha mere nke a naanị iji chụsasịa nzukọ iwu na-akwadoghị mgbe usoro ọrụ ọ bụla ọzọ dara.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sen|first=Saibal|title=Nandigram firing: Full text of CBI's Nandigram chargesheet|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nandigram-firing-Full-text-of-CBIs-Nandigram-chargesheet/articleshow/29665581.cms|accessdate=17 March 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="telegraph140307">{{Cite news|title=Red-hand Buddha: 14 killed in Nandigram re-entry bid|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070315/asp/frontpage/story_7519166.asp|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=15 March 2007|accessdate=15 March 2007}}</ref> Mana na-akwado ime ihe ike na Nandigram site n'aka ndị ọrụ nke ya, Buddhadeb Bhattacharya kwuru na mbụ "A kwụrụ ha (ndị mmegide) ụgwọ n'otu mkpụrụ ego ahụ. " E nwere ebubo nke itinye aka nke ụfọdụ ndị isi TMC mpaghara na Nandigram Violence <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/violent-elements-paid-back-in-their-own-coin_407133.html|title='Violent elements paid back in their own coin'|date=13 November 2007|work=Zee News|accessdate=13 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/nov/13nandi6.htm|title=Oppn paid back in the same coin, says Bengal CM|work=Rediff.com|accessdate=13 June 2021|archivedate=13 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613093249/https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/nov/13nandi6.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/mamata-conducts-massive-roadshow-in-nandigram/article34188262.ece|title=West Bengal Assembly elections &#124; Battle for Nandigram turns personal|first=Shiv Sahay|author=Singh|date=29 March 2021|work=The Hindu|accessdate=8 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 March 2021|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=286426&P=1&nPID=20210330|title=এখানে জিতব, এখান থেকে সরকার গড়ব, নন্দীগ্রামে আত্মবিশ্বাসী মমতা &#124; হুইল চেয়ারেই নন্দীগ্রামের মানুষের দুয়ারে পৌঁছলেন নেত্রী|work=bartamanpatrika.com|language=bn|accessdate=14 June 2021|archivedate=14 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614052833/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=286426&P=1&nPID=20210330}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 March 2021|url=https://www.aajkaal.in/news/state/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-cm-mamata-banerjee-and-bjp-leader-suvendu-adhikaris-poll-campaign-at-nandigram-live-update-1e3v|title='‌চটি–পুলিশকে ওঁরাই ডেকেছে, পুলিশের ড্রেসেই নন্দীগ্রামে গুলি.‌.‌.‌', ফের বিস্ফোরক মমতা‌|work=aajkaal.in|language=bn|accessdate=14 June 2021|archivedate=14 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614052820/https://www.aajkaal.in/news/state/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-cm-mamata-banerjee-and-bjp-leader-suvendu-adhikaris-poll-campaign-at-nandigram-live-update-1e3v}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Chief_Minister_Government_of_West_Bengal_(20086289081).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister Government of West Bengal gosipụtara na ihe omume na [[London]] na 27 Julaị 2015.]] === Ọganihu ntuli aka 2009-2011 === Tupu ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke afọ 2009 ọ sonyeere United Progressive Alliance (UPA) nke Indian National Congress duziri. Njikọ ahụ meriri oche iri abụọ na isii. Banerjee sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ etiti dị ka minista ụgbọ okporo ígwè (nke abụọ). Na ntuli aka obodo nke 2010 na West Bengal, TMC meriri Kolkata Municipal Corporation site na oche iri isii na abụọ. TMC merikwara Bidhan Nagar Corporation site na oche asaa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Singh|first=Raj|title=Who is Mamata Banerjee?|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/who-is-mamata-banerjee--5920.html|accessdate=24 December 2014|publisher=[[India TV]]|date=20 April 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, Banerjee meriri ọtụtụ ndị ma were ọkwa onye isi minista nke steeti West Bengal. Òtù ya kwụsịrị ọchịchị afọ 34 nke Left Front. Trinamool Congress rụrụ ọrụ nke ọma na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke afọ 2009, merie oche iri na itoolu. Ndị enyi ya na Congress na SUCI nwetakwara oche isii na otu n'otu n'otu na-egosi arụmọrụ kachasị mma nke otu mmegide ọ bụla na West Bengal kemgbe mmalite nke ọchịchị aka ekpe. Ruo mgbe ahụ, mmeri nke oche 16 na 1984, a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe ngosi kachasị mma na mmegide. ==== Minista ụgbọ okporo ígwè (nke abụọ), 2009-2011 ==== N'afọ 2009, Mamata Banerjee ghọrọ minista ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke ugboro abụọ. O lekwasịrị anya ọzọ na West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article1137196.ece|title=Mamata gifts new projects to north Bengal|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 January 2011|accessdate=24 February 2012}}</ref> [[Usòrò:The_President,_Smt._Pratibha_Devisingh_Patil_administering_the_oath_as_Cabinet_Minister_to_Km._Mamata_Banerjee,_at_a_Swearing-in_Ceremony,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan,_in_New_Delhi_on_May_22,_2009.jpg|thumb|Banerjee ṅụrụ iyi ọzọ dị ka Minista na Rashtrapati Bhawan, New Delhi na 2009.]] Ọ duziri Indian Railways iji webata ọtụtụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ''Duronto Express'' na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị na-ejikọ nnukwu obodo yana ọtụtụ ụgbọ okporo ụzọ ndị ọzọ na-ebu ndị njem, gụnyere ụgbọ okporo ígwè ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="Duronto Express">{{Cite web|url=http://trak.in/news/mamata-flags-off-sealdah-new-delhi-duronto-express/5901/|title=mamata-flags-off-sealdah-new-delhi-duronto-express|publisher=Armoks News|accessdate=16 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014075956/http://trak.in/news/mamata-flags-off-sealdah-new-delhi-duronto-express/5901/|archivedate=14 October 2009}}</ref><ref name="Nineteen New Trains">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/mamata-banerjee-to-start-19-new-trainsfebruary-7/384573/|title=Mamata Banerjee to start 19 new trains on 7 February|work=[[Business Standard]]|accessdate=4 February 2010|date=4 February 2010|author=Chatterji|first=Saubhadro}}</ref><ref name="Women-Only Trains">{{Cite web|url=http://www.marieclaire.com/world-reports/opinion/india-women-only-trains|title=A New Way to Commute: Women-Only Trains in India|work=[[Marie Claire]]|accessdate=27 January 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128121934/http://www.marieclaire.com/world-reports/opinion/india-women-only-trains|archivedate=28 January 2010|date=27 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="Ladies Special Bandel">{{Cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/mamata-keeps-word-ladies-special-rolls-out-today-metro-link-on-track/491276/|title=Ladies Special Rolls Out|work=[[Express India]]|accessdate=16 October 2009|archive-date=10 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191635/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/mamata-keeps-word-ladies-special-rolls-out-today-metro-link-on-track/491276/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ladies Special Mumbai">{{Cite web|url=http://bombay-local.blogspot.com/2009/08/new-cst-panvel-ladies-special-trains.html|title=New CST Panvel Ladies Special|work=Bombay-Local|accessdate=16 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029141633/http://bombay-local.blogspot.com/2009/08/new-cst-panvel-ladies-special-trains.html|archivedate=29 October 2009}}</ref> Akụkụ Anantnag-Qadigund nke akara Jammu-Baramulla nke a na-eme kemgbe 1994 ka emere ya n'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19981010/28350834.html|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=10 October 1998|title=Destination nowhere|first=Arun|author=Sharma|accessdate=14 August 2008|archive-date=18 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318223757/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19981010/28350834.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Qazigund">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=53658|work=Press Release, Press Information Bureau, Government of India|date=28 October 2009|title=Prime Minister dedicates Anantnag-Quazigund rail line in Kashmir to nation|accessdate=2 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112063748/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=53658|archivedate=12 January 2016}}</ref> O kwupụtakwara akara 1 25 km (16 mi) nke Kolkata Metro dị ka mpaghara kwụụrụ onwe ya nke Indian Railways nke a katọrọ ya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/30/stories/2010123067622400.htm|title=Kolkata Metro gets railway zone status|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 December 2010|accessdate=24 February 2012|archive-date=29 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929030204/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/30/stories/2010123067622400.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/rail-budget-parliament-uproar-over-kolkata-metro-plan-615|title=Rail budget: Parliament uproar over Kolkata metro plan|work=[[Asian Age]]|date=25 February 2011|accessdate=24 February 2012|archive-date=24 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324222150/http://www.asianage.com/india/rail-budget-parliament-uproar-over-kolkata-metro-plan-615|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ dị ka Minista ụgbọ okporo ígwè iji bụrụ onye isi minista nke West Bengal. O kwuru, sị: "Ụzọ m si ahapụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè n'azụ, ọ ga-aga nke ọma. Echegbula onwe m, onye nọchiri m ga-enweta nkwado m niile. " Onye a họpụtara ya site na pati ya, Dinesh Trivedi, nọchiri ya dị ka minista ụgbọ okporo ígwè.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110518/jsp/nation/story_13996638.jsp|title=Job done, successor only has to monitor|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=18 May 2011|accessdate=24 February 2012}}</ref> Oge Banerjee dị ka minista ụgbọ okporo ígwè ka a na-enyo enyo n'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime ọkwa nnukwu tiketi o mere mgbe ọ nọ n'ọkwa ahụ, hụrụ obere ọganihu ma ọ bụ enweghị ọganihu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://business-standard.com/india/news/mamatas-big-rail-plans2011-12-still-stuckperformance-track/467535/|title=Mamata's big rail plans of 2011–12 still stuck on performance track|accessdate=13 March 2012}}</ref> Reuters kọrọ na "A katọrọ ihe ndekọ afọ abụọ ya dị ka minista ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke ukwuu maka ịhazi netwọk ahụ n'ụgwọ ndị ọzọ iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka usoro ndị mmadụ dịka ọtụtụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị njem. " Indian Railways ghọrọ ihe na-efu n'oge afọ abụọ ọ nọrọ n'ọkwa. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-56950620110512|title=Special Report – "Big Sister" Mamata set to evict Left from Kolkata|author=Scrutton|first=Alistair|date=12 May 2011|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=24 February 2012|archive-date=12 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112063747/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-56950620110512|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-budget-2011-railway-why-the-railways-under-mamata-are-incurring-loss/20110128.htm|title=Why Indian Railways is incurring losses under Mamata|date=28 January 2011|work=[[Rediff.com]]|accessdate=24 February 2012}}</ref> == Onye isi minista nke West Bengal == === Oge izizi, 2011-16 === [[Usòrò:Mamata_Banerjee_with_Hillary_Clinton.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mgbe ahụ odeakwụkwọ nke United States State, Hillary Clinton n'oge nzukọ ya na onye isi minista West Bengal Mamata Banerjee na Writers', Kolkata na 7 Mee 2012.]] [[Usòrò:Chief_Minister_Government_of_West_Bengal_(20086289081).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister Government of West Bengal gosipụtara na ihe omume na [[London]] na 27 Julaị 2015.]] N'afọ 2011, All India Trinamool Congress tinyere SUCI na INC meriri ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke West Bengal megide Left Alliance site n'inweta oche 227. TMC meriri oche 184 na INC meriri 42 oche na SUCI nwetara otu oche. Nke a gosipụtara njedebe nke pati Kọmunist a họpụtara site na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=10 June 2011|title=The defeat of the Left Front in West Bengal, India|url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/06/10/the-defeat-of-the-left-front-in-west-bengal-india/|accessdate=11 July 2022|language=en|author=Lahiri-Dutt|first=Kuntala}}</ref>   A ṅụrụ Banerjee iyi dị ka onye isi minista nke West Bengal na 20 Mee 2011.<ref name="BBC20110520">{{Cite news|title=Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13465915|accessdate=3 January 2021|work=BBC News|date=20 May 2011}}</ref> Dị ka nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi minista nke West Bengal, otu n'ime mkpebi mbụ ya bụ ịlaghachi 400 acres nke ala nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Singur.<ref name="BBC20110520" /> "Kọvemba ekpebiela ịlaghachi 400 acres nye ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọghị na Singur", ka onye isi minista kwuru. "M gwara ngalaba ahụ ka ha kwadebe akwụkwọ maka nke a. Ọ bụrụ na Tata-babu (Ratan Tata) chọrọ, ọ nwere ike iguzobe ụlọ ọrụ ya na 600 acres fọdụrụnụ, ma ọ bụghị ya, anyị ga-ahụ otu esi eme ya".<ref name="singur">{{Cite news|title=Singur Land Given Back|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-21/kolkata/29567996_1_unwilling-farmers-mamata-banerjee-singur|accessdate=30 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2014-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108045450/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-21/kolkata/29567996_1_unwilling-farmers-mamata-banerjee-singur|url-status=dead}}</ref> A na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ ya guzobere Gorkhaland Territorial Administration.<ref name="Gorkhaland">{{Cite news|title=Gorkhaland Autonomous Council|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-19/kolkata/29790280_1_gjm-roshan-giri-mamata|date=19 July 2011|accessdate=30 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108035912/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-19/kolkata/29790280_1_gjm-roshan-giri-mamata|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ malitere mgbanwe dị iche iche na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ na ahụike. Ụfọdụ n'ime mgbanwe ndị a na-eme na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ gụnyere ntọhapụ nke ụgwọ ọnwa nke ndị nkuzi na nke mbụ n'ọnwa ọ bụla na ụgwọ ezumike nká ngwa ngwa maka ndị nkuzi lara ezumike nkwe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/04/stories/2011060458730100.htm|title=College teachers to get salary by the first of every month|date=4 June 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/india/154568-mamata-effect-salaries-on-first-of-the-month.html|title=Mamata effect: Salaries on first day of the month|archive-date=2012-07-21|access-date=2024-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721070317/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/india/154568-mamata-effect-salaries-on-first-of-the-month.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Quicker pensions for retiring teachers: Mamata|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-03/kolkata/29616471_1_school-teachers-part-time-teachers-teaching-community}}</ref> Na ngalaba ahụike Banerjee kwere nkwa, sị: "A ga-ewere usoro mmepe atọ iji melite akụrụngwa na ọrụ ahụike. Na 30 Eprel 2015, onye nnọchi anya UNICEF India kelere gọọmentị maka ime ka Nadia bụrụ mpaghara mbụ Open Defecation Free na mba ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.aalatimes.com/2011/06/13/mamata-banerjee-announces-health-sector-reform/|title=Mamata Banerjee announced health sector reform|accessdate=3 August 2011|archive-date=19 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819080145/http://www.aalatimes.com/2011/06/13/mamata-banerjee-announces-health-sector-reform/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-declares-nadia-first-opendefecation-free-district-in-india/article7158148.ece|title=Mamata declares Nadia first 'open defecation-free' district in India|work=The Hindu|date=30 April 2015}}</ref> Na nkwupụta na 17 Ọktoba 2012, Banerjee kwuru na mmụba nke ndina n'ike na mba ahụ bụ "mmekọrịta n'efu n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị". O kwuru na "N'oge gara aga ma ọ bụrụ na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị ga-ejide aka, ndị nne na nna ga-ejere ha aka ma baara ha mba mana ugbu a ihe niile ghere oghe. Ọ dị ka ahịa ghere oghere nwere nhọrọ ghere ogbuke. "A katọrọ ya na mgbasa ozi mba maka nkwupụta ndị a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-mamata-banerjee-blames-media-free-interaction-of-men-women-for-rising-cases-of-rape-3928213-.html|title=Mamata blames media, 'free interaction of men-women' for rising cases of rape!|date=17 October 2012|work=Daily Bhaskar|archive-date=1 January 2013|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101054330/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-mamata-banerjee-blames-media-free-interaction-of-men-women-for-rising-cases-of-rape-3928213-.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> O nyekwara aka n'ịgbanwe ọnụahịa mmanụ ụgbọala na ịkwụsị FDI na ngalaba mkpọsa ruo mgbe nkwekọrịta malitere. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/west-bengal/petrol-price-cut-a-positive-step-mamata-banerjee_742058.html|work=Zee News|title=Petrol price cut a positive step: Mamata Banerjee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dont-want-govt-to-fall-but-cant-support-fdi-mamata-to-pm/883290/|work=The Indian Express|title=Dodon't want government to fail, but can't support FDI|accessdate=3 December 2011}}</ref> Na mgbalị imeziwanye ọnọdụ iwu na mmanye na West Bengal, e mepụtara ndị kọmishọna ndị uwe ojii na Howrah, Barrackpore, Durgapur-Asansol na Bidhannagar. E mere ka mpaghara Kolkata Municipal Corporation nọrọ n'okpuru nchịkwa nke Ndị uwe ojii Kolkata.   Banerjee gosipụtara mmasị dị ukwuu n'ime ka ọha na eze mara akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị nke steeti ahụ. Ọ gụrụ ọtụtụ ọdụ ụgbọ oloko Kolkata Metro aha ndị na-alụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe, ma na-eme atụmatụ ịkpọ aha ọdụ ụgbọ ololozi na-abịanụ aha ndị isi okpukpe, ndị na-ede uri, ndị na'ime ihe ndị yiri ya. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Game of the name|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090726/jsp/calcutta/story_11281380.jsp|accessdate=29 February 2012|work=The Telegraph India|first=Soumitra|author=Das|date=26 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Didi's metro name game|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110116/jsp/bengal/story_13447860.jsp|accessdate=29 February 2012|work=The Telegraph India|first=Sanjay|author=Mandal|date=16 January 2011}}</ref> A katọrọ Mamata Banerjee maka ịmalite ịkwụ ndị Imam (Iman Bhatta) nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Calcutta kpebiri na ọ megidere iwu. <ref name="Gupta">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-muslims-and-paribartan/article8517367.ece|title=Mamata, Muslims and paribartan|author=Gupta|first=Smita|date=25 April 2016|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2 January 2018|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="NDTV.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/mamata-banerjees-appeasement-policies-have-created-real-danger-1721089|title=Opinion: Mamata Banerjee's Appeasement Policies Have Created Real Danger|work=NDTV|accessdate=2 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/there-s-a-method-to-the-west-bengal-madness/story-2kOsMxzXPVVV4nIANYKoNM.html|title=Bengal's people must step in to save the state from communal politics|date=11 July 2017|work=hindustantimes.com/|accessdate=2 January 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="firstpost.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/mamatas-allowance-to-imams-unconstitutional-rules-calcutta-hc-1080409.html|title=Mamata's allowance to Imams unconstitutional, rules Calcutta HC|date=3 September 2013|work=Firstpost|accessdate=2 January 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Chatterjee">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-dangerous-connivance/article4585420.ece|title=A dangerous connivance|author=Chatterjee|first=Garga|date=6 April 2013|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2 January 2018|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="NDTV 2013-09-02">{{Cite news|first=Monideepa|author=Banerjie|date=2 September 2013|title=Calcutta High Court scraps Mamata Banerjee's stipend to imams|publisher=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/calcutta-high-court-scraps-mamata-banerjees-stipend-to-imams-533409|accessdate=2 January 2018}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Chief_Minister_Government_of_West_Bengal_(19892837430).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Priti Patel, onye bụ Minista nke Ọrụ na Gọọmentị nke United Kingdom, na onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ ụlọ nke United Kingdom na-ezute Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister Government of West Bengal na London.]] Na 16 Febụwarị 2012, [[Bill Gates]], nke Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, zigara akwụkwọ ozi na gọọmentị West Bengal na-eto Banerjee na nchịkwa ya maka inweta otu afọ zuru ezu na-enweghị akụkọ ọ bụla nke ọrịa polio. Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ kwuru na nke a abụghị naanị ihe dị ịrịba ama maka India kamakwa maka ụwa dum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://post.jagran.com/bill-gates-appreciates-mamata-banerjee-for-polio-eradication-1329885022|title=Bill Gates appreciates Mamata Banerjee for polio eradication|accessdate=23 February 2012|archive-date=23 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223041241/http://post.jagran.com/bill-gates-appreciates-mamata-banerjee-for-polio-eradication-1329885022|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ na-emegide ịkpọ ''bandhs'' (ịkwụsị ọrụ) ọ bụ ezie na ọ kwadoro ha mgbe ọ na-emegidesi ike.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2012|title=Mamata Banerjee admits her calls for bandh were a mistake|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-admits-her-calls-for-bandh-were-a-mistake-469147|work=NDTV|accessdate=26 September 2021}}</ref> Ọchịchị ya mebiri nke ukwuu site na Saradha Scam - mmefu ego nke dugara n'ịtụ mkpọrọ Madan Mitra - onye bụbu minista na kọmitii ya, Kunal Ghosh - onye omeiwu nke otu, na ịta ọtụtụ ndị otu na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa. === Oge nke abụọ, 2016-2021 === [[Usòrò:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi,_the_Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh,_Ms._Sheikh_Hasina_and_the_Chief_Minister_of_West_Bengal,_Ms._Mamata_Banerjee_at_Hyderabad_House,_in_New_Delhi_on_April_08,_2017.jpg|thumb|Praịm Minista Modi, Praịm Mịnịsta nke Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina na Chief Minister Banerjee na Hyderabad House, na New Delhi na 8 Eprel 2017.]] [[Usòrò:The_President,_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_unveiling_the_Foundation_Stone_of_Savitribai_Public_Girls_Hostel_and_APJ_Abdul_Kalam_International_Visitors_Guest_House,_at_the_64th_Annual_Convocation_of_IIT_Kharagpur,_in_West_Bengal.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Onye isi ala Kovind n'oge emume ịtọ ntọala na 64th Annual Convocation nke IIT Kharagpur, na West Bengal. A na-ahụkwa Gọvanọ nke West Bengal, na Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee.]] Na ntuli aka nke ndị omeiwu nke afọ 2016, All India Trinamool Congress meriri site na mmeri abụọ n'ụzọ atọ n'okpuru Mamata Banerjee meriri oche 211 n'ime 293, onye a họpụtara dị ka Chief Minister West Bengal maka oge nke abụọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections|title=NDTV Live Results|accessdate=19 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref> All India Trinamool Congress meriri na mmụba nke mmeri naanị ya wee bụrụ òtù na-achị achị mbụ meriri n'enweghị onye ya na ya jikọrọ aka kemgbe 1962 na West Bengal. N'afọ 2017, Kanyashree, atụmatụ gọọmentị ya malitere, bụ nke United Nations họpụtara dị ka nke kachasị mma n'etiti atụmatụ 552 nke ngalaba mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya si mba 62.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kundu|first=Indrajit|date=7 October 2021|title=UN honours Mamata Banerjee with highest public service award for girl child project Kanyashree|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-un-public-service-award-kanyashree-netherlands-984439-2017-06-23|accessdate=25 September 2021}}</ref> === Oge nke atọ, 2021-dị ugbu a === [[Usòrò:Bengal_Global_Business_Summit_-_2022.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|'''Banerjee''' na-ekwu okwu na Bengal Global Business Summit - 2022 na Kolkata na 20 Eprel.]] [[Usòrò:Mamata_Banerjee_with_UNESCO_officers.jpg|thumb| Banerjee na ndị ọrụ UNESCO bụ Érik Falt na Tim Curtis, n'oge emume maka ndebanye aha Durga Puja dị ka ihe nketa ọdịbendị a na-apụghị ịhụ anya, na 1 Septemba 2022.]] [[Usòrò:The_Union_Minister_for_Home_Affairs_and_Cooperation,_Shri_Amit_Shah_at_the_25th_Eastern_Zonal_Council_meeting,_in_Kolkata_on_December_17,_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|Minista na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị n'ime obodo, Amit Shah na Mamata Banerjee na nzukọ nke 25 nke Eastern Zonal Council, na Kolkata na 17 Disemba 2022.]] Na ntuli aka mgbakọ nke afọ 2021, AITC meriri site na mmeri abụọ n'ụzọ atọ. Mana, Mamata Banerjee onye lụrụ ọgụ site na Nandigram meriri [[Suvendu Adhikari]] nke Bharatiya Janata Party site na votu 1,956.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 May 2021|title=Nandigram: After Hours of Confusion, BJP's Suvendu Adhikari Emerges Winner|url=https://thewire.in/politics/nandigram-election-bengal-mamata-banerjee-suvendu-adhikari|work=The Wire|accessdate=24 September 2021|archivedate=8 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608203828/https://thewire.in/politics/nandigram-election-bengal-mamata-banerjee-suvendu-adhikari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|accessdate=2 May 2021|work=results.eci.gov.in|archivedate=3 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503202328/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandigram Election Result 2021 LIVE: Nandigram MLA Election Result & Vote Share|url=https://www.oneindia.com/nandigram-assembly-elections-wb-210/|work=Oneindia|accessdate=5 October 2021|archivedate=27 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627210242/https://www.oneindia.com/nandigram-assembly-elections-wb-210/}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Mamata Banerjee mara nsonaazụ a aka ma okwu ahụ bụ sub judice.[lower-alpha 1] Ka pati ya meriri oche 213 n'ime ngụkọta 292, a họpụtara ya dị ka Chief Minister nke West Bengal maka oge nke atọ. Ka e mesịrị na Raj Bhawan, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na Jagdeep Dhankhar.<ref name="Zee News 2021-05-03">{{Cite news|date=3 May 2021|title=West Bengal: CM Mamata Banerjee arrives at Raj Bhavan|work=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/india/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-arrives-at-raj-bhavan-2359539.html|accessdate=5 May 2021}}</ref> Ọ ṅụrụ iyi dị ka Chief Minister na 5 Mee 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=5 May 2021|title=Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal Chief Minister for third time|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/mamata-sworn-in-as-bengal-cm-for-third-time/article34487107.ece|accessdate=5 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=5 May 2021|title=Mamata Banerjee takes oath as Bengal CM, says violence will be tackled firmly|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mamata-banerjee-takes-oath-as-west-bengal-cm-7302681/|accessdate=5 May 2021|work=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Òtù ya mechara merie oche abụọ fọdụrụnụ ma ya onwe ya merie ntuli aka Bhabanipur site na nnukwu ohere nke 58,835 vootu. A ṅụrụ ya iyi dị ka MLA na 7 Ọktoba.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 October 2021|title=বিধায়ক পদে শপথ নিলেন মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, প্রথা ভেঙে শপথ বাক্য পাঠ করালেন রাজ্যপাল|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/mamata-banerjee-takes-oath-as-mla/|work=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|accessdate=7 October 2021|archivedate=7 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007085122/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/mamata-banerjee-takes-oath-as-mla/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 October 2021|title=Mamata Banerjee, 2 other TMC MLAs take oath of office in presence of governor Jagdeep Dhankhar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/mamata-banerjee-2-other-tmc-mlas-take-oath-of-office-in-presence-of-governor-jagdeep-dhankhar-101633599454467.html|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=10 October 2021|archivedate=10 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010024827/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/mamata-banerjee-2-other-tmc-mlas-take-oath-of-office-in-presence-of-governor-jagdeep-dhankhar-101633599454467.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 October 2021|title=West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee and 2 other TMC MLAs take oath, BJP legislators skip assembly|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mamata-and-2-other-tmc-mlas-take-oath-bjp-legislators-skip-assembly/articleshow/86852464.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=10 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008160752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mamata-and-2-other-tmc-mlas-take-oath-bjp-legislators-skip-assembly/articleshow/86852464.cms}}</ref>   Mgbe o meriri ntuli aka ahụ, na-agbaso nkwa ya, ọ malitere atụmatụ '''Lakshmir Bhandar'''. Na atụmatụ a, e nyere ụmụ nwanyị na-erubeghị afọ 60 enyemaka ego, ihe dị ka rupees 500 maka ndị na-erughị eru.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2021|title=Bengal Govt in Financial Fix After Launch of Flagship 'Lakshmir Bhandar' Scheme|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bengal-govt-in-financial-fix-after-launch-of-flagship-lakshmir-bhandar-scheme-4400186.html|accessdate=10 July 2022|work=News18|language=en|archivedate=10 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710150702/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bengal-govt-in-financial-fix-after-launch-of-flagship-lakshmir-bhandar-scheme-4400186.html}}</ref> Atụmatụ ahụ ghọrọ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma ka ọ ghọrọ ihe a ma ama.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 August 2021|title=On First Day, 1.23 Million Register for Lakshmi Bhandar Scheme in West Bengal|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/on-first-day-1-23-million-register-for-lakshmi-bhandar-scheme-in-west-bengal-4095743.html|accessdate=10 July 2022|work=News18|language=en|archivedate=10 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710145157/https://www.news18.com/news/india/on-first-day-1-23-million-register-for-lakshmi-bhandar-scheme-in-west-bengal-4095743.html}}</ref> E mekwara atụmatụ ọzọ n'okpuru idu ndú ya, '''Atụmatụ kaadị akwụmụgwọ ụmụ akwụkwọ''', iji nye nkwado ego na mgbazinye ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ọgụgụ isi na-enweghị ike ịnọgide na-agụ akwụkwọ dị elu n'ihi enweghị ego. Ogologo ego mgbazinye ahụ ruru rupees 10 lakh, n'okpuru onye a họpụtara na gọọmentị nke West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Singh|first=Ronit Kumar|date=10 July 2022|title=West Bengal Govt Distributes 'Student Credit Card' Among Beneficiaries To Help Them Pursue Higher Studies|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/west-bengal-government-distributes-student-credit-card-among-students-36456|accessdate=10 July 2022|work=thelogicalindian.com|language=en|archivedate=10 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710145151/https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/west-bengal-government-distributes-student-credit-card-among-students-36456}}</ref> N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2021, ọ gafere onye bu ya ụzọ bụ Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee ka ọ bụrụ onye isi minista nke atọ kacha nọrọ ogologo oge na West Bengal. Ọ bụrụ na Mamata nọgide n'ọchịchị ma ọ dịkarịa ala ruo 26 Ọktoba 2025, ọ ga-abụ onye isi minista nke abụọ na-eje ozi ogologo oge mgbe Jyoti Basu gasịrị, na-anọchi Bidhan Chandra Roy. == Ndụ onwe onye na mmata == N'oge ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, Banerjee anọgidewo na-ebi ndụ siri ike n'ihu ọha, na-eyi uwe ọdịnala Bengali dị mfe ma na-ezere ihe okomoko.<ref name="taat">{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/mamata-saris-the-rage-in-kolkata-this-durga-puja-99919.html|title=Mamata saris the rage in Kolkata this Durga Puja|work=FirstPost|accessdate=11 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="lifestyle">{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/diptoshmajumdar/5/61837/mamata-express-you-cant-stop-her-anymore.html|title=Blog article in IBNLive.in.com|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606192506/http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/diptoshmajumdar/5/61837/mamata-express-you-cant-stop-her-anymore.html|archivedate=6 June 2010|accessdate=3 June 2010}}</ref> N'oge a gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ n'ọnwa Eprel 2019, Praịm Minista [[Narendra Modi]] kwuru na n'agbanyeghị esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha, Banerjee na-ezitere ya ''Kurtas'' na sweets ọ họọrọ kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47114401|title=On Wednesday, Bollywood star Akshay Kumar interviews PM Modi|work=[[BBC]]|accessdate=25 April 2019|quote=West Bengal chief minister and arch rival Mamata Banerjee sends him sweets and kurtas every year}}</ref> Onye nnọchi anya Australia bụ Barry O'Farrell kelere ya maka izipu ihe na-atọ ụtọ n'oge Vijayadashami.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 October 2021|title=Australian Envoy Thanks Mamata Banerjee For Sending "Sandesh" On Dussehra|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/australian-envoy-barry-ofarrell-thanks-mamata-banerjee-for-sending-sandesh-on-dussehra-2581075|work=NDTV|accessdate=20 October 2021|archivedate=19 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019225030/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/australian-envoy-barry-ofarrell-thanks-mamata-banerjee-for-sending-sandesh-on-dussehra-2581075}}</ref> Na Septemba 2019 mgbe Ms. Jashodaben, nwunye PM Modi, na-ahapụ Kolkata, Mamata zutere ya n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu Kolkata ma nye ya saree.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 September 2019|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-runs-into-pm-narendra-modis-wife-jashodaben-before-boarding-flight-to-meet-him-2102641|title=Mamata Banerjee Runs Into PM Modi's Wife Before Boarding Flight To Meet Him|work=NDTV|accessdate=23 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 September 2019|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/mamata-banerjee-meets-pm-modis-wife-at-kolkata-airport/article29447350.ece|title=Mamata Banerjee meets PM Modi's wife at Kolkata airport|work=The Hindu|accessdate=23 June 2021}}</ref> Ọ na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka onye Hindu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Watch: Nusrat's Muslim, I am Hindu but we are exactly alike except she's beautiful and I am not, says Mamata|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-watch-nusrat-s-muslim-i-am-hindu-but-we-are-exactly-alike-except-she-s-beautiful-and-i-am-not-says-mamata-banerje-2748543|accessdate=8 June 2019|work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|date=12 May 2019}}</ref> Banerjee bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ede uri.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The poet and painter in Mamata Banerjee's looks beyond Bengal|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-poet-and-painter-in-mamata-banerjees-looks-beyond-bengal/1075840/0|accessdate=2 April 2013|work=Indian Express|date=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aitcofficial.org/publications-by-didi/|title=Publications, Poetry and Paintings : All India Trinamool Congress|work=aitcofficial.org|language=en-US|accessdate=7 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104004315/http://aitcofficial.org/publications-by-didi/|archivedate=4 November 2017}}</ref> E rere ihe osise 300 ya maka ₹ 9crore (₹ 90 nde, £ 990,000 ma ọ bụ US $ 1,350,000). <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/wtf-mamata-banerjee-paintings-sold-for-9-crores-285240.html|title=WTF: Mamata Banerjee Paintings Sold For 9 Crores|work=indiatimes.com|accessdate=12 May 2018|language=en|archive-date=13 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513081145/https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/wtf-mamata-banerjee-paintings-sold-for-9-crores-285240.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, magazin Time kpọrọ ya otu n'ime mmadụ 100 kachasị emetụta n'ụwa. Magazin Bloomberg Markets depụtara ya n'etiti ndị mmadụ 50 kachasị emetụta n'ụwa nke ego na Septemba 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/finance/mamata-banerjee-among-worlds-50-influential-leaders-in-finance_59747.html|title=Mamata Banerjee among world's 50 influential leaders in finance|work=Zeenews.india.com|accessdate=16 October 2012|date=6 September 2012}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, e nyere ya Skoch Chief Minister of the Year Award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mamata-banerjee-is-the-skoch-chief-minister-of-the-year/articleshow/67178399.cms|title=Mamata Banerjee is the Skoch Chief Minister of the Year|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=20 December 2018|accessdate=26 April 2019}}</ref> Banerjee pụtara n'okporo ámá Kolkata n'oge mkpọchi, nke ọrịa COVID-19 kpatara, iji gbasaa mmata n'etiti ndị nkịtị.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 March 2020|title=Didi's lessons on social distancing: Mamata Banerjee takes to Kolkata streets to fight Covid19|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/didi-s-lessons-on-social-distancing-mamata-banerjee-takes-to-kolkata-streets-to-fight-covid19/story-oMNOulx2aPn1i2bbpjvwrO.html|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=14 November 2021|archivedate=14 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114165647/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/didi-s-lessons-on-social-distancing-mamata-banerjee-takes-to-kolkata-streets-to-fight-covid19/story-oMNOulx2aPn1i2bbpjvwrO.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 March 2020|title='Keep Shops Open, What Will People Eat?' Mamata Banerjee Takes to The Streets During Lockdown|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/keep-shops-open-what-will-people-eat-mamata-banerjee-takes-to-the-streets-during-lockdown-2554567.html|work=News18|accessdate=14 November 2021|archivedate=14 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114165647/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/keep-shops-open-what-will-people-eat-mamata-banerjee-takes-to-the-streets-during-lockdown-2554567.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2020|title=Mamata Banerjee Hits Kolkata Streets Again, Urges People To Stay Indoors|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-lockdown-west-bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-hits-kolkata-streets-again-urges-peo-2217243|work=NDTV|accessdate=14 November 2021|archivedate=14 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114165647/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-lockdown-west-bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-hits-kolkata-streets-again-urges-peo-2217243}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 April 2020|title=Mamata hits the streets, speaks directly to locked-down Kolkata|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/mamata-hits-the-streets-speaks-directly-to-locked-down-kolkata-6376681/|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=14 November 2021|archivedate=14 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114165649/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/mamata-hits-the-streets-speaks-directly-to-locked-down-kolkata-6376681/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 April 2020|title=Mamata Hits Streets of Kolkata to Address Citizens Amid Lockdown|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/west-bengal-news-coronavirus-mamata-banerjee-hits-kolkata-streets-talks-directly-to-citizens-to-maintain-lockdown|work=The Quint|accessdate=14 November 2021|archivedate=14 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114165647/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/west-bengal-news-coronavirus-mamata-banerjee-hits-kolkata-streets-talks-directly-to-citizens-to-maintain-lockdown}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-arịọ arịrịọ maka ịnọgide na-enwe nkwekọrịta okpukpe, Banerjee ekwughachila eziokwu ahụ n'ọtụtụ oge na "Okpukpe bụ nke onwe, mana ememme bụ nke zuru ụwa ọnụ".<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 July 2019|title=Religion is personal, but festivals are universal says Mamata Banerjee|url=http://www.uniindia.com/religion-is-personal-but-festivals-are-universal-says-mamata-banerjee/east/news/1654080.html|work=United News of India|accessdate=23 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023082359/http://www.uniindia.com/religion-is-personal-but-festivals-are-universal-says-mamata-banerjee/east/news/1654080.html|archivedate=23 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 September 2021|title=Faith may be personal but festivals are universal: Mamata Banerjee on Durga puja celebrations|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-durga-puja-2021-cm-mamata-banerjee-faith-festivals-covid-rules-1850248-2021-09-07|work=India Today|accessdate=23 October 2021|archivedate=23 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023000838/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-durga-puja-2021-cm-mamata-banerjee-faith-festivals-covid-rules-1850248-2021-09-07}}</ref> "Ọ bụ onye agha mgbe niile" ka [[Yashwant Sinha]] kwuru mgbe ọ na-ekpughe na Mamata nyere onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ onye e jidere dịka akụkụ nke atụmatụ mkparịta ụka n'oge nsogbu nke Kandahar. "Ọ dị njikere ịchụ àjà kachasị maka mba ahụ" Sinha gbakwunyere.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2021|title=Mamata offered herself in exchange for Kandahar hostages: Yashwant Sinha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/mamata-offered-to-go-to-kandahar-in-exchange-of-hostages-yashwant-sinha/articleshow/81482936.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=28 October 2021|archivedate=4 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004064038/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/mamata-offered-to-go-to-kandahar-in-exchange-of-hostages-yashwant-sinha/articleshow/81482936.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 March 2021|title=Yashwant Sinha joins TMC, recalls Didi's 'hostage offer'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/yashwant-sinha-joins-tmc-recalls-didis-hostage-offer/articleshow/81490052.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=23 October 2021|archivedate=23 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023000838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/yashwant-sinha-joins-tmc-recalls-didis-hostage-offer/articleshow/81490052.cms}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a kpọrọ Mamata Banerjee ka ọ gaa ''Nzukọ Ụwa Maka Udo'' na Rom.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee invited to attend peace conference in Rome|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-invited-to-attend-peace-conference-at-rome-101628698080852.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=11 August 2021|accessdate=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mamata Banerjee invited to 'World Meeting for Peace' in Rome along with Pope, Angela Merkel|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-invited-to-world-meeting-for-peace-1839838-2021-08-12|work=India Today|date=12 August 2021|accessdate=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Lack of vaccine acceptance a travel barrier: West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cm-lack-of-vax-acceptance-a-travel-barrier/articleshow/86052006.cms|work=The Times of India|date=9 September 2021|accessdate=26 September 2021}}</ref> Ọ bụ naanị onye India a kpọrọ ka ọ gaa ihe omume ahụ. Mana n'ọnwa Septemba, Union Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) jụrụ ikike ya ịga nzukọ udo na-ekwu na ihe omume ahụ abụghị "nke kwekọrọ na ọnọdụ maka itinye aka site n'aka onye isi minista nke steeti". <ref>{{Cite news|title=Centre denies permission to Mamata for trip to Rome next month|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-denies-permission-to-mamata-for-trip-to-rome-next-month-101632573497938.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=25 September 2021|accessdate=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre Denies Mamata Banerjee Permission To Attend Peace Conference in Rome|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/west-bengal-news-mamata-banerjee-says-centre-denied-her-permission-to-attend-peace-conference-in-rome|work=The Quint|date=25 September 2021|accessdate=26 September 2021|archivedate=25 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925195845/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/west-bengal-news-mamata-banerjee-says-centre-denied-her-permission-to-attend-peace-conference-in-rome}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre Didn't Let Me Go To Rome Peace Meet Out Of "Jealousy": Mamata Banerjee|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/centre-did-not-let-me-to-go-to-rome-global-peace-meet-out-of-jealousy-mamata-2553629|work=NDTV|date=25 September 2021|accessdate=26 September 2021|archivedate=25 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925200631/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/centre-did-not-let-me-to-go-to-rome-global-peace-meet-out-of-jealousy-mamata-2553629}}</ref> BJP MP Subramanian Swamy katọrọ gọọmentị Modi na nkwụsịtụ nleta Banerjee na Rome.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Modi should permit Mamata to travel to Rome: Subramanian Swamy|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/26/modi-should-permit-mamata-to-travel-to-rome-subramanian-swamy.html|work=The Week|date=26 September 2021|accessdate=27 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=কোন আইনে মমতাকে রোম যেতে বাধা দেওয়া হল? কেন্দ্রের ভূমিকা নিয়ে প্রশ্ন বিজেপি সাংসদের|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/india/subramanian-swamy-questions-centres-move-to-stop-mamata-banerjees-italy-tour/|language=bn|work=Sangbad Pratidin|date=26 September 2021|accessdate=27 September 2021|archivedate=26 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926211727/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/india/subramanian-swamy-questions-centres-move-to-stop-mamata-banerjees-italy-tour/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Subramanian Swamy: 'কোন আইনে Mamata-র রোম সফর বাতিল', কেন্দ্রকে তোপ BJP সাংসদের|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/nation/subramanian-swamy-slams-narendra-modi-govt-on-mamata-banerjees-rome-visit-cancelation_406330.html|language=bn|work=Zee 24 Ghanta|date=26 September 2021|accessdate=27 September 2021}}</ref> Dị ka onye India Diplomat K. P. Fabian si kwuo, ihe kpatara MEA kwuru bụ ihe na-adịghị ekwe omume.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Italian organisation that invited Mamata highly prestigious: ex-envoy|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/italian-organisation-that-invited-mamata-highly-prestigious-ex-envoy/article36684864.ece|work=The Hindu|date=26 September 2021|accessdate=27 September 2021}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, na Disemba, MEA jụrụ inye Banerjee ikike ileta Nepal.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Vindictive,' cries TMC as Centre bars Mamata Banerjee from visiting Nepal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vindictive-cries-tmc-as-centre-bars-mamata-banerjee-from-visiting-nepal-101639159824014.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=10 December 2021|accessdate=11 December 2021}}</ref> Magazin TIME bipụtara ndepụta ya kwa afọ nke 'Ndị 100 kachasị emetụta 2021' na 15 Septemba 2021. Ndepụta ahụ gụnyere Mamata Banerjee na ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dutt|first=Barkha|date=15 September 2021|title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2021. Mamata Banerjee.|work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2021/6096016/mamata-banerjee/|accessdate=16 September 2021|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915212047/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2021/6096016/mamata-banerjee/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=15 September 2021|title=PM Modi, Mamata Banerjee Among TIME's 100 Most Influential People|work=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-mamata-and-adar-poonawalla-among-time-magazines-100-most-influential-people-of-2021-2542154|accessdate=16 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 September 2021|title=বিশ্বের ১০০ প্রভাবশালীর তালিকায় মমতা, তীব্র সমালোচনা মোদির নামে|language=bn|work=Bartaman|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=14&nID=319131&P=1&nPID=20210916|accessdate=16 September 2021|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916173559/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=14&nID=319131&P=1&nPID=20210916|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ natara nzere doctorate nke ọma site na Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 September 2012|title=Odisha varsity to confer doctorate on Mamata|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Odisha-varsity-to-confer-doctorate-on-Mamata/articleshow/16443132.cms|accessdate=22 October 2019}}</ref> E nyekwara ya nzere Doctorate of Literature (D.Litt.) site na Mahadum Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 January 2018|title=Mamata Banerjee receives D Litt degree, says intolerance is rising in the country|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mamata-banerjee-to-receive-d-litt-degree-calcutta-hc-to-hear-pil-today-5020036/|accessdate=30 April 2019}}</ref> A katọrọ Banerjee n'ọtụtụ ebe maka ndina n'ike na igbu ọchụ nke dọkịta na-eto eto na-enweta ọzụzụ na R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital na ebubo mkpuchi ebe a na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-anwa ichebe onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ nke CBI nyochara itinye aka na ihe ahụ merenụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kolkata doctor rape-murder case live updates: Mamata Banerjee isn't physically fit to be CM, says Bengal BJP chief|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-live-updates-bengal-mamata-banerjee-strike-rg-kar-hospital-101724892887056.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 August 2024|accessdate=29 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Mamata Banerjee does not want RG Kar case to be probed as many secrets will be revealed': Adhir Ranjan|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mamata-banerjee-does-not-want-rg-kar-case-to-be-probed-as-many-secrets-will-be-revealed-adhir-ranjan/articleshow/112904129.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=29 August 2024|accessdate=29 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Authoritarianism in West Bengal: Is Mamata Banerjee to Blame?|url=https://www.epw.in/engage/discussion/authoritarianism-west-bengal-mamata-banerjee-blame|work=Economic and Political Weekly|date=12 August 2019|accessdate=29 August 2024}}</ref> === N'omenala a ma ama === ''Baghini'', Ihe nkiri Bengali, nke sitere na ndụ Mamata Banerjee, ka ewepụtara na 24 Mee 2019. Ọ bụghị ihe nkiri ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ghosh|first=Devarsi|date=15 April 2019|title='Baghini: Bengal Tigress' is inspired by Mamata Banerjee but is not a biopic, filmmakers say|url=https://scroll.in/reel/919749/baghini-bengal-tigress-is-inspired-by-mamata-banerjee-but-is-not-a-biopic-filmmakers-say|accessdate=9 December 2021|work=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archivedate=9 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209051427/https://scroll.in/reel/919749/baghini-bengal-tigress-is-inspired-by-mamata-banerjee-but-is-not-a-biopic-filmmakers-say}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Itengar|first=Shriram|date=15 April 2019|title=After Narendra Modi, Baghini: Bengal Tigress evokes Mamata Banerjee|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415193949/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee|archivedate=15 April 2019|accessdate=16 April 2019|publisher=Cinestaan}}</ref> == Ọrụ na akwụkwọ na ngalaba ndị ọzọ == [[Usòrò:Mamata_Banerjee_at_43rd_International_Kolkata_Book_Fair.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mamata Banerjee na 43rd International Kolkata Book Fair na akwụkwọ ya n'aka]] E bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ o dere ruo ugbu a. Na 2022, e nyere ya Paschimbanga Akademy Award maka 'Kabita Bitan' nke nwere uri 946.<ref>{{Cite news|title=সাহিত্য চর্চায় নিরলস সাধনার জন্য বাংলা আকাদেমির বিশেষ পুরস্কার পেলেন মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/mamata-banerjee-chief-minister-of-west-bengal-mamata-banerjee-gets-bangla-academy-award-for-literary-contribution-887048|accessdate=11 May 2022|work=ABP Ananda|date=9 May 2022|language=bn}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye na-ese ihe n'onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mamata Banerjee, chief minister, painter and fighter, faces tough polls|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/writer-painter-fighter-mamata-banerjee-faces-major-political-challenge-121040100095_1.html|accessdate=20 May 2022|work=Business Standard India|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> A na-ere ihe osise ya ọtụtụ ugboro.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 April 2015|title=WTF: Mamata Banerjee Paintings Sold For 9 Crores|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/wtf-mamata-banerjee-paintings-sold-for-9-crores-285240.html|accessdate=20 May 2022|work=IndiaTimes|archive-date=13 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513081145/https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/wtf-mamata-banerjee-paintings-sold-for-9-crores-285240.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye na-ede abụ na ihe ndị o dere na-adabere na 'Durga Puja' na 'Motherland'. 'Maa Go Tumi Sarbojanin' nke Shreya Ghoshal bụrụ bụ otu n'ime abụ ya kachasị ewu ewu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Prakashan|first=Priya|date=14 October 2015|title=Durga Puja 2015: Mamata Banerjee pens Maa Go Tumi Sarbojonin on the auspicious occasion of the Navratri {{!}} India.com|url=https://www.india.com/viral/durga-puja-2015-mamata-banerjee-pens-maa-go-tumi-sarbojonin-on-the-auspicious-occasion-of-the-navratri-629627/|accessdate=11 May 2022|work=India.com|archivedate=10 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610060145/https://www.india.com/viral/durga-puja-2015-mamata-banerjee-pens-maa-go-tumi-sarbojonin-on-the-auspicious-occasion-of-the-navratri-629627/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gdaq3gtap8s3s6x68y51i4tpnjbfyfr 0 51994 728031 671408 2026-09-25T23:30:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728031 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="Merciless sun is kinder than the frying questions" />{{Databox}}<ref name="The Telegraph" />{{Infobox officeholder|children=17 January 2009}} Mausam Benazir Noor (Bengali: মৌসম বেনজির নূর; amụrụ 15 October 1979) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu nzuko omeiwu, Rajya Sabha sitere na West Bengal na onye isi oche nke West Bengal Commission. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye isi ala Malda district TMC.[2] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye otu Lok Sabha maka Maldaha Uttar site na 2009 ruo 2019. Noor sitere na ezinụlọ ndị Alakụba Bengali ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Malda, West Bengal. Nwanne nna ya A.B.A. Ghani Khan Choudhury rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye minista na-ahụ maka okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko na ozi Indira Gandhi nke atọ. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na La Martiniere Calcutta wee nweta akara ugo mmụta iwu na Mahadum Calcutta. Mgbe nne ya Rubi Noor (onye na-ahụ maka omebe iwu nke West Bengal maka mpaghara Sujapur) nwụrụ na 2008, Mausam banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na mbido 2009, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ ọgbakọ omebe iwu site n'otu mpaghara na May a họpụtara ya na Lok Sabha. A họpụtara Noor onye isi oche nke West Bengal Youth Congress na 2011. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, a họpụtara ya onyeisi oche nke otu pati Congress nke Malda district. Na Jenụwarị 2019, ọ tụgharịrị na pati Trinamool Congress ka kọmitii Pradesh Congress jụrụ atụmatụ ya maka njikọta ntuli aka na pati ahụ maka ntuli aka izugbe nke 2019. == Mbido na ndụ onwe onye == Noor sitere na ezinụlọ Muslim Muslim ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si na mpaghara Malda. Nne ya, Rubi Noor, ka ahọpụtara na West Bengal Legislative Assembly maka usoro atọ na-esochi site na mpaghara Sujapur. Rubi lụrụ nwa klas ya na nna Mausam Syed Noor. O sooro di ya gaa Canada tupu ya abanye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1991. Mausam nwere ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ tọrọ - Syeda Saleha Noor na Sonya Sarah Noor. <ref name="The Telegraph">{{Cite web|title=Cong at Mamata door to spare Ruby seat|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/cong-at-mamata-door-to-spare-ruby-seat/cid/539752|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=1 February 2019|date=28 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Congress mourns loss of leader who filled a void|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/congress-mourns-loss-of-leader-who-filled-a-void/cid/567748|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=1 February 2019|date=11 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The business interests of Mausam Benazir Noor and Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury|url=https://www.livemint.com/|publisher=Live Mint|accessdate=2 February 2019|date=14 May 2014}}</ref> Otu n'ime nwanne nna Noor, A.B.A. Ghani Khan Choudhury, jere ozi dị ka onye minista nke okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko na ozi Indira Gandhi nke atọ. Nwanne nna ya nke ọzọ, Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury, na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu nzuko omeiwu maka mpaghara Maldaha Dakshin.[6] Nwa Abu Hasem, Isha Khan Choudhury, bụ onye otu ndị omebe iwu West Bengal ma na-anọchite anya mpaghara Sujapur. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cousin Isha Khan to take on Mausam Noor: 'She humiliated uncle Ghani Khan Choudhury'|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/cousin-isha-khan-to-take-on-mausum-noor-she-humiliated-uncle-ghani-khan-choudhury-1502728636.html|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|accessdate=1 February 2019|date=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Whichever the party, all politics in Malda is still about only one family|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/whichever-the-party-all-politics-in-malda-is-still-about-only-one-family/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=1 February 2019|date=14 April 2016}}</ref> Noor gụrụ akwụkwọ na La Martiniere Calcutta wee nweta akara ugo mmụta iwu na Mahadum Calcutta.[9] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ iwu Fox na Mandal wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu oge niile na Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu nke India afọ abụọ tupu ọ banye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[10] Ọ lụrụ enyi ya nwoke ogologo oge Mirza Kayesh Begg nke Asansol na 5 Disemba 2009. Ọ zutere ya na 2004 mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ iwu na Mahadum Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mausam Noor Cong MP from Malda weds classmate|url=http://www.ummid.com/news/December/06.12.2009/mausam_noor_weds.htm|publisher=Ummid|accessdate=1 February 2019|date=6 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mausam to marry law classmate - Kotwali gets ready for young MP's Wedding|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/mausam-to-marry-law-classmate-kotwali-gets-ready-for-young-mp-s-wedding/cid/580355|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=1 February 2019|date=18 November 2009}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == === Nzukọ Mba India === [[Usòrò:A.H._Khan_Choudhury_going_around_the_DAVP_Photo_Exhibition,_at_the_Bharat_Nirman_Public_Information_Campaign,_in_Amrity,_Malda,_West_Bengal_on_October_26,_2013._The_MP,_North_Malda,_Smt._Mausam_Benazir_Noor_is_also_seen.jpg|thumb|Noor (n'aka nri) na nwanne nna ya Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury na 2013.]] N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2008, ndị omebe iwu nke Sujapur tọgbọrọ n'efu n'ihi ọnwụ nne Noor, onye nọ ọdụ na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu Rubi Noor. N'ikpeazụ, pati Indian National Congress mara ọkwa na Mausam ga-asọ mpi maka ntuli aka na-abịanụ site na mpaghara ahụ. Ọ meriri ntuli aka ahụ ma merie onye iro ya kacha nso, Haji Ketabuddin nke Communist Party of India (Marxist) site na votu 21,205.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ballot gap bothers Left|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/ballot-gap-bothers-left/cid/513797|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=1 February 2019|date=9 January 2009}}</ref> Na 20 Mee 2009, a họpụtara Noor na Lok Sabha, na-anọchite anya Mpaghara Maldaha Uttar. Ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị otu ise kachasị nta na nwanyị Alakụba kachasị nta a họpụtara na Lok Sabha nke iri na ise.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Representation of Muslim women in Lok Sabha since Independence|url=http://twocircles.net/2009may21/representation_muslim_women_lok_sabha_independence.html|publisher=Two Circles|accessdate=1 February 2019|format=21 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The youngest MP is 26|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2009/may/20slide-show-1-the-youngest-mp-is-26.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|accessdate=1 February 2019|date=20 May 2009}}</ref> N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, ọ ghọrọ onye otu Standing Committee on Labour. N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Septemba, ọ ghọrọ onye otu Standing Committee on Empowerement of Women na onye otu Kọmitii Ntụziaka nke Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.<ref name="Lok Sabha">{{Cite web|title=Mausam Noor|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4483|publisher=Lok Sabha|accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref> Na Machị 2011, a họpụtara Noor ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke West Bengal Youth Congress. Ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Indian Youth Congress Rahul Gandhi kwadoro ya ma merie Arindam Bhattacharya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rahul's candidate Noor is Bengal Youth Congress president|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/rahul-s-candidate-noor-is-bengal-youth-congress-president/story-EXAwPK9EQ0JtLtgP5jMCSN.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=1 February 2019|date=8 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Noor considers her responsibility as West Bengal Youth Congress President a huge challenge|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20110926-india-today-youth-special-mausam-noor-daughter-of-the-east-747694-2011-09-17|work=[[India Today]]|accessdate=1 February 2019|date=26 September 2011}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2013, ọ nọchiri nwanne nna ya Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury dị ka onye isi oche nke mpaghara Malda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Cong chiefs in bastions|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/new-cong-chiefs-in-bastions/cid/237786|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=1 February 2019|date=17 December 2013}}</ref> N'oge oge mbụ Noor dị ka onye omeiwu, e wuru ụzọ 1,500 kilomita (930 mi) na mpaghara ya n'okpuru Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana. Ọzọkwa, n'okpuru Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (Rajiv Gandhi Village Electrification Scheme), ₹ 1.33 ijeri kwadoro maka ndị omeiwu ya. Ọzọkwa, a kwadoro ₹ 850 nde maka National Highway 81 (nke si na Gazole gaa Harishchandrapur), ₹ 290 nde maka Ratua-Nakatti Bridge, ₹ 330 nde n'okpuru Backward Regions Grant Fund iji nyochaa erosion nke Osimiri Mahananda kpatara na ₹ 320 nde maka okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Samsi. Otú ọ dị, o kwuru na enweghị ike itinye ọrụ ndị a n'ọrụ dịka gọọmentị steeti jụrụ imekọ ihe ọnụ.<ref name="Merciless sun is kinder than the frying questions">{{Cite web|author=Bhattacharya|first=Chandrima|title=Merciless sun is kinder than the frying questions|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/merciless-sun-is-kinder-than-the-frying-questions/cid/192497|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=2 February 2019|date=24 April 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2014, pati Congress mara ọkwa na Noor ga-esonye na mpaghara nke ya maka ntuli aka na-abịanụ. A họpụtara ya ọzọ mgbe o meriri Khagen Murmu nke Communist Party of India (Marxist) site na votu 65,705.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mausam Benazir Noor continues Ghani Khan's legacy in Malda|url=http://muslimmirror.com/eng/mausam-benazir-noor-continues-ghani-khans-legacy-in-malda/|work=Muslim Mirror|accessdate=2 February 2019|date=17 May 2014}}</ref> A gbara ya vootu 388,000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congress retains Malda, ups winning margin|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/congress-retains-malda-ups-winning-margin/cid/189209|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=16 February 2019|date=17 May 2014}}</ref> Site na 1 Septemba 2014 ruo 31 Ọgọst 2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu Kọmitii na-ahụ maka akwụkwọ ndị edepụtara na Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Mmepe Ime Obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Other Parliamentary Standing Committees|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=21&tab=2|publisher=Lok Sabha|accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Departmentally Related Standing Committees|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=32&tab=1|publisher=Lok Sabha|accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref> N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2014, ọ ghọkwara onye otu Kọmitii Ntụziaka, Ministry of Minority Affairs.<ref name="Lok Sabha" /> Ọ bụ ezie na Malda abụwo ebe ndị otu Congress, ha tụfuru ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ntuli aka Zilla Parishad na ntuli aka Panchayat samiti na Trinamool Congress na-achị na Bharatiya Janata Party na-abanye na mpaghara ahụ. Iji mezie ihe, Noor malitere ịhazi nzukọ na ileta obodo nta.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/district/north-bengal/mausam-noor-starts-door-to-door-campaign-to-maintain-public-relation-1.615451|accessdate=2 February 2019|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=20 May 2017|language=bn}}</ref> === Nzukọ Trinamool === [[Usòrò:Mausam_Noor_F_Politician.jpg|thumb|Noor na 2019]] Noor hapụrụ òtù Congress wee sonye na Trinamool Congress na 28 Jenụwarị 2019 mgbe Kọmitii Pradesh Congress jụrụ aro ya ka ya na ndị Trinamool na-achị achị jikọọ aka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Breach in Congress' West Bengal bastion, Malda MP Mausam Benazir Noor joins TMC|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/congress-mp-mausam-benazir-noor-joins-trinamool-congress-5558320/|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=2 February 2019|date=29 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Inspired by Didi, Congress MP Mausam Noor joins TMC ahead of 2019 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/inspired-by-didi-congress-mp-mausam-noor-joins-tmc-ahead-of-2019-lok-sabha-polls-1441271-2019-01-28|work=India Today|accessdate=2 February 2019|date=28 January 2019}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, e buliri Noor n'ọkwa odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke pati ahụ. Ndị otu ahụ kwupụtakwara na ọ ga-azọ ọkwa site na mpaghara nke ya (Maldaha Uttar) na ntuli aka 2019 na-abịanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Setback To Congress, Bengal Lawmaker Joins Trinamool|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-setback-to-bengal-congress-malda-lawmaker-mausam-noor-joins-trinamool-congress-ahead-of-polls-1984562|publisher=[[NDTV]]|accessdate=2 February 2019|date=28 January 2019}}</ref> Ọ ghọkwara onye na-ahụ maka mpaghara Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur na Malda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mausam Benazir Noor compares Mamata Banerjee with ABA Ghani Khan, asks kin to join TMC|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jan/30/mausam-benazir-noor-compares-mamata-banerjee-with-aba-ghani-khan-asks-kin-to-join-tmc-1931696.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204070127/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jan/30/mausam-benazir-noor-compares-mamata-banerjee-with-aba-ghani-khan-asks-kin-to-join-tmc-1931696.html|archivedate=4 February 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|accessdate=16 February 2019|date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Na 30 Jenụwarị, ọ haziri nzukọ na Malda nke nwere ndị otu ''panchayat'' iri na anọ na otu onye kansụl nke English Bazaar gbanwere gaa Trinamool.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/district/north-bengal/mausam-noor-indicates-more-congress-leader-may-join-tmc-soon-1.942756|work=Anandabazar Patrika|accessdate=2 February 2019|date=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Maitra|first=Subhro|title=Mausam Noor blames exit on 'stubborn' Bengal Congress|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mausam-noor-blames-exit-on-stubborn-bengal-cong/articleshow/67764910.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2 February 2019|date=31 January 2019}}</ref> Na ntuli aka ahụ, Noor meriri Khagen Murmu nke Bharatiya Janata Party, onye ya na ya kacha nso site na votu 84,288. A gbara ya vootu 425,236.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maldaha Uttar Election Result 2019: BJP's Khagen Murmu defeats TMC MP Mausam Noor by 84,288 votes|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/maldaha-uttar-wb-election-2019-maldaha-uttar-election-results-political-parties-tmc-cpi-m-congress-bjp-mausam-noor-biswanath-ghosh-isha-khan-chowdhury/407692|publisher=Times Now|accessdate=29 May 2019|date=24 May 2019}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, pati ahụ mere ya onye isi oche nke otu distrikti Malda na 26 Mee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Defeated candidates get new roles in TMC|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/defeated-candidates-get-new-roles-in-tmc/cid/1691259|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=29 May 2019|date=26 May 2019}}</ref> Na ntuli aka Rajya SabhaRajya Sabha isi minista nke West Bengal [[Mamata Banerjee]] họpụtara Noor maka ntuli aka Raja Sabha site na West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/all-five-rajya-sabha-candidates-in-west-bengal-elected-unopposed/1772574|title=All five Rajya Sabha candidates in West Bengal elected unopposed|work=www.outlookindia.com|accessdate=20 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320034158/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/all-five-rajya-sabha-candidates-in-west-bengal-elected-unopposed/1772574|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/final-decision-on-mausam-noor-dinesh-bajajs-nominations-today-405496|title=Final decision on Mausam Noor, Dinesh Bajaj's nominations today|author=MP|first=Team|date=16 March 2020|work=www.millenniumpost.in|language=en|accessdate=20 March 2020}}</ref> == Echiche == Noor kwadoro njikọ aka n'etiti West Bengal Pradesh Congress na Trinamool Congress iji lụso Bharatiya Janata Party ọgụ. Otú ọ dị, onye isi nke Pradesh Congress [[Somen Mitra]] jụrụ aro ahụ n'ihi na ha chọsiri ike ịmekọrịta ya na ndị Communist Party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/state/mausam-benazir-noor-wants-alliance-between-congress-trinamool_225612.html|publisher=[[Zee News]]|accessdate=2 February 2019|language=bn|date=1 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mausam Noor pitches for alliance with TMC, others disagree|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/mausam-noor-pitches-for-alliance-with-tmc-others-disagree-1502703893.html|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|accessdate=2 February 2019|date=2 November 2018}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018, o degaara ma ndị Communist Party of India (Marxist) na Trinamool Congress akwụkwọ ozi, na-arịọ ha ka ha kwado ndị otu ''panchayat'' nke pati ya ka ha guzobe ọchịchị ''panchayat'' n'ime obodo ebe ndị otu Congress nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu. Na nzaghachi, o kwere nkwa na pati ya ga-akwadokwa pati abụọ a iji guzobe ọchịchị ''panchayat'' n'ime obodo ebe ha nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu. O kwuru na ọ chọrọ igbochi Bharatiya Janata Party, iji guzobe ọchịchị ''panchayat'' n'ime obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lala|first=Lipesh|url=https://ebela.in/state/mausam-benazir-noor-calls-for-grand-alliance-to-stop-bjp-from-forming-panchayat-boards-dgtl-1.854234|work=[[Ebela]]|accessdate=2 February 2019|language=bn|date=27 August 2018}}</ref> == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9g6ozxffmabzmo1560k0m0pj4v29xzg 0 52163 728073 707968 2026-09-26T03:13:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|website=}} '''Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou''' (Arabic; amụrụ n'April 3, 1968 wee nwụọ Septemba 17, 2024) bụ ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ọgụgụ isi ọha. Onye nkuzi nke Mahadum Harvard, Mohamedou bụ Prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa na Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies na Geneva.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://graduateinstitute.ch/corporate/resources/calendarofevents_en.html?evenementId=105175|title=The Graduate Institute, Geneva – Calendar of events|publisher=Graduateinstitute.ch|date=November 18, 2010|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002065125/http://graduateinstitute.ch/corporate/resources/calendarofevents_en.html?evenementId=105175|archivedate=October 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.graduateinstitute.ch/development/development/etudes/page9718.html|title=IA006 : Understanding Terrorism: History, Perspectives and New Challenges|publisher=Graduateinstitute.ch|date=August 30, 2010|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009140917/http://www.graduateinstitute.ch/development/development/etudes/page9718.html|archivedate=October 9, 2011}}</ref> nke ọ bụ osote onye nduzi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/discover-institute/leadership|title=Leadership &#124; IHEID}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya na ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, iwu obodo, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekọrịta mba ụwa. Ọ bụ onye so na Center on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding na Albert Hirschman Center on Democracy na a na-ewere ya dị ka onye isi ọkachamara mba ụwa na ụdị ọhụrụ nke iyi ọha egwu transnational.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsr.ch/decouverte/dossiers/2011/terrorisme/|title=découverte – dossiers – 2011 – terrorisme|publisher=tsr.ch|date=August 30, 2011|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=September 10, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910104417/http://www.tsr.ch/decouverte/dossiers/2011/terrorisme/}}</ref> Mohamedou bụkwa prọfesọ nleta na Sciences Po Paris na Doctoral School. N'oge gara aga, ọ bụ osote onye nduzi na onye isi agụmakwụkwọ nke Geneva Center for Security Policy. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ofesi na imekọ ihe ọnụ nke Mauritania site na 2008 ruo 2009. == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na nke mmekọrịta mba na mba == [[Usòrò:Mohammad-Mahmoud_Mohamedou.jpeg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou na 1997, Mahadum Harvard]] A mụrụ Mohamedou na Atar, Mauritania na Eprel 3, 1968. O tolitere na Paris, Madrid, na New York ebe nna ya bụ onye nnọchianya na United Nations. Na Spain, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Lycée Français de Madrid ebe ọ nwetara Baccalaureate na Economic and Social Sciences na 1986. Na France, ọ natara Diploma d'Etudes Universitaires Generales (DEUG) na International Law na Pantheon-Sorbonne University Paris I. na 1988. Na United States, o nwetara nzere bachelọ na International Relations na Hunter College dị na New York n'afọ 1991. O nwetara nzere Master's in International Relations na 1993 na Ph.D. na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum City nke New York Graduate Center na 1996. N'ebe ahụ ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Arthur Schlesinger, Dankwart Rustow, Ralph Miliband, Irving Leonard Markowitz, Jacqueline Braveboy-Wagner, Stanley Renshon, Kenneth Sherrill, na Kenneth Erickson. Howard Lentner na-elekọta ya, akwụkwọ nyocha doctoral ya nọ na "Nchebe Ọchịchị na Ọchịchị: Ọmụmụ Ihe Mkpebi Iraq mere n'oge Agha Ọwara nke Abụọ nke 1991". Na 1997, ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta Post-doctoral na Center for Middle Eastern Studies nke Harvard University na-arụ ọrụ na Roger Owen, na 1998 a họpụtara Research Associate na Ralph Bunche Institute na United Nations na New York, mgbe ahụ Benjamin Rivlin duziri. . Mohamedou bụ onye nduzi nyocha na International Council on Human Rights Policy, nke dị na Geneva, site na 1998 ruo 2004, ebe ọ na-ahụ maka nyocha na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ Maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, na mgbasa ozi gbasara ihe ndị ru ruuru mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ichrp.org/en/projects/102|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513013004/http://www.ichrp.org/en/projects/102|archivedate=May 13, 2008|title=National human rights institutions: effectiveness and legitimacy|publisher=Ichrp.org|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ichrp.org/en/projects/106|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511215506/http://www.ichrp.org/en/projects/106|archivedate=May 11, 2008|title=Media: reporting human rights issues|publisher=Ichrp.org|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref> O so dee akụkọ abụọ banyere nnọgidesi ike na mgbanwe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nchụpụ agbụrụ na akụ na ụba., na na mwepu agbụrụ na akụ na ụba.,[9] nke ewepụtara na Nzukọ Ụwa maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Durban, South Africa na Septemba 2001. Site na 2004 ruo 2008, Mohamedou bụ osote onye nduzi nke mmemme na Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research na Mahadum Harvard ebe o guzobere Transnational and Non-State Armed Groups Project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tagsproject.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page.viewpage&pageid=640|title=Staff|publisher=Tagsproject.org|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830112508/http://tagsproject.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page.viewpage&pageid=640|archivedate=August 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tagsproject.org/|title=Transnational and Non-State Armed Groups Project|publisher=Tagsproject.org|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=September 25, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925172303/http://www.tagsproject.org/}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya na onye isi nke imekọ ihe ọnụ na Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation na Mauritania na 2008, ma mesịakwa minista nke mba ofesi na imekọ ihe ọnụ. Ọ laghachiri na agụmakwụkwọ na 2009. Mohamedou na-akụzi na Ngalaba Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies na Geneva kemgbe afọ 2010, ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke ngalaba ahụ site na 2017 ruo 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/academic-departments/faculty/mohamed-mahmoud-mohamedou|title=Mohamed Mahmoud MOHAMEDOU &#124; IHEID|work=www.graduateinstitute.ch}}</ref> bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke ngalaba ahụ site na 2017 ruo 2021. Ọ bụ osote onye isi na onye ntụzi nkuzi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Institute of International and Development Studies. Ọ bụ osote onye isi na onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ nke Geneva Center for Security Policy si 2014 ruo 2017. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na Doctoral School na Sciences Po Paris kemgbe 2013 ma na-akụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ okpomọkụ na London School of Economics and Political Science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/2019-senior-level-course-conflict-and-humanitarian-response|title=2019 senior-level course on conflict and humanitarian response|work=ODI|accessdate=2024-09-16|archivedate=2021-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218230132/https://www.odi.org/2019-senior-level-course-conflict-and-humanitarian-response}}</ref> Mohamedou bụ prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Milan na 2014-2017. Ọ na-anọdụ na kọmitii sayensị nke Middle East Programme nke European University Institute na na kọmpat nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Relations Internationales, Middle East Law and Governance, Etudes Internationales.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190529122445/http://middleeastdirections.eu/scientific-committee/ Scientific Committee]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/academic-departments/international-history/revue-relations-internationales|title=Revue Relations internationales &#124; IHEID|work=www.graduateinstitute.ch|accessdate=2024-09-16|archivedate=2021-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228192348/https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/academic-departments/international-history/revue-relations-internationales}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/melg/melg-overview.xml|title=Middle East Law and Governance|work=Brill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cogitatiopress.com/politicsandgovernance/about/editorialTeam|title=Editorial Team &#124; Peer-Reviewed Open Access Journal &#124; Cogitatio Press|work=www.cogitatiopress.com}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2014, ọ bụ onye kọmishọna na West Africa Commission on Drugs (WACD) nke onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations bụ Kofi Annan họpụtara, na, kemgbe 2017, onye so na High-Level Panel on Migration nke United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) na African Union guzobere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wacommissionondrugs.org/profiles-of-commissioners/|title=COMMISSIONERS' BIOGRAPHIES &#124; West African Drugs Commission|date=May 20, 2022}}</ref> == Dị ka onye edemede == Mohamedou dere akwụkwọ nwere mmetụta na Al Qaeda nke isiokwu ya bụ Understanding Al Qaeda: The Transformation of War nke e bipụtara na 2006 (na United Kingdom) site na Pluto Press, na 2007 (na United States) nke University of Pennsylvania Press. Ụdị agbasawanye na nke edegharịrị aha ya bụ Understanding Al Qaeda: Changing War and Global Politics E wepụtara na 2011. Nnyocha nke akwụkwọ ahụ gosipụtara ọdịdị ọhụrụ ya, "ụzọ na-enye ume ọhụrụ na nke ezi uche dị na ya", na asụsụ dị nkọ nke na-echetara onye nkatọ Slavoj Žižek. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.terrorisme.net/p/article_228.shtml|title=>> Al Qaïda: une analyse qui renouvelle nos perspectives – Au sujet du livre de Mohammed-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou|publisher=Terrorisme|date=June 5, 2007|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou|url=http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/23663240|title=zack (San Jose, CA)'s review of Understanding Al Qaeda: The Transformation of War|publisher=Goodreads.com|date=June 3, 2008|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref> Mahadum Columbia Mahmood Mamdani kwuru na "Mohamedou na-enye nghọta dị mkpa nke ụwa nke Al Qaeda. N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị edemede, ọ na-ekwusi ike ịghọta mgbanwe mgbanwe nke okwu Al Qaeda megide akụkọ ihe mere eme ". ebe Abdullahi An-Naim nke Mahadim nke Emory gosipụtara "nnyocha dị ọcha" nke Mohamedou dị ka "agụ ihe dị mkpa".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Abbott|first=Carl|url=http://www.powells.com/biblio/7-9780745325927-1|title=Understanding Al Qaeda: The Transformation of War by Moha Ould Mohamedou – Powell's Books|publisher=Powells.com|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.plutobooks.com/display.asp?K=9780745325927&|title=Pluto Press – Understanding Al Qaeda|publisher=Plutobooks.com|date=October 20, 2006|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=September 27, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927103352/http://www.plutobooks.com/display.asp?K=9780745325927&}}</ref> Otu onye nyocha kwuru na: "[Mohamedou] ewepụtala echiche ọhụrụ kpamkpam banyere isiokwu ahụ. Nke a na-eme ka akwụkwọ ahụ bụrụ ihe a ga-agụ, maka ndị ọkà mmụta yana ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa. " N'ezie, nkwenye siri ike nke Mohamedou na-emeso Al Qaeda dị ka otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa okpukpe emeela ka a mara ya dị ka "ma eleghị anya onye mbụ nwere nnwere onwe ịnwa ịghọta Al Qaeda kpamkpam. " <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nazre Imam|url=http://www.futureislam.com/20070501/reviews/asmerbeg/Understanding_Al-Qaeda.asp|title=Review: Understanding Al-Qaeda|publisher=Futureislam.com|date=September 11, 2001|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003161449/http://www.futureislam.com/20070501/reviews/asmerbeg/Understanding_Al-Qaeda.asp|archivedate=October 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://leninology.blogspot.com/2006/11/al-qaeda-is-misunderstood_22.html|title=LENIN'S TOMB: Al Qaeda is Misunderstood|publisher=Leninology.blogspot.com|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref> Na 2017, Mohamedou gbasaa nyocha ya nke Al Qaeda site n'inyocha ihe gbasara Islamic State na A Theory of ISIS: Ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgbanwe nke usoro ụwa. Pluto Press bipụtara na United Kingdom na Mahadum Chicago Press dị na United States, akwụkwọ a nyere echiche izizi zuru oke nke agụmakwụkwọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ISIS. Prọfesọ Hamid Dabashi nke Mahadum Columbia kpọrọ ya "ọrụ mgbagha nke echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị."Nnyocha nke akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na "ọrụ Mohamedou jupụtara n'oghere... echiche ya dị oke egwu banyere akwụkwọ ndị dị na IS na-enye echiche ọhụrụ banyere mmalite na ọdịda nke otu ahụ. Mohamedou na-enye ihe pụrụ iche, nke akụkọ ihe mere eme iji ghọta ihe kpatara ịrị elu nke IS... onyinye dị mkpa na nyocha iyi ọha egwu. " <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plutobooks.com/9781786801708/a-theory-of-isis|title=A Theory of ISIS|work=Pluto Press}}</ref>[and]<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2018.1492187|title=A theory of ISIS: political violence and the transformation of the global order, by Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou, London, Pluto Press, 2018, Rs. 1,520, Kindle edition. {{text|ISBN:}} 9781786801708|first=Saloni|author=Kapur|date=January 2, 2019|journal=Critical Studies on Terrorism|volume=12|issue=1|pages=180–181|doi=10.1080/17539153.2018.1492187}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ rụtụrụ aka n'akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "ederede nuanced na-enye ume ọhụrụ ... [ihe] ọgụgụ dị mkpa nye onye ọ bụla chọrọ ịghọta ihe ngosi ISIS karịrị echiche agha na nchekwa mba kwa ụbọchị nke bịara na-achịkwa ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka banyere otu ahụ. ... Mmanye echiche na ntụgharị uche bụ ike kachasị ike Mohamedou".<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Theory of ISIS: Political Violence and the Transformation of the Global Order - Review - Middle East Media and Book Reviews|url=http://middleeastreviewsonline.com/membr_review/theory-isis-political-violence-transformation-global-order/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180145/http://middleeastreviewsonline.com/membr_review/theory-isis-political-violence-transformation-global-order/|work=middleeastreviewsonline.com|archivedate=2 July 2018}}</ref> Mohamedou "na-enye echiche doro anya banyere mmalite, ọdịdị, na ụzọ nke ihe bụ otu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu kachasị ike n'ụwa. N'ime nke a, [ọ] na-eweta sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ime echiche nke ihe a na-akpọ Islamic State, karịa ọdịdị ya kpọmkwem na nke Islamist. "[he]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/76391?lang=en|title=What Book on the Broader Middle East, New or Old, Do You Recommend As Summer Reading?|work=Carnegie Middle East Center}}</ref> Mohamedou bụkwa onye dere Iraq na Agha Gulf nke Abụọ: State-Building and Regime Security . N'ịbụ nke Austin & Winfeld bipụtara na 1998 na San Francisco ma bipụtaghachi na 2002, a na-ewere akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "ihe nlereanya maka ọmụmụ ọzọ gbasara Gulf War". Na French, Mohamedou dere Contre-Croisade: Origines et Conséquences du 11 Septembre, nyocha miri emi nke ihe ndị mere na mgbe mwakpo September 11 gasịrị, bụ nke l'Harmattan bipụtara na Paris na 2004 wee maliteghachi na 2011 n'okpuru. aha Contre-Croisade: Le 11 Septembre et le Retournement du Monde. E bipụtara nsụgharị Arabic n'afọ 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/EXERES/2F3161A5-9827-41F3-B081-6D7F22E3709B.htm|title=المعرفة – كتب – عروض كتب – الهجمة المضادة للحملة الصليبية|publisher=Aljazeera.net|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alraimedia.com/Alrai/Article.aspx?id=232823&date=19102010|title=جريدة الراي – ثقافة – "الهجمة المضادة للحملة الصليبية" – - 19/10/2010|publisher=Alraimedia.com|date=October 19, 2010|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=October 4, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004223623/http://www.alraimedia.com/Alrai/Article.aspx?id=232823&date=19102010}}</ref> O nyela isiakwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị The Handbook of Political Science: A Global Perspective (Sage, 2020) The Routledge Handbook of South-South Relations (Routledge, 2019), Orientalismes/Occidentalismes: A Propos de L'Oeuvre d'Edward Said (Hermann, 2018), The UN and the Global South, 1945 and the Global Perspectives, Raking the Gap: African Conflict Management in a Time of Change (CIGI, 2016), World) Nkwurement, Contemporary Press, World (Cau Men), World (CIGCaule Men), World Reconnect Management, World (M), World (Mess, Contemporary, World) (Caule World) (M), 2013), World Reconceptional Press, La Guerre (Cau, Canada, Canada, World<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o7aTmxB63ycC&dq=violent+non-state+actors+in+world+politics+mohamedou&pg=PA207|title=Violent Non-State Actors in World ... – Kledja Mulaj – Google Books|accessdate=October 19, 2011|isbn=9780231701204|author=Mulaj|first=Kledja|year=2010}}</ref> O bipụtara akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ na Third World Quarterly, Harvard Human Rights Journal, Relations Internationales, La Revue Internationale et Strategique, Esprit, The Muslim World, Europe's World, na The Buffalo Human Rights Review. Otu n'ime ọrụ ya kacha emetụta bụ ọmụmụ banyere mmụgharị nke ụdị agha ọgbara ọhụrụ na ịrị elu nke iyi ọha egwu transnational nke Mahadum Harvard bipụtara na 2005 nke isiokwu ya bụ "Non-Linearity of Engagement", nke sitere na op-ed si nweta ma bipụta ya na The New York Times[32] na The Boston Globe. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/15/opinion/15iht-edmoha.html|title=Time to talk to Al Qaeda? – The New York Times|work=The New York Times|date=September 16, 2005|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/09/14/time_to_talk_to_al_qaeda/|title=Time to talk to Al Qaeda? – The Boston Globe|work=Boston Globe|date=September 14, 2005|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120627/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/09/14/time_to_talk_to_al_qaeda/|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'imelite Martin Van Creveld's 1991 "The Transformation of War" na Herfried Munkler's 2005 "The New Wars", a na-eto ọrụ Mohamedou dị ka otu n'ime nyocha sayensị kachasị nghọta na nke dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Al Qaeda, na-enyocha karịsịa usoro nke franchising ya, site na ihe ọ kpọrọ 'nne Al Qaeda' (Al Qaeda al Oum), ma na-enyochaa mmetụta ogologo oge nke ụdị ọhụrụ nke iyi ọha egwu na eze, nke ISIS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/conflict-terrorism/asymmetry_4195.jsp|title=The dividends of asymmetry: al-Qaida's evolving strategy|publisher=openDemocracy|date=December 18, 2006|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_terror/real_al_qaida|title=Towards the real al-Qaida|publisher=openDemocracy|date=September 10, 2007|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=January 11, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111132214/http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_terror/real_al_qaida}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Militarization of Islamism: Al-Qā'ida and Its Transnational Challenge|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_muslim-world_2011-04_101_2/page/307|date=April 27, 2011|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2011.01358.x|volume=101|issue=2|journal=The Muslim World|pages=307–323|author=Mohamedou|first=Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould}}</ref> Mohamedou edewokwa banyere okwu ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ gụnyere Le Monde Le Monde Diplomatique; na Libération pụtara na BBC World News, BBC2, Al Jazeera, Al Jazeèra English, Voice of America, Radio France Internationale, France 2, France3, France 24 Deutsche Welle, VPRO46] Swiss telivishọn, Swiss Radio na ABC News na-ede na "The post-blogger na American<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/imprimer/article/2011/03/07/1489526.html|title=Imprimer|publisher=Le Monde.fr|date=January 31, 2011|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=247636|title=Démocratisation de façade au Maghreb|work=Le Monde|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.liberation.fr/monde/01012308572-les-visages-changeants-du-nouveau-terrorisme|title=Les visages changeants du nouveau terrorisme – Libération|work=Libération|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x462nx_mm-mohamedou-on-9-11-fifth-annivers_news|title=MM Mohamedou on 9/11 fifth anniversary – a Nieuws & Politiek video|publisher=Dailymotion|date=January 26, 2008|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mots-croises.france2.fr/index-fr.php?page=accueil&onglet=debats&id_rubrique=38|title=Mots CroisĂŠs – Accueil – France2|publisher=Mots-croises.france2.fr|date=December 23, 2010|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822130518/http://mots-croises.france2.fr/index-fr.php?page=accueil&onglet=debats&id_rubrique=38|archivedate=August 22, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41Onmn2pw0U|title=Mohamedou chez Taddei "L'Empire a une Adresse" Enorme...|publisher=YouTube|date=April 14, 2011|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ce-soir-ou-jamais.france3.fr/index-fr.php?page=emission&id_rubrique=263|title=L'émission du lundi 21 avril – Ce soir ou jamais – France 3|publisher=Ce-soir-ou-jamais.france3.fr|date=March 26, 2009|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=July 20, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720220625/http://ce-soir-ou-jamais.france3.fr/index-fr.php?page=emission&id_rubrique=263}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsceaOm1p-M|title=CSOJ – Terrorisme l'Europe menacée par l'AQMI – 04.10.10 – 1/5|publisher=YouTube|date=February 26, 2006|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20110816-africa-libya-gaddafi-rebels-tripoli-scud-nato|title=Rebels continue push toward capital Tripoli – LIBYA|date=August 16, 2011|publisher=FRANCE 24|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|url=http://tegenlicht.vpro.nl/afleveringen/2005-2006/onderhandelen-met-al-qaeda.html|title=Onderhandelen met Al Qaeda|publisher=Tegenlicht|date=February 17, 2010|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=September 29, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929173922/http://tegenlicht.vpro.nl/afleveringen/2005-2006/onderhandelen-met-al-qaeda.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsr.ch/video/info/journal-12h45/2974682-chaos-en-libye-entretien-avec-mohammad-mahmoud-ould-mohamedou-expert-centre-politiques-de-securite-geneve.html#id=2974682|title=Chaos en Libye: entretien avec Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou, expert Centre politiques de sécurité, Genève – tsr.ch – vidéo – info – 12:45 le journal|publisher=tsr.ch|date=February 22, 2011|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=October 5, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005120709/http://www.tsr.ch/video/info/journal-12h45/2974682-chaos-en-libye-entretien-avec-mohammad-mahmoud-ould-mohamedou-expert-centre-politiques-de-securite-geneve.html#id=2974682}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://infrarouge.tsr.ch/ir/1821-laden-mort-maintenant#id=3119557|title=Ben Laden mort: et maintenant? – tsr.ch – Infrarouge – Forums|publisher=Infrarouge|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=September 30, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930154649/http://infrarouge.tsr.ch/ir/1821-laden-mort-maintenant#id=3119557}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsr.ch/video/info/journal-12h45/3115539-mort-d-oussama-ben-laden-l-analyse-de-mohammad-mahmoud-ould-mohamedou-enseignant-iheid-et-chercheur-au-centre-de-politique-et-de-securite.html#id=3115539|title=Mort d'Oussama Ben Laden: l'analyse de Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou, enseignant IHEID et chercheur au Centre de politique et de sécurité – tsr.ch – vidéo – info – 12:45 le journal|publisher=tsr.ch|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=May 8, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508231850/http://www.tsr.ch/video/info/journal-12h45/3115539-mort-d-oussama-ben-laden-l-analyse-de-mohammad-mahmoud-ould-mohamedou-enseignant-iheid-et-chercheur-au-centre-de-politique-et-de-securite.html#id=3115539}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://infrarouge.tsr.ch/#id=2976076|title=Tous les débats d'Infrarouge|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303104723/http://infrarouge.tsr.ch/#id=2976076|archivedate=March 3, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsr.ch/video/info/#nav=info/journal-12h45/;id=2963260|title=vidéo – info|publisher=tsr.ch|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=October 10, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010131331/http://www.tsr.ch/video/info/#nav=info/journal-12h45/;id=2963260}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsr.ch/emissions/religion/faut-pas-croire/2635212-faut-pas-croire.html|title=Faut pas croire – tsr.ch – émissions – religion – faut pas croire|publisher=tsr.ch|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=November 25, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125040241/http://www.tsr.ch/emissions/religion/faut-pas-croire/2635212-faut-pas-croire.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsr.ch/#/la-1ere/programmes/forum/|title=rts.ch - Radio Télévision Suisse|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/switzerland/geneva-based-prof-says-al-quaeda-cells-more-menaci.shtml?24635|title=WRS &#124; Geneva-based prof says Al Quaeda{{sic|hide=y}} cells more menacing after Bin Laden's death|publisher=Worldradio.ch|date=May 16, 2011|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009053032/http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/switzerland/geneva-based-prof-says-al-quaeda-cells-more-menaci.shtml?24635|archivedate=October 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=rustyjames777|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_l3AM81ufM|title=MM Mohamedou on Islamic Cartoons Affair|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=2673347&page=1|title=Election of Hamas Presents New Opportunity – ABC News|publisher=Abcnews.go.com|date=November 22, 2006|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2006/06/mohammad_mohame_2/|title=Mohammad Mohamedou: The Meaning of al Zarqawi's Death|publisher=The Washington Note|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2006/06/mohammad_mohame/|title=Mohammad Mohamedou: "Ethical Training" – What about Moral Leadership?|publisher=The Washington Note|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/001426.php|title=Mohammad Mohamedou:: The 1970s Redux – In Politics and at the Movies|publisher=The Washington Note|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2011/06/which_summer_fo/|title=Which Summer for the Arab Spring?|publisher=The Washington Note|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref> Onye na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha, Mohamedou jere ozi na kansụl ndụmọdụ nke Dart Center for Journalism na onye ndụmọdụ na Small Arms Survey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.casaarabe-ieam.es/casa-arabe-tv/show/312?pes=2|title=Casa Árabe|publisher=Casaarabe-ieam.es|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921081237/http://www.casaarabe-ieam.es/casa-arabe-tv/show/312?pes=2|archivedate=September 21, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culture-rencontre.ch/conferences/actu0411.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=June 13, 2011|archivedate=March 25, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325162248/http://www.culture-rencontre.ch/conferences/actu0411.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dartcenter.org/council|title=Advisory Council &#124; Dart Center for Journalism & Trauma|publisher=Dartcenter.org|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007025551/http://dartcenter.org/council|archivedate=October 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/about-us/staff.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125024823/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/about-us/staff.html|archivedate=November 25, 2010|title=Staff|publisher=Small Arms Survey|date=October 4, 2011|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref> == Onyinye na ihe nrite == N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2016, magazin New African kpọrọ Mohamedou aha n'etiti ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ n'Afrịka iri ise. Na Nọvemba 2017, kọleji de France nyere Mohamedou ihe nrite nnabata ya na emume nkuzi o nyere na Amphithéâtre Marguerite de Navarre-Marcelin Berthelot na Paris, France.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.college-de-france.fr/site/henry-laurens/guestlecturer-2017-11-29-17h30.htm|title=Henry Laurens - Histoire contemporaine du monde arabe|language=fr|work=college-de-france.fr|date=September 14, 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye natara onyinye International Studies Association (ISA) Global South Caucus Distinguished Scholar Award na 2020-2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/communications/news/professor-mohamedou-receives-international-studies-association-global-south|title=Professor Mohamedou Receives International Studies Association Global South Distinguished Scholar Award &#124; IHEID|work=www.graduateinstitute.ch}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2022, o kwuru okwu nke anọ na Max Planck Foundation for International Peace and the Rule of Law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mpfpr.de/2022/05/31/prof-mohamed-mahmoud-mohamedou/|title=Prof. Mohamed Mahmoud Mohamedou delivers the Fourth 'Perspectives' Lecture at the Max Planck Foundation – Max Planck Foundation for International Peace and the Rule of Law}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == nke a na-egosi ọrụ Mohamedou. Onye na-eduzi Dan Davies nke Blackleaf Films, ihe nkiri nke nkeji 26 na Mohamedou na-eme njem gburugburu ụwa ka ọ na-ezute ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị ọkachamara, na ụmụ akwụkwọ iji kwurịta ajụjụ nke extremism ime ihe ike. N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, Mohamedou na-enye nkọwa dị oke egwu na mgbagha nchekwa na egwuregwu ụwa niile kemgbe 9/11, yana ọkachasị ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa steeti ndị uwe ojii na iwu nke iyi ọha egwu / ime ihe ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/12/19/deciphering-the-extremism-narrative|title=Deciphering the extremism narrative|first=Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould|author=Mohamedou|work=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama == * Ihe owuwu steeti na Middle East na North Africa: Otu narị afọ nke ịhụ mba n'anya, okpukpe, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (IB Tauris Bloomsbury, 2021) * A Theory of ISIS: Political Violence and the Transformation of the Global Order (University of Chicago Press and Pluto Press, 2017) <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Theory of ISIS: Political Violence and the Global Order, Mohamedou|url=http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/T/bo27405381.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512090650/http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/T/bo27405381.html|work=press.uchicago.edu|archivedate=12 May 2017}}</ref> * ''Ịghọta Al Qaeda: Mgbanwe Agha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụwa'' (Pluto Press, London 2011) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.plutobooks.com/display.asp?K=9780745331676&|title=Pluto Press - Advanced Search|publisher=|accessdate=2024-09-16|archivedate=2014-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914100610/http://www.plutobooks.com/display.asp?K=9780745331676&}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.terrorisme.net/2007/06/21/al-qaida-une-analyse-qui-renouvelle-nos-perspectives-au-sujet-du-livre-de-mohammed-mahmoud-ould-mohamedou/|title=Jean-Marc Flükiger|date=June 20, 2007|publisher=}}</ref> * ''Iraq na Agha Gulf nke Abụọ: Iwu ala na Nchebe Ọchịchị'' (Austin na Winfeld, San Francisco 2002) <ref>{{Cite book|title=Iraq and the Second Gulf War|url=https://archive.org/details/iraqsecondgulfwa0000moha|first=Mohammad-Mahmoud|author=Mohamedou|date=December 1, 2001|publisher=Austin & Winfield Publishers|isbn=978-1572920965}}</ref> * ''Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu'' (Routledge, London 2016) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routledge.com/Democratisation-in-the-21st-Century-Reviving-Transitology/Mohamedou-Sisk/p/book/9781138673823|title=Democratisation in the 21st Century: Reviving Transitology (Hardback) - Routledge|publisher=}}</ref> * Agha Agha Ntụte: Septemba 11 na Nlaghachi nke Ụwa (L'Harmattan, Paris 2011) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=livre&no=34482&razSqlClone=1|title=Contre-Croisade - Le 11 septembre et le retournement du monde - Seconde édition mise à jour et augmentée, Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou - livre, ebook, epub|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oumma.com/Contre-croisade-le-11-Septembre-et|title="Contre-croisade, le 11 Septembre et le retournement du monde" : une nouvelle version passionnante|author=Oumma|date=July 5, 2011|publisher=}}</ref> * ''Uto na Ọdịda nke Al Qaeda'' (2011) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gcsp.ch/Resources-Publications/Publications/GCSP-Publications/Geneva-Papers/Research-Series/The-Rise-and-Fall-of-Al-Qaeda-Lessons-in-Post-September-11-Transnational-Terrorism|title=Geneva Centre for Security Policy - GCSP / Resources & Publications / Publications / GCSP Publications / Geneva Papers / Research Series / The Rise and Fall of al Qaeda: Lessons in Post-September 11 Transnational Terrorism|accessdate=August 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928165719/http://www.gcsp.ch/Resources-Publications/Publications/GCSP-Publications/Geneva-Papers/Research-Series/The-Rise-and-Fall-of-Al-Qaeda-Lessons-in-Post-September-11-Transnational-Terrorism|archivedate=September 28, 2011}}</ref> * Non-Linearity of Engagement (Harvard University 2005) <ref>[http://www.hpcrresearch.org/sites/default/files/publications/Non-Linearity_of_Engagement.pdf Non-Linearity of Engagement] Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research. Harvard University</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hpcr.org/pdfs/guerre_non_lineaire.pdf|title=Reprinted and translated in A Contrario|publisher=|accessdate=2024-09-16|archivedate=2024-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918063842/http://www.hpcr.org/pdfs/guerre_non_lineaire.pdf}}</ref> * Ihe ịma aka nke Transnational Non-State Armed Groups (Harvard University 2007) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tagsproject.org/_data/global/images/Report_Empowered_Groups_Nov2007.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618210937/http://www.tagsproject.org/_data/global/images/Report_Empowered_Groups_Nov2007.pdf|archivedate=June 18, 2022|title=Tag project – Weapons are like money; no one knows the meaning of enough.|publisher=}}</ref> == Isiokwu ndị ọzọ == * Harvard Human Rights Journal mbipụta pụrụ iche nke afọ 20 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/hrj/iss20/mohamedou.pdf|title=Harvard Law School Human Rights Journal -|publisher=}}</ref> * Harvard Human Rights Journal <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/hrj/iss18/cavallaro.pdf|title=Harvard Law School Human Rights Journal -|publisher=}}</ref> * Harvard Gazette<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/08/looking-at-war-through-a-legal-lens/|title=Looking at war through a legal lens|date=August 23, 2007|publisher=}}</ref> * Okwu ndị Alakụba<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://graduateinstitute.ch/Jahia/site/iheid/cache/bypass/lang/en/institute/news;jsessionid=3E4CC91CA68E2976D421231EAC918938?newsId=113492|title=The Graduate Institute, Geneva - Teaching and Research in International and Development Studies|publisher=|accessdate=2024-09-16|archivedate=2012-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002001715/http://graduateinstitute.ch/Jahia/site/iheid/cache/bypass/lang/en/institute/news;jsessionid=3E4CC91CA68E2976D421231EAC918938?newsId=113492}}</ref> * Ụwa<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/03/07/regardons-enfin-les-pays-arabes-autrement_1489526_3232.html|title=Regardons enfin les pays arabes autrement|work=Le Monde.fr|date=March 7, 2011|publisher=}}</ref> * Nnwere Onwe<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.liberation.fr/monde/01012308572-les-visages-changeants-du-nouveau-terrorisme|title=Les visages changeants du nouveau terrorisme|publisher=}}</ref> * Terrorism.net <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.terrorisme.net/2007/11/04/al-qaida-la-transformation-de-la-guerre-et-le-droit-international-entretien-avec-mohammad-mahmoud-ould-mohamedou/|title=Jean-Marc Flükiger|date=November 3, 2007|publisher=}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohamedou, Mohamed Mahmoud Ould}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fh53v0saujr6m2ia2i3we7soq317buf 0 52525 728169 719521 2026-09-26T10:56:48Z Andre Engels 66 Replaced content with " #REDIRECT [[101 Ikpu]]" 728169 wikitext text/x-wiki  #REDIRECT [[101 Ikpu]] 8gdtnm5c4oaw2dmwbhcgc796zthrfa7 728170 728169 2026-09-26T10:57:07Z Andre Engels 66 Redirected page to [[101 Ikpu]] 728170 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[101 Ikpu]] 10xvmgfror32xmfrz469yoqs36d0k7n 0 52621 727960 689643 2026-09-25T16:22:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Lena Sophie Oberdorf''' (amụrụ 19 Disemba 2001) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ German nke na-egwu egwuregwu bọọlụ Bundesliga Bayern Munich na otu mba Germany . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/lena-sophie-oberdorf/spielerin|title=Lena Sophie Oberdorf – Spielerinnenprofil|work=DFB Datencenter|language=de|accessdate=3 June 2019}}</ref> Onye ọkpụkpọ dị iche iche nke nwere ike igwu egwu n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche sitere na etiti-azụ, aka ekpe, onye na-agbachitere agbachitere na etiti etiti, Oberdorf na-ewere dịka otu n'ime ndị na-eto eto na-ekwe nkwa na bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-11|title=Lena Oberdorf 2019/20 - scout report|url=https://totalfootballanalysis.com/player-analysis/lena-oberdorf-2019-20-scout-report-tactical-analysis-tactics|accessdate=2022-06-18|work=Total Football Analysis Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ruszkai|first=Ameé|title=Lena Oberdorf: The jewel at the heart of German football|url=https://www.goal.com/story/nxgn-2020-oberdorf-en/index.html|accessdate=2022-06-18|work=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Oberdorf na-egwuri egwu ma bụrụ onye isi, otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwoke n'oge ntorobịa ya. Oberdorf malitere football na TuS Ennepetal. Dị ka [[:de:D-Jugend|onye ntorobịa D]], ọ gbanwere na TSG Sprockhövel, ebe ọ nọ na otu ụmụ nwoke ruo 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lena Oberdorf: Mit 16 bei der U 20-WM|url=http://www.dfb.de/news/detail/lena-oberdorf-mit-16-bei-der-u-20-wm-190876/|accessdate=2023-05-31|work=DFB – Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V.|language=de}}</ref> Ọ bụ naanị ya bụ nwa agbọghọ na German ntorobịa ọ na-egwuri na, dị ka onye isi nke TSG Sprockhövel . == Ọrụ klọb == === SGS Essen === Na Nọvemba 2017, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na Bundesliga club SGS Essen, nke dị irè site na okpomọkụ nke 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-06|title=U17-Europameisterin wechselt zur SGS Essen – Der Frauenfussball-Bundesligist aus Essen.|url=https://www.sgs-essen.de/aktuelles-rund-um-die-mannschaften/u17-europameisterin-wechselt-zur-sgs-essen-1698.html|accessdate=2023-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006234837/https://www.sgs-essen.de/aktuelles-rund-um-die-mannschaften/u17-europameisterin-wechselt-zur-sgs-essen-1698.html|archivedate=6 October 2018}}</ref> O mere SGS mpụta mbụ ya na 9 Septemba 2018 na agba nke abụọ nke DFB Cup megide SV Henstedt-Ulzburg, ebe ọ meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ abụọ ozugbo na mmeri 14–0. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu izu ka e mesịrị, na 15 September 2018 (ụbọchị egwuregwu 1), sochiri egwuregwu pụọ na MSV Duisburg na Bundesliga . Na egwuregwu a kwa, o nyere goolu abụọ na mmeri 4–0. '''Germany''' * Onye mmeri nke asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị UEFA : 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sanders|first=Emma|date=31 July 2022|title=England beat Germany to win first major women's trophy|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/62339532|accessdate=31 July 2022|publisher=BBC}}</ref> * UEFA Women's Nations League nke atọ: 2023–24 <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2024|title=Germany win Nations League play-off to reach Olympics|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68430606|accessdate=29 February 2024|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Onye''' * Uefa asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị na-eto eto nke asọmpi: 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=31 July 2022|title=Lena Oberdorf named UEFA Women's EURO 2022 Young Player of the Tournament|url=https://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/news/0277-15c1e55e9bb0-4e1d64fb1c52-1000--lena-oberdorf-named-uefa-women-s-euro-2022-young-player-of-the-/|accessdate=1 August 2022|work=UEFA.com|publisher=Union of European Football Associations|language=}}</ref> * Otu egwuregwu asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị UEFA : 2022 <ref name="tott">{{Cite web|date=2 August 2022|title=UEFA Women's EURO 2022 Team of the Tournament announced|url=https://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/news/0278-15c564ddb008-3d3141fa2848-1000--team-of-the-tournament/|accessdate=2 August 2022|work=UEFA.com}}</ref> * FIFA FIFPRO Ụwa Ụmụ nwanyị 11 : 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2023|title=Renard, Bronze and Morgan secure FIFPRO Women's 11 places|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifpro-womens-world-11-2022-bronze-endler-kerr-leon-morgan-mead-oberdorf-putellas-renard-walsh-williamson|accessdate=28 February 2023|work=FIFA|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association}}</ref> * UEFA Ụmụ nwanyị Under-17 asọmpi kacha mma: 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gladwell|first=Ben|title=2017: Lena Oberdorf|url=http://www.uefa.com/womensunder17/history/season=2017/goldenplayer/index.html|work=UEFA.com|language=en|date=21 August 2017|access-date=3 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915120736/http://www.uefa.com/womensunder17/history/season=2017/goldenplayer/index.html|archive-date=15 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ihe nrite Fritz Walter : Gold 2020, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wirtz, Katterbach und Oberdorf erhalten Fritz-Walter-Medaille in Gold|url=https://www.kicker.de/wirtz_katterbach_und_oberdorf_erhalten_fritz_walter_medaille_in_gold-782268/artikel|work=kicker|language=de-DE|date=19 August 2020}}</ref> Silver 2019, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/fritz-walter-medaille-in-gold-an-kuehn-buehl-und-adeyemi-206046/?no_cache=1&cHash=9a6c9edf5cc247b049fcf149f8948dcb|title=FRITZ-WALTER-MEDAILLE IN GOLD AN KÜHN, BÜHL UND ADEYEMI|language=de|publisher=[[German Football Association]]|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> Bronze 2018 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/fritz-walter-medaille-in-gold-an-havertz-katterbach-und-pawollek-190126/|title=FRITZ-WALTER-MEDAILLE IN GOLD AN HAVERTZ, KATTERBACH UND PAWOLLEK|language=de|publisher=[[German Football Association]]|date=9 August 2018|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> * IFFHS Otu Ụwa Ụmụ nwanyị : 2022, <ref>{{Cite web|title=IFFHS WOMEN'S WORLD TEAM 2022|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2466|accessdate=12 January 2023|publisher=IFFHS|date=12 January 2023|archivedate=1 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701122338/https://iffhs.com/posts/2466}}</ref> 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|date=4 January 2024|title=IFFHS WOMEN'S WORLD TEAM 2023|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/3298|accessdate=4 January 2024|work=IFFHS|archivedate=5 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105032424/https://iffhs.com/posts/3298}}</ref> == Ntụaka == ọkpụkpọ dị iche iche nke nwere ike igwu egwu n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche sitere na etiti-azụ, aka ekpe, onye na-agbachitere agbachitere na etiti{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://fcbayern.com/frauen/en/teams/first-team/lena-oberdorf Profaịlụ] na webụsaịtị FC Bayern Munich * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181006234914/https://www.uefa.com/womensunder17/history/season=2017/goldenplayer/index.html 2017: Lena Oberdorf], UEFA * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Dq_O6WU25w Interview mit Marina Hegering und Lena Oberdorf], DFB 7 Eprel 2019 * [https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/lena-sophie-oberdorf Lena Sophie Oberdorf] Getty * Lena Oberdorf [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] k4eenmwez99q22rj2cq39pvw3t0czxj 0 52723 727993 587897 2026-09-25T19:25:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727993 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Mabel_Grosvenor_at_Graduation_from_Johns_Hopkins,_1931.jpg|thumb|Mabel H. Grosvenor]] '''Mabel Harlakenden Grosvenor''' (Julaị 28, 1905 – Ọktoba 30, 2006) bụ onye dibia bekee n’Amerika amụrụ na Canada. Ọ bụ nwa nwa na odeakwụkwọ nke ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye ọsụ ụzọ telifon Alexander Graham Bell.[1] O biri na Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia na Washington, DC. Grosvenor lekọtara ụgbọ mmiri nke ihe nketa Bell nke Canada na Beinn Bhreagh, Baddeck, Nova Scotia, ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ma bụrụkwa Onye isi oche nsọpụrụ nke Alexander Graham Bell Club (nke tọrọ ntọala na 1891), ụlọ ọgbakọ ụmụ nwanyị kacha ochie na Canada. KlJuly 28, 1905 no ọb ahụ tolitere na ọgbakọ mmekọrịta malitere na Beinn Bhreagh, nke Mabel Bell, nwunye Alexander. Mgbe Grosvenor nwụrụ na 2006, mgbe ọ dị afọ 101, ọ ga-abụ na ọ bụ onye ikpeazụ dị ndụ nke mara onwe ya ma soro Alexander Graham Be rụọ ọrụ. == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Usòrò:Studio_portrait_of_Mabel_H._Grosvenor,_1912.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mabel Grosvenor na 1912 mgbe ọ dị afọ 7&nbsp;&nbsp;]] === Ndụ mbido === Grosvenor bụ nwa nke atọ n'ime ụmụ asaa Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor (1875-1966), nna nke foto akụkọ, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ oge niile nke National Geographic Magazine, na Elsie May Bell (1878-1964), Nwa mbụ amụrụ Alexander Graham Bell na Mabel Gardiner Hubbard.[1][2] Akpọrọ Grosvenor aha nne nne ya, Mabel, onye ntị chiri dara mgbe ọ dị afọ ise wee ghọọ, n'apọkrịfa, ihe kpatara onye ọlụlụ Mabel ji mepụta ekwentị.<ref name="Globe-2006.11.04">Martin, Sandra. "Mabel Grosvenor, Doctor 1905-2006", Toronto: ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', November 4, 2006, p.S.11. Proquest document ID: 383502285. Retrieved April 12, 2011.</ref> Ọ biri ma too na Beinn Bhreagh estate ebe a mụrụ ya, yana ụlọ ndị mụrụ ya dị nso na Dupont Circle na Washington, D.C. N'afọ 1912, ndị mụrụ ya kwagara n'otu nnukwu ugbo dị na North Bethesda, Maryland, n'ihe mechara bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Grosvenor.<ref name="Sullivan">Sullivan, Patricia. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002344/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/2006/11/09/mabel_grosvenor_101_doctor_granddaughter_of_inventor_bell/ Obituary: Mabel Grosvenor, 101, Doctor, Granddaughter Of Inventor Bell], ''[[Washington Post]]'', November 9, 2006. Retrieved via the Boston Globe at Boston.com on June 15, 2010.</ref> === Agụmakwụkwọ === A kọwara Grosvenor dị ka onye nwere ọgụgụ isi, obi umeala na nchekwube, ma ghọọ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mmemme ahụike nke Mahadum Johns Hopkins na Baltimore, Maryland.Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mbụ na Mount Holyoke College dị na Massachusetts, kọleji nka na-emesapụ aka maka ụmụ nwanyị na otu n'ime mahadum ndị “Seven Sisters” kacha ochie na United States.[1] Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'Ugwu Holyoke Phi Beta Kappa na 1927 wee gụchaa akara mmụta ahụike na 1931. Mgbe ahụ ọ ghọrọ dọkịta ụmụaka wee soro ụmụaka nwere nsogbu na Washington, D.C.'s Hospitallọ Ọgwụ ụmụaka, lara ezumike nká mgbe afọ 35 nke ọrụ gasịrị. === Ndụ onwe onye === Grosvenor alụghị di, enweghị ụmụ, mana ọ ghọrọ onye isi na-abụghị nke gọọmentị maka ihe dị ka ụmụ nwanne 60 na ụmụ nwanne nke ọtụtụ ọgbọ nke ụmụ Bell na Beinn Bhreagh, Baddeck, Nova Scotia. 'Aunty Mabel', dị ka ndị ikwu ya maara ya n'ụlọ ahụ, a na-ahụ ya dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke "ndị ndu n'ezinụlọ" na ụlọ Canada na US capitol. <ref name="Sullivan"/> N'etiti ndị obodo Baddeck, a maara ya dị ka 'Dr. Mabel'. <ref>CBC News. [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/dr-mabel-bell-s-granddaughter-dies-1.619268 Dr. Mabel, Bell's Granddaughter, Dies], CBC News website, October 31, 2006. Retrieved May 10, 2012.</ref> === Ọnwụ === N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ tara ahụhụ site na nkụchi obi nke nkụchi obi mana o kpebiri ịnọ na ụlọ Bell n'ihi mmekọrịta chiri anya ya na ndị obodo.[1][2] Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 101, n'ihi ọdịda iku ume na Ọktoba 30, 2006, na ala Bell dị nso na Baddeck.[2] E mere ememe olili ozu maka ya na November 4, 2006, na Greenwood United Church na Baddeck, na e mere emume ncheta maka ya obere oge ka e mesịrị na Washington, D.C. == Onye akaebe maka ihe ndị e mepụtara, nchọpụta na akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Bell_family_at_memorial_with_Bell_Mem_Assoc_(cropped).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Grosvenor, n'ahịrị n'ihu, n'aka ekpe, na mmeghe nke Bell Telephone Memorial na 1917. N'aka nri bụ isi iyi aha ya na nne nne ya, Mabel Hubbard (Mrs. Alexander Graham Bell), na nne ya Elsie May Grosvenor. Alexander Graham Bell, nna nna ya, bụ n'azụ, n'etiti. (Ekele: Bell Homestead National Historic Site) ]] Grosvenor na nna nna ya nwere njikọ chiri anya site na ikwu, na ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ ya. Ọ nọrọ ogologo oge na ya na Beinn Bhreagh estate na Washington, D.C., yana n'oge njem mba ụwa ya, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka ikike na Bell nye ndị nta akụkọ na ndị edemede na-achọ nkọwa zuru ezu banyere onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-emepụta ihe.<ref name="Bethune-2006">Bethune, Jocelyn. "Alexander Graham Bell’s Granddaughter Dies At 101", Halifax, Nova Scotia: ''[[The Chronicle Herald]]'', October 31, 2006. Retrieved June 15, 2010.</ref> Otu n'ime ihe ndị mbụ o chetara nna nna ya bụ oge mgbịrịgba hụrụ ụmụ ụmụ ha iri. Onye mmeri nke Pulitzer na onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Robert V. Bruce, onye edemede nke ọrụ kachasị ike na Bell, kọwara ya dị ka onye nwere "ịdị ebube nke Moses na ịdị mma nke Santa Claus." Enwere ọtụtụ oge ọṅụ mgbe ụmụ ụmụ ya na-anọdụ ala n'apata ya, na iwu, tweaked imi nke Bell "iji mepụta ogbugbo nkịta, na-adọta ntutu isi ya maka bleat nke atụrụ, na site na njedebe, na-adọkpụ afụ ọnụ Santa Claus ya. mkpọmkpọ nke anụ ọhịa bea na-atọ ụtọ. Grosvenor bụ onye akaebe na-eto eto na ihe omume mbinye aka na mmepe ụgbọ elu nke Bells na Baddeck Bay na 1907, mgbe ndị mmekọ Bells malitere Cygnet, nnwale mbụ a dọtara nke Aerial Experiment Association. Dr. Bell mechara dee, sị: "Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka m chefuo ịkpọ aha onye akaebe nke ga-adị ogologo ndụ mgbe ihe omume a gasịrị (ma cheta obere banyere ya) - nwa nwa m nwanyị Miss Mabel Grosvenor - afọ 2".<ref name="Globe-2006.11.04">Martin, Sandra. "Mabel Grosvenor, Doctor 1905-2006", Toronto: ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', November 4, 2006, p.S.11. Proquest document ID: 383502285. Retrieved April 12, 2011.</ref><ref name="Bethune-2006">Bethune, Jocelyn. "Alexander Graham Bell’s Granddaughter Dies At 101", Halifax, Nova Scotia: ''[[The Chronicle Herald]]'', October 31, 2006. Retrieved June 15, 2010.</ref> Dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ na onye na-edetu onye ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ, ọ na-ede akwụkwọ ka ọ na-enyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, usoro ọmụmụ, nkwukọrịta na ụkpụrụ ụgbọ mmiri n'ụdị ụgbọ mmiri kachasị ọsọ n'ụwa, HD-4, hydrofoil nke abụọ n'ime igwe ụgbọ elu kachasị ike na ndị na-ebugharị. wee dị. Bell, nke dị anya tupu oge ya n'ịkwado nha anya ọha na eze na onye nkwado siri ike nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị, gbara nne Grosvenor na nne nne ya ume ka ha mee njem na 1913 na isi obodo US iji kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị ịme ntuli aka. Njem a na-eme nke ọma bụ 5,000 siri ike ma dọta ndị na-ekiri ihe dị ka ọkara nde mmadụ, ma ndị na-akwado òtù ahụ yana ndị na-egwu egwu. I'mKa e mesịrị n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1920, Grosvenor sonyeere Dr. Bell na nne nne ya na "nleta ekele" nke nna nna ya na Europe, ebe ọ choro ndị nna nna furu efu. Ha chọtara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanne nne ọ na-amaghị na ha dị site na ịchọpụta ihe ndekọ ọmụmụ na Scotland, ala a mụrụ Bell.<ref name="Globe-2006.11.04">Martin, Sandra. "Mabel Grosvenor, Doctor 1905-2006", Toronto: ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', November 4, 2006, p.S.11. Proquest document ID: 383502285. Retrieved April 12, 2011.</ref><ref name="Bethune-2006">Bethune, Jocelyn. "Alexander Graham Bell’s Granddaughter Dies At 101", Halifax, Nova Scotia: ''[[The Chronicle Herald]]'', October 31, 2006. Retrieved June 15, 2010.</ref> Grosvenor nọkwa mgbe Obodo Edinburgh mere Dr. Bell Burgess ma nye ya nnukwu nsọpụrụ ya, onyinye Freedom of The City. <ref name="Bruce">Bruce, Robert V. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude]. Ithaca, New York: [[Cornell University|Cornell University Press]], 1990, pp.483-484. {{ISBN|0-8014-9691-8}}.</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst8.html|title=Alexander Graham Bell from The Gazetteer for Scotland|accessdate=August 22, 2017}}</ref> == Alexander Graham Bell Klọb == Alexander Graham Bell Club, nke e guzobere na 1891, ghọrọ klọb ụmụ nwanyị kachasị ochie na Canada, ma si na nzukọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Mabel Bell, nne nne Grosvenor malitere na Beinn Bhreagh. E mere Grosvenor onye isi oche ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2006. Klọb ahụ, nke e guzobere na mbụ dị ka The Young Ladies Of Baddeck Club, a gbanwere aha ya na 1922 mgbe ọnwụ Bell gasịrị, na mgbe Mabel Bell jụrụ iji aha ya mee ihe. <ref name="Sullivan"/> <ref name="Bethune-2006">Bethune, Jocelyn. "Alexander Graham Bell’s Granddaughter Dies At 101", Halifax, Nova Scotia: ''[[The Chronicle Herald]]'', October 31, 2006. Retrieved June 15, 2010.</ref> == Ihe ngosi == <gallery class="center"> Usòrò:Alexander_Graham_Bell_with_three_granddaughters.jpg|alt=Mabel Grosvenor (right) with her grandfather, Alexander Graham Bell, at Beinn Bhreagh in 1908.|Mabel Grosvenor (n'aka nri) na nna ya, Alexander Graham Bell, na Beinn Bhreagh na 1908. Usòrò:Mabel_Hubbard_Bell_with_her_granddaughter,_Mabel_H._Grosvenor.JPG|alt=Mabel Grosvenor explores the contents of a box with her grandmother, Mabel Hubbard Bell on the steps of their summer home in Baddeck Nova Scotia.|Mabel Grosvenor na nne nne ya, Mabel Hubbard Bell na-enyocha ihe dị n'ime igbe na steepụ nke ụlọ ha n'oge ọkọchị na Baddeck Nova Scotia. </gallery> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} 4c5ga9h515f98d2ydn1rup3ke8jnrjj 0 53191 728038 707636 2026-09-26T00:09:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728038 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melinda French Gates''' <ref>{{Cite web|author=King County Superior Court Clerk|title=Gates Petition for Divorce|url=https://dam.tmz.com/document/96/o/2021/05/03/9614c3c36f7c48d6aab9ec0c7e7f8932.pdf|publisher=[[TMZ]]|accessdate=June 6, 2021|date=May 3, 2021|archivedate=May 12, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512172812/https://dam.tmz.com/document/96/o/2021/05/03/9614c3c36f7c48d6aab9ec0c7e7f8932.pdf}}</ref> (amụrụ '''Melinda Ann French''' ; Ọgọst 15, 1964) bụ onye enyemaka America na onye bụbu onye nrụpụta ngwaahịa na njikwa ngwaahịa mgbasa ozi na Microsoft . Amụrụ ma zụlite na Dallas, Texas, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Duke wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na Microsoft na 1987. N'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere ịlụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na mgbe ahụ-CEO [[Bill Gates]], onye ọ lụrụ na 1994. Na 2000, ya na Gates kwadoro Bill &amp;amp; Melinda Gates Foundation, nzukọ ọrụ ebere nke onwe nke kasị ukwuu n'ụwa. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Mathiesen|first=Karl|date=March 16, 2015|title=What is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation?|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/16/what-is-the-bill-and-melinda-gates-foundation|accessdate=February 25, 2020}}</ref> Di na nwunye a, ndị nwere ụmụ atọ ọnụ, gbara alụkwaghịm na 2021. N'afọ 2024, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ka ọ na-achụso ọdịmma onwe ya, ebe ọ natara $12.5 ijeri maka ọrụ ebere dịka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta nkewa ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Goldman|first=David|date=2024-05-13|title=Melinda French Gates is resigning from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/05/13/investing/melinda-gates-resigns-foundation/index.html|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref> Magazin ''Forbes'' akwadola French Gates dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị kachasị ike n'ụwa. <ref name="The World">{{Cite web|title=Power Women|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/#3d5d9f225a95|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319123118/https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/#3d5d9f225a95|archivedate=March 19, 2019|accessdate=March 13, 2019|work=Forbes}}</ref> Ya na di ya gara aga anatala ọtụtụ ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ maka ọrụ ebere ha, gụnyere nrite onye isi ala US Presidential of Freedom na French Legion of Honor . A nabatara ya dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 100 nke BBC nke 2021 . <ref name=":3" /> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Melinda Ann French mụrụ na August 15, 1964 na Dallas, Texas . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=October 23, 2011|title=Office romance: how Bill met Melinda|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/office-romance-how-bill-met-melinda-855292.html|work=The Independent|language=en|accessdate=May 24, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=March 15, 2018|title=Melinda Gates biography|url=https://www.biography.com/people/melinda-gates-507408|accessdate=May 24, 2021|work=biography.com|publisher=A&E Television Networks|archivedate=March 27, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327161235/https://www.biography.com/people/melinda-gates-507408}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Harris|first=Paul|date=November 25, 2006|title=A woman of substance|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/nov/26/theobserver|accessdate=May 24, 2021|work=[[The Guardian]]|quote=Melinda Ann French was born in Dallas on 15 August 1964.|archivedate=August 7, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807233846/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/nov/26/theobserver}}</ref> Ọ bụ nke abụọ n'ime ụmụaka anọ amụrụ Raymond Joseph French Jr., onye injinia ikuku, na Elaine Agnes Amerland, onye na-arụ ụlọ . O nwere nwanne nwanyị tọrọ ya na ụmụnne abụọ ndị tọrọ. French, onye Katọlik, gara St. Monica Catholic School, ebe ọ bụ valedictorian nke klas ya. <ref name="Catholic 2">{{Cite book|author=Jeanne M. Lesinski|url=https://archive.org/details/billgatesentrepr0000lesi|title=Bill Gates: Entrepreneur and Philanthropist|publisher=Twenty First Century Books|year=2009|isbn=978-1-58013-570-2|quote=Melinda, a devout Catholic, wanted a religious wedding|accessdate=March 10, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="Catholic 1"> Mgbe ọ dị afọ 14, nna ya webatara French na Apple II site na nna ya na Oriakụ Bauer, onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ na-akwado ịkụzi sayensị kọmputa na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị niile. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Gates|first=Melinda|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1097579369|title=The Moment of Lift : How Empowering Women Changes the World|date=2021|publisher=Flatiron Books|isbn=978-1-250-25772-7|oclc=1097579369|accessdate=March 12, 2021}}</ref> Ọ bụ site n'ahụmahụ a ka o ji zụlite mmasị ya na egwuregwu kọmputa na asụsụ mmemme BASIC . <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 27, 2008|title=Office romance: how Bill met Melinda|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/office-romance-how-bill-met-melinda-855292.html|accessdate=March 13, 2019|work=The Independent|language=en|archivedate=September 29, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929034825/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/office-romance-how-bill-met-melinda-855292.html}}</ref> French gụsịrị akwụkwọ dị ka valedictorian na Ursuline Academy nke Dallas na 1982. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ursuline Receives Additional $2 Million Grant; Science, Math, Technology Building Task Force is Formed|url=https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/Press-Releases/2007/05/Ursuline-Receives-Additional-2-Million-Grant-Science-Math-Technology-Building-Task-Force-is-Formed|accessdate=September 22, 2017|work=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|archivedate=September 23, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923003303/https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/Press-Releases/2007/05/Ursuline-Receives-Additional-2-Million-Grant-Science-Math-Technology-Building-Task-Force-is-Formed}}</ref> O nwetara nzere bachelọ na sayensị kọmputa na akụnụba na Mahadum Duke na 1986 yana [[Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa|MBA]] site na Duke's Fuqua School of Business na 1987. <ref name="StangeOyster2013">{{Cite book|author=Mary Zeiss Stange|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BTKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT386|title=The Multimedia Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World|date=January 9, 2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-7037-1|pages=386–|accessdate=March 24, 2018}}</ref> Na Duke, French bụ onye otu Kappa Alpha Theta sorority, Beta Rho Chapter. <ref>{{Cite web|date=November 1, 2017|title=The incredible life of Melinda Gates — one of the world's richest and most powerful women|url=https://www.businessinsider.nl/life-of-melinda-gates-2016-3/|accessdate=March 24, 2018|archivedate=March 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045442/https://www.businessinsider.nl/life-of-melinda-gates-2016-3/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Melinda_Gates_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2011.jpg|thumb| French Gates na 2011]] Ọrụ mbụ French Gates rụrụ bụ ịkụziri ụmụaka ihe gbasara mgbakọ na mwepụ na mmemme kọmputa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff|first=Fast Company|date=January 9, 2017|title=How Melinda Gates Is Diversifying Tech|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3066355/how-melinda-gates-is-diversifying-tech|accessdate=March 13, 2019|work=Fast Company|language=en-US|archivedate=December 18, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218082919/https://www.fastcompany.com/3066355/how-melinda-gates-is-diversifying-tech}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ ghọrọ onye njikwa ahịa na Microsoft, na-ahụ maka mmepe nke ngwaahịa mgbasa ozi. <ref name=":1" /> Ndị a gụnyere Cinemania, Encarta, Onye nkwusa, Microsoft Bob, Ego, Ọrụ (Macintosh) na Okwu . <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Office Romance: How Bill met Melinda|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/office-romance-how-bill-met-melinda-855292.html|accessdate=January 10, 2019}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Expedia, nke ghọrọ otu n'ime ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ntinye akwụkwọ njem kachasị ewu ewu. Na mmalite 1990s, a họpụtara French Gates ka ọ bụrụ onye isi njikwa nke ngwaahịa ozi, ọkwa nke ọ nọrọ ruo 1996. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Honders|first=Christine|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/921141343|title=Melinda Gates|date=July 15, 2016|isbn=978-1-5081-4832-6|location=New York|publisher=PowerKids Press|oclc=921141343|accessdate=August 15, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="Melinda Gates Biography" /> Ọ hapụrụ Microsoft n'afọ ahụ, ka akọwara, ka o lekwasị anya na ịmalite ezinụlọ. <ref name=":2" /> French Gates jere ozi dị ka onye so na kọmitii ntụkwasị obi nke Mahadum Duke site na 1996 ruo 2003. Ọ na-aga nzukọ ọgbakọ Bilderberg kwa afọ ma nwee oche na bọọdụ ndị isi nke Graham Holdings (nke bụbu The Washington Post Company) kemgbe 2004. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Melinda French Gates Elected a Director of The Washington Post Company|url=http://www.ghco.com/news-releases/news-release-details/melinda-french-gates-elected-director-washington-post-company|accessdate=March 14, 2019|work=Graham Holdings Company|language=en|archivedate=August 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803212113/http://www.ghco.com/news-releases/news-release-details/melinda-french-gates-elected-director-washington-post-company}}</ref> Ọ nọkwa na bọọdụ ndị isi na Drugstore.com mana hapụrụ n'August 2006 ka ọ lekwasị anya na ọrụ enyemaka. <ref>{{Cite web|year=2005|title=Officers and Directors|url=http://investor.shareholder.com/drugstore/management.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207063601/http://investor.shareholder.com/drugstore/management.cfm|archivedate=February 7, 2006|accessdate=February 14, 2008|publisher=Drugstore.com}}</ref> <ref name="Melinda Gates Biography">{{Cite web|title=Melinda Gates|url=https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Who-We-Are/General-Information/Leadership/Executive-Leadership-Team/Melinda-Gates|accessdate=March 13, 2019|work=gatesfoundation.org|publisher=Gates Foundation|archivedate=March 15, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315035110/https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Who-We-Are/General-Information/Leadership/Executive-Leadership-Team/Melinda-Gates}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Who-We-Are/General-Information/Leadership/Executive-Leadership-Team/Melinda-Gates "Melinda Gates"]. ''gatesfoundation.org''. Gates Foundation. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210315035110/https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Who-We-Are/General-Information/Leadership/Executive-Leadership-Team/Melinda-Gates Archived] from the original on March 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Kemgbe 2000, French Gates anọwo na ọha mmadụ, na-ekwu na "Ka m na-eche banyere ụmụ nwanyị siri ike nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, achọpụtara m na ha si n'ụzọ ụfọdụ pụta." <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Small|first=Cathleen|title=Melinda Gates : Philanthropist and Education Advocate.|url=https://archive.org/details/melindagatesphil0000smal|date=2017|publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing LLC|isbn=978-1-5026-2708-7|location=New York, NY|oclc=1039680502}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmall2017">Small, Cathleen (2017). ''Melinda Gates : Philanthropist and Education Advocate''. New York, NY: Cavendish Square Publishing LLC. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-1-5026-2708-7|<bdi>978-1-5026-2708-7</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe nchọpụta)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1039680502 1039680502].</cite></ref> Nke a ekwela ka ọrụ ya na-akpụzi na ịkwalite ebumnuche nke Bill &amp;amp; Melinda Gates Foundation ka ọha na eze mata. Site na 2022, Bill na Melinda enyela US $ 59.1 ijeri akụ nke onwe ha na ntọala. <ref name="FactSheet">{{Cite web|title=Foundation Fact Sheet|url=https://www.gatesfoundation.org/who-we-are/general-information/foundation-factsheet|work=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|language=en}}</ref> Na 2015, French Gates tọrọ ntọala Pivotal Ventures dị ka ụlọ ọrụ dị iche, nweere onwe ya iji chọpụta na mejuputa ihe ngwọta ọhụrụ maka nsogbu na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị na ezinụlọ US. Na Mee 13, 2024, French Gates gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi oche nke Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation, ka ọ dị irè na June 7. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Melinda French Gates says she is resigning from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation|work=KOMO|date=May 13, 2024|url=https://komonews.com/news/nation-world/melinda-french-gates-says-she-is-resigning-from-bill-and-melinda-gates-foundation-microsoft-billionaires-nonprofit-organization-charity-charitable-support-one-of-the-worlds-most-powerful-women|accessdate=May 13, 2024}}</ref> <ref name="CNN-resignation">{{Cite web|title=Melinda French Gates is resigning from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|first=David|author=Goldman|work=CNN|date=May 13, 2024|accessdate=May 13, 2024|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/13/investing/melinda-gates-resigns-foundation/index.html}}</ref> N'Ọktoba 2021, Melinda na Bill abụọ gara agbamakwụkwọ nke ada ha nwanyị bụ́ Jennifer nye onye ọgba ọsọ Olympic Nayel Nassar . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ritschel|first=Chelsea|date=2021-10-17|title=Jennifer Gates marries Nayel Nassar in ceremony attended by parents|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/jennifer-gates-nayel-nassar-wedding-b1939863.html|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> Na Machị 2022, Melinda kwuru na ya na Bill nwere “enyi na enyi” mana ọ bụghị “enyi”. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Melinda French Gates says she is 'friendly' but not friends with Bill Gates|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/mar/03/melinda-french-gates-friendly-bill-gates|accessdate=March 3, 2022|author=Yang|first=Maya|work=The Guardian|date=March 3, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 2022, a kọrọ na ya na onye bụbu onye nta akụkọ Fox News Jon Du Pre na-akpa. N'April 2024, onye na-ekwuchitere kagburu asịrị na French Gates na Du Pre agbaala mbọ, na-egosi na ha abụọ anaghịzi akpa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hatcher|first=Kirsty|date=22 April 2024|title=Melinda French Gates Is Not Engaged to Jon Du Pre Despite Ring as Rep Confirms They're 'No Longer Dating'|url=https://people.com/melinda-french-gates-not-engaged-jon-du-pre-no-longer-dating-rep-8636757|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=People|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Colon|first=Beatriz|date=2024-04-22|title=Bill Gates' ex Melinda French Gates breaks silence on engagement after sighting with huge diamond ring|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/518095/bill-gates-ex-melinda-french-breaks-silence-engagement-diamond-ring/|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=HELLO!|language=en}}</ref> French Gates ghọrọ nne nne na nke mbụ na Machị 2023 mgbe Jennifer mụrụ nwa nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Calvario|first=Liz|date=2023-04-08|title=Bill Gates and ex-wife Melinda French Gates reveal sweet photos of their first grandchild|url=https://www.today.com/parents/celebrity/bill-gates-melinda-french-gates-grandchild-rcna78780|accessdate=2024-09-04|work=TODAY.com|language=en}}</ref> Forbes amatala ya ugboro ugboro na ndepụta afọ ya nke 100 Kasị Ike Women, <ref>{{Cite news|title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women 2013|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/power-women|accessdate=April 23, 2016}}</ref> ogo #3 na 2013, 2014, 2015 na 2017, #4 na 2012 na 2016, #5 na 2020 na 2021, na #6 na 2011, 2018, 2019 na 2022, #10 na 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=The World's Most Powerful Women 2023|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/|accessdate=|work=Forbes|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118132340/https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/|archive-date=2026-01-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> Enyere ya ihe nrite UCSF na 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|title=UCSF Medal|url=https://chancellor.ucsf.edu/chancellor-awards/ucsf-medal|accessdate=July 1, 2020|work=Office of the Chancellor|language=en|archivedate=July 4, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704012510/https://chancellor.ucsf.edu/chancellor-awards/ucsf-medal}}</ref> A họpụtara French Gates ka ọ [[Order of the British Empire|bụrụ onye ọchịagha Dame nke Order nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain]] (DBE) na 2013 maka ọrụ enyemaka na mmepe mba ụwa. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Angela Ahrendts and Melinda Gates made (honorary) Dames of the British Empire|work=theguardian.com|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/28/angela-ahrendts-melinda-gates-made-dames|accessdate=May 21, 2014}}</ref> N'ịkwado ọrụ enyemaka nke ntọala ahụ na India, Bill na Melinda jikọtara ọnụ na-enweta nkwanye ùgwù nke atọ kachasị elu nke India, Padma Bhushan, na 2015. <ref>{{Cite news|author=PTI|title=Advani, Bachchan, Dilip Kumar get Padma Vibhushan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/advani-bachchan-dilip-kumar-get-padma-vibhushan/article6821421.ece|accessdate=April 23, 2016|work=The Hindu|date=January 25, 2015}}</ref> Na 2016, [[President of the United States|Onye isi ala]] [[Barack Obama]] nyere French Gates na di ya ihe nrite onye isi ala nke nnwere onwe maka mbọ enyemaka ha. <ref>{{Cite web|date=November 16, 2016|title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/11/16/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|accessdate=November 16, 2016|archivedate=January 18, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118210055/https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/11/16/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Peacock|first=Chris|title=Melinda French Gates will be 2024 Commencement speaker at Stanford|url=https://news.stanford.edu/report/2024/04/02/melinda-french-gates-will-2024-commencement-speaker-stanford/|work=Stanford Report|accessdate=11 April 2024}}</ref> == Ụmụ nwanyị na teknụzụ == Ahụmahụ French Gates nwere maka ebe ọrụ nwoke na-achị na Microsoft kpaliri ya ịgba ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ume na ngalaba mgbakọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Melinda Gates reveals 'aggressive,' male-dominated life at Microsoft as she calls on all of us to redesign the workplace|url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/melinda-gates-reveals-aggressive-male-dominated-life-microsoft-she-calls-us-redesign-workplace/1459159|accessdate=March 14, 2019|work=www.campaignlive.co.uk|archivedate=March 12, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312023846/https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/melinda-gates-reveals-aggressive-male-dominated-life-microsoft-she-calls-us-redesign-workplace/1459159}}</ref> Na Septemba 2016, o kwupụtara ọchịchọ ya ịbawanye ọdịiche dị n'ebe ọrụ, karịsịa na ụlọ ọrụ nkà na ụzụ, na-ekwu, sị: "Ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla chọrọ nkà na ụzụ, ma anyị na-agụsị akwụkwọ ole na ole ndị ọkà mmụta nkà na ụzụ ụmụ nwanyị. Nke ahụ adịghị mma maka ọha mmadụ. Anyị aghaghị ịgbanwe. ya." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Melinda Gates Wants More Women in Tech Jobs|url=http://money.com/money/4514589/melinda-gates-women-technology-jobs/|accessdate=March 13, 2019|work=Money|language=en|archivedate=September 12, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912183840/https://money.com/melinda-gates-women-technology-jobs/}}</ref> French Gates kwukwara banyere isiokwu a na 2017 Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing, usoro nnọkọ kwa afọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 4, 2017|title=Melinda Gates on women in tech, her first love, and the origins of Comic Sans|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2017/live-melinda-gates-grace-hopper-celebration-women-computing/|work=GeekWire|accessdate=March 29, 2018|archivedate=March 30, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330084229/https://www.geekwire.com/2017/live-melinda-gates-grace-hopper-celebration-women-computing/}}</ref> Achọpụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 100 nke BBC nke 2021. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=December 7, 2021|title=BBC 100 Women 2021: Who is on the list this year?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-59514598|accessdate=December 16, 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebipụtara == * ''Oge Ebuli: Otu Inye Ụmụ nwanyị Ike Si agbanwe Ụwa'' (2019)  == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tfqbcv1xg8vtjlyyojkrsgal9tpzg1e 0 53654 728017 195159 2026-09-25T21:48:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Marie Claire Curtin''' (amụrụ 7 Ọgọst 1985) bụ onye bụbu onye egwuregwu bọọlụ bụ onye gbara bọọlụ bọọlụ mba ụmụ nwanyị Republic of Ireland . Curtin gbara ọtụtụ klọb na Njikọ Mba ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere Cork Women's FC, Galway, Limerick na nso nso a Treaty United . Ọ nọchitere anya UCD na Europe . Curtin agbawokwa egwu na ọkara ọkachamara maka Long Island Fury na Women's Premier Soccer League yana maka Fortuna Ålesund na ngalaba mbụ nke Norwegian . Curtin agbaala bọọlụ agadi Ladies' Gaelic maka Limerick . Na 2013 Curtin na nna ya, Sean, rụkọrọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ nri mmiri ara ehi, Temple Dairy Ltd. Curtin lara ezumike nká na bọọlụ na Jenụwarị 2021. == Afọ mbụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A zụlitere Curtin na County Limerick, na nso Kilmallock . Ezinụlọ Curtin agbaala ugbo mmiri ara ehi n'etiti Banogue na Athlacca kemgbe 1940 na nne na nna Marie, Sean na Eileen, weghaara ugbo na 1975. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụaka asaa, nwere ụmụnne atọ na ụmụnne nwanyị atọ. Ọ malitere ịgba [[Footbọl|bọọlụ mkpakọrịta]] n'ugbo ya na ụmụnne ya na ndị enyi ha site na nwata. Curtin gara Ard Scoil Mhuire na Bruff . N'etiti 2004 na 2008 Curtin gara Mahadum Hofstra na afọ anọ zuru oke agụmakwụkwọ bọọlụ ebe ọ nwetara BA na sayensị mmekọrịta ọha na eze. <ref name="lwssl1">{{Cite web|url=http://lwssl.com/2017/07/profile-marie-curtin-aisling-annacotty/|title=Click; Interview:Marie Curtin - LWSSL|publisher=lwssl.com|accessdate=24 May 2018|date=2 April 2017}}</ref> <ref name="templedairy1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.templedairy.ie/limerick-father-and-daughter-team-prepare-to-launch-new-chocolate-milk-drink/|title=Limerick Father and Daughter Team Prepare to Launch New Chocolate Milk Drink|publisher=www.templedairy.ie|accessdate=25 May 2018|date=|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144013/http://www.templedairy.ie/limerick-father-and-daughter-team-prepare-to-launch-new-chocolate-milk-drink/}}</ref> <ref name="linkedin">{{Cite web|url=https://ie.linkedin.com/in/mariecurtintempledairy|title=Marie Curtin|publisher=ie.linkedin.com|accessdate=25 May 2018|date=}}</ref> <ref name="hofstra">{{Cite web|url=http://gohofstra.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=622|title=2008 Women's Soccer Roster – Marie Curtin|publisher=gohofstra.com|accessdate=7 April 2011|date=}}</ref> <ref name="independent111216">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/business/farming/dairy/i-was-tired-of-losing-money-every-morning-i-got-up-35269673.html|title='I was tired of losing money every morning I got up'|publisher=www.independent.ie|accessdate=3 June 2018|date=11 December 2016}}</ref> == Egwuregwu bọọlụ == === Ụmụ nwanyị Lifeford === N'ime oge ọrụ ya Curtin na-egwuri egwu mgbe niile maka Ladies Lifford dabeere na Ennis . Na 2001 Curtin aha ya bụ FAI Under-19 Women's International Player of the Year mgbe ọ na-egwu Lifford. Ọ mekwara nnukwu mpụta mbụ ya maka Republic of Ireland mgbe ọ bụ onye ọkpụkpọ Lifford. <ref name="lifford1">{{Cite web|url=http://homepage.tinet.ie/~toby/|title=Lifford Ladies: International Players|publisher=Lifford Ladies Website|accessdate=6 June 2018|date=}}</ref> <ref name="lifford2">{{Cite web|url=http://homepage.tinet.ie/~toby/|title=Lifford Ladies: Club Achievements|publisher=Lifford Ladies Website|accessdate=6 June 2018|date=}}</ref> <ref name="irishtimes231100">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/irish-score-sufficient-goals-to-qualify-1.1117373|title=Irish score sufficient goals to qualify|publisher=www.irishtimes.com|accessdate=25 May 2018|date=23 November 2000}}</ref> <ref name="independent180503">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/sport/irish-girls-bid-to-join-european-elite-26231605.html|title=Irish girls bid to join European elite|publisher=www.independent.ie|accessdate=25 May 2018|date=18 May 2003}}</ref> <ref name="fai201009">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fai.ie/ireland/news/irish-women-set-for-world-cup-mission-to-russia-and-kazakhstan|title=Irish women set for World Cup mission to Russia and Kazakhstan|publisher=www.fai.ie|accessdate=25 May 2018|date=20 October 2009}}</ref> <ref name="rte250903">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2003/0925/175681-women/|title=Irish women thrash Macedonia|publisher=www.rte.ie|accessdate=5 March 2016|date=25 September 2003}}</ref> Nwanne Marie, Anne Curtin, gbakwara Lifford Ladies egwu ma bụrụkwa mahadum mba ụwa. <ref name="lifford3">{{Cite web|url=http://homepage.tinet.ie/~toby/usacup.html|title=Lifford Ladies reach 3 USA Cup finals|publisher=Lifford Ladies Website|accessdate=6 June 2018|date=}}</ref> <ref name="footie041107">{{Cite web|url=https://foot.ie/archive/index.php/t-75438.html|title=Munster Senior Cup Final|publisher=foot.ie|accessdate=6 June 2018|date=4 November 2007}}</ref> Ụmụnne nwanyị Curtin nyeere Lifford Ladies aka iru 2003 FAI Cup ikpeazụ nke ha meriri 2–0 na UCD . <ref name="irishtimes110803">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/ucd-pass-cup-test-once-again-1.369201|title=UCD pass Cup test once again|publisher=www.irishtimes.com|accessdate=6 June 2018|date=11 August 2003}}</ref> <ref name="independent110803">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/kissane-double-sees-off-lifford-25934276.html|title=Kissane double sees off Lifford|publisher=www.independent.ie|accessdate=6 June 2018|date=11 August 2003}}</ref> Marie Curtin mechara ọbịa maka UCD na mgbasa ozi iko ụmụ nwanyị UEFA 2003–04 ha. <ref name="UEFA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=58235/profile/index.html|title=Marie Curtin|publisher=www.uefa.com|accessdate=7 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026130546/http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=58235/profile/index.html|archive-date=26 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="footie150805">{{Cite web|url=https://foot.ie/threads/27069-Uefa-Womens-Cup/page3?styleid=6|title=Ucd Womens Team Uefa Womens Cup Stats|publisher=foot.ie|accessdate=15 June 2018|date=15 August 2005}}</ref> ; Kilmallock United * '''FAI Iko Junior Women''' ** ''Ndị na-agba ọsọ'' : 2010 === Egwuregwu Gaelic === ; Limerick * '''All-Ireland Junior Ụmụ nwanyị bọọlụ asọmpi''' ** ''Onye mmeri'' : 2010 == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8vdwb6delb0u177x3eywcgvi9qjhzxb 0 54226 728021 444501 2026-09-25T22:28:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728021 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Martha Lucía Ospina Martínez 2017 (cropped 2023).jpg|thumb|Martha Lucía Ospina Martínez 2017 (cropped 2023)]] '''Martha Lucía Ospina Martínez''' bụ onye Colombia na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe na dọkịta bụ ọkachamara na nlekọta ahụike ọha na eze bụ onye nduzi nke National Institute of Health (INS) ruo ụbọchị ikpeazụ ya n'October 31, 2022 mgbe ọ gara rụọ ọrụ maka Omic Sconces Laboratory . <ref name="Semana">{{Cite news|title=Martha Ospina se despidió del Instituto Nacional de Salud: habló de los avances y de su futuro laboral|url=https://www.semana.com/salud/articulo/martha-ospina-se-despidio-del-instituto-nacional-de-salud-hablo-de-los-avances-y-de-su-futuro-laboral/202231/|accessdate=15 February 2023|publisher=Semana|date=October 31, 2022}}</ref>nwa amaala Cali, ọ na-arụbu ọrụ dị ka onye isi ala na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ministry of Health na onye isi nke Akaụntụ Ọrịa Ọrịa Dị Elu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Martha Ospina, la primera mujer directora del Instituto Nacional de Salud|url=https://www.elespectador.com/impacto-mujer/martha-ospina-la-primera-mujer-directora-del-instituto-nacional-de-salud/|accessdate=15 February 2023|publisher=EL ESPECTADOR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407170230/https://www.elespectador.com/impacto-mujer/martha-ospina-la-primera-mujer-directora-del-instituto-nacional-de-salud/|archive-date=7 April 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba ngalaba ọgwụ na Mahadum Pontifical Xavierian, ebe ọ bụ ọkachamara na njikwa ahụike ọha. Ospina nwekwara akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na ọrịa na-efe efe sitere na Mahadum Valle yana nzere masta na akụnụba sitere na Mahadum Pompeu Fabra . <ref>{{Cite web|date=March 5, 2016|title=Martha Ospina, primera mujer a la cabeza del INS|url=https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Paginas/Martha-Ospina-posesionada-como-directora-del-INS.aspx|work=Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social|language=spanish}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ha2i66lmpb5whjpylunde3v76ih6h3q 0 54457 728106 709362 2026-09-26T06:10:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728106 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Naomi_Pierce.jpg|thumb| Na-ekwu okwu na India (2018)]] '''Naomi E. Pierce''' (amụrụ 1954) bụ ọkà mmụta ihe omimi nke America na ọkà mmụta ihe banyere evolushọn nke na-amụ ihe ọkụkụ-herbivore coevolution na bụ ikike ụwa na urukurubụba . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=De Cuevas|first=John|date=July–August 2001|title=A Life with Lycaenids|url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2001/07/a-life-with-lycaenids.html|journal=Harvard Magazine|accessdate=2013-11-25}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Pierce nwetara BS na Biology na [[Yale University|Yale]] (1972–76) yana Ph.D. na Biology na Harvard (1977-1983). Pierce bụ ọkà mmụta Fulbright na Zoology sitere na Mahadum Harvard gaa na Mahadum Griffith na 1983 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fulbright Scholars who have received the Mac Arthur Fellowship|url=https://eca.state.gov/fulbright/fulbright-alumni/notable-fulbrighters/macarthur-fellowship-recipients|accessdate=2024-10-25|archivedate=2025-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202031305/https://eca.state.gov/fulbright/fulbright-alumni/notable-fulbrighters/macarthur-fellowship-recipients}}</ref> na MacArthur Fellow na 1988 na Ecology na Evolutionary / Environmental Biology dị ka mpaghara elekwasị anya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Naomi Pierce - MacArthur Foundation|url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/339/|accessdate=2018-10-08|work=www.macfound.org|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Pierce bụ Hessel Prọfesọ nke Biology <ref>{{Cite news|author=Yoon|first=Carol Kaesuk|title=Charles Lee Remington, Butterfly Expert, Dies at 85|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/17/obituaries/17remington.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss|work=The New York Times|date=June 17, 2007}}</ref> na Curator nke Lepidoptera na Ngalaba Organismic na Evolutionary Biology na Mahadum Harvard . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Stevens, William K.|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE1D61F3AF935A3575BC0A967958260|title=Seduced by Siren Song of Science|work=The New York Times|date=August 6, 1991|accessdate=2013-11-25}}</ref> Site na 1984–86, Pierce bụ onye nkuzi nyocha na Christ Church, Oxford na [[NATO Research Fellow|onye nyocha NATO]] na Ngalaba Zoology nke Oxford. Na 1986 ọ kwagara na Mahadum Princeton dị ka onye enyemaka (1986–89) na Associate (1989–90) Prọfesọ nke Biology. Na 1991, a họpụtara Pierce Hessel Prọfesọ na Curator nke Lepidoptera na Mahadum Harvard. <ref name="harvard_bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/pierce/people/pierce/pierce.shtml|title=Naomi Pierce|work=Pierce Lab|publisher=Harvard Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology|accessdate=2013-11-25}}</ref> The Pierce Lab na-amụ isiokwu gụnyere evolushọn nke symbioses, phylogeny, biogeography, systematics, osisi-ahụhụ-microbe mmekọrịta, na biodiversity na ndụ akụkọ ihe mere eme evolushọn nke ụmụ ahụhụ. <ref name=":0" /> A maara Pierce maka nyocha ya banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti lycaenid nru ububa larvae na ndanda, yana usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ime ụdị ahụ, iji ghọta usoro evolushọn . Pierce na ndị na-emekọ ihe ọnụ Corrie Moreau na [[Charles D. Bell]] bụ ndị mbụ guzobe na mmalite nke ndanda na 140 ruo 168 nde afọ gara aga na-eji data usoro ihe omimi, 40 nde afọ karịa atụmatụ ndị gara aga. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 7, 2006|title=Ancient Ants Arose 140-168 Million Years Ago; Insects Needed Flowering Plants To Flourish|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/04/060407144825.htm|accessdate=2013-11-25|publisher=Science Daily}}</ref> Na 2018, entomopathogenic fungus ''[[Ophiocordyceps naomipierceae]]'' bụ aha ya na nsọpụrụ Pierce. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Araújo|first=João Paulo Machado|year=2018|title=Zombie-ant fungi across continents: 15 new species and new combinations within Ophiocordyceps. I. Myrmecophilous hirsutelloid species|journal=Studies in Mycology|volume=90|pages=1–42|doi=10.1016/j.simyco.2017.12.002|pmid=29910522}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ diologist evolushọn na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị Andrew Berry (biologist), na ha nwere ụmụ ejima. == Ihe nrite ahọpụtara == * Ahọpụtara na National Academy of Sciences, 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Naomi Pierce elected to the National Academy of Sciences|url=https://mcz.harvard.edu/news/naomi-pierce-elected-httpspiercelaboebharvardedunational-academy-sciences|accessdate=2023-05-09|work=mcz.harvard.edu|language=en|archivedate=2023-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509212624/https://mcz.harvard.edu/news/naomi-pierce-elected-httpspiercelaboebharvardedunational-academy-sciences}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2023-nas-election.html|title=2023 NAS Election|access-date=2024-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503155938/http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2023-nas-election.html|archive-date=2023-05-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ihe nrite mba ofesi maka bayoloji, 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|title=The 35th (2019) International Prize for Biology is awarded to Dr. Naomi Ellen Pierce|url=https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-biol/35_awardee.html|accessdate=2020-05-28|work=Japan Society for Promotsion of Science|archivedate=2021-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204085850/https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-biol/35_awardee.html}}</ref> * American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow, 2018 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Naomi E. Pierce|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/naomi-e-pierce|accessdate=2023-05-09|work=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Naomi Pierce Elected 2018 Class Member of American Academy of Arts & Sciences|url=https://oeb.harvard.edu/news/naomi-pierce-elected-2018-class-member-american-academy-arts-sciences|accessdate=2023-05-09|work=oeb.harvard.edu|language=en|archivedate=2023-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509213042/https://oeb.harvard.edu/news/naomi-pierce-elected-2018-class-member-american-academy-arts-sciences}}</ref> * Entomological Society of America Fellow, 2011 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Naomi E. Pierce, ESA Fellow (2011) {{!}} Entomological Society of America|url=https://www.entsoc.org/fellows/naomi-e-pierce-esa-fellow-2011|accessdate=2023-05-09|work=www.entsoc.org|language=en}}</ref> * American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow, 2007 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-11-01|title=AAAS selects four faculty members as fellows|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/11/aaas-selects-four-faculty-members-as-fellows/|accessdate=2023-05-09|work=Harvard Gazette|language=en-US}}</ref> * Senior Fellow of the Society of Fellows, Harvard University <ref>{{Cite web|title=Naomi E. Pierce|url=https://oeb.harvard.edu/people/naomi-e-pierce|accessdate=2023-05-09|work=oeb.harvard.edu|language=en|archivedate=2023-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509212624/https://oeb.harvard.edu/people/naomi-e-pierce}}</ref> * Ndị otu MacArthur, 1988 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Naomi Pierce|url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/class-of-1988/naomi-pierce|accessdate=2023-05-09|work=www.macfound.org|language=en}}</ref> * Ọkà mmụta Fulbright, 1983 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Naomi Pierce {{!}} Fulbright Scholar Program|url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/grantee/naomi-pierce|accessdate=2023-05-09|work=fulbrightscholars.org}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tfuo205c60qyiabtkxyjcme125f73ec 0 55475 728013 595768 2026-09-25T21:16:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728013 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Մարգարիտ_Բարանկիցե_(2).JPG|thumb|Barankitse na Yerevan na Matenadaran, n'oge panel Aurora Dialogues, tupu emume Aurora Prize]] [[Faịlụ:Marguerite_Barankitse_2017_stamp_of_Armenia.jpg|thumb|Barankitse na stampụ Armenia nke afọ 2017]] Marguerite (Maggie) Barankitse (amụrụ na 1957 na Ruyigi, Ruyigi Province, [[Burundi]]) bụ onye na-akwado ọdịmma ndị mmadụ na Burundi nke na-arụ ọrụ ịkwalite ọdịmma ụmụaka ma na-agbagha ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Burundi. Mgbe ọ gbapụtasịrị ụmụaka 25 na mgbuchapụ, a manyere ya ịhụ esemokwu dị n'etiti Hutu na Tutsi na mba ya na 1993. O guzobere Maison Shalom, ebe nchekwa nke nyere ihe karịrị ụmụaka 20,000 ụmụ mgbei nọ ná mkpa ohere inweta ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ, na ọdịbendị. [1] N'ihi na o mere mkpesa megide onye isi ala Pierre Nkurunziza nke ugboro atọ, ọ bi na mba ọzọ. N'ime afọ iri abụọ na isii ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Burundi, Maison Shalom toro ghọọ nnukwu netwọk nke ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ọgwụ, na ọrụ ahụike gafee mba ahụ. Ebumnuche ya bụ imeziwanye ndụ ụmụ Burundi, site na mmepe jikọtara ọnụ na nke na-adịgide adịgide na ebumnuche ikpeazụ nke ịkwalite udo na-adịte aka na mba ahụ.Otú ọ dị, n'afọ 2015, a manyere Barankitse ịgbapụ n'obodo ya, Maison Shalom wee banye na nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Conflict Tracker l Council on Foreign Relations|url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=Global Conflict Tracker|language=en}}</ref> N'adịghị enyefe onwe ya, Barankitse tụgharịrị uche ya wee kpebie itinye ume ya niile n'inyere ihe karịrị ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ 90,000 nke Burundi na [[Rwanda]] aka.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Shute|first=Joe|date=2016-11-30|title=Why the 'Angel of Burundi' fears her country is sliding back into genocide|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/politics/angel-burundi-fears-country-sliding-back-genocide/|accessdate=2023-06-29}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ọ meghere Community Center Oasis of Peace na Kigali iji nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ aka, nye nkwado uche na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka ndị a tara ahụhụ na ndị e dinara n'ike, ma tinye ọrụ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na mpaghara ndị dị ka ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ, ọzụzụ ọrụ aka, ọdịbendị, na ọgbọ ego.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kantengwa|first=Sharon|date=2017-09-03|title=Oasis of Peace: Giving Burundian refugees new lease of life|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/143824/Lifestyle/oasis-of-peace-giving-burundian-refugees-new-lease-of-life|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=The New Times|language=en}}</ref> O kwuru na ọhụụ ya bụ ịkụnye ùgwù n'ime ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ iji mee ka nrọ ha dị ndụ: "Ihe ọjọọ enwetụbeghị okwu ikpeazụ - Ịhụnanya na-emeri mgbe niile". Barabkitse anatala ọtụtụ ihe nrite, gụnyere ihe nrite Juan Maria Bandres maka ikike mgbapu, yana ihe nrite ikike mmadụ nke gọọmentị [[France]] (ma 1998), ihe nrite ụmụaka ụwa (2003), [1] onyinye nnwere onwe anọ (Nnwere Onwe Site n'Achọ), na Award Voices of Courage Award nke Women's Commission for Women and Refugee Children (ma 2004), [2] ihe nrite nke Nansen Refugee Award (2005), ihe nrite Opus (2008), [3] Nrite UNESCO (ma 2008), Nrite maka Mgbochi esemokwu (2011), na Nrite Aurora maka ịkpọte mmadụ (2016).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.opusprize.org/maggy-barankitse/|title=Marguerite "Maggy" Barankitse}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Marguerite "Maggie" Barankitse na 1957 na Ruyigi, East-Burundi, otu n'ime mpaghara ndị kasị daa ogbenye na mba ahụ. N'ihe nketa ndị Tutsi, ọ bụ onye nkuzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị n'ógbè ahụ mana a chụpụrụ ya n'ihi mkpesa ya megide ịkpa ókè n'etiti ndị Hutu na ndị Tutsi n'ọhịa. Ọ gara rụọ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke bishọp Katọlik na Ruyigi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nekita|date=2017-06-04|title=Extraordinary Women: Celebrating Marguerite Barankitse 'Angel of Burundi'|url=https://nekitaink.wordpress.com/2017/06/04/extraordinary-women-celebrating-marguerite-barankitse-angel-of-burundi/|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=Nekita ink|language=en}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị esemokwu na-arịwanye elu, Barankitse mere ka nrọ ya nke ịdị n'otu agbụrụ mezuo site n'ịzụlite ụmụ asaa: ndị Hutu anọ na ndị Tutsi atọ. Ka ime ihe ike na-arịwanye elu n'etiti agbụrụ abụọ ahụ mgbe e gbusịrị onye isi ala mbụ a họpụtara site na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke Burundi, otu ìgwè ndị Tutsi ji égbè gbadatara na Ruyigi n'October 23, 1993, iji gbuo ezinụlọ ndị Hutu na-ezo n'ụlọ Bishop. Barankitse jisiri ike zoo ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụaka ahụ mana ndị agha jidere ya. Ha tiri ya ihe ma weda ya ala ma manye ya ile ogbugbu nke ndị Hutu 72, mana ọ jụrụ ịgwa ha ebe e zoro ụmụaka ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Courage of Giving Refuge: Marguerite Barankitse|url=https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/events/barankitse/|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=Contending Modernities|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, a hapụrụ ya naanị n'ihi ihe nketa ya bụ Tutsi. Mgbe ihe isi ike ahụ gasịrị, Barankitse kpọkọtara ụmụ nkuchi ya na ụmụ mgbei ndị dị ndụ ma zoo ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị nso. Ka ọtụtụ ụmụaka na-achọ ebe obibi na ya, o kpebiri ịmepụta obere nzukọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị: Maison Shalom, Ụlọ Udo. Ụlọ ya meghere maka ụmụaka si n'agbụrụ niile: ndị Tutsi, ndị Hutu, na ndị Twa. Ọ na-akpọ ha "Ụmụ Hutsitwa m",<sup class="mw-ref reference" mwqq="">Oma's mission for Burundi children was sparked by genocide, May 2004, <nowiki><a href=\"https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/burundi_womans_mission.html\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\" class=\"external free\" id=\"mwAWA\">https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/burundi_womans_mission.html</nowiki><nowiki></a></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-10" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Marguerite_Barankitse#cite_note-10 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> ha na-akpọkwa ya Oma<ref>{{Cite news|date=2005-11-04|title=La femme qui défie la haine au Burundi - Le Temps|language=fr|url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/femme-defie-haine-burundi|accessdate=2023-06-29}}</ref> (ma ọ bụ "nne nne" na German). N'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, Maison Shalom na Ruyigi bụ otu n'ime ebe ole na ole dị na Burundi ebe ndị Hutu na ndị Tutsis bi n'udo.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2023-02-27|title=Marguerite Barankitse, l'harmonie entre les peuples|url=https://www.psychologies.com/Planete/Portraits-de-femmes/Portraits/Marguerite-Barankitse-l-harmonie-entre-les-peuples|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=Psychologies.com, psychologie, mieux se connaître pour mieux vivre sa vie {{!}} Psychologies.com|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Kemgbe ihe omume nke afọ 1993, ihe karịrị ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa 20,000 eritewo uru site na Maison Shalom. Tupu nsogbu dị ugbu a na Burundi, nzukọ ahụ were ihe karịrị mmadụ 270, gụnyere ndị nọọsụ, ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ, na ndị nkụzi na-arụ ọrụ pụrụ iche maka ụmụaka ahụ. N'ọnwa Eprel 2016, Barankitse kwuru okwu megide oge nke atọ nke Onye isi ala Pierre Nkurunziza ma sonye na ngagharị iwe ndị ntorobịa na-akatọ ya. N'ihi ya, a manyere ya izo otu ọnwa n'ụlọ nnọchiteanya na Bujumbura.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kingsley|first=Patrick|date=2016-06-11|title='Why does no one mention Burundi?' asks winner of new humanitarian award|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jun/11/marguerite-barankitse-why-does-no-one-mention-burundi-winner-humanitarian-award|accessdate=2023-06-29}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ọ gbapụrụ; gọọmentị nwere aha ya na ndepụta ndị nwụrụ anwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2016-04-25|title=George Clooney remet le prix Aurora à la Burundaise Marguerite Barankitse|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160425-armenie-humanitaire-burundi-barankitse-marguerite-prix-aurora-erevan-clooney|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=RFI|language=fr}}</ref> Barankitse chọtara onwe ya dị ka onye gbara ọsọ ndụ. == Ụlọ Shalom na Burundi == N’oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1993, mgbe e gbusịrị Melchior Ndadaye, onye isi ala Burundi mbụ n’ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya (onye Hutu), agha obodo Burundi malitere site na mgbuchapụ na-ewere ọnọdụ na mba ahụ dum. N'ógbè Ruyigi, ọdachi dakwasịrị na 24 October. Iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ogbugbu e gburu ndị si n'agbụrụ ha, ndị Tutsi chụpụrụ ndị Hutus nke obodo ahụ, bụ́ ndị na-ezo n'ụlọ dayọsis. Barankitse, bụ́ onye Tutsi, nọkwa n’ebe ahụ, ọ gbalịkwara iso ìgwè ndị Tutsi tụgharịa uche ka ha ghara ime ihe ike. Otú ọ dị, mgbalị ya bụ ihe efu: Ha kpebiri kee ya n'oche ma manye ya ka ọ kirie ogbugbu e gburu ndị enyi ya iri asaa na abụọ.[1] Awa ole na ole ka ogbugbu ahụ gasịrị, ụmụaka ndị ahụ e gburu malitere ịpụta n’ebe nzuzo ha. N'ụbọchị ahụ, Barankitse na-ekwu, ọ ghọtara na ọrụ ya ga-abụ ịlụ ọgụ megide ime ihe ike na-emebi obodo ya site n'inye ụmụaka ndị ahụ, na 20,000 ga-esochi, ihe ọzọ maka ịkpọasị. N'ime ọdachi a na-enwekarị, akụkọ gbasara "nwanyị ara Ruyigi" nke na-anwa anwa kpọbata ụmụ mgbei niile bịara ya, na-ajụghị onye ọ bụla. Twa, Hutu, Tutsi: Barankitse enweghị ihe ọ bụla. Barankitse na mbụ kpọkọtara ụmụaka 25 na-enweghị nne na nna nke ogbugbu Ruyigi. Site n'enyemaka nke ndị enyi Europe na Burundi, ọ haziri netwọk nke nyere nlekọta maka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụaka. Na Mee 1994, bishọp Roman Katọlik nke Ruyigi, Bishọp Joseph Nduhirubusa kwetara ịgbanwe ụlọ akwụkwọ ochie ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi ụmụaka a na-akpọ 'Maison Shalom'. Ụmụaka kpọrọ ya aha a, iji cheta abụ a nụrụ na redio n'oge ahụ, nakwa n'ihi na ndị na-egbu egbu n'akụkụ abụọ nke esemokwu ahụ ejirila okwu ahụ bụ "udo" mee ihe ma merụọ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maggy et la Maison Shalom|url=https://www.peresblancs.org/maison_shalom.htm|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=www.peresblancs.org}}</ref> Maison Shalom lekwasịrị anya n'ụzọ bụ isi ụmụaka, gụnyere ụmụaka ndị agha, ụmụ mgbei, ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ, na ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ ya dị maka obodo dum, na-emetụta ọ bụghị naanị ndụ ụmụ mgbei kamakwa mpaghara dum nke nwere ike ịnweta ọrụ ya. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọrụ Maison Shalom gbasaa n'obodo ndị ọzọ dị ka Butezi na Gizuru, ebe Barankitse meghere ebe obibi ụmụaka ndị ọzọ. Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ihe bụ naanị ebe mgbaba na-achọ ichebe ụmụ mgbei n'akụkụ abụọ mgbe agha obodo gasịrị, toro ghọọ obodo dum, <ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2021-03-22|title=Maggy Barankitse Built A Village And Saved Thousands of Children|url=https://www.africa.com/maggy-barankitse-built-a-village/|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=www.africa.com|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910204108/https://www.africa.com/maggy-barankitse-built-a-village/|archive-date=2024-09-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> ma gụnye ụlọ akụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, [[Rema (musician)|REMA]] Hospital, <ref>{{Cite web|title=20 ans de la Maison Shalom : « Aujourd'hui, nous célébrons la victoire de l'amour sur la haine ! »|url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/ruyigi-maison-shalom-victoire-amour-sur-haine/|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=www.iwacu-burundi.org|archivedate=2023-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629085840/https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/ruyigi-maison-shalom-victoire-amour-sur-haine/}}</ref> họtel, ụlọ ahịa, ebe enyemaka maka ịmụ ịkwa akwa na kọmpụta, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzụzụ injinia, ọdọ mmiri, na ọbụna sinima.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ActionAid International|url=https://actionaid.org/|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=actionaid.org}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:REMA_Hospital_built_by_Maison_Shalom_in_Burundi.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ Ọgwụ REMA nke Maison Shalom wuru na Burundi]] Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe omume ndị ahụ bụ atụmatụ na-eweta ego nke ndị ntorobịa n'onwe ha na-eme, dị ka Ụlọ ndị ọbịa, sinima, ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala, na ihe ndị yiri ya. Mgbe ha nwetara onwe ha, ndị na-eto eto Maison Shalom kwadoro nwetara obere ụlọ na ala. N'afọ 2004, e mere atụmatụ na ụmụaka 20,000 ritere uru site n'enyemaka Barankitse, ma ọ bụ n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maison-des-anges.org/maisonshalom/historique/historique2004.html|title=Maison des Anges le site de l'association en France pour la Maison Shalom au Burundi|accessdate=2006-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928101128/http://www.maison-des-anges.org/maisonshalom/historique/historique2004.html|archivedate=2007-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-08-27|title=Burundi's Great Mother: Maggie Barankitse|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/burundis-great-mother-mag_b_3813440|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, e wuru ihe karịrị ụlọ 300 maka ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa dị n'agbata afọ 4 na 20. Òtù NGO nyekwara aka na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na ndị gbara ndụ Burundi na-alọghachi na Ruyigi na ịchọta ndị ikwu ha furu efu. Barankitse nọkwa n'ihu n'ọgụ megide HIV / AIDS, na-eguzobe ọrụ ndụmọdụ iji kwalite mgbochi HIV / AIDS. Ya na ndị ọrụ ya lekọtara ihe karịrị 100 ụmụaka bu nje HIV bụ ndị a gbahapụrụ ma ọ bụ bụrụ ụmụ mgbei. Barankitse malitekwara atụmatụ iji nyere ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ aka. A mụrụ ụmụaka ụfọdụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ rụkwara ọrụ ịchọta ha ndụ ka mma, site na agụmakwụkwọ na ụlọ n'èzí ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ndị otu ya gara n'ihu na-akwalite ọrụ ugbo ma guzobe ọrụ microfinance iji mee ka ndị nne na nna nwee ike ịzụlite obere azụmaahịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=MFC|date=2023-06-28|title=Les maisons d'orphelins de Maggy|url=https://www.lalibre.be/international/2011/10/26/les-maisons-dorphelins-de-maggy-EYSPRYJDQJHS7BN325VNJSM2VY/|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=La Libre.be|language=fr}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'afọ 2015, ihe niile dara. Gọọmentị Burundi malitere igbochi ngagharị iwe megide Onye isi ala Nkurunziza. Ọtụtụ puku ndị Burundi malitere ịgbaga Rwanda, [[Uganda]], [[Tanzania]] ma ọ bụ DRC. Barankitse mere mkpesa, lekọta ụmụaka merụrụ ahụ, ma nye ndị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nri. Mana na June 2015, a manyere Barankitse n'onwe ya ịgbapụ. Na Burundi, e nwere ọnụahịa n'isi ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2014-09-12|title=Marguerite Barankitse, la « Maman nationale » du Burundi|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/hebdo/20140912-burundi-portrait-marguerite-barankitse-maman-nationale-societe-civile|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=RFI|language=fr}}</ref> == Ụlọ Shalom Rwanda na Community Center Oasis of Peace == Barankitse jụrụ ịnọ ụbọchị ya na Europe n'ụzọ dị mma ma kpebie itinye ume ya iji nyere ihe karịrị ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Burundi 90,000 aka na Rwanda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Situation Burundi Situation|url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/burundi|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=data2.unhcr.org}}</ref> Ọ malitere na nka ya: agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ lụrụ ọgụ maka agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụaka na ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-22|title=Marguerite Barankitse: "Cuando perdonas, curas el mundo"|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/internacional/20180223/44984326969/marguerite-barankitse-burundi-maison-shalom.html|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=La Vanguardia|language=es}}</ref> O tinyere ụmụaka 126 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, 160 n'ụlọ Akwụkwọ sekọndrị, wee nweta agụmakwụkwọ 353 maka ụmụ akwụkwọ gbara ọsọ ndụ na mahadum iji sonye na mahadum Rwanda, na agụmakwụkwọ 10 maka ụmụ akwụkwọ kachasị mma ịmụ na mahadum mba ofesi. Na Mee 2017, Barankitse meghere Community Center Oasis of Peace maka ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-enye nkwado uche na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka ndị a tara ahụhụ na ndina n'ike, yana itinye n'ọrụ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na mpaghara ndị dị ka ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ, ọzụzụ ọrụ, ọdịbendị, na mmepụta ego. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ọtụtụ ọmụmụ gụnyere asụsụ Bekee, nkà nri, ịkwa ákwà, ịchọ mma, na eserese. O nwekwara ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ma nwee kọmputa nwere njikọ ịntanetị maka nyocha na ọzụzụ kọmputa. Ihe dị ka mmadụ 200 na-abịa kwa ụbọchị na Center ma na-erite uru site na ọrụ dị iche iche nke Maison Shalom na-enye.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kantengwa|first=Sharon|date=2017-09-03|title=Oasis of Peace: Giving Burundian refugees new lease of life|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/143824/Lifestyle/oasis-of-peace-giving-burundian-refugees-new-lease-of-life|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=The New Times|language=en}}</ref> Maison Shalom na-achọ inyere ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na ọkachasị ndị na-eto eto nọ n'ebe a chụgara ha aka ibi ndụ n'ụzọ dị ùgwù, iji oge a chụpụrụ ha maka inye ikike na mgbaghara maka ndị manyere ha ịgbapụ n'ala nna ha. [[Faịlụ:Elite_Center_of_Maison_Shalom_at_Mahama_refugee_camp_in_Rwanda.jpg|thumb]] == Mahama Elite Center na Mahama Refugee Camp na == Kemgbe afọ 2015, a manyere ihe karịrị ndị Burundi 430,000 ịgbapụ ma chọọ ebe mgbaba na mba ndị gbara ya gburugburu dịka Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Situation Burundi Situation|url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/burundi|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=data2.unhcr.org}}</ref> N'etiti ha, ihe karịrị 90,000 nọ na Rwanda, nke 58,000 bi na Mahama Refugee Camp. A na-ewere ogige a dị ka ihe nlereanya nke njikwa ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. Iji kwado ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ bi n'ebe ahụ, Maison Shalom meghere Mahama Elite Center na 22 June 2018. Ebe ọzụzụ a dị njikere inye ọzụzụ ọrụ aka na ọrụ maka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Burundi nọ n'ogige ahụ. Ọrụ ahụ ga-enyere ndị na-eto eto aka imeziwanye ọnọdụ ndụ ha kamakwa iji mee ka nkà azụmaahịa ha sikwuo ike. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == [[Faịlụ:Burgos_-_Murales_pacifistas_del_Colegio_Santa_María_la_Nueva_y_San_José_Artesano_03.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Ihe odide nke Marguerite Barankitse na Burgos, Spain]] Ogologo ọrụ ya, yana eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ na-echebe ụmụaka niile n'echebaraghị mmalite ha, Ndị Tutsi ma ọ bụ Ndị Hutu, wetara otuto Maggy site n'akụkụ niile nke ụwa: <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gouby|first=Melanie|title=After rescuing 20,000 Burundian orphans, Marguerite Barankitse forges on in exile|url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/08/08/after-rescuing-20000-burundian-orphans-marguerite-barankitse-forges-on-in-exile/|work=Women in the World in Association with The New York Times – WITW|accessdate=30 March 2017|date=8 August 2016}}</ref> * 1998: Ihe nrite nke ikike mmadụ, nke gọọmentị France nyere. - Nnwere Onwe - Ịha nhata - Ịbụ nwanne * 2000: Ihe nrite North-South site na Council of Europe Kansụl nke Europe * 2000: iko obi ike nke Africa International nyere kwa ọnwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maggy et la Maison Shalom {{!}} Maison Shalom|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.maisonshalom.org/fr/34/maggy-et-la-maison-shalom#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=archive.wikiwix.com}}</ref> * 2003: Ihe nrite ụmụaka nke ụwa maka ikike nke ụmụaka Ihe nrite ụmụaka nke ụwa maka ikike ụmụaka * 2004: Onyinye olu obi ike nke Kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka gbara ọsọ ndụ * 2004: Ihe nrite Nansen Refugee * 2008: Ihe nrite Opus<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.opusprize.org/laureates/|title=Laureates – Champions for Faith-Filled Change|accessdate=12 June 2017|work=Opus Prize}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/1-million-humanitarian-award-announced-in-seattle/|title=$1 million humanitarian award announced in Seattle|work=[[Seattle Times]]|date=18 November 2017|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> * 2008: Ihe nrite UNESCO * Na June 2009, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa nke Luxembourg, UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, gara Maison Shalom n'oge njem Burundi. N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2011, Grand Duchess nabatara Marguerite Barankitse na Luxembourg iji mepee ihe ngosi foto iji kwado Maison Shalom.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-01-02|title=wort.lu {{!}} Artikel {{!}} Im Gefängnis wegen einer Ziege|url=http://www.wort.lu/wort/web/letzebuerg/artikel/2011/10/166114/im-gefaengnis-wegen-einer-ziege.php|accessdate=2023-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102060301/http://www.wort.lu/wort/web/letzebuerg/artikel/2011/10/166114/im-gefaengnis-wegen-einer-ziege.php|archivedate=2012-01-02}}</ref> * Na Nọvemba 24, 2011, Barankitse natara onyinye maka mgbochi esemokwu site n'aka Kofi Annan. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fondationchirac.eu/en/2011/10/laureate-of-the-2011-prize-for-conflict-prevention/|title=Marguerite Barankitse, Laureate of the 2011 the Fondation Chirac Prize|work=Fondation Chirac|accessdate=14 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fondationchirac.eu/en/2011/11/video-marguerite-barankitse-2011-laureate-of-the-fondation-chirac-prize|title=Video: Marguerite Barankitse, 2011 Laureate of the Fondation Chirac Prize|work=Fondation Chirac|accessdate=14 May 2015}}</ref> A na-enye onyinye mgbochi esemokwu kwa afọ site na Fondation Chirac, nke onye bụbu onye isi ala France bụ Jacques Chirac malitere na 2008. * N'afọ 2011, Barankitse natara ihe nrite ndị nta akụkọ Golden Doves for Peace nke ụlọ ọrụ Italian Research Institute Archivio Disarmo nyere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archiviodisarmo.it/images/pdf/list.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2019-03-29|archivedate=2022-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422180003/https://www.archiviodisarmo.it/images/pdf/list.pdf}}</ref> * N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2016, e nyere Marguerite ihe nrite Aurora nke nde $ 1.1 maka Awakening Humanity, ihe nrite e nyere ndị ọrụ ebere iji cheta Mgbukpọ agbụrụ nke Armenia. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Gladstone|first=Rick|date=2016-03-15|title=Finalists Picked for New Prize Created in Memory of Armenian Genocide|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/15/world/middleeast/finalists-picked-for-new-prize-created-in-memory-of-armenian-genocide.html|accessdate=2023-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A Calling to Love|url=https://auroraprize.com/en/calling-love|accessdate=2023-06-29|work=auroraprize.com|language=en}}</ref> == Degree nsọpụrụ == * 2017 Degree of Doctor of Laws (honoris causa) nke Mahadum Rhodes, Eastern Cape, South AfricaEbe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Cape, South Africa * [http://news.emory.edu/stories/2013/05/er_commencement_honorary_degrees/campus.html 2013 Emory University, Honorary Doctor's Degree], Atlanta, Georgia, USA * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180201100749/https://trustees.duke.edu/honorary-degrees-past-recipients/2010-2017 2013 Mahadum Duke, Honorary Doctor's Degree], Durham, North Carolina, USA, n'akụkụ [[Melinda Gates]] * 2012 Mahadum nke Lille, France, Honorary Doctor's Degree * 2011 Doctor Honoris Causa, Mahadum Katọlik nke Lille, France * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171110171623/https://uclouvain.be/fr/decouvrir/events/les-docteurs-honoris-causa-ucl-depuis-1951.html 2004 Doctor Honoris Causa si Mahadum Louvain], Louvain-la-Neuve, [[Belgium]] == Akwụkwọ banyere Maggy na Maison Shalom == * Haine n'aura pas le dernier mot, na French site na Christel Martin, mbipụta Michel Albin 2005 * Madre di diecimila drengs, Edition Piemme Bestseller 2010, sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Italian site na French, La haine n'aura pas le dernier mot by Christel Martin * [https://www.amazon.com/Hummingbird-Why-Here-Maggys-Children/dp/1470124408 Hummingbird, Gịnị mere m ji bịa ebe a? Maggy's Children, nke Judith Debetencourt Hoskins dere], n'asụsụ Bekee, 2012 == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] igmx9mohrav8cxjcauzwoiyx3mfh4nj 0 55645 728074 197438 2026-09-26T03:20:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728074 wikitext text/x-wiki Mohammed Ahmed Abdallah (amuru c. 1953)[1] bu dibia bekee na onye na-akwado ikike mmadu. == Akụkọ ndụ == Onye otu ndi Fur, o si ugwu Marrah di na Central Darfur. Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ jere ije ụbọchị atọ iji ruo ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, na ụbọchị ise iji ruo ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị [1]. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike na Mahadum Khartoum, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1976.[2] Dọkịta nke mbụ si na mpaghara ya, o mechakwara wuo ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na Darfur dum iji kọọ akụkọ mmeko nwoke na nwanyị na ime ihe ike ndị ọzọ.[1] Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ ahụike na Darfur's Al Fashir University wee bụrụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Amel Center for the Treatment & Rehabilitation of Victim of Torture na Darfur n'oge agha Darfur. .<ref name="RFK">{{Cite web|url=http://rfkcenter.org/mohammed-ahmed-abdallah|title=Mohammed Ahmed Abdallah, Sudan|publisher=Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights|accessdate=2 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520223008/http://rfkcenter.org/mohammed-ahmed-abdallah|archivedate=20 May 2013}}</ref> Abdallah jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchiteanya na mkparịta ụka udo n'etiti agbụrụ 33 nke Darfur na 1989. Na mbido nsogbu Darfur na 2003, ọ jere ozi ọzọ dị ka onye nnọchi anya udo.<ref name="EK">{{Cite web|url=http://rfkcenter.org/remarks-by-sen-edward-kennedy-2007-rfk-human-rights-award-ceremony-2|title=Remarks by Sen. Edward Kennedy: 2007 RFK Human Rights Award Ceremony|author=Edward Kennedy|year=2007|publisher=Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights|accessdate=2 July 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130416000115/http://rfkcenter.org/remarks-by-sen-edward-kennedy-2007-rfk-human-rights-award-ceremony-2|archivedate=16 April 2013}}</ref> Na 2007, e nyere ya Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award n'ihi na ọ "kwụsiri ike na mbọ ya iji dozie nsogbu ndị ruuru mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ site n'ijere ndị a tara ahụhụ na inye ndị ndu na mmegharị maka udo."[1] Ihe nrite ahụ bịara na ya. ihe nrite ego US $ 35,000 yana mmekorita afọ ise ya na nzukọ ndị dọkịta na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na U.S.[2] N'ịnabata ihe nrite ahụ, Abdallah kwuru ọchịchọ ya ime ọ bụghị naanị dị ka dibịa, kamakwa hakim (okwu Arabic maka dọkịta):<blockquote>Ọrụ nke Hakim abụghị naanị ịgwọ ndị ọrịa kamakwa iji chebe obodo ya. Na Darfur, ọrụ m abụghị naanị nke dọkịta, kamakwa onye ga-arụ ọrụ iji chebe obodo, kwado ikike mmadụ nke ndị Darfur ma rụọ ọrụ maka udo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rfkcenter.org/remarks-by-dr-mohammed-ahmed-2007-rfk-human-rights-award-ceremony-2|title=Remarks by Dr. Mohammed Ahmed: 2007 RFK Human Rights Award Ceremony|year=2007|publisher=Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights|accessdate=2 July 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130415175924/http://rfkcenter.org/remarks-by-dr-mohammed-ahmed-2007-rfk-human-rights-award-ceremony-2|archivedate=15 April 2013}}</ref></blockquote>N'afọ 2009, Abdallah katọrọ iwu nke Onye isi ala US [[Barack Obama]] megide Sudan, na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ dị na Darfur na-akawanye njọ, gọọmentị US ka enweghị "iwu kwekọrọ ekwekọ" maka mpaghara ahụ. Ahmad kwuru na usoro mpaghara gụnyere Chad, Egypt, Libya, na Central African Republic bụ naanị ụzọ ịchọta ngwọta ogologo oge maka nsogbu na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/worldly_boston/2009/03/activist_says_darfur_crisis_wo.html|title=Activist says Darfur crisis worsening|author=James F. Smith|date=24 March 2009|work=The Boston Globe|accessdate=2 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116084027/http://www.boston.com/news/world/worldly_boston/2009/03/activist_says_darfur_crisis_wo.html|archive-date=16 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nwbhhmjtjlj939mcld2xldmms2to83h 0 56361 728076 204566 2026-09-26T03:32:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728076 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} {{Databox}} Na Meitei akụkọ ifo na akụkọ ifo, epic cycles nke incarnations na Moirang (Meitei: Moirang Shayon, Moirang Sayon; Old Manipuri: Moilang Shaion, Moilang Saion) [1] bụ a cyclic epic nke asaa incarnations (ite itoolu na ụfọdụ nsụgharị) nke abụọ Chineke hụrụ n'anya na Moirang Kaịrang n'ezie na alaeze. (n'oge Manipur).<ref name=":Oinam">{{Cite book|author=Oinam|first=Bhagat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X31aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA236|title=Northeast India: A Reader|date=2018-05-11|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2018|isbn=978-0-429-95320-0|pages=236, 237|language=en|quote=Numerous manuscripts of the Moirang region dwell on the theme of love. One of the most popular stories refers to the seven pairs of lovers who are regarded as incarnations of the same souls in different generations or age.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Datta|first=Amaresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&dq=epic+cycle+incarnations+moirang&pg=PA349|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|date=1987|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|location=India|pages=349|language=en|quote=The epic ballad cycle of the incarnations of Moirang which is nine in number according to some and only seven according to others is a grand majestic saga of the eternal triangle in which generations after generations would find reflections of the various hopes, ideals and aspirations of each age.|authorlink=Amaresh Datta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Kaushal|first=Molly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf1jAAAAMAAJ|title=Chanted Narratives: The Living "katha-vachana" Tradition|date=2001|publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]]|isbn=978-81-246-0182-2|location=India|pages=71|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Pattanayak|first=Debi Prasanna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AzaAAAAMAAJ&q=epic+cycle+incarnation+moirang|title=Indian Folklore|date=1981|publisher=[[Central Institute of Indian Languages]]|others=Original from:[[Indiana University]]|location=India|pages=8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Jādava|first=Kiśora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JvESAQAAIAAJ&q=epic+cycle+incarnations+moirang|title=Folklore and Its Motifs in Modern Literature|date=1998|publisher=Manas Publications|isbn=978-81-7049-086-9|location=India|pages=69, 142|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe ndị dị n'ime == === Akongjamba na Phouoibi<span title="Meitei-language text"><span lang="mni"><span class="script-meetei_mayek">Nkọwa</span></span></span><span>) </span> === [[Category:Articles containing Meitei-language text]] N'oge ọchịchị Eze Iwang Puriklai Kaba Purang (917-981 AD), Akongjamba, onye mara mma, lụrụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye nke Moirang, bụ onye chi nwanyị Phouoibi dọtara mmasị ya, onye hụrụ ya n'anya. N'ihi enweghị ike nke Akongjamba idebe okwu ya na obi ọjọọ nke nwunye Akongjamba, Phouoibi kpebiri ịhapụ ụwa mmadụ yana onye ọ hụrụ n'anya.<ref name=":Salwons_And_Langwons">{{Cite web|title=Salwons And Langwons Moirang and Ebuthou Thangjing Part 9|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Moirang_Kangleirol.Salwons_And_Langwons_Moirang_and_Ebuthou_Thangjing_Part_9|accessdate=2022-10-26|work=www.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":Oinam"/><ref name="chsingh">{{Cite book|author=Singh|first=Ch Manihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiBkAAAAMAAJ|title=A History of Manipuri Literature|date=1996|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|others=Original from:the [[University of Michigan]]|isbn=978-81-260-0086-9|location=India|pages=62, 63|language=en}}</ref> === Henjunaha na Lairoulembi === N'oge ọchịchị Eze Iwang Puriklai Telheiba (28-78 AD), Henjunaha Yangleingamba, nwa na-enweghị nna, bụ nne di ya nwụrụ nke dara ogbenye tolitere. Ọ hụrụ Thongang Lairoulembi n'anya, ọmarịcha nwanyị nke nna bara ọgaranya zụlitere. Ndị mmụọ ọjọọ na-egbu Henjunaha. Lairoulembi na-eso onye hụrụ ya n'anya site n'igbu onwe ya, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ na-eche nsogbu na ihe omume dị n'okpuru ụwa ihu. <ref name=":Salwons_And_Langwons"/> <ref name=":Oinam"/>{{R|chsingh}} === Khuyol Haoba na Yaithing Konu === N'oge ọchịchị Eze Iwang Puriklai Sana Lakhwa (185-236 AD), Khuyol Haoba, bụ nwa Khundouremba nwụrụ anwụ, onye ọrụ ụlọ ikpe nke Moirang. Yaithing Konu bụ nwa nwanyị nke Luwang Huiningsumba, onye a ma ama. N'oge ọ na-agbapụ na mwakpo igbu ọchụ nke ndị iro ya, Khuyol Haoba hụrụ Yaithing Konu n'anya. Konu lụrụ di, mana akara aka na-enye ohere ka Konu na Haoba jikọọ n'ikpeazụ.<ref name=":Salwons_And_Langwons"/><ref name=":Oinam"/>{{R|chsingh}} === Kadeng Thangjahanba na Tonu Laijinglembi === N'oge ọchịchị Eze Iwang Puriklai Laijing Punsiba (1138-1210 AD), Kadeng Thangjahanba bụ onye isi na-emepụta ọla nke Eze Laijing Ningthou Punsiba họpụtara.Ọ hụrụ Tonu Laiijinglembi n'anya, otu ada Laijing Lakpa, onye ọkacha mmasị nke Eze Moirang. N'oge enweghị Thangjahanba, Tonu lụrụ Eze Moirang, bụ onye na-amaghị banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị hụrụ ya n'anya. Ozugbo eze chọpụtara nke bụ́ eziokwu, o ji mmesapụ aka weghachi nwanyị ahụ n'ebe ezi onye hụrụ ya n'anya nọ. <ref name=":Salwons_And_Langwons"/><ref name=":Oinam"/>{{R|chsingh}} === Naha Ura Khongjomba na Pidonnu === N'oge ọchịchị Eze Iwang Puriklai Laijing Punsiba (1138-1210 AD), Khongjomba (1210-1263 AD) bụ nwa Eze Laijing Ningthou Punsiba na Lady Tonu Laijinglembi, mana a mụrụ ya n'ụlọ nna nna ya Kadeng Thangjahanba, di nke abụọ nke Tonu Lai jinglembi. Pidonnu bụ nwa nwanyị nke otu onye a ma ama. A mụrụ ya dị ka nwa eze ziri ezi ma a na-amaghị ama, Khongjomba chere mmetọ ihu site n'aka nwa eze na ya maka ịhụnanya ya na Lady Pidonnu. Mgbe eze chọpụtara eziokwu ahụ, ọ bụ ezigbo nwa ya nwoke bụ Khongjomba kpuwere okpueze dị ka onye na-achị Moirang, na-atụfu onye nketa ya. <ref name=":Salwons_And_Langwons"/> <ref name=":Oinam"/>{{R|chsingh}} === Wanglen Pungdingheiba na Sappa Chanu Silheibi === N'oge ọchịchị Eze Iwang Puriklai Ura Khongyamba (533-574 AD), Wanglen ''pung'' bụ onye nwere nkà na-eme pung (ụdị drum). Lady Sappa Chanu Silheibi bụ onye na-akpa ákwà nke ọma. Ndị na-ahụ n'anya abụọ ahụ na-asọ mpi iji chọpụta onye nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ha ngwa ngwa. N'ihi nghọtahie, Lady Silheibi kwenyere na a na-akwa ya emo maka mmeri ya ma gbuo onwe ya. Mgbe ọ chọtara ozu onye ọ hụrụ n'anya n'ime ọbara, Pungdingheiba sooro ya.<ref name=":Salwons_And_Langwons"/><ref name=":Oinam"/>{{R|chsingh}} === Khamba Thoibi ===   N'oge ọchịchị nke Eze Iwang Puriklai Chingkhu Telheiba (1083-1138 AD), Khuman Khamba, nwa mgbei nke nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye zụlitere, na Thoibi, nanị adaeze Moirang, dara ịhụnanya. Mgbe ha chere ihu ihe omume dị iche iche, izu nzuzo, obi ọjọọ, iyi egwu na ọbụna igbu ọchụ, ndị hụrụ abụọ ahụ n'anya jikọtara ọnụ. <ref name=":Salwons_And_Langwons"/> {{R|chsingh}} == N'omenala a ma ama == N'omenala a ma ama, usoro ihe nkiri nke incarnations na-apụta na nka, akwụkwọ, ihe nkiri, ihe nkiri na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. [[Faịlụ:Manmohan_Singh_being_presented_a_memento_by_the_Governor_of_Manipur,_Dr._S.S._Sidhu_at_the_foundation_stone_laying_ceremony_of_three_projects_the_National_Academy_of_Sports.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Manmohan Singh, praịm minista nke India n'oge ahụ, na-enye ihe ncheta nke ihe osise nke na-egosi Khuman Khamba na-ejide Kao (anụ ọhịa), nke Shivinder Singh Sidhu, Gọvanọ Manipur na Okram Ibobi Singh, Onye isi minista nke Manipur n'oge a, n'oge emume ntọala nkume nke ọrụ atọ, National Academy of Sports, Convention Center na Manipur Institute of Technology, na Kangla na Manipur na 2 Disemba 2006]] * Khambana Kao Phaba (ihe osise) - ihe osise mmanụ Meitei nke afọ 2001, nke M Betombi Singh, na-egosi Khuman Khamba na-ejide Kao (anụ ọhịa bea) * ''"Kao, ehi dị nsọ"'' - ihe ngosi ihe nkiri nke Asụsụ Meitei nke afọ 2011, nke Laihui Ensemble, banyere Khuman Khamba na-ejide Kao (anụ ọhịa ehi) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.theatre.Kao_-_A_Glimpse_of_Manipuri_Opera|title=KAO - A Glimpse of Manipuri Opera|work=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2011.Ann_Kao_play_by_Laibui_20110223|title="Kao - the sacred bull" by Laihui on 6 March 2011|work=e-pao.net}}</ref> * Phou-oibi, Chi Nwanyị Rice - a 2013 Meitei language ballad opera * ''"Tonu Laijinglembi"'' - ihe nkiri Asụsụ Meitei nke afọ 2014 nke Sarangthem Bormani dere ma Bolch Jugandra duziri <ref>{{Cite web|author=Press|first=Imphal Free|title=MDU drama festival from March 21 – KanglaOnline|date=15 March 2014|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2014/03/mdu-drama-festival-from-march-21/|accessdate=2022-10-27|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209054905/http://kanglaonline.com/2014/03/mdu-drama-festival-from-march-21/}}</ref> * Phouoibi Shayon - ihe nkiri Asụsụ Meitei nke afọ 2017 * ''"Tonu Laijinglembi"'' - ihe nkiri Asụsụ Meitei nke afọ 2018, nke L Bikram nke "Aryan Theatre, Imphal" duziri <ref>{{Cite web|author=NEWS|first=NE NOW|date=2018-03-26|title=Manipur Folk Drama Festival kicks off in Imphal|url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur-folk-drama-festival-kicks-off-imphal.html|accessdate=2022-10-27|work=NORTHEAST NOW|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''"Tonu Laijinglembi Seitharol"'' - mbipụta Meitei Mayek nke 2018 nke akwụkwọ "Tonu Layjinglembi seitharol " nke Hijam Guno dere <ref>{{Cite web|title=Literary books in Meitei Mayek released : 29th apr18 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=19..290418.apr18|accessdate=2022-10-27|work=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Literary books in Meitei Mayek released – Manipur News|date=28 April 2018|url=http://www.manipur.org/news/2018/04/28/literary-books-in-meitei-mayek-released/|accessdate=2022-10-27|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203183018/http://www.manipur.org/news/2018/04/28/literary-books-in-meitei-mayek-released/|archive-date=2024-12-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''"Kao Faba"'' - Asụsụ Meitei nke afọ 2020 Shumang Kumhei, nke Western Cultural Association mere, banyere Khuman Khamba na-ejide Kao (anụ ọhịa bea) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..031020.oct20|title=Kao Faba displayed|work=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/10/2/-Kao-Faba-displayed.amp.html|title=Kao Faba displayed|work=www.thesangaiexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/10/2/-Kao-Faba-displayed.html|title=Kao Faba displayed|work=thesangaiexpress.com}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nke ahụ bụ Ihe Mere. . . Akụkọ ifo ndị Manipuri A Gụtaghachiri * Ndepụta nke epics n'asụsụ Meitei * Numit Kappa * Akụkọ Banyere ocheeze Kanglei == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Mgbasa ozi metụtaraOkirikiri akụkọ ihe mere eme nke incarnationsna Wikimedia Commons * {{Cite web|title=Manipuri Literature in History 4|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Manipuri_Literature_in_History.Manipuri_Literature_in_History_4|accessdate=2022-10-26|work=e-pao.net}} * {{Cite web|title=Indian Folk Epics|url=http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/folklore1/epics.htm|accessdate=2022-10-26|work=www.ciil-ebooks.net}} llprp3v1r5uksc26okwuvceltu8upr4 0 56386 728157 201134 2026-09-26T10:20:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728157 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Borax-Krötenstein1.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta nke Toadstone, nke e sere na ''Hortus Sanitatis'', nke e bipụtara na Mainz na 1491. ]] [[Faịlụ:Scheenstia_lower_jaw.jpg|thumb|Akụkụ agbà dị ala nke ''Scheenstia'', na-egosi ezé n'ebe ahụ]] <ref name="Independent UK Fossils1">{{Cite news|date=12 February 2007|title=Fossils: myths, mystery and magic|publisher=Independent UK|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fossils-myths-mystery-and-magic-436005.html|accessdate=13 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112003624/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fossils-myths-mystery-and-magic-436005.html|archive-date=12 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nkume toad, nke a dị ka bufo (site na Latn bufo, "toad"), nkume ma ọ bụ nkume ọnụ ọnụ nke e chere na a na-ahụ ya n'isi toad.  E chere na ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ maka ndị ma na nke a ọ dị ka batrachite, nke a na-eche na ọ pụta n'isi awụ.  Toadstones bụ n'ezie ezé fossilized nke Scheenstia (nke a na-akpọbu Lepidotes), ụdị Azụ ray-finned sitere na Oge Jurassic na Cretaceous.  Ha yiri ka ha bụ "nkume zuru oke n'ụdị" ma ndị na-ere ola na Europe mgba ha na mgbaaka akwụkwọ na ụtụmọkpọ site n'oge oge ochie ruo na ncheta afọ nke 18. == Nkwenkwe Ndị E kweere == [[Faịlụ:Various_toadstones.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nkume ntutu si n'ala Jurassic na Oxfordshire UK]] Site n'oge ochie, ndị mmadụ na-echeta ihe ochie na ọla ndị a na-etinye n'ime isi awụ.  Akịrịka ahụ nwere gland na-egbu egbu n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ ya, n'ihi ya, a na-eche na ha bu ọgwụ nke ha nakwa na nke a weere akwụkwọ akụkọ.  Ọ bụ Pliny Onye Ukwu dere ha na mbụ adọ mbụ. Dị ka ezé shark fossilized nke a mara dị ka tonguestones, a na-eche na toadstones bụ ihe na-ibu nsí ma na-ibu ya isi epilepsy.[1]  Ka ọ na-erule na awụ nke iri na anọ, ndị mmadụ akara iji nkume toadstones ola mma maka ikike ikike ngosi ha.  N'ụdị omenala ha, a mmetụta ka nkume frog n'ime frog ochie mgbe ihe e kere eke ahụ ka dị ndụ.  onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke na ike adọ nke iri na asaa bụ Edward Topsell dere na ike ime nke a site na agụ frog n'elu akwa na-acha ọkụ.<ref name="Independent UK Fossils1" /> Ndị na-ere ola n'oge ahụ weere ezigbo nkume frog ka ọ mba ndị USD nha aka ma ha dị iche iche na agba site na-acha ọcha ruo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ruo na oji, dabere na ebe e liri ha.[1]  A na-eche na ha elele dị irẹụ nsi mgbe a na-eyi ha nwe akpụkpọ ahụ, n'oge ahụ a na-eche ka ha na-ekpo ọkụ, ọsdị ma elu ụcha.[2]  Ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ na-egbu egbu tara mmadụ, a ga-ahụ nkume toadstone aka n'ihe nkiri ahụ iji mee mmetụta.[3]  N'aka nke ọzọ, Johannes nke Cuba, n' akwụkwọ ya Gart der Gesundheit nke 1485, kwuru na toadstone ga-enyere aka na-egosi na obi ụtọ ụwa..<ref name="Campbell33">{{Cite book|author=Campbell|first=Marian|title=Medieval Jewellery in Europe 1100-1500|date=2009|publisher=V&A Publishing|isbn=9781851775828}}</ref> == Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ == Duke Senior na-ezo aka na nkume na Shakespeare's As You Like It (1599), na Act 2, Scene 1, ahịrị 12 ruo 14:<blockquote><poem> Sweet are the uses of adversity; Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, Wears yet a precious jewel in his head. </poem></blockquote>N'ibu dị nke James Branch Cabell "Balthazar's Daughter" (nke ana ozi na The Certain Hour) na egwuregwu ya na-esote The Jewel Merchants, Alessandro nke Medici na-anwa ịrata Graciosa site na idepụta ọla dị oké ọnụ ahịa dị iche iche o nwere, ihe "ihe ndị e ji eji nke awụ". == Hụkwa == * Bezoar * Biomineralization == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * New Oxford American Dictionary, n'okpuru ntinye "toadstone". * Ọrụ zuru ezu nke William Shakespeare site na Crown Publishers Inc == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/oddnotes/toadstones.html "Toadstones: Ihe edeturu] Pseudodoxia Epidemica, Akwụkwọ nke Atọ, isi nke 13" * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/oddnotes/toadstones.html nchịkọta nke ihe edeturu] nke James Eason nke Mahadum Chicago na-agụnye ihe ndị sitere na Thomas Nicols na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ * [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1890/10/05/106043434.pdf Akwụkwọ akụkọ ''New York Times'', October 1890] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=lGkmqvJpggEC&pg=PP8 <nowiki>[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] </nowiki>''Nnyocha banyere ọnọdụ mbụ na nhazi nke ụwa'', peeji nke 184-5, 190 na ff).] a7vko5gwyfazw30w08xfu2tfm0kye0a 0 56792 727973 722249 2026-09-25T17:20:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727973 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:Linor (cropped).jpg|thumb|Linor Abargil,Israeli model and beauty pageant titleholder]] '''Linor Abargil''' (Hibru: לינור אברג'יל, a ma-asụpe.mgbe ụfọdụ dịka ''Linor Aberjil''; amụrụ na Febụwarị 17, 1980) bụ onye ọka iwu Israel, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye a na-ekiri ekiri na eze nwanyị mara mma nke meriri Miss World 1998, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Linor cruises to Miss World title|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm|accessdate=July 12, 2010|date=November 27, 1998}}</ref> obere oge ka e dinachara ya n'ike. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ ghọwo onye nkwado a maara n'ụwa dum n'ịlụ ọgụ megide mmekọahụ n'ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S23/96/38A08/index.xml?section=announcements|title=Take Back the Night features former Miss World Linor Abargil|accessdate=July 12, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923040359/http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S23/96/38A08/index.xml?section=announcements|archivedate=September 23, 2010}}</ref> Onye bu ya ụzọ bụ Miss World 1997, Diana Hayden kpuwere ya okpueze. == Akụkọ ndụ Ya == A mụrụ Abargil na Netanya, [[Israel]], nwa mbụ nke Aliza na Jackie Abargil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linor's Story|url=http://www.bravemissworld.com/linors-story|work=Brave Miss World|accessdate=7 May 2014}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ya bụ ndị Moroccan-Jewish. N'afọ 1996, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi Look bịanyeere ya aka, wee gaa n'ihu merie echichi "Nchọpụta nke Afọ Ahu" na asọmpi ihe ngosi nke afọ 1997. N'afọ 1998, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, e chiri ya okpueze Miss Israel, wee gaa n'ihu na asọmpi Miss World na [[Seychelles]]. Naanị izu asaa tupu asọmpi ahụ eruo, Uri Shlomo Nur, onye na-ahụ maka njem si Milan, dinara Abargil dị afọ iri na asatọ n'ike ma maa ya mma.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Alex|author=Kasriel|date=May 21, 2009|title=How Miss World made rapist pay|publisher=Jewish Chronicle Online|url=http://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-features/how-miss-world-made-rapist-pay|accessdate=July 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202125335/http://thejc.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-features/how-miss-world-made-rapist-pay|archive-date=February 2, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> E zigara Abargil Nur site n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ya na-emepụta ihe n'Itali maka enyemaka ịgbanwe ụgbọ elu ga-ebu ya laghachi Israel. Nur gwara Abargil na ọ ga-adị mfe ịbanye n'ụgbọelu site na Rom, ma kwuo na ọ ga-ebuga ya ebe ahụ n'ụgbọala ya. N'ụzọ, ọ gbabaziri n'okporo ụzọ ruru unyi dịpụrụ adịpụ, ebe o ji mma yie Abargil egwu, kee ya n'oche azụ, ma dinaa ya n'ike, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ malitere ịpịa ya mma ma jiri eriri chọọ ikwụgbu ya. Dịka o doziri ya anya na na o bu n'obi igbu ya, Abargil jisiri ike gbapụ site n'ịmesi Nur obi ike na nke a "abụghị ya n'ezie" nakwa na ọ gaghị agwa onye ọ bụla. Otú ọ dị, ozugbo ọ rutere n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Rome, ọ kpọrọ nne ya ka ọ gwa ya ihe merenụ, wee zute nwanyị so ya gaa nyocha ahụike ma kọọrọ ndị uwe ojii ndina n'ike ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọchịchị Ịtali tọhapụrụ Nur ozugbo, wee jụ ikpe ya ikpe. Abargil gara n'ihu merie echichi Miss World, laghachi n'ụlọ Israel izute ịma ya nke ọma na nlebara anya ọha na eze, nke ọ kọrọ na o mere ka o siere ya ike ịnagide nsogbu ọ na-aga n'ihu, ma mee ka o siere ya ike ịrụ ọrụ ya dị ka Miss World.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://xnet.ynet.co.il/laisha/articles/0,14961,L-3107090,00.html|title=מיס עולם לינור אברג'יל: "האנס לא יישאר כאן. יעשו לו את המוות"|work=xnet|language=he|accessdate=2020-02-24}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwere nkụda mmụọ n'ihi na ndị ọchịchị Ịtali jụrụ ịga n'ihu n'okwu ahụ, Abargil kọọrọ ndị ọchịchị Israel banyere ndina n'ike ahụ, bụ ndị nyere ikike ijide Nur wee malite usoro mbufe okwu ahụ. N'ihi nkwụsịtụ mgbasa ozi na ikpe ahụ na Israel, Nur amaghị banyere ebubo ndị a na-ebo ya. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Israel ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị ileta ezinụlọ ya, e jidere ya n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu. E kpere ya ikpe maka ndina n'ike, na ịtọrọ mmadụ, ma maa ya ikpe site n'enyemaka nke Ihe akaebe DNA a chọtara n'ụgbọala ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=172350|title=ביהמ"ש הרשיע את נור שלמה במעשי אונס וסדום בלינור אברג'יל|date=1999-10-07|work=Globes|language=he|accessdate=2020-02-24|author=ועתי"ם|first=שירות גלובס}}</ref> A mara Nur ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri na isii.<ref name="TTO-20081221">{{Cite news|date=December 21, 2008|accessdate=July 12, 2010|title=Ex-Miss World to make graphic film of her rape|first=John|author=Follain|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5375388.ece|publisher=The Times Online|archive-date=May 18, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518154527/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5375388.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pageant.com/news/archive/news1999.html|title=Pageant News Bureau (PNB) – Pageant News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329015513/http://www.pageant.com/news/archive/news1999.html|archivedate=2007-03-29}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bịara maka nnwere onwe, Abargil guzobere mkpọsa megide ntọhapụ ya, ọ mechara nọzuo oge mkpọrọ ya niile. Ka ọ na-erule n'oge a, ọ ghọworị onye a ma ama na-eme ngagharị iwe, na-akpọ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ ka ha soro ihe nlereanya ya ma kọọrọ ndị uwe ojii mwakpo ha niile. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://LinorDocumentary.com|title=The Linor Documentary Project|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225030610/http://www.linordocumentary.com/|archivedate=December 25, 2008|accessdate=December 22, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-features/how-miss-world-made-rapist-pay|title=How Miss World made rapist pay &#124; the Jewish Chronicle|accessdate=2010-07-12|archivedate=2010-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904035747/http://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-features/how-miss-world-made-rapist-pay}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị mmeri Miss World, Abargil gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye a na-ekiri ekiri na Israel nakwa na mba ụwa, wee debanye aha ịmụ ihe nkiri na Beit Zvi School for the Performing Arts. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ pụtara n'ọtụtụ egwuregwu na usoro telivishọn. Otú ọ dị, n'etiti mkpebi ya ịghọ onye Juu Ọtọdọks na 2009, nke kwụsịrị ime ihe ngosi ya, nakwa mkpebi ya ịlụso ime ihe ike mmekọahụ ọgụ, Abargil kpebiri ụzọ ọhụrụ, wee kpebie ịmụ iwu na Netanya Academic College . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4383002,00.html|title=קבלו את עורכת הדין - לינור אברג'יל|author=ארזואן|first=שי|date=2013-05-22|work=ynet|language=he|accessdate=2020-02-24}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu ịrụrụ onye ọka iwu Tel Aviv District ọrụ. === Miss World Obi Siri Ike === N'afọ 2008, Abargil malitere ime ihe nkiri nke dabeere na ndina n'ike edinara ya nakwa ya ịbụ onye ngaghari iwe, a kpọrọ Brave Miss World . N'ịbụ nke Cecilia Peck duziri, ihe nkiri ahụ sochiri Abargil ka ọ na-agagharị n'ụwa niile na-akụzi ihe ma na-ezute ụmụ nwanyị ma na-agba ha ume ikwu maka ahụmịhe ha na ime ihe ike mmekọahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/the-beauty-who-faced-the-beast/|title=The beauty who faced the beast|author=Kamin|first=Debra|work=Timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-24}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ na-egosikwa mgbalị ya iji dozie ihe ike ọ gabigara, mmekọrịta ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya, nnakwere ya nke okpukpe ndị Juu Ọtọdọks (nke mere na ọ naghịzi arụ ọrụ dị ka onye a na-ekiri ekiri), mkpọsa ya iji mee ka Nur nọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, mkpebi ya ịmụ iwu na ịrụ ọrụ na Ọfịs Onye Ọkaiwu District ahụ, nakwa ntọhapụ nke abụ o dere banyere mgbaghara n'etiti nne na nwa ya nwanyị mgbe e dinasịrị nwa ya nwanyị n'ike. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4479072,00.html|title="מיס עולם האמיצה": תודה לך, דמות מופת|date=2014-01-21|work=ynet|language=he|accessdate=2020-02-24}}</ref> N'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè na ihe nkiri ahụ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ, ndị nne, ndị agadi nwanyị, na ọtụtụ ndị ama ama dị ka Joan Collins na Fran Drescher, ndị kọrọ akụkọ nke ha banyere mwakpo mmekọahụ n'ike.<ref name=":0" /> Na ngwụcha ihe nkiri ahụ, Abargil laghachiri nzọụkwụ ya na Ịtali, site na tupu na mgbe ndina n'ike ahụ gasịrị, na-ezute ndị nyeere ya aka, dị ka dọkịta ome nnyocha, ma na-eche ndị na-eme ihe ngosi ihu bụ ndị ọ maara na ọ bụ ha mà ụma ziga ya na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ọzọ n'ihe ize ndụ site n'aka ndị a ma ama na-eme mmekọahụ n'ike. Ihe nkiri ahụ na-agbasokwa ndụ onwe onye Abargil, alụmdi na nwunye ya, ọmụmụ ụmụ abụọ mbụ ya, na njem ime mmụọ ya.<ref name=":1" /> Brave Miss World gosiri nke mbụ ya na telivishọn Israel na 2013, bịa na nyocha dị mma na nnabata ọha na eze, a na-egosikwa ya n'ọtụtụ mmemme ihe nkiri na United States na Europe n'afọ 2013 na 2014. A họpụtara ihe nkiri ahụ maka Primetime Emmy maka Outstanding Documentary Film . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2013/2/19/brave_miss_world_raped_before_winning|title="Brave Miss World": Raped Before Winning '98 Title, Linor Abargil Campaigns Against Sexual Violence|publisher=Democracy Now|date=2013-02-19}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.democracynow.org/2013/2/19/brave_miss_world_raped_before_winning ""Brave Miss World": Raped Before Winning '98 Title, Linor Abargil Campaigns Against Sexual Violence"]. Democracy Now. 2013-02-19.</cite></ref> === Aha ejiji LYA === N'afọ 2017, Abargil ya na enyi ya, onye ọchụnta ego Yafit Attias, malitere akara ejiji iji gboo mkpa ejiji kwesiri ekwesị nke ụmụ nwanyị okpukpe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fashion.walla.co.il/item/3051268|title="עם גבולות, ללא ויתורים": לינור אברג'יל משיקה מותג אופנה בעיצובה|date=2017-03-23|work=Fashion.walla.co.il|language=he-IL|accessdate=2020-02-24}}</ref> Ha kpọrọ akara ahụ LYA, ngwakọta nke mkpụrụedemede mbido aha ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://xnet.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4942771,00.html|title=בבית ובארון של לינור אברג'יל: "היום אני יודעת שאין סטייל בעולם הדתי"|author=איתי יעקב|date=9 April 2017|work=Xnet.ynet.co.il|language=he|accessdate=2020-02-24}}</ref> === Okwu ya na nnọkọ pụrụ iche nke UN === Na Disemba 2023, Linor kwuru okwu na ihe omume pụrụ iche na United Nations, na-elekwasị anya na ime mmekọahụ n'ike nke Hamas n'oge mwakpo ntụnanya na Israel. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Rape as a Weapon of War: Jewish Women Call on UN to Confront Hamas' Sexual Violence|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-05/ty-article/.premium/israeli-and-jewish-women-implore-a-reticent-un-to-confront-hamas-sexual-violence/0000018c-369b-dc03-a9ec-3efbfcb90000|accessdate=2023-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Botbol|first=Amelie|date=5 December 2023|title=Israel-led UN special session condemns world silence on Hamas using rape as weapon of war|work=[[Times of Israel]]|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-led-un-special-session-condemns-world-silence-on-hamas-using-rape-as-weapon-of-war/}}</ref> Linor katọrọ òtù ụmụ nwanyị mba ụwa n'ụzọ siri ike maka ịgbachi nkịtị ha na mwakpo mmekọahụ n'ike nke n'ụbọchị nke asaa n'ọnwa Ọktoba, na-ekwusi ike na ọ dị mkpa ịkwalite olu ndị o metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 December 2023|title=Hamas sexual violence against Israeli women revealed at UN: ‘Girls without any clothes on, without tops, without underwear’|url=https://allisrael.com/hamas-sexual-violence-against-israeli-women-revealed-at-un-girls-without-any-clothes-on-without-tops-without-underwear|accessdate=12 December 2023|work=All Israel News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Abargil lụrụ onye [[Lithunia|Lithuania na-egwu egwuregwu boolu nkata bụ]] Šarūnas Jasikevičius n'ememe e mere na nsonso Barcelona, na July 2006. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forward.com/news/israel/444/israel-e2-80-99s-celebrity-wedding/|title=Israel's Celebrity Wedding|work=Forward.com|accessdate=12 November 2021}}</ref> Ha gbara alụkwaghịm na 2008.<ref name="TTO-20081221" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24831223-2703,00.html|title=Former Miss World to shoot 'inspirational' documentary about her rape|accessdate=2009-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804092807/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24831223-2703,00.html|archivedate=2009-08-04}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, Abargil lụrụ onye njikwa Oron Calfon, ma nabata okpukpe ndị Juu Ọtọdọks. N'afọ 2012, ọ mụrụ ejima (nwa nwoke na nwa nwanyị), n'afọ 2013, ọ mụrụ nwa nwanyị. Ọ mụrụ nwa nwanyị ọzọ na Septemba 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/694687|title=תמונות ראשו: לינור אברג'יל והבייבי|work=Israelhayom.co.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ishim.co.il/p.php?s=%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%9C|title=לינור אברג'יל|work=Ishim.co.il|accessdate=2025-03-08|archivedate=2022-05-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504152300/https://www.ishim.co.il/p.php?s=%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%9C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/148079|title=After ten years, I felt I was ready|work=Israelhayom.co.il|accessdate=12 November 2021}}</ref> Abargil nwetara akara ugo mmụta n'iwu site na Netanya Academic College, e wee nabata ya na Israel Bar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4383002,00.html|title=קבלו את עורכת הדין - לינור אברג'יל|first=שי|author=ארזואן|date=22 May 2013|work=Ynet.co.il}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} * VideonaYouTube {{s-start}} {{s-ach}} {{s-bef|before={{flagicon|India}} [[Diana Hayden]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Miss World]]|years=[[Miss World 1998|1998]]}} {{s-aft|after={{flagicon|India}} [[Yukta Mookhey]]}} {{s-bef|before={{flagicon|TUR}} Çağla Şikel}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Miss_World_Continental_Queen_of_Beauty#1990-2004|Miss World Europe]]|years=[[Miss World 1998#Continental Queens|1998]]}} {{s-aft|after={{flagicon|ISR}} Jenny Chervoney}} {{s-end}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gs8cfurremdp8hyr9cdhbfbp7sozc0n 0 56991 728180 201979 2026-09-26T11:47:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728180 wikitext text/x-wiki Nora Berrah bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị Algeria na-amụ ka ọkụ na ihe si emekọrịta. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Connecticut, ebe ọ bụbu onye isi oche nke ngalaba physics. Berrah nwetara diplọma na physics na 1979 na Mahadum Algiers. Ọ gụchara PhD na 1987 na Mahadum Virginia. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Argonne National Laboratory site na 1987 ruo 1992, wee bụrụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Western Michigan na 1999. Ọ kwagara Mahadum Connecticut na 2014..{{R|joins|newhead}} A họpụtara Berrah dị ka onye otu American Physical Society na 1999. {{R|faps}} N'afọ 2014, o ritere Ihe nrite Davisson-Germer na Atomic ma ọ bụ Surface Physics "maka nnwale ndị mbụ na mmekọrịta nke atọm, molecules, negative ion na clusters na ionizing vacuum ultraviolet na soft x-ray photons".{{R|dgp}} A họpụtara ya na American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) n'afọ 2018 ma kwuo ya maka "N'ihi onyinye pụrụ iche na ngalaba nke molecular dynamics, ọkachasị maka ịmalite sayensị na-abụghị nke na-aga n'ahịrị site na iji lasers electron na spectroscopy site na iji isi mmalite ọkụ synchrotron".A họpụtara ya na American Academy of Arts and Sciences na 2019 na National Academy of Sciences na 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amacad.org/news/2019-members-announcement|title=New 2019 Academy Members Announced|publisher=[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]|date=April 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 April 2024|title=National Academy of Sciences Elects Members and International Members|url=https://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2024-nas-election.html|accessdate=12 May 2024|work=www.nasonline.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430193331/https://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2024-nas-election.html|archive-date=30 April 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jh6lar3uqjlq0g0fujt1e8a9jwwk6e0 0 58992 728181 697793 2026-09-26T11:48:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728181 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Norfuk''' ( Pitcairn-Norfolk ) ( '''Norfolk''' na-arịwanye elu) ma ọ bụ '''Norf'k''' bụ asụsụ ndị bi n'ime obodo na-asụ na Norfolk Island (na Pacific Ocean). Ọ bụ ngwakọta nke Bekee na Tahitian nke narị afọ nke 18, nke ndị ọbịa na-asụ Pitkern si na agwaetiti Pitcairn webatara na mbụ. Tinyere Bekee, ọ bụ asụsụ ndị isi obodo Norfolk Island. <ref>{{Cite news|date=21 April 2005|work=[[The Dominion Post (Wellington)|The Dominion Post]]|page=B3}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/04/19/waust19.xml|title=Save our dialect, say Bounty islanders|date=2005-04-19|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=6 April 2007}}</ref> Norfuk abụrụla [[Asụsụ cant|onye]] na-asụ asụsụ . Ka njem isi na Norfolk Island na-aghọwanye ihe, Norfuk na-adaba n'ejighi ya. A na-eme mgbalị iji weghachi asụsụ ahụ n'ụzọ ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe, dị ka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka, mbipụta nke akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Bekee–Norfuk, iji asụsụ a na-eji akara ngosi eme ihe, na inyegharị aha ụfọdụ ebe ndị njem nlegharị anya - ọkachasị njem mmiri ozuzo " {{Lang|pih-NF|A Trip Ina Stik}} "- na Norfuk ha nhata. Na 2007, [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations]] gbakwunyere Norfuk na ndepụta asụsụ ya dị ize ndụ . <ref>{{Cite news|title=UN adds Norfolk language to endangered list|publisher=ABC News|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/08/17/2008195.htm|accessdate=5 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174911/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/08/17/2008195.htm|archive-date=20 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'afọ ndị 1970, ndị obodo Norfolk na ndị ọkachamara sitere na ala Australia kwuru na asụsụ Norfuk na-adaba na ọdịda, na-akpali mkparịta ụka gbasara otu esi etinye Norfolk n'ime usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref name="Mühlhäusler 2007">{{Cite journal|author=Mühlhäusler|first=Peter|date=2007|title=The Pitkern-Norf'k language and education|url=http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/eww.28.3.02muh|journal=English World-Wide|volume=28|issue=3|pages=215–247|doi=10.1075/eww.28.3.02muh}}</ref> N'oge a, Norfuk enweghị usoro ederede ahaziri ahazi, n'ihi na ọ na-abụkarị asụsụ ọnụ. Society of the Descendants of Pitcairn Islanders, nke hiwere na 1977, bụ ike na-akwalite mgbasa ozi iji tinye asụsụ Norfuk dịka isiokwu a na-akụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref name="Mühlhäusler 2007" /> [[Faye Bataille]] bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ kụziiri Norfolk klas n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha, na 1980s. Beryl Nobbs-Palmer chịkọtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Norfolk mbụ na 1986. <ref name="Mühlhäusler 2007"/> Akpọrọ ya ''akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Norfolk okwu na ojiji'' ma nwee ihe atụ nke okwu n'asụsụ Norfuk yana otu esi eji ha eme ihe. Ọ bụ Alice Buffett na Dr Donald Laycock dere akwụkwọ ''Speak Norfuk Today'' . Ọ bụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma nke jikọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ozi gbasara asụsụ Norfuk ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime oge mbụ e dekọrọ ihe odide Norfuk. <ref name="Mühlhäusler 2007"/> Norfuk ghọrọ asụsụ nke Norfolk Island na 2004 site n'ikike nke Norfolk Island Language (Norf'k) Act 2004 nke ọgbakọ omebe iwu nke agwaetiti ahụ gafere. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages: An Introduction|author=Velupillai, Viveka|isbn=9789027268846|location=Amsterdam|oclc=900333013|date=15 April 2015}}</ref> Na 2018, Eve Semple na ndị ọrụ ibe nwetara onyinye sitere na Kansụl Nnyocha Ọstrelia, iji kwalite ma kwado nkwalite. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Preserving and reviving language and culture of Norfolk Island|url=http://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/LP0668939|accessdate=2021-10-31|work=Research Data Australia|language=en}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta na Pitkern ==   Norfuk sitere na Pitkern (Pitcairnese ma ọ bụ Pi'kern) nke ndị bi na agwaetiti Pitcairn na-asụ. Mfe dị mfe nke njem site na mba ndị na-asụ Bekee dị ka Australia na New Zealand gaa Norfolk Island, karịsịa ma e jiri ya tụnyere njem njem na Pitcairn Islands, pụtara na Norfuk ekpughere ya na mmekọrịta dị ukwuu na Bekee na Pitkern. Ihe isi ike dị na ịnweta ndị bi na Pitcairn apụtala na ntụnyere asụsụ abụọ ahụ maka inwe nghọta n'otu n'otu egosila na ọ siri ike. == Nhazi == Ekewala Norfuk dị ka asụsụ Atlantic Creole, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Avram|first=Andrei|year=2003|title=Pitkern and Norfolk revisited|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-today_2003-01_19_1/page/44|journal=[[English Today]]|volume=19|issue=1|pages=44–49|doi=10.1017/S0266078403003092}}</ref> n'agbanyeghị ebe agwaetiti ahụ dị na Oke Osimiri Pasifik, n'ihi mmetụta dị arọ nke Ned Young, onye na-ekwu okwu Saint Kitts Creole, na ọrụ ya dị ka " onye na-ahụ maka asụsụ " n'etiti ọgbọ mbụ nke ụmụaka a mụrụ na Pitcairn. Asụsụ a nwere njikọ chiri anya na Pitkern mana enweghị ndị ikwu ọzọ karịa asụsụ nne na nna ya nke Bekee na Tahitian. A na-ewerekarị na Bekee enwewo mmetụta n'asụsụ ahụ karịa Tahitian, ebe okwu ndị Tahitian wepụrụ bụ ndị a kpọchiri n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihe ndị a na-adịghị mma, àgwà ndị na-adịghị mma, na adjectives na-egosi na ọ dị ihe na-adịghị mma. Ọtụtụ okwu ndị a na-ejikarị na bekee nke oge a na-aga n'ihu na Pitkern. Okwu ndị a gụnyere okwu sitere na omenala mmiri mmiri Britain n'oge ụgbọ mmiri na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri. Mmetụta nke ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Seventh-day Adventist na King James Version nke Bible bụkwa ihe pụtara ìhè. N'etiti narị afọ nke 19, ndị Pitcairn biri na Norfolk Island; mgbe e mesịrị, ụfọdụ laghachiri azụ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu Pitkern taa bụ ụmụ nke ndị nọrọ. Asụsụ Pitkern na Norfuk bụ ndị a na-aghọta n'otu n'otu, mana dị iche na nke ọma na okwu na ụtọ asụsụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Hogan-Brun|first=Gabrielle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16V-DwAAQBAJ|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities|date=2018-12-11|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-54066-9|pages=535|language=en}}</ref> Asụsụ Norfolk na-eji isiokwu-ngwaa-ihe (SVO) usoro okwu bụ isi. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Daval-Markussen|first=Aymeric|date=2015|title=Book Review: 2013. The Atlas of Pidgin Creole Language Structures, edited by Michaelis Susanne Maria, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath and Magnus Huber|journal=[[Journal of Language Contact]]|volume=8|issue=2|pages=430–434|doi=10.1163/19552629-00802008}}</ref> == fonology == {| class="wikitable" |+Udaume <ref>{{Cite book|title=The language of Norfolk Island|author=Harrison|first=Shirley|year=1972|pages=18}}</ref> ! colspan="2" | Otu ebumnuche na-ada ! rowspan="2" | Ụda ebumnuche abụọ |- ! otu 1 ! otu 2 |- | i | e | ʌʊ |- | ɪ | o | ɑɪ |- | ɛ | | ɔɪ |- | æ | | |- | ɑ | | |- | ɒ | | |- | ọ | | |- | ʊ | | |- | ị | | |- | ɜ | | |- | ʌ | | |} == Ọkpụkpụ == Asụsụ a na-asụkarị karịa asụsụ edere, na enweghị ụkpụrụ. Otú ọ dị, e meela ọtụtụ mgbalị n'ịmepụta ihe odide nke asụsụ ahụ. Mgbalị ndị mbụ nwara ịmanye mkpoputa bekee n'ime okwu Norfuk, ma ọ bụ jiri akara olu iji nọchite anya ụda dị iche na asụsụ ahụ. Alice Buffett, onye omeiwu Norfolk Island na onye na-asụ asụsụ Australia zụrụ azụ, mepụtara usoro nhazi na nhazi maka asụsụ na 1980, nke Dr Donald Laycock na-enyere aka, onye ọkà mmụta mahadum mba Australia . E bipụtara akwụkwọ ha, ''Speak Norfuk Today,'' na 1988. Edemede ederede a enwetala nkwado nke gọọmentị Norfolk Island, ojiji ya na-abawanye ụba. == Okwu okwu == Asụsụ n'onwe ya enweghị okwu iji kwupụta echiche ụfọdụ, ọkachasị ndị metụtara sayensị na teknụzụ. Ụfọdụ ndị Island kwenyere na naanị ihe ngwọta bụ ịmepụta kọmitii na-ahụ maka ịmepụta okwu ọhụrụ na Norfuk kama ịnakwere okwu Bekee maka ọganihu nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Norfuk nakweere okwu {{Lang|pih-NF|kompyuuta}} n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ụdị ''kọmputa'' nke Norfuk. Usoro yiri nke a dị n'ihe gbasara asụsụ ndị ọzọ gburugburu ụwa, dị ka asụsụ Māori na New Zealand na asụsụ Faroese na Icelandic . Ụfọdụ asụsụ enweelarị ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, dị ka Kọmishọna Asụsụ Māori nke New Zealand ma ọ bụ Académie française nke France, maka imepụta okwu ọhụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/NON-local-stories.html|title=Norfolk Online News|work=www.norfolkonlinenews.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217075758/http://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/NON-local-stories.html|archivedate=2013-12-17}}</ref> Akụkọ Norfolk Island emetụtawo okwu Norfuk nke ukwuu. E kere ọtụtụ okwu maka ụfọdụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ osisi dị n'àgwàetiti ahụ na otú e si akpọ ihe ndị a bụ ihe pụrụ iche na Island nke Norfolk. <ref name="Nash & Mühlhäusler 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Nash|first=Joshua|date=2014|title=Linking language and the environment: the case of Norf'k and Norfolk Island|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language-sciences_language-sciences_2014-01_41_part-a/page/26|journal=[[Language Sciences]]|language=en|volume=41|pages=26–33|doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2013.08.004}}</ref> Dị ka ihe atụ, ọ bụ ndị gbutere ha ma ọ bụ onye ọ bụla natara aha mgbe o kesara azụ̀ ndị ahụ aha ọtụtụ azụ̀ ndị si n’agwaetiti ahụ. <ref name="Nash & Mühlhäusler 2014" /> Otu ihe atụ dị otú ahụ bụ aha azụ {{Lang|pih-NF|Sandford}} nke natara aha ya site n'aka otu nwoke aha ya bu Sandford Warren mgbe o natachara azu dika oke ya. <ref name="Nash & Mühlhäusler 2014" /> == Nkpọaha nkeonwe == {| class="wikitable" |+Nkpọaha Norfuk ! ! Isiokwu ! Ihe ! Nwere ! Amụma |- ! 1SG | {{Lang|pih|ai}} | {{Lang|pih|mii}} | {{Lang|pih|mais}} | {{Lang|pih|main}} |- ! 2SG | {{Lang|pih|yu}} | {{Lang|pih|yuu}} | {{Lang|pih|yus}} | {{Lang|pih|yoen}} |- ! 3SG . MASC | {{Lang|pih|hi}} | {{Lang|pih|hem}} | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|his}} |- ! 3SG . FEM | {{Lang|pih|shi}} | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|her}} | {{Lang|pih|hers}} |- ! 1DU . EXCL . MASC | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|miienhem}} | rowspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|auwas}} | {{Lang|pih|miienhis}} |- ! 1DU . EXCL . FEM | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|miienher}} | {{Lang|pih|miienhers}} |- ! 1DU . INCL | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|himii}} | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|himiis}} |- ! 2DU | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|yutuu}} | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|yutuus}} |- ! 3DU | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|demtuu}} | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|demtuus}} |- ! 1PL | {{Lang|pih|wi}} | {{Lang|pih|aklan}} | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|auwas}} |- ! 2PL | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|yorlyi}} | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|yorlyis}} |- ! 3PL | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|dem}} | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|dems}} |} Enwekwara {{Lang|pih-NF|et}} maka 'ọ' n'ụdị ihe ya. == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ nke Norfolk Island * Asụsụ Pitkern == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022045255/http://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/Speak-Norfolk.html Mụta Norfuk - Akụkọ Norfolk Island] ( Archived ) * Akwụkwọ [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nw2ccb0wvui9elaofll3xqgdmxcjprh 0 60178 727918 706384 2026-09-25T12:32:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727918 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kellita Smith''' (amuru Jenụwarị 15, 1969) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Kellita|title=Birthday Clarification|url=https://twitter.com/KellitaSmith1/status/487625462491787264|work=Twitter|publisher=Kellita Smith|accessdate=May 6, 2015}}</ref> bụ onye omere, ihe nlere na onye ọchị ọchị America. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dị ka Wanda McCullough, nwunye Bernie Mac na Fox sitcom ''The Bernie Mac Show'' . <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/285048/Kellita-Smith/biography|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015043926/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/285048/Kellita-Smith/biography|archivedate=October 15, 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Nathan Southern|date=2014|title=Kellita Smith – Biography|accessdate=September 15, 2014}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == Amụrụ na [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/kellita-smith/credits/160300/|title=Kellita Smith|work=TV Guide|accessdate=September 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518125900/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/kellita-smith/credits/160300/|archive-date=May 18, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9kOAQAAMAAJ&q=Kellita+smith+chicago|title=Today's Black Woman|date=January 2002|work=Google Books|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> A zụlitere ya na Oakland, California . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W28vCHtlJyUC&q=Kellita+smith+chicago&pg=PA304|title=The A to Z of African American Cinema|author=Berry|first=S. Torriano|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7034-5|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> Smith gụrụ akwụkwọ na Santa Rosa Junior College, na-enweta akara ugo mmụta mmekọrịta ya na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na mmalite afọ, Smith rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nlereanya. Ọ malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri na ogbo na mmepụta mpaghara nke ''Tell It Like It Tiz'' . <ref name="yahoo">{{Cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/person/kellita-smith/photos/|title=Kellita Smith|publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies|Yahoo]]|accessdate=September 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205183658/https://movies.yahoo.com/person/kellita-smith/photos/|archivedate=December 5, 2014}}</ref> Ihe ngosi ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ gụnyere ihe ngosi Los Angeles nke ''enweghị ebe ọ ga-abụ onye'' na KC Theater Company, ''Feelings'' (The Hudson Theatre) nke o nwetara NAACP Theatre Award for Best Support Actress na 1996, <ref name="yahoo" /> ''The Thirteenth Thorn'' (Complex Theatre) nke a họpụtara ya maka NAACP na ''otu onye na'' -eme ihe nkiri kacha mma. ewepụtara na The Imagined Life Theatre na Julaị 2009. Na telivishọn, Smith mere ya mpụta mbụ na ihe omume nke ''Na Ndụ Agba'' na mgbe e mesịrị ọbịa-starred na ''Living Single'', ''Moesha'', ''3rd Rock si Sun'', ''The Parkers'' na ''NYPD Blue'' . O nwere ọrụ ugboro ugboro na ''Martin'', ''Nwanne nwanyị, Nwanyị'', na ''Malcolm &amp;amp; Eddie'' tupu ya emekọrịta ihe na ''The Jamie Foxx Show'' site na 1997 ruo 1999. Na 2001, a tụrụ ya n'ihu Bernie Mac na Fox sitcom ''The Bernie Mac Show'' . Usoro ahụ ewepụtara na Fox maka oge ise site na 2001 ruo 2006. A họpụtara ya ugboro anọ maka NAACP Image Award maka ọrụ ya dị ka Wanda McCullough na ''Bernie Mac Show'' . Na ihe nkiri, Smith jikọtara ya na Mo'Nique in ''Hair Show'' (2004), ma mesịa pụta na ''egwuregwu dị mma'', ''King's Ransom'', ''Roll Bounce'' na ''atọ nwere ike igwu egwuregwu ahụ'' . Na 2012, Smith laghachiri na telivishọn na ọrụ nke First Lady Katherine Johnson na sitcom syndicated, ''Ezinụlọ Mbụ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2012/03/byron-allen-syndicated-comedy-first-family-announces-cast-250406/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402185535/http://deadline.com/2012/03/byron-allen-syndicated-comedy-first-family-announces-cast-250406/|archivedate=April 2, 2015|title=Byron Allen Syndicated Comedy 'First Family' Announces Cast|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 28, 2012|accessdate=September 15, 2014}}</ref> Na 2014, a tụbara Smith dị ka Roberta Warren na usoro Syfy post-apocalyptic, ''Z Nation'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/News/Z-Nation-Casting-1083210.aspx|title=Syfy Zombie Drama Z Nation Casts Lost, Supernatural Alums|publisher=[[TV Guide]]|date=June 19, 2014|accessdate=September 15, 2014|author=Kaitlin Thomas}}</ref> Na ọrụ a, ọ pụtakwara na ''Sharknado 3: Oh Hell Mba!'' na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mikesfilmtalk.com/2015/07/26/sharknado-3-oh-hell-no-syfy-cheese-with-extra-anchovies/|title=Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No! SyFy Cheese with Extra Anchovies|work=MikesFilmTalk|date=July 27, 2015|accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref> Na Cut bụ sitcom America mepụtara Bentley Kyle Evans nke gbara arụkwaghịm na Bounce TV na Ọgọst 25, 2015.[1] Seth Kelley. "Bounce TV nyere iwu usoro ihe nkiri mbụ 'Na Cut'". Ụdị dị iche iche. eweghachiri Jenụwarị 28, 2016. Kellita Smith dị ka Cheryl (oge 2–ugbu a), onye nwe ọhụrụ ụlọ mma Cheryl's, na nwunye Jay. Na Machị 19, 2020, a mara ọkwa na oge nke isii ga-amalite na Eprel 1, 2020.[8] ""N'ime ịkpụ" na-alaghachi maka oge ọhụrụ malite na Eprel 1 na bounce". Onye nkatọ Futon. Maachị 19, 2020. A kọwakwara ya dị ka enyi nwanyị Afrịka nke B. Rosenberger Rosenberg na akwụkwọ akụkọ Charlie Kaufman Antkind . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Kaufman|first=Charlie|title=Antkind|url=https://archive.org/details/antkindnovel0000char|date=2021|publisher=Ramdnom House|location=New York|isbn=978-0-399-58969-0|quote=I can barely picture my former African American girlfriend Kellita Smith.}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |1994 |''House Party 3'' |Girl in Yellow & Black Dress | |- |1995 |''The Crossing Guard'' |Tanya | |- |1999 |''Q: The Movie'' |Mo Mo | |- | rowspan="2" |2000 |''Retiring Tatiana'' |CeCe | |- |''Masquerade'' |Monica |TV movie |- |2001 |''Kingdom Come'' |Bernice Talbot | |- |2004 |''Hair Show'' |Angela Whittaker | |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |''Fair Game'' |Cheryl | |- |''King's Ransom'' |Renee King | |- |''Roll Bounce'' |Vivian | |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''Three Can Play That Game'' |Carla | |- |''Feel the Noise'' |Tanya | |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |''From Cape Town with Love'' |Marsha |Short |- |''Conspiracy X'' |Justice Jackie Woods | |- |2011 |''She's Not Our Sister'' |Vivian |TV movie |- | rowspan="2" |2012 |''Gang of Roses 2: Next Generation'' |Madame L | |- |''Sistaah Friend'' |Super Shero of Truth |Short |- |2013 |''The Love Section'' |Pat Darden | |- |2014 |''Imperial Dreams'' |Tanya | |- | rowspan="3" |2015 |''A Deadly Adoption'' |Officer F. Mason |TV movie |- |''Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!'' |Sergeant Roberta Warren |TV movie |- |''The Man in 3B'' |Det. Anderson | |- |2017 |''The Preacher's Son'' |Anita Emerson | |- |2018 |''The Choir Director'' |Anita Emerson | |- |2020 |''Influence'' |Carla Hudson | |} === Igwe onyonyo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- | rowspan="2" |1993 |''In Living Color'' | - |Episode: "Dirty Little Dick" |- |''Living Single'' |Susan |Episode: "A Kiss Before Lying" |- |1994 |''Hangin' with Mr. Cooper'' |Jaclyn |Episode: "Clothes Make the Man" |- |1994–95 |''Martin'' |Tracy |Recurring Cast: Season 3 |- |1995 |''Sister, Sister'' |Tonya |Recurring Cast: Season 3 |- | rowspan="3" |1996 |''The Wayans Bros.'' |Claire |Episode: "Hearts and Flowers" |- |''Dangerous Minds'' |Dominique |Episode: "Hair Affair" |- |''Moesha'' |Melba |Episode: "Women Are from Mars, Men Are from Saturn" |- | rowspan="3" |1997 |''High Incident'' | - |Episode: "Remote Control" |- |''Malcolm &amp;amp; Eddie'' |Danielle |Recurring Cast: Season 1 |- |''The Parent 'Hood'' |Sheila |Episode: "Zaria Peterson's Day Off" |- |1997–99 |''The Jamie Foxx Show'' |Cherise |Recurring Cast: Seasons 2–3 |- | rowspan="2" |1999 |''The Steve Harvey Show'' |Ava Whitley |Episode: "Little Stevie Blunder" |- |''The Parkers'' |Valerie Maxwell |Episode: "And the Band Plays On" |- |2000 |''For Your Love'' |Sophia |Episode: "The Special Delivery" |- | rowspan="2" |2001 |''Nash Bridges'' |Regina Adams |Episode: "Kill Joy" |- |''NYPD Blue'' |Mrs. Childs |Episode: "Under Covers" |- |2001–06 |''The Bernie Mac Show'' |Wanda McCullough |Main Cast |- |2002 |''Pyramid'' |Herself/Celebrity Contestant |Episode: "October 14 & 22, 2002" |- |2003 |''Biography'' |Herself |Episode: "Bernie Mac: TV's Family Man" |- |2007 |''Baisden After Dark'' |Herself |Episode: "Age Ain't Nothin But a Number" |- |2012 |''Life After'' |Herself |Episode: "Camille Winbush" |- |2012–15 |''The First Family'' |First Lady Katherine Johnson |Main Cast |- |2013 |''Kimmie's Kitchen'' |Herself |Episode: "Bread Pudding/Kelita Smith" |- |2014 |''According to Him + Her'' |Herself |Episode: "Episode #1.12" |- |2014–18 |''Z Nation'' |Lieutenant Roberta Warren |Main Cast |- |2015 |''Unsung Hollywood'' |Herself |Episode: "Bernie Mac" |- |2016 |''Apollo Night LA'' |Herself/Celebrity Host |Episode: "ANLA 161" |- |2016–19 |''In the Cut'' |Cheryl |Recurring Cast: Seasons 2-3 & 5, Guest: Season 4 |- |2017 |''Hell's Kitchen'' |Herself |Episode: "Fusion/Confusion" |- |2018–19 |''From the Mouths of Babes'' |Herself |Recurring Guest |- |2020 |''Two Degrees'' |Herself |Episode: "U.B.E.R." |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |''This Is Us'' |Elizabeth Dubois |Episode: "Birth Mother" |- |''The Couch'' |Mrs. Childs |Main Cast |- |2021–23 |''Lace'' |Judge Sears |Recurring Cast |- |2022 |''From Scratch'' |Lynne |Main Cast |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Kellita Smith at IMDb [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0y76t51m6zhu56qd2bccnmbb15nzjdw 0 60409 728102 450405 2026-09-26T05:49:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728102 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Nahum-prophet.jpg|thumb|231x231px|Ihe oyiyi Ọtọdọks nke Russia nke Onye Amụma Nahum, narị afọ nke 18 (Iconostasis of Transfiguration Church, Kizhi Monastery, Karelia, Russia).]] '''Nahum''' (/ˈneɪ.əm/ ma ọ bụ /ˈneɪhəm/; Hibru: ''Naḥūm'') bụ onye amụma dị obere nke e dekọrọ amụma ya na ''Tanakh'', nke a na-akpọkwa Bible Hibru na Agba Ochie. akwụkwọ ya na-abịa n'usoro oge n'etiti [[Akwụkwọ nke Mika|Mika]] na [[Habakkuk]] na [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]]. O dere banyere njedebe nke Alaeze Ukwu Asiria, na isi obodo ya, Nineveh, n'ụdị uri doro anya. == Ndụ == Nke a bụ ntụgharị asụsụ: Onye-amụma Nehọm A maghị banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme Nehum. Aha ya pụtara “nkasi obi,”[1] sitere n’otu mgbọrọgwụ nke ngwaa Hibru nke pụtara “ịkasi obi.”[2] A kọwara ya dị ka o si n’obodo Alqosh (Nehọm 1:1), bụ́ nke ndị ọkà mmụta gbalịsiri ike ịmata ebe dị iche iche, gụnyere obodo Alqosh nke oge a dị n’ebe ugwu Iraq na Kapaniọm dị n’ebe ugwu Galili.[3] Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ nwa amaala Hibru nke biri n’udo n’etiti ndị Elkoshaịt. Ẹbat Nahum, emi ẹtịn̄de ẹban̄a nte “Elkoshte,” nte kiet ke otu n̄kpri Prọfet. Dị ka Jerome si kwuo, Elkosh, bụ́ obodo Nehọm, bụ obere obodo dị na Galili, [4] nke pụrụ ịkọwa aha obodo Agba Ọhụrụ a ma ama, bụ́ Kapaniọm.[5] Nke a bụ ntụgharị asụsụ: Ihe odide Hibru kwuru na Nehọm buru amụma n’oge ochie n’ihe odide Masoret nke Nehọm 3:8-10 . Otú ọ dị, ma Septuagint na Vulgate na-ezo aka n’obodo ahụ dị ugbu a, ihe ndị ọkà mmụta na-eche na mbụ bụ na Nehọm dịrị ndụ ihe dị ka otu narị afọ tupu mgbe ahụ, tupu ebo iri ahụ na akpa Thebes efunahụ ya.[1][2] Onye Juu na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na narị afọ mbụ bụ́ Flavius ​​Josephus[3] kwuru banyere ndụ Nehọm n’oge ọchịchị Jotam. Ọkà mmụta Katọlik bụ́ Thomas Worthington kwadoro echiche a n’ihe odide ya na Bible Douay-Rheims mbụ, na-ede, sị: “Nahum buru amụma ihe dị ka afọ 50 mgbe Jona gasịrị... 135 afọ tupu e bibie Ninive.” N'echiche nke a, kama Ashurbanipal, amụma Nehum ga-abụ maka Tiglat-Pileser nke Atọ, onye weghachiri Alaeze Ukwu Neo-Asiria n'ike ụwa ma merie ọtụtụ alaeze Levant, gụnyere Aram-Damaskọs.[4] Tiglat-Pilesa dịkọrọ ndụ na ọchịchị Jotam. == Mba Ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:Nahum.jpg|thumb|273x273px|Nahum (watercolor circa 1888 site na James Tissot) ]] Enwere ike iwere ihe odide Nahum dị ka amụma ma ọ bụ dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme. Otu akụkọ na-atụ aro na ihe odide ya bụ amụma e dere n'ihe dị ka 615 BCE, obere oge tupu ọdịda Asiria, ebe akụkọ ọzọ na-atụ anya na o dere akụkụ a dị ka liturgy obere oge mgbe ọdịda ya na 612 BCE.<ref name="abp">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aboutbibleprophecy.com/p52.htm|title=Nahum|work=Aboutbibleprophecy.com}}</ref> E webatara akwụkwọ ahụ na nkọwa nke onye ọkà mmụta okpukpe Reformation Calvin <ref>{{Cite web|title=Commentaries on Twelve Minor Prophets|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom28.titlepage.html|accessdate=2012-08-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014183248/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom28.titlepage.html|archivedate=2017-10-14}}</ref> dị ka uri zuru ezu ma mechaa:   Ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla n'ime obere ndị amụma yiri ka. N'otu aka ahụ nrubeisi n'obi ike na nkwuwa okwu Nehọm ma e wezụga amụma ya bụ nkwa mgbapụta ya zuru ezu ma mechaa. Ọ dị ebube na n'ezie; ịdị ebube Nkwadebe maka mbibi nke Ninive na nkọwa ya na-ebibi na ọ bụ ịdị ukwuu na-egosipụta na ọtụtụ vivid agba na Prosses na-adọrọ mmasị perspicuty na zuru ezu. E nwere ihe na-egosi na acrostic bụ ihe ndabere nke ederede dị ugbu a. Ya mere 1:2 na-amalite na mkpụrụedemede mbụ nke mkpụrụedemede (א), amaokwu 3b ('na whirlwind") na mkpụrụedemedo nke abụọ (ב), amaokwu 4 na nke atọ (ג), na ihe ndị ọzọ ruo mgbe site na iri ruo iri na isii n'ime mkpụrụedemede iri abụọ na abụọ pụtara. N'ebe ụfọdụ atụmatụ ahụ na-agbada: n'ime usoro nnyefe, ihe bụbu uri mkpụrụ akwụkwọ emebiwo ugbu a, dezigharịa ya, ma gbakwunye ya. Nahum, na-ewere okwu sitere n'aka [[Mozis]] n'onwe ya, egosila n'ụzọ zuru oke ụdị "Ịbụ Chineke". Calvin kwuru na Nahum sere Chineke nke a ga-ahụ ọdịdị ya, na "ọ bụ site na ọhụụ ahụ a na-agaghị echefu echefu, mgbe Chineke pụtara n'ihu Mozis mgbe agbajichara mbadamba nkume ahụ. "   Ọ bụ ezie na isiakwụkwọ atọ ahụ dara n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke thr Ọdịnala Ndị Kraịst tolitere na Judaeo gbasara ọdịdị Chineke na mmekọrịta mmadụ na nwanne ya nwoke bụ otu n'ime mba ụwa ama ama nke militarism… Ndị iro nke ndị ha na-awakpo ma na-emegbu ha na-aghọ ndị aṅụrụma na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè; == Ili ==   A na-eche na ili Nahum dị n'ime ụlọ nzukọ dị na Alqosh, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ebe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị Iraq nke na-azọrọ na ọ bụ "Elkosh" mbụ nke Nahum si na ya pụta. Alqosh tọhapụrụ ndị Juu ya na 1948 mgbe a chụpụrụ ha mgbe a matara [[Israel]] dị ka mba ndị Juu, ụlọ nzukọ nke ili ahụ dị ugbu a n'ọnọdụ ọjọọ, ruo n'ókè nke ili ahụ n'onwe ya nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke mbibi. A rụziri ili ahụ n'afọ 1796. Mgbe a manyere ndị Juu niile ịgbapụ na Alqosh na 1948, e nyere otu nwoke Asiria, Sami Jajouhana, mkpịsị ugodi ígwè nke ili ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://philosproject.org/isis-tomb-nahum-assyria-assyrians/|title=Jewish Shrine Defies ISIS on War's Edge|accessdate=2018-03-27|archivedate=2018-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212408/https://philosproject.org/isis-tomb-nahum-assyria-assyrians/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ndị Juu ole na ole gara ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme ahụ, ma Jajouhana na-aga n'ihu na-emezu nkwa o kwere ndị enyi ya ndị Juu, ma na-elekọta ili ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chaldean.org/Home/tabid/36/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/491/An-AlQosh-Man-Struggles-to-Keep-a-Promise-to-an-Old-Friend.aspx|title=An Alqosh Man Struggles to Keep a Promise to an Old Friend|publisher=chaldean.org|accessdate=2025-05-02|archivedate=2011-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813103050/http://chaldean.org/Home/tabid/36/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/491/An-AlQosh-Man-Struggles-to-Keep-a-Promise-to-an-Old-Friend.aspx}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule mmalite afọ 2017, ili ahụ nọ n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama ma bụrụ nke ịrị elu nke ISIS na Iraq na-eyi egwu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Schwartzstein|first=Peter|title=Surrounded by Conflict, an Ancient Synagogue Crumbles in Iraq|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/02/150219-iraq-tomb-biblical-prophet-collapse/?google_editors_picks=true|accessdate=20 February 2015|work=National Geographic|date=19 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220063105/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/02/150219-iraq-tomb-biblical-prophet-collapse/?google_editors_picks=true|archive-date=20 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Otu ìgwè ndị injinia mere nnyocha nke ili ahụ wee chọpụta na ili ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ọdịda na-abịanụ ma nwee ike ọ gaghị adị ndụ n'oge oyi ọzọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Progress-made-on-saving-Prophet-Nahums-tomb-in-Iraq-543500|title=Progress made on saving Prophet Nahum's tomb in Iraq|work=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com|accessdate=2018-04-23}}</ref> Otu ìgwè nke ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru nke US Alliance for the Restoration of Cultural Heritage ("ARCH") duziri nwetara ego dị mkpa iji mee ka saịtị ahụ kwụsie ike.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ego dị mkpa, ARCH jikọtara aka na [https://www.gemaart.com/en/salvation-of-the-prophet-nahum-shrine-iraq/ GEMA ART International s.r.o.] nke dị na Prague, ndị ọkachamara na nchekwa akụkọ ihe mere eme na iwughachi iji mee ọrụ nkwụsi ike ozugbo.<ref name=":0" /> N'ịgbaso nkwekọrịta ya na ndị mmekọ mpaghara, a rụchara ọrụ nkwụsi ike mbụ na Jenụwarị 2018.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/03/nahums-tomb-in-iraq-restoration-begins.html|title=Hebrew prophet's tomb in Iraq saved from collapse|author=Neurink|first=Judit|date=2018-03-21|work=Al-Monitor|accessdate=2018-04-23|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-atụ anya na ọrụ nkwụsi ike ga-egbochi mmebiwanye nke ihe owuwu ahụ n'etiti afọ abụọ na atọ.<ref name=":1" /> Site na ili ahụ na ihe owuwu gbara ya gburugburu, ARCH na-eme atụmatụ ịnakọta ego dị mkpa iji weghachite saịtị ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu.<ref name=":1" /> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2019, gọọmentị United States kwupụtara na ha ga-enye $ 500,000 iji weghachi ili ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-to-donate-500k-to-restore-tomb-of-biblical-prophet-nahum-in-iraq/|title=US to donate $500K to restore tomb of biblical prophet Nahum in Iraq|author=staff|first=T. O. I.|work=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-26}}</ref> Ebe ili ozu abụọ ọzọ a kpọtụrụ aha na akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ Elkesi, nso Rameh na Galili na Elcesei na West Bank. == Ememe ncheta == a na-asọpụrụ onye amụma Nahum dị ka onye nsọ na [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]] nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. Na Kalenda liturgical nke Ọtọdọks nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, ụbọchị oriri ya bụ Disemba 1 (maka ụka ndị na-agbaso Kalenda Julian ọdịnala, Disemba 1 ugbu a na-ada na Disemba 14 nke Kalenda Gregorian nke oge a). A na-echeta ya na ndị amụma ndị ọzọ dị obere na kalenda nke ndị senti nke Chọọchị Ndịozi Armenia na July 31. == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ọrụ site ma ọ bụ banyereNahumnaEbe e si nweta ya * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110824060609/http://www.tombofnahum.com/ Nrụzigharị - Ụlọ nzukọ Al Qush na ili nke Nahum] * ihe oyiyi Ọtọdọks Nahum onye amụma na synaxarion * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200909131651/http://www.babylonjews.com/prophet-pictures/the-prophet-nahum/ Foto pụrụ iche nke ili Nahum site na Kobi Arami] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] q1gjpr9hotwsowdj0x4n5wlfv5zgy7a 0 71783 728078 722639 2026-09-26T03:40:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Moncef Marzouki | image = Moncef Marzouki2.jpg | order = 3rd | office = President of Tunisia | primeminister = [[Beji Caid Essebsi]]<br />[[Hamadi Jebali]]<br />[[Ali Laarayedh]]<br />[[Mehdi Jomaa]] | term_start = 13 December 2011 | term_end = 31 December 2014 | predecessor = [[Fouad Mebazaa]] (acting) | successor = [[Beji Caid Essebsi]] | office1 = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of Tunisia|Constituent Assembly]]<br />for [[Nabeul Governorate|Nabeul]]'s 2nd district | termstart1 = 22 November 2011 | termend1 = 13 December 2011 | predecessor1 = Constituency established | successor1 = [[Samia Abbou]] | office2 = President of the [[Congress for the Republic]] | termstart2 = 24 July 2001 | termend2 = 13 December 2011 | predecessor2 = Position established | successor2 = [[Abderraouf Ayadi]] (acting) | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|7|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Grombalia]], [[French protectorate of Tunisia|French Tunisia]] | party = [[Al-Irada]] | otherparty = [[Congress for the Republic]] (until 2015) | spouse = Beatrix Rhein | children = 2 | alma_mater = [[University of Strasbourg]] | website = {{URL|moncefmarzouki.com|Official website}} | caption = Marzouki in 2013 | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = {{nobold|المنصف المرزوقي}} | honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]] }} '''Mohamed Moncef Marzouki''' (Arabic: محمد المنصف المرزوقي; ''Muhammad al-Munṣif al-Marzūqī'', born 7 July 1945) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Tunisia nke jere ozi dị ka onyeisiala nke atọ nke Tunisia site na 2011ruo 2014. Site n'ọrụ ya, ọ bụ onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ, dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na Disemba 12, 2011, a họpụtara ya dị ka onyeisi oche nke Tunisia site na Mgbakọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu. == Oge ọ malitere == [[Faịlụ:Bourguiba_Marzouki.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|180x180px|Marzouki na Habib Bourguiba na 1982.]] A mụrụ Marzouki na Grombalia, Tunisia, ọ bụkwa nwa otu Qadi. Nna ya, ebe ọ bụ onye na-akwado Salah Ben Youssef (onye mmegide Bourguiba), kwagara Morocco na ngwụcha afọ 1950 n'ihi nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="int">{{Cite news|title=Marzouki se fait allumer en Algérie|url=http://www.maghreb-intelligence.com/tunisie/1998-marzouki-se-fait-allumer-en-algerie.html|accessdate=15 May 2014|work=Maghreb Intelligence|date=8 February 2012|archive-date=20 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520035420/http://www.maghreb-intelligence.com/tunisie/1998-marzouki-se-fait-allumer-en-algerie.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Marzouki gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Tangier, ebe ọ nwetara Baccalaureate na 1961.<ref name="int" /> Ọ gara ịmụ ọgwụ na Mahadum Strasbourg na [[France]]. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Tunisia n'afọ 1979, o guzobere Center for Community Medicine na Sousse na African Network for Prevention of Child Abuse, sonyekwara na Tunisian League for Human Rights . <ref name="arabiya" /> N'oge ọ bụ nwata, ọ gara [[Ndia|India]] iji mụọ nguzogide na-abụghị nke ime ihe ike nke Mahatma Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/12/13/182343.html|title=Marzouki: Tunisia's opposition stalwart turned president|publisher=English.alarabiya.net|date=2011-12-13|accessdate=2012-04-11}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ gakwara South Africa iji mụọ mgbanwe ya site na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Mgbe gọọmentị ji ike merie ndị Ennahda Movement nke Islamist na 1991, Marzouki zutere Onye isi ala Tunisia Ben Ali na-akpọ ya ka ọ gbasoo iwu ahụ. N'afọ 1993, Marzouki bụ onye guzobere Kọmitii Mba maka Nchebe nke Ndị Mkpọrọ nke Akọnuche, mana ọ gbara arụkwaghịm mgbe ndị na-akwado gọọmentị weghaara ya. E jidere ya n'ọtụtụ oge maka ebubo metụtara mgbasa ozi ụgha na ịrụ ọrụ na ndị otu Islamist a machibidoro iwu. O mechara guzobe Kọmitii Mba maka Nnwere Onwe. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Arab Commission for Human Rights ma malite na 17 2011 na-aga n'ihu dị ka onye otu ndị isi ya.<ref name="arabiya">{{Cite news|title=Moncef Marzouki declares presidential candidacy|date=16 January 2011|publisher=[[Al Arabiya]]|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/01/16/133681.html|accessdate=2011-01-16|archive-date=2011-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119074355/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/01/16/133681.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. [[Al Arabiya]]. 16 January 2011. Archived from [http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/01/16/133681.html the original] on 19 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="ACHR_about">{{Cite web|title=What is the Arab Commission for Human Rights|year=2011|url=http://www.achr.nu/wiaen.htm|accessdate=2011-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303143220/http://www.achr.nu/wiaen.htm|archivedate=3 March 2011}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, o guzobere Congress for the Republic . <ref name="declaration_CPR">{{Cite web|title=Déclaration constitutive|publisher=[[Congress for the Republic]]|date=2001-07-24|url=http://www.cprtunisie.net/spip.php?article1|accessdate=2011-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723060208/http://www.cprtunisie.net/spip.php?article1|archivedate=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="fondateurs_CPR">{{Cite web|title=Première liste des membres fondateurs du CPR|publisher=[[Congress for the Republic]]|url=http://www.cprtunisie.net/spip.php?article28|accessdate=2011-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723054930/http://www.cprtunisie.net/spip.php?article28|archivedate=23 July 2011}}</ref> A machibidoro òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a iwu n'afọ 2002, mana Marzouki kwagara France ma gaa n'ihu na-achịkwa ya.<ref name="arabiya"/> Mgbe onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali hapụrụ Tunisia na mgbanwe Tunisia, Marzouki kwupụtara nloghachi ya na Tunisia na ebumnuche ya ịzọ ọkwa onye isi ala.<ref name="arabiya"/> === Onye isi ala nke Tunisia ===   [[Faịlụ:Signature_de_la_Constitution_tunisienne_de_2014.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px|Moncef Marzouki, Onye isi ala nke Republic, Mustapha Ben Jaafar, Onye isi oche nke Constituent Assembly & Ali Larayedh, Onye isi ọchịchị, Le Bardo, Jenụwarị 27, 2014.]] Na Disemba 12, 2011, Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Tunisia, otu a họpụtara ịchị mba ahụ ma depụta iwu ọhụrụ, họpụtara Marzouki ka ọ bụrụ onyeisiala nwa oge, nwere votu 155 maka, 3 megidere, na votu 42 efu. <ref name="WP_president">{{Cite news|title=Tunisia's assembly elects human rights activist as interim president|date=2011-12-12|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/assembly-set-to-elect-veteran-human-rights-activist-as-interim-tunisian-president/2011/12/12/gIQA4rC6oO_story.html|accessdate=2011-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214235404/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/assembly-set-to-elect-veteran-human-rights-activist-as-interim-tunisian-president/2011/12/12/gIQA4rC6oO_story.html|archive-date=2011-12-14|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Tunisian activist, Moncef Marzouki, named president|date=2011-12-12|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16149119|accessdate=2011-12-12}}</ref> Nhọrọ ndị na-enweghị isi bụ nsonaazụ nke mkpagbu sitere n'aka ndị otu mmegide, bụ ndị weere obere iwu ọhụrụ nke mba ahụ dị ka nke na-enweghị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Ọ bụ onye isi ala mbụ na-abụghị onye nketa nke ihe nketa nke onye isi ala guzobere mba ahụ, Habib Bourguiba. Na Disemba 14, otu ụbọchị ka ọ banyere n'ọkwa, ọ họpụtara Hamadi Jebali nke otu Islamist Ennahda Movement dị n'otu ka ọ bụrụ Praịm Minista. Jebali gosipụtara ọchịchị ya na 20 Disemba. [[Faịlụ:Moncef_Marzouki,_President_of_Tunisia.jpg|thumb|Moncef Marzouki na-ekwu okwu mgbe ọ natara onyinye Chatham House 2012.]] On 3 May 2012, Nessma TV owner Nabil Karoui and two others were convicted of "blasphemy" and "disturbing public order". The charges stemmed from the network's decision to broadcast a dubbed version of the 2007 Franco-Iranian film ''Persepolis'', which includes several visual depictions of God. Karoui was fined 2,400 dinars for the broadcast, while the station's programming director and the president of the women's organization which provided dubbing for the film were fined 1,200 dinars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/05/03/owner-of-nessma-tv-fined-2400-dinars-in-persepolis-trial/|title=Owner of Nessma TV Fined 2,400 Dinars in Persepolis Trial : Tunisia Live|accessdate=2012-05-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505213909/http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/05/03/owner-of-nessma-tv-fined-2400-dinars-in-persepolis-trial/|archivedate=5 May 2012}}</ref> Responding to the verdict, Marzouki stated to members of the press in the presidential palace in Tunis, "I think this verdict is bad for the image of Tunisia. Now people in the rest of the world will only be talking about this when they talk about Tunisia."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://world.time.com/2012/05/03/controversial-tunisian-court-ruling-reflects-dilemmas-of-the-arab-spring/|title=Controversial Tunisian Court Ruling Reflects Dilemmas of the Arab Spring|work=Time|date=3 May 2012|archive-date=7 February 2026|access-date=25 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207191304/https://world.time.com/2012/05/03/controversial-tunisian-court-ruling-reflects-dilemmas-of-the-arab-spring/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dị ka onye isi ala, Marzouki keere òkè dị mkpa n'ịtọlite Truth and Dignity Commission nke Tunisia na 2014, dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke ịmepụta nkwekọrịta mba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/articles/2014/06/09/tunisia-launches-truth-and-dignity-commission.html|title=Tunisia launches Truth and Dignity Commission|date=2014-06-09}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Mazouki_and_Kerry.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Marzouki na U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, Carthage Palace, 2014.]] [[Faịlụ:Moncef_Marzouki_with_Obamas_2014.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px|Marzouki na Onye isi ala US [[Barack Obama]] na nwunye ya Michelle Obama na 2014.]] N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2014, Onye isi ala Marzouki wepụrụ ọnọdụ mberede nke dị kemgbe mmalite nke mgbanwe ọchịchị nke afọ 2011, otu onye isi ndị agha kwuru na ndị agha nọ n'ebe ụfọdụ kachasị njọ na mba ahụ ga-alaghachi n'ogige ha. Iwu sitere n'aka Onye isi ala Marzouki kwuru na a ga-ewepụ ọnọdụ mberede e nyere iwu na Jenụwarị 2011 n'ofe mba ahụ ozugbo. Onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali nyere iwu ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ mberede ma mee ka ọ dịgide mgbe a chụpụrụ ya. A na-emezigharị ya ugboro ugboro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/tunisia-ends-state-of-emergency-after-3-years/2014/03/06/44463ba0-a528-11e3-b865-38b254d92063_story.html|title=Tunisia ends state of emergency after 3 years - the Washington Post|work=www.washingtonpost.com|accessdate=15 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307010637/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/tunisia-ends-state-of-emergency-after-3-years/2014/03/06/44463ba0-a528-11e3-b865-38b254d92063_story.html|archivedate=7 March 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2014, ọ belatara ụgwọ ọnwa ya site na ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ, na-ekwu na ọ dị mkpa ka steeti bụrụ ihe nlereanya n'ịnagide ọnọdụ ego na-akawanye njọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/04/tunisian-president-cuts-own-pay-two-thirds-2014418133335471788.html|title=Tunisian president cuts own pay by two-thirds|date=2014-04-14}}</ref> Beji Caid Essebsi meriri Marzouki na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke November-December 2014, a ṅụrụ Essebsi iyi dị ka onye isi ala na 31 Disemba 2014, na-anọchi Marzouki. == Mgbe ọ ghọsịrị onye isi ala == Na 25 June 2015, Marzouki sonyere na Freedom Flotilla III na Gaza Strip. N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Juun, mgbe ha na-eru nso n'ime mmiri nke Gaza, mana mgbe ha ka nọ na Mmiri ala ụwa, ndị agha mmiri Israel jidere ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ma kpọga ha n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Ashdod, ebe a gbara ndị sonyere ajụjụ ọnụ. Ndị nnọchi anya Ministri Na-ahụ Maka Mba Ọzọ nke Israel nabatara Marzouki, mana ọ jụrụ ịgwa ha okwu. Na 30 June, a chụgara ya na Paris wee laghachi Tunis na 1 July, ebe ọtụtụ narị ndị na-akwado ya nabatara ya. N'afọ 2016, African Union họpụtara ya ka ọ lekọta ntuli aka onye isi ala Comorian. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2016/02/10/marzouki-en-mission-dobservation-des-elections-aux-iles-comores/|title=Marzouki en mission d'observation des élections aux Îles Comores|date=2016-02-10}}</ref> N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2021, gọọmentị Tunisia n'okpuru Kais Saied wepụrụ paspọtụ Marzouki na ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/tunisian-president-says-he-will-withdraw-diplomatic-passport-former-president-2021-10-14/|title=Tunisia withdraws diplomatic passport of ex-leader as Western pressure mounts|publisher=Reuters|date=14 October 2021|accessdate=14 October 2021}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, Moncef Marzouki bụ isiokwu nke akwụkwọ ikike ijide mba ụwa nke gọọmentị Tunisia nyere maka itinye nchekwa steeti n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1261662/politique/tunisie-moncef-marzouki-vise-par-un-mandat-darret-international/|title=Tunisie : Moncef Marzouki visé par un mandat d'arrêt international|publisher=Jeune Afrique|date=5 November 2021|accessdate=5 November 2021}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2021, a mara Marzouki ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ anọ ma chọpụta na ikpe mara ya maka "imebi nchekwa nke steeti site na mba ofesi" na ịkpata "mmerụ ahụ na mba ofesi". Marzouki jụrụ mkpebi ahụ, na-akọwa ya dị ka iwu na-akwadoghị, na-ekwu na ọ bụ "onye isi ala iwu na-ekwadoghị nke kwatuchara iwu ahụ nyere ya". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ex-Tunisian President Marzouki sentenced to 4 years in absentia|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/23/ex-tunisian-president-marzouki-sentenced-4-years-in-absentia|accessdate=2021-12-23|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-22|title=Tunisia's former president Marzouki sentenced to jail in absentia|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211222-tunisian-court-sentences-former-president-marzouki-to-four-years-in-prison|accessdate=2021-12-28|work=France 24|language=en}}</ref> Na 29 Disemba 2021, Marzouki kwere nkwa ịlaghachi Tunisia ma "kwatu ọchịchị na-achị".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-30|title=Ex-Tunisian president vows to overthrow incumbent regime|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20211230-ex-tunisian-president-vows-to-overthrow-incumbent-regime/|accessdate=2021-12-30|work=Middle East Monitor|language=en-GB}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2022, Marzouki so na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị 19 nọ n'ọkwá dị elu ka ụlọ ikpe ga-ezigara ha ikpe maka ikpe site n'aka ndị ọka ikpe Tunisia maka "mmebi ntuli aka" nke a na-ekwu na o mere n'oge ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tunisian judiciary refers 19 people to trial for 'electoral crimes'|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/tunisian-judiciary-refers-19-people-to-trial-for-electoral-crimes-/2466512|accessdate=2022-01-06|work=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, a mara Marzouki ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ anọ n'enweghị onye na-anọ ya maka "ịwakpo" nchekwa steeti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/23/ex-tunisian-president-marzouki-sentenced-4-years-in-absentia|title=Ex-Tunisian President Marzouki sentenced to 4 years in absentia|date=23 December 2021|work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọ natara mkpọrọ afọ asatọ ọzọ na-anọghị ya maka okwu ndị ọchịchị kọwara dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali na ịkpọ oku ka a kwatuo gọọmentị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/23/ex-tunisian-president-marzouki-sentenced-4-years-in-absentiahttps://apnews.com/article/tunisia-crackdown-marzouki-1b544331ed738c6b49e5c5326061c231|title=Ex-Tunisian President Marzouki sentenced to 4 years in absentia|date=24 February 2024|work=Associated Press}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2025, ụlọ ikpe Tunis nke mbụ mara Marzouki ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri abụọ na abụọ maka ebubo iyi ọha egwu.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 June 2025|title=Former Tunisian president Moncef Marzouki sentenced to 22 years in absentia|language=en|url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/06/21/former-tunisian-president-moncef-marzouki-sentenced-to-22-years-in-absentia/|accessdate=21 June 2025}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == # Site n'alụmdi na nwunye mbụ, Moncef Marzouki nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ: Myriam na Nadia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moncef Marzouki, de la rupture à la compromission?|url=https://www.slateafrique.com/79381/moncef-marzouki-la-rupture-la-compromission|work=slate afrique|accessdate=2025-11-25|archivedate=2024-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730120053/https://www.slateafrique.com/79381/moncef-marzouki-la-rupture-la-compromission}}</ref> Myriam, onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ nke École Normale Supérieure de Paris (ENS-SHS) na agrégée na [[Ákọ na Uche|nkà ihe ọmụma]], bụ onye nduzi na onye nduzi nka nke ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Myriam Marzouki : «J’ai toujours senti que j’étais beaucoup de choses en même temps, c’est cela la France !»|url=https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2016/03/07/myriam-marzouki-j-ai-toujours-senti-que-j-etais-beaucoup-de-choses-en-meme-temps-c-est-cela-la-franc_1816193/|work=liberation}}</ref> Nwa ya nwanyị nke nta, Nadia, nwetara PhD na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Sciences Po na 2008. Dị ka onye na-eme nchọpụta na CNRS, nchọpụta ya na-elekwasị anya na nka okpukpe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nadia Marzouki: Difficile d'être la fille du Président|url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/15181-nadia-marzouki-difficile-d-etre-la-fille-du-president|work=leaders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Portraits de Myriam et Nadia, filles de Moncef Marzouki|url=https://www.tuniscope.com/article/14865/culture/who/moncef-marzouki-434713|work=tuniscope}}</ref> Onye ọchụnta ego Franco-Tunisian Lotfi Bel Hadj bụ nwa nwanne ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=François Hollande indésirable à Tunis ?|url=https://www.businessnews.com.tn/BN/Fran%C4%93ois-Hollande-ind%C3%A9sirable-%C4%85-Tunis-,520,37879,3|work=business news|accessdate=2025-11-25|archivedate=2024-12-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224124053/https://www.businessnews.com.tn/BN/Fran%C4%93ois-Hollande-ind%C3%A9sirable-%C4%85-Tunis-%2C520%2C37879%2C3}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2011, n'oge emume obodo na Carthage Palace, ọ lụrụ Beatrix Rhein, onye dọkịta French.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nawaat.org/portail/2013/04/03/la-nouvelle-premiere-dame-de-tunisie-pourquoi-tant-de-mystere/|title=La nouvelle 'Première dame' de Tunisie : Pourquoi tant de mystère?|work=Nawaat|date=3 April 2013}}</ref> O nwere ụlọ na Port El-Kantaoui, nso Sousse . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tunisie : Moncef Marzouki, l’incorruptible|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/188867/politique/tunisie-moncef-marzouki-l-incorruptible/|work=jeune afrique}}</ref> Moncef Marzouki jụrụ iyi tie, na-ahọrọ burnous iji sọpụrụ ọdịbendị Tunisia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tunisie : Marzouki, le style qui détone|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/142776/politique/tunisie-marzouki-le-style-qui-d-tone/|work=jeune afrique}}</ref> == Ihe ịchọ mma == === Nsọpụrụ Mba Tunisia === [[Faịlụ:MoncefMarzouki.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Marzouki n'oge okwu ya obere oge ka ọ natara Chatham House Award, [[London]], 2012.]] * : Grand Collar of the Order of Independence (N'ikike ya dị ka Onye isi ala nke mba Tunisia) Grand Collar nke Order of the Republic (N'ike ya dị na Onye isi ala ya dị ka onye isi ala nke obodo Tunisia) Grand collar nke National Order of Merit of Tunisia (N'ikwekọ ya dị kaonye isi ala nke Tunisia) ** Grand Collar of the Order of Independence (N'ikike ya dị ka Onye isi ala nke mba Tunisia) ** Grand Collar of the Order of the Republic (N'ikike ya dị ka Onye isi ala nke mba Tunisia) ** Grand Collar nke National Order of Merit nke Tunisia (N'ikike ya dị ka Onye isi ala nke mba Tunisia) * : Commander of the [[Legion of Honour]] (4 July 2013) * : Klas pụrụ iche nke Order of Muhammad (31 Mee 2014) * : Grand Cross nke Ọdụm Ọlaedo nke Alexandria (6 June 2014) * : Grand Cross nke Order of the Niger (23 June 2014) == Ihe nrite na ihe nrite == [[Faịlụ:Chattam.jpg|thumb|Ihe nrite Chatham House na 2012, Moncef Marzouki & Rached Ghannouchi.]] * Ihe nrite Maghrebian Medicine (1982) <ref name="cairn.info">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-journal-du-droit-des-jeunes-2001-5-page-42.htm|title=Les limites du concept sont-elles encore négociables ?|date=2001}}</ref> * Foundation Scanno Literary Prize (1988) <ref name="cairn.info" /> * Ọnụahịa nke Arab Congress of Medicine (1989) <ref name="cairn.info" /> * Ihe nrite Human Rights Watch maka nnwere onwe (2001) <ref name="cairn.info" /> * Ihe nrite ọla edo nke Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2012) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.isesco.org.ma/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=8163:le-directeur-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-remet-la-m%C3%A9daille-d%E2%80%99or-de-l%E2%80%99isesco-au-pr%C3%A9sident-tunisien&lang=fr|title=Le Directeur général remet la Médaille d'or de l'ISESCO au Président tunisien|date=2012-12-29}}</ref> * Ihe nrite Chatham House maka afọ 2012 na [[London]] (ya na Rached Ghannouchi) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chathamhouse.org/chatham-house-prize/2012/|title=Chatham House Prize 2012 - Rached Ghannouchi and Moncef Marzouki|date=2015-04-08}}</ref> * Degree Honorary site na Mahadum nke Tsukuba na 2013 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espacemanager.com/tunisie-marzouki-docteur-honoris-causa-de-luniversite-de-tsukuba.html|title=Marzouki docteur honoris causa de l'université de Tsukuba|date=2013-07-04}}</ref> * Al Qods Prize maka 2015 na [[Chicago]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tuniscope.com/article/83427/actualites/tunisie/marzouki-321823|title=Le Prix annuel d'El Qods 2015, attribué à Moncef Marzouki|date=2015-11-29}}</ref> * Onyinye udo nke Foundation Ducci maka 2016 na Rom <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanmanager.com/moncef-marzouki-recoit-le-prix-de-la-paix-de-la-fondation-italienne-ducci/|title=Moncef Marzouki reçoit le Prix de la Paix de la Fondation italienne Ducci|date=16 March 2016}}</ref> * Otu n'ime 100 ndị Arab kachasị emetụta n'ụwa na 2018 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalinfluence.world/en/arabic-2018/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118221947/http://www.globalinfluence.world/en/arabic-2018/|archivedate=18 January 2018|title=Toplist Arabic 2018|date=2018-01-17}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị bụ isi == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ebe a na-ahụkarị, Paris, 1987 * Hapụ mba m ka ọ teta: gaa na mmepeanya nke anọ, ed. Mbipụta maka Arab Maghreb, Tunis, 1988 * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] L'Harmattan, Paris, 2004 * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] site na Atelier, Paris, 2009 * Ịmepụta ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Tunisia, site na mmeri ruo na ụgbọ mmiri kpuru'' (ya na Pierre Piccinin da Prata & Thibaut Werpin), ed. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] == Edemsibia == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [http://moncefmarzouki.com Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * [https://www.facebook.com/Dr.Marzouki.Moncef Peeji gọọmentị na Facebook] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141226051630/http://marzouki2014.tn/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị nke mkpọsa onye isi ala Marzouki na 2014] * AppearancesnaC-SPAN {{s-start}} {{s-npo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Mohamed Charfi]]}} {{s-ttl|title=President of the [[Tunisian Human Rights League]]|years=1989–1994}} {{s-aft|after=Taoufik Bouderbala}} |- {{s-ppo}} {{s-new|party}} {{s-ttl|title=President of the [[Congress for the Republic]]|years=2001–2011}} {{s-aft|after=[[Abderraouf Ayadi]]<br />{{small|Acting}}}} |- {{s-par|tn-ca}} {{s-new|constituency}} {{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of Tunisia|Constituent Assembly]]<br />for [[Nabeul Governorate|Nabeul]]'s 2nd district|years=2011}} {{s-aft|after=[[Samia Abbou]]}} |- {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Fouad Mebazaa]]<br />{{small|Acting}}}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of Tunisia]]|years=2011–2014}} {{s-aft|after=[[Beji Caid Essebsi]]}} {{s-hon}} {{s-bef|before=[[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Youngest President at the end of term|years=Since 31 December 2014}} {{s-aft|after='''Incumbent'''}} {{s-end}}{{TunisianPresidents}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 860xgt7tyfdt075s1rcg9tx6k1ztaxg 0 73319 727939 687758 2026-09-25T14:10:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727939 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Kumar_bhante_at_anandakuti.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Kumar Bhante na Ananda Kuti Vihar na 2008.]]   '''Bhante Kumar Kashyap Mahasthavir''' Kumar Kashyap Mahasthavir (Nepali: कुमारकाश्यप महास्थविर) (amụrụ Asta Man Shakya) (24 Julaị 1926 - 26 Febrụwarị 2012) bụ onye mọnk Buddhist Nepalese onye e nyere aha Tripitakacharya (Tripitaka Master). <ref>{{Cite news|title=Monk Kumar Kashyap Mahasthabir no more|url=http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Monk+Kumar+Kashyap+Mahasthabir+no+more&NewsID=322089|accessdate=4 May 2012|work=The Himalayan Times|date=26 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204154118/https://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Monk+Kumar+Kashyap+Mahasthabir+no+more&NewsID=322089|archive-date=4 December 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'afọ 1944, ọchịchị Rana chụpụrụ ya na Nepal maka ịkwalite okpukpe Buddha Theravada na ide ihe na Nepal Bhasa . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lumbini.org.uk/bd_n_thera_t.html|title=Theravada Buddhism in Modern Nepal|publisher=Lumbini Nepalese Buddha Dharma Society (UK)|accessdate=4 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804160554/http://www.lumbini.org.uk/bd_n_thera_t.html|archivedate=4 August 2014}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ n'ebe a chụgara ya na [[Ndia|India]] na Sri Lanka. == Ndụ mbido == Kumar Kashyap (aha ọzọ: Kumar Bhante) a mụrụ na Tansen, Palpa, mpaghara dị na ọdịda anyanwụ Nepal. Nna ya bụ Sanat Kumar Shakya na nne Tej Maya Shakya. A maara ya dị ka Asta Man Shakya tupu ọ ghọọ onye mọnk novice na 1942.[1] Mgbe e chichara ya echichi, Kumar Bhante kwagara Kathmandu ebe o sonyeere obere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mọnk wee rụọ ọrụ ịkwalite Theravada Buddhism.<ref name="ekantipur">{{Cite news|author=Tuladhar|first=Kamal Ratna|title=The monks in yellow robes|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2012/04/07/saturday-features/the-first-word--the-monks-in-yellow-robes/351932.html|accessdate=4 May 2012|work=The Kathmandu Post|date=7 April 2012}}</ref> == Ịga Mba Ọzọ == Gọọmentị na-enyo ọrụ nke ndị mọnk Buddha enyo ka ha na-aghọwanye ndị a ma ama. A kpọrọ ndị mọnk ahụ n'ihu praịm minista ma nye iwu ka ha kwụsị ikwusa okpukpe Buddha na ide ihe na Nepal Bhasa nke ọchịchị ahụ na-anabataghị. Ha jụrụ, na 30 Julaị 1944, a gwara ha ka ha pụọ na mba ahụ. Ndị mọnk asatọ gụnyere Kumar Kashyap, [[Dhammalok Mahasthavir]] na Pragyananda Mahastha vir gara Kushinagar, India wee gakwa Sarnath ebe ha guzobere otu ndị Buddha aha ya bụ Dharmodaya Sabha (Society for the Rise of the Teaching). Kumar Kashyap mechara kwaga Kalimpong wee gaa Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bhikshu Kumar Kashyap Mahasthavir Special|work=Sandhya Times|date=9 March 2012}}</ref> == Ịlaghachi Nepal == N'afọ 1946, e kwere ka ndị mọnk ahụ lọta mgbe ndị ọrụ ihu ọma Sri Lanka gara Kathmandu ma gbaa gọọmenti ume ka ha wepụ iwu ịchụpụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dietrich|first=Angela|title=Buddhist Monks and Rana Rulers: A History of Persecution|url=http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BH/bh117536.htm|accessdate=17 March 2011|work=Buddhist Himalaya: A Journal of Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods}}</ref> Kumar Kashyap laghachiri Kathmandu wee bụrụ onye edemede na onye nkuzi na Ananda Kuti Vidyapeeth na Swayambhu. O bipụtara akwụkwọ isii. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya bụ ''Gautam Buddha'' n'afọ 1956. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Anandabooumi'', magazin Buddha nke Ananda Kuti Vihar bipụtara. A kpọkwara ya onye nkwado nke Nepal Lipi Guthi, otu a raara nye ichekwa ihe odide Nepalese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guthi.net/nepallipiguthi/#PATRONS%20OF%20THE%20GUTHI|title=Patrons of the Guthi|publisher=Nepal Lipi Guthi|accessdate=4 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014012824/http://www.guthi.net/nepallipiguthi/#PATRONS%20OF%20THE%20GUTHI|archivedate=2011-10-14}}</ref> Kumar Kashyap ghọrọ onye isi nke Ananda Kuti Vihar ma nwee ọkwa nke Deputy Chief Monk mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Onye isi ala Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa na Praịm Minista DM Jayaratne gosipụtara mwute na ọnwụ Kumar Bhante.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sri Lankan Prez, PM express grief over Kasyap's death|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2012/03/02/capital/sri-lankan-prez-pm-express-grief-over-kasyaps-death/349854.html|accessdate=4 May 2012|work=ekantipur.com|date=2 March 2012}}</ref> Gọọmenti Myanmar enyela ya aha Agga Maha Saddhammajothikadhaja na ndị otu Buddhist na India na Sri Lanka kwanyere ya ugwu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ven. Kumara Kassapa Maha Thera made outstanding contributions to the Buddha Sasana|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2012/02/27/news15.asp|accessdate=11 May 2012|work=Daily News|publisher=Associated Newspapers of Ceylon|date=27 February 2012}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịchụpụ ndị mọnk Buddha na Nepal == Edensibia == <references /> {{Reflist}} 94rzag23x4olzrhj73d10csrx5bb7kj 0 73655 727976 706213 2026-09-25T17:43:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727976 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Simbiatu''' " '''Simbi''' " '''Abiola Abiola Ajikawo''' {{Audio|Simbiatu_Abisola_Abiola_Ajikawo.wav|listen}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1543368&subid=0|title=BMI – Repertoire Search|work=Repertoire.bmi.com|accessdate=2026-03-17|archivedate=2020-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607131332/http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1543368&subid=0}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /> (amụrụ na 23 Febụwarị 1994), <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Little Simz|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3787576/|accessdate=2022-03-01|work=IMDb|language=en}}</ref> a maara nke ọma site na aha ya na-eme ihe nkiri '''Little Simz''', bụ onye Britain na-agụ egwu rap na onye na-eme ihe nkiri . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=11 February 2022|title=Little Simz's long path from council estate to Brit awards podium|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/feb/11/little-simzs-long-path-from-council-estate-to-brit-awards-podium|accessdate=1 March 2022|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama site na mwepụta nke abọm atọ mbụ ya n'onwe ya: ''A Curious Tale of Trials + Persons'' (2015), ''Stillness in Wonderland'' (2016) na ''Grey Area'' (2019), nke ikpeazụ n'ime ha bụ ndị a họpụtara maka Mercury Prize ma merie ihe nrite maka Abọm Kachasị Mma na Ivor Novello Awards na NME Awards . Abọm nke anọ ya, ''Sometimes I Might Be Introvert'' (2021), <ref>{{Cite news|author=Madden|first=Emma|date=1 September 2021|title=Little Simz's Big Moment|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/arts/music/little-simzs-introvert.html|accessdate=1 March 2022}}</ref> nwetara otuto dị ukwuu, ebe ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na-ewere ya dị ka abọm kacha mma nke 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ankrah|first=Veracia|date=1 December 2021|title=Exclaim!'s 50 Best Albums of 2021|url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/best_albums_of_2021|accessdate=11 January 2022|work=[[Exclaim!]]}} * {{Cite web|title=Clash Albums Of The Year 2021|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/clash-albums-of-the-year-2021|accessdate=2022-02-11|work=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]|date=16 December 2021}} * {{Cite news|author=McCormick|first=Neil|date=17 December 2021|title=The 10 best albums of 2021|language=en-GB|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/10-best-albums-2021/|accessdate=11 February 2022}} * {{Cite web|date=22 December 2021|title=The 40 best albums of 2021|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/albums-of-the-year-2021-b1978598.html|accessdate=11 February 2022|work=[[The Independent]]|language=en}} * {{Cite web|title=The Best Albums of 2021 Ranked|url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/features/articles/best-albums-2021-ranked|accessdate=11 February 2022|work=[[The Line of Best Fit]]|language=en}}</ref> O meriri ihe nrite Mercury nke 2022, <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Mercury Prize: Rapper Little Simz wins album of the year award|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-63296907|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en}}</ref> ma nweta ya ihe nrite Brit nke 2022 maka onye nka ọhụrụ kacha mma na ihe nrite Libera maka ihe ndekọ Hip-Hop/Rap kacha mma . <ref>{{Cite web|date=23 November 2022|title=Little Simz on the power of being true to who you are: 'How I choose to present myself is up to me'|url=https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/little-sims-interview|accessdate=1 March 2022|work=Glamour UK|language=en-GB}}</ref> Abọm nke ise ya, No Thank You(2022), ka ewepụtara ya nke ọma. Na 2024, e gosipụtara ya na egwu " We Pray " nke Coldplay, ya na [[Burna Boy]], Elyanna, na Tini . E wepụtara abọm studio nke isii ya, ''Lotus'', na 6 June 2025. E wezụga egwu, Ajikawo egosipụtala onwe ya na usoro ihe nkiri Netflix revival ''Top Boy'' . Ọ pụtakwara dịka onwe ya na ihe nkiri ''Venom: Let There Be Carnage'' (2021). == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Ajikawo na Islington, London, site n'aka nne na nna ya [[Ndị Naijiria|na Naịjirịa]] . A zụlitere ya n'ụlọ ndị kansụl ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ tọrọ ya. <ref name="Guardian1">{{Cite news|author=Aroesti|first=Rachel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/feb/11/little-simzs-long-path-from-council-estate-to-brit-awards-podium|title=Little Simz's long path from council estate to Brit awards podium|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 February 2022|accessdate=12 February 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=8 January 2020|title=Little Simz|url=https://notion.online/little-simz/|accessdate=23 December 2020|work=Notion|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="Red Bull">{{Cite web|author=Ekanayake|first=Manu|title=Who is… Little Simz?|url=http://www.redbull.com/gb-en/little-simz-need-to-know-interview|work=Red Bull|date=10 December 2016|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref> Nne ya bụkwa onye na-elekọta ụmụaka n'oge ọ bụ nwata. Ọ bụ onye [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Day|first=Peter|url=https://www.wyso.org/arts-culture/2023-04-26/rap-virtuoso-little-simz-says-no-thank-you-to-exploitive-record-companies-on-her-new-album|title=Rap virtuoso Little Simz says "No thank you" to exploitive record companies on her new album|publisher=[[WYSO]]|date=26 April 2023|accessdate=27 March 2024|quote=[...]and Yoruba background,[...]}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Highbury Fields School dị na London ma gaakwa na St Mary 's Youth Club dị na Upper Street, Islington, ya na ndị kpakpando pop bụ́ Leona Lewis na Alexandra Burke . Ajikawo enyela Mary's Youth Club otuto maka mmetụta ya n'ọrụ ya, na-akọwa ya dị ka "ebe ihe niile malitere maka m ... ebe obibi nke abụọ". Ajikawo mechara mụọ akwụkwọ na Westminster Kingsway College na Mahadum West London <ref>{{Cite web|title=Little Simz Turned Confusion into Her Bravest Work So Far|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/little-simz-grey-area-interview-2019/|accessdate=2022-03-06|work=Vice.com|date=5 March 2019|language=en}}</ref> ebe ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ egwu ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.westking.ac.uk/news/double-mobo-nominations-former-westminster-kingsway-college-student/|title=Double MOBO nominations – Westminster Kingsway College|accessdate=17 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318091912/http://www.westking.ac.uk/news/double-mobo-nominations-former-westminster-kingsway-college-student/|archivedate=18 March 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == Ọ kọwara egwu ya dị ka rap na ihe ngosi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC Introducing and AIF presents...Lil Simz|url=http://www.wikifestivals.com/content/bbc-introducing-and-aif-presentslil-simz|accessdate=22 April 2013|publisher=Wikifestivals.com}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na ụdị egwu grime, o nwetawokwa mmụọ nsọ site na ụdị egwu ndị ọzọ dịka reggae, blues, synth-rock na jazzy R&B. <ref name="Guardian12">{{Cite news|author=Aroesti|first=Rachel|date=11 February 2022|title=Little Simz's long path from council estate to Brit awards podium|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/feb/11/little-simzs-long-path-from-council-estate-to-brit-awards-podium|accessdate=12 February 2022}}</ref> Ajikawo tolitere na-ege ndị na-eme ihe nkiri rap bụ́ Busta Rhymes, Nas na Biggie Smalls ntị, nke mere ka ọ chọọ ọrụ rap. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Madden|first=Emma|date=1 August 2021|title=Little Simz's Big Moment|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/arts/music/little-simzs-introvert.html|accessdate=19 January 2023}}</ref> A na-akpọkarị Lauryn Hill otu n'ime ihe ndị kacha emetụta ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Little Simz|url=https://brickthemag.com/blogs/archive/little-simz|accessdate=19 January 2023|work=BRICK|language=en|archivedate=23 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423175712/https://brickthemag.com/blogs/archive/little-simz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=6 March 2019|title=Little Simz interview: 'If you get offended by me, that's on you'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/little-simz-interview-rapper-new-album-grey-area-chronixx-lauryn-hill-a8803316.html|accessdate=19 February 2023|work=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> Ajikawo kwuru sị "Echere m na ''The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill'' bụ agụmakwụkwọ m n'ezie. Lauryn Hill bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-eme ihe nkiri mere ka m nwee mmetụta nke ike egwu." <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gentlewoman – Little Simz|url=https://thegentlewoman.co.uk/library/little-simz|accessdate=19 February 2023|work=thegentlewoman.co.uk|language=en}}</ref> O nwetakwara mmụọ nsọ site n'aka ndị egwu jazz bụ́ Nina Simone, John Coltrane na Billie Holiday maka abọm ya ''bụ́ Somely I Might Be Introvert'' . Ihe mkpali ndị ọzọ gụnyere onye na-efe ya bụ́ Kendrick Lamar, onye kpọrọ ya "onye kacha eme ya ugbu a" na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=BBC Radio 1Xtra|date=9 June 2015|title=MistaJam Speaks To Kendrick Lamar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZsK8mw4VzM}}</ref> Ajikawo zutere onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri Inflo nke otu egwu R&B Sault n'ebe a na-eto eto, ọ ga-emepụtakwa abọm atọ ya gụnyere ''Somely I Might Be Introvert'' . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Alim|first=Teta|date=October 13, 2023|title=Little Simz's electric artistry lights up the Fillmore|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/2023/10/12/little-simz-rapper-fillmore-review/|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Esemokwu ego na Inflo mere ka Ajikawo kewaa ya ma mee ka Miles Clinton James (a maara maka imepụta Kokoroko ) mepụta abọm nke isii ya <nowiki><i id="mwvQ">bụ Lotus</i></nowiki> kama. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Snapes|first=Laura|date=2025-03-17|title=Little Simz sues former producer Inflo over unpaid debts|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2025/mar/17/little-simz-sues-former-producer-inflo-over-unpaid-debts|accessdate=2025-06-07|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Egwu === ==== 2015–2017: Mmalite ọrụ na ''Akụkọ dị ịtụnanya nke nnwale + Ndị mmadụ'' na ''Ịdị jụụ na Ala Ọmarịcha'' ==== [[Faịlụ:Little_Simz,_Seat_Village_stage_5.jpg|thumb|Little Simz na Primavera Sound 2019]] [[Faịlụ:Little_Simz_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_05.jpg|thumb|Little Simz na-eme ihe ngosi n'afọ 2019]] Ajikawo egwuru egwu na Rising Tide, iluvlive, Industry Takeover (Urban Development) Hackney Empire, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/e9wmxj/acts/a336v2|title=Radio 1's Hackney Weekend 2012 – Acts – Lil Simz|publisher=BBC|date=n.d.|accessdate=22 April 2013}}</ref> Somerset House and the House of Lords . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mobo.com/news-blogs/single-of-the-week-lil-simz-eastern-jam-freestyle|title=Single of The Week: Lil Simz – Eastern Jam (Freestyle) &#124; MOBO Awards|publisher=Mobo.com|date=n.d.|accessdate=22 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002103057/http://mobo.com/news-blogs/single-of-the-week-lil-simz-eastern-jam-freestyle|archivedate=2 October 2015}}</ref> Ọ kwara egwu na BBC 1Xtra Prom 2015 na Royal Albert Hall, ya na otu egwu egwu zuru oke nke Jules Buckley duziri. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b065yp93#credits|title=BBC Radio 3 – BBC Proms, 2015 Season, 1Xtra Prom – Credits|work=BBC}}</ref> A na-anụ Ajikawo na egwu ihe nkiri ''Leave to Remain'', na-akpọ egwu "Leave It As That". <ref name="leave2remainlil">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2012|title=Production Blog 2: Lil Simz|url=http://www.leave2remain.org/2012/11/production-blog-2-lil-simz/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130415061741/http://www.leave2remain.org/2012/11/production-blog-2-lil-simz/|archivedate=15 April 2013|accessdate=22 April 2013|publisher=Leave2remain.org}}</ref> Na mbido 2013, ọ pụtara na BBC Radio 1Xtra iji kparịta ọrụ ya na Hackney Weekend . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01rft58|title=BBC Radio 1Xtra – Adele Roberts, Little Simz comes by for a Brew 4 Two|work=BBC}}</ref> Ajikawo gara n'ihu mee nnọkọ Maida Vale maka Huw Stephens . O wepụtara abọm studio mbụ ya, ''A Curious Tale of Trials + Persons'', na 18 Septemba 2015. E nyere ya ohere ịgagharị na Nas, Lauryn Hill, na Kehlani na 2016. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Black Biography|year=2013|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryblac0000unse_i7f3|publisher=[[Gale]]|language=en}}</ref> Na 12 Disemba 2016, Little Simz wepụtara egwu mbụ na abọm ya na-abịa, "Poison Ivy". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pearce|first=Sheldon|date=12 December 2016|title=Little Simz Announces New Album, Shares New Song "Poison Ivy": Listen|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/70400-little-simz-announces-new-album-shares-new-song-poison-ivy-listen/|accessdate=6 February 2024|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|language=en-US|archivedate=15 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815161743/https://pitchfork.com/news/70400-little-simz-announces-new-album-shares-new-song-poison-ivy-listen/}}</ref> Naanị ụbọchị abụọ ka nke ahụ gasịrị, Simz wepụtara egwu nke abụọ nke abọm ahụ, "Picture Perfect". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Griffin|first=Alex|date=14 December 2016|title=Little Simz releases incredible new single "Picture Perfect"|url=https://grmdaily.com/little-simz-picture-perfect-audio/|accessdate=6 February 2024|work=[[GRM Daily]]|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815161745/https://grmdaily.com/little-simz-picture-perfect-audio/}}</ref> Na 16 Disemba 2016, Simz wepụtara abọm studio ya nke afọ abụọ, ''Stillness in Wonderland'', yana onye ya na ya na-eso akwụkwọ ọchị, ''Welcome to Wonderland'' . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pickens|first=Ashley|date=21 December 2016|title=Little Simz's 2016 Was Everything But A Still Wonderland|url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/little-simz-stillness-in-wonderland-475270/|accessdate=6 February 2024|work=[[Vibe (magazine)|VIBE]]|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815161743/https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/little-simz-stillness-in-wonderland-475270/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefader.com/2016/12/12/little-simz-stillness-in-wonderland|title=Little Simz Is Releasing New Album Stillness in Wonderland On Friday|date=12 December 2016|accessdate=6 February 2024}}</ref> Na 2017, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye mbido maka Gorillaz n'oge njem ha nke Humanz Tour, ọ bụkwa onye na-abụ abụ maka egwu " Garage Palace ", nke e gosipụtara na mbipụta Super Deluxe nke abọm ha ''bụ Humanz'' . Na 11 Mee 2017, Simz wepụtara "Backseat". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Black|first=Adrienne|date=May 11, 2017|title=Little Simz Gets Personal on New Single "Backseat"|url=https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/2017/05/little-simz-backseat|accessdate=6 February 2024|work=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|language=en|archivedate=2023-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815161743/https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/2017/05/little-simz-backseat}}</ref> Na 11 Ọktoba 2017, o wepụtara "Good For What", <ref>{{Cite web|author=P|first=Milca|date=15 October 2017|title=Little Simz Declares War In "Good For What" Video|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/70873-little-simz-declares-war-in-good-for-what-video-new-video|accessdate=2024-02-06|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|language=en|archivedate=2023-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815161745/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/70873-little-simz-declares-war-in-good-for-what-video-new-video}}</ref> tupu o wepụta mbipụta deluxe na abọm ya e hotara na mbụ na 3 Nọvemba 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Day|first=Laurence|date=6 November 2017|title=Little Simz releases expanded edition of Stillness In Wonderland|url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/little-simz-releases-expanded-edition-of-stillness-in-wonderland|accessdate=2024-02-06|work=[[The Line of Best Fit]]|language=en-US|archivedate=29 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829184237/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/little-simz-releases-expanded-edition-of-stillness-in-wonderland}}</ref> Simz kwupụtara aha ya, mkpuchi ya, ụbọchị ewepụtara ya, na ịtụnye iwu tupu oge eruo maka abọm studio nke anọ ya zuru oke, ''Sometimes I Might Be Introvert'' na 21 Eprel 2021. <ref name="Fader">{{Cite web|author=Renshaw|first=David|title=Little Simz announces Sometimes I Might Be Introvert album, shares new song|url=https://www.thefader.com/2021/04/21/little-simz-sometimes-i-might-be-introvert-release-date|work=The Fader|date=21 April 2021|accessdate=February 6, 2024}}</ref> E wepụtara otu egwu mbụ nke abọm ahụ, "Introvert" tinyere ọkwa ahụ. <ref name="Fader" /> E wepụtara otu egwu nke abụọ nke abọm ahụ, " Woman ", nke Cleo Sol nyere aka, na 6 Mee 2021. E wepụtara otu egwu nke atọ nke abọm ahụ, "Rollin Stone" na 14 Juun 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gallagher|first=Alex|title=Little Simz shares hard-hitting new single 'Rollin Stone'|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/little-simz-shares-hard-hitting-new-single-rollin-stone-2969637|work=NME|date=15 June 2021|accessdate=February 6, 2024}}</ref> E wepụtara otu egwu nke anọ nke abọm ahụ, "I Love You, I Hate You" na 8 Julaị 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Richards|first=Will|title=Little Simz shares raw new single 'I Love You, I Hate You'|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-little-simz-tease-new-song-i-love-you-i-hate-you-on-car-speakers-2986692|work=NME|date=9 July 2021|accessdate=February 6, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Niall|title=Little Simz Cuts Deep On New Song "I Love You, I Hate You"|url=https://www.complex.com/music/little-simz-i-love-you-i-hate-you|work=Complex|date=12 July 2021|accessdate=February 6, 2024}}</ref> E wepụtara otu egwu nke ise na nke ikpeazụ nke abọm ahụ, "Point and Kill" na 1 Septemba 2021, naanị ụbọchị abụọ tupu ewepụta abọm ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Powell|first=John|url=https://www.revolt.tv/new-music/2021/9/3/22656089/little-simz-obongjayar-point-and-kill-video|title=Little Simz and Obongjayar head to Nigeria for "Point And Kill" video|work=Revolt.tv|date=3 September 2021|accessdate=February 6, 2024}}</ref> Na ụbọchị atọ nke ọnwa Septemba afọ 2021, o wepụtara abọm studio nke anọ ya, ''Sometimes I Might Be Introvert'', nke pụtara na nọmba 4 na chaatị abọm UK ma merie abọm nke afọ BBC nke isii . <ref>{{Cite web|title=6 Music's Albums of the Year 2021|url=https://canvas-story.bbcrewind.co.uk/6-music-albums-of-the-year-2021/|accessdate=2022-02-20|work=canvas-story.bbcrewind.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/drake-clinches-fourth-number-1-on-official-albums-chart-with-certified-lover-boy__34009/|title=Drake clinches fourth Number 1 album with Certified Lover Boy|work=[[Official Charts Company|Official Charts]]}}</ref> Abọm ahụ ga-enyekwa Simz mmeri mbụ ya na Mercury Prize na Ọktoba 2022. <ref>{{Cite news|author=D'Souza|first=Shaad|date=18 October 2022|title=Mercury prize: Little Simz wins for Sometimes I Might Be Introvert|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/oct/18/mercury-prize-little-simz-wins-for-sometimes-i-might-be-introvert|accessdate=15 April 2024|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}</ref>   == Njem nlegharị anya == * Age101 Drop World (2015) * Nnọọ na Wonderland (2017–2018) * Njem Nlegharị Anya Mpaghara Isi awọ (2019) * Mgbe ụfọdụ, enwere m ike ịbụ onye na-enweghị mmasị (2021) * Mba Daalụ (2023) * Lotọs (2025) {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ihe nkiri na telivishọn ! Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" | Ihe ndetu |- | 2010 | ''Ndị Agha Mmụọ'' | Vicky | Usoro ihe nkiri BBC |- | 2012 | ''Ụlọ Ndị Ill'' | Onye a na-enyo enyo na ọ bụ onye ntorobịa nọ n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè (Lil Simz) | |- | 2013 | ''Ndị Na-eto Eto'' | Meleka | Usoro E4 |- | 2019–2023 | ''Nwa okorobịa kacha mma'' | Shelley | Usoro Netflix |- | 2021 | ''Osi: Ka E Nwee Ogbugbu'' | Onwe ya <ref>{{Cite web|author=Newstead|first=Al|date=1 October 2021|title=So... Little Simz features in the new Venom movie at a "coming out" rave|url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/musicnews/little-simz-features-new-venom-movie-coming-out-rave-tom-hardy/13566740|accessdate=10 October 2021|work=triple j|language=en}}</ref> | Kameo |- | 2023 | ''Ike ahụ'' | Adunola | Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu |- | 2024 | ''RM: Ndị Ezi Omume, Ebe Na-ezighi Ezi'' | Onwe ya <ref>{{Cite web|author=Daly|first=Rhian|date=6 December 2024|title=‘RM: Right People, Wrong Place’ review: a deep dive into the BTS rapper’s sublime second solo album|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/film-reviews/rm-right-people-wrong-place-review-bts-3819540|work=[[NME]]|language=en}}</ref> | Ihe nkiri akụkọ |- | 2025 | ''Steve'' | Shola | |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:95%;" ! style="width:21%;" |Award ! width="3%" |Year ! style="width:25%;" |Category ! style="width:29%;" |Nominated work ! style="width:8%;" |Result ! style="width:3%;" |Ref. |- ! rowspan="7" scope="row" |AIM Independent Music Awards |2016 |Independent Album of the Year |''A Curious Tale Of Trials + Persons'' | {{Won}} | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicweek.com/talent/read/aim-awards-2016-shortlist-revealed/065541|title=AIM Awards 2016 shortlist revealed|author=Gumble|first=Daniel|work=Music Week|date=2 August 2016|accessdate=27 October 2021}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |Best Second Album |''Stillness in Wonderland'' | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/2017-aim-awards-nominations-revealed/069401|title=2017 AIM Awards nominations revealed|author=Paine|first=Andre|work=Music Week|date=8 August 2017|accessdate=27 October 2021}}</ref> |- |Hardest Working Band or Artist |Herself | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |Best Independent Track |"Selfish" | {{Nom}} | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.propermusicgroup.com/2019/07/aim-independent-music-awards-2019-the-nominees/|title=AIM Independent Music Awards 2019 – The Nominees|work=Proper Music Group|date=25 July 2019|accessdate=27 October 2021}}</ref> |- |Best Independent Album |''Grey Area'' | {{Nom}} |- |Pioneer Award |Herself | {{Won}} |- |2023 |Best Independent Album |''No Thank You'' | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diymag.com/news/aim-awards-announce-2023-nominees-including-raye-little-simz-ezra-collective|title=AIM Awards Announce 2023 Nominees List, Including Raye, Little Simz And Ezra Collective|work=[[DIY (magazine)|DIY]]|first=Daisy|author=Carter|date=19 July 2023|accessdate=23 July 2023}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |BBC Radio 1 |2021 |Hottest Record of the Year |"Introvert" |{{Nom}} | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC Radio 1 - Radio 1's Future Sounds with Clara Amfo - Radio 1's Hottest Record of the Year 2021 - Vote for your favourite!|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/LzRtNrs5gtFJWKJQV1KZzQ/radio-1s-hottest-record-of-the-year-2021-vote-for-your-favourite|accessdate=7 December 2021|work=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Berlin Music Video Awards |2022 |Best Art Director |"Woman" |{{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |BET Awards |2022 |Best International Act |Herself | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=BET Awards 2022 Nominees Revealed: Drake, Kendrick Lamar, and More {{!}} Complex|first=Mackenzie|author=Cummings-Grady|accessdate=2022-06-02|date=2022-06-01|work=Complex|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2022-bet-award-nominations}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |BET Hip Hop Awards |2021 |Best International Flow |Herself | {{Won}} | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=2021 BET Hip Hop Awards: The Full Winners List [Live Updating]|url=https://www.bet.com/article/df3eez/2021-bet-hip-hop-awards-the-full-winners-list|accessdate=6 October 2021|work=BET.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301204638/https://www.bet.com/article/df3eez/2021-bet-hip-hop-awards-the-full-winners-list|archive-date=1 March 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="7" scope="row" |Brit Awards | rowspan="4" |2022 |British Artist of the Year | rowspan="3" |Herself | {{Nom}} | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=BRIT Awards 2022 nominations in full: Adele, Dave, Ed Sheeran and Little Simz lead with four each|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/brit-awards-2022-nominations-in-full-adele-dave-ed-sheeran-and-little-simz-lead-with-four-each__34736/|accessdate=18 December 2021|work=Official Charts}}</ref> |- |Best New Act | {{Won}} |- |Best Hip Hop/Rap/Grime Act | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |British Album of the Year |''Sometimes I Might Be Introvert'' | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |2024 |''No Thank You'' |{{Nom}} | rowspan="3" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brit Awards nominations 2024: The full list of artists, songs and albums up for awards this year|url=https://news.sky.com/story/brit-awards-nominations-2024-the-full-list-of-artists-songs-and-albums-up-for-awards-this-year-13055465|accessdate=24 January 2024|work=Sky News}}</ref> |- |British Artist of the Year | rowspan="2" |Herself |{{Nom}} |- |Best Hip Hop/Grime/Rap Act |{{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Hollywood Independent Music Awards |2024 |Adult Contemporary Hip Hop |"Gorilla" |{{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himawards.com/2024-nominations-table/|title=2024 Nominations Table &#124; Hollywood Independent Music Awards|work=Himawards.com|accessdate=3 September 2024}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |IMPALA Awards |2019 |Album of the Year |''Grey Area'' | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="IMPALA19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.impalamusic.org/22-nominees-shortlisted-for-impalas-european-independent-album-of-the-year-award/|title=22 Nominees Shortlisted For Impala's European Independent Album Of The Year Award|work=Impalamusic.org|date=30 January 2020|accessdate=February 6, 2024}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="4" scope="row" |Ivor Novello Awards |2020 | rowspan="2" |Best Album |''Grey Area'' | {{Won}} | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/little-simz-and-dave-among-winners-of-ivor-novello-awards-2020-2743540|title=Little Simz and Dave among winners at Ivor Novello Awards 2020|work=[[NME]]|first=Tom|author=Skinner|date=2 September 2020|accessdate=17 September 2021}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Sometimes I Might Be Introvert'' | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/ivor-novello-awards-2022-adele-ed-sheeran-dave-and-inflo-lead-list-of-nominations__35678/|title=Ivor Novello Awards 2022: Adele, Ed Sheeran, Dave and Inflo lead list of nominations|work=Official Charts|first=Carl|author=Smith|date=7 April 2022|accessdate=18 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Rhian|first=Daly|date=19 May 2022|title=Sam Fender, Dave, Little Simz and more win at The Ivors 2022|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/sam-fender-dave-little-simz-more-win-the-ivors-2022-3229592|language=en-GB|work=[[NME]]|accessdate=21 May 2022}}</ref> |- |Best Contemporary Song |"I Love You, I Hate You" | {{Won}} |- |2023 |Best Album |''No Thank You'' | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/arctic-monkeys-florence-the-machine-harry-styles-lead-2023-ivor-novello-nominations-3432545|title=Arctic Monkeys, Florence + The Machine, Harry Styles lead 2023 Ivor Novello nominations|work=[[NME]]|first=Liberty|author=Dunworth|date=19 April 2023|accessdate=19 April 2023}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Libera Awards |2021 |Best Hip-Hop/Rap Record |''Drop 6'' |{{Nom}} | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | |- |2022 |Best Hip-Hop/Rap Record |''Sometimes I Might Be Introvert'' | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/japanese-breakfast-indie-a2im-2022-libera-awards-1235212419/|title=Japanese Breakfast, Jason Isbell, Arlo Parks Lead Indie-Music Collective A2IM's 2022 Libera Awards Nominees|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=23 March 2022|accessdate=25 March 2022|first=Jem|author=Aswad}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Mercury Prize |2019 | rowspan="2" |Album of the Year |''Grey Area'' | {{Nom}} | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2019/07/mercury-prize-2019.html|title=2019 Mercury Prize Nominations Announced: Predictions, Snubs and More|author=Edelstone|first=Steven|date=25 July 2019|work=Paste Magazine|accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Sometimes I Might Be Introvert'' | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/mercury-prize-2022-shortlist-nominations-3277014|title=Mercury Prize 2022 shortlist revealed|work=[[NME]]|date=2022-07-26|first=Surej|author=Singh}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="14" scope="row" |MOBO Awards | rowspan="2" |2017 |Best Female Act | rowspan="2" |Herself | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mobo.com/news/2017-mobo-awards-nominations-announced|title=2017 MOBO Awards Nominations Announced!|work=Mobo.com|date=17 October 2017|accessdate=17 September 2021}}</ref> |- |Best Hip Hop Act | {{Nom}} |- |2020 |Best Album (2017–2019) |''Grey Area'' | {{Nom}} | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mobo.com/news/mobo-awards-2020-see-full-list-nominees|title=MOBO Awards 2020: See The Full List Of Nominees!|work=MOBO|date=23 November 2020|accessdate=17 September 2021}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2021 |Best Female Act | rowspan="2" |Herself |{{Won}} | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The MOBO Awards Announce Their 2021 Nominees {{!}} MOBO Organisation|url=https://mobo.com/news/mobo-awards-announce-their-2021-nominees|accessdate=7 December 2021|work=mobo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 December 2021|title=Mobo awards 2021: Dave, Little Simz and Ghetts top winners|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/dec/05/mobo-awards-2021-dave-little-simz-and-ghetts-top-winners|accessdate=7 December 2021|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> |- |Best Hip Hop Act |{{Nom}} |- |Video of the Year |"Woman" |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |Album of the Year |''Sometimes I Might Be Introvert'' | {{Won}} | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/check-out-the-nominees-for-the-mobo-awards-2022-3347586|title=MOBOs 2022: Nova Twins, Little Simz and FKA twigs among nominees|work=[[NME]]|first=Tony|author=Skinner|date=11 November 2022|accessdate=10 December 2022}}</ref><br /><br /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/mobo-awards-2022-little-simz-knucks-central-cee-pinkpantheress-and-jamal-edwards-among-winners-3358838|title=MOBO Awards 2022: Little Simz, Knucks, Central Cee, PinkPantheress and Jamal Edwards among winners|work=[[NME]]|first=Charlotte|author=Krol|date=1 December 2022|accessdate=10 December 2022}}</ref> |- |Best Female Act | rowspan="2" |Herself | {{Nom}} |- |Best Hip-Hop Act | {{Nom}} |- |Video of the Year |"Point and Kill" (featuring Obongjayar) | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |2023 |Album of the Year |''No Thank You'' | {{Nom}} | rowspan="4" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Beaumont-Thomas|first=Ben|date=14 December 2023|title=Little Simz and Stormzy top 2024 Mobo award nominations|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/dec/14/little-simz-and-stormzy-top-2024-mobo-award-nominations|accessdate=14 December 2023}}</ref> |- |Best Female Act | rowspan="2" |Herself | {{Nom}} |- |Best Hip Hop Act | {{Won}} |- |Video of the Year |"Gorilla" | {{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |MTV Europe Music Awards |2023 |Best Video |"Gorilla" |{{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Skinner|first=Tom|date=4 October 2023|title=MTV EMAs 2023 nominations revealed|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/mtv-emas-2023-nominations-revealed-3509145|accessdate=5 October 2023|work=NME}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="7" scope="row" |NME Awards | rowspan="2" |2020 |Best British Album | rowspan="2" |''Grey Area'' | {{Won}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/awards/winners|title=NME Awards 2020 Winners|work=[[NME]]|accessdate=1 August 2021}}</ref> |- |Best Album in the World | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |2022 |Best Album in the World | rowspan="2" |''Sometimes I Might Be Introvert'' | {{Nom}} | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/bandlab-nme-awards-2022-full-list-of-nominations-3147154|title=BandLab NME Awards 2022: Full list of nominations revealed|first=Andrew|author=Trendell|work=[[NME]]|date=27 January 2022|accessdate=27 January 2022}}</ref> |- |Best Album by a UK Artist | {{Nom}} |- |Best Solo Act in the World | rowspan="3" |Herself | {{Nom}} |- |Best Solo Act from the UK | {{Won}} |- |Best Live Act | {{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |South African Hip Hop Awards |2021 |Best International Act |Herself |{{Nom}} | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=SA Hip Hop Awards 2021: All the nominees {{!}} Music In Africa|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sa-hip-hop-awards-2021-all-nominees|publisher=Music In Africa|first=Ano|author=Shumba|date=3 November 2021|accessdate=3 November 2021}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="22" scope="row" |UK Music Video Awards |2018 |Best Dance Video - UK |"Garage Palace" <small>(with Gorillaz)</small> | {{Nom}} | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 September 2018|title=UK Music Video Awards 2018: all the nominations!|url=https://www.promonews.tv/news/2018/09/27/uk-music-video-awards-2018-all-nominations/55245|accessdate=17 September 2021|work=Promonews.tv|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |2021 |Best Hip Hop / Grime / Rap Video - UK | rowspan="3" |"Introvert" |{{Nom}} | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UK Music Video Awards 2021: all the nominations for this year's UKMVAs {{!}} News {{!}} Promonews|url=https://www.promonews.tv/news/2021/09/29/uk-music-video-awards-2021-all-nominations-years-ukmvas/73077|accessdate=30 September 2021|work=Promonewstv|language=en}}</ref> |- |Best Editing in a Video |{{Won}} |- |Best Choreography in a Video |{{Nom}} |- |Best Wardrobe Styling in a Video | rowspan="2" |"Woman" |{{Nom}} |- |Best Hair & Make-up in a Video |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="6" |2022 |Best Hip Hop/Grime/Rap Video - UK | rowspan="5" |"Point and Kill" (featuring Obongjayar) | {{Won}} | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.promonews.tv/news/2022/09/28/uk-music-video-awards-2022-all-nominations-years-ukmvas/78564|title=UK Music Video Awards 2022: all the nominations for this year's UKMVAs|work=Promonews.tv|date=28 September 2022|accessdate=28 September 2022}}</ref> |- |Best Wardrobe Styling in a Video | {{Won}} |- |Best Hair & Make-up in a Video | {{Nom}} |- |Best Cinematography in a Video | {{Nom}} |- |Best Color Grading in a Video | {{Won}} |- |Best Special Video Project |"I Love You, I Hate You" | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |2023 |Best Hip Hop/Grime/Rap Video - UK | rowspan="4" |"Gorilla" | {{Nom}} | rowspan="5" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://completemusicupdate.com/uk-music-video-award-nominations-2023/|title=UK Music Video Award Nominations 2023|work=Complete Music Update|first=Andy|author=Malt|date=28 September 2023|accessdate=7 October 2023}}</ref> |- |Best Performance in a Video | {{Nom}} |- |Best Production Design in a Video | {{Nom}} |- |Best Cinematography in a Video | {{Nom}} |- |Best Special Video Project |''No Thank You'' | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |2025 | rowspan="2" |Best Hip Hop / Grime / Rap Video – UK |"Young" | {{Nom}} | rowspan="5" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.music-news.com/news/Underground/184577/UK-Music-Video-Awards-2025-nominations-announced-awards-ceremony|title=UK Music Video Awards 2025 nominations announced awards ceremony|work=Music News|date=30 September 2025|accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |"Flood" (featuring Obongjayar & Moonchild Sanelly) | {{Nom}} |- |Best Performance in a Video | {{Nom}} |- |Best Cinematography in a Video | {{Nom}} |- |Best Choreography in a Video | {{Nom}} |- |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} * Little Simz at AllMusic * Little Simz discography at Discogs * {{IMDb name|3787576}} * 0208d36a-4518-46ec-960e-5f4e56eade80, 2485abe7-ea0a-4cd2-9a6f-0795cc228be6 Little Simz discography at MusicBrainz [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1px3qaz13zbyzhdrz801nu8w2k6bkv0 0 73842 727998 598339 2026-09-25T19:36:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727998 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madurai [[Tamil language|Tamil]]''', nke a maara dị ka '''Madurai Bashai''',bụ olu asụsụ Tamil a na-asụ na mpaghara Madurai nakwa na nnukwu mpaghara ala nke South Tamil Nadu, mpaghara ndị eze Pandiya chịrịbu. Ọ dị iche nke ukwuu na Nellai Tamil, mpaghara nke bụkwa akụkụ nke mpaghara Pandiya <ref>{{Cite web|title=Madurai Tamil Words {{!}} Slang of Madurai – TamilNadu – India|url=http://www.meetwiki.org/2009/05/madurai-tamil-words-slang-of-madurai.html|accessdate=2022-06-15|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324005531/http://www.meetwiki.org/2009/05/madurai-tamil-words-slang-of-madurai.html|archive-date=2023-03-24|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=It was difficult to pick up the Madurai slang - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/it-was-difficult-to-pick-up-the-madurai-slang/articleshow/49921174.cms|accessdate=2022-06-15|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> == Ógbè Madurai Tamil == * Madurai * Theni * Virudunagar * Dindigul * Ramanathapuram * Sivagangai Asụsụ a na-ahụkarị emeela ka okwu Madurai na-ezo aka n'ógbè buru ibu karịa ka ọ bụ n'ezie. Ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị si n'obodo ọ bụla dị n'elu iji gosipụta onwe ha dị ka ndị Madurai. == Okwu nke Madurai Tamil == * Marutha = Madurai * varainga = Ha na-abịa * porainga = Ha na-aga * angittu = N'ebe ahụ * ingittu = N'ebe a * embuttu = Olee otú? * Rọvan = Ọ na-agwụ ike * vyekyanama pesu = Na-ekwu okwu nke ọma * kundaka mandaka = Ihe na-abaghị uru * mundakalapa = Plough * patraya podu = Nọdụ ala ma zuo ike * kokka makka = Okwu mkpokọta maka nwa nwanne nne * kolara poitu va (ыр) = Kpachara anya * posaketta paya = Onye na-abaghị uru * O yiri ka ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri * imbutukandi (Ụzọ ezumike) = Obere ihe * roota kodukatha = Akwaghị ụgha * vaiya porainga = Ha ga-abara mba * Paelatha = Atụghị egwu * athukaandithaan = Naanị maka nke ahụ * ithukaandithaan = Naanị maka nke a * kudikaramattai (Yinye n'ime afọ) = Drunkard * jaari = Nwanyị mara mma * aataya podu = Steal, thieve * yenney = Nwanne Ukwu * yekkah = Nwanne nwanyị Ukwu * podangoiyala = Wepụ n'ụzọ m * dubuku = Onye nzuzu (nke sitere na kanniyakumari) * manda kanam = Isi arọ * soliya paaru (Контрой) = Bụlee azụmahịa nke gị * lanthu = Kidding * kaapraa = Ọdịdị ejiji * alaparai = Fashionable * alumbu = Ọ na-egosi, na-egosi mpako * yelraya kootadha = Amụla ihe nkiri * aatum = Ọ dị mma * soodhanama iru = Kpachara anya * konga paya = Ignorant (nkwutọ maka [[Kongu Tamil|Kongu]]) * Kaavali = Onye mkpofu * Kalavaanee = Onye ohi * Vellaney = N'isi ụtụtụ * Paiyya = Slow * Osakka = Up * Seanthi = Loft * Yeni maram = Ladder {{Tamil language}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} c5zbhlnvtjosqvknxmr8nwrg0gphomn 0 74004 728150 628796 2026-09-26T09:56:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728150 wikitext text/x-wiki Njikọ ndị ọrụ ọgwụ ọjọọ na ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụ ọjọọ nke Australia (AIVL) bụ ọgbakọ kachasị elu nke ndị ọgbọ na-eduzi na netwọk mbelata mmerụ ahụ na-akwalite ọdịmma, ahụike na ikike mmadụ nke nde mmadụ na-eji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe (PWUD) na Australia ma na-anọchi anya ndị otu ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụ ọjọọ (DUOs) ma na-akwadokwa ikike iwulite ikike nke mmemme netwọọdụ ndị ọgbọ na mbelata mmemme netwọọdụ Asia. mpaghara.[1][2][3][4] AIVL gbadoro ụkwụ na Sydney mana enweghị isi n'ụzọ zuru oke, dịka nke 2023, maka nnọchite anya dị iche iche ka mma.[5] AIVL ọbịa na webụsaịtị ya: Mbelata mmerụ ahụ, nkwado, nyocha na akụrụngwa amụma ọgwụ, usoro ọzụzụ n'ịntanetị maka PWUD, ndị ọrụ ibe na-ebelata mmerụ ahụ na ndị mmekọ ahụike, yana AIVL NSP Directory. == Ụbọchị Ncheta Ndị Na-eji Ọgwụ Eme Ihe n'Ụwa == '''Ụbọchị Ncheta Ndị Na-eji Ọgwụ Eme Ihe n'Ụwa''' niile bụ ụbọchị mmata ahụike nke a na-eme na 21 Julaị kwa afọ. Ọ bụ ụbọchị ebe ndị enyi na ndị ezinụlọ nwere ike izukọta ọnụ iji cheta ma cheta ndị ha hụrụ n'anya nke ndụ ha dị mkpụmkpụ n'ihi iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe na mpụ na ịta ndị mmadụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2022-05-11|title=International Drug Users Remembrance Day 2021|url=https://inpud.net/international-drug-users-remembrance-day-2021/|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=International Drug Users Remembrance Day|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa ụbọchị iji cheta onye ọ bụla rụrụ ọrụ iji kwalite ahụike na ikike mmadụ nke ndị na-eji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nyere ọrụ sitere na nnupụisi obodo dị ka mmemme agịga na agịga yana ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụ nke zọpụtara ọtụtụ ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=AIVL|date=2022-07-20|title=International Drug Users Remembrance Day – 2022 - Australian Injecting and Illicit Drug Users League (AIVL)|url=https://aivl.org.au/international-drug-users-remembrance-day/,%20https://aivl.org.au/international-drug-users-remembrance-day/|accessdate=2024-07-24|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Memorial: International drug users day of remembrance|url=https://whatson.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/events/memorial-international-drug-users-day-of-remembrance|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=City of Sydney - What’s On|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724064032/https://whatson.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/events/memorial-international-drug-users-day-of-remembrance|archive-date=2024-07-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-ekwu maka ihe ọ pụtara nye ya, dị ka onye na-eji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, Matthew Bonn kwuru, sị: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Bonn|first=Matthew|date=2021-07-21|title=What International Drug Users Remembrance Day Means to Me|url=https://filtermag.org/international-drug-users-remembrance-day/|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=Filter|language=en-US}}</ref>   Bonn na-ekwukwa banyere ndị enyi ụfọdụ ọ tụfuru n'ihi iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe ma na-akọ ụfọdụ akụkọ ha.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ dị ka International Overdose Awareness Day (31 August) <ref>{{Cite web|title=International Overdose Awareness Day|url=https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=43&q=International+Overdose+Awareness+Day&cvid=89439084dc6048779a884839e7cc740e&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMjA1ajBqMagCALACAA&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=U531|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=Bing|language=en}}</ref> na International Drug Users Day (1 November).<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Drug Users Day {{!}} Scarlet Alliance|url=https://scarletalliance.org.au/event/international-drug-users-day-2024/#:~:text=Held%20annually,%201%20November%20remembers,as%20hepatitis%20and%20HIV%20amongst|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=scarletalliance.org.au|date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=AIVL|date=2022-11-01|title=International Drug Users Day 2022 - Australian Injecting and Illicit Drug Users League (AIVL)|url=https://aivl.org.au/international-drug-users-day/,%20https://aivl.org.au/international-drug-users-day/|accessdate=2024-07-24|language=en-AU}}</ref>   * Kansụl Mba Australia Maka Ọgwụ ọjọọ * [[Network Against Prohibition|Network Against Mmachibido Iwu]] * Ebe a na-ahụ maka ọgwụ mgbochi * Ịdị n'Otu Ebe Nlekọta Ọgwụ == Edensibịa == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.aivl.org.au/#p=55 Homepage nke gọọmentị] 9kvqeohjywa1nviu885d2wp5k2h02jr 0 74596 728009 674674 2026-09-25T20:55:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marcella Balconi''' (8 Febụwarị 1919 - 5 Febụwarụ 1999) bụ onye Itali na-agwọ ọrịa uche, onye otu nnupụisi n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị omeiwu. Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'omume nke Nnyocha uche ụmụaka na Ịtali. Balconi debanyere aha na Faculty of Medicine nke Mahadum Pavia ma mara ọrụ ya n'ọdịnihu mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ, n'oge ezumike, ya na nna ya bụ dọkịta na ụlọ ọgwụ dị nso. N'afọ 1943, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike wee soro dọkịta na dọkịta ụmụaka Pietro Fornara (1897- 1975), onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ọhịa nke ụmụaka na-emetụta uche nakwa onye na-emegide ndị Fascist na onye isi nke òtù nnupụisi na Novara, Ịtali.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Patuelli|first=Francesca|date=|title=Balconi Marcella, Scienza a due voci|url=http://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie/1218-balconi-marcella|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018081507/http://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie/1218-balconi-marcella|archivedate=2021-10-18|accessdate=2020-12-21|work=scienzaa2voci.unibo.it|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatuelli">Patuelli, Francesca. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251212092245/https://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie/1218-balconi-marcella "Balconi Marcella, Scienza a due voci"]. ''scienzaa2voci.unibo.it''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ hapụrụ ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye inyeaka na Institute of Biological Chemistry na Pavia na 1944 iji sonyere ndị na-eguzogide. Ọ ghọrọ onye nyocha ahụike maka nguzogide yana, ya na nwa nwanne ya na onye edemede n'ọdịnihu Maria Elvira Berrini, Balconi sonyeere ndị Nguzogide Ịtali dị ka dọkịta na-arụ ọrụ na Garibaldi Brigades, nke mbụ na Valtellina na Turin. Dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ya, e nyere ya ndepụta nke ndị nkịtị Ịtali bụ ndị ndị Nazi gburu. Ndepụta ahụ gụnyekwara foto na ozi gbasara ọnwụ nke "ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na ụmụaka: n'ọnọdụ ahụ dị egwu, o wepụtara onwe ya ime ihe niile iji zọpụta ụmụaka."[2]. === Onye Nnyocha === Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, o nyere aka hazie ọrụ psychiatric nke ụlọ ọgwụ ọrụ ebere na Novara nyere. Balconi jere ozi dị ka osote onye isi nke National Motherhood and Childhood Work (ONMI) site na 1945 ruo 1948 ma hazie mgbalị nyocha dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ French na Switzerland ọ hụrụ.[1] N'afọ 1950, ọ tụrụ aro ka a mụọ ọmụmụ ọhụrụ na Ịtali site n'iji nyocha nke L. Verlag Hans Huber Düss mepụtara na Switzerland, bụ nke ndị nchọpụta nyochara ihe osise nke ụmụaka na-egosi mmeghachi omume ha na akụkọ Düss. N'oge ọrụ ya, ọbụlagodi na ngwụcha afọ 1970, Balconi mere ka ndị ọrụ ibe ya ndị Ịtali mara ọrụ nke Nnyocha uche ụmụaka ma jiri ya zụọ ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ahụike. Ọ ghọkwara usoro nyocha dị mma na Ịtali. N'ime nke a, ọ kwadoro echiche nke onye nchọpụta Poland Esther Bick (1901-1983), ọ nwetakwara nkwado dị ka otu n'ime "ndị na-ebute ụzọ na neuropsychiatry ụmụaka nke Ịtali". <ref name=":0"/> === Onye omeiwu === N'oge ndụ ya niile, Balconi lekwasịrị anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Ịtali, na-ede,<blockquote>... site na mbido enwere m nkwenye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwenye ahụike. Anọ m na-agbalị mgbe niile ijikọta nkwa abụọ a. Enwere njikọ n'etiti nhọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mmasị na ụfọdụ ọkwa ọha na eze na ọrụ m. <ref name=":0"/></blockquote>A họpụtara ya na kansụl mpaghara na-anọchite anya Òtù Ndị Kọmunist Ịtali (PCI) na 1946. Na 1963, a họpụtara ya na nzuko omeiwu Ịtali, Chamber of Deputies, nọ ọdụ na kọmitii na-ahụ maka ịdị ọcha na ahụike, na-anọchite anya ógbè Turin, Italy. O ji ohere a depụta iwu iji gbanwee usoro ụlọ ọgwụ, bụ nke e debere na 1968 site n'enyemaka nke minista Luigi Mariotti.[1]. N'ime afọ ise ọ nọrọ na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Ịtali, o wepụtara ngụkọta nke iwu iri abụọ na abụọ nke ise n'ime ha ghọrọ iwu, gụnyere Iwu 2185 nke 13 Machị 1965, ''Nchebe nke ahụike uche na enyemaka uche.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Marcella Balconi / Deputati / Camera dei deputati - Portale storico|url=https://storia.camera.it/deputato/marcella-balconi-19190208|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=storia.camera.it|language=it}}</ref> === Ndụ onwe onye === A mụrụ ya na 8 Febụwarị 1919 na Romagnano Sesia n'ebe ugwu Ịtali, nwa nwanyị nke dọkịta Giuseppe Balconi.<ref name=":0"/> Although Balconi resigned in 1980 as director of the Child Neuropsychiatry Service of the Novara hospital (Ospedale Maggiore), she remained professionally active until her death on 5 February 1999 at 79 years of age.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Mori|first=G. F.|date=1999|title=Marcella Balconi|url=https://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=rpsa.045.0217a|journal=Rivista di Psicoanalisi|pages=217–222}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMori1999">Mori, G. F. (1999). [https://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=rpsa.045.0217a "Marcella Balconi"]. ''Rivista di Psicoanalisi'': <span class="nowrap">217–</span>222.</cite></ref> == Ndị otu == A na-ewere ya dị ka "Onye ọsụ ụzọ nke Child Psychoanalysis na Ịtali", a maara ya nke ọma n'ọhịa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2013-05-15|title=Marcella Balconi|url=http://marcellabalconi.altervista.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515100040/http://marcellabalconi.altervista.org/|archivedate=2013-05-15|accessdate=2020-12-23}}</ref> * Onye guzobere Ngalaba Nlekọta Ọrịa Uche nke Ụmụaka mbụ na Piedmont * Onye guzobere Italian Society of Child Neuropsychiatry (SINPI) * Onye guzobere Italian Society of Psychoanalysis (SIP) * Onye otu nkịtị na onye nkuzi nke World Society of Psychoanalysis == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * M. Balconi, Ụmụaka Difficult, "Abnormal childhood," n. 1, 1953, peeji nke 20-29&nbsp; * M. Balconi, Ihe osise ahụ metụtara akụkọ ifo nke Düss, "Abnormal childhood," n. 3, 1953, pp. 432-480&nbsp; * M. Balconi, ME Berrini, Diagnosis of structure in child psychiatry, "Abnormal childhood," n. 23, 1957 * M. Balconi, ME Berrini, Usoro nhazi ọnụ ọgụgụ. Nkọwa mbụ: njikọ dị n'etiti "ihe odide onwe onye" na ụfọdụ ihe mesological na ihe nketa, n. 23, 1957, "Nwatakịrị na-adịghị mma," n. 23, 1957 * M. Balconi, ME Berrini, Statistical-clinical nnyocha na otu ìgwè nke ụmụaka 1000 kọrọ maka ihe isi ike n'ịgbaso ụlọ akwụkwọ. Akụkụ nke mbụ, "Abnormal childhood," n. 25, 1958, peeji nke 42-89&nbsp; * M. Balconi, ME Berrini, Statistical-clinical nnyocha na otu ìgwè nke ụmụaka 1000 kọrọ maka ihe isi ike n'ịgbaso ụlọ akwụkwọ. Akụkụ nke abụọ, "Abnormal childhood," n. 28, 1958, peeji nke 411-463&nbsp; * M. Balconi, ME Berrini, Statistical-clinical nnyocha na otu ìgwè nke ụmụaka 1000 kọrọ maka ihe isi ike n'ịgbaso ụlọ akwụkwọ. Akụkụ nke atọ, "Abnormal childhood," n. 30, 1959, peeji nke 42-92&nbsp; * M. Balconi, ME Berrini, Statistical-clinical nnyocha na otu ìgwè nke ụmụaka 1000 kọrọ maka ihe isi ike n'ịgbaso ụlọ akwụkwọ. Akụkụ nke Anọ, "Abnormal Childhood," n. 32, 1959, peeji nke 309-333&nbsp; * M. Balconi, ME Berrini, On school maladjustment in the first grade. Akụkụ nke ise. Ihe odide mmechi, "Abnormal childhood," n. 36, 1960, peeji nke 7-42&nbsp; * M. Balconi na G. Del Carlo Giannini, Ahụmahụ ndị dị mkpa na mmepe mmadụ. Nnyocha banyere ihe osise ụmụaka, na Psychology and Personality, nke LM Lorenzetti dezigharịrị, Milan, Franco Angeli, 1995 * M. Balconi, Listening to the child: images, stories, fantasies, na mmekorita nke ME Berrini na F. Fornari, nke R. Dionigi dezigharịrị, Cesena, The old bridge, 1999 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''M ga-echeta ihe a na-akpọ nascita. Reti di tom da dalia gravidanza alla genitorialità (Rethinking birth. Nkwado netwọk site na ime ruo nne na nna) '' (n'asụsụ Italian). Edizioni Pendragon. peeji nke 11-13. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-88-8342-360-4|<bdi>978-88-8342-360-4</bdi>]].&nbsp; &nbsp; [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hd0b3mjm3juez830u0x03jfv08xx4j6 0 74639 728145 623935 2026-09-26T09:39:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zote Nina Kpaho''' (amụrụ na Disemba 30, 1996) bụ onye na-agbachitere [[:en:Women's_association_football|bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị]] nke mba [[:en:Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]], onye na-agba bọọlụ na [[:en:Turkish_Women's_Football_Super_League|Turkish Super League]] maka [[:en:Giresun_Sanayispor|Giresun Sanayi]]. O so n'òtù ndị otu Ivory Coast maka [[:en:2015_FIFA_Women's_World_Cup|iko mba ụwa nke ụmụnwaanyị FIFA nke afọ 2015]].<ref name="FIFA 2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |title=List of Players – 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup |work=[[:en:FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |accessdate=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306125454/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/players/player=387261/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609235916/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/players/player=387261/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2015 |title= Profile |publisher= FIFA.com |accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == Na mbido ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2021, Kpaho kwagara mba [[Turkéy|Turkey]], wee bịanye aka na mba ọhụrụ e guzobere ọhụrụ, na mba [[:en:Turkish_Women's_Football_Super_League|Turkey Super League]] wee banye [[:en:Fenerbahçe_S.K._(women's_football)|Fenerbahçe]] na [[:en:Istanbul|Istanbul]].<ref name="tff0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=30&kisiId=2327541|publisher=Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu|title=Zote Nina Kpaho'|language=tr|accessdate=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="fb1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fenerbahce.org/haberler/futbol-kadin/2021/11/ailemize-hos-geldin-zote-nina-kpaho|publisher=Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü|title=Ailemize Hoş Geldin Zote Nina Kpaho|date=1 November 2021|language=tr|accessdate=26 September 2024}}</ref> Ọ gbara egwuregwu oge atọ na otu egwuregwu ahụ. N'oge egwuregwu [[:en:2024-25_Turkish_Women's_Football_Super_League|Turkish Super League nke afọ 2024–25]], ọ kwagara [[:en:Beylerbeyi_S.K._(women's_football)|Beylerbeyi]].<ref name="tff0" /> Na Septemba 2025, ọ sonyeere [[:en:Giresun_Sanayispor|Giresun Sanayi]], nke e buliri n'ọkwa ọhụrụ na Turkish Super League.<ref name="tff0"/> == Ihe nketa ya == ; [[:en:Turkish_Women's_Super_League|Turkish Super League]] :; [[:en:Fenerbahçe S.K. (women's football)|Fenerbahçe]] :: ''Ndị nke abụọ'' (2): 2021–22, 2022–23 :: ''Ọnọdụ nke atọ'' (1): 2023–24 ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist}} 061pnwocvj9j618zzx1n2vm2pdqyyr3 0 74912 727933 630626 2026-09-25T13:43:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kokomma''' bụ ihe nkiri Naịjirịa nke afọ 2012 nke Tom Robson duziri na 2012. [[Belinda Effah]], [[Ini Ikpe]], [[Ifeanyi Kalu]] na Ekere Nkanga pụtara ihe na ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2013/06/kokomma.html|title=Kokomma|work=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]|date=12 June 2013|accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref> O nwetara nhọpụta atọ na emume nke itoolu nke Africa Movie Academy Awards, ebe Effah ritere ihe nrite maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma maka ngọsipụta nka akpamọchị ya na fim ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2013/04/nigerian-dramedy-confusion-na-wa-tops-winners-at-the-9th-africa-movie-academy-awards-136164/|title=Film|accessdate=2018-08-01|archivedate=2018-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801190500/https://www.indiewire.com/2013/04/nigerian-dramedy-confusion-na-wa-tops-winners-at-the-9th-africa-movie-academy-awards-136164/}}</ref> E wepụtara ya na DVD n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2012. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/arts-life/kokomma-hits-the-shelves/|title=Kokomma hits the shelves|work=[[The Punch]]|accessdate=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108140408/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/arts-life/kokomma-hits-the-shelves/|archive-date=8 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ndị so mee ihe nkiri a == * [[Belinda Effah]] gosipụtara ka Kokomma * Ini Ikpe * Ekere Nkanga * Ifeanyi Kalu gosipụtara ka Usen == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|10077568}} [[Otú:Ihe nkiri]] [[Otú:Ihe nkiri Naịjirịa]] oqis44gxg42yatlsg8z9zy2qrlfiwg4 0 75063 728014 722397 2026-09-25T21:23:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728014 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maria Crowby''' (nwụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2020) Ọ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si [[Vanuatu]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pacwip.org/country-profiles/vanuatu/hon-maria-crowby/|title=Hon Maria Crowby — Pacific Women in Politics|work=Pacific Women in Politics|accessdate=2018-03-10|archive-date=2018-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310201116/https://www.pacwip.org/country-profiles/vanuatu/hon-maria-crowby/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye omeiwu nke Vanuatu maka Union of Moderate Parties . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dailypost.vu/news/vanuatu_in_the_news/manarewo-demands-apology-from-pm-carcasses/article_b94b5c60-7346-5548-bbe7-f988897ec213.html|title=Manarewo demands apology from PM Carcasses|author=Binihi|first=Ricky|work=Vanuatu Daily Post|accessdate=2018-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310201829/http://dailypost.vu/news/vanuatu_in_the_news/manarewo-demands-apology-from-pm-carcasses/article_b94b5c60-7346-5548-bbe7-f988897ec213.html|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> A họpụtara ya na afọ 1987 maka ntuli aka nke Port Vila, n'otu ntuli aka ahụ dị ka Motarilavoa Hilda Lin̄i; ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ so na ndị omeiwu a họpụtara na Vanuatu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Melanesian Politics: Stael Blong Vanuatu|author=Van Trease|first=Howard|publisher=University of the South Pacific|year=1995|pages=70}}</ref> Crowby tụfuru oche ahụ na 1988. <ref>{{Cite book|title=New Politics in the South Pacific|author=Alailima|first=Fay|publisher=University of the South Pacific Institute of Pacific Studies|year=1994|pages=164}}</ref> N'afọ 2001 na 2002, Crowby na Lin̄i duru ọgbakọ ọzụzụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịzọ ọkwa n'omeiwu iji gbaa ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ume ịzọ ọkwa n'omeiwu. Vanuatu họpụtara nwanyị nke atọ ya dịka onye omeiwu, Isabelle Donald, na Mee 2002.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Donald|first=Isabelle|date=2002|title=Slo slo: increasing women’s representation in parliament in Vanuatu|url=https://www.pacwip.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Vanuatu-Increasing-WIP-in-Van-Isabelle-Donald-2002.pdf|journal=Development Bulletin|volume=59|pages=54–57|archive-date=2022-01-28|access-date=2026-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128105926/https://www.pacwip.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Vanuatu-Increasing-WIP-in-Van-Isabelle-Donald-2002.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Crowby nwụrụ na 28 Eprel 2020 na New Caledonia. A ga-eme emume olili ozu buru ibu na isi obodo Vanuatu, Port Vila, iji sọpụrụ ya mana ọ gaghị ekwe omume n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gov’t and Opposition leaders pay last respects to Vanuatu’s first female MP|url=https://www.sista.com.vu/govt-and-opposition-leaders-pay-last-respects-to-vanuatus-first-female-mp/|work=Sista|accessdate=21 October 2021}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị mbụ nwere ọfịs ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Oceania == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 8o3402hjts4svzhegt43rcq4dkzmbor 0 75298 728185 673686 2026-09-26T11:58:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728185 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Candy Augustine with Chittagong Abahani in 2022.jpg|thumb|Candy Augustine Agbane]] '''Candy Augustine Agbane''' (amụrụ na 22 Disemba 1996) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke ikpeazụ gbara bọọlụ dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ maka klọb Bangladesh Premier League Chittagong Abahani . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gundemkibris.com/spor/ktff-disiplin-kurulu-toplandi-h334816.html|title=KTFF Disiplin Kurulu toplandı|first=Gündem Kıbrıs|author=Gazetesi|work=gundemkibris.com|language=tr|accessdate=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318045645/https://www.gundemkibris.com/spor/ktff-disiplin-kurulu-toplandi-h334816.html|archive-date=18 March 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na [[Ikorodu United F.C.]] na Nigeria Premier League . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/02/21/champions-enyimba-lose-4-away-wins-herald-league-season-openers/|title=Champions Enyimba lose, 4 away wins herald league season openers|accessdate=24 March 2020|work=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2016, Agbane sonyeere klọb Süper Lig Yenicami Ağdelen na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ. === Lefke TSK na MŠK Tesla Stropkov === Ọ sonyeere Lefke TSK na Septemba 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ktff.org/BilgiBankasi/FutbolcuDetayi/17191|title=CANDY AGBANE|publisher=ktff.org|accessdate=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sporyeni.com/disiplin-kurulu-kararlari-7786h.htm|title=Disiplin kurulu Kararlari|date=29 November 2018|publisher=sporyeni.com|accessdate=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.halkinsesikibris.com/futbol/yabanci-futbolcular-kesinlesti-h84384.html|title=Yabancı futbolcular, kesinleşti|date=4 October 2017|publisher=halkinsesikibris.com|accessdate=24 March 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nke ọma, ọ sonyeere klọb Northern Cyprus na nkwekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.haberatorkibris.com/yesilovaya-rekor-ceza-14935h.htm|title=Yeşilova'ya rekor ceza|date=7 March 2018|publisher=haberatorkibris.com|accessdate=24 March 2020}}</ref> Na 3 Machị 2019, Agbane bịanyere aka na Slovak 3. Otu egwuregwu Liga Stropkov na mbido 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://futbalnet.sk/member/1416895/|title=CANDY AUGUSTINE AGBAN|publisher=futbalnet.sk|accessdate=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://msk-tesla-stropkov.futbalnet.sk/tim/33980/hraci/|title=MŠK TESLA STROPKOV (MUŽI)|publisher=futbalnet.sk|accessdate=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mskteslastropkov.sk/report-bardejovska-nova-ves-vs-msk-stropkov/|title=REPORT: ŠK MILENIUM 2000 Bardejovská Nová Ves vs. MŠK Stropkov|publisher=mskteslastropkov.sk|accessdate=24 March 2020|archivedate=24 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324195626/http://mskteslastropkov.sk/report-bardejovska-nova-ves-vs-msk-stropkov/}}</ref> Mgbe otu oge gachara na Slovakia, ọ laghachiri na Lefke TSK na Jenụwarị 2020. === Chittagong Abahani === Mgbe ya na Mesarya SK nwechara obere oge, Candy bịanyere aka na klọb Premier League nke Bangladesh Chittagong Abahani na mbufe etiti oge na Eprel 2022. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọgbakọ Eshia mbụ ya. O meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ anọ ma nye aka anọ n'ime egwuregwu iri maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ na oge mbụ ya. Ọ gbara otu ugboro wee nye otu enyemaka na egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke oge. N'August 2022, Candy bịanyere aka na Ctg Abahani nkwekọrịta maka oge 2022-23. Otú ọ dị, ọ gbaghị ihe mgbaru ọsọ na oge na-esote wee hapụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mgbe ọ merụrụ ahụ ogologo oge na etiti oge. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Profile, futbalnet.sk (n'asụsụ Slovak) * [http://www.ktff.org/BilgiBankasi/FutbolcuDetayi/17191 Profaịlụ], ktff.org * Candy Augustine Agbanen'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4u5fn4l4ik2lp56xbpa920wpxfwvbrs 0 75429 727916 673725 2026-09-25T12:31:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727916 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Kelechi_Iheanacho_24-02-15_02.jpg|thumb|Iheanacho na Manchester City na 2015]] '''Kelechi Promise Iheanacho''' MON ({{Audio|Ig-kelechi promise iheanacho.ogg|listen}}; [[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Igbo]]: ''Ịheanachọ''; <ref name="cheapgoals.com">{{Cite web|title=Why Leicester City striker Kelechi Iheanacho has dots under his name|url=https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/leicester-city-striker-kelechi-iheanacho-1184269|date=8 February 2018|accessdate=27 February 2025|work=Leicester Mercury|publisher=Reach plc}}</ref> amụrụ n'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1996) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ maka klọb Scottish Premiership Celtic na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. Iheanacho malitere ọrụ ya dị elu na Manchester City n'oge Oge 2015-16, na-emeri iko bọọlụ . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.starafrica.com/football/iheanacho-in-citys-first-team-squad-next-season.html|title=Iheanacho in City's first team squad next season|work=Star Africa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2488104-why-kelechi-iheanacho-will-be-the-next-star-to-come-through-man-citys-academy|title=Why Kelechi Iheanacho Will Be the Next Star to Come Through Man City's Academy|first=Rob|author=Pollard|work=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4110/nigerians-abroad/2015/05/23/12011122/kelechi-iheanacho-scores-brace-in-manchester-united-u21|title=Kelechi Iheanacho scores brace in Manchester United U21 defeat|date=23 May 2015|work=Goal.com}}</ref> Ọ kwagara Leicester City na 2017 maka ego a kọrọ na ọ bụ £ 25 nde, ego kachasị ukwuu maka onye ọkpụkpọ Naijiria n'oge ahụ na nke abụọ kachasị maka onye ọgba bọọlụ Afrịka mgbe onye Ijipt Mohamed Salah gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2017|title=Iheanacho completes Foxes move – sources|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/37528428/kelechi-iheanacho-completes-25-million-leicester-switch-sources|accessdate=23 October 2023|work=ESPN}}</ref> Iheanacho nyere aka na ihe ịga nke ọma nke Leicester City na 2020-21 FA Cup, na-agba goolu anọ dị elu gafee mbipụta ahụ ka klọb ahụ meriri iko ahụ na nke mbụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Peach|first=Simon|date=18 April 2021|title=Kelechi Iheanacho ends Leicester's 52-year wait for a place in the FA Cup final|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-40269314.html|accessdate=25 October 2023|publisher=Irish Examiner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Burt|first=Jason|date=18 April 2021|title=Kelechi Iheanacho strike sends Leicester City into the FA Cup Final at Southampton's expense|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2021/04/18/leicester-city-vs-southampton-fa-cup-semi-final-live-score-latest/|accessdate=25 October 2023}}</ref> O mekwara naanị goolu egwuregwu ahụ site na penalty ebe Leicester welitere 2021 FA Community Shield. Na mba ụwa, Iheanacho nọchitere anya ndị otu Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ iri na asaa na 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup, a na-akpọ ya onye egwuregwu kachasị mma na asọmpi ahụ ma mechie dị ka onye nke abụọ kachasị elu ka ọ na-eduga otu ahụ na ndekọ nke anọ ha.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Inyang|first=Ifreke|date=8 November 2013|title=U-17 World Cup: Iheanacho wins Golden Ball, Silver Boot awards, Alampasu receives Golden Glove|url=https://dailypost.ng/2013/11/08/u-17-world-cup-iheanacho-wins-golden-ball-silver-shoe-awards-alampasu-receives-golden-glove/|accessdate=23 October 2023|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> A ga-etinye ya na ndị otu Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ 20 maka 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Leadership Newspaper|date=29 May 2015|title=U-20 World Cup Beginning of Great Things For Iheanacho – Father|url=http://leadership.ng/sports/436808/u-20-world-cup-beginning-of-great-things-for-iheanacho-father|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> tupu ya emee nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa n'ikpeazụ n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kelechi Iheanacho arrive in New Zealand for U20 World Cup|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/11242/nigeria-u20/2015/05/26/12100202/kelechi-iheanacho-arrives-new-zealand-for-u20-world-cup|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529063102/http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/11242/nigeria-u20/2015/05/26/12100202/kelechi-iheanacho-arrives-new-zealand-for-u20-world-cup|archivedate=29 May 2015|work=Goal.com}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, ọ nọchitere anya mba ahụ na 2018 FIFA World Cup, yana [[Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2021|2021]] na 2023 Africa Cup of Nations, na-emecha dị ka onye nke abụọ na asọmpi ikpeazụ. A họpụtara Iheanacho dị ka onye kacha nwee ọganihu n'Afrịka ugboro abụọ na 2013 na 2016 ma kpọọ ya dịka onye nọchiri anya 2016 CAF Team of the Year. == Ọrụ klọb == === Manchester City === ==== Ọrụ mmalite ==== Iheanacho sonyeere Manchester City Academy na 10 Jenụwarị 2015. Tupu oge 2014-15, City gara United States na njem nlegharị anya tupu oge, na ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị onye ọkpụkpọ obodo, ọ sonyeere ndị otu ahụ. Ọ gbara wee gba bọọlụ na egwuregwu mbụ nke njegharị ahụ, mmeri 4–1 megide Sporting Kansas City, wee merie AC Milan ọzọ na mmeri 5–1. Ka emechara njem ahụ, Manchester City haziri ka Iheanacho soro ndị ọrụ Columbus zụọ ọzụzụ ruo etiti ọnwa Ọktoba. Oge igbu oge n'inweta ikike ịrụ ọrụ pụtara na Iheanacho enweghị ike igwu egwu na England ruo n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2015. O mere nke mbụ ya n'okpuru afọ iri na itoolu na egwuregwu UEFA Youth League megide Schalke 04, mana o merụrụ ahụ mgbe naanị nkeji iri na otu gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sl10.ng/news/articles/Category/nigeria-players-abroad/manchester-city-striker-kelechi-iheanacho-starts-individual-training-after-injury-lay-off/206755|title=Manchester City Striker Kelechi Iheanacho Starts Individual Training|work=SL10|date=14 April 2015|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gbakere, ọ malitere ịnọchite anya Manchester City na ndị ntorobịa na ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na otu na akụkụ ikpeazụ nke oge ahụ. Ọ gbara bọọlụ na FA Youth Cup final, ebe ọ gbara bọọli, mana ọ kwụsịrị n'akụkụ na-emeri mgbe Chelsea meriri 5-2.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/apr/27/chelsea-fa-youth-cup-manchester-city|title=Chelsea retain FA Youth Cup with victory against Manchester City|work=The Guardian|date=27 April 2015|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref> N'izu na-esote, ọ gbara naanị goolu ka Manchester City meriri Porto na ngwụcha nke 2014-15 Premier League International Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Match-reports/2015/May/City-EDS-v-Porto-International-Premier-League-Cup-final-match-report-5167|title=Manchester City EDS v Porto: International Premier League Cup match report|publisher=Manchester City F.C.|accessdate=3 July 2015|archivedate=10 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510231617/http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Match-reports/2015/May/City-EDS-v-Porto-International-Premier-League-Cup-final-match-report-5167}}</ref> ==== Oge 2015-16 ==== N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2015, a gụnyere Iheanacho na ndị otu njem nleta nke City na Australia. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Tour-2015/2015/Official-Manchester-City-Tour-2015-squad-list/1436520345|title=Man City News – Manchester City FC Transfers, Injury Updates, Match reports and Interviews|publisher=Manchester City F.C.|accessdate=16 July 2015|archivedate=15 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715122441/http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Tour-2015/2015/Official-Manchester-City-Tour-2015-squad-list/1436520345}}</ref> Na njem ahụ, o setịpụrụ goolu mbụ maka Raheem Sterling ma gbaa goolu nke abụọ na mmeri megide Rom na 2015 International Champions Cup. O guzobekwara Sterling maka goolu nke anọ na mmeri 8-1 nke City megide Ndị otu mba Vietnam. N'egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke City, megide VfB Stuttgart, ọ bịara dị ka onye nnọchi anya, na-agba goolu na mmeri 4-2. N'ihi ọmarịcha oge ya tupu oge, e buliri Iheanacho n'ọkwa na Manchester City senior squad.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roma vs. Manchester City – 21 July 2015 – Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/07/21/world/international-champions-cup/as-roma/manchester-city-football-club/2032769/|work=Soccerway|publisher=Perform Group|accessdate=21 April 2016}}</ref> Na 10 Ọgọst 2015, Iheanacho so na ndị otu egwuregwu mbụ maka asọmpi ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye nnọchi ejighi ya na mmeri 3–0 meriri West Bromwich Albion na egwuregwu Premier League mbụ ha nke oge. Ụbọchị iri na itoolu ka e mesịrị, o mere mpụta mbụ asọmpi ya, dochie Raheem Sterling maka nkeji ikpeazụ nke 2-0 meriri Watford na City of Manchester Stadium. O meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ asọmpi mbụ ya na 12 Septemba, dochie Wilfried Bony na nkeji ikpeazụ nke otu egwuregwu gara Crystal Palace wee nweta naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke egwuregwu ahụ. Iheanacho gbara goolu mbụ ya na 30 Jenụwarị 2016 megide Aston Villa na agba nke anọ Iko FA Cup, na-emekwa goolu nke anọ nke City, nke Raheem Sterling gbara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/35389138|work=BBC Sport|title=Aston Villa 0–4 Man City|date=30 January 2016|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa sochirinụ, e tinyere ya na ndị otu UEFA Champions League nke City na ego nke Samir Nasri merụrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Radamel Falcao: Chelsea striker dropped from Champions League squad|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/35488481|accessdate=4 February 2016|work=BBC Sport|date=3 February 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị, Iheanacho gbara Tottenham Hotspur na mmeri 2-1 n'ụlọ maka City.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manchester City 1–2 Tottenham Hotspur|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/35515153|accessdate=1 May 2016|work=BBC Sport|date=14 February 2016}}</ref> Iheanacho gbagoro ọzọ na 23 Eprel 2016, gbatara Stoke City ugboro abụọ na mmeri 4-0. Ọ gbasoro nke a site n'ịmepụta nnọchi anya na Njikọ Njikọ na 26 April 2016. Ụbọchị ise ka e mesịrị, na 1 May 2016, ọ meriri ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na 4-2 meriri Southampton. Iheanacho ji ihe mgbaru ọsọ asatọ Premier League mechaa oge 2015-16 wee nwee ihe mgbaru ọsọ kachasị elu kwa nkeji nke onye ọkpụkpọ ọ bụla, na-eri ihe mgbaru ọsọ otu nkeji kwa nkeji 93.9. [5] N'asọmpi niile, o meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ iri na anọ wee nye aka ise site na ngosi 35, n'agbanyeghị na ọ malitere naanị iri na otu n'ime egwuregwu ndị a. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya pụtakwara na ọ gụchara oge dị ka onye nke atọ kachasị elu City. ==== Oge 2016-17 ==== Na 10 Septemba 2016, Iheanacho malitere na Manchester derby. Ọ dekọtara enyemaka maka mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya nke oge na mmeri 2–1 maka City. Ụbọchị anọ ka e mesịrị, Iheanacho si n'oche bench nweta goolu ikpeazụ na mmeri City 4-0 Champions League meriri Borussia Mönchengladbach. Nke a bụ goolu mbụ ya na Europe maka Manchester City. Ụbọchị atọ ka mmeri 4–0 gasịrị, Iheanacho nwetara goolu nke abụọ, ma nye aka na nke atọ, na egwuregwu City megide AFC Bournemouth. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ weere ọkwa Premier League ya na 10, na-enye ya ohere ịbanye na ndepụta ndị egwu na-adịghị ahụkebe nke meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ 10 Premier League tupu afọ 20. Ndepụta a gụnyere ndị egwuregwu dịka Wayne Rooney, Ryan Giggs, Nicolas Anelka, Michael Owen na Romelu Lukaku. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2016, a họpụtara Iheanacho maka onyinye FIFA Golden Boy, nke onye na-agba bọọlụ n'etiti Bayern Munich bụ Renato Sanches mechara merie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iheanacho, Iwobi Nominated For Golden Boy Award|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2016/09/29/iheanacho-iwobi-nominated-for-golden-boy-award/|work=Channels Television|date=29 September 2016|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ndị meriri n'oge gara aga gụnyere ndị otu Raheem Sterling na Sergio Agüero. Goolu ọzọ Iheanacho ga-abịa na Champions League, megide Celtic, na 1-1 draw n'ụlọ na 6 Disemba 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/38202631|title=Manchester City 1–1 Celtic|work=BBC Sport|date=6 December 2016|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref> Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ikpeazụ Iheanacho nke oge ahụ, na ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ikpeazụ maka City, bịara megide Huddersfield na mmeri 5-1 Iko FA Cup nke ise, nke Iheanacho gbara goolu ikpeazụ nke egwuregwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39035253|title=Manchester City 5–1 Huddersfield Town|work=BBC Sport|date=1 March 2017|accessdate=19 February 2019}}</ref> === Obodo Leicester === Iheanacho bịanyere aka na klọb Premier League Leicester City na nkwekọrịta afọ ise na 3 Ọgọst 2017, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Leicester City Sign Striker Kelechi Iheanacho|url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/444855/leicester-city-sign-striker-kelechi-iheanacho/press-release|publisher=Leicester City F.C.|date=3 August 2017|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref> maka ego nde £ 25. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Udoh|first=Colin|title=Kelechi Iheanacho completes £25&nbsp;million Leicester switch – sources|date=2 August 2017|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/3170320/kelechi-iheanacho-completes-25-million-leicester-switch-sources|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na mmeri 4-3 na Arsenal na 11 Ọgọst 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/40822513|title=Arsenal 4–3 Leicester City|date=11 August 2017|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=6 September 2017}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Leicester na EFL Cup tie megide Leeds United na 24 Ọktoba 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41647094|title=Leicester 3–1 Leeds|work=BBC Sport|date=24 October 2017|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref> Na 16 Jenụwarị 2018, Iheanacho ghọrọ onye ọkpụkpọ mbụ na bọọlụ bọọlụ Bekee ka e nyere goolu n'ihi onye na-enyere onye na-ekpe ikpe aka na vidiyo, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ weere na e wepụrụ onye ọkpịsị ya n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi maka goolu nke abụọ ya. Goolu ahụ bụ nke abụọ Iheanacho meriri Fleetwood Town na 2-0 na FA Cup Third Round replay.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Dom|author=Farrel|title=First VAR Goal in English Football Scored By Kelechi Iheanacho|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/first-var-goal-in-english-football-scored-by-kelechi/6361k4yblize1vs58pz0gjvew|publisher=goal.com|date=16 January 2018|accessdate=16 January 2018}}</ref>&nbsp; Iheanacho anọghị na nhọrọ mbụ na-amalite iri na otu na mmalite nke oge ahụ, ọ bụ naanị abụọ n'ime egwuregwu 21 mbụ nke Leicester. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ mmerụ ahụ na ndị isi egwuregwu pụtara na Iheanacho nwetara egwuregwu dị ogologo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lastwordonsports.com/football/2021/02/28/leicester-city-in-injury-crisis|title=Leicester City in Injury Crisis|work=LastWordOnSports|date=28 February 2021}}</ref> Iheanacho wee gaa n'ihu na-agba goolu iri na abụọ n'egwuregwu iri na asọmpi niile n'oge Machị na Eprel. Iheanacho gbara goolu mbụ ya na Premier League na mmeri 5-0 megide Sheffield United na 14 Machị 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/mar/14/leicester-sheffield-united-premier-league-match-report|title=Kelechi Iheanacho hits hat-trick as Leicester thrash sorry Sheffield United|work=The Guardian|date=14 March 2021}}</ref> Otu izu mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Iheanacho meriri Manchester United 3-1 na nkeji iri na ise Iko FA Cup, na-eziga klọb ahụ na ọkara ikpeazụ nke asọmpi ahụ na nke mbụ kemgbe 1981-82. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://talksport.com/football/fa-cup/853202/leicester-dump-manchester-united-out-fa-cup-kelechi-iheanacho-double/|title=Leicester dump Manchester United out of FA Cup to reach first semi-final since 1982 as 'on fire' Kelechi Iheanacho scores double|work=Talk Sport|date=21 March 2021|accessdate=21 March 2021}}</ref> Ihe abụọ ahụ bụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke asatọ na nke itoolu Iheanacho na egwuregwu itoolu ikpeazụ ya na asọmpi niile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/fa-league-cups/kelechi-iheanacho-leicester-fa-cup-manchester-united-b1820297.html|title=Kelechi Iheanacho brace sends Leicester to Wembley after win over listless Manchester United|work=Independent|date=21 March 2021|accessdate=21 March 2021}}</ref> Iheanacho meriri ihe nrite Premier League Player of the Month na Machị 2021 mgbe ọ gbasịrị goolu ise n'egwuregwu atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/12263414/kelechi-iheanacho-leicester-city-striker-wins-premier-league-player-of-the-month-award-for-march|title=Kelechi Iheanacho: Leicester City striker wins Premier League Player of the Month award for March|work=Sky Sports}}</ref> Na 3 Eprel, Iheanacho bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ ọhụrụ na Leicester, na-edebe ya na klọb ahụ ruo mgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2024. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/2081886/kelechi-iheanacho-pens-new-leicester-city-contract|title=Kelechi Iheanacho Pens New Leicester City Contract|publisher=Leicester City FC|date=3 April 2021|accessdate=3 April 2021}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Eprel, Iheanacho gbara naanị goolu na mmeri 1-0 meriri Southampton na Ọkara ikpeazụ nke FA Cup na Wembley Stadium. Mmeri ahụ mere ka Foxes gaa na nke mbụ ha na FA Cup kemgbe 1969.<ref>{{Cite news|author=McNulty|first=Phil|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/56725449|title=Leicester City 1-0 Southampton: Kelechi Iheanacho earns Foxes first FA Cup final spot since 1969|work=BBC Sport|date=18 April 2021|accessdate=18 April 2021}}</ref> ==== Oge 2021-22 ==== Iheanacho na Leicester malitere Oge 2021-22 na 2021 FA Community Shield megide Manchester City. Iheanacho nọchiri anya ya n'oge nkeji nke iri asaa na itoolu wee gbaa goolu mmeri, penalty nke nkeji nke iri asatọ na itoolu megide klọb mbụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/58036460|title=Community Shield: Leicester City 1-0 Manchester City - Kelechi Iheanacho penalty seals silverware|work=BBC Sport|date=6 August 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iheanacho punishes wasteful City to win Community Shield for Leicester|date=7 August 2021|work=[[The Guardian]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802201426/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/aug/07/leicester-manchester-city-community-shield-match-report|archivedate=2 August 2022|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/aug/07/leicester-manchester-city-community-shield-match-report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/report/_/gameId/603200|title=Leicester 1-0 Man City (Aug 7, 2021) Game Analysis|work=ESPN}}</ref> ==== Oge 2022-23 ==== Iheanacho natara ihe nrite Leicester's Player of the Year mgbe oge nke mere ka klọb ahụ si na Premier League.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Iheanacho & Leitzig Earn Player Of The Season Recognition|url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/3515826/iheanacho--leitzig-earn-player-of-the-season-recognition|accessdate=31 May 2023|work=Leicester City Football Club|date=31 May 2023}}</ref> ==== Oge 2023-24 ==== Iheanacho gbara goolu isii n'egwuregwu iri abụọ na isii na asọmpi niile, ebe klọb ya jisiri ike nweta aha EFL Championship, na-enweta nkwalite laghachi na Premier League. Na 7 June 2024, Leicester kwupụtara na Iheanacho agaghị abịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ na klọb ahụ ma a ga-ahapụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tanner|first=Rob|date=7 June 2024|title=Kelechi Iheanacho released by Leicester as Jannik Vestergaard signs new three-year deal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5549086/2024/06/07/kelechi-iheanacho-contract-leicester-vestergaard/|work=The New York Times|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608164412/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5549086/2024/06/07/kelechi-iheanacho-contract-leicester-vestergaard/|archivedate=8 June 2024|accessdate=31 July 2024}}</ref> N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2024, Iheanacho sonyeere klọb ndị Spen bụ Seville n'efu mgbe nkwekọrịta ya na Leicester City gwụsịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iheanacho signs on a two-year deal|url=https://sevillafc.es/en/actual/news/kelechi-iheanacho-new-signing|publisher=[[Sevilla FC]]|accessdate=31 July 2024|date=31 July 2024|archivedate=31 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731170304/https://sevillafc.es/en/actual/news/kelechi-iheanacho-new-signing}}</ref> N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2025, klọb ahụ kwetara ịkwụsị nkwekọrịta ya site na nkwekọrịta ha abụọ, mgbe ọ gbasịrị goolu atọ n'egwuregwu iri na otu na asọmpi niile n'oge ọ nọ na Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/25433757.celtic-race-sign-iheanacho-amid-key-uefa-deadline/|title=Celtic in race against time to sign Kelechi Iheanacho amid key UEFA deadline|date=2 September 2025|work=The Herald}}</ref> Na 3 Febụwarị 2025, Iheanacho kwagara na klọb Championship Middlesbrough na mgbazinye ruo na ngwụcha oge. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfc.co.uk/news/2025/february/03/kelechi-iheanacho-joins-on-loan/|title=Kelechi Iheanacho Joins On Loan|publisher=Middlesbrough F.C.|date=3 February 2025}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu 1 n'egwuregwu 15 n'oge ọ na-agbazinye ego na klọb ahụ. === Ndị Celt === Na 2 Septemba 2025, Iheanacho bịanyere aka na Celtic nke Scottish Premiership na nkwekọrịta otu afọ, na klọb ahụ nwere nhọrọ maka afọ ọzọ. Ọbịbịa ya pụtara na ya na onye bụbu onye njikwa ya na Leicester City Brendan Rodgers nakwa onye bụbu enyi ya bụ Kasper Schmeichel ga-ezute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.celticfc.com/news/2025/september/02/welcome-to-celtic--kelechi-iheanacho/|title=Welcome to Celtic, Kelechi Iheanacho|first=Celtic|author=FC|date=2 September 2025|work=Celtic FC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cd7y7w300weo|title=Celtic sign striker Kelechi Iheanacho on one-year deal|date=2 September 2025|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Iheanacho mere nke mbụ ya maka Celtic megide Kilmarnock na 14 Septemba, na-abịa dị ka onye na-anọchi anya ma na-agba penalty na nkeji ikpeazụ iji merie egwuregwu ahụ 2-1 .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Idessane|first=Kheredine|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cpd9ng282p9t|title=Kilmarnock 1–2 Celtic|work=BBC Sport|date=14 September 2025}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Kelechi_Iheanacho-Nigeria_(2).jpg|thumb|Iheanacho na [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na 2017]] Iheanacho nọchitere anya Naijiria na ọkwa ndị ntorobịa site na ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri na atọ.<ref name="kickoff">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kickoff.com/news/38250/the-players-representing-the-golden-eaglets-of-nigeria-|title=The players representing the Golden Eaglets of Nigeria|work=Kick Off magazine|accessdate=21 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621170142/http://www.kickoff.com/news/38250/the-players-representing-the-golden-eaglets-of-nigeria-|archivedate=21 June 2015}}</ref> Ahụmahụ mbụ ya nke nnukwu asọmpi mba ụwa bụ 2013 African U-17 Championship na Morocco. Maka Iheanacho, ihe kachasị mkpa bụ hat-trick na mmeri megide Botswana. Ọ raara ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya nye nne ya, onye nwụrụ ọnwa abụọ tupu asọmpi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/african-youth-championships/news/130421/Iheanacho_dedicates_hattrick_to_late_mum|title=Iheanacho dedicates hat-trick to late mum|work=Super Sport|date=21 April 2013|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref> Naịjirịa ruru na ngwụcha nke asọmpi ahụ, ebe Ivory Coast meriri ha na penalties.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/19700453|title=2013 African U-17 Championship|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref> Iheanacho rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup, ebe ọ meriri Golden Ball award maka onye ọkpụkpọ nke asọmpi ahụ. <ref name="fifa">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/u17worldcu/uae2013/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150721112316/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/u17worldcu/uae2013/|archivedate=21 July 2015|title=Golden Eaglets soar to fourth crown|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref> Naịjirịa meriri asọmpi ahụ, nke Iheanacho gbara ugboro isii, gụnyere otu ugboro na nke ikpeazụ, ma nye aka asaa.<ref name="fifa" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/24874527|title=Nigeria win Under-17 World Cup|work=BBC Sport|date=8 November 2013|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref> Na mbido asọmpi asọmpi mba Afrịka nke afọ 2014, Iheanacho zụrụ [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu Naịjirịa]] dị elu mana a tọhapụrụ ya n'òtù ahụ iji gaa England iji sonye na Manchester City.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11679/9077596/kelechi-iheanacho-is-set-for-a-move-to-england-according-to-stephen-keshi|title=Kelechi Iheanacho is set for a move to England according to Stephen Keshi|work=Sky Sports|date=17 December 2013|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu Naịjirịa maka 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup na New Zealand, ma gosipụta na egwuregwu abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=372542/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022052722/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=372542/index.html|archivedate=22 October 2013|title=Kelechi Iheanacho|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref> Naịjirịa họpụtara ya maka ndị otu 35 ha maka 2016 Summer Olympics, mana o nweghị ike ịbanye na 18 ikpeazụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/36623763|title=Kelechi Iheanacho included in Nigeria's Olympics squad|date=24 June 2016|accessdate=25 June 2016|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> === Onye Ukwu === Iheanacho mere nke mbụ ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya na 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying match megide Eswatini nke Naịjirịa meriri 0-0.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/super-eagles/news/151113/Swaziland_hold_Eagles_to_00_draw|title=eSwatini hold Eagles to a draw|work=supersport.com/|accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref> Mmalite mbụ ya maka ndị otu okenye bụ na 25 Machị 2016, 1-1 draw na Egypt na 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying match. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/match/nigeria-vs-egypt/2038209/report|title=Nigeria 1 – 1 Egypt Match report – 3/25/16 Africa Cup of Nations Qualification|work=Goal|accessdate=27 March 2016}}</ref> Iheanacho bụ onye Naịjirịa họọrọ n'egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Mali na Luxembourg na Mee 2016. Ọ gbara bọọlụ n'egwuregwu abụọ ahụ, na-enye aka megide Luxembourg.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/match/luxembourg-vs-nigeria/2231289/report|title=Luxembourg 1 – 3 Nigeria Match report – 5/31/16 Friendlies|work=Goal}}</ref><ref name="premiumtimesng.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/204203-iheanacho-scores-super-eagles-beat-mali-france.html|title=Iheanacho scores as Super Eagles beat Mali in France – Premium Times Nigeria|date=27 May 2016|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Ọrụ ya n'egwuregwu enyi na enyi kpaliri ntụkwasị obi ọzọ n'ime ndị na-agba bọọlụ na mba ahụ ma kpọọ ya ka ọ mee asọmpi mbụ ya megide Ijipt na usoro asọmpi Iko Mba Afrịka ebe o nyere Oghenekaro Etebo aka n'egwú ụlọ.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/match/nigeria-vs-egypt/2038209/report|title=Nigeria 1 – 1 Egypt Match report – 3/25/16 Africa Cup of Nations Qualification|work=Goal}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị mgbanwe e mere na ndị nkuzi n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2016, ọ gosipụtara onwe ya ọzọ dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu kachasị mkpa n'òtù ahụ mgbe ọ gbara goolu abụọ magburu onwe ya n'egwuregwu abụọ ya na Tanzania na Uyo na Zambia na Ndola, n'oge asọmpi AFCON na 2018 World Cup. <ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/match/nigeria-vs-tanzania/2038215|title=Nigeria 1 – 0 Tanzania Match report – 9/3/16 Africa Cup of Nations Qualification|work=Goal|date=3 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/report/_/gameId/464099|title=Zambia 1–2 South Africa|publisher=ESPN|date=9 October 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya n'ime ndị otu iri abụọ na atọ nke Naijiria maka iko mba ụwa nke afọ 2018 na Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb|title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad - Final 23-man lists &#124; Goal.com|work=Goal|date=4 June 2018}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2021, onye na-azụ ndị nkuzi bụ [[Augustine Eguavoen|Austin Eguavoen]] depụtara Iheanacho na ndị otu mmadụ iri abụọ na asatọ nke 2021 Africa Cup of Nations . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=Eguavoen announces Nigeria final TotalEnergies AFCON squad|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-africa-cup-of-nations/news/eguavoen-announces-nigeria-final-totalenergies-afcon-squad|accessdate=11 January 2022|work=CAFOnline.com}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ nke Naijiria na asọmpi ahụ na nkeji nke 30 nke mmeri egwuregwu mbụ ha meriri Egypt.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 January 2022|title=[LIVE] Nigeria vs Egypt: Iheanacho's goal puts impressive Super Eagles ahead at half time|url=https://punchng.com/nigeria-vs-egypt-iheanachos-goal-puts-impressive-super-eagles-ahead-at-half-time/|accessdate=11 January 2022|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2023, a kpọrọ ya maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2023 na Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenff.com/peseiro-names-25-players-as-super-eagles-seek-fourth-afcon-title-in-cote-divoire/|title=Peseiro names 25 players as Super Eagles seek fourth AFCON title in Cote d'Ivoire|publisher=[[Nigeria Football Federation]]|first=Ayodele|author=Olu Ibidapo|date=29 December 2023|accessdate=30 December 2023|archivedate=30 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230173003/https://www.thenff.com/peseiro-names-25-players-as-super-eagles-seek-fourth-afcon-title-in-cote-divoire/}}</ref> N'egwuregwu ọkara ikpeazụ megide South Africa, Iheanacho, na-apụta n'elu bench, nwetara penalty mmeri na mmeri 4-2 n'oge ọgụ na-esote 1-1 draw, nke mere ka mba ya ruo na nke ikpeazụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-07|title=Nigerians celebrate tense Africa Cup semi-final win|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240207-nigerians-celebrate-tense-africa-cup-semi-final-win|accessdate=2024-02-12|work=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/sport/20240207-nigeria-beat-south-africa-in-penalty-shootout-thriller-to-reach-afcon-final|title=Nigeria beat South Africa to reach AFCON final in penalty shootout thriller|publisher=France 24|date=7 February 2024}}</ref> == Profaịlụ onye ọkpụkpọ == A maara Iheanacho dị ka Onye Ukwu n'obodo ya Naịjirịa, a maara ya maka ọhụụ ya, dribbling, ọsọ, njedebe na egwuregwu. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Sport|first=Telegraph|date=25 April 2016|title=That stat that shows Kelechi Iheanacho is Europe's most prolific goal-scorer|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/04/25/kelechi-iheanacho-is-europes-most-prolific-goal-scorer/|accessdate=22 October 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Things You Need to Know About Manchester City Prodigy Kelechi Iheanacho|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2151150-10-things-you-need-to-know-about-manchester-city-prodigy-kelechi-iheanacho|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=Bleacher Report|language=en}}</ref><ref name="bbc.com">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=How has Iheanacho become so prolific?|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/56896457|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye na-agba ọsọ, ọ nwere ike igwu egwu n'ebe ọ bụla na nke atọ ikpeazụ, ndị ọkachamara na-akọwa ya dịka otu n'ime ndị na-agba bọọlụ kachasị mma na England. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=Iheanacho Plays Better When Deployed As Second Striker – Colleague|url=https://megasportsarena.com/iheanacho-plays-better-when-deployed-as-second-striker-colleague/|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=Megasports|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Alderman|first=Thomas Bradley|date=2021-10-07|title=Leicester boss explains how in-form Kelechi Iheanacho will be used|url=https://foxesofleicester.com/2021/10/07/leicester-city-form-kelechi-iheanacho/|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=Foxes of Leicester|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/linekar-says-iheanacho-bags-talent/|title=Lineker says Iheanacho has 'bags of talent'|date=2016-05-16|work=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> [5]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-19|title=Iheanacho, Kanu & Nigerian strikers who made history in the Premier League {{!}} Goal.com Nigeria|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/lists/iheanacho-kanu--nigerian-strikers-who-made-history-in-the-premier-league/1gake6t63jal1eldin9yv89m1|accessdate=2023-10-25|work=www.goal.com|language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-26|title=Iheanacho Enters Premier League Record Book As Best Striker - Opta Confirms - OwnGoal Nigeria|url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2016/12/26/iheanacho-enters-premier-league-record-book-as-best-striker-opta-confirms/|accessdate=2023-10-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="thecable.ng">{{Cite news|date=2016-10-27|title=CONFIRMED: Iheanacho is deadliest striker in Europe!|url=https://www.thecable.ng/confirmed-iheanacho-deadliest-striker-europe|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sports|first=Pulse|date=2023-02-27|title=Kelechi Iheanacho and Erling Haaland headline the Top 10 most prolific forwards of the 2022/23 season|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/kelechi-iheanacho-and-erling-haaland-headline-the-top-10-most-prolific-forwards-of-the-202223-season-2023022717342260026|accessdate=2023-10-25|work=Pulse Sports Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> === Nnakwere === Iheanacho bu ụzọ bụrụ onye a ma ama na 2013 ka FIFA U-17 World Cup gasịrị dị ka onye na-ebuso agha ọgụ. Manuel Pellegrini akọwapụtala ya dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ dị mkpa na onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Onye njikwa ya, Brendan Rodgers kọwara ya dị ka onye na-enweghị atụ, onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na onye nwere nkà na-enweghị ego, na N'ajụjụ ọnụ BBC na Sky Sports. Iko FA kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu ojii kacha ama ama na akụkọ ntolite asọmpi ahụ. BBC na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ kọwara ya dị ka "onye na-egbu egbu kacha egbu na Europe", na a na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ kachasị na Premier League ebe ọ na-eto ọsọ ọsọ ya n'ịgba ihe mgbaru ọsọ. Ndị na-agba egwu Britain mbụ na ndị ọkachamara egwuregwu, Gary Lineker na Alan Shearer, kọwara ya dị ka "akpa talent" na onye ọkpụkpọ nwere nnukwu ọsọ ọsọ na ikike dị ukwuu. Onye njikwa ya, Craig Shakespeare kwusara ya dị ka onye nwere nkà dị ukwuu nke gosipụtara nnukwu nkwa na ọkwa ọ bụla ọ na-egwu. Onye otu ya, Isaac Success kọwara ya dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ kachasị mma ya na ya rụtụrụla n'ọrụ ya dum. Dị ka nke 2015–2016, Iheanacho pụtara dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ nwere ihe mgbaru ọsọ kacha mma-kwa-nkeji ndekọ na Premier League akụkọ ihe mere eme na ugbu a bụ nanị African mere otú ahụ, na a kpọsara Premier League na Europe "Kasị Prolific Goal Scorer" site The Telegraph, Sky Sports na dị iche iche ndị ọzọ mgbasa ozi outlet. Onye bụbu onye bekee Ballon d'Or bụ onye nhọpụta na ọkachamara bụ Rio Ferdinand kọwara ya, na-ekwu na Sports Extra; 'Kelechi ugbua bụ onye Naịjirịa kacha agba bọọlụ n'EPL n'afọ a, maka na ọ na-agba bọọlụ, ọ bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ'. Ndị na-eto eto bọọlụ Naịjirịa na-elekarị Iheanacho anya dị ka ihe nlereanya. Ọ na-asọpụrụ Kaka, Wayne Rooney, Didier Drogba na Leo Messi, ma kọwaa Ronaldinho na Sergio Aguero dị ka mkpali ya, nakwa Jamie Vardy bụ onye ndị ọkachamara kọwara dị ka onye na-emegide ya. Mana ọ jụrụ nke a wee kpọọ ya dị ka akụkọ akụkọ na ihe mkpali maka ya ịghọ onye ọkpụkpọ ka mma.[10] O gosikwara mmasị ya iṅomi onye na-agba egwu Jay-Jay Okocha na onye na-aga n'ihu Nwankwo Kanu na Premier League ma ha abụọ ekwupụtala Iheanacho dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ egwu na otu n'ime ndị na-agba ọsọ kacha mma n'ụwa. === Ihe mgbaru ọsọ === Mgbe ọ gbasịrị goolu, akara ngosi ihe nkiri Iheanacho na-agbadata n'ikpere ya ma jiri aka abụọ na-atụ aka elu, nke onye mgba kachasị amasị ya bụ Bryan Danielson kpaliri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-04|title=Happy Birthday Kelechi Iheanacho: Facts you might not know about Leicester City star|work=Goal.com Nigeria|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/lists/happy-birthday-kelechi-iheanacho-facts-you-might-not-know-about-leicester-city-star/blt489a16c1271a4504|accessdate=2023-10-23|language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Wrestler, Bryan inspired my goal dance|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/wrestler-bryan-inspired-goal-dance/|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=20 October 2013}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, onye mgba ahụ kwetara na ọ bụ ya mgbe o nyere aka na mmeri Naijiria meriri Mexico, na-agba goolu anọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YES! Bryan gets a big kick out of soccer star's celebration|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2013-10-21/daniel-bryan-yes-chant-reaches-fifa-soccer-player|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=WWE|language=en}}</ref> Iheanacho si n'agbụrụ [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] nke Naijiria.<ref name="cheapgoals.com"/> Ọ bụ Onye Kraịst.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Doering|first=Joshua|date=7 April 2021|title=EPL Player of the Month Kelechi Iheanacho giving glory to God|url=https://sportsspectrum.com/sport/soccer/2021/04/07/kelechi-iheanacho-giving-glory-god/|accessdate=16 April 2023|work=Sports Spectrum}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb ===   {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Manchester City |2015–16 |Njikọ Premier |26 |8 |3 |4 |2 |2 |4[c] |0 | colspan="2" | - |35 |14 |- |2016–17 |Njikọ Premier |20 |4 |3 |1 |2 |0 |4[c] |2 | colspan="2" | - |29 |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !46 !12 !6 !5 !4 !2 !8 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !64 !21 |- | rowspan="8" |Obodo Leicester |2017–18 |Njikọ Premier |21 |3 |5 |4 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |8 |- |2018–19 |Njikọ Premier |30 |1 |1 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |35 |2 |- |2019–20 |Njikọ Premier |20 |5 |2 |1 |4 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |26 |10 |- |2020–21 |Njikọ Premier |25 |12 |6 |4 |1 |0 |7[d] |3 | colspan="2" | - |39 |19 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |26 |4 |1 |1 |3 |1 |12[e] |1 |1[f] |1 |43 |8 |- |2022–23 |Njikọ Premier |28 |5 |3 |3 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |35 |8 |- |2023–24 |Mmeri |23 |5 |1 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |26 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !173 !35 !19 !13 !20 !8 !19 !4 !1 !1 !232 !61 |- |Seville |2024–25 |[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]] |9 |0 |2 |3 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |3 |- |Middlesbrough (onye a gbazinyere) |2024–25<ref name="KI2425" /> |Mmeri |15 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |1 |- |Ndị Celt |2025–26 |Onye isi ala Scotland |11 |4 |1 |2 |2 |0 |7[d] |1 | colspan="2" | - |21 |7 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !254 !52 !28 !23 !26 !10 !34 !7 !1 !1 !343 !93 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  === Mba Nile === [[w:updated|match played 31 May 2025]]<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player |id=61313 |name=Kelechi Iheanacho |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="10" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2015 |1 |0 |- |2016 |6 |4 |- |2017 |6[a] |3 |- |2018 |11 |0 |- |2020 |4 |1 |- |2021 |9 |2 |- |2022 |6 |1 |- |2023 |6 |3 |- |2024 |7 |0 |- |2025 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !58 !14 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />[[w:updated|match played 31 May 2025]] :''Nigeria score listed first, score column and indicates score after each Iheanacho goal.''<ref name="NFT"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Kelechi Iheanacho gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |27 Mee 2016 |Stade Robert Diochon, Rouen, France | Mali | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |2 |31 Mee 2016 |Egwuregwu Josy Barthel, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg | Luxembourg | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |3–1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |3 |3 Septemba 2016 |Akwa Ibom Stadium, [[Uyo]], Nigeria | Tanzania | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2017 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |- | align="center" |4 |9 Ọktoba 2016 |Levy Mwanawasa Stadium, Ndola, Zambia | Zambia | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2018 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |5 |23 Machị 2017 |The Hive Stadium, [[London]], England | Senegal | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |6 |1 June 2017 |[[Stade Municipal de Saint-Leu-la-Forêt|Stade Municipal nke Saint-Leu-la-Forêt]], Paris, France | Togo | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |3–0 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |7 |1 Septemba 2017 |Akwa Ibom Stadium, Uyo, Nigeria | Cameroon | align="center" |4–0 | align="center" |4–0 |2018 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |8 |14 Nọvemba 2017 |Krasnodar Stadium, Krasnodar, Russia | Argentina | align="center" |1–2 | align="center" |4–2 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |9 |13 Ọktoba 2020 |Jacques Lemans Arena, Sankt Veit an der Glan, Austria | Tunisia | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |10 | rowspan="2" |3 Septemba 2021 | rowspan="2" |Teslim Balogun Stadium, Lagos, Nigeria | rowspan="2" | Liberia | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" |2022 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |11 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |12 |11 Jenụwarị 2022 |Roumdé Adjia Stadium, Garoua, Cameroon | Egypt | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |[[Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2021]] |- | align="center" |13 |18 June 2023 |Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex, Monrovia, Liberia | Sierra Leone | align="center" |3–2 | align="center" |3–2 |Ntinye aka nke iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2023 |- | align="center" |14 |13 Ọktoba 2023 |[[Portimão]]" id="mwBWQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Estádio Municipal de Portimão">Estádio Municipal de Portimão, Portimão | Saudi Arabia | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |2–2 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |15 |19 Nọvemba 2023 |Ogige Egwuregwu Huye, Butare, Rwanda | Zimbabwe | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Nsọpụrụ == '''Manchester City''' * Iko Njikọ bọọlụ: 2015-16<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35624164|title=Liverpool 1–1 Manchester City|first=Phil|author=McNulty|work=BBC Sport|date=28 February 2016|accessdate=27 April 2019}}</ref> '''Obodo Leicester''' * Iko FA: 2020-21<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57055571|title=Chelsea 0–1 Leicester City|first=Phil|author=McNulty|work=BBC Sport|date=15 May 2021|accessdate=15 May 2021}}</ref> * FA Community Shield: 2021<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58036460|title=Leicester City 1–0 Manchester City|first=Shamoon|author=Hafez|work=BBC Sport|date=7 August 2021|accessdate=8 August 2021}}</ref> * EFL Championship: 2023-24<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soccerbase.com/tournaments/tournament.sd?tourn_id=2040|title=Championship: 2023/24: Current table|work=Soccerbase|publisher=Centurycomm|accessdate=5 May 2024}}</ref> '''Naịjirịa U17''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2013<ref name="fifa"/> '''Naịjirịa''' * Onye nke abụọ na Iko Mba Afrịka: 2023<ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup Golden Ball: 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/archive/uae2013/awards/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331162703/http://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/archive/uae2013/awards/index.html|archivedate=31 March 2016|title=FIFA U-17 World Cup UAE 2013 – Awards|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> * FIFA U-17 World Cup Silver Shoe: 2013<ref>{{Cite news|title=FIFA U-17 World Cup 2013 - News - Accolades for Iheanacho and Nigeria|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/news/accolades-for-iheanacho-and-nigeria-2221120|accessdate=24 May 2020|work=FIFA.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203458/https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/news/y=2013/m=11/news=accolades-for-iheanacho-and-nigeria-2221120.html|archive-date=19 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> * CAF Kasị Mma nke Afọ: 2013, 2016 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/cafawards/previouseditions/2013.aspx|title=CAF – CAF Awards – Previous Editions – 2013|publisher=CAFOnline|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=JjXA1yebDNx8I52tgKCOlg%3d%3d|title=CAF – CAF Awards – Previous Editions – 2016|publisher=CAFOnline|accessdate=7 January 2017}}</ref> * CAF Team of the Year: 2016 (dị ka onye nnọchi anya) <ref name="auto" /> * CAF U-17 African Championship Silver Shoe: 2013<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kelechi Iheanacho wins UAE 2013 Golden Boot|url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/4622/africa/2013/11/09/4394550/kelechi-iheanacho-wins-2013-fifa-u17-world-cup-golden-ball|work=Goal.com|accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> * Onye Egwuregwu nke Ọnwa nke Premier League: Machị 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/2080124|title=Iheanacho wins EA SPORTS Player of the Month award|publisher=Premier League|date=2 April 2021|accessdate=2 April 2021}}</ref> * Onye egwuregwu nke afọ nke Leicester City: 2022-23 <ref>{{Cite news|date=31 May 2023|title=Iheanacho & Leitzig Earn Player Of The Season Recognition|work=Leicester City Football Club|url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/3515826/iheanacho--leitzig-earn-player-of-the-season-recognition|accessdate=22 July 2023}}</ref> '''Iwu''' * Onye otu Order of the Niger <ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-02-13|title=Afcon: Ivory Coast and Nigeria players get cash, villas and honours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68286543|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] a4864hlau5ecn5rqg47joi1jjzeiez4 0 75492 727994 673782 2026-09-25T19:28:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727994 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Macauley Chrisantus'14.JPG|thumb|Macauley Chrisantus]] '''Macauley Chrisantus''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1990) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke ikpeazụ ya gbara bọọlụ dị ka onye na-agbachitere Lynx. == Ọrụ == A mụrụ ya na [[Abuja]], Chrisantus sonyeere Hamburger SV na 2007 site na Abuja,<ref name="skysports">{{Cite news|title=Hamburg beat Prem giants to starlet|url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_2880151,00.html|work=[[Sky Sports]]|date=13 November 2007|accessdate=12 June 2009}}</ref> mgbe ọ dọtara onyinye site na ọtụtụ nnukwu klọb Europe, ma eleghị anya n'ihi enyemaka ya na mmeri nke World Junior Cup nke Naịjirịa n'afọ ahụ dị ka onye kacha gbaa goolu na onye nke abụọ kacha mma na asọmpi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Offers pour in for Chrisantus|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/7000947.stm|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=18 September 2007|accessdate=12 June 2009|first=Ibrahim|author=Sannie}}</ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2009, a gbazinyere ya Karlsruher SC maka oge 2009-10, mana na 15 Eprel 2010, KSC gbatịkwuru nkwekọrịta mgbazinye maka afọ ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kicker.de/chrisantus-bleibt-badener-523692/artikel|title=Chrisantus bleibt Badener|language=de|publisher=[[Kicker (magazine)|Kicker]]|accessdate=7 August 2011|date=15 April 2010}}</ref> Na 21 Julaị 2014, Chrisantus bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na otu Turkish Süper Lig Sivasspor mgbe afọ abụọ ya gara nke ọma na Las Palmas na Spain. Na Jenụwarị 2015, Chrisantus bịanyere aka na ụlọ ọgbakọ Greek AEK Athens na nkwekọrịta ọnwa 18 yana nhọrọ nke afọ abụọ ọzọ dabere na arụmọrụ. Na 4 October 2015, na agba nke isii nke Greek Super League na nkeji asatọ fọdụrụ, o meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya na mmeri megide Atromitos mgbe ọ bịarutere dị ka onye nnọchi. Mgbe ejikọtara ya na nkwupụta nwere ike ịhapụ ya na Jenụwarị, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ na njedebe nke oge, ka nkwekọrịta ya agwụla. Na 6 Julaị 2016, Chrisantus bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta otu afọ na Reus Deportiu, laghachi Spain afọ abụọ mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Las Palmas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cfreusdeportiu.com/2016/07/06/macauley-chrisantus-aterra-divendres-a-lestadi/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160713082859/http://cfreusdeportiu.com/2016/07/06/macauley-chrisantus-aterra-divendres-a-lestadi/|archivedate=13 July 2016|title=Macauley Chrisantus aterra dijous a l'Estadi|publisher=CF Reus Deportiu|language=ca|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=7 July 2016}}</ref> Na 12 Septemba 2017 ọ laghachiri na Super League wee sonye n'akụkụ ọhụrụ a na-akwalite Lamia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Lamia/epishmo-sth-lamia-ntakol-kai-krisantoys.4841474.html|title=Επίσημο: Στη Λαμία Ντακόλ και Κρισάντους|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=11 September 2017|accessdate=12 December 2017|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143121/http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Lamia/epishmo-sth-lamia-ntakol-kai-krisantoys.4841474.html}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, na 12 Disemba 2017, mgbe ọ gbasịrị naanị egwuregwu abụọ, ọ gbasara nkwekọrịta ya na klọb ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Lamia/telos-o-krisantoys-ap-th-lamia.4982733.html|title=Τέλος ο Κρισάντους απ' τη Λαμία|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=12 December 2017|accessdate=12 December 2017|archivedate=15 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215060912/http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Lamia/telos-o-krisantoys-ap-th-lamia.4982733.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Chrisantus nọchitere anya Naịjirịa U17, ọ bụkwa onye kacha gbaa goolu na 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup na Korea na goolu asaa, e nyekwara ya Adidas Silver Ball. O ji ụkwụ aka nri ya gbaa goolu asaa niile.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Careers after Korea|url=https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=1005792.html|publisher=[[FIFA]]|date=28 January 2009|accessdate=12 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130130348/http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=1005792.html|archive-date=30 January 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:updated|match played 15 January 2018]] <ref>{{cite web |title=M. Chrisantus |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/macauley-chrisantus/39464/ |work=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko Mba ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Hamburg nke Abụọ |2007–08 |Regionalliga Nord |12 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |12 |4 |- | rowspan="3" |Karlsruher SC (onye a gbazinyere) |2009–10 | rowspan="2" |2. Bundesliga |25 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |26 |3 |- |2010–11 |22 |8 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |22 |8 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !47 !11 !1 !0 !0 !0 !48 !11 |- |FSV Frankfurt (ụgwọ) |2011–12 |2. Bundesliga |26 |8 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |27 |8 |- | rowspan="3" |Las Palmas |2012–13 | rowspan="2" |Nkewa nke Abụọ |42 |12 |5 |1 | colspan="2" | - |47 |13 |- |2013–14 |25 |8 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - |28 |9 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !67 !20 !8 !2 !0 !0 !75 !22 |- |Sivasspor |2014–15 |Süper Lig |8 |1 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |12 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |AEK Athens |2014–15 |Njikọ bọọlụ |16 |6 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |17 |6 |- |2015–16 |Njikọ Super Gris |8 |1 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |10 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !24 !7 !3 !1 !0 !0 !27 !8 |- |Reus Deportiu |2016–17 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |9 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- |Lamia |2017–18 |Njikọ Super Gris |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !193 !51 !19 !3 !0 !0 !212 !54 |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''AEK Athens''' * Njikọ bọọlụ: 2014-15 South Group2014-15 Ndịda * Iko mba Gris: 2015-162015–16 '''Naịjirịa U17''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2007 '''Onye ọ bụla''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup Golden Shoe: 2007 * FIFA U-17 World Cup Silver Ball: 2007 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tjmjdrrcesq81ehrjp911okvctakdja 0 75530 727917 673801 2026-09-25T12:31:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727917 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Kelechi Nwakali 2015.png|thumb|Kelechi Nwakali ]] '''Kelechi Nwakali''' ({{Audio|Ig-kelechi nwakali.ogg|listen}}; born 5 June 1998) is a Nigerian professional [[Footbọl|footballer]] who plays as a midfielder for EFL League One club Barnsley. == Ọrụ klọb == === Ngwá Agha === Nwakali malitere ọrụ ya na Diamond Football Academy, Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Diamond Academy President Confirms Nwakali Will Complete Arsenal Move In June {{!}} All Nigeria Soccer|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=19409|accessdate=2024-07-05|work=www.allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị mma na 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup nke o meriri Golden Ball Award, ọ bịanyere aka na Arsenal nke English Premier League. <ref name="Golden Ball">{{Cite news|title=Osimhen and Nigeria the big winners|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/news/y=2015/m=11/news=osimhen-and-nigeria-the-big-winners-2731560.html|accessdate=16 September 2016|work=FIFA|date=9 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205224518/http://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/news/y=2015/m=11/news=osimhen-and-nigeria-the-big-winners-2731560.html|archive-date=5 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kelechi Nwakali completes Arsenal move with five-year deal|url=http://www.espnfc.us/arsenal/story/2923740/kelechi-nwakali-completes-arsenal-move-with-five-year-deal|accessdate=16 September 2016|work=ESPN FC|date=5 August 2016}}</ref> ==== Ịlaghachi na MVV Maastricht (ụgwọ) ==== Na 16 Septemba 2016, a mara ọkwa na Nwakali etinyela aka na MVV Maastricht nke Eerste Divisie na mbinye ego ogologo oge. O meziri mpụta mbụ ya n'otu ụbọchị ahụ megide Jong Ajax. Ọ bịara dịka onye nọchiri anya nkeji nkeji 92 maka Thomas Verheijdt ka MVV meriri 1–0. ==== VVV-Venlo (onye a gbazitere) ==== Na 29 Ọgọst 2017, Nwakali sonyeere klọb Dutch VVV-Venlo na mbinye ego maka ọnwa isii mbụ nke oge 2017–18 Eredivisie. Na 10 Septemba 2017, Nwakali mere egwuregwu Eredivisie mbụ ya megide FC Groningen, na-agba akara na eserese 1–1. Mgbe nkwekọrịta mbinye ego ọnwa isii mbụ kwụsịrị, Nwakali kpebiri ịhapụ Venlo ma laghachi na MVV Maastricht maka ọkara nke abụọ nke oge. ==== MVV Maastricht (onye a gbazitere) ==== Na 24 Jenụwarị 2018, Nwakali laghachiri Maastricht na mgbazinye maka ọkara nke abụọ nke oge Eerste Divisie 2017-18, ebe ọ gbara naanị nkeji 380 nke bọọlụ Eredivisie na Venlo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Taiwo Awoniyi: Future at Anfield in Doubt?|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/08/10/taiwo-awoniyi-future-at-anfield-in-doubt/|author=editor|date=9 August 2019|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US|accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Porto B (onye a gbazinyere) ==== Nwakali bịanyere aka na mgbazinye maka FC Porto na 18 Julaị 2018, e kenyekwara ya na Porto B tupu oge LigaPro nke 2018-19. N'ọnwa Machị 2019, ọ tọrọ atọ na Naijiria n'ihi nsogbu visa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48013084|title=Nigeria Football Federation helping Kelechi Nwakali sort visa issue|date=22 April 2019|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=28 August 2019|first=Oluwashina|author=Okeleji}}</ref> === Huesca === Na 2 Septemba 2019, Nwakali sonyeere ndị otu Spanish Segunda División SD Huesca na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdhuesca.es/noticia/kelechi-nwakali-talento-joven-y-versatilidad|title=Kelechi Nwakali, talento joven y versatilidad|publisher=SD Huesca|language=es|date=2 September 2019|accessdate=3 September 2019}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị klọb ahụ, o kelere Arsenal maka oge ya na ha, n'agbanyeghị na ọ pụtaghị na otu mbụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49563319|title=Kelechi Nwakali: Nigerian thanks Arsenal despite no appearances|work=BBC Sport|date=3 September 2019}}</ref> Na 5 Eprel 2022, nkwekọrịta Nwakali kwụsịrị n'oge. N'echi ya, Nwakali wepụtara nkwupụta gọọmentị site na akaụntụ Twitter ya na-akatọ ọgwụgwọ SD Huesca na onye isi egwuregwu klọb, Rubén García, kemgbe Disemba 2021, site na ịmanye ya ka ọ hapụ asọmpi Iko Mba Afrịka, nke a kpọrọ ya, na-akwụ ụgwọ ụgwọ ya n'oge, na-amanye ya ịhapụ ụlọ ọgbakọ ma machibido ya ịga ọzụzụ klọb. === Ponferradina === N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2022, Nwakali bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ maka SD Ponferradina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdponferradina.com/noticias/noticia/kelechi-nwakali-nuevo-jugador-de-la-sd-ponferradina|title=Kelechi Nwakali, nuevo jugador de la SD Ponferradina|publisher=SD Ponferradina|language=es|date=21 July 2022|accessdate=14 August 2022}}</ref> === Chaves === Na 20 Julaị 2023, Nwakali bịanyere aka na Chaves nke Primeira Liga.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=20 July 2023|title=Ex-FC Porto B reforça meio-campo de Chaves|url=https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/chaves/noticias/ex-fc-porto-b-reforca-meio-campo-de-chaves-16726294.html|accessdate=12 August 2023|publisher=[[O Jogo]]|language=pt-PT|archivedate=12 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812004346/https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/chaves/noticias/ex-fc-porto-b-reforca-meio-campo-de-chaves-16726294.html}}</ref> === Barnsley === N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, Nwakali sonyeere otu egwuregwu League One bụ Barnsley maka ego a na-akọwaghị na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/2024/august/12/kelechi-nwakali-joins-the-reds/|title=Kelechi Nwakali joins the Reds|work=www.barnsleyfc.co.uk|date=12 August 2024|accessdate=12 August 2024}}</ref> A kpọrọ aha Nwakali na ndị otu nwa oge maka Nigeria U17 tupu 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup mana ọ banyeghị na ndị otu ikpeazụ.<ref name="Golden Ball"/> Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-abanye na 2015 U-17 World Cup, a kpọrọ ya onyeisi ka ọ na'ihu mba ya n'ọkwa ahụ, na-emeri Golden Ball Award n'ụzọ.<ref name="Golden Ball" /> N'ụbọchị Krismas nke afọ 2021, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ndị okenye ga-ekere òkè na 2021 Africa Cup of Nations na Cameroon nke e yigharịrị na 2022 n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19. == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:updated|match played 22 July 2023]]<ref>{{soccerway|kelechi-nwakali/425646|accessdate=4 October 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Ngwá Agha |2016–17 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |MVV (onye a gbazitere) |2016–17 |Nkewa nke Eerste |29 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |1 |34 |3 |- |VVV-Venlo (onye a gbazitere) |2017–18 |Eredivisie |9 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |12 |1 |- |MVV (onye a gbazitere) |2017–18 |Nkewa nke Eerste |16 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2<ref group="lower-alpha" name="auto" /> |0 |18 |4 |- |Porto B (onye a gbazinyere) |2018–19 |LigaPro |16 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Huesca |2019–20 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- |2020–21 |[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]] |5 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7 |0 |- |2021–22 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |19 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |21 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !29 !0 !4 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !0 !0 !33 !0 |- |Alcorcón (onye a gbazitere) |2020–21 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |18 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |4 |- |Ponferradina |2022–23 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |36 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |37 |1 |- |Chaves |2023–24 |Njikọ Mbụ |8 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !153 !12 !9 !0 !1 !0 !6 !1 !169 !13 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Nsọpụrụ == [[Faịlụ:Samu_with_victor_and_kelechi.png|thumb|Nwakali (n'aka nri) na Victor Apugo (n'etiti) na [[Samuel Chukwueze]] (n'akụkụ aka ekpe) na 2015]] '''Naịjirịa U17''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2015<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/matches/round=271773/match=300298386/photos/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117053147/http://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/matches/round=271773/match=300298386/photos/index.html|archivedate=17 November 2015|title=FIFA U-17 World Cup Chile 2015 - Matches - Mali - Nigeria|work=FIFA.com|accessdate=1 November 2018}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup Golden Ball: 2015 == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * Kelechi Nwakalina BDFutbol [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lhzntz19pvadr5qya6vfdxmp4jekcfn 0 76136 728057 725858 2026-09-26T02:35:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Mmegharị mba ụwa megidere echiche nke njirimara nwoke na nwanyị}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}} [[File:Marcha por la Vida 2018 Perú (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|"Okike agaghịzi adị": ndị na-eme ngagharịiwe si [[Con mis hijos no te metas]] ("Emela ka ụmụ m ghara inwe nsogbu") n'oge ngagharị iwe [[pro-life]] na [[Lima]], Peru, 2018|alt=Anti-gender march in Lima, Peru]] [[File:Pikieta modlitewna przeciwników ideologii geneder na placu Zbawiciela 01.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|"Okike bụ ọnwụ{{snd}} ọ na-egbu njirimara, mkpụrụ obi na ahụ": mkpesa megide "echiche nwoke na nwanyị" na [[Warsaw]], Poland, 2014|alt=Anti-gender protest in Warsaw, Poland]] '''Mmegharị megide okike''' bụ [[mmegharị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya]] zuru ụwa ọnụ nke megidere echiche ọ kpọrọ "echiche okike" ma ọ bụ "echiche okike". A kọwapụtara okwu ndị a nke ọma, ma gụnyekwa ọtụtụ isiokwu metụtara [[nkwado nha ụmụnwaanyị]] na [[LGBTQ movements|ikike LGBTQ]], yana [[ọganihu]] n'ozuzu. Mmegharị ahụ enwetala nkwado site n'aka otu [[ndị na-akwado ndị mmadụ n'aka nri]], òtù [[ndị na-echekwa okpukperechi]], [[ndị na-echekwa ọha mmadụ|ndị na-echekwa ọha mmadụ]], na [[ndị na-eche aka nri anya]] n'ụwa niile. Ọ na-ele ọganihu na [[nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị]] na [[ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọahụ]] anya dị ka ihe iyi egwu nye [[ụkpụrụ ezinụlọ ọdịnala]], nkwenkwe okpukpe, na ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Nkwenye nke òtù ahụ sitere na [[okpukpe Katọlik]], a pụkwara ịkọ mmalite ya na mbido afọ 1970, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dọtara uche na ndị otu ya nke ukwuu malite na 2012 ruo [[mkpesa ọha]].{{sfn|Kuhar|Paternotte|2017|p=12}} N'ịrụ ọrụ n'ofe mba dị iche iche, mmegharị ahụ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na iwu na-elekwasị anya n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche, gụnyere [[ikike ọmụmụ]], [[asụsụ gụnyere]], [[alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke na nke nwanyị na nwanyị]], [[ikike ndị nwoke na nwanyị na-agbanwe agbanwe|ndị nwoke na nwanyị na-agbanwe agbanwe]], [[Mmebe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya | echiche ndị na-ewu obodo gbasara okike]], na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ dịka [[ọmụmụ gbasara okike]]. Ọ bụ ezie na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mmegharị ahụ lekwasịrị anya kpọmkwem n'ihe ndị na-emegide ikike LGBTQ, ndị ọzọ na-eleba anya n'egwu sara mbara gbasara mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya metụtara nwoke na nwanyị. A katọrọ otu a maka ịgba ume [[ịkpa ókè]], imebi nchedo [[ikike mmadụ]], na ịkwalite [[ozi na-ezighi ezi]] na [[okwu mgbochi LGBTQ|okwu mkparị megide ndị LGBTQ]]. A kọwawo echiche nke "echiche nwoke na nwanyị" zuru ebe niile ma bụrụ nke e guzobere n'usoro dị ka [[ụjọ omume]]{{sfn|Careaga-Pérez|2016|p=251}}{{sfn|Żuk|Żuk|2019|p=1}} na [[ozizi nkwekọrịta]].{{sfn|Marchlewska ''et al.''|2019|p=766}} == Nkọwa okwu == N'ọtụtụ mba ndị na-anaghị asụ Bekee, ndị na-emegide okike na-ezerekarị iji nsụgharị obodo nke okwu ahụ bụ ''gender'', kama ịhọrọ okwu Bekee iji gosi na okike bụ echiche ebubata ma ọ bụ nke mba ọzọ.{{sfn|Kuhar |Paternotte|2017|p=14}} Okwu ahụ bụ ''echiche nwoke na nwanyị'', nke dị mkpa n'ihe gbasara mmegide nwoke na nwanyị, enweghị nkọwa doro anya ma ọ bụ nke nwere otu ihe {{sfn|Mayer|Sauer|2017|p=23}} ma na-agụnye ọtụtụ okwu dị iche iche.{{sfn|Kováts|2016|p=175}} Ndị ọkà mmụta dịka Stefanie Mayer na Birgit Sauer kọwara ya dị ka "ihe na-egosi ihe efu",{{sfn|Mayer|Sauer|2017|p=23}} ebe [[Agnieszka Graff]] kọwara ya dị ka okwu a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka echiche ndị Katọlik na-agbasochi anya.{{sfn|Graff|2016|p=268}} A na-ejikarị okwu ndị a bụ ''echiche nwoke na nwanyị'', ''echiche nwoke na nwanyị'', na ''njide nwoke na nwanyị'' eme ihe n'otu oge site n'òtù ahụ mana ha dị iche na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ nke [[ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị]]. N'ọmụmụ ihe gbasara okike, e nwere nnukwu arụmụka na nghọtahie; agbanyeghị, ndị na-akwado okike na-elegharakarị ihe ndị a anya.{{sfn|Kováts|2018|pp=2, 8}}{{Sfn|Butler|2024|p=19}} Elizabeth Corredor na-arụ ụka na ''echiche nwoke na nwanyị'' na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ịma aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na [[ihe gbasara ọmụmụ ihe]] nye echiche nnwere onwe gbasara okike, mmekọahụ, na mmekọahụ.{{sfn|Corredor|2019|p=617}} Corredor kwukwara na ngagharị iwe megide nwoke na nwanyị na-eji nkewa dị n'ime mmegharị nkwado nha umunwanyị na LGBTQ eme ihe iji mee ka ebumnuche ya gaa n'ihu.{{sfn|Corredor|2019|p=617}} Peixoto kwuru na okwu ahụ bụ ''echiche nwoke na nwanyị'' sitere n'ọchịchọ nwanyị iji okike eme ihe kama mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bertolucci Peixoto |first=Tatiana |date=2026-03-12 |title=Gender ideology |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10624-026-09832-z |journal=Dialectical Anthropology |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10624-026-09832-z |issn=0304-4092}}</ref> Òtù ahụ na-ebo ọtụtụ mmadụ na otu dị iche iche ebubo ịkwalite ''echiche nwoke na nwanyị''. Ndị a gụnyere ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọkachasị ndị a maara dị ka [[Liberalism|liberal]], ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ma ọ bụ ndị aka ekpe; [[Mmegide ikike ụmụnwaanyị|ikike ụmụnwaanyị]] na [[Ndị na-akwado LGBTQ]]; ndị ọrụ amụma okike na nchịkwa ọha; na ndị ọkà mmụta pụrụ iche na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara okike. Site n'ịkọwa ndị a dị ka ndị na-akwado ''echiche nwoke na nwanyị'', mmegharị ahụ na-eme ka mmegide megide nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na atụmatụ dị iche iche dịkwuo elu.{{sfn|Kováts|2016|p=176}} Ndị na-akwado mmegide nwoke na nwanyị nwere ike igosi [[European Union]] na òtù mba ụwa ndị ọzọ dị ka ndị ọtụtụ [[Lobbying|lobbies]] ji aka ha mee ihe, dịka ndị America billionaires, [[Ozizi Marxism omenala | Ndị Marxist omenala]], [[Ozizi Masonic nzuzo | Ndị Freemason]], [[Mmegide-nwanyị|ndị na-akwado ụmụnwaanyị]], [[Agenda nwoke idina nwoke|Ndị LGBTQ na-akwado]], ma ọ bụ [[Akụkọ nzuzo ndị Juu|Ndị Juu]].<ref name="BJSO 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Salvati |first1=M. |last2=Pellegrini |first2=V. |last3=De Cristofaro |first3=V. |last4=Giacomantonio |first4=M. |date=January 2024 |title=What is hiding behind the rainbow plot? The gender ideology and LGBTQ+ lobby conspiracies (GILC) scale |journal=[[British Journal of Social Psychology]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] on behalf of the [[British Psychological Society]] |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=295–318 |doi=10.1111/bjso.12678 |issn=2044-8309 |pmid=37606152 |s2cid=261062493 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Proponents present themselves as defenders of [[Freedom of speech|free speech]], [[Freedom of thought|thought]], and conscience against the "gender ideology", which they label as "[[totalitarian]]".{{sfn|Marchlewska ''et al.''|2019|p=766}}{{sfn|Kuhar|Paternotte|2017|pp=2, 6}}{{sfn|Corredor|2019|pp=628–629}} Ndị na-akwado echiche na-arụ ụka na "echiche nwoke na nwanyị" sitere na [[cabal]] nke ndị isi rụrụ arụ na-akwalite,{{sfn|Marchlewska ''et al.''|2019|p=766}}<ref name="Conversation" /> ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mba ofesi dịka European Union, [[World Health Organization]], ma ọ bụ [[United Nations]], maka ebumnuche nke ịda mbà, imebi, ma ọ bụ ibibi ezinụlọ, Chọọchị Katọlik, mba, na/ma ọ bụ [[Ọdịbendị Ọdịda Anyanwụ]].{{sfn|Kuhar|Paternotte|2017|p=5}}{{sfn|Kováts|2016|p=176}}{{sfn|Marchlewska ''et al.''|2019|p=767}} [[Donald Trump]] anabatala okwu a ma jiri ya mee ihe na [[Executive Order 14168]], nke akpọrọ "Ịchebe Ụmụnwaanyị site na echiche nwoke na nwanyị na iweghachi eziokwu sitere n'okike nye gọọmentị etiti", nke na-achọ iwepụ nnabata gọọmentị etiti nke ndị transgender ma gbanwee nchebe transgender.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump rolls back trans and gender-identity rights and takes aim at DEI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jan/20/trump-executive-order-gender-sex |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Okwu ahụ bụ ''echiche nwoke na nwanyị'' malitere n'ime Chọọchị Katọlik n'afọ 1990.<ref name="Butler 2025">{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Judith |date=3 April 2025 |title=This is Wrong: Judith Butler on Executive Order 14168 |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v47/n06/judith-butler/this-is-wrong |url-access=subscription |work=London Review of Books |page=9}}</ref>{{sfn|Kuhar |Paternotte|2017|p=8}} Mary Anne Case dere na okwu ahụ bụ ''echiche nwoke na nwanyị'' banyere n'ihe Chọọchị Katọlik ji eme ihe na njikọ ya na [[1995 World Conference on Women]], na, karịsịa, akwụkwọ nta nke onye na-akwado ikike [[Dale O'Leary]] "Oke nwoke na nwanyị: Mwepụ nke Ụmụ nwanyị/Nyocha nke Echiche Nwoke na Nwanyị n'ịkwadebe maka Nzukọ Ụwa nke Anọ gbasara Ụmụ nwanyị", nke e nyere [[Pope Benedict XVI]]. O'Leary n'onwe ya nwetara mmụọ nsọ site n'akwụkwọ Christina Hoff Sommers nke akpọrọ ''[[Ònye zuru ikike ụmụ nwanyị?]]''.<ref name="Case" /> Okwu a batara n'ọtụtụ chọọchị dị na Latin America, tinyere [[World Congress of Families]].<ref name="Butler 2025" /> [[Pope Francis]] kwuru na "echiche nwoke na nwanyị" ga-emebi echiche Chọọchị Katọlik na [[mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị]],{{sfn|Kuhar |Paternotte|2017|p=5}} tụnyere ya na [[ngwa agha nuklia]], ma kwuo na ọ bụ otu n'ime "Ndị Herọd na-ebibi ihe, atụmatụ ọnwụ, na-emebi ihu nwoke na nwanyị, na-ebibi ihe e kere eke".<ref>{{cite news |title=Pope Francis compares arguments for transgender rights to nuclear arms |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/pope-francis-compares-arguments-for-transgender-rights-to-nuclear-arms-race-10061223.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/pope-francis-compares-arguments-for-transgender-rights-to-nuclear-arms-race-10061223.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=6 August 2020 |work=The Independent |date=21 February 2015 |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Na 2019, Chọọchị Katọlik [[Nwoke na Nwanyị O kere Ha|wepụtara akwụkwọ mbụ dị mkpa]]<!--As seen in the Conversation link.--> na-ekwu maka "echiche nwoke na nwanyị", nke [[Gender binary|na-ekwu na e nwere naanị okike ma ọ bụ nwoke na nwanyị abụọ a chọpụtara na ha bụ ndị sitere n'okike]].<ref name=Conversation/> Dịka Corredor si kwuo, <blockquote>Echiche nke Holy See dabere nke ukwuu na mmekọrịta kwụsiri ike na nke a na-atụ anya ya n'etiti mmekọahụ dị ndụ, njirimara nwoke na nwanyị, na echiche nwoke na nwanyị maka nwoke na nwanyị, nke a na-egosipụta n'ụzọ Chọọchị Katọlik si kwuo dị ka otu na naanị otu ịdị n'otu ebumpụta ụwa nke uche, ahụ, na mkpụrụ obi. N'ihi na a kwenyere na ịdị n'otu a sitere na [[Iwu Okike|Iwu Okike]] na [[Iwu Baịbụl n'Iso Ụzọ Kraịst|Iwu Chineke]]—dị ka [[Mmepụta Ihe|ihe Chineke kere]] kpọmkwem—ọ gafere ndokwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke mmadụ kpụrụ.{{sfn|Corredor|2019|p=621}}</blockquote> == Mmalite == === Nzukọ mba ụwa n'etiti afọ 1990 === A na-ahụkarị mmalite nke mmegharị ahụ megide nwoke na nwanyị site na mkparịta ụka dị n'ime [[Ụka Katọlik]] n'afọ 1990.<ref name=Case/><ref name=":0" /> Mkparịta ụka ndị a bụ nzaghachi nye ihe si na [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] pụta na 1994 [[Mgbakọ Mba Nile Maka Ọnụọgụgụ Mmadụ na Mmepe]] na [[Mgbakọ Ụwa Nile Maka Ụmụ Nwanyị 1995]], n'oge ahụ nke UN malitere ịnakwere [[ikike mmekọahụ na ọmụmụ nwa]].{{sfn|Kuhar |Paternotte|2017|p=9}}{{sfn|Kováts |2016|p=178}}{{sfn|Careaga-Pérez|2016|pp=251–252}} [[Holy See]] gosipụtara nchegbu na nnabata dị otu a nwere ike ibute nhazi nke [[imebi ime dị ka ikike mmadụ]], mbibi nke ịbụ nne ọdịnala, na ime ka nwoke idina nwoke na nwoke kwekọọ. N'ime ihe a, a hụrụ okwu ahụ bụ ''okike'' dịka atụmatụ iji maa "ezinụlọ eke" aka ma mebie.{{sfn|Kuhar |Paternotte|2017|p=9}} Na 1997, onye America na-eme ngagharị iwe, Dale O'Leary, onye sonyere na [[Opus Dei]] ma mara ya maka [[Mmegharị Mgbochi Ime | Mgbochi Ime]] ya, bipụtara akwụkwọ akpọrọ ''The Gender Agenda''. N'akwụkwọ ahụ, O'Leary ji echiche nke okike tụnyere ọrụ nzuzo, na-ekwu, sị: "Gender Agenda na-aga n'ime obodo ọ bụghị dị ka ụgbọ mmiri dị ogologo, kama dị ka ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri, nke kpebisiri ike ikpughe ihe niile gbasara onwe ya dịka o kwere mee."{{sfn|Kuhar|Paternotte|2017|pp=7, 9–10}} Ntọala nkà mmụta okpukpe maka mmegide nke Chọọchị Katọlik megide ozizi okike sitere na [[[[Ozizi nke Ahụ|nkuzi nke ahụ]]'' nke [[[Jọn Paul nke Abụọ]], nke mere ka [[Mmekọahụ|mmekọahụ]] na ọrụ dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwoke na nwanyị pụta ìhè.{{sfn|Kuhar|Paternotte|2017|p=10}}{{sfn|Kováts|2016|pp=178–179}} Ọ bụ ezie na e guzobere usoro echiche nke mmegharị megide nwoke na nwanyị n'afọ 2003, ngagharị iwe a na-ahụ anya nke metụtara mmegharị ahụ malitere ịpụta ìhè na mba Yuropu n'ihe dịka afọ 2012–2013.{{sfn|Kuhar |Paternotte|2017|p=12}} Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2019, mmegharị ahụ agbasaala karịa mmalite Katọlik ya, na-enweta nkwado sara mbara n'ime ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka nri, ọ bụ ezie na ndị ome ihe nkiri Katọlik ka bụ ndị na-akwado ya nke ọma.{{sfn|Corredor|2019|p=617}} === Mmalite nke afọ 1980 nke chọọchị === Onye nyocha Mary Anne Case chọpụtara mmalite nke ngagharị iwe megide nwoke na nwanyị na mbido afọ 1980, n'oge ọchịchị Kadịnal [[Joseph Ratzinger]], onye mechara ghọọ Pope Benedict XVI. N'oge ahụ, Ratzinger hụrụ etu akwụkwọ ndị nkwado nha umunwanyị si ewu ewu na Germany nke na-ekwu na okike bụ [[Mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya|nke e wuru n'obodo]]. Tinyere nke ahụ, o hụrụ mgbanwe na iwu German [[Ọnọdụ iwu nke ndị transgender | na-ekwe ka ndị transgender gbanwee okike ha n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro]], ihe ndị mere ka Vatican leba anya nke ọma. Case na-ekwu na nkwupụta maka ikike ndị transgender, tinyere nkwado nha umunwanyị, bụ ihe ndị Vatican na-echegbu gbasara ''okenye nwoke na nwanyị''. Okwu ndị a abụghị ihe mgbakwunye ọhụrụ kama ọ bụ isi ihe dị mkpa na Chọọchị lekwasịrị anya na mmetụta nke mmepe iwu gbasara okike.<ref name="Case">{{cite journal |last1=Case |first1=Mary Anne |title=Trans Formations in the Vatican's War on 'Gender Ideology' |journal=[[Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society]] |issn=0097-9740 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=13570&context=journal_articles |date=2019 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=639–664 |doi=10.1086/701498|s2cid=149472746 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Mmepe ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu == === Nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche ma ọ bụ nkwado ụmụ nwanyị dị oke mkpa maka okike === Ndị ọkà mmụta Serena Bassi na Greta LaFleur na-ahụ na a naghị ahụkarị mmegharị [[trans-exclusionary radical feminist]] (TERF) na mmegharị megide nwoke na nwanyị dị iche, n'agbanyeghị ọdịiche na mmalite maọbu na ebumnuche ha.<ref name=Bassi>{{cite journal |last1=Bassi |first1=Serena |last2=LaFleur |first2=Greta |title=Introduction: TERFs, Gender-Critical Movements, and Postfascist Feminisms |journal=[[Transgender Studies Quarterly]] |date=2022 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=311–333 |doi=10.1215/23289252-9836008|s2cid=253052875 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Nnyocha nke Pearce, Erikainen, na Vincent mere gosiri na okwu ahụ bụ ''echiche nwoke na nwanyị'' akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa n'ihe gbasara mmegide nwoke na nwanyị, malitere inweta mmetụta n'okwu TERF n'ihe dị ka afọ 2016.<ref name=Pearce>{{cite journal |last1=Pearce |first1=Ruth |last2=Erikainen |first2=Sonja |last3=Vincent |first3=Ben |title=TERF wars: An introduction |journal=[[The Sociological Review]] |date=2020 |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=677–698 |doi=10.1177/0038026120934713|s2cid=221097475 |doi-access=free |hdl=2164/18988 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Claire Thurlow na-arụ ụka na nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị nke na-akatọ okike na-adaberekarị na [[Transphobia|transphobic]], [[ihe gbasara omume]], na echiche [[Nkwekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị|nkwekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị]] gbasara ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ na-ekwu na àgwà ndị a na-ejikọta ikike ụmụ nwanyị nke ndị na-abụghị ndị otu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị na mmegharị ndị ọzọ na-emegide nwoke na nwanyị.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thurlow |first1=Claire |title=From TERF to gender critical: A telling genealogy? |journal=[[Sexualities (journal)|Sexualities]] |date=2022 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=962–978 |doi=10.1177/13634607221107827|s2cid=252662057 }}</ref> [[Judith Butler]] akọwaala ngagharị echiche megide nwoke na nwanyị dị ka ihe [[Afọ-fascism Neo-fascism|Afọ-fascism Neo-fascism]] ma dọọ ndị mmadụ na otu aka ekpe aka ná ntị ka ha ghara iso ya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Judith Butler 'Who Is Afraid of Gender?' |date=7 June 2023 |url=https://www.gender.cam.ac.uk/news/professor-judith-butler-who-afraid-gender-lecture-recording-now-available |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]] |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta egosila na ihe pụrụ iche nke mmegharị ahụ dị na ya ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ọdịnala nke [[Antifeminism|mgbochi-feminism]]. [[Andrea Pető]] na-akọwa ya dị ka "ihe ọhụrụ dị mkpa" nke e zubere iji gbanwee usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ụwa niile.{{sfn|Pető|2021|p=42}} Njikọta okwu na atụmatụ a na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti nnwere onwe nwanyị na-abụghị nke ndị ọzọ na mkpọsa mgbochi okike sara mbara, n'agbanyeghị ntọala echiche ha dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Korolczuk |first=Elżbieta |date=2016-02-19 |title=The Vatican and the Birth of Anti-Gender Studies |journal=Religion and Gender |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=293–296 |doi=10.18352/rg.10181 |issn=2589-8051|doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na ịkwalite ọnọdụ ndị na-akatọ nwoke na nwanyị n'ime ngalaba iwu dịka akụkụ nke ngagharị iwe megide nwoke na nwanyị sara mbara, na-ekwu maka [[Reem Alsalem]] dị ka ihe atụ pụtara ìhè.<ref name=Duffy2024>{{cite book |last1=Duffy |first1=S. A. |year=2024 |chapter=‘Ideological Colonising’: The Influence of Anti-Gender Movements on Domestic and International Human Rights Law |editor-last1=Paige |editor-first1=T. P. |editor-last2=O'Hara |editor-first2=C. |title=Queer Encounters with International Law: Lives, Communities, Subjectivities |publisher=Routledge |pages=175–199 |doi=10.4324/9781032643106-12 }}</ref><ref name=Zwingel>{{cite book |title=Feminist Responses to Crises and Dehumanization: Transnational Scholar-Activist Perspectives |last1=Zwingel |first1=Susanne |last2=Hernandez |first2=Brianna N. |last3=Turbino Torres |first3=Luisa |publisher=Routledge |date=2025 |isbn=9781032805382 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Paige |first1=Tamsin Phillipa |last2=O'Hara |first2=Claerwen |year=2024 |chapter=(Re)queering international law |editor-last1=Paige |editor-first1=T. P. |editor-last2=O'Hara |editor-first2=C. |title=Queer Encounters with International Law: Lives, Communities, Subjectivities |publisher=Routledge |pages=1–12 |doi=10.4324/9781032643106-1 |isbn=978-1-032-64310-6 }}</ref> === Mmetụta mba ọzọ === Akụkọ nke [[European Parliament]] nyere iwu na 2021 chọpụtara njikọ dị n'etiti mmụba nke mmegharị megide nwoke na nwanyị na Europe na ego sitere na [[mkpọsa ozi ụgha]]. [[Asasa ozi Russia|Russia]] kwadoro mkpọsa ndị a n'ọtụtụ akụkụ,<ref name=Disinformation>{{cite web |title=Disinformation campaigns about LGBTI+ people in the EU and foreign influence |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2021/653644/EXPO_BRI(2021)653644_EN.pdf |publisher=European Parliament |date=2021 |pages=4, 21–22}}</ref> yana [[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka nri dị anya|n'aka nri dị anya]] na otu [[ndị Kraịst dị aka nri]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Who's financing the 'anti-gender' movement in Europe? |date=27 May 2021 |url=https://www.aidsmap.com/news/may-2021/whos-financing-anti-gender-movement-europe |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> Akụkọ ahụ mere ka ọ pụta ìhè na atụmatụ ọchịchị obodo nke gọọmentị Rọshịa gụnyere ịkwalite njikọ aka na otu ndị nwere otu echiche ma kpachara anya mebie [[European Union]] (EU). Atụmatụ a gụnyere ịkwado otu aka nri n'ime EU iji mee ka esemokwu dịkwuo elu ma mebie njikọ aka.<ref name="Disinformation" /> == Isi ihe na nsogbu ndị dị mkpa == Ndị isi na-akwado ngagharị iwe megide nwoke na nwanyị gụnyere Dale O'Leary, [[Michel Schooyans]], [[Tony Anatrella]], [[Gabriele Kuby]], na Marguerite Peeters.{{sfn|Kuhar |Paternotte|2017|p=10}}{{sfn|Kováts|2016|p=179}} Ndị otu na-emegide nwoke na nwanyị na-emegide ụfọdụ [[ikike ọmụmụ]], ọkachasị [[Mmegharị Mgbochi Ime | Imepụ Ime]], yana [[Mmegide ikike LGBTQ|ikike LGBTQ]], karịsịa [[alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị]], yana ụfọdụ mkpọsa megide [[ime ihe ike metụtara nwoke na nwanyị]].{{sfn|Kováts|2016|p=175}}{{sfn|Rawłuszko|2019|p=2}} Ha nwekwara ike ịkatọ mmemme [[Iwu mgbochi mmegbu|mgbochi mmegbu]],{{sfn|Corredor|2019|p=614}} [[agụmakwụkwọ gbasara mmekọahụ]] n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, na [[ọmụmụ gbasara okike]] n'agụmakwụkwọ ka elu.{{sfn|Kováts|2016|p=175}}<ref name=":0" /> Dịka Kováts si kwuo, ọ bụghị mmegharị niile dabara n'okpuru aha "mgbochi okike" (site na mmegide "okike" ma ọ bụ "echiche okike") bụ n'ụzọ doro anya [[Mgbochi-nwanyị|onye na-emegide nkwado nha nwanyị]] ma ọ bụ onye na-emegide-LGBTQ,{{sfn|Kováts|2016|p=176}} na mmegharị ahụ megide nwoke na nwanyị bụ ihe ọhụrụ dị iche na mmegide ụmụ nwanyị na [[ndị na-edina ụdị onwe]] gara aga.{{sfn|Kováts|2020|p=76}} Mmegharị megide nwoke na nwanyị abụghị otu ihe ahụ na ndị aka nri dị anya, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụghị ndị otu aka nri niile na-akwado echiche megide nwoke na nwanyị, ebe ndị otu na-emegide nwoke na nwanyị na-agbasa karịa ndị otu aka nri.{{sfn|Kováts|2016|p=184}} ===Asụsụ gụnyere mmadụ niile=== Mmegharị megide nwoke na nwanyị na-elekwasịkarị anya [[asụsụ gụnyere]] dịka akụkụ nke mgbalị sara mbara iji guzogide amụma okike na-aga n'ihu. Beck kwuru, na mba ndị na-asụ German, na asụsụ gụnyere nwoke na nwanyị "bụ ihe na-akpata mwakpo 'mgbochi nwoke na nwanyị'" ma na-akọwa ndị mmegide dị ka "akụkụ dị mkpa nke 'mgbasa' ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị sara mbara megide okike, njikọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka nri dị anya na otu ndị na-echekwa echiche na ndị na-eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na ndị na-eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na ọha mmadụ German" nke a pụrụ iwere dị ka "àkwà mmiri mkparịta ụka n'etiti otu ndị a".<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Beck | first1 = Dorothee | chapter = The Crusade Against Gender-Inclusive Language in Germany: A Discursive Bridge Between the Far Right and the Civic Mainstream | editor-last1 = Beck | editor-first1 = Dorothee | editor-last2 = Habed | editor-first2 = Adriano José | editor-last3 = Henninger | editor-first3 = Annette | title = Blurring Boundaries: 'Anti-Gender' Ideology Meets Feminist and LGBTIQ+ Discourses | publisher = Barbara Budrich | year = 2024 | pages = 109–126 | doi = 10.2307/jj.8692983.8 | jstor = jj.8692983.8 | isbn = 978-3-8474-2684-4 | quote= Gender-inclusive language aims at representing gender diversity and gender equality linguistically (...) in German-speaking countries, it is a trigger point for ‘anti-gender’ attacks }}</ref> Lucy Jones dere, n'akwụkwọ ya gbasara asụsụ, okike, na mmekọahụ, na ndị na-emegide okike na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri [[na-akatọ okike]] na-ajụkarị ịnabata asụsụ gụnyere mmadụ na nke na-abụghị nke abụọ, karịsịa n'ihe gbasara [[nnochiaha]] na nnabata nke njirimara transgender na nke na-abụghị binary. Jones kwuru na ndị na-akatọ ụmụnwaanyị na-ajụkarị omume asụsụ nke na-akwado njirimara trans na nke na-abụghị nke abụọ, ọtụtụ mgbe, ha na-ekwu maka nchekwa nke "[[ikike ndị metụtara mmekọahụ]]" dị ka ihe akaebe. Ọ na-ahụ na a na-ejikarị echiche abụọ na nke dị mkpa nke na-akọwa "nwanyị" naanị dị ka onye [[e kenyere nwanyị mgbe a mụrụ ya]] emepụta nguzogide a.<ref name=Jones>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Lucy |date=2023 |title=Language, gender and sexuality in 2022: Documenting and resisting regressive ideology |journal=Gender and Language |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1558/genl.26176 |url=https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.26176 |ref=Jones }}</ref> Site n'enyemaka nke mmụta a, Jones kọwara iguzogide asụsụ na-agụnye mmadụ niile dịka akụkụ nke "nlekọta uche sara mbara na ahụ ndị trans" na ụdị njikwa asụsụ nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịgọnarị izi ezi nke njirimara trans na nke na-abụghị binary.<ref name=Jones/> Jones kọwara usoro mkparịta ụka ndị a n'ime ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị sara mbara site n'ihota Borba (2022), onye na-enyocha mpụta nke "ndekọ mgbochi okike" nke e ji eme mkparịta ụka maka mwepụ nwoke na nwanyị, gụnyere nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị gbasara okike. Borba na-arụ ụka na ndekọ a, nke na-adabere na echiche ndị dị mkpa gbasara mmekọahụ na okike, enwetawo mmetụta site na usoro ndebanye aha, ụzọ isi mee ka ụfọdụ echiche dị iche iche yie ihe eke ma ọ bụ ihe nkịtị. Ọ na-atụkwa aro na e meela nke a n'otu akụkụ site n'iji asụsụ nke ndị nkwado nha umunwanyị eme ihe na ngagharị iwe megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke LGBTQ, na-agbanwegharị ya iji gosipụta ihe iyi egwu nye ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka ndị nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name=Jones/><ref name=Borba>{{cite journal |last1=Borba |first1=Rodrigo |date=2022 |title=Enregistering 'gender ideology': the emergence and circulation of a transnational anti-gender language |journal=Journal of Language and Sexuality |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=57–79 |doi=10.1075/jls.21003.bor |url=https://doi.org/10.1075/jls.21003.bor |url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Mmegharị ndị metụtara ya == Mmegharị megide nwoke na nwanyị nwere njikọ chiri anya na [[ndị na-akwado ọchịchị aka nri]], [[ndị mba]], na [[ndị Kraịst aka nri]].{{sfn|Dahl|kennedy-macfoy|2020|p=1}} Dịka Kuhar na Paternotte si kwuo, "mkpọsa megide okike abụghị ihe si kpọmkwem pụta site na ebili mmiri nke ndị otu aka nri na-akwado populist, mana mgbanwe gaa n'aka nri na-eme ka mkpọsa ndị a sie ike ma na-enye ha ndị na-akwado ha ọhụrụ bụ́ ndị weghaara echiche nke 'echiche nwoke na nwanyị' nke nwere ụfọdụ usoro echiche na echiche ndị otu aka nri nke ndị populist".{{sfn|Kuhar |Paternotte|2017|p=13}} Dịka ha si ahazi echiche ndị mmadụ, a na-ejikarị [[mkpebi]] eme ihe iji nweta ihe ndị otu na-emegide nwoke na nwanyị chọrọ.{{sfn|Kuhar |Paternotte|2017|p=15}} == Nyocha na azịza == [[UN Women]] akọwaala ngagharị iwe megide nwoke na nwanyị dị ka nke na-eme ka "nha nhata maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị LGBTIQ+ bụrụ ihe iyi egwu nye ụkpụrụ ezinụlọ a na-akpọ 'ọdịnala' [...] ruo n'ókè ọhụrụ" na "iji mgbasa ozi ịkpọasị na ozi na-ezighi ezi lekwasị anya ma nwaa ime ka ndị mmadụ nwere ụdị mmekọahụ dị iche iche, njirimara nwoke na nwanyị, ngosipụta nwoke na nwanyị, na njirimara mmekọahụ."<ref name=unwomen>{{cite web |title=LGBTIQ+ communities and the anti-rights pushback: 5 things to know |date=28 May 2024 |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/explainer/2024/05/lgbtiq-communities-and-the-anti-rights-pushback-5-things-to-know |publisher=[[UN Women]] |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref> ===Mmegharị azụ ma ọ bụ mmegharị ihe na-eme ihe ike=== A na-arụrịta ụka banyere ókè mmegharị ahụ megide nwoke na nwanyị si bụrụ mmeghachi omume nye ihe omume na mmegharị ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ mmegharị na-agba mbọ ịmepụta mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.{{sfn|Rawłuszko|2019|p=2}} [[Hande Eslen-Ziya]] na-arụ ụka na ngagharị iwe megide nwoke na nwanyị dabere na ihe ọ kpọrọ "sayensị troll", nke ọ kọwara dị ka "arụmụka sayensị (gbagọrọ agbagọ) nke e ji mee mkparịta ụka ndị na-akwado ndị mmadụ, na-emepụta akụkọ ọzọ gbasara echiche nke nha anya nwoke na nwanyị".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eslen-Ziya |first1=Hande|author-link=Hande Eslen-Ziya |title=Right-wing populism in New Turkey: Leading to all new grounds for troll science in gender theory |journal=[[HTS Teologiese Studies]] |date=2020 |volume=76 |issue=3 |doi=10.4102/hts.v76i3.6005|s2cid=224856495 |doi-access=free |hdl=11250/2682420 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Ọrụ nyocha nke EU kwadoro n'ime ngagharị iwe megide nwoke na nwanyị nke akpọrọ RESIST lere anya n'okwu ndị na-emegide nwoke na nwanyị n'arụmụka ndị omeiwu na mgbasa ozi na Hungary, Poland na United Kingdom, ma chọpụta na ndị isi na-akwalite mgbasa ozi ahụ bụ ndị a ma ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide nwoke na nwanyị na-aga n'ihu bụ "ndị ikom nọ n'ọchịchị ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na ndị nwere oke isi/ndị dị oke njọ na Europe", na mgbasa ozi ahụ tinyere aka na "ịkpalite ụjọ omume na-emerụ ahụ nke na-elekwasị anya na njirimara ndị transgender" nke ahụ na-eme ka ndị transgender bụrụ ndị a na-akpọ "arụmụka" na-enweghị mgbagha gbasara izi ezi nke ikike na ndụ ha".<ref>{{cite news |title=Hostile anti-trans politics on the rise in Europe, new research finds |url=https://gcn.ie/hostile-anti-trans-politics-rise-europe-research/ |date=25 April 2024|first1=Han |last1=Tiernan |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=GCN}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title="Anti-Gender Tactics in Europe - The RESIST project: research findings" |website=RESIST |url=https://theresistproject.eu/sdc_download/561/?key=tagmqaqrdtg7ouma0e1weisf36ftqg}}</ref> Dịka Marta Rawłuszko si kwuo, otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị megide nwoke na nwanyị bụ, n'otu akụkụ, mmeghachi omume megide ikike ọchịchị nke gọọmentị mba ahọpụtara n'ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche nye òtù nha anya a na-ahọpụtaghị na òtù mba ụwa, dịka [[European Union]], nke chọrọ mgbanwe. Ebe ọ bụ na ndị ntuli aka ma ọ bụ ndị nnọchiteanya ha ahọpụtara anaghị akwado amụma ndị a, ha na-emepụta [[democratic deficit]].{{sfn|Rawłuszko|2019|pp=1, 2–3}} O kwuru na "e tinyela iwu nha anya nwoke na nwanyị n'ọrụ n'enweghị mkparịta ụka ọha na eze gbasara ya".{{sfn|Rawłuszko|2019|p=3}} Agbanyeghị, Paternotte na-arụ ụka na imepụta mmegharị megide nwoke na nwanyị dị ka "ihe ijuanya" bụ "enweghị ntụpọ n'echiche, adịghị ike n'ihe gbasara ahụmịhe na nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị", n'ihi na nnyocha atụnyere egosila na na mba dị iche iche, "okwu dị iche iche na-akpalite ngagharị iwe megide nwoke na nwanyị".<ref name=Paternotte>{{cite news |last1=Paternotte |first1=David |title=Backlash: A misleading narrative |newspaper=Engenderings |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/gender/2020/03/30/backlash-a-misleading-narrative/ |publisher=London School of Economics |access-date=7 August 2020|date=30 March 2020}}</ref> ===Nzuko nzuzo=== N'otu oge, a kọwala echiche nke echiche nwoke na nwanyị dị ka ihe na-atụ egwu omume{{sfn|Careaga-Pérez|2016|p=251}}{{sfn|Żuk|Żuk|2019|p=1}} ma ọ bụ [[echiche nkwekọrịta]].{{sfn|Marchlewska ''et al.''|2019|p=766}} Dịka mmadụ abụọ [[ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]]s dere maka [[The Conversation (website)|''The Conversation'']] si kwuo, echiche nzuzo ahụ tinyere aka na arụmụka na Poland na 2020 gbasara "ma [[ọrịa COVID-19 | ọrịa coronavirus]] ọ bụ ntaramahụhụ maka ozizi okike".<ref name=Conversation>{{cite news |last1=Cichocka |first1=Aleksandra |last2=Marchlewska |first2=Marta |title=How a gender conspiracy theory is spreading across the world |url=https://theconversation.com/how-a-gender-conspiracy-theory-is-spreading-across-the-world-133854 |access-date=6 August 2020 |work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=23 March 2020}}</ref> Nnyocha Ipsos mere n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2019 gosiri na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwoke Poland na-erubeghị afọ 40 kwenyere na "mmegharị LGBT na echiche nwoke na nwanyị" bụ "ihe iyi egwu kachasị na-eche ha ihu na narị afọ nke 21".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/25/anti-lgbt-rhetoric-stokes-tensions-in-eastern-europe |title=Anti-LGBT rhetoric stokes tensions in eastern Europe |last1=Walker |first1=Shaun |date=25 October 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=28 January 2020 |last2=Tait |first2=Christian Davies Robert |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmadụ na-ewere [[mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị mgbe nwoke gasịrị]] dị ka ozizi okike. {{anchor|Democracy and liberalism}} ===Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na Neoliberalism=== Ọkà mmụta sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Eszter Kováts na-ewere mpụta na ihe ịga nke ọma nke mmegharị megide nwoke na nwanyị dị ka ihe mgbaàmà nke nsogbu akụ na ụba, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na omenala miri emi nke [[ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya]] na mmeghachi omume nye [[neoliberalism]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kováts |first=Eszter |chapter=The Emergence of Powerful Anti-Gender Movements in Europe and the Crisis of Liberal Democracy |date=2017 |title=Gender and Far Right Politics in Europe |pages=175–189 |editor-last=Köttig |editor-first=Michaela |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-43533-6_12 |isbn=978-3-319-43532-9 |editor2-last=Bitzan |editor2-first=Renate |editor3-last=Petö |editor3-first=Andrea}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, ọkà mmụta sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ Birgit Sauer na-ezo aka na mmegharị ndị a dị ka, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, mmeghachi omume nye [[ịkwụsị iwu]], [[Nsogbu | Mmebi ọrụ]], mmebi nke [[ọnọdụ ọdịmma]] na ịgbasa [[enweghị nha anya | oghere dị n'etiti ndị ọgaranya na ndị ogbenye]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sauer |first=Birgit |date=2019 |title=Anti-feministische Mobilisierung in Europa. Kampf um eine neue politische Hegemonie? |journal=Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft |language=de |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=339–352 |doi=10.1007/s12286-019-00430-8 |s2cid=203292624 |issn=1865-2646 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''LuXemburg'' na 2018, ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze Weronika Grzebalska na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Eszter Kováts na Andrea Pető nyochara okwu ahụ ''okike'' dị ka "ihe nnọchianya" nke mmegharị megide okike, nke na-ejikọta ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe dị iche iche bụ ndị na-agaghị arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ma ọ bụghị ya. Ha na-ele "echiche nwoke na nwanyị" nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri a na-akwalite megide anya dị ka ihe atụ maka enweghị ntụkwasị obi na ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke usoro mmekọrịta akụ na ụba neoliberal kpatara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2018 |title=Gender as symbolic glue. How 'gender' became an umbrella term for the rejection of the (neo)liberal order |url=https://www.zeitschrift-luxemburg.de/gender-as-symbolic-glue-how-gender-became-an-umbrella-term-for-the-rejection-of-the-neoliberal-order/ |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=Zeitschrift LuXemburg |language=de-DE |accessdate=31 May 2026 |archivedate=10 March 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310121038/https://www.zeitschrift-luxemburg.de/gender-as-symbolic-glue-how-gender-became-an-umbrella-term-for-the-rejection-of-the-neoliberal-order/ }}</ref> Ndị a na-ekwu na ha na-akwado echiche nwoke na nwanyị bụ ndị a na-akpọ ndị nwere ikike, na-ajụ [[Pluralism (nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị)|pluralism]] ma na-emebi ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka ndị aka nri.{{sfn|Kováts|2016|p=178}} Lorena Sosa, osote prọfesọ na [[Netherlands Institute of Human Rights]] (SIM), kwuru na ngagharị iwe megide nwoke na nwanyị agbaghawo ikike mmadụ, dịka nchekwa pụọ na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, ma tinye aka na [[mbibi ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya]].{{sfn|Sosa|2021|p=3}} Pető na-arụ ụka na "Mmegide megide nwoke na nwanyị abụghị naanị ihe ọzọ sitere na mmegide nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ... Mmegharị megide nwoke na nwanyị bụ ihe ọhụrụ dị mkpa nke e bidoro iji guzobe usoro ụwa ọhụrụ." Ọ na-arụkwa ụka na mmegharị ahụ "jupụtara n'ịkpọasị" —na-ekwu maka mmegbu dị n'ịntanetị megide ndị na-eme nnyocha banyere okike—ma na-arụ ụka na ọ "na-awakpo nnwere onwe na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya".{{sfn|Pető|2021|p=42}} Na 2021, ọkà ihe ọmụma [[Judith Butler]] kọwara ngagharị iwe megide nwoke na nwanyị dị ka usoro fascist ma dọọ ndị kpọrọ onwe ha ndị na akwado nha umunwanyị aka ná ntị ka ha ghara iso ndị otu a na-eme ihe n'ịchọta ndị trans, ndị na-abụghị ndị abụọ, na ndị nwere mmasị nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name=Butler2021>{{cite news |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |author-link=Judith Butler |date=23 October 2021 |title=Why is the idea of 'gender' provoking backlash the world over? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/commentisfree/2021/oct/23/judith-butler-gender-ideology-backlash |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=PN2021>{{cite news |last=Parsons |first=Vic |date=26 October 2021 |title=Judith Butler says the 'anti-gender ideology movement' is a dangerous 'fascist trend' |url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/10/26/judith-butler-anti-gender-ideology/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=[[PinkNews]]}}</ref> Ndị [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchedo Nchebe nke Kanada]] kwuru na 2024 na "mmegharị megide okike" na-eyi egwu nke "ime ihe ike dị oke njọ" nke nwere ike ibute obodo LGBTQ.<ref name=cbc>{{cite news |first=Catharine |last=Tunney |date=15 February 2024 |title=CSIS warns that the 'anti-gender movement' poses a threat of 'extreme violence' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/csis-lgbtq-warning-violence-1.7114801 |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]}}</ref> Na 2023, Elżbieta Korolczuk rụrụ ụka na "ọ bụ ezie na ihe omume nke ndị na-emegide nwoke na nwanyị anaghị abụkarị ihe ike, a ga-enyochakwu atụmatụ na mkpọsa ya dị ka ihe ga-ekwe omume ibuga ihe mgbochi iji tinye aka na mwakpo ime ihe ike".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Korolczuk |first1=Elżbieta |title=Routledge Handbook of Non-Violent Extremism |date=2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-003-03279-3 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003032793-27/anti-gender-campaigns-threat-liberal-democracy-elżbieta-korolczuk |chapter=Anti-gender Campaigns as a Threat to Liberal Democracy |pages=347–359 |doi=10.4324/9781003032793-27}}</ref> ===Ikike LGBTQ na nha anya nwoke na nwanyị=== Marie Wittenius nke [[Heinrich Böll Foundation#Gunda Werner Institute|Gunda Werner Institute for feminism and gender democracy]] na-arụ ụka na okwu ahụ bụ "echiche okike" "na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe a na-egosi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, mmegide ndị Juu, ịkpọasị ndị nwoke na nwanyị na ịkpọasị ndị mmadụ, echiche ndị na-akwado agbụrụ yana ịkpọasị megide ndị isi."<ref>{{cite web |title=The transnational anti-gender movement in Europe |url=https://www.gwi-boell.de/en/2022/02/03/the-transnational-anti-gender-movement-europe |publisher=GWI |access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> Na Ọgọst 2021, Kansụl nke Yuropu [[Kọmishọna maka ikike mmadụ]] [[Dunja Mijatović]] kwuru na ngagharị iwe megide nwoke na nwanyị bụ "iji ajọ mbunobi ọha mmadụ dị ugbu a mee ihe ma na-awakpo ndị LGBTI iji mezuo ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka ọdịmma nke ha" ma kwuo na "ịchọta ndị LGBTI maka uru ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ atụmatụ dị oke ọnụ nke na-emerụ ndụ na ọdịmma nke ndị ọ metụtara ma na-emebi njikọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ozuzu ya." Kọmishọna ahụ kwuru na "site n'ịbawanye n'ọkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mmegharị ndị na-emegide nwoke na nwanyị na-abawanye nke ọma iji mebie nchekwa ikike mmadụ na Europe" ma kwubiri na "site n'ịkwado ndị LGBTI, anyị na-agbachitere ùgwù mmadụ nhata nke mmadụ niile, na-echebe ọdịmma ọha mmadụ anyị na ike nke usoro ikike mmadụ dị oke ọnụ ahịa anyị."<ref>{{cite web |title=Pride vs. indignity: Political manipulation of homophobia and transphobia in Europe |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/-/pride-vs-indignity-political-manipulation-of-homophobia-and-transphobia-in-europe |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |date=16 August 2021}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 2022, [[Ụlọikpe Yuropu]] [[Kọmitii Ụlọikpe Yuropu maka Ikike Ụmụnwaanyị na Ịha nhata Nwoke na Nwanyị|Kọmitii Maka Ikike Ụmụnwaanyị na Ịha nhata Nwoke na Nwanyị]] haziri nzukọ ọha na eze na "Ịlụso mmegharị ahụ megide nwoke na nwanyị ọgụ", na-eme ka mmegharị ahụ megide nwoke na nwanyị pụta ìhè dị ka ihe iyi egwu nye [[nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Hearing on "Countering the anti-gender movement" |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/fr/events/details/public-hearing-on-countering-the-anti-ge/20220123CHE09901 |publisher=[[European Parliament]] |access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> Na Machị 2024, ọkà ihe ọmụma Judith Butler bipụtara akwụkwọ ha akpọrọ ''[[Ònye Na-atụ Egwu Okike?]]'' mgbe ndị ngagharị iwe "na-emegide nwoke na nwanyị" wakporo ya n'ọdụ ụgbọelu dị na São Paulo na 2017.{{Sfn|Butler|2024|p=289}} Butler ji okwu ahụ bụ "mmegharị echiche megide nwoke na nwanyị" kọwaa ihe gbasara mba dị iche iche nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri aka nri dị anya ime ka "echiche nwoke na nwanyị" bụrụ "echiche efu nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya" nke na-eme ka nchekasị na egwu gbara "ezinụlọ ọdịnala" gburugburu.{{Sfn|Butler|2024}} Na 2024, [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchedo Nchebe Kanada]] kwuru na mmegharị megide okike nwere ike ibute ihe iyi egwu nke [[Mmegide Ike | Ime Ihe Ike]] nke ndị omekome na-eme megide obodo LGBTQ.<ref name=cbc/> == Site na mpaghara == [[File:Marcha contra la Ideología de Género Chile 2018 (1).jpg|thumb|"Marcha contra la Ideología de Género" ma ọ bụ "Marcha por Jesús" na [[Chile]], 27 Ọktoba 2018]] Mmegide megide nwoke na nwanyị pụtara na Yuropu na mbido afọ 2010, dịka ọ dị na 2019, ọ na-aga nke ọma na [[Latin America]].{{sfn|Corredor|2019|pp=613–614}} Mmegharị ahụ bụ [[Mbambata mba|mbata mba]], mkpọsa na mba dị iche iche na-agbaziri atụmatụ na okwu sitere na mba ndị ọzọ.{{sfn|Kuhar |Paternotte|2017|p=2}} Agbanyeghị, na mba dị iche iche, mmegharị megide nwoke na nwanyị na-adakọ na arịrịọ maka [[ịhụ mba n'anya]] na [[ọbụbụeze mba]].{{sfn|Kuhar |Paternotte|2017|p=3}} === Europe === Tupu a malite mmegharị megide nwoke na nwanyị, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na Yuropu nọ n'ụzọ a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha iji nweta nha anya nwoke na nwanyị zuru oke na ikike LGBTQ zuru oke, mmegide siri ike nke a na-ewere dị ka njide site n'oge gara aga ma ọ bụghị ya, ihe omume naanị na [[Eastern Europe]] na [[Katọlik site na mba | Mba ndị Katọlik nke Rom]]. Mmegide megide nwoke na nwanyị gosiri na echiche a ezighi ezi.{{sfn|Kuhar |Paternotte|2017|p=3}} Kemgbe afọ 1990, [[European Commission]] emeela ka e nwee ike inye ego site na [[Ego Nhazi na Ego Njikọta]] dabere na amụma nha anya nwoke na nwanyị mpaghara, nke butere mgbanwe ngwa ngwa mgbe Poland [[2004 mmụba nke European Union|sonyere European Union na 2004]].{{sfn|Rawłuszko|2019|pp=9–10}} Na Febụwarị 2019, [[Ụlọikpe Yuropu]] mere mkpebi megide "mmeghachi omume n'ihe gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na nha anya nwoke na nwanyị na EU".<ref name="Paternotte" /><ref>[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2019-0111_EN.html 2018/2684(RSP)], Experiencing backlash in women's rights and gender equality in the EU</ref> ==== Bulgaria ==== Na Febụwarị 2023, [[Bulgarian Socialist Party]] kpọrọ oku maka ntuli aka mba na "Echiche Okike". Mgbe ọnwa ahụ gasịrị, ndị otu ahụ toro mkpebi [[Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Bọlgeria|Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu]] na ọ bụ naanị mmekọahụ dị ndụ ka a pụrụ idepụta n'akwụkwọ gọọmentị nakwa na a pụghị ịgbanwe ya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.novinite.com/articles/218824/The+Bulgarian+Socialist+Party+wants+to+Hold+a+Referendum+on+Gender+Ideology |title=The Bulgarian Socialist Party wants to Hold a Referendum on Gender Ideology|date=2023-02-12|access-date=2026-03-24|website=novinite.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2023/02/21/bulgarian-supreme-court-rules-against-transgender-peoples-rights/ |title=Bulgarian Supreme Court Rules Against Transgender People's Rights |date=21 February 2023 |access-date=2026-03-24|website=BalkanInsight|last=Todorov|first=Svetoslav}}</ref> ==== Croatia ==== Na 2012, gọọmentị Croatia nke [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|SDP]] duziri tụrụ aro ''Mmụta Ahụike'' dị ka isiokwu ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ a chọrọ n'aka ụlọ akwụkwọ Croatian. A katọrọ mmemme nke onye mmụta ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nke ukwuu site n'aka ndị [[Nzukọ Episcopal nke Croatia|Nzukọ Ndị Bishọp Croatia]] na njikọ ndị ọzọ dịka ndị nchebara echiche ma ọ bụ okpukperechi dika [[:hr:Grozd – Glas roditelja za djecu|GROZD]] maka iwebata ihe ha kpọrọ "echiche nwoke na nwanyị" na "mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị" n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Croatia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GROZD: Predmet je besmislen; Jovanović: Ne želim trošiti vrijeme na njih! |url=https://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/prepucavanje-ide-dalje-danas-grozd-ima-presicu.html |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=DNEVNIK.hr |language=hr}}</ref> Na 2017, [[gọọmentị Croatia]] nke aka nri etiti [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]] na-edu kwupụtara na ha ga-akwado [[Mgbakọ Kansụl nke Yuropu maka Mgbochi na Ịlụso Ime Ihe Ike Megide Ụmụnwaanyị na Ime Ihe Ike n'Ụlọ ọgụ]], nke a maara nke ọma dịka Mgbakọ Istanbul. Ọ bụ ezie na otu ndị na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị toro ya, ihe a mere ka a katọọ ya nke ukwuu site na Mgbakọ Bishọp Croatia, Chọọchị Katọlik, na ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado omenala na ndị aka nri na otu dị iche iche dịka [[:hr:U ime obitelji|U ime obitelji]], maka ịbụ mgbakọ nke a na-ekwu na ọ na-alụso ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị ọgụ ma "na-ewebata echiche nwoke na nwanyị na nzuzo" n'ime ndị omeiwu Croatia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Romac |first=Denis |date=1 April 2018 |title=Rodna ideologija u Istanbulskoj konvenciji? |trans-title=Gender ideology in the Istanbul Convention? |url=https://www.dw.com/bs/rodna-ideologija-u-istanbulskoj-konvenciji-%C4%8Dinjenica-ili-teorija-zavjere/a-43198142 |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=hr}}</ref> Ndị nkatọ kọwara nke a n'ihi ederede nkwekọrịta ahụ site na iji okwu "gender" na "gender identity" n'ahịrịokwu ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ iwu Croatia malitere na opekata mpe afọ 2008 nke ejirila usoro ndị a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Žao nam je svih koji luduju oko Istanbulske, ali rodni identitet u našem je zakonu već 10 godina |url=https://www.telegram.hr/politika-kriminal/zao-nam-je-svih-koji-luduju-oko-istanbulske-ali-rodni-identitet-u-nasem-je-zakonu-vec-10-godina/ |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Telegram.hr |language=hr |last1=Hr |first1=Telegram}}</ref> Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, otu atụmatụ ụmụ amaala kpọrọ "Eziokwu gbasara Mgbakọ Istanbul" (''[[:hr:Istina o Istanbulskoj|Istina o Istanbulskoj]]'') ehiwere na ebumnuche nke "ịkọwara ụmụ amaala Croatia ezi nzube" nke mgbakọ ahụ, nke a na-ekwu maka "echiche nwoke na nwanyị" na "mwakpo megide ụkpụrụ Croatian, Katọlik, na ezinụlọ".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neprihvatljivo u istanbunskoj konvenciji |url=https://istinaoistanbulskoj.info/neprihvatljivo-u-istanbulskoj-konvenciji |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Istina o Istanbulskoj |language=hr}}</ref> Atụmatụ a haziri ngagharị iwe na ngagharị iwe na [[Zagreb]] na [[Split, Croatia|Split]], nke ihe dị ka mmadụ puku iri na ise bịara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policijske brojke: "Na prosvjedu u Splitu približno je bilo oko 15.000 ljudi" |url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/policijske-brojke-na-prosvjedu-u-splitu-je-okvirno-bilo-oko-15-000-ljudi-1238838|access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Večernji.hr|language=hr}}</ref> Ebumnuche a bụ ịhazi ntuli aka maka ụmụ amaala iji kpebie ma a ga-akwado nkwekọrịta ahụ, mana ha enwetaghị mbinye aka zuru oke achọrọ iji mee ntuli aka.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Istina o Istanbulskoj' prikupila 371.821 potpis, nedostaje im nekoliko tisuća |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/istina-o-istanbulskoj-prikupila-371-821-potpis-nedostaje-im-nekoliko-tisuca-20180530 |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Tportal.hr |language=hr}}</ref> Òtù LGBTQ nke Croatia akpọrọ ''Trans Aid'' gbara akwụkwọ maka ịkpa ókè megide ndị transgender n'okwu ha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tužba protiv GROZD-a zbog diskriminacije trans osoba |url=https://gong.hr/2018/06/20/tuzba-protiv-grozd-a-zbog-diskriminacije-trans-oso/ |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=GONG.hr |date=20 June 2018 |language=hr}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018, ndị omeiwu Croatia kwadoro ka e mee nkwekọrịta Istanbul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Velikom većinom izglasana Istanbulska konvencija. Dalić tijesno dobila podršku |url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/danas-glasovanje-o-istanbulskoj-konvenciji-i-smjeni-martine-dalic-1238791 |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Večernji.hr|language=hr}}</ref> Ịbịanye aka na mgbakọ ahụ abụrụla ihe dị mkpa n'ịbawanye pati ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị aka nri na Croatia na 2020, dịka [[Àkwà Mmiri (Croatia)|Àkwà Mmiri]] (''Ọtụtụ'') na [[Àkwà Mmiri (Croatia)|Àkwà Mmiri]] (''Àkwà Mmiri Domovinski''), ndi wepụrụ ndị ntuli aka kachasị nwee nchebara echiche na [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]]. Ndị otu pati abụọ a na-akatọ ma na-awakpo "echiche nwoke na nwanyị", ndị mmadụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, ikike LGBTQ, na Mgbakọ Istanbul n'okwu ha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Penava: 'Rodna ideologija neće proći' |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/penava-komentirao-inicijativu-filozofskog-fakulteta-o-pokretanju-rodnih-studija-20240706 |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Tportal.hr |language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Domovinski pokret obećava poništavanje Istanbulske konvencije: 'To je zloćudna tvorba u hrvatskom društvu' |url=https://www.telegram.hr/politika-kriminal/domovinski-pokret-obecava-ponistavanje-istanbulske-konvencije-to-je-zlocudna-tvorba-u-hrvatskom-drustvu/ |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Telegram.hr |language=hr |last1=Hr |first1=Telegram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Grmoja: 'Kad postanem premijer, znat će se da postoje dva roda - muški i ženski' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/grmoja-kad-postanem-premijer-znat-ce-se-da-postoje-dva-roda-muski-i-zenski-15448855/ |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Jutarnji.hr |date=10 April 2024 |language=hr}}</ref> ==== France ==== [[File:Paris - La Manif pour Tous - 20140202 - 8.jpg|thumb|"Le ''gender'', c'est pas mon genre" (''okike'' ọ bụghị okike m/okike m, ọ bụghịkwa ụdị ihe m), ngosipụta nke [[La Manif pour tous]] na [[Paris]], 2 Febụwarị 2014]] [[Farida Belghoul]] na-edu ndị na-emegide nwoke na nwanyị na France.<ref name=Caldini/> na ''[[La Manif pour tous]]'' (LMPT), otu ngagharị iwe nke malitere na mbido afọ 2013 iji lụso [[alụmdi na nwunye nke nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị na France]] ma gbanwee gaa na usoro mmụta nha anya megidere mgbe alụm di na nwunye nwoke na nwoke na nwaanyị na nwanyị nke akwadoro na Mee 2013.{{sfn|Harsin|2018|pp=37–38}} Òtù na-emegide nwoke na nwanyị na France agbasaala asịrị na aghụghọ ụgha, dịka nkwupụta na a na-akụzi mmetọ onwe onye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara ndị France.{{sfn|Harsin|2018|p=43}}{{sfn|Gallot|Pasquier|2018}}<ref name=Caldini>{{cite news |last1=Caldini |first1=Camille |title="Masturbation", "théorie du genre" à l'école... Décryptage de cinq folles rumeurs |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/societe/education/masturbation-theorie-du-genre-a-l-ecole-decryptage-de-cinq-folles-rumeurs_516005.html |access-date=6 August 2020 |work=Franceinfo |date=28 January 2014 |language=fr}}</ref> ==== Germany ==== Na Jamanị, [[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka nri dị anya na Jamanị (1945–ugbu a)|ndị na-eme ihe ike n'aka nri na ndị na-akwado ọchịchị aka nri]] kpara aka megide echiche nke "ara nwoke na nwanyị", nke e ji mara ya dị ka "ngwa agha" megide "ndị German" n'okwu ndị neo-Nazis kpọrọ na 2013.<ref name="Lang-2017">{{cite web |last=Lang |first=Juliane |title='Gender' und 'Genderwahn' |trans-title='Gender' and 'Gender madness' – latest bogeyman of the extreme right |url=https://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/rechtsextremismus/259953/gender-und-genderwahn |date=20 November 2017 |website=BPB |publisher=[[Federal Agency for Civic Education]] |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=de}}</ref> Ọbụnadị n'èzí oke aka nri, e nwere mkparịta ụka dị mkpa gbasara [[mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị]] kemgbe 2006, mgbe [[Eva Herman]] kwuru okwu gbasara ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ na ọrụ ha na-arụ nke {{Lang|de|[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]}} tụlere "ịgbanwe mgbanwe nwoke na nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị". Ndị na-eme ihe ike n'aka nri jiri nke a mee ihe dị ka mmalite maka mkpọsa ezubere iche megide ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name="Lang-2017" /> Otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị German nke aka nri, [[Alternative for Germany | AfD]] (''Alternative für Deutschland''), na-egosi njikọ ya na mmegharị megide nwoke na nwanyị n'akwụkwọ nta ya bụ "Isi Ihe Maka Germany". N'ime broshuọ ahụ, AfD na-emegide mmemme ọmụmụ ihe gbasara okike nke ụmụ nwanyị mgbe sekọndrị gasịrị, "ịhazi okike", na mkparịta ụka gbasara mmekọahụ n'oge nwata n'ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Programm-Faltblatt "Kernpunkte für Deutschland" (indiv.) |url=https://www.wir-lieben-deutschland.de/programm-faltblatt-kernpunkte-fur-deutschland-indiv.html |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=www.wir-lieben-deutschland.de |language=de |accessdate=31 May 2026 |archivedate=24 December 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224144801/https://www.wir-lieben-deutschland.de/programm-faltblatt-kernpunkte-fur-deutschland-indiv.html }}</ref> AfD gosikwara ọnọdụ ya megide nwoke na nwanyị n'akwụkwọ "Manifesto maka Germany" nke afọ 2017, na-ekwu na "echiche okike, mmekorita nwoke na nwanyị n'oge, ego gọọmentị na-enye maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị, usoro oke na iwepụ asụsụ German na okwu ndị kwekọrọ na okike ga-akwụsịrịrị".<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.afd.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017-04-12_afd-grundsatzprogramm-englisch_web.pdf |title=Manifesto for Germany |date=2017-04-12 |language=en |access-date=2026-03-24}}</ref> Ndị otu AfD ahaziela ngagharị iwe megide nwoke na nwanyị n'obodo dịka [[Munich]] na 2023, na-emesi ike ihe egwu a na-ahụ dịka "mgbasa ozi nwoke na nwanyị" megide ụmụaka. Òtù na-emegide nwoke na nwanyị egosila isi ihe kpatara mmụba ngwa ngwa nke AfD, ebe otu ahụ na-egosi nchekwa nke "ezinụlọ ọdịnala" dị ka isi ihe dị mkpa maka ikpo okwu ha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Hajek |first=Katharina |date=27 February 2020 |title=The AfD and right-wing (anti-)gender mobilisation in Germany |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/gender/2020/02/27/the-afd-and-right-wing-anti-gender-mobilisation-in-germany/ |work=Engenderings |publisher=[[London School of Economics]] |location=London}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2013, njikọ aka ngagharị iwe [[fundamentalist Christian]] {{ill|Demo für Alle|de|v=sup}} emeela ngagharị iwe megide [[alụmdi na nwunye nke nwoke na nwoke na nke nwanyị na nwanyị]] na itinye aka na okike.<ref name="Schlegel-2018">{{cite thesis |last=Schlegel |first=Theresa |date=9 May 2018 |title=Deutungsmuster des Geschlechterverhältnisses im "anti-genderistischen" Diskurs am Beispiel der Proteste ("Demo für Alle") gegen den Bildungsplan von Baden-Württemberg 2015 |trans-title=Patterns of interpretation of gender relations in "anti-genderist" discourse using the example of protests ("Demo für Alle") against the 2015 Baden-Württemberg education plan. |type=Master's thesis |page=<!--needed--> |publisher=University of Potsdam |docket= |oclc= |url=https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/opus4-ubp/frontdoor/index/index/start/0/rows/10/sortfield/score/sortorder/desc/searchtype/simple/query/theresa+schlegel/docId/41019 |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=de}}</ref> N'ọgbakọ "Demo für Alle" nke afọ 2014, onye nta akụkọ [[:de:Birgit Kelle|Birgit Kelle]] tiri mkpu na mba Jamanị "na-ejide ụmụaka ka ha na-enwe mmekọahụ ma na-akụzikwa ha ọzọ", na-abanye n'echiche nke mfu nke "[[ikike nne na nna]]" n'ịkụziri ụmụ ha ihe nke AfD jikwa mee ihe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Hungary ==== Dabere na [[Eszter Kováts]] na [[Andrea Pető]], na-ede na 2017, enweghị "mmegharị dị mkpa megide nwoke na nwanyị" na mba ahụ, mana "okwu a na-ahụ anya megide nwoke na nwanyị", karịsịa n'afọ 2010 ndị gara aga, nke ruo ugbu a na-esonyere arụmụka ọha na eze mba ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ.{{sfn|Kováts|Pető|2017|pp=117–118}} Ha dere na okwu ndị Hungary na-ekwu maka ịkpa ókè megide nwoke na nwanyị pụtara n'afọ 2008, mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ mmụta nke otu onye omeiwu [[Fidesz]] katọrọ. Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ahụ kwuru na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ahụ nwere "echiche nwoke na nwanyị" nakwa na "ihe ize ndụ kachasị ukwuu nke usoro a bụ na ọha mmadụ ga-efunahụ njirimara mmekọahụ ha".{{sfn|Kováts|Pető|2017|p=118}} N'ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, okwu megide nwoke na nwanyị pụtara ìhè na 2010, mgbe gọọmentị aka ekpe tinyere ahịrịokwu n'ime usoro ọmụmụ mba ahụ nke na-ekwu na ndị nkuzi ụmụaka kwesịrị "ịma ụma zere ime ka echiche nwoke na nwanyị sikwuo ike na mee ka a kwụsị ajọ mbunobi gbasara ịha nhata ọha mmadụ nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị."{{sfn|Kováts|Pető|2017|p=119}} Ndị mgbasa ozi aka nri nyere mgbanwe a ọtụtụ akụkọ; a na-ekwu na ọ na-akwalite "echiche nwoke na nwanyị".{{sfn|Kováts|Pető|2017|pp=119–120}} ==== Italy ==== N'okpuru [[Giorgia Meloni]], onye a họpụtara dịka praịm minista na [[2022 ntuli aka izugbe nke Itali]], otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Itali nke aka nri, ''[[Brothers of Italy|Fratelli d'Italia]]'' (Ụmụnna nke Itali), etinyela nwoke na nwanyị n'ọnọdụ kacha mma na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. Meloni na-ekwusi ike ugboro ugboro mkpa ọ dị ịkwado ụkpụrụ okike abụọ na omenala gbasara ezinụlọ, ijikọ okwu ndị dị otú ahụ na nchekwa nke mba Itali na ngwa okpukpe. N'ọgbakọ ntuli aka nke afọ 2019, Meloni kwuru sị: "Abụ m Giorgia, abụ m nwanyị, abụ m nne, abụ m onye Itali, abụ m onye Kraịst."<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2022 |title=Italy's far-right 'Christian mother' Meloni |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221021-italy-s-far-right-christian-mother-meloni |access-date=9 July 2024 |work=[[France 24]] |language=en}}</ref> Meloni ji ọkwa ya dịka nne, na-ewere onwe ya dị ka "ihe na-egosi mba nwere omenala na omenala, mana nke oge a"<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Indelicato |first1=Maria Elena |last2=Magalhães Lopes |first2=Maíra |date=February 2024 |title=Understanding populist far-right anti-immigration and anti-gender stances beyond the paradigm of gender as 'a symbolic glue': Giorgia Meloni's modern motherhood, neo-Catholicism, and reproductive racism |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13505068241230819 |journal=European Journal of Women's Studies |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=6–20 |doi=10.1177/13505068241230819 |issn=1350-5068|hdl=10316/115482 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ebe ọ na-agba mbọ mkpa ọ dị ichebe "ezinụlọ ebumpụta ụwa" site na iyi egwu nke "echiche nwoke na nwanyị".{{Sfn|Butler|2024}} Ndị otu [[Lega Nord]] kwadoro mmegide nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na Itali{{sfn|Donà|2020|p=161}} yana otu Pro Vita (ndị jikọtara ya na pati neo-fascist [[New Force (Italy)|New Force]])<ref>[https://www.corriere.it/extra-per-voi/2017/07/06/tutti-legami-pro-vita-forza-nuova-0f71ba70-6254-11e7-84bc-daac3beed6c1.shtml Tutti i legami tra Pro Vita e Forza Nuova]</ref> na Manif wụsa Tous Italia, nke e mesịrị kpọọ Generazione Famiglia.{{sfn|Bellè|Poggio|2018|p=120}} Na ntuli aka izugbe nke Italy [[2018]], Lega Nord tinyere ndị otu Katọlik n'ime ndepụta ntuli aka ya, wee mechie njikọ aka megide okike.{{sfn|Donà|2020|p=162}} ==== Lithuania ==== Ntuli aka [[ndị omeiwu Lithuania nke 2020]] na nguzobe nke njikọ aka n'etiti [[Homeland Union]] na [[Freedom Party (Lithuania)|Freedom Party]], nke nwere echiche dị mma gbasara amụma metụtara LGBTQ, dugara n'ịmepụta mmegharị megide nwoke na nwanyị dịka [[Lithuanian Family Movement]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lietuvos šeimų sąjūdis (in Lithuanian) |url=https://seimusajudis.lt/ |website=Lietuvos šeimų sąjūdis}}</ref> na otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dịka [[National Alliance (Lithuania)|National Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Politinės partijos "Nacionalinis susivienijimas" programa (in Lithuanian) |url=https://susivienijimas.lt/programa/ |website=[[National Alliance (Lithuania)|National Alliance]] |date=17 March 2020}}</ref> ==== Norway ==== Ọkammụta ọmụmụ ihe gbasara okike [[Elisabeth L. Engebretsen]] achọpụtala otu dị iche iche dịka alaka Norway nke [[Nkwupụta Ụmụ Nwanyị Mba Nile]] na LLH2019, otu òtù nke [[LGB Alliance]] nke kpọrọ onwe ya nwanne, dị ka ndị isi na-emegide nwoke na nwanyị na Norway. Dịka Engebretsen si kwuo, otu ndị a bụ akụkụ nke "ihe iyi egwu dị mgbagwoju anya nye ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya".<ref name="Engebretsen">{{cite book |last1=Engebretsen |first1=Elisabeth L. |chapter=Scientizing Gender? An Examination of Anti-Gender Campaigns on Social Media, Norway |title=Populism and Science in Europe |pages=185–206|date=2022|isbn=978-3-030-97534-0|editor-last=Eslen–Ziya|editor-first=H.|editor-link=Hande Eslen-Ziya|editor2-last=Giorgi|editor2-first=A.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-97535-7_9|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97535-7_9}}</ref> Ọkammụta ihe gbasara okike bụ Janne Bromseth dere na [[egbe agbara na 2022 Oslo]] "mere n'ọnọdụ" nakwa na "mmegharị megide nwoke na nwanyị agbanweela ókèala n'arụmụka ọha na eze na Norway n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya," Nke a mere ka "ọnọdụ arụmụka siri ike karị ebe enyerela TERF ndị a haziri ahazi ohere ịtọ atụmatụ maka 'arụmụka gbasara okike' na ihe iyi egwu nke 'echiche nwoke na nwanyị' na-eyi usoro okike.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bromseth |first=Janne |url=https://www.ottar.se/%ef%bf%bcnu-foljer-ilskan-mot-medias-ansvarsloshet/ |title='Nu följer ilskan mot medias ansvarslöshet' |date=7 July 2022 |work=Ottar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712093315/https://www.ottar.se/%EF%BF%BCnu-foljer-ilskan-mot-medias-ansvarsloshet/ |archive-date=12 July 2022}}</ref> ==== Poland ==== [[File:02018 0018 Catholic anti-gay protesters during the Equality March in Rzeszów.jpg|thumb|Ndị Katọlik na-eme ngagharị iwe megide LGBTQ n'oge 2018 [[Equality marches in Poland|ngagharị nha anya]] na [[Rzeszów]], Poland]] Na ngwụcha afọ 2013, okwu ahụ bụ ''gender'' nke a na-ekwu maka mkparịta ụka agụmakwụkwọ, ghọrọ ihe a ma ama dịka akụkụ nke mkpọsa megide nwoke na nwanyị site n'aka ndị aka nri na Chọọchị Katọlik.{{sfn|Graff|2014|p=431}} Ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ahụ maka iwu [[Iwu na Ikpe Ziri Ezi]] nke chịrị Poland n'etiti afọ 2015 na 2023 kwalitere mkpọsa megide "echiche nwoke na nwanyị" ahụ, site n'aka ndị isi Chọọchị Katọlik, na otu ndị mba ọzọ nke na-ahụ maka nnwere onwe nke Iwu na Ikpe Ziri Ezi nwere ókèala dị mfe: [[Ndị Ntorobịa nke Poland Nile]], [[Mbilite Mba nke Poland]], na [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Mgbawa Mba]].{{sfn|Żuk|Żuk|2019|p=2}} Na 2019, ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze {{ill|Piotr Żuk|pl|v=sup}} na Paweł Żuk dere na: "Ndị ikike na Poland na-ahụ ma ndị otu nwanyị na ndị nwoke idina nwoke dịka ihe iyi egwu nye njirimara mba nke metụtara okpukpe Katọlik nakwa dịka ihe iyi egwu nye ụdị ezinụlọ ọdịnala na usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya."{{sfn|Żuk|Żuk|2019|p=3}} [[Okwu ndị na-emegide LGBTQ]] sitere n'aka ndị Poland aka nri mụbara mgbe e mechara [[2015 nsogbu ndị si mba ọzọ kwabata na Yuropu]], nke okwu ndị na-emegide ndị si mba ọzọ pụta ìhè.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Santora |first1=Marc |title=Poland's Populists Pick a New Top Enemy: Gay People |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/07/world/europe/poland-gay-rights.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article |access-date=6 August 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Site n'okwu ndị na-emegide nwoke na nwanyị, obodo LGBTQ jere ozi dị ka onye iro ma ọ bụ onye iro mmụọ ọjọọ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị na-akwado ọha mmadụ chọrọ.{{sfn|Żuk|Żuk|2019|pp=19–20}} Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2020 gbasara [[ihe atụ nnọchiteanya]] nke 1,000 ndị Poland chọpụtara na 30% kwenyere na e nwere nzukọ ''nwoke na nwanyị'', "a kọwara ya dị ka atụmatụ nzuzo iji bibie omenala Ndị Kraịst site n'ịchịkwa mgbasa ozi ọha na eze".<ref name="Conversation" /> Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na nkwenye na ''nzukọ nwoke na nwanyị'' ejikọtaghị ya na okpukperechi; o jikọtara ya nke ọma na nkwenye na Chọọchị Katọlik kwesịrị ịnọ n'ọkwa dị mma n'obodo na ịjụ ndị LGBTQ dị ka ndị agbata obi.<ref name="Conversation" />{{sfn|Marchlewska ''et al.''|2019|pp=775–776}} Marta Rawłuszko na-atụ aro na ndị Poland nwere ike ịchọta atụmatụ aghụghọ n'ihi atụmatụ ndị e mere n'oge [[Polish People's Republic|ọchịchị kọmunist]].{{sfn|Rawłuszko|2019|p=17}} Na Juun 2020, onyeisiala Poland [[Andrzej Duda]] nke Iwu na Ikpe Ziri Ezi dọtara uche mgbe ọ kpọrọ [[echiche LGBTQ|LGBTQ "echiche"]] na ụdị "neo-Bolshevism", tupu [[2020 ntuli aka onyeisiala Poland]].<ref name=Krakow>{{cite news |last1=Hoffman |first1=Steven |title=What is 'LGBT ideology', and why are Polish people talking about it? |url=http://www.krakowpost.com/22453/2020/06/what-is-lgbt-ideology-and-why-are-polish-people-talking-about-it |access-date=5 August 2020 |work=[[The Krakow Post]] |date=20 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dellanna |first1=Alessio |title=LGBT campaigners denounce President Duda's comments on "communism" |url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/06/15/polish-president-says-lgbt-ideology-is-worse-than-communism |access-date=5 August 2020 |work=[[Euronews]] |date=15 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ====Sweden==== Mgbasa ozi megide nwoke na nwanyị na-akawanye njọ na mba Sweden. Ndị ọkà mmụta edekọọla etu mba Swidin, n'agbanyeghị aha ya dịka mba nhata nwoke na nwanyị, si emetụta ihe a kpọrọ "onye nzuzu [[de-democratization]]", nke na-eme ka mba ahụ nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu, usoro nke obere mana mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mkparịta ụka na-emebi ụkpụrụ [[Democracy Liberal|Democracy Liberal]] site na ime ka ndị mmadụ na-adịghị ike dịka ndị trans, ndị si mba ọzọ kwabata, na ndị agbụrụ ha pere mpe.<ref name="Karlberg">{{cite journal |last1=Karlberg |first1=Eva |last2=Korolczuk |first2=Elżbieta |last3=Sältenberg |first3=Hansalbin |title=Insidious de-democratization: Conceptualizing anti-gender politics in Sweden |journal=[[Journal of Gender Studies]] |date=2025 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=732–748 |doi=10.1080/09589236.2024.2446345 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-akwalite okwu mkparị megide nwoke na nwanyị na Sweden, gụnyere ndị otu aka nri [[Sweden Democrats]] na [[Christian Democrats (Sweden)|Christian Democrats]], ndị megidere mgbanwe iwu na-eme ka ikike ndị transgender sikwuo ike.<ref name="Grahn"/> Ndị otu a na-akwado mmegide ha n'ihe gbasara ichekwa ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ụkpụrụ ndị Sweden. N'otu oge ahụ, echiche ndị na-emegide nwoke na nwanyị amụbaala n'etiti ụfọdụ otu ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe ike bụ́ ndị na-akpọ "[[ndị na-akatọ nwoke na nwanyị]]". Otu ihe atụ pụtara ìhè bụ [[Swedish Women's Lobby]] (SWL), nke ndị ọkà mmụta na otu ndị obodo katọrọ n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya maka ịnakwere ọnọdụ ndị na-abụghị ndị mmadụ.<ref name="Alm">{{cite journal |last1=Alm |first1=Erika |last2=Engebretsen |first2=Elisabeth Lund |title=Gender Self-identification |journal=[[Lambda Nordica]]|date=2020 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=48–56 |doi=10.34041/ln.v25.613|hdl=11250/3048285 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Grahn">{{cite journal |last1=Grahn |first1=Michal |last2=Holm |first2=Malin |title=Trans inclusive no more? Allies and adversaries of gender self-identification in Sweden |journal=European Journal of Politics and Gender |date=2025 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=234–241 |doi=10.1332/25151088Y2024D000000052}}</ref><ref name="Karlberg"/> Na 2025, SWL wepụtara otu Women's Platform for Action International (WoPAI), otu netwọk mba ụwa nke na-akwalite "[[ikike ndị metụtara mmekọahụ]]" ma na-emegide ihe ọ kpọrọ "mmegharị na-akwado nwoke na nwanyị", "[[atumatu queer]]" na echiche nke [[njikọ nwoke na nwanyị]].<ref name="who">{{cite web |url=https://www.womensplatformforaction.org/why-wopai-is-needed/ |title=Why WoPAI is needed |date=5 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220151317/https://www.womensplatformforaction.org/why-wopai-is-needed/ |publisher=Women's Platform for Action International (WoPAI) |archive-date=2025-02-20}}</ref> Nnyocha na-egosi na mbọ ndị a na-alụso nwoke na nwanyị ọgụ na Sweden abụghị naanị ikike iwu kamakwa mmepụta ihe ọmụma, gụnyere ọmụmụ ihe gbasara okike na agụmakwụkwọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, nke ndị nkatọ na-akpọkarị dị ka echiche ma ọ bụ ihe na-abụghị sayensị. Ndị mmegide na-ejikarị arụmụka gbasara ichebe "ezi uche" na "sayensị" na mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-egosipụta akụkọ ndị metụtara mmegharị mba ụwa nke ndị aka nri na ndị populist.<ref name="Karlberg"/> Mmụba nke mkparịta ụka megide nwoke na nwanyị na-abawanye na mmụba nke ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na iyi egwu, karịsịa ndị na-akwado mgbanwe ụmụ nwanyị, ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị, na ndị na-akwado agbụrụ. Nke a gụnyere mmegbu n'ịntanetị, iyi egwu, na mmegbu ọha. Ndị nchọpụta na-arụ ụka na ime ihe ike dị otú ahụ, ma ihe nnọchianya ma ihe anụ ahụ, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime ka ndị na-anaghị anabata echiche na imebi ndị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.<ref name="Karlberg"/> === North America === ==== Canada ==== N'afọ 2023, ọtụtụ ngagharị iwe megide LGBTQ, nke akpọrọ "1 Million March 4 Children", mere n'obodo dị iche iche na Kanada.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Week |first1=Peterborough This |title=Police close George Street for 1 Million March 4 Children protest and counter-protest in Peterborough |url=https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/news/police-close-george-street-for-1-million-march-4-children-protest-and-counter-protest-in/article_c5f930a1-dae2-5b42-83b1-aeffec7f0433.html |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=The Peterborough Examiner |date=20 September 2023 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928072512/https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/news/police-close-george-street-for-1-million-march-4-children-protest-and-counter-protest-in/article_c5f930a1-dae2-5b42-83b1-aeffec7f0433.html |archive-date=28 September 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cross-country rallies against 'gender ideology' in schools met with counter-protests |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/cross-country-rallies-against-gender-ideology-in-schools-met-with-counter-protests-1.6569373 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920165221/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/cross-country-rallies-against-gender-ideology-in-schools-met-with-counter-protests-1.6569373 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=[[CTV News]] |date=20 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why were there anti-LGBTQ2S+ demonstrations in Toronto? |url=https://www.cp24.com/news/why-were-there-anti-lgbtq2s-demonstrations-in-toronto-1.6569354 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=CP24 |date=20 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hundreds show up at rallies for and against teaching gender diversity in B.C. schools |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/sogi-marches-bc-1.6972195 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=20 September 2023}}</ref> Ndị ngagharị iwe kwadoro ka e wepụ "aha ndị a na-akpọ aha, echiche nwoke na nwanyị na ụlọ ịsa ahụ agwakọtara agwakọta" n'ebe agụmakwụkwọ dị,<ref name="chch 1">{{cite news |last1=Kaul |first1=Aru |title=Counter-rallies set amid Canada-wide protests against gender identity education |url=https://www.chch.com/counter-rallies-set-amid-canada-wide-protests-against-gender-identity-education/ |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=www.chch.com |date=20 September 2023 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921134859/https://www.chch.com/counter-rallies-set-amid-canada-wide-protests-against-gender-identity-education/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ma kwuo na ụmụaka na-enweta isiokwu "na-ekwesịghị ekwesị" gbasara mmekọahụ na [[njide nwoke na nwanyị]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cross-country rallies against 'gender ideology' in schools met with counter-protests |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/events-planned-across-canada-to-counter-upcoming-anti-lgbtq2s-rallies-1.6569373 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928072511/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/events-planned-across-canada-to-counter-upcoming-anti-lgbtq2s-rallies-1.6569373 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=[[CTV News]] |date=20 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Ma ọ dịkarịa ala, e mere atụmatụ ma ọ bụ mee ngagharịiwe 63 megide ngagharịiwe ahụ.<ref name="chch 1"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bueckert |first1=Kate |title=Hundreds of protesters and counter-protesters rally in Kitchener, Guelph over LGBTQ rights in schools |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener-waterloo/waterloo-region-guelph-million-march-protest-counter-1.6971519 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=20 September 2023}}</ref> Na Septemba 19, 2023, otu ndị ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ dị na Ontario mebiri ụlọ ọrụ atọ site na ozi ndị na-emegide LGBTQ.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ontario school union tells premier to speak out after offices vandalized with anti-LGBTQ messages |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/london/cupe-vandalized-london-ont-1.6972049 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=19 September 2023}}</ref> N'ịzaghachi ngagharị ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Ontario gosipụtara nkwado ha maka ụmụ akwụkwọ LGBTQ, ndị ọrụ, na ezinụlọ.<ref name="CBC-Heated"/> Na [[Ottawa]], a nwụchiri ndị ngagharị iwe abụọ maka "ịkpali ịkpọasị" site na "igosi ihe ndị na-egosi ịkpọasị".<ref name="CBC-Heated">{{cite news |title=Arrests, heated exchanges mark rallies for and against teaching LGBTQ rights in schools |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/rallies-gender-schools-1.6972606 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=20 September 2023}}</ref> E jidere onye ọzọ maka nsogbu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Three arrests made at 'Million March for Children' protest on Parliament Hill |url=https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/three-arrests-made-at-million-march-for-children-protest-on-parliament-hill-1.6568706 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920190619/https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/three-arrests-made-at-million-march-for-children-protest-on-parliament-hill-1.6568706 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=Ottawa |date=20 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Onyeisi obodo Ottawa [[Mark Sutcliffe]] katọrọ ngagharịiwe ndị a,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Média |first1=Bell |title=Three arrests made at 'Million March for Children' protest on Parliament Hill |url=https://www.iheartradio.ca/580-cfra/news/ottawa-mayor-condemns-anti-lgbtq2s-million-march-for-children-rally-in-ottawa-1.20274472 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=www.iheartradio.ca |date=20 September 2023 |language=en-CA}}</ref> yana obodo ndị dị ka [[Whitehorse]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Giilck |first1=T.S. |title=Whitehorse Daily Star: City, YEU condemn 'Million March 4 Children' |url=https://www.whitehorsestar.com/News/city-yeu-condemn-million-march-4-children |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=[[Whitehorse Daily Star]] |date=19 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> ==== United States ==== Na 2021, e nwere ngagharị iwe na [[Puerto Rico]] megide mmalite nke "usoro mmụta echiche nwoke na nwanyị" n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha nke e kere n'okpuru Gọvanọ mbụ [[Alejandro García Padilla]] ma bụrụ nke e mere n'okpuru Gọvanọ [[Pedro Pierluisi]]. Ndị ngagharị iwe kwuru na ha megidere "Echiche Okike". Ndị kwuru okwu gụnyere Bishop [[Daniel Fernández Torres]], ọkà mmụta sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Agustín Laje]], na ndị ndu okpukperechi ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/248699/march-against-gender-ideology-in-schools-held-in-puerto-rico|title=March against gender ideology in schools held in Puerto Rico}}</ref> === Latin America === ==== Brazil ==== Onye bụbu [[Onyeisiala Brazil]] [[Jair Bolsonaro]] akọwaala "ndị ọkà mmụta echiche nwoke na nwanyị" dị ka ike na-emegide Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na-agbasochi omenala anya. O kwukwara na ọ chọrọ ịmachibido "echiche nwoke na nwanyị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Abdou|first=Leila Hadj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYM0EAAAQBAJ|title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology|date=14 August 2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-000-41700-5|editor-last=Haynes|editor-first=Jeffrey|language=en|chapter=Religion and Gender}}</ref> ==== Colombia ==== N'oge ntuli aka [[2016 Colombia's convention convention conferendum]], otu Ndị Kraịst evangelical na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka nri bụ́ ndị megidere nkwekọrịta udo rụrụ ụka na nchekwa maka ndị LGBTQ nọ na nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ "ngwa eji etinye echiche nwoke na nwanyị".{{sfn|Corredor|2019|p=614}}{{sfn|Kuhar |Paternotte|2017|p=3}}<ref name="Beltran-Creely"/> Nke a nyeere aka kpalie ọtụtụ n'ime [[Mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Evangelical na Latin America|ndị ntuli aka oziọma]] imegide nkwekọrịta ahụ, nke ndị ntuli aka jụrụ n'ikpeazụ,<ref name="Beltran-Creely">William Mauricio Beltrán, Sian Creely, ''[https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/9/12/418Pentecostals, Gender Ideology and the Peace Plebiscite: Colombia 2016]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'', in ''Religions'' (2018), volume 9, issue 10</ref> 50.22% (Mba) rụọ 49.78% (Ee). === Middle East === ==== Iraq ==== N'afọ 2023, gọọmentị Iraq nyere iwu ka ọha na eze machibido ndị mgbasa ozi iji okwu ahụ bụ "okike nwoke na nwanyị". O kwukwara ka e zere okwu ahụ bụ "nwoke idina nwoke" iji kwado "mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị".<ref name="iraq">{{cite web |last=Nazzarro |first=Miranda |date=10 August 2023 |title=Iraq bans media usage of words 'homosexuality', 'gender': reports |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4146466-iraq-bans-media-usage-homosexuality-gender-reports/ |website=The Hill}}</ref> ==== Turkey ==== Gọọmentị akwadola ngagharị iwe megide LGBTQ nke a kpọrọ "Nzukọ Ezinụlọ Ukwu" site n'izipụ nkwupụta ọha na eze na TV mba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thousands gather at anti-LGBTI+ rally in İstanbul |url=https://bianet.org/haber/thousands-gather-at-anti-lgbti-rally-in-istanbul-267328 |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=bianet.org |language=en}}</ref> The state also suppresses pride parades.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2023 |title=Police detain 50 after Pride march in Istanbul |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/police-detain-50-after-pride-march-istanbul-2023-06-25/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Otu n'ime isi ihe kpatara ihe a ji emegide nwoke na nwanyị bụ ọgbakọ okpukpe dị na Tọki. Ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị niile dị mkpa nke [[People's Alliance (Turkey)|Cumhur İttifakı]] na ụfọdụ ndị a ma ama sitere na pati ndị mmegide, na-etinyekwa aka n'okwu megide nwoke na nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=LGBTİ+ dernekleri, seçim kampanyasındaki nefret dilinden şikayetçi: 'Biz kime güveneceğiz?' |url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/clm99rg915po |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=BBC News Türkçe |language=tr}}</ref> == Hukwa == * ''[[Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe]]'' – akwụkwọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo gbasara mmegharị ahụ * [[Anti-transgender movement in the United Kingdom]] * [[Christianity and transgender people]] * [[Discrimination against non-binary people]] * [[Gender and politics]] * [[Gender empowerment]] * [[Homosexuality and religion]] * [[Identity politics]] * [[List of conspiracy theories]] * [[Societal attitudes toward homosexuality]] * [[Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States]] == Edensibia == ;Notes {{notelist}} ;Footnotes {{reflist}} == Isi mmalite == {{refbegin|indent=yes|35em}} * {{cite book |last1=Bellè |first1=Elisa |last2=Poggio |first2=Barbara |editor1-last=Kovala |editor1-first=Urpo |editor2-last=Palonen |editor2-first=Emilia |editor3-last=Ruotsalainen |editor3-first=Maria |editor4-last=Saresma |editor4-first=Tuija |title=Populism on the loose |date=2018 |publisher=Nykykulttuurin tutkimuskeskuksen julkaisuja |isbn=978-951-39-7401-5 |url=https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/57477 |chapter=New faces of populism: the Italian 'anti-gender' mobilization |chapter-url=https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/57477/978-951-39-7401-5.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y#page=120 }} * {{Cite book |last=Butler |first=Judith |title=Who's Afraid of Gender? |url=https://archive.org/details/whosafraidofgend0000unse |date= |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2024 |isbn=978-0-374-60822-4 |edition=First |location=New York, NY |language=en }} * {{cite journal |last1=Donà |first1=Alessia |title=The populist Italian Lega from ethno-regionalism to radical right-wing nationalism: backsliding gender-equality policies with a little help from the anti-gender movement |journal=European Journal of Politics and Gender |date=2020 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=161–163 |doi=10.1332/251510819X15657567135115 |s2cid=202306955}} * {{cite journal |last1=Careaga-Pérez |first1=Gloria |title=Moral Panic and Gender Ideology in Latin America |journal=Religion and Gender |date=2016 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=251–255 |doi=10.18352/rg.10174 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Corredor |first1=Elizabeth S. |title=Unpacking 'Gender Ideology' and the Global Right's Antigender Countermovement |url=https://archive.org/details/signs_spring-2019_44_3/page/613 |journal=[[Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society]] |date=2019 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=613–638 |doi=10.1086/701171 |s2cid=150203294 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Dahl |first1=Ulrika |last2=kennedy-macfoy |first2=madeleine |title=(Anti) Gender Studies and Populist movements in Europe |journal=[[European Journal of Women's Studies]] |date=2020 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=282–284 |doi=10.1177/1350506820929220 |s2cid=219756407}} * {{cite journal |last1=Gallot |first1=Fanny |last2=Pasquier |first2=Gaël |title=L'école à l'épreuve de la 'théorie du genre' : les effets d'une polémique: Introduction |journal=Cahiers du Genre |date=2018 |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=5– |doi=10.3917/cdge.065.0005 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Graff |first1=Agnieszka |author-link=Agnieszka Graff |title=Report from the gender trenches: War against 'genderism' in Poland |journal=European Journal of Women's Studies |date=2014 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=431–435 |doi=10.1177/1350506814546091 |s2cid=147367936}} * {{cite journal |last1=Graff |first1=Agnieszka |title='Gender Ideology': Weak Concepts, Powerful Politics |journal=Religion and Gender |date=2016 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=268–272 |doi=10.18352/rg.10177 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Harsin |first1=Jayson |title=Post-Truth Populism: The French Anti-Gender Theory Movement and Cross-Cultural Similarities |journal=[[Communication, Culture and Critique]] |date=2018 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=35–52 |doi=10.1093/ccc/tcx017}} * {{cite book |last1=Kováts |first1=Eszter |editor1-last=Köttig |editor1-first=Michaela |editor2-last=Bitzan |editor2-first=Renate |editor3-last=Petö |editor3-first=Andrea |title=Gender and Far Right Politics in Europe |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-43533-6 |pages=175–189 |chapter=The Emergence of Powerful Anti-Gender Movements in Europe and the Crisis of Liberal Democracy}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Kuhar |editor1-first=Roman |editor2-last=Paternotte |editor2-first=David |title=Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality |url=https://archive.org/details/antigendercampai0000unse |date=2017 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-78660-001-1 |chapter=Anti-gender discourse in Hungary: A discourse without a movement? |last1=Kováts |first1=Eszter |last2=Pető |first2=Andrea |pages=[https://archive.org/details/antigendercampai0000unse/page/117 117]–132 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Kováts |first1=Eszter |title=Questioning Consensuses: Right-Wing Populism, Anti-Populism, and the Threat of 'Gender Ideology' |journal=[[Sociological Research Online]] |date=2018 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=528–538 |doi=10.1177/1360780418764735 |s2cid=149904118}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Kováts |editor-first=Eszter |editor2-first=Maari |editor2-last=Põim |date=2015 |title=Gender as Symbolic Glue. The Position and Role of Conservative and Far Right Parties in the Anti-gender Mobilisation in Europe. |publisher=Foundation for European Progressive Studies and [[Friedrich Ebert Foundation]] |url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/budapest/11382.pdf }} * {{cite book |last1=Kováts |first1=Eszter |editor1-last=Dietze |editor1-first=Gabriele |editor2-last=Roth |editor2-first=Julia |title=Right-Wing Populism and Gender: European Perspectives and Beyond |date=2020 |publisher=transcript Verlag |isbn=978-3-8394-4980-6 |chapter=Post-Socialist Conditions and the Orbán Government's Gender Politics between 2010 and 2019 in Hungary |pages=75–99 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/42823107 }} * {{cite book |last1=Kuhar |first1=Roman |last2=Paternotte |first2=David |title=Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality |url=https://archive.org/details/antigendercampai0000unse |date=2017 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-78660-001-1 |chapter=Introduction }} * {{cite journal |last1=Marchlewska |first1=Marta |last2=Cichocka |first2=Aleksandra |last3=Łozowski |first3=Filip |last4=Górska |first4=Paulina |last5=Winiewski |first5=Mikołaj |title=In search of an imaginary enemy: Catholic collective narcissism and the endorsement of gender conspiracy beliefs |journal=[[The Journal of Social Psychology]] |date=2019 |volume=159 |issue=6 |pages=766–779 |doi=10.1080/00224545.2019.1586637 |pmid=30870100 |s2cid=78092505 |url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/73073/4/In%20Search%20of%20an%20Imaginary%20Enemy1.pdf |ref={{sfnref |Marchlewska et al. |2019}} }} * {{cite book |first1=Stefanie |last1=Mayer |first2=Birgit |last2=Sauer |editor1-last=Kuhar |editor1-first=Roman |editor2-last=Paternotte |editor2-first=David |title=Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality |title-link=Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe |date=2017 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-78660-001-1 |chapter='Gender ideology' in Austria: Coalitions around an empty signifier}} * {{cite book |last1=Pető |first1=Andrea |title=Gender and Power in Eastern Europe |date=2021 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-53130-0 |pages=35–44 |chapter-url=https://hal.science/hal-04215248/file/Feminist_Stories_from_an_Illiberal_State.pdf |chapter=Feminist Stories from an Illiberal State: Revoking the License to Teach Gender Studies in Hungary at a University in Exile (CEU) |series=Societies and Political Orders in Transition |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-53130-0_4 |s2cid=228869405 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Rawłuszko |first1=Marta |title=And If the Opponents of Gender Ideology Are Right? Gender Politics, Europeanization, and the Democratic Deficit |journal=Politics & Gender |date=2019 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=301–323 |doi=10.1017/S1743923X19000576 |s2cid=210541940}} * {{cite journal |last1=Sosa |first1=Lorena |title=Beyond gender equality? Anti-gender campaigns and the erosion of human rights and democracy |journal=Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights |date=2021 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=3–10 |doi=10.1177/0924051921996697 |s2cid=232132773|doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |url=https://www.wydawnictwo.wsb.pl/sites/wydawnictwo.wsb.pl/files/czasopisma-tresc/chsp_14_net.pdf#page=13 |journal=Chorzowskie Studia Polityczne |issue=14 |date=2017 |last=Wawrowski |first=Łukasz |title=Czy jest sens dyskutować z przeciwnikami tzw. ideologii gender? |language=pl |trans-title=Does it make sense to debate the opponents of the so-called gender ideology? |pages=13– |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=31 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114045510/https://www.wydawnictwo.wsb.pl/sites/wydawnictwo.wsb.pl/files/czasopisma-tresc/chsp_14_net.pdf#page=13 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal |last1=Żuk |first1=Piotr |last2=Żuk |first2=Paweł |title='Murderers of the unborn' and 'sexual degenerates': analysis of the 'anti-gender' discourse of the Catholic Church and the nationalist right in Poland |journal=Critical Discourse Studies |date=2019 |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=566–588 |doi=10.1080/17405904.2019.1676808 |s2cid=210358322}} {{refend}} == Ịgụkwu ihe == {{refbegin|indent=yes|35em}} * {{cite book |title=Anti-Gender Movements on the Rise? Strategising for Gender Equality in Central and Eastern Europe |date=2015 |publisher=[[Heinrich Böll Foundation]] |isbn=978-3-86928-139-1 |url=https://www.boell.de/en/2015/04/21/anti-gender-movements-rise |series=Publication Series on Democracy |volume=38}} * {{cite book |last1=Graff |first1=Agnieszka |last2=Korolczuk |first2=Elżbieta |title=Anti-Gender Politics in the Populist Moment |url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/50542 |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |hdl=20.500.12657/50542 |isbn=978-1-000-41334-2 |language=en}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Hark |editor1-first=Sabine |editor2-last=Villa |editor2-first=Paula-Irene |title=Anti-Genderismus: Sexualität und Geschlecht als Schauplätze aktueller politischer Auseinandersetzungen |date=2017 |publisher=transcript Verlag |isbn=978-3-8394-3144-3 |language=de, en |trans-title=Anti-genderism: Sexuality and gender as arenas of current political conflicts}}<!-- Review: http://www.ethik-und-gesellschaft.de/ojs/index.php/eug/article/viewFile/eug-2-2017-rez-5/517 --> *Aiko Holvikivi, Billy Holzberg, Tomás Ojeda, eds. (2024): ''Transnational Anti-Gender Politics: Feminist Solidarity in Times of Global Attacks'', Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-3-031-54222-0 * {{cite journal |last1=Krampl |first1=Ulrike |last2=von Tippelskirch |first2=Xenia |title=Anti-Gender-Bewegungen in Europa. Erste kritische Bestandsaufnahmen |journal=L'Homme |date=2017 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=101–108 |doi=10.14220/lhom.2017.28.2.101 |language=de}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Kuhar |editor1-first=Roman |editor2-last=Paternotte |editor2-first=David |title=Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality |title-link=Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe |date=2017 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-78660-001-1 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Lavizzari |first1=Anna |title=Protesting Gender: The LGBTIQ Movement and its Opponents in Italy |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-76792-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Sauer |first1=Birgit |editor1-last=Atzmüller |editor1-first=Roland |editor2-last=Aulenbacher |editor2-first=Brigitte |editor3-last=Brand |editor3-first=Ulrich |editor4-last=Décieux |editor4-first=Fabienne |editor5-last=Fischer |editor5-first=Karin |editor6-last=Sauer |editor6-first=Birgit |title=Capitalism in Transformation: Movements and Countermovements in the 21st Century |date=2019 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-78897-424-0 |pages=169–182 |chapter=Cultural war 2.0? The relevance of gender in the radical populist-nationalist right}} * {{cite book |last1=Towns |first1=Ann |title=Culture and Order in World Politics |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-48497-8 |pages=271–293 |chapter=Gender, Nation and the Generation of Cultural Difference across 'The West'}} {{refend}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/gender/tag/anti-gender-politics/ Anti-gender politics] at [[London School of Economics]] blogs * [https://www.ilga-europe.org/responding-to-anti-gender Responding to anti-gender] at [[ILGA-Europe]] [[Category:21st-century social movements]] [[Category:Anti-gender movement| ]] [[Category:Anti-LGBTQ sentiment]] [[Category:Anti-rights movements]] [[Category:Christian fundamentalism]] [[Category:Discrimination against transgender people]] [[Category:LGBTQ-related controversies]] [[Category:Moral panic]] [[Category:Radical feminism]] [[Category:Religion and LGBTQ people]] [[Category:Right-wing politics]] [[Category:Right-wing populism]] [[Category:Scares]] [[Category:Sexuality and gender-related conspiracy theories]] [[Category:Social conservatism]] [[Category:Transgender topics and religion]] [[Category:Transphobia]] g5ne7tdisw2blx1vd8hc0ojprxwz1vs 0 76998 728129 722804 2026-09-26T07:50:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728129 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Template:Template for discussion/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:Pashtun people.jpg|thumb|Ndi Pashtum ]] <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  Pashtuns<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="7" href="./Afghanistan" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan, Western Pakistan, and elsewhere, most of whom are Muslim in religion [C17: from Hindi]|access-date=1 January 2012}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki><nowiki><ref name=\"Fürer-Haimendorf-1985\">{{cite book|last=von Fürer-Haimendorf|first=Christoph|author-link=Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf|title=Tribal populations and cultures of the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRSOnRfPAq0C&pg=PA126|series=Handbuch der Orientalistik/2,7|year=1985|publisher=[[E. J. Brill]]|location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-07120-2|page=126|oclc=240120731|access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref></nowiki>}}"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="cite_ref-34" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref">[./Pashtuns#cite_note-34 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> bụ Agbụrụ Iran nke bi na ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ Afghanistan na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Pakistan. <ref name="Caldwell2011">{{Cite book|author=Dan Caldwell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSvp3VTGRecC&pg=PA36|title=Vortex of Conflict: U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq|date=17 February 2011|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-7666-0|quote=A majority of Pashtuns live south of the Hindu Kush (the 500-mile mountain range that covers northwestern Pakistan to central and eastern Pakistan) and with some Persian-speaking ethnic groups.}}</ref> A na-akpọ ha '''Ndị Afghanistan''' n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ọbụna n'ime afọ ndị 1970, ọ bụ ezie na iwu nke 1923 malitere iji 'Afghans' dị ka aha mmụọ ọjọọ maka ụmụ amaala niile nke Alaeze ahụ, n'agbanyeghị agbụrụ ha, iji mepụta njirimara mba Afghanistan.[h]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/constitutional-history-of-afghanistan|title=Constitutional History of Afghanistan|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|accessdate=2010-12-08}}</ref><ref name="AO-1923">{{Cite web|url=http://www.afghan-web.com/history/const/const1923.html|title=Constitution of Afghanistan (1923)|publisher=Afghanistan Online|accessdate=2010-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226102808/http://www.afghan-web.com/history/const/const1923.html|archivedate=2015-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Afghanistan – Wikisource, the free online library|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Afghanistan|accessdate=29 March 2024|work=en.wikisource.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Tyler|first=John A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_hLEAAAQBAJ&dq=term+afghan+other+ethnic+groups&pg=PT110|title=Afghanistan Graveyard of Empires: Why the Most Powerful Armies of Their Time Found Only Defeat or Shame in This Land of Endless Wars|date=10 October 2021|publisher=Aries Consolidated LLC|isbn=978-1-387-68356-7|language=en|quote=The largest ethnic group in Afghanistan is that of Pashtuns, who were historically known as the Afghans. The term Afghan is now intended to indicate people of other ethnic groups as well.}}</ref> Ndị Pashtun na-asụ Asụsụ Pashto, nke sitere na alaka Eastern Iran nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Iran. A na-asụ asụsụ Wanetsi karịsịa n'etiti ndị Pashtun nke Agbụrụ Tareen na Pakistan, na Ormuri n'etiti ụmụ Ormur na ndị Wazir Pashtuns. Tụkwasị na nke a, Dari na-eje ozi dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ nke ndị Pashtun na [[Afghanistan]], <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bodetti|first=Austin|title=What will happen to Afghanistan's national languages?|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2019/7/11/what-will-happen-to-afghanistans-national-languages|work=The New Arab|date=11 July 2019|archive-date=14 April 2021|access-date=26 June 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414230310/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2019/7/11/what-will-happen-to-afghanistans-national-languages|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Chiovenda|first=Andrea|title=Crafting Masculine Selves: Culture, War, and Psychodynamics in Afghanistan|date=12 November 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-007355-8|language=en|quote=Niamatullah knew Persian very well, as all the educated Pashtuns generally do in Afghanistan}}</ref> ebe ndị nọ na Pakistan na-asụ Urdu na [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]]. <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="30" href="./Hindi" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hindi">Hindi- and Urdu-language media, especially Bollywood films and songs, and being educated in Urdu-language schools, both of which contributed to the decline of Dari, even among urban Pashtuns.<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;archive-date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;14 March 2018<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;archive-url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20180314042412/http://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/asia_8.pdf&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url-status&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;dead&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwDAY\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt145\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFHakala2012\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Hakala, Walter N. (2012). </cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-2012Hakala_27-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Pashtuns#cite_note-2012Hakala-27 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Saddiqa|first=Ayesha|title=The Role of Pashto (as L1) and Urdu (as L2) in English Language Learning|journal=Linguistics and Literature Review|date=2018|volume=4|issue=1|pages=1–17|doi=10.29145/2018/llr/040101|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326269319|issn=2221-6510}}</ref> Na [[Ndia|India]], ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị sitere na Pashtun enweghị ike ikwu Pashto ma na-asụ Hindi na asụsụ mpaghara ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị nọ na Iran na-asị Southern Pashto, na Persian dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1877|title=Hindu Society and English Rule|journal=[[The Westminster Review]]|language=English|volume=108|issue=213–214}}</ref><ref name="Green2017">{{Cite book|author=Green|first=Nile|title=Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban|date=2017|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-29413-4|language=English|quote=Many of the communities of ethnic Pashtuns (known as Pathans in India) that had emerged in India over the previous centuries lived peaceably among their Hindu neighbors. Most of these Indo-Afghans lost the ability to speak Pashto and instead spoke Hindi and Punjabi.}}</ref><ref name="Krishnamurthy2013">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gatewayhouse.in/kabul-diary-discovering-the-indian-connection/|title=Kabul Diary: Discovering the Indian connection|author=Krishnamurthy|first=Rajeshwari|date=28 June 2013|publisher=Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations|language=en|accessdate=13 March 2018|quote=Most Afghans in Kabul understand and/or speak Hindi, thanks to the popularity of Indian cinema in the country.}}</ref> Ndị Pashtuns mejupụtara agbụrụ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, nke nwere nde mmadụ 60-70, na n'etiti agbụrụ 350-400, tinyere agbụrụ ndị ọzọ. E nwere echiche dịgasị iche iche maka mmalite maka ndị mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ag-afghanistan.de/files/glatzer/tribal_system.pdf|title=The Pashtun Tribal System|author=Glatzer|first=Bernt|date=2002|publisher=Concept Publishers|accessdate=25 January 2015|archivedate=16 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816190736/http://www.ag-afghanistan.de/files/glatzer/tribal_system.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Romano1">{{Cite book|title=A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan|author=Romano|first=Amy|year=2003|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=0-8239-3863-8|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000roma|accessdate=17 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Jamestown">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=891&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=181&no_cache=1|title=Profiles of Pakistan's Seven Tribal Agencies|author=Syed Saleem Shahzad|date=20 October 2006|accessdate=22 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="NatGeo">{{Cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/feature2/images/mp_download.2.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227220328/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/feature2/images/mp_download.2.pdf|archivedate=27 February 2008|title=Ethnic map of Afghanistan|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|work=Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, [[University of Nebraska at Omaha]]; Matthew S. Baker, [[Stratfor]]|year=2003|accessdate=24 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Ethnologue-Pashto1993">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbt|title=Ethnologue report for Southern Pashto: Iran (1993)|publisher=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World|work=[[SIL International]]|accessdate=18 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="ThoughtCo">{{Cite web|title=Who Are the Pashtun People of Afghanistan and Pakistan?|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/who-are-the-pashtun-195409|accessdate=14 August 2022|work=ThoughtCo|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Shahid Javed Burki mere atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Pashtun dị n'agbata nde 60 na nde 70, na nde 15 na Afghanistan. Ndị ọzọ na-anabata ọnụ ọgụgụ nde 15 gụnyere onye nkuzi Britain bụ Tim Willasey-Wilsey yana Abubakar Siddique, onye nta akụkọ na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara Afghanistan. A na-arụ ụka na ọnụ ọgụgụ a n'ihi na enweghi ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị na Afghanistan kemgbe 1979 n'ihi Esemokwu na-aga n'ihu n'ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hybrid Census to Generate Spatially-disaggregated Population Estimate|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/undataforum/hybrid-census-to-generate-spatially-disaggregated-population-estimates/|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20200517105822/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/undataforum/hybrid%2Dcensus%2Dto%2Dgenerate%2Dspatially%2Ddisaggregated%2Dpopulation%2Destimates/|archivedate=17 May 2020|work=United Nations world data form|accessdate=2 August 2020}}</ref> Ha bụ agbụrụ kachasị ukwuu na Afghanistan na agbụrụ nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na Pakistan, na-eme ihe dị ka 42-47% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Afghanistan na ihe dị ka 15.4% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ Pakistani <ref>{{Cite web|title=South Asia :: Pakistan – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014011/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan|archivedate=10 January 2021|accessdate=24 February 2019|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=30 July 2019|title=What Languages Are Spoken in Pakistan?|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-pakistan.html|work=World atlas}}</ref> Na India, obodo ndị dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Pashtun dị na mpaghara ugwu nke Rohilkhand, yana n'obodo ndị India dị ka Delhi na Mumbai.<ref name="CanfieldPaleczek">{{Cite book|author=Canfield|first=Robert L.|title=Ethnicity, Authority and Power in Central Asia: New Games Great and Small|date=4 October 2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-92750-8|language=English|quote=By the late-eighteenth century perhaps 100,000 "Afghan" or "Puthan" migrants had established several generations of political control and economic consolidation within numerous Rohilkhand communities}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news|date=20 July 1954|title=Pakhtoons in Kashmir|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/20/stories/2004072001220900.htm|accessdate=28 November 2012|quote=Over a lakh Pakhtoons living in Jammu and Kashmir as nomad tribesmen without any nationality became Indian subjects on July 17. Batches of them received certificates to this effect from the Kashmir Prime Minister, Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed, at village Gutligabh, 17 miles from Srinagar.|archive-date=9 December 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209153349/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/20/stories/2004072001220900.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ebe a na-ekesa ya == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} === Afghanistan na Pakistan === Ndị Pashtun gbasasịrị n'egbè buru ibu, na ndịda [[Amu river|Osimiri Amu]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Indus River|Osimiri Indus]]. A na-ahụ ha n'ebe niile na Afghanistan na Pakistan.[1] Obodo ukwu ndị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Pashtun kachasị na ya gụnyere [[Jalalabad]], [[Kandahar]], [[Bannu]], [[Dera Ismail Khan]], [[Khost]], [[Kohat]], [[Lashkar Gah]], [[Mardan]], [[Ghazni]], [[Mingora]], [[Peshawar]], [[Quetta]], tinyere ndị ọzọ. Ndị Pashtun na-ebikwa na [[Abbottabad]], [[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]], [[Herat]], [[Islamabad]], [[Kabul]], [[Karachi]], [[Kunduz]], [[Lahore]], [[Mazar-i-Sharif]], Mianwali, na [[Attock|Attoc]]<nowiki/>k. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Obodo Karachi, bụ isi obodo akụ na ụba nke Pakistan, bụ ebe obibi obodo ukwu nke ndị Pashtun n'ụwa, nke ka ibu karịa nke Kabul na Peshawar. N'otu aka ahụ, Islamabad, bụ isi obodo ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mba ahụ, na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nnukwu etiti obodo nke ndị Pashtun. Onu ogugu Karịrị pasent 20 nke ndị bi na obodo ahụ bụ ndị na-asụ Pashto. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === India === Ndị Pashtuns nọ n'India na-ekwukarị na ha bụ ''Pathans'' (okwu Hindustani maka Pashtun), ma ndị agbụrụ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara ahụ na-ezo aka n'ụzọ a. [i]<ref name="Morton-Jack2015">{{Cite book|author=George Morton-Jack|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cczSCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|title=The Indian Army on the Western Front South Asia Edition|date=24 February 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11765-5|pages=3–|quote='Pathan', an Urdu and a Hindi term, was usually used by the British when speaking in English. They preferred it to 'Pashtun', 'Pashtoon', 'Pakhtun' or 'Pukhtun', all Pashtu versions of the same word, which the frontier tribesmen would have used when speaking of themselves in their own Pashtu dialects.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.islamicvoice.com/may.2003/cseries.htm|title=Memons, Khojas, Cheliyas, Moplahs&nbsp;... How Well Do You Know Them?|publisher=Islamic Voice|accessdate=18 January 2007|archivedate=17 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017055301/http://islamicvoice.com/may.2003/cseries.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Pathan|title=Pathan|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|accessdate=7 November 2007}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị India na-ekwu na ha sitere na ndị agha Pashtun bi na India site n'ịlụ ụmụ nwanyị obodo ahụ n'oge mmeri ndị Alakụba na mpaghara India.<ref name="Indian Pathans">{{Cite web|url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/StudyofthePathanCommunitiesinF.shtml|title=Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India|work=Khyber.org|accessdate=30 January 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514122925/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/StudyofthePathanCommunitiesinF.shtml|archivedate=14 May 2008}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị Pathan họọrọ ibi na Republic of India mgbe nkewa nke India gasịrị. Khan Mohammad Atif, prọfesọ na Mahadum Lucknow, na-eme atụmatụ na "Ndị bi na Pathans na India bụ okpukpu abụọ nke ndị bi na Afghanistan".<ref name="Alavi2008">{{Cite web|author=Alavi|first=Shams Ur Rehman|title=Indian Pathans to broker peace in Afghanistan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/indian-pathans-to-broker-peace-in-afghanistan/story-W6Z4o4Dm0ETTz7tPBoHT1I.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=11 December 2008}}</ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị Pashtuns biri n'obodo dị iche iche nke India tupu na n'oge British Raj na India. Ndị a gụnyere Bombay (nke a na-akpọ Mumbai ugbu a), Farrukhabad, Delhi, Calcutta, Sahara, Rohilkhand, Jaipur, na Bangalore.<ref name="CanfieldPaleczek"/><ref name="Khyber">{{Cite web|author=Haleem|first=Safia|date=24 July 2007|title=Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India|url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229013803/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml|archivedate=29 February 2020|accessdate=1 July 2020|work=Khyber.org}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu"/> Ndị bi ebe ahụ sitere na Pashtun nke Pakistan na [[Afghanistan]] nke oge a (British India tupu 1947). N'ógbè ụfọdụ dị na India, a na-akpọ ha ''Kabuliwala'' mgbe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The 'Kabuliwala' Afghans of Kolkata|publisher=BBC News|date=23 May 2015|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-32377276}}</ref> Na India, obodo ndị dị mkpa nke Pashtun dị.<ref name="India-census">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201193939/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|archivedate=1 February 2008|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|title=Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|year=2001|accessdate=17 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="Indian Pathans"/> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-asụ Pashto na mba ahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ naanị 21,677 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2011, atụmatụ nke agbụrụ ma ọ bụ ndị nna nna Pashtun bi na India sitere na 3,200,000<ref name="Ali2018">{{Cite news|author=Ali|first=Arshad|title=Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan's great granddaughter seeks citizenship for 'Phastoons' in India|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-khan-abdul-gaffar-khan-s-great-granddaughter-seeks-citizenship-for-phastoons-in-india-2584887|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=15 February 2018|quote=Interacting with mediapersons on Wednesday, Yasmin, the president of All India Pakhtoon Jirga-e-Hind, said that there were 32 lakh Phastoons in the country who were living and working in India but were yet to get citizenship.|accessdate=2 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="TNI2018">{{Cite web|title=Frontier Gandhi's granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/281681-protect-islamabad|publisher=[[The News International]]|accessdate=28 May 2020|language=en|date=16 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bhattacharya2018">{{Cite web|author=Bhattacharya|first=Ravik|title=Frontier Gandhi's granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/frontier-gandhi-khan-abdul-gaffar-khans-granddaughter-urges-centre-to-grant-citizenship-to-pathans-5064372/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=28 May 2020|language=en|date=15 February 2018}}</ref> ruo 11,482,000,<ref name="Joshua">{{Cite web|title=Pashtun in India|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/21537/IN|work=Joshua Project}}</ref> ruo okpukpu abụọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na Afghanistan (ihe dị ka nde 30). [j] [[Faịlụ:Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg|thumb|Ebe ndị Pashtun bi na Pakistan na Afghanistan (gụnyere ókèala ndịda nke Soviet Union, ókèala ndị dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Iran, na ókèala ndị dịkwa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke India na Pakistan), na mbido afọ 1980.]] A na-akpọ mpaghara Rohilkhand nke Uttar Pradesh aha obodo Rohilla nke ndị nna nna Pashtun; Ụlọ Eze nke Rampur, usoro ndị eze Pashtunised Jat na-achịkwa mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="Frey2020">{{Cite book|author=Frey|first=James|title=The Indian Rebellion, 1857–1859: A Short History with Documents|url=https://archive.org/details/indianrebellion10000frey|date=16 September 2020|publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=978-1-62466-905-7|language=en}}</ref> Ha bikwa na steeti Maharashtra dị n'etiti India na West Bengal dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ India nke ọ bụla nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị otu nde nwere ndị nna nna Pashtun; ma Bombay na Calcutta bụ ebe ndị isi Pashtun si [[Afghanistan]] kwabata n'oge ọchịchị. <ref name="Joshua"/><ref>{{Cite web|title="The Kabuliwala represents a dilemma between the state and migratory history of the world" – Shah Mahmoud Hanifi|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2018/10/29/the-kabuliwala-represents-a-dilemma-between-the-territorial-ethos-of-the-nation-state-and-the-migratory-history-of-the-world-professor-shah-mahmoud-hanifi/|first=Christopher|author=Finnigan|date=29 October 2018|publisher=London School of Economics}}</ref> E nwekwara ndị bi na ya karịrị 100,000 onye ọ bụla n'obodo Jaipur dị na Rajasthan na Bangalore dị na Karnataka.<ref name="Joshua" /> Bombay (nke a na-akpọ Mumbai ugbu a) na Calcutta nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Pashtun karịrị 1 nde, ebe Jaipur na Bangalore nwere atụmatụ nke ihe dị ka 100,000. Ndị Pashtun nọ na Bangalore gụnyere ụmụnne Khan Feroz, Sanjay na Akbar Khan, ndị nna ha si Ghazni biri na Bangalores.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/922791|title=Bollywood actor Firoz Khan dies at 70|work=Dawn|date=27 April 2009|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> N'ime narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, mgbe ndị Britain na-anakọta ndị ọrụ ugbo site na British India dị ka ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na Caribbean, South Africa na ebe ndị ọzọ, e zigara Rohillas na Trinidad, Surinam, [[Guyana]], na Fiji, ịrụ ọrụ n'ubi okpete ma rụọ ọrụ aka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afghans of Guyana|url=http://afghanland.com/culture/guyana.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105072533/http://afghanland.com/culture/guyana.html|archivedate=5 November 2006|accessdate=18 January 2007|work=Wahid Momand|publisher=Afghanland.com}}</ref> Ọtụtụ nọrọ ma guzobe obodo nke ha. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha jikọtara ha na mba ndị Alakụba ndị ọzọ dị na South Asia iji mepụta otu obodo ndị Alakụga India na obodo ndị India buru ibu, na-efunahụ ihe nketa ha pụrụ iche. Ụfọdụ ndị Pashtun gara Australia n'otu oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Northern Pashtuns in Australia|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14256/AS|work=Joshua Project}}</ref> Taa, ndị Pashtuns bụ nchịkọta nke obodo dịgasị iche iche dị n'ofe ogologo na obosara nke India, ebe ndị kasị ukwuu bi na mbara ala nke ugwu na etiti India.<ref name="Khan2015">{{Cite book|author=Jasim Khan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jgHCwAAQBAJ|title=Being Salman|date=27 December 2015|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-094-2|pages=34, 35, 37, 38–|quote=Superstar Salman Khan is a Pashtun from the Akuzai clan...One has to travel roughly forty-five kilometres from Mingora towards Peshawar to reach the nondescript town of Malakand. This is the place where the forebears of Salman Khan once lived. They belonged to the Akuzai clan of the Pashtun tribe...}}</ref><ref name="Swarup">{{Cite news|url=http://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/the-kingdom-of-khan/|title=The Kingdom of Khan|work=Open|date=27 January 2011|accessdate=6 June 2020|first=Shubhangi|author=Swarup}}</ref> [j] Mgbe nkewa nke India gasịrị na 1947, ọtụtụ n'ime ha kwagara Pakistan.<ref name="Khan2015" /> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Pashtun India bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Urdu, ndị sonyere n'ime obodo n'ime ọgbọ. Ndị Pashtuns enweela mmetụta ma nye aka na ngalaba dị iche iche na India, ọkachasị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ na egwuregwu. [j] === Iran === A na-ahụkwa ndị Pashtuns na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ugwu nke Iran.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Windfuhr|first=Gernot|title=Iranian Languages|date=13 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79704-1|pages=703–731}}</ref> Ihe ndekọ dị ka n'etiti afọ 1600 na-akọ na Durrani Pashtuns bi na mpaghara Khorasan nke Safavid Iran. <ref name="Dorrani">{{Cite web|title=DORRĀNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dorrani-1|work=iranicaonline.org|accessdate=4 April 2021}}</ref> Mgbe ọchịchị dị mkpirikpi nke ndị Ghilji Pashtun na Iran gasịrị, Nader Shah meriri onye ọchịchị Ghilji ikpeazụ nwere onwe ya nke Kandahar, Hussain Hotak. Iji chekwaa ikike Durrani na ndịda Afghanistan, Nader Shah chụpụrụ Hussain Hotak na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Ghilji Pashtuns na mpaghara Mazandaran dị n'ebe ugwu Iran. Ndị fọdụrụ n'obodo a a chụgara n'ala ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ha bụ ndị a nabatara, na-aga n'ihu na-azọrọ na ha bụ ụmụ Pashtun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ḠILZĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gilzi-|accessdate=4 April 2021|work=iranicaonline.org|quote=Nāder Shah also defeated the last independent Ḡalzay ruler of Qandahār, Shah Ḥosayn Hotak, Shah Maḥmūd's brother in 1150/1738. Shah Ḥosayn and large numbers of the Ḡalzī were deported to Mazandarān (Marvī, pp. 543–52; Lockhart, 1938, pp. 115–20). The remnants of this once sizable exiled community, although assimilated, continue to claim Ḡalzī Pashtun descent.}}</ref> N'oge mmalite narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, n'ime afọ ole na ole, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Durrani Pashtuns na Khorasan nke Iran, mụbara nke ukwuu. [k] Mgbe e mesịrị, mpaghara ahụ ghọrọ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Durrani n'onwe ya. A mụrụ eze Durrani nke abụọ nke Afghanistan, Timur Shah Durrani na Mashhad . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Dalrymple|first=William|title=Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPVrDgAAQBAJ&q=Timur+Shah+Durrani+born+mashhad&pg=PT74|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|date=2017|isbn=978-1-4088-8885-8}}</ref> N'oge ọchịchị Durrani n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, Azad Khan Afghan, onye Ghilji Pashtun, onye nke abụọ na-elekọta [[Azerbaijan]] n'oge Ọchịchị Afsharid, nwetara ike na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke Iran na Azerbaijan maka obere oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ĀZĀD KHAN AFḠĀN|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azad-khan-afgan-d|accessdate=4 April 2021|work=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> Dabere na nyocha nyocha na 1988, pasent 75 nke ndị Afghanistan niile gbara ọsọ ndụ na mpaghara ndịda nke mpaghara Khorasan nke Iran bụ ndị Durrani Pashtuns. [l] === Na mpaghara ndị ọzọ === Ndị Pashtun India na Pakistani ejirila njikọ British / Commonwealth nke mba ha, e guzobere obodo ndị dị ugbu a malite n'afọ ndị 1960 karịsịa na United Kingdom, Canada, Australia kamakwa na mba ndị ọzọ (na United States). Ụfọdụ ndị Pashtun ebiela na Middle East, dịka na Arabian Peninsula. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe dị ka ndị Pashtun 300,000 kwagara mba Persian Gulf n'etiti 1976 na 1981, na-anọchite anya 35% nke Ndị Pakistan kwagara.<ref name="Jaffrelot">{{Cite book|title=Pakistan: nationalism without a nation?|author=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|year=2002|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1-84277-117-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC&pg=PA27|accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref> Ndị Pakistan na ndị Afghanistan bi gburugburu ụwa gụnyere ndị Pashtun. == Okwu mmalite == === Ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme oge ochie: Pashtun === Otu agbụrụ a na-akpọ Pakthās, otu n'ime agbụrụ ndị lụsoro Sudas ọgụ na Dasarajna, ma ọ bụ ''"Agha nke Ndị Eze Iri"'', a kpọtụrụ aha na mandala nke asaa nke Rigveda, ederede nke ukwe Vedic Sanskrit nke e dere n'etiti c. 1500 na 1200 BCE: <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rig Veda: Rig-Veda, Book 7: HYMN XVIII. Indra.|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv07018.htm|accessdate=2 November 2020|work=sacred-texts.com}}</ref> Heinrich Zimmer jikọtara ha na agbụrụ Herodotus (Pactyans) kpọtụrụ aha na 430 BCE na Akụkọ ihe mere eme:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Herodotus, The Histories, Book 3, chapter 102, section 1|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=3:chapter=102:section=1|accessdate=2 November 2020|work=perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Ụfọdụ Pactyans bi na ókèala ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Achaemenid Arachosia Satrapy kemgbe mbụ narị afọ nke mbu BCE, nke bụ Afghanistan taa. Herodotus kọkwara banyere otu agbụrụ a maara dị ka Aparytai (Ἀπαρύται). Thomas Holdich jikọtara ha na agbụrụ Afridi:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Herodotus, The Histories, Book 3, chapter 91, section 4|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=3:chapter=91:section=4|accessdate=3 November 2020|work=perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Dani|first=Ahmad Hasan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yduAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages|publisher=Sang-e Meel Publications|year=2007|isbn=978-969-35-2020-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Holdich|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnC-wwEACAAJ&q=Holdich++gates+of+india|title=The Gates of India, Being an Historical Narrative|date=12 March 2019|publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC|isbn=978-0-530-94119-6|pages=28, 31}}</ref>{{Ethnic groups in Pakistan}}Joseph Marquart jikọtara ndị Pashtun na aha ndị dị ka Parsiētai (Παρσιῆται), Parsioi (Πάρσιοι) nke Ptolemy depụtara na 150 OA:<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ptolemy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfkQAQAAIAAJ|title=Geography, book 6: Middle East, Central and North Asia, China. Part 1. Text and English/German translations|date=1998|publisher=Reichert|isbn=978-3-89500-061-4|language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Marquart|first=Joseph|url=http://archive.org/details/UntersuchungenZurGeschichteVonEran21905|title=Untersuchungen zur geschichte von Eran II (1905)|language=de}}</ref>{{Iranian peoples}}Strabo, onye Gris na-amụ banyere ala, na Geographica (nke e dere n'etiti 43 BC na 23 AD) kwuru maka agbụrụ Scythian Pasiani (Πασια Greece), nke a makwaara na Pashtuns n'ihi na Pashto bụ asụsụ Eastern-Iranian, dịka Asụsụ Scythian:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strabo, Geography, BOOK XI., CHAPTER VIII., section 2|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239:book=11:chapter=8:section=2|accessdate=7 November 2020|work=perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref name="Sagar1992">{{Cite book|author=Sagar|first=Krishna Chandra|title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-028-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA91|quote=According to Strabo (c. 54 B.C., A.D. 24), who refers to the authority of [[Apollodorus of Artemita|Apollodorus of Artemia]] {{Sic}}, the Greeks of Bactria became masters of Ariana, a vague term roughly indicating the eastern districts of the Persian empire, and of India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-early-inner-asia/90634C2E365B2AE442EDCA51E5335033|title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia|date=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24304-9|editor=Sinor|location=Cambridge|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521243049|quote="All contemporary historians, archeologists and linguists are agreed that since the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes were of the Iranian linguistic group..."}}</ref><ref name="Onomasiological">{{Cite book|author=Humbach|first=Helmut|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iMACuwAACAAJ&q=Herodotus+Scythians+and+Ptolemy%E2%80%99s+Central+Asia|title=Herodotus's Scythians and Ptolemy's Central Asia: Semasiological and Onomasiological Studies|date=2012|publisher=Reichert Verlag|isbn=978-3-89500-887-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Alikuzai|first=Hamid Wahed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZJcAQAAQBAJ&q=Strabo+pashtuns&pg=PA142|title=A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes|date=October 2013|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4907-1441-7}}</ref>{{Pashtun nationalism}}A na-ewere nke a dị ka nsụgharị dị iche nke ''Parsioi (Πάρσιοι) '' nke Ptolemy.<ref name="Onomasiological"/> Johnny Cheung, na-atụgharị uche na Parsioi nke Ptolemy (Πάρσιοι) na ''Pasiani'' nke Strabo (Πασια Greece) na-ekwu, sị: "Ụdị abụọ ahụ na-egosi obere nnọchi anya ụdaume, ya bụ, nke υ maka ι, na ọnwụ nke r na Pasianoi bụ n'ihi nnọgidesi ike sitere na Asianoi bu ya ụzọ. Ya mere, ha nwere ike ịbụ ndị nna nna (asụsụ) nke Pashtuns nke oge a". <ref name="Gnoli Memorial Volume">{{Cite web|author=Cheung|first=Johnny|title=Cheung2017-On the Origin of the Terms "Afghan" & "Pashtun" (Again) – Gnoli Memorial Volume.pdf|url=https://www.academia.edu/32353626}}</ref><ref name="Gnoli Memorial Volume" /> === Nkwupụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke etiti: Afghan === {{Authority control}}N'Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya ruo mgbe Afghanistan nke oge a malitere na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, a na-akpọkarị ndị Pashtun "Afghans". [m] Echiche etymological nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta a ma ama kwadoro bụ na aha Afghan doro anya sitere na Sanskrit ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]aśva''" id="mwAw4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Aśvaka">Aśvakan, ma Ọ bụ. Assakenoi nke Arrian, nke bụ aha e ji mee ihe maka ndị bi na Hindu Kush n'oge ochie. ''Aśvakan'' pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "ndị na-agba ịnyịnya", "ndị ịzụ ịnyịnya", ma ọ bụ "Ndị agha ịnyịnya" (site na aśva ma ọ bụ ''aspa'', okwu Sanskrit na Avestan maka "ịnyịnya"). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Majumdar|first=Ramesh Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA99|title=Ancient India|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1977|isbn=978-8-12080-436-4|edition=Reprinted|authorlink=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|origdate=1952}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Christian Lassen, J. W. McCrindle, M. V. de Saint Martin, na É. Onye a tọhapụrụ, [[Faịlụ:Bactrian_document_Northern_Afghanistan_4th_century.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ Bactrian na edemede Grik site na narị afọ nke anọ na-ekwu maka okwu Afghan (αβγανανο): "Nye Ormuzd Bunukan site na Bredag Watanan, onyeisi ndị Afghanistan"]] Ebe mbụ a kpọtụrụ aha ''Abgan'' (Abgân) bụ site n'aka Shapur I nke Alaeze Ukwu Sassanid n'oge narị afọ nke atọ OA, <ref name="Abgan">{{Cite book|author=Noelle-Karimi|first=Christine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eo3tAAAAMAAJ|title=Afghanistan -a country without a state?|publisher=IKO|year=2002|isbn=3-88939-628-3|location=[[University of Michigan]], United States|quote=''The earliest mention of the name 'Afghan' (Abgan) is to be found in a Sasanid inscription from the 3rd century, and it appears in India in the form of 'Avagana'...''|accessdate=24 September 2010}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke anọ, a kpọturu okwu ahụ bụ "Afghans / Afghanistan" (αβγανανο) dị ka ihe na-ezo aka n'otu ndị mmadụ na akwụkwọ Bactrian a chọtara na Northern Afghanistan. <ref name="Barkhuis">{{Cite book|author=Balogh|first=Dániel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&q=bunukan&pg=PA144|title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History|date=12 March 2020|publisher=Barkhuis|isbn=978-94-93194-01-4|language=en|quote=[ To Ormuzd Bunukan, ... greetings and homage from ... ), Pithe ( sot ] ang ( ? ) of Parpaz ( under ) [ the glorious ) yabghu of [ Heph ] thal, the chief ... of the Afghans}}</ref><ref name="Bactrian documents from northern Af">{{Cite book|author=Sims-Williams|first=Nicholas|title=Bactrian documents from northern Afghanistan|date=2000|publisher=The Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press|isbn=1-874780-92-7|location=Oxford}}</ref>{{DEFAULTSORT:Pashtun People}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}E mechara dekọọ aha Afghan na narị afọ nke isii OA n'ụdị ''"Avagāṇa"'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanskritdictionary.com: Definition of avagāṇa|url=https://sanskritdictionary.com/avag%C4%81%E1%B9%87a/20082/1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507190602/http://sanskritdictionary.com/avag%C4%81%E1%B9%87a/20082/1|archivedate=7 May 2020|accessdate=18 November 2020|work=sanskritdictionary.com}}</ref> site n'aka onye India na-enyocha mbara igwe bụ Varāha Mihira na Brihat-samhita ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 1983|title=Afghan|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afgan-in-current-political-usage-any-citizen-of-afghanistan-whatever-his-ethnic-tribal-or-religious-affiliation|accessdate=27 September 2010|work=Ch. M. Kieffer|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] Online Edition}}</ref><ref name="Bhat">{{Cite book|author=Varāhamihira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rboQwAACAAJ|title=Bṛhat Saṁhitā of Varāhamihira: with english translation, exhaustive notes and literary comments|date=1981|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0098-4|language=en}}</ref><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>Okwu Afghan pụtakwara na 982 Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam, ebe a na-ezo aka n'obodo nta, Saul, nke nwere ike ịdị nso na Gardez, Afghanistan.   Otu akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwukwa banyere eze nọ na Ninhar (Nangarhar), onye nwere ndị inyom Alakụba, ndị Afghanistan na ndị Hindu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Minorsky|first=V. V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zB1CQAAQBAJ&q=hudud+alam|title=Hudud al-'Alam 'The Regions of the World' – A Persian Geography 372 A.H. (982 AD)|date=31 January 2015|publisher=Gibb Memorial Trust|isbn=978-1-909724-75-4|language=en|quote=Ninhar, a place of which the king makes a show of Islam, and has many wives, (namely) over thirty Muslim, Afghan, and Hindu (wives).}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na otu, a kpọtụrụ ndị Afghanistan aha na ''Tarikh-ul Hind'' ("Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Indus") nke Al-Biruni, nke na-akọwa ìgwè ndị Afghanistan na-enupụ isi n'ala agbụrụ dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Indus n'ihe bụ Pakistan taa. Al-Utbi, onye na-ede akụkọ Ghaznavid, na ''Tarikh-i Yamini'' ya dere na ọtụtụ ndị Afghanistan na Khiljis (ma eleghị anya Ghilji nke oge a) sonyere n'usuu ndị agha Sabuktigin mgbe e meriri Jayapala.<ref name="Farishta-2">{{Cite web|work=[[Ferishta]], History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15|url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=13|title=AMEER NASIR-OOD-DEEN SUBOOKTUGEEN|publisher=Packard Humanities Institute|accessdate=31 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514092123/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=13|archivedate=14 May 2013|quote=The Afghans and Khiljis who resided among the mountains having taken the oath of allegiance to Subooktugeen, many of them were enlisted in his army, after which he returned in triumph to [[Ghazni|Ghizny]].}}</ref> Al-Utbi gara n'ihu kwuo na ndị Afghanistan na Ghiljis sonyeere ndị agha Mahmud Ghaznavi ma zigara ha na njem ya na Tocharistan, ebe n'oge ọzọ Mahmud Ghaznvi wakporo ma nye otu ndị Afghanistan na-emegide ya ntaramahụhụ, dịka Abulfazl Beyhaqi kwadoro. E dekwara na ndị Afghanistan debanyere aha na Ghurid Kingdom (1148-1215). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Houtsma|first=M. Th.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEl6N2tQeawC&pg=PA150|title=E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936|publisher=BRILL|year=1993|isbn=90-04-09796-1|pages=150–51|accessdate=23 August 2010}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule mmalite nke usoro ndị eze Khilji na 1290, a maara ndị Afghanistan nke ọma n'ebe ugwu India. Ibn Battuta, mgbe ọ gara Afghanistan na-esote oge nke usoro ndị eze Khilji, dekwara banyere ndị Afghanistan.<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na mmalite ==   [[Faịlụ:Afghanistan_region_during_500_BC.jpg|thumb|Ndị ''Arachosia'' Satrapy na ''Ndị Pactyan'' n'oge Alaeze Ukwu Achaemenid na 500 BCE&nbsp;]] Ọdịdị agbụrụ Pashtun edoghị anya. E nwere ọtụtụ echiche na-emegiderịta onwe ha n'etiti ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị Pashtun n'onwe ha. Ndị ọkà mmụta nke oge a kwenyere na ọ bụghị ndị Pashtun niile nwere otu mmalite. Ndị nna nna mbụ nke ndị Pashtun nke oge a nwere ike ịbụ ndị agbụrụ Iran ochie gbasara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Old Iranian Online|url=http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/aveol-0-X.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924023825/https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/aveol/00|archivedate=24 September 2018|accessdate=10 February 2007|publisher=[[University of Texas at Austin]]}}</ref> [n] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme enwetala ihe ndị metụtara agbụrụ dị iche iche nke Indo-Aryan oge ochie a na-akpọ ''Pakthas'' (Pactyans) n'etiti puku afọ Nke abụọ na nke mbụ BC,<ref name="Nath">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Vedanta|author=Nath|first=Samir|year=2002|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=81-7890-056-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGBaXO54-HwC&pg=PA273|accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Pradhan|first=Shrinivas Vasudeo|title=The Elusive Aryans: Archaeological Search and Vedic Research; The Origin of the Hindus|date=11 August 2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6592-0|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=huMxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Heredotus">{{Cite web|title=The History of Herodotus Chapter 7, Written 440 B.C.E, Translated by George Rawlinson|url=http://www.piney.com/Heredotus7.html|accessdate=21 September 2012|publisher=Piney.com|archivedate=5 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205055843/http://www.piney.com/Heredotus7.html}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na dị ka Richard N. Frye si kwuo, njirimara nke Pashtuns na Pakhtas bụ naanị ịkọ nkọ na egosighi. Ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Georg Morgenstierne na-atụ aro na e si na Parsa ma ọ bụ Parswana nweta Pashto.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Frye|first=Richard|url=https://archive.org/details/heritageofpersia0000rich/page/45/mode/1up?view=theater|title=the heritage of persia}}</ref> Mohan Lal kwuru na 1846 na "mmalite nke Ndị Afghanistan bụ ihe a na-amaghị ama, na ọ dịghị onye, ọbụlagodi n'etiti ndị kasị ochie na ndị maara ihe n'ebo ahụ, nwere ike inye ozi na-eju afọ na nke a. " <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lal|first=Mohan|title=Life of the Amir Dost Mohammed Khan; of Kabul|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00bant|publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company|year=1846|accessdate=10 September 2010|isbn=0-7787-9335-4}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ atụwo aro na otu mmalite nke ndị Pashtun agaghị ekwe omume kama ha bụ njikọ agbụrụ.{{Ethnic groups in Pakistan}} === Mmalite asụsụ === [[Faịlụ:Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg|thumb|Ihe a tụrụ atụ nke onye agha Saka na Termez, Uzbekistan]] A na-ahazi Pashto dị ka asụsụ Eastern Iran. [o] <ref>{{Cite book|author=Comrie|first=Bernard|title=The World's Major Languages|year=2009|quote="Pashto belongs to the North-Eastern group within the Iranian Languages"}}</ref> Ọ na-ekerịta atụmatụ ya na Asụsụ Munji, nke bụ asụsụ kachasị nso na Bactrian, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Afghanistan volume 28|publisher=Historical Society of Afghanistan.|year=1975|quote=Pashto originally belonged to the north – eastern branch of the Iranic languages}}</ref> mana ọ na-ekerịkwa atụmatụ ya na afaan Sogdian, yana Khwarezmian, Shughni, [[Asụsụ Sanglechi|Sanglechi]], na Khotanese Saka.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Waghmar|first=Burzine|title=Bactrian History and Language: An Overview|journal=Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute|date=2001|volume=64|pages=40–48}}</ref> [p] Ụfọdụ na-atụ aro na Pashto nwere ike ịmalite na mpaghara Badakhshan ma jikọta ya na [[Saka]]_language" id="mwBCo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Saka language">Asụsụ Saka yiri nke Khotanese. [q] N'ezie, onye isi asụsụ Georg Morgenstierne akọwaala Pashto dị ka olumba Saka na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ achọpụtala myirịta dị n'etiti Pashto na asụsụ ndị ọzọ Saka, na-atụ aro na ndị na-asụ Pashto mbụ nwere ike ịbụ otu Saka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indo-Iranica|publisher=Iran Society|year=1946|location=Kolkata, India|pages=173–174|quote=... and their language is most closely related to on the one hand with Saka on the other with Munji-Yidgha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Bečka|first=Jiří|title=A Study in Pashto Stress|publisher=Academia|year=1969|quote=Pashto in its origin, is probably a Saka dialect.}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, Pashto na Ossetian, asụsụ ọzọ sitere na Scythian, na-ekerịta okwu na okwu ha nke asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Eastern Iran na-enweghị. Cheung na-atụ aro isogloss dị n'etiti Pashto na ossetian nke ọ na-akọwa site na ire okwu Saka na-enweghị akwụkwọ a na-asụ nso na Old Pashto nke a rụgharịrị arụgharị nke nwere ike ịsụ n'ebe ugwu nke Oxus n'oge ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Cheung|first=Jonny|title=Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb|publisher=(Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series)|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Cheung|first=Jonny|title=Etymological dictionary of the Iranian verb|publisher=(Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series)|year=2007}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ atụwo aro nna nna Iran nke tọrọ ya n'ihi njikọ ya na Old Avestan. [r] === Ebe dị iche iche === Dị ka otu ụlọ akwụkwọ echiche si kwuo, ndị Pashtun sitere na agbụrụ dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere [[Tatars|Tatar]]-linkid="564" href="./Persians" id="mwBEo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Persians">Ndị Peshia, Ndị Gris, Ndị Turkey, Ndị Arab, Ndị Bactrian, ndị Dard, Ndị Scythian, ndị Tartar, ndị Huns (Hephthalites), Ndị Mongol, Ndị Moghal (Mughals), na onye ọ bụla ọzọ gafere mpaghara ebe ndị Pashtun a bi. Na mberede, nke a gụnyere njikọ a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ndị Israel.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Acheson|first=Ben|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaW5EAAAQBAJ|title=The Pashtun Tribes in Afghanistan: Wolves Among Men|date=30 June 2023|publisher=Pen and Sword Military|isbn=978-1-3990-6924-3|language=en|quote=Given the range of raiders and residents that the area has seen over the centuries, it is easy to see why today's Pashtuns could be descended from Persians, Greeks, Turks, Bactrians, Scythians, Tartars, Huns, Mongols, Moghuls or anyone else who has crossed the region over the years.__More unexpected are the alleged Pashtun ties to Israel (Israelites).}}</ref> [s] Ụfọdụ agbụrụ Pashtun na-azọrọ na ha sitere na Ndị Arab, gụnyere ụfọdụ na-azọ na ha bụ [[Sayyid|Sayyids]]. Otu akụkọ ihe mere eme jikọtara ndị Pashtun na ihe nwere ike ịbụ n'oge gara aga n'[[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ijipt oge ochie]] mana nke a enweghị ihe akaebe na-akwado ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Barmazid|title=Theory of Coptic origin of Pashtuns|url=http://www.barmazid.com/2016/11/copts-theory-of-pashtun-origin.html}}</ref> Henry Walter Bellew, onye dere ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ọdịbendị Afghanistan, kwuru na ụfọdụ ndị na-azọrọ na ndị Bangash Pashtuns nwere njikọ na Ismail Samani.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fAkEAAAAMAAJ&dq=bangash+ismail+samani&pg=PA105|title=An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan Prepared for and Presented to the 9th International Congress of Orientalists (London, Sept. 1891)|quote=By Some, the Bangash ancestor, ''Ismail'', is connected with the Sultan Ismail, founder of the Saimani dynasty, which succeddeded to that of the Suffari (founded by Yacub Bin Leith or Lais) 875 A.D.|author=Bellew|first=Henry Walter|date=8 March 1891}}</ref> === Mmalite Gris === Dị ka Firasat et al. 2007 si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị Pashtuns nwere ike isite na ndị Gris, mana ha na-atụkwa aro na ndị nna nna Gris nwekwara ike isite n'aka ndị ohu Gris nke Xerxes nke Mbụ wetara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Firasat|first=Sadaf|title=Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|date=January 2007|volume=15|issue=1|pages=121–126|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726|pmid=17047675}}</ref> A pụkwara ịchọpụta ndị nna nna Gris nke ndị Pashtun na ndabere nke otu homologous. Haplogroup J2 sitere na ndị Semitic, a na-ahụkwa haplogroup a na 6.5% nke ndị Gris na Pashtuns na 55.6% nke ndị Israel.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Huang|first=De-Shuang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZa5BQAAQBAJ&dq=greek+origin+of+Pashtun&pg=PA409|title=Intelligent Computing Theories: 9th International Conference, ICIC 2013, Nanning, China, July 28–31, 2013, Proceedings|date=20 July 2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-39479-9|language=en|quote=The Haplogroup J2 is from the Semitic population as well as the population shar- ing the common African ancestor. This Haplogroup was found 6.5% in both the Greek and Pashtun population while 55.6% in the Israel population. The Israel popu- lation however did not result in exact match for haplotype of the 9 or 7 markers tested. Very few exact matches were found only with the 5 markers test. However the 7 marker test had many exact matches from the Greek population.}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị ọkà mmụta si n'ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha emeela ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe gbasara Pashtuns. A na-eme nnyocha banyere ihe nketa ndị Gris nke ''Ndị Pashtun'' Pakistani. N'ime nnyocha a, ''Ndị Pashtun'', ''Kalash'', na ''Burusho'' ga-abụ ndị sitere na ndị agha Alexander.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Huang|first=De-Shuang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZa5BQAAQBAJ&dq=pashtun+from+greek+ancestry&pg=PA403|title=Intelligent Computing Theories: 9th International Conference, ICIC 2013, Nanning, China, July 28–31, 2013, Proceedings|date=20 July 2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-39479-9|language=en|quote=A number of genetic studies of the Pashtuns have been conducted recently by researchers of various universities and research groups. The Greek ancestry of the Pashtuns of Pakistan has been investigated in [1]. In this study, the claim of the three populations of the region, i.e. the Pashtuns, the Kalash and the Burusho, to have des- cended from the soldiers of Alexander, has been considered.}}</ref> Henry Walter Bellew (1834-1892) nwere echiche na ndị Pashtun nwere ike ịgwakọta mgbọrọgwụ Greek na Indian Rajput.<ref name="Quddus1987">{{Cite book|author=Quddus|first=Syed Abdul|title=The Pathans|date=1987|publisher=[[Ferozsons]]|language=English|quote=Grierson finds a form ''Paithan'' in use in the East Gangetic Valley to denote a Muslim ''Rajput''. Bellew, one of the greatest authorities on ''Pathans'', notes that several characteristics are common to both the Rajputs and the Afghans and suggests that ''Sarban'', one of the ancestors of the ''Afghans'', was a corruption of the word ''Suryabans'' (solar race) from which many Rajputs claim descent. The great Muslim historian ''Masudi'' writes that Qandahar was a separate kingdom with a non- Muslim ruler and states that it is a country of ''Rajputs''. It would be pertinent to mention here that at the time of ''Masudi'' most of the Afghans were concentrated in Qandahar and adjacent areas and had not expanded to the north. Therefore, it is highly significant that Masudi should call Qandahar a ''Rajput'' country.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ahmad|first=Khaled|date=31 August 2009|title=Pathans and Hindu Rajputs|url=http://www.khyber.org/tribes/info/Pathans_and_Hindu_Rajputs.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620193512/http://www.khyber.org/tribes/info/Pathans_and_Hindu_Rajputs.shtml|archivedate=20 June 2014|accessdate=24 March 2018|publisher=Khyber|quote=In a nutshell, Bellew's thesis is that all Afghan tribal names can be traced to Greek and Rajput names, which posits the further possibility of a great Greek mixing with the ancient border tribes of India.}}</ref> Mgbe Alexander biri obere, steeti nọchiri anya Alaeze Ukwu Seleucid gbasaa mmetụta ya na ndị Pashtun ruo 305 BCE mgbe ha hapụrụ ikike ịchịkwa Alaeze Ukwu Maurya nke India dị ka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta njikọ aka.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nancy Hatch Dupree / Aḥmad ʻAlī Kuhzād|year=1972|title=An Historical Guide to Kabul – The Name|url=http://www.aisk.org/aisk/NHDAHGTK05.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830031416/http://www.aisk.org/aisk/NHDAHGTK05.php|archivedate=30 August 2010|accessdate=18 September 2010|work=[[Strabo]] (64&nbsp;BC – 24&nbsp;AD)|publisher=American International School of Kabul|quote=Alexander took these away from the [[Aryan]]s and established settlements of his own, but [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus Nicator]] gave them to [[Chandragupta Maurya|Sandrocottus]] ([[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]]), upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange 500 elephants.}}</ref>&nbsp; Ụfọdụ ìgwè si Peshawar na Kandahar kwenyere na ha sitere na Ndị Gris bịara na Alexander the Great.<ref name="Greek ancestry">{{Cite journal|date=April 2004|title=Investigation of the Greek ancestry of populations from northern Pakistan|url=https://archive.org/details/human-genetics_2004-04_114_5/page/484|journal=Hum Genet|volume=114|issue=5|pages=484–90|doi=10.1007/s00439-004-1094-x|pmid=14986106}}</ref> === Mmalite Hephthalite === Dị ka akụkọ ụfọdụ si kwuo, agbụrụ Ghilji na Ndị Khalaj ejikọtala ya.<ref name="Minorsky">{{Cite journal|author=Minorsky|first=V.|title=The Khalaj West of the Oxus|url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2005/TheKhalajWestoftheOxus.shtml|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London|volume=10|issue=2|pages=417–437|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00087607}}</ref> N'ịgbaso al-Khwarizmi, Josef Markwart kwuru na Khalaj bụ ihe fọdụrụ na njikọ Hephthalite. Ndị Hephthalites nwere ike ịbụ ndị Indo-Iranian, ọ bụ ezie na echiche na ha sitere na Turkic Gaoju <ref name="iri1" /> "yiri ka ha bụ ndị a ma ama ugbu a. [155] Ndị Khalaj nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-asụ Asụsụ Turkic na mbụ ma jikọta ha na agbụrụ ndị na-ekwu asụsụ Pashto nke Iran n'oge etiti oge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iranicaonline.org/|title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica|first=Encyclopaedia Iranica|author=Foundation|work=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, dị ka onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Sims-Williams si kwuo, akwụkwọ ndị e gwupụtara n'ala anaghị akwado aro ahụ na ndị Khalaj bụ ndị nọchiri ndị Hephthalites, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bonasli|first=Sonel|year=2016|title=The Khalaj and their language|journal=Endangered Turkic Languages II A|pages=273–275}}</ref> ebe dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme V. Minorsky si kwuo, ndị Khala j "ma eleghị anya naanị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere njikọ na ndị Hephtalites". <ref name="Minorsky"/> Dị ka Georg Morgenstierne si kwuo, agbụrụ Durrani nke a maara dị ka "Abdali" tupu e guzobe Alaeze Ukwu Durrani 1747, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Runion|first=Meredith L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EY6NDgAAQBAJ&q=sadozai+or+durrani&pg=PR24|title=The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition|date=24 April 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-778-1}}</ref> nwere ike ijikọta ya na Ndị Hephthalite; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morgenstierne|first=Georg|year=1979|title=The Linguistic Stratification of Afghanistan|journal=Afghan Studies|volume=2|pages=23–33}}</ref> Aydogdy Kurbanov kwadoro echiche a nke na-atụ aro na mgbe ọdịda nke njikọ Hephthalite, Hephtalite nwere ike ịbata n'ime ndị bi n'ógbè dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kurbano|first=Aydogdy|title=THE HEPHTHALITES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS|url=https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/8366/01_Text.pdf|journal=Department of History and Cultural Studies of the Free University, Berlin}}</ref> Dị ka The Cambridge History of Iran Mpịakọta nke 3, Mbipụta 1, agbụrụ Ghilji nke Afghanistan bụ ụmụ Hephthalites.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Fisher|first=William Bayne|title=The Cambridge History of Iran|date=1968|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-20092-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&dq=the+cambridge+history+of+iran+pashtun+hephthalites&pg=PA216}}</ref> === Anthropology na ọdịnala a na-ekwu okwu === ==== Echiche nke ụmụ Pashtun sitere na ndị Izrel ==== {{Iranian peoples}}Ụfọdụ ndị na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ na-akwado omenala ndị agbụrụ Pashtun n'onwe ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dị ka Encyclopaedia of Islam si kwuo, echiche nke ụmụ Pashtun sitere na ndị Izrel sitere na Nimat Allah al-Harawi, onye chịkọtara akụkọ ihe mere eme maka ''Khan-e-Jehan Lodhi'' n'oge ọchịchị nke Eze Ukwu Mughal Jehangir na narị afọ nke iri na asaa.<ref name="Houtsma-150">{{Cite book|title=E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936|author=Houtsma|first=Martijn Theodoor|year=1987|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-08265-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEl6N2tQeawC&pg=PA150|accessdate=24 September 2010}}</ref> Narị afọ nke iri na atọ Tabaqat-i Nasiri na-atụle ebe obibi nke onye mbịarambịa Bani Israel na ngwụcha narị afọ nke asatọ OA na mpaghara Ghor nke Afghanistan, ebe obibi nke ihe odide ndị Juu na Ghor kwadoro. Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme André Wink na-atụ aro na akụkọ ahụ "nwere ike ịnwe ihe na-egosi echiche dị ịrịba ama banyere mmalite ndị Juu nke ụfọdụ agbụrụ ndị Afghanistan nke a na-akwado mgbe niile na akụkọ ihe mere n'Afghanistan. " Ihe ndị a na-ezo aka na Bani Israel kwekọrọ n'echiche ndị Pashtun na mgbe agbụrụ iri na abụọ nke Israel gbasara, agbụrụ Josef, n'etiti agbụrụ ndị Hibru ndị ọzọ, biri na mpaghara Afghanistan. <ref name="Wink">{{Cite book|author=Wink|first=Andre|title=Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries Vol 1|date=2002|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-0-391-04173-8|pages=95–96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&q=%22Tabaqat-i+Nasiri%22+israel&pg=PA95|accessdate=6 November 2016}}</ref> Omenala a na-ekwu n'ọnụ juru ebe niile n'etiti agbụrụ Pashtun. E nweela ọtụtụ akụkọ mgbe ochie kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ nke ụmụ sitere n'ebo Iri furu efu mgbe ìgwè ndị a tọghatara Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na Islam. N'ihi ya, aha agbụrụ Yusufzai na Pashto sụgharịrị "nwa Josef". Ọtụtụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kọrọ akụkọ yiri nke ahụ, gụnyere narị afọ nke 14 Ibn Battuta na narị afọ nke 16 Ferishta. Otú ọ dị, a pụkwara ịchọta myirịta nke aha na ọnụnọ nke Arabic site na Islam. Echiche a nke mmalite ndị Juu Pashtun agọnahụla n'ụzọ dị ukwuu ma na-ekwu na nkwupụta Bible ya bụ akụkọ ifo, akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya ekwekọghị, nkwupụta ala ya enweghị nkwekọ, nkwupụta asụsụ ya enweghị nkwenye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/engage/api-gateway/coe/assets/orp/resource/item/5f7f53929aea2200186f7d9f/original/are-pashtuns-the-lost-tribe-of-israel.pdf|title=Are Pashtuns the Lost Tribes of Israel?}}</ref> Otu okwu na-emegiderịta onwe ya na nkwenye na ndị Pashtuns sitere na Ndị Izrel bụ na onye na-achị Asiria chụgara agbụrụ iri furu efu, ebe ''Maghzan-e-Afghani'' na-ekwu na onye na'ọchịchị nyere ha ohere ịga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Afghanistan. Enwere ike ịkọwa enweghị nkwekọ a site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na Peasia nwetara ala nke Alaeze Ukwu Asiria oge ochie mgbe ọ meriri Alaeze Ukwu nke ndị Midia na Babilọn nke Kaldea, nke meriri Asiria ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga. Mana ọ dịghị onye edemede oge ochie kwuru banyere mbufe dị otú ahụ nke ndị Izrel n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ma ọ bụ ọ dịghị ihe odide oge ochie na-abụghị nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ na-ezo aka n'ebo Iri ahụ furu efu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pashtun clue to lost tribes of Israel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/17/israel-lost-tribes-pashtun|work=The Observer|date=17 January 2010|author=McCarthy|first=Rory}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afghanistan ekwuola na ndị Pashtun nwere njikọ na ndị Izrel oge ochie. Mohan Lal hotara Mountstuart Elphinstone onye dere, sị:{{Pashtun nationalism}}A katọrọ echiche a maka enweghị ihe akaebe akụkọ ihe mere eme. Zaman Stanizai katọrọ echiche a: <ref name="Stanizai2020" />{{Authority control}}Dị ka ọmụmụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa si kwuo, ndị Pashtun nwere R1a1a*-M198 modal halogroup karịa ndị Juu: <ref name="pmid22510847">{{Cite journal|author=Lacau|first=Harlette|title=Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|date=October 2012|volume=20|issue=10|pages=1063–1070|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2012.59|pmid=22510847}}</ref>{{DEFAULTSORT:Pashtun People}} == Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ == [[Faịlụ:Sher_Ali_Khan_and_company_of_Afghanistan_in_1869.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Afghan Amir Sher Ali Khan (n'etiti ya na nwa ya nwoke) na ndị nnọchi anya ya na Ambala, nso Lahore, na 1869]] Oge gara aga ha nke oge a laghachiri na Delhi Sultanate (Khalji na Lodi dynasty), Hotak dynasty na Durrani Empire. Ndị Ọchịchị Hotak nupụụrụ Ndị Safavid isi ma weghara ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Peshia site na 1722 ruo 1729.<ref name="Browne">{{Cite web|url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D90001014%26ct%3D29|title=A Literary History of Persia, Volume 4: Modern Times (1500–1924), Chapter IV. An Outline Of The History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722–1922)|author=Edward G. Browne, M.A., M.B.|publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]]|accessdate=9 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726142425/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D90001014&ct=29|archivedate=26 July 2013}}</ref> Nke a sochiri mmeri nke Ahmad Shah Durrani onye bụbu onye isi ndị agha nọ n'okpuru Nader Shah na onye guzobere Alaeze Ukwu Durrani, nke kpuchiri ọtụtụ n'ime ihe bụ Afghanistan ugbu a, Pakistan, Kashmir, Indian Punjab, yana mpaghara Kohistan na Khorasan nke Iran. Mgbe ọdịda nke usoro ndị eze Durrani na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 19 n'okpuru Shuja Shah Durrani, usoro ndị eze Barakzai weghaara alaeze ukwu ahụ. N'ụzọ doro anya, ndị Mohamedzais chịrị ọchịchị Afghanistan site na 1826 ruo na njedebe nke ọchịchị Zahir Shah na 1973. N'oge a na-akpọ "Great Game" nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, asọmpi dị n'etiti alaeze ukwu Britain na Russian bara uru nye ndị Pashtuns nke Afghanistan n'iguzogide nchịkwa mba ọzọ na ijigide ogo nke nnwere onwe (lee Siege of Malakand). Otú ọ dị, n'oge ọchịchị Abdur Rahman Khan (1880-1901), Durand Line kewara mpaghara Pashtun [[Pọlitiks|na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]] - mpaghara ndị ga-aghọ ọdịda anyanwụ Pakistan dara n'ime British India n'ihi ókèala. [[Faịlụ:Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan_and_Gandhi_in_1940.jpg|thumb|Onye ndú nke Khudai Khidmatgar na-adịghị eme ihe ike, nke a na-akpọkwa "Red shirts", Bacha Khan, na-eguzo na Mohandas Gandhi]] Na narị afọ nke 20, ọtụtụ ndị isi Pashtun na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bi n'okpuru ọchịchị Britain nke India na-adịghị ekewa kwadoro Nnwere onwe India, gụnyere Ashfaqulla Khan, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Thakurta|first=R.N. Guha|title=The Contemporary, Volume 22|year=1978|publisher=National Galvanizing Pvt. Limited}}</ref> <ref name="Rajesh">{{Cite book|author=Rajesh|first=K. Guru|title=Sarfarosh: A Naadi Exposition of the Lives of Indian Revolutionaries|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-93-5206-173-0|quote=Ashfaqullah's father, Shafeequlla Khan, was a member of a Pathan military family.}}</ref> Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai, Ajmal Khattak, Bacha Khan na nwa ya nwoke Wali Khan (ha abụọ bụ ndị otu Khudai Khidmatgar), ma bụrụ ndị sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Mohandas Gandhi na-enweghị ihe ike nke iguzogide. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/abdul-ghaffar-khan.html|title=Abdul Ghaffar Khan|publisher=I Love India|accessdate=24 September 2008|archivedate=6 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306052505/http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/abdul-ghaffar-khan.html}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị Pashtun rụkwara ọrụ na Njikọ ndị Alakụba iji lụọ ọgụ maka Pakistan nwere onwe ya site na mmegide na-abụghị ime ihe ike, gụnyere Yusuf Khattak na Abdur Rab Nishtar onye bụ ezigbo enyi Muhammad Ali Jinnah.<ref name="iloveindia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pakpost.gov.pk/philately/stamps2003/mohammad_yousaf_khan_khattak.html|title=Mohammad Yousaf Khan Khattak|work=Pakpost.gov.pk|accessdate=14 December 2021|archivedate=18 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118020240/http://www.pakpost.gov.pk/philately/stamps2003/mohammad_yousaf_khan_khattak.html}}</ref> Ndị Pashtun nke Afghanistan nwetara nnwere onwe zuru oke site na ntinye aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Britain n'oge ọchịchị Amanullah Khan, na-esote Agha Anglo-Afghan nke Atọ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1950, a malitere ịnụ oku a ma ama maka Pashtunistan na Afghanistan na steeti ọhụrụ nke Pakistan. Nke a dugara na mmekọrịta ọjọọ n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ. Ọchịchị ndị eze Afghanistan kwụsịrị mgbe Onye isi ala Daoud Khan weghaara ikike nke Afghanistan n'aka nwa nwanne ya nwoke Zahir Shah na 1973 na atụmatụ Pashtun Nationalist, nke meghere ọnụ ụzọ maka agha ndị agbata obi. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1978, E gburu Daoud Khan na ezinụlọ ya na ndị ikwu ya n'ọchịchị ọbara nke Hafizullah Amin haziri. Ndị ọchịagha mujahideen nke Afghanistan nọ n'ebe a chụgara ha na Pakistan dị nso malitere ịkpọbata ndị agha maka agha ndị agha megide Democratic Republic of Afghanistan - gọọmentị Marxist nke ndị Pashtun Khalqists na-achịkwa bụ ndị nwere echiche Nationalist gụnyere Hafizullah Amin, Nur Muhammad Taraki, General Mohammad Aslam Vatanjar, Shahnawaz Tanai, Mohammad Gulabzoy na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 1979, Soviet Union batara na onye agbata obi ya dị n'ebe ndịda Afghanistan iji merie nnupụisi na-arịwanye elu. Ndị Mujahideen nke Afghanistan bụ ndị United States, Saudi Arabia, China na ndị ọzọ kwadoro, gụnyere ụfọdụ ndị ọchịagha Pashtun dị ka Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Jalaluddin Haqqani, Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi na Mohammad Yunus Khalis. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọtụtụ nde ndị Pashtun sonyeere ndị Afghanistan bi na Pakistan na Iran, ma site n'ebe ahụ, ọtụtụ iri puku gara Europe, North America, Oceania na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa.<ref name="wider.unu.edu">{{Cite web|title=Young Afghan refugees and asylum seekers in the UK|url=https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/young-afghan-refugees-and-asylum-seekers-uk|work=UN university|date=18 June 2018}}</ref> Gọọmentị Afghanistan na ndị agha ga-anọgide na-abụkarị ndị Pashtun ruo mgbe ọdịda nke Republic of Afghanistan nke Mohammad Najibullah na Eprel 1992.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ahady|first=Anwar-ul-Haq|date=1995|title=The Decline of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_asian-survey_1995-07_35_7/page/621|journal=Asian Survey|volume=35|issue=7|pages=621–634|doi=10.2307/2645419|issn=0004-4687}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_the_Taliban_Negotiation_Team_(50632321483).jpg|thumb|Onye nnọchi anya mba Amerịka Zalmay Khalilzad na ndị ọrụ Taliban Abdul Ghani Baradar, Abdul Hakim Ishaqzai, Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai na Suhail Shaheen]] [[Faịlụ:Imran_Khan_WEF.jpg|thumb|Imran Khan, onye na-eme egwuregwu cricket nke Pakistan ghọrọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye bụbu praịm minista, sitere n'ebo Niazi.]] Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ gọọmentị dị elu na Islamic Republic of Afghanistan bụ ndị Pashtun, gụnyere: Abdul Rahim Wardak, Abdul Salam Azimi, Anwar ul-Haq Ahady, Amirzai Sangin, Ghulam Farooq Wardak, Hamid Karzai, Mohammad Ishaq Aloko, Omar Zakhilwal, Sher Mohammad Karimi, Zalmay Rasoul, Yousef Pashtun. ndepụta nke ndị gọvanọ Afghanistan ugbu a gụnyekwara pasentị dị ukwuu nke ndị Pashtun. Mullah Yaqoob na-eje ozi dị ka Minista Nchebe, Sirajuddin Haqqani dị ka Minisita Na-anọchite anya Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime, Amir Khan Muttaqi dị ka Ministra Na-anọchi anya Ihe Ndị Na-eme ná Mba Ọzọ, Gul Agha Ishakzai dị ka Ministrị Na-anọchitere anya Ihe Ndịna, na Hasan Akhund dị ka Ministri Na-anọci anya. Ọtụtụ ndị minista ndị ọzọ bụkwa ndị Pashtun. Ezinụlọ eze Afghanistan, nke Eze Zahir Shah nọchitere anya, na-akpọ Mohammadzais. Ndị Pashtun ndị ọzọ a ma ama gụnyere ndị na-ede uri na narị afọ nke iri na asaa bụ Khushal Khan Khattak na Rahman Baba, na onye na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe nke Afghanistan bụ Abdul Ahad Mohmand, onye bụbu Onye nnọchi anya US Zalmay Khalilzad, na Ashraf Ghani n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ ndị Pashtun nke Pakistan na India anabatala ọdịbendị ndị na-abụghị ndị Pashtun, ọkachasị site n'ịhapụ Pashto ma jiri asụsụ ndị dị ka Urdu, Punjabi, na Hindko. Ndị a gụnyere Ghulam Mohammad (Minista na-ahụ maka ego mbụ, site na 1947 ruo 1951, na Gọvanọ-Jenal nke atọ nke Pakistan, site na 1951 ruo 1955), <ref name="express">{{Cite web|author=Rahi|first=Arwin|date=25 February 2020|title=Why Afghanistan should leave Pakistani Pashtuns alone|url=https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/94157/why-afghanistan-should-leave-pakistani-pashtuns-alone/|accessdate=26 June 2020|work=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|archivedate=3 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503132315/https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/94157/why-afghanistan-should-leave-pakistani-pashtuns-alone/}}</ref> <ref name="pakistanherald">{{Cite web|date=23 July 2017|title=Malik Ghulam Muhammad – Governor-General of Pakistan|url=http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/malik-ghulam-muhammad-1177|accessdate=9 August 2020|work=Pakistan Herald|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723042210/http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/malik-ghulam-muhammad-1177|archivedate=23 July 2017}}</ref> Ayub Khan, onye bụ onye isi ala nke abụọ nke Pakistan, Zakir Husain onye bụ onye ọchịchị nke atọ nke India na Abdul Qadeer Khan, nna nke mmemme nuklia nke Pakistan.<ref name="samaatv">{{Cite web|title=Ex Gov.Gen. Ghulam Muhammad's 54th death anniversary today|url=https://www.samaa.tv/news/2010/08/ex-gov-gen-ghulam-muhammad-s-54th-death-anniversary-today/|accessdate=9 August 2020|publisher=Samaa TV|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Kakazai">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1365402|title=The history of Lahore's Kakayzais|author=Sheikh|first=Majid|date=22 October 2017|work=Dawn|accessdate=28 February 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Routledge, Kumarasingham">{{Cite book|author=Kumarasingham|first=H.|date=2016|chapter=Bureaucratic Statism|title=Constitution-making in Asia: Decolonisation and State-Building in the Aftermath of the British Empire|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwjeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT160|publisher=Routledge|location=U.S.|edition=1|isbn=978-1-317-24509-4}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nwere ọkwa dị elu na gọọmentị, dị ka Asfandyar Wali Khan, Mahmood Khan Achakzai, Sirajul Haq, na Aftab Ahmad Sherpao, ndị bụ ndị isi oche nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha na Pakistan. Ndị ọzọ ghọrọ ndị a ma ama n'egwuregwu (dịka, Imran Khan, Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, Younis Khan, Shahid Afridi, Irfan Pathan, Jahangir Khan, Jansher Khan, Hashim Khan, Rashid Khan, Shaheen Afridi, Naseem Shah, Misbah Ul Haq, Mujeeb Ur Rahman na Mohammad Wasim) na akwụkwọ (dịka., Ghani Khan, Hamza Shinwari, na Kabir Stori). Malala Yousafzai, onye ghọrọ onye kacha nta natara Nobel Peace Prize na 2014, bụ onye Pashtun Pakistani. A na-ewere ndị Pashtuns dị ka ndị jikọtara nke ọma na ndị Pakistan, dịka akụkọ Pew Research Center nke afọ 2009 si kwuo, pasent 92 nke ndị Pashtun na-akọwa njirimara Pakistani ha tupu njirimara agbụrụ Pashtun ha. Ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na fim Bollywood na India nwere mgbọrọgwụ Pashtun; ụfọdụ n’ime ndị kacha mara amara bụ Aamir Khan, Shahrukh Khan, Salman Khan, Feroz Khan, Madhubala, Kader Khan, Saif Ali Khan, Soha Ali Khan, Sara Ali Khan, na Zarine Khan. Na mgbakwunye, otu n’ime ndị bụbu ndị isi ala India, Zakir Husain, bụ onye agbụrụ Afridi. Mohammad Yunus, onye bụbu onye nnọchiteanya India na Algeria na onye ndụmọdụ Indira Gandhi, sitere na Pashtun ma metụtara onye a ma ama Bacha Khan..<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/05/26/stories/2003052600431000.htm|title=To Islamabad and the Frontier|accessdate=1 August 2007|date=26 May 2003|work=The Hindu|quote=Ruled now by parties of the religious right, the Frontier province emerges soon after one proceeds westwards from Islamabad. I was lucky to find Ajmal Khan Khattak in his humble home in Akora Khattak, beyond the Indus. Once Badshah Khan's young lieutenant, Mr. Khattak spent years with him in Afghanistan and offered a host of memories. And I was able to meet Badshah Khan's surviving children, Wali Khan, the famous political figure of the NWFP, and his half-sister, Mehr Taj, whose husband Yahya Jan, a schoolmaster who became a Minister in the Frontier, was the brother of the late Mohammed Yunus, who had made India his home.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030703101955/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/05/26/stories/2003052600431000.htm|archive-date=3 July 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Commonwealth and Nehru|author=Darbari|first=Raj|year=1983|publisher=Vision Books|isbn=81-261-2175-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Pathan unarmed: opposition & memory in the North West Frontier (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)|quote=He was visiting his cousin Mohammed Yunus, a Pathan who had chosen to move to Delhi at Partition and become a well-known figure in the Congress regime.|publisher=James Currey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopædia of Muslim Biography|quote=Mohammad Yunus is belong to a rich and distinguished Pathan family and son of Haji Ghulam Samdani (1827–1926).|publisher=A.P.H. Pub. Corp.}}</ref> N’ime ngwụcha afọ 1990s, ndị Pashtun bụ ndị agbụrụ bụ isi n’òtù ọchịchị dị ka Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (òtù Taliban). [1][2] Njikọ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke na-alụ ọgụ megide Taliban nwere ọtụtụ Pashtun. N’etiti ha bụ Abdullah Abdullah, Abdul Qadir na nwanne ya nwoke Abdul Haq, Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, Asadullah Khalid, Hamid Karzai na Gul Agha Sherzai. Ụgbọ Taliban pụtakwara na ngwụcha 2001 mgbe Agha US duziri Agha agha n’Afghanistan, wee dochie ya na ọchịchị Karzai. [3] Nke a soro ọchịchị Ghani na ịlaghachi Taliban n’Afghanistan (Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan). Agha ogologo oge na Afghanistan emeela ka ndị Pashtun nweta aha maka ịbụ ndị agha pụrụ iche.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.khaama.com/leaving-afghanistans-bagarm-airfield-was-a-grave-military-mistake-trump/|title=Leaving Afghanistan's 'Bagarm Airfield' Was a Grave Military Mistake: Trump|publisher=Khaama Press|date=29 January 2023|accessdate=29 January 2023}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ na-anwa iwughachi ọgụgụ isi Pashtun na omenala ya tupu agha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macleans.ca/news/world/redeeming-the-pashtun-the-ultimate-warriors/|title=Redeeming the Pashtun, the ultimate warriors|work=Macleans.ca|accessdate=14 December 2021}}</ref> == Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa == Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Pashtun si Afghanistan bụ ndị R1a, na-enwe 50-65% ugboro.<ref name="Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome per">{{Cite journal|author=Lacau|first=Harlette|title=Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|date=October 2012|volume=20|issue=October 2012|pages=1063–70|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2012.59|pmid=22510847}}</ref> Subclade R1a-Z2125 na-eme na ugboro 40%.<ref name="nagy">{{Cite journal|author=Nagy|first=Péter L.|title=Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Béla the Third|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|date=January 2021|volume=29|issue=1|pages=164–172|doi=10.1038/s41431-020-0683-z|pmid=32636469}}</ref> A na-ahụkarị subclade a na Tajiks, Turkmen, Uzbeks na ụfọdụ ndị bi na Caucasus na Iran.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Underhill|first=Peter A.|title=The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|date=January 2015|volume=23|issue=1|pages=124–131|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2014.50|pmid=24667786}}</ref> Haplogroup G-M201 ruru 9% na ndị Pashtun Afghanistan ma bụrụ nke abụọ na-ahụkarị na ndị Pashtuns si n'ebe ndịda Afghanistan. <ref name="Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome per" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0076748|title=Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge|year=2013|author=Di Cristofaro|first=Julie|journal=PLOS One|volume=8|issue=10|pmid=24204668}}</ref> Haplogroup L na Haplogroupe J2 na-eme na ngụkọta nke 6% . <ref name="Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome per" /> Dabere na nyocha DNA nke Mitochondrial nke agbụrụ anọ nke Afghanistan, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime mtDNA n'etiti ndị Pashtun Afghanistan sitere na agbụrụ West Eurasian, ma nwee mmekọrịta dị ukwuu na ndị bi na West Eurasian na Central Asia karịa ndị bi na South Asia ma ọ bụ East Asia. Nnyocha haplogroup na-egosi na ndị Pashtuns na Tajiks nọ na Afghanistan nwere ihe nketa nna nna. N'etiti agbụrụ ndị a mụrụ, ndị Pashtun nwere ụdị mtDNA kachasị. Haplogroup kachasị n'etiti ndị Pashtun Pakistani bụ haplogroup R nke a na-ahụkarị na ọnụọgụ nke 28-50%. A chọtara Haplogroup J2 na 9% ruo 24% dabere na nyocha ahụ ma chọta Haplogroupe E na ugboro nke 4% ruo 13%. Haplogroup L na-eme na ọnụọgụ nke 8%. Ụfọdụ ìgwè ndị Pashtun nke Pakistan na-egosipụta ọkwa dị elu nke R1b. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tariq|first=Muhammad|title=Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan|journal=Scientific Reports|date=19 January 2022|volume=12|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3|pmid=35046511}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ikram|first=Muhammad Salman|title=Genetic diversity and forensic application of Y-filer STRs in four major ethnic groups of Pakistan|journal=BMC Genomics|date=30 November 2022|volume=23|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12864-022-09028-z|pmid=36451116}}</ref> Ìgwè ndị Pashtun n'ozuzu ha dị iche iche n'ụzọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na agbụrụ ndị Pashtun abụghị otu ndị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ. Ìgwè Pashtun dị iche iche na-egosipụta nzụlite dị iche iche, na-akpata nnukwu ọdịiche. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zubair|first=Muhammad|title=Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the Khattak and Kheshgi of the Peshawar Valley, Pakistan|journal=Genetica|date=August 2020|volume=148|issue=3–4|pages=195–206|doi=10.1007/s10709-020-00095-2|pmid=32607672}}</ref> E wepụtara ihe nlele haplogroup Y na mtdna haplogroupe n'aka ndị ikom Jadoon, Yousafzai, Sayyid, Gujar na Tanoli bi na Swabi District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa na Pakistan. Ndị ikom Jadoon nwere ndị nna nna sitere n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na ndị nna nne nke West Eurasian na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ndị nna nne South Asia dị ka ule haplogroup Y na mtdna na-egosi na ụmụ nwanyị obodo na-alụ ụmụ nwoke kwagara n'oge oge ochie. Y Haplogroup O3-M122 mejupụtara ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ikom Jadoon, otu haplogroup nke ihe ka ọtụtụ (50-60%) nke ndị Han Chinese. 82.5% nke ndị ikom Jadoon na-ebu Q-MEH2 na O3-M122 nke abụọ sitere n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia. O3-M122 anọghị na Sayyid (Syed) ma pụta na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala n'etiti Tanolis, Gujars na Yousafzais. O yiri ka e nwere mmetụta onye guzobere na O3-M122 n'etiti Jadoon. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tariq|first=Muhammad|date=2022|title=Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=12|issue=1027|doi=10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3|pmid=35046511}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=35046511|date=2022|author=Tariq|first=M.|title=Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=12|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357933818|title=Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan|work=ResearchGate}}</ref> 76.32% nke ndị ikom Jadoon bu O3-M122 ebe 0.75% nke Tanolis, 0.81% nke Gujars na 2.82% nke Yousafzais bu O3-m122 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9941/1/Muhammad%20Tariq_Genetics_2017_HU_Mansehra_Main%20part.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207195512/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9941/1/Muhammad%20Tariq_Genetics_2017_HU_Mansehra_Main%20part.pdf|title=GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE MAJOR TRIBES OF BUNER AND SWABI AREAS THROUGH DENTAL MORPHOLOGY AND DNA ANALYSIS|first=Muhammad|author=Tariq|date=2017|archivedate=7 December 2019|work=Department of Genetics|publisher=Hazara University Mansehra}}</ref> 56.25% nke Jadoons na ule ọzọ bu Haplogroup H (mtDNA) nke nne West Eurasian. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Akbae|first=N.|date=24 June 2016|title=HVSI polymorphism indicates multiple origins of mtDNA in the Hazarewal population of Northern Pakistan|url=https://www.geneticsmr.org/articles/hvsi-polymorphism-indicates-multiple-origins-of-mtdna-in-the-hazarewal-population-of-northern-pakistan.pdf|journal=Genetics and Molecular Research|volume=15|issue=2|pages=1–10|doi=10.4238/gmr.15027167|pmid=27420957}}</ref> A tụlekwara ọdịdị ezé nke Swabi Jadoons ma jiri ya tụnyere ìgwè ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara dị ka Yousufzais na Sayyids.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zubair|first=Muhammad|date=25 March 2021|title=Identification of Genetic Lineage of Peshawar and Nowshera Tribes through Dental Morphology|url=https://researcherslinks.com/current-issues/Identification-of-Genetic-Lineage-Dental-Morphology/20/1/3734/html|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=53|issue=3|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190927080941}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Echiche ndị a ma ama n'etiti ndị Pashtun banyere onye ruru eru dịka onye Pashtun bụ: <ref name="Conflict">{{Cite book|author=Schiffman|first=Harold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC|title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice|date=9 December 2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-20145-3|pages=55–56|language=en|quote=Barfield (2007: 11) depicts Pashtun identity as sort of Venn diagram where those claiming Pashtun descent belong to the largest circle, those using the Pashto language appear as a smaller subset, and those adhering to the Pashtun code of conduct are the most authentic Pashtun of all.}}</ref> # Ndị maara asụsụ Pashto nke ọma ma jiri ya mee ihe nke ọma. Asụsụ Pashto bụ "otu n'ime akara ndị bụ isi nke njirimara agbụrụ" n'etiti ndị Pashtun.<ref name="Brill">{{Cite book|author=Hakala|first=Walter|url=https://brill.com/view/title/17296|title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice|date=9 December 2011|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-21765-2|language=en|quote="As is well known, the Pashtun people place a great deal of pride upon their language as an identifier of their distinct ethnic and historical identity. While it is clear that not all those who self-identify as ethnically Pashtun themselves use Pashto as their primary language, language does seem to be one of the primary markers of ethnic identity in contemporary Afghanistan."}}</ref> # Ịgbaso koodu nke Pashtunwali.<ref name="Conflict"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0506/feature2_4.html|title=Understanding Pashto|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|year=2006|accessdate=18 January 2007|archivedate=12 December 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212221109/http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0506/feature2_4.html}}</ref> Nkọwa ọdịbendị chọrọ ka ndị Pashtunwali gbasoo usoro iwu Pashtunwali. # N'ịbụ onye Agbụrụ Pashtun site na nna nna, dabere na iwu orthodox dị mkpa nke Pashtunwali nke na-achọkarị na ọ bụ naanị ndị nwere nna Pashtun bụ Pashtun. Nkọwa a na-etinye obere nkwenye na asụsụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shackle|first=C.|date=1980|title=Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=43|issue=3|pages=482–510|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00137401}}</ref> === Agbụrụ dị iche iche === [[Faịlụ:Afghanistan_ethnic_groups_2005.jpg|thumb|Map nke agbụrụ Pashtun<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afghanistan ethnic groups.|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/g7631e.ct002134/|accessdate=22 September 2021|work=Library of Congress}}</ref>]] Otu ụlọ ọrụ a ma ama nke ndị Pashtun bụ usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke agbụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Minority Rights Group Pashtuns|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/pashtuns/|work=Minority Rights Group|date=19 June 2015}}</ref> Usoro agbụrụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ọkwa nke nhazi: agbụrụ ha nọ na ya sitere na agbụrụ anọ 'ka ukwuu': Sarbani, Bettani, Gharghashti, na Karlani.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Adebayo|first=Akanmu G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGtGAwAAQBAJ&dq=karlani+sarbani&pg=PA203|title=Indigenous Conflict Management Strategies: Global Perspectives|date=4 April 2014|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-8805-7|language=en}}</ref> A na-ekewa agbụrụ ahụ n'ime òtù ndị ikwu a na-akpọ ''khels'', nke a na-ekewara n'ime obere ìgwè (''pllarina'' ma ọ bụ ''Plarganey''), nke ọ bụla nwere ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị a na- bingaka ''kahols''.<ref name="Jirga">{{Cite web|url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN017434.pdf|title=Jirga – A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan|publisher=United Nations|first=Ali|author=Wardak|year=2003|accessdate=10 October 2006|archivedate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007192558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN017434.pdf}}</ref> ==== Ndị Pashtun Durrani na Ghilji ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ndị Durranis na Ghiljis (ma ọ bụ Ghilzais) bụ ìgwè abụọ kachasị ukwuu nke ndị Pashtun, na ihe dịka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị Pashtuns Afghanistan so na njikọ ndị a.<ref name="USMA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/tribal-dynamics-of-the-afghanistan-and-pakistan-insurgencies/|title=Tribal Dynamics of the Afghanistan and Pakistan Insurgencies|date=15 August 2009|work=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point|accessdate=14 December 2021|archivedate=21 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021132110/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/tribal-dynamics-of-the-afghanistan-and-pakistan-insurgencies/}}</ref> Agbụrụ Durrani enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'obodo ukwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ebe ndị Ghiljis dị ọtụtụ, ime obodo, ma bụrụ ndị siri ike. Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ìgwè ndị ahụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ mgbe ụfọdụ ma na-alụ ọgụ mgbe ụfọdụ. Na oghere ole na ole, Durranis chịrị Afghanistan nke oge a n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe Saur Revolution nke 1978; Ndị ọchịchị Kọmunist ọhụrụ bụ Ghilji.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZUtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|title=Our Latest Longest War: Losing Hearts and Minds in Afghanistan|first=Aaron B.|author=O'Connell|date=3 April 2017|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-26565-0|accessdate=14 December 2021}}</ref> Njikọ agbụrụ siri ike n'etiti ndị Ghilji, ebe ọchịchị nke njikọ Durrani na-emetụta usoro agbụrụ dị iche iche nke nwe ala.<ref name="USMA" />    == Asụsụ ==   [[Faịlụ:Map_of_Pashto-speaking_areas_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan.svg|thumb|258x258px|Map nke ebe ndị na-Asụsụ Pashto na [[Afghanistan]] na Pakistan]] Asụsụ Pashto bụ asụsụ nne nke ọtụtụ ndị Pashtun.[1][2][3] Ọ bụ otu n’ime asụsụ abụọ nke mba Afghanistan.[4][5] Na Pakistan, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ asụsụ nke abụọ kacha nnukwu nke a na-asụ,[6] a na-ejikarị ya n’ọrụ gọọmentị mee ihe na usoro agụmakwụkwọ.[7][8][9][10][11][12] Emeela nkwupụta nke na-ekwu na nke a na-emetụta mmepe akụ na ụba nke ndị Pashtun,[13][14] n’ihi na ụmụ akwụkwọ enweghị ike ịghọta nke ọma ihe a na-akụzi n’asụsụ ndị ọzọ.[15] Robert Nichols kwuru:<ref name="Brill"/> [[Faịlụ:Pashto-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg|thumb|256x256px|Map nke ebe ndị na-asụ Pashto na Pakistan]] A na-ahazi Pashto dị ka asụsụ Eastern Iran, <ref name="Iranica-Pashto">{{Cite web|title=AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṧto|url=http://www.iranica.com/articles/afghanistan-vi-pasto|accessdate=10 October 2010|work=[[Georg Morgenstierne|G. Morgenstierne]]|publisher=Encyclopaedia Iranica|quote=Paṧtō undoubtedly belongs to the Northeastern Iranic branch.|archivedate=22 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122024645/http://www.iranica.com/articles/afghanistan-vi-pasto}}</ref> mana ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke okwu bụ nke pụrụ iche na Pashto. <ref name="BensonKosonen20132">{{Cite book|author=Carol Benson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdREAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|title=Language Issues in Comparative Education: Inclusive Teaching and Learning in Non-Dominant Languages and Cultures|date=13 June 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-6209-218-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Ehsan M Entezar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdTJgCSPsGwC&q=pashto+purification&pg=PA89|title=Afghanistan 101: Understanding Afghan Culture|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4257-9302-9}}</ref> Akụkụ Pashto n'ihe gbasara ngwaa dị mgbagwoju anya ma e jiri ya tụnyere asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Iran.<ref>{{Cite book|author=David|first=Anne Boyle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zK7zMgEACAAJ|title=Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and Its Dialects|date=2014|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-1-61451-303-2}}</ref> N'ihe banyere nke a, MacKenzie na-ekwu, sị: <ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.4324/9780203412336-14|chapter=Pashto|title=The Major Languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa|date=2003|pages=116–130|isbn=978-0-203-41233-6}}</ref> Pashto nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke olumba: n'ozuzu ya kewara n'ìgwè ndị dị n'Ebe Ugwu, Ndịda na etiti; yana Tarino ma ọ bụ Waṇetsi dị ka otu dị iche. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Waneci, Glottolog: wane1241|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/wane1241|accessdate=20 March 2021|work=glottolog.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Waneci, ISO 639-3 wne|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/wne|accessdate=20 March 2021|work=Ethnologue}}</ref> Dị ka Elfenbein si kwuo: "Ọdịiche dị iche iche dị na phonology na lexicon: ọdịdị na syntax bụ, ọzọ ma e wezụga Wanetsi, otu ihe dị ịrịba ama". <ref>{{Cite book|author=Kaye|first=Alan S.|title=Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus)|url=https://archive.org/details/phonologiesofasi0002unse|date=1997|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-1-57506-019-4}}</ref> Ibrahim Khan na-enye nkewa na-esonụ na mkpụrụedemede: Northern Western dialect (dịka nke ndị Ghilzai na-asụ) nwere uru phonetic {{IPA|/ç+/}}, North Eastern (nke ndị Yusafzais na-asụrụ wdg) nwere ụda {{IPA|/x/}}, South Western (nke ndị Abdalis na-asuru wdg) na-enwe {{IPA|/ʂ/}} na South Eastern (nke Kakars na-asọrọ wdg) nwee {{IPA|/ʃ/}} .<ref name="Khan2021">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Ibrahim|title=Tarīno and Karāṇi dialects|journal=Pashto|date=7 September 2021|volume=50|issue=661|url=http://www.pashto.org.pk/index.php/path/article/view/178}}</ref> Ọ na-egosi na a ga-ekewa asụsụ Central, nke agbụrụ Karlāṇ na-asụ, na North {{IPA|/x/}} na South {{IPA|/ʃ/}} dị iche mana ọ na-enye na mgbakwunye na asụsụ ndị a dị n'etiti enweela mgbanwe ụdaume nke na-eme ka ha dị iche: dịka ọmụmaatụ {{IPA|/ɑ/}} nke aleph na-anọchite anya asụsụ ndị na-abụghị nke etiti na-aghọ {{IPA|/ɔː/}} na asụsụ Banisi.<ref name="Khan2021" /> == Omenala ==   [[Faịlụ:Pashtuns.jpg|thumb|Uwe obodo ụmụaka Pashtun na-eji]] Omenala Pashtun dabere na Pashtunwali, Islam na nghọta asụsụ Pashto. A na-eji dialeketi Kabul eme ka akwụkwọ ozi Pashto dị ugbu a kwekọọ. Akwụkwọ mkpụrụ okwu bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke omenala Pashtun ọ dịkwa otú ahụ kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ. Omume ndị dị tupu Islam, nke malite na mmeri Alexander n’elu Alaeze Persia na 330 BC, nwere ike ịlanarịrị n'ụdị egwu omenala, ebe ụdị akwụkwọ na egwu na-egosi mmetụta sitere na omenala Persia yana ngwa egwu mpaghara jikọtara na ụdị mpaghara na nghọta mpaghara. Dị ka Ndị Muslim ndị ọzọ, Pashtun na-eme ememe ezumike Islamic. N’ihe megidere Pashtun bi na Pakistan, a na-eme ememe Nowruz na Afghanistan dị ka Afọ Ọhụrụ Afghanistan site n'aka ndị agbụrụ Afghanistan niile.. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Jirga === Otu nzukọ Pashtun a ma ama ọzọ bụ lóya jirgá (Pashto: لويه جرګه) ma ọ bụ 'ọgbakọ ukwu' nke ndị okenye họpụtara. Ndị otu jirgá (Pashto: جرګه) na-eme ọtụtụ mkpebi n’ime ndụ agbụrụ, nke bụ nzukọ isi nke ikike ndị Pashtun na-asọpụrụ dị ka ọchịchị nwere ezi uche.<ref name="HRW">{{Cite web|url=http://hrw.org/press/2002/04/qna-loyagirga.htm|title=Q & A on Afghanistan's Loya Jirga Process|accessdate=10 October 2006|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> === Okpukpe ===   [[Faịlụ:Mosque_in_Kandahar-2011.jpg|thumb|ili nke Ahmad Shah Durrani na Kandahar City, nke na-eje ozi dị ka ụlọ alakụba Congregational ma nwee uwe nsọ nke onye amụma Islam [[Muhammad]] yi.]] Tupu Islam, e nwere nkwenkwe dị iche iche nke ndị Pashtun na-eme dịka Zoroastrianism, Buddha na Hinduism. <ref name="ArnoldNettl2000">{{Cite book|author=Arnold|first=Alison|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|language=en|quote=Before the emergence of Islam, the Pakhtuns were followers of Hinduism and Buddhism and considered music sacred, employing it in many religious rituals.}}</ref> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Pashtun na-agbaso Islam Sunni ma bụrụ ndị ụlọ akwụkwọ echiche Hanafi. Obere obodo ndị Shia dị na Khyber Pakhtunkhwa na Paktia. Ndị Shias bụ ndị agbụrụ Turi ebe agbụrụ Bangash bụ ihe dịka 50% Shia na ndị Sunni ndị ọzọ, ndị a na-ahụkarị na gburugburu Parachinar, Kurram, Hangu, Kohat na Orakzai.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sunni Militants Claim Deadly Attack at Market in Pakistan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/14/world/asia/sunni-militants-claim-deadly-attack-at-market-in-pakistan.html|work=The New York Times|date=13 December 2015|accessdate=14 December 2015}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Afghan_men_praying_in_Kunar-2009.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ndị ikom na-eme salat Islam (ikpe ekpere) n'èzí n'èbe na mpaghara Kunar nke Afghanistan]] Enwere ike ịchọta ihe nketa nke ọrụ Sufi na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke Pashtun, ọkachasị na Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, dịka o doro anya na abụ na ịgba egwú. Ọtụtụ Pashtuns bụ ndị Ulema a ma ama, ndị ọkà mmụta Alakụba, dị ka Maulana Aazam onye dere ihe karịrị narị akwụkwọ ise gụnyere Tafasee nke kor'an dị ka Naqeeb Ut Tafaseer, Tafseer Ul Aazamain, Tafseer e Naqeebi na Noor Ut Tafaseor wdg, yana Muhammad Muhsin Khan onye nyere aka sụgharịa kor'an, Sahih Al-Bukhari na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ n'asụsụ Bekee.<ref name="Noble Quran">{{Cite web|url=http://firstedition.com.my/the%20noble%20quran.htm|title=''The Noble Quran'' (in 9 VOLUMES), Arabic-English|work=firstedition.com.my|editor=Muhammad Muhsin Khan|accessdate=18 January 2007|archivedate=28 June 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628232824/http://firstedition.com.my/the%20noble%20quran.htm}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị Pashtun chọrọ iweghachite njirimara ha site na ijikọta ha na ndị Taliban na iyi ọha egwu mba ụwa, nke na-enweghị njikọ kpọmkwem na omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Pashtun.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6198382.stm|title=Pashtuns want an image change|publisher=BBC News|first=Ahmed|author=Rashid}}</ref> Obere ozi dị na ndị na-abụghị ndị Alakụba n'ihi na e nwere obere data gbasara Ndị na-enweghị okpukpe na ndị pere mpe, karịsịa ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị Hindu na Ndị Sikh Pashtuns si na Khyber Pakhtunkhwa kwapụ mgbe nkewa nke India gasịrị, mgbe ịrị elu nke Taliban.<ref name="Tariq Ali">{{Cite book|title=The clash of fundamentalisms: crusades, jihads and modernity|url=https://archive.org/details/clashoffundament00alit|quote=The friends from Peshawar would speak of Hindu and Sikh Pashtuns who had migrated to India. In the tribal areas – the no man's land between Afghanistan and Pakistan – quite a few Hindus stayed on and were protected by the tribal codes. The same was true in Afghanistan itself (till the mujahidin and the Taliban arrived).|publisher=Verso|accessdate=20 April 2008|isbn=978-1-85984-457-1|author=Ali, Tariq|year=2003}}</ref><ref name="John Trimbur">{{Cite book|title=The call to write|url=https://archive.org/details/calltowrite0000trim|quote=Sikh Pashtuns.|publisher=Pearson Longman|accessdate=20 April 2008|isbn=978-0-321-20305-2|author=Trimbur, John|date=10 August 2004}}</ref> E nwekwara ndị Hindu na-azọrọ na ha bụ ndị Pashtun, mgbe ụfọdụ a maara dị ka ''Sheen Khalai'' (ọ bụ ezie na ndị Pashtun ndị ọzọ na-arụ ụka banyere agbụrụ ha), ndị kwagara India.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Haidar|first=Suhasini|date=3 February 2018|title=Tattooed 'blue-skinned' Hindu Pushtuns look back at their roots|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tattooed-blue-skinned-hindu-pushtuns-look-back-at-their-roots/article22645932.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ur8WAQAAMAAJ&q=hindu+pashtuns|title=Himāl: The South Asian Magazine|date=2002|publisher=Himal, Incorporated|quote=Most Hindus and Sikhs left Afghanistan during the 1992–1996 fighting}}</ref> Obere obodo Hindu, nke a maara dị ka Sheen Khalai nke pụtara 'acha anụnụ anụnụ' (na-ezo aka na agba nke Egbugbu ihu ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun), kwagara Unniara, Rajasthan, India mgbe nkewa gasịrị.<ref name="Haider2018">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tattooed-blue-skinned-hindu-pushtuns-look-back-at-their-roots/article22645932.ece|title=Tattooed 'blue-skinned' Hindu Pushtuns look back at their roots|author=Haider|first=Suhasini|date=3 February 2018|work=The Hindu|accessdate=9 February 2020}}</ref> Tupu 1947, obodo ahụ biri na mpaghara Quetta, Loralai na Maikhter nke mpaghara British Indian nke Baluchistan. <ref name="Haider2018" /><ref name="thebetterindia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/155394/hindu-pashtun-shilpi-batra-sheenkhalai-afghanistan/|title=India's Forgotten Links to Afghanistan|work=thebetterindia|date=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="hind">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1697086/pakistan|title=70 years on, one Pashtun town still safeguards its old Hindu-Muslim brotherhood|date=30 June 2020|author=Khan|first=Naimat|work=Arab News|quote=The meat-eating Hindu Pashtuns are a little known tribe in India even today, with a distinct culture carried forward from Afghanistan and Balochistan which includes blue tattoos on the faces of the women, traditional Pashtun dancing and clothes heavily adorned with coins and embroidery.}}</ref> A na-ekwukarị na ha bụ ndị agbụrụ Pashtun Kakar. Taa, ha na-aga n'ihu na-asụ Pashto ma na-eme emume ọdịbendị Pashtun site na ịgba egwu Attan. <ref name="thebetterindia" /><ref name="Haider2018" /> E nwekwara ndị Sikh ole na ole na-asụ Pashto na Tirah, Orakzai, Kurram, Malakand, na Swat. N'ihi nnupụisi na-aga n'ihu na Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a chụpụrụ ụfọdụ ndị Sikh na-asụ Pashto n'ime obodo ha ka ha biri n'obodo ndị dị ka Peshawar na Nankana Sahib. <ref name="Eusufzye2018">{{Cite web|author=Eusufzye|first=Khan Shehram|title=Two identities, twice the pride: The Pashtun Sikhs of Nankana Saheb|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/03/11/two-identities-twice-the-pride-the-pashtun-sikhs-of-nankana-saheb/amp/|work=[[Pakistan Today]]|accessdate=31 May 2020|year=2018|quote=One can sense a diminutive yet charming cultural amalgamation in certain localities within the town with the settling of around 250 Pashtun Sikh families in the city.}}</ref> <ref name="Sikhs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1193942|title=Tirah Sikhs glad at getting status of tribal elders|date=12 July 2015|work=Dawn}}</ref><ref name="Sikh Pashtuns">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsOct2008/sprepoct.htm|date=October 2008|title=The Frontier Singhs|publisher=Newsline Publications (Pvt.) Ltd.|accessdate=7 June 2009|quote=There is a small Sikh community in the largely ungoverned Orakzai tribal region, while a few live in Kurram's regional headquarters of Parachinar. They consider themselves "sons of the soil" – Pashtuns to be more specific – and are identified as such. "We are proud to be Pashtuns," says Sahib Singh. "Pashto is our tongue, our mother tongue – and we are proud of it."}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ na uri Pashto ===   [[Faịlụ:Mahmud_Tarzi_in_1920-cropped.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mahmud Tarzi, nwa Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi, ghọrọ onye ọsụ ụzọ nke Akwụkwọ akụkọ Afghanistan maka ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ Seraj al Akhbar . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/collections/afghan/chronology1881to1919.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715124008/http://www.bl.uk/collections/afghan/chronology1881to1919.html|title=Chronology: the reigns of Abdur Rahman Khan and Habibullah, 1881–1919|archivedate=15 July 2007|accessdate=14 December 2021}}</ref>]] Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Pashtun na-eji Pashto dị ka asụsụ ha, nke sitere n'ezinụlọ asụsụ Iran, nke ihe ruru nde mmadụ iri isii na-asụ.<ref name="Penzl">{{Cite book|title=A Grammar of Pashto a Descriptive Study of the Dialect of Kandahar, Afghanistan|author=Penzl|first=Herbert|year=2009|publisher=Ishi Press International|isbn=978-0-923891-72-5|quote=''Estimates of the number of Pashto speakers range from 40&nbsp;million to 60&nbsp;million&nbsp;...''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvRePgAACAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Omniglot">{{Cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/pashto.htm|title=Pashto language, alphabet and pronunciation|publisher=Omniglot|accessdate=18 January 2007}}</ref> E dere ya na mkpụrụedemede Pashto-Arabic ma kewaa ya n'asụsụ abụọ, "Pashto" nke ndịda na "Pukhto" nke ugwu. Asụsụ a nwere mmalite oge ochie ma nwee ihe yiri asụsụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ dị ka Avestan na Bactrian. Ndị ikwu ya kachasị nso n'oge a nwere ike ịgụnye Asụsụ Pamir, dị ka Shughni na Wakhi, na Ossetic.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsofno0000jame|author=Minahan, James|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=978-1-61069-018-8|oclc=879947835|chapter=Pamiri|date=10 February 2014}}</ref> Pashto nwere ike ịnwe ihe nketa oge ochie nke ịgbaziri okwu site na asụsụ ndị agbata obi gụnyere ndị Persian na Vedic Sanskrit. Ịgbazinye ego nke oge a na-esite n'asụsụ Bekee. &nbsp; Nke mbụ na-akọwa mmeri Sheikh Mali meriri Swat.<ref name="UCLA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.afghan-network.net/Ethnic-Groups/pashtu-history.html|title=History of Pushto language|publisher=UCLA Language Materials Project|accessdate=18 January 2007}}</ref> E kwenyere na Pir Roshan dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ Pashto mgbe ya na ndị Mughal na-alụ ọgụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta Pashtun dị ka Abdul Hai Habibi na ndị ọzọ kwenyere na ọrụ Pashto mbụ malitere na Amir Kror Suri, ha na-ejikwa ihe odide ndị a hụrụ na Pata Khazana dị ka ihe akaebe. Amir Kror Suri, nwa ''Amir Polad Suri'', bụ dike na eze nke narị afọ nke asatọ si n'ógbè Ghor na Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Afghan Monarchs: Sher Shah Suri, Amanullah Khan, Habibullah Khan, Amir Kror Suri|year=2010|publisher=General Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-156-38425-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Afghanistan|year=1967|publisher=Historical Society of Afghanistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhrjAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara Europe na-arụ ụka na nke a n'ihi enweghị ihe akaebe siri ike. === Mgbasa ozi na nka ===   Mgbasa ozi Pashto agbasawo n'ime afọ iri gara aga, na ọtụtụ ọwa TV Pashto na-adị. Abụọ n'ime ndị a ma ama bụ AVT Khyber na Pashto One nke dị na Pakistan. Ndị Pashtun gburugburu ụwa, ọkachasị ndị nọ na mba ndị Arab, na-ele ndị a maka ebumnuche ntụrụndụ na iji nweta akụkọ ọhụrụ banyere obodo ha.<ref name="ATVKhyber">{{Cite web|url=http://www.avtkhyber.tv/website/about.htm|title=Link|work=avtkhyber.tv|publisher=[[AVT Khyber]]|accessdate=15 January 2008|archivedate=5 January 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105030355/http://www.avtkhyber.tv/website/about.htm}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ bụ Shamshad TV nke Afghanistan, Radio Television Afghanistan, TOLOnews na Lemar TV, nke nwere ihe ngosi ụmụaka pụrụ iche a na-akpọ ''Baghch-e-Simsim''. Akụkọ mba ụwa na-enye mmemme Pashto gụnyere BBC Pashto na Voice Olu America. Ndị na-emepụta ihe na Peshawar emeela ihe nkiri asụsụ Pashto kemgbe afọ 1970. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Pashtun na-anọgide na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ụdị ngosipụta anụ ahụ dị iche iche gụnyere ịgba egwú, ịlụ ọgụ mma agha, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ikekwe ụdị ngosipụta nka kachasị ewu ewu nwere ike ịhụ n'ụdị dị iche iche nke ịgba egwu Pashtun. Otu n'ime ịgba egwú a ma ama bụ ''Attan'', nke nwere mgbọrọgwụ oge ochie. A na-eme ihe omume siri ike, Attan ka ndị na-agụ egwú na-akpọ ngwá egwú dị iche iche gụnyere ''dhol'' (ụbọ), tablas (ụbọ akwara), ''rubab'' (ụbọ ụbọ akwara a na-akpọ), na ''toola'' (ụbọ ọjà osisi). Site na mmegharị okirikiri ngwa ngwa, ndị na-agba egwú na-eme ruo mgbe ọ dịghị onye hapụrụ ịgba egwú, dịka Ndị Sufi na-agbagharị dervishes. Ọtụtụ ịgba egwú ndị ọzọ nwere njikọ na agbụrụ dị iche iche karịsịa ndị si Pakistan gụnyere ''Khattak Wal Atanrh'' (nke a na-akpọ aha agbụrụ Khattak), ''Mahsood Wal Atanrh'' ("nke, n'oge a, na-agụnye ịgba égbè), na ''Waziro Atanrh'' n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ụdị nke ''Khattak Wal Atanrh'' nke a maara dị ka ''Braghoni'' na-agụnye iji mma agha atọ ma chọọ nkà dị ukwuu. Ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ agbọghọ na-ejikarị ''Tumbal'' (Dayereh) nke bụ ngwá ọrụ eme ihe na agbamakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Ghaval|title=New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments|edition=2nd|author=McCollum|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-974339-1}}</ref> === Egwuregwu === [[Faịlụ:Shahid_Afridi_2010-cropped.jpg|thumb|Shahid Afridi, onye bụbu onyeisi Ndị otu egwuregwu cricket nke mba Pakistan]] Ma ndị otu cricket mba Pakistan na ndị otu criquet mba Afghanistan nwere ndị egwuregwu Pashtun.<ref name="EWC">{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of World Cricket|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000morg|first=Roy|author=Morgan|location=Cheltenham|publisher=SportsBooks|year=2007|isbn=978-1-89980-751-2}}</ref> Otu n'ime egwuregwu kachasị ewu ewu n'etiti ndị Pashtun bụ cricket, nke e webatara na South Asia n'oge mmalite narị afọ nke 18 na mbata nke ndị Britain. Ọtụtụ ndị Pashtun aghọwo ndị egwuregwu cricket a ma ama na mba ụwa, gụnyere Imran Khan, Shahid Afridi, Majid Khan, Misbah-ul-Haq, Younis Khan, Umar Gul, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Younis Khan Profile|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/player/43652.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Junaid Khan, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Umar Gul Profile|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/504/umar-gul#!#profile|work=CricBuzz}}</ref> Fakhar Zaman, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fakhar Zaman, Junaid Khan reveal their Pathan aggression|url=https://www.brecorder.com/2017/12/02/384328/fakhar-zaman-junaid-khan-reveal-their-pathan-aggression/|work=Business Recorder|date=2 December 2017}}</ref> Mohammad Rizwan, [4] Usman Shinwari, Naseem Shah, Shaheen Afridi, Iftikhar Ahmed, Mohammad Wasim na Yasir Shah.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan's Fakhar Zaman aims to win World Cup and break into Test team|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12343/11479807/pakistans-fakhar-zaman-aims-to-win-world-cup-and-break-into-test-team|publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammad Rizwan profile|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/player/323389.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Onye Australia na-eme egwuregwu cricket bụ Fawad Ahmed bụ onye Pakistan Pashtun bụ onye na-egwuri egwu maka otu mba Australia. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/578939/hottie-of-the-week-fawad-ahmed/|title=Hottie of the week: Fawad Ahmed|work=The Express Tribune|date=23 July 2013|accessdate=1 September 2013}}</ref> Makha bụ egwuregwu ịgba ụta ọdịnala na Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, nke a na-eji ogologo ụta (''gheshai'') na-egwu ya nke nwere efere ígwè dị ka saucer na njedebe ya dịpụrụ adịpụ, na ogologo ụta.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Mukha' lovers throng Topi contest|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/729598/mukha-lovers-throng-topi-contest|work=Dawn|date=26 June 2012}}</ref> N'Afghanistan, ụfọdụ ndị Pashtun ka na-ekere òkè n'egwuregwu oge ochie nke buzkashi nke ndị na-agba ịnyịnya na-anwa itinye ozu ewu ma ọ bụ nwa ehi n'ime gburugburu goolu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sports and Games of Pashtoons|url=http://www.khyber.org/culture/a/Sports_and_Games_of_Pashtoons.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419174423/http://www.khyber.org/culture/a/Sports_and_Games_of_Pashtoons.shtml|archivedate=19 April 2017|work=Khyber.org}}</ref> === Ụmụ nwanyị === A maara ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun dị ka ndị dị umeala n'obi na ndị a na-asọpụrụ n'ihi ejiji ha dị ala. Ndụ ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun dịgasị iche site na ndị bi n'ime ime obodo ndị na-agbaso omenala na ndị a na-ahụ n'obodo ukwu.<ref name="Women's Rights">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/features/ihavearightto/four_b/report-azami.shtml|title=I have a right to|publisher=BBC World Service|date=16 January 2006|accessdate=10 October 2006}}</ref> N'ime obodo, a na-akpọ onye isi obodo nwanyị "qaryadar". Ọrụ ya nwere ike ịgụnye ịhụ ememe ụmụ nwanyị, ịhazi ụmụ nwanyị ka ha mee ememe okpukpe, ịkwadebe ụmụ nwanyị nwụrụ anwụ maka olili, na ịrụ ọrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nwụrụnụ. Ọ na-ahazi alụmdi na nwunye maka ezinụlọ ya ma dozie esemokwu maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Harvard">{{Cite web|url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/ilsp/research/kakar.pdf|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/ilsp/research/kakar.pdf|archivedate=9 October 2022|title=Tribal Law of Pashtunwali and Women's Legislative Authority|work=law.harvard.edu|publisher=[[Harvard University]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun ka bụ ndị agbụrụ na ndị na-amaghị akwụkwọ, ụfọdụ agwụla mahadum ma sonye n'ụwa ọrụ.<ref name="Women's Rights" /> [[Faịlụ:Shinzō_Abe_and_Malala_Yousafzai_(1)_Cropped.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Malala Yousafzai, onye Pakistan na-eme ihe maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na onye nwetara ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize na 2014]] Ọtụtụ iri afọ nke agha na ịrị elu nke ndị Taliban [./Taliban_treatment_of_women]Mba" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Taliban treatment of women">kpatara nnukwu ihe isi ike n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun, ebe ọ bụ na nkọwa siri ike nke iwu Islam gbochiri ọtụtụ n'ime ikike ha. Ndụ siri ike nke ụmụ nwanyị Afghanistan gbara ọsọ ndụ nwetara aha ọjọọ site na onyinyo Afghan Girl (Sharbat Gula) nke e gosipụtara na June 1985 nke magazin National Geographic.<ref name="Sharbat Gula">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/100best/storyA_story.html|title=Along Afghanistan's War-torn Frontier|work=National Geographic|date=June 1985|accessdate=10 October 2006|archivedate=9 November 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109082729/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/100best/storyA_story.html}}</ref> Mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke oge a maka ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mgbe Eze Nwanyị Soraya Tarzi nke Afghanistan mere mgbanwe ngwa ngwa iji melite ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọnọdụ ha n'ezinụlọ. Ọ bụ naanị nwanyị pụtara na ndepụta nke ndị ọchịchị na Afghanistan. A na-ekwu na ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị inyom Afghanistan na ndị Alakụba mbụ na ndị kachasị ike. Nkwado ya maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka ụmụ nwanyị dugara na ngagharị iwe ma nye aka na njedebe ikpeazụ nke ọchịchị Eze Amanullah na 1929. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iiav.nl/ezines/web/JournalofInternationalWomensStudies/2003/Vol4Nr3May/Afghanistan.pdf|title=A History of Women in Afghanistan: Lessons Learnt for the Future|work=Huma Ahmed-Ghosh|publisher=Aletta, Institute for Women's History|date=May 2003|accessdate=2 December 2010|archivedate=18 May 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518125237/http://www.iiav.nl/ezines/web/JournalofInternationalWomensStudies/2003/Vol4Nr3May/Afghanistan.pdf}}</ref> Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ nọgidere bụrụ ihe dị mkpa n'afọ ndị 1970, dịka onye ndú ụmụ nwanyị Meena Keshwar Kamal mere mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị ma guzobe Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) na 1977. <ref name="RAWA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rawa.org/waves.htm|title=Making Waves: Interview with RAWA|work=RAWA.org|date=16 January 2006|accessdate=10 October 2006}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun n'ụbọchị ndị a dịgasị iche site na ndị inyom ọdịnala na-ebi na nzuzo na ndị ọrụ obodo, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-achọ ma ọ bụ nweta nha nhata na ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="Women's Rights"/> Mana n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ ka dị ala maka ha karịa maka ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="Afghan women literacy">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/laura-bush-meets-afghan-women/|title=Laura Bush Meets Afghan Women|publisher=CBS News|date=16 January 2006|accessdate=10 October 2006}}</ref> Mmetọ a na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị dị ma na-agbakwu mbọ site n'aka òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị nke na-ahụ onwe ha na-alụ ọgụ na òtù okpukpe ndị na-agbaso omenala yana ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na Pakistan na Afghanistan. Dị ka akwụkwọ 1992 si kwuo, "omume dị ike nke nnagide na-egbochi ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun ọdịnala iji belata nhụjuanya ha kwetara na ndụ ha".<ref name="Paxtun Women">{{Cite book|author=Grima|first=Benedicte|year=1992|title=Performance of Emotion Among Paxtun Women|url=https://archive.org/details/performanceofemo0000grim|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|isbn=0-292-72756-9}}</ref> N'ịga n'ihu na-ama ọnọdụ ahụ aka, a họpụtara Vida Samadzai dị ka Miss Afghanistan na 2003, ihe a natara site na nkwado sitere n'aka ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-ele ngosipụta dị otú ahụ anya dị ka ndị na-emegide ọdịnala na ndị na'abụghị ndị Alakụba. Ụfọdụ enwetala ọkwá ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Afghanistan na Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4434782.stm|title=Warlords and women in uneasy mix|first=Andrew|author=North|publisher=BBC News|date=14 November 2005|accessdate=10 October 2006}}</ref> A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun dị ka ndị na-elekọta TV, ndị nta akụkọ na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. <ref name="Khyber"/> N'afọ 1942, Madhubala (Mumtaz Jehan), Marilyn Monroe nke India, banyere na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Bollywood.<ref name="Devasher2022">{{Cite book|author=Devasher|first=Tilak|title=The Pashtuns: A Contested History|date=15 September 2022|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=978-93-94407-64-0|language=en|quote=The Pashtuns have made a vital contribution in diverse spheres of life: all rulers of Afghanistan since 1747, except for a nine-month interlude in 1929 and between 1992 and 1996, have been Pashtuns. In Pakistan, Ayub Khan, a Tarin Pashtun, as also Gen. Yahya Khan and Ghulam Ishaq Khan, became presidents; in India, Zakir Hussain, an Afridi Pashtun, became president. Muhammed Yusuf Khan (Dilip Kumar) and Mumtaz Jahan (Madhubala) were great Bollywood actors; Mansoor Ali Khan (Tiger Pataudi) led the Indian cricket team;}}</ref> Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na Bollywood nke afọ 1970 na 1980 gosipụtara Parveen Babi, onye sitere n'agbụrụ nke obodo Pathan nke Gujarat: Eze Babi . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Khanna|first=Anshu|title=Remembering the Brightest of the Babis|url=https://thedailyguardian.com/remembering-the-brightest-of-the-babis/|publisher=Daily Guardian|date=22 January 2021}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị nlereanya India, dị ka Zarine Khan, na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref name="pathan">{{Cite news|author=Dalal|first=Mangal|title=When men were men|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/when-men-were-men/564691/0|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=23 August 2013|quote="She's a Pathan girl who speaks Hindi and Urdu well and was spectacular in the screen test. It was pure luck."|date=8 January 2010}}</ref> N'ime afọ ndị 1980 ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun jere ozi n'òtù Ndị agha nke ọchịchị Kọmunist nke Afghanistan. Khatol Mohammadzai jere ozi na paratrooper n'oge Agha Obodo Afghanistan ma mesịa bụrụ Brigadier General na ndị agha Afghanistan. Nigar Johar bụ onye Ọchịagha kpakpando atọ na ndị agha Pakistan, nwanyị ọzọ Pashtun ghọrọ onye na-anya ụgbọelu na ndị agha ụgbọelu Pakistan.<ref name="Female Pilots">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4533367.stm|title=Pakistan's first women fighter pilots|first=Zaffar|author=Abbas|publisher=BBC News|date=11 May 2005|accessdate=10 October 2006}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun na-enwekarị ikike iwu ha maka ndị di ha ma ọ bụ ndị ikwu nwoke. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwe ka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ntụli aka na Pakistan, ụmụ nwoke ewepụla ụfọdụ n'ime ha n'ime igbe ntuli aka.<ref name="Women's Rights"/> == Ndị ama ama ==   == Ihe odide nkọwa ==   * Rịba ama: ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Pashtuns (gụnyere ndị na-enweghị akara) na mba ndị ọzọ sitere na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche, UN, CIA's The World Factbook na Ethnologue. == Edensibia ==   == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==        [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 617ckrswee6mq618ryldfk2o3e2ps88 0 77995 727921 688374 2026-09-25T12:58:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 727921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | name = The Lord Shinkwin | image_upright = | image = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> | alt = | caption = | order = | office1 = [[List of current members of the House of Lords#Lords Temporal|Member of the House of Lords]] | status1 = [[Lord Temporal]] | term_label1 = [[Life peer]]age | term_start1 = 14 October 2015 <!-- Personal --> | birth_name = Kevin Joseph Maximilian Shinkwin | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1971|6|7}} | birth_place = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=y|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | death_place = | citizenship = | party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] | other_party = <!--For additional political affiliations--> | height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --> | partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--> | relations = | children = | parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters --> | relatives = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | profession = | known_for = | salary = | net_worth = <!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --> | cabinet = | committees = | portfolio = | awards = }} '''Kevin Joseph Maximilian Shinkwin, Baron Shinkwin''' (amụrụ na 7 Juun 1971) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Conservative Party (UK)|British Conservative]] na onye otu [[House of Lords]]. ==Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ya== Shinkwin gụrụ akwụkwọ na [[Ratcliffe College]] ebe nna ya bụ onye nkuzi physics. Ratcliffe bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik [[ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe na United Kingdom|nkeonwe]] dị na [[Ratcliffe on the Wreake]], Leicestershire. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Llanarth Court School nke bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze na Raglan, Gwent ruo afọ ole na ole. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na iwu na mba Briten na [[Mahadum Hull]], wee nweta akara ugo mmụta Bachelor of Arts (BA) na 1993.<ref name="WW 2017">'SHINKWIN', ''[[Who's Who 2017]]'', A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2017; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2016; online edn, Nov 2016 [http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U284935 accessed 16 Oct 2017]</ref> ==Ọrụ== Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri abụọ na ngalaba afọ ofufo, na-eje ozi n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ọha na eze, gụnyere na [[RNID]], [[Macmillan Cancer Support|Macmillan]], [[Cancer Research UK]], na [[The Royal British Legion]], ebe o duuru mkpọsa ndị gara nke ọma na Nkwekọrịta Ndị Agha<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/armed-forces-covenant-recognised-in-law-for-first-time|title=Armed Forces Covenant recognised in law for first time – Announcements|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|access-date=23 April 2016}}</ref> na inweta mgbanwe na ọrụ ndị na-ahụ maka ozu maka ezinụlọ ndị agha nwụrụ anwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engagingnetworks.net/sites/default/files/documents/13study_-_rbl_02.pdf |title=Case study: Royal British Legion – "Leave it out Ken" |access-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509173300/https://www.engagingnetworks.net/sites/default/files/documents/13study_-_rbl_02.pdf |archivedate=9 May 2016 }}</ref> Ozugbo ọ banyere n'ime ndị isi, ọ bụ onye isi nke ihe gbasara ọha na eze na mkpọsa maka [[Mmanya na Azụmaahịa Spirit]], ọkwa ọ gbara arụkwaghịm mgbe ahọpụtachara ya iji zere esemokwu mmasị. Na 21 Eprel 2017, a họpụtara ya dị ka kọmishọna nke [[Ịha nhata na ikike mmadụ]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New Commissioner for the Equality and Human Rights Commission|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-commissioner-for-the-equality-and-human-rights-commission|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref> Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa a na Disemba 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://humanism.org.uk/2017/12/13/anti-abortion-activist-resigns-as-equality-and-human-rights-commissioner/ |title=Anti-abortion activist resigns as Equality and Human Rights Commissioner |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=13 December 2017 |website=Humanists UK |access-date=14 December 2017 }}</ref> ===Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị=== E mere ya ka ọ bụrụ [[onye ọgbọ ndụ]] na-ewere aha '''Baron Shinkwin''', nke [[Balham]] na [[London Borough nke Wandsworth]] na 14 Ọktoba 2015.<ref>{{London Gazette | issue = 61385 | date = 20 October 2015 |page=19670}}</ref> A kpọbatara ya na [[Ụlọ Ndị Isi]] na 17 Nọvemba 2015.<ref>{{cite hansard |title= Introduction: Lord Shinkwin |url= https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2015-11-17/debates/15111757000026/IntroductionLordShinkwin |house= House of Lords |date= 17 November 2015 }}</ref> Ọ nọdụrụ ala dịka [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dissolution Peerages 2015|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dissolution-peerages-2015|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=House of Lords: Outcry as donors, fixers and MPs caught up in expenses scandal are handed peerages|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/house-of-lords-outcry-as-donors-fixers-and-mps-caught-up-in-expenses-scandal-are-ennobled-10475640.html|website=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=28 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827233201/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/house-of-lords-outcry-as-donors-fixers-and-mps-caught-up-in-expenses-scandal-are-ennobled-10475640.html|archive-date=27 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bio parliament">{{cite web|title=Members of the House of Lords: Lord Shinkwin|url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/lords/lord-shinkwin/4557|publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref> Kemgbe ọ ghọrọ onye ọgbọ, ọ na-elekwasị anya n'ọchịchị ọrụ ebere na okwu nha anya maka ndị nwere nkwarụ. N'arụmụka ya na Machị 2017, ọ kọwara iwu mmebi ime nke Britain dị ka "ikikere igbu mmadụ maka mpụ nke ịbụ onye nwere nkwarụ".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/03/10/tory-peer-lord-shinkwin-warns-britains-abortion-laws-licence/|title = Tory peer Lord Shinkwin warns Britain's abortion laws are a 'licence to kill disabled people'|newspaper = The Telegraph|date = 10 March 2017|last1 = Hughes|first1 = Laura}}</ref> ==Ndụ nkeonwe== A mụrụ ya na [[osteogenesis imperfecta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Disability Must Stop Being Workplace D&I's Poor Relation, Says Disabled Conservative Peer |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gusalexiou/2021/03/30/disability-must-stop-being-workplace-dis-poor-relation-says-disabled-conservative-peer/ |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} {{s-start}} {{s-prec|uk}} {{s-bef|before=[[Andrew Robathan|The Lord Robathan]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom|Gentlemen]]'''<br />''Baron Shinkwin'' '''}} {{s-fol|after=[[Baron Porter of Spalding|The Lord Porter of Spalding]]}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shinkwin, Kevin Shinkwin, Baron}} [[Category:Living people]] j0x526lnp513gnr5ydwfib0jjc7zzd1 0 79294 728056 722573 2026-09-26T02:33:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728056 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Campaignbox Boko Haram insurgency}}Mgbapụ ndị mkpọrọ n’Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Bauchi bụ mwakpo a wakporo ụlọ mkpọrọ gọọmenti etiti dị na Bauchi, Naịjirịa, bụ́ nke ndị otu Boko Haram ji tọhapụ ndị mkpọrọ narị asaa na iri abụọ na otu.[1] Mwakpo ahụ mere na ụbọchị asaa nke Septemba, afọ puku abụọ na iri (7 Septemba 2010), ndị ji egbe ihe dị ka iri ise mere ya.[2]N’ime ndị mkpọrọ gbapụrụ, ihe ruru narị mmadụ na iri ise bụ ndị nwere njikọ na otu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Boko Haram.[1] Mgbapụ ndị mkpọrọ ahụ bụ akụkụ nke mmụba sara mbara n’ihe omume Boko Haram n’oge ahụ. A kọwara mmụba ahụ dị ka mmegwara maka ọnwụ otu n’ime ndị isi kacha mkpa nke otu ahụ.[3]Mgbe ihe a gasịrị, Boko Haram mere ọtụtụ mwakpo ndị ọzọ megide ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti na ebe okpukpe dị iche iche na Steeti Bauchi.[3][4] == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Naịjirịa kewara n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'etiti ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba n'ebe ugwu, esemokwu amalitela n'etiti ìgwè abụọ ahụ. E nweela Ime ihe ike n'okpukpe na Naịjirịa kemgbe afọ 1953. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/echoes-of-1953-kano-riot/|title=Echoes of 1953 Kano riot|author=Nwanze|first=Cheta|date=2018-01-31|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=2022-06-01}}</ref> Ndị mkpọrọ nọ na [[Bauchi]] na-echere ikpe maka nnupụisi Boko Haram nke afọ 2009 . <ref name="VOA-8Sep">{{Cite news|date=8 September 2010|title=Gunmen Stage Massive Prison Break in Northern Nigeria|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/nigeria-says-732-inmates-freed-in-attack-on-prison--102422549/155762.html|accessdate=9 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="Xinhua-8Sep">{{Cite news|date=8 September 2010|title=721 inmates freed in Nigeria's prison break|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-09/08/c_13485236.htm|accessdate=9 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911200708/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-09/08/c_13485236.htm|archive-date=11 September 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="IOL-9Sep">{{Cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/manhunt-begins-after-prison-break-1.680173|title=Manhunt begins after prison break|date=9 September 2010|accessdate=9 September 2010|publisher=[[Independent Online]]}}</ref> Ndị otu Boko Haram mere mwakpo n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii dị na Bauchi Steeti na 26 Julaị 2009, ebe e gburu mmadụ 150.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Kendhammer|first=Brandon|title=Boko Haram|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=2018|isbn=9780821423516|location=Athens}}</ref> Nke a sochiri ọtụtụ mwakpo a haziri ahazi gafee ọtụtụ steeti, gụnyere na [[Ȯra Borno|Steeti Borno]] dị nso.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=In Nigeria, an Insurgency Leaves a Heavy Toll|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/04/world/africa/04nigeria.html|author=Murray|first=Sean|date=3 August 2009|work=The New York Times|accessdate=3 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103204009/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/04/world/africa/04nigeria.html|archivedate=3 November 2012}}</ref> N'oge mmeghachi omume obi ọjọọ nke gọọmentị, e jidere onye ndú Boko Haram bụ [[Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)|Mohammed Yusuf]] na 30 Julaị. <ref name=":0" /> Ndị uwe ojii gburu ya n'egbu ọchụ na-abụghị nke ikpe mgbe a gbachara ya ajụjụ ọnụ, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ isi mmalite na-ekwu na e gburu ya mgbe a na-ejide ya.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị kwenyere ma kwupụta na ọnwụ Yusuf ga-eduga na ọdịda nke otu ahụ. Kama nke ahụ, ọ kpatara mmụba nke recruitment na mgbasawanye, na ịrị elu nke ọrụ nke otu ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Ajayi|first=A.I.|date=29 June 2012|title='Boko Haram' and terrorism in Nigeria: Exploratory and explanatory notes|journal=Global Advanced Research Journal of History, Political Science and International Relations|volume=1|pages=103–107}}</ref> Ọnwụ Yusuf mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ka a kọwara dị ka otu n'ime mkpesa ndị otu ahụ megide gọọmentị Naijiria. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=The Changing Dynamics of Boko Haram Terrorism|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272793485|author=Maiangwa|first=Benjamin|date=31 July 2012|work=Al Jazeera Center for Studies}}</ref> Onye nke abụọ na-achị Yusuf, [[Abubakar Shekau]], mechara yie egwu ịbọ ọbọ megide gọọmentị maka ọnwụ nke ndị otu Boko Haram.<ref name=":0" /> == Ihe mere == Boko Haram mere oge ezumike n'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka mgbede Ramadan mgbe ndị nche ụlọ mkpọrọ ndị Alakụba ga-apụ ma kpee ekpere na ụlọ alakụba iji kwadebe maka ịkwụsị ibu ọnụ ha.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="AllAfrica-8 Sep">{{Cite news|author=Muh'd Sani|first=Sani|date=8 September 2010|title=Nigeria: Attack On Bauchi Prison - Boko Haram Frees 721 Inmates|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201009090034.html|accessdate=13 March 2024|work=allAfrica.com}}</ref> Ha ji ngwá agha gụnyere AK-47, cutlasses, na mma, nke ha ji merie ndị ọrụ ụlọ mkpọrọ belatara.<ref name="AllAfrica-8 Sep" /> A gbara akụkụ nke ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ ọkụ, gbuo mmadụ ise ma kpọga mmadụ isii n'ụlọ ọgwụ, gụnyere ọ dịkarịa ala otu onye uwe ojii na ndị na-ekiri ya.<ref name="BBC-8Sep">{{Cite news|accessdate=9 September 2010|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11229740|title='Boko Haram attack' frees hundreds of prisoners|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=8 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tribune-9Sep">{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.ng/index.php/news/10824-bauchi-5-confirmed-dead-after-boko-haram-attack-759-inmates-escape-from-prison-fg-warns-trouble-makers|title=Bauchi: 5 confirmed dead after Boko Haram attack •759 inmates escape from prison •FG warns trouble makers|publisher=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|date=9 September 2010|accessdate=9 September 2010|archive-date=2 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002214025/http://tribune.com.ng/index.php/news/10824-bauchi-5-confirmed-dead-after-boko-haram-attack-759-inmates-escape-from-prison-fg-warns-trouble-makers|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prison Raid in Nigeria Releases Hundreds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/world/africa/09nigeria.html|author=Nossiter|first=Adam|date=8 September 2010|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908191458/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/world/africa/09nigeria.html|archivedate=8 September 2010}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ 721 n'ime ndị mkpọrọ 759 nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ na mgbalị ịtọhapụ ndị òtù Boko Haram 173 na-echere ikpe. <ref name="AllAfrica-8 Sep" /><ref name="Indie-9Sep">{{Cite news|date=9 September 2010|title=Nigerian gunmen free 800 in prison break|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nigerian-gunmen-free-800-in-prison-break-2074233.html|accessdate=9 September 2010}}</ref> 127 n'ime ndị mkpọrọ ahụ laghachiri n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'onwe ha iji mezuo ikpe mkpirikpi ha, <ref name="AllAfrica-8 Sep" /> ma jide ndị mkpọrọ 35 ọzọ. <ref name="VOA-8Sep" /><ref name="IOL-9Sep" /> Boko Haram jiri mwakpo ahụ mee ihe dị ka ohere iji kesaa ihe nchịkọta na mgbasa ozi. Ha hapụrụ akwụkwọ mpịakọta gburugburu ụlọ mkpọrọ na-akọwapụta nzụlite ha na nkwupụta ha ma na-agba ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ume ka ha buru ngwá agha maka ebumnuche ha.<ref name=":0" /> == Ihe si na ya pụta == Gọvanọ steeti Isa Yuguda mara ọkwa na 8 Septemba 2010 na ndị otu Boko Haram kwesịrị ịhapụ steeti ahụ ma ọ bụ a ga-achụpụ ha n'ike.<ref name="Xinhua-8Sep" /> Nzaghachi gọọmentị na ọrụ Boko Haram dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ndị agha na ndị uwe ojii.<ref name=":3" /> Obodo ahụ gbakwunyere ebe ndị agha na-enyocha n'okporo ụzọ ndị dị mkpa.<ref name="VOA-8Sep" /> Dị ka kọmishọna ndị uwe ojii steeti, Danlami Yar'Adua si kwuo, e jidere mmadụ iri na otu a na-enyo enyo na ha bụ ndị Boko Haram n'oge mkpọsa a.<ref name="IOL-9Sep" /> Gọọmentị Naijiria kwere nkwa ime ka nchebe sie ike n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ndị e chere na ha nwere ike ịwakpo.<ref name="IOL-9Sep" /> Minista na-ahụ maka ihe dị n'ime obodo [[Emmanuel Iheanacho]] kwuru na "[Nigeria's] nchekwa na nchekwa ka bụ ihe dị mkpa nye anyị".<ref name="Tribune-9Sep" /> Boko Haram wakporo ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii na ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha na Bauchi.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2012, otu ahụ gburu onwe ya na bọmbụ na chọọchị dị na Bauchi.<ref name=":3" /> Ọpụpụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na Bauchi abụghị naanị mwakpo dị otú ahụ nke Boko Haram haziri. N'afọ 2014, a tọhapụrụ ndị mkpọrọ 119 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Kogi. Ọ bụkwa ndị otu ahụ kpatara ya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-02-16|title=Militants claim Nigeria jailbreak|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17059895|accessdate=2020-05-13}}</ref> Boko Haram mechara mee ka ọnụnọ ya dị na Lake Chad Basin, nke mba ndị dị na mpaghara ahụ gụnyere Naịjirịa na Chad na Multinational Joint Force kwurịtara okwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=92 Chad soldiers killed in 'deadliest' Boko Haram attack|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/92-chad-soldiers-killed-deadliest-boko-haram-attack-200325010212370.html|work=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=2020-05-11}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgbapụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nke Ekiti * [[Mgbapụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Kogi|Ịgbapụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Kogi]] * Nnupụisi nke Boko Haram * Ịgbapụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Edo <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Otú:Ȯra Bauchi]] 1b0x54ry73osf7yh6j2tr4lvpoyi50o 0 79404 728085 727629 2026-09-26T04:53:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 728085 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Site na ngwụcha ọnwa Ọktọba ruo n'etiti ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2021, nzukọ Islamic State mere mwakpo bọmbụ anọ gafee [[Uganda]]. == Ndabere == Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) bụ otu ndị Alakụba malitere na Uganda mana ọ dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] dị nso. Nnupụisi nke otu ahụ malitere na 1996; ọ na-egbu ọtụtụ narị ndị nkịtị kwa afọ, ọkachasị site na ịwakpo obodo nta. Mwakpo ADF kachasị gbuo mmadụ na Uganda bụ na 8 June 1998, mgbe otu ahụ wakporo Uganda Technical College, Kichwamba na Kabarole District, na-egbu ụmụ akwụkwọ 80 ma na-atọrọ ihe dị ka 100.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 October 2021|title=Inside the Komamboga terror attack|work=[[Daily Monitor]]|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/inside-the-komamboga-terror-attack-3594940}}</ref> N'afọ 1997, e mere nnukwu mwakpo ọzọ, mgbe otu ahụ tụbara bọmbụ n'ime tagzi na ụlọ ọha na eze, na-egbu ihe karịrị mmadụ 50 ma na-emerụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 160 ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=HOSTILE TO DEMOCRACY|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/uganda/Uganweb-09.htm|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=[[Human Rights Watch]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010504150108/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/uganda/Uganweb-09.htm|archivedate=4 May 2001}}</ref><ref name="PROFILE">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106091756/http://www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml?cmd&#91347%5D=x-347-359656&als&#91theme%5D=AT+Law+and+Policy Terrorism Profile - Uganda][[Privacy International]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106091756/http://www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml?cmd&#91347%5D=x-347-359656&als& |date=2008-01-06 }}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2010, a tụrụ bọmbụ ndị gburu onwe ha n'elu ìgwè mmadụ na-ekiri ihe ngosi nke egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke FIFA World Cup nke afọ 2010 n'oge World Cup n'ebe abụọ na Kampala. Mwakpo ahụ gburu mmadụ 74 ma merụọ mmadụ 70 ọzọ ahụ. Al-Shabaab, otu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu nke [[Somalia]], kwuru na ọ bụ ya kpatara mwakpo ahụ dịka mmegwara maka nkwado Uganda maka AMISOM.<ref name="aol">{{Cite web|date=12 July 2010|title=Uganda Blasts: American Killed, Missionaries Hurt|url=http://www.aolnews.com/world/article/uganda-bombing-american-aid-worker-nate-henn-killed-six-us-missionaries-injured/19550468|publisher=[[AOL News]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713201244/http://www.aolnews.com/world/article/uganda-bombing-american-aid-worker-nate-henn-killed-six-us-missionaries-injured/19550468|archivedate=13 July 2010}}</ref> == Mwakpo na 2021 == Mgbe afọ iri na otu nke ịdị jụụ gasịrị, ADF lekwasịrị Uganda anya na 2021 site n'enyemaka nke ndị na-eyi ọha egwu jikọtara na Islamic State. Na 1 June, General Katumba Wamala nọ na-eme njem n'ụgbọala mgbe ndị ikom anọ na-agba égbè pụtara ma malite ịgba égbè, merụọ Wamala ahụ ma gbuo onye ọkwọ ụgbọala ya na nwa ya nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chimpreports.com/gen-katumba-wamala-attacked-by-gun-men-driver-reported-dead/|title=General Katumba Wamala Attacked by Gunmen; Daughter Reported Dead|author=Sam Waswa|accessdate=1 June 2021|date=1 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Assassination attempt on Ugandan minister kills 2|url=https://www.dw.com/en/assassination-attempt-on-ugandan-minister-kills-2/a-57736189|accessdate=1 June 2021|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=1 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 June 2021|title=Katumba Wamala: Uganda minister shot in assassination attempt|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-57315083|accessdate=June 1, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 June 2021|title=Assassination attempt on Ugandan minister kills daughter and driver|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/01/ugandan-minister-hurt-in-assassination-bid-that-killed-his-daughter|accessdate=1 June 2021}}</ref> Otu ọnwa mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị ọchịchị kpughere na ndị mwakpo ahụ bụ ndị Alakụba a zụrụ n'ogige jihadist na North Kivu, Congo, ma nwee njikọ na ADF na Islamic State.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2021|title=Uganda links Islamist rebels to attempted murder of minister|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/uganda-links-islamist-rebels-attempted-murder-minister-2021-07-01/}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, ndị ọchịchị jidere onye otu ADF maka ịhazi mwakpo bọmbụ igbu onwe ya n'ememe olili ozu nke onye isi ndị uwe ojii, onye bụ onye isi na njide nke ndị otu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 August 2021|title=Uganda: We're Planning to Attack and Eliminate Allied Democratic Forces From DR Congo - Museveni|work=[[All Africa]]|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202108280022.html}}</ref> N'agbata Julaị na Ọgọstụ, ọ dịkarịa ala ndị nkịtị 25 nwụrụ na Lwengo na Masaka. Ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ha na n'okporo ámá site n'aka ndị na-egbu ha mma n'abalị. Ọ bụ ezie na ebumnuche nke igbu ọchụ ahụ na njirimara nke ndị na-eme ya ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị ọchịchị na-enyo enyo na ndị na-eyi ọha egwu ADF bụ ndị na-akwado igbu ọchukwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 October 2021|title=Uganda: Masaka Killings - Govt Recovers Shs5.2m Condolence Money From Imposters|work=[[All Africa]]|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202110250368.html}}</ref> === Ọktoba === N'abalị asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, ndị agha Islamic State tụrụ bọmbụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii dị na Kawempe. Ọ dịghị onye merụrụ ahụ na mwakpo ahụ. Ọ bụ oge mbụ Islamic State kwuru na ọ bụ ya kpatara mwakpo a wakporo Uganda.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 October 2021|title=Deadly blast in Ugandan capital a 'terrorist act': President|work=[[France24]]|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211024-deadly-blast-in-ugandan-capital-a-terrorist-act-president}}</ref> Na ụbọchị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba, mba United Kingdom dọrọ aka ná ntị gbasara mwakpo ndị omekome na-abịa, na-akpọ ndị obodo ha ka ha kpachara anya nke ọma gbasara nchekwa ha "karịsịa n'ebe ndị mmadụ jupụtara na ya na ebe ọha na eze dịka họtel, ebe a na-ebuga ndị mmadụ, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ụlọ mmanya, nakwa n'oge nnukwu nnọkọ dịka egwuregwu ma ọ bụ ihe omume okpukpe." <ref>{{Cite news|author=|date=2021-10-18|title=United Kingdom issues Uganda terror alert|language=en|work=[[The East African]]|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/united-kingdom-issues-uganda-terror-alert-3584230|accessdate=2021-11-16}}</ref> Ndị uwe ojii Uganda wepụtara nkwupụta na-agba ndị ọha ume ka ha nọrọ jụụ ka ha "na-aga n'ihu na-enyocha usoro nchekwa anyị n'ofe mba ahụ, nke a na-ejikwa n'usoro nkịtị."<ref>{{Cite news|author=|date=2021-10-18|title=Security urges the public to keep calm despite the advisories from the UK and French embassies|language=en|work=[[Uganda Police Force|UPF]]|url=https://www.upf.go.ug/security-urges-the-public-to-keep-calm-despite-the-advisories-from-the-uk-and-french-embassies/|accessdate=2021-11-16}}</ref> A na-eche na mwakpo ndị a bụ nzaghachi maka mkpọsa njide ndị uwe ojii Uganda mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nke lekwasịrị anya n'aka ndị a na-enyo enyo na ha nwere njikọ na otu Islamic State – Central Africa Province (IS-CAP). Uganda ekwupụtala n'ihu ọha na ha dị njikere inyere Congo aka ịlụso otu a ọgụ, ma kwusie ike na naanị ihe ha chọrọ bụ nkwenye sitere n'aka ndị ọchịchị Kinshasa ka ha nwee ike ibuga ndị agha ha na Beni.  N'elekere itoolu nke ehihie n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, otu bọmbụ gbawara n'ụlọ mmanya dị na Komamboga, mpaghara dị na Kawempe North, Kampala, na-egbu otu onye na-ere nri ma na-emerụ mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="R">{{Cite news|author=|date=2021-10-25|title=IS claims responsibility for bomb attack in Uganda|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/is-claims-responsibility-bomb-attack-uganda-2021-10-24/|accessdate=2021-11-16}}</ref> Ndị ikom atọ, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ndị ahịa, butere bọmbụ ahụ n'ime ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ n'ime akpa polythene wee hapụ ya n'okpuru tebụl, pụọ tupu ọ gbawaa.<ref name="R" /> N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, ndị Islamic State kwuru na ọ bụ ha kpatara ya, na-ekwu na ha lekwasịrị ụlọ ọrụ ahụ anya n'ihi na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na-agakarị ya.<ref name="R" /> N'elekere ise nke ehihie n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwa Ọktoba, otu onye gburu onwe ya gbagburu onwe ya n'ụgbọ ala na Lungala, Mpigi District, na-ebu ndị njem iri ise na abụọ. Mmadụ atọ merụrụ ahụ na mwakpo ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|date=26 October 2021|title=Dead passenger in Mpigi bus explosion was terrorist, says Museveni|work=[[Daily Monitor]]|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/dead-passenger-in-mpigi-bus-explosion-was-terrorist-says-museveni-3596510?view=htmlamp}}</ref> Bisi ahụ na-aga n'etiti Masaka na Kampala. Onye mwakpo ahụ bụ naanị onye nwụrụ n'ihe omume ahụ. Otu ụbọchị mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị ọchịchị gosipụtara ya dị ka onye otu ADF.<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 October 2021|title=Uganda bus blast a 'suicide bomb attack': police|work=[[France24]]|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211026-uganda-bus-blast-a-suicide-bomb-attack-police}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọktoba, ụmụaka abụọ nwụrụ n'oge bọmbụ gbawara n'otu obodo dị na Nakaseke District. Ngwaọrụ ahụ yiri "jackfruit" dị iche iche ma nye ya ụmụaka mgbe ha na-egwu egwu. Ndị ahụ nwụrụ bụ nwa dị afọ iri na anọ na nwatakịrị nwere nkwarụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 October 2021|title=Fruit-shaped bomb kills 2 children in Uganda|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/30/fruit-shaped-bomb-kills-two-children-in-uganda-police}}</ref> === Nọvemba === Na ụbọchị iri na isii nke ọnwa Nọvemba, n'ihe dịka elekere iri na atọ nke ụtụtụ, mmadụ atọ gbara ogbunigwe wakporo ebe abụọ dị na Kampala n'ime nkeji atọ nke anya ha. Onye ogbunigwe mbụ gbawara onwe ya n'ebe a na-enyocha ndị uwe ojii Central (CPS) dị nso n'ụlọ Kooki Towers dị n'akụkụ ụzọ Buganda, gbuo mmadụ abụọ ma merụọ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ahụ, gụnyere ndị uwe ojii nọ n'ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii. Mgbawa ahụ gbawara windo enyo n'ụlọ CPS na ụlọ Kooki Tower. Ndị ọzọ na-atụ bọmbụ gbawara na Jubilee House n'akụkụ Parliamentary Avenue ihe dị ka mita 100 site n'ọnụ ụzọ Palịament, gbuo mmadụ abụọ ọzọ ma merụọ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ahụ. Ndị ahụ nwụrụ bụ ndị nkịtị atọ na otu onye uwe ojii. Mmadụ iri atọ na atọ ndị ọzọ merụrụ ahụ, gụnyere mmadụ ise nọ n'ọnọdụ dị oke njọ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 November 2021|title=Uganda's capital Kampala hit by twin suicide bombings: Police|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/16/ganda}}</ref> A chọtala bọmbụ ndị ọzọ n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke obodo ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 November 2021|title=Kampala blasts: Suicide bombers target Ugandan capital|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59302917}}</ref> Islamic State kwuru na ọ bụ ya kpatara mwakpo ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 November 2021|title=Triple suicide bombers in Uganda capital kill three civilians, wound dozens|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/explosion-uganda-capital-kills-least-two-local-tv-2021-11-16/}}</ref> Ndị uwe ojii gburu mmadụ asaa a na-enyo enyo ma jide mmadụ 106 ọzọ n'ihe gbasara mwakpo ahụ ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/22/at-least-seven-suspects-killed-in-uganda-after-suicide-bombings|title=Several suspects killed in Uganda after bombings: Police|work=Al Jazeera|date=22 November 2021}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Bọmbụ Kampala na 2010 * Mgbalị igbu Katumba Wamala == Edensibia == <references /> {{Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} [[Otú:All articles with unsourced statements]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 48om3h5k2pv78z9gom8lik95piaac30 0 80653 727938 719726 2026-09-25T13:57:49Z NiferO 20385 727938 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  N'uhuruchi nke 20 n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2015, usoro bọmbụ mere na [[Maiduguri]] na [[Monguno]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], na-egbu ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 145 ma na-emerụ ọ dịkarị mmadụ 97 ndị ọzọ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nwụrụnụ mere na Maiduguri ebe mgbawa anọ gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 117.&nbsp; == Ndabere == Mwakpo bọmbụ ndị ahụ mere ka ihe karịrị otu ọnwa gachara n'enweghị nsogbu ọ bụla na Maiduguri sitere n'aka otu ndị Alakụba na-akwado oke iwe bụ Boko Haram.<ref name="Reuters1">{{cite news|author1=Lanre Ola |author2=Julia Payne |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Reuters|date=21 September 2015|access-date=21 September 2015|title=At least 54 people killed in bomb blasts in Nigeria's Maiduguri|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-violence-idUSKCN0RL1AH20150921|location=Maiduguri, Nigeria}}</ref> Mwakpo nke ndị agha Naijiria n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, na-achụpụ Boko Haram n'ụlọ ọrụ ha dị n'ógbè ahụ, mere ka mwakpo ahụ belata nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/dhq-nigerian-troops-have-destroyed-all-boko-haram-camps/219851/|title=DHQ: Nigerian Troops Have Destroyed All Boko Haram Camps|date=10 September 2015|access-date=10 September 2015|archive-date=13 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913004000/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/dhq-nigerian-troops-have-destroyed-all-boko-haram-camps/219851|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Na mbido ọnwa Septemba 20, onye isi Boko Haram [[Abubakar Shekau]] wepụtara vidiyo na-agbagha nkwupụta nke ndị agha Naijiria na e meriri Boko Haram.<ref name="BStand1">{{cite news|newspaper=Business Standard|date=21 September 2015|access-date=21 September 2015|title=50 killed in multiple blasts in Nigeria|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/50-killed-in-multiple-blasts-in-nigeria-115092101034_1.html}}</ref><ref name="BStand1"/><ref>{{cite news|author=Ludovica Iaccino|newspaper=International Business Times|date=21 September 2015|access-date=21 September 2015|title=Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau calls Nigerian Army liars as deadly attacks continue|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/boko-haram-leader-abubakar-shekau-calls-nigerian-army-liars-deadly-attacks-continue-1520508}}</ref> &nbsp;Ọ dịghị otu na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ya kpatara mwakpo ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-enyo Boko Haram enyo. Onye na-ekwuchitere ndị agha Naijiria bụ Sani Usman kwuru na ihe omume ahụ gosipụtara "nchegbu dị elu" nke Boko Haram.<ref name="BBC1">{{cite web|publisher=BBC News|date=21 September 2015|access-date=21 September 2015|title=Nigeria's Boko Haram crisis: Maiduguri blasts kill dozens|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34311082}}</ref> Abba Mohammed Bashir Shuwa, onye na-enyere Gọvanọ Borno Steeti [[Kashim Shettima]] aka, kwuru na ndị nnupụisi jiri ohere nke ìgwè mmadụ gbakọtara tupu Ezumike ndị Alakụba Eid al-Adha.<ref name="NYT1">{{cite news|author=Norimitsu Onishi|newspaper=New York Times|date=22 September 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|title=More than 100 Killed by Boko Haram Bombings in Nigeria|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/22/world/africa/deadly-bombings-are-reported-in-nigerian-city-where-boko-haram-was-founded.html|location=Abuja, Nigeria}}</ref> == Bọmbụ ndị a tụrụ na Maiduguri == N'ihe dị ka elekere 7:30 nke mgbede oge mpaghara (18:30 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) na Septemba 20,<ref name="Reuters2">{{cite news|author1=Lanre Ola |author2=Isaac Abrak |author3=Alexis Akwagyiram |author4=Julia Payne |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Reuters|date=22 September 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|title=At least 80 people killed in bomb blasts in Nigeria's Borno state|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-violence-idUSKCN0RL1AH20150922|location=Maiduguri, Nigeria|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060222/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/22/us-nigeria-violence-idUSKCN0RL1AH20150922}}</ref> a malitere usoro mgbawa anọ gafee Maiduguri, isi obodo na obodo kachasị ukwuu na Borno Steeti n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa, n'ime nkeji 20, na-egbu ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 54.<ref name="CBS1">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|publisher=CBS News|date=22 September 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|title=Extremist attack killed at least 100 in Nigeria, defense group says|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/islamic-extremists-kill-at-least-100-nigerian-defense-group-says/|location=Maiduguri, Nigeria}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ndị a bụ mwakpo kachasị ukwuu n'obodo ahụ kemgbe 7 n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2015, mgbe [[Mwakpo bọmbụ na Maiduguri na Maachị 2015|usoro bọmbụ igbu onwe onye]] metụtara Boko Haram gburu mmadụ 58. &nbsp;&nbsp; Otu onye gburu onwe ya na bọmbụ gburu onwe onye (IED) n'otu ụlọ alakụba dị n'ime [[Ajilari]], na-egbu ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 43.<ref name="CBS2">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|publisher=CBS News|date=22 September 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|title=Dozens die in blasts in Borno state capital, Nigerian official says|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/54-die-in-blasts-in-borno-state-capital-nigerian-official-says/|location=Abuja, Nigeria}}</ref> &nbsp;Mgbawa abụọ mere n'ahịa dị n'obodo ahụ mgbe ndị nnupụisi tụbara IEDs n'ime ebe a na-ekiri ihe nkiri, na-egbu ọ dịkarịa ala 11 <ref name="Reuters1" /> na ihe ruru mmadụ 15. <ref name="CBS2" /><ref name="AFP1" /> &nbsp;Bọmbụ nke anọ mere n'otu ebe egwuregwu. Ọnụ na-ekwuchitere ndị uwe ojii bụ Victor Isuku kwuru na ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri itoolu na asaa merụrụ ahụ. Otu ndị na-agbachitere ndị nkịtị kọrọ na ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 80 nwụrụ n'obodo ahụ ma kwuo na ndị uwe ojii kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala n'ihi na ezinụlọ na-eli ndị ikwu ozugbo. &nbsp;Ndị bi ebe ahụ kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ dị elu, gụnyere ọ dịkarịa ala ọnwụ 85. &nbsp;N'ọnwa Septemba 22, ụlọ ọgwụ ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ kọrọ na a maara mmadụ 117 nwụrụ anwụ, 72 na Mahadum Maiduguri Teaching Hospital na 45 na Borno State Specialist Hospital.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Bọmbụ ndị a tụrụ na Monguno == Ihe dị ka awa abụọ ka e mechara bọmbụ ndị ahụ na Maiduguri, e tinyere bọmbụ abụọ ọzọ n'ebe a na-enyocha ndị mmadụ n'obodo ahịa bụ Monguno, nke dị ihe dị ka kilomita 135 (maịl 84) n'ebe ahụ, ma gbuo ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri abụọ na asatọ. == Hụkwa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> * 2015 Maiduguri gburu onwe ya bọmbụ (disambiguation) == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  dqxcyn84n6y4zaw44w48ihirnsp7s98 727940 727938 2026-09-25T14:11:07Z NiferO 20385 727940 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  N'uhuruchi nke 20 n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2015, usoro bọmbụ mere na [[Maiduguri]] na [[Monguno]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], na-egbu ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 145 ma na-emerụ ọ dịkarị mmadụ 97 ndị ọzọ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nwụrụnụ mere na Maiduguri ebe mgbawa anọ gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 117.&nbsp; == Ndabere == Mwakpo bọmbụ ndị ahụ mere ka ihe karịrị otu ọnwa gachara n'enweghị nsogbu ọ bụla na Maiduguri sitere n'aka otu ndị Alakụba na-akwado oke iwe bụ Boko Haram.<ref name="Reuters1">{{cite news|author1=Lanre Ola |author2=Julia Payne |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Reuters|date=21 September 2015|access-date=21 September 2015|title=At least 54 people killed in bomb blasts in Nigeria's Maiduguri|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-violence-idUSKCN0RL1AH20150921|location=Maiduguri, Nigeria}}</ref> Mwakpo nke ndị agha Naijiria n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, na-achụpụ Boko Haram n'ụlọ ọrụ ha dị n'ógbè ahụ, mere ka mwakpo ahụ belata nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/dhq-nigerian-troops-have-destroyed-all-boko-haram-camps/219851/|title=DHQ: Nigerian Troops Have Destroyed All Boko Haram Camps|date=10 September 2015|access-date=10 September 2015|archive-date=13 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913004000/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/dhq-nigerian-troops-have-destroyed-all-boko-haram-camps/219851|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Na mbido ọnwa Septemba 20, onye isi Boko Haram [[Abubakar Shekau]] wepụtara vidiyo na-agbagha nkwupụta nke ndị agha Naijiria na e meriri Boko Haram.<ref name="BStand1">{{cite news|newspaper=Business Standard|date=21 September 2015|access-date=21 September 2015|title=50 killed in multiple blasts in Nigeria|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/50-killed-in-multiple-blasts-in-nigeria-115092101034_1.html}}</ref><ref name="BStand1"/><ref>{{cite news|author=Ludovica Iaccino|newspaper=International Business Times|date=21 September 2015|access-date=21 September 2015|title=Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau calls Nigerian Army liars as deadly attacks continue|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/boko-haram-leader-abubakar-shekau-calls-nigerian-army-liars-deadly-attacks-continue-1520508}}</ref> &nbsp;Ọ dịghị otu na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ya kpatara mwakpo ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-enyo Boko Haram enyo. Onye na-ekwuchitere ndị agha Naijiria bụ Sani Usman kwuru na ihe omume ahụ gosipụtara "nchegbu dị elu" nke Boko Haram.<ref name="BBC1">{{cite web|publisher=BBC News|date=21 September 2015|access-date=21 September 2015|title=Nigeria's Boko Haram crisis: Maiduguri blasts kill dozens|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34311082}}</ref> Abba Mohammed Bashir Shuwa, onye na-enyere Gọvanọ Borno Steeti [[Kashim Shettima]] aka, kwuru na ndị nnupụisi jiri ohere nke ìgwè mmadụ gbakọtara tupu Ezumike ndị Alakụba Eid al-Adha.<ref name="NYT1">{{cite news|author=Norimitsu Onishi|newspaper=New York Times|date=22 September 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|title=More than 100 Killed by Boko Haram Bombings in Nigeria|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/22/world/africa/deadly-bombings-are-reported-in-nigerian-city-where-boko-haram-was-founded.html|location=Abuja, Nigeria}}</ref> == Bọmbụ ndị a tụrụ na Maiduguri == N'ihe dị ka elekere 7:30 nke mgbede oge mpaghara (18:30 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) na Septemba 20,<ref name="Reuters2">{{cite news|author1=Lanre Ola |author2=Isaac Abrak |author3=Alexis Akwagyiram |author4=Julia Payne |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Reuters|date=22 September 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|title=At least 80 people killed in bomb blasts in Nigeria's Borno state|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-violence-idUSKCN0RL1AH20150922|location=Maiduguri, Nigeria|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060222/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/22/us-nigeria-violence-idUSKCN0RL1AH20150922}}</ref> a malitere usoro mgbawa anọ gafee Maiduguri, isi obodo na obodo kachasị ukwuu na Borno Steeti n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa, n'ime nkeji 20, na-egbu ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 54.<ref name="CBS1">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|publisher=CBS News|date=22 September 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|title=Extremist attack killed at least 100 in Nigeria, defense group says|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/islamic-extremists-kill-at-least-100-nigerian-defense-group-says/|location=Maiduguri, Nigeria}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ndị a bụ mwakpo kachasị ukwuu n'obodo ahụ kemgbe 7 n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2015, mgbe [[Mwakpo bọmbụ na Maiduguri na Maachị 2015|usoro bọmbụ igbu onwe onye]] metụtara Boko Haram gburu mmadụ 58. &nbsp;&nbsp;<ref name=bbc1>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31779100|title=Nigerian city of Maiduguri hit by multiple blasts|publisher=BBC News| access-date = 22 September 2015 | date = 21 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/suicide-bomber-kills-10-northeast-nigeria-market-113537083.html|title=5 suicide blasts hit Nigerian city of Maiduguri, 54 killed|date=7 March 2015|work=Yahoo News}}</ref> Otu onye gburu onwe ya na bọmbụ gburu onwe onye (IED) n'otu ụlọ alakụba dị n'ime [[Ajilari]], na-egbu ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 43.<ref name="CBS2">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|publisher=CBS News|date=22 September 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|title=Dozens die in blasts in Borno state capital, Nigerian official says|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/54-die-in-blasts-in-borno-state-capital-nigerian-official-says/|location=Abuja, Nigeria}}</ref> &nbsp;Mgbawa abụọ mere n'ahịa dị n'obodo ahụ mgbe ndị nnupụisi tụbara IEDs n'ime ebe a na-ekiri ihe nkiri, na-egbu ọ dịkarịa ala 11 <ref name="Reuters1" /> na ihe ruru mmadụ 15.<ref name="AFP1">{{cite web|author=Bukar Hussain|agency=Agence France-Pressse|publisher=Yahoo! News|date=21 September 2015|access-date=21 September 2015|title=85 dead in new Boko Haram strike on Nigeria's Maiduguri|url=https://news.yahoo.com/twin-blasts-hit-restive-nigerian-city-maiduguri-locals-204946265.html|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923010146/http://news.yahoo.com/twin-blasts-hit-restive-nigerian-city-maiduguri-locals-204946265.html}}</ref> &nbsp;Bọmbụ nke anọ mere n'otu ebe egwuregwu. Ọnụ na-ekwuchitere ndị uwe ojii bụ Victor Isuku kwuru na ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri itoolu na asaa merụrụ ahụ. Otu ndị na-agbachitere ndị nkịtị kọrọ na ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 80 nwụrụ n'obodo ahụ ma kwuo na ndị uwe ojii kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala n'ihi na ezinụlọ na-eli ndị ikwu ozugbo.<ref name="USN1">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|author=Jossy Ola|publisher=U.S. News|date=22 September 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|title=Nigeria defense group: At least 100 killed in Sunday's blasts in northeastern Borno state|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2015/09/22/nigeria-defense-group-at-least-100-killed-in-sunday-blasts}}</ref> &nbsp;Ndị bi ebe ahụ kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ dị elu, gụnyere ọ dịkarịa ala ọnwụ 85. &nbsp;N'ọnwa Septemba 22, ụlọ ọgwụ ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ kọrọ na a maara mmadụ 117 nwụrụ anwụ, 72 na Mahadum Maiduguri Teaching Hospital na 45 na Borno State Specialist Hospital.&nbsp;&nbsp;<ref>{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=Yahoo! News|date=22 September 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|title=Death toll hits 117 after NE Nigeria bombings: medics|url=https://news.yahoo.com/death-toll-hits-117-ne-nigeria-bombings-medics-185008557.html|location=Maiduguri, Nigeria|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923031734/http://news.yahoo.com/death-toll-hits-117-ne-nigeria-bombings-medics-185008557.html}}</ref> == Bọmbụ ndị a tụrụ na Monguno == Ihe dị ka awa abụọ ka e mechara bọmbụ ndị ahụ na Maiduguri, e tinyere bọmbụ abụọ ọzọ n'ebe a na-enyocha ndị mmadụ n'obodo ahịa bụ Monguno, nke dị ihe dị ka kilomita 135 (maịl 84) n'ebe ahụ, ma gbuo ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri abụọ na asatọ. == Hụkwa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> * 2015 Maiduguri gburu onwe ya bọmbụ (disambiguation) == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  ojens1s79tj18eu442kn4aiu8eq1two 0 80681 727944 724055 2026-09-25T14:40:02Z NiferO 20385 727944 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Site na ụbọchị iri abụọ ruo iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2014, e nwere ọtụtụ mwakpo na Steeti Borno, Naịjirịa. N'ime mwakpo ndị ahụ, e tọọrọ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka dị iri itoolu na otu, e gbukwaa ihe karịrị mmadụ iri asaa. == Ndabere == Boko Haram bụ òtù ndị na-eyi ọha egwu nke Islam na-emegide ihe ọ na-ewere dị ka Westernization nke Naịjirịa, nke ha kwuru na ọ bụ isi ihe kpatara omume mpụ na mba ahụ.<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite news|title=Extremist attack in Nigeria kills 42 at boarding school|first=Damien|last=McElroy|date=6 July 2013|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/10163942/Extremist-attack-in-Nigeria-kills-42-at-boarding-school.html|accessdate=3 October 2013}}</ref> E gbuola ọtụtụ puku mmadụ na mwakpo nke otu ahụ mere, gọọmentị etiti kwupụtara ọnọdụ mberede na Mee 2013 na Borno Steeti n'ọgụ ya megide nnupụisi ahụ.<ref name="AFP2">{{cite news|title=Nigeria school attack claims 42 lives|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|work=[[The Australian]]|date=6 July 2013|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/nigeria-school-attack-claims-42-lives/story-e6frg6so-1226675417375|accessdate=3 October 2013}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mmegide ahụ si na ya pụta emeghị ka mba ahụ kwụsie ike.<ref name=USAToday>{{cite news|title=Terrorists kidnap more than 200 Nigerian girls|date=21 April 2014|work=[[USA Today]]|first=Oren|last=Dorell|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/04/21/parents-234-girls-kidnapped-from-nigeria-school/7958307/|accessdate=23 April 2014}}</ref> <ref name="AQIM and Boko Haram">{{cite news|url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/aqims-threat-to-western-interests-in-the-sahel|title=AQIM and Boko Haram Threats to Western Interests in the Africa's Sahel|date=28 April 2014|first=Samuel|last=Aronson|publisher=Combating Terrorism Center Sentinel (CTC), West Point|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513133524/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/aqims-threat-to-western-interests-in-the-sahel|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mwakpo ndị Boko Haram na-eme akawanyela njọ n'afọ 2014. N'ọnwa Febụwarị, otu ahụ gburu ihe karịrị otu narị ụmụ nwoke Ndị Kraịst n'ime obodo Doron Baga na Izghe. Ọzọkwa na Febụwarị, e gburu ụmụ nwoke 59 na mwakpo Federal Government College na Yobe Steeti.<ref name=theguardian-article>{{cite news|title=Boko Haram kills 59 children at Nigerian boarding school |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/25/boko-haram-kills-children-boarding-school |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226141016/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/25/boko-haram-kills-children-boarding-school |archivedate=26 February 2014 |accessdate=6 March 2014 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti ọnwa Eprel, a na-ata Boko Haram ụta maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnwụ 4,000 na 2014. Ndị agha wakporo tọọrọ ụmụ agbọghọ 276, nke 57 n'ime ha gbapụrụ, na Chibok. Ihe omume ahụ dọtara uche mba ụwa na ọnọdụ dị na Naijiria, mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ kwere nkwa inyere aka lụso Boko Haram ọgụ. Mkparịta ụka iji zụọ ahịa ụmụ agbọghọ maka ndị agha e jidere, mana mkparịta ụka ahụ kwụsịrị ma onye isi ala [[Goodluck Jonathan]] kwupụtara na gọọmentị agaghị atụle azụmahịa. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Juun, a ka na-amaghị ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ. Ndị agha Naijiria na-ekwu na ha maara ebe a na-ejide ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ, mana ha na-atụ egwu iji ike mee ihe n'ihi egwu na Boko Haram ga-egbu ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a wakpo ha. E guzobere ìgwè ndị nche n'ebe ugwu niile, na-enwe ọganihu dị ala n'ịchịkwa mwakpo.<ref name=Fox>{{cite news|title=Witnesses: Extremists abduct 91 more people in Nigeria in deadly weekend attacks on villages|agency=Associated Press|date=24 June 2014|publisher=Fox News Channel|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/witnesses-extremists-abduct-91-more-people-in-nigeria-in-deadly-weekend-attacks-on-villages/|access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mwakpo ndị ahụ ka na-aga n'ihu. N'ụbọchị iri abụọ nke ọnwa Mee, e gburu mmadụ otu narị na iri na asatọ n'ime ihe mgbawa abụọ mere na Jos. N'ụbọchị sochirinụ, e gburu mmadụ iri abụọ na anọ mgbe e wakporo otu obodo nta..<ref name="BBC21">{{cite web|title=Nigeria violence: 'Boko Haram' kill 27 in village attacks|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-27498598|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=21 May 2014|accessdate=21 May 2014}}</ref> Na 1 June, ihe dị ka mmadụ 40 Mubi nwụrụ na bọmbụ na Mubi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mubi Attack: Prayers Saved Me From Perishing In Bomb Attack – Survivor|date=3 June 2014|author=Bayo Oladeji|author2=Mohammed Ismail|url=http://leadership.ng/news/373177/mubi-attack-prayers-saved-perishing-bomb-attack-survivor|accessdate=4 June 2014|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> Na Junn 2, afọ 2014, n'ihe omume a kpọrọ Gwoza massacre, "A kọrọ na e gburu ihe na-erughị ndị obodo 300 n'obodo atọ dị gburugburu Gwoza mpaghara gọọmentị nke Borno Steeti". == Ịtọrọ mmadụ == N'ime ọtụtụ ụbọchị, n'ihe dị ka ngwụsị izu nke 21-22 June, ndị agha Boko Haram a na-enyo enyo wakporo obodo [[Kummabza]] na ndị ọzọ atọ na [[Damboa district|Mpaghara Damboa]] nke Borno Steeti, dị ka ndị ji anya ha hụ.<ref name="VOA" /> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jidere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ iri isii, na ụmụ nwoke iri atọ na otu na mwakpo ahụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ahụ lụrụ di ma ụmụ ahụ dị obere dị ka atọ. Onye isi ndị nche Aji Khalil kwuru na a gbagburu ndị obodo anọ nwara ịgbapụ na ndị mwakpo ahụ. Otu onye ji anya ya hụ ihe merenụ kwuru na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ iri atọ nwụrụ na mwakpo ahụ. Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, ndị agadi obodo ahụ gara iri na ise (24 km) iji kọọ mwakpo ahụ ma chọọ enyemaka. Gọvanọ Borno [[Kashim Shettima]] nyere iwu ka e mee nchọpụta, mana mgbe akụkọ ahụ gbasara, gọọmentị mba ahụ gọnahụrụ ntọrọ ọ bụla. Onye na-ekwuchitere gọọmentị kwuru na "ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla dị n'ala iji gosipụta omume ọ bụla nke ntọrọ" ma kwuo na Shettima kpebiri na ụmụ nwanyị furu efu kwagara naanị n'obodo ọzọ. Otu onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo na ọtụtụ ndị ji anya ha hụ ihe merenụ, mana ọ kwadoro akụkọ ntọrọ ahụ na Agence France-Presse.<ref name="AFP" /> N'ọnọdụ nke amaghị aha, onye ọrụ nzuzo na Ngalaba Nchebe nke Naịjirịa kwupụtara Associated Press na mwakpo mere. Otú ọ dị, ọ kọrọ na ntọrọ ahụ mere otu izu tupu mgbe ahụ, n'etiti 13 na 15 Junn.<ref name="Fox" /> == Bọmbụ na ịgba égbè == N'abalị iri abụọ na otu na iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Juun, ndị a na-enyo enyo na ha bụ ndị agha Boko Haram wakporo obodo Chuha A, Chuha B, na Korongilim dị nso na Chibok. Ndị agha na ndị na-eche nche zutere ndị mwakpo ahụ.<ref name="Fox">{{cite news |date=24 June 2014 |title=Witnesses: Extremists abduct 91 more people in Nigeria in deadly weekend attacks on villages |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/witnesses-extremists-abduct-91-more-people-in-nigeria-in-deadly-weekend-attacks-on-villages/ |access-date=25 June 2014 |publisher=Fox News Channel |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="Tribune" /> E bibiri obodo ndị ahụ ma gbuo ọ dịkarịa ala ndị obodo 40 n'ọgụ ahụ.<ref name="Tribune" /> Ndị omempụ isii na ihe dị ka ndị agha iri abụọ na ise gbukwara na mwakpo ahụ. Otu onye ọrụ gọọmentị kọwara ihe ahụ: "Ozu nke ndị metụtara ... kpochapụrụ obodo atọ ahụ".&nbsp; N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Juun, bọmbụ gbawara na kọleji dị na [[Kano]] gburu mmadụ asatọ ma merụọ ihe dị ka mmadụ iri abụọ ndị ọzọ ahụ. N'abalị nke 28 June, otu bọmbụ gbawara n'ụlọ ndị akwụna dị na Bauchi nke kpatara ọnwụ 11 na mmerụ ahụ 28. == Nnyocha == Onye nyocha Jacob Zenn tụrụ aro na mwakpo ọhụrụ ahụ gosipụtara na mbọ mba ụwa na-agba ịmalite ịlụso Boko Haram ọgụ kwụsịrị. Onye nyocha nchekwa Ryan Cumming kwuru na ntọrọ ọhụrụ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ mwakpo iji mee ka uche gaa na ntọrọ Chibok, na iji mee ka nrụgide dịkwuo ike iji mee nkwekọrịta mgbanwe. == Ihe si na ya pụta == N'abalị asaa n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2014, a kọrọ na ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị iri isii n'ime ndị e tọọrọ agbapụọla n'aka Boko Haram. == Edensibia ==     [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 14u6oly2lx0hxi9arkih0eynhbo97lo 0 80701 728001 725977 2026-09-25T19:41:08Z Dolphyb 10983 728001 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> '''Nsogbu mmiri na Chile''' bụ oge oke [[ụkọ mmiri]] na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na Chile nke malitere n'afọ 2010 na nzaghachi maka mgbanwe ihu igwe, omume ọrụ ugbo na iwu ndị dị ugbu a guzobere na mbido afọ 1980. Ọ bụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo kachasị ogologo na Chile n'ime ihe karịrị afọ 700 ruo 1,000. Oke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke malitere n'afọ 2010 emeela ka nnukwu mpaghara dị na Chile nwee ike ịdaba n'ihe ize ndụ nke ọkụ ọhịa. Na Central Chile ọtụtụ ahịhịa okike enweela mbelata chlorophyll na ume n'ihi nnukwu ụzọ.<ref name="bosque">{{Cite journal |title=Impactos de los incendios forestales de magnitud en áreas silvestres protegidas de Chile Central |journal=[[Bosque (journal)|Bosque]] |url=https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-92002023000100083&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es |last=Faúndez Pinilla |first=Jorge |issue=2 |volume=44 |last2=Castillo Soto |first2=Miguel |doi=10.4067/s0717-92002023000100083 |year=2023 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Impacts of severe wildfires in the protected wilderness areas of central Chile |last3=Navarro Cerrillo |first3=Rafael M.|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === Iwu nke Chile nke 1980 nke e mepụtara n'okpuru Ọchịchị aka ike nke Augusto Pinochet ghọtara mmiri dị ka ihe onwunwe onwe onye na 1980, gọọmentị ya degharịrị iwu na-achịkwa mmiri, na-enye ire na nkeonwe nke mmiri n'ụzọ yiri nke ahịa ngwaahịa. Ahịa ikike mmiri abụwo otu n'ime isi ihe mere ka mmiri dị ala n'ebe ụfọdụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-01 |title='Consequences will be dire': Chile's water crisis is reaching breaking point |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/01/chiles-water-crisis-megadrought-reaching-breaking-point |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The mystery of a disappearing lake and the struggle over water rights in Chile|date=2022-03-08 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-struggle-over-water-rights-in-chile-millenial-president-gabriel-boric/a-60895657 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba Chile mepụtara n'ime ihe ndị na-ewepụta mmiri na n'ihi nnwere onwe nke mmiri; ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, ọhịa - na-anọchite anya 3% nke ngụkọta nke mba ahụ - na-eri 59% nke mmiri Chile, ọrụ ugbo na-eji 37% ma na-enye naanị 2% maka oriri mmadụ. <ref name=":0" /> === Oké ọkọchị === Chile malitere inwe ụkọ mmiri ozuzo n'afọ 2010 ma ka ọ na-erule afọ 2020, mmiri ozuzo bụ 20-45% nke nkezi mba na 10-20% nkezi na mpaghara Santiago. Dị ka René D. Garreaud, nke Mahadum Chile, si kwuo, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ahụ bụ nke kachasị njọ n'ógbè ahụ n'ime ihe karịrị 1,000 afọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-14 |title=A Strained Water System in Chile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146577/a-strained-water-system-in-chile |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=[[NASA]] |language=en}}</ref> N'oge [[Nsogbu mmiri Petorca]], a chọpụtara na 2011 na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ugbo na-ezu mmiri site na mmiri nke Osimiri Petorca. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2018 chọpụtara na n'ime oge dị n'etiti afọ 2010 na 2014, ọkwa nri ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-esi n'osimiri dị iche iche apụta banye n'Oké Osimiri Pacific n'akụkụ etiti Chile belatara ruo ọkara nke ọkwa ha na-enwebu. Ka ọ na-erule 2020, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị Chile 500,000 dabere na ụgbọala na-ebu mmiri na ọtụtụ iri puku anụmanụ nwụrụ site na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. N'afọ 2021, nyocha nke Journal of Climate bipụtara kwuru na "Southern Blob" nke mgbanwe ihu igwe kpatara na-eme ka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ka njọ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, Chile nọ n'ọnọdụ nke iri na isii n'ime narị na iri isii na anọ maka nrụgide mmiri n'ụwa dịka Mahadum Chile si kwuo. N'ọnwa Eprel 2022, Chile guzobere atụmatụ mmiri anọ; ọkwa nke abụọ gụnyere ọkwa ọha na eze, nke atọ ga-ebelata nrụgide mmiri na ọkwa kachasị njọ ga-agbanwe nkwụsị mmiri maka awa 24. === Ihe omume ndị a ma ama === * '''1985''' - Afọ mbụ n'oge a na Osimiri Petorca na-akpọnwụ dị ka Lorena Donaire nke Modatima si kwuo. * '''2018''' - Laguna de Aculeo bụ ọdọ mmiri kpọrọ nkụ kemgbe 2018. Ịkpọ nkụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ n'ihi mmiri ozuzo dị n'okpuru nkezi n'ime afọ iri gara aga nakwa n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ nke na-eme ka osimiri dị iche iche na-agbanye mmiri n'okpuru ala site na aquifers, nke abụọ ahụ jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. * '''2020''' ** El Teniente mine na Andes na-emechi ụfọdụ ndị na-egwe ihe ya nyere ụkọ mmiri iji mee ka ha na-aga. * '''2022''' ** Mmiri ahụ Embalse de Peñuela kpọrọ nkụ.<ref name="iagua22">{{Cite news |title=El embalse chileno de Peñuelas se seca mientras la histórica sequía entra en su 13º año |url=https://www.iagua.es/noticias/redaccion-iagua/embalse-chileno-penuelas-se-seca-mientras-historica-sequia-entra-13o-ano |date=2022-06-21 |access-date=2023-01-27 |work=iagua |language=Spanish}}</ref> ** Maka oge mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a mara ọkwa atụmatụ ịnye mmiri maka Santiago. * '''2023''' ** Maka oge mbụ, Ministri Ọrụ Ugbo kwupụtara Magallanes Region, mpaghara kachasị n'ebe ndịda Chile, na "ịdọ aka ná ntị ọrụ ugbo" nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo kpatara. Ihe omume ndị na-eduga n'ọnọdụ a bụ afọ 2022 na 2021 nke nwere mmiri ozuzo dị ala.<ref name="swiss23">{{Cite news |title=Chile declara por primera vez alerta por sequía en la austral Magallanes |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/chile-sequ%C3%ADa_chile-declara-por-primera-vez-alerta-por-sequ%C3%ADa-en-la-austral-magallanes/48203518 |date=2023-01-13 |access-date=2023-01-27 |work=[[Swissinfo]] |language=Spanish}}</ref> 2021 karịsịa bụ afọ nke anọ kachasị akọrọ kemgbe ndekọ ihu igwe malitere.<ref name="swiss23" /> ** Enweghị ike nke Osimiri Maipo ịgafe ọnụ ya na-esote oke mmiri ozuzo na Jenụwarị 2023 ka a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke mmiri na-abanye n'elu mmiri kpatara. == Hụkwa == * Oké ọkọchị na Chile * Oké Oké Oké Ozuzo nke 1968 == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:All articles with unsourced statements]] 7c4gnq9g2d8q7wadn2khdt7f2bxvp7g 0 80736 728135 727379 2026-09-26T08:42:19Z Chrysella 12967 #AnambraWikiNetwork 728135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|U.S. Virgin Islands nurse practitioner and academic administrator}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Safiya George | image = | office = 6th President of [[University of the Virgin Islands]] | term_start = August 1, 2024 | predecessor = [[David Hall (university administrator)|David Hall]] | birth_place = [[St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands]] | education = University of the Virgin Islands<br>[[Emory University]] }} '''Safiya George''' (na mbụ '''Dalmida''') bụ onye U.S. Virgin Islands, bụ onye ọrụ nọọsụ na onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ bụ ọkachamara na ahụike zuru oke, ime mmụọ, na HIV. Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke University of Virgin Islands. George jere ozi dị ka onyeisi nke Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing na Florida Atlantic University site n'afọ 2019 ruo 2024. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://newsfeed.wtjx.org/podcast/wtjx-newsfeed/2024-06-24/incoming-uvi-president-safiya-george-plans-to-elevate-student-experience-build-faculty-capacity | title=Incoming UVI president Safiya George plans to elevate student experience, build faculty capacity }}</ref> == Ndụ == George nwetara akara ugo mmụta A.S. (1997) na B.S. (1999) na nọọsụ site na Mahadum nke Virgin Islands (University of the Virgin Islands).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Johnny |date=2024-02-09 |title=George Named Virgin Islands' Sixth President |url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/faculty-staff/article/15663927/george-named-virgin-islands-sixth-president |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=George |first=Safiya |title=CV |url=https://cydi.ua.edu/uploads/4/6/5/1/46510435/safiya_cv.pdf |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=University of Alabama}}</ref> O mechara akara ugo mmụta M.S. (2001) na nọọsụ, ebe ọ tinyere úchú na HIV/AIDS na oncology, Ph.D. (2006) na [[nnyocha nọọsụ]], na asambodo (2006) na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị (women studies) site na Mahadum Emory.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2024 |title=Dr. Safiya George Named UVI's Sixth President |url=https://www.uvi.edu/news/2024/24_031_dr_safiya_george_named_uvi_sixth_president.html |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.uvi.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Isiokwu edemede ya bụ, ''Mmekọrịta n'etiti Mmụọ, Ịda mbà n'obi, Ọnọdụ Ahụ́ Ike, na Ndụ Dị Mma nke Ụmụ Nwanyị Nwere HIV''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite thesis |last=George |first=Safiya |title=Relationships Among Spirituality, Depression, Immune Status, and Health-related Quality of Life in Women with HIV |date=2006 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=Emory University}}</ref> [[Marcia McDonnell Holstad]] bụ onye ndụmọdụ doctorati ya.<ref name=":4" /> George mere mmemme postdoctoral na okpukperechi na ahụike na Mahadum Duke n'afọ 2007.<ref name=":1" /> nk6uylbri1wf5czdn9wbhnq387a0ecz 728176 728135 2026-09-26T11:27:18Z Chrysella 12967 #AnambraWikiNetwork 728176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|U.S. Virgin Islands nurse practitioner and academic administrator}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Safiya George | image = | office = 6th President of [[University of the Virgin Islands]] | term_start = August 1, 2024 | predecessor = [[David Hall (university administrator)|David Hall]] | birth_place = [[St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands]] | education = University of the Virgin Islands<br>[[Emory University]] }} '''Safiya George''' (na mbụ '''Dalmida''') bụ onye U.S. Virgin Islands, bụ onye ọrụ nọọsụ na onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ bụ ọkachamara na ahụike zuru oke, ime mmụọ, na HIV. Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke University of Virgin Islands. George jere ozi dị ka onyeisi nke Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing na Florida Atlantic University site n'afọ 2019 ruo 2024. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://newsfeed.wtjx.org/podcast/wtjx-newsfeed/2024-06-24/incoming-uvi-president-safiya-george-plans-to-elevate-student-experience-build-faculty-capacity | title=Incoming UVI president Safiya George plans to elevate student experience, build faculty capacity }}</ref> == Ndụ == George nwetara akara ugo mmụta A.S. (1997) na B.S. (1999) na nọọsụ site na Mahadum nke Virgin Islands (University of the Virgin Islands).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Johnny |date=2024-02-09 |title=George Named Virgin Islands' Sixth President |url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/faculty-staff/article/15663927/george-named-virgin-islands-sixth-president |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=George |first=Safiya |title=CV |url=https://cydi.ua.edu/uploads/4/6/5/1/46510435/safiya_cv.pdf |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=University of Alabama}}</ref> O mechara akara ugo mmụta M.S. (2001) na nọọsụ, ebe ọ tinyere úchú na HIV/AIDS na oncology, Ph.D. (2006) na nnyocha nọọsụ, na asambodo (2006) na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị (women studies) site na Mahadum Emory.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2024 |title=Dr. Safiya George Named UVI's Sixth President |url=https://www.uvi.edu/news/2024/24_031_dr_safiya_george_named_uvi_sixth_president.html |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.uvi.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Isiokwu edemede ya bụ, ''Mmekọrịta n'etiti Mmụọ, Ịda mbà n'obi, Ọnọdụ Ahụ́ Ike, na Ndụ Dị Mma nke Ụmụ Nwanyị Nwere HIV''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite thesis |last=George |first=Safiya |title=Relationships Among Spirituality, Depression, Immune Status, and Health-related Quality of Life in Women with HIV |date=2006 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=Emory University}}</ref> [[Marcia McDonnell Holstad]] bụ onye ndụmọdụ doctorati ya.<ref name=":4" /> George mere mmemme postdoctoral na okpukperechi na ahụike na Mahadum Duke n'afọ 2007.<ref name=":1" /> George bụ nọọsụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ahụike zuru oke, ime mmụọ, na HIV.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-14 |title=Dr. Safiya George, Dean of Nursing at FAU, Joins Boca Helping Hands Board of Directors |url=https://www.bocaratontribune.com/bocaratonnews/2023/02/dr-safiya-george-dean-of-nursing-at-fau-joins-boca-helping-hands-board-of-directors/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=The Boca Raton Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> Site n'afọ 2008 ruo 2015, ọ bụ osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Emory.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> N'ọnwa Ọgọọst 2015, ọ sonyeere [[Mahadum Alabama]] dị ka prọfesọ osote na onye enyemaka diin maka nyocha na onye nduzi nke ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na Capstone College of Nursing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=FAU Appoints Safiya George, Ph.D., as Dean of the Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing - Florida Hospital News and Healthcare Report |url=https://southfloridahospitalnews.com/fau-appoints-safiya-george-ph-d-as-dean-of-the-christine-e-lynn-college-of-nursing-2/?print=print |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=southfloridahospitalnews.com}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> E tinyere George n'ọkwa dịka onye otu American Association of Nurse Practitioners n'afọ 2018..<ref name=":3" /> N'ọnwa Julaị 8, 2018, ọ ghọrọ diin Holli Rockwell Trubinsky, na prọfesọ nke Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing na Florida Atlantic University.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Safiya George, Ph.D., Named Dean of the College of Nursing |url=http://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/nursing-dean-appointment.php |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.fau.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onyeisi ụlọ ọrụ Florida Atlantic Universities Louis and Anne Green Memory and Wellness center.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Safiya George |url=https://aascu.org/people/safiya-george/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=AASCU |language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, e tinyere ya n'ọkwa dịka onye otu a ma ama nke National Academies of Practice nakwa dịka onye otu American Academy of Nursing n'afọ 2022.<ref name=":2" /> N'ọnwa February 2023, ọ sonyeere ndị isi nke otu òtù ọrụ ebere, Boca Helping Hands.<ref name=":2" /> N'ọnwa Febrụwarị 2024, a họpụtara ya dị ka onyeisi oche nke isii nke University of the Virgin Islands.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ nọchiri [[David Hall (onye nchịkwa mahadum)|David Hall]] na Ọgọọst 1, 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://myemail-api.constantcontact.com/July-2024-Newsletter-.html?soid=1139636804939&aid=4KuwAhbSyTE | title=July 2024 Newsletter | work=Florida Atlantic University }}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:George, Safiya}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:University of the Virgin Islands alumni]] [[Category:Emory University alumni]] [[Category:Emory University faculty]] [[Category:University of Alabama faculty]] [[Category:Florida Atlantic University faculty]] [[Category:Fellows of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners]] [[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Nursing]] [[Category:Heads of historically black universities and colleges in the United States]] [[Category:Women heads of universities and colleges]] [[Category:Women deans (academic)]] [[Category:African-American women nurses]] [[Category:American women nurses]] [[Category:African-American nurses]] [[Category:Nurses from insular areas of the United States]] [[Category:University of the Virgin Islands faculty]] [[Category:African-American women academic administrators]] [[Category:American women academic administrators]] [[Category:African-American academic administrators]] [[Category:21st-century African-American women]] [[Category:21st-century American women scientists]] [[Category:21st-century African-American scientists]] [[Category:African-American women scientists]] [[Category:Nurse practitioners]] [[Category:Nursing researchers]] [[Category:Nursing school deans]] [[Category:American medical researchers]] [[Category:Women medical researchers]] [[Category:HIV/AIDS researchers]] [[Category:United States Virgin Islands women scientists]] c1t9kmj6vsxytws2kocqxaex554z9yw 728177 728176 2026-09-26T11:28:07Z Chrysella 12967 /* Ebensidee */ 728177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|U.S. Virgin Islands nurse practitioner and academic administrator}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Safiya George | image = | office = 6th President of [[University of the Virgin Islands]] | term_start = August 1, 2024 | predecessor = [[David Hall (university administrator)|David Hall]] | birth_place = [[St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands]] | education = University of the Virgin Islands<br>[[Emory University]] }} '''Safiya George''' (na mbụ '''Dalmida''') bụ onye U.S. Virgin Islands, bụ onye ọrụ nọọsụ na onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ bụ ọkachamara na ahụike zuru oke, ime mmụọ, na HIV. Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke University of Virgin Islands. George jere ozi dị ka onyeisi nke Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing na Florida Atlantic University site n'afọ 2019 ruo 2024. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://newsfeed.wtjx.org/podcast/wtjx-newsfeed/2024-06-24/incoming-uvi-president-safiya-george-plans-to-elevate-student-experience-build-faculty-capacity | title=Incoming UVI president Safiya George plans to elevate student experience, build faculty capacity }}</ref> == Ndụ == George nwetara akara ugo mmụta A.S. (1997) na B.S. (1999) na nọọsụ site na Mahadum nke Virgin Islands (University of the Virgin Islands).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Johnny |date=2024-02-09 |title=George Named Virgin Islands' Sixth President |url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/faculty-staff/article/15663927/george-named-virgin-islands-sixth-president |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=George |first=Safiya |title=CV |url=https://cydi.ua.edu/uploads/4/6/5/1/46510435/safiya_cv.pdf |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=University of Alabama}}</ref> O mechara akara ugo mmụta M.S. (2001) na nọọsụ, ebe ọ tinyere úchú na HIV/AIDS na oncology, Ph.D. (2006) na nnyocha nọọsụ, na asambodo (2006) na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị (women studies) site na Mahadum Emory.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2024 |title=Dr. Safiya George Named UVI's Sixth President |url=https://www.uvi.edu/news/2024/24_031_dr_safiya_george_named_uvi_sixth_president.html |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.uvi.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Isiokwu edemede ya bụ, ''Mmekọrịta n'etiti Mmụọ, Ịda mbà n'obi, Ọnọdụ Ahụ́ Ike, na Ndụ Dị Mma nke Ụmụ Nwanyị Nwere HIV''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite thesis |last=George |first=Safiya |title=Relationships Among Spirituality, Depression, Immune Status, and Health-related Quality of Life in Women with HIV |date=2006 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=Emory University}}</ref> [[Marcia McDonnell Holstad]] bụ onye ndụmọdụ doctorati ya.<ref name=":4" /> George mere mmemme postdoctoral na okpukperechi na ahụike na Mahadum Duke n'afọ 2007.<ref name=":1" /> George bụ nọọsụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ahụike zuru oke, ime mmụọ, na HIV.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-14 |title=Dr. Safiya George, Dean of Nursing at FAU, Joins Boca Helping Hands Board of Directors |url=https://www.bocaratontribune.com/bocaratonnews/2023/02/dr-safiya-george-dean-of-nursing-at-fau-joins-boca-helping-hands-board-of-directors/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=The Boca Raton Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> Site n'afọ 2008 ruo 2015, ọ bụ osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Emory.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> N'ọnwa Ọgọọst 2015, ọ sonyeere [[Mahadum Alabama]] dị ka prọfesọ osote na onye enyemaka diin maka nyocha na onye nduzi nke ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na Capstone College of Nursing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=FAU Appoints Safiya George, Ph.D., as Dean of the Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing - Florida Hospital News and Healthcare Report |url=https://southfloridahospitalnews.com/fau-appoints-safiya-george-ph-d-as-dean-of-the-christine-e-lynn-college-of-nursing-2/?print=print |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=southfloridahospitalnews.com}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> E tinyere George n'ọkwa dịka onye otu American Association of Nurse Practitioners n'afọ 2018..<ref name=":3" /> N'ọnwa Julaị 8, 2018, ọ ghọrọ diin Holli Rockwell Trubinsky, na prọfesọ nke Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing na Florida Atlantic University.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Safiya George, Ph.D., Named Dean of the College of Nursing |url=http://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/nursing-dean-appointment.php |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.fau.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onyeisi ụlọ ọrụ Florida Atlantic Universities Louis and Anne Green Memory and Wellness center.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Safiya George |url=https://aascu.org/people/safiya-george/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=AASCU |language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, e tinyere ya n'ọkwa dịka onye otu a ma ama nke National Academies of Practice nakwa dịka onye otu American Academy of Nursing n'afọ 2022.<ref name=":2" /> N'ọnwa February 2023, ọ sonyeere ndị isi nke otu òtù ọrụ ebere, Boca Helping Hands.<ref name=":2" /> N'ọnwa Febrụwarị 2024, a họpụtara ya dị ka onyeisi oche nke isii nke University of the Virgin Islands.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ nọchiri [[David Hall (onye nchịkwa mahadum)|David Hall]] na Ọgọọst 1, 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://myemail-api.constantcontact.com/July-2024-Newsletter-.html?soid=1139636804939&aid=4KuwAhbSyTE | title=July 2024 Newsletter | work=Florida Atlantic University }}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:George, Safiya}} [[Category:Living people]] 6eq31f8fsnz5i80f8qykog5yaygp3k3 0 80739 727923 727394 2026-09-25T13:01:01Z Nachi kim 20090 /* Ihe odide */ 727923 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Phyllis Worthy Dawkins | office = 18th President of [[Bennett College]] | term_start = July 2017 | term_end = June 2019 | predecessor = [[Rosalind Fuse-Hall]] | successor = [[Gwendolyn O’Neal]] (interim) | children = 2 | education = [[Johnson C. Smith University]]<br>[[University of Michigan]]<br>[[Ohio State University]] | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1953}} | birth_name = Phyllis Delores Worthy }} '''Phyllis Worthy Dawkins''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1953) bụ onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ Amerịka nke jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke iri na asatọ nke Bennett kọleji site na 2017 ruo 2019. Ọ bụbu onye isi na Mahadum Cheyney nke Pennsylvania ebe ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche na 2014. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Phyllis Delores Worthy n'afọ 1953. Ọ nwetara B.S. na Mahadum Johnson C. Smith . Ọ gụsịrị M.A. na Mahadum nke Michigan . <ref name=":0" /> O nwetara Ph.D. na Mahadum Ohio Steeti . <ref name=":0" /> Akwụkwọ nchọpụta ya nke afọ 1984 bụ nke akpọrọ, Nyocha nke Nkà Mmegharị Uche Dị Mkpa nke Ụmụaka Ndị Ojii na Ndị Ome Obodo nke Oge Ụmụaka nke Oge Etiti . <ref name=":4" /> Walter F. Ersing bụ onye ndụmọdụ doctoral ya. <ref name=":4" /> Dawkins rụrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Johnson C. Smith ihe karịrị afọ 28. Ọrụ ọ rụrụ n'ebe ahụ gụnyere onye isi agụmakwụkwọ / onye nchịkwa / Dean nke kọleji Akwụkwọ nchọpụta ya nke afọ 1984 bụ nke akpọrọ Ọmụmụ Ọrụ Ọkachamara, osote onye isi oche na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ, na prọfesọ nke agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ sonyeere Mahadum Dillard na 2009 ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi, osote onye isi oche maka ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ, na prọfesọ nke agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":1" /> N'abalị ise n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2013, ọ ghọrọ onye isi na osote onye isi oche maka ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Cheyney nke Pennsylvania . <ref name=":2" /> Dawkins nọchiri onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Bernadette Carter.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche na-anọchite anya ya na 2014. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2015, Dawkins sonyeere ngalaba na Bennett kọleji dị ka onye isi ya na osote onye isi oche maka ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ. Mgbe [[Rosalind Fuse-Hall]] gbara arụkwaghịm, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche ya n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2016. <ref name=":3" /> A họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche nke iri na asatọ na Julaị 2017. <ref name=":3" /> Ọ kwụsịrị n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2019 ma onye isi ala Gwendolyn O"Neal nọchiri ya. Na Disemba 11, 2019, ọ ghọrọ onye isi mba na Òtù Azụmaahịa Mgbanwe Kansụl. Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Ndị otu nlekọta Goddard kọleji. <ref name=":0" /> Dawkins na di ya, Bobby G. Dawkins nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. == Edensibịa ==   {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6tx4dsu0b2bi3puaqhr44sjcgoli8ji 727927 727923 2026-09-25T13:15:44Z Nachi kim 20090 727927 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Phyllis Worthy Dawkins | office = 18th President of [[Bennett College]] | term_start = July 2017 | term_end = June 2019 | predecessor = [[Rosalind Fuse-Hall]] | successor = [[Gwendolyn O’Neal]] (interim) | children = 2 | education = [[Johnson C. Smith University]]<br>[[University of Michigan]]<br>[[Ohio State University]] | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1953}} | birth_name = Phyllis Delores Worthy }} '''Phyllis Worthy Dawkins''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1953) bụ onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ Amerịka nke jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke iri na asatọ nke Bennett kọleji site na 2017 ruo 2019. Ọ bụbu onye isi na Mahadum Cheyney nke Pennsylvania ebe ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche na 2014. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Phyllis Delores Worthy n'afọ 1953. Ọ nwetara B.S. na Mahadum Johnson C. Smith . Ọ gụsịrị M.A. na Mahadum nke Michigan . <ref name=":0" /> O nwetara Ph.D. na Mahadum Ohio Steeti . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Phyllis Worthy Dawkins |url=https://www.goddard.edu/person/phyllis-worthy-dawkins/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Goddard College |language=en-US}}</ref> Akwụkwọ nchọpụta ya nke afọ 1984 bụ nke akpọrọ, Nyocha nke Nkà Mmegharị Uche Dị Mkpa nke Ụmụaka Ndị Ojii na Ndị Ome Obodo nke Oge Ụmụaka nke Oge Etiti . <ref name=":4" /> Walter F. Ersing bụ onye ndụmọdụ doctoral ya. <ref name=":4">{{Cite thesis |last=Worthy |first=Phyllis Delores |title=An Analysis of Fundamental Motor Skills of Urban Black and Urban White Children of Middle Childhood Age |date=1984 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=Ohio State University |oclc=17285516}}</ref> Dawkins rụrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Johnson C. Smith ihe karịrị afọ 28. Ọrụ ọ rụrụ n'ebe ahụ gụnyere onye isi agụmakwụkwọ / onye nchịkwa / Dean nke kọleji Akwụkwọ nchọpụta ya nke afọ 1984 bụ nke akpọrọ Ọmụmụ Ọrụ Ọkachamara, osote onye isi oche na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ, na prọfesọ nke agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ sonyeere Mahadum Dillard na 2009 ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi, osote onye isi oche maka ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ, na prọfesọ nke agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-17 |title=Phyllis Worthy Dawkins Appointed President of Bennett College in Greensboro, North Carolina |url=https://jbhe.com/2017/07/phyllis-worthy-dawkins-appointed-president-of-bennett-college-in-greensboro-north-carolina/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education |language=en-US}}</ref> N'abalị ise n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2013, ọ ghọrọ onye isi na osote onye isi oche maka ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Cheyney nke Pennsylvania . <ref name=":2" /> Dawkins nọchiri onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Bernadette Carter.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shamlin III |first=Wilford |date=2013-08-04 |title=Phyllis Worthy Dawkins named Cheyney provost |url=https://www.phillytrib.com/news/phyllis-worthy-dawkins-named-cheyney-provost/article_cecbbc8a-538c-5c14-b052-cc28465dc380.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=The Philadelphia Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche na-anọchite anya ya na 2014. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2015, Dawkins sonyeere ngalaba na Bennett kọleji dị ka onye isi ya na osote onye isi oche maka ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ. Mgbe [[Rosalind Fuse-Hall]] gbara arụkwaghịm, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche ya n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2016. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-05 |title=Bennett College Names Dawkins 18th President |url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/leadership-policy/article/15100860/bennett-college-names-dawkins-18th-president |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education |language=en-us}}</ref> A họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche nke iri na asatọ na Julaị 2017. <ref name=":3" /> Ọ kwụsịrị n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2019 ma onye isi ala Gwendolyn O"Neal nọchiri ya. Na Disemba 11, 2019, ọ ghọrọ onye isi mba na Òtù Azụmaahịa Mgbanwe Kansụl. Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Ndị otu nlekọta Goddard kọleji. <ref name=":0" /> Dawkins na di ya, Bobby G. Dawkins nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. == Edensibịa ==   {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b5lmu34o7wn4jn0j525alri4cb5jg15 0 80765 727958 2026-09-25T16:13:33Z Anumodu favour Amarachi 24669 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354955642|Malika Domrane]]" 727958 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''''Malika Dumran''''' (Tamazight) bụ onye na-agụ egwú Algeria nke a maara maka onyinye ya na Egwú Berber na nkwado ya maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịbendị. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Domrane na Tizi Hibel, obodo dị na obodo Aït Mahmoud na Kabylia, [[Algeria]]. Ọ malitere ịbụ abụ mgbe ọ dị obere, na-ekere òkè na ukwe ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Tizi Ouzou.³ N'afọ 1969, o ritere ihe nrite ọla edo na emume Algeria.Mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ dị ka nọọsụ, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, o kpebiri itinye uche ya n'ọrụ ịbụ abụ, n'agbanyeghị omenala ezinụlọ na obodo ya.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1979, ọ gara France iji wepụta abọm mbụ ya, ''Tsuha,'' nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ ya. O mechara bipụta ọtụtụ albọm, nke nwere abụ ndị e gosipụtara site na ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na ihe asụsụ ndị Berber chọrọ. Site na 1994, o kpebiri ibi na France na ezinụlọ ya.<ref name=":0" /> == Albọm == * ''Tsuha'' (1979) * ''Thayriw Themouth'' (1981) * NostAlgérie (1998, Arcade Records: 59 '38') * ''Asaru'' (2001) (Blue Silver Records) == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] bkzf1whtgwp89t7vajlpg1l5b2o4xpd 0 80766 727967 2026-09-25T16:47:54Z Anumodu favour Amarachi 24669 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361586311|Doo Aphane]]" 727967 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Doo Aphane''' bụ onye ọka iwu Swazi na onye na-eme mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwaanyị. Ọ rụọla ọrụ ya na ọtụtụ òtù na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 2012, o nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgbanwe iwu Swaziland ka ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di nwee ike inwe ihe onwunwe n'aha nke ha. == Ọrụ == Doo Aphane nwere nzere masta nke iwu ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu, na-ahụ maka iwu nwoke na nwanyị. O guzobere Women for Women Development Consultancy, ọ ka bụ onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ma guzobe ụlọ ọgwụ enyemaka iwu nke Council of Swaziland Churches. Aphane na-eme nchọpụta iwu ma bụrụ onye na-ede ọtụtụ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ bụ onye nhazi mba mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na iwu maka Swaziland maka Human Rights Trust nke Southern Africa ma bụrụkwa onye nhazi mpaghara nke mba isii dị n'ebe ndịda Afrịka maka Women's Legal Rights Initiative. Aphane bụ osote onyeisi oche nke ndị isi nhazi nke Global Fund for Women ma bụrụkwa onye otu kọmitii ndụmọdụ teknụzụ nke Southern African Development Community na HIV na AIDS site na 2007-2012. Ọ bụkwa onye otu Swaziland Young Women's Network, AIDS Information and Support Centre ma nọgide na-abụ onye otu African Feminist Forum . Aphane dọrọ gọọmentị Swaziland aka na ntị na ọgbaghara ndị nkuzi na-aga ogologo oge na 2012 na-emetụta agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka na enweghị ha na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ekpughe ha n'ihe ize ndụ nke mwakpo mmekọahụ na iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe.Ọzọkwa, n'afọ 2012, o meriri n'okwu ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Swaziland nke ọ gbara aka n'iwu machibidoro ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di inwe ihe onwunwe n'aha nke ha ma ọ bụ ya na di ha jikọrọ aka nwee; e mechara gbanwee iwu ahụ. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 0vkb294ymfvyk969azpi56oc6br01yk 0 80767 727975 2026-09-25T17:36:06Z Elcarim1 62511 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368215998|Female genital mutilation in the Gambia]]" 727975 wikitext text/x-wiki Mkpịsị akụkụ ahụ nwanyị na Gambia bụ omume nke iwepụ akụkụ ahụ nwanyị niile ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya maka ihe ọdịbendị, nke ndị na-eme ya kwenyere na ọ na-emetụta ịdị ọcha na nrubeisi mmekọahụ ma chọọ tupu alụmdi na nwunye n'obodo ụfọdụ. Gambia bụ otu n'ime mba iri abụọ na asatọ dị n'Afrịka ebe a maara na a na-emebi akụkụ ahụ nwanyị (FGM). == Mgbasawanye == Malite na 2010, nnyocha ezinụlọ jụrụ ụmụ nwanyị banyere ọnọdụ FGM nke ụmụ ha nwanyị niile dị ndụ. N'ime mba niile e mere nnyocha, ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ebibi akụkụ ahụ nwanyị n'etiti ụmụ agbọghọ dị afọ 0-14 bụ na Gambia. (56 percent) Dị ka akụkọ UNICEF nke 2022 si kwuo, pasent 75 nke ụmụ agbọghọ Gambia dị afọ 15-49 ka a na-eme ya <ref name=":0" /> ma belata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ n'ime ha tupu ha eruo afọ ise. [4] == Mgbalị == Kọmitii Gambia na Omenala Na-emetụta Ahụike nke Ụmụ nwanyị na Ụmụaka na Aka Dị Nchebe Maka Ụmụ agbọghọ, otu mpaghara, na-eme mkpọsa iji kwụsị omume ahụ. Ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka [[Ikike mmadụ|Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ]] na ndị ọka iwu kwuru maka atụmatụ ịkagbu iwu 2015, na-ekwu na ọ ga-ewepụ ọtụtụ iri afọ nke ọrụ iji kwụsị omume ahụ. [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|UN]] gbara Gambia ume ka ha ghara ime ka omume ahụ bụrụ nke iwu. United States of America na-akwado ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-achọ ịkwụsị omume ahụ. N'afọ 2024, e nyere [[Fatou Baldeh]] onyinye International Women of Courage Award na White House . == Iwu == N'afọ 2015, mba Gambia machibidoro omume ibipụ akụkụ ahụ́ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị.[1] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2024, a pụrụ ịta onye a mara ikpe maka ime omume a ntaramahụhụ nke ịkwụ ụgwọ ruru dalasi 50,000 (ihe dị ka GBP 622 ma ọ bụ US$735) na/ma ọ bụ tụọ ya mkpọrọ ruo afọ atọ.[2] Mmegide siri ike n'iwu a adịghị oke, ebe ọ bụ na e nwere naanị ikpe abụọ a kpọgara n'ụlọ ikpe kemgbe e bidoro ya ruo n'afọ 2024.. N'afọ 2023, ikpe a mara ụmụ nwanyị atọ maka igbu ụmụ ọhụrụ asatọ dugara na arụmụka na mba ahụ banyere mmachibido iwu ahụ. Abdoulie Fatty, onye Imam nwere mmetụta, kwụrụ ụgwọ iji tọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị ahụ a mara ikpe n'ụlọ mkpọrọ wee malite ime mkpọsa iji wepụ mmachibido iwu maka igbu ọkpụkpụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị otu National Assembly nke Gambia kwadoro atụmatụ ịkagbu iwu ahụ. N'otu oge ahụ, Gambia Supreme Islamic Council bipụtara fatwa nke rịọrọ gọọmentị ka ha chegharịa mmachibido iwu nke afọ 2015 ka ha na-akatọ onye ọ bụla na-akatọrọ igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị. N'afọ 2024, mmadụ iri anọ na abụọ n'ime mmadụ iri anọ n'ime ndị otu Gambia National Assembly vootu maka iziga iwu na kọmitii maka nyocha. Iwu a ga-agbagha mmachibido iwu nke afọ 2015. N'ịgbaso mkpesa zuru ebe nile na mkpọsa maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, ndị omeiwu gbanwere echiche ha ma vootu iji mee ka mmachibido iwu ahụ dị. == Hụkwa == * Binta Jammeh-Sidibe, onye Gambia na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na onye na-eme mkpọsa megide FGM na Gambia == Edensibịa ==   moh2ydxjxkyha2chok75e5besqv3sgi 0 80768 727985 2026-09-25T18:41:46Z Elcarim1 62511 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375951120|Lillian Ngoyi]]" 727985 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Lillian_Ngoyi_Avalon.jpg|thumb|Ili nke Lillian Ngoyi na ili ozu AvalonEbe E liri Ozu Avalon]] '''Lillian Masediba Matabane Ngoyi''', "'''Ma Ngoyi'''", OMSG (25 Septemba 1911 - 13 Machị 1980) bụ Onye na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara na kọmitii nduzi nke African National Congress, ma nyere aka malite Federation of South African Women. Tupu ọ bụrụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ákwà, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na 1945 ruo 1956, Ngoyi debanyere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nọọsụ. Lillian Ngoyi malitere iguzogide ya na Pretoria mgbe ọ dị afọ iri anọ na otu dị ka onye agha ụkwụ na 1952 DefiANC Campaign, nke ANC na South African Indian Congress (SAIC) mepụtara, na ndị isi nke njikọ agbụrụ dị iche iche a maara dị ka Congress Alliance.<ref name="FOSL 217–226">{{Citation |last=FOSL |first=CATHERINE |title=Telling Stories to Change the World |date=2010-11-16 |pages=217–226 |access-date=2026-03-21 |chapter=Anne Braden, Fannie Lou Hamer, and Rigoberta Menchu |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203928066-20 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203928066-20 |isbn=978-0-203-92806-6}}</ref> A malitere mkpọsa Defiance na 6 Eprel, n'oge ncheta narị afọ atọ nke mbido Dutch. == Ọrụ mbụ ọ rụrụ n'ọrụ == N'oge ọ na-eguzogide, Ngoyi sonyeere enyi ya n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè afọ ofufo n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ ahụ maka atụmatụ ngagharị iwe na-abụghị nke ime ihe ike a na-akpọ satyagraha nke onye bụbu onye na-eme ngagharị iwe South Africa bụ Mohandas Gandhi chepụtara.<ref name="FOSL 217–226" /> Ebumnuche nke ụdị mkpọsa mmegide a bụ ịkụziri ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo otu esi emeri n'okpuru Iwu Obodo Obodo nke South Africa, ma gbasaa iji mee ka iwu n'okpuru Natives Act.<ref name="FOSL 217–226" /> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Ngoyi n'okporo ụzọ Bloed dị na Pretoria.[1] Ọ bụ naanị nwa nwanyị n'ime ụmụ Annie na Isaac Matabane, o nwekwara ụmụnne nwoke atọ bụ Lawrence, George, na Percy. Nna nna ya, site n'akụkụ nne ya, bụ Johannes Mphahlele—onye so n'ezinụlọ eze Mphahlele—onye mechara bụrụ onye ozi ala ọzọ nke chọọchị Methodist ma soro Samuel Mathabathe rụọ ọrụ. Enwere ike ikwu na ọnụnọ ezinụlọ Ngoyi n'isi obodo ahụ sitere n'aka nna nna ya ahụ. Ọ bụ onye ozi chọọchị Methodist pụrụ iche nke a na-akpọ aha ya n'ọtụtụ akụkọ gbasara mgbasa ozi ọma n'Africa. Akụkọ ndụ ya dị ezigbo mkpa nye Ngoyi n'ihi mmetụta ọ nwere n'ahụ ya mgbe ọ ka dị obere, nakwa n'ihi otu omenala si nye aka n'ịkwaga ndị mmadụ n'obodo ukwu na imebi njikọ agbụrụ. Nne Ngoyi na-arụ ọrụ ịsa ákwà, ebe nna ya na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala.[2][3] Ngoyi gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Kilnerton[2] ruo mgbe ọ ruru ọkwa 'Standard Two'. N'afọ 1928, ọ kwagara Johannesburg iji zụọ dị ka onye nọọsụ na City Deep Mine Hospital, ma mechaa ọzụzụ afọ atọ n'ọrụ nọọsụ. N'ime oge a, Johannesburg na-agbasawanye ngwa ngwa n'ime obodo ukwu nke Rand. Ndị ọzọ guzobere Pretoria aghọwo isi obodo nchịkwa nke Union n'ime afọ tupu a mụọ Ngoyi, nke nne na nna ya (ọgbọ nke abụọ nke ndị bi n'obodo) so na ndị Afrịka 17,000 gbakwunyere biri na 1911. Ndị mmadụ a nwere ahụmịhe karịa ndị ọzọ nọ n'akụkụ Rand, nke ahụ bụ obodo ime obodo ndị ọzọ. Mmalite Ngoyi bụ, n'ikwu okwu, obodo ukwu. N'oge a, ọ zutere ma lụọ onye ọkwọ ụgbọala, John Gerard Ngoyi, na 1934. Ha nwere nwa nwanyị, Edith Ngoyi . Di Lillian nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọala na 1937, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ ghọrọ onye na-akwa ákwà, na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ na n'ụlọ ọrụ ejiji n'oge dị iche iche.<ref name=":2" /> Site na 1950 gaa n'ihu, ya na nne ya na ụmụ ya biri na Orlando, Soweto.<ref name=":2" /> == Mgbalị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Mgbe ọ banyere n'ọgbọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'ọrụ ya na Njikọ Ndị Ọrụ Uwe nke South Africa (Garment Workers' Union of South Africa) n'afọ ndị 1940,[1] Ngoyi sonyeere African National Congress (ANC) dị ka onye otu n'oge mkpọsa 'Defiance Campaign' nke afọ 1952.[2] Lillian ghọrọ onye a ma ama n'ọgbakọ nke pati ahụ. Ọ bụ onye na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha nke nwere nkà pụrụ iche, onye na-atụghị egwu ikwupụta echiche ya n'ezoghị ọnụ. O nwere ike ime ka ndị na-ege ya ntị nwee mmetụta yiri nke ya banyere okwu gbasara ikpe ziri ezi n'obodo, karịsịa gbasara usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ (apartheid) na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Ndụ ya jupụtara n'ọrụ dị iche iche dịka ịga nzukọ, ikwu okwu, na ịhazi ndị mmadụ; ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche na FEDSAW ma bụrụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ego na Council of Non-European Trade Unions. Ngoyi mụtara usoro ngagharị iwe na-enweghị ime ihe ike nke a maara dị ka 'Satyagraha' iji guzogide Iwu Mpaghara Obodo (Urban Areas Act) na usoro akwụkwọ ikike njem (pass system) nke gbasaara n'okpuru Iwu Ndị Obodo (Natives Act).[3] Ngoyi sonyeere otu ụmụ nwanyị nke ANC (ANC Women's League) n'afọ 1952; n'oge ahụ, ọ bụ nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke nwere ụmụ na nne agadi ọ na-elekọta, ma na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwa uwe.[1] Otu afọ ka e mesịrị, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Onye Isi nke otu ụmụ nwanyị ahụ. N'afọ 1954, o nyeere aka guzobe Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) ma họpụta ya n'òtù ndị isi mba nke ANC; ọ bụ ya bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara n'ọkwa ọchịchị mba n'ime òtù ahụ. == Oge mgbanwe n'ọrụ ya == N'afọ 1955, ihe omume mere nke gbanwere echiche Lillians banyere ndụ n'ụzọ dị adị. A họpụtara ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya ịga World Congress of Mothers, nke Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) mere. E mere nzukọ a na Lausanne na Switzerland, ma nyekwa ohere maka ndị nnọchiteanya nke WIDF ịga ọtụtụ mba. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a bụ n'ezie ohere otu ugboro n'oge ndụ, "e depụtara" Lillian dị ka onye na-enweghị ike inweta paspọtụ n'ihi na ọ bụ onye otu ndị ọrụ na ANC. Lillian gafere ikpe na njehie iji chọta ụzọ dị nchebe na Switzerland. N'ikpeazụ, n'egbughị oge, e ji ụgbọ ala buga ya na Johannesburg wee gaa Swaziland wee nwee ike ịbanye n'ụgbọelu gaa nzukọ ahụ. Njem Lillians gburugburu ụwa kpọgara ya Uganda, Rome, Germany, na China ebe ọ hụrụ ọdịbendị dị iche iche na ọtụtụ ndị dị iche iche.<ref name="Stewart 1996" /> N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1956, Ngoyi duziri Njem ụmụ nwanyị ya na Helen Joseph. Lillian Ngoyi mere Helen Joseph enyi ma ha abụọ ghọrọ ndị enyi ogologo oge site na ọrụ ha dị ka ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Rahima Moosa, [[Sophia Williams-De Bruyn|Sophia De Bruyn]], Motlalepula Chabaku, Bertha Gxowa na Albertina Sisulu nke ụmụ nwanyị 20,000 gara Union Buildings nke Pretoria iji mee mkpesa megide gọọmentị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-achọ ka ụmụ nwanyị buru akwụkwọ paspọtụ dị ka akụkụ nke iwu paspọtụ. Ngoyi ga-enye ìgwè mmadụ iwu ka ha gbachie nkịtị ruo minit 30. Njem a ka bụ ngosipụta ụmụ nwanyị kachasị ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke South Africa. Mgbe ngagharị ụmụ nwanyị ahụ gasịrị, ndị uwe ojii malitere ijide ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-ebo ebubo ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru maka mmalite nke ikpe ịgba ọchịchị mgbaasị. Otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị iri na itoolu e jidere bụ Ngoyi onye ya na Helen Joseph nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Nke a ghọrọ oge na-adọrọ mmasị n'ihi na n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ogologo oge, a maara nkewa nke ndị mkpọrọ ojii na ndị ọcha nke ọma. [[File:TreasonTrial1956.jpg|thumb|Ndị a na-ebo ebubo n'ikpe ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru nke 1956 gụnyere Lillian Ngoyi]] Lillian Ngoyi bụkwa onye mba ụwa nke ghọtara mmetụta nke nkwado mba ụwa nwere ike inwe na ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii. N'iburu nke a n'uche, na 1955, ọ malitere njem iwu na-akwadoghị na Lausanne, Switzerland, iji sonye na World Congress of Mothers nke Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) mere. Ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya Dora Tamana, na dịka onye nnọchi anya FEDSAW, ọ malitere njem nke ga-ahụ mgbalị ịpụ n'ụgbọ mmiri na-apụ na Cape Town n'okpuru "aha ndị ọcha", na-emegide (site n'enyemaka nke onye na-anya ụgbọelu nwere ọmịiko) ịnọdụ ala n'ụ ụgbọelu na-aga [[London]] ma banye na Britain n'okpuru ihe ngọpụ nke ịmecha ọmụmụ Bible. Ọ ga-eleta England, Germany, Switzerland, Romania, China na Russia, na-ezute ndị isi nwanyị na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka ekpe, tupu ọ laghachi na South Africa dị ka nwanyị a na-achọ. Ngoyi ga na-edu ndị otu ANC mgbe ụfọdụ megide ndị na-agafe agafe na ngagharị iwe ndị buru ibu gbasara okwu na Pretoria. Ngoyi ga-anọgide na-ejikọta ụmụ nwanyị, na-edu ndị otu FSW nke atọ na 1961, na-agwa ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na "Nnwere onwe anaghị abịa n'ebe unu nọ - a ga-emeri ya. Dịka ụmụ nwanyị, anyị ga-anọgide na-arụ ọrụ anyị."[1] A kụziiri Ngoyi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọgụ ụmụ nwanyị maka nnwere onwe ngagharị na mba ha. N'ịduzi ngagharị ụmụ nwanyị nke 1956, nke a mere ka ọ dọta ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị site na mpaghara na ọnọdụ ndụ niile, gụnyere ndị isi nwere agụmakwụkwọ; ndị nwere ike ibu ọrụ nhazi ma kwado ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị ego na South Africa na karịa.[2] [[File:Lilian_Ngoyi_gives_an_oration_at_Ida_Mntwana's_funeral.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Lillian Ngoyi kwuru okwu n'ememe olili ozu Ida Mntwana]] A maara Ngoyi dị ka ọkà okwu siri ike na ihe na-akpali ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ibe ya na ANC. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpe ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru 156 e jidere na Disemba 1956, ma mechaa tọhapụ ebubo ndị e boro ya na 1960. E jidere ya ọzọ ihe karịrị otu ugboro na mbido afọ 1960, ma nọrọ ụbọchị 71 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya na 1963. <ref name=":1" /> Ngoyi nọrọ ngụkọta afọ iri na ise na-ebi n'okpuru iwu mmachibido iwu afọ ise atọ, nke gụnyere ihe mgbochi nke gbochiri ya n'ụlọ ya na Orlando, Soweto, ma gbochie ya izute ndị ọzọ a machibidoro iwu. <ref name=":1" /> Ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ nke iwu mmachibido iwu gụnyere ịbụ onye a machibidoro ịga nzukọ ọha na eze, ikwu okwu ma ọ bụ ka e hotara ya; ọbụlagodi n'ụlọ ya, ekweghị ka ya na ihe karịrị otu onye nọrọ n'otu oge.<ref name=":2" /> E nyere iwu abụọ mbụ na 1962 na 1967, mgbe iwu nke abụọ na 1972, ọ nwere ike izute ndị ọrụ ibe ya na ndị enyi ọzọ, wee gaa Durban na Cape Town.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ ga-aga Robben Island ileta onye ANC nke oge ya bụ [[Nelson Mandela]] n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ebe Mandela ga-aja ya mma idu ndú ya n'òtù dị iche iche. N'afọ 1975, a machibidoro ya iwu ọzọ; Otú ọ dị, n'oge a, ọnọdụ ya nyere ya ohere ka ya na ụwa ndị ọzọ kwurịta okwu.<ref name=":2" /> N'ime afọ iri ikpeazụ nke ndụ Ngoyi, ọ ga-adabere na onyinye sitere n'aka ndị enyi na ndị ọgbọ ya iji dịrị ndụ. == Mmetụta na ndụ obodo ukwu na ime ihe ike == Ọ dịla anya ndị ọkà mmụta kwusiri ike mmetụta nke ime obodo n'ime South Africa n'okwu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. N'ihe metụtara mmalite ndụ Lillian Ngoyi, ọ na-ekpughe, ọrụ nke ndị isi ojii South Africa n'ime ime obodo n'obodo na obodo ndị na-echegbu onwe ha maka ọnọdụ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ruo oge ụfọdụ. Mgbọrọgwụ obodo ukwu na ịzụlite Ngoyi nwere mmetụta dị mkpa na ahụmịhe ya, nke kpụrụ echiche ya banyere ime ihe ma mee ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị na 1950s. Ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na idu ndú ka ewepụrụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na usoro idu ndú, nke gosipụtara na itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha ma kwuo ihe gbasara àgwà ndị nna karịa onyinye ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Evans 1–26" /> N'etiti afọ 1940 na taa, ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị bi n'obodo ukwu mụbara, ụmụ nwanyị chere ihe ịma aka dị iche iche metụtara ụkọ ụlọ, ọnụ ahịa ndụ dị elu, mwepụ a manyere ha na ọnọdụ ibi ndụ dị njọ ihu. Tinyere ihe mgbochi na ọrụ na ihe mgbochi maka njem.<ref name="Evans 1–26" /> N'ịzaghachi nsogbu a, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọnọdụ ndị a guzobere njikọ aka dịka Eastern Cape Zenzele club (nke e guzobere na ngwụcha afọ 1920). == Onyinye == Lillian Ngoyi bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara na National Executive nke African National Congress. Ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ natara ihe nrite kachasị elu nke nnwere onwe, nke bụ Isitwalandwe . Nye ndị maara Lillian Ngoyi, ihe nrite a abụghị naanị maka nwanyị nwere obi ike, kamakwa maka onyinye dị ịrịba ama nke ụmụ nwanyị sonyere, n'ime afọ iri atọ gara aga, na mgba nnwere onwe n'omume ọma niile. == Ihe ncheta na nsọpụrụ == A gbanweela aha [[Koos Beukes Clinic|Ụlọ Ọgwụ Koos Beukes]] na Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital dị na Soweto dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ Lillian Ngoyi Community Clinic iji sọpụrụ ya. N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2004, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke South Africa wepụtara ụgbọ mmiri na-ebute ụzọ n'ime otu ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-eche nche gburugburu ebe obibi aha ya bụ Lillian Ngoyi iji sọpụrụ ya. N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2006, a gbanwere aha ncheta afọ iri ise nke njem ahụ na Pretoria, Strijdom Square ebe ụmụ nwanyị ahụ si gaa Lillian Ngoyi Square. A na-echeta 9 Ọgọstụ na South Africa dị ka Ụbọchị Ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 2009, a gbanwere aha ụlọ obibi na Mahadum Rhodes iji sọpụrụ ya. N'afọ 2012, a gbanwere aha Van der Walt Street na Pretoria ka ọ bụrụ Lillian Ngoyi Street. A gụrụ okporo ụzọ ndị ọzọ dị na [[Cape Town]], Thembisa, Berea, Durban, na Hartbeesfontein aha iji sọpụrụ ya. Obodo Johannesburg kpebiri ịsọpụrụ Mme Lillian Masediba Ngoyi site n'ịgbanwe aha Bree Street na Johannesburg n'aha ya na 2014 - okporo ámá a na-akpọ Lillian Ngoyi Street. == Edensibịa ==   [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] erc1uxyhyl8eb1wxxflusas77fdxt1y